<*-, *^.t IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. „„, ^ ^Jt^ 1.0 i.i ■» iili 12.2 u Hii L25 i 1.4 I 2.0 1.6 6" J I Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 87^-4503 l\ V 4 •^ v> signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Maps, plataa, charts, stc, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in onm axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framas aa raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Las cartas, planchaa, tabiaaux. ate. pauvant Atra flimia i das taux da rMuction diffirants. Lorsqua la document aat trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un aaul cllchA. 11 aat film* d partir da I'angia supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut an baa, an pranant ia nombra d'imagaa nAcaaaaira. Las diagrammaa suivants illustrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 / THE X . GENEEAJL GAZETTEEE; * OR, COMPENDIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ^N^- ff' Sf • CONTAINING * A DESCRIPTION OP THE ' , EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS,^EAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, &c. MJ THE ■n* „"Sc. KNOAVN WOtt LP: WITH THE * . »i ' Extent, Boundaries, and Natural PROOuCTiaWs of each Country; the Government, Customs, Manners, and Religion of t6e Inhabitants; the Trade, Manufactures, and Cukiosities, of the Cities and Towns, with their LoNGiTUDEandLATiTUDlf).fiEARiNG andDisTANCE InEnglilh Miles from remarkable Places; and the various Events by which they have been diftinguiflied. iA' '•*. / ILLUSTRATED BY EIGHT MAPS. ORIGINALLV COMPILED By R. BROOKE S, M. D. THE FOURTEENTH EDITION, WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. ^ LONDON: rRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, CLARKE AND SONS, R. BALDWIN, T. C. AND J. RIVIKOTOM} CUTHELL AND MARTIN, J. WALKER, W, LOWNDES, SCATCHERD AND LETT>aii£li|t, WILKIE AMD ROBINSON, J. NUNN, C. LAW, LONOMAN, HURST, REE8, AND OI^Ml^t CROSBT AND CO. CADELL AND DAVIES, NEWMAN AND CO. ). AND A. ARCH, J. l[(tfi1MY| S. HIGHLEY, R.PHILLIPS, BLACK, PARRY AND KINGSBURY, J. HARDING J. J^l6aJ^iXiib^^, J. M. RICHARDSON, U, T. HODGSON, R. 3CH0LEY, LACKINUTON, ALLENj A||B'«0|,« J^f MAWMAN, J. BOOTH, S. TIPPER, J. BOOKER, MATHfcWS AND LEIGH, T. HAMILTl' WOOD, NBCLT, AND JONES; AND WILSON AND SON, YORK. -•* 1809. ;»^Ju--. .5 * 1 ^i ^ I~^ E^^j^ %: fl ^^y r ( - ■ I* % \- • , '■ ''■'v ■ il _L -,.■ ■■ Mil, M * w \ \ Printed by T. Davison, Whitefriars, I^ndon. PREFACE. The science of Geography being in a constant state of im- provement, either from new discoveries on the globe, or from the new points of view in which objects already known may be considered, a work of this nature must require frequent revision. In proportion as the spirit of enterprise and perseverance of research continue to exhibit new discoveries, it is necessary to apply with assiduity to the various sources of information, and to enrich this work by an interesting selection of such objects as may claim attention, not merely from their novelty, but from their importance in a delinea- tion of the world and the history of the human race. ♦■ In the eighth edition, published in 1794, very considerable additions and improvements were made. The division of France into departments, instead of its ancient provinces; the transferment of the provinces of Poland to the dominion of Russia, Austria, and Prussia ; the new division of the vast empire of Russia into governments ; the new acquisitions in the geography of the regions of Hi ndoostan ; the description of many cities, towns, lakes, and rivers, in North America; with numerous important additions in other foreign parts, and also in Great Britain, were then introduced, for the fisrt time, into auy work of this kind. The articles that were not in the preceding edition amounted to considerably above a thousand ; and a great number of the others were eith^ll^ newly written or greatly improved. Since that time it has been the constant practice of the editor to enrich the subsequent editions by insertions from every respectable publication, whence new geographical A 2 , ' .4972^16 if PREFACE. m U i add topographical information could be obtained; and to spare no pains to render this established work worthy of the reputation it has acquired. That the public have approved his labours, is evinced by the rapid sale of several large impressions ; and so great a demand is also a decisive proof of its superiority to every other attempt of the kind. The changeable state of territory in many parts of Europe has caused some perplexity in the account of several places; therefore indulgence is craved for any error that may be discovered. The ancient provinces of the original territory of France are still retained for the illustration of former histories; and the recent aliquisitions of territory making twenty-six new departments, are particularized under the article France; but the different countries that have been annexed, are described, in general, under their former ap- pellations ; and also the countries which the government of France has erected into kingdoms, &c. for they are not acknowledged as such by several powers, our own govern- ment in particular, that their durability must await the set- tlement of a general peace. August, '8O9. *^* The Maps given with this work are^ the "World, placed before the Title \ Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, East Indies, and West Indies, placed before their respective Descriptions. 4 nedj and to vorthy of the ive approved ?everal large lecisive proof ;ind. rts of Europe >veral places ; that may be inal territory on of former itory making ed under the lat have been eir former ap- rovernment of they are not • own govern- await the set- hefore the Ttth ; lica, East Indies, \ns» INTRODUCTION. t The Mience which treat! of the construction, figure, disposition/and rela- tion of all the parts of the universe^ is called COSMOGRAPHY} that is, a de- scription of the world } and as the universe is represented by the celestial and terrestrial globes, cosmography has two principal parts; namely. Astronomy, which is the science of the celestial bodies ( and GsooaAPHY, whichiiada* scription of the Earth. As these two sciences have, in many respecti, a neces> sary connection, we shall talce a cursory view of each. Of the Univeru. Astronomy is a science which has been the study and admiration of the most remote ages. The true system of the universe was known in the earliest times. Pythagoras, in particular, who flourished near 500 years before Christ, was undoubtedly acquainted with the present doctrine of the planetary motions, which he is supposed to have learned during his residence with some more enlightened nations in the east. His disciples not only taught, that the Earth had a diurnal motion on its own axis, and annually revolved, with other planets, round the Sun, but gave such an account of the comets as is agreeable to modern discoveries. The heavens and star^ they su^ posed quiescent ; and their apparent diurnal motion from east to west was imputed to the Earth's motion from west to east. Hence this doctrine, for many ages, was called the Pythagorean System. It was followed by Philolaus, Plato, Archimedes, and others, but lost during the prevalence of the Peripatetic philosophy, when the Ptolemaic System (so called from Ptolemy, an Egyptian philosopher, who lived about 138 years after Christ) was universally adopted. This system supposes the Earth at rest in the centre of the universe, and that the heavens revolve round it from east to west, carrying all the celestial bodies along with them, in twenty-four hours. Among the ancient philosophers, tlie principal assertory of this system were Aristotle and Hipparchus. Being consonatit to appearances, it was adhered to for many ages, till happily, in the year liS30> the true system was revived by Nicolaus Copernicus, a native of Thorn, in "Western Prussia. The So/lfjr, or Planetari/ fiystem, should, in strict propriety, be distinguished from the Si/stem of the Universe: for the fixed stars, from their immense dis- tance, and the little relation they seem to bear to our globe, are reputed no part of the former. It is highly probable, indeed, that each fixed star is itself a sun, and the centre of a particular system, surrounded by planets, &c. which, at difierent distances, and in different periods, revolve round their respective suns, by which they are enlightened, warmed, and cherished. Hence we have a very magnificent idea of the universe, and its immensity; and hence al83 arises a Itind of system of systems. Of the Solar System, As by the universe is to be understood the whole frame of nature, to the utmost extent of the creation; so by the solar system is meant that portion only of the universe which comprehends the Sun, planets, satellites, and comets. Of this system the Sun is the centre; and there are seven planets which revolve round him, each in its path or orbit. The names of these planets, in the order of their distance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, the EarUi^ Mars, Jj^piter, Saturn, and the Georgian. The first two, because they move within the orbit of the Earth, are caUed inferior planets; and th« ■■%■■■ ¥1 INTRODUCTION. iMt four, 00 account of their moving >vitliout that orbit, are caUed luperior planets*. The Sun, The Sun, the centre of oar system, the parent of the leasoos, and ''great delegated soured of light and life, " is in the form of « spheroid, higher under the equator than about the poles. His diameter i» 703,000 miles ; and his solid bulk is a million of times larger than that of the Earth. This luminary wae generally considered by tb^ ancients as a globe of pure fire; but from a number of maculee, or dark spoCfj which, by means of a telescope, may be seen on different parts of his surface, this opinion appears to have been ill-founded. These spots are supposed to be large excavations in the body of the Sun. Their motion is from east to west ; and as they are observed to move quicker when thev are near the central regions, it follows that the Sun must be a spherical body, and revolve on his axis. The time iu which he performs this revolution is twenty-five days and six hours. The Planets. The planets are all opaque spherical bodies, and have no light of their own, but shine by means of that borrowed light which they receive from the Sun } it being ascertained, from telescopical observations, that only that side of the planets which is turned toward the Sun is ever enlightened ; while the oppo- site side, which the solar ravs cannot reach, remains constantly dark. From the regular appearance and disappearance of several remarkable dark spots, which, by means of a telescope, are constantly to be seen on their bodies, it may be demonstrated, that each has such a motion round its axis, as corresponds with the diurnal rotation of the Earth ; and from their seeming sometimes to be stationary, and at other times retrograde, it is equally certain, that they must have such a progressive motion round the Sun as answers to thb annual revolu- tion of the Earth in its orbit. As the Earth, moreover, is similar to the other ■ix planets, it may reasonably be concluded, by analogy, that they must be de- signed for the same purposes, although, from their ditferent proportions of heat and cold, it is not credible that beings of our mal his observations on three different volcanos in the Moon. Several astronomers have given exact maps of the Moon, with the % figure of every spot, as it appears thrqpgh the best telescopes, distinguishing each of them by a proper name. One of the most remarkable circumstanres attending the Moon, is the continual change of figure to which she is subject ; while that half of her which is toward the Sun is illumined, the'other half is dark and invisible. Hence, she disappears, when she comes between the Earth and the Sun ; becaub? her dark side is then toward us. When she is gone somewhat forward, we uee a little of her enlightened side, which still increases to our view as she advances, until she comes to be opposite the Sun, when her entire enlightened side is toward the Earth, and she appears with a full- illumined orb, which we call the Full Moon; her dark side being then turned away from the Earth. From the full she decreases gradually as she proceeds through the other half of |ier course ; showing us less and less of her bright side, every day, till her next change or conjunction with the Sun, and then she disappears as before. These different appearances of the Moon, which we call her phases, are sufficient to demonstrate, that she shines not by any light of her own j for, otherwise, as her form is spherical, >ye should always beholcf her, like the Sun, with a full orb. There are other phenome- iionS of the Moon, the discussion of which, in this cursory view, would be too intricate to admit of a popular illustration. We shall, therefore, only observe further, that of all the celestial orbs, this satallite, next to the Sun, has the most beneficial influence on our globe. How cheerless and uncomfortable would be our nights, but for the constant returns of light, which this our inseparable cooipanion dispenses in such agreeable vicissitude ! How highly useful are e#n her eclipses, in our astronomical, geographical, and chronological com- putations I How salutury is her attractive influence, which swells the tides, perpetuates the regular returns of ebb and flow, and thus tends, not only to preserve the liquid element itself from putrefaction, but the surrounding coi>- tinents, in course, from infection and disease ! .. M The Comets. Comets are solid opaque bodies, of different magnitudes, like the planets. Their number is unknown j but they have been found tc move round the Sun, and to cross the orbits of the planets in all manner of directions. They are principally distinr'ished from the planets by long transparent tails resembling a pale flame, whi i continually issue from the side that is furthest from the Sun. The orbits, in which these vast bodies move, are exceedingly long ovals, or very eccentric eUipses, of such amazing circumferences, that in some part of their circuit through the heavens they approach so near the Sun, as to be al- most vitrified by his heat, and then go off again into the regions of inhnite space, to such immense distances, as to be totally deprived oi the light and heat which the rest of the planets receive from that luminary. The paths which they describe, and the laws to which they are subject, have been ex- plained by Newton. Their revolutions are governed throughout by the same law, of describing equal areas in equal times, which is known to regulate tlie motions of all the other bodies in the syst'.'m. The Fixed Stars. f What a niagnifirent idea of the Creator and his w-irks is presented in this account of the solar system! In tUe centre is placed the Sun, a iiupendous ,Simn INTRODUCTION. xt Philosophical canos in the )on, with the istinguishing :ircuin8tan';ulate the ^ d in this ipendous oody of fire, around whose orb, the planets, satellites, and comets, perform their revolutions with an exactness and regularity which must fill the mind with the roost sublime conceptions of their divine origin. Who can con- template the magnitudes and distaiices of those vast bodies, aind not be struck with the wonders of Omnipotence? But what must be our astonish- ment, when informed, that this glorious system is only a small part of the universe, and that, if it were utterly annihilated, it would be missed no more, by an eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of sand on the seashore. To form some idea, therefore, however imperfect, of the eiitent of the universe, and the more glorious works of creation, we must extend our views to those numerous and splendid orbs, which are dispersed far beyond the bounds of onr solar system. The fixed st?rs are distinguishwl from the planets by being ftiore luminous^ and by continually exhibiting that appearance which we call the twinkling of the stars. This arises, probably, from their appearing so extremely small, that the interposition of any very minute substance (of which there are many constantly floating in our atmosphere) deprives us of the sight of them; but as the interposed body instantly changes its place, we again see the star; and thissucceshion being perpetual, occasions the twinkling. But a more remarkable property of the fixed stars (and from which they obtain their name) is their never changing their situation with regard to each other, as the planets do j for although the rotation of the Earth, on its axis, occasions an apparent diurnal motion of the whole frame of the heavens, in a contrary direction, yet any two fixed stars being observed, at distant intervals of time, will always be found to preserve the same relative position during the whole of this revolution. The fixed stars are not placed in one concave surface, so as to be all equal^ distant from us, but are so dispersed throi'.gh illimitable space, tha*' there must be as great a di. lance between any two neighbouring stars, as there is between our Sun and those which are the nearest to him. Were a spectator, therefore, to be placed near any fixed star, he would consider that alone as a real Sun, and the rest as so many luminous points, placed in the firmament at equal distances from him. Tiie stars which are the nearest to us seem the largest, and are therefore called stars of the first magnitude, and so on as far as the sixth, which includes all the stars that are visible without a telescope; and, since the invention of that instrument, their n-imber is considered as immense. But the immensity of their number is not alone worthy of admira- tion: their immense distance from us, and from each other, must equally exalt our ideas of the wonders of Omnipotence, and the inconceivable extent of the creation. The nearest star to uS; or that supposed to be such from be- ing the largest in appearance, is Sinus, or the dogstar; and the Earth, in its revolution round the Sun, is iy5,000,000 miles nearer to tliis star in one part of its orbit, than in the opposite one ; and yet its magnitude appears not to be in the least affected by it. The distance of this star from tlie Sun is computed to be above 32 millions of millions of miles, which is furtlier than a cannon- ball would fly in seven miUiciis of years. The stars being at such immense distances from the Sun, cannot receive from him so strong a light as they seem to possess, nor even a degree of bright- ness sufficient to make tliem visible to us ; for his rays w ould be so dissipated before they could reach such remote objects, that they could never be trans- mitted to our eyes, so as to render those objects visible by reflection. The stars, therefore, shine by their own native lustre, and, in this respect, are totally different from the planets. The vulgar and uninformed imagine, that all the stars were made only to ■give a faint glimmering light to the inhabitants of this globe ; although many L^ft^^^IW. .^. x|l INTRODUCTION. of these stars are so far from benefiting us, Ihat they cannot be seen without a telescope; and there are innumerable others which the eye, even by the aid of that instrument, can never reach. We have already intimated, that there is an inconceivable number of suns, sy^ems, and worlds, dispersed through infinite space ; insomuch, that our solar system, compared with the whole, appears but as an atom, and is almost lost in the immensity of the creation. The Georgian planet, nevertheless, revolves at the distance of above 1,800,000,000 miles from the Sun, and some of the comets make excursions of many millions of miles beyond this ; and yet, at that astonishing distance, they are incomparably nearer to the Sun than to any other fixed star; as is evident from their keeping clear of the attraction of the stars, and returning periodically by virtue of that of the Sun. It cannot be imagined, therefore, that the omnipotent Creator, who acts with infinite wisdom, and never acts in vain, should have created so many glorious suns, fitted for so many important purposes, and placed at such distances from each other, without suitable objects sufficiently near tliem to be benefited by their influence. On the contrary, it is reasonable to conclude, that they were created for the same purposes with our Sun; to bestow light, heat, and vegetation, on a certain number of planets fevolving round them. And from analogy we may infer, that all these in- numerable systems are with equal wisdom contrived for the accommodation of rational inhabitants ; perhaps of stiti higher orders of intelligent beings, all capable, in the different scales of existence, of a perpetual progression in know- ledge and virtue, in perfection and felicity. DESCRIPTION OF the ARTIFICIAL SPHERE. ON the convex part of the terrestrial globe, which is an artificial spherical body, is represented the whole world, as it consists of land and water. The circumference of the globe is divided into 36o degrees, every degree con- taining 60 geographical miles; consequently the globe is 21,600 such miles round: but as these geographic miles are each about 69 miles and a half English measure, the circuit of the globe is therefore 25,020 English miles. The circles represented on the globe are, 1. The Equator, and the circles parallel to it; 2. The Meridian, and the rest of the meridional lines; 3. The Horizon; 4. The Ecliptic; 5. The two Tropics; and 6. The two Polar Circles. The Equator, or Equinoctial, is a great circle, ninety degrees distant from the poles of the world, and so named, because it divides the world into two equal parts; that in which the arctic pole is found, is called the northern half; and that in which the antarctic pole is placed, is the southern half. It is divided into 3Q0 degrees, or 180 degrees east, and the same west, from the first meridian, which on English globes passes through Lon- don ; and its principal use is to show ^he longitude of any place east or westj from such first meridian. When the Sun is in this circle, there is an equality of days and nights all over the world : hence these points are called the equinoxes. The Meridian is a great circle, supposed to pass through the poles of the world and those of the horizon, cutting the sphere into two equal parts, the one oriental, and the other occidental. It also passes through the zenith and nadir in every place, and cuts the horizon at right angles. It is called, the Meridian, because it marks half the space of time during which the Sun and the stars appear above the horizon. As there is an infinite number of INTRODUCTION. aeniths and horizons^ the number of Meridians is also infinite ; for the Me- ridian is changed, as well as tlie zenith and "horizon, every step we take toward the east or west ; bnt if we pass in a right line northward or south- ward, we still continue under the same Meridian, though we constantly change the zenith and horizon. However, geographers only reckon 3th Meridians, which are supposed to pass through every degree of the equinoctial. It has been customary for geographers to establish a First Meridian ; though this is altogether arbitrary : Ptolemy placed it at the island of Ferro, which is the most western of the Canaries ; but the common method, at present, is for every geographer to make the Meridian of the capital of his country the First Meridian ; and, accordingly, the longitudes of this Dictionary are reckoned east or west from the Meridian of London or Greenwich, The use of the brass Meridian of a globe, is to show when it is noon or midnight at the place to which it is applied ; and also to find the latitude of places, north or south, from the equator. The Ecliptic is a great circle that cuts the equator obliquely, and represents that path in the heavens, which the Sun seems to describe by the Earth's annual course round it. It is divided into 1'2 parts, called signs, and each df those into 30 more, called degrees, corresponding to the 12 months, and the . days of the mon th . The Horizon is a great circle that divides the world into two equal parts or hemispheres, of which one is superior and visible, and the other inferior and invisible. When the Sun is above this circle it is then day, and when it is sunk 1 8 degrees beneath it, night then commences. This circle is of wood, and the brass meridian is inclosed therein with all the rest of the sphere : it is also immoveable, and on it are marked the degrees of the 12 signs of the eclip- tic, and the days of the 1 2 months of the year. The Tropics are two small circles parallel to the equinoctial, described by the first points of the first degrees of the signs termed Cancer and Capricorn, that is when they touch the ecliptic. They are distant from the equinoctial very near 23 degrees and a half. The Sun describes these Tropics about the 20th day of June, and the 21st day of December. When he touches the Tro- pic of Cancer, he makes the longest day for the inhabitants Isetween the equator and the north pole j and when he comes to the beginning of Capri- corn, he makes the longest day for the people between the equator and the south pole. On the contrary, the shortest day to the former will be when the Sun touches the Tropic of Capricorn, and to the latter when he comes to the Tropic of Cancer. For this reason, those points are called the winter and the summer Tropics, or the southern and northern ; and they are as it were the two barriers, beyond which the Sun never passes. The Polar Circles are distinguished by the names of the arctic and antarctic, or the north and the south, and are circles parallel to the equinoctial. They are termed Polar, because they are near the poles of the world, being only 23 degrees and a half from each pole. , The Map of the World, at the beginning of this book, represents the globe, taken out of its horizon, cut through, turned up, and squeezed flat. The circles bounding the projection, represent the brass meridian j and the curve lines running across, at every 10 degrees, show the latitude, north or south, from the equator. The top and bottom are the north and south poles j and the curve lines uniting them are the other meridians on the globe, which are drawn at every lO degrees on^the equator, and sliow the longitude, east or west, from the meridian of Greenwich. The equator or equinoctial is the straight line running across the meridians exactly in the middle. The tropics and polar circles are delineated at their proper distances on each side toward the north and south. XtT INTRODUCTION. '/■: r Of the Zones. The Zones are five broad spaces eiicotn passing the globe, and are distin- guished chiefly by the temperature of the air. The torrid Zone contains all the space bet\(reen the two tropics, and is so called from its excessive heat, the Sun being vertical twice every year to all that inhabit it. This circle is about 47 degrees broad. The two temperate Zones are so called from their lying between the two extremes of heat and cold, viz. between the tprrid Zone and the frigid Zones, the one being called the Northern temperate Zone, and the other the Southern temperate Zone. These are both 43 degrees broad. Of the two frigid Zones, the one encompasses the arctic or nurih pole, and ex- tends to the distance of 23 degrees and a half from it ; and the other^ the antarctic or south pole, to the same distance. Of the Climates. A Climate is a space of the Earth comprehended between two parallels, at the end of which the length of the longest days are increased half an hour in' the summer season. The better to understand this we must observe, that under the equator the longest day is no more than twelve hours, and that ia proportion as we advance toward the polar circle, the days of each climate in- crease half an hour, till we arrive at the polar circles ; for then the longest days consist of 24 hours. Thus there are 2-1- Climates in all, on each side of the equator. It is easy to know in what Climate a city is, by obseiTing the longest day j as, for instance, at London, where the days are J 6 hours long, ■we need only subtract 2 from the number, and there will remain four j then multiply this by two, and you will have eight, which is the Climate of London. The same may be done for any other Climate. I- Of the Points of the Compass, The Earth may be considered, with regard to the four cardinal Points, which are the north, south, east, and west ; and all the points included between them may have respect to a particular place. By this means we know the situation of the different countries of the world, with regard to each other j for some are oriental or toward the east, with regard to those that are occidental, or lie westerly of them. Thus Ireland is to the west of England, Poland is tc the east of Germany, and Africa is to the south of Europe. We may easily dis- tinguish the points that lie between those that are cardinal : thus, though Spain is to the south of France, yet it likewise lies to the westward thereof; but as they do not lie exactly south or west of each other, Spain may be said to lie southwest of France ; and for the same reason, on the contrary, France will be northeast with regard to Spain. The like may be said of any two other countries. Of the Terms used in Geography. The word Geography comes from the Greek, and signifies a description of the Earth. By the Earth is meant the terraqueous globe, composed of land and water, and it is commonly called the terrestrial globe. Chorography is the description of a country, province, or county j ae, for instance, Dorset- shire. Topography is thfe description of a particular place, as a town and the like. Hydrography is a description of the water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes. The Earth may be represented either in the whole, or in part, by geo- graphical charts or maps, which may be reduced to two kinds j namely. mr are distin- 1 ontains all H ' e heat, the H le is about H their lying H Zone and ^H le, and the 9 )road. Of iy e, and ex- -IS other, the >9 arallelfl, at an hourin^ serve, that ind that in climate in- the longest ach side of sei'ving the lours long, four; then of London. ription of d of land graphy is Dorset- n and the seas, and by geo- namely. ■,*f nts, which ■ ''i iveen them ii e situation >r some are ital, or lie ■■,f d is tc the ' '^ easily dis- ■■'* is, though d thereof; vjaii ay be said hI ry, France W- f any two Ik' INTRODUCTION. general and particular. Among the former is the map of the world, or ' planisphere, which shows the two surfaces of the whole terrestrial globe, bisected by the meridian passing through the equinoxes > as also the ni9ps which describe some principal part of the globe, such as Europe, Asia, or Africa J and even kingdoms, as Sweden, Spain, or Great Britain. However, those maps may be called particular, which represent any particular country ; but they are more properly such which exhibit only a part, as Naples in Italy, Galicia in Spain, or Staffordshire in England. But nothing can give a better or more general idea of the Earth than a globe, because it is of tlie same shape and figure j yet as it is impossible to make one large enough to show every part of the land and sea distinctly, there is a necessity of having recourse to general and particular maps. Geography, as well as oti er arts and sciences, has terms proper to itself; some of which have relation to the land, and others to the water. A Continent is a large part of land that comprehends several countries not separated by any sea : thus Europe is a continent. An Island, or Inle, is a portion of land entirely surrounded by water. A Penimula is a quantity of land which is joined to a continent only by a neck of the same, it being every where else encompassed by water j as the peninsula of the Crimea. An Isthmus, or neck of land, is that part by which a peninsula is joined to the land ; as the isthmus of Darien. A Promontory \i a high part of land, which projects into the sea, and is commonly called a Cape, when it appears like a mountain ; but when the advanced part has little elevation, it is termed a Point. Thus the Cape of Good Hope is a mountainous promontory. An Ocean is a large collection of waters bordering or surrounding a con- siderable part of a continent ; such as the Atlantic i'.nd Indian Oceans. v A Sen is a smaller collection of waters, when understood in a strict sense, as the Mediterranean Sea ; but, in general, every part cf .the ocean may be called the sea ; and it is still more general, when the terraqueous globe is said to con- sist of land and sea. A Channel is a narrow sea, confined between an island and a continent, or between two islands ; as the English Channel, and St. George Channel. A 6'tt// is a part of ihe sea surrounded by land, except in one part where it communicates with the ocean ; as the Gulf of Bengal, the Gulf of Florida ; and yet these are more properly seas than ths Mediterranean, the Baltic, and the Black Seas, which, properly speaking, are gulfs, as well a^ the Gulf of Venice. A liuy is said to differ from a gulf only in being less, and more narrow at the entrance than within ; but this is far from being true : for a bay has a wider entrance in proportion than a gulf, and it may be also larger than some gulfs; as, for instance, the Bay of Biscay ; though it must be acknowledged that bays in general are much smaller. A Crceli is a small iplet, and is always much less than a bay.. . A Road is a place upon any coast where there is good anchorage, and where vessels, in some sense, are sheltered from the wind. A Strait is a narrow passage which joins two seas, two gulfs, or a sea aod a gulf; such as the Sound, near the Baltic; and the Strait of Gibraltar^ be- tween the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. A Lake is a collection of standing water surrounded by land, having no communication with the sea, except by a river. Thus the Caspian Sea is truly and properly a lake. Smaller lak-^ are those of Ladoga, Geneva, and several others. XVI INTRODUCTION. Description of a Map. ' The to^ of most modem Maps is considered as the north, the bottom as the south, the right hand as the east, and the left hand as the west. In old maps, where this rule is not always strictly followed, a flower de luce is generally placed on some part of it, pointing toward the north, by which the other points are easily known. On the top of the map, between the marginal lines, are placed the several figures, which show the number of degrees of eastern or western longitude of every place that is directly under those figures. At the bottom of most maps are placed the same figures as those at the top ; but in maps of the best sort, instead of them are placed the number of hours or minutes every place in it lies distant, east or west, from its chief town or first meridian. For instance, every place which is situate one degree east from another, will appear to have the Sun four minutes of time brfore it ; and any one place, situate one degree west of another, will appear to havie the Sun four minutes of time qftur it. Again, a place situate fifteen degrees east of us. as Naples, will- appear to have the Sun one complete hour he/ore us at London ; and a place situate fifteen degrees west of us, as the island of Madeira, will appear to have the Sun one hour after us at London. On the right and left hand of every map, between the margina^4tnes, are placed figures that show the number of degrees, either north or south latitude, which every place parallel with them is distant from the equator. Thus London is situate 5 1 degrees 30 minutes of north latitude ; that is, it is so many degrees and minutes north from the equator. Over most maps are drawn lines from the top tb the bottom, and from the right hand to the left -, those which run from the top to the bottom are lines of longitude, and those which Cross them, lines of latitude j but these are sometimes omitted, when a map is too full to admit them. Kingdoms or provinces are divided from each other by a row of single points, and they are often stained with different colours. Cities or great touns are made like small houses, with a little circle in the middle of them ; but smaller towns or vitlages are marked only with little circles. Mountains are imitated in the form of little rising hillocks; and forests are represented by a collection of little trees. The names of villages are written in a running hand, those of cities in a Roman chaiapter, and those of provinces in large capitals. The sea is generally left as an empty space on the map, except where there are rocks, ~ sands, or shelves, currents of water or wind. Rvcks are sometimes made in maps like little pointed things sticking up sharp in the sea. Sands or shelves are denoted by a great heap of little points placed in the shape of these sands, as they have been found to lie in the ocean, by sounding the depths. Currents of water are described by several long parallel crooked strokes, imitating a current. The course of winds is represented by the heads of arrows pointing to the coasts toward which the wind blows. Small rivers are described by a single croektd waving line, and large rivers by such double and treble lines made strong and' black. Bridges are distinguished by a double line across the rivers. )ottom as the In old maps, I is generally icli the other ed the several n longitude of of most maps the best sort, !ry place in it For instance, ippear to have ite one degree time qfUr it. ippear to have situate fifteen ^e the Sun one inal-4tnes, are south latitude, |uator. Thus liat is, it is so lost maps are »d to the left ; ide, and those nitted, when a t single points, oxvns are made smaller towns mitated in the collection of and, those of tals. The sea ere are rocks, times made in tnds or shelves >f these sands, ths. Currents I, imitating a rows pointing lescribed by a d treble lines line across the 4. . 'T^E GENERAL GAZETTEER $ OR, COMPENDIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY* 'I A A R J A, n river of Dutch Brabant, which ■^ waters Helmont, and joins the Dommel, near Bois le Due. Aoy a river of Holland, which waters Zwoll, and enters the Vecht, oppofite Haflelt. yla, a river of Weftphalia, which rifts near Munfter, waters that city, and flows into the £mbs. ^ia, a river of France, which rifes in the department of Somme, becomes na- vigable near St. Omer, and pafli^s on to Gravclines, where it enters the German ocean. yla, a river of Courland, wl.! :h rifcs in Samojitia, and flows into the gulf of Riga. Aa, a river in Swifltrland, which rifes in the valley of Engelberg, crofles Un- dervvalden, and flows into the Wald- ftaetter See. Near tlie abbey of Engel- berg, it has a noble cataract. Aahus, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Munfter, on the river Aa, Kz miles Nw ofCoesfdd. ^ain Chaiain, a village fix miles from Jerufalem, faid to be the place where IZacharias lived. It is frequented by pilgrims ; and near it there is a large convent, with a fplendid altar that is faid to ftand on the fpot where John the baptill was born. Jtilen, a town of Suabia, fituate on the Kocher, 40 miles nw of Augfljurg. Aar, a river of Swiflerland, which iflucsfrom a lake, on the mount Grimfel, to the E of St. Goddard ; and running through the lakes uf Brentz and Thun to Bern, takes a circuitous couvfe to Soleure, whence it flows to Arburg and Bruck, below which it receives the Reufs and Limmat, and then enters the Rhine, below Zureach. Aarberg. See Arhrg ; and for other words beginning with Aa, look under niigic A. ABB Abachf a town of Bavaria, with 9 citadel, feveral Roman antiquities, and fome fine iprings of mineral water. It is feated on the Danube, feven miles sw of Ratiflion. Abakansk, a fortified town of Siberia* in the government of Koly van, feated on the Abakan, 340 miles es£ of Itolyvan* Lon. 91 o E, lat. 54 50 K. Abalakt % town of Siberia, famous for an image of the virgin, vifited by a great number of pilgrims. It is 14 miles s of Tobolflc. AbatiOf a town of Italy, famous for its warm baths, five miles sw of Padua. Abaianerf a town of Armenia, fituate on the river Alengena, td miles N of Nakfivan. Ahaskaia, a town of Siberia, on the ri- ver Ifchim, 128 miles s by e of Tobollk. Lon. 69 o £, lat. 50 10 k. Abber/ord, a town in W Yorkfliire* with a markst on Wednefday, and a manufacture of pins. Here are the ruins of an ancient caftle. It is feated on the river Cook, 16 miles sw of York, and 186 NNw of London. Abbeville, a town of France, in the department of Somme, on the rivet Somme, which feparates the town into two parts- Here arc manufaAures of woollen cloth, canvas, coarfe linen, and foap. It is 21 miles nw of Amiens, and 60 s of Calais- Lon. j 50E, lat. 50 7 K* Abbey Boyle. See Bvyle. Abbey Holm. See Holm. Abbey Milton. See Milton^ Abbotsbury, a town in Dor£etlhire» with a market on Thurfday. Here was a famousBenedictine abbey, many traces of which remain, and fome of the oflic'es are yet entire. A mile w of the town is Strangeways>caille, where therq is a large fwannery. Abbotibury is feated near thu ft?a, feven miles wsw of DqjCf chcfl;er,and 127 w by s gf London. ABE Abbots Lanifley, a viUAge in Hertford- fhire, four miU-s sw of St. Albai>; fa- mous for being the birthplace of Nicho- las Breakfpeare, who, under the name of Adrian iv, was the only £nglifliman that rvcr became pope. Alb (Sf.) Ileaa, a promontory on the E coaft of Scotland, lo miles nnw of Berwick. The ranains of a church and a callle arc ftill vifiblc on its heights. Lon. 1 TO w, lat. 55 54 n. Abenrade, a town of Denmark, in Slefwick, feated on a fpacious bay of the Baltic, furrounded by mountains. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 55 6 N. Abtnspers^, a town and callle of Ba- varia, on the river Abens, near the Da- nube, 15 miles sw of Ratifbon. Abcravou, a village of Wales, in Gla- morganfhire, at the mouth of the Avon, five miles s of Neath. Here are copper and tin works; and near it, at the foot of a woody mountain, are the ruins of Margam abbey. • ATerhofkicK, or Arhrnath, a fe.iport and borough of Scotland, in Angusfhirc, at the mouth of the Brothick. The har- bour is fmall, but commodious, and de- fended by a long pier, and a neat bat- tery. The chief exports are coal, lime, thread, barley, and wheat. Here are confiderablc manufactures of canvas and linen, and the magnificent ruins of an abbey. It is 48 miles nne of Edinburg. Lon. a 33 w, lat. 56 31 n. Abcrconwmj, a town of Wales, in Car- Darvonlhire, with a market on Friday. It is furrounded by a wall with towers; and on a rocky promontory are the mafly remains of a caftle, formerly one of the moft magnificent ftruAures of the kind in the kingdom. It ftands near the mouth of the Conway, 18 miles ene of Carnarvon, and a,'\6 wnw of London. Abercom, a town of Scotland, tu W Lothian. The Roman wall built by An- toninus began at this place, and extend- ed to Kirkpatrick, on the frith of Clyde. It ftands near the frith of Forth, four miles N E of Linlithgow. Abercorn, a town of the ftate of Geor- gia, on the river Savanna, ao miles nw of Savamla. Aberdeen, New, a city of Scotland, capital of Aberdeenfhire, fituate on an eminence, at the mouth of the Dee. The college, called Marifchal college, is an ancient edifice, and a very refpeitable fem^nary. Befide two papift churches, and the college kirk, there is an elegant cpifcopal chapel, and fevcral mceting- houfcs. The other public buildings are, a townhoufe, Gordon's hofpital, a lu- ^\Xc Itofpils^It aad an iB&noary. T^e fyv.jp: ABE harbour is defended by a ftrong ftone pier,and two batteries. Befide the coaft- ing trade, velTels are fent hence to the Baltic, the Levant, and the W Indies. The manufactures arc stockings, thread, cottons, icC' and great quantities of fal- mon and pork are pickled here. The city is governed by a lord provoft, and the number of the inhabitants in 1801 was 17,597. It is 120 miles NNeut' Edinburg. Lon. i j; w, lat. 57 6 n. Aberdeen, Old, or Aberdoity a borough of Scotland, one mile n pf Now Aber- deen, on tht! s bank of the mouth of th« Pon. It was anciently a bifhop's fee, and ^he remains of the cathedral now form the parifh church. The King's College is a large ftately fabric, and the townhoufe is a neat modern ftrudlurc. In 1 80 1, the number of its inhabitants was 991 1. Aberdeenshire, a county of ScoMand, 90 miles long and 38 broad; bounded on the N and e by the German ocean, s by the counties of Kincardine, Angus, and Perth, and w by thofe of Invernefs and Banff. It contains 458,000 acres, and is divided into 85 parifhes, which in 180T included 123,081 inhabitants. The NE part, extending toward the river Ythan, is. called Buchan, and the Wangle, confifting of vaft woodland mountains, is called Mar Foreft, in which the river Dee takes its rife. There is much excellent pafture in the high parts J and the level tract, calltd Strath- bogie, contains many well cultivated fields. It has quarries of granite, mill- stone, and lim(ftone ; and veins of man- ganefe and plumbag;o. The principal rivers are the Dee, Don, Ythan, Deve- ron, and Bogie, which abound with ex- cellent falmon. Aberdviir, a town of Scotland, in Fife- fhire, with manufadures of checks and iron utenfils, feated on the Forth, 10 miles NW of Edinburg. Aberdour, a fifhing town of Scotland, in Aberdeenfhire, with the remains of an ancient caftle, feated on the German ocean, eight miles w of Fraferburg. Aherfraw, a village of Wales, in An- glefcy, at the mouth of the Aber, fix miles NwofNewburg. It was formerly a place of great account, the princes of N Wales having then a palace here. It has a trade in flannel8,manufant hence to thu d the W Indies. tocktngs,thrfad, Quantities of fat- ed here. The 3rd provoft, and labitants in i8oi a miles nne ut' w, lat. 57 6 N. erjon, a borough N pf New Aber- the mouth of th« y a bilhop's fee, e cathedral now :h. The King's ly fabric, and the nodern ftrufture. }f its inhabitants inty of Scotland, broad ; bounded German ocean, » rv:ardinc, Angus, hofe of Invernefs 19 458,000 acres, 5 parilhes, which 1,08 » inhabitants, ding toward the Buchan, and the )f vaft woodland Mar Foreft, in kf-s its rife. There fture in the high ict, calltd Strath- well cultivated of granite, mill- and veins of man- The principal n, Ythan, Devc- abound with ex- [Scotland, in Fife- res of checks and [n the Forth, 10 )wn of Scotland, ^^ the remains of on the German ' Fraferburg. bf Wales, in An- |of the Aber, fix It was formerly |t, the princes of a palace here- Imanufadturedin Id the mountains liron, and lime- lorks have been in Monmouth" 'uefday. Here , a large Gothic A B r church which formerly belonged to a priory, and a frcefchool fuunded by Henry v 1 1 1 . It has a tnde in flannels, and in the adjacent mountains are fome great iron-worUs. It is feated on the Gavenny, at its confluence with theUflc, 16 miles w of Monmouth, and 146 w by N of London. Lon. 3 10 w, lat- n 5° ". Aher^flei/t a town of ^Vales, in Den- highfliiro, "with a market on Saturday- It is much frequented for bathing, and ftands on the teacoaft, i« miles Nw of Denbigh and a»9 of London. ALernrlhyt a town of Scotland, in Pcrth(hire, formerly the feat of the Pidifli kings, and the fee of a bifliop. The church is fuppofed to have been the cathedral, and near it is an antique tower 7+ feet high and 48 in circum- ference- It has a manufadure of linen, and is feated on the Tay, a little above the influK of the Erne, fix miles se of Perth. Aheryifwitfi, a town of Wales, in Cardiganfliire, with amarkct on Monday. In the bathing fcafon it is a fafhionable watering place. Here are the remains of a calile, on a craggy eminence, once the rtfidence of the great Cadwalia- der; and, in the neighbourhood, the filver and lead mines whence the cele- brated fir Hugh Middleton acquired his large fortune. It is feated near the mouth of the Yftwith, in Cardigan bay, 34 miles NE of Cardigan, and 208 wnw of London. Lon- 4 3 w, lat. s* *% n. AbeXf a country of Afi'ica, extending from the i6th to the aad degree of n lat- along the coaft of the Red fea, which bounds it on the e, and Abyflinia and Nubia furround it on all the other parts. It is fandy and barren, being deftitute of water. The inhabitants are Mahometans. Suaquam is the capital. Aiinf^rnsso, a town of Italy, in the Milanefe, feated on a canal, la miles $w of Milan. AHn-rdon, a borough in Berkfliire, with a market on Monday and Friday. The fummer affizes are held here- It has a handfome townhall, two churches, and a fpacious corn-market- Great quantities of malt are made here, and fent in barges to London- It is feated on the Thames, feven miles s of Oxford, and 56 w of London. Lon. 112 w, lat. 51 40 N. Ahitifrdon, a town of Maryland, in Marford county. Here is Cokelbury foUege, inftituted by the methodifts in J 7 85- It is fituate at the head of the tide waters on BuOi ri»er, 20 miles n e «f Riltimore. Abingdon, a town of Virginia, ca. A B R pital of Wafl)ington county, iio mHcB W3W of Uichmund. Lun. 8t 5,5 w, lat- 36 40 N. Abkhas, one of the feven nationi in the countries comprehended between the Black fea and the Cafpian. Their principal and mod ancient dabliili* mcnts are on the fouthern flupu of the mouutains comprehended between the river Cuban and the Black fea. They are tributary to the Turks, and are di- vided into two govornmentst the weft- ern and the eadern i each fubje*^ to a bafiiaw, commonly chufen out of the principal native families; one of whom refidesat Sotchukkalc and the other at SoghumkaU-. The Abkhas fpeak an original language, which appears to have a remote affinity to that of the Circafliaiis. They have, at prefcnt, very little religion, although they ftill preferve fome traces of Chriftianity. Their chief town is Anacopia. Ablay, a country in Great Tartary, fubje(5t'to the Kufiians. Lon. from 73 to 83 E, lat. 51 to 54 N. AbloCf a town of Little Tartary, be- tween the river Dnieper and the Black fea. Lon. 33 15 e, lat. 46 ao N. Abo, a feaport of Sweden, capital of Finland Proper, and a bifliop's fee» with a caftle. It contains feveral brick houfes, but the generality are of wood painted red. The inhabitants, cftimated at i2,ooo, export linen, tobacco,flax» and iron, but the principal trade is in timber. Here is a univerfity, founded in 1640, by queen Chriftiana; and a royal botanic garden, edabliflied by the late king- It is fituate on the Aura, near its entrance into the gulf of Both- nia, 170 miles ENE of Stockholm. Lon. aa r.i e, lat 60 47 n. Abottkir, an ifland and bay on the coafl: of Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, rendered famous by the total de- feat and deftrudtion of the French fleet» by admiral Nelfon, on the ift of Au- guft, 1798. The Italians call the ifland Bicchieri, and the French Beguires. It is ao miles E N E of A le.Kandria. Lon. 3 1 24 E, lat. 31 aa n. Aboutij^, a town of Upper Egypt, where the beft opium is made ; feated near the Nile, 170 miles s of Cairo. Abraiifex, a town of Portugal, in Eftremadura, on the river Tajo. It has four churches, befide convents, and ia 80 miles NE of Lifbon. LoD. 7 13 w,Iat. 39 ^3 '*• Abrui; Banya, or Abrolania, a town of Tranfylvania, near which afe mine* of gold and filver. It is ao milcs WNW of WeiiTciiburg. B a / h ADY AbruTto, a province of Naple*, bound- ed on the i by the gulf ot Venice* M and w by Anconia, Umbri.ii and Cam* pagfia di Koma, and s by Terra di Lavoro and Mulifc. It \» dlvidt'd into two parts by the river Pcfcara, one call- ed Ultcriorci which has Aqiiila for its capital ; and tht> other Citeriore, of wiiich Civita di Chicli h the capital. This country "is fertile in corn, ric«, fruitt and raifron ; but the woods abound with bears and wolves Mf, a town of France, in the di*- partment of Artlechc. It was formerly the capital of Vivat ez, and the fee of a bifliop ; but now little, belide ruins, re- mains nf its ancient (grandeur. It is eight miles nw of Vivicrs. Jbf/dus, a town and caftic of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the (Irait of Gallipoli- Here all fliips from the Ar- chipelago are fcarchcd. Lon. 37 36 k, lat. 40 16 N. Abi/o, or Ahtyo, oneof the Phillippinc idands, br-tuct.-n Mindinio and Luzon, where the Spaniards have a fort. Lon. Ill 15 E, lat. 10 O N. -ci/'j^winia, a kingdom of Afi-ica, 800 iniles long and 600 broad, bounded on the N by Nubia, e by the Red fea and Dancala, w byGorham.and s by Gingia and Alaba. It is one of the lolt moun- tainous and precipitous countries in the ftoxXd ; but in a few vales the foil is black and fertile- The rainy fenfon continues from April to September. This is fucceeded, without interval, by a cloudlefs iky, and a vertical fun. Cold nights as inftantly follow thefe I'corching days. The earth, notwithttanding thele days, is perpetually cold, fo as to feel difagrecable to the foUs of the feet; partly owing to the fix months rain, when no fun appears, and partly to the perpetual equality of nights and days. There is no country in the world that produces a greater variety of quadru- peds, both wild and tame ; but there are no tigers. The hyena^?, however, are very numerous, anJ dreadful in their ravages. Ikfide ea^Mcs, vultures, &c. there is a fpooie:? of glede, called haddayn, which is frequent in Kgypt, and comes punctually into Abyfiinia, at the return of the fun, after the tro- pical rains ; and ftoiks are numerous in May, when the rains become conftant : there are few owls t but thefe are of an immcnfe fize and 'beauty. The moft remarkable infedt is the Ttfaltfal, a large fly, which is fo fatal to cattle, that, in Ibnic particular diftrids, great Mnigrations take place in the beginning of the rainy feafon, to prevent the ftuck ACE' of cattle from being deftroycfl. Tlierff is a remarkable coincidence between the cuAoms 'n the covrt of ancient Perfu and thofe of Abyflinia. The religion of the country is a mixture of Judaifm and of the Chriftianity of the Gret-k church ; and the language bears a great affinity to the Arabic. The native* arc of a dark olive complexion ; and the drefs is a light robe, bound with a falb, the head being covered with a kind of turban. The houfes are of a conic form, meanly built of clay, and covered with thatcb ; and even the churches are of a round form, encircled by a portico. Some travellers fay that at an Abyflinian banquet the flefli is cut from the live oxen ; but others only affirm that the natives are fond of raw flefh, a taite not unknown to other nations. Accord- ing to Mr. Bruce, the celebrated river Ndc has its fource in this country. Gondar is the metropolis. Acadia. See Nura Scotia. Acainhou, a kingdom on the coaft of Guinea. The king is abfolute, and o.ie of the moft powerful on that coaft : his fubjedts are brave and warlike, but rapacious and cruel. Aca7mt/, an inland country of Gui- nea, affording the beft gold in great plenty. There is a town of the Tame name. Lon. o 30 e, lat. 8 30 n. Acapulco, a city of Mexico, feated on abay of the Pacific ocean. The harbour is very commodious, and defended by a flrong caflle. Every year a rich fbip is fent to Manilla; and another returns annually thence to this port, laden with the moft valu-ible commodities of the E Indies. Here is an hofpital, maintained by the merchants, and deduftions from the pay of the foldiers. Lon. loi 10 w, lat. 17 21 ' . Acaraif a town of Paraguay, built by thcjefuitsin 1624. Lon. 51 5 w,lat.26 os. Acasaiastlan^ a town of Mexico, in the province of Vera Paz, fituate on a river of the fame name, 25 miles from its mouth in the gulf of Dulce, and ?» ENF. of Guatimala. Lon. 91 40 w, lat- 14 58 N. Acbaralad. See Agra. Accrenza, a city of Naples, capital of Bafilicata, and an archbifhop's fee. It is feated on the Branduno, at the foot of the Apennines, 97 miles e by s of Na- ples. Lon. 16 s ^* l^t. 40 44 N. AcertiOf a. town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, i% miles ne of Sa« lerno. Acerra, a town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Lavoro, feated ontiic Agooy i* miles HE of Naples. lyed. Therff : between the iiicicnt PcrfM The religion re of Judstifm af the Greek I bears a great he nativL'i arc ion ; and the id with a fa(ht with a kind of f a conic form, I covered with jrchcs are of a by a portico. t an Abyflinian from the live iffirm that the fle(h, a tafte tiona. Accord- eliibrated river this country. otin. ^ on the coaft or )rolute, and o.ie on that coaft : [id warlilie, but ountry of Gui- ; gold in great vn of the fame 8 30 N . lexico, feated on The harbour _ defended by a ar a rich Ihip is mother returns )ort, laden with lodtties of the E ital, maintained eduftions from Lon. loi xo w, aguay, built by i5W,lat.26os. of Mexico, ia z, fituate on a 15 miles from Dulce, and 7» 91 ao w, lat. iples, capital of (ifhop's fee. It J, at the foot of E by s of Nia- lo 44 N • laples, in Prin- ■les NE of Sa« [aples, m Ter- itheAgno» i» A C H A C R Ach,h town of Suabia, In the Und- county of SHfo,ind a bilhop'n fee united mavatc of Nellcnbiirg, on the river Ach, 14 miles WK of Schaffhaufen. Ackam, a country in Afia, bounded on the N by Bootan, t by China, s by Birmah, and w by Ilindooftan. It is very little known to the Europeans. Achcen, a kingdom in the nw part of Sumatra, now very different from earlier timtjl, when it was powerful enough to expel the Portuguefe from the itland, and its fovereigns received embaflies from fome of the grcatelt potentates of Europe. It is compirativcly healthy, being more free from woods and fwamps^ than the otiicr parts of the ifland. Its' chief pro(lii>!t9 are fine fruits, rice, cotton, gold diift, and lulphur. The Achenife nrc taller, ftouter, and darker compL-xiontd than the otherSumatrans. They are more adlive and indiiftrious than their neighbours, and have more fagacity and penetration. They are Mahometans. Acheeiiy the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, :n Sumatra, feated near the mouth of a river, on the nw j)oint of the idand, or Acheen Head, in a wide valley, formed by two lofty ranges of hills. The river, which empties it- felf by feveral channels, is very (hallow at the bar. The houfes are built of bamboos and rough timbers, and are raifed fome feet from the ground, this part of the country being overflowed in the rainy feafon. It is an open town, in the centre of which is the king's palace, a mile and a half in circumfe- I rence, furrouiided by a wide and deep [ moat, and ftrong walls. A manufa(5lure ^of a thick kind of cotton cloth, and of >Uuff for the fhort trowfers worn by the iMaiaysand Achenefe, iseftablifhed here. [Payments are commonly made in gold fduft, which is carried about in bladders. |The Achenefe are bold and expert na- vigators. Crimes are punifhed here with remarkable rigour ; but the rod ofjullice, lit is luppofecl, falls only on the poor : i yet the Achenefc are fuppofed to be the moil diOionefl and flagitious people in the Ealt. Acheen is loeo miles se of Madras. Lon. 95 34 e, lat. 5 aa N. Ac/iteiten, a town of Auitria, on the .Danube, iz miles ese of Ens. Ackmetschety a town of the Crimea. See Sympheropol. Acimim, a town of Egypt, the refi- dence of an emir, or prince of the coun- try. It has manufadtures of coarfe cot- tons, and ftands on a fmall eminence, on the right bank of the Nile, 440 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 31 56 e, lat. a6 40 K. Achonrtjf a town of Ireland, in the to Killala. It is feated on the Shannon, t6 miles wsw of Sligo. Achifetttn, A town of Su.ibia, fix miles NW of ."Vugfljurg. Acliifr, a ftrong town and caftle of Ukraine, on the riv»;r Uorfklo, i%j miles K of Kiow. Lon. 36 10 k, lat. 49 1% n. Ackcn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Maidcburg, with i citadel, fituate on the Elbe, five miles nw of Deflau. Aroma, or f^t. F.itcvan de Afotna, a town of New Mexico, feated on a high mountain, with a ftrong caftle. It is the capital of a province. Lon. 104 15 w, lat. 35 o N. Acqs, a town of France, in the de. partment of Arricge, on the river Av- riege, ^0 miles sse of Foix. Act/i/a, a town of Tufcany, noted for its warm baths, 15 miles £ of Leg- horn. Acquapcndenle, a town of Italy, in the territory of Orvieto, feated on a mountain, near the river Paglia, 10 miles w of Orvieto. Acguaria, a town of Italy, Jn the Modenefe, noted for its medicinal wa- ters, 12 miles s of Modena. Acqvavha, atown of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 18 miles s of Bari. Acra, a territory of Guinea, on th« Gold coaft, where fome European ftateshave forts, and each fort its village. Lon. I E, lat. 5 25 N. Acre, or great damage was done by an earthquake ; ano tlie ye?r follovnng 5000 perfons, near one third of the in- habitants, died by the plague. In 1799, aided by the Britifh under fir W. S- Smith, it withftoQd a fevere iiege by the Frendi und^ Sonaparte, wh» re- i A 00 trelted ffiter failitlg in a twelfth afTauIt, nutf e oVfer the putrid bodies of his foI#eni« It is 24 miles s of TyrCf and 47 M ofjerufalem- Lot). 35 20 e, lat. 33 iaK. Acrotl^ a territory of Guinea, on the Gold coaft. The Dutch have a fort hertf caded Patience ; and under it is the vill^e. Lon. o a8 Ef lat. 5 10 n. ^roteriy a town of the ifland of Saniorini, two miles wsw of ScHuro. ActoH-Buvnclt a village in Shrop- fhirc* eight miles 8 of Shrewlbnry. Hcit are cotifiderable remains of a cas- tle, 'in which a parliament was held in the reign of Edward i . Adana^ a town of Atiatic Turkey, in CarA* 17^2: and abiihop's fee, with a ftron^r caftle. It has a trade in com, wine, and fruits; and is I'eated on a txvti of the fame name, la miles from the Mediterranean, and 150 se of Cogni. Lon. 36 6 E, lat. 37 o » . Adaues. See Me,cicano. Adikit a river pf Swiffcrland, which rifes in the Grifons, runs through the Valteline and the lake of Conilo, by Lecco, aiid joins the Po, near Cremona. Adely a kingdom of Africa, about 600 miles in length, on the s coaft of the ftrait of Bahelmandel. It feldosn vains here ; but the country is well watered by rivers, and abounds with wheat, mil- let, frankjncenfe, and pepper, 'llie in- habitants are Mahometans. The ca< pital is Au<;agurel. Adclfors, a town of Sweden, in Smo- land, noted for its gold mines, 70 miles NW of Calmar. Aden, once a rich but now abandon- ed feaport of Arabia Felix, 1 no miles Es e of Mocha. Lon. 45 30 e, lat- 12 36 n. Aderheifzanf a province of Perfia, bounded on the n by Armenia, w by Ghilan, s by Irac Agemi, and w by Curdiftan. Tauris is the capital- AdtgCf a river which rifes in the country of the Grifons, enters Tyrol, and flows by Trent and Verona into the gulf of Venice, 10 miles to the N ofthePo. Admiraliy Inlands^ aclufter of id^inds tn the Pacific ocean, tathe nw of New Ireland. They were difcovj.red in \'67i fome of theio appear of confiderable extent ; and the centre one is fuppofed to be in lon. 146 44 e* lat. 2 18 s. ' Adon, a town of Hungary, feated in a fruitftil country, near t^c Danube, 12 rftiles s of Buda. Adotii, a town or Kmdooftan, in Gc''*'>nda, on one of the branches of the Tungebadda, j 7 5 ittilcs. sw of Hy- drabad. Loo. 77 o £» hit. tj 37 N' ' AFG Mbrf, a town of Upper Saxony* in Voigtlandi feated on the Elfter, 15 thiles KNwofEgra. Adour, a river of France, which rifes in the dp]^artment of Upper Pyrenees, flows by Tarbes and Dax, .'md enters th(! bay of Bifcay, below Bayonne. Adra, a feaport of Spain, in Gra- nada, 47 miles "E ot Granada. Lon. 3' 7 w, lat. 3645 s. Adramt/if a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the e coaft of a gulf of its namC} 70 miles n by w of Smyrna. Lon. 2650 E, lat. 39 z6 n. Adria, a town of Italy, in Polcfino di Rovigo, which gives name to the Adriatic fea, and was formerly of great note, but has been much reduced by frequent inundations. It is feated on theTartaro, 25 miles ssw of Venice. Adriano, a mountain of Spain, in Bifcay, over which is a very difficult road to Alba and Old Caftle It is one of the higheft of the Pyrenees ; and it ^nly inhabited by a few fhepherds. Adriavople, a city of European Tur- key, in Romania, the fee of an arch- liifhop, and formerly the European feat of the Turkifli dominion. It is eight miles in circumference, fituate in a plain, on the river Marifla, which here receives two tribut.iry ftreams. Several of the mofques are very (^lendid; and many of the houfes neat, but the ft^eets are narrow and deviotis- The feraglio is feparated from the city by the river Arda, and commands an extenfive view of the country, which is fertile, and famous for excellent vines. The commerce of the city by the river is confiderable. It is 135 miles nw of Conftantinoplo. Lon. 26 27 e, lat- 41 55 N. . • Adriatic Sea. See Venice^ Gulf nf. Adrenfwe Bajf, a bay at the se end of Van Diemen's land, fo called from the fhip in which captain Furneaux failed. Lon. 147 30 w, lat. 43 23 s. Mgades, or JEgates, three fmall idands on the w fide of Sicily, between ]Vlarate of jMedatorj •^^■y- ■ Jpper Saxon)^ in ie Elfter, 1 5 utiles rancc, which rifes Upper Fyren-JCB, Dax, .'itid entera t>w Bayonne- F Spain, in Gra- ^ranada. Lon. 3 f Afiatic Turkey, coaft of a girif of by w of Smyrna. 16 N. Italy, in Polcfino ives name to the i formerly of great much reduced by It is feated on ssw of Venice. :atn of Spain, in is a very difficult I Caftle It is one Pyrenees ; and it :w fhephcrds. of European TuN e fee of an arch^ the European feat nion. It is eight ice, fituate in a ariffa, which here • ftreams. Several «ry {jplendid; and !at, but th«' ftreets ns- The feraglio city by the river ids an extenfive which is fertile, llent vines. The Y by the river is 35 miles Nw of ■ 26 27 E, iat- 41 ^t'nicef Gulf of . )ay at the s e end fo called from the Furneaux failed. /!.«, three Imall >f Sicily, between their names are ■>d Maretima. the Netherlands, iver Demur, ten Diintry of Afia, ountains of Tar- a, and from the of Perfia. The : domain have nO fpeak a language They are a ro« n, and being ge- ate of piedatory I .-0^' \ I ■i j.>f yf ■4 *i f i ■*"V, ^ -m t t Wg* vn;,iwiM,,j^, I f \ t**-"' /* * % .-v*#' « ^, <«■■ ;, ■■*!" •-•«%• *«.. V^' V" r^^Dil*^^ .i fO JO A If o •UiX'- l&Ttnamo fir.frfltmumtM f- A F R ' ' if¥^ ^ warfere, their manners partake .' a b«r- |)aroo8 infolence : they avow a fixed contempt for the occupations of civil life ; and aro efteemed the moft negli- gent of religious obfervances of all the Mahometans. Their common drefs con- fifts of a Ihirt, which falls over the upper part of long and narrow trowfers; a woollen veil, fitted clofely to the body, and reaching to the midleg ; and a high turned up cap, of broad clothx>r cotton, ufually o' one colour, and of a conic form, with two fmall parallel flits in the upper edge of its facing. The principal cities of Afghani ftan are Candahar and Cabul, the former of which was the ca- pital ; but the late and piefent fultans have kept their court at Cabul. About the year 1720, an army of Afghans in- vaded Perfia, took Ifpahan, and made the fultan HuflTeyn prifoner. They kept pofleffion of Ifpahan and the fouthem provinces for ten years, when they were di'feated in feveral battles, and driven ■out of the country by Nadir Kuli, com- monly known in Europe by the name of Kouii Khan. After Nadir had de- pofed his fovereign, Shah Thamas, he laid fiege to and took Candahar; but afterward received a confiderable body of the Afghans into his army, who be- came his favourite foreign troops. On his aiFaflination, in 1747* the general of the Afghan troops, though furioufly at- tacked by the whole Perfian army, ef- fi'dted a fafe retreat into his own coun- try, where he caufed himfelf to be ac- knowledged fovereign of the Afghan territories by the title of Ahmed Shah. JFRICA, one of the four principal parts of the world ; bounded on the s by the Mediterranean fea, w by the Atlantic ocean, s by the Southern ocean, and E by the ifthmus of Suez, the Red fea, and the Indian ocean. It is a pe- ninfulaofprodigious extent, being joined to Afia b]^ the ifthmus of Suez, which J>» 115 vnihf, over. In its greateft length, from the moft northern part to the Cape of Good Hope, it is 4600 miles ; and in the broadeft part, from Cape Verd to Cape Guardafui, it is 3 500. The greateft patt of it is within the toiTid zone, which rciid^^rs the heat almoft infup- portable in many places. However, the coafts in general are very fertile, the fruits excellent, and the plants extraor- dinary. There are more wild beafts than in any other part of the world : there are Klfo fome animals peculiar to this country ; as i he hippopotamus, or river horfe ; the rhinoceros, with two huriTs on its nofe ; and the beautiful firiped zebra. Befuile thefe, there a.e cro* .* AG D codiles, oftricbes. camels, and many diber'* animals not to be met with in Europe; There are feveral defcrts, particufarly one of a large extent called Zahn-a ; but thde are nut quite without tnhabit- ' ants. There are many large rivjers ; but the principal are the Nile, N%er, Zaire, Senegal, and Gambia* The aioft confiderable mountains are the Atlas, the Mountains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leone. The inhabitants confift of pagans, Mahometans, and Chriftians. The firft, who poflefs the gre^ateft part of the country, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, are . the moft nunierous, and ar^ generally black. The Mahometans, who are taw- ny, poflefs Egypt and the coaft of Bar- bary. The people of Abyflinia are de- nominated Chriftians, but retain many • pagan and jcwifti rites. In the n of Africa are fome Jews, who manage all the littletradeofthatpart of the country. The principal divifions of Africa are Barbary, Egypt, Biledulgerid, Zahara, Negroland, Guinea, Bornou, Caflina, Fezzan, Senna, Nubia, .byflinia, Abex,' Loango, Congo, Angola, Bebguela, Mataman, Zanguebar, Monomotat>a, Monomugi, Sofola, Caffraria, and the country of the Hottentots. 4/ricflf, a feaport of tiie kingdom of Tunis, 70 miles sse of Tunis. Lon. 1 1 ' 10 E,lat. 35 36 .V. AJ'rique^ St. a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, fix miles £ by N of Vabres. A'^adcsy a town of Caflina, the capital of a province. It fends annually a cara- van of 1000 camels to certain fait lakes in the defert, at a place called Domboo j which fait is diftributed •among the other provinces of the empire. It is a8o miles nw of Caflina. Lon. 35 30 e,' lat. 24 20 N. Agdllcga, or Calle^a, an ifland of Africa, near Madagafcar. Lon. 54 8 e, lat. 10 12 N. AgameniicuSf a mountain of Mafla- chufets, in the diftrift of Maine, about eight miles from York hrflbour. It afltjrds pafture up to its fummit, arwS is a feamark for the entry of PifcataqUa river. Lon. 70 39 w, lat. 43 i6 n. Jgat/ia, Si. a town of Naples, fn Principato Ulteriore, ao miles ne of Naples. -'/ga///««K/, afmail ifland of the ArchK' pelago, about a league s of the ifle of Samos. 4gato]ij a townon the coaft of Guinea, ntar the mouth of the Formofa, 80 miles • of »enin. Lon. 7 6 e, lat. 7 30 v. ^IS^e, a town of Vntxv, m the de« •^■^i'' ^§0 ■■:t!m f*fm ^IfOi Ki>'«*;!y^^«2j^ isiiifmiK si *p JAfp ^^Jir r\«A4 \i* ^ it X '>-45lfJ<«i« \ Mot rviifc'i , P!;J4&«l VK ^^ itVM Ol" J/ O r«- .U<>Ib«< AFRICA FROM THE BEST ^UTHORITIE Sj rc?y ,AT7 •Kttw/' ' i^-fh! '"rT'd^^hS, %%^kirl^ Sif^ 1 ,al^ Socowal- i |T I A S ::. ■ ^rtf-CL^' SftA /?' r" %u \MtOKA \Attadc ^Jmacoco or.lXMIVO I ^ I • 'v.X \C ^ , 'Jfiuniiif* ■» / >k AtawcatiM. >>t^^-sU5; ,.„ _ Aroxo/iMt'oi .A - 1 N D I A X .4)^' .„,„>'JL ^ ^r *.. f/ijiiihir OU Biyi'/if^'i 'Eni -;::^ ^6^ ■9 /tTi&r t ''Jhintn ^M 9 ''♦'^/i ■»•— -t " i mim ^ ■iiiii t — jM s'o .folnoQiitiMlrKaA .5(1 frnm Umdnn. tfo m-j''' lU A 6 M. IHt^f ^t of Herault, on the river He* raulf, not far from its mouth in the gulf of Lyon, where there is a fort to defend the entrance. It is 1 7 miles n e of Narbonne. Lon. 3 18 e, lat- 43 19N, Agett, a city of France, capital of the department of Lot and Garonne, and a bifhop's fee. Prunes form here a con- fiderable object of commerce ; and it has manufadlures of camblets, fcrges, and canvas. It is feated in a fertile country, on the banks of the Garonne, 80 miles ESE of Bgurdeaux. Lun. o 36 E,lat. 44 12 i^' Agenalaty a town of Tranfylvania, 10 miles ^fE of Ilermanftadt. Agga, or ^itrffoiifl, a town and dif- trift on the coaft ol' Guinea, in which ia a very high Ivill, called the Devil's Mount. Tlw Enplini have a fort here. Lon. o J E,lat. 60s. Af;gcrkui/s, a fortrefs of Norway, in a government of the fame name, which is full of mountains. See Vkrisilania. Aghadne, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, and a biflvop's fee uni- ted to Limerick and Ardfeit. It is fi- tuate near the lake of Killarney, 15 miles ssE of Ardfert. Aghrivi, a village of Ireland, 11 miles KNE of Galway, memorable for the decilive vidtory gained, in 1691, by the army of king William, over that of James II. Aghrin, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, 13 miles sw of Wicklow. Agimere, a province of Hindooflan proper; bouncled on the nw by Moul- tan, NE by Delhi and Agra, se by j^alwa, and sw by Guzarat and Sindy. It is an extenfive diftrift ; the se part ipoiintainous, with fertile valleys and plains intervening ; but the nw part is a fandy defert, and little known. Agimerey a town of Hindooflan, ca- pital of a province of the fame name. ft (lands at the foot of a high moun- tain, on the top of v/hich is a fortrefs of great ftrpngth. It is 150 miles w by by s of Agra. Lon. 75 ao e, lat. 26 35 N- Agincpurif a village of France, in the department of Pasde Calais, feven miles V of Hefdin. J^ear this place Henry v of England obtained a fignal vidory over the French, in 14 15. * Agliaf 9 toyvQ of Piedmottt, feven iniles s of Ivrea. Agniatf a toiyn of Morocco, on a ri* Ser of the fame nvoe, and on the w de of one of the motintains of Atlas, 16 niles s of Morocco* A G U Agmondaham. See Ainershatn. ■'■ Agnnno, a circular lake in the kfnff*, dom of Naples, feven miles from Puz- zoli. It is about half a mile in diameter, furrounded by mountains. On its mar- gin is the famous Grotta del Cane, where many dogs have been tortured and fnffocated, to fhow the cffc£t of a vapour, which rifes a foot above the bottom of this cave, and h deftrudtivt to animal life. Agon, an illand of Sweden, in the ' gulf of Bothnia, with a good harbour. . Lon. 1"^ 10 E, lat. 6i 20 n. Agosfa,3n ifland in the gulf of Venice, near the ooaft of Dnhn.itia, 18 miles in ciicuml\:reni:e, and 10 sw of the ifland of Cur/ola. Lon. 17 o e, lat. 42 55 N. Av'ista, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, with ,.n excellent harbour, on the E coafl, 18 miles s' of Syracufe. Lon. 15 10 K, lat. ,57 20 N. Agra, a city of Ilindooftan Proper, capital (if a province of the fame name, with a ftrong fort- It was once the moft fplendid of all the Indian cities, and now exhibits the moft magnificent ruins. About the year 15 "^6, emperor Acbar made it his capital, and gave his name to it ; fince which time it is often named Acbarabad. In the 17th century the great mogul frequently refided here. His palace was prodigiouOy large ; the palaces of the omrahs and others were numerous ; and there were above 60 caravanferas, 800 baths, 700 mofques, and two magnificent maufoleums. It has fince rapidly declined. In the war with the iVJahr.ittasin 180.-;, it was taken by the Britiih. It ftands on the right bank of the Jumna, 100 miles ^ by e of Delhi. Lon. 78 30 e, lat. 37 :6 n. Agrairtf or Zagrab, a ftrong town of Croatia, capital of the county of Za- grab, and a bifhop's fee ; feated on the Save, 27 miles ne of Carlftadt. Lon- 16 I S E, lat. 45 48 NT. Agramonl, a town of Sp.iin, in Ca- talonia, feated on a mountain, near a fraall river, 18 miles e of Balaguer. Agreda, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, eight miles sw of Taracona. ylg>ia,itQwn of Upper Hungary, and a biftiop's fee, with a citadel. It is feated on the Agria, 47 miles ne of Buda. Lon. ao 10 e, lat. 48 lo n. Agrigan, one of the Ladrone iflands, 43 miles in compafs, and has fevcral vol- canic mouiitains. Lon.i46oE,Iat.i94oN. Agropoli, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, on the e fide of the guir of Salerno, 2a miles sse of Salerno. Aguilar, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 20 miles w of Eftella. *M m Ainershain. ake in the king-, miles from Puz- mile in diameter, ins- On its mar- rotta del Cane, re been tortured ow the cfFeil of a foot above the , nd re deftrudtive Sweden, in the ' a good harbour. ■;. (O N. he pulf of Venice, latia, 1 8 miles in i sw of the ifland I E, lat. 42 5 5 N. Jicily, in Val di t harbour, on the Syracufe, Lon. idnoflan Proper, f the fame name, v^B once the moft idian cities, and nagnificent ruins. , emperor Acbar id gave his name it is often named 7th century the tly refided- hire, ioufly lar^e ; ths and others were were above 6o s, 700 mofques, maufoleums. It ed. In the war 80.^, it was taken s on the right 00 miles ^ by E , lat. 27 16 N. ftrong town of county of Za- feated on the L^arlftadt. Lon> • Spain, in Ca- ountain, near a f Balaguer. Spain, in Old f Taracona. r Hungary, and citadel. It is miles NE of t. 48 10 N. adrone iflandf!, has feveral vol- /5oE,lat.i94oN. laples, in Prin- E fide of the ssE of Salerno, in, in Navarre, A I G Ahn/Sy a ftronj; town of Svv^^en, in Octhlriixi, with a j^ood h;irm>ur, i$ miieisK ovChiiftuiiiladt. Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 'i6 '15 N. Ajudi^f a. (i aport of Corfica, capital of the 'department of Liamono, and a bilhop's fee. It ftands on the w lide of the ifl;in(l, on a point ol land that juts into the gulf, 160 niilcs SK of Toulon. Lon. 8 30 e, lat. 41 s6 n. Jjaii, or Ajoi, a couiili-y on the e coalt of Africa, extendir.g from Maga- doxo to Capo Giiardafui 15C0 leagues. It is divii'.eil into ieveral ftates or king- doms: the principil of which are Ailtl and MagadDXO. The e.-iftern coaft of Ajan is fandy and barren, but to the north it is more fertile. The kings of Ajan are fre(iu('Ptly at war with the emperor of Abyflinia, and fell the pri- foners which they take. Ivory, gold, and horfes of an excellent breed, are the airicles of trade. Ajazzoy a feaport of Afiatic Turkey, in Syria, feated Cher, on the river Cher, 24 miles s by e of Blois. AigucmortVf a town of France, in A I K the department of Gard, fituate atnon«r the inoviilfea, near the fea, and had a harbour, which is now choaked up. It is 12 miles 1 SE of Montpellier. Aigiieptrsc, a town of France, in th« department of Puy-de-Dome, ib mile* N of Clermont. Aiguit'cUof a town of France, in the department of Drome, fix miles se of Montelimart. AiguihvHoy a town of Savoy, on the river Are, 15 miles e of Chamberry. Aiguiliasy (.'ape, the moll foutherly point of Africa. 13 leagues Est of the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 20 8 e, lat. 34 5.^ s. AiJiih, a town of Arabia Petrea, on the Red fea, a^ its nk extremity, 108 miles ESE of Suez. Lon. 33 10 E,Iat. 19 10 N. Aillyy a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, nine miles sse of Amiens. Aibay an infulatcd rock, s of the ifie of Arran, in Scotland. Its bafe is two miles in circumference. It confifla of a ftupendous aflemblage of precipi- tous cliffs, riling in a pyramidal feries, 900 feet high, acceifiblc only on the NE, It affords refuge to an immenfe number of feafowl, and is. well Hocked with rabbits. The ruins of a chapel, and of a caftle, are ftill feen ; and near the latter is a fpring of frelh water. Aitnv or Atnno, a town of Savoy, on the>river Ifere, 18 miles ene of Mouftiers. Ain, a department of France, includ- ing the late province of Brcfle. It takes its name from a river, which rifes in Mount Jura, nearNozeroy, and enters the Rhone, above Lyon. Bourg is the capital- Aburevillcf a town of France, in the department of Meufe, three miles sw of Dun. Ahisa, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Ara, 30 miles N of BaU baftro. Airano, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanefe, 30 miles sE of Como. Audiiey a town of Scotland, in La- narklhire, with an iron foundery, and a confiderable trade in the diltillation of malt fpirits. It is fituate on a rifing ground, between two rivulets, vo miles E of Glafgow. • Aire, a town of France, in the de- partment of Landes, feated on the fide of a mountain, on the river Adour, 65 miles s of Bourdeaux. Lon. o 10 e, lat. 4.3 42 N. Aire, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais. It com^ 'Vi ALA municates with St. Omer by a canal, and is feated on the river Lin, ai miles s oFDunkirk. Lon. 2 44 e> lat. 30 41 n . jii^Cf a Diver in Ycrkfhire, which fliieg from a lake on Malham moor, near Settle, flows by Skipton, Kcigh' ley, Leeds, and Snaith, and enters the Oufe, below Howden. Jisney a department of France, in- eluding the late territories of Soiflbn- nois and Vermandois. It takes its name from a river, which rtms by Soif- fons, and enters the Oife, above Com- piegne> Laon is the capital- A'Wf a city of France, capital of the department of Mouths of the Rhone, and an archbifhop's fee- It was for- merly the capital of Provence, when it had a parliament- It is feated in a plain, where there are hot baths near the river Arc, 75 miles B of Montpellier- Lon- 5a7E,lat-43 31 n. • y//.r, a town of Savoy, on the lake of BourgPt- Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is la miles n by E of Chaniberry. yli.v, a fmall idand of France, between the ifle of Oleron and the continent- It is 14 miles NW of Kochfort. Lon. X 10 w, lat- 46 5 N. ^ Alx-la-Cliapelley a city of France, ca- pital of the department of Boer, and a bifliop's fee ; lately an imperial city of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers- Charlemagne was fo delighted with the beauty of the place, that he chofe it for his n-fidence : he is interred in the church of Notre Dame, where they keep his fword and belt. Its famous mineral waters draw a great number of perfons every year , and near it are mines of iron, calamine, fnlphur, and conl. In 1668 and 1748, it wasdiftin- guiihed by two celebrated treaties of peace- It was taken by the French in 179a, retaken by the Auftrians in i793» and again taken by the French in 1794- It is feated in a bottom, furrounded by mountains, 22 miles nc of Liege- Lon. 5 58 E, lat- 5048 N. Aizcnay, a town of France, in the department of Vendue, 39 miles s of Kantes- Akerman. See Bielgorod. Akissatf a town of Aliatic Turkey, in Natolia, the ancient Thyatira, built in a fine plain above 17 miles over, which produces corn and cotton- It is inhabited by about 5000 Mahometans, and is feated on the river Hermits, 50 milessF. of Pergamo- Lon. 48306, lat. 38 48 N. Atailulia, a province of Afiatic Tur- key, between Amaik and the Mediter- AL.9 ranean, towani Mount Taurus, ii i^ rough, (tony, and mountainous. The chief town is Adana. Alais, a town of France, in tlie de- partment of Card, lately an epifcopal fee- It has a c.tadd. .md is feated near the river Gard, at the foot of the Ge- vennes, aa miles nw of Nifonei. Lou. 4 J E, lat- 44 8 N. Alaman, a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Bern, nine miles n e of Nion Aland, a clufter of iflands in the Baltic, at the entrance of the gulf of Bothnia. The principal idand, which gives name to the reft, is 40 miles long, and f'-om la to 16 broad. It is includ- ed in the government of Swedifh Fin- land, and Caftelholm in the chief place, 9; miles NE of Stockholm. Lon- ao 23 E, lat. 60 10 N. Alarcon, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, feated on the Xucar, 50 milts s of Cuenqa. Alataiiutlia, a river of the United States, called alfo St. George river. It rifes in the Allegany mountains, and taking a se direftion through Georgia, enters the Atlantic 60 miles sw of the river Savanna. Alalri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, fituate on a hill, 40 miles se of Rome. Alalyr, a town of Ruffia, on the river Suru, 40 miles e of Kafan- Alnuta, a river of European Turkey, wh'ch rifes in the mountains that ie- parate Moldavia from Tranfylvania, flows through Wallachia, and enters the Danube, near Nicopolis- ytlba, a town of Piedmont, in Mont- ferrat, and an ancient bifhopric- It contains three parochial and three other churches, befide the cathedra., and feven convents. It is feated on th* Tanaro, 20 miles se of Turin. Albati, a town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn, 15 miles ese of Albv- AH-an, St. a borough in Hertfoi-d- fhire, the ancient city of Verulam, many veftiges of which are yet to be feen. The market is on Wednefday and Saturday ; and it is governed by a mayor. It owes its name to Alban, the firft martyr in Britain, who was buried on a hill near the town, where a. noble monaftery was afterward erefled to his memory by king Ofl^a, of which no part now remains, except the gate and the church : in the latter is the monu- ment of OfFa, and of Humphrey duke of Gloucefter, whofe leaden coffin waa difcovered in 1703, the body prefervcd aim oft entire by a pickle. In the church TauruB. itainuus. Itlf The JKC, in tli« do* ly an epifcopal :l is fcated near oot of the Gc" !^ifonet. Loii. iflerland, in the :s N E of Nion iflands in the of the gulf of 1 idand, which i 40 miles longt !• It is inciiido fSwedifti Fin- the chief place, aim. Lon. ao J pain, in New Lucar, 50 milea of the United George rivt-r. mountains, and rough Georgia* tiles sw of the ', in Campagna lill, 40 miles se lufTia, on the Kafan. »pean Turkey, ntains that ie- Tranfylvania, ■a, and enters olis. ont, in Mont- bifliopric It nd thre»! other athcdra., and eated on the urii). ce, in the de- miles ESE of in Hertfoi-d* of Verulam, are yet to be |n Wednefday governed by a le to Alban, lin, who was [own, where a Irward evefled I, of which no the gate and is the monu- jmpUrey duke Jen cofhn waa )dy preferved In the church f ALB of St. Michael is the monument of the illuftrious Francis Bacon, vilcount St. Alban. Here are two filk mills and a cotton manufafture. St. Alban is fa- mous for the vidory obtaintd by Rich- ard duke of York, in i4^5» «ver Henry VI ; and for a viftory which queen Margaret gained in 1461. over the earl of Warwick. It is feated on the Colo, a I miles n by w of London. AUmnrlla, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato C'iteriore, lo miles se of Salerno. Albania, a province of European. Turkey, 140 miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on the N bjr Dalmatia and Bofnia, e by Macedonia and Jania, s by Livadia.and w by the gulf of Venice. It produces excellent wine. It was formerly an independent kingdom. Du- razzo is the capital. M'nnoj a town of Italy, on a lake of the fame name, in Campagna di Roma. The environs produce the boft wine in all this country. It is 15 miles sse of Rome. Albanof a town of Naples, in Bafi- licata, feated in a fertile country, on the river Bafiento, 15 miles e by 8 of Potenza. Albanopolis, a town of European Turkey, formerly the capital of Alba- nia, but now a poor place, feated oh the Drino, 43 miles e of Aleflio. Albany, ,a river of Upper Canada, which flows E through feveral fmall lakes into James bay- At its mouth is a fort of the fame name, belonging to theEnglifli. Lon. 81 sow, lat.52 10 n. Albany, a city of New York, capital of a county of the fame name. In 1 799 it contained 601 1 inhabitants, colle«fttil fi-om almoft all parts of the northern world. It is the ftorehoufe of the trade to and from Canada and the Lakes ; and has manufaftures of tobacco, fnuft", chocolate, muftard, (larch, &c. Albany is feated on the w fide of Hiulfon river, 150 miles N of New York. Lon. 74 10 w, lat. 42 36 N. Albamzhty a town tf Spain, in Ar- ragon, and a biftiop's fcv". Its wool is the bell in Arragon. It is feated on the Guadalavir, loc miles e of Madrid. Lon. I at w, lat. ^1030 n. Albazete, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with maniifadliires in iron and fteel ; feated in a fertile country, 10 miles n w of Chinchilla. Albaziii, a town of Chine fe Tartary, with a fortrefs, on the n fij.e of the Saghalien. Lon. 123 30 k, lat. 5^ c n. All.rck, a town and caftle of Suabia, on the river Alb, five miles n by fi of Ulm. ALB AVrmarle, or Aumale, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a manufaAureof fergci aad other (luffs, 10 miles sw of Dieppe, and 31 NNw of Rouen. Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the Atlantic, in N Carolina, 60 miles longi and from 8 to 1 1 broad. It is 30 mileii K of Pamlico found 4 and the tradt of country between them is called Difmal Swamp. Albcn^a, a (Irong feaport on the coaft of Genoa, furrounded by olive trees, 17 miles sw of Genr»' " Lon. 8 7 e, lat. 44 6 N. Uo» Albion. See TirilhP-. AlbUn, A'(v,% a couniryon the w coaft of N America, to the N of California, extending from lat. 33 to 45 n. It re- ceived its name from lir Francis Drake in 1578, whofe harbour is in lon. 12 1 ^o w, lat. 38 23 K. The land is moun« tainous, and abounds with trees; but there are extenfive plains and valleys of luxuriant foil, though not turned to any profitable advantage. The climate is fubjedl to much drought, efpecially in autumn ; but this is in fotne meafure compenfated by dews, which frequently fall very heavily : the rainy feafon is from December to March. The Spa- niards have divided the country into four jurifdidlions, named, from their chief towns, St. Diego, St. Barbara, Monterey, and St. Francifco. The capital is Monterey. Albunu, a town of Italy, in Iftria, near the gulf of Carnero, 16 miles e by s of Rovigno Albrvt, a town of France, in the de- partment of Landes, 37 miles s of Bour- deaiix. Albui/iirr'jHc, a town of Spain, in Eftremadura, on the frontiers of Por- tugal, with a ftrong caftle. It has a conliderable trade in wool and clothe and is 30 miles n nw of Badajoz. A/burg, a city of Denmark, in N Jutland, capital of a diocefe of its name. It has a confiderable trade in herrings and corn,, and manufadlures of guns, piftols, faddles, and gloves. It is feat- ed on a canal, 10 miles from the fea, and 30 N of Wiburg. Lon. 9 41 e, lat. 56 50 N. A'by, a city of France, in the depart- ment of Tarn, formerly an archir-pif- copal fee. and the capital of the territory of the A!hig \ A LC dcr, and vo^. It is featrd on the Tarn, 23 miles n by w of Cadres, and 42 NE of Touluufe. Loii. a 8 e, lat. 43 56 N. Ahala dr Gundatra, a town of Spain, in Andalufia, on the river Guadaira, la miles nk of Seville. Alvala dp llenaicz, a town of Sp.iin» in New Caftile, with a famous univer- fity, and a caftlo. It is furroundcd by a wall, and fcated on the Hcnarez, 1$ milt's ENK of Madrid. AUnln dr los Garules^ a town of Spain, in Andif oducc excellent ine tulips. Tiiis he Spaniards in taken Harlem ; r an inveftment obliged to raife aci;. Alcmacr BritilTi troopi jnd battle near was foon after- ir their evacua- I Htuate among Seller moer, one Hand, 1 8 miios s j8 K, hit. 5 2 38 N. Spain on the a, leated on the 5 into the Gua- w of Badajoz. • Portugal, in Ai- tlt^, fcatcd on an , 16 miles from If of Cadizi and )n. 7 25 w, lat. Majorca, con- ufe,s, fituatc on two large har- |h and feaport in on Wednefday lly feated on the lill and the fea ; ably good, but ormerly much as taken away il'.'s r. of Bury» Lon. I 37 E, |h in W York- 1 market. Here lan works. It 15 miles NE of TLondon. \n of Portugal, In the Tajo, lo IWeltphalia, in 1 miles £S£ of Wiitfhire, on k'e miles from jjfai^ure of fuf- [crable damage In 100 houfca ALE Alclerholm, an ifland of Sweden, form- ed by the three arms of the river Gefle. in tlie gulf of Bothnia. A confultra- We trade i« carried on here in planks and deals. It is 80 miles n of Stock- holm. . , _ ,.„ Alderneif, an ifland m the Engliih channel, eight miles in circumference, feparated from France by a ftrait called the Race of Alderney, which is a dangerous paflage, on account of the rocks under water. It is fertile in corn and paftnrc ; and has a town of the fame name. Lon. 4 i»w,hit.49 45N' AUlstonc. See Alston-nuwr. Alcgrc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Loire, 15 miles se of Brionde. Alcntfjo, a province of Portugal, be- tween the river Tajo and the province of Algarve. Its oranges are of an ex- cellent quality, and it produces much rice. Evora is the capital. Alengou, a city of France, capital of the department ofOrne. The manu- fa^ure of lace is conliderable. Near it are (lone quarries, in which are found .1 fort of cryftal like Briftol ftones. It is feated on the Sarte, -^o miles n by w of Mans, and 87 wsw of Paris. Lon. o i E, lat 48 26 N. Aleppo, the capjt'>f merly the feat of the celebrated ge- neral Waihington. Alexandria is five miles sw of (he city of Waihington. Alexandria, a town of the ftatc of Ohio, on the river Ohio, f the vines are very large, and the buncb' s of grapes are a foot and a half long. . .4 divided into the ter- ritory of the city of Algiers, and the provinces of Mafcara, Titeri, and Con- ftantia. The Turks, who have the go- vernment in their hands, are not above 7000 in number ; and yet the Moors, or natives of Africa, have no ihare in it. It is a kind of republic under the pro- te^ion of the grand fignior, and go* verncd by a fovereign, called the dcy, who, however, can do nothing of con- ft-quence without the council of the ja- nillavies. The Aiabs, who live in tents, are a diftinifl people, governrd by their own laws and magiftrates, though the Turks interpofe as often as they pleafo. The dcy is an abfolute monarch, but elected by the Turkiih foldiers, and frequently depofed and put to death by them. The revenues of the governmtnt arife from the tribute paid by the Moors and Arabs, a detachment of the army being fent into each province every year to wiled it i aaU the yiizci thty take ? blown earthen- hill, I J miloN of London. DrtiHed fciport* en, nt the mouth \v by s of BaAia. • of Portugal, s by the (e*, ' z and N by Alen* gs, oranges, al« 1 excellent wiiie. I fenport on the d a bilhop's fee, ^pain, in Anda- •ibraltar, but in e harbour is de- er to numerous fivatt-crS' It is t.ir. ■ B irbary, com- t Numidia and It is 600 mites i>readth; bouHd- >, N by tho M(v Atlas, and w by ings and waters ilaces ', and fevc* )untain3 contain ic interior of the dreary deferts. tht> ShelUf, Ma* )e. The land to- ri corn, and the t. The melons fome of which others in winter, are very large, ;s are a foot and ed into the ter- Igiers, and the "ittri, and Con- jo have the go- are not above et the Moors, |e no ihare in it. under the pro- j;nior, and go* ailed the dcy, othing of con- uncil of the ja- 10 live in tents, cvnf-d by their ■s, though the as thi'y plwife. monarch, but loldiers, and ut to death by [he governmtnt by the Moors t of the army nee every year i;cc» they take •r 'I A L G at fca fometimes equal the tnxes they lay upon the natives. The dcy has fe- veral thoufand Moors in his fervice, both horfo and foot ; and the b«;yH or viceroys of the provinces have each an army und«T his command. Their re- ligion is Mahometanilm, and their lan- guage a dialed of the Arabic They havj likcwile a jargon, compofed of Italian, French, and Spanifli, called Lingua Franca, which is undcrftood by the common people and merchants. The complexion of^tlie natives is tawny, and they are ftrong and well m»ue. AlgurSf a ftrong city, capital of the whole country of Algiers. It is built on the fide of a mountain, in the form of an amphitheatre next thr liarbour ; and the houfes appearing one above another, of a rcfplendent whitenefi, make a fine appearance from the ft'a. Tiic tops of the houfes arc flat, covered with earth, and form a fort of gardens. The ftrccts are narrow, and lerve to keep off the extreme heat of the fun. There are five gates, but no public places or fquares of con fiderable extent. The larger mofques are feven, but there is nothing remark- able in their architecture ; and the dey's paLice is far from being fpacious and ex- tenfive. The harbour is fmall, Ihallow, and infecure, and its entrance is incom- moded with numerous rocks. The mole of the harbour is 500 paces in length, extending from the continent to a fmall ifland, where >.here is a caftle and a large battery of guns. The num- ber of inhabitants is faid to be 80,000, in which are included feveral thoufand Jewifh families. Their chief fubfiftence is derived from their piracies, for they make prizes of all Chriftian (liips that are not at peace with them. The coun- tiy about Algiers is adorned with gar- dens and tine villas, watered by foun- tains and rivulets ; and thither the inha- bitants refort in the hot feafons. Algiers has for ages braved the refentment of the mod powerful dates in Chriltendom. The emperor, Charles v, loll a fine fleet and army, in an expedition againft it in 1541. The EnglifU burnt their veirds in the harbour in 1635 and 1670. It was bombarded by the French in r688. In 1775, the Spaniards made a defcent near the city with a formidable army, but were defeated with great flaughter. In 17^4, they fcnt a power- ful fleet to attack the forts tnat ilefond the harbour ; but they were repelled by the Algerincs, although they made eight fucceflive attacks with great bravery. In 1767, the Algerines took the lead of the other ftates of Barbary, in refuling ALL to pay any longer their ufu.-t1 tribute to the Porte. Algiers is fituate oppolit* Minorca, 380 miles w of Tunis. Lou. 3 4H E, Ut. j6 49 N. .Ilhamii, a town of Spain, in Gra- nada, near which are hot baths, ac- counted the beft in Spain. It is featcd on the Motril, furrounded by moun- tains, 45 miles sw of Granada. Jlluinilia, a .own of Spain, in Ar- ragon, near a river of its nanqe, fevcii miles N of Ternel. Alkant, a feaport of Spain, in Va- lencia, famous lor excellent wine and fruits. It has a great trade, and the Englilh, Dutch, French, and Italians, have confuU here. The caftle, on a high rock, was reckoned impregnable \ but it was taken by the Englilh in 1706. It was likewife taken by the French a'ld Spaniards, after a fiege of almoft two years ; and then part of the rock was blown up. It is feated on the Mediter- ranean, on a bay of the fame name, 8.f mili.-s s of Valencia. Loii. o 5 w, lat. 38 16 N. A/ka/af a feaport of Sicily, in Val di Ma/ara, with a tortrefs on a fmall cape, at the mouth of the Salfo, sa miles SR of Gergenti- Lon. 13 48 E,lat. 37 >4 k* Aluitdu, the raoft weitern of the Li- pari iflands, in the Mediterranean, 10 miles w of Felicuda. Alifit a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, at the foot of the Apennines^ aj miles Nw of Benovento. Alkanaas, or ArkansttSf a large river 06 Louifiana. The middle pait of itscourfu is extremely crooked, and it enters the MiiTifTippi, in lat. 33 28 k. Alkmaar, Sec Alcmaer. AllaltalaJ, a province of Hindooftaa Proper, 160 miles long and 120 broad i bounded on the n by Oude, h. by Bahar, s by Orifla and Bcrar, and w by Malwa and Agra. The Nerbudda, which riles on the SF. borders of the province, flow» from E to w near its s tide ; and thq Ganges crolTes it from w to e near its N fide. Allahalad, a city of Hindooftan, ca^ pital of the province of the fame name, with a m.Hgnificent citadel. It was foupd-i cd by emperor Acbar, who intend*^ it as a plact' of arms : but its fortifications will hardly refill the battering of a field piece. It IS t'eated at the confluence uf the Jumna with the Ganges, 470 miles w.vw of Calcutta. Lon. St o e, lat. 25 45 N. AUrhuTch, a village-in Worcefterihire, formerly a borough, five miK-s e by n' of Bromfgrove. The Roman Icknield ftrect and the Wurcelkr canal pafa I ALL it. The bifhop of Worcefter had for- merly a palace here ; and the church, •feveral ^rsrts of which are of Saxon ar- chitecture, contains many antique mo- noments. Allegany, or Apalachian Mountains, a long range of mountains in N Ame- rica, between the Atlantic, the Miffiflip- pi, and the lakes 3 extending nearly pa- rallel with the fencoaft, 900 miles in length, and from 60 to 300 in breadth. The different ridges which compofe this immenle range have different names in the different flates. Advancing from the Atlantic, the firft ridge of Pennfyl- vania, Virginia, anf' N Carolina, is the Blue ridge, or South Mountain, from J30 to aoo miles from the fea, and atiout 4000 feet high from its bafe. Be- tween this and the North Mountain Q)reads a large fertile vale- Next lies the Allegany, which is the principal ridge, and has been descriptively called the back'l(i7ie of the United States. Be- yond this is the long ridge, called the Laurel Mountains, in a fpur of which, in lat. 56, is a fpring of v/a*er, 50 feet deep, very cold, and as blue as indigo. From thefe feveral ridges proceed in- numerable namelefs branches or fpurs. The Kittatiny, or Blue Mountains, run through the northern parts of Now Jerfcy and Pennfylvaiiia. Thefe moun- tains are fometimes cJilled the Apula- eldauy from a river, whofe original fourCe proceeds from this ridge, called the Apalachicola. They are not con- fufedly fcattered and broken, but ttretch along in uniform ridges, fcarcely half a mile high. They fpread as they pro- ceed s, and fome of them terminate in high perpendicular bluffs; others gra- dually fubfide into a level country, giv- ing rife to the rivers which run Ibuther- ly into the gulf of Mexico. Allegany, a river of the United States, ■which rifes in the Allegany mountains in lat. 42. At Fort Venango, al the mouth of French creek, it is 300 yards wide, and navigable for light bat- teaus. At Pittfburg it joins the Mo- nongahela, and then aflumes the name of Ohio. See Ohio. Alnenburg. a town of Pruffia, on the river AUe, 25 miles ese of Konigiberg. Allenavrf, a town of Germany, in Lower HeflTe, famous for its faltworks, and three bridges ovej the Werra. It 18 15 miles E of Caflel. AUcnstcin, or Ohc/niech, a town of Fi'ullia, ss miles s of Konigfberg. Allex, a town of France, in the de- 1)artmeiit of Promci 10 miles s ofVa- eace. A tM JlHfr, i department of trtUuiCi in- cluding the late province of Bourb6h- nois. It is Eo called from a river, which flows by Muulins, and enters*the Loire, below Nevers. Alloa, a feaport of Scotland, in Clack- mannanfhire, near the mouth of the Forth. Here is'a cuftiomhoufe, and an excellent dry dock ; and its harbour is the refort of all the coal veffels in the neighbourhood. It has a glafshoufe and fome other manufactures. Near the town is a tower 90 feet in height, with walls II feet in thicknefs. In 1801, the number of inhabitants was 5214.' It is 30 miles w.vw of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 56 6 N. Allonby, afifliingtown in Weftmor- land, much reforted to for bathing. It ftands on a flat Ih ore of the Irifh fea, eight miles nnw of Cockermouth, and 22 wsw of Carlifle. All-Saints Bay, or Bahia, a govern- ment of Brafil, fiv called from a bay of that i.ame, which is 36 miles in diame- ter, and interfperfed with a number of pleafant iflands. It is reckoned the Jmalleft province in Brafil, yet is the richeft and moft fertile, having fome gbldniides, and producing great quan- tities of cotton and fugar. St. Salvador is the capital. Almaguron^ a feaport. of Spain, in Murcia, with a fortrefs. It is famous for a very fine red earth, ufcd as an in- gredient m Spanifh fnufF, and, inftead of tripoli, to give the laft polifh to glafs ; alfo for a truly faline white ftone, called plunic-alum. It ftands near the Medi- terranean, at the mouth of the Guada- lantine, ao miles wsw of Carthagena. Lon. I 26 w, lat. 37 .^2 n. ■ Almada, a town of Portugal, in Eftre- madura, feated on the Tajo, nearly op- polite Lifbon. Almaden, a town of Spain, in Mati- cha, famous for its rich mines 01" mer- cury and Vermillion, 45 miles sw of Ciudad Real. Almadeu, a town of Spain, in Anda- lufia, on the river Colar, 34 miles N by E of Seville. Almagro, a town of Spain, In Mancha, 12 miles ESE of Ciudad Real. Almaguer, a town of New Granada, in Popayan, feated on the Cauca, near its fource, 36 miles s of Popayan. Almamor, a town of Fez, on the river Cuir, near the fea, 10 miles sw of Sal- lee. Almanzn, a towH of Spain, in Mur- cia, remarkable for the vi;ad-mioe8. It is feated on the fide of a hill, on the s branch of the Tyne, ao^miles E by s of Carlifle, and 471 N by w of London. AUatnont, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, 15 miles nw of Bafig- niano. Altamura, z town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, at the foot of the Apennines, 10 inilee ne ofGravina. ; AUea, a feaport of Spain, in Valen- cia. It was taken in 1705, for the archduke Charles ; but loft, after the famous battle of Almanza. It is feated on the Mediterranean, 60 miles s by E of Valencia, and 240 se of Madrid. Lon. o 7 E» lat. 38 34 N' Altetiatt, a town of Lower Saxony, in the territory of Brunfwick, eight miles s of Godar.' Alfcubcrgy a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, celebrated for its tin mine, »o mill's s ofDrefden. AltenhuT^, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a ^aftie on a rock. It is feated on the PleilTe, ao miles s of Leipfic. Altcnhirg, a town of Lower Hungary, on thfriver Leitha, at its entrance into the Danube. Here are two churches and a college : and its ancient caftic is now principally ufed for a com maga- zine. It is 17 JH'les ssE of Prefburg. Altendurn, a town of the duchy of Weftphalia, on tb^ river Bigge, 48 miles « by N of Cologne. Jltcnlfirchenf a tbwnof Germany, in the Wefterwald, chjef of the county of Sayn, with a caftk> 15 miles nvb of Cobltfnt^i. ',.... ■ fft" A L V Altesson, a town of Piedmont, be- tween the rivers Doire and Stura, three miles K of Turin. AUhirch, a town of France, in th* department of Upper Rhine, on an emi- nence, near tKte fource of the Hver III, is miles s of Colmar. AUmorc, a town of Ireland, in th(* county of Tyrone, fcven miles nvv of Dunganhon. Alton, a town in Hampfliire, with a market on Saturday. It has manufac- tures of corded ftufTs, figured baragons, ribbed druggctP, ferges, &c. and round the town are plantations of hops. It is feated. on the Wey, a8 miles ene of Southampton, and 47 wsw of London. Allona, a city and feaport of Lower Saxony, in Holftein, feated on the Elbe, two miles w of Hamburg. The Danes built it in this fituation, that it might rival Hamburg in commerce. It was burnt by the Swedes in 171a, but has been beautifully rebuilt, and is efti- mated to contain 35,000 inhabitants. Lon. 9 58 E, lat. 53 34 N. Altorf, a town of Franconia, in the territory of Nurenberg, with a univer- fity, 16 miles se of Nurenberg. Altorf, a town of Suabia, ao miles ne of Conftance. Altorf, a town of Swiifcrland, capital of the canton of Uri. Here are two ftonc pillars, i.'jo paces from each otherj at which diftance Tell is faid to have fliot the apple from his fon's head. This deliverer of his country lived at Burgli, near this place, and his cottage is changed into a chapel, where mafs is folemnly faid. Altorf ftands on the lake of Lucern, sear the influx of the river Rnfs, 20 miles s e of Lucern. Loti. 8 40 e, lat. 46 48 N. Altring/iam, a town in Cheftiire, Governed by a mayor, vrith a market on 'uefday. ' Here arc feveral manufac- tures ot worfted and cotton ; and much fruit and vegetables are fent h«nce to Manchefter. It is feated near the duke of Bridgcwater*8 canal, 30 miles ne of Chefter, and 180 nw of London. Alluuiupri, a town of Afiatic Turkey, the capital' of Curdiftnn, and the reli- dence of a pacha. It is fituate on the river Altun, which flows into the Tigris, ;o miles se of Moful. Lon. 44 30 f, lat. 35 45 N- Alva dc Tormesf a town of Spain, in Leon, with a caftle, feated on the Tormes, 16 miles se of Salamanca. Alvarad«, a river of Mexico, in the I province of Ouaxaca, which rifes 40 j miles above the town of Ouaxaca, and flows N B till it enters the gulf of Mfxicoi )f Piedmont,* be- ; and Stura, three of France, in the Rhine, on an emi- :e of the rfvex 111, if Ireland, in the :ven miles nw of Hampfliire, with u. It has manu^'ac- , figunjd bavagons, es, &c. and round itions of hops. It ', a3 miles ene of 7 wsw of London. I feaport of Lower fcatcd on the Elbe, burg. The Danes ;ion, that it might ommerce. It was !8 in 171a, but has built, and is efti- 15,000 inhabitants. UN- r franconia, in the erg, with a univer- Nurenberg. Suabia, »o miles ne Swiffcrland, capital L Here are two ftone rom each otberj at is faid to have ftiot Ton's head. This itry Jived at Burgli, jd his cottage is . pel, where mafs is orf ftands on tiic ir the influx of the EofLucern. Loti. own in Chefhirc, ■, with a market on feveral manufac- cotton ; and much are fent hence to ated near tlie duke lal, 30 miles ne of of London. , of Afutic Turkey, ftan, and the refi- [t is fituate on the iws into the Tigris, 1. Lon. 44 3" '^> town of Spain, in lie, feated on the |of Salamanca. j)f Mexico, in the p, which rifes 40 1 n of Ouaxaca, and [hegulfofM^coi A M A it a town of the fame name, 40tnile& s» of Vera Cruz. „ n-i. ' Ah'udun, a village in Gloucefterlhfre, «ight miles n by e of Briftol. On the top of a hill, near the Severn, is a round camp, called Oldbury, where feveral antiquities nave been dug up. Ahey, a town of France, m the de- t partment of Mont Tonnere, 'lately of U Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine ; ^liituate on the Selfle, 17 miles ssw of Alzira, a town of Spain, in Valencia, [which has a great trade in filk. It is Turrounded by the Xucar, 17 miles s of ^^alencia. Amadan, or Hamadan, a town of [P-rfia, in Irac Agemi. Here are many Jews, who allege that the tombs cf Mor- Jccai and Efther are in the place which erves them for a fynagogue. It is aoo liles NE of Bagdad. Lon. 47 4 E» lat. 35 * Amadia, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Cui diftan, governed by a bey j feated on ' a high mountain, 40 miles se of Gezna. Lon. 41 is E, lat. 365 N. Amakf an ifland of Denmark, on which part of Copenhagen, called Chrif- Itianihafen, is built. It is eight miles 1 long and four broad, and feparated fi-om [Zealand by a narrow channel, over [which are two bridges that communi- cate with Copenhagen. It is laid out pn gardens and paftures, «ind fupplies Copenhagen with milk; butter, and jregetabks. Amal, a town of Sweden, in Goth- md, with a good Wbour on the lake Venncr. It has a great trade in tim- ber, deals, and tar; and is 175 miles |\v of Upfal. Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 59 o n. Amalagan, one of the Ladrone iflandu, bout fix leagues in circumference, ton. 145 38 E,iat. 18 o N. Amalji, a feaport of Naples, in Prin- llpato Citeriore, and an archbiihop'^ te. Flavio Gioia, Who is laid to have ivented the mariner's compafs, was a lative of this town. It is feated on the rw fide of the gulf of Salerno, 1.1 miles m of Salerno. Lon. 24 45 t, lat. 40 ii N. Amand, St. a town of France, in the epartment of Cher, near the river Cher, \i miles i of Bourges. Amand, ilt. a town of France, in the kpartment of Nord, with an abbey i |eated on the Scarp, feven miles N of Valenciennes. Amanlea, a feaport of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near the bay of Eu- lia, 10 miles sw of Cofcnaa. Lon. 16 ' h bt 39 UN. A M A Ath'apalla, a feaport of Mexico, \H Nicaragua, feated on an illandon the w fide of the entrance of a gulf of the fame name. Lon. 88 30 w, lat. 13 10 it. Amarante, a town of Portugal, ia Entrfc Douero e Minho, on the river Tamnga, 30 miles ene of Oporto. Aniasia, a town of Afiatic Turkey, ia Natolia, the birthplace of Strabo, the geographer. It is the capital of a pro- vince which produces excellent winw and fruits. It was deftroyed by nn earthquake in 1794. It is feated on the Cafalmack, 36 rniles n of Tocat. Lon. 36 o E, lat. 40 31 N. Amalitjua, a gijlf in the bay of Hon> duras, between Cape Three Points and theeulf Dulce. Lon. 90 o w,lat. 16 o m. Arnato, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, on a river of the fame name, feven miles se of Nicaftro. Amazon, or Maranon, a river of ;^ America, and the greateft in the world. Its fource is in Peru, not far from tine Pacific ocean, and running e eaters tlte Atlantic ocean directly uijder the equi- no^ial line. Its courie is 3300 miles, its mouth is 150 miles broad, and 1500 miles from its mouth, it is 30 fathoms deep. It receives, in its progrefs, near aoo other rivers, many of which have a ■ courfe of 1500 miles, and fome of thcat not inferior to the Danube, or the Nile. In the rainy feafon it overflows its bank^a ^ and fertilizes the adjacent country. "^ Amazonia, a country of S Americi^ 1400 miles long and 960 broad ; bound- ed on the N by Terra Firma and Gui- ana, E by the Atlantic ocean and BrafiV s by Paraguay, and w by Peru. It wj^ tlifcovered in ij8o, by Francifco Orel- lana, who, coming from Peru,#iited down the river ^mnzon to the At«< lantic Obferving companies of womelk in arms on its banks, he called the country Amazonia, and gave the name of Amazon to the river, which had for- merly been called Maranon. The air in this country is ctyoler than might bci . expected, coiUideriog its fituation in the torrid zone ; tliis is owing partly to the heavy rains, which caufe the inunda- tions of the rivers for oce half of the year, and partly to the cloudinefii of the atmofphere, by which the fun is ob- fcured the greateil part of the daj'.- The fair feafoA is about the time of the fol(lice3, and the rainy feafon about thie equinoxes. The foil Is very rich antl fertile ; the trees .and plants are verdant all the year. The woods abound with tigets, wild banrs, buffalo^, deer, and !;am« of various kinds. TheTiversaod akei abouod with fifh, but are in£6fted rfllf if: A M B -:' li)LaH(i:a(6rii and water fcrpetiyi> Tbclr |i#nkft are inhabited by differ«flt tribesi «#]ndiahi, governed by petty fovereigns, nftinguiflied from their fubjedts by a coronet of beautiftii feathers, a belt of tigers' teeth or claws, and a wooden f#ord4 The natives art? of a good fntu*t> mkI copper edlour^ with h<^..d- fi»1) .: fcaturesand long bUiek hair. They ^miice cotton cloth; and their houfes "'im built of wood and clay> thatched «nth^ feeds. Their atms are darts. JMveHns* bows and arrows, and targets of cane or fifliikin . The Spanijvds have niade many unfuccefsful attempts to f«tt!e In thiscottntry ; but on the coaft, between Cape North and the mouth of the Amazon, the Portuguefe have fome teall fettlemcnts. •^8^«rg, a fortified town, capital of (|e pjbtinate of Bavaria, with a (Irong " lie. lire magnificent church of St. tin contains many beautiful paint- 4nd curiofitics ; iUnd the mint is l^eqied one of the fineft buildings of the kihd in German^r. In .1743 it was ti^eiHiy the Auflriatis, ai*d in 1796 by ^ French. It is feated on the river AWi 40 miles 3 of Nurenberg. Lon. at o 9, lat. 49 *7 N« lAmherieux, a town of France, in the , , ariment of Ain, ts miles n t of Lyon. ''jHf^ert, a town of France, in the de- ^^prtnient of Puy de Dome. There are tthmerout papermakers in its vicinity, md ifihas a trade i^ coarle laces, cam- Ins, filets, Sec. It is feated in a beau* A v$itleyt on the river Dure, 21 miles )f Iflbtre. lAnilleside, a town in Weftmorland, I a marlKt on Wcdnefday. Here is t. maCliu&Aure of woollen cloth. It is Iiile4<;n the Rotha, near the head of ttmdWmcre-water, t$ miles nw of ]|in»dliUanda76 nnw of London. v^JMkUiuei a feaport of France, in the dcpattmrat of Pas de Calais, defended b^r a battery. At this port Cefar em- lirkcd his ^valry Avhen he palTfd over to England ; and here James 1 1 landed hitmparture from£ngiand,in 1688. is &at«d on the £nglifli chanfiel, ihtanilet n of Boulogne. Lon. i 36 e, ^ IfnioMe, a towa of France^ in the die- ||irtn«rnt of Indrc and Loirt. The fltircare of tbc caftic is. without fteps, •^A may be sffcended to tb^ very top. nnre Louis xi itiftituted the order of P& ItCichel. It it feated at the con- AttcBce of tlie itellee iwith the Loire, lIcBiilii B l^ K )Ci Tours, bod 118 4 Iqr Wof^aris. . A»kviirmg„$, toyn of Jtmo,, io ihe AM? 1 department of Ain, 20 mttltis ifw oP Belley, and »7 NE of Lyon. ' ^^ Amboyua, an ifland in the India^ ocean, the Dutch metropolis of ,tho Moluccas. It is ; 6 tnilea in len^h from N to s, and divided, on the w fide, S>y a large bay into two paytR ; the larg^ of which is called Hetou, and the dther Leytimor. The face of this ifland ii beautiful; ii^oody mountains and ver^ dant plains teing interfperfed with iiim- lets, and enriched by cukivation..' Tb* chief prodadts are clove?, notnieg«» fngar, cofiee, and. manydeli«iQiHfniitt, I'he principal animals are deer and wil<| hogs. The Englilh and Dutch had fac^ tories here at the beginning of the 17th century ; but the Dutch expelled, tha Englifh, and tortured and put to death many of them. The natives wear ^argQ whiikers, and their drefs is only a iKghl piece of lluft' wrapped round their mid<» die. The men buy their wives of tbeie parents, and if they prove barren» the marriage is void. They «re generallyi Mahome^a is ; but there are fome Cbrif.. tians among them. This ifland was taken by the Englilh, in 1796, and re* ftored by the treaty at Amiens, in i8o2« The chief town is of the fame name, neatly built, and ftands near the sw extremity. Lon. 127 20 e, lat. 4 so s, Ainhresburu. See Atnesburi/. , Amlrose, Si. an ifland on the coaft of Chili, IS*, miles w from St. Felix ifland. The crew of captain Roberts, in 1792, killed and cured h«Te r3,ooat feal flcins, in fi:ven weeks- Lon. £0^-5 j w, lat. »6 13 s. ; Amtrtfrnf one of the New Hebrideiy in the Pacific ocean, 50 miles in circum* ference. Lon. 168 i% e, lat. 16 10 n. Amrdabnd, a city of Hindooftan, the capital of Guzerat. The wal|« are fix miles in circumference, and contain twelve gates } but now not a quartet of the area is inhabited. The mofque and tomb of the founder, Tatar Ahmed, are built of ftone and marble, the laft of exquifite workmanfliip. It was taken by general Goddard, in 1780, from the Poonah JMlahrattas, to whom it was re* ftored in 17^3. It is feated in a level country, on a iiavigable river that enters t;he gulph of Cambay, 320 miles K of Bombay., Lon. 72 37 e, lat. 13 18 n. Amednagurf a city and fort of Hin* dnoitan, once the capital of the foubah of ita name, which is now better known by that of Dowlatabad. lliis city wail the refidoAce of emp«ror Aurungzebfi» duriiv Ms cenqueft of the Deccan anil die (Sialic. Io T803, it was taken i^.j the British undtf general WeUdC^. •■■mm-' Jie New Hebrideiy ;o miles in circum* % E, lat. i6 10 N* I' f J ( 1 ! i i r I I •!*»i IV*. * i ^ 'f »e- 'Ww!e»ar ..•^■\ ^mi m >i< w rii' i | i >y»..^),^yy.,.^. liiniiifr'r"" >tf^i^"i. ■■'^^m^mg^isi^^; 4m^- IT" " ..111 Lt\ f 1 r « \ *.-4-- f. '^' "■■** fl ^Sk' i- (• ' : '■1 i9 * fc ; r:i< -■'-*'•■ "*'*'^. MUM ^*'****.. . . ,;»„^i^*i*!>*"***' '•jf^s ♦ *- •fl*'' ^■f»p»!.?^*!!RVj ^■,> P A CI I r I ttm Stlmim o c E A :n c .JJtimar'e '<^i few vJI n \ rr^., t''S^> \i A m Ayz^oyj} I A O V T 1 M j*^«iA.vwiSA^^ ~n.^ Alio ?«; Ttsi*c.«fi^5«^*^ — Jff-*Vii r O .c A T5 S OUTH AMKRICV Ji'MOM THE BUST Ar^THORITIES. /i»/*»' if* JtSMyc i\ s>. I'Stuiii' VtUfan -¥aU id I! tfc N o L M t'imut! ■"■'VfT^j -Wy '^M J^W^^^'^t J»ll\siL B3r»d^*^' :»• "S^ X. ii^ ^mlUJ Sjiiti L*^- t»*^' ^ lA, / V»0*** ^ »' of-***' Eftu^wm cjjg 5SSifc3^ ^3*^-*' r3r — A ^ «r In 7 J mile? N E of Poona. Lop. 75 « •'j Jat <9 lo N. Amiinahad, a town of Hindooftan, in Lahore, 35 miles N by w of Lahore Atnclni,' an illiuid on the roaft of B Flotuln, 1 3 miles long and two broad ; ^cxtendiinj. about two rnilcs from the Ifontinciin^bftwecn tlic rivers St. Mary »nd Niiirau. It is very fertile, and has town with an excellent harbour, at its end. Lon. 81 o w, lat. 30 45 K. AmvU.T, a town of Italy, in tlie duchy sf Spoleto, featcd on a. mountain be- tween the 'i'iber and Nira, ao miles b\v }f Spoleto, and 45 n of Rome. AMKltlCA, one of the four parts of the world, and by mucli the largeft. It js bounded on nil (ides by the ocean, as appears from the Jateft difcovi^ries, it l>eing formerly fuppofed to join to the northeaft part of Alia. It cook its name •from Americus Vefpucius, a Florentine, who having accompanied Ojeda, a Spanilh adventurer, to America, and drawn up an amufing hiftory of his vo^'age, publilhcd it, and it was read V'th admiration. In his narrative, he had infmuated, that the glory of having firfl difcov()|-ed the continent of the new W'orld belonged to him. This was in part believed ; the country began to be called after the name of its fuppofed (irlt difcoverer ; and the unaccountable caprice of mankind has perpetuated the error. But America was firft difcovered by Chriftophcr Columbus, a Genoefe, in 1491. It is called the New World with great propriety ; for not only the ^ men, but the birds and bends, differ, in fome refpedts, from thofe known before. It has likewife a great number of trees ^and plants, that grew no where tlfe before they were tranfmitted to other I places. AH the men, except the Efqui- maux, near Greenland, feem to have [the fame origin ; for they agree in every particular, from the ftrait of Magellan, in the s, to Hudfon bay, in the N. Their (kins, unlefs daubed with greaftf or oil, are of a red copper colour, and they have no beards, or hair on any other parts of their bodies, except their tieads, where it is black, ftraight, and coarfe. Many are the conjectures about the pt;opling of this vaft continent, and almull as various as their authors. America is fo long, that it takes in not ^ only all the torrid, but alfo the tem« At'rate and part of the frigid zones. The ccld of America is much greater I than in th'j countries of Europe, under I the lame latitude. A continent fo ex- itbnrive mu(t naturally be various in its m\ and produAions. in the moft A M B* northern and moft fouthem parti, tl countries are cold, fturile, and deCin'tj while ill the centre are found the ri«h«| metals, minerals, precious (tones, abimdance of the mod valuable and ful commoditfeH. It is hArU to fjy kowi^i^ many difterent languages there are in^ Aninrica, a vaft number being fpok«a - by the different people in difterent parts; and as to religion, there itt B^ giving any tolerable account of it in general, though fome of the moft civi. lized of the aborigines feem to have worihipped the fun. The principal motive of the Spaniards in fending fo many colonies here was the thirft of' gold ; and indeed they and the Porta* gU(!fe are poOefted ot all thofe partt where it is found in the greatcft plenty. This vaft continent is divided into North and South America, which are joined by the ifthmus of Darien. It hat the loftieft mountains in the world, fucil ns the Andes and Allegany, whicn foril immcnfe ranges; and the moft ftu* pendous rivers, fuch as the Amazont Plata, Oronoko, Miftiflippi, Miflburr, Illinois, Ohio, St. Lawrence, HudfuOf Delaware, Sufquehanna, Potomac, &c. Ucfide the iiboriginrs, who inhabit the interior parts, and the United States a| America, who pofTefs Louifiana, and fome of the Hneft provinces, the difTcrr ent European powers have rich an4 flourilhing colonies here. In N Ame- rica, Great Britain poflefles Labrador* Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia* and Ne'.v Brunfwick ; and Spain hat Eaft and Weft Florida, Mexico, New Mexico, New Albany, and Califiumia. In S America, Spain poflefles Terra Firma. Peru, Chili, and Paraguay ; the Portuguefe have Brafil ; the Frencl^ Cayenne, and the Dutch, Surinam, b&tb in Guiana. Aincipuurf a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Napal, 170 miles ne ot' Patna. Lon. 87 a * > lat. a6 37 n. AmcrsJ'ortf a'iDwn of Holland, in the ftate of Utrecht. It has a trade in beer and tobicco, and goods from Germany are fliipoed here for Amfterdaxn. It is feated m a fertile country, on the river Embs, 10 miles ene of Utrecht. Amersham, or AgjnondesfiaiHf a bo» rough in Buckinghamfltire, with a market on Tuefday. The townhall is the handfomeft in the county. It fi feated in a vale between woody hills, 46 n:\iles )4lV of London. Amatury^ or Amlreslurt/f a tovra ib Wiltftiire, wJjl a market on Friday. It is feated on Inb Avon, at the piace where a nuffibtir Of l)iitQD3 ^»tte treache>- % /• # MannroBM ICO %*_«"" MUi^i oJfMirnai^ 'oMmm G V J. *i of ■'•** "%«» Vf^^'^ «5«'- ■'■10m «.( J ?A M M 9ufly murdered, and near that ramoui snument of .antiquity^ Stonehenge. t are the rutns of a venerable abbey. This place gave birth to the celebrated ' Jofeph Addifon. It is fix miles N of V'>Satiiburv, and 77 w of London. ' ' Amcslurtf , a town of Maflachufets, in Eflex county, lituate on the Merrinnac, at the mouth of Vawovr river» four miles N w of Newbury Port. Amherst, a town or New Hampfhire, capital of Hilfborough county. The^ Aurean academy was founded here in %7^o. It is fituate on a n branch of the >lace is 0elchrated as the retreik of emperor Humaioon, during his troubles ; and here was bom his foil) the Ulufttiout Acbar. |tis 160 milea cKe of Tattt^ Lon. 70 o E, lat. 25 40 n. Amol, a town of Ufbec Tirtary, in Bokharia, and a place of confiderable trade. It is feated on the Amu, 60 miles w of Bokhara. Lon. 6z 4 b^ lat. 3<> 4 N. , -, ' Amolf a tovrn of Perfia, in Mazan# deran, with the remains of an ancient fortrefs and palace. It has manufac* tures of cotton, and in the neighbour^ hood are iron mines and cannon foun< deries. It Hands in a plain at the fou of Mount Taurus, and on the borders of the Cafpian fea, 30 miles nw of Ferabad. Lon. 54 38 e, lat. 37 30 w. Amonehurg, a town of Germany, in Upper Hefle, feated on the Otnern, eight miles ene of Marburg. Atnorgo, an idand of the Archipdago, fertile in wire, oil, and corn. Ibe beft cultivated parts belong to a monallery. It is 30 miles in circumference, and 67 N of Candia. Lon. 26 15 £,. lai 36 SON. Amour, or Amur, a river of Chinefe Tartary. See Saghalien. Amoy, an ifland on the se coail of China, 15 miles in circumference. The Englilh had a factory here, but aban- doned it, on account of the impofitions of the inhabitants. Its port, on the w fide, is capable of receiving 1000 (hips. Lon. 118 4f E, lat. 14 ao n. Amplepms, a town of France, in the department of Rhone, celebrated for its wines. It is 16 miles w of Villefrauche, and 26 NW of Lyon. Amposta, a town of Spain, in Cata^ Ionia, feated on the Ebro, feven miles % ofTortofa. Amplhill, a town in Bedfordflilrc, with a market on Thurfday. It was the refidence of Catharine, queen of Henry viii, during the time that hw unjuft divorce wasyjn agitation. This event is commemorated by a poetical itifcription on a column where the old caflleftood. It is fituate between two hills, fix miles s of Bedford, and 45 v\v of London. Ampurias, a fcaport of Spain, in Cata. Ionia, at the mouth of the Fluvia, 70 miles N B of Barcelona. Lon. 3 o £> j lat. 41 9 N. Amras, a caftle or palace of Germany, I in Tyrol, at the foot of a inountiin, two | miles SK of Infpruck. ' Amntcrtlam, a rich ^nd populous cityi capital of Holland, and of the depart- ment of .\ mftel . Next to London , • it is I deemed the moft commercial city in the world* and is fuppofed to contain 212,00.0 inhabitants. The walls aiis I« f tiles ct^E of Tatts. Uibec Tirtary, in ace of conr>derable 1 on the Amu, 60 . Lon. 6» 4 Bf lat. r Perfia, in Mazani* nains of an ancienl . It has manufac* d in the neighbour- is and cannon foun-* 1 a plain at the fou and on the borders 1, 30 miles Nw of 38 B, lat. 37 3« N- wn of Germany, in ed on the Othern, Marburg. I of'the Archipelago, and corn. Ibebeft long to a monattery. rcumferencci and 67 jon. «6 ij E,. \i\ r, a river of Chinefe halien. on the SE coaft of circumference. The tory here, butaban- mt of the impofitions i Its port, on the w iceiving 1000 fliips. 14 ao N. vn of France, in the jne, celebrated for its | [les w of Villefrauche, n. [n of Spain, in Cata* £bro, feven miles s ivn in Bedfordfliirc, Thurfday. It was 1 jCatharine, queen of ig tlie time that h« |8\jn agitation. This irated by a poetical | llumn where the old ^ fituate between two Bedford, ami. 45 nw jrtof Spain, in Cata- |h of the Fluvia, 70 | klona. Lon- 30^*! palace of Germ anyi k ofamounLiin,twu| |h and populous cityi and of the depart- lext to London,- it J« I j)mmercialcity inthe fppofed to contain The walls att| ANA higfh, and well fortified ; and the bridgfe L wljich joins the rampart is built over the river Amftel. Few cities have their public buildings fo fine, numerous, and Mrell kept. Here are many handfome churches, colleges, and hofpitals for perfons of all religions and countries. sThc exchange is one of the principal |ornaments o^ the city, aud the harbour lis one of the fineft in Europe. The ffoiihdation of this ♦own is laid upon ipilos, driven into a morafs,. and under [%he ftadthor.fe alone are »i,6j9- The Ireets are broad and well paved, and 10ft of them have canals, with rows of trees on each fide; but there are no Ffpacious public places, or fquares. It I furrendei ed to the king of Pruflia in |D(Jl. 1787, when that prince invaded [Holland, in favour of the ftadtholder ; fand it received the French troops in IJaui 1795, withput any refiftance. It ; IS feated at the confluence of the Amftel and Wye, 70 miles nw of Cleve, and 80 N by.E of Antwerp. Lon. 4 5* e, lat. 5» 22 N. Amsterdam, and St. Fault two iflands in the Indian ocean, lying in the fame longitude, at 40 miles diftance. Their names are reyerfed by navigators, but moft of them call the northern one St. Paul, and the ibuthern Atnfterdaq?> The latter is high land, and upward of four miles lortg, and two broad. It has evident marks of volcanic eruption in every part, and almoft wholly covered with a deep fertile foil, but is deftitute of trees. On the £ fide is a great crater, into which the fea has made a narrow and (hnliow entrance : its fhelvisg fides are 700 feet in perpendicular height, in which, and in the caufeway dividing it from the fea, are feveral hot fprings of ! frelh water. St. Paul, or the northern illand, prefents no very high land, or any rife in a conic form. It is covered I with flirubs and low trees, but has no convenient landing-place. Lon. 77 48 e, Jat.37 5is. Annlerdam, New, one of the Friendly illands. See Tongutaloo. Awu, or GJ/i«H,a river of Independent Tartary, which iffues from the moun- tains of Belur, on the confines of India and Perfia, and flowing N through Bok^ haria, enters the s extremity of the lake Aral, after a courf'e of 900 miles. Amwelly a village in Hertfordfliire, a niile s of Ware, famous for originally giving rife to the New River, which mpplies a great part of London with water. Anacopia, the capital of the nation of the Abka}is, op the river Aiakai, xiux its A N e entrance Into the Black fea. 30 E, lat. 43 so N. Lon. 4« Anadir, a river of Siberia, which hat its fource out of a lake in the prpvincf of Tchukotfld, and nms into the gulf w Anadir, in the fea of Kamfchatka. ^ Anagni, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, 3 a miles e of Rome. Anah, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, in a country producing abundance of corn and fruit. It ftands on a river that flows into the Euphrates, 80 miles WNW of Bagdad, and 340 sse of Diarbekir. Lon. 42 28 e, lat. 34 6 >r. Ananpour, a town of Hindooftan, in Myfore, 24 miles se of Nagara. Ananlpour, a town of Hindooftan, ill Myfore, 100 miles ne of Chitteldroog, and Z20 N of Bangalore. Anattom, an ifland, the moft foutbem of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 1709 e, lat. 30 10 s, Anlar, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi, feated on the Euphrates, 50 miles w of Bagdad. Aucarano, a town of Italy, in the marquifate of Ancona, five miles N of Afcoji, and 82 ne of Rome. Ancatter, a village in Lincolnfliire, ij miled js of Lincoln. It ftands on a Roman highway, at the foot of a hill which abouuds with antiquities, and at the s end are the remains of a caftle. . ' Ancenis, a town of France, in the department of l^iwer Ix>irc, feated on the Loire, 20 miles E of Nantes. Ancholm, a river in Lincolnfliiie, which rifes near Market Raifin, flows to Glandfordbridge,and is navigably thence to the Humber. Anclam, a fortified town of Hither Pomerania, on the river Pecne, 20 miles SE of Gripfwald. AficoLa\ a temtory of Guinea, on the Gold coaft, to the w of Axim. It has a river of the fame name, flowing through it ; and at its mouth is a town with a giiod harbour. Lon. i 10 w, lat. 4 50 N. Ancotia, a marquifate of Italy, in the Ecclefiaftical State, 70 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the nw by Ur- bino, N E by the gulf of Venice, s by Naples, and sw by Spoleto. The foil is fertile, particularly in hemp and flax, and there is plenty of wax and honey. Ancona, a city of Italy, capital of the marquifate of Ancona, and a bifliop's fee, with a citadel on a hill. The ca- thedral ftands upon another hill, and the houfes extend down the fide of the eminence toward the gulf of Venice. Clement x 1 1 built a mole, to renderthe harbour fafe } it is ^rc^e^ on the ruins « X M & *f the ancieint mote, rilfc^ t>y TVajJrtj, and i« above aooo tet>t in length. Ne»f th(!) ftandb the beautiful triumphal arch bf Trajan. Here likewlfe Clertetft iereAed a lazaretto, which advsAiiccs a little way into tWe fea, in the form of A pentagon . Great nu rtibera of Jews are fettled in thi» eitv, where tliey Iiavc a lynagogue ; aiid tncy have the principal ihare of its ccmmerce. Ancona was taken in 1796 by the French, who fur- rendered it to the Attftrians in 1799. It is 116 miles N by cof Rome. Lon. 13 19 E,lat.43 38 N. ' Andalusia, a province of Spain^ 'which, in its largeft feufe, is divided into Upper and Lower ; Upper Anda- lufia comprehending the province of Granada, and Ltiwer Andafulia the dii^ t'rifts of Seville, Cordova, and Jaen. Andalulia, in a reflri^ed fenfb (ck- cluding Granada) is 170 miles lung and lo broad ; bounded on the N by Eftre- fnaduraand Mancha, e by Mnrcia, s by Granada and the Mediteiranean, and w l>y the Atlantic and Portugal. The Guadalquiver runs through its wholfe length ; and it is t' e mo« fertile and trading country in Spain. ■ The capital Is Seville. Atidalmia, New. See Paria, Andaman Islands, fevcral iflands on the E side of the bay of Bengal. The largeft, called Great Andaman, is 120 mifes long and i '> broad, indented by dei'p bays affording good harbourt<, and interfered by vaft creeks, one of which 'twfles quite through the ifland, and at nigh water is navigable for fmall vef- fels. The forefts afford fome precious trees, as ebony .ind the Nicobcr brePd- fruit ; and the edible birds' nefts abound here. The only quadrupeds feem to be "wild hogs, monkeys, and rats. The in- habitants are in a ftatc of barbarifm, and live chiefly on fifli, fruits, and herbs ; they perfedly refcmble Negros, and their canoes are of the rudeft kind. In 1793, the Eiiglilh made a fettlement on the N end of Great Andaman, the larg. eft ifland, which is called Port Corn- wallis, and has a commodious harbour to flieltcr fliips during the n e monfoon. Lon. 93 o E, lat. i? 3o n. Anaayp, a fortified town of France, in the department of I ower Pyrenees, fituate near the mouth of the Bidaflba, almoft oppofite Fontarabia, in Spain, 18 miles sw of Bayonnc." Andely, a town of Frapce, in the de- partnient of Eure, divided by a paved road into Great and Little Andely, a mile from each other. Great Andely is en the rivulet Gamons, and Little An- AN1> f(e1y6n iht Seine. The slotfit mantii foAured here are in high cftecm. It it 1 7 miie* nc of £*reux, and 20 s& of Rouen. A..derah, fe city of Ufcec Tartiry, capital of the province of Tbkarifhin. in its vidnity are rich quirrie^ of fapii lazuli. At is feated on a river, and near a paft through the mountains of Hindoo* ko, £40 miles ese of l^lk. Lon. 69 5I B, Ist. 36 10 N. Andn-nach, a town Amcnca, running e F .< :Sc ocean, from ic ij the ftrait of h uf 4300 miles. sriov in height to any for th«» plain of be confidered as the , is devated further the top of the Pyre- des rife, ki different one third above tho They may be Jite- their heads in the often roll, and the ow their fumnriits, ()fcd to the rays of d zone, are covered [)w. From experl- I barometer, on the txi, it appeared that evated 6152 yard! if the foa ; and the azo, the mott ele* chain, is faid to be lefe mountains are if France, in the dc- thine, with a caflle, in, 18 miles ssw of gh in Mampfliire, turday, a manufac- and a confiderable vigable canal paflei ton water. It is Andu, 10 miles n and 6j w by s of w,lat. 51 14 N. nf Maflachufeta, in -o is an excellent ips Academy ; alfo r and gunpowder, lawihccn, zo a\iki \pnir of Hewbury Port, and 4» Www of f^Bofton. - . . . Andragirtj, the capital of a kmgdom •n the K coaft of the ifland of Sumatra. The chief produce is pepper. It^is fcated on a river, commodious for trade, *co miles n by w of Bencoolen. Lon. 202 ?, lat. 058*. Andrarum, a town of SwedenMi^ Gothland, with tht greateft alum wwk in the kingdom. It is to miles s of [ Chriftianftadt. f Andreasberg, a town of Lowrer SaK0« rpy, in the ducby of Brunfwick, with ■ S;ood filver mines, 38 miles ne of Got- i tingen. JndreWy St. a to\Vn Of Germany, m Carinthia, and a blftiop's fee ; feated on the river Lavaot, ao miles enk of Cla* jenfurt. Andrew, St. a, city of Scotland, in Fifelhire, formefly the fee of an arch- bilhop, and ftill the feat of the oldcft Scotch univerfity. The univerfity was founded by bifliop Wardlaw, in 141 1, and confifts of two colleges. The ca- thedral, the chapel of St. Regulos, the church of St. Salvador, and the priory, have been noble ftnicitures. The caftle was the fcene of the cruelty and puniih- ment of cardinal Beton : the window is ftill (howm, from which he beheld th6 martyrdom of George VVifhart, who was burnt on the fpot beneath ; and in this caftle he himielf was aflalTinated in 1546. The chief manufadlures are can- vafs, brown linens, and golf balls ; but it is a place of little trade, nor is the baibour in good condition. It is feated at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a fmall hill, 30 miles njjk of Edin- burg. Lon. z 50 w, lat. 56 18 n. Aiubia, a town of Naples, in Bari, four miles s of Barletta. Andras, an illaud in the Archipelago, 24 mileg long and eight broad. It has f(Ttile plaijiK, which are well watered ; and it wants only a good harbour. The inhabitants are of the Greek church, and have a bifliop and feveral monaflcrics. The principal riches of this ifland con- lift in filks, and the fields produce oranges, citrons, mulberries, pome- granates, and figs. The capital is of the fame name, on the e coaft Lon. 25 a K, lat. 38 o N. Ainlugan, a town of Ufbec Tartary, capital of the province of Fergana ; feated on the river Sirr, 300 miles nk of Samarcand. Lon. 68 55 e, lat. 4s as N Anduxar, or Andujar, a town of Spain, in Andahifia, with a caftle, and fomc beautiful churches and convents. The environs abound in wheat, tidne* oil, honey, and fruit. It it feated on the Guadalquiver, t; miles wnw of Jaen. Lon. i 54 w,lat. 37 48 w. Angediva, a fmall ifland in the Indlati ocean, on the w coaft of Hindooftan» belonging to the Portuguefe. It is 6a miles ssE of Goa. Lon. 74 la b, lat. 14 43N' Anegada, one of the Englifh Vii^girt iflands, and the moft northern of them. Lon. 64 7 w, lat- 18 40 n. Angela, Sf. a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, 1 4 nailes sw of Urbino. Angela f St. a town of Naplet, in Principata Uiteriore, fix miles nnMIt of Conza. Angelas, a city of Mexicb. See Puelita de los Angelas, Angerlurg, a town of Pruflia, with a caftle, feated on the n fide of a lake to which it gives name, 70 miles se of Koniglberg. Lon. ai 15 e, lat. 54 8n. Angermanittf or Angermanlandf a pro» vince of Sweden, in Nordland, i5« miles long and from 15 to 80 broad, the wideft part being to the e on the gulf of Bothnia. It is mountainous and woody, and in it are confiderable iron* works. The chief town is IIernofand< Aiigcrmundc, a town of Brandenbiirg» In tile Ucker mark, on the lake Munde^ 48 miles NNE of Berlin. Anga-s, a city of France, capital of the department of Mayennc and Loir, and an epifcopal fee. It is feated near thQ confluence of the Loir with the Sarte, and is divided by the Mayennb into two parts ; the weftern, which ex- tends into a plain, and the ieaftern, which rifes on the fide of a hill. Its environs prefent a view of numerous country houfes, upward of a hundred vcindmills, and eminences that produce good white 'wine. The cathedral is an elegant ftrudlare ; and in it is the tomb of Rene, king of Sicily. Here is a con> fiderablc manufailure of handkerchiefs and canvafs : and the produce of the flate quarries, at the extremity of the fubtirb of Breffigny, forms likewife an important article of commerce. The caftle, flanked by 18 great round towers, is iituatc on a rock. It is 50 miles ens of Nantes, and 1 75 sw of Paris. Lon. o .33 w, lat. 47 a8 n. Anghiera, a town of Italy, in the Milanefe, on the e fide of the lake Mag« giore, 30 miles nw of Milan. Anglen, or Aiigrlen^ a fmall country of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick. Many authors fuppofc'that from the people of this country the Englilh ori- f- l^' |inated t being called in to afliil the Sritons againll the invaders from Nor- way, thrjr in procefs of time became mafters oi the country, and. gave it the ^ame of England. Anglesey t an iflnnd, And the moil (lorthem county of Walos, 44 'miles long and 18 broad, containing 300,000 acrrs. It fends two members to par- Vament ; !» divided into fix hundreds, and 74 pariflies ; and has two market towns. Tlu* number of inhabitants in 1801 was 33>8o6. It is feparated from Carnarvonntin; by a, long and narrow channel called Mciiai, which paiTes from St. CJc'urge's channel, by Car* narvon and Bangor, to the Iriih fca. That part of the ifland which borders this ftrait is finely wooded, recalling to the mind its ancient (late, when it was the celebrated feat of the Druids, whofe terrific religious rites were performed in the gloom of the thickefl woods. Kude mounds and heaps of (lones, faid to be druidical remains, arc llill to be ieen : but a little way within, the whole appertr j a naked tra(it, witliout trees or hedges, watered by numerous rills, fertile in grafs and corn, and abounding in cattle. This ifland produces vaft JUcintities of copper and fulphur (fep *arys) and in the nw part is a quarry of green marble, intermixed with' af« lieftOs. Beaumaris is thechieftown. Angola, a kingdom of Africa, in Congou, bounded on the n by ^ongou I'roper, e by Mataijiba, s by Benguela, and yi^ by the Atlantic, ft produces anaize, beans, oranges, lemons, and feveral other frujts. The inhabitants arc very lazy, generally idolators, and take as many wives as they think fit- T*\e country is ^^ivided among fevc al petty princes, and the Portuguefe hive fcteral fettlcments on. the coaft ; but the Englifli and Dutch traffic with the natives, ^oanda is the capital. Anpra, the ancient Ancyra, a city of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek firchbiniop's fee. The caftle has a triple inclofure, and the walls are of whire marble - and flone, rcfembling porphyry. The inhabitants are com- puted at 80,000. Here are bred the lineft goats in the world ; the hair, being almoft like lilk, is worked into line ftufls. It ftands in a lofty fituation, 912 miles SB of ConAantinople. Lon. 0» S v., lat. 39 30 N. Aitgottlcswc, a town of France, capital of the department of Charente, and the fee of a billiop. It is leatcd on a nioim- tain iurruiiiided by rocks. The river Chiivem? %\\m at th^- foot ofiti and AN J there are fome paper manufaAures !a its environs. It is 50 miles wsw of Limoges. I^in. o 9 k, lat. 45 39 %i Angonmois, a late province of Fj-ance, bounded on the n by Poitou, k by Limofiu and Marche, .s by Perigord, and w by Saintonge. It is now in- cluded in the department of Charente. ^ngrn, the capital of Tercera,-one of toPrA/ores. It is a biftiop's fee, and the refidence of the governor of the Azores. The town is well built, and populous; and here are royal maga- zines for all forts of naval ftores. It ftands on a bay, between two moun- tains, on the s fide of the illand. Lon. a? i» w, lat. 38 39 N. Aiigrngnat a town of Piedmont, on a river of the fame name, feven miles w of Pignerol. AnguiUa, or Stiakt Island, the moft northerly of the Engliih Leeward iflands in the W Indies. It is 30 miles long and three broad, winding fomewhat in the manner of a fnake, and is 60 miles NW of St. Chriftopher. Lon. 6z 35 w, lat. 18 15. M. Aflguillaba, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, near the lake firacciano, 15 miles Nw of Rome. Atigiisshire, or Forfarshire, a coimty of Scotland, 45 miles long and 38 broad \ bounded on the n by Aber'deenftiire, N£ by Kincardine{hire,B by the German ocean, s by the frith of Tay, and w by Perthlhire. ^ It is divided mto S3 pa* riflies, and in 1801 contained 97,147 in- habitants. It has many lakes and hills, but is fruitful in corn and paftures. Marl is found in moft of the lakes, fre«: ftone abounds in many parts, and there are feveral limeftone quarries. The principal rivers are the North and South Elk. The county-town is Forfar. AnhuU, a principality of Germany, in Upper Saxony, 41 miles long and 10 broad ; bounded on the s by Mans- field, w by Ilalberftadt, E by the duchy of Saxony, and N by Magdeburg. It abounds in corn, and is watered by the Salde and Mulda. Its ancient caftle is gone to decay. Zt-rbft is the capital. Anholt, an ifiand of Denmark, in the Catcpat, furrounded by fand banks fo dangerous to feamen, that on \i is a lighthoufe. I,on. 11 .-^5 K, lat. 56 ,38 v. An'uinc, a town of Francg, in the do- Sartment of Uerault, 13 miles wnw of lontpelicr. Aiijfnga, a town of Ilindooftan, in Travancorc, which has a trade in pep- per and calicos. It ftands at the moiitli of a river, 46 miles wsw of Travan- corc. Lon. 76 40 >^t lat. 8 40 n. Ilindooflan, in la trade in pep- pclii at the moiitli JNW of Travaii- 1.840 s. •ANN * Ammaltf, a town of Hindooftart, in the province of Coimbetort, with a ftjrt. It has a trade in drugs, honey, »nd wax, cotleded in the hills to the », and J8 fcated on the Alima, ai milcB » of Coimbetore. Anjou, a late province tof France, bounded on the n by Maine, w by Bretagne, s by Poitou, and k by Tou- vaine. It formerly belonged to the fovereigni of England. It now forms the department of Mayenne and Loire. Aun, St. a town of New Brunfwick, fituatc on the river St. John, nearly op- . polite Frederidlown, and 80 miles above the city of St* John. Aniiabcrgt a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, noted for Giver mines and the inanufadture of lace, 17 miles s of Chemnitz. Anna!;fi,'nn ifland on the w.coaftof Ireland, five miles in circumference, between the ifle of Achil and the coaft of the county of Mayo. Lon. 9 39 w, Jat. 5358N. Antuitaooka, one of the Friendly iflands, in the Pacific ocean, difcovered by Tafman, in 1643, and vifited by captain Cook in 1774 and i777> It is well -cultivated in many places, con- lifting of plantations of yams and plan- tains, inclofed with neat fences of reed. The bread-fruit and cocoa>nut trees are iHterfperfed with little order, but chiefly near the habitations of the matives; and the other parts of the idand, efpedally toward the Tea, are covered with trees and bufhes. It is Utuate about 187 e Ion. and «o s,lat. Annan, a river of Scotland, in Dum- friesibire. which rifes in the Moffat hills, and taking afoutherly diredlion, through a fertile dale to which it gives name, enters Solway frith, below the town of Annan. Annan, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfriesihirc, feated on the river Annan, three miles from its mouth, which forms a good harbour for vefTels of 250 tons burden. Here was a fine caftle, built by one of the Bruces, the ruins of which ftill n;main. Much corn is exported hence ; and there is a manu- fadture for carding and fpinning. It is 16 miles ESE of Dumfries, and 80 s of Edinburg. Lon. 3 8 w, lat. 5 s' a n, Annuno, a fgrt of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, feated on the Tenaro, i% miles s of Cafal. ^«»/flp«/i4, the capital of lyfaryland, in Ana Arundel county, and one of the wealthieft cities in the United States. The ftate-houfe, a noble building, ftands in the centre^ of the city, from which AN 8 p6int the ftreets diverge in erery dir«e^' tion. Here alfo is St. John college^ vrhich, with Wafliington college- at Chefter, conftitute one unive^fityi named the Univerfity of Maryland. Annapolis is fituate on Chefapeak bay, at ti» mouth of the Severn, 30 miles E by N of Waihiugton, and 35 s of Baltimore, Lon. 76 48 w, lat. 39 o N. Annapolis, a feaport of Nova Scotia* on the E fide of the bay of Fundy. It has one of the fineft harbours in thf world,: but the entrance is through « difficult' ftrait, called the Gut of Annai> polls. The town ftands on the s Gde of the harbour, at the mouth of a river of its name, 86 miles w by N of HalifaK. Lon. 64 ss w, lat. 44 so k. Annecy, 7. town of Savoy, feated on a lake of its nanne, whence ilTues the canal of Tbioux, which runs through the town and then enters the river Sier. It was lately the fee of a bifliop, who alfo airumed the title of bifliop and prince of Geneva. Annecy is the largeft town in Savoy next to Cnambery» and is 16 miles s of Geneva. Lon. 6 5 b, lat. 45 53 N- Annobon, an ifland near the coaft of Guinea, fo called becaufe it was dif- covered by the Portuguefe on New< year's-day. It is well ftocked with cattle, and. abounds with palm trees and fruit. Lon. j 10 e, lat. i 50. s« Annntimj, a town of. France, in the depitrtm:nt of Ardeche, with manufac- tures of very fine paper ; feated at the confluence of the Cances and Deumei* 13 miles sw of Vienne. Annol, or Anot, a town of France, in the department of Lower Alps, fix miles w of Entreveaux. Ansanvillers, a town of -France, in the department of Oifc, five miles sse of Breteuil. Anse, a town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone, 12 miles N of Lyon. Anspach, or Onohhach, a principality of Germany, in the s part of the circle of Franconia. It has iron mines, and fe- veral medicinal fprings ; and the foil produces confiderable quantities of corn, and feeds great numbers of cattle. Anspachf a city of Franconia, capital of the jirinoipality ofAnipach, with a caftle, a palace, and an excellent acade- my. It has many handfomc buildings ; and the principal manufudture is lace. It is feated on the Retzat, 24 milci» wsw of Nurenberg. Lon. to a8 E,lat. 4918N. Anslrulher, East and ff'estf ivvo bo- roughs of Scotland, on the se cuaft of Fifefliire. They adjoin each other* . 1 I' j A "NT «id Eaft Anftrutticr, which il nttch th« largcfti is little mbr* than a fiihing vil- lage* nine miles ssB of St. Andrevr. uintab, a town of Syria, (ituate on tvro hills and the valley Ixitween them, Watered by the Sejour. It is three miles In circumference* with a ftrong old caftle on a rock, and hat a confiderable manufadure of damped calicos. Many lAedals of the Syrian kings have been found here, and fome alfo of the kings t>f Cappadocea. It is 50 miles e of Ait^xandretta, and 60 N by E of Aleppo, ton. 37 3"; Kflat. 3635 K. Antenuera, a town of Spain, in Gra- tiada, divided into the Upper and the Lower. The Upper is feated on a hill, and has a caftle : the Lower ftands in a fertile plain, and is watered by many brooks. Here are large quantities of natural fait, quarries of excellent ftone, and a fpring famous for the cure of the Kravek It is xt miles knw of Malaga. jLon. 4 30 w. lat. 37 i i*. Antequcra, a town of Mexico. See Cuaxaca. Ariiibesf a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, with a ftrong caftle, and a harbour for fmall veHels. Its ter- ritory produces excellent fruit ; and it is feated on the Mediterranean, 11 miles 6sw of Nice. Lon. 7 7 E,lat. 43 3,j u. Anticdsli, an ifland at the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, 90 miles long and 20 broad. It is full of rocks, covered with wood, and has no harbour; but excellent cod is found on the Hiores. ._ Antigua, one of the Engliih Leeward iflands, in the W Indies, about 30 miles in length and breadth, and 60 e by s of St. Chriftopher. It is deftitute of water, and the inhabitants are obliged to fave the rain water in ciftems. The chief produce is fugar, of which it annually produces 16,000 hogftieads. It was taken by the French in 1781, but re- ftored in 1783. The capital is St. John. Antilles, the name which the French give to the Caribbce iflands. Antiock, or Anthakia, a town of Syria, of which it was formerly the capital. This ancient city, in which th« difciples of Chrift were firft called Chriftians, and yet the fee of a Cireek patriarch, is now almoft come to no- thing j but the magnificent ruins of it ftitl remain. It is ftated on the river Orontes, now called Ofi, 15 miles from the Mediterranean, and 50 nw of Alep- po. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 36 10 N. Anliochetta, a town of Afiatic Tur- key, in Caramania, and a biihop*s fee, feated on the Mediterranean, 88 miles s •f Cogni, Jx>n. 33 s6 E| lat. 36 30 n. AN'f Sitioen, St. an ifland on th^ aw ^aft of Jardinia, t4 niiles lonr and 3 broad. In 1793 it was taken by toe French, but evacuated foon after. Atttipuros, the ancient Oleiros, an ifland of the Archipelago, two miles w of Paros. It is only a rock, 16 miles in circuit ; yet, in fome parts, is well cul- tivated, and produces as much barley as ferves a fmall village. It has a re- markable grotto, about 80 yards high and 100 broad, which contains a vaft variety of figures, of a white tranfparent chryftalline fubftance, refembling vega- tables, marble pillars, and a fuperb ntar- ble pyramid. Lon. 25 44 e, lat. 37 8 K, Antiqnia, a town of New Granada, capital 'of a province famous for its gold mines. It w feated on the Cauca, aoo miles NNw of St. Fo de Bogota. Lon. 74 30 w. lat. 6 50 N. Antivari, a town of Turkifli Dal- matia, on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles NwofPolcigno. Antoine, 67. a town of France, in the department of Ifere, five miles ne of St. Marcellan. Antonio, St. the moft northern of the Cape Verd iflands, 15 miles from St. Vincent. It u full of high mountains, whence proceed ftrcams of excellent water, which render the land fruitful, The principal town is feated among the mountains. Lon. 2$ w, lat. 17 o n. Antoido, St. a town of 3rafil, in the province of Ilheos, on a river of the fame name, near its mouth, 80 miles s of Ilheos. Antonio de Capo, St. a town of Brafil, in the province of Pemambuco, fituate near Cape St. Auguftin, 30 miles ssw of Olinda. Antonio de Seneci, St. a town of New Mexico, on the w fide of Rio del Norta, 150 miles s by E of St. Fe. Lon. 107 45 w, lat. 34 15 N. Antonio de Suchilepec, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Guatimala, fituate on a river, near its entrance into the Pacific ocean, 70 miles w by N of Giiatimala. Lon. 93 28 w, lat. 14 44 N. Antrim, a county of Ireland, 46 miles long and 27 broad ; bounded on the e and N by the fea, w by Londonderry, and s by Down. It is divided into 16 pariflies, which include 170,000 inhabi- tants. This county is much encumbered with bogs and morafles, though it en- joys a tolerable air. It has two great natural curiofities: Lough Neagh, a large lake, the waters of which are of a petrifying quality; and the Giant's Caufeway, confifting of lofty pillars of ba£Ute»» all of angular ibapesymimthree s ^ » ^ . n Iflei to dgSt, Mid csunding thre< mllM 9l^£ the (eifiiort. The lin*n nwnu. fafture is carried on very extenfitely in tbit county. It fends five memberi to parliament. The principal river* are the 3ann and Lagan. The aflizes are licld at Carrickfergus, Antrim, a town of the county of An- j trim, and now a poor place, but ftill Saitakes of the lii^fn manufadture. It ands on a fmatl ftream. which a little l))clow the town enters the ne end of |i-ough Neagh, i6 miles w of Carrick- Mergus. [ Antrum, a mountain of the Swiis Alps. [in the Vallais, by which there is a paf- [fage from the Vallais into the valley of I Antrona, in the Milanefe. Antwerp, a city of Brabant, lately a '• bifhop's fee, and now the capital of the department of Two Ncthcs. It (lands on the Scheldt, which is here 400 yards wide, and lat;ge veflels may come up to thequay. In 1568 it was the chief mart of Flemilh commerce, and then con- tained ao6,o9o inhabitants ; but the civil warSfCaufedby the tyranny of Philip M, drove the trade to Amfterdam. It now contains only 50^000 inhabit».nts, who carry pn fome commerce, and, a few flourifliin^ manufa^ures, particularly of lace and hnen. The cathedral is a fine ftrudure, and contains an aflemblage of paintings by the greateit mafters of the Flemifh fchool ; and there are many fine paintings in the other churches. The exchange, once fo thronged, and i from which fir Thomas Grefliam took the model of that for London, now ferves for the accommodation of an ; academy for painting, fculpture, archi- jtcdiire, and the mathematics. The I townhoufe, ju the great market-place. \ is a noble flrudtitre. In the principal [ftreet is a crucifix of bronze, 33 feet [high, on a marble pedeftal. This was Imade from a dcmoliflicd ilatue of the rcruet duke of Alva, which he himfeif had fet up in the citadel. The citadel is edeemedone of theftrongeft fortrefles of the Low Countries. Antwerp was taken by the prince of Parma in 1585, after a long and memorable fiege. It lias been frequently taken more eafily fince, the laft time by the French, in 1794. It is 22 mi]e9 n of Bruflels, and 6j !> of Amfterdan;. jLun. 4 3i3 £» lat. 51 13 N. Anville, or Miller's Tnicn^ a town of Pennfylvania,inDauphinecounty,fituatc at the bead of Tulphehocken creek, and on the canal between the Sufquehanna and Schuylkill, ii miles ene of Harris bHrSi «i»d 6j WMW of Pbiladelpbia^ AfU AnwnUer^ % town of France, in the departmeht of Mont Tonncre, lately of Germany, iigi the duchy of Deux Fonts. It is feated on the Queicb, eight oiiles W by N of Landau. ^nzarba,^ a town of Afiatie Turkef, in Caramania, feated in a plain, 35 milei N£ of Adana. Anznma, a townof New Grannda, in the province nf Popayan, where titere are. mines of gold. It is feated on thit river Cauca, 140 miles NNg of Popayan. Lon. 75 45 w,.lat. 4 58 N. An^iko, a kingdom of Guinea, lying E of Gabon and n of Congou, but is . littleknown. ThekingisftyledtheMi* coco, whence the country is fometimca fo calk ' .'I^he capital is Monfol. Ansta, or A^'ttta, a city of Piedmont* and a bilhop's fee. It contains feveral monuments of the Romans, and ftands at the foot of the Pennine and Gree)|c Alps, on the river Dona, 45 miles nkw of Turin. Lon. 7 3.s e* lat. 45 41 N. Aomtct a town of France, in the de* partment of Drome, on the river Drome^ 15 miles sE of Valence. Apaluchian. See Allcguny. Apalatchicolaf a nver of N America, formed by the jundion of the Chata- houche and Flint, at an old Indian fort of the fame name on the s confines of v:^eorgia, and thence flows between W and E Florida into Apalaches bay, in the |.*ulf of Mexico, e of Cape Blaize. Afamea, a town of Syria, on the river Ofi, 35 miles s of i^ntioclv Apauomia, a town of the ifland of Santorin, feated on the nw coaft, feven miles NNW of Scauro. Apee, one of the New Hebrides, near Malicollo, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. i68 27 E, lat. 16 46 s. Apennines, a chain of mountains, ill Europe, which begins near Oneglia, on the gulf of Genoa, paiTes round that gulf at no great diftance from thefea, then proceeds e to the centre of Italy* and afterward divides that country in % m«?diate at di region to 'the extremities of the kingdom, of Naples. Henct proceed all the rivers which water Italy. The Apennines are at iirft a branch of the Alps, but, in general, they may rather be regarded as hills than as moun- tains. Apcnrade, a feaport of Denmark, in, Slefwick, with a citadel. It is a place of confiderabk trade, feated at the bot^ tom oFa gulf of the Baltic,i7 milesKNW of Slefwick.^ Lon. 9 38 |c, lat. S5 ^ >'• Aphiom KarakissaujAovfn of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, fafiili round a high tock, on tho top of wbiob isa fortrefi^: 1 if III It IB three vnXiet in circumference, and has a confiderable trade. The chief manufadure is carpet! ; and the country aroi^nd produces much opium, called aphiom by the Turlcs. It ftaudfi on the Mindra, ISO miles e of Smyrna. Lon. 31 10 E, lat 38 35 Nt jipice, a town of Naples, in Principato Citcriore, fcven miles esk of Benevento. Apolda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Tburingia. eight miles N of Jena, and 40 sw of Leiplic. Apptmel, a canton in the ^ e part of Bwiflerland, bordering on Tytol. It is divided into twelve communities : fix, called the interior, are Roman catholics; and fix exterior, are proteftants. Appentel, a town of Swiflcrland, capital of the canton of its name.. It is large and populous, and fituate on the river Setter, 40 miles e of Zurich* Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 47 ai N. Applthyt a borough and the county- town of Weftmorland, with a market on {>iturday. It has been twice deftroy- , on the nver Douero, 4a miles K of Valladolid. AranjueZf a town of Spain, in New Caftile, with broad itreets interfering each other at right angles. The great fquare is furrounded by porticos, and has a fountav) that fupplies the town with water. Here are three churches, a royal palace with beautiful gar'> dens, and a theatre for the bull-fighta. In the palace, the Supreme Junta 9f Government of the Kingdom were in* ftalled, and held their firft meetings September 25, i8o3; Ai^njucz is feat- ed on the Tajo, -30 miles s by £ of Mi- drid. Lon. 3 48 w, lat 40 6 k. '> Araratf a detached mountain of Per* fia, r>n the confines of Armenia. It ha* two funimits; and the higheft is always covered with fnow. . Arassij a maritime town of tlie terri- tory of Genoa, five miles sw of Al. benga. Araava, a fortress of Upper Hungary^ on a river of the fame name, 7a milea Kw of CaHbvia. Lon. 20 o e, lat. 4^ 30 N, Arauy a town of Swiflerland, capital of the canton of Argau, with mantt- fadures of cotton, printed linen, and cutlery. A. treaty between tbe pro- teUant and catholic cantons was con** eluded here in 1712. It is.fcated on the river Aar, 27 miles w of Zurich* Lou. 7 50 E, lat. 47 15 N. ^ . ■ Aruvacourchi/, a town of Hindoostan^ in the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort. It has a bazar of well>built boufes, and ftands onihe Nunganji, aj miles E of Daraporam. ArancOf a foftrefe and town of Chili^ fituate in a fine valley, on a riyerof the fame name, 40 miles & by- w of Con- ception. . f ^rarc5,or Arasyja. river of Aiia, which rifcs ia Osorgia,.flovr& 6& s^crofs <^ /i w k~ ARC metiia, and loini tbe Kur* near iti en* trance into the Cafpjsn fen- Atha^ an ifland jo miles in circum- ference* on the coafl oF Daltnatia, from v'hich it it five mil«8 diltant. Ttic foil ii rich, but the inhabitants arr in'lolent< It bi)8 a town of the fame name* Lon» i4 55B,lat. 4j 5 N. Arlergf a town of SwifTerland, In the canton crBern, on an id and formed by two branrhes of the Aar. It is lo Ciiles MW of Bern. Arbil, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Curdiftan, the ancient A.bela, near which Alexaudtr d;:featod Darius. Here are the remaina of an ancient caAle, and in the vicinity .ire naphtha pit*. It is feated in an extenfivc plain, 36 miles N of Altunkupri, and 50 k of Moful. Arboisf a town of France, in the de* pattnu'nt of Jura, famous for its white Wines. It io 32 miles sw of Buiancon. ArbcgUf a town of Sweden, in Wettr aiania, fated on tfac? Ulviii>n, by which river, and a canal, it has a communica* tion with the lakes Hielmar and Maelar. It U is miles ENE of Orebro. Arhntiy a town of SwiOerland, on the lake of Con^nce, 1% miles se of Con* ;ftance. Arbroath. See Alerlrothwick. Arburg, a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Bern, with a citadel on a rock, ieated on the Aar, 12 miles e of Sole lire. ArcadiOf a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, near the gulf of its name, aai miles n of Navarin. Lon. 21 42 e, lat. 37 '-4 If. Arceuilf z village of Prance, three miles s of Paris, remarkable for its aquiedudt to that city, built in 1624, by Mary de Medicis. Archangel^ a feaport of P.uflia, capi- tal of a government of its name. It «at the only feaport of Kulfia for many years, and was firft reforted to liy the Englifli in 1553. The trade is yet oonfidffrable, though greatly di- minifhed Unce the building of Peterf- buin. In I7P3, a fire deftroyed great part of the city and fuburbs ; but they are uow rebuilt with neatnefs. Arch- angel is feated on the Dwina, four miles from the White fea, and 400 nk of Petetiburg. Lon. 38 59 e, lat. 64 AtdiipehgOf a part of the Mediterra- nean fea, having Romania on the n, Natolia on the E* the Ifle of Candia on the s, Macedonia, Lividia, and the Mo- rea on the w. It it partly in Europe, and partly in Afia,coQtaioing tlie iflaa^s of Rhodes, Kegropont, Lemnos, Tene- dos. SciruR, Mctelin, Scin, Samoa, Pat* mos, P^ros, Antiparos, Ccri^o, Santg* rini, Andros, Tina, Kaxin, Milo» Dcloib Argriitiera, and many others. ylrcliiiii-iag.'f .^ortHtTii, a part of tho Pacific ocean, having tlic pcninfula of Kamtfchatka mi the w, and the coaft of Amt!rica on the e. It includes a number of idands, among which are four principal groups. The firft, called Sa- fignan, contains five iflands ; the fecond* called Khna, includes eight iflands; and both thtfe groups together are ftyled the Aleutian IHands. The third group is called the AndreanofTiki Oftrova, and comprifea 16 iflands. The fourth group is the Liliie Oftrova, or the Fox Iflands, 16 in number. They all belong to Ruf- fla, and are valuable chiefly for the flcinf of animals found there, particularly the fea otter. See Fox Islands. Arcis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aube, feated on the rivef Aube, t$ miles N of Troyes. Arcvy a town and caftle of Germany, in Tyrol, taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned foon after. It ftands on the river Scarca, ij miles wsw of Trent. ArcoSf a town of Spain, in Andalufia, feated on a craggy rock, on the river Cuadaleto, 28 miles ne of Cadiz. Arctic a city of Hindooftan. capital of the Carnatic. The citadel is large, and efteemed a place of fome ftrength ; but the nabob often refides at Madras. In the vicinity are feveral celebrated temples, viilted by numerous pilgrims. Arcot has a mnnufadturc of coarfe cot- ton cloth. It is feated on the s bank of the Paliar, 66 miles w by s of Ma- dras, and 180 E by N of Seringapataob Lon. 79 24 E, lat. xt 5x N. Arddnh, a town of Ireland, in the cpnnty of Longford, which, united t# Kilmore, gives name to a bifliopriCf There is no cathedral, or epifcopal place of refldence. It is seven tpiles ss oJF Longford. Ardihil, a t«wn of Per(ia, in Ader- beitzan, the refidence and burial-place of many kings ; particularly of Shiek Sefli, the author of the Periian feft. Pilgrims refprt to this place from all pacts of Periia; and caravans are fre- quently pafling to and from Conftanti- nople and Smyrna. It is 35 miles es» of Tauris. Lon. 4S 40 e, lat. 38 ^o n. Arieche, a department ^f France, in* eluding the late territory oif Vivare2. It takes its name from a river, which flows into the Rhone, at the s extremity of tlie department. Privas is the capital. Arivtf Qr Ath^d^fy a ^9r»V8Jh ^f Itf. Lemno», T W« CcrigOi SantO" :in,Milo,DciQlt >th»T». II, a part of tn« the ppninfuU of r, and the coaft . It includrs A ig which are four . ; firft, called Sa- nds ; the feoond, ight iflands ; and jtther are ftyled The third group ITiki Oftrova, and rhc fourth group »r the Fox Iflands, all belong to Ruf- licBy for the flcmi E, particularly the lands. Tame, in the de- sated on the river rroyes. allle of Germany, le French in 1703, ftcr. It ftands on lies wsw of Trent, pain.in Andalufia, ock, on the river NE of Cadiz, lindooftan, capital e citadel is large, of fome ftrength ; refides at Madras, feveral celebrated umerous pilgrima. lure of coarfe cot- ited on the s bank les vv by s of Ma- of Seringap^tam. >f Ireland, m the , which, united t# le to a bilhopric, 1, or epifcopal place iven miles SB of t Perfia, in Ader- ^e and burial-place jticularly of Shiek • the Perliao feft kis place from all I caravans ?nrt. I A R B^ land, In the county of Loutb. Here u a laoM mount, apparently artiRciaU ibme flippofe it to have been a burtal- plae«'of the Irifti kings \ others, that it vras • place where the people affembled ltd deHberate on public affairs. It is 1 4 llbiles WW of Droghcda. I Ardtnhun^ a town of Flanders, 10 [miles w« oTBrueco. Ardenntit a department of France, 5ontainlng-part of the late province of Champagne. It is fo named from a fa- loui foreft, lying on the river Meufe. The principal tc vn is Sedan. Arc(fert, a borough of Ireland, in the junty of Kerry, and a bilhop's see Inited with Aghadoe to Limerick. It Vas formerly the capital of the county, ^ut is now a poor place, with extenfive ains. It is featcd on a river which ms into Tralee bay, feven miles nnw jfTralce. . Ardmore^ a towA of Ireland, in the [county of Watcrford, on s c.pc and [bay or its name^ 10 miles ssw of Dun- I gar von. I Ardra^ a fmall kingdom of Guinea, Ion the Slave coaft at the bottom of the gulf of St. Thomas. The country is Ifertile in maize, palm-wine, plants, and [fruits, wiiich lad all the year; and it I produces a great deal of fait. It has a town of the fkme name. Lon. 3 5 e, llat 6 o V. Ardres, a town of France, in the de- I partment of Pas de Calais- On an open [plain between the town and Guifncs [was the celebrated interview between I Francis t of France and Henry viii of j England, in 15 ao. It is 10 miles ssE of [Calais. Arelo, or Arehon, a town of Guinea, I on the Slave coaft, at the mouth of the [Formoso. Lon. 5 j b, lat. 6 n. I Arccu, an ifland in the gulf of Perfia, three miles sw of Ormus. The Dutch attempted to eftablifli a fadlory, and built a fort here, but were cxp;;iitd by IthePerfians. Arekea, See Arkiko. Arenslrrgi the capital of the duchy [of Weftphali"', and of a county of, its [name. It is feated on a hill, by the river Roeis i% miles sse of Ham, and 163 RE of Cologne. Lon. 8 10 e, lat. 51 Arenshurg, a feaport of Ruflia, in the [jovemment of Riga, capital of the ide {of Oefcl, and a bilhop's fee. Lon. 25 |4P E, lat. 58 15 N. I Arenshardf a diftriA in Denmark, in [the duchy of Sleswick, containing the jirrcateft part of the famous rampart ] built by King Cotric, in tlie beginning of the 9th century, ac a defence again A* the eruptions of the Saxons. Itfxtendr acrofs the country, about nine ndlea ia length. Arcnswaldr, a town of Srandcrrburg, in the New mark, un the lake 8Uuin» 17 miles SK of New Stargard. Areqitipa, an epifcopal town of Peru, founded by Pizarro in 1539. ^^^f it i« a volcano; and it has been four tllnei. laid in ruins by earthquakes. It ftkndt in a fertile country, on the Apurimac* 140 miles 8 of Cufco, and46o SK of Lima* Lon. js 30 ^» '**• I* 40 "• ArezTOf a town of Tufcany, in the Florentino. Guy Aretin, a Benedidlinc monk, inventor of the mufical notes, ut, re, &c. was born here; alfo the ce- lebrated Francis Petrarch. It ftands on a hill, at the conflux of the Chianna and' Arno, 1 5 nules w of Citta di Caftelto. Argttu, a new canton of Swiflbrlandi lying to the w of that of Zurich. Arau is the capital. Argrticrsf a town of Prance, in the' department of Calvados, on the river Meaucc, 10 miles e of Caen. Argentan, a town of France, in the. department of Orne, which has a con«. flderable trade in lace. It is feated on' an eminence, in the middle of a fertile' plain, on the banks of the Orne, 12 mUes siw of Seez, and no w of Paris. ArginteitUt a town of France, on the river Seine, five miles nw of Paris. It has a fine vineyard j and in the environs are quarries of the plafter of Paris. Argentiera, a barren ifland of the Ar- chipelago, fo called from, the filver minet in It. There is but one village, and it has no water but what is kept in cifterns. Lon. 23 10 E, lat. 36 50 N. Argcntiiri'f a town of France, in the department of Ardeche, five miles »W of Aubenas, and 17 w of Viviers. Argcnlotif a town of France, in the department of Indre, divided into two parts by the river Crtul'e. It is 3 7 miles sw of Bourges. Lon. z 38 s, lat. 46 .'5 N. ArgoSf a feaport of European Tur- key, in the Morea, 25 miles s of Corinth, Lon. 23 5 E, lat. 37 30 N. ^ Argoitoli, a town of the ifland of Ce- falonia, with a fortrefs and the beit hsr- hour in the ifland. It is eight miles wsw of Cefalonia. ' Argucilf a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, x8 miles m k of Rouen. Arj^uin^ an ifland and fort on the coaft of Zahara, 30 miles ss of Cape Blanco. It was taken by the Dutch ixom thu Portuguefe in 1638 ; afterward ' the ^; trench took it from the Dutch. Low. s; 5 w»i1at. ao jo n. ^rgii>i,anvtfrof Afu. Stic Saghalicn. Arguntkoit a town of Siberia, on the frnntwrs of Eaflern Turkey. There are minctbf.nivcr and lead near it; and a ^arl (i(hery in the river Argun. It is 70 miles SB of Nerfliinik. Lon. 10 j j6 Bf lat 4S 30 N. ArgyleJiirCt a county of Scotland, bounded on the n by Inverncfsflurc, e by the counties of Perth and Ounibar* tbtif and s and w by the Atlantic ocean, by which it is broken into idands and peninfidas. It i« no miles long from the mull of Cantyre to ita n e extremity ; its breadth is very unequal ; about 40 miles where greateft. It is divided into 49 pariihcSt and in 1801 contained 76,850 inhabitants. To the nw is a pe- ninfula, nearly detached from the reft of the county: it contains the diflridta of Ardnamurchan, Morven, Sunart, and Ardgowar. The peninfulas of C^aotyre and Cowal are likewife very large- The chief iflands, attached to this county, are Mull, Illay, Jura, Tirey, and Col. The foil of Argylcfliire, m the high grounds, though little fitted for cultivation^ affordH excellent pafture. Sbmd parts are covered with heath, and others exhibit rugged and bare rocks. The fides of the hills and lakes are intcrfpcrfcd with woods; and there are rich mines of copper, iron, and lead* The chief town is Inverary. Arhusen, or Aarhus, a fcaport of Den- mark, in N Jutland, capital of a diocefe of the fame name. It is furroundcd by foreAs full of game, and feated on the Baltic, at the mouth oftheGuda, 25 miles s of WibftVg. Lon. 9 50 e, lat. j6 5 n. Ariano, a town of Naples, in Princi- patp Ulteriore, 15 miles e by k of Be- ntvento. Ar'mnoy a town of Italy, in the Ferra- refe, on a branch of the Po, ai miles MEofFerrara. Ar'icay a feaport of Peru, in the au- dience of Charcos. It is but badly for- tified, and has bt?ri much injured by earthquakes. Here the treafure brought from Potofi is (hipped; and there are many farms employed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in "which it has a great trade. It Is 550 miles »t of Lima. Lon. 70 15 w, lat. 18 i-j s. Arienzoy a town of Naples, in Terra di Laroro, 14 miles ne of Naples. Arindal, a town of Norway, in the jgovernntent of Bergen, noted for the afDdu^ive iron mmes in its vicinity. It is feated near the iea» xo nulcs nn£ ofChriftiasyPiod. Arinihof, a town of Franct, in the, dt* partmentof Jiira,eigbtmiiess«fOn|elet. Aripo, a town on the w coaft oiCey* lon, At the month of the river 8«|||uU. Lon. 80 2$ E, lat. 8 4> n. Arischy a town and fort of EgypI, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives name. 1'he French became maftrrs of it in 1 799 ; but it was retaken by the Turks and Engliih at tbe end of the year- Iii^ 1800, the Turks and French ligncd a convention here, by which the troops of the latter were to evacuate Egypt ; but the Engliih admiral refufed to ratify the capitulation. Ari(ch'ftand3 on thi> conhnes of Arabia and Paleftine, 36 miles sw of Gaza, and lao ME of Sue7i ArkansttK. See Alkamas. ^ Aikikoj or Arekca, a feaport of Abyf- finia, i'. Tigre, on the bay of Mafuah, five miles se of Mafuah. Arkioiii, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, with a haven for fmall eraft. It (lands near the mouth of the Ovo, 13 miles s of Wicklow. Artfs, a city of France, in the depart, ment of Mouths of the Rhone, lately an archiepifcopal fee. The country around produces good wine, vermilion, manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great num- ber of antiquities> of which the amphi- theatre and obcliik arc the mo(t re. markable. It is feated on the Rhone. 20 miles SE of Nifmes. Lon.' 4 37 e> | lat. 43 40 N. Arlcs/uim, a. town of Franco, in the I department of Mont Terrible, lately | of SwilFerland, in the bi(hoprick of Bi- fel, three miles s of Bafel. ArleuXf a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, eight miles nw of | Cambray, Ailurif a town of the Netherlands, in I Luxemburg, feated on a mountain, 10 1 miles NW of Luxemburg. Armagh, a county of Ireland, 3a miles I long and 19 broad; bounded on the e i by Down, w by Tyrone and Monaghani N by Lough Neagh, and s by Louth. It coivtains ao pariihes, and fends three members to parliament. The foil is reckoned the richeft in Ireland; butaj tradt called the Fowes is billy.and bar. ren, and there are alfo fome coniiderable I bogs. Some good marble is found ia this county; and the linen manufadture flouri(hes in all its branches. It has no I river of confequence but the Blackwater, | which feparates it from Tyrone. Armagh, a city of Ireland, capital of i the county of its name, and the fee of I an archbiOiop, who is primate of all I Ireland. It h»% oae of th« beft Uaea )f France, in tbedt* btinile»»«f Omelet, the w coaft ofceir- f the river 8m«uU. 41 N. dfortofEgyplfOn erranraiit to which he French became ; but it was retaken ;ngli(h at the end of ic Turks and French here, by which the r were to evacuate glifti admiral refufed ation, Arifch'ftands Arabia and PaleOine, iza, and i»o mjc of the bay of Mafuah, fuah. of Irelandt in the fr, with a haven for inds near the mouth t;8 s of Wicklow. ranee, in the depart- the Rhone, lately an The country around e, vermilion, manna, lere are a great num. of which the amplii- It arc the moft re- [eated on the Rhone, fmes. Lon." 4 37 ^> I the Netherlands, in 1 on a mountain, 10 burg, yoflreland, 3 a miles bounded on the e rone and Monaghan, and s by Louth, ties, and fends three ment. The foil is t in Ireland; butai wes is billy, and bar* fo fome confiderable marble is found ia le linen manufadlure ranches. If has no but the Blackwater, ^rom Tyrone. )f Ireland, capital of ame, and the ffe of o is primate of all of thf beft liacQ ARM varketi In Ulftcr, and many bleachinc iromd* in >ts vicinity. It it feated near the river Kalin, 45 n»ll«« »« V Loa;|ondcrry, and 61 n by w of Dub- lin. Lon. 7 6 w, lat. 54 10 ». Amannact a late province of France, in Ouienne, 5 $ miles long and 40 broad. It is fertile in corn and wine, and has a trade in brandy and wool. This pro* vince, with Gafcony, now forms the de- partment of Ocrs. 1 Armenia, a large country of Afia, E.irt in Turkey and part in Pcrfiaj ounded on the w by the Euphrates, s [by Diarbek and Curdiftan, k by Schir- vanj^ and n by Georgia. It is a fine ! country, bein^ watered by fevenal large ! rivers. The inhnbitants are much at- tachcd to commerce, and undertake i longjoumeys to carry it on. They are I chiefly Chrilliann, and have a patriarch land an archbilhop. £rzcrum is the I capital. Armcntiers, a town of France, in the [department of Nord, feated on the Lis, I eight miles wn w of Liflf. Armicrs, a town of France, in the de- p.irtmcnt of Nord, feated on the Sam- bre, ao miles s of Mons. Armiro, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, on the gulf of Velo, 30 miles SE of Larilfa. Lun- 23 2a c, lat- 39 30 N. Armuyden, a town of Holland, in the ifland ofWalcheren, now inconfiderable, tht^ fca having ftopt up the harbour. The falt-worko are its chief rtfource. It is three miles e of MiddleUurg. Aniatf le Due, a town of trance, in the department of Q6te d'Or, feated in a valley, near tho river Arroux, 25 miles NW of Baune. Arncberp, a town of Brandenburg, in the Old mark, with a ruined caftle on a hill, on the river Elbe, three miles from Werben. Arnedof a feaport of Peru, with a good harbour, in the Pacific ocean, 25 miles ST of Callao. Lon. 76 53 w, lat. II 40 s. Arnkausen, a town of Germany, in Pomerania, 24 miles e of New Stettin. Arnhcimf a ttrong town of Holland, in Gelderland, capital of the quarter or county of its name. It was formerly the refidence of the dukes of Gelder- land, and is feated on the Rhine, eight miles N of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 54 e, lat. ja a K. ^ Arm, a river of Tufcany, which rifes m the Apennines, and palling by Flo- rence and Pifa, enters the gulf of Ge- noa, a little below the latter town. Arniheim, « towa «f Ccnnany, in the palatinate of the KKine, dglit milet firomXreutenach. Armtadt, a town oif Uppt/ Snonj, in Thuringiiy with a cAftle, « ^''ce* and three churches} feated on the^Otra* II miless of ErfUtt. * Arnsltin, a town of Franconia, fn th« principality of Wurtzburg, with 9 caf- tle, feated on the Wcren, nine miles sw of Schweinfurt. Arukliaffe, a citv of Perfia, in iegef* tan, and the capital of a diflri^ to which it gives name. It is no miles ssw of Candahar, and aio ese of Zarcng.Xon. 65 ao K, lat. 31 JO N. Aiolsni, a town of Germany, In the county of Waldech, near the river Aar, aj miles sse of Paderborn. Arona, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nefe, with a ruined cadle, on the lake Maggiore, 30 miles ww of Milan. Aronelies, a town of Portugal, ia Alenti'jo, with a calllt; on the river Cam, 16 miles SE of Portalegre. Arool, a town of Ruffia, in the go- vernment of Kiof, fi.'.ited on the Occif^ 200 miles s of Mofcow. Lon. 36 40 B,' lat. 51 58 N. Arpino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, eight miles n of AquinA. Arquity a town of Italy, in the Pa- duan, remarkable for the tomb of Pe- trarch. It is 10 miles s of Padua. Arquata, a town of the territory of Genoa, feated on the Scrivia, i5^jnile8 N of Genoa. ' ". Arijues, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, with an an- cient caftle. Here Henry iv gained a complete viftory over the duke of May- cnne,. general of the league, in 1589. It Hands on a river of its name, four miles SE of Dieppe. Arraciff'e, a feaport of Brafil, in the province of Pernambuco. It is built oa a narrow channel, with a caftle ta de- fend the entrance, and efteeme(|:. the ftrongcft place in all Brafil. L<^ 36 10 w, lat. 8 ao s. y- Anagon, a province of Spain, boiind- ed on the N by the Pyrenees, w by Na- varre and the Two Caftiles, s by Va- lencia, and E by Valencia and Catalo- nia. The country, though abounding in rivers, is in want of good wateij. It is fertilie in com, wine, flax, and fruit* near the rivers, but in other places dry and fandy. It produces fafiron, and there are many mines of fait. Sarago^ fa is the capital. Arrah, a town of Hindooflan, ia Bar har, 33 mHes w by s of Patna. Atrattf an ifland of Scotland, in the frith of Clyde, to tht » of the ifle «f •V Bute. It l* of an oval farm*^ so long and ii, hioadf and coniuti greateft. part of the county of Bute.. Ridgfit Of rugeed mount^iiis extend fcroft'ihe ifland, and Goatfell is near 3000 fcet in height. The fouthei^ parts ?'«fent low and cultivated grounds, he ilimate is healthful, and invalids , Kfortlilther to drink the whey of goats milk" Robert Bruce took refuge in this idandi during the tim: of his great- ^. , eft dtftrefS' Among the rpcks are * ^5J' found iron-ore, fpar, and great variety S- of beautiful pebbles. On the coaft are many wonderful caverns, which often afford Ihelter to fmugglers. The prin- cipal place is Lamlam. Jttas, a fortified city of France, ca- pital of the department of Pas de Calais, and an epifcopal fee. It is divided into two towns, one named the city, which is the moft ancient; and the other the town, which is modem. The great fquare is full of fine buildings, fiirround- ed with piazzas. It is feated un the Scarpe, «i miles wnw of Cambray. i,on. z 46 E, lat. 50 17 X. Aniegc, a department of France, con- i talning the late provinces of Couferans and foix; It is fo named fVom a river, which fifes in the Pyrenees, and pailing by Foix and Pamiers, enters the Ga- ronne, near Toulpiife. Gold duft is foun^ among itsfands. Foix is the capital. Aftoe, a finall ifland of Denmark, in the Baltic, bt^tween the iflands of Funen and Alfcn. Lon. 10 so e, lat. j 5 10 n. Arrojo de St. Scrvan, a town of Spain, in Eftremadura, eight miles s of JNIeri- da, and 25 " of Badajoy. JrroOf five iflands in the Indian ocean, to the » afl'd W of New Guinea, extend- ing from 5 30 to 7 o s lat. with narrow ' channels between them. The chief produft is fasQ. During the dry or wefl^n monioon numerous flocks of the birds of paradife from New Guinea rcfid^ in thefc iflands, where great numbers are killed, dried, and exported * V> Sanda. The Arroo ifles are confi- dered as belonging to the Dutch. ArsuT, a town on the coaft of Syria, in I^leftine, with a fortrefs, 10 miles n of Jaffa. Arta^ a feaport of European Turkey, in Albaiiia, and a Greek archbiHiop's fee. It has a confiderable trade in to- kacco and Ikins, and is featcd on th<> Afdlias, 70 miles nnw of Xenaato. lon. ai ao E, lat. 39 z8 ^•J^j^'t'-'" Artaiif a town of ffly| ^fljP ^|y^Jn Natolia» on the s corap^jPifne^ea of Manonra, 76 miles sw of Conftanti> • Siifle* jAn, aj 4* s^ tet. 39 30 n* ASC Arlttkuit a -town of European Tiir« r, in R ver of Savof, which and watering Salen* lonneville, joins the {;| cva. igh in SuffeXt govern- :h a market on Wed- [ay. It iar fcatecT on on the river Aran, J Gothic churchi for- Its caftle, the ancient f Norfolk, ftands on to be a mile in com* 1 of this caftle confers Se proprietor. I'lii :or barges ; and sreat j ler are fent henee fop [t is eight miles SE of { ssw of London. Ion. N. vn and caftle. of Swlf. I ton of Bern, on the | s E of Soleure> rt of the kingdom of I of Tangier. Lon- 6 1 ' Abyffinia, in Danca- Red fca, 36 miles se ty of Wales, in Flint« I Hway, where it unites It is a poor place, of j cathedral, but has a i ly. It is 34 miles w | Nw of London. Lon. | K. rren ifland, in the At- lilesNW of St. Helena, our, at which the £ | ouch, to procure tur. re plentiful and large. 7 57"- a town of Germanyi I ry of Mentz, but now incipality of the fame a palace, in which ip his quarters the ittle of Dettingcn, in en by the French in t is fituate near thi :baff.vritiitheMaiflc, *»...,>*ti|fea ■-*' mn ,.#r*^ "%, ■m % mMi *«*.■». *■ ««■#"' I '* n^ 1^ # if * •<^-*t Kf U r-K*-? %*1 ^tfVf i^M^m*^- . ■*«'«%!ij!**i»iv(i(«w.»j>* ,»»,jw.|,^ tmmm^ mtt^.4k ijf Kc t-***- .i.y' L»»V .^^ ^T^ -VCT^ A«^.l- > 1^'".''' I.'"' >'0."'^n. u A""' i/it« *•'". |fl»" aw* ni«" „//;/K> 9». *»' O \v uig^i^y ^V*^" , Sea fio .JJ« ^ FiiA'Acu . ttojii k'J'-V-- \ c 1 V^rvwi im A \«^ m'^' (Jew IrrliuiiL '£' 't ^ HO J. I.. I. \ It' tvtn '.!•• A S H "^ ^ mBet «SE of Francfort, and 40 wnw Bf Wibrtxburg. Lon. 9 5 k, lat. 50 o v. Atcolif a town of Italy, in the mar- juifkte of Ancona, with two citadels } leated on a mountain by the river Tronto, 80 miles ne of Rome. Lon. 1349 E, lat.4» 44 N- ^„ , Ascoli Hi Satriano, a town of Naples, 1 Capitanata, feated on a mountain, 70 Biles I of Naples. Lon. 15 jo E, lat. 41 N. Aster, pr Aseergur, a town and for- cfi of Hindooftan, in Candc-ith, 20 itiicB NE of Burhanpour. Ashlorn, a town in Derbyfiiire, with market on Saturday. It is tamous |br cheefe, and feated between the ivers Dove and Compton, 10 miles im. ^f Utoxeter, and 139 nnw of London. Ashbiirtoti, a boroiieh in Devonfliire, ifith a market on lucfday for wool [id yani, and on Saturday for provi- lons. It is one of the four Rannary jwns, and has a confiderable manufac- ire of fcrges. It is feated among hills Iremarkabfe for tin and copper) near le river Dart, 19 miles sw of Exeter, ^nd 191 w by s of London. Lon. 3 50 V, lat. 50 30 N. Ashby dc la Zoitch, a town in Leicef- erihire, with a market on Saturday. |t had a caftle with a very high tower, jme ruins of which are (landing. Here ^e manufoiJtureR of ftockings and bats ; [id a confiderable trade in malt. A [inal from the town communicates trith the Coventry canal. Afhbyis 13 kiles s of Derby, and 115 nnw of London.. Asl\f'ord, a town in Kent, governed ly a mayor, with a market on Tucs- lay. The church is large, and was for- perly coUegiate- It is ieated .on the flh, near its connuence with the Stour, miles sw of Canterbury, and 55 SE ' I 20 miles !<£ of Brefcia. Asolof a town of Italy, in Trevifano, ivith a fpacious citadel on a hill. It is furrounded by walls, and fittnte near ^the Mufbne, xj miles nw of Trevifo. Asoph, a fca, ancien'ly the Palus Ms^otis, lying n of the Black fea, with which it communicates by the ftrait of Caffa, the ancient Cimmerian Bof- phorus. This fea, whicli is fometimes called the fta of Zabak, extends 240 miles from sw to ne. Aso])h, a diftrid of the Rufllan em- pire, in the province of Catharinenflaf, including a large traft of territory to the E and w of thetown of Afoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 1774, and after that period, feveral new towns ■were built by Catharine 1 1 ; one of which, Catharinenflaf, is now the ca- pital. Anopk, a town of Ruflia, lately the capital of the diftrift of the fame name, feated on the Don, near its entrance into the fea of Afoph. It has been fe- veral times taken by the Turks and Ruflians. It is not of the importance it was* in the reign of Peter the great ; the river being now so choked with fand as fcarcely to admit the fmalleft veflcl. Lon. 38 3* e, lat. 46 58 n. Aspereti, a town of Holland, famous for a long fiege which it held out againft the Geldrians in 1517. It is feated on the Linghe, 13 miles s of Utrecht, and a» E of Rotterdam. I Assam, a country of Alia, bounded •n the w by Bengal and Bootan, n by Tibet, and sf. and s by Mcckley. The river Burrampooter divides it into two provinces ; the northern, which is the moft fertile, being called Uttercul, and the fouthern Dachincut. Among the products are many kinds of valu- able fruits, with filk, mufk, pepper, . cocoa nuts, fugar, and ginger. The open parts are marked with population and tiUagc; the woods abound with eleplnnts.; The mountains are inha- bited by afavage tribe called Nanacs, AST who go naked, and eat dogs, eata, tgScet locufts, and any thing they can Bnd. The other inhabitants of Ajranl<-'are bafe and unprincipled, have nO|||bced religion, nor any rule but their inolina- tion. They eat all flelh except human, and even animals that die a natural death. They are enterprifin^ favage, virididlive, and fond of war. 'riiey have neither horfes, aflVs, nor camels; but they are fometimes brought thfcre from other countries. AlFes they are fond o;, but are fo much afraid of a horfc, that one trooper would put a hundred of them to flight. The inveintion of gimpowder is afcribed to the Aflamofe. It v?as known in China and Hindooftan in very remote antiquity; and i(i the code of Gentoo laws there is a prdbibi- tion of the ufe of fire-arms, but what thcfe fire-arms were is not diflindly known. Ghergong is the capital. Axsancale, a toA^n of Turk'fti Ar- menia, which has hot baths much fre- quented. It is feated on the Ares, jj miles E of Erzerum. Assarpour, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Cutch, at the moft eaftern mouth of the Indus, 38 miles w j of Boogebooge. Asseergnr, a ftrong hill fort of Hin« I dooftan, in Candeifh. In the War with the Mahrattas, in 1803, it furrenderedl to the Britifli. It is 20 miles ne of| Burhanpour. Asscrif a town of Holland, in Oferyf-I fel, 12 miles s of Groningen, and zi N N w of Coevorden . I Assenheivi, a town of Germany, in I the circle of Upper Rhine, at the con. I flux of the Wetter with the Nidda, 11 miles NE of Frankfort. I Asscns, a fe.iport of Denmark, in the! ifland of Funen. It is the commonl pafTage from the duchy of Slefwick tol Copenhagen, and is 17 miles sw ofl Odenlee. Lon. 10 a e, lat. 55 17 n- | Assist, a town of Italy, in the duchjl of Spoleto, with a magnificent church,! 22 miles NW of Spoleto. [ Assos, a feaport of Afiatic Turkey, inl Natolia, on a bay of he Archipelago,! 12 miles sE of Troas. Lon. 26 36i,\ lat. 39 .12N. Assumplion, an epifcopal city, capitalj of a province on Paraguay. It ftandil in a fertile country, on the river Paia-f guay. Lon. s? 40 w, lat. 26 o s, I Astahat, a town of Perfian Armenia,! three miles from the river Aras, and 3»l S£ of Nakfivan. I Asiara, a town of Perfia, in Ghllan,! on a river of the fame name, near itij entrance into the Cafpian fea. Lon. }o| 40 E, lat. 38 30 N. at dogs, eatfl, i^ce, ing they can find, ints of AiTartfk-are led, bave noqjjbed le but their inqina- flelh excep* htiman, that die a natural interprifing, favage, of war. They have 8, nor camels; hut brought thtre from urea they are fond :h afraid of a horfc, ould put a hundred The inventian of [jcd to the Aflanaefe. hina and Hindooftan itiquity; and in the vs there is a prohibi- fire-arms, but what »re is not diftindlly g is the capital, iwn of Turk'fti Ar- hot baths much fre- ated on the Arcs, 2J wn of Hindooftan, m Cutch, at the moft [he Indus, 38 miles w j ong hill fort of Hin. ifh. In the -iVar with 1803, it furrendered t is 20 miles ne of jf Holland, in Overyf- [f Groningen, and »i ;n. . I ^wn of Germany, in| kr Rhine, at the con. LT with the Nidda, u\ tfort. . , kof Denmark, m the I It is the common I duchy of Slefwicktol is 17 miles sw of [oa E,lat.55 i?/- )f Italy, in the duchy magnificent church,| joleto. ; of Afiatic Turkey, ml of he Archipelago,| [roas. Lon. i6 36 h lepifcopal city, capital! Paraguay. It ftandil k, on the river Pava-I , w, lat. 260 s. I of Perfian Armenia! [he river Aras, and 3»l of Perfia, in GhilanA fame name, near itil :afpianfea. Lon.jo| ATA Asteralad, or Estrraiad, a town of Perfla, capital of a country of its name, at the SE part of the Cafpian fea. It (lands at the mouth of a river, which iforntw a bay convenient for trade, no I miles E of Ferabad. Lon. 54 5* e» jlat. 37 16 ^- . ,* e ' Asti, a cit^of Piedmont, capital of ithe department of Tanr.rr with a pitadel. Befide the cat'iedra!, it con- tains upward of thirty other churches. It is fcated on the Tanaro, 24 miles E jf Turin. Lon. 8 17 e, ?.at. 44 5^ ^: Astorga, an epifcopal town of Spain, Leon, well fortifi< d by art and na- ture. It is feated in a plain, on the HverTueria, 25 milee sw of Leon. Lon. Ij 3i w, lat. 42 ai K. j Js/raktd, a town of Perfia, in Chora- Ifan, on the borders of Balk, 70 miles : E.vE of Herat. Jsfracan, the principal city of Afiatic Ruflia, capital of a province of the fame name, and an archbifhop's fee. It has a good harbour, is furroundod by walls, and on the w has a triangular fortreis. Here are 15 Ruffian churches and two convents; the Armenians, Lutherans, .-ind papifts have their places of wor- ship; and the Hindoos have been per- mitted to eix& a temple. The houfes are in general of wood ; and the inha- bitants are eftimated at 70,000. It feldom rains here •, but the river Volga, on which it ftands, overflows like the Mle,.and when the water isrUn off, the grafs grows in lefs than a month. Here are feveral large vineyards, irom which fome wine is made for home confump- tion; alfo manufaftmes of gunpowder and nitre ; and on the fide of the Caf- pian fea, are long marfhes. which pro- duce a vaft quantity of fait. This city has an inland communication by water with Mofcow and Pctei-flburg, and it is the chief feat of the Cafpian commerce. It is feated on an illand formed by the river, 50 miles trom the Cafpian fea, and 770 SE of Mofcov,'. Lon. 47 36 e, lat. 46 22 N. Adurias, a province of Spain, 120 miles long and 45 broad ; b'umded on the E by Bifcay, s by Old Caftilt* and Leon, w by Galicia, and n by the At- lantic. It is divided into two parts, Afturias d'Oviedo and Afturias de San- tillana ; fo named from their chief towns. This province is full of mountains and forefts; its wine and horfes are excel- lent, and it has mines of gold, lapis lazuli, and vermilion. The eldeft fon of the king of Spain is ftyled prince of Afturias. AtacamUf a feaport and province of ATH Pero. The province has s great defert of the fame name, and feparates Peru from Chili. The town is renrarkabl* for the filh called Tollo, with wh'ch it carries on a great trade with the inlaniT' provinces. It is aio miles s by E of Arica. Iahi. 69 30 w, lat. at 20 s. Atuluiia, a town of Portugal, in Eftre*' madura, with a fort on an eminencey five milvs s of Tomar. > Alcnoy a town of Naples, In Prin^ cipato Citeriorc, near the river Negro^ 33 miles N of Policaftro. Atli, a fortified town of the Nether*- lands, in Hainault. It has been often taken, and is feated on the Dender, i% riiiles Nw of Mons. Athal'oli, a town of European Tupi key, in Romania, on the cuaft of the Black fea, 70 miles ne of Adrianoplei. Athdnefi, an iflaud in Somerfetfhire, at the confluence of the Thone and Parret, memorable for having afforded fhelter to king Alfred. Here he col- le(ited fome of his retainers ; on which account he called, it JSthelingay, or the ifio of Nobles; and hence he made frequent failies upon the Danes. Athcnsf or Alini, a once celebrated city, the capital of ancient Attica, but now of Livadia, in European Turkey. After many revolutions, the Turks finally wrefted it from the Venetians. Tnree fourths of the inhabitants are of the Greek church ; the remainder Turks. The chief iarticles of trade are filk, wax, wool, and oil. It is the fee of an archbilhop, and defended by a citadel on the summit of a lofty rock. There are magnificent ruins, which tef- tify its former grandeur. It is fituate on the gulf of Engia, 60, miles e of Corinth. Lon 23 52 e, lat. 38 5 -K. Atfteisfon, a town in Warwickfhire» with a market on Tuefday, and manu- fatflures of hate, ribands, and Ihalloons. Richard iii held a council with hia nobles here, the night before the' battle of Bofworth. It is feated near the Anker, 10 miles N of Coventry, and 104 NW of London. Allilonc, a borough of Ireland, partly in the county of W Meath, and partly in Rofcommon. It ftands on the Shan- non, over which is a long bridge that is the grand pafs between the provinces of Leinfter and Connaught- It is 60 miles vv of Dublin. Lon. 7 41 w, lat._ 53 a2 N. Atlios, or Monte Santo, a high moun* tain of Greece, in Macedonia, on apenin- fula at the entrance of the gulf of Con- tclFa. It is inhabited by Greek monks* who have feren fortified opkonafteriesiand.. ,/r- ATT OuHiMte olives and vines. It U 70 miles B of Salonicht. Lon. 16 ao e» lat. «o 30 M. Athyt % borough of Ireland» in the county of Kildare, at which the afllzes are held alternately virith Naas. It is feated on the river Barrow, xi milus s of Kildare* Attentat & town of Spain, in Old Caftile, with an ancient caitle, fituate among mountains, 34 miles ssw of $oria- Atlantic^ or Atlantic Or-an, tal^es its name from mc t Ai\9' ' Afnca, and lies between the v ^or. ■ luts of Africa and Europe, atil \h: rontinent of America. Its loai> .iifv,n.- hom Gui- . nea in Africa to Bi ' . o i>mMca, is ' 5300 miles. On one iide of ■ qua tor, it is called the North AtL.ntic Ocean; and on the other, the South Atlantic Ocean. Atlas, a chain of high mountains in Africa, feparating Barbary from Bile- dulgcrid, and extending f. from the coaft of the Atlantic to the border of Egypt, upward of »coo miles. Another chain, called the Little Atlas, extends from the ftrait of Gibraltar to Bona in the ftate of Algiers. Thcfe mountains have different names, according to the various countries they pafs through, and the plains and vallies by which they are interfered. They are inhabited almoft in every place, except where the extreme cold will not permit. Atlisco, a town of Mexico, in TIafcala, .teated in an extenfive plain of its name, ao miles wsw of Piicbla de los An- gelos. Atooif one of the Sandwich idands, in the Pacific ocean. It is 30 miles long,, aud contains a great portion of gently rifing land. On the sw fide is a good road and anchoriiig-place, called Wymoa, Lon. 159 40 w, lat. 21 Atn, a town of Naples, in Ahruzzo Ulterfore, on a craggy mountain, four miles from the gulf of Venice, and 10 SE of Ti'ramo. Atlldurouirhf a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuefday, 14 miles NE of Thetford and 93 of London. Attack, a city and foitrefs of Hin- dooftan, in the province of Lahore It ftands on the e bank of the Indus; on the fite of the Taxiia of Alexander, 'where he croflcd that river, iXo miles iVNW of Lahore. Lon. jo 36 e, lat, ^3 Attock,^ a river which rifes in the Tailarian mountains, N of Hindooftan, aad palling by Cabul, flows into the AUB InduSf nearly oppofite the city of At* lock. Aitore, a (Irong town of UindooAan, in the Caniatic, 60 miles K of Trilehi* nopoly, and 80 wsw of Pondicherry. Ava, a country of Afiat now gene« rally called Birmah. Acot a large city, formerly t^ me- tropolis of the Birman empire^^ It is divided into an upper and lower city, both of which are fortified ; the lower is the mo(l extenfive, about four miles in circumference, protected by a lofty wall, now mouldenng to decay. The materials of the houfes, confiding chiefly of wood, wiire removed about the year 1783 to the new city; and its numerous temples, on which the Birmnns never lay facrilegious hands, are dilapidating by time. Clumps of bamboos, a few plantain trees, and tall thorns, occupy moft of the area of this lately flourifh> ing capital- It is fituate on the s fide of the Irrawaddy. four miles sw of Umrnerapoora, the prefent capital. Avalon, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, which has a great trade in grain, wine, and cattle, and a manufacture of cloth. It is Aat- ed on the Coufin, 24 miles sse of Aux> erre. Aul, a town of Germany, in the prin< cipality of Wurtzburg, on the river GoUach, XI miles se of Wurtzbiirg. Aulifji department of France, con- taining part of the late province of Champagne. It takes its name from a river, which, paflingby Bar fur Aube and Arcis, joins the Seine, above No- gent. Troycs is the capital. Aiilems, a town of France, in the department of Ardeche, with manufac- tures of woollen cloths and red cotton; feated on the Ardt^che, at the foot of the Cevennes, 15 miles nw of Viviers. Aidnitun, a town of France, in the department of Ailnc, 14 miles E of Ver- vins. Anhicrcn, a town of France, in the f Bourges. rn of the idand of I (landing on a bay of L'ning to the s. See in Svtifft'riand, in II, on a river of its if Laufanne. lin Wiltlhire, with a 1; fcated on a branch ' AVE of the Kennet, eight miles nf. of Marl- I borough, and 8 1 w of London. Auhusson, a town of France, in the : deiMrtmcnt of Creufe, with a manufac- ture of tapeftry; feated on the nver ( Creufe, 37 miles ne of Limoges. Jufuiiiirclt the capital of the king- dom of Adel, feated on an eminence tnear the river Hawaftj. Lon. 44 25 b, at. 8 s6 N. Aur/i, a city of France, capital of the lepartmrnt of (iers; lately an archic- jifcopal lee, and the capital of Oaf- cony. The cathedral is one of the Snelt in France. Here are manufatflures ai velvet, ferges, crapes, hats, and lea- ther. It is feated by the fummit and fide of a hill, on the river Gcrs, 37 [miles w of Touloufc. Lon. o 35 e, lat. 14.1 .S9 N. ' Aitcliland, Bislwp, a town in the bifhopric of Durham, with a market on I'huri'day. It has a beautiful caftle, and a chapel, whofe architecture is very curious. Here are manufadlures of cotton and muflin. It is feated by the fide of a hill, on the river Wear, eight miles s by w of Durham, and 249 nn w of London. Aude, a department of France, con- taining part of the late province of Lan- guedoc. It receives its name from a river, which rifes in the Pyrenees, and flowing by QuUlan, Limeux, and Car- cafTone, enters the Mediterranean, near Narbone. CarcalTone is the capital. Aitdierne, a town of France, in the department of Finifterre, feated on the bay of Bifcay, 18 miles w of Quim- per. Aveirof a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a good harbour for veflels of a mo- derate fize. The chief trade is in fait, of which great quantities are made in its vicinity. It Hands on a fmall gulf, at the mouth of the Vouga, 33 miles s of Oporto. Lon. 8 30 w, lat. 40 40 n. Arciron, a department of France, in- cluding the latt; province of Routrgue. It is named from a river, which rifes near Severac le Chateau, and, flowing by Rodez and Viliefranche, joins the Garonne, below Montajban. The ca- pital is Rodez. Avelldj a town of Naples, in Teira di Lavoro, celebrated for its honey and apples, 15 miles ne of Naples. Avellhw, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriore. It was almoft ruined by an earthquake in 1694, and again in 1805. Near it is the celebrated convent of Monte Virgine, on a wild mountain, which formerly had a fumptuous temple vf Cybelc* AvelUno is famous for the AU« die of clotk, alfo for nuti Hud iaac»* roni. It is 25 miles e of Naples. Jvttif a river of Scotland, in Banff, fhtrr, which iflfues from a fmall lake at the foot of Cairngorm mountain, and after a ripid couru; of ao miles, centers the Spey on the confines of Murray- {hire. Avmat/f a town of France, in the department of Marne, qn the river Marne, 15 njiles wnw of Chalons fur Marne. Aocnchc, a town of SwilFerland, ia the canton of Bern, formerly the ca- pital of Helvetia, but now greatly de- cayed, grain and tobacco being grown on the fite of part of the ancient city. It fiands at the s end of the lake MoraU, 15 miles w of Bern. Avtrbarli, a town of Uppei' Saxonr, in Voigtland, near which is a rock f/ mous for pale topazes. It is 14 mile, fl of Zwickau. Averno, a lake of Naples, in Terra di La^oro, 600 yards in diameter, near Puzzoli. Virgil and others have 'i the water was fo bad, that birds u. ; dead when flying over it, and hence they call it the lake of hell ; but it now has no fuch poifonous quality, for birds fwim upon it. A little to the w of the lake is a cave, where fume pretend they went formerly to confult the Cumaeao fybil. There are alfo fome old walls, which fome fuppofe to be the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and others of Pluto. AtwrsOf a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. In 1805 it fuffered greatly by an earthquake. . It is feated in a fine plain, 10 miles ne of Naples. ^ Ai'cri/sboroug/if a town of N Caro- lina, fituate on Cape Fear river, 35 miles N of Fayetteville, and 30 sw of Ralegh. Arcs, or the iflands of Birds, fo call- ed from the great number of birds that frequent them, though they have not a tree. They are 70 miles E of Curacao, and 100 N of tlie coaft of Terra Firma. AiiesueSf a ftrong town of France, in the department of Nord, feated on tlic Hefper, 45 miles e of Cambray. Avestadl, a town of Sweden, in Weft- mania, noted for its copper-works, and a mint for copper money, 35 miles nnw of Wefteros. Ai'fzzano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, 18 miles s of Aquila. Aiigila, a territory of Zahara, lying to tiie s of Barca, between Fezzan and Fgypt. It abounds in dates 5 and many of the inhabitants engage in the caravan trade. The capital is of the fame name^ aao miles w of Siwab^ and 540 £ by 9 AVI •f Mour:2&u1c. Lon. ij 40 s, lat. S9 33 »»• Aunshurg, 3 city of Suabi?, lately imperial, and a bimop's fee, but now the capital of a principality fuhjedl to Bavaria. It is a iare^c fortified place, ha8 a variety of manufactures, and is one of the principal trading towns in Germany. The cathedral, town- houfe, and oiher public buildings, are tnagniAtcnt. In the bifliop's palace* the Lutherans prefented their ronftf- fion of faith to emperor Charl'-s v, in i?5<5, hence called the Cunfeifion of Auglburg. It was taken by the French In 1703, and ngain in 179^'. It is feated between the Werdach and Lech, 30 Sliles Nw of Munich. Lon. 10 55 e, lat. 48 17 N. Augusta, a town of the ftate of Geor- gia, in Richmond county, lately the capital of the ftate. It his the advan- tage of a central fituition between the unper and lower countries ; and is feated in a fine plain, on the fw bank of the Sivanna, 5; miles nne of Louif- ville, and 127 NiJw ol" Savanna. Lon. 81 -;5 w, lat. 33 ao N. Aiic^ustin, St. the chief town of E Florida, fituate .it the foot of a hill, on the E coaft, which is too fhallow to be approached by veflels that draw more than twelve feet water. It is defended by a ftrong caftlc. Lon. 8i 50 w, lat. «9 56 N. Au^mtin, St. a cape on the coaft of Brafil, 300 miles n e of the bay of All Saints. Lon. 35 40 w, lat. 8 30 s. A>igHstdw,a. town of Polandi in Pola- chia, feated on the Narieu, 44 miles n of BieliJk. Augustus, Fort, a fortrefs of Scot- land, ip Invemefsfliire, at the influx of the Oich into the s extremity of Loch Kefs, 34 miles ssw of Invernefs. Aiigustusbtirg. See Sc/iellrn' ng. Aviano, a town of Italy, in i* rinli, a8 miles w of Udina. Auigliano, a fortified town of Pied- ntont, on a hill, near the Cottian Alps, lo miles w of Turin. Avignon, a city of France, capital of the department of Vauclufe, and a bifliop's fee. It was lately di^pendent on the pope, .nnd an archbifliop's fee. It has a univcrfity, feveral handfomc churches, and a fynagogue; and is feat- ed on the Rhone, ao miles ene of Kifmes. Lon. 4 48 e, lat. 43 57 n. Avila, a town of Spain, in Old Caf- tile, and a bilhop's fee, with a univer- fity, and a manufacture of fine cloth. It 18 feated on the Adaga, in a large pl^, forroimded by tnountains covered ' U R with fruit>trees and vineyards, 5& milei NW of Madrid. Lon. 455 w, lat. 40 46 N. At'i/fs, a town of Spain, in Afturlai, near the bay of Bifcay, 16 miles N of Oviedo. Alii, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, feated on an eminence, with a caftje, near the river Avis. Hence the military order of the knights of Avis have their name. It is 25 miles NW of Eftrcmos. Ariso, a town of Naples, in Terra di Livoro, lix miles E of Sora Aulaidorf, a town of Suabia, fityiate on the river Schus, eight miles n of Ravenfburg. Aulnuy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, 14 miles sw of Caen. Aumalc. See Alljcmnrle. Anmont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lozere, 15 miles NW of Mcnde. Aitmore^ a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, 30 miles s of RajtWl, and 46 NNW of MoorJhedabad. Aunis, lately a fmall territory of France, in the&w part of Poitou, and now forming part of the department of Lower Charente. Amn, a river which rifes in Wilt* ftiire, flows by Salilbuiy, coafts the cd|^e of the New Foreft, and enters the Englifli channel at Chriftchurch bay. Avon, a rivei wiiich rifes in Leicef- terfliire, and running by Warwick and Evefli.Tin, cntera the Severn at Tewkef- burv, .-ivon. Lower, a river which rifes in VViltfhirc, and running w to Bath, be- comes navigable there; it then con- tinues its courfe to Briftol, and flows into the Briilol channel. Awach, a fortified town of Suabia, in the' duchy of Wirtemb- rg, feated at the foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Ernift, IS miles E of Tubingen. Ai'rauclirSf a town of France, in the department of Manche, lately the fee of a bifliop. It is feated on a moun- tain, near the mouth of the See, a» miles b of Coutances, and 160 w of Paris. Auras, a town of Silefia, on the river Odor, I a miles nw of BreOau. Ainiti), a town of France, in the de- partment of Morbihan, on a river of its name, near its entrance into the gulf of Morbihan, eight miles w of Vannes. Auricli, a town of Weftphalia, in E FrieP.and, feated in a plain, furroundcd by forefti', 13 miles ne of Emden. Auriliac^- a tows of France} io the JR vineyards, 56 milei on. 455 w, lat. 49 f Spain, in Aduriai, fcay, 16 miles s of Portugal, in Alo.n- eminence, with a :r Avis. Hence the hi; knights of Avis It is 25 miles nw of Naples, in Terra di of Sora n of Suabia, fit^iate 9, eight miles n of >f France, in the de- los, 14 miles sw of bcmnrle, of France, in the de- re, 15 miles NW of 1 of Hindooftan, in of RajeVnal, and 46 ibad. fmall territory of part of Poitou, and . of the department vhich rifes v-. Wilt- lalilbuiy, coafts the ^ireft, and enters the Chriftchurch bay. liich rifes in Leicef- ng by Warwick and e Severn at Tewkef« river which rifes in nitig w to Bath, be- ■here} it then con. Briftol, and flows Innol. Id town of Suabia, in rtemb', rg, feated at Intain, on the rivulet ^f Tubingen, rn of France, in the |nche, lately the fee feated on a moun- lith of the See, »» ;es, and 160 w of Silefia, on the river lof Brtflau. |f France, in the de- Jian, on a river of its Ince into the gulf of lies w of Vannes. If Weftphalia, in E la plain, furrounded Ine of Emden. of France, io the department of Cantal- Qoantitlcs of lace and velvet are manufactured here. It is feated on the Jordanne, 30 mills jw of St. Flour. Aiiriol, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mouths of the Rhone, i» miles sE of Aix,and la nne of Mar- [feilles. . , _- i Aurora, an iJland, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific occean. It is ■36 miles long and fix broad, affords ^plenty of wood and water, and has a [fmall bay on the nw coaft. Lon. i6S Ssk. lat. 15 8 s, Aurun'^abad, a confiderable city of [ Hindooftan, capital of Dowlatabad. It owes the grcateft part of its mngni- licence to the great Aurungzebr, who made it his place of refidence, and gave it the prefent name. It ftands in a fer- tile plain, almoft furrounded by moun- tains, no miles s by w of Biirhanpour, and 250 KSE of Surat. Lon. 76 % t, lat. 19 45 N. AuTunjinhunder, a town of Hindoo- ftan, in the province of Tatta, on a branch of the Indus to which it gives name, 40 miles s by w of Tatta- Aaspiiz, a town of Moravia, ao miles 6SE of Brun. Aussig, a town of Bohemia, fi?ated «n the Elbe, 11 miles nnw of Leut- meritz. Aiist, a village in Gloucefterfhire, 10 miles N of Briftol, noted for its ancient ferry over the Sevein. Amterlitz, or Slawkow, a town of Moravia. Near this place, in 1805, a great vidory was obtained by the French over the Auftrians and Rulfians, which ltd to the treaty of Prolburg. It is la miles E of Brunn, and 30 ssw of Olmutz. Austlcf St. a town of Cornwall, with a market on Friday. The principal manufadture is woollen cloth, but its trade in various branches is confidera- ble. In the environs is got fine clay, which is fent to Liverpool, Briftol, and Staffordfliire for the potteries. It is feated near the Englilh channel, i,^ miles ENE of Truro, and 245 wby s of London. Aiatrulasia, a name applied by fome geographers to thofe illands that lie s of the continent of Afia, as New Hol- land, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and thofe of Solomon, Arroo, New Hebrides, &c. Austria, a circle of Germany, bound- ed on the E by Hungary, s by Italy and Croatia, w by Swiflerland, and n by Suabia, Bavaria, Bohemia, and Mo- AUX ravia. It contains the archduchf of Auftria, the duchies of Stiria,Carinthia« and Carniola, the county of Tyrol, and the principalities of flrixon nud Trent. Austria, an archduchy of Germany, in the circle of the fime name, contain- ing 637,000 fquaro acres. The river F.ns divides it into Upper and Lower; Viecna is tlie capital of the Lower, and Lintz of the Upper, The inhabitants are polite, intelligent, and gay; fond of honour, which theyftrivc to gain by the arts and fciences, or by arms; and there is no country in Germany where foreign- ers are more courteoully entertained. Auftria excels all the provinces of Ger- many in the fertility of its foil: corn, wine, and fruit, are plentiful ; and the faffron is better th.^n that of the E Indies. The principal rivers are the Danube, Ens, Inn, Dravc, and Save. In 1804, Francis n, emperor of Ger- many, renounced that title in a formal manner, eredled his own dominions iuto an hereditary empire, and was crowned emperor of -Vuftria. To this augufl: 4ioufe belong Auftria Proper, Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, Bohemia, Moravia* Hungaiy, 'I'ranfylvania, part of Poland under the name of Galicia, Sclavonia* Croatia, Morlachia, Bofiiia, part of Servia, and part of Walachia. Th» metropolis of the empire is Vienna. Autun, a city of France, and an epi- fcopal fee,, in the department of Saone and Loire. It contains many veftigcs of Roman magnificence, particularly the temples of Janus and Cybelc. Hero are manufadlures of tapeftry, carpets, coverlets, and delft ware. Fhe cathe- dral of St. Lazarus, the college, and the feminary, are worthy of notice. Autun is feated on the Arroux, at the foot of three mountains, 45 miles e by s of Nevers, and i6» se of Paris. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. 46 57 N. Auverfrne, a late province of France, 100 miles long and 75 broad; bounded on the N by the Bourbonnois, e by Forez and Velay, s by Rouergue and the Cevcnnes, and w by Lim^fin, Querci, and La Marche. It now forms the two departments of Cantal and Puy de Dome. AuviUard, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, fituate on the river Garonne, 13 miles se of Agen. Auxcre, a city of France, capital of the department of Yonne, and lately an epifcopal fee. It contains many foun- tains and fqunres, and the epifcopal palace is deemed one of the moft beau- tiful ia France. It is feated on tbc fide M !1 11 i'^ Ifl if 11 1 A XM •f a bin, (HI the river Yonne, 75 m1Iei www of Pijon, ind 90 sst ofParu. Lon. 3 34 K, lat. 47 4S w. Auxon, a \nwn of France^ in the c>paitinent of AubCf 13 tnilet • of Tfoyca. >4tt.ronnr, a tcwn of France, in the department of C6te d'Or, with a caftle, an arfenal, a foundry fur cannon, and a fchool for the artillery. It is featcd on the Saone, 17 miles b of Dijon. Auzfiiy or '/Vgre, a town of Abyfltnia, capital of the province of Tigrc, and a Jjlace of conrult'rable commerce. It is eated on a river that flows into the Tacazzc, 170 miles ne of Gondar. JLon. 39 .1.1 K, lat 14 4 N. Jwtttska liat/f a harbour on the sk coaft of Kamtfchatka, the fafeft and moft extenfivc yet difcovered, in that part of the world, that can admit vef- fels of confiderable burden. It has a town called St. Peter and Paul. Awet Loc/if a lake of Scotland, in Argylefhirc, 30 miles long, and in fome parts above two broad. It contains four little iflands, tufted with trees, on one of which is the ruin of an ancient caftle ; and on a peninfuU of the lake is the noble ruin of Kilchum caftle. At the north extremity rifes the mountain Cruachan, elevated J390 feet above the furface of the lake ; and near its top is the fpring which forms this beautiful cxpanfe of water. The river Awe, the outlet of this lake, runs into Loch Etive, at the village of Bunavve. Awcri, or Ovcro, a kingdom of Africa, dependant on Benin, with a town of the fame name, on the river Formofa. Lon. 5 xo E, lat. 6 10 n. Ait'icn, a town of Suabia, on the river Cochen, 20 miles wsw of Oeting. Axhidgc, a town in Somerfetlhire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Thurfdayf feated on the river Ax, under the Mcndip hills, 10 miles Nw of Wells, and 130 vv of London. Axel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, feated in a morafs ten miles N of Ghent. Arinif a territory of Guinea, on the Gold coaft, with a river of the fame name flowing through it, and a town on the E fide, at its cntnnce into the ocean. The country is fertile and well cultivated, producing palm-oil, cocoas, oranges, pincapph's, yams, water-melons, and a prodigious quan- tity of rice. The Dutch have a fort and a faftory here, called St- Anthony. Lon. I 3 w, lat. 4 4a n. AxiniiisteTy a town in Devonlhire, 00. M>e river Ax, with a Riarket vQ Sa* ATE turdajr. Xing Athclftan eibblilhed a minfter here ^ the memory of the }>rinces flain in his army, when he de- eatcd the panes in tlus neighbour, hood. Here is a manufadlurc of leather gloves, 6cc. and a famous one of car* pets. It is a? miles e by n of Exeter, and 147 w of London. AxHiiif a town, anciently the capital, of AbylTinia. Its ruins are very oxten- five, among which are many obeNfts of granite, with fculptures, but no hicro« glyphics. It is 70 miles NW of Auacu. Lon. 38 4$ E, lat. 14 10 N. Ai/ainonfe, a feaport of Spain,- in Andalufia, with a caftle on a rock, at the mouth of the river Guadiana, oppo- fite Caftro- Marino, 80 miles Nw of Cadiz. Lon. 7 ij w, lat. 17 12 n. Aifteshiiri/, a borough in Bucking- hamfhire, with a market on Saturday. The fpring allizcs are held her«', and it is the centre of the bufinifs of the fertile vale of Aylelbury. Many people here derive their fupport from a peculiar manner of rearing early ducks for the London market; and the making of lace is carried on to a great extent. It is 17 miles se of Buckingham, and 38 NW of London. Lon. o 50 w, lat 51 48 N. Aifleshnm, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Thurfday, u miles n of Norwich, and 118 .ne of London. Aymniiihy a ^own of Scotland, in Berwickfliire, fix miles n of Berwick, and once fortified to curb the garrifun of that town. Ayry a river of Scotland, which rifes in the e part of Aydhirc, receives the Greenock and Garpel in its courfe acrofs the county, and enters the frith of Clyde, at the town of Ayr. Ayr, a borough and feaport of Scot- land, in Ayrihire, iltuate on a fandy plain, at the mouth of the river Ayr, over which is a bridge. Its chief trade is in coal, and the iifliery for fidmon, and all kinds of white filh; it has alfo an exteafive manufacture of leather and foap. Two lighthoufes arc eredcd to conduft vellels into the harbour, which' is often incommoded with fand. In the new town, on the n lide of the river, are many good houfes, and the ruins of a Dominican monallery. Ayr is the birthplace of the poet Robert Burns. In 1801, the number of inha- bitants was 5493. It is 7;; miles sw of Edinburg. Lon. 435 E,lat. 5.? 51 n. Ayrshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the w by the Irilh channel and the frith of Clyde, n by Renfrew/hire, £ by the countiei of Lanerk, Dumfrf'i«> ciently the capital* tins are very cxteii- re many ob«H(ks of tires, but no hicro* liles NW of Auacii. \ 10 N. port of Spain,- in adle on a rock, at er Guadiana, oppo- 80 miles NW of w, lat. 17 i» N. ■ough in Bucking- arket on Saturday, e lield litTf, and it is iifinift of the fertile Many people here rt from a peculiar early ducks for the ind the making of i a great extent. It Buckingham, and 3S on. o 50 w, Ut 51 L'otland, which rlfes yrlhirc, receives the rpel in its courfe ind enters the frith n of Ayr. nd feaport of Scot- fit uate on a fandy of the river Ayr, „e. Its chief trade fifliery for f;dmou, ite filh ; it has alfo •ture of leather and iifes are treftcd to he harbour, which ■d with fand. In [the N fide of the houfes, and the monaftery. Ayr the poet Robert number of inha- |t is 75 miles sw of E,lat. S.I 3» N. ity of Scotland, ,' the Irifli channel |NbyRenfrew(hire, Lanerk, Dumfrf^ft A20 tnd KlrltcudbriKht, and « by Wjgton- ftlre. It exhibits the fliape of tvro I wings, extending to the mw and sw, and forming a vaft bay at the mouth of the frith of Clyde. Between its extreme points it is 50 miles; it s prcatcft J breadth is 26. It is divided mto 45 Tpariflies, and in 1801 contained 84i3o6 Inhabitants. The sw angle, though mountainous, is rich in pafture; but the greater part of the nw is a fine level pountry. It is interfered by the Ayr, Irvine, Girvan, Stinchar, and fcveral ^ther rivers, which abound with fal- ipn. It has incxhauftible feams of boal, alfo frceftone, limeftonc, iron, lead, and copper ; and a great quantity lof fea weed is thrown afliorc, from [which abundance of kelp is made. Ay»surtli, a village of N Yorkfliire, [feated on the Euro, four miles e of Afkrigg. Here is a grand pidturcfque I waterfall, called Ayfgarth Force; nvX a bridge of one arch, 73 feet in the i I'pan, overgrown with ivy. ' Aijlon, a village in N Yorkfhirr, five mile's sw of Scarborough. It is frated I on the Derwent, and has a conlidcrable forge for iron ware. AzamoTy a town of Morocco, on the ! river Morbeys, near the fea, 80 miles n of Morocco. Azarvdu, a feaport of Brafil, in the bay of Spirito Santo, celebrated fur Aigar. Lon. 40 10 w, lat. 20 18 s. A:em. Sec Asaam. A:of. See Asoph. A:orrs, or fVritfirn Ishniclfiy a group of idands in the Atlantic, between 25 and 30 w lon. and 37, and 40 n lat. 900 miles w of Portugal. They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, Tercera, St. George, Gra- ciofa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, aiul C!©rvo. They were difcovered in 14^9, by John Nanderberg, a merchant of Bruges, who In a voyage to Lifbon, vas driven to thefc iflands by ftrefs ol weather. On his arrival at Lifbon, hebr.ifted of his discovery; on which the Portiiguefe fi't fail, and took pofleflion of tfiem. They have been ever fince fubjedt to the Porttiguefe, who called them the Azores, from the numberof hawks found among them. Their rugged precipices I and mountains, many of whofe fum- niits are conical, exliibit indications of I the violent eruptions and coiivulfions by which, at feveral diftant periods, they have been agitated. They enjoy a great portion of clear and ferene wea- ther, and the climate is highly favorable to human health. The foil is in ge- aeral fertile, abounding iii corn, grnpest B AC orangeit lemons, and other fruits ; and is favorable for breeding cattle and /hecp. The woods and high lands pre- fent a multitude of birds of diffinent defcriptions. No poifonous animal, it is laid, is to l>e found in the Azores. The governor-general rcfides at Angra, in Tercera; but St. Michael is tht largeft ifland. B. Bala, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, celebrated for its knite» and fword blades. It ftands on a galf of its name, in the Black fea, 90 nuiea NE of Siliftria. Lon. a8 38 b, lat. 44 40 N. Dahelmn„(M, a (Irait between tht coaft of Abyflinia and Arabia, uniting the Red fea with the Indian ocean. In it is a fmall ifland and a mountain of the feme name. Lon. 43 50 k, lat- la 50 V. Btthnhamfti, n town of Suabia, in the diichy of Wirtemburg, five inilct N of Tubingen. Huhiitani-s, a duller of fix or ftvcA fmall iflands in the N Pacific ocean, 10 leagues m of the ifle of Luconia. Th« chief produce is wax, ebony, bananas* cocoas, and plantains. Jiacat or Ba^a, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15 miles ne of Guadix. Bacuno, a town of Italy, in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, near a river of the fame name, ao miles nyv of Rome. Bach, or Ballta, a town of Hungary, formerly the fee of a bifliop, feated near the Danube, 30 miles ene of Funf kirchen, and X.s s of Buda. Bacharath, a town of France, in the department of Rhine and Mofelle, late^ ly of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It is famous for its wine, and ftands at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 24 miles s by e of Coblentz. Bnckcscrcij,^ n town of Ruffia, in the province of Tanrida. Jt was lately the relidence of the Tartar chana of the Crimea, and the pslace is a curious fpecies of painted Chinefe ftrudture. Near this place, on a high rock, is an old fort called the Jews Citadel, fo named as having been from time ira- memorial inhabited by about too fa« milies of Jews. Bacheferai is feated in a deep valley, on the rivulet Katza, 18 miles 3SW of Sympheropol. Bachiau, an ifland, the larjjeft and moft fouthern of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 miles in ciicumfercnce, and the BAD Ihttrior rifcs into woody hills. It is governpd by a fiiltan, who is alfo fove- reign of Ouby and Ceram ; and he receives a penfit>n from the Dutch, eitiier for the deftrudtion or fupply of nut- megs. Lon- 127 o E, lat o i^ s. Jiadnjoz, a town of Spain, capital of Eftrcmadura, and a biihop's fee. It is famous for a bridge built by the Ro- mans over the Guadiana. On this bridge the Povtugiiefc were defeated by don John of Afturias, in 1661. Ba- dajoz isa frontier town toward Portugal, and well fortified. It is 14 miles E of Elvas, and 175 s by w of Madrid. Lon. 640.W, lat. 384.5 N. Badakshan, a city of UfliPC Tartary, capital of the province of Kilan.' Gold, filver, and rubies are found in its vici- nity; and caravans pafs by this city to Cabul and China. It is feated on the Harrat, or Amu, in a branch of the Belur mountains, 340 milea e of Balk. Lon, 7035 E, lat. 36 35 N. Badbury, a village in Dorfotftiire, fituate on a confiderable eminence, four niilea nw of VVinborn. It was a sum- mer ftation of the Romans, and many of their coins, urns, &c. have been found. Here is alfo a Saxon camp, which confifts of three oblong ram- parts. Buddontty a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, feated on the Mediterranean, 10 miles NE of Barcelona. Badciif a principality of Suabia, bounded on the n by the late palatinate cf the Rhine and bifliopric of Spire, e by the duchy of Wirtemburg and prin- cipality of Furftenberg, s by Brifgau, and w by the Rhine. It is divided into Upper and Lower Baden, frequently called B.iden-B.iden and EaJen-Dur- Lich, from the chief towns. Badin, a town of Suabia, capital of Upper Baden, with a caftle, on the top ©f a hill, where the prince often relidcii. It is remarkable for its hot baths, and is feated on the Oelbach, near tlie Rhine, 40 miles w of Stutgard. Lon. 8 jz K, lat- 48 4^ N. Badrn, a town of SwilTerland, in Argau, capital of a county of the lame name. Near it are fome warm baths, mentioned by the ancients nnder the names of Aquie ;tuJ Thorrase Helve- tica. In 1714, a treaty was concluded here between Germany and Spain. It is feated on the Limmat, 10 miles nw of Zurich. Lon. 8 -24 e, lat- 47 a6 n. Baden, a town of Auftria, famous for its numerous hot baths; feated on the Suechat, 15 miles ssw of Vienna. Bodtm^eiUr, a tgwn of Suabia^ in BAG Brifgau, much frequented for its hot baths i feated near the Rhine, 10 milet ssw of Friburg. Badgeworth, a village in Glouceftcr- fhire, fevcn miles ne of Gloucefter. Here is a mineral fpring called Cold Pool, nearly the fame m quality as that of Cheltenham. Bacza,A town ofSpainiin Andaluha, with a univerfity, feated on the Gua- dalquiver, 15 miles ne of Jaen. Baffin Bay, a large bay, to the N of Hudfon Bay, faid to be difcovered in 1662 by BaHin, an Engliflnnan, who at- tempted to find a NW paffage that way to the South fea. Recent navigatori doubt its exiftence. Bajfo, a town of Cyprus, with a fort near the ancient Paphos, of which confiderable ruins remain, particularly fome broken columns, which probably belonged to the temple of Venus. Lon. 32 30 E, lat. 54 50 N. Bagdad, a city of Afiatic Turkey, capital of Irac Arabi, with a ftrong caftle- It has a great trade, being an. nually vifited by the Smyrna, Aleppo, and Wefteni caravans. It was the ca- pital of the Saracen empire, till taken by the Turks in the 13th century; fince which it has been often tr.ken by the Turks and Perfians, the laft time by the Turks in 1638. It flill continues to be a place of confiderable refort for all the commodities of Natolia, Syria, Perfia, and India ; but has loft much of its ancient fplendor, and is not fo opulent as when in the pofTtflion of the Per- fians. The inhabitants are fuppofed not to exceed 40,000. Not far to the s arc fome ruins of the ancient Babylon. B.7gdad is feated on the Tigris, 250 miles N by w of Baffora. Lon. 4446 e, lat. .^f^co N. Bdg/irrmi, the capital of a country of the fame name, in the empire of Bor- nou, 180 miles ."^se of Boriiou, Bdglana, a country of the Dcccan of Hindooftan, bounded on the n by Gu- zorat, E by Candeifti and Dowlatabad, >s by Vifiapour, and w by the ocean. It is exceedingly moimtainous, but fertile in many places. Bugnaluca, a town of European Tur- key, in Bofnia, 55 miles nw of Serai. Bcig'iara, a feaport of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriore. H(nc are fevcral high waterfalls ; and among the rocks are the ruins of the former town, in which 30I7 perfons perifhed by an earthquake in r783. It is fituate near the ftrait of Mi'lTnia, 15 miles nne of Rogio. Lon. 16 S E, lat. 38 15 N. Jiagnarea, a town of Italy, in the quentcd for its hot the Rhine* lo milea illage in GlouceftcN NE of Gloucefter. fpiing called Cold me m quality as that fSpain, in Andalulia, feated on the Gua- 1 NK of Jaen. irge bay, to the N of to be difcovered in Engliflunaii, who at- NW pairage that way Recent navig&tori f Cyprus, with a fort Paphos, of ^ which remain, particularly mns, which probably trple of "Venus. Lon. N. r of Afialic Turkey, ^rabi, with a ftrong ;reat trade, being an. the Smyrna, Aleppo, vans. It was the ca- :en empire, till taken le 13th century; lince n often taken by the ns, thelaft time by the It flill continues to be vable refovt for all tlie ^atolia, Syria, Pt-rfia, as loft much of its and is not fo opulent odtflion of the Per- Ibitants arc fuppofed 000. Not far to the the ancient Babylon, on the 'iigris, C50 flora. Lon. 4446E, japital of a country of the empire of Bor- of Bornou. itry of the Dcccan of •a on the N by Gu- ifli and Dowlatabad, |l w by the ocean. It iintainous, but fertile Ivn of European Tur- Iniles NW of Serai. l>rt of Naples, in C.i- I(!rc are fcvcral high long the rock;] are Irmer town, in which led by an earthquake late near the ftrait of ]ne of Regie. Lon. m of Itsly. in the UAH irtrrmony of St. Peter, Hve milei s of ' Orvicto. Bagneresy a town of France, m the [department of Upper Pyrenees, famous ' for its baths and mineral waters ; leat- ' ed on the river Adour, 10 miles s of Tarbes. ^ ^ . . Bag7wls, a town of France, m the [department of Guard, near the river I Cefe, eight miles s of Pont St. Efprit. I BngsTiof, a village in SuiTy, 12 miles I U by E of Farnhara. Here our monarchs [had formerly a houfe and park, which Iwas laid open after the civil wars. It [is furrounded by an extcniivo heath, chiefly barren, but on its borders arc a igicat number of handfome feats. Bahama, or Lucaya Idunds, fituate \Xo the s of Carolitia. They extend jlong the coaft of Florida to Cuba, and are faid to be 500 in number, fonie of Ihem mere rocks, but la of them large md fertile. Few of them are inhabited, land they are fubjeft to the Englifli. iThe illands which give name to the [whole are Bahama and Lucaya, both jof them in the n part of the group, the former 20 and the other 70 leagues k Jfrom the coaft of Florida. The palHige Ibetwecn the illand of Bahama and the jcontinent is called the Channel of Ba- jhama, or Gulf of Florida. One of thefe liflands was the firft land defcried by iColumbus, in 1492, on which he land- led, and called it San Salvador. They Iwere not known to the Englilh till ]i667, when captain Seyie being driven lamong them in his palTage to Carolina, [gave his uame to one of them, and af- jterward, being a fecond time driven lupon it, called it Providence. Thefe jillands produce a great quantity of Jdying woods, and fome lignum vitas land mahogany. The only article culti- [vattid for expt>:tation is cotton. lialiar, a country of Ilindooftan, [bounded on the w by Allahabad and [Oude, N by Napal, li by Bengal, and s by OrifTa. It is fubjed to the Englidi (E India Company; and moft of the jfaltpetre they export is manuiatftured [in this province. Patna is the capi- Ital. liahar, a town of Ilindooftan, once [the capital of the country of the fame jrame, and now rcmark.ible for t'le [aumber of magnificent funeral moiiu- Iments. It is 35 miles se of Patna. Baliia. See ylll-iiaiiili, Buy. Baliraitcli, a town of Himiooftan, in |fhe province of Oude, 6i miles nnw of ^yzabad, and 65 ne of Lucknow. Lon. Si 56 E, lat.ay 30 n. iiahwiliuTg, a towa of WeftpUalia, B A I irt the county of Hoya, on the riret Suhlingen, 20 miles w of Nienburg. Bahrin, a town of Arabia, fituate on an ifland, 30 miles long, in the gu)f of Perfia. It gives name not only to the idand on which it is built, but alfo to a cluftcr of them, celebrated for the ptarl fifliery ; and likewife to a province, ex- tending along the w coaft of the gulf. The town is fortified, and belonged once to the Portuguefe. It ftands on the w fide of the ifland, 70 miles ne of Lahfa, the capital of the province. Lon. 49 5 K, lat. 26 20 N. Balius, a province of Sweden, on the^ NW coaft of Gothland, having Norway on the N. It is 115 miles long, and from 15 to 30 broad, much interfered by rivers and lakes. The land is, fer- tile, and the principal articles exported are fifh, wood, pitch, lime, tailowy and hides. Ba/itts, a ftrong town of Sweden, ca- pital of a province of the fame name". It is (ituale on a rock, in an iilaud of the river Gotha, 10 miles n of Gothe- burg. Lon. n 4a e, lat. 58 ao n. Jiaia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, formerly famous for its hot baths and elegant palaces, of which fome ruins remain. It is feated on t-he bay of Naples, la miles w of Naples. Baja, a town of Hungary, on the Danube, 35 miles nw of Efleck. B'-ijddor, a cape on the w coaft of Africa, s of the Canary illands. Lon. 14 2a w, lat. 26 12 N. Baikal^ a lake of Siberia, in the pro- vince of Irkutfk, 350 miles in length, but its greateft breadth not above 40. The water is freih ; and the Ruffians fpeak of it with reverence, calling it the Holy fea. There are many feals in it of a blackiQi colour, and abundance of fifli; alio feveral idands, and that of OlchoH, the largelt, has fulphureous fprings. It receives the Selinga from the s, and its oiitler is the Auijara, which flows N into the Yenifi.i. Bail/cul, a town of France, in the de- partment 4pf Nord, nine miles s-w of Ypres. Builitr, a feaport of .Vbyfn.iia, and chief town in the country of Dancali. It ftands on a fpacious bay of tlie Red iea, 340 milts v. by n of Gondar. Lon, 4% 40 E, lat. 13 3 N. BaJ.i'.ru, a town of Ilindooftan, in Myfore, with a good ftono fort. It carries on a confiderable trade with Ja- mal.ibad and the country below the Gauts. It is feated near the Bhaari, 6a miles WNW of Seringapatam. Bain, a town of France, in the de- ^ '"; ♦. B A L partment of Hie and Vilainei i6 miles s of Renn«8. Bain Gonga, a river of Hindooftan, which rifes near the Nerbuddaj runs s Jtrougb Berar, and» after a courfe of Bear 400 miles, joins the Godavery, -within the hills that bound the Britilh CircarS' Bairotitf anciently Berytus, a feaport nf Syria, in Paleftine, and the chief town of the Drufcs. The port is nearly choak- ed with fand and ruins; but many cot- tons and filks are exported hence for Cairo. It Hands on the n fide of a broad ^promontory, 50 miles wnw of Damaf- CU8. Lon. 36 10 E, lat. 33 45 n. Bakewell, a town in the Peak of Derbyfhire, with a market on Friday. Here is a large cotton-mill; and near it, at the village of Aftiford, are marble works, where the black and gray mar- bles found in the vicinity are fawn and polilhed. It is feated on the Wye, 27 miles NNw of Derby and 453 of Lortdon- Bakow, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, on the river fiiftritza, 60 miles sw of Jafly. Baku, a town of Perfia, in the pro- vince of Schirvan, the moft commodious haven of the Cafpian fea, on the w coaft of which it is fituate. The vicinity pro- duces mnch rock fait, fulphur, and naptha, and it is famous for faffron. IJaku is a fortrefs, fiirrounded by high brick walls, 300 miles s of Aftracan. Lon. 49 15 E, lat. 40 2 N. Bain, a corporate town of Wales, in Merioiiethfliire, with a market on Satur- day. It is feated on the lake of Baia, or Pemblemere, which is three miles long and one broad, and abounds with a lilh called guinard, relembling a falmon in fliape, and tafting like a trout- The river Dee iffues from this lake. The town has a great trade in knit ftockings, web, and flannels. It is 40 miles se. of Car- rarvou, and 195 nw of London. Lon. 3 i$ w, lat. 53 50 N'- Bahichna, a town of Ruflia, in the government of Niznei Novogorod, feat- ed near the Volga, 40 mile* vvnw of Niznei Novogorod. Bahigat, or Balla^^nnt, a coiMitry of Hindooftan, in the Deccan, confining of vaft fertile plains, fupported by a itu- pendous wall of mountains, called the Cauts, which rifes abruptly from the low coimtry called the Concan. This trail is fo elevated, that the air is cool and pleafant. The northern part is fub- jert to the Poonah Mahrattas, and it extendi thence, along the peninfula, tp the fouthern extremity of Myfore. Balaclava, a town ot Uuflia, in the B AL gflvemment of Taurida, with a land* locked bafin, and a chain acrofs the en* trance, to prevent contraband trade. It is 18 miles sse of Sebaftopol. BalagneTf a fortified tov/n of SpsdnJ in Catalonia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a craggy rock, 75 miles wnw of Barcelona. Lon. o 40 e, lat. 41 43 n. BalnhCf a fmall ifland in the gulf of Mexico* with a fort, at the principal en> trance of the Miffiflippi. Lon. 89 20 w, lat. 29 6 N. Balambangan, a fmall ilTand in the Indian ocean, at the N extremity of Borneo, where a fetllement was formed by the Eaft India Company in 1773) but evacuated the next year. Balumbuan. See Pulamboan. Balapura, CIncay a town of Hindoo- ftan, in Myfore, noted for the manufac- ture of fugar-candy and clayed fugar, 15 miles NE of Doda Balapura. Balapura, Doda, a town of Hindoo- tan, in iMylbre, furrounded by a mud wall and hedge, and has a ftrong mud fort, with a palace. Here are manu- faduros of cloth and fugar. It is u miles N by w of Bangalore, and 57 se of Sera. BaluruCf a town of France, in the department of Horault, famous for its baths. It is la miles from Montpellier. Balosorey a feaport of Hindooftan, in OriiTji, and a place of confiderable trade ; iituate on the Gongahar, ao miles from its mouth in the bay of Ben- gal, and H4 sw of Calcutta. Lon. 86 46 E, lat zi :6 N. Jiiillaitni, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Vero, near its conflux with the Cinca, 45 miles enk of Saragofla. Lon. o 6 e, lat. 41 54 n. B(tH-rr, the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria, at tb; foot of Mount Libanus, near the ne extremity of the fertile valley of Bocat. On the e fide art; magnificent ruins, particularly thofc of the temple dedicated to the Sun. Tlie town was nearly dcftroycd by an earth- quake in 1759. and is now a poorplaa', 7 miles NNW of Damafcus. ^ Baldivia. See laldivia. Balduik, a town in Hertfordlhire, with a market on Thurfday; feated among.hills, nine miles wbw of Royfton, and 37 NNW of London. Bal/ius/i, a town of Perfia, in Ma- zanderan, j; miles w of Ferabad. BolfTu, a town of Pruflia, on the Frifch Haft', 24 miles sw of Konigfticri,'. Bali, an ifland of the E Indies, 75 miles long and 45 broad, at the E end | of the ifie of Java, from which it is fc" parated by a channel called the Strait of I da, wiA a land, ain acrofs the en« traband trade. It iftopol. , d town of Spain, Wex Segra, at the 75 miles wNwof > E, lat. 41 4.^ N. md in the gulf of it the principal en- pi. Lon. 89 20 w, nail ifland in the ; N extremity of ement was formed . lompany in i773» J xt year. Pulamloan. . town of Hindoo- i for the manufac- and clayed fugar, I Balapura. a town of Hindoo- rounded by a mud i has a ftrong mud , Here are manu- id fugar. It is la ingalore, andjv se of France, in the lult, famous for its 8 from Montpellier. ort of Hindooftaii, ace of confiderable the Gongahar, ao h in the bay of Ben- Calcutta. Lon. 86 :opal town of Spain, j river Vero, near its |nca, 45 miles e>'K o 6 K, lat. 41 54 N. ItHeliopolis, atown of Mount Libanus, lity of the fcitlle Jn the E fide are )articularly thoft of Id to the Sun. Tlie ^Iroycd by an earth- is now a poor place, la male us. Uildivia. \i in Hertfordlhire, Thurfday; fiatcd [icswswof Roytton, idon. of Perfia, in Ma- |w of Ft- rabad. of Pruffia, on the sw of Konigiberg. »f the E Indies, 7j 3road, at the e end from which it islc« ;ltaUcd the Strait of B A L Bali. It is populous, abounds in rice and fruits, and furnifties Haves, cotton, yarn, and pickkd pork. Lon. 115 -> E, lat. 8 30S. Balk, a city of Ulbec Tartary, capi- tal of a province of the fame name. It has a c.)nrider3ble trade in filk, and is the cliief feat of the commerce between Bokharia and Hindooftan. The khan's callle is a magnificent ftrudlure, built of marble, dug out of the neighbouring mountains. It is feated toward the borders of Perfia, on the river Dewafti, which flows into the Amu, 420 miles sE of Bokhara. Lon. 65 16 e, lat. 36 28 N. liallantrac, a town of Scotland, in Ayriliire, near the mouth of theStinchar, 2 4 miles s.'w of Ayr. Balliioy, a town of Ireland, in Kings Gotinty, 18 miles sw of Philipftown. Jjdiiintonri/, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, feven miles kse ofColerain, and 2H nnw of Antrim. Biillimtirr, a town of Ireland, in the county of W Meath, 50 miles w by n of Dublin. litilliiirobr, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, 18 miles s by e of Caftlebar. Ballopstan, a country of Hindooftan, bordering on the n of Mewat, and ap- proaching within 14 miles w of Delhi. It is 80 miles long and from 30 to 40 broad. Balltorcn, a town of New York, in Saratoga county, famous for its medici- nal fprings, and the fuperior accommo- dation found near them for valetudina- rians. It is 36 miles n of Albany. Bull u cant le, a town of Ireland, on the X coaft of the county of Antrim. It has fome good collieries, ami ftands near the mouth of the GlenfLelk, 35 miles N by w of Antrim- Ballyvonnci, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan, 11 miles Ntof Cavau. Balhjnwhon, a town of Ireland, in the county o!*'Longford, 51 miles w of Dublin. Bullijweiia, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, iz miles nnw of Antrim. Bdlhjiiahinch, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down. Near this place the rebels were defeated in 1798, and the greater part of tin; town was burnt. It is 26 miles nk of Newry. BaUyuakill, a borough of Ireland, in Queens county. Here are fome wool- len manufadures, and in the vicinity are the ruins of a cattle. It is 18 miles Nw of Kilkenny. Ballyihannijh, a borough and fca- BAM port of Ireland, in the county of Done- gal. Here is a good falmon fiihery, and an extenlive linen manufaAure. It is feated near the mouth of the Erne, 110 miles Nw of Dublin. Lon. 8 5 w, lat. 5433 N. Bnliirerino, a town of Scotland, in FjfeOiire, which has a trade in corn and falmon. The ruins of its once magni- ficent abbey are much admired. It is feated on the frith of Tay, oppofite Dundee, ip milesNW of St. Andrew. Baltic, an inland fea, in the nw of Europe, between the coads of Sweden, Ruffia, Courland, Pruffia, Germany, and Denmark. It contains the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland ; and a great number of ifland8,the principal of which are Aland, Dago,Oefel, Gothland, Oe- land, Bornhnlm, Rugen, and Laland ; and the iflands of Zealand and Funen feparate it from_ the Categat, by which it communicates with the dcean. The Baltic has no tide, but a current always fets through the Sound into the Cate- gat. Yellow amber is found on the coaft. Baltimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on a headland which runs into the fea, and forms a good harbour, five miles ne of Cape Clear. It has the ruins of an abbey, and is 50 miles sw of Cork. Lon. 9 14 w, lat. 51 r8 N. Baltimore, the largeft town of Mary- land, capital of a county of the fame name, in which are numerous iron works. It is divided by a cretk into the Town and Fell's point, to the lat- ter of which the water is deep enougji for Ihips of burden, but fmall veflels only go up to the town. The harbour is one of the fineft in America, with a narrow <;ntrance defended by a fort. There are nine edifices for public wor- Ihipj and the number of inhabitants is upward of 15,000. It is feated on the Patapfes, near its entrance into Clielapeiik bay, 35 miles N of Annapo- lis. Lon. 76 JO w, lat. 39. ao n. Buitiiiglass, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wickiow. It has extenfive manufadures of linen and woollen, and is feated on the Slaney, 39 miles sw of Dublin. » B'tmi'd, a town of the kingdom of Congo, in a rich province of the fame name. It carries on a traffic in flaves^ and is feated on the Loze, 160 miles sw of St. Salvador. Lon. 13 45 E. lat. 7 z s. Bamlara, a kingdom of Necroland, which lies to the sw of that of'l ombuc- loo. The cultivation of corn is Ucie r> A M tarried on to a j;rcat extent; and the irl- habitants are hoipitablc to llrsngcrsi Sjfpo is the capital. _ ^ ■ Jiamherg, a city of Franconia, capital of a principality of the fame name, with a univerlity. The palace is a large pile 5f buildincr, and the cathedral a vail Gothic edifice. It was taken in 175^ and 1761 by the Pruflians, and in 1794 by the French. It is feated on the Ueii- nitz, near its confluence \vith the Maine^ ;-,5 miles N of Nurcnbcrg. Lon. 10 56 ]■:, lat. 49 5 5 ». Jlauihirg, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles s of Glal/,. Iiamhorovcies of white apes, which they v.i.; ;,( •■ allow to be fent out of the couiicr/; white foxes-, and the girafa, an aniin?? made like a camel, and of e; ,. ,i.orcliii,'.i y Vwiftnefs. There are mines of goUi, filver, tin, lead, and iron. The capital is of the fame name. Lon. 9 30 ^', lat. 13 30 .V. Baminn, a city of Ulbec Tartary, in the province <)f Gaur. Here are a great iminb<'r of apartments and recelles cur. out of a mountain ; fomc of which, from iheir orn.iuunta! work and extraordi- nary diiTicnfions, are fuppofed to have been ten. pies. It is fi :>ted near a river t)f the 1'aine name, 170 miles ssk of lialk. T.on. <>(} ic lat, 39 \Q .\. Ijaniu.^, a town on tiie n borders of 'he kiiitdom ul liirmali, with a fort, K-ated u.: the Irrawadily, 170 miles nxi: f.f tJmnicrapoora. i amp ton, a town ir. Oxfordfliiro, W'l'n a m a'x't on W^uuelcia). Tlie icnviias ot its ancient caftle yet exift; r>;u\ it has a trade •:! leather gloves, J ,-kct>-, and btccches. It is feated r ■■■:■ tt:' '1 'laiV'.-s, iz miles vv of O.-;- fuii', .nd 71 vv by n of London ?v w/i/ti", a tuwn in Devonfliire, BAN \vlth a tnarket on Saturday, a chaly- beate fpring, and a manufatilurc ot' fcrges. It i» feated in a bottom, fur- rounded by hills, 20 miles nne of Exe- ter, and 163 w by s of London. Uitvu'^her, a borough of Ireland, in Kings county, feated on the Shannon, ij miles 8 ot Athlone- liandwarn, a town of Ilindooftan, in Myfore, with a fine mud fort, and the ruins of an extenfive palace. Much to- bacco is cultivated in the vicinity. It is 68 miles nw of Seringapatam. liaiiburi/f a borough in Oxfordflu're, gt)vernHd by a mayor, with a market on Thurfday. It is noted for its cakrj and ale, and is feated on the Charwell, 71 milcB NNw of London. Lon. t h vv, lat. 53 4 N. liancu, an ifland on the e coajt of Sumatra, celebrated for its productive tin mints. It has a town and ftrait of the fame name. Lon. 105 41 v., lat. 2 az s. lionralh, a foaport on the k calU'tl or ft'vcn otl'.er> with 'iiaco, grtns • ; inands; antl thi-v of Hinclooftan, oM d of SalKtte, which I at of Uombaybyi BAN narrow channel. It Is fix miles n of Bombay. liaujf'y a borough andfeaport.of Scot- land, and the county-town of Banfffliire. The harbour Is defended by a pier and a battery. Here are minufadturrs of thread, cotton, and ftockings ; and great quantities of falmon are cxport'• BAR Barlaroa, a town of New Granada, in Popayan. on the river Tolembi, no miles sw of Popayan. Barbacoa, a town of Terra Firma, in Venezuela, on the e fide of the lake Maracaybo, 130 miles s by w of Vene- zuela. Barhadoes, the eafternmoft .of the Wiiidward illands, in the W Indie*, 25 miles long and 15 broad. The exports are fugar, rum, cotton^ indigo, artd gin- ger ; and it has mod of the fruits com- mon to the climate, Thu fugar ex- ported hence is whiter and finer than that of any other plantation ; and it has one particular produdlion, called Barbadoes tar, which rifes out of th(! earth, and fwims upon the iurface of the water. This ifland has fuffered much from hurricanes; particularly from a dreadful one in 1780, when no lefs than 4,326 of the inhabitants, blacks and whites, loft their lives; and the damage done to the property was computed at above 1,320,5001. The capital is Bridgetown. Barbara, a town of the kingdom of Adel, feated near the mouth of the Ha- walh, 200 miles ne of Aucagurel. Lon. 4& 25 E, lat. II 2 N. ' rhara. Si. a town on the coaft of New Albion, capital of a jurifdidtion of its name. It Hands in a rugged barren country, but has a good roadftead. Lon 119 17 w, lat. 34 54 n. Barbaricn, a village of Ceylon, on the w coaft, fix miles s of Caltura. It has a harboui for ftiip-boats, and a con- fiderable rnanufadture of cordage and cables from the cocoa-tree. Baiiuriff ,\ country of Africa, be- tvvet;n the -Vuantic ocean, the Mediter- ranean fea, and Egypt; containing the countries of Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, Al- giers, Fez, and Morocco. It is near aooo miles in length, and, in fome places, 750 in breadth. It was known to the ancients by the names of Mauri- tania, Numidia, Proper Africa, and Lybia. It is the beft country in all Africa, except Egvt ; and fertile in corn, wine, citron oranges, figs, al- monds, olives, dates, and melons. The chief tradi' confifts in fruits, in thf horfes called barbs, Morocco leather, oftrichcs feathers, indij;o, wax, tin, and coral. The cftabliflied rclij^ion is tL* Mahometan, and there are fome Jews ; but no Chriftians, except the flaves. BnrbaSf a cape of Africa, in the Atlantic ocean. Lon. 16 40 w, lat. =3 15 N. liarbc, St. a town of ATexico. ii New Bifcay, near which arc rich I'lv'i iwn on the coaft of ilof ajurifdiaionof * _ . aJ ft^nMW^n kdifio, wax, tin, ati'l Iwn of Mexico, i' Ivhich are rioh iiK'-'' BAR nnnei. It is 500 mines nw of Mexico, lian. 107 s w, lat. 26 o n< BiirleTino, a town of Tufcany, at the foot <^f the Apennines, on the river Sieva, ti miles n of Florence. Barlezieux, a town of France, in the department of Charente, with a mine- i-al fpring, and a manufadnre of linen cloth. 'It is 4? miles ne of Bourdeaux. Barbuda, one of the Leeward iflands, in the W Indies, ao miles long and 10 broad. It has a good road for fijipping, but no dire(fl trade to Britain. 'I ne in- habitants (about 1500) are chiefly em- ployed in railing corn, and breeding cattle, for the ufc of the neighbonring iflands. It is 35 miles n of Antigua. I.on. 61 50 w, lat. 17 50 M. Burhy, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of a county of its name, with an ancient caftle, and an academical college, founded by the United Bre- thren in 1754. It is feated on the Elbe, 15 miles SE of Magdeburg. Lon. i» 4 E, iat. 5» i N. Burca, a country of Barbary, on the s coaft of the Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. The s part is a barren defert, inhabited by wandering Arabs. The N part along the coafts is fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the Turks, and is governed by a fan- giac, dependant on the bafljaw, who refides at Tripoli. Derna is th<> capital. Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia, and a bilhcp's fee, with a good harbour, on the Mediterranean. It is of an oblong form, defended by a ftrong fort, called Montjuich, which Hands on a rocky mouncain, a mile w of the town. It has double walls on the N and e, and the foa on the s, with a mole for the fecurity of (hips. It is divided into the new and old town, by a wall and a ditch ; and the fea having retired coiifiderably from the portgates, a whole quarter of the town now ftands on the fands that were once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine univer- fity, an inquiiition, a cathedral with two lofty towers, a palace for the vice- roy, a large ej'.change, an extenfive cannon foundery, an arfcnal- containing arms for feveral thoufand men, and docks for the building of gailies. T< is a plate of great trad»s has curious works Tn glafs, a-nl \».s fwords, knives, jlioes, and blankets, are iti great repu- tation. The inhabitants are computed at more than 100,000. In 1705, it was fake>\ \\y the earl of Peterborough, at\t> A liege of three weeks. In 1706, I'hilip V inverted it with a numerous ^m\y, but was obliged to raife the Mcral miles BAR fiegc. In 17 14,' it was taken by the French and Spaniards, and a citadet built to kei'p it in awe. It is ajo miles E of Madri 58 ^s lat. 55 49 .s. Jianm/rj;, a town in W Yorklhire, with a niarki't on W'ednefday. Here ■in' confulerable inanufaL'lnres of coarfe linen; and in the vicinity are m.iny bleaching-gronnds, a glaf; maniit'aL'tiue. and feveral coal mines, ll luiu a e inal to the Cald(.r, and another to the Don ; and is feated near the Dearnc, 19 miles s of Leeds, and 172 n by w of Lon- don. lifirnstap/r, a feapoii and borough in Devonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday It had for- merly a caflle, fnit none of the works remain eycept the mount. Hen; are mnnufiidines of tamniies, f!)alk)ons, bai/.e, &c. and a variety of articles are exported. It is feated, on the river Taw, 12 miles e of Barnflaple iviy, in tht Briftol channel, "35 nnw of E.xcttr, and 192 w by s of London. Lor. 4 5 w, lat. 51 8 N. Borns/aplr, a feaport of ^Infiliclni- ftts, chief town of a county < 'he fanie name. It is feated on a bay, on the s lide of the pcninfula of Cape Cod, 07 B A S miles sF. of Bofton. Lon.. 70 10 Vf]f)ii 41 •!« N. . ' ■ , '\ Bitroacfi, a town atiq fortrefi of Ilm. dooltan, in. Gn/erat, with conlideral)lc mamifaiaures of cotton; feated on the N bank of the Nerbudda, 4c miles N by K of Sural. Lon. 7a 55 K, lat. 21 45 N- Jiarrnur, a fortrcfg of France, in the department of Ifcre, at the entrance of the valley of OreHvauden, and on the river Ifere, fix miles s of Chambe rry. Jianr, a town of Mairaehufets, in Worcellcr county, noted for its butter and cheefe, 24 miles nw of Worcefle'r. liunon'j a river of Ireland, which vifes in the n part «)f Queens county, and flows s, by Athy, Carlow, and New Rofs, into Waterford harbour. Jimrou , a village in lA'ic(!llerfliire, on the river Soar, two miles n of Mountfinrel. It has for centuries been famed for a very fine lime, in particular requeft for works in water, and is ex- ported in large quantities. Barthiilomrw, a fmall ifland .in the Pacific ocean, one of the New HcbrideB. Lon. 167 18 E, lat. 13 42 s. Bart holom PIC f Si. one of the Caribber iflands, in the W Indies, 24 miles in circumference, and 25 n of St. Chrif- topher. The French ceded it to tin- Swedes in 1785;, and it was taken by the Britifli in 1801. The chief exports are drugs and lignum vif x ; and it has a good harbour. Lon. 6j 40 w, lat. 17 46 N. Barton, a town in Lincohifliire, with a market on Monday. It has two large churches, ar.d was formerly a conli- dorable place, furroundtd by a rampai; and fols, the remains of which. are yet vilihle. Four miles ese are the nobk' ruins of 'I'hornton abbey. Barton is feated on the Ilumber, over which is a ferry into Yorkfliire, _;4 miles K of l-iii- colii and 167 of London. Ihrnth, a town of Lufatia, on tlic frontiers of Brandenburg, 20 milv'S :' h] t of Polfdam. Jill III ll, a town ofSyria, with a Chrif- tian clurch, ^o miles ne ofSeyda. litisar/silii(/{, a town of Europfm 'I'urkey, in Komania. It has a gnat I trade, and is feated on the river Merits | Lon. 24 40 K, lat- 4:11) N'. J}a>r/, or liusli , a canton of SwifTcr- land, 14 miles long and 2\ bro;id;| bounded on the n by Brifgan, i" by thi' I'oreft towns, s by tlie eaii'.on of Sd- It ure, and w by the biiliopric of B.^fi'll and France. It contains about .^8/ "'[ inliabitants, and is of the CalviiiilX K- ton. 70 ip yft]f,U »4 fortrefb of Hin- with contuleral)lc on ; leatcd on the ludila, 40 miles k I. -a 55 E,lal. Ji 8 of France, in llic , at the (Entrance ol aiiden, and on the s of Chambf iiy. f IVlairachufeto, in loled fcr its biitUr NW of Worct'fter. of Irdand, whicii of Quet'ns county, Uhy, Carlow, and terford harbour. _ e in Leic»!llt'rfhire, •, two milfs N of IS for cHituries bern lime, in particular n water, and is ex- ntiticR. fmall iHard.in the f the New Hcbridi-H. 13 42 s. . one of the Caribhec Indies, 24 miles in . 15 N of St. Chrif- ich ceded it to tin- Hid it was taken by . The chief export? m vita: ; and it has u 63 40W,lat. 17 in ly. \ Lincolnfliire, with It has two large formerhy a cdhIi- jundtd by a rainpavt lis of which, are yet s ESE are the nobk' abbey. Barton is ber, over which is a , _5 4 miles N of i 'Hi- ndi )n. of LuHuia, on tbc nburg, 20 miles ^^ hy ifSyria, with a Chrif- cs NK of Seyda. town i)f Europe '!l I Ilia. It has n gn:" j on tlie river Mcritz- .1') i^'- a canton of SwiflVr- nil}; and 2\ bro;Hi;| by Brifgan, i- by tl.<' y 'the can '.on of So- ,e bilhopiic of B.lf'I ontains abont .18.'" | of the Calviiiill i"*-'- B A S fiairl, a bifliopric (till lately) in the NW part of Swiderland; hounded on the e by the canton of Bafel, s by that of .Soleur<', «nd w and n by Trance, 'i'hc bilhop was a prince of the (ierman empire. In 1798, the French fci/.cd on this territory, annexed it to France, and made it a new department, called Mont 'JVrrihIe. liasrl, the capital of the canton of the lame name, and the larged town in vSwifTcrland. It is furroumled by thick walls flanked by towers and baflions; and is divitied into two parts by the Hhiiie, wiiich communicate by a hand- lome bridge. The largelt part is on the liile of Swillerland, and the leall on that of C-ermany . 'i'he larger has ti ve gates, lix fuburbt), numerous ftreets and foun- tains, and is partly feated on a hill: the other Itards on a plain, and has but two gates, with feveral ftix.ets and fountains. The principal churcli is an elegant Go- thic building, but disfigured by rofe-co- joured paint iprcad over the whole t-di- iiee. Under a marble tomb in it, is in- terred the great Erafmus. The town- houfe, and fine paintings in frefco, are much admired- The univerfity, fotmd- t^'il in 1459, has a fine library, and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks h■: of Oeueva, and ^50 E by s of I'aiis. Lou. 730 ic, lat- a7 }$ ^■ llnxlur, an ill Hid ill till' China Tea, t'.-.e moll ratlern i>f a chiller e.^lled, from tlus, the Hallue il).in\K lying \\\ the s of TonnoJa. The inodwclions are plau- ;;iins, Iwnanas, pineappk's, Aigar-canes, jHitatoes, yams, and cotton. The qua- drupeds are goats aijd hogs. Ballice is of a circular form, lix miles in dia- meter, and has a town of the Cmie name. I.on. 121 50 k, lat. lo 30 n. Hnsi;;<(i/a, ,\ provinet' of N.iples, hounded on the .v by Capitanata and liari, K by tlu' gulf of Taranta, .•* by Calabria Citeriorc, and s* by Principato CftiTure and Uberiore. It has Ibme mountnins continually covered with fiiuw, but is fertile ni coin, wine, oil, B A S cotton, honey, and fatHon. Acevcri;{a is the capital. iinsilipolamo, a river of European Turkey, in tho Morea, which flows into the gulf of Colocythia. It vv.is called Enrotes by the ancients. ]iusinfrst')(i(\ a corporate town in Ilamplhire, with a market on Wednef- day. It has i great trade in C(H"n and malt, a manuia<5lure of druggeta and ihallooiis, and a navigable canal to tht; river VVey, near its entrance into the Thames. It is i5J miles nne of Win- chefter, and 45 w by s of London. Jiasijucs, a late territory of France, which included LowiT Navarre, La- bourd, and Soule, and now foilns, with Beam, the department of Lower Pyre- nees. Jiiisnf an infiilated rock near the co.nft of Scotland, at the entrance of the frith of Forth, between the towns of N Bv.r- wiek and Dunbar. On the s Qile it is almoil conic ; ou the other it overlings the Tea in a tremendous m.mner. It is inaccenible on all lidi-s, excipt the s^v, and there it is with diflicuily a man can climb up by the help of a rope or ladder. In May and June it is quite covered with the nells, eggs, and young birds of the gannets, or iblan gecfe. The rock is one mile in circumference, and has a rabbit warren, and p.^n:un' for a few flieep. A«ruiiuuri caflle, ouce the Hate prifon of Scotland, lland,j at tlie edg(' of the precipice- The gar- rifon, in 1694, furrendered to king Wil- liam, and the fortifications were de- moliiiied. Jiass Strait, a channel about 40 leagues wide, whicli feparates Van Die- men I,and from the s extremity of New Holland. It contains a chani of fmall illand.H t'lat run n and s. This II rait w.;is uifcovered, in 179H, by fur- geon Bafs, in an open whalebo.it, and palled through by him and lii-'Utenaut I'lindi.'js, in the Norfolk, in '799. liii.'.saiio, a town of Italy, in \'icen- tino, on the river Brenta, in a country pro;bnJlive of excellent wine and oil. The French defeated the Auftrians at thi.^ place in 179''. It is 18 miles .n of Vicen/a. Jhiss,\ a town of Fra'nce, in the tie- partnu-nt of Nord, formerly of great llrength, but difmantled by Lewis xi v. It is featid on the Deule, i8 miles sw of Li fie. i;«.v.>fv)(, a t.uvn of Ilndooftan, i.i the country ot Baglana. It was tnk.ni by the Engliih in 1780, but reRored <.o' hr Mdirattas in 1783. It Hands on the leucoaft, (.ppylitc the Nw point of-t':vi B A S iITAnd of S.tlf'tte, lo miles v of Bim- bay. Lon. 71 40 E, Lit. 19 lo n. Bassentlucailc-waler, a lake in Cum- berland, throe miles nw of Kefwick. It is fout miles long, bounded on one fide by high hills, wooded, in many places, to their bafcs ; on the otht-r, by the fields and the (kirts of Skiddaw. The river Derwent flows through its vholc length. Basseterre, the capital of St. Chrlf- topher, built by the French, when this part of the iflaud was in their poiref- fion, before it was ceded to the Englifh in 17I.V It iR fituatc on the se end of th« iflan4, has a conliderablc trade, and is defended by three forts. Lon. 63 1.11 w, lat, 17 10 V. Banscfcirc, the capital of Cuada- loupe, on the sw part of the i.n.ind, defended by a citadel an 42 miles se of VVilliamf- buri:. JJaiha. See jBacA. B A V Bnthgaff, a town of Scotland, in Linitihgowfliire, ly miles w by s of Edinburg. Rttinn, or Batlitiln, a town of Hin- dooftan, in the jjrovincc of Moultan» 150 miles fcsE of Moultan«and 170 NW of Agimere. halo, one of the Ladrone iflandii- Lon. 142 o E,lat. now. Biitoa, a fmall ill md in the Indian ocean, near -the w fide of bumatra, ofi the e(]iiinudial line, in lon. 98 r t.. huiienhur-iy a town of Holland, In Gelderland, with a caftle on the n ban k of the .\lcufe, 10 miles sw of Ninfe*' gufn. JJutfathurfr, a town and caftle of Germany, in Upper Heflc, feated tju the Eder, 14 miles n of Marburg. Ballcrsrit, a village in Surry, foiur miles wsw of London. Here was tihe fe.it of the St. Johns, where the fam«U8 lord Bolingbroke was born, and di«d. On the fite of it now ftand adiftilltjry and a horizontal air-mill for grindimg malt. Here is a timber bridge over the Thames to Chelfea. Batfiro/a, a fmall fortrefs on the B fide of Ceylon, built by the Dutch. It is of great impfiitatice, on account of the extreme iertility of the adjacent country, which, during a war, or times offcarcityin thediftria of Trincomale, can fupply the garrii'ons there with all kinds of provifions. [t furrendertid to the Englilh in 1:96; p.iid is fituate at the head of a deep bay, 54 miles sse of Trincomale, Bnittr, a town in Suirex, with a market on Thurfday. Near this phicc William duke of Normandy defeated Harold king of England, ill ro66, andia memory of this vidory he founded here an abbey, which fiom its remains appears to have been magnificent. This town is famous for a manufadure of gun- powder. It is 24 miles E of Lewts, and 56 SE of London. Battlefield, a village in Shropfliire, five miles n of Shrewfbury. Here the decifive vidory was gained by Henry IV, over Henry Percy, furnamed Hot- fpur. BatuciiUa, a town of Hindooftan, in Canara, with two mofqucs, and upward of feventy temples. It is feated near the mouth of the Sancada, which waters abeautiful valley, 27 miles NNWof Kun- dapura. Bavnria, a circle of Germany, bound* ed on the w by Suabia, n w by Franco- nia, NE by Boi:eiiiia, E by Auftria and Stiria, and s by Carinthia and Tyrol. It contains Bavaria Proper, the palatinate -Ai .i» IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^128 |2.5 jso ■^" RMHi ■^ 1^ 12.2 1^ Ids 112.0 III 1.4 1.6 h / Photographic Sciences Coiporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET MEBSTER.N.Y. 14580 (716) 87^-4503 gb .•\ A \ «; "^ } /. BAU 4if Bavaria, the principalities of Ratiflion, Freifengen, and PalTau, and the duchies of Neuberg, Sulzbach, and Salz- burg. ' ' Bavaria Proper^ a dachy, and the principal part, of the circle of Bavaria. Jt is 1C5 miles long and 87 broad, and fiivided into Upper and Lower Bavaria. Toward the s the country is mountain- ous, interlVifled with tbreds, lakes, moralTeS, and paftures ; and toward the N are largo plains which produce plenty of com : there are likewife many fait vMjrks, medicinal fprings and baths, mlnei; of copper, filver, and le^d, and quarrik^B of excellent marble. The prin- ci|>al rivers are the Danube, Inn, Ifer, and Nab. The inhabitants are deemed the moft zealous catholics in Earope. TLj capital is Munich. Bivarittn Pal-atinale ofy a duchy, fotnetimes calKxl Nordf^au, from its fituation »n the n part of the circle of Bavaria, and fometimes the Uppei- Pa- latinate, to diflinguifh it from the late p^atinate of tho ^hine, often called thfi Lower Palatinate. It is very fertile, and watered by the Nab, and feveral fmalier rivers. The capital is Amberg. Bavay, a town of Fr^ce. :i« the de- partment of Nord. It was tJiken by the Audrians in 179s, but recovered the fa^ne year. It is flx miles ne of Quef- nay, and 12 s\ of Mons. liauge, a town of France, in the ue- parcment of Mayenne and Loire, fcated on the Coefnon, 18 miles e of Angers. Bnnlca/i, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, on the left bank of the Danube, 32 miles NEof Moorlhcdabad. Baume Ics yones, a town of Fraiice, in the department of Doubs. It has a nunneiy, from which it received its ap- pellation ; and is feated on the Doubs, 15 miles NK of Befangon. Bauntan Islands, three iflands in the Pacific ocean, difcovered by Ba'iman, a Dutchman, who accompanied llogge- win, in 1 7»« • They are covered with fruit trees, and divers forts of vegetables. The inhabitants are numerous, and arm- ed with bows and aiTows ; but of a gen- tle and humane difpofition, and friendly to ftrangcrs. The largeft illand is about %t miles in circumferet)ce. Lon. 170 o ■w, lat. 14 o s. . Bausk, orBautftOf^tovrn of Courland, on the frontiers of Poland, with a caftle on a rock. It is feated on the Mufza, ^5 miles sE of Mittau. BaiUzeti, or Bndiascn, the capital of Upper Lufatiai with a citadel on a rock, called Ortenburg. The trade arifing from various tnanufadures is confidiU'- BAY. able. It ftands on the river Sprte,' joj miles E by N of Drefden. Lon. 14 30 e,| lat. 51 lo H. ' I Baiix, a town of France, io thede.! partment of Mouths of the RhoucJ feated on a rock,. at the top of which ii| a caftle, lomilcij e by N of Aries. Bawtri/j a town in W Yorkftirr,! with a market on Saturday. It has 1 trade in lead, millftones, and grindftoncs; and is fcated on the river Idle, nine miles I u by E of Doncafter, and 153 K of Lon. don. Baya, or Ba.ja, a town of Lower I Hungary, on the Danube, 33 miles n ut' EflTek. Baya, a feaport of. Guinea, on the I Gold coaft, 60 miles ese of Acra. I Lon. I 50 E, lat. 5 45 N. Buyamn, a town in the e part of| Cuba, on the river Efti*ro, which forms a bay on the coaft, 20 rr iles below the | tow 1. It gives name to a channel, be. tween Cuba and the iflands called the I Qtjeens Gardsns, and i's 80 miles wsw | of St. Jago. Lon. 77 »o w, lat- 20 4s n. Bayrrsdorf, a town of Franconia, in I the principality of Bayreuth, with a feat of juftice and a large fynagogu«>, feated | on the Rednitz, four miles n of Eriang, Bayeux, a town of France, i,n the dc- 1 partment of Calvados, and a biihop's lee. The cathedral is very noble, and there are feventeen other churches. The chief trade is in leather. It is feated on the river Aure, four miles from the Englifli channel, and 140 w by Nof| Paris. Lon. o 41 vv, lat. 49 17 n. Bayon, a town of France, in the de- 1 partment of Meurthe, on th^ river Mo- 1 felle, i» miles s of Nancy. Bayona, a town of Spain, in Callicia, I on a fmall gulf of the Atlantic, with a convenient harbour> iz miles w by n* of Tuv. iiayovne, a city and feaport of France, | in the department of Lower Pyrenees, and a bilhop's fee. The Nive and I Adour unite their ftreams in the mid* die of the city, and proceed to the fea, at the diftance of a mile. The iirft, which is deeper an4 more rapid than the { Adour, divides the town into two un- equal parts, the fmalleft of which is called I the Bourgneuf, or new town. They have a communication by three timber bridges. A bank of fand, at the mouth of the Adour, renders the entrance uf the harbour difficult. The citadel is the ftrongeft in France ; and the cathedral is remarkable for the height of the nef, and the delicacy of the pillars which fupport it. The military weapon, the bayonnct^ bears the name of tliis city, in Lr..ativ B A Y. ds on the river Sprfce," jJ 3fDrefd€n. Lon. 14 30E f » I ivn of France, io thede- Mouths of the Rhoue, :k, at the top of which ii Icd F. by N of Aries, town in W York/hire, : on Saturday. It ha»a| lillftones, and grindftoncs, n the river Idle, nine niiies | cafter, and 153 N of Lon. 5a;a, a town of Lower! lie Danube, js miles n of | port of Guinea, on the I 60 miles EiE of Acra. It. 5 45 N. town in the e part of I •iver Eftero, which forms oaft, »o IT ilea below the f 8 name to a channel, be., id the iflands called tht IS, and i's 80 miles wsw 1 in. 77 «o w, lat- 20 4;;}). a town of Franconia, in of Bayreuth, with a feat large fynagoguc, feated , four miles n of Erlang. wn of France, in thedc- alvados, and a bilhop'sl :dral is very noble, and sen other churches. The leather. It is feated on , four miles from the I, and 140 w by N of I »» w, lat. 49 17 N. ?n of France, in the de- urthe, on th? river Mo- of Nancy. en of Spain, in Callicia, of the Atlantic, with a )ur, x2 miles wbyxof Y and feaport of France, | It of Lower Pyrenees, fee. The Nive andi ir ftreams in the mid- nd proceed to the fea, I )f a mile. The firft, | n4 more rapid than the he town into two im- 1 lalleft of which is called or new town. They cation by three timber of fand, at the moutli nders the entrance of lit. The citadel is the e; and the cathedral the height of the nef, of the pillars whicJi military weapon, the ic name of this city, in B E A\ _ thich it was invented. Th^ chocolate. ■Bsyonne is famous; ryid it ajfq ex- forts wines, woollen cloths, fijks, cdt- lons, 5cc. The chief trade arifes out of ts relation with Spjiin; and it ii a kind bf emporium for the merchandife of Ihat country. It is 15 miles sw of Dax, nd 4:' 5 s by w of Paris. Lon. 1 19 w, at. 43 »9 ^' BaypouTt a town of Hindooilan, in [he province of Malabar, on a river capable of receiving veflels of 40Q tons. It is 15 miles s bjr e of Calicut. Bayrculh, a city of Franconia, ca- jitalofa principality of the fame name, yith a palace, a fine caftle, and a famous college. Near it, forming a kind of fub- Lirb, is the town of Georgen, which has I large caftle, a manufacture of excellent )ro\vn and white porcelain, and a houfe [of corredlion, in which the marble of [the country is poGflied by means of a nachine. In 1783, the archives of the Iprincipality were "brought to Bayreuth jfrom Plaflenburg ; fee Culmlach : and lia 1791, the niargravate of Bayreuth, jwith that of Anfpach, was abdicated by jthe reigning prince, in favour of the king [of Pruffii. Bayreuth is 3a miles e of [Bamberg. Lon. 1 1 44 e, lat- 49 55 n. Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, [felted on the Guadalantin, ai miles [ENEof Guadix. Bazas, a town of France, in the de- 1 partment of Gironde, and lately an epif- j copal fee. It is feated on a rock, five ; miles from the river Garonne, and 4a se ! of Bourdeatix. Lon. caw, lat. 44 aa n. Bmchij Heady the higheft promontory on the s coaft of England, between [ Haflings and Seaford. Lon. c 20 e, Ut. 150 44N. Beacons field, a town in Buckingham* ■ fhire, with a market on Thurfday. The [poet Waller lived here, and is interred in the churchyard. It is feated on a [iiill, 23 miles WNW of London. Bmniimtcry a town in Dorfetfhire, ' V. ith a market on Thurfuay, and manu- I f.i'.^ure8 of canvas, iron, and copper. I'l'liis place fiiffered greatly by fire in 1 781. It is 15 miles WNW of Dorchefter, [and ijia w by s of London. Ihimiy a late province of France, 40 miles loni^ and 30 broad ; bounded on ^ the E by Bigorre, s by Spaiiifh Navarre, w by Snuieandapart of LowerNavarre, and N by Galcoiiy .ind Armagnac. The plains ire fertile, efpecially in paftures, and the hills are loaded with vines. It now forms, with Hafques, the depart- xw^t of Lower Pyrenees. Brnf, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, the BBA ' h'otifes built of marble, there hdng no other ftone in the neighbourhood. It ' is feated on the Garonne, it miles she of St. Bertrand. Beauvaire, a town of France, !if fihe department of Gard, on the Rhone, oppofite Tarafcon, with which, it has a communication by a bridge of boats. Much trade is carried on here, and its annual fair, held for fix days, is one of the naoft famous in Europe. It ik xi miles e of Nifmcs. Beaucc, a late province of France, between the Ille of France, Blafois, anct^ Orleanois. It is fo fertile in wheat, that it is called the granary of Paris. It now forms the department of Eure and Loiiv. Beaufort, a diftriA of S Carolina, which lies on the f?acoaft between Com« bahee and Savanna rivers. The n part has forefts of cyprefs ; and the lands produce rice, indigo. Sec Beaufort, a feaport of S Cardlina, chief town ofadillridt of the fame hame. The courts formerly held here are now removed to Coofawatchie. It has a fafe and commodious harbour; and is fituate on the ifland of Port Royal, 73 miles sw of Charlefton. Lon. 80 54 wj lat. 32 12 N.' Beaufort, a feaport of N Carolina* chief town of Carteret cotmty. It is fituate on the, ne fide of Core found, 55 miles ssE of Newbern. Lon. 77 10 w, lat. 34 38 K. Beaufort, a town of Fnlnce, in the department of Mayenne and I^oire, with a caftle, 15 miles e of Angers. Beaufttrty a town ef S<»voy, on the river Oron, 'i» miles ne of Moutier. , Beaugency, a town of France, in the department of Loire, famous for its wines; feated on the river Loire, fix miles w of Orleans. Beaujeu, a town of France, in tlie department of Rhone, with an ancient caftle ; feated on the Ardiere, at the foot of a'mountaini 13 miles nnw of Villefranche. Bemijolois, a late province of France, 30 rfiiles long and 34 broad. It lies n of the Lyonois, and both of them now form the department of Rhone Beaulei/y a river of Scotland, in' In- vemefsfliire, formed by the union of the rivulets Farrar, Cannich, and Glafs, on the borders of Rofslhire. It takes a NK courfe, and after forming the falls of Kilmorack and other cafcades, flows to the town of Beauley, where it cntcr^ the head of Murray frith. ^ Bennleyy a town of Scotland, in In- verncfilhire, at the mouth of the river Bcauley, 12 miles w of Invernefs. BEC ' ^ BeoMlieuti village in Hampfliire« en a riyer of its name, fix miles ssw of South- a ropton. It has a manufadure of coarfe facking; and on the oppofite fide of the river are the remains of its famous * abbey, founded by king John. Beaulieu, a town of France, in the departntent of Indre and Loire, fituate on the Jndre, oppoiite Laches. Beaumarchez, a town of France, in the depgrtment of GerSi 13 miles w of iKlirande. Bsawnem, a, borough of Wales, capi- tal of Anglefey, governed by a mayor,» lyith a market on Wedncfday and Sa- turday. It ftands.on theilrait of Menai, was fortified, with a caftle by Edward r, and has a good ^arbour. It is 59 miles w by N of Cheder, and 251 Nw of London. Lon. 4. 15 w, lat. 53 15 n. Beaumont, a town of France, in the department of No id, feated between the Maefe and oambre, 10 miles £ of M^u^uge. Beaumont de Lomagne, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, feated on the Gimone, la iniles s£ of LeAoure* Beaumont le Roger, atownot France, in the department of Lower Seine, xt mites sw of RQuen, Beaumont le P'icomte,^ town of France, in the department of Sarte, 10 miles if of Mans. Beaumont sur Oise, n town of France, in the department of Seine and Oife, on the river Oife, ao miles n of Paris. BroTine, a town of France, in the de- partment of C6te d'Or, remarkable for its excellent wine. It is 95 miles ssw of Dijon. Beauvaisf a city of France, capita^ of the department of Oife, and lately an epifcopal fee. The cathedral is admir- ed for its fine architecture; and the chnrch of St. Stephen is remarkable for its curious windows. It was befieged in 1463, by the duke of Burgundy, at the head of 80,000 men, wbvn the women, under the conduct of Jean de Hachctte. obliged the duke to raife the fiege. The inhabitants carry on a good trade in beautiful tapeftry. It is feated on the Thefin, 4a miles n of Paris. Lon. a 5 E, Jat. 49 36 n. Bcauvoiry a town of France, in the department of Vendee, on the bay of BiCcay, ^aroilesN kw of Sables d'Olonne. Beblingen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg. with a caftle on a hill, 10 miles nw of Stntgard. Bee, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine, with a noble Be* ncdidtine abbey^ tS miles sw. of Rouen. BED Becclei, ^ corporate town in SfifTolV, with a market on Saturday. It l}asa noble cl^urch, with, a lofty ftefple ; 9n4 a grammar fchool, endoweid with )<> fcholarfliips for Emanuel college^ Caihr bridge. It is feated on the Wavency, 12 ri^iles $w of yanmoiuh, and 109 ut of London. Bechin, a tow'n of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the fameqame, in which are feveral medicinal fpriii^S and mines of fait- It has an ancient fortified caf. tic, and (lands on the riyer Laufnitz, d miles s by w of Prague. Lon. 14 a8 e, lat. 49 18 N. Beckum, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Munfter, at the fource of the Verfe, ao miles se of Munfter. Bedale, a town in N Yorklhire, with a market on Tuefday, 10 miles se of j Richmond, and aaa nnw of London. Bedarieux, a town of France, in the | department of Herault, with a manu. fa^ure of druggets, and other woollen | iluffs ; feated un the Orbre, 16 miles k ofBeziers. Beddington, a village in Surry, two] miles w of Croydon. Here ie Bedding. toU'park, one of the many laid to have I been the refidence of queen Elifabeth. The church is a Gothic pile, with ftallt | in the aides, like a cathedral. Bedcn, or Bcding, a village in Suf.| fex, 13 miles w of Lewis, near a river of | its name, which enters the Englifh chao-| nel, at New Shoreham. Beder, a town of France, in the dp- partment of Ille and Vilaine, 10 miles | wNw of Rciines. Beder, a fortified town of Hindooftan, I in Dowlatabad, once the capital of a I confiderable kingdom, and dill celebrated! for the number and magnificence of its! pagodas. It is 80 miles nw of Hydra<| bad- Lon. 78 a e, lat. 17 48 n. BedJ'ord, a borough and the county' I town of BedfordOiire, with a market on I Tuefday and Saturday. It is governed I by a mayor, and feated on the Oiif(t! which divides it into two parts, uritedl by a bridge with a gate at each end. Iti hns five churches; and formerly had>J ftrong caftle, whofe fite is now a bowlT inggreen. It is a? miles E by n ofj Buckingham, and 50 n by w of London.| Lon. o 28 w, lat. 5a 8 n. Bedford, a tov.Q of Pennfylvanijil capital of a county oflhe fame name.] It is feated near the foim:e of the Juni- atta, 186 miles w of Philadelphia. LonJ ;8 .'?4 w, lat. 40 o N. Bedford, a town of New York, inj W Chefter county, 35 miles N by E ol| the city of New York. ate tovrn in SuflToIki Saturday. It )}aa« a lofty fte^ple ; anjd , endowed with ia anuel cotlege< Caihr. •d on the wavency, cmouth, and 109 ne of Bohemia, capita) amei\amc, in which lai fpfiri^S and minc& ancient fortified caf. :he riyer Laufnitz, s) ag,ue- Lon. 14 a8 e, of Weftphalia. in the infter, at the fource iles 9E of Mimfter. in N Yorlsfliire, with ;fday, 10 miles se of ] 11 NNW of London. 1 )wn of France, in the erault, with a manu. t8, arid other woollen the Orbre, 16 miles k village in Surry, two I on. Here ie Bedding, the many Ciid to have ce of queen Elifabeth. Gothic pile, with ftallj a cathedral. ding, a village in Sut If Lewis, near a river of | inters the Englifti chan-j rham. of France, in the dp- and Vilaine, 10 miles ed town of Hindooftan, once the capital of a I dom.and (till celebrated I ind magnificence of ill I to miles nw of Hydra»| E.lat. 17 48 N. ough and the county- ire, with a market on I ;Kday. It is governed | . fcated on the Ouffii jnto two parts, uritedl [a gate at each end. Itl 8 ; and formerly had >l lofe fite is now a bowl-1 17 miles E by n of! 50 N by w of London. 5* 8 N. n;o of Pennfylvania, nty of the fame name. ;he foJK:e of the Junil of Philadelphia. LonJ N. .L n of New York, iji |y, 35 milea n by eoI| ork. B E £ ^eiford, d town of Maflachurefs, in iMiddlefex comity,i.i milesNwof Bofton. Bedford^ New, a town of Maflachufets, hi Briftol county, fituate at the head of navigation on Accuflmet river, 58 miles > by E of BoftQti. Lon. 70 5« ^» !»*• 4» Bet^urd Level, a traft of fenny land, about 300,000 acres, in the counties of Noriblk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunt- ingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln. LAfter varioiis attempts to drain thefe fcnsi in the reigns of Henry vi and 'Charles i, William earl of Bedford, in 1649, undertook and completed it ; and, [in the reign of Charles n, a corporation was eftabWhed for the government of this great level. In thefe fens are fe- veral decoys, in which innumetable Quantities of wild fowl are taken durin«f I the feafon. Bedfordihire, a county of England, I bounded on the ne by Huntingdonfhire, e by Cambridgefliire, se by Hertford- Ihire, sw by Buckinghamftiire, and nw by Northamptonfliire. Its utmoft length is 3S miles, arid its greateft breadth 22, containing 160,000 iicres. It is divided into nine hundreds^ and 124 pariihes ; and has 10 market towns. The number of inhabitants in i8«i was 63,3^3 j and lit fends four members to parliament.The {principal tivers are the Oufe and the fvel. Its chief produfts are com, butter, and fullers earth ; its manufalflures, lace, I ftraw hats and bafkets, and toys. Bednore. See Nagara. Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs, {who live in tents, and are difperfed all i over Arabia, Egypt, and the w of Africa, [governed by their own chiefs, in the {fame manner as the patriarchs lived and I governed anciently: the principal em- Iployment of both, the grazing of cattle. { Bedwin^ (heat, a borough in Wilt- llhire, which has neither market nor fair. It is five miles sw of Hungerford, and 70 w of London. Becmah, a river of Hindooflan, which rifesinthe mountains to the s of Poonah, j and Rows s e upward of 300 miles till it jjoins the Kiftna, near Edghir. Beer, or Beerjivk. See Bir. Becring Island, an illand in the Pa- [cific ocean, about 90 miles long and 30 jV'ide, 30 leagues e of Kamtfchatka. [Lon. 166 30 E, lat. 55 30 N. Beering S traits the narrow foa be- Itween thfe w coaft of N America and ■the E co»ft Of Afia. It h 13 bagiies [wide, ill the narroweft part,* between [the capes Prince of Wales and Tchiiko- ^lkoi. Bieroo, a codtitrv of Nej^oland, be- B E I tween Zahara on the ir and Bisunbaia on the 8 Walet is the capital. Bees, Si. t YillAge in Cumberland, near the kit, ftve miles s'of Whijle- haven. Here is a noted freefchool; alfo the remains of a priory, the nave of its church bein^ now nfed as the pariflt church. Two miles to the nw i^ a lofty promontory, caRed St. Bees Head* on which is ft lighthoufe. , Beesko, in town of Brandetiburg', ia the Ucker mark, with a cloth manu* fa^ure ; feated on the Spree, 40 miles SE of Berlin. Befort, a fortified town of Francciin the department of Upper Rhihe, with manufactures of excellent iron.' It ftands at the foot of a mountain, 34 miles sw ofCoTmar. Bepa, or Beyjah, a to^n of the country of Tunis, with a ftrong caftle, and a great trade, efpecially In com. It is fituate on the fide of a hill, su miles w of Tunis. Besittieres. Sec Ahoukir. Behal. See Chelum. Behemhy a town of Hindooftan, hi Lahore, feated on the Chelum, 75 milet w by N of Lahore. Behker^ a town of Hindooftan, capital of a country of the fame name, on the E fide of the Indus. It ftands in an ifiand, formed by the Indus, 160 miles s by w of Moultan. Lon. 70 3 b, lat. 27 3» ff. BKhnhtr, a town of Hindooftan, in La- hore, 85 miles N by w of Lahore. Bejtt, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, feated on an eminence in an eit- tenfive plain, near a lake of its name, 7i miles se of Lifbon. Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 37 58 N. Bcjttpotir. See Visiapour. Bcichlengen, a-town of Upper Saxpny, in Thuringia, 17 miles N or Weimar. Brilstein, a town of France, in the department of Rhine and Mofelle, lately of Germany, in the eledlorate of Treves ; feated on the Mofelle, 21 miles sw of Coblentz. Brilstein, a town of Germany, in the Wefterwald, feated 6n the Umbach, i» miles w N w of Wetzlar. Bcinheim, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, feated on the Surj near its confluence with the Rhine, 22 miles nne ofStrafburg. jBeira, the largeftprovince of Portugal, bounded on the n by Tra los Montet and Entfc Doucro e Minho, and on the s by Eftrcmadura. It produces all the necefTaries of lifi^Coimbrais thec;q)ital. Beith, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- fliire, with maftufaAurci of linen and • I hit BEL £lk gauze, feated on an emuience, feven miles N of Irv iift, Beit fl Fakit a town of Arabia, in Yemen, famous as being a great mart for coffee. It is 34 miles ese of Loheida. Belalre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre, 95 miles sw of Cliateauroux. Bell'eis, a town of Egypf^ 35 miles KE of Cairo, and 45 Nw of Suez. lielcaslroy a town of Maples, in Ca- labria Ulteriore, feated on a mountain, eight miles from tha gulf of Squilace, and la sw of St. Severino. Bulchile, a'town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Alrronazir, %o miles s of SaragolTa. Belchoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Fermanagh, feated on Lough Nilly, 18 miles se of Bailylhannon. Belclare, a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, 44 miles sw of Sligo. Betem, a village of Portugal, in Eftre- madura, on the^N fide of the Tajo, fcur miles below Lifton. Here is a royal monafteiy, where the kings and queens of Portugal are interred ; a ftrong fort, wiii<;h defends the entrance to the city ; and, to the s, a noble modern aquedud. Beieslutf a town of France, in the department of Audc, 27 miles sw of Carcaflbne. Belfa-it, a borough and feaport of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, feated at the mouth of the Lagan, in Carrick- fergus bay. It is one of the moft com- mercial towns in Ireland. Here are ma- nufadures of cotton, cambric, canvas, linen, glafs, fugar, and earthen ware. A canal connedls the harbour with Lough Neagh. It is 88 miles N of Dublin. Lon. .; 52 w, lat. 54 46 n. Be/fast, a town of the dillrion. 69 lo w, lat. 44 16 n. Be/J'ord, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Thurfday, 15 miles s by E of Berwick, and 314 n by w of London. Bclgard, atown and cattle of Further Pomerauia, on thtf river Perfante, i8 miles SE of Colberg. ■Dcigern, a town of Saxony Proper, with a^ood trade in beer; feated on the Elbe, eighi miles sb of Torgau. Belgium. Sec Nethcrlando-. Belfirudc, a city of European Turkey, capital of Servia, and a Greek bifhop's ■ fee. The inhabitants are eftiroated at .45,000. It was taken by prince Eugeue in 1717, and kept tili 1739, when it was ceded to the Turks. It was again takepi in i^Syj and reftorcd at the peace BEL of Reichenbach ita 1790. It is feated on the Danube, a little below the in. flux of the Save, 400 miles sse of Buda, and 440 w of Bucboreft. Loq. 31 5 E, lat. 44 46 N. Belgrade, a town of European Turkey, I in Romania, on the ttrait of Conftanti. | nople, 40 miles n of that city. Belgradot a town of Italy, in Friuli, I feated near the Tojamenta, 81 roileg s bv w of Udina. belich or Belike, a town of the ducby of Wettphalia, on the river Mone, 16 miles ENE of Areniberg. JielidOf or Bleeda, a town of Algien, in the province of Titeri, at the foot of a ridge of mountains, 15 miles 8Eof| Algiers. Beliti, a town of Brandenburg, in I the Middle mark, with a manufadlurt of cloth ; feated on a river of the fame I name, 47 miles sw of Berlin. Bellac, a town of France, in the de. I partment of Upper Vienncfeated on the | Vin9on, 40 miles n of Limoges. Bdlaircy a tovyn of Maryland, c^ pital of Harford county, 42 miles ne of | Baltimore, and 86 wsw of Philadelphia. Bcllcgarde, a fortrefs of France, in l the department of Eaftern Pyrenees, and an important place,, on account of itJ being a paflage to the Pyrenees. Ill was taken by the Spaniards in 1793,1 but retaken the next year. It is 15 mileij s of Perpignan. Belle j^urdey a town of France, in the I department of Saone and Loire, on the | river Saone, 15 miles ne of Chalons. Bellcisley an ifiand of France, 15 1 miles from the coaft of Bretagne. It ii | 10 miles long and three broad, diverG- fied with craggy mountains, falt-works, I and fertile plains. The principal place is Palais, a fortified town, with a citadeL It was taken by the Engliih in 1761, and reftored in 1763. Lon. 3 5 w, lat. | 47 17 N. Belldsle, an ifland at the ne end of a channel between New Britain and! Newfoundland, called the Strait of I Belleifle. The iiland is 40 miles in[ circuit, and has a finatl harbour on the | NW fide. Lon. 55 45 w, lat. 51 j8 n. BcllcsmCf a town of France, in the I department of Orne, with an ancient cattle. 44 miles ese of Alen^on, and8«| sw of Paris. Bellei/, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ain, and lately a bifliop'sl lee ; i'eated near the Rhone, 40 miles s£ | of Bourg. Lon. 5 44 e, lat. 45 47 ^' Bellingham, a town in Northutn-I berland, with a market on Tuefday,! feated on the n braneh of the Tyne, 15 1 E L h 1790. It is feated a Httk below the in. if 200 miles sse of ofBucboreft. Loo. N. n of E uropean Turkey, :he (Irait of Conllanti> of that city. ' vn of Italy, in Friuli, Tojamentai 81 mib t, a town of the ducby ti the river Mone, 16 1 nfberg. da, a town of Algten, I FTiterl, at the foot of tains, 15 miles sEof 1 of Brandenburg, in , with a tnanufadlure on a river of the fame | w of Berlin. 1 of France, in the de. ;r Vienne, (bated on the | N of Limoges, wn of Maryland, cv :ounty, a miles nb of | 6 wsw of Philadelphia, fortrefs of France, in I f Eafiern Pyrenees, and ICC,, on account of its to the Pyrenees. It he Spaniards in 1793, extyear. It is 15 miles land at the ne end of New Britain and] BEL miles NNw of Hexham and 300 of London. Bcllinzona, a town of Swiflerland, capital of the canton of Teflin. It is feated on the Tefino, five miles above its entrance into the lake Magiore, and 22 wsw of Chiavcnna. Lon. 8 55 £, lat. 46 8 N. Bellimesef a diftridt of Italy, lying betih ccn Friuli, Cadorino, Feltrino, and Tyrol- It has large woods, and iron mines; and is fertile in com, wine, and fruit. Belluno is the only plsce of note. Bellung, a town of Ituly, capital of the fielliinefe> and a bilhop's fee ; feated among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 miles NE of Feltri. Lon. la 9 e, lat. 43 n N, Beltuza, 9, town of Hindooftan, in Myfore, with a citadel, both of them ftrongly fortified with a mud 'wall and a ditch. In the vicinity is much fine rice ground, and a great number of ilieep are bred. It is 38 miles n of Seringapatam. Bt'lper, a town in Derbyftiire, with a market on Saturdav. Here are feveral large cotton-mills, ableaching-mill, and an iron-forge. It is feated on the Der- wcnt, eight miles n of Derby, and 134 NNW of London. Belprc, a town of the ftate of Ohio, on the Nw bank of the Ohio, oppofite I the mouth of the Little Kannaway, 14 miles sw of Marietta, and 46 ne of Galliopolis. Belpuigy a town of Spain, in Catalo- i nia. with a famous convent, 18 miles ENE of Lerida. Beltf Great f a ftrait of Denmark, be- I tween the iflands of Zealand and Fu- nen, which forms a communication between the Categat and the Baltic. It is not fo commodious, nor fo fre- I peans. Benamenilf a town ef France, in the ^department of Meurthe, feven miles e ofLuneviile. BenarcSf a dillri deftroyed a magnilicent Hindoo tempifr to make room tor it ; and round tlie city are many ruins of buildings, the efieds of Mahomedan intolerance. An infurrediou hcci;, in 1781, had nearly proved fatal to the Englilh interefts io Hindoofian ; in confequence of which, Cheyt Sing, the rajah, was depofed in 178J. Benares 18136 miles w by s «f Patna, and 3S0 wnw of Calcutta. Lon. 83 10 E, lat. 25 ao N. Benavari, a town of Spain, in Arra< gon, 17 miles n of Lerida. Benavente, a town of Spain, in Leon, on tlje river Ella, 35 miles ssw of Leon. Benavente, a town of Portugal, in Alentego, on the river Soro, near its confluence with the Tajo, 30 miles sne ofLifbon. Bcnlecula„a.n ifland of Scotland, gne of tlie Hebrides between N and S UJft, 1 1 .-.:-. .•■*>.,,■' ^. L :^>-^i,. .mi»m BEN iroffl the laft of which it is jTcparated by A narrow charni^U nearly dr^ at low prater. It is of a ch-cular form, including the inlets of the fea, nine miles in dta> meter. The foil is fandf and unpro> dwQive, but much kelp is made from the fica'weed thrown on the cpaft. i Bento»leny a town on the sw part of liie ifland of Sumatra, belonging to the Englifh- In 1690* the E India Company buitt the fort, and called it Fort York. In 1693 a great mortality happqned here, the governor and council all dying in a ihOrt time} the town ftandiog on a (linking morals, not agreeable to Euro- pean conftitutions. A new fort, called Marlborough Fort, has fince been ereA- cd^ in a more wholefome part. The Adjacent countty is mountainous and woody. The chief trade is in pepper. .Lon. 103 10 z* lat- 3 49 8. - Betu:owief a town of Algiers, in the province of Conftantine, 2$ miles sse of Seteef. Bender f or Tehen^ a town of European Turkey, capital of BelTarabia. Here (Charles xii of Sweden redded, after his defeat at Pult owa. The inhabitants srv cftimated at 11,000. It^was taken by the Ruffians in 1789, but reftored in 3790. It is feated on the Dniefter, 100 IniKSt by sofjafly. Lon. 19 14 e, lat. Be*et a town of Piedmont, defended by a caftle, feven miles s of Cherafco. BenedettOj St. a town of Italy, in the M;0ttoan,iiear the river Po, 15 miles sse pf Mantua. Btnedktf -a town of Maryland, in Charles codnty, lituate on the Patux- tnr» 16 miles w of Port Tobacco. ' Senesc^oWf a townof Bohemia, fomous fcr its manufadure of paper, 34 miles il of Prague. Benefevfy a town of Egypt, noted tor its hemp ami flax; feated on the Kile, 50 miles s of Cairo. ' Benevente, a town oE France, in the department of Creufe, 10 miles knw of foi^neuf. Benevtnh, a city of Naples,^ and an ai'chbifhop'ft fee, capital of Prlncipato U1teriort,andofafmii11 duchy of its name, lately belonging to the pope. Benevcnto hai fufTered greatly by earthquakes, particularly in 1688, when the archbi- ih'pp was dug out of the ruins alive. £>tcept Rome, no city in Italy can boaft of fo many ruins of ancient fculpture as art; to be found in this place. It is felted near the confluence of the Sabato mid Caloro, 35 miles Kt: of Naples. I^4in- 14' 47 E, hit. 41 8 K. BffiJ^ldf a town of France, in the B EN dcp;irtment of Lower Rhine, on tbe river III, x% miles ssw of Strafburg. Ben^alf a country of Hiodooftan, 400 miles long and 300 broad ; bi>unded on the w by Orifla and Bahar, n bj flootan, B by AlTam aud Callay, and 1 1 by the bay of Bengal. It confiiuof oth; . vaft plain, of the moft fertile foil, which, in common with other parts of Hindoo* ftan, annually renders two, and, in fome parts, even three crops. Th« principal products are fugar, iilk, fruity Pepper, opium, rice, faltpetre, lac, ind civet. It is compared to Egypt for fettility; the Ganges dividing here into feveral ttreams, and, like the Nile^ annually overflowing the country. Bengal hat been fubjed, ever fince 1765,' to the EngKlh £ India Company. Calcutta ii the capital. BenguelOf a kingdom of Africa, io Congo, bounded on the n by Angola. E by Belhba, s by parts unknown, and I w by the Atlantic. The climate ii| very pernicious to Europeans. Thel men wearfliins about their waift, and beads round their neck ; and are armed with darts headed with iron, and witb bows and arrows. The women wear a collar of copper round their neck ; a kind of cloth, made of the bark, of a tree, round their witift ; and copper rings on their legs. Bengueia, the capital of the kingdom of Benguela, where the Portuguefe have a fort. It ftands on the n fide of a bay, | 350 miles s of Loanda. Lon. 12 30 1, iat. 10 30 s. Benin, a kingdom of Guinea., bound- 1 ed on the me by^ unknown parts, se by I Biafara and Majombo, and s and w by I the gulf of Guinea and Dahomy. Thel country exhibits many beautiful land- 1 icapes; but the air is noxious, near thel coaft, on account of the grofs vapounl from the marfhes. Oranges and lemoni grow on the fides of the roads; cotton abounds every where ; and the pepper produced here is fnnaller than that of the I Indies. Among thcanimalsareelephantil in great number, tigers, leopards^ ftags,[ wild .boars, civet and mountain catsJ horfeA,. hares, and hairy fheep ; a vaftj number of ferpenta and other reptiles; and the principal birds are parc^uetiJ pigeonsipartudges, ftork8,and oftnches.! The drefs of the natives is neat. Thel rich wear white calico or c.itton petti'[ coats, but the upper part of tbe bodyj is commonly naked. The women uH great art in drefltng their hair, which I they reduce into a variety of fonni.1 Th(; people are flciiful in making varioiul forte of dies; and they manu&^ure audi I. Lon. la 30*' BEN ! wport cotton cloths. Polygamy ii al- I lowed, and the number of wivt n is li- iinited by the ftate of their circumllances I only. Though jealous of each other, I they offer their wives to Euro^jeana. Their religion is pagiuiifm. Their king I ig abfolute, and has a great number of petty princes under him. Jieuiii, the capital of the kingdom of the fame name. In the ftreets, which are long and broad, are many fliops filled with European merchandife, as well as iwiththif commotiitics of the coui try. The huufes arc ail built witl^j|j^y. and covered with reeds, ftraw, or leaves. The royal palace is of vaft extent, but I neither elegant nor commodious. All Ijnale flaves here are foreigners; for the [inhabitants cannot be fold for flaves, only they bear the name of the king's lllavt's. Benin is fituate on the rivei* liii'iiin or Formofa, 80 miles from its Imouth. Lon. 6 ^^ e, .at. 6 50 n. BtnhfuJ, a town of Egypt, with ma- |iiiit;i(5hn cs of carpets and woollen and llintn ftuffs; feated on the Nile, 60 miles |s of Cairo. Beniawers, a mountain of Scotland, fen Perthfliire, on the e fide of Loch [fay. It rifes in a conical (hapc to the height of 4015 feet above the level of the fee. Bcnlomond, a mountain of Scotland, (n Dumbartonfliire, on the e fide of Loch Lomond, rifing to the height of l;262 lect above the level of the fea Its lidcs, particularly toward' the lake, are finely covered with trees, and it pro* duces a number of rare plants. - Bennevis, a mountain of Scotland, in Invernefsftiire, E of Fort William. It is Ihe higheft in Great Britain, rifing 4370 feet above the level of the lea. On the iE fide it prefents a precipice, neatly perpendicular, of about 1500 feet in fieight. Bennington, a village in Hertford- bue, four miles e of Stevenage.- Here Ihe Mercian kings had a palace; and Ihecaftle, in which a council was held- In 850, ftiil remains near the church. 1 BenningioH^ a town of Vermont, ca- bital of a county of its name. Though Ihe largcft and oldeft town in the ftate, Ihe judicial courts are commonly held It Rutland and Wmdfor alternately. In or near this town colonel Stark lained two battles, onAuguft i6, i777> Vhich contributed to the fiibfequcnt mender of general Burgoyne's army. Icnuington is fituate at the tx)ot of the jriten Mountains, near the sw corner jt'thc Rate, 30 miles e by n of Albany. Ion. 73 10 w,lat. 43 on* B E It Weftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, feven miles k of Benslrrg, a town of Weftphalia, ^n e duel Mulhdm Dtitshrim, a town of Germany, Jn the circle of Upper Rhine, a 5 milti vikyt of Heidclbeig. Bfiiiliruu, a town of Weftphalia, ca- pital of a county of the fame name, with a lortified critic. It was taken by the French in 1795. It is feated on the Vecht, ;<2 milt-s NW of Munfter. Lon. 7 8 . , lat. 51 z» N. Bniltrvfrlio, a town of Italy, in the Boli'givcfc, 10 miles ne of Bologna. Beiar, a province of the Dcccan of Hindooftan, bounded on the N by iVIal- wa and Allahabad, e by OrilTa. s bv Golconda, and w by Dowlatabad and Candeilh The principal part of it is fubjed to a rajah; the other to the nizam ot the Deccan. The rajah's country extends jo miles from E to w, and, in fomc places, aoo from n to s. Its capital is Nagpour. Lefs is known of the interior parts of Berar than of moft of the other countries in Hindoofian. That about Nagpuur is fertile and well cultivated ; but the ge- neral apoearancc of the country, parti- cularly wtwecn Nagpour and OrifiTa, is that ofa fottft, thinly fct with village* and towns. Btratoi, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the fame name. It has manufaifhires of fire arms and wrthen ware, and is feated on the Mifa, 16 miles wsw of Prague. Lon. 14 17 By lat 49 57 »• Beriicey a Dutch fettlement, on a river of the fame name, in Guiana, to. the w of Surinam The land is low and woody, and produces much indigo and cotton. It was taken by the Engliih in 1796, and in 1803. The river enters, tile Atlantic in lon. 3s 13 w, lat. 6 30 N. Berhtrg, a town of the Netherlands, "n Luxemburg, 12 miles kb of Luxemburg. BcrchlolsgaUeii, a town of theduchj of Salzburg, and the capital of a county of its name. It I'erves all the neighbour- hood with fait i and is feated on the Achen, 14 miles s of Salzburg. BerJaa. a town of Perfia, in Erivan» feated in a fertile plain, 16 miles £S£ of Gangea. . licrdoa. See Bitrgu, Bue .ALsl'jn, a borough in Devon-. (hire, but a poor pl;ice, feated between, the Tamar andtlicTave, ro miles n by w of Plymouth, and. 112 w by s of London. Bere Rcgu, a town in Dorfetlbire, with A market on Wetlncfday. Ottr Woodbury-hill, half a mile tm tkeira> f U a circular Romin camp, inclofcd within thrre trencbes. The town is frated on the B<^re» near its confluence Miith the Piddle. i« miles e by n df 2>orcheller, and iia sw of London. Btreilltiy a city of nindoonan, capi- tal of Rohilla, wnich was conquered oy the nabob of Otide in 1774* It is lao inileiNNw of Luclinovr. Lon. 79 40 E, lat. aS y> n. Berehs, a lake of Egypt, between Damietta and Rofetta, ojf an oval form, 5> miles long, and 10 broad in the niiddle. Birg, a duchy of Weftphalia, lying along the river Rhine, to the s of the duchy of Cleve, about fixty miU'S in length and from 10 to 12 in bt eadth. It is fi E R minated in favour of the former, ft is- fituate nmong woodii four miki kme ofAlcmaer. Berpen , a town of New Jerfcy, capital of a county of the fame name. The inhabitants are moftly defcendants from the Dutch fcttlefs. It is furrounded bf water, except on the N, and feparated by the river Hudfon from the city of New York, three miles diftant. Bergen op Zoom, a town of Dutch Brabant, capital of a marquifate of the fame name- It is a handfome place, and onie^f the flrongeit in the Nether, lands, jfeated partly on a liifl, and partly on 'the rivet Zoom, which coumuuii< cates with the Scheldt by a canal. It has feverul times been besiened to no full of woods and mountains, but fertile purpofe i but was taken by the French on the banks of the Rhine and in the vallies; and has mines of lead, iron, and coal. Duircldorp is the capital. Brr^a, n town of Spain, in Catalonia, feated on the Lobrogat, 18 miles enc Oif Solfona. Bergamasco, a province of Italy, bounded by Brefcia, the Valtcline, and the Milanefe. Toward the n it is mountainous and rocky, and has mines of iron; fome of the vallics^rotlnce much wine and oil i and in the vicinity of thecapUali Bergamo, it is very fertile. Bergamo, a city of Italy, capital of Bergamafco, with a citadel- It is fa* itious for its fewin^ filk ; and its fair, on St. Bartholomew's day, is reforted to by merchants from diftant parts. It fiands on a hill, between the rivers Brembo and Serio, ,^0 miles R e of Mi- lan- Lon. 9 47 K, lat. 4; 46 N. BergaSf a town of European Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek archbilhop's fee, on the river Lariffa, 40 miles SE of Adrianoplc Lon. 27 40 E, lat. 4t 14 K. Bergen, a city and feaport of Norway, Capital of a government of the fame name, and a bifliop's fee,' with a caille m 1747, and in 1794. It is 15 miles n of Antwerp, and iz sw of Breda. Lon, 4 23 E, lat. 51 30 N. BcTjicrnc, a town of France, In the department of Dordogne, feated on tht Dordogne, 34 miles s by w of Peri- gueux. UcTgues, a fortified town of Trance, in the department of Nord, on the river Colme, at the foot' of a mountain, five miles s of Dunkirk. Bcrgzuhern, a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnere, lately of | Germany, in the duchy of Deux Ponts; feated on the Eilbach, fix miles ssw of | Landau, and 34 se of Deux Punts. Berisa, a town of Negroland, in Caf- flna, feated on the Niger, 120 miles w I of Caffina. Btrkhamstcdy a town in Hertfordfliirc, I with a market on Saturday. Roman coins have been often dug up here; and on the N fide ate the remains of a I chfile, ths refidence of the kings of I M6tvia. In 697, a parliament was held I here and Ina's laws piiblifhed. Here| William the conqueror fwore tohis nobi- lity to maintain the laws madi'byhis| It forms a femicircle round a fmall gulf prcdeceflbrs. Henry 1 1 kept his couit of the fca, and is the moft populous town in Norway, containing 19,000 in- habitants. On the land hde it is de- fended by mountains, and on the other Vy feveral fortificatii0lM'-AJIiiiechurch«i and many of the houfes«re of ft6ne, but moft of the latter are conftru^d of Wood. Thr caftle and cathedral ate remarkable edifices, ft carries on a reat trade in ftins firwood, Or^-mtA tried fifli j and is 1 70 mHes w by n of ChrUliania- Lon. 5 46 e, lat. 60 26 k. Bcrgerit a town of N Ii<^aQd, noted for two bloody Mttles, in 1 799, between the EngUfti and Ru^a|i forces oppofed in this town, and granted to it many j privileges ; and Jam?s i, whofe ciiild. ren were nurfed here, made it a coipo-j ration ; btit this government was drop-l ped in the civil wars. The church ii al handfome Gothic ftnM^urei It is ft^edj on the vr branch of tbc river Gade,and| on the Grand JunAion canal, a6 milei| Ntv of London; Berkley, a town !n GlouceflerlhirfJ governed by a mayor, with a market i Wednefday. It has a trade in timberJ coal, malt, and cheefe, which is benefit-] ed by means of a oanal from Gloucef'j ter. Here is an ancient caille 00 bjr the Oiitch aad Fcencb, whtcn tori fifing grpuod^ in vriuclv EdvrMd 11 w« trade, nufedtur hair, lin porcelaii indembi the river canal to to the commun; Baltic fe^ city was ( he former. It »■ four tiAkt KM* lewjerfeyicawul fame nAine. The r defcendant» from t is furrounded bf . N, and feparated n frotn the city of IcB diftant. s town of Dutch amarquifateofthe a handfome place, eeft in the Nether- onaW«.andP''^''r which coninnnii. cWt by a canal. It ecn besieged to no taken bv tTie French i sw of Breda. Lon. *nof France, In tk dogne, Icatcd on tht lea 6 by w of Pen- fied town of Trance, ofNord,onthenver t of a mountain, five own of France, in the jni Tonnere, lately ot ] JnchyofDeuxPonts; )ach, fix miles ssw of | EofDeuxPonts. of Negroland, m Cai- leNiger, i»o miles w| towninHertfordihirc, ',n Saturday. Ro"**" often dug up here; ate the remams ot a ,ncc of the kings 0, a parliam^.-nt was wM Us publift»e«i. Here Leiorfworetohisnobi. Ithc laws madebyhiJ Ury II kept his court Id granted to U rnmj\ Barnes I. %vho^ech>ld.| here, made it a covpo. Eovemment was drop- LTars. The church isj pftruAure; UtsW fof the river Gade, and Jnftion canal, a6miiei| rn in Gloucefterihiit, ror, with a market ot basatradeintirobff. leefe. which u benefit;, wnal from Gloucef , ancirtt caMe on « B E R frturderrd- It m feated on the Little Avon, near its confluence with the Se- vern, 15 miles 8w of Glouccfter, and luw of London. Jicrkiey, alown of 8 Carolina, in a county of the fame name, fituate near Cooper river, 15 miles nne of Charlef- tun. Berkshire, a county of Enftland, bounded on the r by Surry, 8 by Hamp- fliire, w by WiUflilre, and n by Oxford- (hire and Bucklnghamfhire. It is ;o miles long and from fix to «< broad, containing 476,160 acres ; is divided into 10 iiundreds, and 148 parifhes; and has u market-towns. The number of in- habitants in 1801 was 109,315; and it fends nine members to parliament. The principal rivers are the Thames, Kennet. Lamborn, and Loddon. The r part has much uncultivated land, as Windfor foreft and its appendages : the w and middle parts produce grain in great abundance. Reading is the capital. Berlamont, a town of France, in the department of Nord, fix miles bse of Quefnoy. Berleburg, a town of Germany, in the Wefterwald, with a caftle, feated on the Berlebach, near its confluence with the Eder, *o miles nw of Marburg. Brrliiit a city of Germany, capital of the marquifate of Brandenburg. It is defended partly by walls, partly by pa- lifades, and has i s gates. The fti-eets are ftraight, wide, and long; and its large fquarcs, magnificent palaces, churches, and other buildings, are fcarcely to be equalled. It is i» miles in circumference; but within this in- clofure are numerous gardens, and many beautiful houfes are let in ftories to me- chanics. In 1785, the number of inha- bitants was 146.647. The royal palace contains a fine library, a rich cabinet of curiofities and medals, and the fupreme colleges of government. Near the pa- lace ftands the magnificent cathedral. Here aie alfo feveral academies and hofpitals, an aflronomical ohfervatory, a fuperb arfenal, and a royal cloth ma- nufa(flure. Berlin has a flourifliing trade, occafioned by its numerous ma- nufactures of filk, wool, cotton, camels hair, linen, Pruffian blue, cutlery, and porcelain; and by its enamelled, inlaid, and embroide^d works. It i s feated on the river Spree, from \»hich there is a canal to the Oder on the e, and another to the Elbe on the w; that it has a communication by water, both with the Baltic fea and the German ocean. This city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Euffianii AuftriaoS) and Saxons, who were obliged to evacuate it in 1 lew days. In t8o6, ten days after the bat" tie of Jena, the French entered thlidi^yt and Bonaparte hekl a court in the pa- lace. It is 100 miles N of Drefden» and 185 Mw of Breflau. Lon. 13 sa >» lat. 5a 31 N. Baim^ a town of Pennfvlvanin, in York county, on the sw fide of Cone- wago creek, 13 miles w by n of York, and 41 E by 8 of Shippenfburg. Bermeo, a town of Spain, in Bi&ay, on the bay of Bifcay, near the cape or Machicaco, i s miles n of Bilboa. Bn'mnda Hundred, or Ci/y Point, a port of Virginia, in Chefterfield county, fituate on the point of a peninfula» formed by the confluence of the Appa-' mattox with James river. The exports from this place are chiefly colteAed at Richmond, 70 miles above it. City Point, from which it is named, is on the s bank of James river, four miles ssw ofthetown. Lon. 77 31 w, lat. 37 16 N. Bcrmuda.-i, or Sommers Ishnda, four iflands in the Atlantic ocean, fonnded an hor|)ital here. It is fcatcd on the river Tecs, 14 miles 9W of Durham, and 246 nnw of Lon- don. Bprnau, a fortified town of Bi.inden- burg, in thi* Middle mark. The prin- cipal commerce is in beer, of which large quantities are brewed. It is featcd on the I'ancho, 15 miles nnr of Berlin. Berniiy, a town of France, iu the de- partment of Eurci feUfd on the Caran- tonne, ao miles sw of Ronen BcrnLurii:, n town of Upper Saxony, in the principality oi Anhalt, leated on the Saale, is miles sw of M.igdebnrg. Bftncaslio, a town of France, in the department of Sarre, lately of Gernmny, in the ele<5lorate of Treves. It is re- markable for good wine, and feated on the Mofelle, 18 miles ne of Treves. BerngrieSf a town of Franconia, in the principality of Aichlladt, on the Altmuhl, 17 miles ne of Aichftadt, and 28 w of Rati(bon. , Bermladt, a town of Silefia, in the principality of Oels, with a cadle, feat- cd on theWeida, ao miles f. of Breflau. .y.B^rre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mouths of the Rhone, for- merly one of the l^rongeft towns of Pcovence. : It ftands on a lake of the lame name, at the influx of a river, 18 ■miles wswof Aix. Berrif, a late province of France, bounded on the n by the Orlc^ois and Blaifois, t by the Nivernois and Bonrbonnois, s by the Bourbonadis aod Marche, and w by Touraine and P>)i tpu. It is fertile in corn, fruit, hemp, •nd flax; and there ib excellent wine in fome places. It now forms the two depailments of Cher and Indre. Bersello, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denefe, with a cafllc; ftated on the Po, at the inSux of the Linza, 10 miks use of Parma. Berdncro, a town of Italy, in Ro- roagn^ with a citadel, fcatcd on a hill, 10 mites ssE of Forli. • Bertratidf St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne. It was lattely an epifcopal fee, and is 45 B E S miles s of Auch. Lou. o 43 B, lat. At 56 N. . Brrviff or Invrrbrrrir, a borough ftf Scotl.md, in|Kincar(linc(hire, at the mouth of the Bervie, which forms a harbour for fmatl vciFclsy 11 mile* ne of VIoiitrofe Iiii!rii/<, a borough on the border* of En>.'l;ind and Scotland, wiih a market on Satnnl.iy. It is a county of itfelf, governed tiy a mayor ; and was once a (In)ng fortrcfs, of i^rcat importance when England and Scotland were ho- nile nations, to each of which it al- ternatf'ly hdon<^ed, or was confidcrcd as a diftriit fcparatc from both coun- tries. It now l^elongs to the biOiopric of Durham, and the Englifli judges hold the (flizes here. It i» (till forti- fied, and h.is (:ood b.irracks for the gar- rifon; but its callle is now in nnas. It has a good trade in wool, epRH, corn, and falmon; and has manufactures of fackin^', diaper, linen, rnuflln, cotton, flockin^s, carpets, and fells. In i3oi the number of inhabitants was 7187. It is fcatcd on the N fide of the Tweed, near the fca. 54 miles sk of Edinburg, and .)37 N by w of London. Lon. i 58 w,.U. 55 45 N. Ikiwuk, a town of the dillri<5l of Maine, in York county, feven milcti N w of York, and 86 n of Bofton. Benvick, a town of Pennfylvania, in York county, at the head of Conewago creek, i.^ miles w by .s of York, and 43 ESK of Shippenfburg. Berwick, Sorth, a borough oF Scot- land, in Haddingtonfliire, on the frith of Forth, nine miles n of Haddington, and %% ENE of Edinburg. Berwickshire, a county of Scotland* fometimes called the Mers; bounded on the NE by the German ocean, sk by the Tweed, s by Roxburgfhire, w bf Fdinburgihire, and nw by Haddington, (hire. It is 34 miles long and 19 broad, and in 1801 contained 30,611 inha- bitants. The s part is a fertile and pleafant tra<^t ; and being a low and flat country, is fometimes called the How [Hollow] of the Mers. The k angle is occupied by Berwick Bounds; adiftrid eight miles in compafs, governed by Englifh laws. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Leader, VV'hiteadder, and Eye. The capital is Greenlaw, but Diinfi; is the largeft town. Baalu, a to^n of Spain, in Catalonia, feated near the Fluvia, 14 miles nnw of | Gerona. Benaiifon, a fortified city of France, and an archiepifcopal fee, capital of j the department of Doubs. It ba» a % n. 43 B, lat. A* 'if, a borough ftf Undhiie, at the r, which form» a rcU, «i niiki Ni h on the border* ind,wi"h a market 1 county of itfclff : ; and was once a i^reat itnpovtance Scotland wen* ho- li of which it aU or was confidcred ; from both coun- ts to the bithopric he Englifli judges ti» It i» ftill forti- arrackB for the gar- is now in ruins. It n wool, fgRH, corn, nt inannfadtures of en, munin, cotton, and ftUs- In i8oi nhitants was 7187. [ fide of the Tweed, lies sE of Edinburg, )f London. Lon. 1 n of the diftridt of :ounty, fcvcn milts i6 N of Bofton. 1 of Pennfylvania, in \e. head of Conewagu ly 9 of York, and 4S irg. a borough oF Scot- lOiire, on the frith of of Haddington, aiid fcaunty of Scotland, Vhe Mers; bounded Perman ocean, se by iRoKburgihire, w by NW by Haddington. £8 long and 19 broad, [tained 30.611 inha- jart i» a fertile and being a low and flat ws called the How Jers. The k angle w [ck Bounds; adiftrid Impafs, governed by le principal rivers are Vr, Whiteadder, and i\ is Greenlaw, but \ town. U" Spain, in Catalonil, [via, 14 mile* NKW of lified city of France, 3p;d fee, capital ot ■poubs. Itha»» BET cfiadfl, on a high rock, the bafft of which touches two lides of the Doubs, which here forma a peninfuia; nifo a univerflty, an acidemy of fciences, a literary military ftciety, and a pl^b!ic hbriry in the abbey of St Vincent. The triumphnl arch of Aurelian, and other Roman antiquities, are flill to be feen. It is .ft miles l of Dijon, and S08 it of Paris. Lon. 6 3 t, lat. 47 14 N. Jirsic;heim, a town of Suabia, In the duchy of Wirtemburg, with two old caftles, at the conflutncc of the Neckar and En8, 15 miles n by w of Stutgard. liessarlia, or Biuhac, a territory of European Turkey, on the n w coaft of the Black fea, between the mouths of the Danube and the Dniefter. On the banks of the lift river the Tartar mhi- bitants rove from plaoe to place. Th<'ir I' common food is the Hcih of oxen and horfcsjchrefc, and mares milk. Bender is the capital. Bri^ai/, a town of France, in the department of Allier, eight miles s of Mmilins. Bfssc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy lie Dome, 18 miles s of Clermont. Br.'^srHdi/, a town of France, in the department of Rhone, 12 miles w of Lyon. Bfstricia, a town of Tranfylvania, with gold mints in its nei^'hboiirhood. It is 85 miles nw of Hermanftadt Lon. »3 45 f, lat. 47 ?,° N. litfamos, a town of Spain, in Ga- licia, feated on the Mandeo, at its en- trance into % bay of the Atlantic, zo miles s of Ferrol. Lon. 8 6 w, lat. 43 10 V. Bclliai^nr/i, a town of N Carolina, in the diftri(5t of Wachovia, noted for being the firft lettlemtnt of the Mora- I vians, in tliofe parts, begun in 1753. ^t is fix miles n of Salem. Belhniii/, a town of N Carolina, in the diftridt of Wachovia. It is a ^lo- ravian fettlement, and nine miks sw of Salem Rfthlehem, a town of Syria, in P.ah'f- tine, fami'UB for the birtli of Chrift. It is feated on the ridge of a hill, and now an inconfiderable place, but much vifir,- ed by pilgrims. H-re is a church erefted by the fatrions Helena, in the form of a crofs; alfo a chapel, called the Chapel of the Nativity, where they pretend to (how the manger in which Cbrill was laid ; another called the Cha- pel of Jofeph; and a third of the Holy Innocents. It is fix miles s of Jeru- ialem. B E V ^M, a town of TennfyhranU; in N th.impttm ci'unty, fituate on the Lehigh, a br,inch of the Delaware. The t uii txfing partly on an eminence, and partly on the lower banks of the Ma>' qakeH (a fine creel.) has a pleafant and he .Ithy fitmtiiu, and is frequently vifit* ed in fummer by the gentry from dif- fiTent paita. It is the principal fettle- ment in America of the Moraviantt woo were fixed here by count Zinzen- dorf, in 1741. The G«rman language is more in ufe than the Englifh ; but divine fcrvice is performed in botk languages. Bethlehem is 5 $ miles n nw «f Philadelphia. Lou. 758 w, lat. 40 37 N. Bi'f/iiinc, a fortified town of France^ in the department of I'as de CalaiSf with a caftlc. It was taken by the allies in 1 7 10, and rcftored by the treaty of Utrecht. It is feated on a rock, by the river Brette, no miles N of Paris. 1-on I 25 E, lat. 50 45 N. Jiitlt'i/, a town in Staffordfhire, with a market on Tuefday, ig miles nww of Stafibrd and I57 of London. Be/lilt, a town of European Turkey, formerly the capital of Curdiftan. It is now the refitlence of a bey, who is neither fubjed to the 1 urks nor Per- fians, and has a numerous army of horfi,*- men and infantry. It (lands on the Khabur, between two mountains, 150 miles NN w of .Altunkupri. Ixtn. 43 xo K, lat. ?7 10 N. B'tliuh, a town of Ilindooftan, in Bahar, \-:(, miles nnw of Patna. Bctiiwc, an illand of Holland, in Gel- dtrlaud, 40 miles long- and 10 broad, formed by the bifurcation of the Rhine .ibove Nimegiien, and by the union of Its ftreams, under diHertiit appellations, near Worcurn. It was the ancient Ba- tavia, and formerly gave the name of B itaveeren, or Batavians, to the inha- bitants of the Dutch NetherJanuE- In this ifland the anceftors of the prefent race firft fettled, ivhen they emigrated frrim Germany. The principal place is NimeguPn. Bt'uiTiiin, a to'/n of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 10 miles s of Louvain. Bioelniid, Norl/i, and Souf/i, two idands of Holland, in Zealand, be- tween the E and w branches of the Scheldt. Bc'i'dgeiTi, a town of WeRphalia, in the principality of Munfter, on th« river Ems, five miles nw of Tecklen- burg. Beverley, a borough in E York (hire, ijoverned by a mayor, with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It baft twQ Ivji*- ..r^ .; '.v BH A eburcbet» bdide the ndnfter; and a Iftrge market>placet adorned with a tMuutifiil crors. The chief trade it in aultt oatmeal, and tanned leather. It is famous for being the retirement of John de BevcrLv, archbifhop of York, Mfho lived here four yearR« built a no- Baftery, and died in 711* In honour of whom fcveral kingSt part«':'"''«rly Athel- St»n who cbole him gu;trdian faint, en- dowed the place with many privilegeo and iininunUi(.'8. h is feated near the river KuU, a8 miles e by s of York, And i8j N oi London. Lon. o 15 w, bt. S3 5a N. Btvrifi;, a fc-aport of MaflTcrhufits, in Efll'x ci-unty, lepanied from Sakir. by a handfome bridge A coimn mn- nul'aAuie has been cflablifhed here. It i« a» miles nk of Bofton. Lon. 70 50 w, iat. 4»3i V. Bcn'trufifftn, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of PadtTborn, at the conflue'ice of the Bever aid Wefer, t/^ miles SE of Padcrburn. Bcvei-unjck^ a town of N Holland, on the Wyckcrnicei , which communicates with the VVyc, fever, miles n of Har- lem, and II s by w of Alrtnaer. Beuthff!^ a town uf Siiefta, capital of a lordihip of the fame name. It ftands near a br.inch of the Oder, nn the frontiers of Poland, 45 miU'« en'-' of R.'Uibor. Lon. 18 53 e, Iat. 50 21 n. BiiutheHf a town oi Silefia, in the principality of Carulatb, on' the river Oder, 1.1 miles nw of Glogau. Bewdhfff a borough in Worcefter- fhtre, with a market on Saturday. It has a good trade in malt, leather, fait, and iron ware i and a frt^fchool found- ed by James i. It is feated on the Severn, 14 miles n of Worv-:eiler, and 139 NW of London. Beicleif, a river of Scotland, which rlfes in the n of Invernefslhire, and flowing along the s border of R'^fsfhire, forms the fine eftuary on which (land Invernefs and Fort St. oeorp;, c-"', whicii terminates in th« frith of Mur- ray- At its mouth is the ferry of Kif- (ock. Btr^ a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Bern, noted for its fait rocks, 43 miles sw of Bern. Beziers, a city of France, in the de- partment of rierault, lately an epif- eopol fee. The remains of a cHi-cu.s, axid fome inferiptions, befpc^ak its an- ei«ot grandeur. It is fe.ited near the Koyal panal, on a hill, at the foot of which fidws the Orbre. 85 miles e by s olTouloufe- Lon. 3 he, lit- 4J 30 n. ^artpeur, 9 town and fortrefs of BID' Hindooftant in the province of Agra» The Britifli took it by ftorm in 1805. It is 38 nniles w of Agra* Bhawanikudiilt a town of Hindoo, f^an; capital of the n part of Coim- betoTv*. It has a ruinous fort, and two vrr> celeonttcd temples. Many new houfts arr ereAcd, and the place is ra. pidly incrcafuig on a regular plan. It lu Hated in .1 fine country^ at the con« flueuce of the Bhawani with the Ca- very, 56 miles »• ne of Coimbetore, an(J 100 SE of Scringapatam. Lon. 77 47 e, Iat. II 16 N. Biq/ara, a country of Guinea, to the SE of B;nin, of whii'h little is known; but irt lai •! lo have a capital of the fame name, on the river Camarones, which enters the Atlantic in lon. 11 30 e, Iat. 3 58 N. Biur, a town of Sp;:!n, in Valencia, Its principal riches cunliit in honey, celeb.''f Agra* a town of Hindoo, the N part of Coim- ruinous fort, and two i temples. Many new :d, and the place is ra. an a regular plan. It le country* at the con* Shawani with the Ca^ If F. of CoimbetOre, ani} tpatam. Lon. 77 47 k, mtry of Guinea, to the which little is known; vc a capital of the fame ivcr Camarones, which itic in lon. ii 30 k, wn of Frai ce, in the owcr Pyreiii'es, with a thcBidori'tf, u miles t rer or Spai 'i, which rifes and enters, the bay of rabia. This liver was, fiibjcfl' of difpute he- ld Spain, but it is now n the two nations ; the thofe who pafs from be'onging to the lattefi ?ho pafs the contrary er. 'n of the Netherlands, Luxemburg, 30 miltsj Teaport of England, n :rncd by a mayor, with [fday. It has a trade in jr, and oak bark,alfa| id Kewfoundlaqd fiih- B I G rrfcs. A great quantity of Welih Hme- (tone is burned here; and there is a large, pottery. It is feated on the Tor- ridgf, 16 miles s by w of Ilfracomb, .ind JO I w of London. • Lon. 4 n w, bt. ?i 4N. BiddiforJ, a fcaport of the diftri(5l of Maini-, in York county. The county courts are fometimes held here. It is fituate on the feacoafl:, at the mouth of the Saco, 14 miles ssw of Portland. Lon. 70 35 w, lat. 4,1x6 n. liiddcrwrc. See ^w^ura. Didiij^ur, a town of Hindooftan, in Allahabad, with a fort on a ftecp and lofty rock, 50 mi' 's .« of Benares. hicv:, a town of Poland, in Craco- wia, nmark.ibk' for its mines of vitriol; feati'd oil tin: W'efeloke, 50 miles se of Cracow. liifl', or liiennet a town of Swifler- land, capital of .-^ fmall territory, lately fubje^ft to the bifliop of Balcl. It ftands, near a lake of the fame name, on the river Siifs. 17 miles Nw of Bern. Lon. 7 18 E, lat. 46 56 N. liitla, a town of Piedmont, near the river Co'va, 24 miles w of Vercelli. Bkljvid, a town of Weftphalia, ir. the county of Ravcrlberg. The linen made and bleached lu" f is much efteem- ed. It is 18 miles n of Lipdadt. liir/j^arodf a town of Riiflia', in the government of Kurfk, and an arch- bUhop's fee, 80 niili^s ssw of Kinflt. Lon. 36 40 fc, lat 50 30 N. Biflixarod, or Akcniian, a ftrong town ol' European Turkey, in Keflarbia, on the coalt of the Black fca, at the mouth of tin: Diiiefter, 70 milt's s^r-: of Bendi-r. Lon. 51 15 e, hit. 46 8 n. liicini, a lown oi" RuHia, in the go- vernment of Smolenlk, 60 miles nk of Smolenlk. Iiulo:ert:k, a town of Ruflia, in the govtrnmcnt of Nuvoi»orod, on the s fide of the lake Biolo, 210 miles nk of ilovo^iorod. Lon. 37 50 k, lat. 59 40 n. liic'^k, a town of Poland, capital of lolachi.i, feated on the Biala, one of the fources of the Nar^'w, 130 miles E.vE of VVarfaw. ton. a^ 39 E, lat. 5a 40 N. Bimilict, a town of the Netherlands, in I'landers, fituate on the W Scheldt, and on a fmall illand of its name, jo mill MNw of Ghent. li. ',-/?«/, a town of Scotland, in La- nerkfliire, with ..he ruins of a collegiate church, 10 mdes sk of Carnwath. Bigglnwftdt, a town in Bodfordlhire, with a hV'irket on Tuefday, feated on the Ivel, 10 miles ese of Bedford, and ♦J NNv/ gf London. B I L Bigorrff ^ htc province of France* bounded on the n by Armngnac. b by Comminges, w by Beam, and $ by the Pyrenees. Sc6 Pt/nnees, Upptr. Bgutic, a kingdom on the w coaft of Africa, wi«»,.'red by the Rio Grande The capital is of the fame name, feated on the river, 100 miles from its mouth. Lon. 13 50 w, lat. 11 la n. Bi/tatz, a town of Hungary, in Cro* atia, feated on an Ifle formed by the river Unna, 65 miles se of Carlftadt. Lon. 16 3« E, lat. 44 51 N. Bilboa, a city and fcaport of Spain» capital of Bifcay. The upper part is built moftly of wood, and has narrow ftreets, which terminate in a great fquare; the lower part is of freeftone and brick, with fine broad ftreets. The houfes are rather high, and fully inha- bited. The principal exports are wool* oil, cheftnnts, fword-blades, and other manufadtiires in iron and ftcel. It i» feated in a fertile country, on the Ibai- cabal, which forms a good harbour near the bay of Bifcay, 50 miles w of St. Se- baftian, and 180 m of Madrid. Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 43 3 J N. iiildfstoH, a town in SufTolk, with a market on Wednefday, feated on the river Breton, la miles se of Bury, and 63 N K of London. Bitedutgerid, a country of Barbary» bounded on the n by Tunis, E by Tri- poli, s by Guei]gula, and w by Tug- gurt. The air is hot and unhealthy. The country is mountainous and fandy, producing little fuftenance, except dates, which are exchanged with the neighbouring countries for wheat. The inhabitants are deemed lewd, treac^.f- ous, thievifh, and cruel. They are a mixture of ancient Africr.is and wild Arabs ; the former living iii towns, and the latter in tents. i^«.'»rt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leitmeritz, near a mountain of its name, 17 miles w of Leitmeritz. Bilitz, a town of Moravia \Uh a' caftle, and a confiderable manuir which caravans are ten daya pnfTing. Bii'-ah, a town of Hindooftan, in Halw^, capital of a ciicar, noted for producing excelltnt tobacco. It is no nxilcK E of'Ougein. Lon. 77 53 t, lat. *3 S'^ "• B'txen, a town of the Ncthtvlands, in the tenitcry of Litge. Near it i>- Munfter Biifen, a celebrated temporal fcundal'on and abbey for noble ladies. It i"* fim.ite on the Demer, 17 milrs ki^w of Liege. Bilsieiii, a town of thf diichy of Weftph..iia, iituate on a mountain, s4 miles ssF. of .vrcnfbfrp. Bil^lov, R laigi- village in Stafford- fliirc, two miles je of V^ oiveihampton It has a navigablo canal, communicating with the iilaff"v)rdlliire and Woroclter- fliire canals and ievcral great riveis. Near it are la-ge mines of coal, iron- ftone, &c alio furnaces, forges, and flittuig mills ; and manufaflurcs of ja- parned and tnamtlled i;oods. Biriiini, one of the Bahama iflandfi, near the channel of Bahanvi, eight miles lorg and nearly as much b'/oad. It has a good harbour. Lon. 79 30 w, lat Bhnlrpatam, a town of Kindoodan, in Golconda, fc ited on the hay of Bengal, J2 miles N of Vifagapatam. BiiniiOi', a town of Spa'n, in Vilencia, feated near tlie Mcdittrrant'an, at the jnouth of a river, which forniS .1 fmall harbonr, feven miles N by u of iVnifola, and 23 'j of rortofa. BnU'ii.ch, a town in Lincolnfliire, with a market on WcdncfUay, 30 miles Nfc of Lincoln, and 197 .v of London. B'.n^liy a fortified t-wn of the Ne- therlands, ir Hainault, on the river Have, nine miles y of M ins. Binchiw.'it, avillig .11 the coufity of Duiham, on the river v^'ere, near Dur- ham. By feveral infcriptions and mo- numents it appears to have been the Ronxan Vieovium : and coins ha\e been dug up here ij.'/.^((. ., a town of Barbarv, in Barca, with a harbour lor fmall veflels, 35 miles sw of Tolomtti. jij.iii^ni, a town of France, in t!ie de- partment of Mont Tonnere, lately of Gtrniaiy, inthearchbilhoiM-iioI Aientz. It is le,.ied at ^ e co fliieiice of the Nahe with the Rhine, 15 iniles w by s of Mcntz. Birif<:nilu'ini, a town <.>f Gtrmany. in the ciicl« of Upper Rhine, 16 miles VNK of Frankfort. B'>'ff/i<"it, a town in No;tingham- fhire, with a market on Thuifday, pins; many H-onir-n B I R miles B of Nottingham^ and 114 n byw of London. Biiigtrij, a town in W Yorkfhire, with a market on Tuefday, feated on thf Aire, 14 miles tK of Skipton, and toi NNw of London. BiMo, the largeft river ofCbili, whi h rife* in the Andes, runs through veins of gold and fields o£farfaparilla, and, parting the city of Conception, enters the Pacific ocean in lat. 36 56 s. It is the boundary between the Spaniards and their Indian enemies, which obliges them to keep-ftrong gr.rrifons on it. Biorneittrg, a town of Sweden, in Finland, near the mou h of the Kunc, in the gulf of Bothnia, 75 miles N of Abo. Lon. 22 5 E, lat. 61 42 n. Bir, or Brer, a town of Aliatic Tur. key, in Diarbeek, with acaftle. Itftanils on the Euphrates, near a high moun- tain, in a fruitful country, 60 miles nb of Aleppo. Birloom, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, 66 miles wsw of Moorihedabad, and rr5 NNW of Calcutta. Birkcnj'eld, a town of France, in the department of Sarre, lately of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine ; featd near the river Nahe, 25 miles ese uf Treves. Blrinnh, an extenfive empire in Afia, to the <'. of the bay of Bengal ; contain- inu the kinudoms of Birmah, Caflay, Aracan, and Pegn, and .dl the w coalt of Siam. The kingdom of Birmah, frecpiently called Ava, from the name of its ancient capital, has l'ei,'u o":^ the.s, and occupies both fides of the rivev Irrawaddy to the frontiers of Afliim on the N ; on the w it has .'\racan and Caflay, and on the e China and Uppi-r Siam. This kin^jdom was conquered iii "Ti'ij hy the king of I\i.n), who carried the Hirman monarch prif iner to Pctii, and caufed him to bemu-d-'red there in i7i;4. But Alomnra, a liirman of low dilli'!<5tion, who was coutiinied by the co'iqueror aschicf at Monchaoon, a fin.ill place t) the N of Ava, revolted acaiiid the Peguefe, got poUefTDn of Av\ in 17.^?, and after carttinued battle.^, with virious fucccfs, betam ■ the coiuiuei-er of Pegu in 1757. This dclivircr ot' his country continued in a Rate of warf.r.v to W\i death in 1760 ; and his fnecc.Tois h.ive fmce .added the other couiitriv, which now firrr. the IMrmau empire. The climate of liirmah is very faliibri- ous; the feafons being regular, and the extremes of heat a-id cold ftldor.i exju'- ric'ced. The f >il is remarkably fertile, producing rice, fngar-canes, tobacco, indigo, cotton, and all the tropical fiuiU n, and U4 wbyw W Yorkfhire, with [ay, feated on thf f Skipton, and loi river of Chili, whi h runs through veins otfarfaparilla, and, Conception, entm lat. 36 56 s. It is sn the Spaniards and . which obliges them hns on it. wn of Sweden, in mou h of the Kunc, inia, 7i miles n of lat. 6i 4* N. own of Aliatic Tur- ith acaftle- It (lands near a hiph moun- ountry, 60 miles nb [1 of Hindooftan, in iw of Moorfhedabad, alcutta. vn of France, in the 1;, lately of Germany, fpper Rhine 5 fcatcd he, aj miles ese of L^nfive empire in Afw, ■ of Bengal ; contain- of Birmah, Cnflay, and all the 'A' coaft tingctom of Birmah, |\va, from the name 1, has I'ei-'u on the », ;i fides of tlic rlvev frontiers of AiVam it has Aracan and E China and Uppt'r im was conquered in )f Pci-yii, IV ho carrieJ h prir>ii,ir to Peg'.t, Lie mu- d'-red tlune iii a, a l)ir;iian of low ,s couliiitied by tin: M()ncfiaiK)n,afin.ul v;i, rL'vohed acninil; lOlRfTi )n of Avi in nued battle.^ with jam ■ the coiui'.nnir _ his deliverer oi"ii;i n a Rate of warf.ra' i and his AicccfTors he other counlriVi he Birman enip^"';'' inah is very falubri- ng regular, and the .1 cold ftldon expc- remarkably fertile, l^ar-canes, tobacco, 11 the tropical fruiu B I n in oerfedion ; and on the banks of' the Irrawaddy, which runs s through the whole country, is produced pure amber and -the finelt teak timber in the world. The kingdom of Hinnah abounds in minerals ; it has mines of gold, filver, rubies, and fapphires ; and aftbrds ame- thylls, garnets, chryfolitcs, jafper, load- ftonc, and marble. 1 he general dif- nofition of the Birmansis ftiikingly con- trahi'd with that of the natives or Hin- dooftan, though ieparated only by a narrow ridge of mountains, in .feveral places admitting of an eafy intercuurfe. The Hirm.ans are a lively inquilitiv* race, aftive, irafcible, and impatient ; but the chanider of their Hengal neighbours is known to be the reverie. The p.idiun of jLiiloufy, which prompts molt eallern "nations to immure their vvonien, and furriiund them with guards, ftems to have little influence on the minds of the Binnans; for their wivts and daughters have as free intercourfc witit the other ffx as the rules of European fociety ad- mit. I ho Hirnuns are extremely fond both of poetry and miirie. Their reli- gion is, in fad, th:it of the Hindoos, though they are not votaries of Brnma, but fertaries of Boodh. Their fydem of jinifprudence is didinguilhed above any other Hindoo commentary for per- fjji'ciiity and goOil fente. The en:iperor i)f Birmah is a defp. tic monarch, and, like tlie fovereign of Ci.ina, acknow- Iwiges MO equal- The titles he aflumes in hispub'ic ads are, "' the lord i^f 'irth and air; the monarch of extenliveioun- trios; thi' proprietor of all kinds of pre- cious fti Mies ; the king who performs the ti'n duties incumht;;n on all k'ngs; the mailer of the white, r;'d and mottled tk'phai ts, whofe praifes are repeated far as the inlluenee of thefun and inoon extends.'* The prevailing charadcriRic of the Birmaii c -nrt is pride. 'I'hcre are no hereditary dignities or employ- ments in the goviTument ; lor all ho- nonrs and ofTices, on th- doiuil'e of the poiU'Cbr, revert to the ( rown- 'I'ue ca-^ pit.il i>f the kingdom, and metropolis of the em, ii>', is Umairrapoora. iiirin'ui-^iiii'iy a town in Warwicklliire, with a marl-.et.on '1 luirfer- deerilhiro, fc ittd on the Dee, a8 miles of .Iberdeen. BirUvfj, a village in the county of Durham, fo mdes N of Durham, noted for a valu.ible I'alt fpring, and an ex- tenlive innnufaduiv of fait. Jilivii'^cd, a town of Spain, in 014 CaOile, 13 miles % o Burgos. Jiimif a town (jf Poland, in Snmo- gitia. 42 miles sk of Mittau. n'/ytircii, a tov.'n 1)1 Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriorc, 15 miles nk of Conza. iiis.-diu, a town of Algiers, in r*'^ pr(wince of Coiift; ntina, and the chief place of the diitiid v>f Zaab. It is an ancient town. 120 miles ssw of Coa- ilantina. low. 5 i: w, lat. 3^ 35 n... B:-ci.u/, a province of Spain, 70 milei Jong and ^5 bvoa.!; boundee Atlantic* between Cape Ortegal, in Ion- 7 35 ^'> l^t. 43 48 n, and the ifle of Uihant, in Ion. 5 o w, lat- 48 30 n. Bincayt NeWt a province of Mex- ico, noted for its Giver mines. It has New Mexico on the n , and Zacatecas on the h ; and the Rio de las Naflasruns through a great part of it. Binc/iojiheim, a town of Franconia, in the duchy of Wurtzburg, feated on the Tauber, 20 miles ssw of Wurtzburg. — Another, feated on the Riiom, 44 miles ,V by & of Wurtzburg. Bischj of Cofenxa. J3t;/«y, a village in Glouceftcrihire* B L A thretf tta\H sM of Stroud. It h«» 1 larg« cburcti, (landing on an eminence, and a nkanufaAure of broad cloth. JSunogur, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Sanore. It wa» the ca^ pital of the ancient kingdom of Narfinga, and formerly a large city. It is feated on the river Nigouden, a8 miles sse of Sanore, and 105 n by w of Chitteldroog. Lon. 760 E,Iat. 15 30 N. Bisnetf a town of Bootan, capital of a diftridt on the borders of Bengal and AfTam*^ It is 50 miles, exe of Ranga* mutty, and 130 se of TalTafudon. Lcn^ 90 45 E, lat. 36 2 7 N. Bissagos, a cluftcr of iflands on the w coaft of Africa. The iargeft, called BalTago, is 80 miles in circuit, inhabited by Portnguefe and Ncgros, and well cultivated. Its N end is oppufite the mouth of the Rio Grande. Lon. 1 5 10 w, lat. 10 58 N. Bissunpowy a town of Hindooftan, capital of a circar in Bengal, 74 miles NW of Calcutta. Bintncz, a town of Tranfylvania, on the river Biftricz, 142 miles ne of Colof. war. Lon. 15 3 e, lat. 47 3^ "• Bilc/tCf a fortified town of France, in the department of Mofelle, with a caflle «n a rock. It is feated at the foot of a mountain, near the river Schwelb, 30 miles N by w of Stralburg. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 49 5 N. BiieltOf a town of Naples, in Terra di Bar], 1 1 miles ssw of Bari. Bilonio, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 10 milts wsw of nari. Bitschen, See Pitschen. Bitlerfdd, a town of the duchy of Saxony, feated on the Mulda, 14 miles s of Deflau. Black Forest, a foreft of Germany, in the w part of the circle of Suahia. It is part of the ancient Hyrcinian foreft. Black iSVfl, the ancient Euxine, an in- land foa, or large lake, partly in Europe, and partly in Afia- It lies between 33 and 44 E lon. and 43 and 46 n lat. Bhrkhink, a town of i eland, in the county of Armagh, feven miles s of Armagh Blackburn, a town in Lancafhire, with a market on Monday. Here are two churches, feveral meeting- houfes, a Sammar fchool founded by queen E!i- bcth.and a vafttrade in cotton, calicos, &c. In 1801 the number of inhabitants was 11,980. It is feated on a rivulet, and ni ar the Leeds and Liverpool canal, 12 miles E of Preilon, and 10^ Nxwof London. Blackfieath, a village in Kent, on tht s fide of Or^cawi(:b, at the n w point 'A roud' lth» thtfH I aa emincBCCt and oad clotbi I of Hindooftan, in ire- it wa» the ca< ingdom of Naifinga, e city. It is feattd len, a8 miles sse of y w of ehitteldroog. ao N. ifBootan, capital of »rders of Bengal a«d ijles E^iE of Raiiga- of TaiTafudon. Lcn; N. er of iflands on the The largeft, called I in circuit, inhabited 1 Ncgros, and well end is oppofitc the Drande. Lon. 1 5 lo own of Hindooftan, • in Bengal, 74 miles I of Tranfylvania, on [41 miles NE of Colof* , lat. A7 3S N. ;d town of France, in Mofelle, with a caftlt feated at the foot ot the river Schwelb, 30 tratourg. Lon. 7 44 of Naples, in Terra sw of Bari. of Naples, in Terra rsw of Bari. '*itschen. ivn i)f the duchy of the Mulda, 14 n"l<^s foreft of Germany, Ithe circle of Suabia. lient Hyrcinian foreft. Incient Euxine, an in- ]kt», partly in Europe, I. It lies between 33 [42 and 46 N lat. m of V eland, in the i, feven miles s of In in Lancafhire, with Iday. Here are two I meeting- houfes, a liinded by queen Eli- fcde in cotton, calicos, lumber of inhabitants \ feated on a rivulet, [and LiTrerpool canal, |lon,and ao^ Nxwof hlagc in Kent, oil tht tb, at the N w point B L A flf a tofly P^in °f ^^^ ^""^ "^'"^' ^^ the heath and its borders are many beautiful villas; alfo Morden college, founded by fir John Morden, for decayed merchants. In the fide of the afcent from London to this village is a cavern confifting of feven large rooms, which communicate by arched avenues; the fides and roofs of rocks of chalk; and it has a well of clear water, a? feet deep. Blackmorr, a village in Eflex, on the river Can, five miles n of Brentwood. Kear the churcli, at a fpot called Jericho, formerly flood a priory, afterward con- verted by Henrj' viii into a houfe for occaftonal rL-tirement ; and here his na- tural fon John Henry Fitzroy was born. It is now an elegant houfe. Bkclineiis-castlef a fort of Scotland, in Linlithgowlhire, built on a kind of peninfula on the frith of Forth, nine miles NE of Linlithgow. It confifts of four baftions, and is one of the forts which, by the articles of union, are to be kept in repair. BluckpnoU a viHage in Lancalhire, three miles w of Poulton, much rcfortcd to for fea-bathing. Blackivater, a river of Ireland, which flows through the counties of Cork and Waterford into Youghal bay. Blackwaleff a river in Eflex, which flows by Bradfield,Braintree, Coggefhal, Kelvedon, and Maiden, and then enters the eftuary, to which it gives tlie name of Blackwater bay. Biadenoc/i, a river of Scotland, which yifes in the hills in the n part of Wig- tonihirc, and after a winding courfe of J4 miles enters Wigton bay. Several idands are formed in its bed, which are famous for the refort of eagles, Blademburg, a town of Maryland, in George county, on the E lide 01 the e branch of the Potomac, nine miles from its mouth, at Wafhington, and 38 sw of Baltimore. Biainy a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire, %% miles KNw of Nantes. Blair Athol^ (i town of Scotland, in Perthfliire, with a caftle, the feat of the duke of Athol, 36 miles nnw of Perth. Bluir Gowriel a town of Scotland, in Perthfliire, with a manor houfe built in the form of a caftle, a 2 miles m n e of Perth . Blttisois, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Bcaiice, E by Orleanois, s by Berry, and w by Tour- aine. It now forms the department of Loir and Cher. Blaisoh, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayeune and Loirt^, eight milttfiSE of Angers. B LA Bkmmlf a town of Frintt» In the dBi> partment of Meurtbe, feated on tht Vezoaze, la miles e of LuneviUe. Blane, a town of France, in the de* l>artment of Indre, with a caftle, feated on tl)« Creufe, 35 miles e of Poitier*. Blanco, an uninhabited ifland, ta th» N of Margaretta, near Terra Frtma. Lon. 64 30 w, lat. 1 1 59 iv . liliinco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 miles NE of Port St. J alien. Lon. 64 42 w, lat. 47 20 s. Blanco, a cape of Peru, no miles $w of GuiaquiL Lon. 8j o w, lat. 3 45 s. Blanco, a cape oh the w coaft of Africa, 180 miles n of th,e river Senegal. Lon. 17 10 w, lat. ao 55 n. Blandfordt a corporate town in Dor- fctlhire, with a market on Saturday. In 1 73 1, almoft all the town was burnt down ; but it was foon rebuilt, and a neat townhall of Portland ftone on co- lumns, in which is a pump, was ereAe4 in remembrance of that dire difafter* and provifion againft the like. It has ^ confiderable manufacture of thread and ftiirt buttons, and is feated on the river Stour, near the downs, 18 miles ne of Dorchefter, and 103 w by s 6f London. BlandJ'ordy a town of Maflhchufets, in Hampfhire county, »5 miles sw of North* ampton,iand 116 w by s of Bofton. BlandJ'ordy a town of Virginia, in Prince George county It has a large trade in tobacco, and is fituate on the b branch of the Appamattox, four miles NK of Peterfljurg. Blancn, a t(Avn of Spain, in CataIonia« near the mouth of theTotvlera, ao milea, s yf Gironne. ' Blankcnber^y a town and fort of the Netherlands, in Fbnders, tituate on the German ocean, eight miles n e of Oliend. Blankenhergy a t.wn of H'oftphalia, m the duchy of Berg, on the river Siee, 12 mUes E of Bonn. Blankcnhurgy a town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the fame name, lately fubjed to the duke of Brunfwick-Wolfenbuttlc. 'l*he caftl« ftands on a craggy mountain, and is one of the fineft buildings of the kind in Germany. It is :^o miles se of Wolfen- buttle. Lon. u 10 s, lat. 51 51 k. Blaregnies. Sfc Malplatjtic'f, Bliiuhureny a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, with a caftle on a hill. Great quantities of fuftian and linen cloth are made here. It is fcau'd at the confluence of the Ach With the Blau, 1 1 miles w of Uim. Blaijr, a feaport of France, in the de» partment of Girondc. It has a xood Je\vport, and in Newport county. !t is 46 miles in lencth, and _i;8 in its ex- treme breadth, and t.imous for cattle, (heep, butter, and chtcfc. 1 he s p.u t of it is in lat. 4 1 8 n. Bidckzi/I, a town of Holland, in Ove- rytfel, with a tort; feati'd at the mouth of the Aa, on the Zuyder Zee, where there is a good harbour, tight miles Nw of Stcenwick. Lon 5 39 e, lat. 52 44 N- Bi'oif, a city of France, capital ot the department of Loir and Cher, and lately an epifcnpal te. The catjiedral is a large ftnniture, fe^ited on an eminence at one extremity of the city, and on another eminence at the other end is a magnificent cifllc. In this caftle vva» born Uk' good Lewis xii ; and h»;re, in rjSS, Il'nry iit caul'cd the duke of Guile, and hi? brother the cardinal, to be ;iirifiinated. Here are fome fine fountains, fupplicd by an aquedutft, fuppofed to have been eredted by the Roni.ans- The pi-incipal commerce is Jn wine and brandy; anJ the chief ma- rufa^uics are ferges and ticken. It is featcd on the Loire, 37 miles ene of Tours, and 100 ssw of Paris. Lon, i ao E, lat. 47 3jf »• B OC Blomez, a town of Poland, in Rfa, fovia, ao miles w of Warfaw. Blore, a village in Staftordfhire, jo miles N of Utoxeter. Its heath is fa. mous for a battle between the houfri of York and Lancafter, in which Nevil earl of Salifbury, for York, with roo men only, defeated lord Audley with 10,000. The latter was killed, and on the fpot is eredted a ftone crofsto his memory. Blitchiil, a town of the diftridt of Maine, in Hancock county, on Union river, 13 miles e of Cafline. Blytht a town in Nottinghamfliire, with a market on Thurfday Here are fome remains of a caitle and priory. It is 2! miles knw of Newark, and 151 n by w of London. Bli/flh a village in Northumberland, at the mouth of the Blyth, 14 milej NNE of Newcaftle. It has a quay, anJ exports much coal and fait. Boad, a town of Hindooftan, in Orifla, on the river Mahanada, 65 miles sse of Sumbulpour, and 115 wofCattack. Bobbin, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanefe, on the river Trebia, z\ miles se of Pavia. Bnbenhausfn, n town of Germany, in Wetteraviii, with a caftle, feated on the Geifbrentz, three miles sk of Frankfort. Bobcr, a river of Germany, which rifes in Silefia, on the borders of Jiohe- mia, flows n by Lowenburg, huntzlaii, and S.tgan, and joins the Oder below ( 'rofien. Bobprslnsi; a town of Brandenhurp, in the New m.irk, .md duchy of Croflen; (e.Ued on the fide of a hill, by the river IJolier, five miles s of CrolTen. lioen del Drann, a channel between the ifland of Trinidad and Cumana in Terra Fnina. See /'riiiidad. B'icliiita, a chain of mountains, in t!ie territory of Genoa, over vi-hich is the road into Lombardy- On the highcft m nnUain i.s a flrong p.ifs that will hardly admit three nitii to go ahreai> ; and this is, properly, the Bochetta. It is tlie key of Genoa, and was forced by the French in 1796, and by the Auftriana in igoo. Bocknia, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, with large fait mines, 20 miles ese of Cracow. Bocholl, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Munfter, on the river Aa, 4a miles w of Munfter. B')f Italy, in the Mi- Trebia, a; miles SE town of Germany, in \ caftle, fe.it cd on the mWs SK of Frankfort, of Germany, which the birders of liohe- uvonburp, huntzlaii, ins the Oder below |wn of Brandenburg', ind duchy ofCroflcn; if a hill, by the river of (rolfen. a ch;inni'I between Idad and Cumana in i'liiiidad. of mountftins, in th« , ovof wh'ch is the fly. (Jn the hij;hcft Jong p.ifs th-it will nu'n to go ahr(Mi> ; , the B'^chctia. It [oa, and was forced 1796, and by the of Poland, in the j)\v, with large fait I of Cracow. IfWcflphalia, in the ter, on the river Aa, ter. i-n of Lower Saxony, lof HildeJheim, on liles SSE of Hildc- village in Eflex, ad- Its church is fpi- BOH Idous ; and here is a great m«iilf;tdil|| rU'^MW. a town of WcftphaMa, in the county of Mark, a6 miles se of Wcft^l. • • ' JiuJni See. See Constance, Lake of. li.dmin, a borough in Cornwall, go- Ucrned by a mayor^ with a market on Saturday. The lummer .-iflizes arc htld here. It has feme manutadurcs of fcrge, and a trade in wool and yarn. The church is the largeft in the county, and the remains of an >pifcopal palace and a priory are Hill to be leen. It is 31 miles NE of Falmouth, and 33? vv ky s of London. Lon. 4 40 w, lat 50 Us N. liodon, a fortified town of European Turkey,, in inilgaria, and an arch- hilliop's lee ; feated on tlie Danube, x(> \ ) liles w of Widdin. Ion. 13 54 t, lat. 44 10 N. Bodroch, or li'idro^i, a town of Hun- I rary, on the river Danube, 100 miles bK I of liuda. Bodriin, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in JNatolia, on the n fide of the guif of Scalanova, 18 miles .s of Smyrna. — An- other, on the fite of the ancient [lali- carnaflus, on the n fide of the gulf of I Stanchio, 45 miles w by s of MelalTa. Bucschoi, a town of the Netherlands, in lirabant, on the river Nethe, li miles NE of Mechlin, Bo^, a river which rifcs on tl»i s [border of Volhynia, in Poland, flows through Podolia and Budzac Tartary, and enters the I 'lack fea, between Oc- I aakow and the river Dnieper. Bogdui, a country of Tartary, fituate to the N of China. It is of great extent and populuuc, and lubjed to the Chi- nefe. Boglio, or Beuil, a, town of Savoy, fituate on the Tinea, zi nvjles nnw of Nice. Boglipour, a town of Ilindooftan, ca- I pltal of a circar in Beng.al ; feated on the Ganges, 112 miles nk of Moorihe- l Jabad. Lorj. 87 5 e, lat. 25 15 .v. BogHvr, a village in Sullex, feven I miles SE ofQuclieftcr. it is an improving place, and much frequented in fummer 1 tor fea-bathing. Bohemia, a kingdom in Germany, soo [miles long and ijo broail ; bounded on the N by Mifni.i and Lufatia, k by Sikfia and Moravia, .s by Audria, and w by Bavaria. It is fertile in corn, faf- Ifion, hops, and paftur*.-. The chief rivers jsn; the Muldau, Elbe, and Oder. In I the mountains arc mines of gold, filvcr, cupper, tin, iron, lead, and quickfilver; iliove ISO towns and places mi^jht be B O K nMned where mine-worka have hcat^ «ftablilhed. All kindsi of marble are, likewiiV' dug in Bohemia. Almoft every kind of pnxious floites are found here* biit, in general, deficient in hardnefbj thefilver,and, in part,milkwhite pearls, gathereil in many places, are extremely, beautiful. Thf Roman catholic re- . ligion is the principal ; but there are niany proteftants. The language is. Sclavonian, with a mixture of German. . It i la N. BoiatiOf a town of Naples, in the Molife, at the foot of the Apeimines, near thv' river Tilcrno. In :^.o.^ it fuf- lerod greatly by an earthqr.ake, and molt of the inhabitants were ileftroyed. It IS 45 miles nne of Naples. Lon. 14/ 25 E,lat. AI 30 N. Bois le l)uc, a fortified city of Diitcti Brabant, capital of a didrid of the fame name, which contains alfu the towns 0$ Helmont and Eyndhoven. It has a caftle named Papen-briel; and a little to the s are two forti, called Ifabella and St. Antony. It was taken by the French in 1794- It is fituate among moraffes, on the river Dommel, where it receives the Aa, 2a miles e by n of Breda, and 45 sse of Amilerdam. Lon. 5 24 ';» lat. 51 4S N. Boisciiriiiiiiiii, a to»vn of France, in the depaitncnt of Luiret, 25 miles ne of Orleans. BoUzi'iiiiiTg, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in Meciclonburg, at the conHu- ence of the Boitze with the Elbe, 3* miles sw of Schwerin. Bi'itzrnOuri:, a'town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, 10 miles w of Prendow. Bokhara, a city of Ufb*!C Tartary, in Bokharia. It (lands ou a rifing ground, fnnounded by a Hinder wall of earth, and a dry ditch, on the s fide of the river Sodg. The houfes are low, and mofily. built of mud 3 but the caravan* »0L ^Mm HbA mdR)ues- wKicli tfre nnfMr- 0tti« are all of brick. The ba/ars, or nikrket- places, have been llately build- kiffi } but the greateft part of them are now in nims. Here is alfo a ftately baitdfng for the education of the prielka. Ofeit numfMirs of Jew» and Arabians IhMuent this place ; and the trade with RuiDa and m-lia is confiderable. It is 138 miles w by s of Samarcand. Lon. 6s 56 K, lat. 39 4 N. Biikharin, or Butharia, a country of DTbec Tartary, botmded on the n by Turke(lan» e by Caihgur, s by Hin- dooftan and PerGa, and w by Chorafan and Charafm. It is fertile in corn and fhiit, and the beft cultivated of any part of Tartary. The inhabitants are in ge- neral tawny, with black hair, but fome arc white and well made. Thvy are dieatily in their food, which often con- lifts of minced meat; and tea is the general drink. They are not warlike, hut ufe the bow, lance, and fabre- Samarcand is the capital. Bokharia^ Little. See Cashgur. Bolnbola, one of the Society iflands, in the Pacific ocean, four leagues nw of Otaha. Lon. 151 52 w, lat 16 32 s. Boichiresk, a town of Kamtlkatka, on the river Bolchoireka, »i miles from its mouth, in the fea of Okotfk. Lon. tS^^J F-»lat. 5» 54 N. Botin^broke, a town in Lincolnfliirc, with' a market on Tuefday. It is the birthplace of Henry iv, and has a ma- Hufaaure of earthen ware. It ftands at the fonrcc of a river which runs into ihcWitham, zi; miles e of Lincoln, and t3« K by E of London. Bolftowitt, a town of StleGa, iz miles s of Ologau. Bologna^ a city of Italy, capital of the Bolognefe, and an archbilhop's fee. The univerfity is one of the moft an- cient and celebrated in Europe ; and the academy of arts and fcienccf;, found- ed in 171*, is a mngnificent building. The church of St. Petronius is the largeft in Bolcgna; and on the pave- ment of this, Caflini drew his meridian Kne. There are r68 other churclies, moft of them full of paintings by great avtifts. The fchool of pointing is im- mortalized by the number of noble mtfters h has produced 1 and the pub- fie tbeatre is one of the largeft and moft beautiful in Italy. Many of the palaces ^ tb« noVility are fumiKhed in a mag- nifioent taftt, having being built and •mamented when tnie Sneft works of architcAure and painting could be pro- cured on eafier termi. Moft of the piriMio ftnets arc aoeommon, 30- miles e by n of Paita. Lon. 70 .<6 w, lat. 4 is s. Boriquen, an ifland in the W Indies, near Porto Rico. It is uninbabitcil, though fertile, and the water good. Here is a great tiumber of land crabs, whence fome call it Crab.Ifland. Lon. 66 o w, lat. i3 o. Borkrlo, a ftrong town of Holland, in the county of Zutphen, remarkable for having been the fubje»it of two wars; one in 1665, againft ihebifhop of Mun- fter, and the other with France, in 1671. It is feated on the river Borkel, 15 miltj ENF. of Zutphen. Borkcv, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Munfter, with a colle- giate church, feated on the Aa, 38 miles w of Munfter. Bormioy a town of Swiflerland, ca- pital of a county of its name, on the confines of Tirol. About a mile from the town are medicinal baths. It i) feated at the foot of the mountains, on the river FreduUb, near its confluence with the Adda, 40 miles SE of Colrt. Lon. 10 ao E, lat. 46 17 N. Bortia, a town of Upper Saxony^ ia MIfnia, with a manufadure of ftuffs, foated ni ar the river PloyH'e, 13 miks K^E of Lfipfic. Jiurncu, an ifland in the Indian ocean, difcovered by the Portuguofe in i;2i It is of an oval figure, 900 miles long and 600 broad. The inland country is mountainous; but toward *the fea loiv and mirfhy, efptcially on the nutthcrn fide, where it i« covered with fortftsoi Kirge trees, which penetrate for fcorc! of miles toward the centre of the ifland. It produces rice, pepper, fago, dia- monds, gold, pearls, canes, bees-wax, camphor, dragonfljlood, edible birds 1 neft.s, and I'andal wood. The orang- outang abounds in this ifland. 1 lie Englilh had fidories here; but differ- ences ariling between them and the I natives, they were driven awayt or murdered, ia 1706' The Dutch srcj river Po, at thi a, lo miles » gf , a town of Italy, en '/a. feated on the of Piacenza. polcro, a town of entiho, with a fort, ce of the Tiber, it Spain, ill Arragon, ar Mount C»yOi 4t ;ofla. ?€ru,in the audience 1 the head waters of 30' miles E by n of w, lat. 4 15 «• nd in the W Indies, It is uninhabited, d the water good. mber of land crabs, L Crub.Ifland. Lon. ; town of Holland, in phen, remarkable for Libje»tt of two wars; \ ihc blftiop of Mun- with France, in 1671. river Borkel, 15 mikj of Weftphalia, in the unfter, with a colk- d on the Aa, 38 miles of Swiflerland, ca- of its name, on the About a mile from ' diciiial baths. It i» of tht! mountains, on , near its confluence rnilos SE of Coirc 46 17 N. of Upper Saxony^ ia anufadure of ftuffs, ver Plcyllc, 13 ™1« 1 in the Indian ocean, Purtiit;uefi' in I^2l ,nirc, 900 mik'3 Ions ;ht; inkuul country is t()\v;u-d 'the f>;a low ially oa the uovthi-rn )vcred with fortftsoi pfm;trate for fcord ccnlro of the iilar.d. pepper, fago, dia- hy ciuies, bees-wax, blood, edible birds wood. The orang- in this illand. 1 le ies here; but differ- recn thera and the ,c driven away? 01 6. The Dutch sre BOW the only Europeans who have fct- tlemeptd here, and their chief feAories are «t the mouth of the Banjer and the |J>ontlana. The feacoaft it ufually over- fl led into feveral kingdoms, the principal I of which are Borneo, and Banjermaf- I ling. Borneo, a kiggdom on the nw fide of [the ifland of Borneo, governed by a Ifultan, who lives in great (late. The {capital, of the fame name, is large and Ipopulous, with a good harbour. Lon. Ill* »7E, lat. 4 5^ N. Bornholm, an ifland of Denmark, in Ithe Baltic, of an oval form, about 12 I miles in circumference, pnd nearly fur- ■ rounded by rocks. The foil is ftony, IBut fertile, with excellent pailure ; and Ithere are mines of coal, and quarries of I marble. It lies 10 miles s e of Schonen, lin Sweden. The chief town is Ronne. Bornou, an extenfive empire of Ne- Igroland, having Caflina on the w, and I Nubia on the e. It confids of a num- I ber of oafes, or fertile fpots, interfperfed I with arid wades- The climate is faid jto1)e charafterized by exceflive, though [not by uniform, heat. Two feafons, lone commencing foon after the middle I of April, the other at the fame period in Oaober, divide the year. The firft [is introduced by violent winds from Ithe SR and s, with intenfe heat, a de- jiugc of fultry rain, and fuch tempefts Igf thunder and lightning, as deflroy pultjtudes of the cattle, and many of Ithe people. At the commencement 6f w fecond feafoo, the ardent heat fub- BO R fides ; the air becomes foft and mild, and the weather perfedtly fcrene. Maizct rice, the hone-bean of Europe, th« common kidneybean, cotton, hempt and indigo, are cultivated; and theiit are figs, grapes, apricots, pomegranates, lemons, limes, and melons. The nvoft valuaMe tree is called Rcdeynah, in form and height like an olive, the \eai refembling that of a lemon, and bearing a nut, the kernel and (hell of which are in great eftimation ; the firit as a fhiit, ' the lad on account of the oil it pro- ' duces. Horfes, alTes, mules, dogs, hom- ed cattle, goats, (heep, and camels (the fle(h of which is much cfteemed) are the common animals. Bees are fo nu- merous, that the wax is often throwa away as an article of no value. The game confids of partridses, wild ducks, and odriches, the flem of which is prized above every other. The other animals are the lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, bu(falo, antelope, and cameleopardalis ; and there are many fnakes, fcorpions, centipedes, and toads. T\\e complexion of the natives is black; but they are not of the Negro cad. The drefs of the greater .part confids of (hirts of lilue cotton manu- fadlured in the country, of a red cap brought from Tripoli, and a white nmflin turban from Cairo. N<>fe-rihg8 of gold are worn by the principal peo- ple. But the only covering of the poorer fort is a kind of girdle for the waid. In their manners the people are courteous and humane : they are paf- fionately fond of play; the Jower cla(res of draughts, and the higher excel In chefs. More than 30 different lan- guages are faid to be fpoken in Bornou and its dependencies ; and the reigning religion ia the Mahometan. The mo- narchy is cleire of the fame name, with a palace like a citadel. The whole ware. It is Rve miles H of Linlith- gow. Bosa^ a feaport of Sardinia, and a biibop's fee, with a caftle, on a river of the fame name, 17 miles sse of Alg i. Lor. 8 50 e, lat. 40 a^ k. Boscawen Islmidf an ifland in the Pacific ocean, about 10 miles in cir- cumference. Lon. 17; low, lat. 15 $0 s. BojcOf or Boichi, a town of Italy, in the Milanefe, featcd on the Orbe, Hve miles E of Alexandria. Boscolel, a village in Shropfliirc, nine miles SE of Newport, where Charles ii was concealed in an oak, after the bat- tle of Worcefter. Bosniai a province of European Tur- key, I20 miles long and 70 broad; bounded on the n by Sclavonia, v. by Servia, s by Albania, and w by Dal- inatia and Croatia. It is mountainous, but fertile, cfpedally near the rivers. Semo is the capital. BotrOf a town of Syria, where Ma- homet is faid to have received much Infonnation from a Neitqrian monk, toward founding his religious do^rines. It is 100 miles s of Damafcus. Lon. 37 10 B, lat. 32 20 N. Bossiny, a borough in Cornwall, that has now no market, feated near the Briftol channel, 17 miles nw of Laun- cefion, and 233 vv by s of London. See Tintagel. . Bostj a ftrong town of Perfia, capital «>f Sableftan. It is feated on the Ueer- BOS mund, ifO miles wsw of Candahi^ Lon. 64 15 E, lat. 3« 30 N. Boston^ a borough in Lincolnftiin, Kovemed by a mayor, with • market si Wcdnefday and Saturday. It ia ftat44 on the Witham, not far from ka inlhu into the Tea; but its barboar can admit veflels of inferior burden only. It hai a navigation to Lincoln, paitly by tht Witham, and partly by a canali and there is another canal to Bourn, ft bat a trade in wool ; and the lofty tower of its large Gothic church is a noted fiRu mark. It is 17 miles se of Linci^o, and 113 N of London. Lon. o 5 E, lat, Boston, the capital of Maflachufett, and of Suffolk county, fcated on a pcnin. j fula, at the bottom of Maflachufett bay, covered by numerous iflanda and I rocks, and defended by a caflle. It li«t in the form of a crefcent about the har- bour ; and the country rifing gradually beyond, affords a delightful profpeft. There is only une iafe channel to ap. proach the harbour, and that fo nar. row, that two (hips can fcarcely (ail abreaft ; but within the harbour there it room for joo fliips to anchor. At the bottom of the bay is a pier, near looo feet in length, to which fliips of the greatcft burd^n may cone clofe. Moft of the public buildings are handfomt, and fom(? of them elegant. Franklin Place is a great ornament to the town; it contains a*monument of Dr. Franklia (who was bom here) and is encompafl. ed on two fides with buildings of fupc- rior elegance. The ftreets are hand. fome, particularly that extending from the pier to the townboufc. Here are| 19 editices for public worihip, belong, ing to fcdts of various denominations J and fevcn freefchools, fupportcd at the public expence. The foreign and do- mcftic trade is very confiderable ; and the principal manufadtures confift of rum, loaf-fugar, canvas, cordage, ben, pot and pearl afh, glafs, tobacco, and chocolate. On the w fide of the town is the Mall, a beautiful public walk; and fifteen of the illands in tht harbour aflbrd pafturage and corn, and fumilh agreeable; places of refort in fummertol parties of pltafure. In the neighbour' hood of Boiton, the firft hoftilities con. I meiiced, in 1775, between the coloniftll and. the troops of the mother country'J who evacuated the town in March 1776.! It is SJ3 miles ne of New York. Lon>| 70 .59 w, lat. 42 22 N. I Bostcortli, Market^ ^ town in LcicefJ terfliire, with a market on Wcdnefdaff In its vicuiity was fought the fainoi^l T"^' »w of Candahaiv 1 in Lincolnfhbt, , with » market «• irday. UUfMttd far from Its infha barbovr can admit irden oniy. Ithu icolo, partly by thi tf by a canali and il to Bourn. It bat 1 the lofty tower of urch Is a noted tn^ lea SE of LincolD, >n. Lon. 05 '» 1^ tal of Maffachufeti, ty,fcatedonapenin- m of MalTacnufcti imerouB iflanda and d by a caftle. It \H efcent about the bar- intry rifing gradually delightful profpeft. Ijife channel to ap. ur, and that fo nar. ,ip8 can fcajcely {ail n the harbour there il >8 to anchor. At tk ,y i» a pier, near seoo > which fljips of the lay cone ch)fe. Moft ildings are handfomt, tm elegant. Franklin rnament to the town; iment ofpr. Frankliu sre) and is encompaff* ith buildings of fupt- *he ftreets are hand- that extending from ownhoufc. Here are iblic worfhip, belong, rious denominations; Dols, fupported at the The foreign and do- 1 ;ry confiderable ; and inufaftures confift of :anvas, cordage, beer, I, glafs, tobacco, and le w fide of the town .autiful public walkj [iflands ui the harbour ind corn, and fumilh if refort in fummerto '. In the neighbour, ic firft hoftilities cop [between the coloniftJ the mother country, town in March 177'' of New York, L(ft| If/,' a town in Lcicef- larket on Wcdnefdait Is fought the fanioai BOT iMttle between Richard 11 1 and the nx\ of Richmond, afterward Henry fii, in which the former loft his crown and life. It is feated on a hill, ij miles w ofLeicefter,and 106 nnw of London. Botany Bay, a bay of New b Wales, difcovcred by Cook in 1770, and fo called from the great quantity of herbs found on the fliorc. The promontories which form its entrance are named Cape Banks and Point Solandcr. It was originally fixed on for a colony of convi&s from Great Britain, which, in the fequel, took place at Port Jackfon, 13 miles further to the n. Lon. 151 ai E, lat. 340 s, . Botany hland, a fmall idand, m the Pacific ocean, to the sk of New Cale- donia. Lon. 167 17 E, lat. aa a7 s. Biitesdale. a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thurfday, feated in a valley, 15 miles NE of Bury and 86 of London. Bothnia, East, a province of Sweden, in Finland, on the a fide of the gulf of Bothnia, between the provinces of Kimi and Finland Proper and Ruflia. It 18 300 miles in length, and from 90 to S20 in breadth. On the feacoaft, and toward the s, the land is low and marfby; and the fummers are often fo cold as to dcftroy ^reat part of the crops. The inhabitants are thinly fpread over this large fpace, the cattle Imall, and bears numerous. The prin- ip«J exports are timber, butter, whale il, pitch, and tar. This province is fometimcs called Cajania, and the ca- ital is Cajancburg. ^ Bothnia, West, a province of Sweden, n Noidland, on the w coaft of the gulf f Bothnia. It is 230 miles in length, jetween the feacoaft and Swediih Lap- land, and from 15 to 50 in breadth, "he foil is tolerably fertile, but fudden ofts in July often deftroy the ax>p« ; jid it has mines of copper and iron, ind numerous fbrefts. The chief ar- icles of commerce are the Ikins of [oxes, ermins, bears, wolves, reindeer, tters, &c. The capital is Uma. Bothnia, GulJ'qf, a fea or large gulf, •ranching n from the Baltic, at the ifle f Aland, and bounded on the w, n, nd E by tht dominions of Sweden, ~n its coafts are many fmall iflands. Boiley, a village in Hampfbire, fix lies E of Southampton, on the river amble, noted for a confiderable trade Hour. hotte^ord, a village in Leicefterfliire, in the confines of Nottinghamflure an4 rincolnftiire, feven miles w by k of Vantham. Near it, on a lof^ emi- nce, is Belvoir caftle, the ancient (cat BO-V ofthedukeiofRutlasd. ti; the church are feveml handfomt monumenu 0^ that noble family t and nuny Romaii antiquities have bees Ibuna in the neishbouthood. Botwar, a town of Suabia« in th«i duchy of Wirtcmburt, on a riTer of U« name, 15 milet ssi of Hailbnni> Botun, or BoUam, a town of Gcr-) many, in Tyrol, capital of the di^ft of Etfchbmd, with a caftle. Ria cfle. brated for its excellent wine, and baa four noted annual fidrs, frequented by freat numbers of Germans, Swifs, and talians. It ftands on the river Eifach^ furrounded by mountains, »a miles sW' of Brixen. Lon. n 15 b, lat. 46 33 V4 Bova, a town of !Kaplrs, in Calabria Ulteriore, r.? '.niles se of Reggio. Bnuchain, a fortifitid town of France, In the department of Nord, divided into two parts by the Scheldt. It was taken by the allies in 1 7 1 1, but retaken the year following; and was invefted by the Auftri;;ns in 1793, but foon re- lieved. It is nine miles w of Valen- ciennes. Bouchart, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, fituate on an ifland in the river Vienne, 15, miles 88W of Tours. Bouchemain, a town of France, in the department of Maytsine and Loiren foiu: miles s of Angers. Bouclani, a town of France^ in the department of Ooubs> ught miles a of Bcfaiiqon. Boudry, a town of SwilTerland, in the county of Ncuchatel, four miles sw of Neuchatel. Bovellcs, a town of Prance, in th^ Department of Somme* fix miles wsw; of Amiens. Bouillon, a town of the Nethe|;IandSy in Luxemburg, with , ,1 caftle, on ai| almoft inaccemblc roch. The Frencl) took it in 1676, when |^ewts xiv gave it to the duke of Bouillon. In 1794 this town was takon tiy ftorm, by ge^ ncral Beaulieu, after cleieating a cpiv- fiderable body of Fre^ich republicans^ and given up to pillage. It is featfd near the river Semoy. fix miles "NKof Sedan, and 46 w by d of Luxemburg. Lon. $ ao B, lat. 49 4f n • Bouilly, a town of France, in the department of Aub^ feven miles s of Troyes. Bevignet, a town of the Nethf>.'*Und#» in Namur, on the river Meuih* te^ miles s of Namur. Bovino, a town of Naples, in CapiUt pata, feated at the foot of the Apeut mnetf is miles nk of BeneteotOk ^ Oai BO U li'iulat/, a town' <)f .France, in the de- Sartment of MofelFe, .j miles ne of fctr. • fiiitthitnf,'^ feaport of France, in the d»'partment of Pas de C.ilais. It was lately* an epifcopM f«-e; and is dittded irito^vwo towns, the higher and thtf lo^ycr. The hirhcnir has a mole for the (afety of the; fljips, and to prcvoiit It from bring choaked up. It is feated at the mouth of the Liannc, 14 milt's ssW of Calais. Lon. i .^ e, lat. 50 Tiiyjfrlon, an iflsnd in the Indian (ICean, 60 miles long and 45 broad, lying 300 milos r, of Madagafcar. It has not a fafe haiijotir, btit there are many good roads for fliippini:. On the sE is a volcano U ii-' a fertile ifland ; g reducing, in p.-trticular, excellei.t to- acco. The F.ench fettled herein 1672, and havefome confiderable towns ; and here their India fhips tourh for refrefli- nients. The chief town is St. r*enys. Lon. ,5 lo E, lat. 20 54 s. Bonrhnn, a town of Kentucky, ehief of a county of the fame name. It ftands on a point of land formed by two of the s branches of the Licking, 20 miles ene of Lexington. Jioiirl'on Liinrrj, a town oF France, in the depnrtme'i- of Saone and Loire, celebrated for its hot miner.d waters, and a lart^e marble pavement, cnlled the Great Bath, which is a work of the Romans. It i928 miles sw of Aiitun. Bourbon I' Archamhaitd, a town of France, in thu department of Allier, celebrated for its hot batli?;, and for ciying name to the family of the late king of France. It is fituatt? near the river Alier, 15 miles w of iMoulins. lioHrbonuc Irs Jiaim; a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, famous for its hot baths. 18 miles ENE of Langrcs. J3oKr/-on?/t;M',a late province of France, bounded on the n by Nivcrnois and Berry, w by Barry and Marche, s by Anvergnc, and e by Burgundy and Forea. It aboi'bds in coni, fruit, paf- iure, wood, game, and wine. It now forms the departrocixt of Allier. houT(oiir<^, a town of France, in the jlepartaient of Nord, (eated near the jriver Aa, and on ;i catinl that cornm'i- ntcAtes with Calai'^ and Dunkirk, 10 inileB sw of Dunkirk. ■ BoujrlrduT, a city and feaport of Ffancf;' capital of the department of Cirondu, and w archiepifcop-.I fee, with a unir^rfity, an acuder.iy of arts inrf fcicncre.' a public library, and a Urge h^pital, in which are nuDy ma« B OU nufiAuren. It is built in the form of jt bow, of which the river Garonne is the ftring ; and the harbour it large, with grand and extenfive quays. It has it gates, and is one of the firft cities of France for magnitude, riches, and beau. t\'. The cathedral is much admired. The caftle, calieil the Trumpet, is fur- rou'.^ded by the river ; and ne;ir anotht-r caftle are fine walks. The moft re. markabltf antiquitJes are the palace of Galienus, built like an amphitheatre; and fcveral aquedufts. It has a confi. derable trade, particularly in claret and brandy. Here Edward the black prince, of England, relided feveral years, and his fon, afterward Richard xi, was born. It is 87 miles n of Rochelle, and .UJ sw of Pariji. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 44 50 N. Hourriirtriif a town of the Nethpr- land.s, in Namiir, tive miles n w of Huy. Uniirn, a city of France, capital of j the department of Ain. Near it is the magnificent church and monaflery cf| the Aupuftins. The principal com. f merce is in corn, hori'es, cattle, and white le.ither. It Hands in a m.irihybut fertile coBT-.ciy, on the river ReiToufle, yf> miles ne qf Lyon, and 233 ssEofj Paris. Lcn. 5 19 e, lat. 4(S n n. Boiir^, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, with a tide har- hour on the Dorgogne, near the point I of bnd formed by the junction of that river with the Garonne. It has a great I trade in wine, and is 15 miles N by s of i Bonrtleaux. I liiiur^, a town of Guiana, in tlie) Ifland of Cayenne. Lon. 51 50 w, lat.I S vs. Bunrr^anriif, a town of France, in thel department of Crcufe. Here is a ioftyl tower, facetl with (tones cut diamond.) wife, ereded by Zifim, brother of Ba-[ jazet I r, emperor of the Turks, whenl he was obUgeil to exile himfelf, after thtl lofs (if a decifive battle. Bourganeuf ill feated on the Taurion, ao miles NErf| Limoges. Jiourgcs, a city of France, capital o[) the departinent of Cht-r, and an ardii-f epifcopal fet',with a unive'rlity, foundrfl by Lewis xt, the Nero of France, wliol was born heivj. In extent it isoneofl the greatcfl cities in France, but tlicial habit.!nts hardly exceed lo.aoo. TfiJ princi[Ml maiiufadures an? cloth, woolj len Huffs, ;md flockings; butthetradi is inconfiderable. It is feated at ttJ conflux of the Auron and Yevre, ij miles Nw of Never.s, and 125 sofPariif Lon. a 24 K, lat. 47 5 n. BouTgei, a town of Savoy, on a 17 . , ill in the form ofa ver Oarofine U the 30ur »« large, with quays. It bas u f the firft cities of le, riches, and bea«. is nrwjch atlmirtfd. ic Trumpet, is fur- r ; and war .inntht-r Iks. The moft re ■9 are the palace of e an amphitheatre; ifts. It has a confi. icularly in clnrct and ard the black prince, i\ fcveral years, and i\ Richard n, was les n of Rochelle, and Lon. o 34 w, lat. 44 own of the Nethpr- HvemilesNWof Huy. of Franco, capital of 1 if Ain. Near it is the •ch and monallery (f | The principal com. I •n, horl'irs, cattle, and t Itandsinamnrihybut nn the river RelTouflV, Lyon, and 233 sse of 9 E, lat. 4^ II N- n of France, m the de- ronde, with a tide har- irgogne, near the point by the junftion of thit aronne. It has a greit id is 15 miles n by Eof vn of Guiana, in ttiel ne. Lon. 5a jow.IatJ town of France, in t!« I Jreufe. Here is a loftjl h ftones cut diamond-? f Zifim, brother of Ba-I or of the Turks, whenl o exile himfelf, after thtl • battle. Bourganeufiil r-iurion, ao miles NEofI Ity of France, capital oil \ of Cher, and an archJ Kth auniverlUy.loundeJI \e Nero of France, wbl J In extent it is one oil lea in France, but thcial ly exceed 20,000. Tli| Itaftures are cloth, woijl Iftockings; butthetrafl Ve It is feated at tti . Auron and Yevre, il Uters,and laj aofPantj fwn of Savoy, on a la BOW iif the fame name, near the Rhone, (ix miles N of Chamberty. Jioitrgneufy a feaport of France, in the (Icp.irtHK'nt of Lower Loire. The chief trade is in fait, made from the adjacent fait- marlhes. It ftands on a bay to which it gives nnme, between the iflc of Noir- inoiititT and the continent, 20 miles sw of Nantes. Lon. z 3 w, lat. 47 4 n. liows^ufil, a town of France, in the depsitinentof Indre and Loire, sj miles »' of Tours. JinuTiuunt, a town of France, in the department of Uppor Marnc, on a Ittep Mountain, 20 milfs v. by n of Chaumoiit. ll'iuin, a town in Lincolnihirt*, with .1 ni.ii ket on Satuiday. It has a naviga- hlv eaiwl to Bofton, and is fcattd at the l.iiii ce <»f a rivulet that runs to Spalding, jj miles i of Lincoln, and 97 n of London. Ji'juro, one of the Molucca iflands, b«.'twefn Celebes and Ceram, 90 miles U»ng and 30 broad. Sonu- mountains in it are extremely high, and the fea on one lide is uncommonly deep. It pro- duces nutmegs and cloves, cocoa and banana trees, and many vegetables iiv- troduced by the Dutch. The chiiif town is of the fame name, allu called C-ijeli, from the bay on which it is feat- ed. Lon. 127 25 k, lat. 3 30 s. Bourtlws, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, 12 mites s£ of Boulogne. Boussuc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Croufc, with a caftle on a rock, 2S miles nk of Gueret. li'iu/iiu, one of the Molucca iflands, ill tlic Indian occau, 12 miles sk of Ce- Icbi'S. Lon. 123 30 E, lat. 50 s. IhiuonviUe, a town of France, in the department of Mofelle, on the river Nied, 27 miles :.'K of Metz. yioff, a town in DevonUiire, with a market on Thurfday ; fcitcd at the loiirci' of a river, wliich Hows into the Taw, 14 miles kw of Exeter, aiKl 188 w by s of London. liiiw, a villa(;e in Middlcfex, two miles KNK of London. It has many mills, tnanufadiure.s, and dillillorics, on thf nver Lea, over which is vhich is a branch from the Leeds and Liverpool. The manufatftures are jtammieft> Vralamc.ncos, woollen cloths, ivool-eards, combp, and leather boxes ; and in the vicinity is a capital iron foundery- Jt is nine miles w of Leeds, ^nd 196 KNW of London. Bradford, a town of Maflachufets, In EOex county, where fome veflels are jbuiU. and ftict^s made for exportation. It Is fituate Oil the Merrimac, oppofite Haverhul^ lo miles w of NcwburvPort. Bradiug, a corporate town of Hamp- fhirc, nfi^^r thp k angle of the Ifle of Wight, at the head of a large haven, Which admits fmall veflels to the quay At high water. It is fix miles e of New- port, an^ eight s of Porti'moutli. Brnga, a citj-'of Porliignl, capitnl of Entre Douero c Minho, and the fee of an arcl'biffiop, primate of Portugal. It contains four cl.urcKes, befide the ca- thedral, and eight convents. There arc HR A ibme ruins of an amphithfcat!ee, Itad kt aqueduA. It is feated in a fertile country, on the Cavado, 180 milee N of Lifbon. Lon. 8 29 w,lat. 41 42 k. Bragama, a city of Portugal, in Trj los Montes. It is divided into the old and the new town : the former is on an eminence, furrounded by double walls, now in ruins ; and the latter is on a plain, at the foot of a mountain, de. fended by a fort. It is feated on the Fervanza, 32 miles wnw of Miranda, and 88 ne of Oporto. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 42 I N. Braila, a town of European Turkey, in W alachia, with a caftle ; feated on the Danube, 1 10 miles se of Tergovifto. Bruilow, a town of Poland, in Podo- lia, on the river Bog, 30 miles nw of Braclaw. Brain le Comtr, a town of the Nether- lands, in Hainault, 15 miles ssw of Bruflels. Brainiree, a town in Eflex, with a market on Wednefday. It has a confi. derable manufadure of bays, and is joined on the N by the extenfive village of Bocking. It is feated on the river Blackwater, 1 1 miles n by e of Cbelms. ford, and 40 ne of London. Braintree, a town of Maflachufets, in Norfolk county, feated on a bay, eight miles s by E of Bofton. Brake/, a town of Weflphalia, in the principality of Paderbom, on therivukt Brught, 16 miles e of Paderbom. Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in the country of the Grifons, which fepa- rates the valley of Munfter from the county of Bormio. It is fuppoftd to be the fame which Tacitus mentions under the name of Juga Rhsetica. Bramant, a town of Savoy, on the river Arc, 20 miles e of St, Jean dc Maurienne. Bramber, a borough in Suflex, which is now without either market or fair. It is feattd on the Adur, adjoining to the 8 of Steyning, 5 1 miles s by w of London. Bramptm, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Tuefday. On the top of a high hill is a fortified trench, called the Mote. It is feated on the river Irthing, nine miles pnk of Car- lifle, and 311 nnw of London. liTaw>.tn!t, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holftein,^ear which is a m:dicinal fpring. It is feattd on the Bram, :i miles N of Hamburg. Brtmaw, a town of Bohemia, with a manufafture of coloured cloth, 11 miles Nwof Glatz. Bran^aleonff a town of Naples, in R A imphitheati!e» andtt feated in a fertile ivado, 1 80 milee n of J w,lat. 41 4* N. y of Portugal, inTfj i divided into the old : the former 18 on an nded by double walls, nd the latter is on a t of a mountain, de. . It is feated on the les WNW of Miranda, iporto. Lon. 6 30 w, of European Turkey, th a caftle ; feated on miles SE of Tergovifto. m of Poland, in Podo- Bog, 30 miles Nw of , a town of the Nether- ult, 15 miles ssw of own in Eflex, with a lefday. It has a confi. ture of bays, and is 3y the extenfive village is feated on the river liles N by E of ChcllflS' of London. )wn of Maflachufets, in feated on a bay, eight loft on. . of Weftphalia, in the iderbom, on the rivukt E of Paderbom. jntain of the Alps, in [e Grifons, which fepa- of Munfter from the It is fuppofed to be 'acitus mentions under RhsEtica. jwn of Savoy, on the Kles E of St, Jean de [ough in Snflex, which cither market or fair. |e Adur, adjoining to 5 1 miles b by w of lown in Cumberland, |n Tuefday. On the 1 is a fortified trench, It is feated on the miles fvv. of Car- ol London, vn of Lower S.ixony, I which isam-dicinal [tA on the Biam, u _. of Bohemia, witn a loured cloth, 1 1 mile» Itown of Naples, in BRA f iVh wa Ultedorc* nine luUes se of Dranauier, a village in Norfolk* four iniles w by N of Bumham. It was the ancient Branodunum, a confiderable Roman city, apd has now a cor.tiderable trade in mal*- .. . Brandcisy a town of Bohemia, on the river Elbe, jo miles ne ofJPrague. Brandenburg, a mayquifatc of Geiv. inapy, in the circle of Upper Saxony; bounded on the w by Luneburg, n by Pomerania and Mecklenburg, e by Po- land, and s by Silefia, Lufatia, Saxony Proper, and Magdtburg. It is divided into five parts : the Oiu mark, the mark of Pregnitz, the A'liddk, Ucker, and New raai-k ; and their chief towns are Sten- dal, Perleberg, Brandenburg, Prenzlo, and Cuflirin. The principal rivers arc the Elbe, Havel, Spree, Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The country is in general fandy, and the foil meagre ; but it pro- duces fome corn, and abounds in wood^ wool, iron, flax, hemp, hops, and to- bacco. The greateft part of the inha- bitants are Lutherans ; but the papifls are tolerated. Bi^rlin is the capital. Brandenburg, a city of Germany, ca- pital of the Middle mark of Branden- burg. It is divided into the old and new town, by the river Havel, which Separates the fort from both. Some French refugees, having fettled here, introduced their manufa<5tures, and ren- dered it a profperous place. It is sz mUes whys of Berlin. Lon. la 46 e, lat 51 a? N, Brandenburg, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in Mecklenburg-Strelitzjfurround- ed by walls. The ftrcets are wide and ftraight, the church of Sf. Mary is a large ftrudure, and the townlioufe is worthy of notice. It is fituate on tlie Tollenfee, 7amiK.8 n of Berlin. Lon. 13 20 E,lat. 53 34 N. Brandenburg, a town of E PruflLi, with an ancient caftle, at the se end of the Frjfcbe Haff, 13 miles sw of Konigf- berg. Brandon, a town jn Suffolk, with a market on Friday. It ftands on the Little Oufe, over which is a bridge, and a ferry a mile below for conveying goods to and from the ifle of Ely. It has a great trade in com, malt, coal, timber, &c. and in the vicinity are extenfive rabbit warrens. It is i •; miles n by w of Bury, and 7 8 n n e of London . Brati/hrdf a town of Connedticut, jn Newhaven county, which has many iron works in its neighbourhood. It ftands on a river of the fame name, which runs into Long Ifland found, 10 mile« £ of I^(wbaven, aod 40 9 by w of Hartford. BRA "-owiifl, a town of Tranfylvania, OB the river Merift), 35 miles s of Weifiemr burg. lirasil, a country of S Ameritai^ which gives the title of prince to Uip heir apparent of the crc.yn of Portugal. Its leiigth, from the moiith of the nver Amazon to that of the river Plata, i^ upward of a 100 miles ; and its breadtit is from 90 to 1000. It wa$ difcovcte^ in 1:00, by Alvarez Cabral, aPovtu* guefe, who was forced upon it by i. tempeft ; and it had its name from tht abundance of hrafU wood found here. The Portuguefe have not penetratc4 far into the country ; but the coafi they have divided into tnc provinces of Para^ Maragnan, Siara, Petaguel, Rio Grandct Paraiba, Tamarica, Femambuco, 8cr«- gippy, All Saints Bay, Ilheos, Vafi» Seguro, Spiritu Santo, Rio Janeiro, Si. Vincent, and Del Ray. The clinute of Brafil is temperate and mild, when compared with Africa; owiqe chl'ej^ to the refrefhing wind, which bbwscoflf tinually fi-om the fea. The liv^ annually overflow their banks, and t' .c foil, in many places, is very rich. More fugar is brought from this couQtry than from all otlier parts of the world. \% produces tobacco, maize, feveral fojrta of fruit, and medicinal drugs. Befifi^ the valuable braiil wood there are ft>k> cious woods of citron, ebony, maftic- cotton, and five fpecies of palm-trees. The mines of gold and diamonds, firft opened in 168 1, yield above five millions fterling annually, of which futn a fifth belongs to the crown. The cattle in- creafe fo prodigiotifly, that they are hunt- ed for their hides only, 30,000 being ftnt annually to Europe ; and there 19 great plently of deer, hares, and other game. In fome of the provinces are found a great variety of noxious infers and reptiles, as the liboy?, or rpebuck fnake, which is faid to grow to the length of thirty feet, and feven in cir^ cumfcrence; the rattle-fnake; the ibir baboka, a ferpent faid to be ax feet long, and 18 inches in circumference, whole bite is alitioft inftant death. Mo country can produce a greater number of beautifu?; birds ; in particular the co- libri, whofe body is not much larger than that of a maybug, and which fin^ as harmanioufly as a nightingale. The natives, who inhabit, the inUnd part^, are people of different languages-, but they all agree in wearing no clothes. They are of a copper colour, with lon<, coarfe, black hair .,.1 their heads, ,but v:ithout any on the other parts (if thck bodies, like the reft of the Americans. 1 hey are iutm%t Uvely, md gay, an4 BRA ftibjeA to few difeafes. They love to adorn themfelves with feathers, and are fond of feafts, at which they dance im- moderately. They have no temples, nor any other fign of religion ; and they make no manner of fcruple to marry Iheir neareft relations. They have huts Qiade of the branches of trees, and .co- vered with palm leaves. Their furni- ture confifts chiefly in their hammocks, and difbes, or cups, made o:' catibafhes, painted without of a red colour, and black within. Their knives are made of h fort of ftone and fplit canes ; and they have baflcets of differ,ent fizes, chiefly made of palm leaves. Their arms are bows, arrows, and wooden clnbs. When they travel, they faften their hammocks between two trees, and fldejj'all night therein. The Portugucfe Ifettiepients are governed by a viceroy, ■*vlj6 refidcs at St. Sebaftian. ^^•waslaw, a city of Lithuania, in the 'paTMhate of Wilna, on the n lide of a idke which communicates with the iDwina, 76 miles n ne of Wilna. Lon. a6 4^'e, lat. 5546 N. '■'"Iqrassa, one of the Shetland iflands. ^etwtert this and the principal illand, vailed Mainland, is the noted Brafla Sound, where 1000 fail may at once fikid cymmodious mooring. Brassaw, or Cronstadf, a ftrongtown of Tranfylvania, on the river Burczel, jo miks E by N of Hermanftadt. Lon. 25 55 E, lat. 49 55 J'- Brass Town, a town of Tenneflee, fituate near the fource of the Hiwafle, about 100 miles s of Knoxville. Two miles s of this town is the Enchanted Mountain, much famed for the curiofi- ties found on its rocks, which conlift of impreffions rcfembling the tracks of turkies, bears, horfes, and human beings, as perfedt as they could be made on fnow or fand. Brafilclorough, a town of Vermont, in Windliam county, fituate on the Connetfticut, a8 miles E of Bennington, and 70 wNW of Bollon. Brai'a, a feaport on the coaft of Ajan, •with a good hiirbour, 90 miles sw of Magadoxo. Lon. 43 25 e, lat. x ao n. Braoa, one of the Cape Verd idauds, ta miles wsw of Fuego, and inhabited by thp Portuguefe. The land is high and mountainousjbut fertile; and horfes, beeves, aflfes, and hogs, are rtuttierous. It has time harbours, but Porto Fcrreo on the s fide is the befl: for large (hips. Lon. 34 39 w, lat. 14 5a m. Braubachy a town of Germany, in the Wefterwald, with a caftle, feated on the Rhine, eijht miles -./ b-' s of Naffau. iiraunau, a fortified town of Bavaria, B R E formerly the refidenee of the'eleAor In 174Z it was taken by the Auftrians; and, in 1779, by the peace of Tefchen, the town and its diftnft wrre ceded to Auftria. In 1805 it was captared hj the French and Bavarians. It is feated 00 the river Inn, 28 mi|p sw of Paflau: Lon. 13 o B, lat. 48 14 n. Braunfrli, a town Of Germany, in the Welterwald, capital of the county of Solms. Here is a magnificent palace, the feat of the prince of Solms- Braun- f els ; and near it is the decayed caitle of Solms. It is feated near the Lahn, 10 miles w by 8 of Wetzlar. Lon. 8 s8 e, Kit. 5030 N. Braunshurg, a town ofWPruflia, in Ermeland. It has an academy for catho. lies, eftabliflied in 1783; and is feated on the PaflargCv near its entrance into the Frifche Haffe, 18. miles ne of Elb- ing. Lon. 19 58 e, lat 54 30 n. Brannston, a village in Northampton. (hire, four miles nw of D;iventry, on the confines of Warwickihire. Here commences the Grand Junction canal to the Thames, which, with the Oxford and Coventry canals, render it the cen. trical place of inland navigation to the four principal feaports of England. Bray, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, feated on the river Bray, near St. George channel, 10 miles &of Dublin. Bray, a village in Berkfliire, or.8 mile s of Maidenhead. It is famous in fong for its vicar, who was twice a pa- pi(t and twice a proteftant, in four fuc- ceffive reigns, and when taxed with being a turncoat, faid, he always ken* to his principlet, 'to live and die vicai ot Bray.' Brazzoy an ifiandinthe gulf of Venice, near the coaft of Oalmatia, 30 miles long and 10 broad. The foil is ftony, but it produces much excellent wine, and this article, with fire-wood and fteep, form the chief trade. It has a town of the fame name. Lon. 17 35 e, lat.43 50 n. Brockin, a borough of Scotland, in , Angusfhire, anciently abifhop's fee and the county. town. The cathe'5'.al is partly ruinous, but one of its aifles fcrves for the parifh church. Adjoin- ing to this is a curious antique round tower, which tapers from the bottom, and is very flendcr in proportion to its height. Here is a manufafture of linen | and cotton,^knd a confiderable tannery, In 1 60 1, the number of inhabitants was I 5466. It is feated on the S Elk, 8 miles | w of Montrofe, and i a ene of Forfar. Brecknock, or Brecon^ a borough of Wales, capital of Brecknockflrire, with a market on WedneAlay and Friday- RE ence of the'deAor. ;en by the Auftiianii ; he peace of Tefchcn, [iftnft were ceded to it was captured bf varians. It is feated 8 mi|ip aw of Paflau: ^8 14, N. vn t>f Germany, in the tal of the County of 1 magnificent palace, ince of Solms-Braun- 8 the decayed caftle of ed near tlie Lahn, 10 ^etzlar. Lon- 8 a8 £, town ofWPruffia, in an academy for catho- 1 1783 ; and is feated near its entrance into , 18 miles NE of £lb- E, lat 54 30 N. llage in NorthamptOH- NW of D;iventry, on Warwickfhire. Here Grand Jundtion canal /hich, with the Oxford lals, render it the cen. land navigation to the iports of England. )f Ireland, in the county ited on the river Bray, [Channel, 10 miles s of irecortf a borough of Irecknockflrire, with IneiUay and Friday' BRE ft i» an ancient place, as appears by the RQman coins that are often du^ up; and its once magnificent caftle is now jtn inlignificant ruin. It contains three churches, one of which is collegiate; and in that part of the town called the Watton is a line arfenal. It has a good trade in clothing. To the b of the town is a confiderable lak«?, well ftored with fiih, whence runs a rivulet into the Wye. It is ieated at the confluence of the Hon- dey with the Ufk, 34 miles nw of Mon- mouth, and 171 w by N of London. Lon, 3 32 w, laL5i 54K. Brrcknochshirey a- county of Wales, bounded on the B by Herefordlhire and Monmouthlhire, s by Glamorganfhirc, w by Carmarthenlhire and Cardigan- ^ire, and n by Radnorfhirc. It is 38 miles long and a8 broad, containing 512,000 acres ; is divided into Ax hun- dreds, and 63 pariflies; and has four market-towns. The number of inhabi- tants in liioi was 31,6^3 ; and it fends twO'members to parliament. It is full of mountains, fome of which are ex- ceedingly high, particularly Monuch- deiiny hill, not far from Brecknock; but there are large fertile plains and Tallies, which yield plenty of corn, and feed great numbers of cattle. The s part abounds with coal and iron. Its principal rivers are the Wye and Ufk. Breda, a fortilied city of Dutch Bra- "bant, furrounded on all fides by water and morafTes. The great church is a noble ftrufture, with a lofty fpire. In 1625, the Spaniai'ds, aftix a memo- rable fiege of 10 months, reduced this city; but, in 1637, the prince of Orange retook it. In 1793, it furrendcred tq thu French, after a fiege of only three diys, but was retaken foun after. It is I'.Mted on the river Merk, 45 miles nne of Antwerp, and 60 s of Amllerdam. Ion. 4 50 E, lat. 51 ^7 N. Bfi'dvn, a confiderable village in LeicL'fterfliire, five miles nne of Afhby fie la Zo\4ch, feated at the bafe of a high limelkone rock, cii the fummit of which the church ftands and commands very extenlive views. Bredtiedt, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, 21 miles wnw of Slefwick Breeds Hill, an eminence on the n tide of Charleilon, in Maflachufets, ce- lebrated for the ftand made by the Ame- ricans againit the Britifh troops, at th<; commencement of hoflilities with the mother country. Thisaftion, ufual- ly called the batth: of Bunkers Hill (au- other hill nearit) happened on the t7tb ef June, 1775' BRE Stegenh, a town Af Germany, hi Tyrol, with a caftle oa an eminence; feated at the mouth of a river of it« name, on the E end of the lake of Can^ ftance, fix miles se of Lindau. Breliur, the molt mountainous of the Scilly iOands, 30 nules w of the Lands- end. Lon. 6 47 w, lat. ^o m. Bre/uMy a town of the duchy of Sax- ony, eight miles n e of Halle. Breriia, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nefe, near the confluence of the Selfia with the Po, on the frontiers of Mont> ferrat, a8 miles w of Pavia. Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lying bctweea the Wcfcr and the Elbe ; the former of which feparates it from Odenbui^g, and the other from Holltein. The country is fertile and populous, but in winter is fubjeCft to inundations. It formerly t>e- longed to the Swetks, but was fold to the ele«^or of Hanover in 1719. Stade is the feat of regency. Bremen, a free city of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of the fame name. The Wefer divides it into tiie old and new town, both of which are fortified : the former is the laigeft, and in it ftaud« tlfb cathedral. It has a harbour, nine miles below the town, and carries on an cxtenQve trade. In 1757 it was taken by the French, who were driven out in 1758 by the Hanoverians. It is sa miie« E of Oldenburg, and 6a wnw of Zell. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 53 5 n. Bremenvord,a. town of Lower SaxoQy« in the duchy of Bremen, defended by a caftle. The chancery of the duchy is kept here. It Itands near the Ofte, 3 a miles N by K of Bremen. Breiugarteii, a town of SwilTerland, in the free lower bailiwics, between the cantons of Zurich and Bern. The in- habitants deal chiefly in paper ; and it is feated on the Keufs, 10 miles w of Zurich. Brem, a town of Italy, in Brefciano, feated on the Oglio, 36mile8N of BrefcLu Brenia, a river which rifes in the prin- cipality of Trent, pafles by BaiVano and Padu.i, and enters the gulf of Venice, a little ^ of Venice- Brentford, a town in Middlefex, with a market on Tuefday. It is fiiated on the Thames, into which, at the w end of the town, enters the Grand Jundtioa canal, and a rivulet called the IVent. Here the freeholders of Middlefex cledt the knights of the fhire. It is a long town, divided into old and new IJrejil- ford, which laft contains the church and market place- It is fi:vcn miles w of Lund«n. BKE Brvnlwtody a town in Eflbx, with a market on Thurfday* feated on an emi- nence, II miles wsw of Chelmsford, and i8 ENE of London. Brescia, a city of Italy, capital of Brefciano, and a bilhop's fee. It is well fortified, and has a good citadel, which ftands on a rock. The cathedral and the palace are adorned with beautiful paintings , and in the former is ihown the ftandard of Conftantine. Here are feveral floyriniing manufadiires, and its jRre-arms are particularly c(?lebrated. This city was taken by the French in J796, retaken by theAuftrians in 1799, and again pofleflcd by the French in iSoo- It is feated on the Garza> 42 miles nw of Mantua. Lon. 10 5 e, lat. 41; 31 y. Jiresciano, a province of Italy, bound- ed on the 8 by Mantua and the Cremo nefe, w by Rergamafcu, n by the country of the Grifons, and k by the principality of Trent, the Veronefc, and Mantua. It is watered by fc-vcral fmall rivers, and fertile in wine, oil, and mai/.i», with ex- cellent pafturages, and feme mines of copper and iron. Erefcia is the capital. hresel/o, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denefe, on the river Po, 27 miles nw of Modena. Breslaii, a beautiful city, capital of Silefia, and a bifhop's fee. It is feated at the conflux of the Ola with the Oder, thefirft of wiiich runs through feveral of the ftreets, and forms two idatids. it is furrcunded by walls, ftrengthened by ramparts and other works ; has a great trade in linen, leather, Hungarian wines, &c. and contains 60,000 inhabitants. The public fquares are fpacious, the ftreets tolerably wide, and the houfes lofty. The royal palace was obtained by the jefuits, where they founded a univerfity in 1702. The two principal churches belong to the prot^ftants; near one of which is a college. This city ' became fubje(5t to the king of Pruflia in 1741. It was taken by the Auftrians in 1757) but regained the fame year. It was for fome time befieged by the French, and furrenderod to them in January 1787. It is us miles ne of Prague, and 165 n of Vienna. Lon. 17 9 E, lat 513 N. jjrcs/e, a river of France, which di- vides the department of Lower Seine from that of Somme, and enters the Englifh channel at Treport. Brrsse^ a late piovirice of France, bounded on the n by Burgundy and Franche Comtt, e by Savoy, s by the Vimnois, and w by the Lyonois. It pow forms the department of Ain. Bressmrc, a to\vn of France, in the BSE depaitnicnt of Two Sencs* tvkh a eob kig** 35 miles hw of Poitiers. Bretif a feaport of France, in the d^ parCment of,Finifterre» whh a caftle oa a craggy rock by the ftafide. The har> hour, one of the beft hi the kingdom, has a narrow and difficult entrance, ni both fides well fortified. Tlie ftreets sk narrow, crooked, and fteep. The ouay is above a mile in length. The artena] was built by Louis xiv, whofe faccefifor eftablifhed a marine academy ; and it has every accommodation for the naty. The Engliih attempted in vain to take this place in 1694. It is 30 miles sb of Morlaix, and 3 35 » of Paris. Lou. 4 29 w, lat. 48 2.) N. Brelagne, or BrUany, a late province of France, 150 miles long and i la broad. It is a peninfula, united on the e to Maine, Anjou, and Poitou. The air i« temperate, and it has large forells. It now forms the departmentsof Finiftene, Cotes du Nord, lUe and Vilaine, Lower Loire, and Morbihan. Breteuil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oife, 14 miles nne of Beauvai^ and 18 s of Amiens. Breteuil, a lown of France, in the department of £ure, feated on the iton, 15 miles 3w of Evreux. Breton, Cape, an ifland of N America, fcparated from Nova Scotia by a ftrait, called Canfo. It is 1 10 miles in length, ■and from 20 to 80 in breadth. It Is a mountainous country, fubjedt to fogs throughout the year, and covered with fnow in the winter. In 1745 it was taken from the French by the Engliih. There is an excellent cod filhery on the coaft. The capital is Louilburg Brett en, a town of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, 20 miles s of Heidelberg. Brcvtrd, a ftrong town of Holland, in the county of Zu«-phen, with a caftle, fituate in a morafs, z\ miles S£ of Zutphcn. Brewers, a town of the diftriA of Maine, in Wafhington county, feated at the mouth of the Scoodick, in Paffa* maquoddy bay, 25 miles nne of Ma> chias. Lon. 67 35 w, lat. 44 58 N. Brewing! on, Fort, in the ftate of New York, at the w end of Lake Oneida, 2). miles SE of Fort Ofwego, and 45 w of Fort Stanwix. Brewood, a town in StafTordftire, with a market on Tuefday, 10 roilet i by w of Staflford, and 129 nw of LoB' don. Brey, a town of the Netherlands, ia the territory of Liege, on the riw N«er, 14 miles n of Maeftrtciit. RE o{tenco»i»kli«eQb of Poitiers, of Fnncci in the d^ enc» with a caftle ca Jwficafide. The bar. beft h) the kingdom, lifficult entrance, ai4 lifted. Tlieftreetsan indfteep. The quay length. The arlena] XIV, whoiefnoceffor ne acadpmy ; and it o<^!Jtion for the na»y. iipted in vain to take [. It is 30 miles se ,zs N of Paris- Lon, N. itant/t a late protinc* es long and iia broad, , united on the e to d Poitou. The air i« has large foreils. It )artment8ofFiniftene, lie and VilAme, Lower lan. n of France, in the de. ;, 14 miles NNE of s of Amiens, vn of France, in the re, feated on the Iton, vreux. n idand of N America, ova Scotia by a ftrait, is 1 10 miles in length, in breadth. It is a intry, fubjcA to fogs ear, and covered with r. In 1745 it was rench by the Englilh. nt cod fifhery on the is Louilburg of Germany, in the le Rhine, 20 miles » ng town of Holland, u^phen, with a caftle, afs, 34 miles se of vn of the diftjift of gton county, feated le Scoodick, in PafTa- miles NNB of Ma« , w, lat. 44 58 K. AintheftateofNeW nd of Lake Oneida, rt Ofwego, and 45 w twn in Stafiordfliirtr Tuefday, 10 roilei* and J 49 »w of LoD' • the Netherlands, • jiege, on the rivw jfMaeftriciit. B R I iirhnfon, t to#n of PniMe; fii the department of 0pper Al|»6,J«ith a caftle on a craggy rock, aod dthfer fbitiflcattons. In its neighbourhood manna is gathered from a fort of p>ne'tr«e. It has a hand- fdme church, and ^ noble brid^ over the Durance, So ttiiles tf of BUkbrun. Lon.6uE,lat..44 5»»- ,„ Brianconaet, a fbnr^fs of Savoy, near the town of Mouftieri*, fittiate on a rock inacceffiWe evtry Vray, f?xcept by the fide of a rbrtr, whw* it is afcended by two or three hundred fteps. The common paffiige from Sayoy to Italy is by this fortrefs. Briare, a town of France, inthedcr partment of Loh«tt (eated on the Lohre, and has a canal between that river and the Seine. It is 40 miles ese of Orleans. Bridgend^ a to^o of Wales, in Gla- morganfhire, with a market on Satur* day, and a woollen manulaAure ; feated on the Ogm»>re, feven miles w by N of Cowbridge, and i8i w of London. Bridgenorthf a borough in Shropfhire, with a market on Saturday. It has two churches, and a freefchool that fends and maintains 18 fcholars at the univer fity olF Oxford. It was formerly fortified vrith walls, and had a caflk, now in ruins. Here are manufadurc-' of cloth, tlockings, and iron tools; and the trade both by land and water is confidei able. It is feated on the Severn, 23 miles se of Shrewsbury, and 139 kw of London. Lon a a8 w, lat. 5536 n. Bridgefiivin, the capital of the ifland of Barbadoes, fituate in the inmoft part of Carlifle bay, which is htrge enongb to contain soo (hips, b'it the bottom is foul, and apt to cut the cables. This city was burnt down in 1688 ; and fuf- I fered alfo greatly by fires in 1756, 1766, and 1767. Before thefe fires it contained 1500 houfcs ; and it has fince be* n re- built. The ftreets are broad, the houfus high, the wharfs and quays convenient, I and the forts ftrong. The church is as large as fomc cathedrals. Here alio is a freefchool, an hofpital, and a college ;« the latter erefled by the fociety for j propagating the gofpel, purfuant to the j will of colonel Codrington, who en- |dowed it with aoool. a year. The j town had fcarcely rifen from-^he cala- mities already mentioned, when it was torn from its foundations by a hniricane in 17S0, in which many of the inhabitants pcriihed. It is fcarcely yet n-ftored to Its former fplendour. Lon. 59 50 w, I lat. 13 5 N, hndfvtown, a town of New Jerfey, I chief of Cumberland county. It is fituate on Cohan/^ creek, 36 miles sse B R I vffPhiwielphia. Lon. 75 tj W,1at. 39 3a "• Bridgetotvn, a town of Maryland, in Queen Ann county, on the u Gde bf Tuckahoe creek, eight miles s of Cen- trcville, and 65 saw of Philadelphia. BridgewattTf a town of Maflachufets* in Plymouth county. In and near ft large quantities of hardware, nails, &c. are manufactured. It is five miles xwb of'Raynham,and 30 a by 1 ofBofton. Brzdffewater, a borough in Sumerfet- ihire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Thurfday and Saturday. It is feated on the Parret, over which is a ftone bridge, and near it vellels of 100 tons burden may ride. It has a large handfome church, and carries on a con- fidcxable coafting trade. The fummer alTizes are held here every other year. In the wars between Charles 1 and the parliament, the forces of the latter re- duced great part of the town to afiies ; and the caftle was then fo far demoiifhed* that few veftiges of it are nowobfervable. It is eight miles s of the Briftol channel, 31 ssw of Briftul, and n8 w by s ctf London. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51 8 n. Bridlington, or Burlingtony a feaport in E Yorkfhire, witli a market on Sa- turday. Theharbouris commodious.and defendi'd by two ftrong piers. Its mi- neml waters, and accomudations for fea- bathing, draw much company in fum- mer ; and its trade is conliderable. It is feated on a creek near Flamborough- head, 40 miles ene of York, and aoA v of London. Lon. o 10 w. Lit. 54 8 N. Bridporf, a borough in Dorfetftiire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated between the rivers Brit and Bride, and has a harbour that will contain about forty fmall velTt'ls. The market is re- markable for hemp ; and hci-e arc large manufadures of canvas, fmall cordage, and nets. It is la miles w of Dorchefter, and 135 w by s of London. Brirgj a fortified town ofSilefia, ca-r pital of a princip.ility of the fame name, with a Lutheran cathedral, and feveral other churches for proteftants and ca- tholics. Here is a manufafture of cloth. It was taken by the PrufTians in 1741, and its ancient c;i(Ue burned down during the fiege. It is feated on the Oder, 25 miles HE of Breflau. Lon. 17 37 e, 'at. 50 49 N. B'ic/, or Brill, a fortifipd fenport of S Holland, capital of the ifland of Voorn. The Dutch took it from the .'^paniards in 1572, which was the foundation of their republic. It is feated at the mouth of the JSlaeie, ao miles wsw of Rotter- dam. Loii. 4 I E, lat J 51 48 .V. /: BR I Brtfn(2,a town of Swiflerland. in the canton of }ieni, famous for the cheefe made in its neighbourhood. It is fituatc on a lake of the fame name (nine miles \mg and three broad) 4a mine se of Bern. Brietzen. See Wriezen. liiieuxy St. a town of France, ca- pital of the department of Cotes du Nord, and a bifliop's fee, with a fmall harbour. It is feated among hills, near the EngliHi channel, 50 miles nw of Rennes. Lon. 2 43 w, iat. 48 31 n. Briey, a town nf France, in the de- partment of Mofelle, near the river 2^ni'e, 12 miles nw of Met'/.. liri^. See OlamlJ'otdbriclge. Brighthelmntm^ or Brj'^htou, a town on the coafl of Sudex, with a market on Thurfday. It hasnu harbour, and only fmall veifels can approach the ihure. It wa» formerly inhabited chiefly by tiiher- men ; but having become a faihionable Elace of retort for fea-bathing, it has een greatly enlarged by many handfome boufcs, with public rooniii, hot and cold baths, a theatre, &c. The prince of Wales has here an elegant pavilion and fuperb (tables ; and adjoining is a chapel royal. The church Rands on a hill above the town ; and to the w of it is a chaly- beate fpring much fi-equented. There are alfo fcvenil meeting houfe8,a Romifli chapel, and a fynagugue. Here Charles 11 embarked for France in 1651, after the battle of Worcefter. It is eight miles sw of T^wes, and 56 s of London. ILon. o 6 w, Iat. 50 50 n. BngnoleSfA town ot France, in the de- partment of Var, famous for its pruneSb It is feated among mountain.s, in a plea- £int country, 20 miles n n e of Toulon. Brlhue^Uy a town of Spain, in New Caflile, with a miinufadlure of broad cloth, and a trade in wool. Here general Stanhope and an EngliHi army were taken prifoners, in 1; 10. It is feated on tlie Tajuna, 43 miles ne of Madrid. Briloti^ a town of the duchy of Weft- phalia,on the river Mone, 27 miles E by s of Arcnfoerg. Brindm^ a city of Naples, in Otranto, and an archbijhop's fee, with a fortrefs. The trade is trifling, and the air un- healthy ; but both arc improving by cleanfing the harbour and draining the mailhy places. It is feated on the gulf of V<-tiice, 32 miles e of Tarerito. Lon. 18 15 t, Iat. 40 45 N. Br.inn. See liiunn. Biioudc, a town of Fratice, in the de- partment of Upper Loire. Near it is a imall town called Church Brioude, on aecuunt of a famous chapter. Brioude B R I ftandi on the Ailier» over which Is a | bridge of one arch, 175 leet in diameter, It is 3a mile* mw of Puy, and 34 k by t of Clermont. Brisachf Old^ a trwn of Suabia, onct the capital of Brifgau. In 1741 the for. tihcations were demoUftted, and the ar. tillery removed to Friburg. It ftandi on the K fide of the Rhine, eight inilci w by s of Friburg. Brimch, New^ a fortified town o( France, in the department of ^ Upper Rhine, feated about a mile w of the | Rhine, oppofite Old Brifach, and eight miles E of Colmar. BrhagOf a town of Italy, in the Mi. lanefe. on the lake Magiore, iivc miles 1 1 of Locarno. Briigau, a territory of Su.ibia, on the E lidi! of the Rhine, which feparates it from France. The chief part belonged tu the houfe of Aultria ; but by the treat; of Frefburg, in 1805, it was ceded to the elector of Baden, who was formerly I polfclTed of a few places. The chief I town is Friburg. I Bristina, a town of N^Ies, in Ca>| pitanata, 1 1 miles ssw of Manfredonia,! Brissac, a town of France, in the dc- 1 partment of Mayenneand Loire, feat-' ed on the Aubence, 13 miles sof Aii^en.! Bristoly a city and feaport in Glou- celterfhirc, which for wealth, trade, and population, has long been reckoned tht fecond in the kingdom; though Li. I verpool now claims the pre-eminence»| a feapott alone. It is feated at the con- 1 Iluence of the Fromc with the Avoit, lo miles from the entrance of the Avoil into the Bi iftol chann;:!. The tide riling I to a great height in thefe narrow rivers,! brings veifels of conliderable burdeii*i[ the quay, which extends above a milt I along the inner Ihores of the Frome and I Avon ; but at low waterthey lie aground I in the mud. Here is a dock which will contain ten laige Haps, with a finalletl one above the influx of the Frome. At I the mouth of the Avon arefeveraldocl'l yards, and a very extenlivc Boating dock.! The city has 18 churches beiidc tht I cathedral, a guildhall, a cu(lomhoiife,andl an exchange. The number of inhabi-l tants in 1801 was 63,645- Bridolisal county of itfelf, governed by a mayor,! and has a market on Weiinefday and! Saturday. Here are no lefsthan i j glaft-l houfes ; and the fugar- refinery is one oil its principal manufadlures. The Hot! \Vell,about a mile below the town,on thel iide of the Avon, is much refortedtoij it is of great purity, aud has obtained al high reputation in confumptive caii:t| In St. Vincent Rook, above tbi&'wcill BRI fonnd thofc native cryftals, (b well fitno^m tinder the n«me of Brlftol (tones. iBfifide this well, there i« a cold fpring, Iwbich gufhes out of a rock on the fide I of a river, and fuppKes the cold bath. iThc city walls have been demoliflied hong ago ; and there is only one gate now Iftanding- Here are ufed Iledgea Inftead of carts, becaufcthe vaults and comnxon jfewers would be injured by them. Briftol is n '""*'* www of Bath, 34 saw of Gloiicefter. and 114 w of London. Lon. iaj6 w, lat. 51 a7 w^- Bristol, a feaport of Rhode Ifland, I fhirf town of a county of the fame name. t It has a commodious and fafe harbour} land is feated in a rich foil, noted for j garden -ftnff, on the e fide of Briftol bay, 1,3 miles n of Newport, and 24 ssE of Provideace. Lon. 71 14 w, lat. 41 40 N. Britfot, a town of Pennfylvania, in Bucks county, ft-ated on the Delaware, 2j miles ssE of Ncvtown, and jo nb of Philadelphia. Bnta'm, or Great Britain, the moft conlixlcnble of all the European iflands, extending 5Jo miles from n to s, and 290 from E to w. It Hes to the M of Frtnce, from which it is feparated by the Euglifli channel. Its ancient name was Amion, which, in procefs of time, gave way to that of Britain, by which it was knowTi to Julias Cefar. The general dlvifion of the iflatld is into ScotUnd, England, and Wales. i^i/«j«,JV^M.'^a country of N America, comprehending all the traft n of Canada, commonly called the Efquimaux coun- try, inchiding Labrador, and New N and S Wales. It is fubjeft to Great Britain ; and lies between 50 and 70 w lat. and 50 and 100 w lon. There are innumerable lakes and morafies, whick are covered with ice and fnow a great part of the year. The principal fettle- ments belong to the En^lifh Hudfon Bay Company. See Esquimaux, Hud- son Bmj, and Labrador. Britain, New, an ifland in the S Paci- ffc ocean, to the E of New Guinea, ex- plored by Dampier, who failed through the ftrait which feparates it from New Guinea; and captain Carteret, in 1767, failed ttirough a channel, which divides it on the NE from a long iOand, called New Ireland. New Britain lies in lon. 15 J 20 E, and lat. 4 o s. The ftiorfes of both iilands are rocky, the inland parts liip;h and mountainous, but covered With trees of various kinds, among which are the nutmeg, the cocoa nut, and diffei-ent kinds of palm. The in- habitants are blotk, and woolly-headed. B RO like Negros, but havfc not their flat nofes and thick lips. Britant/. See Bretagne. . ■ Brive,'a. town of France, in the de- partment of Correze, with manufat- tures of filk handkerchiefs, mucins, gauzes, &c. It is leated on the Cor- reze, oppofite the infiiix of the Veacrn, in a delightful valley, la miles sw of Tulle. Brlten, a principality of Germany, lately a bifliopric, in the e part of 'i'yrol. It is extremely mountaiitoui, but produces excellent wine. • Brixtn, a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Brixen. Befid« the cathedral, there are one parochial and fix other churches. It was taken by the French in 1796, and again in 1797. It is feated on the Eyfach, at the influx of the Rientz, 38 miles s by E of Infpruc Lon. n 48 e, lat 46 41 N. Brixham, a fmall feaport in Devon- Ihire, on the w fide of Torbay, cele- brated for its fiihery. A quay has been built for the purpofe of fnpplying ihips with water. The prince of Orange, afterward William I rr,' latided here in 1688. It is- four miles ne of Dart- mouth, and 801 w by s of London. Brizen, or Britzen, a town of Bran- denburg, in the Middle mark, on the Adah, 18 mihrs n e of Wittenberg. Broaditairs, a village in Kent, oft the feafhore, two miles w of Ramfgate. It has a fmall pier, with a harbour for light vefiels ; and is a faihionable refort for fea-bathing, more retired than Ramf- gate. Brod, or Brodt, a ftrong town of Sclavonia, on the river Save, where the emperor gained a victory over the Turks in 1688. It is 45 miles sw of EfTeck. Lon 18 30 e, lat. 45 10 N. Brod, a town of Moravia, on the frontiers of Hungary, 10 miles bSB of Hradifch. Brod, Bohmisch. See Bohmisch. Brod, Tentsch, a town of Bohemia, on the river Sazawa, 30 miles s by e of Czazlau. Brodera, a town and fortrefs of Hin- dooftan, in Guzerat, celebrated for its linens, indigo, and lace. It is 62 miles SSE of Amedabad. Lon. 73 11 e, lat. 22 I.J N. Brodziac, a town of Lithuania, on the river Berezina, 100 miles s of Po- lotflt. Lon. 28 5 E, lat. 54 8 w. Bioek, a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, capital of a county of its name; feated on the Roer, 11 Aiilea N of Duflfeldorp. Broe/i, a village of N Holland, fix BRO nSIgn from Amftcrdam. Tl U one of the moft fingular and piAurefque placet in the world. The ftrects are paved in oioCiic work with variegated brickt; and no carriaf^i ever enter thep. The houfea are painted on the outfide, and each has. a terrace and garden to the ftreet, indofed by a low railinat the garden adorned with china vaiva and flielUwork, with borders compofed of Qiinute particlea of glafa» of difibnent ooloara. Behind the houfesare meaduwa, fail of cattle, in which the inhabitants carry on a great trade. UroiiCH Bay, a bay of New S Wales, >8 miles n of'Port Jackfon. It is form- cd by the naouth of a great river called the Hawkefbury* and is a good harbour. liOn. 15 1 a? B, tat. 33 34 «. Bromtey, a town in Kent» with a market on Thurfday. Here is a collego for ao poor clergymen's widows ; apd near the town is a palace of the bilhops of Rochefter, where thbre is a chaly^ beate foring. Bromley is featcd on the Kavenwoumi 10 miles s by e of Lonf don. liromley, a town in StalTordfliiret with a market on Monday. It was for- merly called A bbots^Bromley, and after.) ward Paget-firomley, bein^ given to lord Paget at the diOblution of the abbies. It is fevcn miles e of Staffbrdi and 139 Nw of London. BroiHpton, a village in Kent* Gtuate •n an e?fy afcent from Chatham* and containing fine barracks for the military of that garrifon. liromsgrove^ a corporate town in WorcefteHhire, with a market on Tue£> day. Here are manuradlures of fliect* ing, nails, and needles ; and a grammar- fchool founded by Edward vi. It is feated on the Salwarp, 15 mites nN'? of Worcefter, and 116 nw of London. Bromyard, a town in Herefordlhire, with a market on Tuefday, feated near the Frome, amid fine orchards, 13 miles NE of Hereford, and ^^s wnw of Lon- don. Bronnoy or Broniy a town of Italy, in the Milanefe, where the French de- feated the Aiiftrians in 180O. It is 10 miles SE of Pavia. Bronii, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, a8 miles w of Taormina. Braokfu'ld, a town of MafTachufets, in Worcefter county. Here are iron ore, and large quantities of ftone which yield copperas. It is featcd on the Ouaboag, 17 miles w by s ofWorcefter. Brovkhnten, a town of New York, in Suffolk county, Long ifland, 60 miles e of New York. B RU Drooilyn, a town of New Yorl^ I| Kings county* at the w end of Lni iflandt near £aft river, which ftpWMci it from the city of New York. Brooklyn, a town of Maflachufet8,ia Norfolk county, feparated from Boftoo on the ■ b^ a narrow bay. Large quantities or fruits and vegetables arc prodooed here for the Bofton market Broom, Lneh, a great fait lake, or arm of the fea, on the w coaft of Scot* land* In Rofe^'re. It contains feverjil good harbours, has long been noted for cxcellant herrings, and is cfleemed one of the beft filhing ftiOions on the coaft. Brora, a river of Sec Vand, in Suther- landihire, which iflues from a lake of tha fiunc name, and forms fcvcral caf- cadea in its courfe to the tqwn of Qrorai Where it enter* the fea- Brora, a town of Scotland, on tlie SB coaft of Sutherlandfhire, with a foiall harbour at the mouth of the Bror;a, 14 miles ne of Dornoch. Broteley, a town in Shropibire, with a market on Wednefday. Here are m.Miy coal and iron mines, confiderable iron-works, and a manufaflure of to* bacco pipes. It is feated near the Se- vern* fix miles mnw of Bridgcnorth, and 146 NW of London. Brotherton, a village in W Yorkfhirc, one mile n of Ferrybridge, where Tho- mas de Brotherton, fon of Edward i, was bom. It has a trade in lime. Brouagc, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente. It has conHdcrable falt-works, and (lands near a bay of the fea, 17 miles s of Rochclln. Brotica, a town of Sicily, in Val di Deroona, on the gulf of Catania, 15 miles s of Catania. Brought a town in Weftmoriand, with a market on Thurfday. Near it is a cotton fpinning manutadure, at the foot of a mountain. It is eight milet ese of Appleby, and iCi nnw of Lou- don. Browcrshaven, a feaport of Holland, on the N fide of the iiland of Schoncn, nine miles !>w of Helvoetlluys. Lon. 3 50K, lat. 5138 N. BruwnsviUe, a town of Pennfylvania, in Fayette county. The trade to Ken- tucky renders it a flourilhing place; and many boats are built here. The vicinity abounds with monuments, of Indian aiiiiiquity. It is feated on the Moiiongahela, at the mouth of Redilone creek, 50 miles sse ofPittiburg, Brscsc. See Brzesc. Bruchsal, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper AbiRe) and laU IV a of New Yar1^ i| he w end of Lob| tor, which ftpMMci ^evi York. I of Mafiachufetiiia }BrAted from Bofton arrow bay. Large k and vegetables art the Bofton market great fait lake, or the w coaft of Scot> It contains feveral I long been noted for and is cfteemed one tations on the coaft. 'Scc*'and,in Suther- lues from a lake of id forms feveral af- to the tgwn of 9rora, !f«a- of Scotland, on the aerlandfhire, with a the mouth of the I of Dornoch. n in Shropibire» with ednefday. Here are in mines, confiderable a manufadlure of to* is featcd near the Se- iNW of Bridgcnorth, >ndon« illajge in W Yorkftiirc, rrybridge, where Tho- jn, fon of Edward i, I a trade in lime- rn of France, in the ^ower Charente. It faltoworksi and ftands le fea» 17 miles s oi . of Sicily, in Val di gulf of Catania, 15 vn in Weftmorland, Thurfday. Near it is manufacture, at the lln. It is eight mik» Ind a6i nnw of Lon- feaport of Holland, Ibe ifland of Schonen, lelvoctUuys. Lon. 3 [own of Pennfylvania, . The trade to Kcn- a flourifhing place; are built here. The [vvith monuments, of 1 It is feated on the Ihe mouth of RcdftoM .ofPittftJurg, jrzesc. Iwn of Germany, m Iper AhiBe, and late BRU UAoprle of Spirt. It bM a Iwgt ialt- ^g^, and is unted on the river Satz, Ave miiei » of Pbilipiburg. Bruck, a town of the duchy of Sax- ony, t5 miles n by w of Wittenberg- JSruck, a town of Auftria, on the liver Leyta* so miles bse of Vienna. Bruck, or Brouf, a town of SwifTer- iand, in Argau, with a college ( feated on the river Aar, aa miles sb of Bafel. Bruck, or Pruck, a town of Bavaria, on tite river Amner, 1 % miles w of Mu- nich.— Another, in the Palatinate, i% mites NNB of Ratilbon. Brurk, or Pruck, a town of Ger- many, in Stiria> capital of a circle of its name. It ftands on the river Muehr, 94 miles NNW of Grata, and 82 sw of Vienna. Lon. 15 8 e, lat. 47 *7 "• Brue, a river in Somerfetihire, which fifes in Selwood foreft, on the borders of Wiltihire, and flows through the county, by Bruton and Glaftonbury, into Bridgewater bay. Brug, a town of Swiflerland, in the Vallais, featcd on the Rhone, 39 miles b ofSion. Bruges, a city of the Netherlands, in Flanders, capital of the department of Lis, and lately an cpifcopal fee. It was I once a great trading town ; but, in the 1 1 6th century, the ctvil wars drove the I trade firft to Antwerp, and then to I Amfterdam. The inhabitants are efti- I mated at 20,000, but it is not populous, j in proportion to its extent. Its fitua. tioB ftUl commands fome trade, for it has canals to Ghent, Oftend, Sluys, Nieuport, Funies, Ypret, and Dunkirk. Bruges has been often taken ; the laft time by the French, in 1794. It is 14 I milea s of Qftwd. Jum 3 10 e, lat. 5 1 111 V. Brugge, a town of Lower Saxony, in j the prineipality of Hildeiheim, on the riverXeyne, la miles sw of Hildeflieim. I Bruggettt a town of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Germany, I in the duchy of Juliers ; ieated on the ISshwalm.fix miles ne of Ruremonde. Brugrteto, a town of the territory of [Genoa, at the foot of the Apennines, 135 miles esk pf Genoa. I Brumau, a town of Moravia, in the jdrde of Hradifcb, on the frontiers of iHungary, a6 miles E of Hradifch. I Brunn, or B''*^") a town of Moravia, ppital of a circle of the fame name, [and a bifliop*8 fee. |t is defended by a ng furtrrfs, call<4 ^ilbcrr, built on pn eminence ( and htfi manundurcs of floth, velvet, and plufli. The Pruffiarts efieged it in 1742 ; but were obliged to ife the iiege. It is feated at the eon- f, BRU flucncc of the Zwittau and Schwartz 3 miles sw of Olmutx. Lon. 16 38 Bf at. 49 13 N. Brunnent a town of Swiflerland, ia the canton of Schweitz. Here the om- tons of Uri, Schweitz, and Under- walden formed the alliance which was the foundation of the republic of Swlf- ferland. It is featcd on the Wald- ftaedter See, two miles tw of Schweitz. HrumbtUtle, a town of Germany, in Holdein, near the mouth of the £lbe» 13 miles Nw of Gluckftadt. Brunmnck, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N by Luneburg, w by Weft- phalia, !• by HeiTe, and e by Anhalt, Ilalberdadt, and Magdeburg. It con- tains mniiy mines, feveral medicinal fprings, large forefts, and plenty of all the ni'ceflaries of lite. The principal rivers art the Wefer, Ocker, and Leyne. It is divided into four duchies and two counties. The duchies of Brunfwick Proper and Brunfwick-Wolfcnbuttlea with the counties of Rheinftein and Ulankcnburg, were lately fubjedt to the iluke of Brunfwick-Wolftnbuttle ; while the elector of Hanover was duke of Brunfwick-Grubenhagen and Bruni^ wick-Calcnberg, which alfo included the diftriA of Gottingen. Brunswick, a fortified city of Lower Saxony, and the chief town in the duchy of Brunfwick, with a citadel. It has ten Lutheran churches, a rich monaftery of St. Blaife, and about 2),ooo inhabitants. This town is fa* mous for a kind of (Irong beer, called Mum, which is exported even to Afia. It is ieated on the Ocker, fevcn miles N by K of Wolfenbuttle, and 68 s of Luneburg. Lon. 10 47 e, lat. 52 16 n. Brunswick^ a feaport of the ftate of Georgia, chief town of Glynn county* with a fafe harbour, capable of contain* ing a numerous fleet of men of war. It is feated in a f«;rtile country, at the mouth of Tuitle river, in St. Simon found, 60 mile^ saw of Savanna. Lon. 81 ow, lat. 31 10 K. BTumwick, a city of New Jerfey, in Middloffx county. Its (ituation is low, but many houfes are now built on a pleafant hill, which rifea at the back of tlie town. It has a confiderable in- land trade, imd, over the Raritan, one of the moft elegant bridges in America. Queens college was in this city, but is now extin^ as a place of inliru^ion. Brunfwick is 60 miles NE of Philadel* p!iia. Lon. 'js o ^v* l^t. 40 20 n. Jiruiiiwick, New, a Britilh province in N America) feparated from that of I n iPnHi n IiI^hI 1 1 n ■ 9 BItZ Kova Scotia in 1784- It it bounded on the w by New England, n by Canada, r by the gulf of St. Lawrcncf, ;ind • iij Nova Scqtia and the bay of Pnndy. At the conclufion of the Ame- rican war, the •tnigratioB of loyalifts to thii province was very great. The liver St. John openn a vaft extent of fine country, moll of which is fettled and under improvement. The upland is in general well wooded, and the lofty pinci aflTord a confiderable Aipply of mails for the royal navy. The chief place is the city of St. John, but the feat of government i« at Frcderidtovn. ■ HrH^seh, a fortified city of the Ne- therlands, capital of the department of Dyle; lately the capital of Brabant, and the feat of the governor of the Audrian Low Countries. It has many magnificent fquares, public buildings, walks, and fountains. The Hotel dc Ville, in the grand market-place, is a rt4narkable ftruiture: the turret is 364 feet in hci;;%'t, and on the top is the figure of St. Michael, of copper gilt. 17 feet high, which turns with the wind. Here is a kind of nunnery, called the Beguinape, which is like a little town, and furrounded by a wail and a ditch : the women educated here are allowed to leave it when they choofe to marry. Bniflels is celebrated for its fine lace, camblets, and tapeftry; and contains 80,000 inhabitants It has a communi- cation with the Scheldt by a canal, »o miles long. It was bombarded by mar- fhal Villeroy in 1695, by which 14 churches and 4000 houfes were deftroy- ed. It has been feveral times taken fince ; the laft time by the French in 1794. It is feated partly on an eminence, and partly on the river Senne, 45 miles s of *\ntwerp, and 148 n by e of Paris. I^on. 4 18 E, lat. 50 51 N. lirutori, a town in Somerfetfliirc, with a market on Saturday. Here are tnanufadtures of filk and hofiery ; a freefchool, founded by Edward vi ; and a (lately almflioule, confiftinp of the ruins of a priory. It is feated on the river Brue, 12 miles se of Wells, aid IC9 w of London. Briivcres, a town of France, in the department of Vofgea, 11 miles ene of Epinal. Bnjansl-Tvlge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, feated on the Shan- non, eight miles n of Limerick. lirzfsc, a fortified town of Lithu- ania, capital of Polenfia, or the pala- tinate of Przefc, with a caftle on a rock. Here is a large fynagogue, re- tiirtcd ya by Jews from aU parts of B U C ' Eiirop«. It \» feated on the r!f«r Bnfi 90 mdes 8 by w uf Grodno. I«n. 346 K, lat. 5a 4 N. Brzenc, ji town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the fame name. It ii furrounded by a wali, and feated in a marfhy plain, 95 mileswNWof Warfaw. Lon. 18 .')o t, lat. jt 40 N. Bnesnitt, a town of Dohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with manufaftures o( lace, fire-arms, and hardware, 1^ milri wNw of Saatz.— -Another J In the circle of Prachin, 18 miles wNw of Pifek. Bua, an ifland in the gulf of Venice, on xhe coaft of Dalmatia, called like^ wife l*artri(lg(' ifland, brcaufe frequent, ed by thofe birds. It is joined by a bridge to the town of Traon. Buarcos, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the feacoad, at the mouth of the Mondego, 37 miles s of Aveira. Biiccari, or Bucliari^ a feaport of Morlachia, on the ne part of tiie gulf of Venice, declared by the emperor, in 7780, a free port fof commerce with the £ Indies. It is t» miles e of Fiunne. Lon. 14 a6 e, lat. 45 17 N. Biicfiannes, the nioft eaflem promon- tory of Scotland, to the B of Petrr- head, in Abcrdeenfliire, in lon. i 34 w, lat. 57 27 N. Near this proraonto7 are the Bullers of Buchan, and other AupendouK rocks and precipices, muck admired for the awful grandeur thej exhibit. Bucliaria. See Boklfaria, Biic/ittu, a town of Suabia, with it nunn»Ty, feated .on a fmall lake, called Feyder See, 15 milek sw of Ulm. Buchan, a town v " '^ohemia, in th« | circle of Saatz, a6 niles sw of Saatz, Bucfivlz, a town of Brandenb«rg, io I the Uckcr mark, feated on the Dahmei [ 83 miles ssK of Berlin. Buchorest, a ftrong city of Euro'peai I Turkey, capital of Walachia, where the hofpodar commonly refides. Thf patriarchal church is large, adjoining to the palace of the archbiifhopj and '\n\\ fquare, near the ccnti* of the town, it | the great church of St. George, the pa- tron faint of WalachLi. The inhabit- ants are cftimated at 6o,coo. It is 'ear.l od on the Domboriza, 35 roilpsssEofj Tergovift, and aco K by ^ of Adra-j nople. Lon. a6 8 e, lat. 4457 w. I Buchorn, a town of Suabia, latelfj imperial, feated on the lake of Coih| fiance, 18 miles ene of Cppftancc. Buvkdfti, a village in Hnntinffdon'l (hire, five miles sw of Huntingdon. H«j is a fuperb palace of the tifhops of Lin-I coin, and feveral of the prelates hattj beta interred in the churob> f Poland, c.»pUal of • fame nrnne. It ii alif and fcated in a leswMWofWarfaw. 5» 40 N. n of Dohcmta, in the ith mannfaflure-R of I hardware, «4 milw mother, In the circle rs wNw of Pifek. 1 the gulf of Venice, )almatia, called like-' nd, bi'caiife frequent- ). It is joined by a » of Traon. wn of Portugal, in oaft, at the mouth of miles s of Avma. 'ucliariy a feaport of f NE part of the gulf ed by the emperor, in t fof commerce with is T» miles E of FiuHie. •45 «7 Nr I mod eaflcm promon- i, to the E of PetPr. niniire, in Ion. i 34 w, Near this promontory of Buchan, and other J and precipices, muck : awful grandeur they ^ Bokharia. wn of Suabia, with » .on a fmall lake, called ilew sw of UliB. Kix V " '■'ohemia, in th« | 6 ni'.es sw of Saatz. wn oi Brandenburg, io ffatcd on the Dahme. Bt-rlin. troiig city of Europesi 1 of WalachJa, where )mmonly rtfides. Thf ^his large, adjoining to e archbiftiopj and in» ceiiti* of the town, ii I of St. George, the pa- ^alachia. The inhabit- d at 60,000. It is feat. =bciriza, 35 milp«ssE«| 2CO N by -iv of Adm- 8 E, lat. 44 57 ^- , own of Suabia, latelf on the lake of Cod.| ENE of Cotjftance. illage In Hnntingdon-I )W of Huntingdon. HMl jieofthe'biihopsofLin'l [al of the prelates h»«| the cLuTob* Duckel/urg, a town of Wedphallt, in Ihe county of Schaa«nburg, with a cailr on the river Aa, three miles iiK DfMinden. Buckcnham, a town \p "Sdrtork, with „ market on Saturday, i» miles E by n of Thetford, and 93 lit of London. Budfatileifik, a village in Devon- Vire, three miles s bjr w of Afliburtun. lere are Tome remains of an abbey; jind many of the houfcs are built with naterials from its ruins. Buckingham, a borough and the ca- pital of Biickinghamfliire, with a market an Saturday. It is almoft furround^ 5y the Oufe, over which ' are three ftonc bridges. There was fbrmerly a kallle, on a mount, in the middle of lie town. Here is little trade or manu- bAure, except lace- making, and fome laper-miils on the river. Two miles to the Nw is Stowe, the celebrated feat of |be marquis of Buckingham. The [own fuffered greatly by fire in 1745. |t is 35 miles ne or Oxford, and 55 )w of London. Lon. o 58 w, lat. 51 |8N. Buckinghamshire, a county of Eng- lind, 39 miles long and 18 broad; joundcd on the n by Northampton - liirc, E by Bedfordfliire, Hertfordfhire, Ind Middiefex, s by Berklhlre, and w \y Oxfordfhire. Il contains 318,400 cres; is divided into eight hundreds, nd iSjparifhcs; hns 15 market towns; Ind fends 14 members to parliament. I'hc number of inhabitants in 1801 was 107,444. Its principal Vivern are the Thames, Coin, Oufe, and Tan)ei. The pil is rich, being chiefly chalk or marl ; nd the woods of the hills, chiefly eech, form a confiderable article of Irofit, both as fuel and timber. The pod general manufadure is bonc-lace nd paper. Bucktcrs-hard, a village in Ilamp- [lire, on Beaulieu river, nine rhiles ssw 'Southampton. The inhabitants are Irincipally employed in fliip-building ; lid many frfgates have been built here. Bnda, or (Iffen, the capital of Lower ^ungary, fituate on the fide of n hill, the w fide of the Danube, over Jhich is a bridge of boats to Pert. the inhabitants are eftimated at a 1,000. [he churches and public buildings arfc wdfome. In the adjacent country arc jneyards, which produce excellent line;, and hot baths that were in good rder, witi) magnificent rooms, while ie Turks had pofleflion of this place, [he Turks took it in 1529^ and it was jterWard befieged feveral times by the feimaus to lid purpofe> till i636, wh«n H waa taken. It it 94 milei iti of Prefburg, and aoo mnw of Bclgride* Lon. 19^ ii,lat. 47 30 N. Badelxeh, a town of France, in th« departnnent of Sarre, lately of Oer* many, in the eltfAorate of Treres; (bat- ed on the Traen, 1% miles knb of Treves. Buderkh, or Burich, k town of France, in the department of Rodr, lately of Germany, In the duchy of Cleve; frated on the Rhine, aii miles 8E of Cieve. Buditif a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, with a caftte, nine miles s by w of Leutmeritz. BuditigcH, a town of Germany, ia Wetteravia, with a caftle; fituati 00 the Satnbach, 35 miles kne of Frank- fort. Bitdimen. See Batttten, Budoa, a (Itong feaport of Dalmatia« and a bilhop's fee. It fufVaincd a fiege by the Turks in i68«, and is 30 miles SE of Ragufa. Lon. 18 58 e, lat. 4230 n. Biidrio, a town of Italy, in the Bo- logncff, eight miles k of Bologna. Budwcis, a fortified town of Bohe- mia, in the circle of Uechin, and lately a bidiop's fee. In the environs are mines of gold and filver. It is feated on the Muldau, 75' miles s by w of Prague. Lon 14 25 E, lat. 49 a h. Budzac. See Be^sarlia, Bug, a river of Poland, which rifes in the palatinate of Lemburg, flows m to Brzefc, croffes Polachia iiito Mafovia,. and enters the Viftula above Wifch- grod. Biicn Ayrc. See Bonair, Br.cnos Ayres, a city and feaport, the capital of Paraguay, the feat of a viccroyalty, and a bifliop's fee. It is well fortified ; and hither is brought a great pan of the treafurcs and mer- chandife of Peru and Chili, which are exported to Spain. It was founded by Mendofa in 1535, but afterward aban- doned; and in 1544, another colony of the Spaniards came here, who left it alfo; but it was rebuilt in 1582, and inhabited by Spaniards and the native Americans. It has an elegant cathedral, a fmall Indian church, two monalleries, five convents, a college, a beautiful fcjuare, and about 33,000 inhabitants. Ihe trade is carried on with the pro- vinces of Peru by means of carts drawn by oxen, which travel together in cara- vans. The country around is quite open and level, furnilhing every fpecies or American and European produc- tions; but the mo'ft extraordinary cir- cumftance ia the propagation of cattle, H B U L vhlch have multiplied fo immenfely that all are in common, and a great many are killed merely for their hides. Buenos Ayres was furrendered to the En^lifh in July 1806, but they v. ere obligtd lo abandon it foon after. In July 1807 the Englifli made an unfuc- ccfsful attack on this city. It is feated on the Plata, sso miles from the ocean, though the river there is 21 miles in breadth. Lon 58 ^i w, lat. 34 35 s. Bugia, a feaport of Algiers, in the province of Conftantina, at the mouth of the Major, on a bay of the Mediter- ranean. It has a ftrong caftle, but fir Edward Spragge deftroy?.ii feveral Al- gerinc men of war under its walls in 1671. The harbour is fafer and more capacious than that of Algiers, but its entrance is equally dangerous. The principal trade is jn inftruments of agri- culture, made of iron, obtained from mountains near the town. It is 90 miles E of Algiers. Lou. 5 zH e, lat 36 niiillft, or Biiaify a town of Wales, in Brecknockfhire, with a markil on Monday and Saturday. Here was an ancient caftle, whofe ke(*p, its laft re- mains, was burnt down in ifigo- In this neighbourhood the Welch inade their laft ftand for independence, and v.tre defeated by Edward i, in is8j. Eiiilth has a manufadure of (lockings. It is feated on the Wye, over which is a bridge into Radnorfliire, i» miles n of Brecknock, and 173 w by n of London. Bids, a town of France, in the de- partment of Drome, 40 miles e of Orange, and 65 sse of Valence. Buitrago, a fortified town of Spain, In New Caftile, celebrated for the wool collected in its environs. It is feated on tbe.Lozoya, 40 miles n of Madrid. BuliJCy a town of Egypt, on the: Nile, two miles w of Cairo, and the port of that city. On the n fide of it is the Califch, whofe banks are cut every year, to convey the waters of the Nile, by a canal, to Cairo. Bnlam, jn illand on the w coaft of AtVica, at the mouth of tlie Gambia. 'l»;ij foil is good; and a feltlement of free blacks was formed here in 1 793, by the Englilh, but the natives of the con- tinent would not permit it to continue. Lou. 16 30 w^lat. 1,3 Q N. Bulgaria, a province of European Turkey, bounded on the n by Wala- chiaand Beirarbia, e by the Black fea, s by Romania and Macedonia, and w by .Servia. It is mountainous, but fertile in the intervening vallies. Sofia is the CM}ital. " • ■ ' ■•■■.;• \ ■■■-■■ ■ ■■■ • If BUR Bulnesi. See Rawness, Bunawe, a village of Scotland, jg Argyleflure, on the e fide of Loch Etive, at the influx of the river Awe. Here is an iron foundery, a valuable falmon lifliery,«and a bay that afTflrdi Jafe anchorage in any wind. It is ij miles ENE of Oban. Bundelcund, or Bundela, a circar o( | Hindooftan, in the province of AUalu. bad, inhabited by a tribe of Rajpoot), I It is a mountaini^us tradt, and contaici the celebrated diamond mines of Panna, with fome ftrong fortrefTes. Chatter* pour is the capital. Bungay y a town ;n Suffolk, with 1 1 market on Thurfday, feated on the Wavenay, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth. It has two churches, and I the ruins of a nunnery and a caftle. It I is 36 miles n by e or Ipfwich, and los] NE of London. Bmigo, a kingdom of Japan, in the I illand of Ximo. The kinj^ of this coun-l try was converted to Chriftianity, andl fent a folemn embalTy to the pope in I 1583. The capital is Fumay. Loii| 13a o E, lat. 32 40 N. Bunivay a mountain of Greece, be. I tween Janna and Livadia. extendiitgiJ the gulf of Zeiton. The ancient namel was JEta; and it is famous forthepafjl of Thermopyljc (fo called from thjl hot baths in the neighbourhood) where I Leonidas, and his 300 Spartans, refilled | for three days the whole Perfian army. Bunkers tlill. See Breeds Hill. Bunting fordy a town in Hertford' fliire^ with a market on Monday, 31 1 miles N by E of London. Buntwahya. town of Hindoorian,ij| Canara^ which has a great inland trade; lituatc near the Netrawari, 10 miles b| of Mangaloie. Buiitzlnuy a town of Silcfi.i, in tJitj principality of Jauer. It has a mami-r faflure of brown potteiy with gold! and filvcr llowers ; and is feated on thcj Bober, 23 miles w by n of Lignitz. Buntztauy Ally a town of BohemiJil feated on the Elbe, 16 miles Siwof Juii{| I'unt/lau. Buiil:liin, Juvg, a town of Bobemiail capital of the circle of Buntzlau. It| was a royal town under Rodolphus iii and is feated on the Her, iH miles kx«| of Prague. Lon. 15 o e, lat. 50 ijN' Biiraii, ragy a river of the kingdom ofF(!j| which enters the Atlantic ocean, atSalittI Burdtcaii, a town of HindooHan, »| pita! of a qiftrift in Bengal, feated oi| the Dummooda, 57 miles nw of W cutta. Lgn. 87 56 e, lat. 23 jo n. , Jiur-cllOfOV Ciiifa i/«r«//«, a townil "''■.'' . J'. .' ;. /j • ■ . >^- 1 Botvnesst llage of Scotland, ig the E fide of Locii lux of the river Awe, foundery, a valuable ind a bay that aflfflrdi n any wind. It is 15 an. ,r Bundela, a circar ol | lie ^province of Allah. ►y a tribe of Rajpooti. I ii^us tradt, and contalni amond mines of Panna, Ig fortreffes. Chatter- 1 tal. . , >wn ;n Suffolk, with i urfday, feated on tk li is navigable hence to I has two churches, and I unnery and a caftle. It I y E or Ipfwich, and loS igdom of Japan, in thtl The kini^of thiscoun-l ted to Chriftianity, and I embaffy to the pope in ipital is Fumay. Lon.1 40 N. lountain of Greece, be- id Livadia, extending iJ ton. The ancient name I , it is famous forthepafil jG (fo called from thj e neighbourhood) where I his 300 Spartans, refilled he whole Perfian army. See Breeds llill. a town in Hertford' | market on Monday, 31 _,ondon. own of Hindooftan, in has a great inland trade; I c Netrawari, 10 miles i| town of Silpfi.i, in ths Jaucr. It has a manu- own potteiy with gold irs; and is feated ontte| w by N of Lignitz. If, a town of Bohemia, Ibe, i6mile3SiVv-ofJuii5| iivon. \Buroo:, a city of Spain, capital of |ld Caftile, and an archbifhup's fee. lliasan antique caftle, once t!.e abode I the kings of Caftile; and tlie calhe- lis one of the moft magnifictnt Go- lie fabrics in Europe. Ihc fijunrcf:, iiblic buildings, and fountainc, are fine. lis feated partly on a moun(,aiiK ,ii,d Irtljr o^^,t^« jivCf, AJ^aiuonj ^^ luiics s. B U R by s of Leon, and 117 n of Madrid. Lon. 3 30W, lat. 4a 28 N. Burgu, or Berdoa, a territory of Za- hara, in the defert of Lybia, to the s of Augila and e of Fezzan. The capital is of the fame name, a^o miles ssw of Augila, and 430 ese of Mourzook. Lon ai 40 E.lat. a6 10 N. Burgundy, a late province of France^ iia miles long and 75 broad; bound- ed on the e by Franche Compt^, w by Bourbonnois and Nivernols, s by l.yonois, and n by Champagne. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and* excellent wines; and Is now formed into the three departments of C6te d'Or, Saon< and Loire, and Yonne. Burlta7i]miT, a city of Hindooftanj c.ipital of Candeifh, and, at one period, of the Deccan alfo- It has a great trade in fine cotton for veils, Ihawls, &c.. In the war with the Mahrattas in i8o5i 't furrendered to the Britilh. It is fituatc in a delightful country, on the river Tapty, aa^ miles e by zt of Surat. Lon. 76 J9 E, lat. ai 25 N. Burhanpoiir, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, on the river Coflimbazar, 90 miles N of Calcutta. BuTumo, a town of Tufcany, in the; Siennefe, near the lake Caftigleno, la miles ssE of Mafla. Burivli. See Biidertch. Burhn, a fortified feaport of Arabia, in the province of Aman, 45 miles wnw ofM.ifcat. Bnrkm, a town of Germany, in the late eletRorato of Mentz, 37 miles E of Htidelberg. Bjirkhausat, a town of Bavaria, with an old fortified taftle on a mountain. Tt is the feat of a regency, and ftands on the river Salza, near its confluence with the Inn, a7 milps nnw of Salz- burg. Burlington, a town of England. See Bridlington. Burlington, a city of New Jerfcy, ca- pital of a county of the fame name. It is a fret port ; feated on the Delaware, .which is here a mile broad, and affords a fafe and convenient harbour. It is 17 miles NE of Pliiladelphia. Lcn. 75 10 w, lat. 40 17 N. Bnrlington, a town of Vermont, chief of Chittinden county. In 179T, achar* ter was gianted for a richly endowed univerhty to be eftabliflied here. It 13 fituatc en Lake Champluin, laa miles N of Bennington. Lon. 73 10 w, lat. 44 25 N. . Bu^n>in>r},z town in Norfolk, with a tria.;ket on Monday and Saturday. It Jta&dq .RC(ir, the fea, ou the river -' ■ ' H-2 •'!S>^.. M '1 iWi iii " -'/iti^i J^Ki ' i j anf^Hfl JHi- P^^^^M I^R^ >'. .|bbb(I ift ^ r! 1 n^Hu 1S^' ^ >i ^^H oM i 1 1 ■B'^ '''i wKi p! Ban Burn, in which is a fmall harbour. Around it, are fire villages of the fame name, with an addition; and that of Burham Thorp is the birthplace of the celebrated admiral lord Nelfon, whofe father waa the redor. Bnrnham is 19 miles NW of No»wich, and 117 ne of London. ■ Bnrnham, a town in Efiex, at the mouth of the river Crouch, which^ is here called Bnrnham Water. The Walfleet and Burnham pyftcrs are the prodiid of the creeks and pits of this rivci. Burnham is 1 1 miles se of Maiden. Burnieii, a town in Lancafhire, with a market on Monday, and fom<; woollen and cotton manufactures. It ftands in a woody vale, aimoft furrounded by the Leeds and Liverpool canal, 35 miles SE of Lancailer, and 211 nnw of Lon- don. Burnt Island, an idand near the s coaft of Newfoundland, 15 miles ESEof Cape Ray. Lon. 58 50 w, lat. 47 30 n. Bnrnl. Islands, a clufter of illands in the LnH-an ocean, wnw from Goa. Lull. 73 30 E, lat- 16 o N. Bwintislandy a borough of Scotland, in Fifefliire, on the frith of Forth, with an excellent harbour, and a trade in ihip-building. It is feated at the foot of lofty hills, nine miles n of Leith. Burrampnoter, or Mcgna, a river which rifes in the mountains of Tibet, near the head of the Ganges. Thefe two rivers, ilfuing from oppoiite fides of the fame ridge of mountains, dired their coufe toward oppoiite quarters, till they are more than 1200 miles afunder; and afterward meet in one point near the fea, each having per- formed a winding courfe of about 1400 miles. From its fource, thft Burram- pooter proceeds E through Tibet, where it is named Sapoo, or Zancin ; that is, the River: after wifliing the border of the territory of Lafla, it proceeds se to within 220 miles of Yunan, the weftern- moft province of China : it then turns fuddcnly to the w, and paffing through AfTam, afllimes the name of Burram- pooter. It enters Bengal on the ne, makes a circuit round the weftern point of the Garrow Mountains, and then, altering it? courfe to s, meets the Ganges about 40 miles from the fea. During the laft 60 miles before its junc- tion with the Ganges, it forms a ftrenm which is regularly from four to five miles wide. Bursa, or Prusa, a city of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, built by Prufias . king of Bythinia. It waa the capital of » -i>a Otti>inan «nipu:«, before tbe t^kinj; BUR of Conftantinople ; and it now containj about 60,000 inhabitants^ It ftands upon feveral little hills, at the bottom oT Mount OlytttDiis, and on the edge of a fine plain fulhifcfruit-treeg. So many fprings proceeWrom the mount, that every houfe has its own fountain ; anil at its foot are fplendid hot baths. The raofques arc elegant, as are the caravan, farics. The bezelline is a large ftruc- 1 ture full of warehoufes and {hops, con. t'liiiing all the commodities of theeall, belide their own manufaiSures in filk, | Here are the bcft workmen in all Tur. key, who are excellent imitators of the I taptflry of Italy and France. Nont but muffclmans are permitted to dwell! in the city; but the fuburbs, which aw | much finer, and better peopled, are i ed with Jews, Armenians, and Greeks,! Burfa is 68 miles s by E of Conftanti-I nople. Lon. 29 13 e, lat. 40 isN. I liurslenij a town in Staffordfliirc, will I a market on Monday and Saturday. Itj was lately a fmall village, but now hajj cxtenfive potteries, and in 1801 contain-f ed 6578 inhabitants. It ftands near the j Trent and Merfey canal, two miles sseI of Newcaftle, and 15 1 nnw of London.! Bursleton, a village in HampftiirpJ five miles ese of Southampton. Itl ftands on the Hamble, three miles froml its mouth, and feveral (hips have been! built here for the navy. | Burton, a town in Weftmorlandjwitlil a market onTuefday ; feated in a val near the Lancafter canal, la mikssof| Kendal, and aji nnw of London. Burton upon Slral/icr, a town in IId-I colnlhire, with a market on Mondayl feated on a hill, near the Trent, y\ miles N of Lincoln, and 165 n by w oil London. I Burton upon Trent, a town in StafI fordfhire, with a market on ThurfdayT It has the remains of a large abbey; amtl over the Trent is a bridge of frceftonel a quarter of a mite in length. Hereattj manufadures of Iiats, cotton, tammiei,| fpades and other articles of iron ; and it is famous for excellent ale. It is ul miles NE of Lichfield, and 125 nnw J London. Burwah, a town of Hindooftan, ill Bengal, on the borders of Orifl'a, :(tj miles w by n gf Calcutta. Lon. 84 3}i|| lat. 23 6 N. Brnj/y a town in Lancaibire, witbij market on Thurfday, Here are la manufadtures of woollen and cottoij and fome capital printing works na thetown. In 1801 themhabitantswa 707a, It is feated oa.tne Irvejl, aboi uie inBttx of the Rodh, hlhe miles k t -H. u n ; and it now contains habitant s^ It ftands e hill8, at the bottom lis, and on the edge of PJruit-trec?. So many From the mount, that 1 its own fountain; and endid hot baths. The aiit, as are the caravan. ;eftine is a large ftruc- :houfes and ftiopB, con- )mmodities of the eaft, II manufatflures in filk. ft workmen in all Tun xellent imitators of the ly and France. Nont are permitted to dwell I the fuburbs, which are | i better peopled, are ' Armenians, and Greeks. Ics s by E of Conftanti. 5 IS E, lilt. 40 laN. I (wn in Staffordfliirc, with I onday and Saturday. Itl nail village, but now hal ries, and in 1801 contain.! tants. It ftands near tkel ■fey canal, two miles sneI and 15 1 NNw of London,! I village in Hampfliirf,l E of Southampton. Itl HlamWe, three miles froml 1 feveral (hips have b«iil the navy. I wn in Weftmorland,wit!il uefday ; feated in a vallejl lafter canal, la miles sol] .NNW of London. Slralhcr, a town in Lit-I . a market on Mondayil hill, near the Trent, jiF icoln, and 165 n by w oil Trent, a town in StifJ . a market on Thurfday. ains ofa large abbey, aoJ t is a bridge of frceftow, mile in length. Hereaitl of hats, cotton, tammiti,! ler articles of iron ; andU excellent ale. It is "I .ichfield, and 125 nnwi town of Ilindooftan, ill e borders of Orill'a, :(• ^Calcutta. Lon.84 35'i| ivn in LancaOiire, with hurfday. Here are laj of woollen and coim lital printing works r J 80 1 the inhabitants w iatedoti.theIrvell,al the RoiK,nirie miles Jf 51 .BUT w of Mant^hcfter, and 195 knw of Lon- Bunj St- J^o Ttund, a borough in Suf- folk, with a market on Wedtiefday and Satur^lay. It took its^name from St. Edmund the king, who was buried here; and to his honour ai abbey was founded, of which fome noble ruins re- main. Here Are two parifti-churches, I which ftand in one churchyard : in St. I Mary's lies Mary queen of France, who was married to Charles lirattdon duke of Suffolk. ' At this town the barons met, and entered into a league againft king John. Henry vi called a parlJa- mciit here in 1446, when Humphry jdiike of Gloucefter was imprifoned, and |i'.c died here, as fuppofed, by poifun. Tiie affizes for the county are held jlicre; and it has a freefchool founded Iby Edward vi. The number of inha- Ibitants in 1801 was 7655 ; and moft of Itliem are employed in trade and manu- fadlures. It is feated on the Larke, a branch of the Onfe, 25 miles nw of Ipf- vidi, and 71 nn e of London. Lon. o 46E,lat.53 22 N. Bunjenn, St. a village in Cornwall, Eve miles wsw of Pen/ance. It was once of gnat note, and had a college JFoundetl by king Atlielftan. . The church is fpacious, and contains many curious relics of antiquity. In its neighbour- hood are 19 large {tones ftanding in a tircie, 1 a feet from each other, and in the Centre is one much larger than the reft. liusheir, a town of Perfia, in Fai- lillan, fun-ounded by a wall, with a l:\v baftions. The Englifh Eaft-India Company have a fadtory here; and the [rade with Shiras, by caravans, is coh- Merable. It is fituate on a narrow peclcof land, in the^lf of Perfia, no niles wbw of Shiras. Lon- 5 1 o e, lat. |i9 20 N. Busiarah, See Bassora. Bitip, an ifland of Scotland, in the Mth of Clyde, feparated on the n from he peninlula of Cowal in Argylcfliire py a narrow channel. It is 14 mUe? ong and four broad; the n part hilly |nd ban-cn, but the s fertile and well lultivated. The coaft is rocky, and ndented with feveral fafe harbours, [hiefly appropriated to the herring |(hery. JRothiay is the capital. Rutesliire, a county of Scotland, con- Ifting of the illands of Bute, Arran, fieat and Little Combray, and Inch- partoc, which lie in the frith of Clyde, jetween the counties of Ayr and Ar- yle. This fliire fends a member to »rliampnt alternately with Caithnefs- pirc. Sec Bute, &c. Biitrinto, a feaport of European Tut* kcy« in Albania, and a bifliop's fee; feated on the canal of Corfu, at the en- trance of the gulf of Venice, 30 miles s of Chimxra. Lon. ao ^ e, lat. 39 49 if. ButtermcrCfli lake m Cumberlandt eight miles sw of Kcfwick. it is two miles long, and nearly half a mile broad. On the w fide it is ternjinated by a mountain, called, from .its ferru- ginous colour, the Red Pike ; a ftrip of cultivated ground adorns tlie E ihore; at the >f end is the village of Biitter- mere; and a group of houfes, called Gatefgarth, is feated on the s extre- mity, under an amphitheatre of moun'- tninous rocks. Here Honifter Crag is feen rifing to a vaft height, flanked by two conical mountains, Fleetwith on the E, H.id Scarf on the w fide. Nu- merous mountaiu torrents form never- failing cataradts that thunder and foam down the rocks, and form the lake below. This lake is called the Upper Lake; and, near a mile from it, to the NE is the Lower Lake, called alfo Cro- mack-water. The river Cocker flows through both thefe lakea to Cocker- mouth. Butterworth^ a large village in Lan- cafliirc, two miles e of Rochdale, wfaicfa partakes in the trade and manufaiftures of that town. Button Bay, the K part of Hudfoa bay, through which attempts have beea made to difcover a nw paflage to China. It is fo called from fir Thomas Button, who here loft his Ibip, and. came back in a iloop built in the coun- try. It lies between 60 and 66 nt lat. Bultsfadt, a town of Upper Saxony* in Thuringia, feated on the Lofs, 16 miles w of Naumburg. Butzbachf a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, feated in a marfhy but fer- tile plain, 10 miles s of Gieflen. Bntzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, feated on the Warna, 17 miles sw of RoftOck. Buxadewur, a ftrong fort of the coun- try of Bootati, at the entrance of the mountains from Bengal. It ftands on the top of a rock, 20 miles n of Chicha- cotta. Buxar, a town and fort of Hindoo- ftan, in Bahar, on the right bank of the Ganges, 72 miles w of Patna. Buxtehndc, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen^ oh the river Efte, 18 miles SE of Stade. Buxton^ a village iii Derbylhire, at the entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells that rife near the fource of th* river Wye ; aod tbey are deemed one 4-i ■ m CAB of tbe fevcn wonders of the Peak. Their .waters, noted in the time of the Ro- mans, are hot and fulphnreous; and much company refort to them in the fummer. The building for the bath ■was ereAed by George earl of Shrewf bury; and h^rre Mary queen of Scots was for foT)'.* time. The duke of De- yonlhire has ereded a beautiful build- ing in the form of a crefcent, under wMcb are piazzas and (hops. A mile hence is another of the wonders, called Pool's Hole, at the foot of a mountain. The entrance is low and narrow, but it prefently opens, to a cave of conlide- rabie height, and 696 feet long, with a roof refembling a Gothic cathtdral. It contains many ftaladlitious concretions, and fcveral curious rcprefentations both of art and nature, produced by the petrifying water continually dropping irom the rock. Buxton is 3a miles jiw of Derby, and 163 nnw of London. Bychow, a town of Lithuania, on the Dnieper, 1 80 miles ssw ot'Wilna. Lon. 30 o E, lat. 53 38 N, Byran Island, an idand in the Pacific ocean,, difcovcred by commodore Byron .in 1765. It is low, fjuUofwood, and .very populcus. The natives are tall, .well-proportioned, and clean ; and their countenance expreflive of a furprifing .mixture of intrepidity and cheerfuinefs. ^on. If 3 46 e, lat i 18 s. C. Caaden, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of SaatZi on the river Eger, nine miles sw of Commotau. Caana. See Keiic. ' pahefo de Videy a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, witbi^caftle, 12 miles sw pf Portali'gro. , Calenda, a foaport of Africa, in Con- fo, fubjeft to Portugal, jop miles se pf ■oango. \jOn. 12 3 e, lat- 45 s. Cabes, or Gales, a town of the king- ddm of Tunis, near a gulf of the fame fjame, 170 mjles s of Tuni*. Lop. 10 SS e,lat. 3.^ 40 N. Cabinpoiiit, a town of Virginia, in Surry qounty, on Upper Chipoak creek, near James ri'er, z6 miles ese of Pe- terfbtjrg. Cabra, a town of Spain, in Andalqlia, with (ix convents, and a college for the ftudj of philofopby and divinity. It is ntt^ate at the foot of a piountain, neaf pc fource of a river of the fame name, »5 miles SE of Cordova. ' ^abrOf a town of the kingdom of C A C Tombuctoo. It is a place of great trade, feated on the Niger, and fenes as a port to the capita!, 10 miles SEof I Tombuftoo. Cabrera, an ifl^nd in the Meditetanean, feven miles s of Majorca. It has a la.^s harbour, on the n fide, defendtd by a caftle. Lon. a 55 e, lat. sgts. Calul, a country of Afia, bounded 00 the w by Perfia, n by the Hindbo-ko, e by Cainmere, and s by Canda!:ar. ft was anciently a province of Perils, af- [ terward it was annexed to the Mogu; empire till 1739, when it was reftoredl to Perfia by Nadir Shah The country I is highly divcrlified; coniiftingof rnouii.! tains covered with fnovv, hilL of inoii;.| rate height, rich plains, ftately forcftJ and innumerable ftreanis. It piodiiceil every article necellViry for human \M with tlie molt delicate fniits and flowers) It is fometimes called Zabuliftan, froml Zabul, one of the names of GhizniJ which was the ancient capital of thJ country. I Cabti/, the capital of the province o(| Cabul, and of the dominions of the full tan of the Afghans, feated near the footl of the Ifindoo-ko, on the river AttopkT It carries on a confidcrable trade, andnl confidered as the gate of India toward! Tartary. In 1739, Nadir Shah tookiti by ftorm, and plundered it' of greitl treafures. It is 170 miles ne of Candil har. Lon. 68 35 e, lat. 34 30 n. Cacara, a town of ^ the kingdom ofl Fez, with a fort upon'a rock, 16 milal S of Melilla. I Cacellu, a town pf Portugal, onthil se coaft of Algarva, fix miles b by no(I Tavira, and eight wsw of Caftro Marial (Jaccres, a town of Spain, in Mai madura, feated on the Sabrot, 22iniii«| se of Alcantara. Cuceresy a town of the iCand of h\ conia, capital of the province of C<n the N fide, defended | n. a55E, lat. ag^s. try of Alia, boundt'donl I, N by the Hindoo-ko, and s by Canda^ar. ft| I province of Perlia, af- annexed to the Mo^iil , whon it was reftoredj dirShah The country [ ^ed ; couilfting of moun. ith fnow, hilL of mode-l li plains, ftately forcfts,! e dreams. It producesl jceil'-iry for human life, elicate fruits and flowtrJ called Zabuliftan, froiiil the nanies of GhizniJ ; ancient capital of tlit| apital of the province ol the dominions of theful lans, feated near the foot ko, on the river Attoqk, confidcrable trade, andii he gate of India towaii! 739, Nadir Shah took it 4 plundered it' of grot is 170 miles NEofCandj.] 35 E, lat. 3430 N. ■ jwn of ^ the kmgdom of rt upon'a rock, 16 mila ;>wn of Portugal, on thtl arva, fix miles shy soil U wsw of Caftro Marial town of Spain, in EHm on the Sabrot, zz mm Qwn of the iRand of Ul of th e province of Caii»l rtvop's fee. Lon. i^l Cashan, a town of Perfiii I , which has a confidcrjbl(| filver and gold brocadc^l Here are manyChrill pbre.s, or worfhippers dinavaft plain, 55""* than. Lon. 51 5S ^^ Kecbo, the capital of tl mquin. It contains so,o« walls arp of mud, and I with thatch •, a ftw f ,k, and roofed withp rincipal ftreets are va ;d with fmalJ ftoncs. r palaces here, fuch Mi CAD are; and near them are ftablos for his horfes and elephants. The houfe of the Englifh faflory is the beft in the city ; and the fadories pnrchafe filks and lack- ered ware, as in China. It is f<*ated on the river Hoti, 3o milCs from the gulf of Tonquin. Lon. 105 11 E, lat. ai 10 n Cackeo, a town of the kingdom of Ciimbo, feated on the river Gacheo, or St. Domingo, 50 miles from its month. It is fubjedt to the Portiiguefe, who h.^ve three forts, and carry on a ;;reat trade in wax and naves. Lon. 14 55 e, lat. la Cachocira, a town of Brafil, in the go- vernment of All Saints Bay. It is the mart for the northern gold mines, and Hands on a fmall river, 4» miles nw of St- Salvador. Cdcongo, a town of the kingdom of Loango, feated near the mouth of a ri- ver, 40 miles SSE of Loango. Oicorln, a town of Spain, in Andalu- fia, on the rivulet V«;ga, between two mountains, 15 miles ese of Ubeda. Cadeuac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot, on the river Lot, a? milt's ENE of Cahors. Cadend, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mouths of the Rhone, aft miles SE of Avignon. Cadcr Idris, a mountain of Wales, in Meiionethfhire, to the s of Dolgelly.' The perpendicular height is eftimated to be 1850 feet above the level of the fea; and on it arc leveral lakes, abound- ing in fifli. Cadiar, a town of Spain, in Granada, j8 miles se of Granada. Cadillacy a town of France, in the de- partment of Giroude, with a caftle, I feated on the Garonne,, ij miles se of Bourdeaux. Cadi:, a city of Spain, in Andalufia, I and a bilhop's fee; with a good harbour. I It is feated on the ifle of Leon, at its Kw extremity, and the bay formed by litis 12 miK'8 loVig and fix broad. The s fide iis inacceffiblc by fea, becaufe it is edged with craggy rocks; and two forts, the Puntal and Matagorda, com- jmand the paffage into the harbour. I Cadiz is a very ancient place, being jbuiltbythe Phoenicians: it was after- Iward a Roman town ; and there are pill feveral remains of Roman antiqui- Itits. This port is the centre of the ISpanilh commerce to the W Indies and lAmurica. There are linen manufac- pres in the nei>?hbourhood, but that of [fait is the chief branch of induftry. The cathedral is a handfome modem ftruc- Iture. Cadiz was taken by the Eng- M in 1596; but being attempted agam C AF in 1763, they had not the like firccefs. It is 45 miles w of Gibraltar, andtjo w by s of Malaga. Lon. 6 16 w, lat. 36 3a N. . Ctnhra, a town of Italy, capital of the diftri<5l of Cadorino, and the birth- place of Titian, the painter. It is feated on the Piave, 15 miles n of Belluno. * Lon. iz o E, lati 46 a8 n. Cadorino, a diftriiJt of Italy, lately fub- " je«5t to Venice : bounded on the e by" Friuli, s and w by the Bellunefe, and W by the principality of Brixen. Itisji mountainous country, and the chief town is Cadora. Cadsand, or Cassand, an ifland of Holland, on the n coaft of Flinders, at the mouth of the Scheldt. The land is fertile, and the inhabitants make a- large quantity of excellent cheefe; The chief town is Caflandria. • 1; Ccen, a city of France, capital of the department of Calvados. It has a ce- lebrated univerfity, and a caftJe with' four towers, built by the Englifli. The abbey of St. Stephen was fourided by William the conqueror, who was buried in it. The river Orne runs through ■ the city, to which the tide brings up large vefiTels.' It is 65 miles w by • of Rouen, and r;f5 w of Parid. Lon. o a* W, lat. 49 II N. • ' :■, Caer. For fome places that ofteni begin thus, as Caerdiff, fee under Cat^> Caerlron, a town of Monmotlthihire^ with a market on Thurfday. Many Roman antiquities have been founcl: here; and it has the ruins of a eaftle. ' It is feated on the Uik, 19 miles sw of Monmouth, and 146 w by N of London. Cucrphillify a town of Wales, in Gla- morganfliire, with a market on Thurf- day. The ruins of its celebrated caftle more refemble that of a city than a fingle edifice. It is feated between the.Taafe and Rumney, feven miles n of Cardiff,' and 160 w of London. .; Caerwent, a village in Monmouth- fliire, four miles sw of Chepftow. It is the Venta SiUirnm of the Romans, once crowded with palaces and tem- ples; but now the buildings within its ruined walls are only a church and a few fcattered houfes, the reft of the area being laid out in fields and orchards, where a teflelatcd pavement and nume- rous other antiquities have been difco- vered. ' ." Cacrwi/s, a town of Wales, in Flint- fliire, with a market on Tuefday, five miles w of Flint, and aia nw of Lon- don. Caffa, or Theodotia, the4argeft town of the Crimea, wi^h an exctUent road C A F and h&.bour. It was taken, in ii65» by the Genoefe, who made it one of the mod fiutiri/hing towns in Afia. It vrns, taken from th(?m by the Venetiansy in 1 897, but foon recovered ; however, in 1474, the Tartars, afflfted by the Turks, finally expelled them. It was the lafi: poft in the Crimea of which the Genoefe retained the fovereignty Caffa was the Thendofia of the ancients ; a naiae whicli has been reftored to it (ince the Ruffians became poflfeiTed of the Crimea- It contains about zo,ooo in- habitants, and is corkllantly well garri- foned. The trade confift? in wax, furs, lambfkins, leather, hoi les, and female flaves; moft of the latter are brought from Circaflia, and are here fold at from 4 to 800 pound'' each, in proportion to their charms. Caffa is feated on a bay of the Blick fea, at the foot of fome high mbuntains, 65 miles e by.N of Sympheropol, and 130 se of Precop. Lon. 95 20 B), lat. 45 o N. Caffj/i Strait of, the ancient Cim- merian BofpKorus.a ftrait that forms the communication between the Black fea and the lea of /^fopb, and a feparation between Europe and Afia. CnffTana,a country of Africa extend- ing alon^ the Indian. ocean to the mouth of the Great Filh river, in lat. 30 30 s ; by this river it is divided from the country of the Hottentots, and the other boun- daries are not afcertained. The Caffres are tall and well-proportioned ; and, in f;«neral, evince great courage in attacking ions and other beads of prey. Their fkin is a jet black, their teeth white as ivory, and their «ye8 large. The cloth- ing of both fexes is the fame,, confifting entirely of the hides of oxen, which are as pliant as cioth. The men wear tails of different animals .tied round their thighs ; pieces of brafs in their hair, and large ivory rings on their arms ; they are 'adorned alfo with the hair of lions, and feathers fattened on their heads, with many other fantaftical ornaments. Theyare fond of dogs; and have great pride in their cattle, which pay the moft perfeft obedience to their voice. Their «xercife is hunting, fighting, or dancing. They arc expert in throwing lances, and, in time of .var, ufe fhields made of the hides of oxen The women are em- ploye'' ' * the cultivation of their gardens and coin. Theyraife feveral vegetables, which arc not indigenous to the country, as tobacco, watermelons, kidneybeans, and hemp. Their huts are higher and more commodious than thofe of the If ottehtots, and their lands more fertile ; but their oxen, and almoft all their aoi* C A J mals, are much fmaller. Induftrv is the leading trait in the character of the Caf. fres, who are diftinguiOicd from their neighbours to the s (>y their fondnefs for agnculture. They have a high opinion of the Supreme Being, and of his power : they believe in a future ftate of rewards and punifliment ; but think that the world had no beginning, and will be everlafting. They have no facrtd cere- monies, and confequently no prieftsj but they have -^ kind nf '--oniurors whom they greatly revere. They ai e governed by an hereditary king, whofe power is very limited ; but, being permitted to take as many wives as he pleafes, he ha^ a larger portion of lands to cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend and feed. The diftance of the different hordes makes it neceflary that they ftiould have inferior chiefs, who are appointed by the king. Ctfg/j, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, at the foot of the Apennines, 20 miles s of Urbino. Caqtiariy a fortified city and fcaport of Sardinia, c;ipiial of the ifland, and an archbifliop's fee, with a univovfity and a caftle. Here are five churches, befide the cathedral, three of which are colle. .T:iate. It ftands on the s part of the ifland, at the bottom of a gulf of its name, which forms a large r^nd fecure harbour. Lon. 9 zC l, lat. 39 20 n. Cagnete, CaneiCy or Guarco, a town of Peru, capital of a diftri of the fame name, extending .iboui .4 kagues along the feacoad. It is fituate near the fea, 80 miles SE of Lima. Lon. 76 16 w, lat. 13 10 s. Cahnrsy a city of France, capital of | the department of Lot, and a biflioo's fee, with a univerfity. It is feated on a I peninfula made by the rjver Lot, and built partly on a craggy rock. There are three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a Gothic ftruAure, and has a large fquare fteeple. The town has a manufaiflure of fine cloths and ratteens, and furnifhes excellent wine. It was taken by affault, in 1580, by Henry iv, by means of petards, which were firll employed here. In one of the fuburbi | are the remains of a Roman amphithea- tre. Cahors is 70 miles N of Touloufe, and 287 s of Paris. Lon. i 26 e, lat.441 27 N. Cajanehur are feveral public bag- nios, very handfome within, and ufed as places of refrefhment and divernon» elpecially for the women, who go there twice a week ; but the wives of great men have baths at home. The women have greater liberty here than in any part of the Turkim empire ; and on Friday a mofque without the walls is frequented by them as a pilgrimage of pleafurc. The Califh, a canal which conveys the waters of the Nile into the city, is 20 feet broad, and has hnufes on . eacR fide of it. As foon as the water begins to rise, they clofe the mouth of the canal vvith earth, and place a mark, to fhow the time when this and all other canals in the kingdom are to be openedi^ which is done vvith great folemnity,! There are not lefs than 300 mofqyes in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which pre- fent a very picturcfque appearance. It was a place of very great trade before the difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope"; and is ftlll the centre of that of eaftem Africa. The chief manufactures are fugar, fal ammoniac, glafs lamps, falt- petre, gunpowder, red and yellow lea- ther, and Unen made of the fine Egyp- tian flax. This city was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in 1798. It ftands on the right bank ofthe Nile, 100 miles s of its mouth. Lon. 31 t& e., lat. 30 3 f^- Vaironn, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, and next to the city 6f Tunis for trade and number of inhabitants. U is fituate near a fandy defert, where arc found many v "^iges of former magni-> ficence, and on the river Magrida, 60 miles s by K of Tunis. Lon- 10 a6 e, lat. 365 N. Cai.itor, a town in Lincolnfliire, with a market on Monday. Near it are the remains of a monaftery, and many Ro- man veftiges. It is la miles sw of Grimfby, and 156 w of London. Caithness-shirc, tlie moft northerly county of Scotland, 35 tpileslong and 20 broad ; bounded on the u by Pent- land frith, E and se by the German ocean, and w by SutherlandChi'e. The s angle is occupied by mountains ; and n vaft ridge of hills forms the sw bound- ary} eadlng in a promontory called the C AL Ord of Cnrthnefs, which runs out into the fea. The reft of the county ittay be deenned an immenfe morafs, interfpcrfed with foffje fruitful fpots, producing oats and barley, and others affording p^fture for (heep and black-cattle. Its other chief produfts are butter, cheefey yarn, jkins, feathers, and kelp. It fends a member to parliimcnt alternately with But,r (hire. In^lifh h chiefly fpokcn on theicoaft, but in the hij^iilands'the Gaelic prevails. Wick ir, (he capita!. Cft/iY/, a town orPLrfia, ntar Mount Caucafus. Itr, trade confifts chiiefly in filk. Lon. 40 :.s fi, lat. 33 on. Calabar, a town of the kingdom of Benin, capital of a country of the fame name. The Dutch have a fadlory here. It is 140 miles sse of Benin. Lon. 7 15 *^lat. 3 40 N. Calahrin, a country of Naples, divided into the provinces of Calabria Citeriore and Calabria Ultcriore, or Hither and Furthtr Calabria. The firfi. is bounded on the s by Calabria. Ulteriore, :.' by Jafilicata, and w and t, byj|fj»e Mediter- ntan. Cofenza is the capital. Calabria Iteriore is waflied by tlie Mediterranean ' on the E, s, and w, and bounded by Calabria Citeriore on the n. Catanzaio is the capital. This country abounds in excellent fruit, corn, wine, oil, filk, cotton, and wool. In 1783, a great part of Calabria Ulteriore, as well as of Sicily, w.is deftroyed by one of the mod terrible earthquakes vn record : befide the deltrudion of many towns, villages, .-lud farms, above 40,000 people pcriibed by this calamity. Calahorra,nn cpifcopal townof Spain, in Old Caftile, on the fide of a hill, which extends to the Ebro, 70 miles E of Burgos. Lon. a 7 w, lat. 42 i; n. Calais, a feaport of France, in the de- partment of Pa3 de Calais, with a e.ita- del. It was taken by Edward iii of England, in ij.-,?, -jfter a ficge of more tlian 1 1 months, which has given rile to fome Ixiftorical as well as dramatic fitlion. In 1557, it was retaken by the duke of Guile. It was bombarded by the En- glifli in 1696, without receiving much injury. The fortifications are good ; but its greateft Jliength is its fituation among the marilies, which may be over- sowed at the approach of an enemy. In time of peace there are packet boats, vhich go twice a week between Dover and Calais. It is ai miles esk qf Dover, and 152 N by w of Paris. Lon. i 51 E, lat. 50 58 N. Calainf St. a town of France, in the department of Sarte, 24 miles ese of Mans. C A L ' Calamula, a town of European Tur- key, in the Morea, on the river Spinar/.a, 36 miles wsw of Mifitra. Cnlamianesy a clufter of iflands, the moft wcfterly of the Philippines, and to the N of Borneo. They are 17 in number, and mounttfinous ; but produce great quantities of wip to the town for the largclt (hips that vifit India. The exports are conlider- ahle in fait, fugar, rice, opium, filks, mullins, calicos, &c. Calcutta is the fiat of the governor-general and council of Bengal, who have, a control over the prcfidencies of Madras, Bombay, and Bencook'ki Here is Hkewilea fupremo court rtf judicature, in which juftice is difpeiifedj according to the laws of Eng- hiiu, by a chief juftice and three puifne judges. In 1756, Calcutta was taken by ihe foubah of Bengal, who forced the C A L . feeble garrifon, to the atnount of 146 peifons, into a fmall prifon called the Black Hole, out of which only 23 came alive the next morning. It was retaken the next year 1 the viflory of Pla.fle]r followed j and the inhuman foubah waa depofed, and put to death by^ his fuc< celfor. Immediately afti* this vidtory, the ereftlon of Fort William commen- ced, which is luperior to any fortiefi in India. In 1801, a noble college was founded here, in which are profeflbrs of Eng'ifl'' Mahometan, and Hindoo laws, hiftory, &c. Calcutta is 1030 miles NNE of Madras. Lon. 88 29 e, lat. a% 35 N CaUlas, a town of Spain, in Cataloni.i. famous for its hot baths, and fe.v amid mountains, almoft covered .Jx olives, 15 miles n of Barcelona. Caldfcot, a village in MonmouthfliirCt feated in a plain, five miles sw of Chep- ftow, and noted for the maflive remains of its caille. Calda-f a river which rifes on the w borders o(!»Yorkniirc, flows by Halif^ to Wakefield, and eight miles below joins the Aiie. It is navigable tl^ greater part of its courfe. Ci*ldolzlurg, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anfpach,withacaftle, 18 miles NE of Anfpach. Ciileilonia, a feaport of Terra Firmat on the N E coaft of the ifthmus of Da- rien, founded by fume Scotch familiea in 1699, but has long been in the hands of the Spaniards. It is 150 miles se of Porto Be'lo. Lon. 77 56 vv, lat. "8 30 n. t'alcdouia. New, an Uland in the Pa- cific ocean, difcovcred by Cook, in 1774. It is 260 miles from nw to .se, and 70 broad- The inhabitants are ftrong, ac- tive, and well made ; their hair is black and much frizzled, but not wouily; their beards are crifp and thick ; they befmcar their faces with black pigment : and their only covering is a wrapper, made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves. Their lioufesare circular like a bee-hive; formed of fmall fpars and reeds, covered with long coarfo grafs, and the floor laid with dry grafs They depofit their de«.I in the ground, and decorate the givve of their chiefs with fpcars, darts, pad- dles, &c. They are of a pacific difpo- fitioii, and their women chaRer than thofe of the more caftern illands. They cultivate t!ic foil with fome art and in-' duftry, but fubfilt chiefly on roots and fifli. Plantains and fiigar-canes are not plentiful, bread-fruit isicarcc, and cocoa- nut trees are but thinly planted; but yams and taras are in great abundance. 'I'he cape at tht s end, called Queen' C A L Chariotte Foreland, is in Ion. i6; 12 e, lat> as i< 5. falenhngy a principality of Lower Saxony, which conftitutps a part of the duchy of Brunfwick. It is divided into two parts, and the principal towns ace Hanover and Gotttngen. It tnkes its nanne from an ancient caftie, now in niins, feated on the Leine, 17 miks s of Hanover. Calhuco, a town on the coaft of Chili, inhabited by Spaniards, Mcftccs, and In- dians, 180 miles s of Valdivia. Lon. 7j 37 w, lat. 4S 40 s. Call, a city of New Granada, in the province of Popayan, in a va"py of the fame name, on the river Cauca. The f'ovcrnor of the province generally re- ides here. It is 90 miles e of Bona- ▼entura, and aoo at of St. Fe. Lon. 77 5 w, lat. 3 15 N. Ci'dcHt, a city of Hindooftan, capital of the province of Malabar. It was the firft Indian port vifited by European fhipping; being difcovered by the Por- tuguefe, in i4'98. Here is a manufadure explain cotton goods ; and math, fait is ntade by the natural evaporation of the fea water. The principal exports are cocoa and betel nuts, black pepper, gin- ger, and turmeric. It is feated at the month of a river, no miles sw of Serin- gzpatam, and 130 sse of Manga\ore. Lon. 75 5s E, lat. 11 12 m. CaHjoT nitty a peninfuia of N America, in the Pacific ocean, feparated from the "w coaft of America by the Vermillion fi^Zy or gulf of California ; extending Nw from Cape St. Lucar, under the tropic of Capricorn, to lat. 33 n. It was dif- covered by Cortes, in 1536 ; and is faid to have been vifited by fir Francis Drake, in 1578. Toward the c!ofe of the i;th century, thejefuits fonned feveral fettle- ments here, and endeavoured to govern the natives with ;he fame policy and au- thority that they cxercifed in their mif- fionsin Paraguay. They feem ftudioully to have depreciated the climate and foil of the country; but on their expulfion from the Spaniih dominions, the court of Madrid appointed don Jofcph Galvez to vifit this peninfula. His account of the coirtitry was favorable ; he found the pearl fifliery on its coaft to be valuable, and he dilcovercd mines of gold of a very promifing appearance. Divers na- tions or tribes inhabit the country, with- out acknowledging any chief. Eacii fa- ther is a prince over his own family ; but his power ceafes when the children are .'ibie to provide for themfelves. Each tribe, neverthelcfs, has perfons appoint- «d, who call aflemblics to divide the C A L prodiiAiouR of the earth, regulate the fifherits, and march at their head wheil engaged In war. Want of provifkirj obliges them often to change theii abode ; and in fcvere winters they retire into caves. A girdle and piece of linen round the body, fome ornaipents for the head; and a chain of pearls, ferve them for drcfs and finery. Thofe who live toward the north, where they have no pearls, drefa their heads with (hells. The women commonly wear a kind of long robe, made of leaves of palms ; thou^ii fome wear nothing but a girdle. The foil is in many places excellent ; and it is re- ported that vines grow naturally \n the mountains, and that the jefbits, whet) they refided here, made abundance of wine, in tafte approaching to that of Madeira. The chief town is St. Juan. Calitoor, a fortrcfs of the idand of Ceylon, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, 28 miles s of Colnmbo. Caliv, a town of Sweden, in W Both- nia, on a river of the fame name, near its entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 23 miles w of Tornea. Callali, a town of Algiers, in th-^ ;.ro. vince of Mafcara, which has a conftdcr- able trade, and the greateft market for carpets in the country. It is 40 miles B of Oran . Ciillandcr, a town of Scotland, in Perthfliire, with a confiderable miiiq. fadliire of mullin ; feated on the river Te.nth, 30 miles wsw of Perth. Cullanorpy a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Lahore, 50 miles e of Lahore. Callao, a feaport of Peru, with the baft harbour on the coait, and a large and fafe roadftead defended by th* iflandi Callao and St. Laurence. In the port every commodity is to be procured that veflels may be in need of. The town was almoll totally dcftroyed by an earthquake, in 1746. In is feated on a river of the fame name, five miles w of Lima, of which it is the port- Lon. 76 58 w, lat. la a s. Calle, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vmce of Conftantina, where the French have a fadlory eftabliflied for a coral fifliery, and trade for grain, wool, leather, and wax. It ftands on a rock, almoft furrounded by thefea,36 miles E of Bona. Callen, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, 10 miles sw of Kilkenny. Callianeey a town of Hindooftan, in Dowlatabad ; the houfes built of rofc wood, and covered with thatch. It is feated near the Kaknah, 74 miles w of Btder, and 150 SSE of Aurungabad. ;arth, regulate the It th«ir head wheil Vant of provifiori change thcii abode; rs they retire into >iece of linen round ■pentsfor the head, rls, ferve them for 5fe who live toward ey have no pearls, I (hells. The women kind of Jong robe, ilins ; thoutjli fome girdle. The foil is Tlent ; and it is re- ow naturally i»i the ,t the jefoits, when made abundance pprcaching to that Iff town is St. Juan, efs of the iflaud of ith of a river of the 3 s of Columbo. Sweden, in W Both- he fame name, near ! gulf of Bothnia, as f Algiers, in th pro- tvhich has a ccnfider- ; greateft market for try. It is 40 miles t iwn of Scotland, in confiderable m^iiu* fcated on the river V of P»Tth. vn of Hindooftan, in bore, 50 miles e of fl'eru, with the bell: lit, and a large .md nded by th i iflandi urence. In the port is to be procured .; in need of. The tally doftroyedby an 5. In is feated on a ime, five miles w of the port- Lon. 76 Algiers, in the pro- t, where th(? French ibliflied for a coral • grain, wool,leather, s on a rock, almoft a,36 miles E of Bona, h of Ireland, in the y, 10 miles sw of n of Hindooftan, in houfos built of rofc i with thatch. It )» Iknah, 74 miles w of lof Aurungatad. C AM CaUlnltorif a borough in Cornwall, with a roarket on Weduefday, and a maniifaAure of cloth; fituate on the Lynher, la miles s of Launc^fton, and 216^' by s of London. t'allunia, a town of Peru, celebrated for its niver mines, 70 miles n by k of Ark-quipa, and 170 s of Cufco. Callo", a fortrcfs of the Netherlands, in the territory of Waen, on the Scheldt, ^ve miles w of Antwerp. Catmar, a ftrong feaport of Sweden, capital of Smolanc^ and a bilhop's fee. It is celebrated as the place where the deputies of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway! were appointed to allemble for the eledion of a king, accordinir to the Union of Calmar. On an eminence, half a milk from the town, is the ancient caftle, now converted into a diftillery. The chief exports are planks, alum, and hemp. It is feated near the Baltic, 190 miles ssw of Stockholm. Lon. 16 zz E, lat. 56 41 N. Calmina, an illand of the Archipelago, near the coaft of Afia, feven miles n w of Stanchio. Lon. a6 46 e, lat. 36 $6 n. Calne, a borough in Wiltfliire, with a market on Tuefday. The chief manu- faiilure is cloth, and in the vicinity are many fulling and com milts. It is feated on a river of ♦^he fame name, 45 miles e of Briftoi, and 88 w of London. Caltura, a town on the w coaft of Ceylon, with a fort. A great quantity of arrack is made here, and other ma- niifadurcs carried on. It ftands at the mouth of a large branch of the Muliwad- dy, 28 miles s by b of Columbo. Lou. 79 56 K, lat. 6 44 N. ^ Calvados, a department of France, including part of the late province of Normandy. It is fo Called from a ridge of rocks of the fame name, near the coaft of what was heretofore called Normandy, extending i a miles in length. Caen is the capital. Ciilvi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, eight miles ^f of Capua. Caliii, a town of Corfica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the fame name, with a Arong fortrcfs and a good har- bour. It was taken by the Englifti in 1794. It is 38 miles wsw of Baftia. ( \tlir, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, with a porcelain ma- iiufiiiiture, and a great trade in ftutfs. It is 10 miles sw of Stutgard. Cam, a river which riles in Hertford- Ihire, flows by Cambridge into the ifle of Ely, and there joins the Oufe, to which river it is navigable from Cambridge. Camaua, a town of Peru, capital of a jurifdiition ; (ituate on a river of the CAM fame name, near the Pacific ocean, 70 miles w of Arec^uipa. Cnmaraii, an ifland of Arabia, in the Rod fea, where there is a fiihery for white coral and pearl oyllers. Lon. 4s 32 E, lat. 15 6 N. Camarel, a town of *F ranee, in the de- partment of Finifterre. In an expedition againlt Bred, in 1694, the Engliih landed hrte, and loft a great number of men. It ftands on a bay of the fame name, eight miles s of Breft. .. Camargue, an illand, or clufter of illands, of France, in the mouths of the Rhwnc, fiparated by canals, and fortified. The whole contain 80 fquire miles ; the land is fertile, but the air i« unwholefome. C'lmbaf, the fouthernmoft province of AbyHinia, inhabited by a people called Seb-a-adja, who are a mixture of pagans, Chriftians, and Mahometans. It is abun- dant in fruits. Camt'oy, a confidt:rable city of Hin- dooftan, in the province of Gu/erat. It ftands on a gulf of the fame name, and was the Camanes of Ptolemy. Here are three bazars, and four public ciftenu, capable of fupplying the whole town with water in times of the greateft drought. Its products and manuradtures areconiiderable; for thecountry abounds in corn, cattle, and filk ; and cornelian and agate ftones are found in its rivers. The inhabitants are noted for embroi- dery. It is 50 miles s of Amedabad, of which it is the port. Lon. 72 34 e, lat. aa 17 N. Camber gf a town of Germany, in the county of Naflau, iituate on a hill, 17 miles E by 3 of Naflau. Camlodia, or Cand<'>ja, a kingdom of Afia, bounded on the jt by Laos, e by Cochinchina and Ciampa, s by the China fea, and w by Siam. It is divided by the river Mecon, or Cambodia, which annually overflows the country in the rainy feafon, between June and ijftober. Its prodndtions are much the fame with thofe ufually fqund between the tropics; and that peculiar f ibftance ftyled gam- boge, or rather Camboja gum, yielding a tine yellow tint. Though a country rich by nature, the inhabitants arc few ; and their religion is idolatry. The men are in general well made, with lon^ hair, and of a yellow complexion ; their drefs is a long and large robe : the drefs of the women is fhorter and clofer ; they are handfome, but immodeft. They manufacture very fine ciotli, and their needlework is much elteemed. Cambodia, or Lcvek, the capital of the kingdom of Cambodia^ feated on the CAM rivrr Mecon» or CamboUiA, 330 mllca from itn mouth. Luii. 104 jo n, lut. 13 o M. Caml/ai/f a fortifiid city of France, eapitiil of the dcpartnunt of Nurd. It was lately a» archiepifcopai fte, hut iy now only a biniopric. It has a citatlel and fort. The cbif f manuf ot September, continues a foiMiight, and is vifurd by mtrel.antj, traders &c fium diftant pittE of the kingdom. Ciimbiidge isfeatedon the rivcrCam, i/uule: s of Ely, and 51 n by E of London. Lon. 041^, htt 5) CatiilT:rl).r, a town of MafTachufetii, in Middlefex county, wi'h a handfome court-hoiife, and a fminary, called Harwjrd UniNcrfay. The town is con- nefled by ai. elegant bridge with Bof. ton, fr(»m which it is four miles w. Cii>ntrirlf>(', a fortified town of S Ca. rolina, capital of thediftri(5l (»f Ninety. fix. Near this place the Britilh troopi were defeated by the Americans in 1781. It is 60 miles w by n of Colnmbi.i, and 160 NW of Charletlon. Lon. 81 50 w, lat. 33 to N. • (Jamlndge, a town of Maryland, chief of Dorcheftcr county, fituate on the Choptank, 13 miles from its month in Chefapeak bay, and 65 a of Elktou. Lon. 76 20 w, lat. 38 48 n. C'lDiilridgcsliiri', a county of England, 50 miles long and 25 broad ; bounded on the Nw by Lincoliiftiire, ne by Nor- folk, K by Suffolk, 8 by Eflex and Hert- fordfliire, and w by the counties of Hun- tingdon, Bedford, and Northampton. It contains 500,000 acres; is divided into 13 hundreds, and 64parinies; lus a eity, a univerfity, and eight market- towns ; and fends fix members to par- liament. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 89,346. The principal ri. vers are the Oufe, Ncn, and Cam. The fouthern and eaflern parts are pleafant and healthy ; but the northern part, calletl the ille of Ely, is low and fenny, from the confluence of many rivers. All the waters of the middle part of Eng- land, which do not flow into the Thaniea. or the Trent, run into thcfe fens; and in the latter part of the year, they arefometimes overflowed by wati r, or appear covered with fogs. See Bed- iurd Lirrl. Cawirilla, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, furrounded by a wall, and fcatcd near the fea, 14 mih-s w by s of Tarra^ gona. Cunulni, A diRridt of S Carolina, com- prehending the counties of Fairfield, Richland, Clarendon, Claremont, Kcr- fhaw, Salem, and Lancafter. It pro- duces corn, tobacco, and cotton- Camden, a town of S Carolina, in Kerfliau' county, capital of Camdeo diflrid. It was the fccne of two battlcf in the Amenc.m war ; one in 17^0, be- tween loid CoJJiwallis r.nj genei al L M Fair: it commencw .embiT, continues a filfd by intri lantgp diftaiil piitfc of the dge is ff ated on the s of Ely, and 51 s Lon. 4 I'* l«t 51 vii of Maffachufeti, y, w'li a haiidfome a Pminaiy, called f. The town is cou- nt bridge with Bof. 16 four milea w. rlified town of S Ca- he dinria <'f Ninety. :e the Britifti troops ic Americans in 1781. N of Coliimbi.i, and on. Lon. Bi 50 w, town of Maryland, r county, fituate on milts from its mouth and 65 s of Elkton. 3848 N. a county of England, an broad ; bounded oliilhlre, ne by Nor- 8 by Eflcx and HerU r the counties of Hua- and Northampton. 30 acres; is divided laud 64pariflie»j has , and eight market- fix members to par- mbcr of inhabitant! 5. The principal ri- Nen.andCam. The rn parts are plcafant the northern part, y, is low and fenny, e of many rivers. All middle part of Eng- not flow into the rent, run into thcfe .tcr part of the year, overflowed by water, with fogs. See Bai- rn of Spain, in Cata- hy a wall, and featcd es w by s of Tarra- ;> of S Carolina, com- junties of Fairfield, an, Claremont, Ker- Lanvafter. It pro- 0, and cotton- u of 5 Carolina, in capital of Camden ; fccne of twobaitltf ar; one in 17^0, ht- wallis end general CAM Gates, nnd the other in 1781. between lord R.iwdon and general Greene. !t Hands on the river Watercc, or Cataw- ba, by means of which the inhabitants carry on a trade with the back country. It is J5 miles ne of Columbia. Lon. jjo 54 w, lat. 34 i» N. Cnmden, a town of the diftrirt of Maine, in Lincoln county, em the w fide of Pcnobfcot bay, 36 miles eV« of Wif- calTl't. Lon. 69 aow, lat. 44 10 N, Camel, a river in Cornwall, whicl rifes two miles n of Camclford, Pows s ainioft to Bodmin, and then nw to Pad- flow, where it enters the Briftol channel. its banks were the fccne of fomc bloody battles between the Britons and Saxons. Citnieijf'onl, a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. A great quantity of yarn is fpiiii in this plact; and its neighbourhood. It h fc.itcd on the Camel, 14 miles w of I,auncellon, and 3*8 w by s of Lon- don. Camvfhio, a town of Italy, in tl;e maniuil'ite of Ancona, and an areh- bifliop's fee. It i;i featcd on a moiin- tnin, near the river Chiento, 37 miles 8w of Ancona. Lon. 13 o e, ht. 43 Ij; N. C(ii:iJn, a fcaport of Further PiMnera- nia, and once a bilhop's fee, which was ficii!ari/ed al tlie peace of VVeftphalia ; hut it Hill has a fine cathedral and a hapten Itn navigation and commerce are very cxtenlive, and it has a great trade in beer. It Hands on the Diwenow, or E mouth of thi- Oder, oppofite the ille of VVollin, 23 miles N,of Stettin. Lon. 1452 K,lat. 53 54 jr. Camuiha, .1 town of Poitug.il, in En- tre Doucro c Minho, with a fort ; feat- cd at the n.outh of the Minho, is miles N of Viana. C'uiipntTun, or C:in:j)ama, a town of Naplfs, in Principato Citeriore, 40 miles !>E of N.aples. Caiiipai^na di Rinna, anciently La- tiiim, a province of Italy, in the Eccle- iiaftical State, extending 60 miles se along the Mediterranean, to the fron- tiers of Naples. Formerly the bell peopled ai d befl cultivated fpot in the world, fcw villages, little cultivation* mid fcarccly any inhabitants are now to be i'i:m ; nothing, in fliort, but the fcat- !'.!i:d ruia;; vf temples and tombs, which p:clcr.t the Id'ja oi a country depopulat- fi by piililonc;;. Rome is the capital. Ca.'.f'f/i'p-;, J borough and fcaport cf Scotlind, in Argylefhire, lituate on a b:y, tov.nrd th;' s extremity of the pe- r.uit'i!!.', of Cantvie. It hasa confideiable ':ul: ■;:. •.': j d a.l!ation of whilky, Iclidf; CAN being the general rendervous of the fffli* ing vefTelsthat annually vifit the w caaft. In I Ro I the number of inhabitants wai 7093. It is 6j; mites sav/ of Inverary. Lon. 5 3» w, lat, 53 s8 n. C'icmpdcn, a corporate town in Olou- cefterfhirc, with a market on Wednef- tlay, similes nr of Gloucefter, and 9* WNw of London. . (Mmpcachi/, a town of Mexico, in the peninfula of jucatan, on the w coaft of the bay of Campeachy, defended by ftrontij rorts. The port is large but Ihal- low, and has a good dock. It is noted for logwood, which, Nowever, does not grow very near it. ft was taken by the r.nglilh in irt.^g, bythe buccaneers in I^;8, and by the freebooters of St. Domingo in tblis, who burnt it, and blew lip the citadel. Lon. 91 30 w, lat. Ciunpt-n, .1 town of Holland, in Over- ylll 1, with a citadel, and a port almoft choked up. It is feated near the mouth of the Yflel, on the Zuider Zee, eight miles WNW of Zwoll. (jump!) liassof a town of Naples, ia the Molife. In i8c it fuffcred greatly by an earthquake, and mod of the in^ habitants were deltroyed. It has a conliderable trade in articles of cutlerf) and is it miles a of Molife. Campo Formiof a town of Italy, i* Friuli, where a treaty of p^ace wat concluded between tlic Aullrians and French in 1797. It ia two miles sw of Udina. (Jaiiipo Mayor, a fortified town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 14 miles n by E of Elvas. Campo St. Pirfro, a town and caftl" of Italy, in the Paduano, on the river Menfon, u miles n of Padua. Campoli, a town of Naples, iii Abriizzo Ultcriorc, jj miles n by E of Aquila. Ccniiprrdon, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Tcr, 45 miles a of Barce- lona. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 44 o x. (Jampsic, a village of Scotland, on the s confines of Stirlingfiiire, nine miles u of Glafgow. It has fome oxtcnfive print-fields, and other manufaftures. Canaan, a town of Connefticut, in Lichfield county, fituate on the Houfa- tonic, 30 miles nw of Hartford. Canaan, a town of tlie diftrid of Maine, in Lincoln county, fituate on the Keniiebeck, 60 mijes n of Wifcaf- fet. Canada, a large country of N Ame- rfcn, bounded on the k by New Britain, t i|y the gulf of St. Lawrence, s by ., ,, C A N^,,.,,. . ..^ Ncw.Bninfwtck and the united Statei, ^ad w by unknown lands. It was dif- coyered by John arid Sebaftian Cabot, father anid Ton, in 1497; and, was fettled by the French in i6o8- The fummer here is very hot, and winter continues for fix months very fevere; but the fudden tranfittons from bpat to cold, Co common in the United States, are not known in Canada, and the feafons are more regular. The uncultivated parts are a continued wood, in which are many kinds of trees unknown in Eu- rope ; but the land that is cleared is fertile, and the progrefs of vegetation fb rapid, that wheat fowed in May 'A reaped in Auguft> Of ail the animals, the beaver is the moft ufeful and cu- rious. Canada turpentine is greatly cfteemed for its balfamtc qualities. This country abounds with coal, ar-:! near Quebec is a fine lead mine. Tne dif- , Krent tribes of Indians, or onginal ' natives, in Canada, are almolt innutner- aMe ; but they have been obferved to decreafe in population where the Eu- ropeans are moft numerous, owing chiefly to their immoderate ufe of fpitit- 9U8 liquorf. Canada was conquered by the EngliOi in ^759, and confirmed to them by the French at the peace af ^763. In »79i,thi8Country wasdivided into two provinces. Upper and Lower Canada, of which York and Quebec are the chief towns. Cnnajahari/, a town of New York, in Montgomery county. Its vicinity abounds with apple-trees, from which is made cider of an excellent quality. It ftands on a creek of the fame name, on Mohawk river, 25 nriles ne of Cooperftown, 3nd 56 v\'nw of Albany. Canal, Duke 0/ JiriJgewater's, in England, the firft grand work of the kind in the kingdom, begun in 1758. It commences at Worlley, feven miles from Manchefter, where, at the foot of a mountain compofed of coal, a bafin is cut, containing a great body of water, which ferves as i refervoir to the navi- gation. The canal runs under a hill from this bafin, near three quarters of a mile, to the coal works- At Barton bridge, three miles from the bafin, is .'.n aquedud, which, for upward of aoo yards, coiivtys the canal acrufs the na- Tigable river Irwell. There are three arches over this river j the middle one fo wide and lofty that the largeft barges can pafs through with mafts and fails Handing. At Longford bridge, the ca- nal turns to the right, and crofling the Mcrfey, pafles near Attringham, Dan- ham, Crapenhall, and KauUonj iato ,. • ...CAN . , t|Je tide way pf the Mcrfey, at Runcom Gap, where barges can come into the canal from Liverpool at low water, This navigation is more than 29 miles in length. Canal, Grand, or Imperial^ in ChihaJ a fiupendous.work, which extends from N to s upward of 400 miles, from the river Eu-bo, a little n of Tongtchang, in Chang-tohg, to Hanch-t(phou, m Tche-kiang. In this courfe it cuts at right angles feveral rivers froni the w, the fmaller ft|ream8 of which termi. nating in it atford a conftant fupply of water ; and the three great rivers, the Eu-ho to the north, the Hohan-ho about the middle, and the Kian-ku toward tt7e fouth, interfedjng the canal, carry the fuperfluuus water to the fea. Many difficulties muft have arifen in accom. modating the general level of the canal to the feveral levels of the feeding itreams ; for it has been found necelFary in many places, to cut to the depth of 60 or 70 feet below the furface; and in others, to raife mounds of earth upon lakes, fwamps, and marfhy grounds, of fuch a length and magnitudo, that nothing fliort of the abfolute command over multitudes could have accom' pliflied an undertaking, whofe immen. nty is only exceeded by the great wail. Tiiefe gigantic embankments are car* ried through lakes of feveral miles in diameter, between which^the water it kept to a height confiderably above that of the lake ; and in fuch fituations tliis enormous aqueduA fometimes glides along at the rate of three milts an hour. Few parts of it are level : in fome places it has little or no current; in others it fets to the n and s alter- nately at the rate "^f one, two, or three miies an hour. This balancing of the level is effeftcd by flood.gates thrown acrofs at certain diftances to elevate or deprefs the height of the water a few inches, as appears neceflary, and by fliiices on the fides of the embank- ments, through which the fupcrnuout water is let out into the lakes and fwamps. The flood-gates are fimpiy planks Aiding in grooves that are cut into LAC fides of two flone piers, which in tbele places contra(5t the canal to the width of about ^^o feet ; and at each is » guard-houfe, with foldiers to draw up and let down the planks as occafion re- quires. From the Hohan-ho to the Kian-ku the country abounds in lakes and marfliy ground, and the canal i» carried in fome parts ao feet above the level of the country, aoo feet in width. There it not a lock, nor, except the CAN CAN flood gates, a fingle interruption to the places it pafies through mofly ground. whole navigation Canal, Grand Junction, in England, a work that joins feveral other canals in the centre of the country, which thence form a communication between the rivers Thames, Severn, Merfey, and Trent, and, confequently, an inland navigation to the four principal fea- ports, London, Briftol, Liverpool, and Hull. This canal commences ut Braunfton, on the w borders of North- amptonfliire, pafles by Daventry to Stony Stratford in Buckinghamfliire, thence on the confines of Bedfordfliirc, w of Leighton Buzzard, to Tring, Berk- hamfted, and Rickmanfworth, in Hert- jfordihire, and through Middlefex by I Uxbridge to Brentford, where it enters the Thames, la miles by that river above Loudon. Its length is upward of 90 miles- Caviil, Grand Tninlc, in England, a [work 'hat forms a communication be- jtween .lie rivers Merfey and Trent, land, in couife, betv/een the Irilh fea land the German ccean. Its Icngih is I9: HiiK'S, from the duke of Bridge- Jivatcr's canal at Prefton on the Hill, in (Chelhire, to Wildon-ferry, in Derby- shire, where it communicates with the Trent. The canal is carried over the ^iverDove, in an atjuedudt of 23 arches, tind over the Trent by an aquediit't of fix arches. At Prefton on tlie WW, it jjifles under ground 1241 yarda . at Barton and in \\.c neighbourliood it has |wo fubterraneous paflages ; and at ^arecaltle-hlH, in Statiordihire, it is lonveyod under ground 2880 yards, From the neighbourhood of Staiford, a branch is made from this canal, to run bar Wolverhampton, and to join the |evcrn near Bewdiey: from this again ither branches crofs Warwickihire to Iraunfton, where commences the Grand kinibon canal to the Thames at Brtnt- brd. Canaly Great, in Scotland, a work |iat forms a junction between the orth and Clyde. Its length is 2,5 liles, fi'om the influx of the Cnrron, at [rangemouth, to the junction with the lyde, fix miles above Dumbivton. In le courfe of this navigation, the vef- pare raifed to the height of 155 feet ove the level of the fca, and pa fling licrward upon the fummit of the luntry, for 18 miles, they then de- tnd into the river Clyde, and thence |ve free accefs to the Atlantic ocean. U8 canal is carried over 36 rivers and |ulet«, and two great roads, by .38 |ueduA« of hewa ftoue. In i'ome and in others through folid rock. The road from Edinburg to Glafgow paflleB imder it near Falkirk, and over it, by- means of a dravirbridge, fix miles from Glafgow. In the courfe of this inland navigation are many ftriking fcenes; particularly the romantic fituation of the ftupendous aqueduft over the Kel- vin, near Glafgow, 420 feet in length, carrying a great artificial river over a natural one, where large vtflels fail at the height of 65 feet above the bed of the river below- The utility of this communication between the German and Atlantic oceans, to the commerce of Great Britain and Ireland, in their trade to Norway, Sweden, and the Baltic, mull be ftrikingly evident; as it ihoitens the nautical diflance in fome inftanccs 800, and in others 1000 miles. Viiiial lioi/al, or Canal of f.-anvjK doc, in France, a work that effects aii inland communication betu-cen the Mediter- ranean and Atlantic. From the port of Cette, in the Mediterrrtiiean, it crolFes the lake of Thau ; and, below 'i'uuloufv, is conveyed by thict.' iluices into the Garor.nc At St. Fern-ol, near R<;vel, between two rocky hills, is a grand bafin, above 1000 feet in diameter, into which the rivulet Laudot is received; and nence three Urge cocks of c;ift hrafs open and difcharge the water, which then goes under the name ui the river Laudot, and conlinuis its courfe to the canal called Rigole de la Plaine. Thence it is conveyed to aiioth>T refer- voir near Nauroiile, uu; of which it is conveyed by fluice;;, both to the Medi- terranean and Atlantic, as the canal re- quires it; tliis being the highcfl: point between the two feas. Near Bezicra are eight fluiccs, which form a regular and grand cafcade', 03 '1 feet long and 66 feet high, by which v< iTels crofs the river Orb, and coiuinue their voyage ou the canal. Above it, btl.ween Bcziera and Capuflan, is tl;e Mai-Pas where the canal is conveyea, for the length of 720 feet, under a niouni-.in At Adge is a ruund fluice, with tliree openings, three (lifibent depths of the w iftv meeting here; and the gatis a:c fo coii'.iived, tha;. vefTels may paf, th.ougii by o».'n- ipif which lluice tlu- nialter pleafes. The canal h.»s 37 aqueducts, and its length fro.n T'ouloufe to Beziers, where it joins the river Orb, i« 152 miles. Cai.aiulacjua, a town of New York, chief of Ontario county, fituate on the N end of a lalu? of the fame name, at its outlet into Conaudaqua creek, which runs £ into Seneca river. The lake is I CAN ao mUcs long and three broad. The town ftands on a pleafant flopc from the lake, 90 miles esk of Niagara, and 130 w by N of Coopcrftown. Cananore, a town of Hindooftan, in Malabar, defe^ided by a fortrcfs, with other works after the European fafliion, and the head quarters of the province. Here are feveral very good lioufes, and the trade is flouvilhing. Jt is foated on a fmall bay, one of the beft on the coaft, 56 miles NNW cf Calicut. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 1 1 53 N. Canara, a province on the w coaft of -Hindooftan, lately fubjcft to the regent of Myfore, on whole defeat and death, in 1799, it came into the hands of the Britifti. It is 180 miles in length, be- tween the Concan and Malabar, and from 30 to 80 in breadth. The foil is fertile; and it produces abundance of rice, betel-nuts, and wild nutmegs. The principal port is Mangalore. Co 11(11 id, or Grand C-^nari/y the prin- cipal of the Canary iflands, 40 miles long and 30 broad. The water is plen- tiful and good, and it has abundance of trees, herbs, and delicious fr: .cs. Here are two wheat harvefts, m February and May ; and the corn makes bread as white as fnow. The chief town is Canary. Canaries, or Canary Islands, an- ciently called the Tcitunate Iflands, are thirteen in number, lying in the N Atlantic ocean, near the continent of Africa. Seven of them are confiderable, namely, Pahna, Ferro, Goniera, Te- nerifF, Canaria, Forteventura, and Lan- cerota ; the other fix are very fmall, Graciofo, Kocca, Allegranza, St. Clare, Inferno, and Lobos. They belong to the Spaniards, and produce corn, fugar- canes, and excellent wine. Canary, or Palmasy the capital of the illand of Canaria, and a bifhop's fee, with a caftlc on a hill. It is the relid(?nce of the governor and fovereign council of the Canaries, and a tribunal of the inquifition. A great quantity of fugar is made here ; and the wine called Sack has hence been often termed Canary. It is three miles in circumference Lon. 15 4a w, lat. a8 4 N. CdHcalf, a town of France, in the de- partment of lUe and Vilaine, fe.ited on a bay of its name, and celebrated for oyfters. The Englilh landed hero in 175,8, and proceeded by land to burn the Ihips at St. Malo. It is nine miles E of St. Malo, and 40 nnw of Rcnnes. Cundahar, a country of Alia, between the rivr Indus and Perfia, bounded on ■he V by Cabul, e by Lahore, se by CAN Moultan, and w by Perfia. The do. minions of the fultan of this country extend weftward to the neighbourhood of the city of TerfliHh ; including Cabul, Peifliiire, Ghia"i, Gaui, Segeftan, and Chorafan ; a tta{\ not, lefs than 650 miles in length, its breadth unknown- and, on the e fide of the Indus, he pof- fefPes the territory of Cafhmere, and fome diftriifts n of the city of Attock. Thefe countries are all called by the general name of the Country of tjjf Abdalli. Ahmed Abdalla, the founder or this kingdom, wis originally the chief of an Afghan tribe, named Abdal (whence the name Abdalli) who waj ftript of his country by Nadir Shah, in | 1739. On the death of Nadir, he fud. denly appeared among his former fiib.| jedts, and ereded a confiderable king. dom in the eaftern part of Perfia, add- ing to it mod of the provinces to the w I of the Indus, which had been c -J. -^ by I the great mogul to Nadir Shah. t0i.?thi:r| with Cafhmere on the E of UiJt rircrj Sec Jif^lianistan. Candahar, a city and the capital of I the country of the fame name. It it I furrounded by walls and ditches, andl has a confiderable trade. While the I Perfian and Mogul empires were each I entire, it was the frontier fortrefs to-l ward Perfia. It is feated on therivcrl Harmend, which divides it in two! parts, 145 nriles ssw of Cabul. LonT 67 15 E, lat. .3,5 ON. Candrish, a province of the DpccmI of Hindooftan, fubjetit to the Poonail Mahrattas ; bounded on the n m Malvva, e by Berar, s by Dowlatabadi and w by Baglana. The foil is fertilfl though mountainous, and producnl abundance of cotton. Burhanpour s\ the capital. Caudcs, a town of France, in the dfrl partment of Indrc and Loire, at thl confluence of the Vienne with tkl Loire, ^o miles wsw of Tours Caiidiaf ah ifland in tlie Meditem| nean, formerly Crete, lying to the so the Archipelago. It is 180 miles I and 50 broad, and pervaded by achaiij of mountains. The foil is fertile; aiH!| it abounds in fine cattle, tfheep, fwiw poultry, and game. I'he chief produiSi are corn, wine, oil, wool, filk, and honti! It was taken by the Turks, in i6<<| after a war of 25 years. It was ; tempted to be retaken by the Venetiam ill 1692, without effeft. Mount Idai famous in hiftory, is in the middle (I this idand. Candia,{he capital of the iflatKll the fame Qame> and the fue oi a 0"' AN by Perfia. The «?. jltan of this country to the neighbourhood liilh ; including Cabul, Gaui, Segeftan, and 5t not, lefa than 650 its breadth unknown; ; of the Indus, he pof- iry of Cafhmere, and of the city of Attock. are all called by the f the Country of tl»t ] Abdalla, the founder n, WIS originally tlie lan tribe, named Abdal me Abdalli) who waj itry by Nadir Shah, in leath of Nadir, he fud- among his former fiib. f;d a confulerable king. i:rn part of Pi^rlia, add. • the provinces to the w I hich had been c-:.:* bj to Nadir Shah. toi,nhet on the E of t.i«t river. 1. I city and the capital oil the fame name. Itiil walls and ditches, and I able trade. While thtl [ogul empires were each I the frontier fortrefs to-j It is feated on theriml ich divides it in two| es ssw of Cabul. Lo I ON. , province of the Dpcc?.ii| , fubjeiit to the Poonalil ounded on the n b;l Berar, s by Dowlatabadl ana. The foil is fcrtikl itainous, and produwl cotton. Burhanpouriil iwn of Franco, in the m Vidrc and Loire, at tktl f the Vienne with tktl [swsw of Tours | ifland in the McditemJ Crete, lying to the soil Igo. It is 180 miles ioril land pervaded byactol The foil is fertile; aiii| fine cattle, tfheep, f« lame. The chief produft , oil, wool, ftlk, and hoiwij by the Turks, in i6(< pf 2? years. It was." [retaken by the Venetis ^uteffedl. Mount Ida,* ^ory, is in the middle « I capital of the iflandj kandthcfccof aOtrt CAN an:hbi fliop . Though popu lou s former- ly, little of it remains befide the walls and the market-place ; and the harbour is now fit for nothing but boats. It is featcd on the n fide of the ifland, 500 miles ssw of Condantinople. Lon. 25 18 E, Int. 35 10 N. Candlemas hies, two iflands in the Southern ocean, near Sandwich Land. Lon. 47 13 w, lat. 57 10 s. Candy, a kingdom of Ceylon, con- taining about a fourth of the illand. It occupies the middle part of the ifland, and nowhere extends to the feacoaft, except aboiit ten miles on the eaftern ftiore. The country is mountainous; very woody on the frontiers, and dif- ficult of accefs. The central part con- fifts of mountains cultivated to their fummits, interfperfed with villages, ri- vulets, and cattle; well trodden foot- paths in all d.ire<5tions ; fruitful vallies, with groves of areka, jacca, cocoa-nut, limes, oranges, &c. with .fine villages, and fields of paddy and other grain, well watered by the ftreams pouring down from the mountains. In many parts of the interior, volcanos have burft forth 3t different times; and the hills feem to poflcfs the principle of thofe eruptions. Iron and other ores are to be met with ; but the Candians, for years pad, have paid no attention to diicovering or working any of the veins. The air is fubie(£t to heavy fogs and dews at night, fucceeded by exceflively hot and fultry weather by day ; rain and thunder are aifo fiequent and vio- lent. The inhabitants ufe fire-arms, and bows and arrows for weapons of of- fence. The king is abfolute; and he is clothed in all the (late and fplendour of other Afiatic princes; but with the pe- culiar diftindion of a crown, which he flatters himfelf no other monarch is en- titled to wear. See Cei/ 1(1)1. Candy, the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, in the ifland of Ceylon. It was often burnt by the Portuguefe, when they were mafters of thcfe coafta. It is more regularly built than nioft In- dian towns. The principal Areet is about two miles long, and very broad ; and though the houfcs in general have but one ftory, they appear to have two, from the number of fteps running up fidewife and clofe to the wall of the houfc, fo that the door is at leaft the height of a ftory from the Itreet This manner of building is to avoid the mif- chiefs which the elephant-fights, cele- brated in this great ftrcet for his ma- jefty's amufement, would otherwife do to the houfe*. Many leflcr ilieetu branch CAN out on both fides the main ftreet, but of no great length The king's palace terminates the upper end of the great ftrect; it is a fquare of immenfe extent^ built of a kind of cement, perfeftly white, with ftone gateways. Candy was entered by the Britifli troops Feb. 30, 1 80.1, the king and principal inha- bitants having previoufly fled ; but from the perfidy of the Candians, and the unhealthinefs of the climate to Euro- peans, they capitulated to evacuate it on June 33, and on the third day after were all maffacred. The town is featcd near the centre of the ifland, on the top of a fteep hill, 90 miles e by n of Co- lumbo. Lon. 80 52 e, lat. 7 15 n. Canea, a ftrong town of the ifland of Candia, with a good harbour. The environs are adorned with olive trees, vineyards, gardens, and brooks, border- ed with myrtle and laurel rofes. It was taken by the Turks, to 1645, after a defence of two months, in which the viiftors loft 25,000 men. It is feat- ed on the n coaft of the ifland, 63 miles w by N of Candia. Lon. 24 7 e, lat. 35 27 N. Canete. See Cagnete. CanelOf a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, feveral times taken and retaken by the French and Auftrians. It is feated on the Oglio, 20 miles vv of Man« tua. CuiigOy a town of the kingdom of Congo, on the river Zaire, 280 miles NE of St. Salvador. Lon. 1 7 10 e, lat a 10 s. Ontgiano^ a town of Naples, h Prin- cipato Citeriorc, 40 miles e by s of Sa- lerno. Cenguxima, a ftrong feaport of Japan, on the moft foutheni verge of the ifle of Ximo, with a commodious harboHr. At the entrance of the haven is a light- houfe, on a lofty rock ; and at the foot of the rock is a convenient road for fhipping. Here are large and fumptu- ous magazinQg, belonging to the em- peror, fome of which are proof againlt fire. Lon. 131 15 e, hit. 3a lo n. Caniadcia lat. 45 20 N. Cnnsladt, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, with a manu- fadlure of printed cottons. In the neighbourhood are ibme medicinal fprings. It is f-ated on the Neckar, three miles nk of Siutgard. ' CAN Cantal, a department of Francf , ia- cluding part of the late province of Auvergne. It is fo called from a muun. tain, near the centre of the department, whole fummit is alw.iy* covered witli fnow. The capital is St. Flour. Cantmaroy a town of Naples, ia Calabria Citeriore, near the fea, ;( miles sw of St. Severino. Canterbury f a city in Kent, capital of the county, and the fee of an arch- bifliop, who is primate of all England, It was the Durovernum of the Romans, and founded before the Chriftian era. The cathedral, a large ftrudurc, waj once famous for the flirinc of Thomis Becket, a turbulent prieft, who was mur. dered here in 11 70, and afterward made a faint. In this cathedral are interred Henry iv and Edward the black prince. The city has likewife 14 pariflj churches; the remains of many Roman antiquities; an ancient caftle, with walls and a deep ditch; and a grammar-fcool founded by Henry viii. It is a county of itfelf, governed by a mayor ; poflt'lFesa fhare of the filk and cotton manufadtures; and is noted for excellent brawn. The adjacent country produces abundance of hops. The number of inhabitants in 1 801 was 9,000. It has a market on Wednefday and Saturday, and is fealed on the river Stour, 55 miles ese of Lon- don. Lon. i 5 e, lat. 51 18 n. ( 'unth, a town of Sikfia, on the river Weiftritz, 15 milos sw of Breflau. Cnntiii, Cape, a promontory of the Atlantic ocean , on the coaft of Morocco. Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 3? 49 n. Canton, a city and feaport of China, capital of the inovince of Quang-tong, Icatcd on one of the fineft rivers in the eiiipi e. It conlifts of three towns, di- vide! by high walls, but fo conjoined as to form almoft a regular fquaie. The Itreets are long and llraight, pared with flag-flcnes, and adorned with tri- umphal arches. The houfes arc only a ground floor, built of earth, and co- vered with tiles. The better clafs of pcoph; are carried r.bout in cliairs; but till' common fort walk barefooted and bareheaded. Tliey have manufaftures of their own, efpecially of lilk ftiiffj; and their goods are carried by porters, for they have no wagons. At the end (of every ftrcet is a barrier, which is lliiit every evening, as well as the gates of the city. The river is covered with barkj, which have apartments in them for fa- milies, where many refide and have no other habitation. The numher of inha- bitants is fuppofed to be 1,500,000. The immenfc quantity of money which AN ttnent of France, '» he late province of ) called from a moun. e of the department, alway* covered with il is St. Flour, own of Naples, is ;, near the fea, ;( verino. ity in Kent, capital of the fee of an arch- imate of ail England, rnum of the Romans, )re the Chriftian era. large flriKaure, was the llirine of Thomas it prieft.who was mur. 3, and afterward made cathedral are interred Edward the black has like wife 14 pariih :iinins of many Roman dent caftle, with walls ; and a grammar-fcool yrviii. It is a county by a mayor ; pofleffes a dcottonmanufadtures; L'xcellent brawn. The r produces abundance umber of inhabitants in It has a market on Saturday, and is fealed r, 55 miles ESR of Lon. ;,lat. 5118N. of Siltfia, on the nvtr ^8 »w of Breflau. a promontory of the the coaft of Morocco. kj49N. [and feaport of China, [wince of Quang-tong, the fineft rivers in the (Is of three towns, di- [ills, but fo conjoined oft a regular fquaie. ng and ftraight, pared kind adorned with tri- The houfes are only luilt of earth, and co- The better clafs of r.bout in clwirs ; but walk barefooted and ■y liave manufadurei |x'cially of filk ftuffij re carried by poiters, wagons. At the end barrier, which is (Imt ., ell an the gates of the s covered with barks, inentH in them for ta- ly refide and have no The number of inha- Vd to be 1, 500,000. ntity of money \vl»c!i CAP foreign veflels bring to this city, draws hither a cn»wd of merchants from all the provinces ; that its warehoufes con- tain the rart'ft produflions of the foil, and the molt valuable of the Chinefe msniifadtures. It is iioo miles s of Peking- Lon. 1 1.3 a e, lat. aj 8 n. Cnnhirr, a pcninfuia of Scotland, in Argylfihire, 35 miles long and feven hro.id, connciSed on the n by an ifth- miis, fcarce a mile broad, to the moun- taiiioas diftrid of Knapdaie. To the s the peninfula terminates in a great pro- montory, forrounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of Cantyre, on which is a lighthoufe. The foil, in general, is fertile ; and the only town of confequence is Campbelton. Camj, a town of France, in the de- partment ,of Lower Seine, fituate in a country which produces great quan- tities of c"iii and flax, %6 miles n w of Rouen, Canrlo^ a fmall ifland in the gulf of Venice, on the coaft of Friuli. It has a town of the fame name, 3.0 miles sw of Aquileia. Lon. la 30 e, lat. 45 4a k. Capacio, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, ao miles SE of Salerno. Cape Breton. Sec Br v tun, (Jajw\ and other Capes, in like manner, fee under their refpeftive names. Capclle, a town of France, in the department of Aifnc, 10 miles ne of Guiefe. Capestan, a town of France, in the department of Herault, near the river Aude and the canal of Languedoc, fix miles w of Bcziers. Vapistann, a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriwc, ao miles nl of SquiU lace. Capilanafe, a province of Naples, hounded on the n by the gulf of Venice, f. by Teira di Bari, s by Bafilicata an(l Principato Ulteriore, and vv by Molifo and Abruzzo. It is a level oiintry, without trees; has a famly foil, and a hot air; but the land near the rivers j is fertile in paltures. Lucera ib the ca- I pital. Oipo Ivw, a barren rock in the ter- jritoryof Genoa, with a caftle on its |ca(lcrn peak. Near it is a port of tho lame name, 13 miles Kst ol* Genoa Loii. 856 I', lat. 44 ao n. Cnpo a'lsfna, a town of Italy, capital lef Iftria, and a bilhop'F fee. It ftands on a fmall ifiand in the gulf wf Trieft, conncded with the continent by a c uife- way, which is detcitded by a caUle. The principal revenue confifts in wine and fait It is eight miles s of Trieft. Lun. 140 £, lat. 45 40 M. CAR Cappef, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, on the e cOaft, 16 miles NE of Slefwick. ('•ipraja, ai ifle in the Mediterranean^ to the NE of Coifica, 15 niijes in cir- cumference. It has a town of the fame name, with a good harbour, defended by a caftle. Lon 056 k , lat. 43 5 N. Capri, an ifland in the Medittnaneac, at the entrance of the gulf of Naples, nearly oppofuc Sorento. It is five miles long and two broad, with fteep ftiorcs, acceffible only in tvvo places; and was the retreat of emperor Tiberius, who here fpent the laft ten years of his life in luxurious debauchery. A v^ft quan- tity of tjuails come here every year; and the tentii of what are caught, forms a great part of the revenue of the bilhop, who is hence called the fiifliop of Quails. CuprJ, the capital of the ifland of the fame name, and a bifliop's fee, with a caftle. It was once a delightful place, embellifhed with m^ignificent works, which were demoliflied after the death ■ of Tiberius. Ii is 27 miles ssw of Na- ples. Lon. 14 10 E. Lit. 40 .^a n. Capua, a fir ng city ot Naples, in Teira di Livoio, and an archhifhop's fee, with a citadel. It is two miles from the ancient Capua and was built out of its ruins. No city in Italy, except Rome, contains a greater number of ancient inicriptions. In 1803 itfulfercd much by an earthquake, and a number of cavaby were buried under the ruin* of their barracks. It ftands at the foot of a mountain, on the river Vulturno, so miles x of Naples Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 41 7 N* Ciira, a river of Ruflla, which iflTues from the n extremity of the Ural moun» tains, and flows into the gulf of KaHkoi, in the .Vrctic ocean ; forming the boiin* dary between Europe and Afia, for the fpaee of about 140 miles Cu'ttcatau, a lar^ie country of Afia, extending from the great wall of China to the country of the Monguls; bound- ed on tlic w by the Iinaus, and on the e by the fea and China. Cu''iC( us, a province of Terra Firma, bounded on the n by the gulf of Mex- ico, I by Cumana, s by New Granada, and w by Venezuela. The beft cocoa- tiut.";, next to thoCf of Guatimala, are produced in the rich plains of this pro- vince T e other produtfls arc cotton, cofllr, iiklij,'o, fugar, and tobacco. Leon de Caraccas is the capital. (;((r«»>ni»?a, a province of ATiatic Tur- key, to the E of Natolia. It compre- hends Uie ancient Pamphilia, and a great CAR fiAi-t of Cilicia, Pilidi.n, and Capparlocia. t contains fcvcral lakes, whicn aliouiid witl\ fini, and furnifh great quantities of fait. Cogni is the capital. Varnutnnta^ a dillriJl of Ti-rra Firma, included in the s part of the provinci- of Carthagcna ; hounded on the w by Da- rien,s by Pop.iyan, and v. by New On- nada. It ia a valley furrounded by hi^h mountains, and then.- arc waters whence the natives get f.jlt. The capital, of the fume name, is featod on the Caucn. 240 miles NNE of Popayan. Lon. 75 15 w, lat. j; 18 N. CaruiigaSf a town of Peru, capital of a didridt which contains valuable filvcr mines, and fcedsa greatnumbcr of cattle. It is 45 miles w oi I*otofl. (JarnrOf a town of Italy, in the princi* pality of Mafl'a, celebrated for its quar- ries of [marble of varitnis colours. It is five miles NN K of Ma (la. Carasui, a lake of European Tinkey, in Bulgaria. s_ in Murcia, feated among mountains, 46 miles wnw of Murcia. Vmwai/n, a town of Peru, capital of a jurifdiiflion oftiiefanic name. Jtis f6o miles SK of Cufco. Lon. 6(j j6 w, l;u. 14 40 s. (.'(irrassonr, a city of France, cnpital of the department of Ande, and a bi- Ihop'r. fee. It ia divided into the upper and lower town by the Ancle, over which is a ftono bridge. In the upper town, called the city, are a (trong caltle and the cathedral- The lower tavvri is Iquarc, rci^larly built, and kept very neat, by means of an aquedmit, which brings the water of the Aude todifierent fountains. Here arc m.innfaOtures of all forts of cloth. It is 3/; n.ilis w of Nar- bonnci and 50 se of Touloule. Lon. 3 45 F., lat. 43 14 N. Carciilld, a town of Ilindooftan, in Canara, chiefly inhabited by fhopkccp- ers. In an open temple hen' is the image of a naked man, .38 feet in height by 10 in thickncfs, made of one piece of granite. Much rice, ginger, turmeric, and hctel-nut is raifcd in the vicinity. It is feated bctwi-en two l^kes, or tanks, which give foiuxe to two rivers, 26 niik\i N by E of Mangalorr. Cardilf, a borough of Wales, cnpital of Glamorganfisirc, with a market on Wedticfday and Saturday. It is featod on the 'f aate, and has a confiderable trade with Briftol, for v»flels of fmall burden may come to the briJ^je. Its CAR caftle was an elegant Gothic flruchirf^ but has late'*/ undergone a motley rc< pair. The town was formerly encotn- paflfed by a wall, and vedigen of its four gates yet remain. The conilable of thi) caftle is the chief magiltratc, who ii called mayor i and here the adi/.es for the cotmty are held. Near the town ni{ fome iron-works, and a canal, extendini; 55 miles, to the great iron works at Merthyr Tidvil. In the caftle died Robert duke of Normandy, cldeft foij of William the conqueror, after havinj been blinded, and contined aB years, by his brother Henry r. Cardiff is 41 mikj s of Brecknock, and 160 w of London, Lon. ^ II w, lat. 51 28 n. CarJi'^uut a borough of'W.ilcs, the county-town of Cardiganihire, with a market on Tuefday and Saturday. The walls and caille ere gone to ruin. It is governed by a mayor, and lituatconthc Tyvy, near a bay to which it gives tiame, 3,^ milen NT. of St. David, and 240 wnw of London. Lon. 438 w, lat. 53 ion. Cnrdi^AushirCy a county of Wales, 4: miles long and :.o broad ; bounded on the N by Merionethniire and Montgomery- (liiie, K by Raduordniirc and Brcck- nookdiiie, s by Carniaithenlhirc .md Pembrokclhire, and w by Cardigan bay. It contains 500,000 acres; is divided into tivelumdruds, and 77 pariftieR ; and has fix market-towns. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 42,956; and it fendo two members to parliament. To the s and w are plains fruitful in com; but the N and k parts arc a continued rJdg(; of mountains : yet, in the wort parts, tiicre arc paftures in which arc bred flocks of ilicep and herds of cattle. Near the rivers .ire great numbers of ] otters ; and in the valleys are feveni lakes. The mountains abound with veins of le.id and filver ore ; and the mines have been worked feveral tinns to grt;it advantage. The principal livcrs are the Tyvy, Rydal,and Iftwith. Can/iiiiit, a town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, with a caftle. Near it is a mountain of folid rock fait, of which are made vafcs, fnuff boxes, and trinkets; .ind there are vineyards that produce excellent wine. It is feated on tht Cardenero, 36 miles nw of Barcelona, Cnriiiu, or liiissian Finland. Su Cuiiii/nn, a town of France, in llic department of Manciie, with an ancient caftle, eight miles iVoni the fea, and :i w of Rayeux. Cnrr.\f or Karris, a town of Europ«it Turkey, in Maceut retaken by the duke of Cumberland. It is 60 miles s of Edinburg, and 301 nnw of London. Lon. 2 53 w, lat. 54 46 N. Carlislr, a town of Pennfylvani?, ca- pital of Cumberland county, with a college, and four edifices for public worfhip# It is fituate near a creek of the Sufquehannaf 100 miles w by n of CAR Philadelphia. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 40 10 N. Carinhago, a town of Morlachia, at tnc foot of a crai^gy rock, near tlic channel that fcp.irates the ifland ot Pago from thf continent. The commence confills chieily of wood. It is 46 miles SE of Huccari. Lou. 15 13 e, lat. 44 Curlon, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, on the river St. Juan, d"? milfs E by s of the town St. Juan, f .011. 83 45 vv, l;ir. 1 1 on. Cnrtosy S\ a town on the n fide of the. ifl.uid of Cuba, 6* milea e of Ha- vanna. Carlotia, a town of Spain, in And.i- lufia, built in i769forGermanand Italian emigrants, 15 miles s of C^ordova. Carlvir, or Cathcrlotigli, a county of Ireland, in the province of LcinlUr, 28 mi'es long and eight broad ; bounded on tlie V. by Wicklow and Wexford, w by Qii-ens county and Kilkenny, and N by Kildare. It is divided into 50 pariihes, contains about 44,000 inha- bitants, and fend"* three members to par- liament. The chief rivers arc the liar- row and Slaney. Carlow, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of the fame name, featcd on the river Barrow. The caftle is a fine ruin, overhanging the river, and its ancient name was Catherlagh. It is 16 miles NK of Kilkenny. Lon. 7 14 w, lat. az 48 N. Corliiritz, a town of Sclavonia, where a peace was concluded between the Turks and Germans in 1669- It is feat- ed on the Danub'-, 38 miles nw of Bel- grade. CarhlaJ, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, celebrated for its hot baths, difct V red by imperor Charles IV, ar> he was hunting. It is IVatcd on the Topel. n<'ir its confl'iciice with the Egra, 24 inik's kvh of E.?ra. Cariil"ir!r, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, on the river (jeeftr, at tlie mouth of the Wefer, 30 miles N' by w of Bremen. Lon. 845 e, lat. 5.3 IS N. Cur'ziitrp:, a city of Tranfylvani.i. See Ji r.y:e)ihtr[!:. C'lr'.^'-rnnr,, or Carlscroim, a city and feap:.*; of Sweden, in Blekingen. It was ;.uitKled in 16S0 by Cliarles xr, who removed the fleet from Stockholm to this place, on account of its centrical fitu.atii)ri, and the fuperiority of its har- bour, the tntranci' of which is defended by two ftrong forts. The greatcft part of the town is built of wood, and ftands upon a fmall roct'y ifland) which rifcs CAR gently in a bay of the Baltic. The fub, urbs extend over another fmall rocK and along the mole, clofc to the bafiii where the fleet is moored ; and are for. tified, toward the land, by a (lone wal, Here are excellent docks for the repair, ing and building of (hips, founderies tor cannon,andmanuf3(5luresofgunpo\vcV. ropes, fails, &c. The inhabitants are eftimated at 18,000. It is sio miles ssw of Stockholm. Lo.i. 15 16 e, lat. 56 7N. Ccrls'/iarnt, a town of Sweden, in Blekingen, with a woollen mannfadure, a forge for copper, and a timber yard, 2; miles w of Carlforoiia. i'lirlsruhc, a town of Suabia, in the mavgravate of Baden, where the prince has a palace, two miles n w of Dourlach. Cnrls/adtf the capital of Croatia, with a forlrefs ; featcd on the Kulpa, at the influx of the Corona, 180 milts s by w of Vienna. Lon. 15 58 E, lat. 45 ;,3 x, CuiUtadt, a town of Sweden, capita! of V\'ermeland, uid a biOiop's fee. It (lands on the N fide of the lake Wenncr, and on the iOand of Tingwalla, which is formed by two branches of the Clara. The houfes are built of wood and paint- ed ; the epifcopal palace is alfo of wood, ami has an exteufive front. The in- habitants carry on a trade in copper, iron, and wood acrofs the lake. It is 175 miles w of Stockholm. Lon. 13 43 H, lat. 59 zi N. Carlsladi, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, featcd on the Maine, 13 miles n by w of Wurtz- burg. Carluke, a village of Scotland, near the river Clyde, five miles nw of Lv nerk. It has a cotton manufadure, and is famous for apples and pears. Car map no I a, -A fortified town of Pied- mont, with a citadel, feated on a fmall river, which :ias into the Po, 14 milts s of Turin. Carmiirf/ini, a borough of Wales, ca- pital of Carmarthenlhire, with a maiktt on Wedncfday and Satiuday, It is fat- ed t)n the Towy, over which is a floue bridge, to which fmall vefli-'ls may come lip. It was fortified with a wall and a caC< Ic, now in niiiis ; and on the k fuk of the town, n<'ar lli* river, are tlunv- mains of a monadic building of confulev- able extent. Carmarthen is a county of ilfelf, governed by a mayor, and in 1 80 1 contained 5548 inhabitants. Tliere are iron and tin mines in the nei^chboiir- hood. It is 24 miles sk of ( ardigan, and 220 W' by n of London. Lon. 4 :] w, lat. 52 IS N. Carmarllicnu/iiref a county of Wales : A R f the Baltic. Tht fub. ;i- another fmall roch lole, clofe to the bafin \ moored ; and are for. e land, by a (tone wah it docks for thn repair, of fliips, foundcrics tor jfadluresofgunpowtVr. The inhabitants are 100. It is s;o miles ssw Loi. IS a6 E, lilt. 56 town of Sweden, in a woollen manufadure, r, and a timber yard, :: oroiia. own of Siiabia, in the adcn, where the prince :> lYiilos N w of Dourlach. capiUil of Croatia, with ;1 on the Kulpa, at the rona, t8o miles s by w I. 15 58 E, lat. 45 ;,3 X, own of Sweden, capital uid a bilhop's ft^e. It ide of the lake Wenner, d of Tingwalla, which branches of the Clara, milt of wood and paint- il palace is alfo of wood, eufive front. The in. on a trade in copper, acrofs the lake. It is Itockholm. Lon. 1343 wn of Franconi.i, in the Wurtzbiirg, featcd on liles N by w of Wurtz. age of Scotland, near five milts Nw of Lv >tton maniifadure, and ■s and pears, 'orfificd town of Pied- del, ffatcd (Ml a fmall into the 1\), 14 milts borough of Wales, c"- ifnfhirc, with a marktt id Saturday. Il is fuat- over which is a (lone mall vedl'ls may come ficd with a wall and a ns ; and on tluj k lido tli« river, arc tli'-Mv- c building of conrulev- rmarlhen is a county I by a mayor, and in 48 inhabitants. There ires in the rei^chbour- iiiles .sE of ( ardigaii, f London. ]-.on. 4 23 )Ii , a county of Wales CAR 1^ miles long ami ao broad; bounded on the N by Cardiganfliire, k by Breck- nockfliire and Glamorjjanlhire, s by the Briftol channel, and'vv by Pembroke- /liire. It contains a: 8,000 acres ; is di- vided into eight hundreds, and t 45 pa- rities ; and has lix market-towns. The number of inhabitants in i8oi was 67,317 ; 'Tifi itlendstwo members to par- liament. It is fruitful in corn and grafs, has plenty of wood, coal, lead, and lime, and is not lo mountainous as the other cjiinties of VVnles. The priucipal rivers arc ihle- iiai. Itontains 310,000 acres ; is divid- 'dinto fcven hundreds, and 63 parilhcs; has one cty and live market-towns ; and fends two members to parliament. The numlHT of inhabitants in 1801 was 41,511. The principd rivers are the Coinvay and Stint. This county being the mod nigged diflridt of N Wales, may be truly called the Britidi Alps. Its central part !• occupicJ by the famed CAR Snowdon ; and the profprtJls around are rude and favage in the higheft degree ; but not without a mixture of beauty, when the dimenfions of the vales admit the varieties of wood, water, and mea- dows. Cattle, ftietp, and goats, are almoO its fole rural riches. Thefe are fed, during the liimmtr, very high on the mountains, tended by their owners ; and many rare vcgetabh's, met with only on the mod elevated fpots, grovp here. Copper mints have been worked in various parts of thefe mountains, as well as lead ; and quantities of Itonc, excellent for hones, are dug near Snow- don ; to the dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway below forms a plcafing contrail. The chief manufadure is woollen cloth. Curnntic, a country of the peninfiila of Hindooftan, extending from the Gun- toor Cirear, along the whole coaft of Coioinandel, to Cape Comorin ; includ- ing its appi iidaja-s, which an; Tanjore, Maravar, Trichinopoly, Madura, and Tinevclly. It is 570 miles from n to s, but no where more than i2d, and com- monly 75 miles wide. '1 he annual re- venue of its Ibvereign, the nabob of Arcot, is r,5oo,oool. (>ut of which he pays a fubfidy of lOooool. to tlie En- glilhE India Company, toward the ex- pencc of their military eltr.blifhment. The Britifh pofleflions here are confined chielly to thedillriiit called the Jaghire. The Cainatic is rich, it rtile, and popu- lous, and contains .;n incredible number of fortrefles ; public monuments too, the unequivocal inarlcs c*-' civili7..aticn and opulence, are more eomnon here than in the n" p.irts n\ India. Tnc principal rivers are the Pennar, i^aliar, and Ca- very. In 1787, the E India Company took theadminiftration of the Carnatic, and the collection of the nabob's reve- nues, intd their owa hands. Arcot ij» the capital. Cui „awly a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Delhi. Herein 1739, Kouli Khan gained a vidory over the aiTny of the great mogul ; and in 1 761, the Seikss, undtr Abdalla, defcaied the Maiirattas. It ir. 80 miles nw of Delhi. i'anirsiUlc, a town of the Aate of Georgia, chief of Franklin county, loa miles NW of Augufta, and 115 nnw of Louifville. L'.iinio!i!, :i duchy of Germany, in the circle of Audria ; bounded ou the n by Cariiif.hia and Stiria, i; by Sclavonia and Croatia, s by Moriachia and Iftria, ;ind w by Friuli. It is diverfificd with mountainous parts, having mines of iron and mercury j and otliers fcrtila and well CAR cukiT.ited, producing corn, wine, and oil. l^aubach is the capital. Qirtilatlif a town of Siicfia, capitnl of .1 principality of the fame name, Hated on tl»e Oder, 14 miles n\v of Glogau. (Jarolintt, a town of Spriiii, in Andalu- fia, the chief of a new colony of thv. fame nam», in th" Siena Morcna. It Itaiuls on a bill, towering above the whole fcttlcmtnt, 20 milcb -nk of An- duxar. Carolina, North, one of the United States of ikmerica ; bounded on the m by Virginia, k by the Atlantic, s by 6 Carolina and Georgia, and w by Ton- ncffee. It is 450 milco long and 140 broad, containing abont 34,000 fciuare miles. It is divided into eight diftrida ; namely, Edentoii, Newbern, Wilming- ton,l''ayi'tte,i-Iilifb jrough, Halifax, Mor- .^an, and Saliibnry ; and theft are fub- G'vided into 58 counties. Th«; chief ri\ er8 are the Lhovan, Roanoako, Tar, Ncns, and Cape Fear. Befide the ve- getable products common to America, there are ground \ieas, which run on the furface of the earth, and are covered by hand w4tli a light mould, and the poda grow under ground ; they are eaten raw or n aflcd, and talte much like a ha/le- nut. Cotton ahb is univerfally cultivated here. The moft remarkable of its trees is the pitch pine, which affords pitch, tar, turpentine, and various kinds of lumber. Among the medicinal herbs and roots, this couiitry abounds with the ginfeng, Viijiaiaand Seneca fuakeroot, and lions heart, a fovercign remedy for the bite of V. fcipcnt. The largsjll town of this ftate is Newburn, but thecapital is Ralegh. Carolina, SoulL, one of the United States of America ; bounded on the n by N Carolina, e by the Atlantic, and s and sw by the river Savanna, which divides it from Georgia. It is 200 miles long and la^ broad, containing about 20,000 fqnare miles. It is divided into nine diftridts ; namely, Charlefton, Beau- fort, Georgetown, Ninety-fix, VVafliing- ton, Pinckney, Camden, Orangeburg, and Cheraw ; and thcfe are fubdived in|o .^5 counties. 1 lie principal rivers arc the Santee, Savanna, Edifto, and Vcdee. This country abounds with pre- cious ores, and tiiert> are likewile found pellucid ftones of different hues. Befide maize, wheat, ric<', t/■, ,1 town of Italy, in the iMo- denefe, with a fortified caftle and a guoci trade. It ftands on a canal to the Sec- cilia, eight miles n of Modena. Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Vera. nefe, where a vidtory was gained by the Aultrians over the French, in 1701. h i« feated on the Adige, 34 miles SE of Vorona. Carrick on ShannoTi, sl town of Ireland, capital of the county of Leitrim. It is a fmall place, with little trade or manu- fa(f>ure, feated on the Shannon, 78 miles WNW of Dublin. Lon. 8 3: w, lat. 53 S3 N- Carrick on Suir, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary, famous for its woollen cloth, called ratteen. It is feated on the Suir, 21 miles se of Cafhel. Carric/iJ'crfrus, a borough and feaport of Ireland, chief town of the county of Antrim, with a caftle. It is feated on a bay of its name, in the Irifii channel, 85 miles N by E of Dublin. Lon. 6 14 w, lat. 54 48 V. CanirkmacToss, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghau, 19 miles ese of Monaghan. C'lrnon di los Condes, a town of Spain, In Leon, on the frontiers of Old Caflile. It has ten parilh churches, ten con- vents, and two hofpitals ; and is feated I on the river Carrion, 18 miles n of ! Placenlia, and 40 \v of Burgos. A Tl n, difcovtred In ifi?, in tlierfign ofCliaib : K of the Philippiin'8, 154 E Ion. and 8 and e about 30 in niimbtr, le natives rcfcmblim,' ilipi^incs. The muft i is hoi^uleut about 9s .0 bro \d : the nt-xt ii Iremity of this chain, hird pail of tliat lize, ittic vifitcd by recent untains, a grand ciiain infrary and Traiilylva. extending about 500 argcbayon the Ncoaft 1, difcovercd, in 16 18, ;ain named Carpenter. country which b'jrd(r! the bay is alfo called JH«w,atown of Ireland, uity of Leitrim. It is little trade or manu. the Shannon, 7li mil« Lon. 8 3i w, lat.53 a town of Ireland, in maghan, 19 miles esb CAR Carron, a river of Scotland, in Stirlinp- fliirf, which rifes on the b fide of tite Campfey hills, and flows into tlui frith of Forth, below Falkirk. Two miles from its fource, it forms a fine cafcidc, called the Fall of Auchinlilly ; and near its mouth commences the Great Canal from the Forth to the Clyde. (larruii, a village of Scotland, in Stir- liiigfliire, on the river Carron, two miles from Falkirk, celebrated for the greateft iron-works in Europe. Theft works employ about j6oo men; and, on an average, ufe weekly Hoo tons of coal, 400 tons of ironftone, and io«- tons of limdloiie. All forts of iron goods are made here, from the mofttriflini,' article [0 the largeft cannon ; and the fhort piece of ordnance, railed a carronade, liiiice received its name. The trade in coke and lime isalfocdnfuiernble. Thefe works were erefled in 1761, and arc carried on by a chartered company. Cur/, two rivers of Scotland, in Ren- frewfliire, diftinguilhcd by the appella- tions of Black and White. The Black Cart iffiies from the lake Lochwinnoch ; the White Cart dt^fcends from the ne angle of the county; and they both flow into the Gryfe, a few miles before its confluence with the Clyde. Carltifin, a city of Mexico, capital of Cofto Rico, andabilhop's fee. Here are feme rich merchants. It flands on a river of the fame name, 70 miles from its mouth in the Pacific ocean. Lon. IJ4 10 w, lat. 10 15 .M. (.'.irtuma, a town of Spain, in Grana- da, at the foot of a mour.tain, near the river Guadala Medina, tight miles n\v of Malaga. Carteret Island, an ifland in the Pa. cific ocean, feen by captain Carteret in 1767. It is fix leagues long from e to w. Lon. 159 14 K, lat. 8 26 s. C'lirlrrsrille, a town of Virginia, in Powhatan county, featcid on James ri- ver, 40 miles WNw of Richmond. Carthage, Capr, a promontory on the K coaft of the kingdom of Tunis, near which Hood the famous city of Carthage, razed by the Romans, and fome of tlic ruins are to be feen on tnc coaft. It is 10 miles N'l; of Tunis. Lon, 10 ao e, lat. 36 .50 N. Carthofteva, a fcapovt of Spain, in ft'urcia, built by Afdrub.al, a Carthage- uian general, and named after the city of Carthage. It is the lee of a billiop, and a great mart for merchandife. It lias the beft harbour in Spain ; alfo the inoft confiderabh; docks and magazin<'s. The principal crops of barilla are pro- duced in its vicinity ; and a tine red CAR earth, called almagra, ufed in polidiing mirrors, ami preparing tobai-co for fiiutf. Carthagena was taken by fir John Leake in 1706, but the duke of Brunfwick re- took it. It is feated on a gulf of the fame name, 27 miles s of Murcia. Lon. 1 H w, lat. 37 .-^7 N. Cnrliiupntn, a province of Terra Fir- ma, bounded on the w by the idhmua of Darien, N by the Caribbean fea, E by St. Marth;i, and s by Popayan. It is a mountainous country, but has many well-watered and fertile vallics ; yet, being thinly peopled, It is ill cultivated. It produces a variety of valuable druge, and fonie precious llones, particularly emeralds. Curth.agrna, a fcaport of Terra Fir- ma, capital of the province of the fame name, and one of the moft populous, opulent, and beautiful cities in S Anu;- rica. Its harbour is the lafeft and beft fortified in the Spanilh Americm donii- nionn. It was the port in which the i;ailcons firlt begun to trade, en their arrival from Europe; and to which they returned to prepare for their vfiya ;c homeward. This cireumflance raifVd its importance, which now mutt be af- fected by the change in the Spanifli fyfU-m of trade with America. The city is nearly furrounded by the fea ; on the F it communicates by means of a wooden bridge with a large fuburb, built on an ifland, which communicates with the continent by another bridge. It was taken by the Englilh in 1585, and by the French in 1697, who found a great booty : but admiral Vernon, ia 1 741, though he had taken the forts, was obliged to abandon the fie^e. Lon. 75 43 ^^'» lat. 10 25 N. Carfniel, a town in Lancafhire, with a market on Monday. It has a fpacious old church, with a curious tower, being a fquare within a fquare, the upper part fet diagonally within the lower. It is fe.'ted among the hills called Cartmel Fi;lls, I'ot far from the fea, 14 miles n by w of Lancalter, and 254 NNw of London. ('unirii. or Caronr, a town of Hindoo- flan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, in which is a large temple. Much fugar-cane is raifed in the vicinity. It is ic:ited on the Ama- rawati, eight miles abov<' its conlhience with the Cavery, and 37 n^e ot" Dar-ipo- ram. C'ancnr, a town of IIindool\an, in the province of Canara, and a Britifli fettle- ment. It is feated near the mouth of the Aliga, 50 miles .sse of Goa. Lon. 74 14 fe) lat. 14 5? N. C A S ^ Came, or Caiac, a country !n tlic do- minion!! «rf I'erfn, on the Irontiers of Armenia, governt J by princes of its own, nominally fubicd to Pt-rfia. 'I'h».' inha- bitanta are dcfcfndrxl from the Coflacs, and reprelt'iitcd as a rude and barbarous prople. Cafac, or Cazac Loia, is the name of the capital. Cnsaf^randr, a town of New Mexico, in the N part of New Mavarrc. Here is an immenfc edifice, fiippofed to hive been built by the ancient Mexicans for a fbrtrefs: it confifts of thrff floors, with s teirace above them; and the en- trance is at the i'econd fioor, that :\ fca- Jing-laddt-r was ntcelVary. Lon. 1 1 j 23 w, lat. _^3 40 N. Cava/, a town of Piedmont, lately the capital of IMontfiTrat, and a iiifhop's fee. Ilscaltlo, eiladfl, and rill its fortifications have been demolifhed. It is lented on the river Pu, 37 miles ne of Turin. Lon. 8 a; k, lat. 45 18 n. Casal Alaagiorc, a tnvvn of Italy, in the dwchV ot Milan, on the river Po, 20 miles ESE of Cremona. Casal Nuova, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultcriore. An earthquake hap- pened here in 1783, by which upward of 4000 inhabitants h)l\ their lives. It fi.inils near the k,\, 11 miles N by w of Oppido. Ciisbin, or C'oswin, a town of Pcrfia, in Irac Agcmi, where fcveral of the kings of iVrfia have rcfided, Nadir Shah built a palace hen*, inclofed by a walla mile and a half in cirrumrcrcncc; and the town is fuiroundcd by another four miles in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is feated in a (andy plain, 280 miles N by w of Ifpahan. Lon. 51 10 k, lat. 36 8 N. Ciiscais, a town of Portugal, in Eflre- madura, at the n'louth of the 'Jajo, 17 miles w of Lifbon. Oisdiaii. iritc Cassorin. Cciico B(zj;, a bay of MalTaehufets, in the diflridl of MhIiu;, between Cape Elifabt-lh and Cape Small R;int. It is 25 miles wide, and in'olperfed with fniall ifl.'inds. Lon. 69 ,;o w, lat. 44 40 x. Ha^fT/ai a town of N.ifjies, in Tt-rra di Lavoro. Here ir, a magnilicent royal piiare ; and a grand mndtin .Tqiifduot, vvlijeh i'uv.'jinu". a grmt part of the city of Naplt.'s with water. Moft of the buildings were greatly d.nmaged by an carthqiiake in 11303. ^^ '^ ^5 iT^'i*-'s N of Naples. Ois/.cl, 3 bf)rough of Ireland, capital of the county of Tipperary, and an arch- biHiop'ij fee. It bad formerly a wall j C A S nnd part of two pites arc ftlll rmnjin. ing. The cathedral is fuppofed to h,iv( been the firft ftone edifice in Ireland. \ fynod was h»'!d here by Henry 1, in 1 158, by which the kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to him. It is 36 mile-, W.SW of Kilkenny. Lon. 8 10 w, la;, 5 2:6r. Coihf^iir, or Lilltr linkhnria, a coun. try of Ufbcc Tar».»ry. which commtnres on the N and ne of Caflimere, in H'n. dooftan (fp-m which it is fiparMid by the Himmalfh mountains) an.l n. tends to 40 N lat. Great part of ii n\ fandy di^'fert ; th^' other parts are popn. lo'is and fertile- Here arc mi:us 01 gold and fdvcT, w!iich t!ie natives i\o not work, bccaufe they are ernjiloyed who;iy in feeding; cattle. The muli.-.inir.ri!» are foiuul in this country. It liktwife produces diainoiu's and fevcral other precious ftotie.!. n kfu ir. the cipitj!. Cusii'^ur, a city of I'fliec T.irtai'y, for- merly the capital of the coniitiy of tiii; fame name. It has a g.ood fnde v.ith the neighbouring conntries, and (lands at the toot of the liin:male!i mountains, 1 1 miles s of Irekcn. Lon. y^ :j t, lat. 4 J 30 N'i C'l'i/nnrif, a province of HIndocd.in, fuhjed (o tie kino: of Canda'-ar, or fu!. tan of fhi' Afghani ; houndi'd on tluMv by the Indut;, n by .Mount Himm.ilcli, and E r.nd s by Lahore. It ir> an iIctj. ted valley, 00 miles long and ^o bro.id, fuiTOuaded by fteep moimtains, wliicli towirabov>' the leeions r»f fnow. Tin periodical rains, winch almolt deluge the reft of India, are Ouit out. of Caiti- mere by the height of the mountains, fo that only light Oiovvers fall here: hut thefc arc fufiiciently abundant to ffcd fon.e hundreds of cafcades, v\hich art precipitated into the valley. The foil iv the richtfL that can be conceived, aiid its produitions thofe of the tempeniii; zone. Nu.nerous (treams, from ail cjuarters of ;he valh y, bring their tribute to the Cheli'm, a large navig;ible rivfr; and m.any Ini.'ll lakes are fpread ov,r the furfac ', fome of which contain flo.-.ting iflands. But the country is AibjecH to e,u1h(iuakep; nv.d, to oiiiard againfl the moll ten ible eileds, all ll;e houfcs are built of wood. Among other curious maniifaflures of Cafii- mere is that of fli.iwls; and tlie dciiaite wool of which ti'.e fmift are mack Is the produ(5t of a fpccics of goat of ihii cdtmtry, or of ti.e adjoining 'Jihct. llrre are bn'd a fptcies of flieep, calltd Ilundoo, which are <'niploye0 in car- rying burdtns. The CaOuntn.ms arc ftout and well ir,^c\'; but their featurts CAS often coarff and broad : even the women arc of a deep brown complexion ; but they ai'J gay and livtly, and fond of pirtifs of pl»'afure on their beautiful lakes. They l>avc a lani^uage of their own, f:iid to be .inKrior 'o that of the Smfciit ; and a reli.c;ion too, it i» thought ditftrent trum that of th- Hindoos. The fuperftition of tlic inhabitants has mul- tioiittl the places of worDiip of Maha- i\co, Befc'ian, and Brima. All Callimerc is holy land, and miraculous fountains k abound. CW'hinerc, a city of Ilindoonan, capi- I tal of the province » r v illey of Calhmtie. Hire lie many fountains, nfeivc/ns, and 1 tcmpli?. Til' Ui'tet: ate narruw, and dirty. The hoiifes, many of them two ar.d tlr: e Jlorie.i Mk'u art nij^hliy built ot I'lick and mortar, will; a large inter- inixtur.' ot timiier ; and on the i\)ofs is I iaiJ a coveii.iK of fnieerirtl), wliichis pl.inttd witli a v;n-it.ty of (lowers. Tlii.-i city is without wHs, and f.-it^'d On bollj liitts of thf ClK'Ium, 285 iniie.s r- by s IsfCabul. Lon. 73 11 k, lat ,3,? 40 n. C'(i,v;)('. a town of Sp.iin, in Arrajrori, I where Feulina- d 1 v w.ii; circled king of Arragon. It ftaiais at the confluence '•tthe Gu.idaloupt' and Ktiro, ,-?? miles s of B,ill\'iftr<>, and 44 ^i- of Sara;^'()ira. i\:.:p'!uit Sea, a gnat lake of Alia; bouncieil on the n by the country of the Kalnnics, !■. bv a tribjof tiicTvrcoinans, I s by Ptrlia, und w by Geor;;fto Mcdlheiifar, and in no part Imo'L than :6o in breadth. On account |o( frequent iiioaJs, it i.s not Tiavigable Ifvir vellfls dravvir;,- more than 10 feet I water, though isi fome parts a line of 1 45; fathoms will not reach the bottom. Illhis ftroiij^ currents, and the water is Ifilt. Th(! liilirry is a nurfcry for f lilors. I'fheUralian Colfacs er.'-y the riv,'lit of IJilliinv; on the coaft 47 miles on i-ach Ifukofthe river Ural; and the inhabi- ItanLsof Altraciu have an exclufive pri- Ivile^e uu the remaining Ibores belong- liii^ to Kr.llia. The roes of the If urgfon land beluga fupply large quantities of laviare; and the tilh, which are chielly Ifaltcd and dried, form a coididerahle larticle of confnmptiou in the RulTian jcrapire. Porpoiics and foals are alio ■caught in great nimibers. 1 Chiitndnd, a town of Holland, on be sw fide of the illand of Csdfand, at jthc mouth of the ^iwia, tliree miles n |Qf Sluys. (Jissano, a town of [taly. in the Mi- panefc, with a caiUe, Here pri'ic* lin- piio, in 170C, wa, checkeil ti altempt- iigto force Llie pallajje of the Adda; CAS and in 1799 the French were defeated by the AuArians. It is fcitcd on the Adda, If miles ne of Milan. Cusfono, a town of Naples, tn CaU* brin Citeriore, j* miles nw of RoiTanoi and 50 KSR of Policaflro. ( iLssaif, or M,cklc>i, a country of Alia, bounded on the w by Bengal, h by A (Tim, e and sb by liirmah, and 9W by Ai^an. The inhabitants are called iMuj-'iffrooB, a tribe of rude mountain- eers little known. It is now fubjc»ft to the Birmans. Munnypour is iht capi- tal. Cdssil, a city of Germany, capital of Lower HeflTe. It is divided into the Old Town, Lower New 'iown, and Upper New '1 own ; the former two are chiefly built in the ancient flyle, but the laft is very rcgidar and handfoine. The inha- bitants are eftimited at a?, 000, and they have manufailures of linen, cioth, iiats, porcelain. Sec. Here is a college, founded by the l,indgrave in 1709. 1 hft caftle, or palace, the gani-Mis, the arfc- nal, the foundery, and tin; crbinet of curiofities, delerve tbe atteiition of tra- vellers. It was taken by the French in lyCio, and refturcd at the p»'ace Jn i76jt. It is i'eated on the Fulda, 40 miles SE of Paderboni. Lon. 9 15 ?., lat. 51 19 v. t'lisscl, a Itrong town in Germany, fituatc on the Rl;inc, oppofue Mentz, with which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. It was taken by the French in 1792, and retaken by the Prntlians in 179 ^ In 1808, it was trans- ferred to Trance. CW.vv,/, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, with a fortified caf- tle. Jt rtandi on a mountain, whence Hiay be feen 32 towns, and the German oci:an, though 50 miles diftant. It is 10 miles XK of St. Omcr. C'issiua, an extenfive empire in Negro- land, to the w of Bornon. It refembles Jiornou in climate, foil, and natural produ(5lions, and in the colour, geniua, religion, and government of the people. The rains, indeed, are Icfs violent ; and its monkies and parrots (but feldom feen in Bornou) are numerous, and of various fp< cies. A thoufand towns and villages arc faid to be included in this empire. G/v.v/?, with a caftlc and two churches. In 176;, it waa taken by the Spaniards. It is 6 i miles se of Cotiubra. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 39 52 n. C'nslcl dc Fide, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, eight milCs nk of Porlaltgre. Castei Folil, a town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, on a,n eminence near tlie river Pulvla, 15 miles w of Gerona. Caslel Franco, a town of Italy, in Trevifano, iz miles w of 'iVevifo. Castei Gundoljb, a town of Jlaly, in Cam.pagna di Roma, near the Like Al- bano. Near this place is the villa Bar- barini, where are the ruins of an im- menfc palace, built by emperor Donii- ti.nn. It is 10 miles s by e of Rome. Caslel Juloitx, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Gnronne, with a confiderable trade in wine, honey, and cattle ; feated on the Avanee, 20 miles E by s of Bazas, and 3 a w by n of Agen. Ca.sfcl Nunvo, a town of Dahnatia, on the gulf of Cataro, i a miles ^ by w of Cataro. Castei Niiova, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, feated on a hill, 18 miles 8SW of Termini. Cuitcl 'Nuovu di Cor/agnana, a town CAS of Italy, in the Modenefe, with a ilrotit fort ; ftated in the valley of Carfagnana, on the river Serchio, 18 miles n of Lucca, and 37 ssw of ModTT Castei liadrigo, a town of Portugal, in Bcira, 1 1 miles n of Pinhel. Castei Rosso, an ifland in the Medi. terranean, near the coaft of Caramania, 90 miles E of Rhodes. It is two milei long, and has a fecure road and harbour Lon. 29 21 E, lat. 36 7 N. Cast 1 1 Snrosin, a town of Fi-ance, in tlie department of Upper Garonne, 30 miles w N w of Toulou fe. Caslel Vetere, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore> 33 miles s of Scjuil. lace. Castei Vetrano, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara. Here is a palace, in which is a coniiderable collection of old armour. It is eight miles e by N of Ma. | zara. Castelann, a town of France, in tlip 1 department of Rhine andMofelle, latt-ly of Germany, in the county of Sponhdni, It is 23 miles ssw of Coblentz. Castellune, a town of France, in the department of Lower Alps. Near it is a fait fpring, from which the water iifues in inch abimdance as to turn a mill at | the very fource. It is feated on the Vcrdon, in a hilly country, ao miles se ] of DJgne. Citslellanetta, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 19 miles vvnwoi| Taranto. C(i;:tcliara, a town of Italy, in the | Maiituan, !ix miles ne of Mantua. Ctt>hHlo)i, a town of Spain, in Ci. taioiiia, at the mouth of a river in the I gulf of Rofcs, eight miles w by sot' Rofei^. Caslclnnudarii, a town of France, in | tl)(! department of Aude, on an eiri. nence, at the foot of which is the grand I b.ilin of the Canal Royal. It is 15 miles | w of CaicafTone. Caster, a town of France, in the de- partment of Roer, lately of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers ; feated on the] river Eril, nine miles e of Juliers. Casti-^leno, a town ofTufcany, int Siennefe, on a lake of the fame name, J which communicates with the fca, iiiidj produces much fait. It is 12 miles sb]f| i:of MafTa. Castiglione, a fortified town of It.ily, in the Mantuan, with a caftle. It wail taken by the Auftrians in 1701 ; and the! French defeated them near* it in ijodj and again in 1796. It is ao miles nwj of Mantua. I oii. ro 3a E, lat. 45 ^3 A Casiih, the principal and moft opw-l leot of the kingdoms iato which Spain | ;, with a ftroiij ofCarfagnana, ig miles at of vn of Portugal, inhel. d in the Medi. of Caramania, [t is two miles ad and harbour J. n of France, in L*r Garonne, 30 1 n of Naples, in 1 miles s of Sciuil- wn of Sicily, in is a palace, in coUedion of old | ;s E by N of Ma- f France, in tlip 1 id Mofelle, latdy | nty of Sponheini. oblentz. if France, in the I Alps. Near it is I ;h the water iiFues I to turn a mill at is feated on the ' ntry, ao miles sb I vn of Naples, in miles vvNw oil of Italy, in tlit | of Mantua. of Spain, in Ca- of a river in the | miles w by s wn of France, in I ude, on an cmi- rhich is the grand I al. It is 15 miles ranee, inthede- :ely of Gtrniany, 1 feated on the | ofjuliers. ,fTufcany,intht the lame name,! .ith the ft-a, a"^l [t is 12 mikssbjl led town of Italy, lacaftle. Itwatl ... .701 ; andthtl neaf'it in iim is so miles"" l2E,lat. 45234 |al and moft op^i-l ato which Spa" I s CA S was formerly divided. It nqw forms the two provinces of Old and New Caf- tiie ; the former having been recovered from the Moors feme time before the latter. , . , „ • Qnt'ile, Old, a provmce of Spam, I go miles long and no broad ; bounded on the s by New Caftile, e by Arragon and Navarre, n by Bifcay and Afturias, and w by Leon. Burgos is the capital. Casfilc, New, or Toledo, a province of Spain, 200 miles long and liio broad; bounded on the N by Old Caftile, e by Arragon and Valencia, s by Murcia and Andalulia, and w by Eftremadura. It is divided into three parts ; Argaria to the N, Mancha to the s, and Sierra to the E. Madrid is the capital. Casiillon, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, feated on the Dordogne, 25 miles E of Bourdeaux. Vastine, a feaport of the diftrift of Maine, chief town of Hancock county, fituate on Penobfcot bay, 65 miles wsw of Machias. Lon. 69 o w, lat. 44 26 N. Castle Cary, a town in Somerfetfhire, with a market on Tuefday, la miles se of Wells, and 113 w by s of London. Castk Rising, a borough in Norfolk, governed by a mayor. The market is now difufed, its harbour choked up, and the caftle, whence it has its name, is in ruins. It is feven miles ne of Lynn, and 103 nste of London. (Jastlebar, a town of Ireland, the moft eonfulerable in the county of Mayo. It has a great linen trade, and is 4a miles N by w of Gal way. Lon. 9 44 w, lat. 53 46 N. Castlccnmcr, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, fituate near ex- tenfive coal-mines, 10 miles n of Kil- kenny. Cadlcdermot, a town of Ireland, in thecinuityof Kildare, fcven miles se of Athy. Castlchaven, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork , with a caftle, fituate on a bay to which it gives name, eight miles KE of Baltimore. Castlelon, a village in the peak of Dt;rbyfliire, five miles n of Tidcfwell. It is fituate at the foot of a rock above 2?ofect high, on which are the remains of a caftle, afcribed to William Pevercl, natural fon of the conqueror. Three of the feven wonders of the peak arc in its neighbourhood; the Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, and Elden Hole. The firft is a cavern in the rock abovementioncd, whofe arched entrance is 4a feet high and I JO wide, which becomes narrower as it proceeds, and the roof defcends to witiiiii two feet of the Airfacc of a CAS brook ; this being pafled over, another large cavern fucceeds, with feveral high openings in the roof, which defcends again to a fecond brook ; after which k athird cavern called Roger Rain's Houfe, becaufe of the perpetual dropping : the length of the whole cavern is 617 yards. Mam Tor, a mile vv of the village, is a mountain, 1300" feet above the level of the valley, on the top and fides of which is a camp, fuppofed to be Roman : it overtops thi; whole Peak country ; and the vulgar ftory is that this bill is con- tinually crumbling, without being di- minifhed. Elden Hole, a mile s of iVlam Tor, is a perpendicular gulf or chal'm in a limtftone rock, the depth of which is unfathomable, its fides being fo very flielving and irregular : it has been plumbed from 19a to 295 yards, 40 of which fcemed to be in water. Castletown, the capital of the ifle of Man, near the s coaft, with a rocky and ftiallow harbour, which checks its com- merce, and renders it inferior to Dou- glas in moft refpeds. In the centre of the town, on a high rock, is Caftle Ru- fljcn, a magnificent pile, built of free- ftone in 960, by Guttred, a prince of the Danilh line, who lies buried in the edifice. It is occupied by the governor of the ifland, and on one fide of it are the chancery offices, and good barracks. Near the town is a fine quarry of black marble, whence the fteps to St. Paul's church, in London, were taken. Lun. 4 38 w, lat. 53 55 N. C'nstres, a city of France, capital of the department of Tarn, and lately an epifcopal fee. In the reign of Lewis XII I it was a kind of proteftant re- public; but in 1639, its fortifications were dcmolinied. It is the birthplace of Rapin Thoyras and M. Dacier, has a good trade, and contains 100,000 in- habitants. In the vicinity turkois ftones have been found. It is feated in a fine valley, on the Agout, 36 miles R of Touloule, and 73 ssE of Cahors. Lon. a 14 E, lat. 43 36 >r. Castries, Bay of, a bay on the nk coaft of Chinete Tartary, in the ftrait ofSaghalicn, vifitcdby Peroufe. Lon. i/ja I E, lat. 51 29 N. Castro, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Petor, capital of a duchy of its name. It is 56 miles nw of Rome. Lon. u 54 e, lat. 4a 33 n. (Jastro, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, fix miUs ssv.' of Otranto. Castro, a town of Chili, capital of the ifland of Chiloe, with a caftle, which commands the harbour. It is 180 raile'j s of Valdivia. Lou. 75 5 w, lat- 4» 4 ^. Cat CnstrOf the ancient Mytilene, a fea- port and capital ot the illand of Me- telin, wit,h two harbours, one of which will admit large vcflVls. Thtre are two caflks, one ancient the other modern, in each of which is a Ttukini governor and commander. Confiderable veftiges ftill remain of its former grandeur and magnificence. The chief trade is fliip- building. It is 30 miles s w of Aclramiti. Lon, 26 39 E, lat. 39 14 N. Cas/ro lie i'rdiales, a town of Spain, in Bifcay, with a caftle and an avfenal, on the feacoaft, zz miles nw of liilboa. Castro Giacanni, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona. It was the ancient £nna, famous for the worfhip of Ceres and Proferpine. It is 40 miles w .f C'atana. Casfro Marim, a ftrong town of Por- tugal, in Algarve, feated near the mouth of the Gaudiana, 15 miles enk ofTa- vira, and 62 s by e of Beja. Lon. 7 ao w, lat. .^7 la n. Castro lieale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 15 miles w of Mcflina. Casiru Vcrdr^ a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, on the Corbes, 18 miles ssw of Ikja. Caiiro I'ircgva, a town of Peru, in the province of Guamanga, noted for good tobi>cco and fine wool. It is 125 miles SE of Lima. Lon. 74 45 w, lat. la 50 s. Caslrop, a town of Wcftphalia, in the county of Mark, feven miles w of Dortmund. Cailroi)iil, a town of Spain, in Af- turias, 14 miles ne of Mondonedo. Cat Island. See Gunnnhami. Cafabdw, a town of S ^^'arolina, be- longing to the Catabaws, the only In- dian nation in that ftate. It is feated on the river Catabaw, or Watcrct;, on the boundary line between N and S Caroli- na, 18 miles s of Charlotte. Catalonia^ a province of Spain, 140 milee long and no broad; bounded on the N by the Pyrenees, e and s by the Mediterranean, and w by Arragon and Valencia. It is full of mountains, co- vered with foreft and fruit-trees \ abounds iu wine, corn, and pulfe ; has quarries of marble, and mines of lead, iron, and coal. Barcelona is the capital. Catania, a city of Sicily, in Val di Noto, and a billiop's fce,with a univer- lity, the only one in the ifland. The church is the largeft in Sicily ; and the principal ftreets are wide, and well paved with lava. Here is a magnificent convent, and a beautiful mufeum of natural hiftory and antiques ; alfo large rcniaius of a Koinun ampbitbeatre, jtud CAT many monuments of ancient fplendour. By an eruption of Etvia in 1669, it was almod totally deftroyed ; and, in 1693, it was entirely fwa lowed up by an earthquake, which buiit'd i8,oco prapk in the ruins. It is fe'iti d :.u a gulf of its name, at the mouth of the Indicelle, 53 miles sw of Mcflina. Lon. 15 9 e, lat. 37 36 N. Cafanzaro, a city of Naples, cr.pital of Calabria Ulleriore, and the Tj cf a bifliop. 'J'he chief maiufadiirc ii lilks of various kinds, and th»"fe, with corn and oil, are the principal art 'clts of trade. It is feated on a mountain, near tlie gulf of Squillace. 42 miles se of Co- fenza. Lon. 16 48 e, lat. 39 o N- Cataro, a town of Dalmatia, "with a caftle, feated on a gulf of its name, which forms two exti-nlive aqd feciire harbours. The town is built at the ex- tremity of the inner bafin, fiirrournlul by rocks, and ftrongly fortified. It is 34 miles s of Scutari. Lon. 19 ij E, lat. 42 12 N. Catatocsay, or Iluglusltirg, a town of Pennfylvania, in Northumberland coimty, fitnate at the mouth of C.ita- wefly creek, on the e branch of the Sufquehanna, 2^ miles ene of Sun- bury, and 100 Nw of Philadelphia. Cafcaii. See Chateau C/iumhrr.-is. Catena/ a gulf of the German ocean, between Sweden and Dennv.rk, through which the Baltic fea is entered by three ftraits, called the Sourid, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt. Cal/iurhiiurg, a town of Siberia, ca- pital of a province of the fame name, in the government of Tobolfk. The chief gold mines of Siberia are in its vicinity, and above 100 founderics, chiefly for copper and iron. It is IVat- ed near the fourcc of the Ifet, 3 10 miles wsw of Tobolfk. Lon. 61 25 lo lat- 56 45 N. . Cdthariitcnslaf, a govt rnmcnt of the Ruflian empire, divided into two pro- vinces, namely, Cathariner.flaf, wliich includes New Uufiia ; and the late f^o- Ternment of Afoph, and Taurida, whick includes the Crinifa. (Jct/iarinftislaf, a town of Ruffia, ca- pital of a government of the fame nnme. It was built by the late etnprefs Catha- rii'.e, and is featrid near the confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara, 178 milej NE of Chorfon. Lon. 35 15 k, lat. 4? 23 N^ Catharine, St. the principal ifland on the coaft of the s part of lirafil, with a harbour defended by feveial forts. It is 37 miles long, but not more tlian lix bioad. Lon. 49 17 w^ lat- ^^ 35 '• Ie, lat. 28 10 1 I lO.i.iieS NE 'ortluimbfiland CA V CalherloMgh. See Car low. Catr.andu, a city of Hindoodan^ ca- IpUalof Napaul, and once the capital iofan independent kingdom. It has a I royal palace, feveral grand temples, and I »8,ooo houfes. It ftands on the w fide [of '.'le river Napaul, 175 miles v of Pati.a, and 445 £ of Delhi. Lon. 85 16 hjlat. 28 10 N. I Caloclip, Cape, the ne promontory |of Jucatan, where the Englifh adventii- Irers from Jamaica firft attempted to cut jiogwood. Lon. 86 30 Vv, lat. aa 10 n. I Calrine, a village of Scotland, 14 Imili's E of Ayr, on the river Ayr. Here lis a flouvifliing cotton manufa<5lure. Cattack, a city of Hindooftan, capi- Italof Oriflii, and a poft of confcquence, [being on the only road between Bengal land the Northern Circars. It is fur- Irounded by walls, and ftands on an lifland in the Mahanada, 220 miles sw |of Calcutta. Lon. 86 i E, lat. 30 31 n. Cutlcno, a town of Italy, in the Pa- Iduan, five miles s of Padua. Caftcrick, a village in W Yorklhire, Inear Richmond. It has a bridge over Ithe river Swale, and a Roman highway jcrolTed the river here, on the banks of Iwhich are the foundations of great \m\\i, and a mount caft up to a vaft height. Culwyck, a village of S Holland, on |the German ocean, near which the fiver Rhine is loft in the fands. It is [fix miles n by w of Leyden. J Cutzenellenbogen, a town and caftle |of Germany, in the circle of Upper "Rhine, which gives name to a county. The river Maine and late eledlorate of Mentz divide the county into Upper and Lower ; the former has Darmftadt [for its capital, and the latter St. Goar. The*., vn has an iron-mine near it, and 10 ii.ilea NE of St. Goar. (Jaua, a town of Naples, in Prinsi- pato Citeriore, at the foot of Mount "/latelian, three miles w of Salerno. Cavailton, a town of France, in the department of Vauclufe ; lately an epif- Icopal fee, and fubjedt to the pope. It fi leated on the Durance, ao miles se pf Avignon. Cavalerif an illand in the Archipelago, between the sw point of the illand of wgropont and the continent of Greece. Lon. 24 17 E, lat. 38 7 N. CVii'un, a cwmty of Ireland, in the province of Ultter, 47 miles long and 1:,^ broad j bounded on the w by Lei- Irim, N by Fermanagh and Monaghan, ^ by the latter county and Louth, and shy Longford, W Meath, and E Meath. Pt fends two members to parliament, C A V is divided into^o pariihes, and Contains about 81,570 mhabitants. The linea manufacture is carried on here to a great extent. ,^ Cavattf a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Cavan, 60 miles n w of Dublin. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 54 5s K; Cauh, a town of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, with a citadel ; feated on the Rhine, two miles N by E of Bacharach. Caucasia, a government of Afiatic Ruflia, divided into the two provinces of Aftracan and Caucaiia. The pro- vince of Caucafia comprifes the Cuban, and all that diltrift to the e and s, now in the pofleflion of Ruflia, between the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the Black fea and the Cafpian, extending as far as the confines of Georgia. Caucasus, a chain of mountains, the highcft in Afia, extending from the mouth of the Cuban, in the Black fea, to the mouth of the Kur, in the Cafpian. Their tops are always covered with fnow ; and the lower parts abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, gum, hogs» and horned cattle. The Caucanan mountains are inhabited by feven dif- tinft nations, each fpeaking a different language : namely, the Turcomans, the Abkhas, the Circaftians, the Ofli, the Kifti, the Lefgius, and the Georgians. Caudehec, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, furrounded by walls, at the foot of a mountain, near the Seine, 18 miles nw of Rouen. Catidhully, a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Coimbetore. It is the iirft place of any note above the Guilts, and a principal thoroughfare between the country below and that above thofe mountains. The inhabitants are chiefly traders. It is 60 miles se of Seringa- patam. Cavcripatuam, a town of Hindooftan, in the Carnatic, feated on the Pennar, 80 miles wsw of Arcot. Caver I/, a confiderable river of Hin- dooftan, vv'hich rifes among the weftern Gauts, flows by SeringapaLim , Bhawa- nikudal, and Tritchinopoly, and enters the bay of Bengal, by a wide delta of mouths, which embraces the province of Tanjor,'. Cuvcte, a feaport on the \v coaft of the iflandof Luconia. See MajiilUi, Canp;man/, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, 30 miles nw of Dacca, and 146 N e of Calcutta. Caviana, an ifland of S America, at the mouth of the river Amazon, 99 miles in circumference, and of a trianguhir form, with its bafe to the ocean. It li«a K CAY under the eqninodlial liiw, in Ion. 50 so w. Canne, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, jo miles ene of Caftres. CnutcreSf a village of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, noted for its mineral water, 18 miles sw of Bagnerea. C'at6'oo(/, a village in E York (hire, on the river Oufe, i s miles s of York. Here are the ruins of a very ancient caftle, a ma- nufadture for hop- bagging, and a good ferry over the river. Caxamarca, a town of Peni, capital of a territory of its name. Here the Spanifh general Pizarro, in 153 s, per- fidioufly feized the inca, Atahualpha, and the next year, after a mock trial, caufed him to be publicly executed. It is 70 miles ne of Tnixillo. Lon. 78 30 w, lat. 7 ^z^. Caxton, a town in Cambridgefliire, with a market on TiJcfdny, 10 miles w by s of Cambridge, and 49 n of London. Cuyahoga, a river of the date of Ohio, tvhich runs n into Lake Eric, in Ion. 8a ao w, and has an Indian town of the fame name on its banks. It is deep enough to receive large floops from the lake ; and is navigable for boats to its fource, whence there is only a portage of one mile to the Tufcarawa branch of the Muikingum, which isalfo navigable, and runs s into the Ohio, at Marietta. Cayambay a town of Peru, in the pro- vince of Quito, 30 miles n e of Quito. Cayenne, a rich town and illand on th% coaft of Guiana, capital of the FWch fettlements there, bounded on the w by the Dutch colony of Surinam. The ifland is about 50 miles in circum- ference, feparated from the continent by a very narrow channel. The fur- face is low and mnrihy, and covered with forefts. Cayenne pepper, fugar, coffee, and the Angularly eialtic gum called Caoutchous, are the principal commodities. The I' rcnch fettled here in 1615, but left it in 1654, 3"^ 't was fucceffively in the poireflion of the En- glifh, French, and Dutch ; but the lat- ter were expelled by tin.; French in 1677. Lon. 53 ij^v, lat. 4 56 n. Cayicijy a town of Uiafil, in the go- vcniment of Para, near the mouth of the Cataypera, 105 miles ne of Para. Lon. 48 12 w, lat. o 56 s. Cai/uga, a lake of New York, in Onandago county, t,^ miles lor^T and two broad. It lies nine milej r, of Se- neca lake, and empties, at its N end, into Seneca river. -■ ^oyugUf a toyn of New York, in C EL Onandago county, on the E fide ofj lake of the fame name, 60 miles ssw gf Ofwego. Lon. 76 48 w, lat. 44 30 ». Cazimir, a town of Little Poland, ig the palatinate of Lublin, feated on the Viftula, 80 miles e of Zarnaw. Log, ai 3 E, lat. 5! o N. Cedar Creek, a water of James rirer, in Virginia, in the county of Rock, bridge ; remarkable for its natunj I bridge, on the afcent of a hill, whid feems to have been cloven through its length by fome great convuliwn. Tht | tilTure at the bridge is 250 feet deep, 45 wide at the bottom, and 90 at the I top. This bridge gives name to tlxl county, and affords a commodious pjf. I fage over a valley, which cannot be crofled elfewhere for a cont;denble| diflance. Cedar Point, a feaport of Maryland, I in Charles county. The exports are chiefly tobacco and maize. It is feated on the Potomac, la miles below Port I Tobacco, and 40 s by e of Wafliinjrtoi. [ Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Prin.! cipato Ulteriore, at the foot of the| Apennines, ao miles nne of Conza. Ci'J'alonia, an ifland in the Mediter- ranean, on the coaft of Livadia, op- 1 pofite the gulf of Lepanto. It 1341 miles long and from 10 to ao brojd,l fertile in oil and mufcadine wine. It I forms a part of the republic of Seven I Iflands. The capital is of the fane I name, on the s£ coaft. Lon. ao 56 u lat. 38 la N. Crfalu, a feaport of Sicily, inValdil Demona, and a biOiop's fee, withal caftle; feated on a promontory, 40I miles E by s of Palermo. Lon. ijjll| E, lat. 38 15 N. ('I'lann, a town of Naples, in Abni2.| zo Ulteriore, near a lake of the famej name, 30 miles in circumference. ltil| 15 miles s of Amiila. Celebts, or Macassar, an ifland ill the Indian ocean, to thj E of Borneo.| It is 560 miles from n to s, but dividi into various port ionsby large bays,fotbitj the breadth is commonly not above Jtl miles. The e fide of the ifland is fome-j times called Celebes, -luf} t!-.e w Jtl caflar ; but in general the former naitiej is given to the whole ifland. Itlial under the line; but the best is moden-f ted by the n wind?, and the raiml which conftantly fall five days l>efort| and after tiie full moon, and diniiig u' two months that the fun is r'.^rlyvif- tical. The prodUds are miiize, rittj fago, cocoa-nuts, pompions. bladi pepper, caliivances or beau;, muor*l plaiUainiii,: mangoes^ oranges, Itwul C E R pinest Sec There are alfo numerous poifonous trees and plants ; and with the juice of the notorious upas, the na- tives often poifon their lances and ar- rows. It is well flocked with horfes, buffalos, cattle, deer, fheep, goats, hogs, cats, and monkies. Cotton grows in great abundance. In the middle of the ifland are mountains, almoft inac- ceflible, in which are quarries of excel- lent ftone and marble, and mines of cold, copper, and tin. The natives are Mahomttans, confifling of feveral na- tions or tribes, and the^ bed foldiers in thefe parts. They are (hort and thick fet, have a flattilh face, but not thick lipi, and their colour is of a reddilh yellow : their manners are not graceful ; and they are revengeful and jealous. The Dutch have fome fettlements on the coafts, of which the chief is Macaffar. Cell, or Marien Cille, a town of Stiria, with a celebrated abbey, feated ontheSaltza, 17 miles nne of Bruck. Ceneda, a town of Italy, in Trevi- fano, 18 miles n o£ Trevifo. Cenjn, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in Savoy, which is a noted paf- fage to Turin. Centrevitle, a town of Maryland, chief of Queen Ann county, 18 miles s ofChefter, and 95 ssw of Philadelphia. Ceram, an ifland, one of the Moluc- !cas, 180 miles long and 50 broad. It is mountainous and woody ; and the I fago tree forms a confiderable article of export. It is fubjecS to the fultan of Bachian. Along the coaft the Dutch I have had influence and power to deftroy [theclovetrees. Lon. is7toi3o E,lat.3S. Cirdagna, a country on the Pyrenees, [partly in Spain, in the province of Ca- jtalonia, and partly in France, in the jdepartmentofEaftern Pyrenees. Puy- Icerda is the capital of the Spanifti part, land Mont Louis of the French. Cere, St. a town of France, in the |department of Lot, 37 miles ne of tahors, and 75 sse of Limoges. Cerenza, a town of Naples, in Ca- pabria Citeriore, feated on a rock, 10 niles N by w of Severino. Ceret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eaftern Pyrenees, with a nagnificent bridge of one arch over the Pet. Here the commiflioners of France Jind Spain met, in 1660, to fettle the limits of the two kingdoms. In 1794, he French defeated the Spaniards near Ihistown. It is 14 miles wsw of Per- |)ignan. Cerii;nota, a town of Naples, in Ca- ►itanata, celebrated by Horace for its p«ellent bread, Ncir this town i« the C E S ancient Salapia, the ruins of which are ftill called Salpe. It is so miles s of Manfredonia. Cerigo,&n ifland in the Mediterranean fea, to the.s of the Morea, formerly known by the name of Cythera. It is 45 miles in circumference, full of moun- tains, and forms part of the republic of Seven Iflands. It has a town of the fame name, with a caftle on a fharp rock, and a fmall harbour. Lon. 22 44 E, lat. 36 14 N. Cct'lly, a town of France, in the de- partment of Allier, ft-ven miles w of Moulins, and 1 1 s of Boiirges. Ccrinci-f a feaport of Cyprus, and a Greek bifliop's fee, with a caftle on an immenff rock. The chief exports arc barley, filk, cotton, oil and carob beans. It is 20 miles nw of Nicofia. Lon. 31 S5 E, lat. 35 45 N. . Cerne Abbey, a town in Dorfetfhire, with a market on Wednefday. It is furroundcd by high chalk hills, and on the fide of one of them is cut the figure of a man, 180 feet in height, holding a club in his right hand, and extending the other. Here was formerly a ftately abbey, and part of its remains is now converted into a houfe and barn. It is feated on the river Cerne, fevei) miles NNW of Dorchefter, and lao w by s of London. Cernetz, a town of SwiflTerland, in the canton of Grifons,with a mineral fpring; feated on the river Inn, 24 miles sf of Coire. Cerrilo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a cathedral and colle- giate church, five miles nne of Tdt'fa. Ccrtoaa, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanefe, with a celebrated Carthufian mo- naftery, five miles n of Pavia. Cervrra, atown of Spain, in Catalonia, with a univerfity, 34 miles n by w of Tarragona. — Another, on the borders of France and the Mediterranean, eight miles N of Rofes. Cervia, a town of Italy, in Romag- na,, feated near the gulf of Venice, whence canals are cut tu admit fea water, from which much fait is made. It is 10 miles SE of Ravenna. C'ervinara, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriore, i a miles swofBene- vento. Ccscna, a town of Italy, in Romagna, foated on the Savio, i8 miles s by e of Ravenna. Cescnaticn, a feaport of Italy, in Ro- magna. In 1800, the inhabitants having arrcfted a melfijngqr with c'ifp.atches, the Englifli fot fire to the moles oi the harbour, and doftroyed 16 veCTtls. It K 2 CElt is feated on the gulf ot Ven' jc, i6 miles iiE of R.ivcnna. CessiciUf a town of France, in the department of Ifcre, a; miles Ese of Lvon. Cciecf a feaport of France, in the de- partnicnt of Herault, feated at the place where the canal of Languedoc ter- minates in the Mediterranean fea, i8 miles ssw of Montpellier. Lon. 34% E, lat. 43 24 N. Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It was taken by the French in 1796, and retaken by the Piedmontefe peafants in i799> It ftands on the Tanaro, eight miles se of Mondovi. Cvveinies, 3 late territory of France, in the province of Languedoc. It is a mountainous country, and now forms the department of Gard. G'M/rt, a feaport of the kingdom of Fez, and a bifhop's fee. It belongs to Spain, and is feated on the ftrait of Gibraltar, 140 miles nnw of Fez. Lon. 5 JO w, lat. 35 50 N. t'lj/lorif an illand of the E Indies, feparated from the se point of Hindoo- ftan, by Palk ftrait and the gulf of Ma- naar. It is s8o miles in length and 140 in its greateft breadth, nearly refem- bling a ham in jfliape, the narrow part to the N ; and hence the peninfula of Jafnapatam was called Hamftieel by the Dutch. The flat trads on tiie coaft, covered with rich fields of rice, are bounded by groves of cocoa-nut trees, and the profped ufually terminated by woods, which cover the fides of moun- tains. The E coaft is bald and rocky, and the k part is every where indented with inlets of the fea. The interior parts abound with ftecp and lofty moun- tains, covered with thick forefts, and full of almoft impenetrable jungles; but there are fertile vallics. The woods and mountains completely firround the dominions of the king of Candy, and are a natural barrier againft his foreign •nemies. The moft lofty range of mountains divide the ifiand nearly into two parts, .ind terminate completely the effects of the monfoons, which fet in pcrioilically from oppofite fides of tht-m. The feafons are more regulated by the motifoons than the coi'rfe of the fun; for the cooloft feafon is during the fummer folftice, while the weftern mon- foon prevails. Spring commences in Odober, and the hotteft feafon is from January to the beginning of April. The climate, on the coaft, is more temperate than on the continent of Hindoot*^un; but in the interior of the country the iie*t is many degrees greater, and the CE Y clhnate often extremely fultry snd us. hcilthy. The moft cotmderabie moiin. tain is called Hamalell, or Adam's PcaV, and is of a pyi-amidlcal form, near the middle of the ifland. On its top is ] Iflige ftat ftone, with an impreflion on it in the fliapc of a man's foot, but con. h'erably longer. The Cingalefe have a tradition thatBudha the greai author 5 their religion, left the print of his | foot on this ftone when he afcended into heaven. Moft of the nvers in the ifland take their rife in the middle range of mountains and the two largeft are ( the Mnli.agonga and the Mulivaddy. The rivers, although fmooth at their I outlets into the fea, are feldom naviga. ble to any great diftance, for on entering the mountains they become rocky and rapid, fiefide the rivers, with which the ifland abounds, there are manylakci and canals communicating witli theni, In fome places there are rich mineu whence are procured rubies, fapphires, | topazes, and other ftones of lefs valiisi alfo iron, copper, and black lead. It is I remarkable for abundance of cinnamonij and in the kingdom of Candy is plenty I of very large cardamons. The peppprl here is fo good, that it fells dearer than I that of other places. Two fpcciescfl the bread-fruit tree are indigenous t»| this ifland ; one of which is ufed bytlitl Cingalefe as bread, and, in tlmw ofl fcarcity, inftead of rice. One of tbel moft remarkable trees in Ceylon is tlie| tallipot, which ^rows ftraight and 1 and is as big as the maft of a fhip: tlie| leaves are fo large as to cover 15 men;, when dt-ied, they are round, and fold iipl like a fap. The natives wear a piccti of the leaf on their .head when the;| travel, to fllade them from the fun, i they are fo tough that they are noti eafily torn. Every foldier carries onJ and it fcrves for his tent. Of theaiii.| mal tribes, this ifland is famous furitil elephants, which are more efteemeil than any others in the Indies; and ill abounds with buffalos, goats, hogs,dmJ hares, dogs, jackals, monkies, tigm,! and bears. It has a great variety oil birds, fome of Which are not to bv 1 with in other places ; alfo very dan^-Tl ous ferpcnts, fome of them faid tobeul a prodigious fize, and ants which doij great deal of milchief. The aboriginal of Ceylon confift of two claflcs of i pie, the Cingalefe and the Vadd3l»| The latter are ftill in the rudeft ftaged focial life ; they live embofomed in t' woods, or in the hollows of the inoui tains; hunting their fole cmployroenil and providing for the day their oolfl E Y remcly fultry and un. )ft confiderabie monn. lalell, or Adam's PeaV, [nidical form, near the and. On its top i> i ithanimprefliononit a man's foot, but con. The Cingalcfe have ludha the greai author 1, left the print of his nis when he afcendfd [oft of the nvcrs in tht rife in the middle range nd the two largeft are a and the Mulivaddif. dough fmooth at their fea, are feldom naviga. diftance, for on enterinj they become rocky and the rivers, with whid ids, there are many lak« imunicating with thcnt, » there arc rich mines, »cured rubies, fapphires, :her ftones of left valiisi or, and black load. It is abundance of cinnamon; Tdom of Candy is plenty :ardamons. The pepper 1, that it fells dearer than places. Two fpeciesoi t tree are indigenous t» eof whichisufedbytlie bread, and, in times of | id of rice. One of jlc trees in Ceylon is tlit i ^rows ftraight and tall,! isthemaftof alhip: thel arge as to cover 15 mei; ey are round, and fold up ^he natives wear a pica A their Jiead when ttic) [e them from the fun, m ough that they are not Every foldier carries ont, [for his tent. Oftheaoi. s ifland is famous for it) ich are more efteemei ■rs in the Indies; andil puffalos, goats, hogs.deet, Kackals, monkies, um It has a- great variety ot ■ which are not to K m jplaces ; alfo very daii,"tj romeofthemfaidtobeu rue, and ants which doi nilchief. The aboriginfl lift of two claflcs of H ■ak-lc and the VaddaW ftill in the rudeft ftagtfl .»y live embofomed intK [he hollows of the mouri their fole cmploymenM for the day their onil CH A Icare Some of them acknowledge the lauthority of the king of Candy; and exchange with the Cmgalefe elephants teeth and deer fleOi, for arrows, cloth, IScc. but this practice is not general, for two-thirds of them hold no communi- cation with the Cingalefe, and have an uttor antipathy to ftrangers. They worihip a particular god; and their re- ligious dodlrine feems to confift of Ifome indiftinA notions of the funda- [mental principles of the Braminical [faith. In fome places they have eredl- led temples ; but for the moft part they Iperforni worfhip at an altar conftruded |of bamboos, under the fliade of a ban- yan-tree. The Cingalefe are the fub- iiUs of the king of Candy, and appear [to have been, beyond time of memory, race of Hindoos, inftrufted in all the _t8 of civil life, nearly in as high a legree as the nations of the neighbour- jlng continent. They are pagans ; and, though they acknowledge a fupreme Bou, they worfhip only the inferior leities, among ^yhich they reckon the fun and moon. In their temples are images, well executed, though their figures are monftrous ; fome are of fil- ter, copper, Sec The 'liflerent forts jf gods have various priefts, who have ;ill fome privileges. Their houfes are fmall .ind low, with walls made of hur- lics, fmoothly covered with clay, ^ and ^he roofs thatched. They have no c'um- nips, and their fnrniture is only a few earthen vedelsj with two copper bafins, >nd twa or three ftools ; none but the (ing being allowed to fit in a chair. Their food is generally rice, and their to nmon drink is water, which they pour [nlo t'lLir mouths out of a veflel like a |ea-pot, through the fpout, never toucl»» jug it with their lips There arc ibme jnlcriptiiMis on the rocks, which inuft Vvery ancient, for tliyhich proved mortal. It is 15 miles W8W of JLimoges. CAdw, a town of Bavarv feated rw the river Cham, at its coi; n nc ..> the Regen, a; miles ne of Ri ."^ \ CkamLfrsbuis;, a town o. I'ijjviiy. vania, chief of Franklin cour'v.. v/i'i. two prefbyterian churches, fitu^.v; in a hilly country, 30 miles sw of Carlille. Lon. y; 41 w, lat. 39 56 n. Chumhery, the capital of Savoy, with a caftle, and a ducal palace. It is for- tified by walls and ditches, and water- ed by m my ftreams, which run through feveral of the ftreets. There are piazzas under moft of the houfes, where peo- ple may Avalk dry in the word weather. It has large and handfome fuburbs ; and in the neighbourhood are feme baths, much frcqucntcil in fummer. In 1742 the Spaniard? made themfelves mailers of this capita', but it was reftored by the peace of 1748. It was taken in 179a by the French, who were difpof- feffed of it in 1799, but regained it in 1800 It is feated at the conflux of the Lefle and Orbane, 27 miles ne of Gre- noble, and 85 Nw of Turin. Lon. 5 50 «> 'at. 45 3j'n- (jliamhlyy a fort of Lower Canada, on the river Chambly, or Sorel, ifluing from Lake Champlain. It was taken by the Americans in 1775, and retaken by the Englifh in 17/^. It is 15 miles E of Montreal; ^xiA a little higher on the fame river is the fort of St. John, which is a frontier garrifon. Ciiamond, St, a town of Francci in the department of Rhone with a caftle on the river Giez, 17 miles s of Lyon. Clidinpagne, a late province of France, j6a miles long and iia broad; bound- ed on the N by Hain:iult ajul Luxem- burg, E by Lorrain and Franche Comte, 5 by Burgundy, and w by the Ifle of France and Soi/ibnncis. It now forms the departments of Ardennes, Aube, iVlarne, and Uppei Marne- Chu7npi'ain, a like of N America, which divides the N part of the ftate of New Yurk from that of Vermont. It is 90 lailis It-rg, and 18 in its broadeft part; the mean width ie about fix miles, C H A and its depth is fufficient for the lai^eS veflel. It contains many iflands, tie principal of which, callecl North Hero, IS 24 miles long, and from two to foa| wide. It receives the w.iters of Lake George from the ssw, and fends iti own waters a n courfe, through Cham. bly river, into the St. Lawrence. The land on its borders, and on the banks of I its rivers, is good. In 1777, a naval en. gagement was fought on this lake be. tween the Britifh under general Carl- ton, and the Americans under general I is mold, in which the latter were totally defeated. Ciiamplahi, a town of New York, in Clinton county, fitnate on Lake Cham. plain, near its n extremity, 80 miles » • . '^rown Point. c amplemy, a town of France, in th department of Nievre, near the fource | of the Nievre, aj miles nne of Ne. vers. C/ianda, a town of Hindooftan, in I Berar, feated on a branch of the God. avery, 78 miles s of Nagpour. Lon. 79 54 E, lat. 20 a N. Clianderee, a town of Hindooftan, capital of a diftrid in the Malwacoun. try, near the river Betwha. It is the refidence of a rajah, and 170 miles s.of Agra. Lon. 78 43 e, lat. a4 48 n. Chanderna^orc, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal. It was the principal French fettlement in the E Indies, and hadi ftrong fort, which was deftroycd by the Englifliin 1757; and in 1793, they again difpoflefled the French of this fettle, ment. It isfeated on the w fide of th{ | Hoogly, 15 miles N of Calcutta. Chandor, a town of Hindooftan, in I the country of Baglana, taken by the Englifli in 1804. It is 90 milcswNwotj Aurungabad. Lon. 74 38 t,lat.so8s.[ Cfimidraguti, a town of Hindooftan, in Myfore, with a fort on a high peakejl hill. The vicinity produces fand?l wood I of a good quality. It is feated near the I Varada, on the confines of the country, I 4a miles N of Nagara. [ Chang-hai, a town of China, in thtj province of Kiang-nan. It this town,! and the villages dependent on it, are! more than 200,000 weavers of cnttoa| cloth. It is 18 miles se of Song-kiarij Chanmanning, a city of Tibet, whickl has been the refidence of the grard lama. It is 130 miles w of L^fla. Lon." 89 45 E, lat. 31 o N. Cnanonry. See Fortrose. Chan- si, one of tha fmalleft province! I of China, bordering on the great wall. I It is full of mountains, fome of which | are uninhabited, and have a wild a of Hindooftan, C H A frightful appearance; but the reft are cultivated with care, and cuf into ter- races from top to bottom. It CDiitains jive cities of the firft daft, and 8j of the fecond and thirci. The capital is Xai-yuen. Chantilli/, a town of France, in the department of Oife, celebrated for a gi-cat pottery ; alfo for a fine foreft and magnificent huntinp-feat, which lately belonged to the prince of Cond^. It is 17 miles N by K of Paris Ciia»-totig, a province of China, on the eaftem coaft. It contains fix cities of the firft ciafs, and 114 of the fecond and third ; befide which there are along the coaft feveral forts and villages of confiderable note on account of their commerce, and a number of final! iflands, the greater part of which have very convenient harbours. This province has large manufajdtnres of lilk, and a kind of ftufTs peculiar to this part of China. It is traverfed by the imperial canal. The capital is TfMian. Chao-kingi a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang, which has eight cities of the third rank under its jurif- didion. It is 730 miles s by e of Peking, IiOn. ISO 38 E, lat. 30 10 N". Chao.tcheo, a city of China.- in the province of Qiiang-tong, fitnate be- tween two navigable rivers, and cele- brated for a monaftery of the bronzes in its neighbourhood. It is 140 miles n of Canton. Lon. 113 lo e, lat. 25 (JN. Chaparang, or Dsaprong, a city of Tibet, feated on the fouthern head of the Ganges, 90 miles weftward from the lake Manfaroar, whence that branch is fiippofed to t.nlce its rife. It is 160 miles NNE of Sirinagur. Lon 79 a» e, lat. 33 10 N. Cliapel mil, a town of N Carolina, in Orange county, with a univerlity eftablilhed by the flate ; feated on an eminence, 20 miles nw of Ralegh. Cliaiicl in ir J'riffi, a town in Dcrby- fhire,with a mark -t on Thurfday ; feat- ed on the confines of the Peak, 17 miles SE of Manchefter, and 167 ^'Nw of London. Charaion, a feaport on tlu? m coa.il of Java, in a country thai products much rice, fugar, cofT'ee, pepper, cot- ton, &c. which the Dutch purchnfe at alow rate. It is 130 miles e of Batavia. ton. 109 4 E, lat 65 s, Cliaram, a fertile country of Ufbec Tartar)', bounded on the n by Turke- ftan, E by Bokharia, .s by Choiafan, and W by the Cafpian fea. It is divided ifijong feveral Tartarian pringcs, of G H A whom one takes the title of fchan, with a degree of preeminence over the reft. Khira is the capital, and the ufual refi- dence of the khan in winter, but dur- inp the fummer, he generally encamps on the bank;, of the river Amu. CharLorougfi, a village in Dorfetfhire, fix miles sse of Blandford. In the grounds of a gentleman's feat here, is the houfe where the plan of the glorious revolution of 1688 was concerted. CliaiTUH, an audience of Peru, includ- ing feveral provinct'S, in which are the fiueft filvcr mines in the world. Plata is the capital. See Polosi. C/inrci, a town in Somerfetfliire, with a market on Monday. It ftands pre- eminent over ?11 the country between the two fcas; and has a copious ftream» which might be eafily conduced in a diredion oppofite that which it now takes. It is is miles sse of Taunton, and 139 w by s of London. C/uncnte, a department of France, including the late province of Angou- mois. It is named from a river, which riles in Limofin, and runs byAngoulefme and Saintes into the bay of Bifcay. An- goul(;fme is the capital. Charenle, Lower, a department of France, confifting of the two late pro- vinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Saintes is the capital. Chnreiilon, a town of France, in the department of Paris, once famous for its proteftant church. It ftands on the river Seine, four miles s of Paris. Cliaritc. a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre, with manufactures of woollen and hardware. Here is a priory of Benediftine Cluniftes, whjch once, in a feafon of fcarcity, fubfifted the whole town by its bounty; and hence it derives its name. It is fe.ated on the Loire, 15 mihis n by w of Ne- vers. Charkow. See Kliarkof. Charlemonl, a borough of Ireland, in' the county of Armagh, feated on the river Blackwater, fix miles s of Dun- gannon. C/uirlcmonf, a fortified town of France, in the department of Ardennes ; feated on a craggy mountain, by the river Mcnfe, zo miles ne of Rocroy. Cliarlcroy, a town of the Nether- lands, in the county of Namwr. It has h('i;n often taken, the laft time by the French in 1794. It is feated on thp Sambrc, 18 miles w of Namur. . (Jharli:s, Cape, a promontory of Vir- iinia, on the n fide of Chefapeak bay. '<>"• 75 50 ^'^» hit- 37 12 N. C/tarUff Cape, a promontory on the C R A it^wrt of the ftrait entering into Hud- fan bay. I on. 75 15 w, Lit. lhire coiinty, fuiiate on the Connedlicnt, 84 miles wnw of Portfmouth, and 105 nw of Oofton. CharLst'in, a town of Mnfl'achufets, phiei cf Middlefex county, fituate under the celebrated Breeds HiU, and con- *!C(Jted OP the s, by Charles River Bridge, with Buft )n. CJinrlcifotif a town of the ftatc of Rhode Iflnnd, in Wafhington county, 19 miles NW of Newpoit. (.'/■f'r/fi/ow, a town of Scotland, in AberdeeiHhire, much frequented by invalids f<^r the benefit of Koats whey. Jt is feated near the Dee, a8 miles w by s of Aberdeen. Chtiilrvillff a boroiiph of Ireland, in the county of Cork, ,50 miles n of Cork- 0'inrli':;iltr, a town of Fr.ince, in the tlepiir.mcnt of Ardennes. Here is a inaRii ficent fcjuare, and in the centre a handiome fouuiain. It is feated 011 thi Meufe, oppofite Meziercs, 25 miles w n w ot Sedan. C/.tirlnfh', a town of N Cari lina, chief of Mecklenburg county, fituate on Stet;l creek, 44 miles ssw of Salifbury. \jOn 80 45 w,lat. 35 i» K". C'ld \tt!inihiirnnc, 36 miles GH A Chamit Dauphint a ftrong qkMc of piedmont, ncAr the Tuurce of the Po, x6 tailei w by N of Saluzzu. Chateau du Loir, a town of France, In the department of Sarte, famous for a ficgc of fevcu years againd the count of Mans. It it featcd on the Loir, zi, mWet .ssB of Mans. Clinlmi (hmticr, itov/n of France, in the department of Mayennc, with a caftle, a mineral fpring, and a trade in lini.ns. It i» I'eated on the Mayenne, sa miles NWof Angers. Chateau Landon, a town of France, in the department of Seine and iNIarne, with an Augudine abbey, fcated on a bill, 30 miles s of Mclun. Chateau MiiUani, a town of France, in the department of Cher, wjth an an- cient caftle, 3 1 miles s of Bourgts. Chateau Purtiat, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, Gx miles w of Rethel. Chateau Regnaml, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, ;6 miles ne ut Tours. Chateau Salins, a town of France, in the department of Meurtlie, with ex- tenfive fait- works, 16 miles ne of J^Iancy. Chateau Thierry, a town of France, in the department of Aifne, with a caftle on an eminence. It is the birth- place of the celebrated Fontaine, and featcd on the river Marne, 57 miles Est of Paris. LiHi. 3 33 E, lat. 49 in. Chateau 11 lain, a town of France, in the depaiim nt of Upper Miirne, 16 miles w of Ciiaumont. Chaleaunun, 3 town of France, in the department of Eiirc and i-oir, with a caltle built by the famous count of t)iinois; feated on an eminence, near the Loir, 30 miles N of Blois. Chateaiilin, a town of France, in the department of Fiiiifterre, with a confi- derable trade in flates ; feated on the Auzon, II miles n of Qiiimper. ChateauneiiJ'y a town of Trance, in the department of Cher, 1 6 miles s of Bourges. Chulcauneuf, a town of France, in the departmetit of Etne and Ixjir, i6 miles Nw of Chartres. Chaleauneuf, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, feated on the Sarte, 1 4 miles n of Angi-rs. Chafeauroux, a town of France, ca- pital of the department of Indre, witli a caftle. It has a manufati^ure of cloth, and is feated in a pleafant plain, on the Indre, 35 miles sw of Bourj:es, and 148 s by w of Paris. LiOU. i 51 v.f Ui. 4646N. C H A Chatel, a town of France» In the dc- !>artment of Vofges, feated on the ^(o« elle, eight miles N of Epinal. Chat el Chulon, a town of France, Im the dcpartmcHt of Jura, 2j miles fllB of Lonsle Saunier. ChatcllermU, a town of FranoCf ia the department of Vionne, noted for its cutlijry, watchmaking, and the cutting of falfe diamonds; feated on the VienuCf % % miles N f. of Poitiers. Chttienoy, a town of France, in the department of Vofges, fix miles 8F. of Neufchatcju. CiMthnm, a town in Kent, adjoining Rocheller, and feated on the Medway. It is one of the principal Nations of the royal navy; and its large dock-^-ard» containing immonfe magazines fiirnifhcd with all forts of naval uore^, is deemed the firft arfcnal in the world. Here arc alfo an ordnance wharf, a vidtualling- office, and two hofpitals for decayed mariners and fliipwrights. In 16C7, ^he Dutch failed up to this town, and burnt fevtral men of war : but the entrance into the Medway is now defended by Sheernefs and other forts, and additional fortifications are made at Chatham. It has a market on Saturday, a church, a chapel of eafe, and a fhip ufed as a church by the failors. In 1801, the number of inhabitants was 10,505. It is 31 miles ESK of London. Lon. o 36 %» lat. 51 a» N. Ciiuthuni, a town of MafTachufets, in Barnftabic county, iituate on the ex* terior extremity of the eibow of Cape Cod. It has about 40 veflels employed in the tiihcry, and is 70 miles su of Bodon. Lon. 705 w, lat. 41 44 N. Chatham, a town of Connetfticut, in Middlefex county, on the river Con- ncdtlcut, oppofite the cityof Middleton. (■iiut/iam, a town of S Carolina, chief of Chefterfield county, fituate in a rich country, at the head of the Pcdee, 90 miles NK of Columbia, and no n by w of Georgetown. Chalillon les Domlcs, a town of France, in the department of A in, ij miles w of Bourg. Chalillon .sue Indre, a town of France, ill the department of Indre, 12 miles ssE of Loches. Cliatillon sur Murnc, a town of France, in the department of Marne, 1 7 miles s of Rhcims. Chatillon siir Seine, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, divided into two by the river Seine. It has iron- works in its neighbourhood, and is 40 miles NW of Dijon. Lon. 4 ^5 £, lat. 47 4»N. CHE Chalonnaif, a town of France, in the Jl^rtoientof Ifcre, 15 milcsBof Vicnne, ''*i|||d t% SB of Lyon. Chalraka/f a fort and wn of France, in tlic de- partment of Indre, with n ''troollen nna- BufaAnre; fcatndnn the Indrt, 22 miles asB of Chatiauroux. Chaimcorth, a village In the peak of DerbyfliliT, nc.ir th« river Derwtnt, fix miles w of Chfftcrfield. Here in a mag- nificent feat of th«' dukes of Dcvonfliire, vrhich» for its fine fituation, park, gar- dens, fountains, &c. is juftly deemrd one of the wonders of the peak. In its firft age it was the prifon of Mary queen of Scots, for 17 yrars. C'hatterpoi/r, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Allahabad, capital of the circar of Bundclcund. It is 130 miles wsw of Allahabad. Lon. 79 56 B, lat. 25 o N. Chufzan, a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Moultan, 90 miles w of Moultan. I'linrrs, a town of Portugal, in Tra los Mnntes, with two fiibiiibs, and two forts. Retwcen the town and the i'liburb Magdalcna is a Roman (lone bridge. It ftands near the confines of Spain, on the river Tamcgn, 26 miles w of Brapanzn. Chatnnont, a town of France, capital of the department of Upper Mnrnc. Here is a maniifatffure of woollen clolli, and a trade in deer and goat fkins. It is featcd on a mountain, ruTir the river Marne, 56 miles v. by s of Troyes. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 48 8 N. Chattnu::'', a town of Fiance, in the department of Oife, 16 miles ssw of Beauvais. Chaunt,, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aifne, on the river Oife, 10 miles K of Noyon. Chau.T de Fond, a village of SwifTcr- land, in the principality of Ntuchatcl. The inhabitants, about .1000, make im- merous watehes and clocks; and the women are employed in the lace manu- facture. It is felted in a fertile valley, nine miles nnw of Ncuchattl. Clicadlt , a t(j\vn in Stafiordfliire, with a market on S.iMirday. Here is a large tape manufacture, and in the vicinity are feveial copper and brafs works. Four miles se are the ruins of Crox('en abbey. It is feated in the mod fertile part of the mourland, 12 miles nnk of Stafford, and 146 nw of London. C'ltdncto, a bay and harbour on the ssE coaft of Nova Scotia. Near the head ot the bay is the city of Halifax. C'hedalucto, a bay on the e part of Nova Scotia, which recti vm Salmoi river from the w, remarkable for one of the greatell filhcries in the world. Cnrdder, a village in Somerfetftiire, feated under Mendip hills, two fnilei UK of Axhridge. It is famous for ex- cellent chcefe; and its cliffs conftitute one of the fineft pieces of rock fcenerjr in England. Chrduin, an iflatid in ♦he bay of Bcn< f[al, on the coaft of Birmah, 45 mih onp and 10 broad. It yields abimdance of rice, and the mott wcftcrii point is in lo"' 9.^ .15 E> '3t. 18 56 N. C'/KCf^o Mutldi, a townofllindooflan, in the country of Cutch, at the mouth of the Caggar, aj miles sw of Boog«. booge. (y'lieifnrr, a town of Hindooflan, in the territory of Oudipour. It was the ca. pital of the rma, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in the days of his greatiitls; and was a forticl^i and city of great ex- tent, iitiiate on a monntain : but it has been in ruins fince the time of Auning. zebe, in 16S1. It is 46 milrs nne of Oudipour, and 88 .'(.•' w of Agimcre. C'//i7/», a townotPoland, in RtdRuf. fia, capital of a palatin.ite of its name, and a bifhop's fe ■. In 1794, ^he Po't's were defeated by thePruflians near this town. It is ICO miles esr of Warfaw. Lon. 23 29 K, lat. 51 20 N. ('i'ii'l)iicr, a river in Eflex, which rifes ne.ir Thaxted, and flows by Duninow and Chelmsford to Maiden, where it joins the Bl.ickwater. i'hehiis/hnl, the county town of Eflex, with a m.irket on Fi lay. Here is a flately churcii, a niagnii' .''nt fhire-houfe, an excellent conduit, and a frecfchool founded by Edward vi. It is fitu.iteat the confluence of the Can with the Chel- mer, 29 miles ene of London. Lon. 33 K, lat. 51 44 N. Clirliiisjhrd, a town nf MafTachiifets, in Middlefex county, fituate on the s fide of the Mcrim.ac, over which is a envious bridge, at Patucket Falls, which coimeds this town with Dracut. lt\t 28 miles NNW f)f Bofton. C/irhea, a village in Middlefex, on the Thames, one mile w of Weflminfler. Here is a magnificent hofpital for the invalids of the army, begun by Charb 1 1 ; and an excellent phyfic garden, be- longii'g to the company of apothecarieJi given to thepi, in 171 1, by fir Um Sloane. Cheltenham, ^ town in Glouceftcr« fiiire, with a market on Thurfday. Here is a mineral fpring, celebrated fa its falubrity; and two miles e of the town is another of the fame )uHd. It ii C H E Bine miles ne of Olouceftcr, and 94 w by K uf London. Chflum, or Rehat, a river of Afia, the vrtftfrnmoft of the five e.»ftern braiicheii of till' Indus. It rifes above Caflimcro, flows through the province of that namci into that of Lahore, and joins theChuiiaub, 16 miles below Kooftiaiib. Thi« river is the Hydafpes of Alcxau- drr. CyUj, St. a town of France, in the department of Lozere, 18 miles n by w of Mende, and 30 sw of Puy. Cliniiiiitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifiiia, furrounded by walls and ditches. It.haa four fuluirbs, ami a caftle about a mile from the town. Great quantities of cottons and other fine ftuffs are made here; and the bleaching bufinefa is confiderable. It is fituate on a river of the fame name, 38 miles sw of Drefden. Lon. 13 57 h, lat. 50 50 N. Clif)iunf!;o, a town of New York, in Tioga county, where the judicial courts are held in May. It is fituate near the rivpr Cht'nango, which llows into the fiufqiii'han.ia, 31 miles ne of Union, and 60 sv, of Coopcrflown. Clirnapulam, a town of Hindonftan, in Myforc, near which is a handfumc (lone fort. It has mannfadures of fu- gar, glafs, and excellent mufic-wirc, and a great trade in tl»e produce of the paln.-gardens in its vicmity. It is 40 miles LNE of Scringapatani. C'lwncour, or Clnrnkon, a town of Ar- menia, on the frontiers of Georgia, with a heaiitifnl caftle, grand caravanfeias, and ft-vcral niofqucs, j6o miles nb of Srivan. Cnm-ii, one of the moft extenfivc pro- vince, of China, bordering on the great wall, which terminates here, and is but rudely conrtrifded of turf or hardened clay. It is divided into two parts, the eaftern and weftern, and contains eight cities of the firft rank, and lOo of the fecond and third. It is f^ itilf , commer- cial, and rich, but fubje>5t to long drQUghts; and clouds of locnfts fome- times deftroy every thing that grows in the fields : thtfe infedls the Chinefe cat boiled. In Clien fi a>"C rich gold minci^, which are not allowed to be opened. Sin-gan is the capital. (Jiicn-uaui:, or M'u^-dcn, 1 city <'f Eaftern Tartary, capital of a province of the fame name, othcrwifc callefl: Leao- tong. The walls are 10 miles in circum- ference; and it is ornamented with fe- veral public edifices, and provided with arfenais and ftorthoufes. It is 350 miles ESE of Peking. Lon. i2aj e, lat. 41 SS ^• CHE Chcpello, in inatid in the iMy of Vi- nama, three milei from the city of P*> nama, whi.h it Aippiics with provilioas and fruit. C/iepstow, a town in MonmouthOiirrt with a market on Saturday. It ti feat- eto 60 feet, and in 1768 it flowed 70 fcct» to the great damage of thcbridK*-- The principal exports are timber, bark, iron, and cider. It is 18 miles N of Bridol, and I !5 w of London. Loo. a 36 w, lat. /ji ja N. C/kt, a department of France, 1nc1ud« ing part of the late province; of Berry. It n.ceivfs its name from a river which rifes in Auvergnc, and flows into the lioire, below Tours, iiourijcs is the capital. C/irrasm, a fortified town of Pied- mont, capital of a iVrtile territory i)f the fame name, with a ftroug ciiadol. V it feated on a mountain, at the confluence of thp Sturia with the Tanir ), 24 milei SB of Tuiin. Lon. 758 k, lat. 44 45 n. C.irraw, a diftrift of S Carolina, com- prehending the counticH of Darlington, Chcftcrficld, and Marlborough. The capita! is Greenville. C/icrhur^, a fe.ipott of France, in the dt'partment of Manche, with an Auguf- tine I'bhey. Here was a feafight be- tween til'.' Englifh and French in i69«# when the latter were beat, and upward of twenty of their men of war burnt near Cape la Hogue. The EngUfli landed here in 1758, took the town, with the Ihips in the bafin, demolifhed the fortificuions, and ruined the work* *" r improving the harbour. Thefe \ )rks were refumed on a itupendous fc.i'i', by Lewis x v 1 ; but their progrefi was interrupted by the revolution. Chen uig is 60 miles NW of Caen. Lon. 1 37 w, lat. 49 39'^- C'itciomsi), a town of European Tur- key, im the Nii coaft of the ifland of Ne- gropont, J5 miles e of Negropont. Ciieroi/, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, 10 miles w of Sens. Clicrry fuHej/, a town of New York, in Ofwego county, at the head of a cn.rk of its name, iB miles s of Cana- johary, and 4,s ^^' by n of Albany. (Jhcrso, an ifiand in the gulf of Vfr- i I CHE pice, between the coafts of Iftria and Croatia. On the « it is feparatcd from Qfero by a very narrow channel, and the two iflands are united by a bridge. The foil is fton'y; but it abounds in cattle, wine, oil, and honey- It has a town of the fame name, with a good fcarbouf. Lon. 14 45 k, lat. 4.5 10 n. Chersqn, the capital of New Rullia, in the gfbvernment of Catharinenflaf, lerefled by Catharine 11, on the n bank cf the Dnieper, lo miles below the influx of the Ingulec. The church and Riaiiy of the houfes are built of ftone; ■ and the inhabitants are eftimated at ao,ooo. Here is a dock, from which feveral men of war and merchant lliips have been launched ; but owing to feme fand banks in the river, the naval efta- bliQiment has been transfeiTed hence to Kicolayefi 'In 1787, the emprefs made a triumphant journey to this capital, and here met emperor Jofepb 11. At this place, in 1790, the philanthropic Howard fell a vidtimto his indefatigable humanity ; and a monument was eredt- ed to his memory by the Ruflian ad- miral. Cherfon is 50 miles e of Ocza- kow. Lon. 31 26 K, lat46 3J N. (J/icrturij, a town in Surry, with a market on Wednefday. Here was for- merly an abbey, of which only a part of the walls now remain ; it was th<* firft burial place of Henry vi, who was af- terward removed to Windfor. It is feated near the Thames, over which is a handfome bridge, 20 miles w by s of London. Cliesaprak, the largeft and fafeft bay in the United States. Its entrance is between Cape Charles in Maryland and Cape Henry in Virginia, \z miles wide. It extends 270 miles to the n, is from 10 to 40 miles broad, and generally nine ialhoms deep ; containing feveral iflands and many commodious' harbours. It receives the f>ufquehaiina, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James rivers, which are all large and navigable. Q'teshaw, a town in Buckinghamfliire, with a market on Wednefday, and ma- nufa made excellent cheefc, of which vaft quantities are fent to London, Briftol, York, Scotland, Ireland, &c. Thij county is likewife famous for its fait fprings at Namptwich, Middlewich, Northwich, and Winsford ; and, at Ncrthwich, there are vaft pits of folid fait rock. Chester, a city and the capital of Chefhire, and a bifhop's fee, with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It is governed by a mayor; and the walls are nearly two miles in circum- ference, in which are four gates, toward the four cardinal points. It has a ftroiig caftle (in which is the fliirc-hall) and 10 churches, betide the cathedral. The main ftreets have a fort of covered por- tico running out from houfe to houfe, which are called rows, and afford a fheltered walk for the foot paflt-ngers. In 180 1 the number of inhabitants was 15,052. It,' has a conftant communica- tion with Ireland; this and Holyhead being the principal places for taking fliipning for Dublin. Chefter has a fmall fliare of foreign trade, a mamitac- ture of gloves, a confiderable traffic of fliup goods into N Wales, and two annual fairs the molt noted in England, efpecially for the fale of Iriih limn. It is 38 miles sw of Mancheiler, and 180 KW of London. Lon. 3 3 w, lat 5,1 u s. Chester, a town of Pennfylvaiiia, ca- pita! of Delaware county, feated on the Delaware, 15 miles sw of Philadel- phia. Chester, a town of Maryland, capital of Kent county, with a college, incor- porated in 178*. It is feated on a river of the fame name, 15 miles from its mouth in Chefapcak bay, and 80 !>w of Philadelphia. See .'tnnapolis. Chester, a town of S Carolina, chief 3 E. the peninfula juft Wy or a narrow traft tchcs, between Lan« fliire, to Yorkfliirc, t^ins 676,000 acres; en hundreds, and 8$ city and t» market- :)ur members to par- iber of inhabitants in The principal rivers ever, and Dee ; and it lakes. It is rich in land ; but there are sn which horfcs and rhidh are thecxtenfive field and Delamcre. jenerally level ; the re about Frodlham; laftures feed a great from whofe milk is » leefc, of which vaft ; to London, Briftol, Ireland, &c. This ; famous for its fait >twich, Middlewich, Winsford; and, at are vaft pits of folid ; county, featcd nilt:s sw of Philadd- cHr #f Chefter toonty, featedon Broad river, «o miles NW of Columbia. Chester^ a town of New Hamp{hire» 5n Rockinghamcounty, fituafe on a lake, which fends its waters into the Mefri- mac, 16 miles w of Exeter, and 34 w by s of Portfmouth. Chester^ ff'est, a town of Pennfylvania, chief of Chefter county, 25 miles w by s of Philadelphia. OmteTy hresty a town of New York, chief of a county of the fame name, 15 miles NE of New York. Cheater le Street, a village in the county of Durham, on the w fide of the ri/er Wear, fix miles N of Durham. The church is collegiate, and was for- merly the fee of a biftiop, till removed, vith the body of St. Cuthbert, to Dur- ham. Roman coins are ftill found here. Chesterjieldy a town in Derbylhire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It has a church with a re- markable curved fpire, and a freefchool founded by queen Elifabeth. Here are manufadrurcs of ftockings, carpets, and brown earthen ware; alfo iron founde- ries, the ore and coal for the fupply of which are dug in tlie vicinity. Large quantities of lead are fent hence, by a canal to the Trent, which it joins below Gainfborough. Chefterfield is feated on a hill, between the rivulets Ibber and Rother, 24 miles N of Derby, and J50 NNW of London. Lon. i zj w, lat. 53 j8 N. Chvstirfieldy 2 town of New Hamp- ftire, in Chelhire county, on the e bank ofthe Connefticut, 25 miles s of Charlef- ton, and 72 w by s of Exeter. Cheviot IJills, a ridge of mountains in England, which run from n to s through Northumberland and Cumber- land, famous for its free chace, formerly much ufed by the Englifli and Scots gentry. Thefe hills are now chiefly wild and open flieep-walks ; goats alio are fed among them, and fome of the finelt cattle in the kingdom, in parts of the Scotch border. Near thefe many an obllinate battle has been fought be- tween the Englilh and Scots, before the two kingdoms were united ; among which may be numbered the encounter between the earls Percy and Douglas, celebrated in the ancient ballad called Chevy Chace. Chiameflan, a town of Mexico, in the audience of Guadalajara, and the capital ofamaritime province of Uk; fame name, which is fertile, and contains many filver mines. On the coaft-are a clufter of fmall iflands. The town is feattd on « river of its name, sjo miles ttw of CHI Guadalajara. Lon. 105 45 w, lat. st 40 K. Chiapay an inland province of Mexi- co. It has no mines of filver or gold, but abounds in wood, aromatic gums', balfams, cocoa, corn, &c. and its borfes are in high eftimation. Chiupa ilos EspugKols, or Ciudad Real, a city of Mexico, in the province of Chiapa, and a bifliop's fee It Tiaa f'ivcral monafteries and an elegant ca- thedral. The chief trade is in cocoa, cotton, and cochineal. It is 50 miles ssw of Villa Hermofa. Lon. 94 35 w^ lat. 17 o N. Cfiiapa dos Indies, a large town of Mexico, in the province of Chiapa, containing ao,oco inhabitants, chiefly Indians, who are rich, and raife a great deal of fugar. It is feated on the river Tabafes, 30 miles w by n of Chiapa dos EfpagHols. C/iiarcnza, a town of European Tur- key, in the Morea, on the river Sillns, near the Mediterranean, oppofite Zante, and 95 miles w by s of Corinth. Lon. SI 28 E, lat. 37 46. N Chiari, a town of Italy, in Brefciano, where the Auftrians defeated the French in 1 70 1. It is 15 miles nne of Crema. Chiaromonte, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, featedon a mountain, 25 miles w of Syracule. Chiaccnna, a town of SwiflTerland, capital of a country of its name, fiibjcft to the Grifons. It is a trading place, efpecially in_ wine and delicate fruits, being the principal communication be- tween the Milanefe and Germany. The governor's palace and the churches are magnificent ; and the inhabitants are Roman catholics. Flere are the ruins of a once celebrated fortrefs, on the fummit of a r'ock ; and clofe to the town is a rock of albeftos. It is feated betwe &c. has ibme foreign com- merce, and a manufadure of needles. The haven affords fine lobflers. It is feated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its eniran(ie into an arm of the Englifh channel, 6 1 miles sw of London. Lon. o 48 w^, lat. 50 50 n. ChielefOf atown of EuropeaoTurkey, m the Morea, near the gulf of Coron, t^vmiles w of Colocythia. Ckiemseet a lake of Bavaria, 35 miles in circumference. In the midft of it are two iflands ; ooone of them is a con- vent of Benedidline nuns, and on the Cither an Augufline monaftery. It lies 3Z miles wnw of Salzburg. Chieri, a town of Piedmont, fur- rounded by an ancient wall, in which are fix gates. It has four grand fquares, many churches and religious houfes, and confidcrable manufadures of cloth and filk. It is feven miles e of Turin. Chief}. See Civita di Chieli. Chigicell, a village in ElTex, 10 miles KE of London. It is noted for a free- fchool, founded byarchbifhop Harfnett, ■who had been vicar of this place, and fies buried in the church. Cliilit a large country of S America, on the coaft of the Pacific ocean, dil- covered by Diogo d'Almagro in 1525. The mountainous part of it is pofTeHed by the Piielches, Amucos, and other tribes of its original inhabitants, who are ftill formidable neighbours to the Spaniards. That part of Chili, there- fore, which may be properly deemed a Sp.mifh province, is a narrow diftrict, extending along the coaft, from the ile- fert of Atakamas to the ifland of Chiloe, abcH-e 9C0 miles. Though bordering on the torrid zone, it never fetls the ex- tremity of heat, being fcnencd dn the E by the Andes, and refrefbed from the w by cooling fea-breezes. The fi'rtility of the foil correfponds with the be- nignity of the climate, and is wonder- fully accommodated to European pro- dniftions. The moll valuable of thefe, corn, wine, and oil, abound in Chili, as if they had been native in the country. Here all the fruits imported from En- rope attain to full maturity ; and the animals not only multiply, but improve. The horned cattle are of larger fize than thofe of Spain ; and it3 horfes excel in beauty a;id fpirit the fainons Anda- Uifian race, from which they fpinng. Kature, tuo, has envichcd Chili with i>aluable miucsf of gold, liWer, copper. CHI and lead. Yet, in all this extent of country there are not above 8o,oo(» white inhabitants, and 240,000 blacks and people of a mixed race. St. Jago is the capital. Cfiilka, a lake in the Deccan of Hin. dooftan, which bounds the five Circari on the s. It lies on the coaft of the bay of Bengal, and feems the effed of the breach of the fea over a flat fandy furface, whofe elevation was fomething above the level of the country within. It communicates with the fea by a very narrow but deep op>ening, and is fhal- low within. It is 40 miles long and 14 broad, with a narrow flip of ground be- tween it and the fea. It contains many inhabited iflands. On the n w it is bound- ed by a ridge of mountains, a continua- tion of that which extends from the Mahanuddy to the Godavery river, and flmts up the Circars toward the con- tinent. C/iillan, or C/iilan, a town of Chili, capital of a diflriiu)(i,;i town of EuropcanTiirkry, in Albania, with a i'ort, feated ua » CHI in all this extent of ire not above 80,009 s, and :^4e,ooo blacks mixed race. St. Jago I in the Deccan of Hin. )ound8 the five Circart es on the coaft of the md feems the effedl of e fea over a flat fandy levation was fomething of the country within. I with the fea by a very I opening, and is ihal- is 40 miles long and 14 rrow flip of ground bc- fea. It contains many , On the N wit is bound- mountains, a continua. lich extends from the he Godavery river, and rears toward the con- lilaUt a town of Chili, tridl. It is chiefly in- ns, and 75 miles n e of town of Portugal, in miles NW of Lifbon. je capital of the ftate of It prefent only a fmall n the w bank of the s N K of Frankfort, and (burg. Lon. 83 8 w, n of SwilTerland, in tho near the lake of Gene- n the lake is an ancient IS lately been ufed as s is five miles ese ofVe- id -OB the coaft of Chili, nd 17 brond. It pro- ary refrefhments and pt wine ; and much uud here. The prin- [tro. ain of chalky hills in from E to w through Suckinghamfliirc, and U9 parts, with woods ngs to the crown, and ri.il has had tlie no- teward of the Cliiltcrii acceptance of which tes his feat in pavlia- h of France, in the de- fd. Ncirit are mines |iulries and forgfs. It piaiichi-, ao miks enk liofEuropcanTurlcry, a fort, featcd on » C H I rock, at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 24 nailes s of Velona. Ckina, an extenfive country in Afia, between 98 and 123 e lon. and n and Ai N iat. It is 1330 miles from n to s, and 1030 from e to w; bounded 00 the E by the Yellow and the China fea, s by the iatter fea and the kingdoms of Tonquin, Laos, and Birmah, w by Ti- bet, and N by Tartary, from which it is feparated by a great wall. This ftu- pendous wall exceeds every thing of human art and induftry that is read of in hiftory ; and is faid to have been built about the year 1160, to prevent the frequent i'lcuifions of the Monguls. It extends along a hilly furface 1500 miles in length ; the breadth, in many parts, is upward of 15 feet at the top ; and it is flanked with towers at the diftance of ^00 feet: the materials of which the whole is compofed are fo clofe and folid, that it is yet almoft entire. Cliina is divided into 15 provinces, which arc i*e-tche-li,Kiang-nan,Ki3ng-ri,Fo-kieij, Tche-iiiang, Hou-quang, Ho-nan, Chan- tong,Chan-li,Chen-fi,Se-tchuen,Qiiang- tong, Quang-fi, Yun-nan, and Koei- tcheou. Thefe provinces contain 4401 walled cities, divided into clalTes, the civil and the military ; the civil clafs «ontaining 2045, and the military 3357- The civil clafs is again divided into three other clalTes ; the firft are called /ft«, the fecond h/tcou, and the third allien. According to the ftatement of the population of China, delivered to lord Macartney, in 1793, by a Chinefe mandarin, the number of inhabitants wasnot Itfsthan 333,000,000 ; but from the calculations in Neuhoffs travels the population is about 330,000,000. The climate and foil are various, as the dif- ferent provinces are nearurto, or remote from, the s ; ftvere cold being felt at Peking, while t^e fouthern provinces are txpofed to exc^'lTive heat. Here are feveral large l.ikcs ; the principal of them are the Po-yang, in Kiang-li, 350 miles in circumttvence ; the Tong-ting^ in Hou-quang, above 100 miles in cir- cumference ; the Tai, part of which extends into Kiang-nan ; the Hong-tfe, and the Kao-yeou, in the province of Kiang-nan. The chief rivers are the Kian-ku and the Hoan-ho ; beiide which there an infinitude of great and fmall rivers, and fine canals, one of which, called the G/d'td Canal, furp;il- fi'S any thing of the kind in the world. By this canal, and fume rivers, tht-re is a communication by water between Peking and Canton, the t'vo extn mes of thtf empire, except the iiitcnuptiun C H I of a day's journeyr, by a mountain ift the province of K.iang-fi. This inland navigation, upward of 1400 miles, is efTeded from Peking by pafTmg dowm the Pei-ho to the influx of the £u-h(H then up that river to t'lc entrance of the grand canal, and along that canal to the Kian-ku : then up that river into the Poyang lake, and thence up the river that runs through Kiang-G ; then over tjhe mountain before mentioned, and down the river of Canton. The manufafturea of China embrace almoft every article, of induftry; but the moft noted are porcelain, iilk, cotton, and paper. Tbe mternal commerce of the country is immenfe, but the external trade is un- important; the chief export is that of tea, which is fent to England. In fe- veral of the provinces, the land yields two crops a year ; yet, though the hul^ bandman cultivates it with fuch care as nottolofethe fmalleft portion ofground* the country ha? been often defolated by- famine. One great caufe of the foarcity of grain is the prodigious co.nfumption occafioned by the compofition of wineSf and of a fpirituous liquor called rack- The numerous mountains of China (which are chiefly in the n and w parts) contain mines of iron, tutenag, copper, quickfilver, gold, and filver: but thofe of gold and lilver are little worked, that the people may attend to the more ufeful labours of agriculture. Quarries of marble, coal, lapis lazuli, jalper, rock cryrtals, granite, and a kind of fonorou* ftones of which mufical inftruments are compofed, an; abundant ; and here is potters earth of fuch various and fupc- rior kinds, that the fine porcelain of China is unrivalled. Befide the fruits peculiar to the country, it produces the greater part of thofe of Europe; but icxcepting the grapes and pomegranates) they are much inferior. Oranges were firfi: brought us from China. Here arc alfo lemons, citrons, the tfe-tfe, a kind of fig peculiar to China j the li-tchi, of tlif fize of a date, its ftone covered with a foft juicy pulp, of an exqniflte tafte, but dangerous wlicn eaten to excefs ; the long-yei!, < r dragonfeye, its pulp white, tart, and juicy, not fo agreeable to tho tafle, but rnoie wholclbme than the li-tchi. The Chins.'fe excel in the art of iTKUiaging kitehengardens, and t)ave a tuimbcr of vegetables unknown to us. Tiicy ciiUivaie even the bottom of their waters ; the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivulets, producing crops unknown to us. particularly of ihcpitfi, or water chelhiut, the fruit of which (found in a covet ibrmed by its root) is CHI exceedingly w?iolefome, and of a very delicate tafte. Amonp the trees peculiar to China is the .'■allow-trce, the fruit of ■which is white, of the fize of a ftnall walnut, and the pulp has the properties of tallow i Ihe wax tree, producing "a kind of white wax almoft equal to that made bybeosj the tfichu., or vaniiOi- tree, which produces the admirable Chinefe varnifh ; the tie ly-mou, or iron wood, the wood of which is fo hard and heavy, that it finks in water, and the an- chors of the Chinefe ftiips are made of it ; the camphire-tree ; the bamboo reeds, which grow to the height and fize of a large tree, and befide being ufed as natural t>ipes to convey water, are employed for numberlefs other pur- pofes ; the tea-plant, &c. with cotton, betel, and tobacco: theflowering (hrubs, flowi-rs, herbs, and medicinal plants, are too numerous to be recited. In the mountains and forefts are wild ani- mals of every fpecies ; but that valuable quadruped, the mulkdeer, is peculiar to this country. Of its birds, the moft beautiful in China, and, perhaps, in the world, is the kin-hi, or golden fowl. The complexion of the Chinefe is a fort of tawny, and thev have large fore- heads, fmall eyes, (hort nofes, large ears, long beards, and black hair ; and thofe are thought to be the moft haiidfome who are the moft bulky. The women afFedt a great deal of modefty, and arc remarkable for their little feet. The men endeavour to make a pompous appearance when they go abroad ; and yet their houfcs are mean and low, con- fifting only of a ground floor. Their towns are fo much alike, that thofe who know one are acquainted with all. Learning, with the arts and fciences in general, is much cultivated in this coun- try. Their writing is very particular ; for every letter is a word, and confe- quently they have as many k'tttrs, or charaders, as words in their language. Their religion is paganifm. They allow polygamy, and keep their wives pretty clofe. Hurials are not permitted in cities or towns, and their fepulchres are coni- morl/ '.m barren hills and mountains. Th_'/ ^ii'jt'jnd to have a great veneration for their a:i.'Cu.o s ; and fome keep ima- ges of then n their houfes, to which they pi-r a lorf of adoration- 'I'hey hav- Kv'i 'vh'Ji n gulAte the civilities an' ctrtnioriouf J^iiutati n they pay lo eac ( :f.er, f<,r vvhich reafon tliey alway:, appear tj be extremely goi.J- naturcu -, ;irl y\. they -ue as deci;it'"ul asan^ peopi, m ihc "'c .d. rif.govern- uicnt is aLu;'.u!t,-, --.A the emperor has CHI tfie privilege of naming his fucce/Tor; but the chief mandarin has permiflion to tell him of his faults. He looks upon his fubje(^s as hiB children, a- H pro^ fefles to govern them with paternal af. feAion. Their empire is very ancient, and they pretend that it exifted many thoufand years before Noah's flood : it is generally allowed to have com mchcrd 3500 years before the birth of Chrift. The Chinefe empire now includes Ti, bet, thegreatt'ft part of Tartar y.Gorea, and numerous iflauds on the s and e coafts of China, the principal of which are Lieu-kieu, Formofa, and Hainan. The annual revenues of the crown, ac. cording to fir George Staunton, are faid to be 66)Ooo,oool.fterling; and the army in the pay of China, including Tartars, amount to 1,000,000 • infantry and 800,000 cavalry. Peking is the capital. C/iinca, a feaport of Peru, feated on a river, in a valley of its name, 90 miles s of Lima. Lon. 76 15 w, >at. 13 10 s, ChincliiUay a town of Spain, in Miir. cia, .37 miles w of /.Inianza, and 67 NNw of Muii^ia. Chin-chi. Jjee Quin-riong. C/iinun, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, willi a ftrong caftle, in which Henry n of England expired. Chinon is the birth- place of Rabelais and of Qu' let. h •' feated on the Vienne, 10 mi'es *i .' Richelieu, and 150 sw of Paris. (Jliinrnynpatana, a town of Hir.rl :> flian, .n ! , fore, with a fort well built of ftone, 3; p-'iles v by w of Seringapatam. ChinsuTi, A tovvi) ''•^ Hindooftan, in ; feated on the j/^ii". ;. 0. Calcutta. B:~"gal, \\\ Hoogly, 17 Clnnv, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, on the river Semoy, 40 miles w by n of Luxemburg. Chiourlic, a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, the fee of a Greek bifliop, feated on a river of the fame name, 47 miles wnw of Conftantinopie. Cfiia:zo, a town and ifland of Italy, in the gulf of Venicow Much fait is made here. The town is built on piles, and has a harbour, c'.efcnded by a fort, 1 8 miles s of Venice- C/iipio7ia, a town of Spain, in Anda- lufia, lituate on a rock near the fea, five miles wsw of St. Lucar de Barameda. ChippcnI/aiii, a borough in Wiltihire, with a market on Saturday, and a ma- nufai'ture of fine woollen cloth. It is feated on thrmofa, and Hainan. les of the crown, ac rge Staunton, are faid fterling; and the array a, including Tartars, )o,ooo . infantry and Peking is the capital. )rt of Peru, feated on of its name, 90 miles 76 15 w, >at. 13 10 s. iwn of Spain, in Mur- of Almanza, and 67 Quin-nong. I of France, in the de- re and Loire, wiUi a which Henry u of Chinon is the birtli- i and of Qy" I'-t. It" iennc, 10 mi'ps v .« ,0 sw of Paris. a, a town oi Hir.fl:> ;ith a fort well built of h'/w of Serin gapatam. -VI) >^' Hiudooftan, in Oil: ; feated on the O: Calcutta, of the Netherlands, •n the river Semoy, 40 Luxemburg. [vn of European Tur- „ the fee of a CTretk 11 a river of the fame N\v of Conttantinople. n and ifland of Italy, /enicok Much fait i; town is built on piks, ir, defended by a fort, ■n of Spam, in Aiida- rock near the fea, five L\icar de Barameda. borough in Wiltfliire, Saturday, and a ma- woollen cloth. It IS 'on, over which is a ';ofBriftol, and 93 «' Lvn of Mexico, in V^ Ir of the fame name, CHI [u miles N of its mouth, in the Pacific «an, and 130 w of St. Jago. Lon. 83 lj8\v,lat.8 3fK. r Chirk, a village of Wales, in Den- lighlbitt, on the top of a hill, near Yrtxham- It bad formerly two caftles, pne of which feems to have been a mag- fecent ftnidture. , . ^ . ^ , Cliisme, a feaport of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the ftrait that parts the Continent from the ifle of Scio. It was kncicntly callal Cyfus, was celebrated lor the great vicilory which the Komans Igjned here over the fleet of .^ntiochus, |a 191 BC and has been diftinguiihed \y the deftruftion of the Turxifti fleet fcythe Ruffians in 1770. It is 40 miles r of Smyrna. Loo. a6 16 e, lat. 38 24 ". Cliifi'yick', a village in Middlefex, on IheT i-nes, five miles w by 8 of Lon- Ln. Hltc is a celebrated villa of the HukeofDevonfliire; and, in the church- frd is a monument to Hogarth. OilpnuT, a town of Hindooftan, in !i'?,er'i celebrated for its manufadlure fcfc'in ,.:., 6omiles NNKof Amedabad. C'li; . ;i town of European Turkey, la M i : jonia, oil the bay of Salonichi. ''cr«':.(f nv.^ther, wife, and fon of Alcx- rjci \vere«iurdered byCaffander. It ■ >: miles ssE of Edefla. "tteldrnog, or Chatrahaly a (Irong ; town of Hindooftan, capital of i e ''K ' ifvriif^ of Myfore. The plain of [.h't'elilroog is ten miles long and four fiirrounded by rocky hills, on In: of which ftrnds the fort. The town brmtrly occupied a great portion of vilain, and is ftill a confiderable Liacc, b':t now confined entirely within Jne walls, v hich are near the foot of |iie rock. Hyder, who obtained pof- fffion of this place by treachery, [rengthcned the walls ; and other works a\e been fir.ce added as to render it btally impngnable againft any neigh- ouring power. Since the final defeat "Tippoo, in 1799, it belongs to the kjah of Myfore; and the Englifh keep ] garrifoa here. It is 48 miles nw of p,and 117 N by w of Seringapatam. on. 76 26 F, lat. 14 6 N. Cliitti^ong, a province of Afia, lying [etwecn the b.iy of Bengal and Atracan. ; was conquered from Aracan by Au- liiig/ebc, in 1666, and now belongs to lie Enplilh T. India Company. Iflama- ladistlie chief town. CliillooT, a town of Hindooftan, in Cainatic, 18 milei nw of Arcot, ^d 70 w of Madras. Clmis, or Cliivcnzg, a fortified town If Piedmont, on the river Po, u milea ]!«KofTurTn. CHR Ciiiusfif » (Irong town of Italy, in the Veronefe, on the river Adigc, in a nar- row pafs, <4 miles nnw of Verona. G/iiusit a town of Tufcany, in the ' Sienne(o, on the river Chiano, 35 miles iE of Sienna. Cliiutaju. or TCrttajah, a townof Afiatic Turkey, capital of Natolia Proper. Here are fevcral mofv]ues, and three Armenian churches ; and in the vicinity are fome warm baths. It Hands at the foot of a mountain, near the river Pur- fak, 7s Jniles se of Burfa. Lon. 30 47 E, lat. ,^9 16 N. CJmielnik, a town of Poland, in Po- dolia^ on an ifland formed by the river Bog, 80 miles nC of Kamifiieck. Lon. 3750 E, lat. 49 44 N. C/ioczim, a town of European Tur- key, in Moldavia, furrounded by walls. It was taken by the Ruffians and Auf- trians in 1788, but reftored at the fub- fequent peace. It is feated on the Dnieft:er, no miles nnw of JafTy; Lon. 26 25 vv, lat. 48 46 N. C/ioiseui, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, 12 miles NE of Langrts. Chollcl, a town of France, in tht de- partment of Mayenne and Loire, with a ciftle, 27 miles ssw of Angers. C/wlm, a town of Ruffia, in the go- vernment of Pflcov, on the river Lovat, 180 miles s of Peterfburg. Lon. 3114 E, lat. 575 N. C'hfnadf an epifcopal to\^n of Hun- gai7, foated on the Maros, 25 miles b of Segedin. Chorasun, or Korasmi, a province of Perfia ; bounded on the n by Charafm and the covintry of the Ufbec Tartars, E by Bukharia and Candahftr, s by Se- geftan, and w by Me/anderan and the Cafpian fea. It is about 450 miles in length and 430 in breadth. The capita is Mafched. (Viorgcs, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Alps, 10 miles t of Gap. Churlry, a town in Lattcafhirc, vvith a market on Tnefday, and confiderable manufafturen of cotton. In the neigh- bourhood are quarries of afliler, flag* .nnd millftone ; and mines of cod, lead,' and alum. It is feated near the Liver- pool and Leeds and the Lancafter ca^ nals, fix miles ssg of Prcfton, and aoHP NW of London. Chbule, a town of Hindooftan, on th* coaft of Contan, with a harbour for fmallveflels, which i^ fortified. It be- longs to Portugal, and is 24 tnilcti s of Bombay. ClnitHtmg, a town of W PrulS*/ iS . G II R vith a caftle on a hill, iituate on the Surge, 15 miies sk of Marienburg. C'/ira/t/jMrt/i.aborough in Hainpihire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Monday, and a confiderable trade in knit nik dockings and watch-ftrings. Here are the remains of a caftle and a priory ; and the church is a large and interefting ArufJlnre. It is feated on the Avon, oppofite the influx of the Stour, 25 miles s of Salilbury, and too sw of London. Christiana, a town cf Delaware, in Kewcaftle county. It ftands on a na- vigable creek of its name, and is the greateft carrying place between the na- vigable waters of the Delaware and Chcfapeak, which are hero only 13 miles afunder. It is four miles sw of New- caltle. Cltrisfianliirg, a town of Virginia, chief of Montgomery county, fituate on Ihe w fid»; of the Allegany mountains, ntar a branch of the Ku.maway, 170 miles wsw of Richmond. Lon. 80 50 V.', lat. 3 7 .'; N . Ciirin'tinubinf;, a fort of Guinea, on the Gold coalt, fubjtiit lo the Danes. Lon. I 55 E, l.U. 4 10 N. C'linsliuiiJ'eid, a tonn of Denmark, in the duchy of Slcfwick, built by a fooiety of Moravians, under the pro- t«r(ftiou of Chrilliau vii. All articles manufaJlureil here are oi rxcclltnt qua- lity. It is eight miles n ol Haderileben. i'hristliiruuy the capital uf Norway, and an epifcopal lee, ui the government of Aggtrhuys; fituate at the extremity of a fertile valley, forming a femicircu ar bend along the fliur»; of the hZf of Bioi- ning, which forms the n extrt-nuty of the gulf of Chriiliaiiia. It is divided into the city, the fuburbs of Water- landt, Peterwigeii, and I'ii'uiiiigen, the furlrcfp of Aggerhu^B, and t^.e old town of Oplloe. The city was rebuilt in its prefcnt fituation by C'hriftian iv, after a plan deligntd by himfclf. The ftrcets are carried at right angles to each other, and uniform.y 40 feet broad. It covers a coHfidcrablc f;xtent of ground, but has not more than jo,ooO inhabitants. Thf; caltle of Aggurhuys is built on a rocky eminence on the w fide of the bay, at a fmall diftanc" from the city. Oplloe wai the fitc of the old city, burnt in 1624: it coif*aiiiH till- epifcopal palate. Chrirtiania hi* ^n (f.^;cciient harbour, aiid it* principal exports arc tar, foap, iron, copper, deals, and alum. It is 30 mile.i fron the open <«a, and 2fyO n by w of Cop<.'r.hagen. Lon- 10 50 e, lat. 59 50 N. i^ftristianupltf a Atong fraport of C H R Sweden, in Blekingcn, feated on \\^ Baltic, 13 miles NK of Carlfcrona. loa, 15 47 K> lat. 56 36 N. Clitistiamand, a fcaport of Narway in the goveinment of Bergen, and ci! pital of a province of the fame name which is famous for iron mines. It i| feated at the motith of the Torril'dali, oppofite theifle of Fleckcren, iiomila ESE of Stavanger, and iso ssw of Chridiania. Lon. B 40 e, lat. 58 ijn, Ckristians/adt, a fortified town of Sweden, in Blekingen, built by Chrif. tian IV of Denmark, when the country was in the power of that crown. Tin chief trade is in alum, pitch, and tar; an,1 it has manufat^urcs of cloth and filktn fttiffs. The town is feated in a marlhy plain, on the rivtrHelge-a,\vh;ch is navigable only for fmall craft, 57 mib w by s of ("ailiaona. Lon. 14 mt I lat. 56 25 N. Clirisiumsund, a town of Norway, in the ifland of Foflen, with a commodiusi harliour and wharf. The chief trade ii | in timber. It is 36 miles a^w of Dron- theim. ( 'lirisiina, St. the principal of the I illands called Marquefai. See Mm. t/uans, Clirixtinrliamj a town of Sweden, in VVcrmeland, ■» the k end of the iakt VVtnncr, 30 n.lies sk of Carlftadt. C/iristiitcntadt, a feaport of Sweden, in E Bothnia, at the mouth of a river, on t'le gulf of Buthr.i.i, 155 miles .n by w of Abo. Lon. :i i8 k, lat. 6:4o!(. Christmas Island, an illaiid in the Pa- cific ocean, fo named ly Cook, whj firlt lauded here onCh:illmaj-day 177; It ir, 45 milts in circumftrtncc, uiiin- habited, and dcltitute of frefli water, but has ibnndance of fine turtle. Lwi. ^57 ?>''■' ^ > l^t. 1 59 N. Cttristntas Sound, a bay ou the s | coaft of Terra del Fuego, fo nami;d by Cook, who pafled here the ijth oi | December 1774. The anintry is bar- ren, and the rctrclhments to begot htru arc chit.fly wild fowl. Lou- 70 3 w, lat. SS ii ^ Chriitophf de Lagunn, St. the ca- pital of the ifland of Teiicriff. Urn \ the courts of jullice are held, arid the governor has a palace, but he commonly refidcF at St. Cruz. It ftands on an eminence, in an exrenfivc fertile plain, j and has Icveral fountains fupplied with water from the neighbouring heights by an aquedud. The lake from which i! has b<-cn fuppofed to take its name ii | now a very inconliderablc piece of water, Lon. i6 lb w, lat. Mi 29 x- I Chrittuylieif ^1. er ^/. A*i//;, oneof C H II :kingen, featcd on tlit NK of Carlfcrona. ion, 16 N. !, A fcaport of Narway, ent of Bergen, and «. ■ince of the fame name, IS for iron mines, h ij louth of the Torrifdali, ,' of Flcckeren, iioroila nger, and lao ssw of on. 8 40 E, lat. 58 jjN, !t, a fortified town oi ikingtn, built by Chrif. mark, when the couiiity ver of that crown. The n alum, pitch, and tar; inufat^un'S of doth and The town is feated in a rnthc rivtrHelge-ajwhkh y for fmaU craft, 57 mib I iVcrona. Lon. 14 iue, d, a town of Norway, in aJVcn, with a comraodiuni (harf. The chief trade i, I is 36 miles *^w of Dron- iV. the principal of the | Marquefai. See Mat. n, a town of Sweden, in ■■* the E end of the Lie ia'i siiof Carlltadt. ! dt, a ft-aport of Sweden, at the mouth of a river, Jothiil.i, 155 miles N by j n. ii iB K, lat. 6s 40N. 3. ''« wM ceded to the latter. It is 15 miles long and four broad, with hieb mountains in the middle, whence rivulets flow. Between the mountains are drcadfiil rocks, horrid precipices, land thick woods ; and in the sw parts, Ibot fulphurous fprirtgs at the foot of jthem. The produce is chiefly fugar, Icotton, ginger, indigo, and the tropical [fruits. It ^"^'as taken by the French in |x78»,bnt rcftored the next year. Baf- Ifsterre is the capital. I Chruditn, a town of Bohemia, capital [of a circle of the fame name, which is Iremarkable for a great number of fifli- rponds, and an excellent breed of horfes. lit ftands on the river Chrudimka, 46 Eniles ESE of Prague. Lon. 15 41 e, lit, 49 53 N. Cliucutio, a town of Peru, in the dio- refe of Paz, on the w fide of Lake Ti- Jticaca, called alfo the Lake of Chucnito, fj30 miles nw of Pa/. Lon. 70 z6 w, lat. 16 ao s. ^ Chudleighf a town in Devonflure, Aith a market on Saturday. The neigh- iiourhoed is famous for cider, and for a llupendous rock of bluilh limeftone, bailed Cbudleigh marble, in which is a large cavern. This town was almoft Entirely deftroyed by fire in 1807, and is low rebuilin|. It is feated sear the feign, mue mdes sw of Exeter, and 185 r by s of London. Chuganseriai^ a town of Hindooftan, 1 the province of Cabul, on a river of |he fame name, 80 miles e of Cabul. Lon. 708 E,lat. 3455 N. ] Chukoltkija, a province of Siberia, Ind the moft eafterly of the dominions If RuiTia. It extends from 156 to 197 t lon. and from 63 to 73 n lat. Chumleigh, a town in Devonfhire, [rith a market on Thurfday, feated on pe river Taw, ai miles nw of ^xeter, Dd 194 w by s of London. ' Chunarf a ibrtrefs of Hindooftan, in lUahabad, built on a rock, fortified all pund by a wall and towers. It was nfuccefsfully attempted by the Englifh I 1764; but in 1 77 2 it was ceded to hem by the nabob of Oud^. It is ated on the right bank of the Ganges, 5 miles s of Benares, and 140 w by s fPatna. Lon. 83 10 e, lat. 2$ 10 n. [Chunauh, a river of Afia, the chief ithe fire eaftern branches of the Indus. [rifes in the Tibeti.-m wunmt.iins, runs irough C'afhmere and Lahore, and joins lis Indus 10 miles below MouUan. This rer is tbc Acvliitca uf Akxandtr. C 1 N Chun-te, a city^ of Chiija, in Pe-tcoh* li, with nine cities of the third rank under its jurifdidlion. It is aoo milei NNWofPeking. Lon. 114808. lat. 375 n. Chuprah, a town of Hindooftan, ia Bahar. on the left bank of the Gangesa a 8 miles wnw of Patna. Chuprak, a town of Hindooftan, in Candciih, on the Gool, 60 miles w oi Burhanpour. Chur. See Coire. Chruch Stretton, a town in Shropfhire, with a market on Thurfday, 14 miles s »{ Shrewfbury, and 158 wnw of London. Chusan, aa ifland on the E coaft of China, with a town called Ting-hai, and a much frequented hai hour. Lon. 1*4 o E, lat. 30 o N. Ckuquisaca. See Plata. Ckusistan. See Kusistu 7» Ciatnpa, or Tdampa, a fmall kingdom of Afia, bounded on the n by Cochin- china, 8E by the China fea, w jnd nw by Cambodia. It is more elevai'.ed thaa Cambodia, but not fo fertile; having tradls of fand interfered with rocks. ^ The produ(ftions are cotton, indigo, ' and bad filk; and the inhabitants are much employed in tifhing. Fencri is the capital. Cicacule, a town of Hindooftan, ca- pital of one of the Northern Circars. It is 150 milas ne of Rajamundry, and a 08 ENE of Hydrabad. Lon. 84 8 e, lat. 18 16 N. Ciclut, a frontier town of Dalmatian on a rocky hill on the w bank of the Narenta. It was taken from the Turks, b^ the Venetians, in 1694, and is fix miles sw of Narenta. Lou. 18 a a e, lat. 43 a9 N. alley, a town of Germany, in Sti- rla, capital of a circle of the fame name. It has a confidcrable trade in merchan- dife going to and from Vienna and Tricft ; and is feated on the Saan, where it receives the Kodin^ and become* navigable, 58 miles s by w of Gratz. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 46 ai n. Cmbrisham, a feaport of Sweden, in Schon»n, 24 miles s of Chriftianftadt- Lon. I ^ 30 E, lat. 56 40 N. Cinaloa, a pidvimje and town of New Navarre, on the gulf of California. Vhe aborigines in this province are robuft and warlike, and were with dif- ficulty brought to lubmit to the Spa- nirirds about the year 1771. This pro- vince produces abundance of maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton, and abounds in the richeft gold mines. The town it feated on a river of the £unc aune* Lon. 109 35 w, lat. a6 15 m. L t C I R ■ Cinchtnaii, the brgeft town of the ftatc of Ohio, and the capital of Hamil- ton county. It'ftands on the Ohio; and two miles higher up, oppofite the mouth of Licking river, ip Fort Wafh- ington. Cincinnati haa two edifices for public worfliip, and is the emporium of the trade of the ftate. In the vicinity many relics of ^reat antiquity have been found. It is 8 a miles nnk of Frankfort, and i6o w by 9 of Marietta. Lon. 8x 4a w, lat. 39 6 n. Cinrp, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, in th^ neighbourhood of which excellent manna is colle<5led. It it 20 Qiiles w of PaJermo. yj '^, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, 17 miles su of Namur, and 37 sw of Liege. Cinque Murs^ a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, 10 ipilos Nwof Tours. >< Cinque Parts, certain ports on the s coaft of England, oppolite France, fo called on account of their being five in number, when their firft charter was granted by William i, in 1077. Thefe were Dover, Haftiugs, Uithe, Romoey, 4nd Sandwich ; to which were afterward added Winchelfea, Seaford, and Rye. "that king appointed a conftable of Do- ver caftle (who is now called Lord War- den of the Cinque Ports) and inverted bim with the command of thefe ports, whofc inhabitants had conCderable pri- vileges and immunities, for which they were to fupply fie government with 57 (hips, at 40 day's notice, and to pay their crews during 15 days. At that period, the opulent traders of London wrre ftyled barons ; a privilege that was enjoyed Hkewifo by the merchants of theft.' ports, whofv reprefeutativea, to this day, are ftyled Barons of the Cinque Ports. Cinque f^illas, a town of Portugal, In 9cira, fi^ miles ne of Almeida. Chitra, a town of Portugal, in Eftra- madura, fituate between the mountains of Cintra, on the N fide of the enUance «,f the T'li"- Here was a palace built Ky the Moors, which v m deftroyed by an earthquake in i^j;^, and rebuUt by icing Jofeph. It is la miles Nw 01^ Lil'- boii. Ciotat, a fcaoott of France, in the dotiartment of Mouths of the Rhone, «Ieh;n^ed by a iftrong fort. It is famous for mufcadine winl the ulUens or nobles, and the vairaisafl peafants. A certain number of pta-f fants is aUotted to each princely fanilv. In each of thefe, the eldeft indiviiiiill is confideredas ch'ef of the fwriiily, .d I as judge, protedlor, and latlier of all I the vaiFals attached to it. No prince I can be a landholder; he has no otlietl property than his arms, hojfes, (laves I and the tribute he can extort from tlic I neighboiuing nations. The p^rfoiiofl tvery piinc is fiicred ; but this is lit I only diftinttion of birth when umccoifrl panicd by perfonal merit: the greatell honour a prince can acquire isthatull ■ing the faft of the na,tion tociiarjtr lue enemy. The priacci. arc nottolnl CI R Tom their pofi»ioninr» matic. Of ^hofcCirars, [}gs to tilt) niz.'im of % Zondapiliy, ElUut;, Rajj. ;icacole, arc in the poffet igliQi. The IhO foiirei. e K bank vi the rivo lake Chilka ; forinjiig j ■ country 350 miles Innj, I Lo 75 broad, bounded b; i extoftfive foreft^ on tin he fca. The EnghlK clr- ceded to the French, bj the Peccan, in 1753; boi iquercd by the Enghfliiq np of the f«v«n CaucaOa* Een the Black fca and llu nded by tbo governmni n the N, and by Mingrelij on the s, being feparated by the river Cuban. It diftridl pf Great Cabarda, a, Beflen, Temirgoi, Abj. h, Hatukai, and Blhani. from th«ir extraoi'Jinatj military genius, might be ere they united w"d( r ore hey fubfift by raifing cattle, fore forced to refidi; on the ;r8, for the fake of waiet ;c, they become divided I and hoftiVe tribes. From the Circaffians. of the Cu- b little pow«;r as to be ■n even to Vuflians, butbj ppellation of Cuban Tar. they are confoiuided witb md Nogays, thtir ntigb. Cabardian Circallians are] i.-iful pcoi le pf 'he n and thi& fnperiwrity has ong thei^r neighbouvs fiid litation of their maiincrs, ifcviptiou of thefcanidcj iofall the reft. They are hreo clalVes ; the princes, nobles, and thevalulsa certain nunibt-r of pea* d to each princely fanilv. lefe, the dditft indiviii.ul ch'ef of the family, .»J itedor, and father of all ,:ichcd to it. Ni) prince [bolder; he baa uo other his arms, hojfes, 0.ws Itc he can extort from the [nations. The palonof Is f:ucredi but this is tie of birth when uniccoffl- Ifonal merit: the greatej ;e can acquire is that* of the nation toclii^ he prittc«. ajrcnottoK cr R Ididinniilhed in time bf peace From the biobii 8, or even from the peafants ; their Ifowl and drtfs are the fame, and their kpiiles little bttter. The nobles are Ichoftii by the princes from the inferior cl.ifs; thty are the officers of the prince, ahd the executors of the laws, and are fmpioyed in the gtnicral ^flemblies of ^hc nation to gain the affent Of the peo- ple to the meafnres propofed by the princes. The vaffals, as well as the Alliens, are proprietors of lands. The Circiflians do not appear to have ever had any written laws., but are governed by a kind of common law, or colleflion of ancient ufages. They have few ma- nufadlures; and their agriculture pro- duces barely fuffic'-^nt for their own juhfiftence Sheep and horfes are the principal articles of their commerce, Particularly the latter, which fell at a high price; but the balance of trade noiild be confiderahly againft them, lore it not for the flaves which they inkt in their pretlatory excuriions. At She birth of a prince, fome ufden, or pinnetimes the prince of another family, ! cbofen by the father as bis futufe gre- Jccptor; at twelve years of age, he leaves his father's houfe for that of his Dreceptor, by whom he k taught to fide, to uie arms, and to fteal, and con- peal his thefts; and does not return to I'S father's houfe until his cunning, ad- lircfs, and ftrtngth, are fuppofed to be borfeft. The preceptor is recompenfed by nine- tenths of the booty m'ade by his pupil while under this tuition. This mode of education is perfevtred in, iiith a view to prevent tho bad efle<38 |)f paternal indulgence, and is fuppofed be peculiar to the Circaffians; but llie objtd of education is the fame Iraongall the mountaineers of Caucafu.s, Ivho univerlally fubfift by robbery. piiis are brought up by the mother : Ihty learn to rmbroider, to make their Bwndrefij and that of their ftiture huf- MiiiU. Tl'a (luigl\tt rs uf Haves n^ceive Ihe t we eil»\eation, and are fold accord- |tig to their beauty, from ao to \ ooi. Ihele are principilly Oeof-pians. Their imfical inftnimerttrt arc a long flute fiih only three ftops, a fpecies of man- linei and a tambourin. Their daneos livf little gayety or expreflion ; the Itps difficult, but not graceful. The jiahitation of a Circaflian is compnled f two huts'} one aHotted to the huf- ^«',;uk1 to the reception of ftrnnger;? ; ht tither to the wife and family : the lourt which feparates them is furroiind- by palifades. Their food is fimple, tonliiiing of a little tfitdtf itHne pafte c i T made of millet, and a kind of b^fl^i compofed of the fame grain fermented. Whatever ii.ay have bCen the original religion of this people, they have been fucceflively converted to Chriftianity and Mahometanifm, and have now no religion or worfliip amoilg them. They break, without fcruple, fuch oafha asf they have taken on the bible and the koran; but there arc certain forftis of oaths, and certain places in the neigh- bourhood of their ruins (fuppofed to be remains of Chriftiah churches) which infure their fidelity. The Circaffians have not any letters of their own; thow among them who write their language makt; ufe of Arabian characters. Cirella, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near the fea, la miles se of Scala. Cirencester, a boroygh in Glouceftpr- ftiire, with a market on Monday ancf Friday. The ruins of ihe walls are yet vilible; it had alfo a caftle and an abbey, and here the Roman roads crolT- I'd each other. It is one of the grentelt marts in England for Wool : and has a manufadture of curriers knives, highly v.ilucd. It is featcd on the Churm; iS miles SE of GlOHcefter, and 89 w a( London. Lon. 1 38 w,lat. 51 43 u. Cirie, a town of Piedmont, fe.ntcd oh the Doria, near the foot of the Alps, eight miles jTn'w of Turin. Ciy/tnitz. See Cthrntz. Cimur, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holftein, feated near the Baltic, ly milfS N of Travemunde. Ciftadcfla, a feaport and thi ca^Jital of Minorca, funourtded by walls antt baftions, with a good harbour on the w lide of the iOand. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 37 58 N. ' Ciffadrlln, a town of Italy, in the P.iduan, on the river Brenta, zo miles Nw of Padua. t\fta (U Casfrl/Of a city of Italy, in the duchy of Urbiuo, with a caftle; ftatrd on the Tiber, 37 miles sw of Urhino Lon. u 18 e, lat. 43 28 n. Citia \ni)va, a town of Italy, iti the marquifate of Ancona, on the gulf of Venice, to rdile^ » of Loi'etto. Cilta Stiava, ft feaport of Iflria," and a bifhop's fee, fented on ail itthnius, at the mouth of the Queto, which form* a good harbour, a6 miles ssw of Capo d'Iftria L n. 13 47 K,lat 4<,nN. Ciffa Ffcckia. ;tfKrri\n^d city of Malta, formerly the capital of the ifland, .tnd' ftitl the ftat of the bifhopric The moft remarkable edifices are the psdawof the grand mafter, rjnd tbe cathednd. Here are ectenliie* oatawombs*, about rj C I V feet below the furface of the rock in Which the^ are cut; they contain Arret* formed with fuch regularity, that the title of Subterraneous City hai been giver to this place. Near the city is the Grotto of St. Paul, divided into three parts by iron grates ; in the fur- theft part is an altar, and ftatae of the faint, in white marble- This old city was confiderably larger than at prefent ; for the new city, valetta, being more conveniently feated, has drawn away the greater number of its inhabitants. It ftands on a hill, in the interior of the ifland, fix miles w by » of Valetta. City Point. See Bermuda Hundred. Ciudfid Realf a town of Spain, ca- pital of Mancha. The inhabitants are noted for dreffing leather for gloves. It is two miles from the Guadian;t, and 98 s of Madrid. Lon. 3 57 w$ lat. 39 I N. Cxudad Real, a city of Mexico- See Chiapa dos Espagnols. Ciudad Rodrigo, a town of Spain, in Leon, and a bifhop's fee, frated on the river Aguada, 50 miles sw of Salamanca. Lon. 6 25 w, lat. 40 5,) n. Civita Castellana, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, feated on a high rock, at the foot of which is a river that flows into the Tiber, 25 miles n of Rome. Civita della Pieve^ a town of Italy, in Perugino, 43 miles wsw of Perugia. Civita di Chietiy a city of .Naples, capital of Abruzzo Citeriore, and an arch> bilnop's fee. It contains four churches and nine convents, and is fituate on a mountain, near the river Pefcara, s8 miles E of Aquiia, and 96 n of Naples. Lon. 14. 1% E, lat. 4Z 24 v. Civita di Friuli, a town of Italy, in Friuli, feated on the Natifona, 10 miles Eof Udina. Civita di Prnna, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, near the river Salino, 25 miles he of Aquiia. Civita Ducale, a town of Naplc*i in Abruzzo Ulteriore, on the riv^ Velino, JO miles w of Aquiia. Civita Mandonia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, n^ar which are the ruins of the famous city of Sibaris. It is feated on the gulf of Tarento, at the influx of the Crati, 31 miles n by k <)f Cofcnza, Civita Fccchia, a ftrong feaport of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with an arfenal. The chief exports arc puzzolana, and a fuperior kind of alum, pitpared at Tolfa. Here the pope's fanied are ftationed, and it is a free ^ort. It wa» taken by the French iu C L A 179S, and retaken by the Auftrianimj Kuflians in 1799. It is 35 mileiMwcf Rome. Lon. 11 46 e, lat. 42 5 n, Civilella, a town of Naples, in Otur,. to, five miles n of Taranto. Civray. See Sivray, Claclimannan, a borough of ScotUni], and the county-town of Clackmannan. {hire, with a harbour formed by th( Devon, at its conflux with the Forth. On the top of a hill is a fquarc towni which derives its name from the illuf! trious Robert Bruce, whofe great fworj and cafque are here preferved. It ij j. miles wNw of Edinburg. Lon. 3 3) w, lat. 56 5 K. Clackmannanshire, a county of Scot. land, bounded on the s and sw by tlit Forth, and on all other fides by Vtnl {hire. It is eight miles long and lite | broad; products good corn and paf. ture, and plenty of coal and fait. Tte I number of inhabitants in 1801 m\\ 10,858. This (hire, with Kinrofs, f«idi | one member to parliament. Clackmaa. nan is the county-town, but Alloa isth | larRcft. Clagenfurt, a town of Germany, ca. pital of Carinthia. It has a firong wall, I and contains fix churches and thm convents. Here is a manufafture of cloth, and a confiderable one of white lead. This town was taken by the French in 1797. It ftands on the rim Glan, 140 miles sw of Vienna- Lon. i^ | 7 E, lat. 46 41 N, Clair, St. a lake of N America, h. tween the lakes Huron and Erie, 90 1 miles in circumference. It receivts the waters of the lakes Superior, Michi. gan, and Huron, and dilcharges then, through the ftrait called Detroit, into | the lake Brie. Clairac, a town of France, in the de^ partment of Lot and Garonne. Cora I and tobacco are cultivated, and a great deal of wine and brandy made hen;. It is feated in a valley, on the river Dort, | 13 miles NW of Agen. Clamery, a town of France, in the I department of Nievre. Before tht! late revolution, the chapel of an hofpitalin the fuburb was the provifion for tlit biftiop of Bethlehem, who was fixed here in 1180, after the Chriftians had been driven from the Holy Land. Cla- mecy is feated at the confluence of the Buevron with the Yonne, 35 mil" NNE of Nevers. Lon. 3 36 e, lat. 4? 28 N. Clapham, a village in Snrry, three miles ssw of London, noted for many handfome villas, which chiefly furrouwll a beautiful commQn. C L A ikm by the Avftriani mi 99. It it 35 mileiMwcf II 46 e,1at. 415 N. town of Napleii in Otu-. N of Taranto. ;e Sivray. m, a borough of Scotlamj, ty-town of Clackirannu. harbour formed by ihj I conflux with the Forth, f a hill is a fqu.ire towtr, s its name from the illuf. Bruce, whofe great fword e here preferved. It is j. of Edinburg. Lon. 3 -m r. anshirr, a county of Scot. i on the s and bw by tht 1 all other fides by Vtrii. eight miles long and Hie uct8 good corn and paf- nty of coal and fait. Thi! inhabitants in 1801 nu 18 (hire, with Kinrofs, f«idi to parliament . Clackmaii. mty-town, but Alloa ijths , a town of Germany, ca- ithia. It has a ftrong wall, I I fix churches and thiw ticre is a manufacture of conliderable one of white town was taken by the I97. It ftandr. on the river es sw of Vienna- Lon. i^ | lake of N America, lie. kes Huron and Erie, 90 1 nfcrence. It receives the lakes Superior, Michi- on, and dilcharges them, ftrait called Detroit, into | own of France, in the de- Lot and Garonne. Cora jre cultivated, and a great I nd brandy made hen;. It valley, on the river Dort, | ofAgen. town of France, in the Nievre. Before thi; late [e chapel of an hofpital ia as the provifion for the Ithlehem, who was find after the Chriftians had [ |om the Holy Land. Cla- :d at the confluence of ■ith the Yonne, 35 miki Irs. Lon. 3 36 e, lat. 47 1 village in Snrry, three I iLondon, noted for many V, which chiefly furroui4 1 )inQn. C L A CInra, Sf. a final! ifland of Peru, In the bay of Guayaquil, 70 miles sw of Guayaquil. I.on. 8» jo w, lat. a 70 s. Clare, a town in Suflx}lk« with a mar- ket on Tuefday. It is famous for the gn.it men who have bom the title of earl and dukf of it. Lionel, third fun of Edward 1 11, becoming poflelTed of the honour of Clare, by mnrri.nge, was created diikf of Clarence; .nnd that titk' has ever finco belonged to a branch of the royal family. Here are the ruins of a caftlf, alfo of a priory, the houfe of which is now occupied by a farmer, and the chapel is a barn. Clare has a mannfadliire of hays, and is feated near the Stoiir, i? miles s of Bury St. Ed- mund, and 56 NK of London. ('lure, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munfter, 55 miles long and jg broad; bounded on the w by the Atlantic, n by Oalway, and k and s by the Shannon, which feparatcs it from Tippei''T'y» Limerick, and Kerry. It is divided into -f) pariOies, bas two mar- ket-towns, and fc-nds three mrmbers to parliament. The inhabitants are about (ifi,ooo. It bretd.i more horfes than any other coiinty in Ireland, befide a great number of cattle arid ilieep. En- nisisthe capital. (.'lart'inotif, a town of New Ilamp- fliire, in Cht'fliirc county, fitnate on igar river, at its conflux with the Conni'fticut, 90 miles WNW of Portf- raoiith. Clarendnn, a village in Wiltfhire, three milis k of Salifljury. Here was once a royal palace, in which the parlia- ment was fcvt'val times convened ; the lirft time by Henry if, in 1164, who enaiflt'd the laws called the Conftitutions of Clarendon, by which the power of the clergy was reftraincd. Cluriizn, a town of European Turkey, in Janna, at the mouth of the Penco, in the gulf of Salonica, 26 miles e of Larifla. . Clarh'xlurHf a town of Virginia, chief of Harrifon county, lituate on the Monagahcla, 40 miles sw of Morgan- town. Lon. 80 40 w. lat. 3^ 15 n. Vlarksrillr, a town of I'enneni'e, thief of Uoberlfon county, fituate on Cumberland rivor, at tiro influx of Red river, 45 miles xu' of Naihville. Lon. 87 z; w, lat. 36 zil N. Clavdc, »S/. a town of France, in the department of Jura, and lately a bifliop's fee. It owes its oripin to a celebrated abbey, which was fecnlariztd in 1745. The cathedral ia extremely eleirant ; and here are many public fountains with large bafius. It is feated Ix-twcen three CLE hlph mountains, on the river Lifon, .55 miles NW of Geneva. Lon. 6 x8 E, lat. 46 34 N. lUaverar, a town of New York, in Columbia coun'y, feated in a large plain, near a creek ot its name, two miles e of Hudfon. Claiitrn, a town of Germany, in Ty- rol, with a cafllc. The adiacent coun- try produces a fine red wine. It ftands near the river Eifack, eight miles .'•w of Brixen. Claiiscnlinfr, or C'>ini>vnr, a town of Tranfylvania, where the dates of the province generally afTemble. On one of the gates is an infcription in honour of Trajan. It is feated on the Samos, 60 miles NNW of Hi-rmanftadt. Lon. 13 20 K, lat. 46 s/; N- Ctaituf/ial, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunfvvick. Here is'a mint for coining money ; and near it arc fome rich filver mines. It ftands in the Hartz mountains, 14 miles ssw of Goflar. Clui/, a vlll.ige in Norfolk, fe.Ued on an arm of the fea, firar miles nn'w of Holt. It has fome large falt-works. CInir, <'f7/;f, thefouthern promontory of a little ifland called Clare, on the s of Ireland. Lon. 9 50 w, lat. 51 15 n. Clrevr, Old, a village in Somerfet>«hbourhood are fume mineral .^J^ IVAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ .^% 1.0 I.I .8 "* 140 IL25 i 1.4 I 1.6 V r HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N,Y. I45S0 (716) 87^-4503 ^ t € L I iprings; «nd that of the fuhurh SI- At* !yre itM ibroied a n^^nral bridge OT«r the brook into whic^i it falls, &> tbat carriages can pafs ovesr- Clermont ii the birthplace of the Celebrated Pafcal> and has manufadlures of ratteen^, druggets, ferges. and leather. It is 86 miles s of Nevers. Lon. 3 5 St lAt 45 47 »• Ciertnonl, a town of Fr^nce^ ip the department of Ueraultf with manufac- tures of cloth and h.UB; f^atcd on an eminence near the Logue» 10 miles sss o^ Lodcve, and 24 w of Mootpellier. C/tTmor»/,~a town of Fr^ce, in the department of Meufe> on an eminence by the river Ayr, la miles w by s of Verdun. Qermont, a town of France, in tl»e department of Oife, on a^ eminence pear the Brefche, 37 miles n of Paris. Clermont^ a town of New York, in Columbia county, n miles s of Hudfon, and 117 N of Now York. Cleryy a .v. -n of France, in the de- partment of Loiret, once famous for the piifrrimages to our lady of Cleiy. JJ^ere is the tomb of that monlter X-ewis XI, who appears, in white marble, as the faint and the patriot king. It is nine miles ssw of Orleans. Clevef a duchy of Weftphalia, former- ly dividct nto two parts by the Rhine, but the part on the w of that river was ceded to France in 1800. It is a fine country, variegated with hills, woods, fjfclds, towns, and "iliages; and the chief rivers are the Rhine, Lippe, aqd Hoer. The capital is Wefel. . Clcve, a city of France, in th- depart- ment of Rotr, lately of Germany, and the capital of the duchy of Cleve. It is feated on the caftern fide of three hills, two miles w of the Rhine ; and has a caftle, built in the time of Julius' Cefar. It is 70 miles nnw of Cologne. Lon. 6 12 E, lat 51 48 N. Clifft a town in Northamptonfhire, with a market on Tucfday, 30 miles nb of Northampton, and Hi nmw of Lon- don. Cliflon, a village in Gloucefterfhire, feated on .\hi(l, near Briltpl. It is much viifited by the gentry on* account of its ronaantic fcenery ^d the hot well in its neighbourhood, upon the Lower Avon, at the foot of St. Vincent rock. Clissa, a fort ofDalqiatia, taken from the Turks by the Venetian^, in 1684. .ItisXcated on a craggy mountain, fix milea n of Spalatto. . C'Usotii a town of France^ jn the de- pa,rtnaif i}t of Lower Loire, (?p the river StY^f^ 14 mites S| of Nantes< G 1^3 H vrith a market on Saturday, tjere ar« tbe remains of an ancient caftle, fief eral exteofive cottQO manufaAuregi, «Qd a trade in lime, it isfieated near Pendi' hill and the river Kibble, tz miles sb ot Lancafter, and 317 nhw of London. dottier, a town of Ireland, in Tyrone* and a bifhop's fee. It wa9 almoft laid ^afte by a ore va 1610, and is now much fmaUer than formerly. It'is ao miles w of Armagh. Clottamtiff a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on a bay of its name, s8 miles sw of Cork. Clonfertf a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, and a bifliop's fee united with Kilmaqduagh. Tbe cathe- dral fetve's as a parifti church. It is 43 miles K of Galway. Lon. 8 26 w, lat. S3 1° »• Clonmel, a borougi 1 of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, with a confider- able woollen trade ; feated on the river $ure, 13 miles sse of' Caihel. ClanniineSf a borough of Ireland, in the (Siunty of Wexford, at the head of Bannow bay, 16 miles wsw of Wex- ford. Cloppenhnrg, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Munfter, 31 miles N£ of Lingen. . Cioster ^eiSurg, a town of Auftria, vrith an Aiiguftine convent of regular canons. It has a yard for (hip-building, and is feated on the Oaiuibe, feveii miles NNW of Vienna. Cioster Seven, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Bremen, memora- ble for a convention entered into be- tween the duke of Cumberland, and the duke of Riohelieu, commander of the French armies, in 1758, by which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down their arnis and were difperfed. It is 19 miles s of Stade. Cloudt St. a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oife, with a magnificent palace; feated on the Seine, eight miles w of Pfuis. Clovelly, a village in Pcvonfliire, tkree miles ene of Haitland. It is built on the fide of a fteep rock, to which the houfes feem fixed like pigeon-hut5^ j and it has a good pier iq the Briftol cb the iama name, with a college, a fort, and a caftle. Here are manufodures of porce^ lain, and alfo of petrified wood, with which the country abounds. It is feat* ed on the Itch, as miles k by B of Bam- here. Lon. u x« B,lat. 50 17 v. Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile* with a ftrong caftle for ftate prifoners; feated among mountains, on the river Erefina, a8 miles nw of Segovia. Cochabambaf a town of Peru, capital of a rich province of the fame name, in the audience of Charcas. It is iia miles NNW of Plata. Lon. 6f xj vr, lat. 18 o s. Cocheim, a town of Franc^ in the de» partment of Rhine and Moielie, lately of Germany, in the elcAoratc of Treves; feated on the Mofelle, 25 milef> >m of Coblentz. Cochin, a province on the w coaft of the peninfula of Hindooftan, lying be- tween thofe of Malabar and Travancore, 80 miles in length, by 70 in breadth. It is governed by a rajah, who \fi tributary to the Englim. Cociin, a fortified feaport of Hindoo- ftan, in the province of the fame name. It was a Dutch fetUement, but taken by the Enghft in 1795. u io 1 90 miles s by B of CaKcut. Lon 76 5 c, ht. g 56 M. • Cochimdma, a kingdom of Afla, bounded on the e by the China fea, t» by Ttmquin, w by Laosand Cambodia, and s by Ciampa. The climate ia healthy, the Amuner beat being temper- ed by regular breezes from the fea. September, October, and Novembei* is the rainy feaibn, when the low landa ave fuddenly overflowed by torrents of water from the mountains: the inua* dations happen generally once a fort- night, and continue three or four days. In the three following months there aro frequent rains, brought by cold north- erly winds, which diftrnguifli this coun- try with a winter different from any other in the egCt. ' The inundations render the land fruitful, many part* producing three crops of gtain in tte year. Giold is almfon taken, ptu;. from the aunesy and these ateriah fit«c# COD mines. The cottitry, is interfered by rivers, which are well calculated for promoting inland commerce, yet not larfsre enough to admit veflels of great iHirden; but there are commodious har- bours un the coiift, parti Ailarly that of Turon. The aborigines of Cochin- china arc called Moys, and they inhabit the chain of mountaiiTs which feparate it from Cambodia, To tbefe ftrong bolda they were driven, about the be> ginnirg of the 15th century, by the prefcntpoffeflbrs of the country. They are a favage people, very bUcIc, and in features refcmble the Caifres. The pre- fent inhabitants bear evident marks of being derived from tb; fame ftock as the Chitiefe; their religion is alfo the fame, nnd mod of their manners and oiftoms. They are a courteous, affa- ble, inoffenfivc race, rathur inclined to indolencf^. 'I'he women are by far the moft aftive fex, and merchants often employ them as their fa(ftors and bro- kers. The cities and towns have gates at the end of each ftrect, which are fbut every night. The houfes are moft- ly of bamboo, covered wiUi rullies or the ftraw of rice, and ftand in groves of oranges, )imeSf plantains, and cocoa trees. Here is plenty of fugar, pepper, rice, yams, fweet potatoes, pumpkins, and melons; alfo ivory, mufk, honey, and filk: and' the edible birds-nefts, efteemed a luxury in China, are chiefly found - in this country ; thrv are as ;ixrhite as fnow, formed by a fpecies of fwallows from fome unknown vifcous fubftance, and great numbers are ex- polled. The capital is Hue* Cocker^ a river which rifes in the s of Cumberland, flows through the lakes of £uttermere,Cromack-water,and Lowes- water, and joins the Derwent, below Cockermouth. Cockermouthy a borough in Cumber- land, with a market on Monday. It fiands on the Cocker, at its conflux with the Derwent, and between two hills, on one of which is a handfome church, and on the other the remains of a ftately caflle. It has manufaAures of lliallooos, coarfe linen and woollen cloths, leather, and hats. It is 36 miles 9W of Carlifle, and 305 knw of London. Lon. 3 15 w,lat. 543* n. . L'oconato, a town of Piedmont, the birthplace of Columbus, ao miles e of Turin. Cod, Cape, on the s fide of Bofton liay, in the ftate of MaiTachuf^ts. Lon. 70 14 w, lat. 4a 4N. , Codognitf a town of Italy, in the L^dcfaoy near the conflucoce o£ the. COI AMa. with the Po, 19 miles sse of Lodi. CodomuiUf a tofwn of Hindooftan, in Coimbetore, feared near the Cavery, a little above the influx of the Noyclar, 33 miles sse of Bhawanikudal. Coel, a town of Hindopflan, in the country of Delhi, 33 miles n of Agra, and 65 8 E of Delhi. CoesJ'eld, a town of Weflphalia, in the principality of Munlter, near the fource of the Burkel, 18 miles ^ of Munfter. Carrordnt, a fortified town of Hol- land, in OveryfTel, and one of the flrong. eft placfs in the who!n country. It ft.inds in a morafs, on the river Aa, 33 miles s by E of Groningen. Lon. 6 44 t, lat. 5* 4' "• C'of(gFshaI, a town in EfTex, with a market on S.iturday, and a manufafture of bays ; fiated on the river Blackwater, feven miles w of Colcheftcr, and 44 em a of London. Cognac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente, wit4. a caftle, where Francis i was born. It is cele- brated for excellent brandy, and feated on the Charente, 17 miles w of Angou- lefme. Coptte, a town of Fiedmont, in a val- ley and on a river of the fame name. The mountains which furround it are rich in mines of iron and copper. It is fix miles s of Aofta. Cogui, or Konieh, a city of Afiatic Turkey, capital of Caramania, and the fee of a Greek archbilhop. The walls have ro8 fquare towers at forty paces diftant from each other ; and it has two large fuborbs, into one of which the ca- ravans and ftrangers retire. It is a place of great trade, and feated in a country abounding in com, fruit, pulfe, and cattle, s6o miles ss of Conftantinople. Lon. 33 30 K, lat. 37 30 N. Coimbtf ore, a province of the penin* fula of Hindooftan, lying s of My 'ore, to which it was lately fubjeA, but ceded to the Englifh on the final defeat of Tip- poo in 1799. ^^ is 1 10 miles long and 70 broad ; and is divided by the river Noyelar into two diftridts. North 3nd South, of which Bhawanikudal and Daraporam are the chief towns* Cormhlore, 1 town of Hindooftan, the ancient capital of the province of the fame name. It was t.nken by gene- ral Woadows in 1790, and retaken in 1 79 1 byTippoo, who loon after deflroy- ed the fort. It contains sooo houfes, an extenfive mud palace, and a tolerable mofque, built by Tippoo, who fome- timea rcHdcd kere ; but it has do large COL tempk- The palice nov fervet at » barrack for a regiment of Britifh cavalry. The chief manu£i6tures Are inuflifl«» and cotton cloths ; and thefe, with cotton wool and thread, tobacco, fugar, and beteUeaf are the principal articles of trade. It ii loo miles s by e of Serin- gapatam. Lon. 77 6 b., lat. 11 o v. CoimliTB, a cit]^ of Portugal, capital of Beira, and a biihop's fee. with a ce- lebrated univerfity. The cathedral is magnificent, befide which there are nine cburcAiest and eight convents. It-ftands ona^ountain, on the river Mondego, 100 miles NB of Lifbon. Lon. 8 ao w, ht. 40 15 N. Coire, or Chur, a town of SwilTerland, capital of the canton of Grifons, and a bimop's fee. It is furrounded by an- cient brick walls, with fquare and. round towersi and divided into two parts, the leaft of which is of the catho- lie religion, and the greateft of the pro- ttftant. The French furprifed and de- feated the Auftrian army at ^bis place in 1799. It is feated between two mountains, on the river Pleflur, near the Rhine, 25 rniles esb of Olarii. Lon. 9 3* E, lat. 46 48 N. Cokenhausen,^ ftrong town of Ruflia, in th« government of Livonta, on the river Dwina. 50 miles se of Riga. Co-king, a city of China, of the firft rank, in the province ofYu-nan, 1x60 miles ssw or Peking. Lon. 100 1 e, lat. 16 35 w. Col, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, lying to the nw of that of Mull. Ii is IS miles long and above two broad. The fuiface is rocky, but it produces fome corn and pafture, and has fcveral fmall lakes repleni(hcd with 6(h. Colar, a town of Hindooftan, in My- fore, with a large mud fort, and the re- mains of a hill-fort. It is the birthplace of Hyder Aly, who ere^ed here a band- fotne maufoleum for his father ; and near it is a mofque, and a college of Muflulman prieft«. The chief manu- factures are cotton cloths and muDins. It is 40 miles ene of Bangalore, and 140 w of Madras. Lon. 78 9 e, lat. 13 ON. Colbene, a town of Tripoli, on the sw part of the gulf of Sidra, 90 miles ssE of Meffurata. Celberg, a fortified feaport of Further Poroerania. It has a collegiate church, good linen manufa<5tures, and confider- able falt-works. The RuflTiant laid iiege to this town in 1758 and 1760, without fuccefs i but it Surrendered to them j^er a lone fiege in 17 61, -and was rcftorcd at Vi« fobfequcBt peice. COL It Is finted at the nuMth of tiiePerTaat on the Baltic, io milMNi of Sttttia Lon. IS 36 E, lat. S4 9 I'* CoUhetter, a borough of Eflex, go* vemed by a mayor, with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It is fi»ted on an eminence on the Coin, which w navigable to a place called Hythe, where the cu^otnhoufe is fttuitte. The tosm was furrounded by a wall, now demo- iiihed ; and to the B are the! remains of an old cattle. Here were fonneriy 16 churches, but now only t« are afed; and moft of them were damaged in 1648, when the town furrendered to the army of the parliament, after a menuir- able f:ege. The town is famous for oyfters and eringo-roots, and has a lam manufaAure of baize. In 1801 toe number of inhabitants was II, sao. It is fla miles sw of Ipfwich, and 51 enb of London. Lon. o jS t, lat. 5151 h, Colchester^ al town of Virginia, ia. Fairfax county, on Ocquoquam creek* three mllea A'om its conflux with the Potomac, and :6 sw of Alexandria. Colchester, a town of Conner tk« trader* between 8«ritiga' patam and th« country below the raft* cm Gautt. ft U $4 miks sb of Serin- papatMR. CoifW—k D^€, a vUlagc in Shrop- Air««on the banks of the Severn, two flviict w by B of Brofelry. It ftandt rn ■ windiog vale, between two vait hrlls. «faich)irecoTered whh banging woods. Here are n)Hny kilns for burning lime- Sonet the moft eonliderable iron-works fl» England^ abridge, over the Severn, conftrudted nf cail iron ; a fpring of ioSA tar, or pctrolciim ; and a work for «btainfHg a rnniLir kind of tar, from the condentrd fmokc of coal. t'oknet, C«pf,^a cfupe ofthcifland of •f New Caletlonia, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 164 56 E, lat. zo 30 s. C'liftraiiif a borough of ireUnd, in the county of Londondtjrry. It has a ce- lebrated maiuifadtire of linen, and is fMited on the river Bann, 15 mHes tt& •fi-ondondvny. Colertrin, a town of the ftate of Geor. pia, in Camden county. A treaty was concluded here, in 1791't, between the United States and the Creek Indiann. It is tinted On St.- Mary river, 35 miles W by N of the port of St. A!ary, and . 140 8 by B of LciilfviUe. C'lltskiil, a town in Warwickihire, with a mArhet on Wcdneiday, ieated ou 5 hill, by the river Cdle. ic miks £ of imrdngham, and 105 kw of London. CtlJ'md, a town in Gloocefterihire, «hh a market on Tuefiday, five miles BitK of Monmoutby and 124 w by n of l«ndon* - . Colmot * tottn of Mnico, in Me> choacan, fcated in a fertile valley, on the /tver Netiualapa, T30 ntiles w by s tf Mecfaoacaii. Lon. 104 3.5 w, lat. 19 ja w. , CoUt an ifland of Scotland, oite of the Bebrides, to the w xw' of Mull; 13 mikar long, and three broad. The greateft fwrtis covered with heath, and aboundtf with rabbits; and many bbelt-oattle are led here. The caftle of CoU is a ftrong ituacebuHt'ftrufturc, ^d ftiH im toler- ate repair. Collatau^jiy a town of Hindooft^, in^ Mabva, near the river Sit:din> 7b«iringia, oa the Unftruk, 19 miie* w by v»of Wehnar. ^ » Cvi'/feure, a town of Wtgmni in the dcpaiiincQt of £afteui Syreoecsi- wpt^ C O L caftle. It WBS taken by the Sptf^tatth in 1793, but retaken the next yeart It has a fmall port on the Mediterraneam, 16 miles ssB of Perpignan. Coliumpton, a town in Devonihire, with a market on Saturday, and a con-^ flderable trade in woollen ^loth. It ii feated on the river Culm, is miles mrk of Exeter, and 160 w of London. Cotmaff a town of France, oapital of the department of Upper Rhine. It is furroundrd by a wall, flanked with towers, near the river III, 41 milop s by w of Straiburg. Lon. 7 tt b, kit. 4I) 5N. Colmars, a town of France, in the de» partment of Lower Alps, ao miles btis of Dignel Coin, a river which rife* near Clar# in Suffolk, paflTcii by H^tlftead and Colcheflcr in Eflex, and enters the G«rman ocean, at the e end cf Merfey ffland. In the inlets and pools at the moitth of this river are bred the famous Colchefter oyfters. There are feveral fmadl rivers of the fame name in £ng* land. (JaMroAk, a town in BuLkingbam- ihire, feattd on the river Coin, 17 milet w of London. Vvltte, a town in Lancafhire, with s market on Wednefday, and a trade iN> flialloons, <;aIamancos, tamnties, call* cos, and dijmities. It is ieated on a hilt, near the Leeds canal, 36 miles sb of Lancafter, and 218 nnw of London. CoiocythiOf a town of European Tnr- key, in the Morea, on the w fide of .» bay to which it gives name, 36 miles s of MlAtra- Lon. >« 24 k, lat. 36 38 n. Colocztt, a town of Hungary, on the Danube, and an archbifliop's fee, 5/ miles s of Buda. Lon. 18 29 k, lat. 46 38 Tf' Cohnna, a town of Italy, in the Pa» duan, 26 miles w of Padua. Cotognei a late archbifhopric and eledlorate of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine; bounded on the N by the duchy of Ctev« and Gelderland, e by the duchy of Berg, s by the archbiOiop* rie of Treves, and w by the duehy of Juliers. Some detached parts of this territory lie 00 the b fide of the Rhine, and in tSoowere given as indemnitiei to the neighbouring German princes} bat the pntictpial piurt, w of the Rhine, BOW belongs to France, and is include^ ifl the Apartment of Reer. ColiigMt a fortified city of France, in tb* depaMment of R«er, with aut:iver> flty*. It was lately an imperial' city of Ckirnianyi, capital tof the eleAbratt of ColBgiiir «ad a» jvobbkhop^t iic«. M COL cont»ias to collegiate and tf perochifl ohurchest »n4 many oth«r reltgid by a narrow channel, which being dry at low water, they may .be con&dered as one idctnd, alHMit IS miles long and two broad. Cohoff » town of Utndooftan, in the ciicar of GuntooTt, near which is a dia- moiid mine. It is Atuate on the s ftde (^the Kiftnah, 13 miles nw of Comlavir. C(>t«fado, a river of New Mexico^ whicl^ being jomed by the river of the ApoAles, enters the n part of the gulf of (jilifornia. Co/orno, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, feated near the Po, 10 miles ?r of Parma. CoJtamar. See Claus^nburg. Cohterworthta,v\l\a.%^ia Lincolnfliire, OK the Witham, eight miles s of Gran* tfcam, celebrated for being the birth- place c^ the famous tir liaac Newtcn. Columbf Sf. a town io Cornwall* with a. market on Thurfday, feated en a hUl, 26 miles VNW of Peoryn, and 949 wsw of Loudon. Columhiot ft riwer in the »w part of K America, whofe fource is unknown. Some of its head waters nearly commu- nicate with thufe of the MilTourl ; and in 1805 it was entered, where 8*0 yards wjde, by captains Lewis and Clarke^ wha paQ4>d down it to the Pacific ocean^ in- to a bay of which it enters, by a mouth above three miles wide, in lon. laj 24 w, lat. 46 19 N. See Missouri. The SyAQianla olaim Uw difeovxtry af thit ri- COL nt, and call it Entradi < dc iC^, the commander of the yeflel, who ii laid to bo the 6r|t diw*««rrr, but it was DOt entered by him* Columbia, a territory of th« United States of Amn>ica. the (eat of the £»< de on the Sii^: quchaiMta,at Wright's f^nry, 12 miles «« of Lai)ca^er» and 70 w by M of Phi)»> d^phiat. 0>lnmbi«, a to«nt o€ the diftriok of Maine, in Walhington county, fituate . on Pl^fant river, jiear the Atlantic, 15 nviles wsw of Maehiaa. . Cqluml^iq, » town- of the ftate of Ohiujin HajtjiUon county, feated on the. Ohio, jiift below the infttm of theLit^ Miami, eight m\m v- hy :> of Cincinuati. Columl'Of the Bcitiih' capital of Ceyhnc It was boiit in i6;:)i&b]rtbe Portuguefe, who,in i658,weFeexpellcdb)!theDtttciU and they furrendered it to thefing liA t* 1796. The fort, upw»rd of a mH« itt'cii>> ciiimference,ftandsoakthe entremitfol ai> peninfula, and i» Along botb bynatuw^ and art. The town i» built mote inthe European ftyle than any othef ganifim in India, and neaaly divided into fongtr equal quarters by two principal Arects^ to which fmalleroaa* run paralle]^ with conaeAing lines betwtsen them. Tke: natives live in the qld town,, without the walls of the n«w. The infajdailaRt!* amount to above 300,000. Hen i».m fchool for the pwopagation of t-he'Ch«}f« tian religion* and a botafiical giaidcn« The harbour ia aetbiug more than a^. open road, afibtding fafe anchorage only from December tq April. NoAwithftand* ing this, Columbo is the chief jgl(ice> fiat the Aaple trade ,of the ifland. Tliearti- cles exported are ciimamon, peppeiv at* rack, and coy» rope, qr cordage; alfo «, nuini>er of inferior actick*, a6 b«tel-lealb . areka nut, jaggoey Car sort of bJachiflr- fugar) cocoa-nuta and oil, waa, honey,^. cardamons, coral, ivory, ft-uit* iSk. Co* . lumlM ia fiittgic iiiA»«ll4iMd »i^tte <30M iTiBMft, toirard the s part of the ifland. ; hbo:f9 49 s»lat. j 4^- Ct/ntMiM, atafwnofRDflia,inthego- ^rcnunent of Mofcow, and an arch- biffliop*s fee, to miles sb of Mofcow. Lon. jfi ts >» lat. a sv. Caluri, an ifland of Greece, fbrmerlf called Salamii, near the coaft of Lhradia, feveo milea long and two broad. The Iprincipal town it of the fame name, on the a fide, with an excellent harbour, 17 taUca w by s of Athens. Lon. 43 45 b, lat. 3S o K. QilyttHtt a town in Devonihire, with a market oi| Thurfdajr, feated on the Cole, at Us confluence with the Ax, 17 mika b of Exeter, and 15 x w by s of London. Con, a town of Perfia, in Irac Agemi, with feveral beautiful mofques, and feme grand fepulchres. The trade is confidcra- ble; and the chief articles are fruit both frefh and dry, the befl: foap in Perfia, excellent Avord blades, white porcelain, filhs, and velvets. It is feated near the foot of a mountain, and on a river id a fine plain, x 10 miles nn b of Ifpahan. , Lon. 51 10 E, lat- 34 30 N. Conuxchio, a town of Italy, in^theFer- rarefe, feated in a lake of the fame name, lying between two mouths of the river Po, ij miles bse of Ferrara. Camana, See Oimana. Comanagotta, a townofTerraFirma, 10 miles w of Cumana. Come Martin, a town in Devonihlre, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on an inlet of the Briftol channel, fur- rounded by lodes of iron and lead, the produce nroro which is (hipped for wales and Briftol. It is fix miles e of Ittncomb, and aoa w of London. ComL'tm, a town of Hindooftan, in 'the country of Cuddapa, 65 miles n of Cuddapa. C»mlamet, a town of Hindooftan, in Golconda, 68 miles £ of Hydrabad. CbmiUthf a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, and chief place of the country of Tipera. It is feated on a river that flows w mto the Burrampooter, 58 miles esb of Dacca, and xg8 bnb of Calcutta. Loo- 91 20 E, lat. 33,35 N. CorAineSf a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, on the river Lis, eight miles S8B of Ypres. Commendof or Commant, a kingdom of Guinea, oh the Gold coaft, fornnerly a part of the kingdom of Fetu. The natives are of a warlike difpofition, and fo nu> Qterops, that the kmg is faid to be able to raife an army of zo,ooo men. The capital, where the king refides, is called Grand Commend* or Guttb; four miKes COM to the s of which, on the ftaeda^, !j Little Commendo, where the Englifli and Dutch have forts. Lon- o 34 x, lat. Commfrcjf, a town of France, in the department of Meufe, with a caftle, feat' edon theMcufe» 16 milesE of Bar le Due. Comtnotau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of ^aatai. . Its alum-pits, and the great quantities of fruit and vegetables raifed here, are the principal part of its trade. It is 5S miles nw of Prague. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 50*7 M. Comot a town of Italy, in the Mila« nefe, and a bifliop's fee ft is furround- cd by a wall, backed by a conical emi- nence, on which ai« the ruins of a caftle.^ The cathedral is a handfome edifice of white marble, hewn from the neighbour- ing quarries- The inhabitants have manufactures of cotton and filk,and car- ry on fome trade with the Grifons. Pliny was born here; and, in his Letters, fpeakt of the delightful fcenery of its environs- It ftands at the sw end ot the lake of Co- mo, tS miles s of Milan, and 80 ne of Turin. Lon. 9 7 b, lat. 4$ 44 n. Cono, Lake of, a lake of Italy, in the Mihnefe, 30 miles in length, but not above fix wide in any part- Toward the s it divides into two branches; at the and of one ftands the town of Como, end at the other, Lecco. The river Ad- da runs 9 through this lake, by Lecco. Comora Islands, five iflands in the Indian ocean, between the coaft of Zan- guebar, and the N part of the ifland of Madagafcar. They are called Hinzuan, Mayotta, Mohilla, Angezeia, and Co- -mora- See Hiniuan. Comorin, Cape, the moft fouthem point of Hindooftan. Lon- 78 5 b, lat. 7 56 N. Comorn, a ftrong town of Hungary, capital of a territory of the fame name- In 1783 it was nearly deftroyed by an earthquake. It Is feated on the DanubCr in the iOe of Sehut, 55 miles esx of Prefl)urg. Lon. 18 15 e, lat. 47 46 N. Compitgne, z town of France, in the department of Oife. Here is a palace, in which the kings of France often refid- cd. The Maid of Orleans was taken prifoner here in 1430- It is feated near an extenfive foreft, on the river Oife, 43 miles NE of Paris. L01. % 50 b, lat- 49 »5 »^- Compostella, or St. Jago de Compos- tella, a city of Spain, capital of Galicia, and an arcbbilhop's fee, with a univer- fity- The public fquares and thechurches are magnificent ; and it has a great nuni- ber of convents for both fexes. It i« prAeodcd that the body of St. James, th an w ca or fci ri\ M da Tl pel Ga an( i ftacda^, ii the Englifli 34 «, lat. •ance, iii the 1 caftle, ieat« FBarleDuc. lemia, in the •Its, and the 1 vegetables part of its 'raguc. Lon. n the Mila« is fitrround- :onical emi-< iBofacaftle. le edifice of : neighbour- itanta have li)k,and car- rifons. Pliny Iters, fpeakt its environs. ^ lake of Co< nd 80 HE of Italy, in the th, but not Toward the ihes; at the n of Como, lie river Ad- by Lecco. nds in the oaft of Zan< le ifland of Hinzuan, and Co* fouthem 78 5 E, lat. Hungary, ame name. >yed by an le Danube* es ESK of 47 46 N. rtce, in the 6 a palace* >flen refid- was taken 'eated near T Oife, 45 B, lat. 49 Compos' if Galiciaf a univer- echurches ;reat num- es. It i« It. Junesy CO Iff the patrofi of Spain, was btiried Iiere} and pilgrims vifit his wooden image, which ftaads on the great altar of the cathedral. From this city the military order of St. Jago hiid its origin. It is featcd in a beautiful plain between the rivers Tambra and Ulla, 155 miles vv^by M of Leon- Lon. 8 a; w, lat. 4a 5a n. C'dmpoj/«// in the Pacific ocean, and a biihop's fee. The old city was deftroyed by an earthquake io 175 1, and part of ita ruins are vilible, o(i the SB fide of the bay^ near the town «r Talcaguana. The new city is nine miles from the fite of the old one, On the river fiiobio, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. The bay of Conception is one of the moll commodious harbours in the world, aud iheltered from all winds but the north. The city is of great extent, and feated in thf moft fer- tile part of Chili, 330 miles n of Valdivia. Ijon. 7a 40 w, lat. 36 43 s. Conception^ a feaport of Mexico, in the province of Veragua; feated near the Caribbean fea, on the river Veragua, 33 miles KNw of St. Jago. Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 8 48 N. ^ Concobella, a town of Guinea,, in An- 7.iko, the refidence of a prince; feated on the river Zaire and borders of Congo, I so miles sw of Moofol. Lon. 1 5 54 e, lat. ass. Cancordf a town of Neiij HampHiire, in Rockingham coiinty, feated on the Merrin^ac, over which is a handlbmc bridge, 54 miles wnw of Portfmouth, aud 58 sw of Hanover. ^ Concord, a town of MaGTachCifets, in MIddlefex county, with a handfome court-houfe, and three bridges over the river Concord. This town was the feat of the provincial congrels in 17 74, and the fput where thefirit oppolition was made totheBritiih troops in 1775., It is lii miles NNW of Oofton. Concordia, a town of Italy, in the Mo- dcnefe, on the river Scchia, 5 miles w of Mk-andolp. C ON Coneorefto, a town of Italy, In PrtuUt %i miles !isw of Udina. Condanorc, a town of Hinilooftan, ia Golconda, 34 miles b of Adoni. '' '' Condapillj/f a town of HindooAiiir« capital of one of the five Circars. it is fituatc near the bay of Bengal* 80 mile* ssK of Rajaraundry. Lon. 80 30 b, iai. 1637 N. Condapowy a town of Hindpoftan, ii» Golconda, 10 milet s by w of Hydra- bad. ; Cnndavir, a town of Hindoofkan, and the principal poft of Guntoor,ogeof the five Circars. It is Itranghtftuate oa a mountain, 30 miles sw or^ondapiliyt' and 65 NNE of Ongole. , Lon. So 19 w» lat. i6aa N. Condd, a flrong town of France, in the department of Nord. with a fortrefs. It furreiidered to the allies, after enduring; the rigours of famine, in 17*9} ; bat was retaken in 1794, and ordered by iM convention to have its name changed to that of Nord Libre. Conde is feated «a the Scheldt, at the influx of the Haifne, feven miles n by £ ot' Valenciennes, aad z6 s£ of Lifle. Cotidif a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, feated on the Ne- reau, a8 miles ssw of Caen. Cundecedo, a cape of N America, in Jucatan, 100 miles w of M,erida. Lon. 91 1^ v/f lat. ao 50 N. Condesuyas, a town of Pern, capital of a diftrid, in which is gathered a fpecies of wild cochineal that forms a great ar- ticle of trade. It is 85 miles nnmt uf Arequipa. Condom^ a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, lately an epificopal f<%. it is feated on the Baife, ib miles mnw of Auch. Lon. o 34 e, lat. 43 57 »• Condore, u fertile i/land in the China fea, near the coaft of Cambodia. It is in the form of a crtioent, nine miles long and two where broadied ) and is fur- ruunded'by feveral iflets. Buffalos, hogs, vegetables, and water^are to be had here. The inhabitants are fmall inftBture,weli fhap^d, and.of a dark olive complexion. They have a little idol temple, built of wood, and thatched like their houfes, which arc very mean. The Engliih had a fettlement here in 170a; but the fadtora falling out with the natives, molt of them v/cre murdered,and the reft driven thence in 1705. It has a fpacious bay on the E iide. Lon. 107 20 e lat. 8 40 n. Condrieu, a town of France, in the department of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine ; feated near the Rhone, iti miles s of Lyon. Cotiflaris, a town of Savayj near ^ COJJ etntan^ of the Ifere aad Doron« iS mile* I of Chunbcrry. Ooiffian$, • town of France* in the department of Upper Sftonet i a miles* ofVefoul. Q,inf»ientt a town of France* in the 4ep«Artmcnt of Charent«y on the riyer Vknnc, 30 mikt nk of Aagouleftne. Cong, a village of Trrland, in the ^unty of MayOf 14 miiea s of Caftlebar. It WM formerly the refidence of the king! of Connaught ; and the ruins of frveral ehufchei mad rdigioua houfes arejret vifiUe. i^Ng/Weaka toi»n in Chefliire, go< Tvntedby rmayor, with a market on Saturday- ft has manufafiurea of lea- ther and cotton, and a large filkmiK. H tands on the river JDean* feven miles a of Maccksfield* and 161 nw of Loo* don. Congo, a country on the w coaft of Africa, between 4 and 15 degrees of t lat. containing the hbgdoms of Loangoi, CoQgo, Angola* Mataroba* and Ben- pttUk It was difcovered by the Por- tufuefie in 1481 ; and ia boimdcd on the N by Guinea, iTby parts unkoowit,. a by Bemha* and w by the Atlantic. It is fometimes called Lower Guinea ; and the Portugutfe have many itttle- nsents on the: coaft* as welt as in the inland coBBtry. There are many deiert places within land, in which a*e ele- phants* tigerst leopards, monkies, and monftrouB ferpents ; but near the coaft the foil is more fertile ; and there are fruits of many kinds* befide palm-trees, from which wine and oil are made. The greateft put of the inhabitants gu al- moft naked: they w(Hihip the fun, noon* ftars* and animals of different kinds ; but- the Fortuguefe have made many converts : they are ikilftil in Vcaving cotton cloth ; and trad<; in flaves* ivory,, caflla* and tamarinds. Congo* properly fo called, is only 150 miles bvoad along the coaft* but is 3 70 inland. < From March to September is e Its trade is coofidea* OON Uef beifif tb« repoGtory for al> the mer- chaudife from Turin and Nice* which is intended for Lolnbardy* Swiflhtlmdi and Germany. It is fo ftrong by na- ture and art. that tlmsg^ frecpently befie^ed by the Erenck*they never eooM take It. In 17^6 it was delivered up to the French* after their viAory at Mon. dovi* as a hoftagc for the performance of a treaty ; and it iurxendered to the Auftrtans in 1799. It ii feated on a rock* at the confluence of the Greffe and Sture, jj miles s of Turin. Loa. 7 44 B* lat. 44. 24 w . Conje9erav>, a town of Hindooftan* in the Gamatic. The ftreets/arc tole- rably wide i and on each ftde is a row of cocoa-nut trees. Tht. inftabitants are moft of thend Bramins beloagmg to two large temples } there i»a>ft) a fmall mofquc of vevy neat worlnnanflidp. It is feated near the Falear, 34 mites e of Arcot, and 44 wsw of Madras. Conil, a tovrn of Spain, in Andaluda, on a bay to which it gives name. The inhabitantt are much engaged in Aihing, efpecially for tunnies; and beautiful cr/ftalli^ed fulphur is found here. It is 18 nules ssa of Cadiz. Conirif a town of Poland* in the pa- latinate of Kalifch, feated on the Warta, I18 miles s by E of Onefen. CoKtngseckf a town of Suabia* capital of a county of the fame name* ao miles N of Conftance. Coningtvn, a village rn Huntingdon- flure, near Stilton. It has the ruins of a caftie ; and is feated at the head of the river which ftirms Ugmere, Brick- mere, and Whftdefea-mere. Conisherg. See Kongsirrg. Conisbrqught a village in W York- ihire, five miles sw of Doncafter. It was formerly a place of Mote* and has larg6 remains of an ancient caftie. Conislon-mtref a lake in Lancafliire* fix miles long and nearly one broad. Near the head of it, on the nw fide, is the village of Cbnifton* tbree miles w by sofHawklhead. Co»Rang/i^*a-province of Ireland* 13-0 miles long and 8^ broad ; bounded on the E by Leinfter and Munfter, s by the latter province, w and « by the At- lantic, and KB by Ulfter. It contains the counties of Oalway* Leitrim, Mayo, Rofctnnmon, and Sligo. The chie^ town is Galway. Connecticut i one of the United States of Americn,8; miles long and57 broad ; bounded on the n by MafTachufets, k by Rhode Ifland* w by New York* and s by the Sound, which divides it from Long Illand. ThU country i» tl»e vmA Wm coil BDpulovin, In proportion to Itk extent, of any of the United 8Ut«i, and pro- duces the neceflariei and conveniences of life in abundance. Iti principal ri- vers are the Connedticut, Houratonic, and Thame*. It contain* the counties of hartford, Newhaven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, LichAeld, Middle- fcx, and Tolland. Hartford and New- haven are the chief towna. Connecticut^ a river of New England, which rifes in a fwamp on the w confines of Vermont and New Hampfliire, arid taking a Ibutherly diredkion, runs into Long Ifland found. Between Walpole and Weftminfter are the great falls, over which isabridge, i6c feet in length. From its fource to its mouth it is up- ward of 300 miles ; and is navigable for large veffels up to Hartford. C'jnnor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, and, united to Down, is a bifhep's fee. It is fix miles n of Antrim, Conquet, a town of France, in the de- partment of Finifterre, with a good harbour and road. It is la miles w of fireft. Consiglivne, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 19 miles s of Palermo. Constadt, a town of Silefia, in the principality of Oels, 13 miles ne of Brieg. Constance f a fortified city of Suabia, and lately a bifliop's fee ; feated on the s fide of the Rhine, between the upper and lower lakea^ofConftance. Though once fiourifiiing in commerce, and cer lebrated in hifliory, it now fcarcely con- tains 4000 inhabitants. Conftance is famous for a council, in 1514, whicl^ caufed John Hufs and Jerome of Prague to be burnt ; and likewife condiemned the doarine of WickliSTe, and ordered his bones to be burned 40 years after he was dead. In 1787^ about 300 emi- grants ixoTO. Geneva were fettled here, by emperor Jofeph 11, who granted them the fecularized convent of the Dominicans, for a maniifaAure of print- ed linens. The French took pofieflTion of this city in 1796 ; and in 1805 it was ceded, by the treaty of Prcfburg, to the elcdor of Baden, it is 35 miles nb of Zurich. Lon. 9 7 e, lat. 47 38 n. Constance^ Lake q/", the molt coo- fiderable lake of Swiflerland, which it feparates from Suabia, that part ex- cepted where the city of Conftance is feated on its s fide. It is divided into' three parts. The upper and largeft part is called Boden See } the middle part is named Bodmer See $ and the lower part Unter See, ZeUcr See, or the lake of CO It Zcll. The upper lake is a 7 miles Ion^<- and 15 in its greateft br««dth. Through this uke the Rhine flows, and then en- ters the Zeller See, which is 16 mile* long, and 10 in its greateft breadth. Like all the hikes in Swiflerland, this it deeper in fummer than in winter} which is owing to the firft melting of the fnow from the adjacent mountains. ConilanliHOt a town of Spain, in An- dalufia, with a caftle on a mountfip, 40 miles NB of Seville. Constantino, the eftftem province of the kingdom of Algiers, and the largeft. and ricneft of the four. The greateft part along the coaft is mount«ik>u8. In the mountains dwdl firee Arabian and Moorifi) tribes, of whom tiie Cabyls are deemed the moft turbulent and cruel. As thefe free mountaineers poflefs 9, fuperfluity ofoil, foap, dried tigs, and timber; the government of Algiers, which ftands in need of thefe articles, is obliged in many things to fliow in- dulgence to thofe tribes. See Zaah, Comtantinaf a city of the kingdom of Algiers, capital o.' the province^f the fame name. It is feated at the top of a fteep rock, and there is no way to it but by fteps cut out of the rock. The ufual way of punifliing criminals here is to throw them down the diff*. -" Here are many Roman antiquities, particu- larly a triumphal arch. Next to Algiers, this city is the moft populouji in the kin{[dom. It is 190 miles b by s of Algiers. Lon. 6 34 e, lat. 36 24 n, Constantinople^ one of the largeil ci- ties in Europe, and the capital of the Turkiih empire. It is of a triangular form ; and feated between the Black fea and the Archipelago, on a neck of land that advances toward Natolia, froip. which it is (eparated bv a ftrait « mile in breadth. The fea of Marmora walhes its walls on the s, and a gulf of the ftr^t of Conftantinople does the fame on the NE. It was anciently called Byzantium, but the name was changed by Con- ftantine the great, who made it the feat c *he Roman empire in the eaft. It w<^.. taken, in 1453, by the Turks, wh9 have kept pofTelfion of it ever fiM;ei The gprand fign'!or's palace, called tiie Seraglio, is on the feafide, furrounded : by walls flanked with towers, and fe- parated from the city by canals. It ftaods on the fite of ancient Byzan^ tium, the e point of the prefent city* and is three miles in circumference^ confifting of an afliemblage of palaces and apartments placed by the fide of one another, without fymmetry and without order. The pnncipal entrwee M CON of thU mImc ii of iMrW«» Md UmIM C»pi. thit U, tbt Pdrt (or late) a mum ufra freauently to txpcvft th« court* or the empire. The caftle of Sofm Tow- er* ii a ft4te prifon, and ftMidi neor the fe« of Marmora, at the w point of the citT from the feraglio t and at the nw point, without the wallit is the imperial S»alace of Aljub, with a village of the kme name. The number of houfea in Conftantinople ii prodigious i but, in Sneralt they are mean* and all of em eonftrueked of wood, and the ntofs Gorcrcd with hollow tiles. The public ediAces alone are built in.mafonry in a very Mid manner. The ftreets are narrow, badly pved, and dirty ; atiil the people are infcfted with the plague almuft f vfry year. The* inhabttants, who are faid to amount to n io,«oo, are half Turks, two thirdii of the other half Greeks or Armenians, and the reft Jews. Here area great number of ancient mo- numents ftill remaining { particularly the fuperb temple of St. Sophia, built in the Rath century, which is converted into amofque. and wiH contain 100,000 perfons conveniently. Between the two mofques of fultan Solyman pnd B^azct is the old feraglio, in which are (hut up the wives of tne deceafed fliltans, and aifo fuch womtn as have difpleafed the grand 6gnior. The bazars, or bczcf- tttina, are large fouare buildings, oover- ed with domes, uipported by arcades, and contain all forts of goods, which are there expofiad to fale. There is a market for iiaves of both fexe« t and the Jews are the principal merchints, who bring them here to be fold. A great number of girls are brought from Hungary, Greece^ Candia, Circaflia, Mingreiia, and Georgia, for the fenrtce of the Turks, who generally buy them for their feraglios.' The great ft|rare, near the moique of fultan Bajaxet, is the place for public diverfions. The gulf on the ne of the city is the harbour, which runs up from the point of the feraglio to the village of Aijujb, about four miles in length and half a mile where broaden • Aijub may be reckoned one of the fuburbs, and has a mofque, in which is the tomb of fultan Othman, the founder of tlie empire. The fuburbs of Galata and Pera are on the other 'fide of the harbour. The former ex- tends along the entrance of the harbour, and is chiefly occupied by merchants ; and adjoining it, on the. e, is a cannon foundrlry, called Tophana. Pera ftands behind thefe on an eminence, and is the place where the foreign ainbafladors re- %le. In this part there are feveral CON bottfts wh«Tt BuMpoan failorr, Gr«cki, and even Turks, go to drink and in. touieatc thcmfolvus, notwkhftanding the fevrrity of th« government in this re. fp«A. The drcumfercnce of this city is ts miles, and 14 with the fuburbs included ( and as they are built on ground which rifes gradually, there ii a view of the whole town from ttie fea. The city is furrounded by walli of freeftone, here and there mixed with bricks, and flanked by sjo towers. There are as gates | flx on th( land. fide, and the mt toward the harbour and fea. The palaces, mofques, bag- nios, and caravanfaras, are many of them magnificent. It is iia miles c«i of Adrianople, 300 a of Salonichi, and 700 SB of Vienna. Lon. a8 $5 ** ist. 41 t N. Coiutaniinoplct Slrait (fft anciently the Tbracian Bofpborusi and forming the communication between the Pro- gontib, or fea of Marmora, and the uxine or Black fea. It is ao miles long, and a mile and a quarter where broadeft ; and forms the feparation here between Kurope andAfla. At itsen* trance on the w fide is fituate Conftan- tinople. and on the other, Scutari. Both its banks are lined with villages, where are feen fome very handA}me houfet, almoft entirely built of wood and var riouOy painted : thofc belonging to ttie Turks are in white or red ; thofc of the Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, are of a blackifl) brown, for they arc not al* lowed to employ the colours of the muflulmans. At its termination in the Black fea arc two forts, oppofite each otbeis to defend the paflagc. CoHstantinaWf a town of Poland, in PodoKa, on the river Bog, eight miles sw of Cbmielnik, and 7% nb of Kaaai> nieck. Constantinow, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, on the river Selucza, no miles SE of Lucko. Lon. a/ ao c, lat. 49 5« N. Conteita, a feaport of European Tur» key, in Macedonia, on a gulf of itt name, at the influx of the Strimon, 6» miles fi by H of Salonichi, and 24B w of Conftantinople. Lon. a4 8 e, lat. 40 5aN. Contres, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loir and Cher, 19 miles sc of Blois. Con/f/, a town of France, in the dtN- partment of Somme, feated on thr Scille, 14 miles ssw of Amiens. Vonvrrtmto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 12 miles sE of Bari. OtHieuut a river of Walesi wbick drink and in. ibftRmlingthc tnt in thit re. :e of thii city I the fuburbt «re btiilt on lallyi thitre ii )wn from the ided by walli re mixed with %So towcn. : on th( land* d the harbour mofquei, bag* are many of 119 milei laa Salonichi, and • a8 jj I, lat. qft anciently a, and forming ween the Pro* morat and the It ia ao milci quarter where reparation hers fla. At itaen* Stuate Conftan- r* Scutari. Doth villagea, wht-rc ndTomc houfet( wood and vai lelonging to the red ; thofc of , and Jews, are they art not aU coloura of the mination in the , oppofite eack lagc. n of Poland, in ig, eight milea ^% NK of Kami* of Poland, in Selucza, iio |n. ay ao a, lat. [European Tur-' a gulf of its [he Strimon, 6» [nichi, and i4» ]H«'» a town of Napica, in PrincU (lato Ultcrioret and an arcbbifbop'a fee. t waa fo greatly ruined by an earth* quake in i694< that the place when: the cathedral ftood ia hardly known. Ita principal commerce ia m marble. It II ja milea a of NaplM. Lon. 15 35 t, lat« 40 50 "• Cunk Met, an extenflve arm of the feat on the vw coaft of Americat dif- covcred, In iy78, by captain Cook, who traced it ;o leaguea from ita en- trance, in lun. 13 aw. It waa further explored, in if94> by captain Vancou- ver, who fuunil ita termination to be in lon. 14843 w, lat. 61 ao N. Cook Strait, a ftrait dividing the two iflanda of which New Zealand ia com* pofed : it ia about four or five leaguea broad. Cooperslawtt, a town of New Yorkt chief of Otfego county, fitu-tte at the aw end and the outlet of Lake Otfego, J a milea nw of Cherry Valley, and 73 w by If of Albany. Lon. 74 58 w, lat. 4a 44 *f' Caut, an ifland in the Archipelago, (6 milea nw of Rhodes, fubje^ to the Turka. Lo"' *7 44 ^t lat. 37 » n. Coot Jleyhar, a town of Hindooflan, in Bengal- Ita diAti(A, on the con* fines of Dootan, exbibita a melancholy proof of two fadla frequently united ; the great facility of obtaining food, and the wretched mdigence of the lower order of inhabitants. It is fituate on the Toorflia, 160 milea nm k of Moorlhcda- bad. Lon. 89 34 e, lat. a6 1% n. Coosawatc/iic, a town of S Carolina, in Beaufort diftriA. The courts for- merly held at Beaufort are held here. it is feated on the Coofaw, over which is a bridge, ao miles nw of Beaufort, and $0 wbW of Charlefton. Copenha^ettf the capital of Denmark, with a univer&ty. It is the belt built city of the north} and owes ita princi- pal beauty to a fire in 1718, and an- other in 1794- The new parta of the town, railed by Fretleric v, confift of an odl agon, containing four uniform and elegant buildings of hewn ftone, and of four broad ftrecta, leading to it in oppo- Hte diredlions : in the middle of the area it an equeftrian ftatue of that king in bronze. The new royal market is the largeit fquare in the city, andftlmoft en- tirely compofed of Hately buildings; as, the academy of painting and Iculpture, the theatre, the great hotel, the artillery^ COP llovfbrliC' m4 in the centre iaa marble equeArian ftatue of Chriftian v. The greateft part of the buildings arc of brick ( and a few arts of frceAone. The fialaccs of the nobility are in general plendid, and omam^ted in the Italian A yl« of arch ite A ure. The royal palace* called Chriftianburg, built by Chriftian VI, one of tbi the de- partment of Seine and Oife, feated on the Seine, at the influx of the Juine, 17 mi^es s of Paris. CorMct a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, with a celebrated Benedi(Jtine abbey,feated on theSomme, JO miles e of Amiens. Corhicrcs, a town of Swiflerland, m the canton of Friburi:, 10 miles ;; of Friburg^. Corl'ignfff a town cf France, m the department of Nievrr, near the river Oonne, 30 miles NE of Nevers. Corhi/f a town in LincohiUilr", tvit h a market on Thurfaay, 1,3 miles r. of Stamford, and lo* n l.y w of London. Cordilleras. Ses Andes. Cfrdovn, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Andalufia, known to the Romans by the name of Corduba. The circumfer- ence is large, but there are many or- chards and gardens within the walls. The palaces, churches, and religious houfes are fuperb, particularly the ca- thedral, which wr.8 a mofque, when the Moors poflclTcd the town, and ftill re- tains the name of Mezquita. The fquarc, called the Plaza Major, is fur- rouoded by fine houfeS} under which 'k -■ ■ • con are piazzas. The trade confiffs b wine, filk, and leather; but is notfo confiderable as formerly. In the neigh- bourhood are^a vaft number of orange and lemon trees ; and here are the belt hcrfes in Sp.iin. Cordova is feated on the Guadalquiver, over which is a fine old bridge, 80 miles ne of Seville, and 190 ssw of Madrid. Lon. 4 34 w, lat. 37 5a N. Cordova, a town of Mexico, in Tlaf- cala, and a bifhop's fee. Here are up- ward of thirty fugar mills. It is feat- ed. on a river, wWch flows into the golf of Mexico, 80 miles ese of Pucbla do los Angelos. Lon. 98 15 w, lat. 19 10 N. Cordova, zn epifcopal town of Tucu- man, with iome menafter'os, and a convent. It lias a great '^rade with Buenos Ayres, and fends cotton cloth to Potofi. It is 260 irj'ei s of St. Jago del Eftero. Lon. 65 1^ w, lat. 3 a rp s. Corea, a peninfula of Afia, extending between China and Japan ; bounded on the N by Eadern Tartary, e by the fea and ifles of Japan, s by the ocean, and w by the Yellow fea and Leao-tong. The principal produAs are wheat, rice, ginfeng, goM, filver, iron, foflil fait, raftor and fable ikins, a yellow varnilh almoft equal to gilding, and a peculiar kind of paper made of cotton. Num- bers of whales are annually found on the coaft toward the n e. The Coreans are well made,ingenious,brave,and tractable. They are fond of dancing and mufic, and fliow great aptnefs for acquiring the fciences, which they epply to with ar- dour. Men of learning are diftinguifli- ed from other people by two plumes of feathers, which thv?y wear in their c.ips. They have bot -owed their writ- ing, drefs, religion, anr*. the greater part of their cufloms, rom the Chinefe. Their women are l«»fs confined than thofe in China, and iiave the liberty of appearing in company with the othtf fex. In China, parents often marr- theii- children without theirconfent ; but in Cored, they choofe for themfelves. Th ?y never bury their dead till three years after their doceafe, but keep them in coflSns for that time. The kingdom of Corea h commonly reckoned 200 leagues from n to s, and roo from e to w. The king has abfolute authority over his fubjects, but is himfelf tribu- taiy to China. It is divided into eight provinces, which contain 33 cities of the tirfi wink, 58 of the fecond, and 70 of the third. King-ki-tao is the capital. Lon. 126 42 E, lat. <)7 38 n. Cor/c Castle, a borough in Dorfetlhirei ^^ COR with a market on Thurfday. It is feat- € d ina peninfula called th« Ifle of Pur- beck, on a river, between two hills, on one of which ttands the caftle, formorly a place of great importance, and wher'^ king Edward the martyr was ftabbeu at the mitigation of his tnother-in law. It has a large church, which is a royal pe- culiar, not Uable to any epifcopal jurif- ilidlion. Great quantities of 6ue clay and ftone are (hipped here. The town is governed by a mayor, and cvei7 al- derman that has ferved the office has the title of baron. It is a i miles e of Dor- cl^fter, and ii6 w by s of Lcndoo. ion. 2 4 w, lat. 50 36 N- Coifu, anifland in the Mediterranean, near the coaft of Albania, lately fubje rath II, rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a fecond time by Mahomet 11. Corita, a town of Spain, in Leon„ aj miles E of Salamanca. ^ Co.'k, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munfter, 80 ;niles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the w by Kerry and tlie Atlantic, n by Limerick, e by Wateiford, and s by St. George chan- nel. It fepds eight members to parlia- ment, is divided intQ 232 pariihes, and has about 416,000 inhabitants It is very fertile, and has two confiderable rivers, the Blackwater and Lee. CorA, a city and borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Corh, and a bilbop's fee uuited with Rofs. It ftands on the river Lee, where ib has a commo- dious harbour^ defended by a ftrong fort on an ifland. Its ftately cathedral was built, between 178$ and 1735, by the produce of a duty on coal. The inhabitants are eftimated at near 100,000. Cork furpafies all tlie towns in Ireland for trade, except Dublin. The exports confit^ chiefly of beef, pork, hides, tal- low, and butter. It was taken b^ the earl of Marlborough in 1690. It is 14 miles from St. George channel, and 1 24 sw of Dublin. Lon. S 28 w, lat. CortiTifSi toisrn of Further Pomcrania, with a cai'tie. It has confiderable wool- len manufadures, and is feated on the Perfant, 10 miles se of Colberg, C'ormatitin, a town of Guinea, on the Gold coaft, large and populous. Here the Dutch have a fort, which was taken by the Englilh i'. 16^5. Lon. o 15 w, lat. 530 N. Cormcrt/y a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, with a Benediftine abbey ; feated on the Indre» eight miles se of Tours. Cornoyi town of Afiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi, feated on the Tigris, neai^ its confiux with the Euphrates, 35 miles WNW of Baflbra. Cornclo, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, feated on the Marta, three miles e of the fea, and 10 k of Civita Veccbia. Carnhillf a town of the county of DurtjaiD} in NorhamOure, feated no^r JOR the Tweed, over which if hae a large bridgi; to Coldftream. in Scotland. It is 12 miles sw of Berwiclc> and 333 N Nw of London. Curnigiiano, a town of Italy, in the Milanefe, 15 miles p. of Milan. Cornwaltf a county which forms the sw extremity of England j bounded on the E by Devonlhire, s by th*? Englifli channel, and vWby St. George chan- nel Its length from E to w is' Somites ; its breadth next to Devonfhire is 481 bi>t it foon contracts, and at Falmouth does nut exceed 14; it then fpreadsa little to the s and sw, and terminates in two points, one of which is called the Lizanj, and the other the Lands-end. It contains 758,000 acres; is divided into nine hundreds, and 161 parifhes; and has 37 market-towns. The num- ber of inhabitants in 1801 was 188.269} and it fenc^ 44 members to parliament. The vicinity of the fea exempts it from hard frofts, and fnow never lies long on the ground. The foil is not very fruit- ful, cfpecially in the centre on the hilly parts ; the valleys yield plenty of grafs, and the lands near the fea produce corn. It has plenty of fea-herbs, and fome other plants peculiar to its infular lituation. The principal rivers are the Tamar and Camel. It derives it cUef importance from its minerals. The mines of tin and copper are numerous, and in general very rich in ore; and there are fome of lead. With the me- talline ores are intermixed large quan- tities of mundic and arfenic. Many forts of ftones are alfo found here, particularly moorftone, which is ufed both in buildings and for millftones: >vhen poliflied it appears more beautiful than any of th' .arble kind. In many cavernous part- of the rocks are found tranfparent cryllals, called Comifh dia- monds. The king's eldeft fon is born duke of Cornwall, and derives a re- venue, not only from lands appertaining to the duchy, but from the mines of tin and copper. Launcellon is the' capital. ComwalliSf a town on the w coaft of Nova Scotia, /^z miies nw of Halifax. Lon. 64 15 w, lat. 45 ion. ' ' Coro, See Fenezuela. Curomandrl, Coast of, the eaftern coaft of the peninfula of Hindooilan^ extending between 10 and 16 n lat. There is not a port for large fliips on the whole coaft; which is an even, low, fandy country. Madras is the principal towii. Coron, a feaport of European Tur- key, in the Morea, featcd on the w fide ot a bay to which it gives name, 15 COR miles E of Modoii. Lon. n ^6 t, lat. 36 55 N. ^ Coronattorif Cgipe, a cape of the ifland of New Caledoma, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 167 8 E, lat, zt < s. Corregioj a town of Italy, in the Mo- donefe, with a caftle, nine miles nnb of R^jgio. Correztf a department of France, containing the late province of Limofin. It takes its name from a river, which runs into the Vezere, after havine wa- tered Tulles and Brives. Tulles is the capital. Corrientest a town of P;lraguay, with a fort, feated on the e fide of the Pa- rana, at the influx of the river Para- guay, 490 miles N of Buenos Ayres, ^ion. 59 o w,lat. S7 30 s. Corshamy a town in Wiltfliire, with a market on Wednefday, and a confi. derable woollen manufadiure. It is nine miles kne of Bath, and 97 w of London. Corsica, an ifland in the Mediter- ranean, feparated from that of Sardinia, on the 3, by the ftrait of Bonifacio. It is 150 mites fi-om v to 3, and from 40 ♦o 50 in breadth. It was known to the ancient Greeks by the names of Callifta and Cyrnus, and to the Romans by its prcfent appellation. On the coaft are many excellent harbours. It is moun> tainous, but fruitful valleys are inter- fperfed ; and it has fome fine lakes and rivers. In the earlieft times it has been famous for its fwarms of bees, and pro- duces vaft quantities of honey, which, however, is reckoned bitter, on account of the box and yew with which the country abounds. The mountains are rich in lead, iron, copper, and filver; and there are alfo mines of aium and faltpetre. The granite of Corfjra is nearly equal to t'le oriental ; porphy- ries, jafper, talc, am'aiithcs, emeralds, and other preciou'^ ftones, ;\re found fcattered in the mountains; and the s coaft abounds with beautiful coral. This ifland was, for fome centuries, under the dominion of the Genocfe^ whofe tyranny was fuch, that the Cor- ficans were almoft in a perpetual ftatc of infurredlion. ^In 1736, a German ad- venturer, Theodore baron Newhoff, brought fome affiftance to them, and,' on his aflTurances of more powerful aid, they eledted him king; but, as he could not fubftantiate his pVomifes, he was Obliged to leave the iff:d abbey ; lituate on the Wefer, zj miles e by n ofPaderborn. Lon 9 34 e, lat. 51 46 n, C'lriinna, a ffaport of Spain, in Ga- licis, with a large and fate harbour, called the Groyne, defended by two cafties. The town is of a circular lorm; but the poverty o'/the furround- COS Ing comtiy affords ftw rrfoarees for trade. It is to miles sw of Ferrol, and 35 N by B of Compoftella. Lon. 8 19 ■w, lat. 43 aj ir. Corvo, the fmalleft and muft norther- ly ifl^d of the Azores, fo called from the abundance of crows found upon it. The inhabitants cultivate wheat and feed hogs. Lon. 3 1 6 w, lat. 39 43 k. Corycrekan, a dangerous whirlpool on the w coaft of Scotland, between the ifle of Scarba and the v point of that of Jura. It is fo named from a young Daniih prince, who periflied in this place : its vortex extends above a mile in circuit. Coseir, a town of Egypt, on the Red fea, and the chief place of trade, acrofs hat fea, between this country and Ara- bia. It is 280 miles s by b of Suez. I^n 33 50 E, lat. a6 8 e. Cosenzay a city of Naples, capital of Calabria Citeriore, and an archbifliop's fee, with a ftrong caftle. The environs produce abundance of corn, fruit, oil, wine, and filk. It is fituate on feveral fmall hills, at the foot of the Apennines and by the river Crati, 155 miles SB of Naples. Lon. 16 ao £, lat. 39 20 v. Coslin, a town of Further Pomerantat which has good woollen manufadures, excellent fifhcries, and fine cattle. It is feated on the Ncfebacb, t8 miles f of Colberg. CosnCf a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre. Anchors for Oiips are forged here; and its cutlery and gloves are much efteemed. It is feated on the Loire, at the influx of.the Noatn, 34 miles K by w of Nevers, and 100 s by £ of Paris. Cospour, a town of the kingdom of AfTam, 376 miles £ of Patna. Lon. 9a 57 B,lat. 24 56 N. CassacSf a people inhabiting the con- fines of Poland, Ruffia, Tartary, and Turkey. They are divided into the Kofakki-fa-Parovi, the Kofakki-Doniki, and the Uralian Coflacs. The men aie large and well made, have blue eyes, brown hair, and aqueline nofes ; the wonnen are handfeme, well fhaped, and complaifant to ftrangers. The Uralian Coflacs dwell in villages, along the banks of the Ural, and their chief town is Uralfk. The country which the Kofakki-farParovi inhabit, is called the Ukraine ; and their towns are huilt of wood, after the manner of the Ruillans. The KofakkiOonfki dwell on both fides of the Don ; are under the pro- tetflion of RulHa. and profefstbe fame religion. See I'Arairte, and Vraliafi Vostacs. I-. -f,-^ COT Cossimlazarf a riv«r of Hindooftaiif in Bengal, the moft weftem arm of the Ganges, from which it feparates 35 itiiles below Rajemal. It pafles by Moorfliedabad, Co'fnmbazar, &c. to Nuddea, where it is joined by the Jel- linghy, another arm of the Ganges* and their united ftreams form the Hoogly. Cossimbazar, a town of Hindooltan, in BengaL It has been at all times the refidence of the different European favors; this being the centre of their trade. It is feated on the river of the fame name* by which it is furrounded, icven miles s of Moorihedabad, and 105 N of Calcutta- Otssimcottat a town of Hindooftan, in the circar of Cicacole, on a river that flows into the bay of Bengal, 74 miles sw of Cicacole. Lon. 83 7 e, lat. 17 CosiipouTf a town and fortrefs of Hindooftan, in Delhi, on the ne bor- der of the province, 100 miles ene of Delhi. Lon. 79 18 e, lat. 29 14 n. Cossonaij, a town of Swii-efts of pine and fir, and groves of oak. It was formerly a feu- datory province of Poland, but was an- nexed to the dominions of Ruflia, in ^795' ^y ^" ^^ °^ ^^^ ftates. Mittau i^ the capital. Courseranx, a late province of France, lying along the river . Satat, and now forming, with Foix, the department of Arriege. C'o«r/ray, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, celebrated for its trade and nianufadturcs of table linen and woollen cloths. It is feated on both fide* the river Lis, i a miles e of Ypres. Coutancesy a feaport of France, capital of the department of Manche, and a biihop's fee, with a fine cathedral. It is 37 miles sw of Bayeux, and 185 w of Paris- Lon. i 27 e, lat. 49 3 n. , Coutras, a town of !F ranee, in the de- partment of Gironde, at the conflux of the Ule and Dronne, 95 miles ne of Bourdeaux. Cowbridgp, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamorganfhire, with a mar- ket on Tiicfday, It is called by the VVelflu Pont-faen, from the ftone bridge over the river, which fopn after enters the Briftol channel. Near it are the remains of Llanbithian caftle, of which a mailive gateway is now converted into a barnj and about a mile diftant, on a lofty hill, are the ruins of Penline cattle. Cowbridge is 1 2 miles w of Cardiff and J 73 of London. Cowes, a feaport of Hampfliire, in tjie ille of Wight, on the w fide of the mouth of th of Wurtzburg* and of 30 NW of Anfpach. Creil, a town of France, in the de> partment of Oife, on the river Oife, five miles E of Senlis. Creilsheim, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anfpach, on the river Jaxt, 22 miles sw of Anfpach. Crema, a fortified town of Italv, ca- pital of Cremafco, and a bifhop s fee. It is well built and populous, and feat> ed on the Serio, 30 miles s of Bergamo. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 45 25 IV. Cremasco, a fmall territory of Italy, in the s part of the province of Berga- mafco. It is nearly furrounded by the miles NW of duchy of Milan, and fertile in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema is the ca> pital. CremiUf a town of France, in tjie de- partment of Ifere, at the foot of a moun- tain, near the Rhone, ao miles ne of Vienne. OremnitZf a town of Upper Hungary, noted for its gold mines, 17 miles n of Craijfold, a village in Kent, on the Schcmnitz. river Cray, two miles w by N of Dart- Cremona, a city pf Italy, capital of ford- Here are feme calico printing the Cremonefe, and a bi(hop*s fee, with grounds, and a ma.iufafture of iron a cattle and a univerfity. The flroets hoops- are broad and ftraight, adorned with Crecyy or Cressy, a village of France, forae fmall fquares, a few palaces, 40 in the department of Somme, cclebrat- parifh churches, and 43 convents of ^^'^ town was taken three times; nrft by the French, then by the Auftrians, and again by the former. It is feated on the Nahe, 25 miles sw of Mentz. Crewkerne, a town in Somerfetlhire, with a market on Saturday, and manu- fadlures of ftockings, canvas, and dow- lafs. It is feated near a branch of the Parret, 35 miles s of Wells, and 13 « wsw of London. Ciickeithf a town of Wales, in Car- marthcnfiiire, with a market on Wed- ncfday, iV miles sse of Carmarthen, and 231 nW of LondoO' Criakmoell, a town of Wales, in Brecknockftrire, with a market on Thurfday. Near it are the ruins of an CR I andent caftle. it is feated on the Ulfc, 10 miles SE of Breckndick, and 157 w by K of London. Criekludet a borough in Wiltlhire, with a market on Saturday, feated near the Thp.mes, and the Stroud canal, 35 miles w by s of Oxford, and 84 w by n of London. Criefff a town of Scotland, in Perth^ fhire, with manufa one of the iincft harbours in the yrorld. The principal articles of export are com, fait, honey, wnx, butter, liorfes, female flavea, . hides, and furs, efpecially the Tauric lamb-lkins, which are in high cfteem. The Crimea now forms one of the two provinces of the government of Catharincnflaf, under the name of Taurida- Sympberopol is the capital. Crimmxtschau, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Mifiiia, with manufa^nres of fiufTs and linens, feated on the Pleifc. lo miles ssw of Altenberg. Crinan, Luch^ a fmall arm of the fea on the w (Joaft of Scotland, in Argyle- Ihire, 'oppofite the n end of the illand of Jura. It is conneded with Loch Fyne by a canal, called the Cjrinan Ca- nal. Crofl/m, a country of Europe, bound" ed on the n by Hungary, E by Sclavo- nia and Bofnia, s by Dalmatia, and w by Carniola and Stiria. It 'belongs to the houfe of Auftria, except a fmall part, E of the river Unna, fubjeft to the Turks. Carlftadt is the capital. Croja, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, feated near the gulf of Ve> nice, 13 miles ne of I>urazzo CroisiCf or Croisil, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, feated on the bay of Bifcay, between the mouths of the Loire and Vilaine, 35 miles w of Nantes. Lon. 2 32 w, lat. 47 18 N. CVotT, St. a river of N America, which forms the ne boundary of the Unitod States, and runs into the bay of Paflamaquoddy. Croix, Si. oneoftheCaribbeeiflands, 30 miles long and eight where broadeft, lying 40 miles s by e of St. Thomas. It produces mudi fugar, and belongs to the Danes. The chief town is Chrif- tianftadt, on the n coaft, with a fine harbour, defended by a fortrefs. Lon. 65 aB w, lat 17 45 N. CVomflc/i-wa/r;',alake in Cumberland, between Buttermerc-water and Lowes- water, receiving the former at its s end, by the river Corker, and the latter at Its n end. It is four miles long, and half ri mile over ; with three fmall illes, oncoi themarock, and the other CQvt;r- QRO ednvith wood. Half a mife from tlie aw e:nd is a waterfall, called Scale force, between the mountains of Mellbreak and Blea-cragg.- - At the ne &orner is a ftone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker. It abounds with char and red trout. . Cromarty^ a county of Scotland, 16 miles JoAgand fix broad, comprehending part of a peninfula on the s fide of a frith to which it gives name. On the s and wit ts bounded by Rofsihire. Itigrfj. vided into five pariflies, and contaiiu 5390 inhabitants. The highlands are heathy, but on the coafts it is fertile and well cultivated. It fends one member to parliament, alternately with Nairn- ibire. Cromarty, a feaport of Scotland, capital of the county of Cromarty. The harbour is one of the fineft in Great Britain, and has a commodious quay. Here is a confiderable manufadlure of hempen cloth, and a coalling trade in corn, thread, yam, filh, and (kins of various forts. It (tanda at the moutli of the frith of Cromarty, i6 miles nne of Invernefs. Lon. 3 50 w, lat. ^^j 38 n. Croitier, a town in Norfolk, w'itha market on Saturday. It formerly had two churches, one of which, with fe- veral houfes, was fwallowed up by the fea. The inhabitants arc chiefly filhoi- mcn ; and the beft lobfters, on this part of the coaft, are taken here. It is feated on the German ocean, a» miiea N of Norwich, and 129 ne of London Ciomffird, a village in Derbylhire, on theriver Derwent, two miles NjjfcWirkf- worth. Here Mr. (after war^r Rich- ard) • k Wright eredled fome of the new cotton mills, a capital improve* mcnt of mechanifm due to him ; and here alfo he built a noble feat, and a church. There is a canal hence to Nottingham. , Cronachf a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg, near which is a mountain-fortrefs called Rofenberg. It is feated near the river Cronach, 1 1 miles N of CuImbacA. Cronborf^t a ftrong fortrefs of Den- mark, on the ifle of Zealand, near £1- finore, which guards the pafiTagc of the Soqnd. It is fituate on the point of a peqinfular promontory, oppofite Hel- fingburg in Sweden, little more than two miles diftant. In 1658, it was taken by the king of Sweden, and reftored in i66o. In this fortrefs is a palace, where queen Matilda was imprifoned till -Aie was permitted to retire to Zell. Not far from this is Hamlet Garden, faid to be the fpot where the .murder of hif i^htr was perpetrated. ' • - .■^- C RO • Cronenlergt or Kr9Hberg,-^town of Gcrmany.in the late ele«orstte ofMent^k feated on a monntain; nine mHea sw of Frankfort. ^ ^ c^ r e Cronstadt, a feaport and fortrefs of Ruflia, on the ifland of Retufari, in the Bulf of Finland. The harbour is the chief ftation of the Ruffian fleet. Here are great magazines of naval ftorea» clocks and yards for building (hips, a foundery for carting cannon balls, and an extcnlive marine hofpital. The Man of War's Mole is incloled by a ftrong rampart, built of granite, in the fea : and Peters Canal, lined with mafonry, is 1050 fathoms long, 60 broad at the bottom, and 100 at the top; it is 24 fathoms deep, and in this manner ftretches 358 fathoms into the fea. At the end of the canal are two pyramidal columns, with infcriptions relative to this great work. The town occupies the E part of the ifland, and the inha- bitants are eflimated at 60,000. It is jj miles w of Peterfburg. Lon. 29 a6 E, lat. 59 56 N. Crnmtadtt a town of Tranfylvania. See Brassau. fropanif a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriore, nine miles ene of St. Severino. CVoiTir, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Lemberg, 60 miles wsw of Lemberg. Crosserif a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, capital of a duchy of the fame name, with a rtrong caftle. It is feated on the frontiers of Silelia, near the conflux of the Bober with the Oder, in a countryr abounding with wine and fruit, 23 miles sb of Frankfort. Lon. 15 15 a, lat. 5a 7 n. Crossfellf a mountam in Cumberland, eight miles ese of Kirkofwold. Its ex- treme altitude is computed to be 3390 feet. Atdiflercnt elevations there are two extenfive plains ; and a third on the fummit contains fcveral hundred acres, covered with mofs and other ve- getable productions. The vi«w from this height comprehends great part of fix counties. A few yards below the fummit is a fpring called the Gentle- mans Well. Crotchcy, a town of Hindoortan, in Sindy, on the b fide of a creek that will admit boat*, and about live miles w from the place where veflels lie in the river Larrybunder. It has a con- fiderable trade, being viftted by the in- terior caravans, which cannot reach Tatta on account of the branches of the Indus. It is 90 miles w of Tatta. Lon. 66 10 E, lat. 24 j% n. CRU Cfotehayt a town of France, in the department of Jura, fix miles SE of Poligny. Crotnna, a feaport of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriore, and a biihop's ft:e, with a citadel. It has a trade in grain, chcefe, oilt and lilk, and is 15 miles sb of St. Severino. Lon. 17 27 e, lat. 39 9N. Crotoy^ a town of France, in the de- partment of Sommo, on the e lido of the mouth of the Sommc, 35 miles avt of Amiens. Crouch^ a river in F.flex, which rife* near Horndon, and enters the German ocean, between Burnham and Foulnefs ifland. 'he Walfleet and Burnham oyllers are the prududt of its creeks and pits. Crowlandf a town in Lincolnfliire> with a market on Saturday. Here was formerly an abbey of great note, and fome (lately ruins ycjt remain. The town confifts of fouijjiftreets, which are feparated by watei-ilfeurfes* and con- seded by a curious triangul^ic^ridgc. for foot pafienge^^ The chitf trade is in fi(h and wild ducks, which are plen- tiful in the adjacent pools and mar(hb!r. It is II miles n of Peterborough, and 93 N by w of London. CrotolCf a town in Lincolnlhire, with a market oa Monday, feated in the iile of AxhoIm> near the river Dun, 1 8 miles N of Gdniborough, and 1.67 nnw of London. Crown Point, a fort and town of New York, in Clinton county. The fort was erected by the French, in 1 73 1, on a point that runs n into Lake Chans- plain. It was reduced b^r the £ngli(h in 1 759, taken by the Americans in 1775, and retaken by the Englilh the year after. It is 90 miles N of Albany. Lon. 73 28 w, lat. 43 57 N. Croydon, a town in Surry, with a market on Saturday. It has an hofpi- tal and freefchool, founded by arcli- bilhop Whitgift ; and in the church are fome monuments of the archbiihops of Canterbury, who had here an ancient palace, which was alienated from the fee in 1780 : the building, and adjoin- ing premifes, are now occupied by fome cotton manufactures. The fum- mer ailizes are held here . aod at Guild- ford alternately. Croydon is feated near the fourceofithe Wandle, 10 nules s of London. Lon. o 6 w, lat. 51 29 K. Crozen, a town of France, in the de- partment of Finiiterre, 16 miles Nw of Chateaulin. CrumlaiVf or Crumau, a town of Bo- hemia, in the circle of fiechin, with a K CUB caftle, feat«d on the Muldau* la mllet * bj w of Btidweis. Crum/ntr, a town of Moravia* in tb« drcle of Znaim, with a caftlCf le miles MNBuf Znaim. Cruz, St. a ftraport nf Morocco, in . the kJn};dom of Sua. The Portuguefe bad a fortrefs herc> which was* taken from them by the Moors in 1536 ; and the emperor caiifet) it to be deftroyed in tjfu. I'he harbour is fafe and com- modious. It i" feated on a bay of the Atlantic, 130 miles wsw of Morocco. Lon. 9 30 w, lat. 30 £8 n. Cruz, St. a fe^poit on the se fide of Teneriff, and the general rcfidence of the gov«'rnor of the ifland. It has a well built pier and quay> and is de* fended by fcveral forts and battiries. Lon. 16 16 w, lat. »8 z; n. Cruz St. a town of Peru, capital of a jurifdiAion, in the audience of Charcas, and a biftiop'a fee. 'I'he country is woody and mountainous ; but the town ftandt in a fertile valley, near the river Guapftix, 160 miles nne of Plata. Lon. 63 15 w, lat. 17 16 s. Cruz, St. a town on thi^ n fide of the ifland of Cuba, 50 miles e of Havanna. Cruz, St. an idand in the Pacific ocean. See E^mont. Cuba, an ifland of the W Indies, at the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, 700 miles in length, and 80 in breadth. It was difcovered by Columbus, in 149a. The Spaniards are entirely mafters of it, having extirpated the natives ; but from their lazinefs, and the want of hands, only a very fmall portion of the ifland is cleared. In the woods are ibme valuable trees, particularly cedars of a large fize ; and birds abound here, both in variety and number, more than in any of the other iflands. The foil is Jertile ; and cattle, ftieep, and hogs are numerous. There are copper mines in the mountains, and forefts full of game. The produce is fugar-canes, ginger, long pepper, calFia, wild cinnamon, mamck, tobacco, and aloes. The hills run through the middle of the ifland, its whole length, from e to w,ibut near the coaft the land is generally level ; and many rivulets flow from the hills to the N and s. It is 75 miles k of Jamaica, and Havanna is the capital. Cuta, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, 36 miles a by E of Evora. CuLagua, a fmall iOatid of 8 Ame- rica, between that of Magaretta and Terra Firma. Here the Spaniards, in 1509, eftablilhcd a fiftjery of pearl ; but the banks difappuared la I3a4. The euL ifland it Imrto and nitrous. ljon.^u 10 w. lat. !• $6 V. CtUum, a river, which ilTiiesfroro tht N fide of the Caucafian mountains, divides Circaflia from part of Taurica, and flows into the nb extremity of the Black fea. Cuban, or Cubart Tartary, a cou.ntry in the Rufli^n province of Tauricaj bounded on the w by the (ea of Afoph, N by the river Don, which feparatesit from Europe, e by the defert of Aftra. can, and s by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circaflia- Cui field, a town in Suflex, with a market on Friday, 13 miles nw of Lewes, and 39 s by w of London. Cuddalore-, a town of Hindooftan, on the coafl; of the Camatic, near the place where Fort St. David once ftood. it was taken by the French in 1758, and again in 1783. It is 30 miles ssw of Pondicherry. Lon. 7955 E,1at. 11 41 M, Cnddapa, a town of Hindooitan, ca> pital of acircar of the fame name, ceded by Tippooj in 1792, to the nizam of the Deccan. It is 133 miles nw of Madras. Lon. 78 57 £, lat. 14 23 n. Cudrefin, a town and baliwic of Swir< ferland, in the canton of Bern, 21 milci w of Bern. Cvenza, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, and a bifliop's feq,; feated on a high and craggy hill, near the river Xucar, 90 miles E by s of Madiid- Lon. a la w, lat. 40 to n. CumzH, a town and jurifdidion of Peru, in the province of Quito. The town is populous, and fituate at the foot of the Cordillera mountains, on one of the fources of the Amazon, 17s miles s by w of Quito. Lon. 78 30 w, lat. » 5^ 8. Cujavia, a province of Poland, on the left bank of the Viftula, including the two palatinates of Wladiflaw and Brzeic. Wladiflaw is the capital. CuiUy, a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Bern, on the ne fide of the lake of Geneva, eight miles ese of Laufanne. Culenhurg, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, on the river Leek, i2 miles ssE of Utrecht. Culiucan, a province of Mexico, in the audience of Guadalajara, on the gulf of California. It abounds with all forts of fruits, has many bit ponds, and fcveral rich mines. Culiacan, a town of Mexico, capital of the province of the fame name. It is feated on the river Culiacan, 140 raile» SSE of Cinaloa. i«n. to8 5 vft lat- a4 50 N. CUM Cullen, a borough of Scotland, in' Banflfihire, at the mouth of the Culun or Cullen. It hat maimfadurcs of linen and danuiki and • trade in frefli and dried Rfli. Near it are Teen three lofty fpiring rocks, formed of (linty maflTes called the Three Kings of Cullen. It it 13 miles w by n of Banff. Culltra, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the mouth of the Xucar, a t miles s of Valencia. Culluort a town of Hindooftan, in Golconda, celebrated for its diamond mines* 115 miles e of Hydrabad. Lon. 8037 B»lat. 17 la N. Culfit, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the fame name, and a bilhop's fee, with a catholic univerfity. It is leated on the Vidula, 60 miles s of Dant^c. Lon. itt 30 b, lat. 53 n. n. Culml'ach, a town of Franconia, for- merly the capital of a margravate of the fame name. Near it. on a mountain, hands the fortrcfs of Plafleiiburg, where the archive* of the principality were preferveJ, but they were removed to Bayreiith in 17^3. From its diftriA the whole margravate was formerly called Brundenburg-Colmbach ; but in 1716, the govumment devolved into another line, and fince that time it has been called Brandenburg-Bay reutb. Culmbach is feated on the Maine, 13 miles NNw of Bayreuth. Lon. it 36 E, lat. 50 7 K. Culmore^ a town of Ireland* in the county of Londonderry, on the coaft of Lough Foyle, five miles n by e of Jjondonderry. Culrois, a borough of Scotland, in Perthfliire. in a diftriA aliuoft furround- ed by CUckmannaiifliire. Here is a princely abbey, built in 1390. It is fituate on the firith of Forth, ao miles s of Perth, and ai wNwof Edinburg. Vumana, a province in the ne part of Terra Firma, bounded on the n and E by the fea, s by Paria, and w by Ca- raccas. The chief produfi is cocoa. It ftands near the mouth of a great lake or branch of the fea, 180 miles e of Leon de Caraccas. Lon. 64 24 w, lat. 10 iz n. Cumanageta, a town of Terra Firma, in the provmce of Cumana,at the mouth of the Nevery, 60 miles w by s of Cu- mana. Cumhana, an ifland of the £ Indies, between Lombock and Flores, 1 80 miles k>ngand from ao to 40 broad. On the V fide, toward the w end, is a town of thefamename. Lon. 11658B, lat. 8 278. Cumder/and, a county of England, 58 miles long and 3* broad, bounded on the M by Scotland, « by Northumber* CUM land, Durham, and Weftmo-land, $ bf Lancitlhiro, and w by the Iriih fea and SoKv;»y frith. It contains 970,000 acresi is divided into live wardii, and 99 pa^ rifhes ; haH one city and 10 maricut* townR4 and fends fix members t6 par-* fiatncnt. The numbor of inh.ibitants in :ttoi was 117,230' 1'he mount<}ins feed large flocks of flieep, and the val- leys produce corn, 8cc. Tlie trad."* of level land avo neither numerous nor ex- tcnfive, being chiefly confined to the borders of the rivers and toward the w coaft. There are mines of coal, lead, copper, iron, b.piscilaminaxiniand wad, or black-lead ; the lattSr are near Bor- rowdale, and almod peculiar to thii county. The principal manufaAiirea are cotton and canva«, and there ni-e fomc iron works. Skiddaw, SadJI<;- back, and Crofs-fcU, are the principal mountains. The chief rivers are the Eden and Derwent ; and its celebratixi lakes are Derwent-water, B waite water, lUutermcrc, Cromackw.i- ter, Lowes-water, Ulls-watcr, Waft water, Ennerdale-water, and Leathes- water. Carlide is the capital. Cumberland, a river of the United States, which ilTucs from the Cumber- land mountains, on the borders of Vir- ginia, flows sw through Kentucky into the ftate of Tenneflee, where it pafles by NaHiville ; it then takes a nw courfe, re-enters Kentucky, and joins the Ohio about I a miles above the influx of the TenneflTee. Cumberland^ a towi) and fort of New Brunfwick, in a county of the fame name, in which arc coal mines. The fort is fituate at the head of the bay of Fundy, on the e fide of its northern branch. Lon. 64 xo w, lat. 45 43 n. Cumberland, a town of Maryland^ chief of Allegany county ; fituate on the N branch of the Potomac, 95 mile* WNW Of Wafhington. Lon. 78 46 w, lat. 39 36 N. Cumberland^ an illand on the coaft of Georgia, the moft fouthern territory of the United States on the Atlantic ocean. It is 15 miles long i«nd two broad. Oppofite its s extremity is the iHand Amelia, and between them is the en- trance of St Mary river. Cumlo, a kingdom on the w coaft of Africa, s of the river Gambia. The Pot tugiiefe have a fettlement at Cacheo. Cumbrai/f Great and Little, two iflands of Scotland, at the entrance of the frith of Clyde, to the se of the ifle of Bute. The former is fix miles in circumference, has exccljent frecftone quarries, and the ruins of a cathedii^ CUR ^cdicatrti to St ■ Columba. The * l.ittcr lien z littti: to the s uf the other ,anil on it iaa ligbthoure. Lon. 447^1 l'>t- 55 45 if • Cumianaf a town uf Pivdinont» n miles 8w of Turin. Cumlt/t a fort and town of Hindoof- tan. in Canara, fcatfd between two ri- vers, at their entrance into a fait water lake, which i» feparated from the feaby a fpit of fand. On the oppoPitc fide of the s river, is the town of Kanyapura, to which it was formerly joined by a bkidge. It is 15 miles s by B of Man* gah)re. Cupar, a borvugh of Scotland, ca- pital of Fifcfhircr. Here are manufac- tures of coarfe linertd, and a confidtn*- able tannery. It it feated in a rich val- ley, on the N fide of the Eden, eight sides w by s of St. Andrew, and 30 NNE of Edinburg. Ix)n. a 55 w, lat. ^6 16 N. Cupar, a town of Scotland, in An- gualhire, with a confiderable linen ma- nidaftiire and a tannery. It i» feated on the Ida. 12 miles *>w of Dundee, and 13 NNE of Perth. Curasao, an ifland in the Caribbean fea, near the coaft t)f Terra Ftrma, 3$ miles long and .t broad, fubjeft to the Dutch. It produces fugar, tobacco, aiid fait I has numerous w iehoufes, always full of the commodities of Eu- rope and the call; and carries on a great trade, whether in peace or in war. In 1800, fome French having fettled on part of the ifland, and becoming at va- riance with the Dutch, the latter fur- rendered the ifland to a fingle Britifli frigate. It was reftored to the Dutch by the peace of i8o», and taken from them by a Britiih fquadron irt 1807. The prindpal town is St. Peter, at the NE extremity of the ifland. Lon. 69 15 w, lat I» 22 N. Cnrdidany a country lying partly in Armenia and partly in Perlia, along the eaftern bank of the river Tigris, and comprehending great part of ancient Aflyria. The inhabitants are not fub- jefteithertothe Turks orPerfians.Some live in towns and villages, and others rove from place to place, having tents Hke the wild Arabs, and beiiig robbers like them. Their religion is partly Chriftianity and partly Mahometanifm. Altunkupri is the capital. Curia Maria, an ifland on the coaft of Arabia Felix, oppofite the mouth of the tlver Prim. Lon. 55 25 E, lat. 17 O N. Curisch Hajf, a lake or bay of Pruflla, lying along the Baltic, 70 miles in length. It Is wide toward the s, but narro.v to C (J T the V, where it communicates with t)i«* Baltic, at Memel. ' Curruhf a town of Hindooftati, In Allahabad, on the right bank of the Ganges, 36 miles nw of Allahabad. Currucaia, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, on the river Adji, ijjo miles kw of Calcutta. Lon. 86 ao k, lat 2^ 25 N. Currucpour, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, feated in a mountainous di- ftridt, lij miles nw of Moorfliedabad. Lon. 86 42 E, lat. 25 8 n. Cumpa, a town of Brafil, in the go. vernment of Para, feated on the eftuary of the Amazon, 250 miles w of Para. Lon. 53 10 w, lat. i 50 a. Curiala, an ifland in the gulf of Ve- nice, on the coait of Dalmatia, about :6 miles long. It abounds in wood, proper for building {hips, and produces good wine. At the b end is a fortified town of the fame name, with a good harbour. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 43 6 n. Cuuo, a city of Peru, and a bifliop's fee, formerly the capital of the incas. The Spaniards, under Pizarro, took pofleflionofit in 1534. On a moun- tain contiguous to the n part of the dty are the ruins of a fort and palace of the incas, the ftones of which are of an enormous magnitude. Cufco is built ina fquarc form, in the middle of which is the beft market in all America : four large ftrects which are perfe<5tly ftraight* terminate in the fquare. It contains nine churches, befide tne cathedral, which is a noble ftrudture. The number of in- habitants is about so.ooo, of which three-fourths are original Americans. Streams of water run through the town, which are a great conveniency in a country where it feldom rains. It is 350 mUes E by s of Lima. Lon. 71 47 w, lat. 13 o 3. Ctishai, a river of N Carolina, which runs into Albemarle found. Cusset, a town of France, in the de- partment of Allier, 37 miles s by e of Moulins. Custrin, a fortified town of Branden- burg, capital of the New mark, with a cattle. In 1760, it was bombarded and almoft deftroyed by the Ruflians. It is feated amid morafles, at the conflux of the Warta with the Oder, 46 miles b by N of Berlin. Lon. 14 52 e, lat 52 38 e. Ctttais, the chief town of Imcritia. The remains of the cathedral feiin to prove that it was once a confiderable place. It is feated on the Riona, i jo miles w by N of Ttfflis. Lon- 43 E* lat. 42 25 N. C Z E Culay Malalawadt, a town of Hin- dooftan, in My fore, with a Urge mud fort, 87 miles w of Seringapatam. Cutfli, a country of Hindoollan, go- verned by a rajah, and (ituate un the IE of Sindy; the a branch of the Indus Icparatinp the two countries. It ex- tends along the N coaft of the gulf of Ciitch, and is fcparated from Guzmt by the river Puddar. It abounds with hills, woods, and fandy wilds. The ca- pital is Booge-booge. Cuiliuuen, a feaport of Lower Sax- ony, in *be dufhy of Bremen, at the mouth of the Elbe. Here are only a few hovels and a windmill : but it is the port for the EngUfli packets to HaCiburg; and palTcngcrs, while on fiiore, are accommodated at Ritzcn- buttfc, which is half a mile diftant. Cuxhaven is 60 miles nw of Hamburg. Lon. 9^oK,\it.S3 50 N. Cuvckt a town of Dutch Brabant, m a fmall territory of the fame name, fix miles ESE of Grave. Cyprus, an illand in the Mediterra- nean, near the coaft of Syria. It was taken by the Turks from the Venetians in 1 570- It is 160 miles in length, and 70 at its greatcft breadth ; pervaded by a chain of mountains, the highcft of which is called Olympus. The foil is an excellent fertile clay ; and, if the na- tives were induftrious, they might make it a paradife ; for the mountains are co- vered with hyacinths, anemonies, and other beautiful flowers. The chief piodutSs are orangey filk, cottgn, wine, turpentine, and timber. There is one archbifliop and three bifhops. The prit'fts are extremely ignorant, andtliey iiibinit to the mod fcrvile employment to pet money. Nicolia is the capital. Cur, St. a village of France, two jniles from Verfaillcs, celebrated for an abbey Tourded byniadamede Maintc- non, wlio was the abbtis till her death in ■ 719. Czoslau, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the fame name. The church has the higheft tower in Bohe- mia. Near this, place the king of Pruf- lia gained a yiftory over the Auftrians in 1741. It is feated on the Crudenka, 40 miles ESI! of Prague. Lon. 15 ^4 t,Iat. 49 fo s. CienstokoWf a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, with a fortified convent on a mountain, by the river Warta, 50 miles n by w of Cracow. Czprcasri, a town of Ruflia, in the Uknine, with a c.iltlc. Anted near the Dnieper, 85 miles se of Kiow. L®n. ^a J h, lat. 45LO ^•. D A C Cirrnelz, a lovvii of European Tur- key, in VValachin, near the Danube, 1 10 miles w of Buchorclt. Lon. 39 44 K, lat. 41 aj N. CzeniUou, a town of Ru/lia, capital of a di'chy of the fame name, with a caftle. It is fe.ited on the Dezna, 70 miles N by E of Kiow. Lon. 31 53 p., lat. CI 39 N. Czenko, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Mafovia feated on the Viftula, 30 milej sse of Warlavv. Cirrweniza, a town of Upper Hun- gary, famous for mines of opal, a nohle gem not yet difcovcred in any other region of the globe. It is 15 milea n of CafTovia. Ciiinilz, a town of Carniola, remark- able for its lake, which produces grafa and corn every year. The lake is fur- rounded by mountains, and in dry fca- fons is from 20 to ay miles in circum- ference ; but when full it is 40 milea round, and contains fcveral iflands, on the largtft of which is a village. When the water fubfides, buckwlieat -is fowa on the dry parts, and becomes ready for the lickle in fix weeks; and the pafturage is not hurt by the water if it does not ftay too long, 'i'he town is fituatc on the nw part of the lake, ao miles s by w of Laubach. Czons^riidt, a town of Hungary, at tlic conflux of the Teifle and Keres, 13 miles N of Segedin. D. Dnhcr, a town of Hither Pomcrania, in a circle of its name, i6 miles nke ofStrfrgard Diil>ul,a town of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Concan, with a trade in pepper and fait ; feated at the mouth of a river, 75 miles 9 by K of Uombay. Lon. 7a Si E,lat. 1750 N. Dacca, a city of Hindooftan, in Ben- gal, to the b of the principal Itreair. of the Ganges, but on a brairch which communicates with tiie IJurrampooter. It was once the capital of Bengal, and defended by a itrong fortrefs^ the re.' mains of which appear. It has a-vaft trade in muflins, and maniifaiftures the moft delicate ones, fo much fought after in Europe, from the cotton produced in the province The country round Dacca lies lo^v, and is always covered with verdure during the dry months. It is 150 miles ne of Calcutta. Lon. 5031 f', lat. 33 4a N. Davhau, a t'.'wn of Bavaria, where N D A H the cledor ! is a palace ; feated on a hill, nt.'ar the river Amber, lo tnilcs Nxw of Munich. Dachslach, a town of Franconia, in the principality bf Bayreuth, zt milt^s s of Bamberg. Dacfmtfiii, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, wifh a palace that belonged to the fee of Straf- burg; fitnate on the Breuch, eight miles w of Stralbmy. Dttfar, or Dofar^ a feapdrt of Ara- bia Felix, gc verned by a flieick, who is a fovereign prince. It is feated on a bay of the f:imc name, on the se coaft. Lon. 54 lo E, lat. 17 ao ^f• Daf^istan, 3 province of Afi;i, bound- ed on the f. Iiy the Cafpian fea, w hy the mocmtains of Caucafus, n by Cir- calTrt, and s by Schlrvan. It is inha- bit .'d by Tartars, and fubjeft to Ruflia. Tarku is Jhe capital. Dapno, a town of E"ropean Tarkey, in Albania, near the conflux of the Drinoand Nero, i,? miles se of Scutari. Dago, or Dagfio, an idand in tht; Baltic, on the coaft of Livonia, feven miles N of the ifle of Otf- ])arni!i/(i(U, a town of Germany, ca- pital of the upper county of Cat/.encl- ieubogcu, with a caftle, where the prince of ricfleDarmftadt generally re- ikies. It has handfomc luburbs, and a good college. It is feated on a rivqr of the fame name, jo miles nnw of Uoi- dclburg. Lon. 8 38 K, lat. 49 (^/i N. . Darnry, a toWh of France, in the de- partment of Vofgcs, 51 miles wsw of Epinal. D A R Darorcr, a town of Spain, in /rragon, with fcven pariHi churches, one of which is collegiate- It ftands between two hills, on the Xiloca, 48 miles ssw of Saragofla. Darore^ a. town of Hindooftan, in Dowlatabad, 80 miles nw of Beder, and 98 E by s of Amednagur. Lon. 76 43 E, lat. 18 44 V. Darraway, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Tatta, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, a branch of the Indus, 74 miles wsw of Tatta. Lon. 66 31 E,lat. 343a N. Dart, A river in Devonfliii^, which rifes at the foot of Dartmoor hills, iLTofles Dartmoor to Aihburton and Totnefs, where it is navigable for fmall vefTols- and enters the Englilh channel at Dartmouth. Dartfordy a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday. Here are the re- mains of a nunnery'founded by Edward in. At the diiTulution it was converted into a royal palace ; but it was alienated by James i. The rebellion of Wat Tyler, in the reign of Richard 11, began in this town. In the neighbourhood are fome gunpowder mills- It is I'eated on the Darent, not far from its entrance into the Thames, 15 miles e by s of j^ondon. Dartmoor, an extcnfive foreft in De- vonfliire, bounded un the n by bleak hills, and extending lo miles fouthwaid quite through the centre of the county to the fea. It contains about 80,000 acres, and is watered by the river Dart. !Many iheep are bred here, but of a fmall kind, and black'Cattle, which thrive well on the coarfe herbage. Dartmouth, a borough and teiiport in Devonftiire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. It ftands on tlie (ide of a craggy hill, by the river Dart, near its entrance into the fea, and has a fpacious bay, defended by a callle and ftrong battery. The dock-; ards and quay projedt into the river, and the rocks on each fide are compofed of a purple-coloured flate. The town con- tains three churches, and has a conli- lierable trade to the s of Europe and to Newfoundland, as well as a ftiare in the coaftlng tratfic- It is 30 miles ssw of Exeter, and 203 w by s of London. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 50 aa n. Dartmouth, a Veaport of Maffhchu- fetS) in Briftol county, fituatc on the Accuflinet, 70 miles s of Bollqn. Lou, 70 5* w, lat. 41 ij i!. Darwar, a fortrefs of Hindooftan, in the couiitr; of Sanore, taken from Tip- ppo by the BritiQi in 1791, and after- D A U ward ,re(lor(^d to the Mahrattas. It 1% 45 miles WNw of Sanore. Lon. 75 9 E, lat. 16 5 N. Dassel, a town of Lower Saxony, in the ,duchy of Brunfwickf 15 miles NNW of Gottingen. Davanagiri, a town of Hindooftan, in Myfore, with a fmall fort Here are manufadlures of coarfe cotton cloths; and ahb of cumlies, a kind of blankets refembling Englifh camblets, which arc in high repute. Many merchants reilde here, and carry on a confiderable trade. It is 36 miles nw of Chitteldroog. Daveiitry, a town in Northampton. ftiire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednefday, and a manufac- ture of whips. It ftands on the Roman highway called Watling-ftreet, on the fide of a hill, 10 miles w of Northamp. ton, and 7* nw of LondoTi. Daind, St. a city of Wales, in Pem- brokefliire, with a market on Wednel- day. It was once a confiderable place, and had walls, which are now demolilh* ed. The cathedral is only the ruins of its former fplendour. From the cape called St. David Head is a view into Ireland. It is feated in a barren foil, on the river Hen, 24 miles nw of Pem- broke, and 273 w by » of London. Lon. 5 15 w, lat. 51 56 N. David, St. a village of Scotland, iit Fifefliire, with a harbour in Inverkeith- ing bay. It has a confiderable nianii- fadure of fait, and exports an immenlc quantity of coal. Dauid, Port iJf. an Engiilh fort, on tht; coall of Coromande' which was taken arid delUoycd by the French in i^r,)), and has not ytt bi-eu rebuilt. It is 80 miles s of Fort St. George. Daris Strait, an arm of the fea be. ween Greenland and N America, dil- covered by captain Davis, in 1585, v/hcn he attempted to find a nw pau fage. Davos, a town of Swiflcrland, in the cinlon of Grifous, capital of a diftrid in which are mines of copper, lead, and filver. It is 14 milcp v. of Coire. Danphm, I'orf, a fort built by the French, on tlie b coaft of Madagafcar. Lon. 45 10 E, lat. 24 55 s. Dauphint), a late piovince of France, extending 40 leagues from n to s, and 36 from E to w ; bounded on the w by the Rhone, n by the Rhone and Savoy, .** by Provence, and e by the Alps. Hence the heir apparent of the late kings of France was called the Dauphin. Two thirds of Dauphiny are interfeded by mountains, which aflbrd good paf^ tuMgc} plenty of timber, fir-trees io D E A • particulaf, for the building of flilps ; and very fcarce fimples. In thefe moun- tains, which are branches of the Alps, are bears, chamois, marmots, eagles, hawks, &c. anrl mines of iron, copper, and lead. The valleys afford wheat, and the hills, in the vicinity of the Rhone, excellent wini^s, olives, and fllk. The principal rivers are the Rhone, Durance, Ifere, and Drome. It now forms the departments of Drome, Ifere, ami Upper Alps. Dfl.c, or DaajSf a town of France, in the department of Landes, and l.iteiy a biihop s fee. Here are fome famous hot baths, the Ipring of which dil- charges 543 cubit feet of water in fifteen minutes. It is furrounded by walls, flanked with towers, and feated on the Adour, 24 miles ne of Bayonne- Lon. i,^ w,l3t. 43 4i». Drnd Sea, a lake or inland fea of Paleftine, into which the river Jordan runs. It is 60 miles long and 15 broad, inclofed on the e and w by high moun- tains. There is no verdure on its banks, or filh in its waters ; owing to the ex- treme faltnefs and other qualities of its water. Mines of foflil fait are found in the fides of the mountains, which fnp- ply the neighbouring Arabs, and the city of Jerufalera; alfo fragments of fulphur and bitumen, which the Arabs convert into trifling articles of com- merce. This lake, called alio Lake Afphalfites, has no outlet; and it has been demonftrated, that evaporation is more than fuflicient to carry off the water brought in by the rivers. Deadmans Head, a cape on the s coaft of England, in Cornwall, between St. Maws and Fowey. Deal, a town in Kent, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated between the N and S Foreland, and is a member of the cinque port of Sandwich, governed by a mayor. No manufacture is carried on here, and ft chiefly depends on the leafaring men who refort hither. It has no harbour, but the fea between the fliore and the Godwin Sands, called the Downs, is generally a fecure road for Ihips, where they ufually ride at their Itaving or entering the river Thames. The port is defi'nded by two caftles, Deal or Walmer caftlc to the s, and Sandown caftle to the n ; and alfo by feveral batteries. Deal is the birth- place of the celebrated Elifabcth Carter. It is feven miles s by e of Sandwich, and 74 c by s of London. Lon. i 34 e, lat. 51 13 N. Dean, a foreft in Glouceftcrfliirc, including that part of the county which DEC lies between the Severn and the {h!?e8 of Monmouth and Hereford. In con> tains four market towns and 23 pa- rilhes. It is fertiU? in pafture and til- lage, bears very fine oaks, and has rich mines of iron and coal. It was once reckoned the chief fupport of the En- glilh navy ; but is now thinned by fre- quency of felling, and narrowed by in- creafe of cuItivation,,though a few deer ftill continue to run ^ild in its recefles. The forort of Dean, and the rich vale of the fame name, abotmd in orchards, which produce great plenty of excellent cider. Dclalpour, a town of Hiodooftan, capital of a diftrift in the county of Moultan. It is fituate on the great road from Delhi to .Moultan, near the river Setlege, 80 mile.s je of Lahore, and 170 E by JT of Moultan. Lon. 73 33 e, lat. 30 5 N. JhitH, a river in Suffolk, which rifes near Debonham, and flows to VVood- bridge, where it exp:uids into a long narrow arm of the German ocean, a little to the n of Harwich. Dricnhani, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday, feated on the fide of a hill, near the fource of the Deben, 24 miles E of Bury St. Edmund, and 83 nk of London. Drbrccziny a town of Upper Hun- gary, capital of a diftrift of the fame name. It was taken by the Turks in 1684, and the Aufl:rians retook it the fame year. It is 107 miles e of Buda. Loa'. 21 38 F., lat. 47 34 N. Deccati, an extenfive tradl in Hindoo- ftan, which, from the figniiication of its name, the South, has been fuppofed to includi; the whole region s of Hin- dooftan Proper. But, in its more ac- cepted fenfe, it contains only the coun- tries fituate between Hindooftan Pro- per, and what is termed the Peninfiila ; namely, the provinces of Candeiih, Dowlatabad, Vifiapour, the N part of Golconda, Berar, Orifla, and the Cir- cars. It is bounded on the n by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, and b'- Baliar ; and the river Kiftna forms it « reparation on the s from the peninfula of Hindooftan. All this vaft country was once the fouthern province of the Monguls, who did not pafs the Kiftna till a recent period. Candeifli, Vifia- pour, and a part of Dowlatabad, Berar, and Orifla are fubjeft to the Mahrattas. The Engliih have part of Orifla and of the Circars. The dominions of the nizam of the Deccan comprife Gol- conda, the principal part of Dow. latabad, and the weftern part of Berar DEE Uis territories are bounded on the »w by the Poonali Mahrattas, :. by tlie Be- rar Mahrattas, e by the Circars, and s by the Carnatic and Myfore. By fa- mily fucccflion, in 1780, the nizam be- came poireflt'd of tho dihridts of Adoni and Tachore, and of the Guntoor Cir- car ; and by the peace of 179a and par- tition of 1799 he had a fiiare of the coiinti ies b«;Ionging to Tippuo Sultan> including Kopaul, Cuddapa, Gange- colUvGooty, and Gurrumconda. His dominions (without including the cef- fions) are fuppofed to be 4^0 miles from Nw to SE, by 300 wide. The ca- pital is Hydrabad. Decin; a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre, feated in an ifland, at the conflux of the Airon with the Loin. 16 miles se of Nevers. Dcckfudorfy a town of Lower Ba- varia, feated on the Danube, i.y miles Mw of PafHiu. l)eddiii;;ioi!, a town in Oxfordfhire, ■with a market on Saturday, 16 miles 2i of Oxford, and 69 w nw of London. Dfdhaw, a town of Maffachufets, chiei of Norfolk county> feated on Charles river, 1 1 miles sw of Bofton. Dedliam, a town in EfTex, with a market on Tuefday, and a manufac- ture of baize. It has an ancient large church, with a curious fleeple, and a free grammar-fchool endowed by queen Elifobcth. It is feated on the Stour, eight miler, nme of Colchefter, and 58 ME of London. Dep, a river of ^^'aIes, held in grer.t veneration by the ancient Britons, and the theme of many a poet fince. It ilTuPs from the lake of Bala, in Mf.rio- nethfhire, whence it flows through a fine vale acrufr. the s part of Denbigh- fliire to the nw part of Shropfhire, viiits the w border of Chefhire, pailes on to Chefter, and flows thence to the Irifti fea, making a broad eituary, which fe- parates Cheihire from i'linifhiie. The Dee is navigable from near Eiiefmere, in Shropihiie, to ■ heller, where the continuity, of the navigation is broken by a ledge of rockS, running acroffi the river ; but by embankments made here, much land has been gained fiom the tide , and a narrow channel, litter for navigation, has been formed from Chtf- ter half way to the fea. Die. a river of Scotland, which rifcs OTi the w border of Aberdeen (hi re, amid the mountains of Mar forcfl, and flows E through a wild country till it reaches the fertile vale of Brae mi r, whence it proceeds to Aberdeen, below which it enters the German cccan. « DEL Dee, a river of Scotland* which rife« in the w part of Kirkcudbrightlhire, receives the Ken, below New Galloway, and runs into the IriQi f($a, live milei below Kirkcudbright. Deeping, or Market Deeping, a town in Lincohifhire, with a market on Thurfday ; I'eated on the Welland, in a fenny country, fix miles B of Stamford, and 90 N of London. Dff, a vil^ge of Scotland, in Aber. deenfljire, on ii river of its name, 19 miles H cf Peterhead. It has a trade in fine yarn, and near it are the remains of the abbey of Deer. Deer field, a town of MalTachufets, in Hampihire county, feated on the Con- nedicut, near the influx of the river Deerfield, 15 miles n of Northampton, and 8q w by N of Boflon. DfriiUTst, a village in Glouceder- fliire, three miles 5 of Tewkeftury, fub^ jedt to frequent inundations from the Severn. Here was a celebrated monaf- tery, which was afterward made a eel) to Tewkefbury abbt^. Deinse, or Deiinse, a town of the NethrHands, in Flanders, feated on the Lip, eight miles sw of Ghent. ' Deiiahad, a town of Pcrlia, in Irac Agemi, 90 miles n oflfpahan. helugoa, a bay on the z coaft of Africa, at the n end of the country of Natal. The adjacent country abounds in cittlc and poultry, which may be puichafed for a trifle: and it is fre- quently vjfited by veiTels employed in the whale fifhcry. Lon. 3* E, lat. 1^ OS. _ ■ Delaivar, a town of Virginia, in King William county, feated on the broad peninfnla formed by the conflu- ence of the Pamunky and Mattapony, whofe united ftreams hence afl^'nme the name of York River. It is so miles n by w ()~ VVilliamfburgi, and 45 w of Richmond. Dclaicarc, one of the United States of America, 91 miles long and 24 broad ; bounded on the n by PennfyU vania, e by Delaware river and bay, and s and w by Maryland. In many parts it is unhealthy, being feated in a peninfuli, where the land is generally low, which occalionp the waters to flagnate. It is divided into three coun- ties. Newcaftle, Kent, and Siili'ex. The capital io Dover. Delaware, a river of the United States, formed of two ftreams in ihe i^ate of New York. In its courfe i^ ft- p.irates Pennfylvania from New York and New Jerfey; and, a few miles b- low Philadelphia, tlie ftate of Delaware of the United ftreams in ilie n its courff i*; fc- Tom New York a few miles bi- Ute of Delawiire DEL from New Jcrfey, till it enters t.. head of Delaware bay, a few miiea bclo.'- Salera. At Phiiaidelphia it has a fuf- ficicnt depth of water for a 74 gun (hip; is navigable thence for fliups up to the falls at Trenton ; and for boats, that carry eight or ten tons, 40 miles higher. Delaware Bny, a bay of the United States, between the ftates of Delaware and New Jerl'ey. It is 60 miles lon^, from Cape He'nlopen to the entrance of the river Delaware at Bombay-hook, andfiom loto^obroad. It opens intothe Atlantic, between Cape Henlopen on the s, and Cape May on the n, which are ao miles apart, and on the former is a lighthoule. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 38 40 n. i)ctebio, a town of SvviflTtrland, in the Valteline, on a fmall river which runs into the Adda, five miles nw of Morbegno. De(/ino, a town of European Tar- key, and capital of Lower Albania, where the pacha relides. It is 50 miles ENE of Lariila. Lon. zi ij t, lat. 40 4N. Delfl, a town of S Holland, well built, with canals in the ftieets, planted on each tide with trees. Here are two churches, in one of which is the tomb of William i, prince of Orange, who was afliiflinated. It has a tine arfe- nal, and a confiderable nianufacture of earthen ware. Delft is the birthplace of the renowned Grotius. It is feated on the Schic, eight miles nw of Rotter- dam. Delftshavcn, a fortified town of S Holland, on the n Ude of the Maefe, with a canal to Delft. It is between Rotterdam and Schiedam, not three miles from each. DvlJ'zmil, a town and fortrefs of Hol- land, in Groningen, with a good har- bour. It is feated on the Damfter, at its entrance into tlie mouth of the Ems, u miles w by .s of Emden. Lon. 658 e, lat. 58 18 N. DpUij, h province of Hindooftan, bounded on the nw by Lahore, ne by Senn.igur,K by the Rohilla country, s by Agra, and w by Moultau. Having been the font of continual wars for above 60 years, it is alm^fl; depopulat- ed; and a tratSl of country that pof- felles every advantage that can be de- rived from nature, contains the moll mifeiable of inhabitants. It is now all that remains to the great mogul of his once txtenlive empire. DfUti, the capital of the province of the fame name. It is the nominal ca- pital of all Hindooftan, and was at^u- DEL ally fo during the greatcll part of the time fince the Mahomedan conqneft. In i7.?8, when Nadir Shah invaded Hindoodan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful were the malTacresand famine tliat followed: 100,000 of the inhabit* ants pcrKhed by the fword ; a«d plun- der to the amount of 62,000.000!. fter* ling was faid to be collected. The fame calamities were endured in i76r, on the invallon of Abdalla, king of Candahar. In 1803, the Mahrattas, aided by the French, got poireffion of this place; but they were afterward defeated here by general Lake, and the aged Shah Au- lum, emperor of Hindooilan, was re^ ftored to his throne. Delhi may be faid to be now in ruins; but there arc many fplendid remains of palaces with baths of marble. The grand mofque ii a magniticent edifice of mirble and red freeftone, with high minarets, and domes richly gilt. It is feated on the Jumna, 350 miles nw ai Allahabad, Lon. y-j 40 B, lat 8837 N. Diiil:, a town and caftle of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia. Great quantities of worfteil ftockings are made here. It it 15 miles N by e of Leipfic Dellamcufta, a fortrefs of the country of Bootah, whicii ct)mmands the prin- cipal pafs over the mountains It was taken by ftorm in 1773, by a detach- ment under the command of captain Joim Jones. It is 5.y miles ssw of Taf- lafudon, and 300 n of Moorlhedabad. Lon. 88 46 E, lat. ay a n. Dclmcniiorsl, a town of Weftphalia, capital of a diftridt, in the duchy of Oldenburg; feated on the Delm, near the Wefirr, eight miles sw of Bremen. Dflos, or Dili, an illand of the Archi- pelago, formerly celebrated for the tem- ples of Diana and Apollo, whofe birth- place it is faid to be. It is fix miles in circumference, but now little more than a defert rock, covered with ruins* and uninhabited. Lon. 25 13 e, lat. 3738N. D'-I})hi, or Dclphof, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Livadia, once famous for the oracle of Apollo, which people came from all parts to confult. It is feated in a vailey, near Mount Parnaf- fus, 18 miles wsw of Livadia. Del Reji, the moft fouthcrn pro- vince of Brafil, from 90 to 1 20 miles in breadth, but .running above 800 in length, between the mountains of Pa- raquay and the Atlantic ocean. Its s extremity contains a lake, called Me- rim, 160 miles long and Denlip,h, a bprough of Wales, capital of Denbighlhilre« with a market on Wed- nefday. Its mined caftle, with its vafl Inclofure crowning the top of the hill, ' forms a flriking objedt. Denbigh has a confiderable manufaAure of gloves and ihoes. It is fituate on the fide of a rocky hill, above the vale of Clywd, on ,a branch of (he river of that name, 27 DEN miles w of Chefter. and aoo nw of Lon- don. Lon. aj ^^5 w, lat. 5j 11 n. Denhighshirt; a county of Wales; bounded en the N by the Irifh fea, nb by Flintfliire, e by Shropfhirc, i> by Mcrioncthfhire and Montgomeryfhire, and w by Carnarvonfhire. It is 48 miles long, and ao in its broadeft part, but in general is much Icfs. It contains 410,000 acres, is divided into fix hun- dreds, and 5 7 parifhes ; has three market- towns; and fends two memb<*r8 to par- liament. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 60,352. Its principal rivers are tht Clywd, Elwy, Dee, and ("on- way. The foil is various ; the vale of Clywd being extremely fertile, which is not the cafe with the k part of t'lc country; and the w is, in a manner, baiTen. The produAs arc com, chcefe, cattle, lead, and coal. Dendcr, a river of the Netherlands, which rifes in Hainault, Rows by Leuze, Ath, Lellines, Grammont, Ninove, .ind Aloft, and joins the Scheldt, at Deader- mund. DenderOy a town of Egypt, the refi- dence of an Arabian prince, who takes the title of Emir. It was anciently called I'entyra, and from the ruins that are feen appears to have been a large city. This place fupplies mofl part of Egypt with charcoal. It is feated near the left bank of the Nile, 260 miles s by BUf Cairo. Lon. 31 j8 e, lat. a6 15 N. Dendcrmond, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, with a ftroiig citadel. It was taken by the allies in 1706, and the Dutch put a garrifon into it as one of the barrier-towns. The French took it in 1745, and again in 1794. It is furrounded by marihes and fine meadows, which can be covered with water, and feated at the conflux of the Dender with the Scheldt, 16 miles w of Mochliu. Lon. 4 n e, lat- 51 3 N- _ Ven;a, a feaport of Spain, in Valen- cia. The entrance into the harbour is difficult , and the chief trade is i n almonds and raitins. It ftands at the foot of a mountain, 47 miles n e of Alicant. Lon. o 2 E, lat. 38 50 N. Denmark, a kingdom of Europe; bounded on the e by the Baltic fea, w and N by the ocean, and s by Germany. The country is generally flat, and the foil fandy. The air is rendered foggy by the neighbourhood of the feas and lakes, of which it is full ; but it has no confiderable river. Denmark, properly fo called, confifls of Jutland and the iilands of Zealand and Funcn, with tl)e 31 58 E, lat. j6 Spain, in Valen- to the harbour is radci& in almonds at the foot of a of Alicant. Lon. DEO Utile tfle» about them; but the king of lJenmark'8 dominions contain alfo Nor- way, the duchy of Holftdn, Iceland, and the Ferroe idands. In the E Indies lie polTefles Tranqucbar on the coaft of Coromandcl, and the Nicobar iflands; in the W Indies, the iflands of St. Tho- mas, St. Croix, and St. John; Chriftian- burg on the coaft of Guinea; and a fmall part of Greenland. Denmark was once a limited and eledlive mo- narchy; but, in 1660, it was made ab- fohjte and hereditary, by a revolution almoft unparalleled in hiftory; a free people voluntarily refigning their liber- ties into the hands of their fovereign. The inhabitants are proteftants iince tho year 1511, when they embraced the confefTion of Auglburg. The manners and cuftoms of the fuperior claffes dif- fer little from thofe in other parts of Europe ; but the peafantry continue in a ftafe of vallalage, except thofe of the crown, and conl'equently are idle, dirty, and difpirited. The number of fouls, in the iflands of Denmark and Jutland^ iseftimated at 850,000, in the duchyij of Slcfwick or S Jutland 450,000, to' which if we add Norway, the duchy of Holftein, and Iceland, the whole num- ber will be rather more than 2,140,000. The revenues, which arife from the crown and duties, are computed at 1,5:0,000!. a year. The harbours of Denmark are well calculated for trade ; and commercial companies are ellablifh- ed to the E Indies, W Indies, and Africa. The produce of Denmark, be- lulc fir and other timber, is black-cattle, hurfc's, butter, tallow, hides, pitch, tar, iifli, oil, and iron. Copenhagen is the capital. Dmton, a town of Maryland, chief of Caroline county, fituate on the Chop- tank, 37 miles ssE of Chefter. Deiiijs, St. a town of France, in the department of Paris. The abbey of the Benedidtines, to which the town owes its rife, has the appearance of a palace. Here is an ancient and magnificent church, in which were the tombs of many of the French kings ; and in the trealury, among other curiofities the fwords of St- i^wis and the Maid of Orleans, and the fceptre of Charle- magne. In 1793, after the abolition of royalty, the royal tombs in the church were all deftroyed ; and the name of the town was changed to th^t of Franciade. It is feated on the river Crould, near the Seine, five miles n of Paris. Dfft^ur, a town of Hindooftan, in Be- rar, formerly the refidence of a rajah, (55 miles nnw of Nagpour. D E R DeptforJ, a town in Kent, ronfider- able for its fine docks, and for the kings- yard and ftorehonfes. It was anciently called Deptford Strond, or Weft Green- wich- It is now divided into Upper and Lower Deptford, and has two pa- rifli churches but not a market. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 17,548. Here is an hofpital, incor- porated by Henry vni, called Tri- nity Houfe of Deptford Stroud. The brethren of the Trinity Houfe hold their corporation by this hofpital, and anr obliged, at certain times, to meet here for bufinefs. This hofpital contaipa zt houfes; and a more modern ftrudlure, and a finer one, called Trinity Hofpital, contains 38. Both thefc are for dccaytnl pilots, or mafters of Ihips, or their wi- dows, who have a handfome monthly allowance. Deptford is four miles E of London. Derlwnt, a town and fortrefs of Per- fia, in the province of Schirvan, with a haven on the w coaft of the Cafpian fea. Jt is faid to have been built by Alexander the great, and is furrounded by high brick walls. The inhabitants are chiefly Pcrfians, Tartars, and a few Armenians. _ The fortrefs was taken by the Rullians in 1722, in 1780, and again in 1806. It is feated at the foot of a mountain, 60 miles n of Schamachie, Lon. 51 o B, lat 42 g n. Derhf, a borough and the capital of Derbyfhire, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the Derwent, over which is a ftone bridge; and a brook runs through the town, under feveral ftone bridges. Here is alfo a canal to the Trent. It is governed by a mayor, and has five churches, of which All Saints is the chief, noted for its beauti- ful tower. In 1734, a machine wa$ eredled here by fir Thomas Lombe for the manufadiiring of filk, the model of which was brought from Italy; and it was the firft of the kind in England. Derby poflelfes alfo a confidcrable manufafture of cotton, and fine worfted ftockings; and has a fabric of fine porcelain. Seve-- ral hands are employed in the lapidary and jewellery branches; and Derby fli ire marbles, fpars, and cryftals, ate wrought into a variety of ornamental articles. The malting trade is likewife carried on here. In 1801, the number of inhabitants was 10.833. The rebels came as far as this town in 1745, aod then returned to Scotland. It is 16 jjiiles w of Nottingham, and 126 nnw of London. Lon. i 25 w, lat. 52 58 n. Derl'ij, a town of C()nne(^ticut, in Newhaven county, Itatcd on the Hou- D E R (btnTNC, . which is navi^'able hencf to th- ffii, 14 aiilos NW a Ncwluvcii. Dcrl'if, a town of Pcniifylvaiil.i, in Pauphiti county. Htrc k a cave iliviil- ed into fcveial apaitmcnts, and adorn- ed with nait.'dilcs. It is litiintc nn the t>\v»tcra, two miles above its conflux vith the Sufqudianna, and 10 se ol' Harrifl)urg. D'lii/shire, a county of England; bounded on the n by Yoikihirc, e by Noltinj^liamfljire, s by Ltictfttrfliire and Warwickrtiiri.', w by Stalfordlhiro, and ^w by Ctiofliiiv. It extends 59 miles from n to s, and 34 where broad- eft, but in the s part it is not above fix. It contains 720,640 acres; is divided into fix hundreds, and 1,^6 parilhis; has II market-towns; and fends four members to parliament. The nuniber of inhabitants in liioi was 161,14a. The 3 and l parts are phaf«rit and fertile, producing moll kinds of grain, particularly barley. Even the nw part, called the Peak, is abundantlyr rich; for the mountains abound in mi erals, and the intermediate valleys arc fruitful in grafs. The barytes, or ponderous earth, is here found in great quantities. The principal rivers are the Deiwent, JDove, Erwafli, and Trent. See l\ak. Dereham, a town jn Norfolk, with a market on Friday. The church is a very aiicient ftrudlure, with four chapels, and a curious ftooe font. It is 16 miles w of Norwich, and loi nne of London. Ddfiiiurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Halberftadt, fix milts wsw of Halberftadt. Drrkusy a town of European Turkey, in Romania, on the coaft of the Black fea, 50 miles nnw ofConftantinople. Dcrita, a town of Barbary, capital of Barca, and the refidence of a fangiac. It is feated in a fertile country, near the coalt of the Mediterranean. I.on. 33 5 E, lat. .ii 45 N. Dfiiiis, or Di riiisch, a town and for- trefs of Dalmatia, on a mountain, near the river Kerka, 18 miles n of Sebcnico. Derate, a town of Egypt, with a grand temple, on a ifle formed by the canal from Cairo to Rofetta, 50 miles NNW of Cairo. Dopl. See Dnrpt. D'rwent, a river in Dcrbyfhire, whirh rifes in the Peak, flows s through the middh" of the county, by Dwrby, and joins the Trent, on the borders of Lei- cefterfliire. Derwent, a river in Yorkfliire, which rifes in the n riding, flows by Malton, and joins the Oufe, near Howden. D E T Drrwtnt, a river in Durham, wliiclj forms, for ibint: fpacc, the bntuidary between that county and Northumber- land, and joins the I'ynt.', above New. caftlc Derii'cnf, a river in CumberLind, which flows N through the lakes of Dtrwent-watcr and Badeiithwaitcwa- ter, and then runs w by Cockermouth, into the Irifli fea, near vVorkington. Drrwcnl-ira/cr, a lake in Cumberland, near to Kefwick, of an oval form, thnc miles in length and a mile and a half wide. It is furrounded by rocky moun- tains, broke, -nto many fantaflic fliapes. The precipices feldom ovwhang the water, but are arranged at fome dif- tance; and the ihoresfwell with woody eminences, or fink into green paftoral margins. The lake contains five iflands; one of which, near the centre, is famous for having been the refidence of St. Herbert, the ri^iins of whofe hermitagi; are yet remaining The river Derweiit flows through this lake. De.\aguaaero, a river of Mexico. Sec Juan, St. De.iu^uadrro, a town of Chili, feaicd on a lake of the fame name, 260 miles E of Valdivia. Lon. 67 30 w, lat. 40 5 »■ Drsraaa, one of the Caribbee idands, in the W Indies. It is 10 milea long and five broad, and generally the firll land that is made in failing to the W Indies. Lon. 61 20 w, lat. 16 40 .v. Dfseada, or C'aiie Desire, the sw point of Patagonia, at the entrance of the ftrait of Magellan, from the South fea. Lon. 74 18 w, lat. 53 4 s. Dessau, a ftrong town of Upper Sax- ony, capital of the principality of An- halt-DelTau. It has manufactures of cloth, ftockings, and hats; and is feated on the Mulda, at its conflux with the Elbe, 37 miles n of Leipfic Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 51 i;2 Hr Delmold, a town of Weftphalia, in the county of Lippe, with a fortified caft^le ; feated on the river Wehera, 1 7 mih's NNW of Paderborn. Detroit, a town of the ftate of Ohio, with a ftrong fort. Its trade confilh in a barter of coarfe European goods with the Indians for furs, deer (kins, tallow, &c. It is fituate in a fruitful country, on the w fide of the ftrait, or river, thai forms the communication between the lakes St. Clair and Erie. Lon. 83 o w, lat. 42 40 N. Deltelbach, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburp, feated on the Maine, eight miles e of Wurtz • burg. of Mexico. Sec 'aribbee iflands, Francoriia, in tzbiirp, feritfd s E of Wurtz- DE V f)cttin^en, a village of Germany, in th ; liinitory of Haiiau, fgur miles se of ILinau. Here George ii gained a vic- tory over the French in 1743. Ihva, a town of Spain, in Guipufcoa, on the bay of Bifcay, 15 roiles se of Biiboa. Ih ufllOjjjT Zagoria, a town of Euro- pean Turr^, in lUilg-iria, tbe fee of a Cnei'k archbilhop ; fituate on the Pani- /i, ni.-ar the Black ftfa, 58 miles ne of Adrianople, and 106 nnw of Conltan- tinopie. Lon. 27 a» k, lat. 42 25 n. Drvenlcr, a city of Holland, the ca- pital of Overylfin, with a college. It is iurrounded by ftrong walls, and feated on the "VfTel, 50 miles e of Amfterdam. Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 52 17 n. Deinron, a river of Scotland, which rifes in the se of Banfffliire, and enters the ocean at Banff. It forms the boun- dary between the counties of Aberdeen and Banff for many miles. ])evi:cs, a borough in VViltfhirc, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Thurfday, and a manufa*5ture of ferges and other woollen ftufTs. It has two churches ; and on a hill within the town are the remains ofacaftle, originally a l^oman work. It is 24 miles NW of S,"Iifi)iiry, and 89 w of London. J)ruori, a river of Scotland, which riles in these part of Perthfhire, and, .ifter a courfe of 40 mih-s, enters the I'orth at C'lackmannan, only eight miles iiiltant from its fource. In Perthfhire it forms fomeromantic waterfalls, called tlie Devils-mill, the Rumbling-bridge, a:".d the Caldron-linn. Di'vonsliiri', a county of England, 70 miles long and 64 broad, bounded on the NW and N by the Brillol channel, v. by Snmerfetdjire andDorfetdiire, s e and b by the Eiiplilh channel, and w by Cornwall. It contains 1,600,000 acres ; is divided into 31 hundreds, and 398 parilhes; and hasoiie city and 35 market-towus. 'Ihe number of inhabitants in i8or was 343,oo.(; and it fends 26 member" to parliament. Tlu'-;ur is fo mild in the val- hys, that the myrtle grows unOu'ltered ; but it is cold and bleak on the niouii- t.iinr. The foil is various, for the lower fiounds are naturally fertile, and tin; hilia are very barren. In the eafkin p,irt there is plenty of good corn, and till'' pafturage for ihecp, where ttie grounds are dry and chalky. The foufh- cin part is remarkably fertile ; and fruit-trees are plentiful, efpccially ap- ples, with which a great quantity of cider is made. On the coaft id found a poculinr rich fand, of finpr.lar fcrvioe '■•J liulb-indruen, The middle part. is DIE occupied by the forell of Dartmoor. The weltcrn part abounds with game, efpccially har«'s, pheafants, and wotxl- cocks ; and htri" is a bird lb very fmall» that it is reputed a humming-bird, and like that confli uds its ntft on th<; ex- treme branches of trees. Dcvonftiirc waa formerly ny)re celebrated for its mines than even Cornw.ill ; and al- though the latter has nearly monopo- lized the trade, the flannary laws in fome degive remain in force. Mere are veins of loaddonc ; likcwife qu,?rrie» of good Itoncand flate, great quantities of which are exported. In the sw parts are much marble, and in many plices marble rocks are the bafis of the high road. I'he principal rivers are the la- mar. Taw. l\)rridge. Ex, Teign, and Dait. Exeter is the capital. Drupratr, a town of Tiliet, in the country of SiniagUr, feated at the con- flux of the Allaknandara with the Gan- ges, 33 miles s of Sirinagiir. Drux PuulSf or Zweybruchen, a late duchy of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It formerly belonged t<> the kings of Sweden of the houfe (if Zwey- brucken, which Hne becoming cxtinft in 1 73 1, the count of Birkenftid ob- tained poflt'flion in 17^-^. The country is mountainous, butcelebratedfor mine* of qutckfilvLT, and yields abundance of corn, wood, and wine. It now belongs to France, raid- Is included in the de- partment of Mont Tonnerre. Dtux Punts, a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnerre, late- ly the capital of the duchy of the fame name, with a inagni*";cent palace. It is feated on the I'Iriiach, 49 miles nnw of Stralburg, and 30 sw of >lentz. Lon. 7 2R K, 1,U..49 ^? ^■ Dii'rhfk, or Diarlrfcir, a province oF Afiatic Turkey, between the Tigris and Euphrates ; bounded on the N by Ar- menia, t". by Curdiftan, s by Irac-Arabi, and w by Syria. It was the ancient Mefopotainia. Lhcrbr/iir, a town of Afiatic Tur- key, capital of the province ofDiarbck, and the rclidcnce of a pacha. The Turks are more afi'ablc here than in other places, with regard to the Chrifti- ans, who are above 20,000 in number. It has a great trade in red Turkey lea- ther, and cottf.n cloth of the fame co- lour. It is feated on tlie li^-ris, 150 milea nnu of Aleppo. Lon. 39 40 k, hit. jr 18 v. _ JJif, a town of France, in the de- piitmer.t of Drume, lately an epifcopal fee. It is r-Tted on tl\e Drome, 24 ivildf.' "s of Vider.o.-. Ti I E Dlrlurp^ a town of Cfrmany, in the lati- clcdorate of Mentz, lo miles sw of Afcliaflcnburg. Diego, St. a town on the coaft of New Albion, c.ipital of a jurifdiition of it* name. It llaiidH in fo barren a country, that in tht* dry feafon cattle are fciit tipward of lo miles for paftur- agc. The port aftords excellent an- cnorapr. Lon. 1 16 53 w, Kit. .3.;) 13 N. Diifiinh, a town of the Netherlands, in tht! duchy of Liixtmburg, fituatc on the Semoy, 18 miles n of Luxemburg. J)it'(i/ioU:, a town and cafllc of Weftplialia, capital of a coimty of the fame name. It has manufatftufos of coarfe woollen and linen cloth, and flands on the river Uunto, near the lake Dummer, 30 miles nw of Minden. Lon. 8 s8 E,lat. 5a 36 n. Dieppe, a feaport of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a good harbour, formed by the mouth of the river Arqucs, an old caltlt', and two piers. The principal trade conflfts in nth. ivory toys, and laces. It was bom- barded by the Knylilh in 1694, and is not fo confulerabie as formerly. It is 30 miles N of Kouen, and 131 nw of Paris. Lon. 1 4 k, lat. 49 56 n. Dicrdorf, a town of Weftphalia, ca- pital of the upper county of Wied, with a caftle ; fituate on the Wiedbach, lo miles NNW of Coblcntz. Dicnmlciti, a town qf Auftria, with an Augudine convent, and the ruins of a cattle, in which Richard i of England was imprifoneii. It is feated on the Danube, 17 miles nk of St. Polten. Dieseu, a town of Bavaria, on the w fide of the lake Ammcrfec, 10 miles se of Landfberg. Diestnliujcn, a town of Swifierland, in Thurgau, feated on the Rhine, five miles s of Schaf^'haufen. Dicsty a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with confiderable manufac- tures of cloth, ftockings, &c. feated on the Demer, 16 miles nf. of Louvain. jDu7r, a town of Germany, in the Wcfterwald, capital of a county of the fame name, with a ftrong caftle. It is fubjef^ to the prince of Naflau-Dietz, and feated on the Lahn, 24 miles wsw of Wetzlar. Lon. y ^^ e, lat 50 zo n. DienzCf a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, with wells of fait water, which produce much fait. It is feated on the Seille> ^^ miles ne of Nancy. Dlez, St. a town of France, in the department of Vofges. It had lately a celebrated chapter, whofe canons were obliged to produce proofs of nobility. D I N It la feated on the Meurthe, 30 mil^ m of Luneville. Dighlont a town of MaflTachufeti, in Briftol county, fituate near Taunton river, feven miles ssw of Taunton. Dignantf a town of Iltria, three miles from the gulf of Venice, and 45 s of Triefte. Digne, a town of France, capital of the department of Lower Alps, and a bifliop 8 fee. It is famous for its hot baths, and feated on thg Bleone, 30 miles 8 by w of Embrun. Lon. 6 16 e, lat. 44 10 N. Dijon, a city of France, lately an archbiHiopric, but now a biihopric, and c.ipital of the department of Cote d'Or. 'i'he public ftrudtuns, and particularly the churches, arc very fine. In front of the Palace Royale, is the ancient palace of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the gates of Dijon is a chartreufe, in which fome of thofe princesare interred. Dijon is feated in a pleafant plain, which produces excellent wine, between two fmall rivers. 48 miles ne of Autun. Lon. < 3 E, lat. 47 19 K. Din. See Ddos. Dilla, a mountain of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Tellicherry, 30 miles n by wofTellicherry. Dillniburg, a town of Germany, in the Wefterwald, capital of a county of the fame name, rich in mines of copper and iron. It has a fortrefs, on a moun- tain, the ufual refidencc of the prince of Naflau-Dillenburg ; and is feated on the Dillen. 14 miles nnw of Wetzlar. Lon. 8 37 k ' '. 50 4a N. Dillrngin, a town of Suabia, with a catholic univerfity, feated on the Da- nube, 1 7 miles Nw of Augfburg. DtmoluCy a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, and a Greek arch- bifliop's fee ; feated on a mountain, furruunded by the Meriza, 12 miles sw of Adrianople. Dintnit, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cotes du Nord, feated on a craggy mountain, by the river Ranee, so miles s of St. Malo. Dinanty a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, with a caftle, and eight churches. The chief trade is in leather, and in the vicinity are qusr- ries of marble and mines of iron. It is feated near the Meufe, 15 miles sse of Namur, and 44 sw of Liege. Dmasmouthy y a town of Wales, in Merionethlhirc, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. It (tands at the foot of a high precipice, on the river Dyfi, 18 miles s by w of Bala^ and J96 Mw of jLondon. the, 30 milei n D I S Tiini'if.ul, a province of the penlnfula of Hindooftan, 86 miles long and 40 broad, lying between Coimbtjtore ind Travancori', and chit-fly fertile in rice. On the dtfeat of Tippoo in 1799 it bccanic fubjc.it to tliu Biitiflj. Ihndijinl, a town of Hindooftan, ca- nit;il vf t''« province of the fame name, with a fortrt'fs on a rock. It is 40 miles nnw of Madura, and 77 sk of Coimbv tore- Lot). jH 1 k. 'at. 10 a^ n. i)/«l!W///»^^ a town of Bavaria, fcated un the Iter, lo miles KNt of Lar.dfchut. /)(Mij/c, a feaport and horough of Ire- land, in the county of Kerry. The chiff exportH are butter, beef, com, and lini-n. It M fcatcd at the head of an inlet, on the n lido of Dingle hay, a 8 BiiU'8 wsw of Tralec. Lon. 10 38 w, lat. 51 58 N- Dintiu'ull, a borough of Scotland, in Uofslhire. Some linen yarn is manu- factured here, and there is a lintmill in the neighbourhood. It is fcated at the head of the frith of Cromarty, 18 miles w of Cromarty. Dinkflspil, a town of Suabia, lately imperial. It has a foundation of Teu- tonic knights, and a trade in cloth and reaping-hooks. It ia feated on the Wertiitz, 18 miles nnw of Horlingen. Dinchuu, a fortified town of W Fruflia, feated on the Viftula, nine miles wof Maricuburg. Disenfis, a town ot Swifferland, in the canton <)f Grifons, with an abbey founded in the feventh century. It is tituate near the fources of the Rhine, 10 miles .'jsw of llantz. Dmhln/, a village in Leicefterfhire, two miles nw of Loughborough, ren- dered famous by a native gra/icr and farmer, Robert Bakewell (who died in 1795) from his fuccefsful experiments and pradtices in the improvement of live (lock. Dixmal Swampy a marfliy traft of the United States, on the coaft of N Ca- rolina, 50 miles long and 30 broad, en- tirely covered with trees and brufh- wood. It occupies the whole country bctweuu Albemarle found and Pamlico fuund. DUs, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Friday, and manufactures of canvas and hofe. It is feated on the river Waveney, on the fide of a hill, 19 milts s of Norwich, and 86 nne of London. Disscn, or Tissen^ a town of Weft- phalia, in the principality of Ofnaburg, where arc fait works which belong to Uanovcr. It is 16 miles SE of Ofna- burg. D O D Ditlington^ a village in Cumberland, four miles m by b of Whitehaven. A great quantity of lime U burnt here, and lent to Harrington and Whitehaven for exportation. J)itif iin illand of Hindooftan, making the s point of 'Gu/ernt, at the entrance ol'the gulf of Cambay, three miles long and one broad. On it is a fortified town of the fame name, built of free- ftoiic and marble ; and it contains fome fine churches, ere«Jled by the Portu- guefe, about the time they took policf- fion of the illand in 1515. The tr.id«? of the town, once fo important, is almoft entirely removed to Su rat. It is 180 miles w by s ofSurat, and aoo nw of Bombay. Lon. 70 .^ k, lat. 20 45 ti. D'lxan, a town of Abyflinia, in Tigre, feated on the top of a conical hill, and inhabited by Moors and Chriftians. Their chief trade is ftealing children, and carrying them to a market at Ma- fuah, whence they arc fent to Arabia or India. It is .34 miles s of Mafuah. Dixmude, a fortiHed town of the Ne- therlands, in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent cheefe and butter. It is feat- ed on the Yper, » j miles N of Ypres. Dizia-f St, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, feated on the Marne, ij miles nne of Joinville. Dniiptr, anciently the Borifthenes, a large river of Ruftia, which rifes in the p;oveniment of Smoleniko, and flowing in a foutherly diredion, enters the Black ffa, between Chcrfon and Oczakow. Through its whole courfe, of above 800 miles, its navigation is only once inter- rupted by a feries of cat^rads, which begin below the influx of the Samara, and continue for above 40 miles; but thefe may be pailcd in fpring by loaded barks. Dnienter, a river, the ancient Tyrap, which rifes in Galicia, in Auftrian Po- land, and flows to Chockzim, dividing Podulia frojn Moldavia; it then fe- parates Beflarbia from the Ruflian go- vernment of Catharinendaf, and having watered Bender, enters the Black fea, at Akerman. JJoL'tlin, a town of Couvland, »o miles sw of Mittau. Jiobrzirit a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Ploczko, feated on a rock, near the Viitula, 14 miles nw of Plocz-' ko. Dochm, a town of Holland, in W FrieQand, near the mouth of the river Ee, ID miles ne of Lewarden. 'Dodbruokf a town in Devonftiire, with a market every third Wednefday, and noted as being the firft place whci e DOM ^hitc ale was brewed. It /^ands on a rivulet, by which it is parted from Kin^fbridge, so8 niiles w »w of Lon- don. Doel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, on the river Scheldt, oppofitc Lillo, I'even miles Nw of Antwerp. Dti(--^iur^y a town of Holland, in Gel- derland. It hab been often t<'k»'n; arid the rcduftion of it, in 1586, w,is the firll exploit of the Englifli forces lent by queen Elilabcth to the affiftance of the Dutch. It is feated on the Yfiel, 10 miles ssw of Zutphen. DfiJ'ar. Si-t:- Dajar. Dogadoy a province of Italy, in the iliichy of Venice, m which is the capital. It is bounded on the e by the gulf of Venice, s by Poiehno, w by Paduano, and N by Trevifano. It comprehends many fmall i (lands near it, called the JjOguties of Vaiice. Dol, a town of France, in the depart- ment rif Ille and Vilaine, lately an epif- copal fee ; iitnate in a morafs, five miles from the fea, and ai se * f St. Malo. Dtilcv AqtiUf a town of Piedmont, with a caftle, feated on the Nervia, five miles N of Vintimiglia. Dolcigno, a town of European Tur- key, in Albania, and a billiop's fee, with a good liarbour, and a citadel. It is feated on the Drino, 40 miles se of Scutnri. Lon. 19 34 K, lat. 4: 12 n. Dole, a town of France, in the de- partment of Jura, on the river Doubs, 25 miles wsw of Befan(,on. Dolgelhf, a town of Wales, in Me- rioriethlhire, with amarkpt on Tucfda)^ and a manufadure of coarfe woollen cloth, undied, called webbing. It is feated on the river Avon, at the foot of the mountain Cader Idris, la miles sk of Harleigh, and ai a nw of London. DoVart Bay, a bay or lake feparating E Fricfland, in Germany, from Gronin- ^en, in Holland. It was formed Ly an immdation of the fea in 1277, when 33 villages are faid to have been de(b oycd. DoThaz/ize, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilfen, on the rivulet Cad- bu/z, 17 miles s of Pilfen. Domiuva, a fmall ifland near the coalt of Birmah, in the bay of Bengal. Lon. 94 35 E, lat. 17 32 N. Dumies, a late principality and fmail country of France, in Burgundy, of v.hich Trcvoiix was the capital. It is now part of the de]»artment of Ain. Domir.wdT, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lemberg, 60 milea sw of Lemberg. Dowjrotit, a town of Francej in liie liiparlmcnt of Oine, feated o;i a cragjjy DOM rock, by the river Varcnne, 35 miln NW of Alcnqon. Domingo, St. or Hispaniola, one of i\t richcft iflands in the W Indies, 400 miles in length and 75 in breadth. It was difcovered by Columbus, in 149J, {ind is furroundcd by craggy rocks and dMngentUs fhoals. The heat to the N and SE would be infupportal)]e for fix months of the year, if not qualified by f^? eafterfy winds, and nrquent rains ; but the latter foon fpoil the flelh, bread, and fruits. It has a great many rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and cryftal. The Spaniards had pof. fefiion of the whole ifland for ijo years; in the firft fifteen of which fhey re- duced at lead a million of inhabitants to 60,000. They were aftenvard forced to divide the ifland with the French, who had the w part; and the Spaniards retained the e, which is the moft exten- five and fruitful. This joint poircirion continued till 1795, when the Spaniards ceded tbeir part to the French. Since the revolution in France this ifland has been fubjedt to great calamities. In 1791 an infun-ed;ion began in the French plantations, and in a fiiort time not lefs than 100,000 blacks were in arms; the manufactures and planta- tions appeared as one general conflagra- tion, and the plains and mountains were covered with carnage and blood. An African by birth, named Tonflaint, was afterward inverted with the com- mand of the blacks and mulattos. In 180 J the French fent an additional force, and after feveral encounters the negro chief was induced to accept of apparently favorable terms; but foon after he was perfidioufly feized, and fent in iions to France, where he pe- rifijcd in a dungeon. Two ol'her black chiefs, Dtllalines and Cbrift:ophc, faved thcmfelves by flight; the natives again flew to arms ; and the French troops fell vifiiuis lo the climate. Dtflidines fucccedcd to the authority of ToufiTaint, and in i8o4caufed bimfelf to be pro- claimed emperor of Hayti, the ancient name of the ifland. In 1806 the chiefs bL;mm to wsr againft each ntlier, and the black emperor was killed. Chrif- topre was cl-'fted chief in his place, and is now engaged in a ftate of warfare. St. Dominga lies between Jamaica t» the v/, r.iid Porto Rico to the k. Doii.ivgo, :Sf. the capital of the B part of tile ifland of St. Domingo, and an archbifliop's. fee. The cathedral is a fuperb ftrud'.ure. It is fcatfd on a na- vigable river, and had formerly a har- bour, which is now chouked up with arenne, 35 milei Hspaniola, one of Ke W Indies, 400 5 ill breadth. It lumbus, in 149}, by craggy rocks The heat to the infupportable for r, if not qualified Is, and frequent T foon fpoil the 8. It has a great fies of gold, talc, )aniards had pof- andfor ijo years; f which fhey re« ion of inhabitants e afterward forced with the French, and the Spaniards is the moft extcn- lis joint polTdfion hen the Spaniards le French. Since nee this ifland has It calamities. In n began in the nd in a (hort time o blacks were in ures and phnta- gcneral conflagra- [s and mountains image and blood, named Touflaint, d with the com- ind mulattos. In nt an additional al encounters the iced to accept of terms; but foon )ufly ieizcd, and ice, where he pe- Two ot'her black Chriftopiic, faved the natives again he French troops nnate. Dtflalines irity of Touflaint, imfelf to be pro- layti, the ancient gn 1806 the chiefs each itlier, and as killed. Chrif- • in his plac. and ftate of warfare. ween Jamaica t» to the K. capital of the R t. Domingo, and The cathedral is a is featfd on a na- 1 formerly .i har- :hoakcd up with tiON ...... fand. Though its trade has been tonjf extinA, it was in a. refpedtiible condition while it continued in the hands of the SpaniaM*; The city itfelf is \srtfi, v»q\\ built of Hone, and defended by bat- teries. Con. 70 10 w^ lat. 18 xo n. Dominica, one of the Windward Caribbce iflands in the W Indies. It lies about half-way between Guada- loupe and Martinico, and is 28 miles long and 13 broad. It was taken by the EngliflJ in i^^T, .end confirmed to them by the p«?ac. of 1 763. The French took it in 1778, but reftored it in 1783 ; and in 1795 they made an unfuccefsful attempt, for all the Frenchmen that landed were either killed or taken pri- foners. It fuffered great damage by a tremendous hurricane in 1806. The foil is thin, and i)ettcr adapted to the rearing of coffee than fugar; but the fides of the hills bear the fineft trees in the W Indies, and the ifland is well fup- piied with rivulets. Th6 capital is Charlotte-town. Dominica, the largeft of the iflands of the Pacific ocean, called the Marque* fas. Lon. 139 a w, lat. 9 41 s. Domino, St. one of the Tremiti iflands, in the gulf of Venice, 15 miles from the coaft of Naples. Domitz,^a. town of Lower Saxony, in Me^ljlenburg-Schwerin, with a fort, feated at the confluence of the £lve and Elbe, 2$ miles i of Schwerin. Dommel, a river of Dutch Brabant, which receives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows into the Metife. Domo d'Ossola, a town of Italy, in the Milanefe, vith a caitle, feated on the Tofa, 20 miles n cf Varallo. Dompaire, a town of Jprance^in the department of Vofges, xo miles wnw ofEpinal. Domrcmy, a town of France, in ^ the department of Meufc, the birtbplate of the celebrated Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is feated on the Meufe, five miles n of Neufchateau. DomvillfTs, a town of France, in the department of Meufe, 14 miles n of Verdun. Don, a river of Ruflia, which feparates the SE part of Europe from Afia. It iflues from the lake St. John, in the go- vernment of Tula, and flows into the fea of Afoph, This river has fo many windines, and fuch numerous ihoals, as to be Icarcely navigable, tucept in the fprine, on the melting of the fnows; and flat-bottomed boats only, except in the fame feafon, can pafs into the fea of Afoph. Don, a riTcr of Scotlandi which rifei ih the w |)att of Aberdeenfliire, vfckWkk the UHe-water at Inverary, pafles by Kintore, «»nd enters the German ocean, at Old Aberdeen. Don, a river in Yorkfhire, which rifes on the borders of Chcftiire, flows by Peniftorie, SheflSeld, Rotherham, Don, caller, and Thorn, and joins the Oufe near jts termination in the Ki^mber. Domghadee, a fniall feaport 6f fre* land, in the 'county of Down, so mile$ wsw of Port Patrick, in Scotland, be- tween which two places are regular packet-boats. At* the entrance of the harbour is a lighthoufe, which with that at Port Patrick renders the paflage convenient in the darkeft night. It is IS miles E by n of BeMaft. Doneuescningen, or Donesqhingent a town of Suabia, in the principality of Furftenbui]g. It 5 the chief refidence of the prince ; in the court-yard of whofe palace are fome fprings, collet- ed in a referiroir about 30 feet fquare* which has the honour of being called the head of the I>anube. It is 13 miles NNW of Schaffhaufen. Donawerf, a ftrong town of Bataria feated on the Danube, at the influx of the Wernitz, 25 miles m by w of Augf- bure. Doncasfer, a town in W Yorkfliire* governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It had a caftle, now in ruins ; is Urge and well built, and has a manufafture of ftockingg, waiftcoats, and gloves. It is feated on the river Don, 37 miles s of York, and ij8 n by w of London. Lon. i xaw, lat. 53 33 n. Doncherrtff a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, feated on the Meufe, three miles w of Sedan. Donegal, a cOunty of "cland, in the province of Ulfttr, eslniiles long and 44 broad; bounded on the w and n by the ocean, e by Londonderry and Ty* rone, and s by Fermanagh and the bay of Donegal. It contains about 140,000 inhabitants, is divided into 4a pariflies* and fends two members to parliament. It is, in general, a champaign country* has extenfve linen mnnufa^ures, and abounds with harbours. Donegal, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the fame name, feated on the bay of Donegal, 10 miles K of Ballyihannon, and 1 1 1 .nw of Dublin^ Lon. 7 47 w, lat. 54 42 n. Doneraile, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautiful variegated marble. It is fituate on the Awbeg, 19 miles NW of Cork, and 113 sw of Dublin. DongolOf or Dungala, a town of O DOR Kubi^f capital of 9 province of the fame nxmC' II contains ic>ooo houft-s of wood, and is feated on the Ni'iCt amonc mountains, 500 miles n by w of Sennar. Lon. 3% 5 e, lat. 19 25 n. Denjotit a town of France^ in the de- }>artment of Allier> 24 miles se of Mou- ins. 'Donnin^toHf a town in LincolnHiirey with a market oh Saturday. Much hemp is cultivated in the neighbour- hood. It is eight miles wsw of Bofton, and 106 N of London. Dami/f a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre, a» miles n of Ne- I'ers. . Dooabf a fertile tradl of Hindooftan, between the Ganges and Jumna, near the approximation of thof^ two rivers- The principal part of it is fubjcdt to the fiabob of Oude. Doon, a liver of Scotland, which iffues from a lake of the fame name in Ayr- fliire, and enters the frith of Clyde, two miles s of Ayr. Doran, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, nn the (ide of a mountain, 28 miles s of Sana. Doratf a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Vienne, feated on the Abran, near its jundtion with the Sevre, 25 miles, n of Limoges. DorchestfTy a borough and the ca- pital of Dorfetfliire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wcdneulay and Saturday. It was formerly much larger, and the ruins of the walls are ftill te be feen in fbme places. It has, three churches; and a fine terrace- wa%, planted with trees* abnoft I'ur- rounds the town, which has no manu- factures, but is famous for excellent ale. A little to the s is a Roman am* phitheatre, conftru^ed of chalk and turf, fuppofed to be the moft perfeA in the kingdom. One mile to the 9W is 'Maiden cattle, another work of the Ro> mans; there are three rampjirts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole . area is ri5 acres. Dorchefter is feated en the river Frome, 53 miles e of Ex- eter and 120 w by s of London. Lon. a 26 w, lat. 50 43 ^- . J)orchester, a^town in Oxfordfliire, which was a ftation of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was a biihop's fee, till 1086, when William the conqueror tranllated it to Lincoln; and it had five churches, though now but one, which was the cathedral. It is feated on the Tame, JO miles SB of Oxford, and 49 wnw of London. JJorchesterf a town of Maflachufets, DOR in Noifolk county, with maiinfactures of paper, chocolate, fnufF, leather, and Ihoes. It is two miles a of BoRon. Dordogne^.K department of Frarcp, which includes the late province of Pe- rigord. It receives its name from a river, which rifes in the mountains of Auvergne, and joins the Garonne, near Bonrdeaux. 1 he capital is Ptrigueux. Dorestro, See S^mtria. Dorking, a town in Surry, with a market on Thurfday, and a great trade in lime, flour, and fine poultry. It ij ftatcd near the river Mole, 1 1 mitw e of Guilford, and 23 ssw of London. Dcrn, a village in a detached part of Worcefterfhire, thi-ee miles s e of Cam- den in Gloucefterlhire. The Roman foflway runs through it, and abundance of coin, both Roman and Britifli, have been found here. Dorniurg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Weimar, with a caftlej fituate on a hiU, by the river Saale, 14 miles e of Weimar. Dornoc/if a borongh of Scotland, ca- pital of Sutherlandfliire, at the entrance of a frith of the fame name,, over which it has a ferry to Tain. It is a iVnall place, and half in ruins, but was for- merly th« refidence of the blfliops ot Caithnefs, and part of the cathedral is kept up as the parifh church. It is 40 miles NE of Invernefs. Lon. j 48 w, lat. 57 52 N. Dorptt or Dorpttty 3 town of Ruflia, in the government of Riga, with a uni- verfity ; feated on the Ember, between the lakes Wofero and Pepas, 60 miles s of Narva. Lon. 3752 e, lat. 58 18 n. Dorselshirr, ii jcounty of England, 50 miles long and 35 broad ; bounded on the N by Somerfetlhire and Wiltfhire, E by Hampihire, s by the Englifli chm- nel, and w by Dcvonftiire and Somer- fetfliire. It contains nearly 775,000 acres ; is divided iilto 34 hundreds, and 24ti pauflies ; and has 24 market-towns. The'number of inhabitants in 1801 was I'5»3:I9» and it fends 20 members to parliament. The foil is generally rich and fertile, though in fome parts very fandy; the northern part, which is divided by a range of chalk hills from the fouthern, affords good pafturage for cattle; while the fouthern part chicflif confifts of fine downs, and feeds incredi- ble numbt-rs of flieep. The chalk hills, which run through every county from the SE part of the kingdom thus far, terminate at the further extremity of this; but on the coaft, chalk cliffs ex- tend beyond it into Devonftire, 10 miles w of Lyme, From the Ilamp- DOU ihire border to the mighboorhood of Blandford a heathy common extends, which caufes an exception to the ge- neral charadler of fertilityr which this county n. 'its ; but the rich vales to the sw make ample amends. The prin- cipal rivers arc the Stour and Frome- Here is plenty of poultry of all forts, fwans, woodcocks, pheafants,part ridges, fieldfares, &c. The produdts are corn, wool, hemp, fine ftone, ar,d Ibme mar- ble- This county is diftinguifhed for its woollen manufadlures, and its fine ale and beer. Dorcheftcr is the capital. See Portland and Purheck. Dorstcn, a fortified town of Wcft- phalia, in the county of Recklingha^i- fen, feated on the Lippe, 15 mil s E by KofWefel. Dort, or Dofdrecht, a town of S Hol- land, on an ifland formed by the Meufe, which is here called the Merwe. It is famous for a proteftant fynod held fn 16 1 8, which condemned the tenets of Armenius. Here are feveral Lutheran and Calvinift churches, a fine council- houfe, an excellent academy, and the mint of S Holland. It has a good har- bour, and a great trade in corn, wine, and timber; of the latter immenle rafts are floated hither from Andcrnach, in Germany. Its natural fituation is fuch, that it has never been taken by an «int- my; but it furreadered to the French in r795. It is 10 tniles se of Rotter- dam. Lon. 4 45 E, lat. ; I 5 1 N. Dortmund, a ftrong town of Weft- phalid, in the county of Marck. It was lately imperial, and is feated on the £ml\cr, 15 miles sw of Ham. Lon. 7 aS E, lat. 5 3 1 N. Dotdom^z town of Holland, in Gel- derland, with a foundery for bombs and cannon-balls; feated on the YlTel, 10 miles SE of Doefburg. Domrnenei, a town of France, in the department of Finifterrc, feated on a bay of the fame tiame, at the entrance of the Englifli channel, eight miles nw ofQuimper. Douayy a city of France, capital of the department of Nord, with a fine arfenal, a foundery for cannon, a mili- tary fchool,a citadel,-and three famous colleges. It was taken by the duke of Marlborough in 17 10, and retaken by the French, in 171 z, after the fufpenfion of arms. It is feated on the Scarpe, whence there is a canal \o the Deule, ij miles NW of Cambray. Lon 3 5 e, lat' fo 22 a, DohL's, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Fr4n«he gQtnl^, It is fo named fton a DOU river which flows into the Saone, below Verdun. Befan^on is the capital. DffMf, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Lpire, with a confiderable manufaith the beR haibour in the ifland. which r^nd'^rt it the principal mart of trade. A packet-boat fails hence weekly to Whitehaven. The town rifes near the s point of the bay in a triangular form, and the relidence of the Englifh is chiefly confined to this fpot. Near the mouth of the harbour is an ancient fort. Lon. 4 2(i w, lat. 54 5 N. Douglan, Cape, a promontory, on the "w coaft of America, the w point of the entrance of Cook Inlet. Its fummtt forms two very high mountains. Lon. 153 30 ^'.» lat. 58 56 N. Doulaincourtf a town of France, in the department of Upper Mame, 10 miles sw of Joinville. Do^ulcns, a town of France, in the de- !)artment of Somme, with two citadels; eated on the Autie, 15 miles k of Amiens. Doune, a town of Scotl;ind, in Perth- fhirc, with the ruin of a huge fquare caftlc, whofe tower is yet full 80 feet in height. Here is a manufacture of pif- tols ; alfo an extenfive work called the Adeipbi cotton-mill. It is fcated on the Teith, eight miles nw of Stirling, and 3» sw of Perth. Dourdan, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oife, with a manufacture of filk and v.'orftcd ftock- ingi,; feated on the Orge, 25 miles sw of Paris. Dowlafalad, formerly called Amed- nagur, a province of the Deccan of Hin- dooftan ; bounded on the n by Candeilh and Malway, w by the Gauts, s by Vi- fiapour and Golconda, and £ by Be- rar. Aurungabad is the capital. Doiclatabad, a large fortrefs of Hin- dooltan, which gives name to the pro- vince. It is built on a rock, alm«ft per- pendicular on every fide, and riling 429 feet above the plain. It is 10 miles nw of Aurungabad. Down, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulfter, 42 miles tbiig and 34 broad ; bounded on the e by the Tri(h fea, why Armagh, nw by Antrim, anoi s by Carlingtbrd bay and the ocean. It h divided into^aparinies, fends four members to parliament, and contains about 204,^00 inhabitants. It is in ge* neral fertue, has numerous bleach- {reens, and in the rough parts many orfes are bred. The chief rivers are ttie Lagan atjid Newrv. ' Vownt or DoinH^dtrick, a borough D R E of Ireland, capital of the county of Down, and a bifhop's fee united with Connor. It is feated on the river New. ry, feven miles w of Strangford bay, and 74 NE of Dublin. Lon. 5 42 w, iat. 54 29 N. Downham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, feated on the fide of a hill, by the river Oufe. Every Monday is brought hither, to the river fide, a prodigious quantity of butter, which is fent up in boats to Cambridge, and thence conveyed in wagons to Lon- don, under the name of Cambridge butter. It is ii miles s of Lynn, and 86 N by E of London. DownwgCon, a town of Pennfylvania, in C'lii.'fter county, on the e fide of Bran- dy wine creek, 33 miles w by n of Phi- ladelphia. Downs, a famous road for (hipping, on the E coaft of Kent, between the N and S Foreland. See Godwin Saiuh. Doirnton, a borough in Wiltfhire, whicii has now no market, feated on the Avon, fix miles se of Salifbury, and 88 wsw of London. Draiil-urg, a town of Germany, iis Carinthia, on the river Drave, ij milts It of Lavaniund. Diuc/icnjels, a town of Germany, la the late electorate of Cologne, with a citadel, feven miles nnw of Lintz. Dructit, a town of Maflachufets, in Middlefex county, on the n bank of the Merrimac, at Patucket-falls, 28 miles sw of Exeter, and 30 nnw of Bofton. Dradule, a town of Nubia, with a harbour on the Red fea, and wells of good water in the vicinity. It is 3! miles NNW of Suakem. Dragnmcslro, a town of European Turkey, in Livadia, 44 miles wsw of Lepanto. Dragiiignatt, a town of France, in the depaitinent of Var, 10 miles nw of Frejus. Dramf'UTg, a town of Bnuidenburg, in the New mark, feated on the Drage, »$ miles fc by n of New Stargard. Dras. See Darah. Drave, a river which rifes in Ger- many, at Innichen in Tyrol, flows through Carinthia andStiria, then along the confines of Sclavonia and Lower Hungary, paffing by ElTeck, and a little after joins the Danube. Dray font a town in Shropfliire, with a market on Wednefday, feated on the river Tern, 17 miles ne of Shrewfbury, and 151 NW of London. Drentelburg, a town of Germany, in Lov?er Heffc, 18 ipiles njjjw of Caffel. * Dretden^z city of Germany, and tb: E »f the county of )*s fee united with on the river New. trangfordbay,and L,on. 5 4% w, lat. in Norfolk, v,'ith a feated on the fide ver Oufe. Every ithcr, to the river [uantity of butter, sats to Cambridge, in wagons to Lnn- nc of Cambridge es s of Lynn, and n. vn of Pcnnfylvania, ^the E fideofBran- iles w by n of Phi- ! road for (hipping, *nt, between the N ;e Godwin Sattds, 3ugh in Wiltfhire, market, feated on .>s sE of Saliibury, idon. vn of Germany, k ver Drave, i? tnilet »wn of Germany, in of Cologne, with a I NNW of Lintz. of Maflachufets, in an theN bank of the icket-falls, a8 miles JO NNW of Bofton. 1 of Nubia, with a 1 fea, and wells of vicinity. It is 3* em. town of European 1, 44 miles wsw of iwn of France, in the r, 10 miles nw of vn of Bnmdenburg, feated on the Drage, New Stargard. which rifes in Ger- n in Tyrol, flows mdStiria, then along ilavonia and Lower Efleck, and a little ube. in Shroplhire, with efday, feated on the 8 NEof Shrcwlbury, don. )wn of Germany, ui ilesNijJWof Calfel. f Germany, and the capital of Saxony. It is divided by the Elbe into the old and new town, which are united by a grand bridge, and fur- rounded by ftrong fortifications. It has a caftle, an academy of painting and fculpture, and a magnificent church for the Roman catholics. The houfes are built of freeftone, almoft all of the fame height; and though the palaces are few, it is deemed tht handfomeft city in Germany. The palaces of Holland and Japan are full of curiofities from that country and China; and the piAure gallery may claim precedence over every individual gallery in Italy. The city and fuburbs ,are eftimated to contain 50,000 inhabitants, near 5000 of whom are catholicu, and there are about 800 Jews. • Here are manuladurcs of gold and filver lace, jewellery, porcelain, paper-hangings, and wind-inftruments of mufic. Drefdcn was taken by the kingofPruflia in 1745, but was foon reltored; again taken by him in 1756, hut retaken in 1759; and it was bom- barded by him in 1760, for nine days, when he was obliged to raife the fiege. It is 80 miles nnw of Prague. Lon. i.:< jo £, lat. 4 J 6 K. Dreiix, ft town of France, in the de- partment of Eh re and Loir, with acon- fiderable manufadlure of cloth for the army. It is feated on the river Blaife, ?<;,tbe foot of a mountain, 48 miles w by sof Paris. Lon. 1 21 £, lat. 4^ 44 »• Driesen, a town of Brandenburg, m the New mark, on the river Warta, ao miles E of Landiberg. Driffield, a town in E Yorkfhire, with a market on Thurfday, and a con- fiderable trade in corn, by a canal to the river Hull. It is a8 miles e by n of York, and 196 n of London. Drinawara, a town of European Tur- key, in Servia, on a fmall ifland formed by the Drino, on the confines of Bofnia. Drino, a river of European Turkey, which haf its fource on the e frontiers of Albania, and runs into the bay of Drino, in the gulf of Venice. Driito, a feaport of «>iEuropean Tur- key, in Albania, on a bay of the fame name, in the gulf of Venice, 80 miles ESB of Idigufa. Lon. xo J9 e, lat. 42 Dristra. See Silintria. Drogheda, a feaport and borough of Ireland, chief town of the, county of Lonth. It is a f.rong place, has an ex- cellent harbour, and carries on an ex- tenfive commerce, particularly in com and ftrong flieeting- It is feated on the Boyne, five miles w of the Irilh fea, D RU and 23 ^' of Dub\in. Lon. 6 zs, w, lat. 53 43 i^' . , Droitwtch, a borough in "Worcefter- fhire, with a market on Friday. Here are famous fait fprings, froin which ilt made much fine white fait. It is feat* ed on the Salwarp, feven miles knb of Worcefler, and 116 wnw of Lon- don. Drome^ a department of France* in- cluding part of the late- province of Dauphiny. It is fo called from a river, which crolFes it, and joins the Rhone ' below Valence, ||ie capital of the de- piutment. Dromore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, and the fee of a bi- fliop. The cathedral is fmall, but the palace is handfome and C'')nvenient. It is feated on the Laggan, ij miles sw o'' Belfall, and 17 e of Armagh. Lon. 6 8 E, lat. 54 »5 N. Drotierof a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the Alps, on the river Macta, 14 miles ssw of Saluzzo. Dronfieldf a town in Derbylhire, which had a market on Thurfday, but, *^rom its vicinity to Cheflerfield and Sheffield, is now difufed. *■• Two miles from it are the ruins of Beauchief ab- bey. It is fix miles n of Cheflerfield, and 156 NNW of London. Drontheim, a cita^f Norway, capital of a government ortlie fame name, and a biihop's fee, wit)|v, a good harbour. It was the relidence of the ancient kings of Norway. Of the cathedral the.cboir alone remains. The inhabitants, eftimat- ed at 8000, have fome commerce in wood, fifh, tallow, and copper. It is almoft furrdundcd by the fea and the river Fiddet; and is 270 miles nw of Bergen. Lon. 10 i» e, lat. 63 %6 n. • Drosendorf, a town of Auftria, with an ancient caftle, feated on the Teya, 10 miles N of Horn. Drossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ne\7 mark, 14 miles se of Cuftrin. Drumbote, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, eight miles w of Dundalk. Druscnheimf a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, feated on the Motter, near the Rhine, Qve miles SE of Haguenau. Druses, a people of Syria, on the mountains of Libanus and Antilibanus, and to the e as far as Balbec. Their language is the Arabic; and they appear to have Uttle religion of any kmd,'but pniy indiflferentW in Chriftian churches or Turkifh mofques. They are warlike, inured to labour, are great enemies of the Turks, and have their I1 T DUB particular princes, called Emirs. BaU rout is their capital. Dublin, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinfter, »y mWen long and 17 broad; bounded on the e by the Jrilh ff a, n by E Mcath, w by the fame and Kildare, and s b^ Wicklovv- It is dividod into 107 panflies, has one ci^y and four market-towns, fends five men- bers to parliament, and contains about t,ooo inhabitants. The country is in general flat, except toward the s, where It i3 hilly and rocky. The. principal fiver is tiie Liffey. • Dubli'i, the metropolis of Ireland, in * cotinty of the fame name, and an archblfhop's fee, with a univcrfity. Its form is that of a fquare, two miles vid a half in extent on each fide, and it contains about 2a,ooo houfes, whofe in< habitnnts are edimated at t ; e,ooo, Its flreets have been lately improved in re- gard both to convenience and cmbel- lifhment; and there are feveral magni* ficent fquares, the lar^eft of v/hich is St. Stephen-green, nearly 3 mile m circuit. -It has a cathedral and a colle- giate church, 18 parilh-cAurches, eight chapels, 16 Roman catholic chapc^s, pumcrous meetin^-houfes ror diflenters of various dendmmations, four foreign churches, and a fynagogue. Among the principal public buildings are the caftlc (the refidenoe of the viceroy) the national bank. Trinity college, the hail of juftice* the royal exchange, the cuf^ tomhoufe, the royal hofpitalof Kilmain- ham for invalids, the linen hall, the bar- racks, the tollfell, or townhoufe, and Effex-bridge and Sarahbrid^v, two of the fix bridges over the LifFey. The •hofpHtals and other charitable ioftitur tions are numerous; and it has two theatres. The Phenix park, at the w end of the town, is a royal inclofure, feven miles in circuit; and, befidc the Hibernian fchool, is adorned with the villa of the viceroy, the feat of the prin- cipal fecrctary, and a few others; alfo a falute battery of as pieces of cannon, and the ammunition magazine, a (trong ^fortification. An obfervatory I3 erected on a rocky hill, about four miles nw of the city. The civil government of Dubr lln is executed by a lord mayor, record- er, two (herifFs, 24 aldermen, and a common council, formed of reprefenta- tives from the ij corporations.' IJefide the filk, woollen, and cotton manufac- tures carried on in .the fuburbs, other branches of ufeful manufadturc are efta- biiAiing in difttrent parts of the metro- polis; and its foreign trade is confider- abljE;. The harbour is incommoded by D UK two banks of find, which prevent vff. fels ir? Urge burden from gouig over ths bar: it has a mole nearly four miles ii^ lengthy, with a lighthoufe nt tl]€ extre. mity, and another on the promontory oppofite, called the hill of Hdwth. 1 hree miles below the cit^, at a place called the Pigeon houfe, is a commo- dious dock ; and here the packets receive and land their pafiengers. The Liffey divides the city almoft into two equal parts, and has fpacious and noble qu^^yi on both fides. A grand can^l has betn mad^ from the Liffey, which communi- cates with the Shannon near Clonfert, Dublin is feated at the end of a fpacinut bay, feven miles from the Irifli fea, 60 w of Holyhead, in Wales, and 300 WNW of London. Lon. 6 j8 w, iai. 53 SI N. Duck Creelf a town of the ftatc of Delaware, which carries on a confider- able trade with Philadelphia. ](t is d miles NW of Pover. Ditderstqdl, A town of Lower Sax- ony, in the territory of Eichfeld. It ba& a trade in beer and tobacco, and ia feated on the Whjpper, j8 miles b of Gottingen. Dudley, a town in a detached part of Worcefterfliirc, fiirrounded by StafibrJ- ftiire, with a marketon Satqfday. It haj confiderable manufaflures of nails and hardware ; aiid in the vicinity areexten. five coal mines. There is achunch at eacli end of the long^ ftreet; and the vcne- rable remnants oiF its cattle are worthy oF notice. In 1801 the number of inha- bitants was 10,107. it is 10 miles w by N of Birminghani, and 126 nw c^ Londoti. Jhieriiu Sec Duren, Duero. Sec Douero'. Due/stede, a fortified town pf Hoi- hnd, in Utrecht, feated on the Lock, where it branches pff from the Rhine, I » mjles 8 E of Utrecht- Duma. See Dwind Duke 0/ York 'Island, an ifland in the Pacific ocean, dilcovcred by commo- dore Byron in 1765, lying .v of the Friendly i(lands. Lon. 17230 w, lat. 7568. t}uk( of York Island, an ifland in the Pacific, ocean, lying between New Bri- tain and lliTew Ireland, fo nnmed bj^ captain part»ret, in 1767. The n.itivcs go entirely naked ; are ftout, well made, and of a light copper colour : th^ir h.iir is woolly, but they drcfs it with preafe and powder, and make it hang ftraight. Their huts are made chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the fhade of cocoas ifiit ti'ces* with a fence before them. A UK d, which prevent vff. !n from going over th« : nearly four miles in ihthouie at tlje extre. r on the promontory the hilt of Huwth. w the cit^jr* at a placti \ houfe, is a commo- Isre the packets receive tflengerg. The L'ffey Imoft into two equal icious and noble qu^yi I grand can^l has lieen iffey* which cnmmuni- hannon near Clonfert, tt the end of a fpacioui from the IrUh Tea, 60 , in Wales, and 300 I. I^on. 6 )8 w, iat. a town of the ftate of I carries on a confider- ^hiUdclpbia. |t is n ver. town of Lower Sax* itory of Eichfeld. It er and tobacco, and is /hipper, f8 miles b of ra in a detached part of riirrounded by Stafford. •keton Satqfday. It liat hufadlures of nails and h the vicinity areexttn. rhere is a chuvch at eacli It ftreet; and the vcne* tif its callle are worthy loi the nuinber of inha- 37. It is 10 miles w ;ham» and 126 nw <4 JOuren, "iouero'. fortified town pf Hoi- , feated on the Leek, IS pfT from the Rliine^ trecht. 'iwind island, an ifland in tk ilcpvered by comrac- 1765, lying N of the Lon. 17230 w, Iat. Island, an iiland in the 'ing between New Bri- Ireland, lb nnmed by in 1767. Then.itives ;arellowt, wcllmadei pper colour : tbfir h.iir luy drefs it with preafe make it hang ftraight. adc chiefly of bamboo, r the fhade ol coco*' fence before them. ^ D U M within which the plantain, banana, am, fugar-cane, &c. are cultivated, .'he ifland produces, befide the plants above-mentioned, betlc-nuts, mangos, bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are alfo dogs, hogs, poultry, and fomc fpiccs. The nutmeg was feeo by captain Hun- ter, who ancli6rcd in Port Hunter bay, in this ifland, in 1791. Lon. 151 ao e, 1st. 4 7 s. i)ulat, a village of Wales, in the ifle of Anglefey, 10 miles nw of Beaumaris. It ftands on the Irilh fea, at the mouth of a river of the fame name ; and is much frequented on account of the corn ;jid butter trade, and for fern-aihes and kelp. JDukigm, a town of European Tur- key, in Albania, on the gulf of Venice, with a good harbour, 15 miles sw of Scutari. Lon. 18 56 R, Iat. 42 23 n. Dttkek, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Meath, formerly the fee of a biihop, bot now a mean place, ao miles N by w of Dublin. Dulnifn, a town of VVeftphalia, in the principality of Muafter, 14 miles iiW of Munfter. Diilvi'ilon, a town in Somerfetihire, M'Uh A market on Saturday, and manu- fadures of coarfe woollen cloths and blankets. It is feated near the £x, 20 miles ^ of Minehead, and *6j w by s of London. Dulirjch, a village in Surry, five niilcs ii uf London. It is famous for a college, founded by Edward Aileyn, a comedian, called The College of God's Gift. Diimaringy a town of the ifland of Borneo, on the B codft. Lon. a 17 30 £, lilt, z 10 N. Dumbarto)!, a borough of 5cotlaRd« capital of Dunrbartonihire, feated on the Leven, near its qonflux with the Clyde. The principal manu£a(fturc is glafs; but nuny hands ai^ employed in the print-fields on the banks of the Le vcn. The caftle ftands a^ the junction of the two rivers, on a vaft rock, with two tops of «ne<]tial bright, ite<«p OB every fide. It is 15 miles WNW of Glalgow, Lon. 4 38 w, Iat, 55 59 N. Dumbartonilure^ ruvciently called Lennox, a county of Scotland ; bounds «d on the n by Perthfliire, ne and e by Stirlingfliire, s by the counties of La- wr\ and Renfrew, and w by Argyle- fliire. Its greateil length is 50 miles; its breadth not above la. It is divided intj9 II pafiflies, and in tSoi contained 30,719 inhabitants. The w part of thi3 county abounds with great muralTes; DUN but near the rivers it is fertile in Com^ ; See Lomond, Loch. 1 Dumhlane, a town of Scotland, in- Perthfliire, formerly the fee of a bilbep. Part of the cathedral now ferves for a - parifli church. Near this place was fought the battle of Sheriff- muir, be« tween the duke of Argyle and the re* bel earl of Mar, in 1715. luis feated on the Allan, fix miles N of Stifling, and »8 sw of Perth. Dumboof a town of NegroUnd. in Bornou, a little to the w of a fait lake of the fame name, .170 miles nn w of Bor- nou. Lon. 21 50 E, Iat 22 » N. Dumfries, a town of Virginia, chief of Prince William county. It is fituate ' on the N fide of Qnantito creek, four miles above its entrance into the ¥oU>- ' mac, and apsw of Alexandria. Lon; 77 JO w, Iat. 3830 N, - Dumfries, a borough of Scotland, . capital of Dumfriesfliire, feated on the river Nith, eight miles from its mouth ' in Solway frith. It is a regular well- built town; and in 1801 the number of inhabitants was 7188. Here is no con- fiderable trad^, nor manufa(5lure, though aknoft every brandi of commercial and mechanical induftry is pradlifed. The antufements of the town, and its healthy fituation, allure many of the gcntry- from the neighbouring counties. It is 3P miles wnw of Carlifle, and 75 s by W of Edinburg. Lon. 3 29 w, Iat. 55 9 n. " Dumfriesahin-f a county of Scotland, 50 miles long and a6 broad; bounded oa the N by the fliires of Lanerk and Peebles, k by thofe of Selkirk and Rox- bargh, s by Solway frith, and w by the ' counties of Kirkcudbright and Ayr. It is divided into 4a pariflies, and the num- ber of inliabitants in i&oi was 54,547. It^ontains a larg«morafs, called Locher Mofs ; and the principal rivers are the EHc. Annan, and Nith. A great part of the county is mountainous and heathy, but the 'valleys are extremely fei-tile. It has abundance of fret-done and limeftone, and rich mines of lead and coal. Dun, a town of France, in the depart- ment oi Meufe, on the river Meufe, {5 miles NNW of Verdun. Dun le Hoi, a town of France, in the department of Cher, on the river Auron, IS miles s of Bourges. Dunamond, a town of RiiiTii, in r.he government of Riga. It formerly be- longed to the duchy of Couriand, but was taken by the Swedes in thejr wars with the Poles. In 1700 it was taken by tke Poles, and retaken the next year, by Charles xii. In 17 to, it was taken -r D U K DUN }yf Peter the great. It is (ttuate at the ed mBo inhabitanta. It is 15 miles nw mouth of the Dwjna. 15 miles nw of of Edinburg. Lon. 3 20 w,' lat. j6 Riga, and 20 N of Mittau. Lon. 23 41 5 n. S, lat. j^jN. '"'^8of glafs, eoarfe linen, canvas, cr< „.;, thread, buckram, tanned leather, Ihoes, and hats ; and alfo'a fugar-houfe. It is feated on the frith of Tay, 14. miles nw of St. , Andrew. I.on. 3 2 w, lat. 56 28 n. / Hundonaldf a village of Scotland, in Ayrlhire, two miles s of Irvine. It has an extenfive cotton manufadturc, and near it is the royal cattle of Dundonald. Dunfermline, a borough of Scotland, in Fifefhire, witii a good trader and a confidierabie manufa(51ure oflinen goods, particularly diapers. IItc is part of a royal palace, in vfhich Chnries < was bom, and the princefs Elifabeth, wife to George i. Adjoining to this was a niagnificent abbey, pa^t of the remains of which now ferve for a parilh church. In. this abbey were buried Malcolm and his queen, and feven other Scottiih mo- narcbs. J>uafermline in 1801 contaiiir through which flows the river Tay. Its romantic fituation, and the benefit of drinking goats whey, render this place the refoJt of much genteel company in fummer. It is the market-town of the Highlands on that fide, and carries on a manufadlure of linen and yarn. The duke of Athol has a fine feat here, ikreened by the Grampian mountain;; ; * and near it are the ruins of a cathedral, part of which is now the parifh church.^ Dunkeld is 12 miles nw of Perth. ^T^ Dunkirky a feaport of France, in the department of Nord. It was taken from the Spaniards by the Englifh and French in 1658. .and put into the hands oi the Englifh, but fold to the French by Charles 11, in i66». Lewis xiv made it one of the beft fortified ports in the ingf'om ; but all the works were Ol> loliihcd, and the bafins filled up, in confequence of the treaty of Utrecht, 101713. The French afterward returned the works ; but they were or- dered to be demolifhed by the peace of 1763. They continued thus till the peace of 1783, when the works were again refumed; and the next vear it was declared a free port. The Htiglilh attempted to befiege this plac^ in 1793^ but were obliged to retire. Dunkirk is 4ivided into the old and new town; DUN ^&*^^^^^.. tnA the inhabitants.eftimated at 80,000, bey, wh had a great deal of commerce. By means of a Huice, 4a feet wide, the ba- fin within the town will hold 40 (hipt of the line always floating. It it a a t miles sw of Oftend. Lon. a 23 b, tat. Dunleer, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Louth, feven miles n of Drogheda. . Dunmou), a corporate town m Eflex, with a market on Saturday, and a ma- nufacJture of bays. It is feated on a bill, 13 raiics nnw of Chelmaford, and 38 NE of London. Dttnmoiv, Little^ a village two miles from Dunmow. It had once a monaf- tery, and part of the pr'ory now forms the parifh church. This place is fa- mous for the tenure of its manor ; namely, that whatever married couple vill go to the priory, and fwear they have not repented of their marriage, within a year and a day after it took place, fliall receive a flitch of bacon. Dunnet Head, an cntenfive promon- tory of Scotland, in the county of Caithncfs. Its n extremity, in the Pentland frith, is the moft northern point of Great Britain. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 58 35 N. Dtmtwse, a cape in tbe Enghfh chan- nel, on the sE fide of the ifle of Wight. Lon. 1 i6 w, lat. 50 34 n. v\ c Ditnse, a town of Scotland, the largeft^ in Berwickfliire. Here is a woollen ' manufadure, and a celebrated mineral well, fimilar to that of Tunbrid^e in England. It is Gtuate under a hill, near the river Whiteadder, 14 miles w of Berwick, and 40 esb of Edinburg Lon. 8 18 w, lat. 55 47 n. Duns/abtcy a town in Bedfordflii with a market on Wednefday. It is of great antiquity, having been ruined by the Danes, and reftored by Henry i, who made it a borought but no mem- bers were ever fent to parliament. The church is the remainder of a priory, a»d oppofite to it is a farm-houfe, once a royal palace. Dunftable has four ftreets, in the diredion of the four cardinal points ; and is famous for elegant hats, bafkets, &c. m^de of ftraw. It is feat- fd on a chalky hill, 17 miles s of Bed- ford, and a^ Nw of London. Dunstaffnage, a caftle of Scotland, in Argyleftiire, one of the firft feats of the Piitifti and Scottifli monarchs. Here was long preferved the famous ftone, ufed as the coronation feat of the Scottish monarchs, which was removed to Scone by Kenneth 11, and thence by Edward i, in 12961 to Weftminfter ab- D U R it now rem.iins as an appen- dage to the coronation chair. Some of the ancient regalia ftill continue in the caille ; and near it is a fmall rooflefs qha- pel, ofelegant architecture, where fe- veral of the kings of Scotland are faid to be interred. It ftaiids on a promon- tory, almoft iofulated, at the entrauce of Loch Etivc, 34 miles nw of Inve- rary. DumteTy a town in Somerurtlhire, with a market on Friday. It has ^ call le, on a fteep knoll ; and at one cor- ner '../ the terrace is an ancient turret, fuppofed to be part of the original caf- tle, built in the time of WilTiam i. A. priory ftood on the nw Ide of the caftfe,' part of which nov^- 05 for the pa- rlfli-church. It ft on the edge of a vale, near the Pritlol channel, ao miles NW of Taunton, and 161 w of London. Dunwich, a borough in Suffolk, which has now no mark,qt, nor place of public worlhip. It was formerly a bifhop's fee, and had many churches, which have been fwalluwed up by the fea. The remains of two churches and apa> lace are the only marks left of its for- mer greatnefs. It is I'eated at the top of a loofe cliflF, 24 miles s of Yarmouth, and ICO N- of London. Diiquella, a province of Morocco, about 80 miles long and 60 broad, ex- ceedingly ifertile In corn and paflure. Durance, a river of France* which is formed near Brian(;on, of the rivulets Dure and A nee, and flows by Embrun, Tallard. Sifleron, Monofque, Cavaillon, and Avignon, into the Rhone. Duraugo, a town of Spain, in Bifcay, i^.j 14 miles SE of Bilboa. 1,^/ DurangOf an epifcopal town of New ii€r*Bifcay, in the province of Zacatecas, with good falt-works, in a fertile coun* try^ 380 miles NW of Mexico. Lon. 104 40 w, lat. 24 10 N. Durazzoy a town of European Tur- key, capital of Albania, and a Greek archbifliop's fee. It has a rained for- trefs, and a gdod harbour on the gnlf b£ Venice, 50 miles n of Valona. Lon. 19^ 36 K, lat 41 25 K. Ditrhiugn, a tovm of Hindooftan, in, Bahar, near the fivev Gogary, jo miles KE of Patna. Durhuy, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, feated on the Ourthe, 20 miles s by w of Liege. Dureti, a fortified town of France, i^ the department of Roer, lately of Ger- many, in the duchy of Juliers; feated on the river Roer, 12 miles s of Jnliers. Durham, a county of England, 47 miles long and .37 broad} bounded on. D U R ^e N "by Northumberland, b liy the Ccrman ocean, s and sw by York(hire» and w by Wcftmorland and Cumber- hnd. It is ul'ually calked the Bifhopric of Dnfliam, from the fovereign power i!»rmerly poiroflcd by the bilbopa, who 7et cpjoy great privileges. It contains 6 10,000 rfores ; and is divided into four -waixls, and 11,3 pariftieci, which include one city and nine market-towns. Bo- Adethefe ts a detached part, (ituate n of Nurthumbcrland and including Holy IRand, whidi is divided into two dl- ftudts, called Norhamihire and liland* ihirt. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was i^.j59>i and it fends four members to pArluimcnt. The foil is very various ; the w fvde being mouiv- tiinous and barren, wiiile the k an.d « conHft of beautifuhnc^dows. woods, and corn- fields. Heneai^e rich mines of coal, k'ad, and iron, and quarries of marble* (late, niiMone, fircftone, ^rinddone. limeftrme, and freeftone. The prin- cipal rivers are th'C Wear, Tees, Tyae* and Derwent. Durban, a city and the capital of the county of Durham, and a bifhop's fee, tvith a market on Saturday. It is com- paiitlv built on a bill, on a bend of the Wear, over which are three ftone bndges, and fiuToiinded by the remains of its wall The cathedral, which is a large and magriificent edifice, and the caltlt,now the billiop's palace, ftand on the higheft part of the hill ; in the for- mtr are depofited the remains of St. Culhbert and the venerable Bede. Tlie city is governed by a mayor, and con- tains Hit pariih churches. It has a ma- irufaiihire of ItufTs and carpets, and around it afe grown large quantities pf the bcil muilard. In 1801 the nnmber «)f inhabitants was 7330. In a deep v-ile near the river are the ruins of Finchall abbey'; and on|the w of the city is Novil Crofs, €re(fted in memory of the vitftory obtained by queen Phi- lippa, in i; 48, over David Bruce, king of Scotland, who was taken prifoner. Durham is 14 miles s of Newcaftle, and -59 N by w of London. Lon. 1 15 w, lat. 54 44 N. Vurfiam, a town of New Hampfhlre, in Strafford county. Near it is a rock, computed to weigh 60 tons, fo exadlly po'.IWl on another rock as to be eafily mi ved with a finger. It is fituate on Oyftir river, near its jundion with the Pafcat aqua, 16 miles w of Portf- mouth. Durhlirim, a town of France, in the dep.irtncnt of Mont Tonnerrc, lately of Germany, in the palatinate of the D W I Rhine ; feated on the river Ilardt, 17 miles sw of Worms. Durkheimt of 'J'utkheim, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, where the Frendi gained a vic> tory over the Auftrians in 1C7J;. It it four miles k.w of Colmar. . Durliich, a town of Suabia, capital of Baden-Dui-lach, with a caftle. Here are manufadtujres of porcelain, cloth, and AufTs. It is feated on the Gieftcn, 15 miles MVE of Uaden. ^un. 8 3^ e., lat. 48 58 N. Ditrslcy, a corporate town « GIou* ccfterlhirc, with a market on l^hurfday, and a coniideraUe traffic in broad clotJb, and card» feu* clothiers. Here are the remains of a caftle. It is feated near the Severn, 1.3 miles sw of Gluuceller, and 107 w of London. Durlalf a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Loire. The chief trade is tanniug. It is 16 miles N£ of Angers. Dmky Bay, a bay on the sw coaft of Mew Zealand, in the Pacific ocean. The country here Is fteep, and the hills near the feafide are coveted with intri- cate and impenetr.ible forells. Abund- ance of excellent refrelluuents are found here; and it contains fcveral coves and harbours. Lon. 166 18 K,lat. 4^ 47 s. DiissettJor/., a llrong city of Wcft- phaiia, capital of the duchy of Berg, Contiguous to the palace is a celebrated gallery of paintings, Dufltldorf was taken by the French in- 1795, It is feated on the riv<-r Duffel, near the lihin^, 25 mile.s s Wcfel. Lon. 6 40 1:, lat. 51 li V. Duxioroiifrhy a town of Maflachufcts, in Plymouth county, with a harbour for fmall vcflels, and a lighthoufe at the s extremity of the beach. It is fituate s by E of Plymouth, three miles acrofs Plymouth bay. JJiiyitnrfi, a fortified town of WelU phaPu, in tbe duchy of ('levc, with a Calvinifl; ijoiverfity. It has a confiderr able trade with Holland, and is feated on the Hoer, near the Khi^e, i z miles s by EofWcfel. jyttytT, a town of Wcftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, with a Benedidine ab* bey. ft is inhabited chiefly by Jews, and feated on the Rhine, oppofitc Cp- logne, Dftyveland, one of the ifl^nds of Zealand, in Holland, e of Sphowen, from which it is feparated by a narrow channel. Dioiita, a river of RuflGa, which runs from s to N into the White fea> ^t Arch^ angel. river Hardt, \) E AS pu'JBfl, a river of l-ithuanla, whkh A\- Slid Livoni.i from Courland, and runs into the Baltic, below Riga. Dj/li't a new department of France, including ihc fouthem ^art of Bribant. It hai itH name from a river which rifts on its s bonier, Hows n through the middle of the country, and joins the Scheldt a littla above Uupclmonde. The capital is UrulU;l8. Diinapour. a town and Tort of Hin- dooftan, in mhar, near which in a di.i- mond mine. It is ftated on the Ganges, 10 miles w of Patna. Dif'art, a borough of Scotland, in Fif*;rt»irc, with a good harbour. It has a conliderable trade in coal, a fait -work, a manufacture of checks, and fome em- ploy in building fhips. In iSoi, the number nf inhabitants was 5385. It is feated on the frith of Forth, 16 miles >J by E of Etlinburg, and ao sw of St. Andrew. Lon. 3 ? w, bt. 56 8 n. E, Tlaglcshantf a villajce of Scotland, in Kenfrewfliire, nine miles sw of Ghf- ^ow. It has bleaching grounds, and a conliderable cotton manut'acSiire. Eaoowc, one of the Friendly iflands, in the Pacific ocean, difcovcred by Taf man, in 1643, and by him named Mid- dleburg. The land gently rifes to a conliderable height, prefenting a bi:au- tiful profpedt of cxteniive meadowH, adorned with tufts of trees, and inter- mixed with plantations. Lun. 174 39 w, lat. SI 24 s. Earhlu^y a town of Scotland, in Bcr- wicklhire. Near it, on a rocky bank, ftands Cowdenknows, an old building, now fomewhat modernized ; and uti the adjacent knolls may be feen the re- mains of its broonif fo renowned in Scott.ilb ditty. Earlfton is fcatcd on the rjvef JUader, 35 miles se qf Edin- jbur^. Lam. See Brne, E«sHaley a fmall ifland of Scotland, near the coaft of Argylelhirc, to the sk of Mull, cplebrated for its Hate quarries, Eushif^wnldf a town in N York- Ihire, witl> a ii^arket on Friday, apd a great trade in bacon and butter. It is 13 miles NNw of York, apd ao8 n by w of London. Eaat Cape, the moft eaftern extremity of Afia, on tlie w fide of Bcering ftrait, nearly oppofite Prince of Wales cape on the continent of America. Lqn. 9a ao E, Ltt. 59 17 N. ^ BE TSait Loot. See Loot, East ; nnd fo with other places that have the fame name of pofition. Easthoiirn, a town in SuITex* noted for plenty of the birds called whcatears, and as a pUce of rcfort for bathii^. Near it is a chalybeate fpring. In 1707 a telTfllated pavement and a Romaa bath were difcovered here. It is feated near the Englifh channel, 1 j miles esb of Lewes, and 61 ssb of London. Eattcr Island, an ifle in the Pacific ocean, 1 2 leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and ftony furface, is naturallf barren, and affords neither fafe anchor- age, frelh water, nor wood for fuel. Rats are the only quadrupeds, and there are but few birds. The natives are in- duflrious, and plant paper-mulberriei and ban tuas, with regular fields of po- tatoes and yams. This ifland w.is feen by Davis in 1686; it was vifited by Roggewin in 17:3, and by Cook in 177^. Lon. 109 47 w, lat. 27 6 s. Juisthampiuii, a town of New York, in Suffolk county, on the se coaft of Long Idand. It is a half (hire-town ; and in it is Clinton academy. It is 2 a miles jENE of Southampton. Eauton, a town of Pennfylvania, ca- pital of Northampton county, feated at the conflux of the Leigh with the De- laware, 50 miles N by w of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 27 w, lat. 40 41 n. Eauton, a town of Marybnd, capi> tal of Talbot county, leated m-ar the forks of the Treadhaven, 14 miles N»wr of Vienna, and 30 s ot" (."hefter. E'aston, a town of MaCTachufcts, in Briflol county, with manufadlures of iron and fteel, 10 miles nnw of Tayn- ton, and 26 s of Bodon. Eastouncis, a cape of England, the moft eafterly one on the c )a(l of Suffolky and the n point of Southwold bay. Eatise, a town of France, in the de- partment ol Gers, 17 miles sw of Con- dom. Ebeltoft, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, with a good harbour, on a bay of the Categat, i6 'njles nf, of Aaihus. Eirne-.er, a town of th ftate of Georgia, capital of Effingham county, tituate on the Sav^mna, i$ miles svw pf Savanna. L >n 81 10 w, lat. 3% ij N. EhenfuTth, a town of Auflria, on the Leyta, 22 miles s of Vienna. Ebnbacli, a town of (^^firmany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, with a Ciftercian abbey; feated on ; he Ncckcr, 11 miles K W N of H -idelberg. El'drberg, a town and caftk- of France, in the department of Mont Tonnere, K C C lAttljr of Germaiiyr. in the pAlatinatff of thit Rhini* { fiMtoil .It the coiiilux of thii Alfrn with the Nahe« eight miles sw of C'rput7.iuch. librrmanttadf, a town of Pranconia, in the principiiruy of Hamberg, on the Wifent, 13 mile* sm of B.imberg. lilrrn, A town of Fmnconia. In the principality of Wiirtzhiiig, on the Dan- i«ach, ti inilft nn'w of B.imbcrg. lil'nUfin, a town anil eaftlu of Sna- bia« eight mile» »r of Hmlcn. ii/'«Y('i//f, a t«)wn of France, in the department of Pny d<- Domn, with a Bcnc(li(ftineal>bey, fi-att'don thi; Soiuulci eight milc« NK of Kinm. Elilifi; a town oflVrlifl, in Irak-Agc- init on A river of the f .mc name, 40 miles w of Ciibin. £Lini^rrt, a town of S'lahia, in the duchy of Wiitemherg, noted for its cheek', feven tnilis s of Uuhenzol- lem. llhof a river of Spain, which rifes in the monntains of A(lnria» on the con- finei of Old Cadilo, and flows hy Ca- lahorra, I'ndella, Saragnifa, and Tor- tofa Into the MeditorrancaM.i Etston, a town of Lower Snxony, in Linicburg, celebrated lur its honey> 13 miles s of J.uncburg. Ecclr.i/W!iiin, a town of Scotland, in Dumfrlcsniire, noted for Its great monthly matkct for cattle, fiv«: mites n of Annan, and i.t k of Dumfries. lirtUesfiallf a town in StafTordfliire, with a market on Friday. The biiliop of Lichfield and Coventry has a c.iftic here. It is fealed on the river Sow, feven miles nw of Stafford and 148 of London. liccUsias/ical Staff, or Popedom^ a count! y of Italy ; bounded on the n by Rom.ngna, ne by the gulf of Venice, sk by the kingdom of Naples, sw by the Mediterranean, and W by Tufcany. It }s 1 30 miles long, and trom 80 to 100 broad, divided into the follovying pro- yiiices ; th(: Canwagna di Roma, the ]P«trimonyof St. Peter, Sabino, Spoleto, Ancona, Perugino, and Urbino. The papal government is a bar to induflry, and ill calculated to promote the liapr pinefs of its fubjcAs ; for all thefK pro- vinces are badly cultivated and thinly i nhabited. Trade and manufat^urcs are but little encouraged i and were it not for dates, figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits, which grow fpontaneoutly, the indolence of the inhabitants is fuch, that they would be abfotutely ftarved. ^he pope, according to the ancient caiion Iaw» is the fuprcme, univerfal, and tndepcndant head « of the church;, EDA and inveftrd with fovercignty over alt ChriAlan fovercigns, commnnitiei,.ari(l individnalii. He h.iit the title of lioly Fathcmnd Ilolinefs ; and it elected, ..t every vacancy, from amonj, the cardi. nail, each of whom is ftyled His Emi. nence. Their number .vas fixed by Sixtut V at 70. in allufion to the nnm* Ikt of the difciples fcnt out l)y Chrift to teach the world ; an allniinn without any fingular propriety, as no two c) if* fen of people could l)r more unlike, Bdidi^ the bccleliadical State, and pre- vious to the late revolulionr,, the pope wa«poflr»>frcd of the duchy otBcn«.vento, in the kingdom of Naples t And the territories of Avignim and Venaiffon in France. He had alfo the three h-gatious ot' Koinagna, the Bolognefe, and the Fcrrarefe annexed to his dtiminions till 1797, when the French m.-wle them a part of their Cilalpine republic. The annual revenue of the pope is now re- d\iced to about 6oo,oool. Ilirling, in- cluding the ex.ictionH in foreign coun- tiits. Hi.* military force is inconftder- .iblc : his naval force confifts of a few jr.dleys, ftationed M Civ-ti Vecchia. In t7(;8 this ft.ite was taken pofTeflion of by the French, who overturned itg .mcient government, and eredled it into a republic, ftylcd the Roman Republic, under the diredion of five confuls. Tlicy obliged the popi-, Pius VI, to remove from Rome, iirft into Tufcany, and afterward into France, where he died .it Valence, Aug. 19, 1799. 1" December following a con- clave was held at Venice, and on March 1,3, 1800, cardinal Chiaromonti was eiedcd to the papal chair, who took the title of Pius vii, and refumed the fovereignty of the Ecclefiaftical State. Rome is the capital. lichtnmchf a town of the Nether- lands, in Luxemburg, on the river Sour, furrounded by mountains, 18 miles ke of Luxemburg. iiVj;«, an cpifcopal town of Spiin, in Andalufia, with manufadluros oF leather and flioes, and a trade in wool and hemp. It is feated on the Xenil, 6s miles kne of Seville. Lon. 4 57 w, Eckardtierg, a town and caftle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, 10 miles wsw of Naumburgi EckrenJ'orde^ a feapoit of Denmark, in S Jutland, on a bay of the Baltic. Near the town is a frefli- water lake, which is conneffed with the bay. It is 14 miles NW of Kiel in Holftein. Lon 10 I vv, lat. 54 33 N. li^ddintf a tpwn of N Holland, fumoua Hand, fumoua E D E for it* red rind chfcff* | featcd on the Ky, ncju- tlic 7uid«i Zci'i 1 1 miles nne iMi/sione, the name of lome rocks in the EiiKlifh rhaniicl, lying uhw from the middle of I'lymoiith found, at thir diftiUKL'of 14 miles. On tliK principal fdolt (for the r«;ft art- under water) Jvir Winl\anlcy Iniiit a lighthoufe in 1700, which was d«'ftr«)ycd by a ftorm in 1701, and till' projcdtor ocrilhid in it. In I ;o9i iiiinthtr, built of wood, was crcdt- n'l by Mr. Rudyard, which was con- fumi ftood the fury of the elements. The building, to the height of 31 feet from the foundation, is a folid of Rones, en- grnfieil into each other ; above this are four rooms, one over the other, and at the top a gallery and lantern. It is iicnrly 80 feet high ; and its diftance from the Kaui Head, the nearell point uf laud, IN 12 mill's- Lon. 4 24 w, lat. jo 8 k. luh», a river of Scotland, which rifcs in Ptrthlhire, on the confines of Fit'clhire, and flows through the latter county, by Coupar, into the German ocoan, at the bay of St. Andrew. LV/crt, a river which rifes in Weft- morland, on the confines of Yorkfhire. It runs N, by Appleby, into Cumber- land, and there flows by Kirkofwald and Carlifle, into Solway frith. .lidnilmr^, or StiproHf a town of Hungary, on the frontiers of Auflria, inhabited by Germans, whofe principal m.inufadun- is cloth. Many oxen and pigs are fcnt hence weekly into Germa- ny. It is 40 miles s by E of Vienna. Lon. 16 4» K, lat. 47 38 n. Edaidcrri/, a town of Ireland, in Kings county, near the river Boyne, nine miles R by n of PhilipAown. Edtntottt a maritime didridt of N Carolina, comprehending the counties of Chowan, Pafquotank, Percjuimas, Gates, Hertford, Bertie, and I'yrrel. It abounds with pine, oak, cyprefs, and juniper. Edentorif a town of N Carolina, in Chowan county, and capital of Eden- tun ditlridt. It is fltuate on Albemarle found at the mouth of the Chowan, 1 10 miles E hy k of Ralegh. Lon. 77 5 w, lat. 35 38 N. JEdema, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, once the refidence of the Macedonian kings. It is featcd near the Viftiicza, 44 miles wnw of Saloni- cbi. Lon. %% 3 i) lat. 40 jo n. K D I fiJgarton, a feaport of MalTachufcts, chief town of Dukes county, lituate on the K fide of the ifland of Marthas Vine- yard, 20 miles SE of Falmouth, On the continent, i^m. 70 30 w, lat. 41 25 n. JiiinfnU, a village" in Warwickfhire, 14 miles s of Warwick, memorable for the firll battle fought between Charles I and thep.irliamcnt, in i64>. f-!df;hir, a town of Ilindooflan, in Golconda, fcnted near the Bcirmah, ju(l above Its ctmflux with the Kiflnah. 95 inilfs sw uf ilydrabad. Lon. 77 45 e, iHt. 16 4; N. H'l^wiur, a town In Middlcfex, with a market on Thurfday. It Hands on the Ronmii road, leading to St. Alban, eight miles n w of Loudon. Edinlurn, the metropolis of Scotland, in a county of the fame name, featcd on three hills which run from e to w, in a direi^ion almolt parallel. On the middle ridge, which is narrow and fleep, (lands the Old Town ; the North Town ,\i featcd on an elevated plain, t';(nily Hoping on every fide; and the >uth Town (lands alio on a fimilac Hoping eminence. The form of the Old Town refcmbles that of a turtle; the caftle being the head ; the Hlgh-ftrcct, the ridge of the back ; the narrow lanca (which are called clofcs) the (helving (ides; and Holyrood-houfe, the tail. On each fide of this hill was once a lake. The s valley, drained of its waters, is occupied by Cowgate-drcet: The » valley is allb drained ; but a moral's re- mains, called the North Loch. The ancient callle is feated on a high, craegy, and precipitous rock, with a drawbridge on the only fide that is .icccffible : here is (hown the apartment in which was born James vi of Scotland, afterward James 1 of England. In the High- Itreet is the collegiate church of St. Giles, a fine Gothic ftrudure, which has four places of public worfhip under its roof. Near this is the building in which the Scotch parliament were uCual- ly convened: it is now occupied by the courts of jufticej and has a magnih>;ent lofty hall. The palace of Holyrood- houfe forms a grand quadrangle, with a court in the centre fiurounded by piazzas: the nw towers were built by James v, and the whole was completed in the reign of Charles ix. A fpacious gallery here is hung with the, pictures of 1 1 1 monarchs, from Fergus 1 to James VI, the greatcft part of them imaginary. In the NW tower is fhowu the chamber where queen Mary fat at fupper, when Rizzio was dragged from her fide and murdered ; and the private ftaixcafe by wbich Ritthven entfired with the »f- fafluiR, to perpetrate the fava^ deed. Adjoining are the maxniRcent ruins of an abbey, founded by David i^and coh-. Terted by Charles 1 1 into a royal chapel- The communication between the n and s parts of Edinburg is by two noble bridges, the North bridge and the South bridge. The North Town has manv new fquares and ftreets, adorned with uniform and elegant houfes. The build- ings of the South' Town are Hlcewife elegant and extenfive, and the new college forms a very ftriking objed. The univerfity, foundM by James vi in 1580^ is ceief^ated thrcighout the world ; and ii^ medical fchooi, in par- ticular, is entitled to tb<; firft rank. The high fchooi of Edinburg has alfo been long famous for the fchoiars it has produced. Of the. other buildings a few only can be noticfid : the royal ex- change, the regifter-office, the phy- ficians hall, Heriot bofpital for the edu- cation of 140 poor boys, Watfoa bof- pital for the fupport of the fons of de- cayed merchants, the royal infirmary, the public difpenfary, and fpme other public charities. The churches, both prcfbyterian and epifcopal, and other places of worfhip, of various denomina- tionst arenumerous. The public places of amufement are, the affembly rooms, the concert hall, the hall for the royal archers, the theatre royal, and the equef- trian circus. Edinburg has numerous manufactures ; and particularly of fine linen and cambric. In 1801 tlie num- ber of inhabitants, exclufive of I^tith, was 6y,a88. It is fupplied with water conveyed in iron pipes, from Comifton, four miles to the w. It is governed by 3 lord provoft, a dean of guild, a guild council, and 25 common council. Here are 14 incorporated trades, each having its deacon or warden. Two miles to the s is theremain of Craigmillar caftle, the refidencc of James v during his mi- nority, and of queen Mary after her rc- tnm from France in 1562. Edinburg is two miles ssw of Leith (which is its port) and 377 n by w of London. Lon. 3 IS w,lat. 55s8*N. EdinbiiTgsliire, or Mid Lothian^ v county of Scotland, 27 miles long anu from fix to 16 broad, bounded on the N by the- frith of Forth, e by the fliires of Haddington, Berwick, and Roxbiirg, s hy thofe of Selliirk, Peebles, and La- nark, and w by Linlithgowlhire. It is divided into 31 parifhcs, and in 1801 contained 122,954 inhabitants- The foil is fertile, a}id produces com of all forts, with plenty of grafsj alfo coal, EGlt iron, limeftone, and black otih-bte. The principal rivers are the Eik, Lcitii, Amond, and Gala. Efferding, a town of Auftria, with a ca{tle. feated'near the Danube, iz miles w of Lintz, EffinghatHt a village tn Surry, n miles N E of Guildford. It was once a much larger place; for virells, and ca> vities like cellars, have beeiv frequently found in the neighbouring fields and woods; and in the church are fome ancient flails and monuments. £'ff<7», a town and caftic of Germany, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Bode, 16 miles ssw of Magdeburg. Egenbttrg, a town of Anftria, noted for good wine, 13 miles »w of Znaim. Egp, an ifland of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the s of Skye, five miles in length, and from two. to three in breadth. It is partly ffat, and partly hilly and rocky, with fome bafaltic pil. lars. The low grounds are fertile. EgipUti, a town of the duchy of Courland, 100 miles i^E of Mittau. Lon. a^ 40 E, Kit. 36 z if. Eglirigai, a. town of Suabia, capital of a lordft»rp of the fame name, fix miles N of Dillongen. Eg/isfiii, a town and caftle of SwilTur- land, in the canton of Zurich, feated on the Rliine, 13 miles n of Zurich. Egmont op den Jloef, a village of N Holland, three miles w by s of Alcmaer. It appears to have been a confiderable town, but was deftroyed, in 1573, by the enraged Spaniards, after their fail- ure before Alcmaer. It now exhibits extenfive and pi^urefque ruins, pcrliaps the only ruins in all Holland. Near it are two other villages ; Egmont op Zee, a mile U/ the \f, on the feacoalt ; and Egmont Binnen, nearly two miles to the s, where a bloody and undecifive battle was fought, in 1799, between the allied Englilh and Ruflian army and the French and Dutch. L'grff, or Eger, a fortified town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a caftle and a college. It was taken by tbeFrencli in 1742, but they were forced to evacuate it the next year, through famine. Here are manufactures of lea- ther, hats, cloths, and ftuffs; and its mineral waters are famous- It is fcatcd on tlie Egra, 90 miles w by N of Prague. Lon. 12 27 Ejlat. 50 5 K. Egrrmonl, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. On the w fide is an artificial mount, with the ruins of a caftle ; and three miles se of the town, in the wooded vale of the Calder, are the remains of Calder abbey. £^rq- B S Y mont is feated near the IriJh fea, on the river Ebeh, five mile8,«sE of Whitehaven, and 289 NW of London. JUgypt, a country of Africa, 500 miles in length, and 150 where broadeft; bounded orf the » by the Mediterra- nean, t by the Red lea and the ifthmus of Suez, s by Nubia, and w by the de- ferts to the e of Fezzan . The bruadeft part is from Alexandrii to Damietta^ and thence it gradually ^\vs narrower, till it approaches Nubia. Thi« co4in- try, ib famous in hiftory for its fertility, has not that extent of cultivation as m ancient times; many lakes and canals being now filled up, and, with the lands ^ they watered, are become deferts, the fands of which annually accumulate. Egypt is divided into_the Upper, Mid- dle, and Lower, which laft compre- hends the Delta; and though the air is uaturally hot, and not very wholefome, it enjoys fo many other advantages, that it has been always extremely popu- lous. The ancient kings governed Egypt, till Cambyfes became mailer of it, s^s ytars B. C. and in their time all tliofe wonderful ftruitures were raifed, and works perfe;reat flcill in bufinefs. From March to November, the heat, to an European, i« almoft in- fupportable ; but th'.- other months arc nrtore temperate. The s winds, which occiu"*at intervals from Fcb'^uary till the end of May, are by the natives eddi- ed poifonous winds, or trie hot winds of I he delerts : they are of fuch extreme heat and aridity, that no uunia'cd body expofed to it can wlthft,in>* its fatal influence ; and for the three dayg that it generally lafts, the ftreets arc deforted I'he lands are fo fubtilc tl,,it they penetrate into the clofets, chefts^ and cabi4iets, whicbj with the, fyot E H R winds, are probably the caufe of for« eyes being fo very commdn here. It rains very fcldom in Egypt: but that want is fully ftipplied by tne annual inundation of the Nile. When the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mud ; then the com is harrowed into it, and in the fnllowing March there is nfuall/ a plentlfnl harreft. But fome lands are never fallow, and yield three harvefts annually; particularly in Lower Egypt, where fowing and reap- ing are going on incelTantly, wherever the water of the river can be obtained. The rice fields are fupplied with water from canals and refervoirs. There is no place in the world better furniflied with com, flefii, filh, fugar, fruits, and all forts of gardenftuff; and in Lower Egypt oranges, lemons, figs, dates, al- monds, caflia, and plantains, are pro- duced in great plenty. Lentils form a confiderable article of food to the inha- bitants of Upper Egypt, who rarely en- joy the luxury of rice ; and onions, re- markably mild and of the pureft white, continue to be a '.ivourite diet among all clafles. The animals 6f Egypt are tigers, hyenas, antelopes, apes, black- cattle, fine horfes, large aflTes, croco- diles, the hippopotamus, the camelion. the ceraftes, or homed viper, and a kind of rat called ichneumon ; eagles, hawks, pelicans, waterfowls of all kinds, and the ibis, which refemWes a duck, and was deified by the ancient Egyptians, oo account of its deflroying ferpents and noxious infedts. The pyramids of Egypt, formerly accounted one of the feven wonders of the world, are all built on rocky and fandy plains ; the largeft is 500 feet in perpendicular height, and takes up eleven acres of ground. Here are alfo caverns, con- taining mummies, or embalmed dead bodies, which are found in coffins fet upright in niches of the walls, and have contituied there at leaft 4000 years. The principal city is Cairo. Ehiugi'iif a town of Suabia, near which the Auftrians were defeated by the French in i8?5. It is feated on the Danube, la miles sw ofUIm. Ehingen, a towti of Suahia, feated on the Neckar, oppofitc Rotenberg, fix miles w by s of Tubingen. Ehrenhreilstewy a fortrefs of Ger- many, in the circle of Lower Rhine, on the river Rhine, oppofite Coblentz. It ftanda on the fummit of a ftupendous rock, not lefs than 800 feet above the level of the river, and is deemed to be impregnable. It has a communication with Coblentz by a fubteiraneous paf- tin fa|;e, cut out nf the folid ro^, and » plentifully ftipplied with water from a well aSe feet deep. In the vale of Ehrenbreitftein is an bid palace, which be" jnged to the eleaor of Treves. This fortrefs fiirrendered, through famine, to the French, in 1799, after a blockade of above 20 months. Ehret^felty a fortrefs of Bavaria, in the duchy of Neuburg, which give* name to a lordfbip. It is i^ miles nw of Ratiibon. Eichfeldf a territoryt of Lower Sax. ony, furrounded by BronfM-ick, Thu. ringia, and HelTe. It produces much flax and tobacco. Heiligenftadt is the capital. Eil, Loch. See Linnhe, Loch. Eilenhurgy a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, fituate-on the Mulda, i} miles NE of Leipfick. Eimeof one of the fl-rtiety illes, in the Pacific ocean, lyi»;if la miles w of Otaheite. The pi^-iuv^s of the two iflands, and the manners of the people, are much the lame. Eimeo has fteep rugged hills, running in different direc- tions, leaving la]:;ge valleys, and gently rifing ground about their fides. The hills, though rocky, arc generally cover- ed with trees almoft to the tops. Einbeckf a fortified town of Lower Saxony, capital of the principality of Grubenhagen. It has manufaflures of clcih and all kinds of iluffs ; and in the mountain near it are mines of filver, iron, copper, and lead. It is fituate on the lime, 17 miles m of Gottingen. Lon. 10 aw, lat. 51 45 N. Eisenachf a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of a principality of the fame name, with a celebrated college. The duke refides in a caf le within the town ; and there is another on a mountain out of it, called Wart- burg, which, in i5»i, was for fome time the afylum of Luther. It is feated on the NclTc, at its conflux with the Horfel, 16 miles w of Gotha. Lon. lo ai e, lat. SI a if. EisenartZf or ElsenitZf a town of Germany, in Stiria, famous for its iron mines, 34 miles nnw of Gratz. Eisenstadt, a town of Hungary, with a magnificent palace, five mUes nw of Edenburg. Eislebctiy a town of Upper Saxony, capital of the county of Mansfeld, with a decayed caftle. The celebrated Lu- ther was bom and died here. In the churches of St. Andrew and St. Ann are the fuperb burial-places of the an- cient counts of Mansfeld. Eifleben contains many brewerieVf and derives mous for its iron af Gratz. F Hungary, with five rnues Nw of much profit from tiie neighbouring iron mines. It 1« »8 in'>« "NW qF Naum- burg. Lon. II 47 s»l»t' S» 3* »*• Bistfeld, a town of Uppf r Saxony, in Thuringia, with a caitle. It has manu- fadures of indigo and vitriol, and Hands on the Werra, near its fuurcti) feven miles e of iiildburghaufen. Ekanast a. town of Sweden, in Ny- land, on a bay in the gu)f of Findland, comilesspof Abo. - Elia, an ifland in the Mediterranean, near the coaft of Tufcany, lo miles long and three broad. It contains mines of excellent iron, and quarries of marble; and. has two good harbours, Porto Longone and Porto Ferrajo. It was-lately fubjeA to the prin<^e of Piom- Uno, and now belong? to the French. Eliassano, a town of Euro^an Tur- key, in Albania, 45 miles 89 of Duraz- zo. Elbe, a river of Germany, which rifes in tlie Giant mountains between Bohemia and Silefia; flows by Koningf- gratz, Leutmecitz, Drefden, Deflau, Meiffen, Wittemberg, Magdeburg, Hamburg* and Gluckftadt, and enters the German ocean at Cuxbaven. It is navigable for ihips to Hamburg, which is 70 miles from the fea} a courfe of navigation longer than that of any other river in Europe. £//)fr/on, . a town of the ftate of Georgia, cbi«f of Elbert county, 25 miles NW of Peteriburg. Lon. 8» 35 w, lat. 33 55 N. ElbertoHf a town of the ftate of Georgia, in Effingham county, feated on the Ageechee, 18 miles \v of Ebene- zer. Elbeuf, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine. It has a ma- nufadture of cloth, and. is feated on the Seine, 10 miles s of Rouen, and 65 nw of Paris. Elbing, a ftrong town of W Pruflia, in the palatinate of Marienburg, with a confiderable trade in butter, cheefe, and com. It is feated on a river of the fame name, near its entrance into the Frifche Haff, c^o miles ese of Dantzic. Lon. 1930 B, lat. 5418 N. EU'ogen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a citadel i feated on a mountain, by the river Egra, 16 miles N E of Egra. Elburg, a town of Holland, in Gel- derlaud, on the g coaft of the Zuidor Zee, ID miles ne of Harderwtck. Elche, a town of Spain, in Valencia, lomiles wew of Alicant. Plepliauia, an iflapd on the w coaft «f Hwdgtfftao, ave miles fr^qa Bom* bay. It contains one of the moft inejk* plicable antiquities in the world. The figure- of an elephant, of the natural fiz(e, cut coarfely in ftone, appears oil^ the landing-place, near the foot of a^ mountain. An eafy Hope then leads ttgt, a fubtecranean temple, hewn out of th« folid rock, 80 feet long and 40 brosul» the roof fupported by ro^s of pillar9 ten feet high. At the further eiulara three gigantic figures, which were mu-; tilated by the abfurd zeal of the Portu- guefe, when tl^is ifland waa iir their pofleflion. Elqphanta was ced^ to the Englifli by the Mahrattas. Eleuths, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the NW of Chinefe Tartary. It waa - conquered, in 1759, by the emperor (^ China. See Kalptucs. Elfsturgf a town of Sweden, in W Gothland, with a ftrong caftle near the" fea, four miles sw of Gotheburg. 1 Elgin, a borough of Scotland, ca- !>ital of Murrayihire, and formerly the ee of a biftiop. Here are many large old buildings credted over piazzas. Its cathedral was one of the moft magni- ficent ftrudtures in Scotland ; of which its ruins are a fufficient proof. Two miles to the n e, on the banks of a lake, . is the palace of Spynie, formerly the refidence of the bidiop, of which fomc rooms are ftill pretty entire. Elgin ftands on the Loflie, five miles from its port at Lofliemouth, where there is a tolerable harbour, whence much com is exporied. It is 38 miles ene of Inver- nefs, and 163 n of Edinburg. Lon. 3 Q w, lat. 57 37 N. Efginnhire, See Murrayshire. Eltfige, a village of Hampfbire, at the head of Southampton bay, five . miles w of Southampton. Here are docks for building and repairing ihips, and ftorehoufes For merchandife and com, in which laft it carries on a confi- derable trade. Elisahelh Islands, fmall iflatads near the coaft of MaiTachufets, bearing nw of Marthas Vineyard, and twlonging to Dvikes county. They are JU)out 16 in number ; the chief of which are Na» fhav/n, Pafqui, Nalhawenna, Phiequefe, and Chatahunk. Naihawn, the largeft, fupports a confiderable number of cat- tle and ilieep, and is famous for excel- lent cheefe and wool. It is two miles from the continent, and the n point fix miles wsw of Falmouth. Lon. 70 38 w, lat. Ai 34 N. . Elisahethiown, a town of New Jerfey, in Efiex county, with a handforae pn^- byterian church, an epifcopal church, and an academy. It 'is fituate 911 • P fftii- ft ft . erwk of Newark bay, lo milM ssw of Newark, and 40 me of Trenton. Elifabfthloirn, a town of N Carolina, chief of Bladen county, ,^6 miles s by w of Fayetteville, and 48 NW of Wil- mington. hlinohethtovofif or Hagarsfownt a town of Mft!'yiaad, chief of Waflirngton coun- . a. It haa a confidcrabl« trade with e weftcm country, and the neigh- bourhood produces the iineft Oroonoko tobacco. It is fituate in x valley, 70 miles WNW of B^ltimdre^ and 80 nnw of VVafhington. JiUcioH, a town of Maryl|t; K, lat. rtj so N. Flnwt Fort St. a fbrtrefs of France, in the department of Kaftem Pyrenees. It was taken by the Spaniards m 1793, but retaken the next year. It ftands on the river Tet, five miles N of Co- lioure. Elnlogrrij a town of Bohemia, capital of a territo y in the circle of Saatz, •With a cattle on a ro.k, by the river Ejiio 38 a. lies WhW of Saatz. Lon. IS 50 K, lat. 50 10 N. Elnr, a town of France, in the de- pan mem: of Eaftern Pyrenees, formwly the fee of a bifliop. It fuffered greatif in the civil ^^ars daring the reign of Lewis xr, and is eight milet s by e of Verpijjnan. Elora, a town of Hiadooftan, h Dowlatabad, celebrated for its pagadoi, cut out of the natural rock, it is 1; miles N of Aunmgabad. Eipkin, a, town of Ireland,' in the coimty of Roicommon* and the fee of a bifliop, r6 mites N of Rofcommon. Elricfif & town of Upper Saxony, in Thnringia, capital of the county of Hohenftein. It ftands on the river Zorge, IS miles nnw of Nordhaufen. Lon. 10 43 E, lat. 51 38 x. Ets'mburg. See Hiihini'hurg. Ehimref a town of Denmark, feated on the Sonnd, in the ifle of Zealand. It is the moft commercial place in Den* mark, next to Copenhagen, being the refidence of a confiderable number of foreign merchants, and the confuls of the principal nations trading to the Baltic. A little to the e is the fortrefs of Cronborg, which guards the Sound. Every veflel, as it pafles, pays a toll at Ellinorc, in rettn'n for which, the crown takes the charge of conftruAing light- Ixrafes, and ereding fignals to mark the ihoals and rocks, from the Categat to the entrance into the Baltic. Elfinorelias no harbour, but a good and fafe road, and is ;s miles k of Copenhagen. Lon. rs 35 E, lat. 56 o N. See Crunbor^. EUstelhy a town of Weftphalia, at the conflux of the Hunt with the Wefer, 13 miles KNF. of Oldenburg. Elsterurerda, a town and caftle of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, on the river Elder, tA miles n by w of Dreftien. ElfJinm, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Monday. Here are the rcmAins of a palace, in which Edward 11 often refided, and his fon, John of Eltham, was born : it i« now in part converted into a farm-houlc, and the ftately hall fornix the bam. It is eight miles s of London. Elvui, a ftrong frontier town of Por- tugal, ill Alentejo, and a bHhop's fee, with a cadle* Here is a ciflern fo large, that it win hold water enough for the town for fix months. The water it brought by a Moorifh aquedud, three miles in length, which, in fome places, is-fupported by feverai flories of arches. On the fide of it is a foreft of olive- trees, three miles in length, among which are walks and fin«; fountains. Elvas was bombarded by the French in 1706. A royal academy for young gen- tlemen was founded here in 173,1. It is 38 miles enk of Evora, and 116 e of Liilbon. Lon. 6 56 w, lat. 38 49 n. E/wavgen^ a town of Suabia, with a caftle on a mountain ; feated on the Jaxt, >4 miles ^w of Nurdlinsen. E MO Eli/f a city in CambridgefliJre. and a biftidp's fee. with a market on Satur- day. It i» feated on the Oufe (which is navigable hence to Lynn) in the fenny traft, «alled the Ifle of Ely. The fpring aflizet are held here- It is a county of itfelf. including the territory around it, and has a diftincfl civil and criminal ju- rifdiftion, of which the biOiop it the head. It has a fine cathedral, but it otherwife a mean place. It is 17 miles K. of Cambridge, and 67 n by p of Lon- don. Lon. Q 9 K. lat. 5» 94 m. Etyt a town of Scotland, on the se coaft of Fifelhire, with a good harbour, but only little trade, ix miles s of St. Andrew. Elze, a town of. Lower Saxony, in. the principality of Hildelheim, feated on the Leina, 10 miles sw of Hilde- Iheim. Embolift a town of European Tur- key, in Macedonia, and a Greek arch- biOiop's fee. It is the ancient Amphi- polis ; and is fometimes called Chnfto- poiis. It is feated on the Stromnna. 40 miles KE of Saionichi. Lon. 23 55 E, lat. 40 59 N. Embrun, a city of France, in the de- partment of Upper Alps, and lately the fee of a bifliop. It has a fortrcfd built by Louis xiv, and is feated on a craggy rock, near the river Durance, 17 ndiles e of Gap. Lon. 6 19 e,lat. 44 .^4 n. Emdeti, a ftrong town of Weftphalia, capital of E Friefland. It has a good harbour and a fafe road, at the mouth of the Ems ; and confidcrable manu- failures of (lockings, foap, leather, and cotton. The grcateft part of the inha- bitants are Calviniflfs, and there are fome Lutherans, papifts, and Jews. It was a fi-ee pott under the protection of the United Promces, but in 1744 they fold their right to the king of Pruflta. It is 18 miles ene of Groningen, and 47 WNW of Oldenburg. Lon. 7 8 k, lat. n «o M. Emmcndingfit, a town of Suabia, in Hiirgau, ar.d chief town in the marqui- fate of Huchberg, feated on the river Ens, 10 miles n by w of Friburg. Emmi'rir/{, a ftrong town of Ger- many, in the duchy of Cieve. It has a confuit'iablc trade with Holland, and is feated on the Rhine, 2a miles NW of Wefd. Eiwmj, or Ilmmeny an ifland of China, lying off the coaft of the pro- vince of Fokien. It has a port fo ex- tenlive, that it can contain thoufands of vefleU; and fo deep, that the largeft Ihips niay liic clofe to the (hore without lianger, k was formerly mucb fre- £ N 6 quented by European veflek.; but novf all the trade is carried on at Canton*. This ifland is particularly celebrated on account of the magnihcence of it» principal pagod, dedicated to their god Fo. ^on. ti6 37 E, lat. 24 3 E. Empoii, a town of Tufcany, feated on the Arno, 17 miles syr of Florence. Ems, a river of Weilphalia, which rifes in the principality of Paderbom, and flows, at Emden, into the Oollarty a bay of the German ocean. Ems, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, near which are fome baths impregnated with fulphur. It is 10 miles s of Bre« genE. Emkut/sen, a town ofN Hollandr on the Z«ider Zee. It was once a flou- rifliing place; but its harbour being now ohftruAed by fand, it has loft it» former confequence. It was taken by the Englifli ih 1799. It is 27 miles Jir of Amfterdam. Endeavour Sirait, a ftrait of the S Pacific ocean, which feparates New Guinea from New Holland- It reeeiv- ed its name from captain Cook, who explored it in 1770. Its length is i» leagues, and its breadth about five, ex- cept at the NE entrance, where it ir contraded to lefs than two miles, by the iQands called Prince of Walea Iflands. Endingen, a town of Suabia, in Brif- gau, near the Rhine, feven miles nm« of Old Brifach. .Enfield, a town in Middlefex, with a market on Saturday. It was once fa- mous for an extenfive royal chafe, dif- forefted in 1779; *n^ liad a royal pa- lace, of which little now remains, the front haviqe been taken down, in 170 a, and its fite occupied by fome houMS. It iB 10 miles n of London. Enfield, a town of Conneftiout, ta Hartford county, fituate on\he b bank of the Copne^icut, 16 mile* n by e of Hartford. Engadin, or Inthal, a diftria of Swif" lerland, in the canton of GrifonH, ex- tending along the banks of the river Inn, from its fource to Tyrol It i» divided into Upper and Lower; the chief towns Zurz and Cemetz. EngellerfT, a valley of .SwiflTerland, m the canton of Underwaldt-n, iq mile* long, furrounded by mountains. It il fubjed to the abbot of a Benadiain*. monafteiTr of tbe fame name, whofa revenued-arifc principaHy from » com-* merce in cheeies. The couptry coOr tains exteufite g^eiers, on tbe iidle of fertile mounta«st fine black marUe* wbitQ veined; fmall grfftab^ ««11cd • •• ENG Swift diamonds; filver and vitriol. Thr abbey is i z miles sw of Altdorf. Jiuffciho/i/if a fcaport of Sweden, in Schoncii, on a bay of the Ca^egat, with good anchorage. In 1678* it was taken by the Danes after dn obllinate defence. It is 44 miles n by w of Lund. Lon. la S7 e, iat. 56 la n. Engen, a town of Suabia, in the prin- cipality of Furllenbiirg, so miles ese of Iriirftenburg. Kiigernt a town of Germany, in the Wefterwald, capital of a county of its name ; fcated near the Khinc, 30 miles WNw of Dietz. i?«^//rt«, a town of the Netherlands, in Uamault, 15 miles aw of Bruflels. Ent^Oj or Enf^nu, an ifland ofcEuro- pean Turkey, in the gulf of Hngia, be- tween Livadia and the Morea. It has a town of the fame name, iz miles ssw of Athens. Lon. 43 59 t, lit. 37 45 n. England, the fouthem part of the ifland of Great Britain, bounded on the M by Scotland, ne and e by the Ocr- mao ocean, s by the Englilh channel, and w by St. George channel, the principality of Wales, and the Irifli fea. It is of a triangular foitn : and from the tt Foreland in Kent, which may be termed the e point of the triangle, to Berwick upon Twred, which is the x, its length is 345 miles ; from that point to the Lands end, in Cornwall, which is the w, it is 425 ; and the breadth thence to the S Foreland is 340. It contains 34, 150,000 acres; and the num- ber of inhabitants in i8ot was 8,331,434- The fitce of the country affords all that beautiful variety which can be found In the moft extenfive tracfts of the globe; not, however, without romantic, and even dreary fcenes, lofty mountains, craggy rocks, black barren moors, and wide uncultivated heaths; and yet, few countries have a fmaller proportion of bind abfolutely fterile and incapable of culture. The richcft parts are, in ge- neral, the midland and fouthern. To- ward the N it partakes of the barrcnnefs of the neighbouring Scotland. The e coaft is, in many parts, fandy and marlhy. A range of rude and elevated land, fometimes riling into lofty moun- tains, extepdn from' the borders of S«fot- land to the very heart of S;«gland, form- ing a natirral dxvifion between the E and w Sde's of thi^ kingdom. Cornwall is ulfo aTOUgh hilly trafl; and a fimiiar ebara6l|:r prevails in part of the adjacent counties. Thefe mountainous trafts abounii wiih 'various mineral treafures. Tb* rivers IK numerous; and the moft oiiCda«U«^tti«ua uc the Tb^sfier; ENG Severn, Humbcr, Merfey, Medwar Trent, Oufe, Tync, Tees, Eden, Avon, and Dee. The Jakes ar^ neither nume- rous nor extenfive, and are chiefly in the Nw counties: thofe of Weftmor- land and Cumberland, in particular, eii. hibit fuch varieties of beautiful fccnery, as to become the objeA of fummer ex- curfions from every part of the coun- iry. With refpcit to climate, EngUnil is fituate in the n part of the temperatu zone, fo that it enjoys but a fcanty (hare of the genial influence of the fun.- Its atmofphere is inclined to chiilncfs and moifturc, fubjedt to frequent and fuddcn changes; and is more favorable to the growth, than to the ripening of the produ^s of the earth. No coimtry is clothed with fo beautiful and lafting a verdure; but the harvefte, clpeciaiiy in the northern parts, frequently fuffer from unfeafonable rains. The rigours of winter, however, and the heats of fummer, are felt here in a much left degree than in parallel climates on the continent ; a circumftance common to all illauds. The whole country, fomc particular fpots excepted, is fufficiently healthy; and the longevity of its inha- bitants is equal to that of almod any region. Ml its moft valuable produc- tions, both animal and vegetable, have been imported from foreign countries, and have been ke^t up and improved by conftant attention. England has now no other wild quadrupeds than fome of the fmaller kinds ; as the fox, badger, marten, otter, hare, rabbit, f<^uiirel, &c. Oa the other hand, every kmd of domeftic animal, imported from abroad, has been reared to the greattft degree of perfedtion. Ifhe horfu haj been trained up for all the! various pur- poles of ftrength and fwtftnefs, fo as to excel in thofe qualities the fame animal in every other country. 'I'he horned cattle have been brought to the largeft fize and greateft juftuefs of ihape. The ditlerent races of flieep" are varioufly diftinguilhed, either for uncommon fizc, goodnefs of flefli, and plenty or finenefs of wool. The deer of its parks, which are originally a foreign breed, nre fupe- rior in beauty of (kin, and delicacy of fleili, to thofe of moft countries. Even the feveral kinds of dogs have been traihed to degrees of courage, ftrength, aijd iagacity, rarely to be met with elfc« where. The improvement in the vege- table produces of this ifland is not iefs itriking than in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries, were almoft all the variety of vegetable fsod which it< wood« could boatt. Ta E NG «ther countries, and to the efibrts of culture, it is Indebted for com, efculent roots, a»n. 46 III H, Ut. 46 46 N. /'*nt, a town of Aultriiit on ^ rivor of Iho i^nic i)nn\(t, «t lt« r«m(liu whU the I)nit«il)Ci I a inilcR uhk of Mntx. iiuxnii't M town of I'l^ypti on the k fl«1o of llic Nile. Here ttvo cunfldcmhlc nilnK of tilt Aiivicnt Antinoc. It i«i 1 ao ml lei » of Cuiiu. Lon. ,)o 54 >^i lut> •8 « N. I'.Htuhfim, A town of Frnncc, in thr iWpiUtinont of Uin)c"f Ul»ini.', on the rlv«'i' nil in mile* « of I'olnur. l\»At»itH^ M town of I'iMncOl in the «U'p.ii tnunl of Mow, Utrly ol (Jcrnuuy, in the iluchy uf Jnlicri, 15 milcK iw of Colngnv. hnsh>\f\ ,1 town of the imLuinntc of ^AVtiriH, la inilcH n of UatiAion. liHlhl'Hclis M town of Swilfvilantit in the canton of Luc* rni m milcR wnw of Lurvin. /iM/»v Diiufrtt f Minhrtf a province of I'ortURal. lying *>» the Uvu'o.ift he- twrcn tl»c livrra Douno «n»I Miijho, )uiU lunuuUtl on iho ► liy 1 ui Ion Mon- tei> It itt very oopulonsi nnd tlillin^iiini- r«l by itn \vt^|.ron«.luCtoil A^iicuituii-. JilM|;n i9 thr ca|ntflTppc»lhni}ji>ry, ca« Dilalofihc county ut S.iro», iclibi«t«Hl tor its inincii of fall. It in fontvtl on the Tntia, io milc!) mk uf CUfovia. JLun- Ai 15 K, Lit. 4H .<;o N. i\ /»»•! ti(i_v, A iv)wn of France, in tJic tU'l>iutnu*nt of Mavne. It wa.s l.»kiii by Iloni-y IV in 13 v^* \vhen maill\;il Uirou was killeil whiU* tho king's hand wis on Jvis ibmiKU'r. The win«>8 pixuluccil in Us nciKhbourhnoil aiv cxci'llcnt. It in 17 miles Nw of Chaloits. ii/KTMOM, a town of Franct', In tho department ofjUirc aiul Loir, 15 miles NNK of Chatties. ii>«<*N.v, a vilKige of Aluiic Tnrkey, In N.itolia, anciently one uf the moil ipU-niiid cities of Aha Mliior» and th»* mort f»"equeni«;\< emporium of that con- timiit. Of its furnior fplemlonr ♦h»»n« is nothing to U* fovn but heaps of marblct t>vertui-ni;d walls, columns, ca- ^hefiis is frated nrar tho mouth of the CayAer, which for. merly alt'oidrd r gomi hitrbour fur fl)ipH, but is now almud choaked ii|i with land. The prefent intuibitaiitsAtr only Orc«k pralantN, who live in rx> treme wrclcnediiel(i and Infctiflhility, It is ,(o miles ssn of Sinyrni. Lun a; a,l »:, lat jH 8 M. /•.'/t/iKj/rf, or Tutikrrttown, n town of ?eiinrylvAnia, in Lancafter county, ami thf pinu-iual fcttlement of a I'eOt ciilletl Tunkevs [DippiisJ, who are of (Jet. man «'Xtnie)iun, and flrd appearnl in America in 1719. It is £ a miles n of Lancailer. />i;«, a town of Franco, in thcilc parlnirnt of Luitrt, iH miles w by n ut Oilcun^. /'.'/>»»«/, n town of France, ca|;tital of the department of Vofges. It ist'nmoiu for its paper«mills, and featcd on the river Mofclle, near the mountains of the VolgcH, ^n miles «k of Nancy. Lon. 6.^1 K, lat 48 8 m. ''•'/'/'"'/J» a town iu MlTex, with a marUcl on Friday. It is fainoii.t lor excellent bittter, and fl-ated at the n end of a foreft of the fame name, 1; niiles NMK of London. r.pl>hf^t'», a town of Germany, in the late p.ilatinate of the Khine, featwloij the Ml'.its, ao miles i: n t of Philipfbuig i'.l>Mini. a town in Surry, which lias, from the number of opulent people ivliding in and near it, a daily market. It iit cell bvated for its mineral w.itir^ and falts; and on its niighboiiriiig ilowns are annual horferaccs. it is 1; nuU s s.sw of London. fi iiiiwotih^ ;» town in Llncolnfliif*^' n the illc of Axholtn, M-ith a tniirkct on Friday, and a manufaCiture of fackiiij:. John Welley, the founder of the .Ar- menian fett of methodifts, was born here. It is II mile« n of Gaitiiboroughi and 160 NNW of I^indon. litl'orh, a town of Franconia, cipi- tal of a county of the ffime name, with a caftlc. It is a £ miles w by s of Wa- thviniiand 35 ssu uf Frankfort. u I'.nVx, with a E n I Drrhli, • Traport uf Afiatie Turk<7, til Nitti»lln. on A l).i/ of tin* Alack frti, J4P tnilci »N tc uf Uutfj. Lun. 3a 35 j{, Ibiili, Bticlpntly Hnacka, a town of Ciiropt'nnTiirkry. in Komitttini in which Air the ruinnot'An umphilhcntro, built by i'in|»rnir Scvitiih. It ia ft'atrd on lie r*a of Marinoiu, 4O ntilci w of Con> ftaiilinopIC' - - _v. « I'lrimf, » city of Uppcfr Saxony, fmnctim*!!! accounted t\w capital nti*d at if ,000. A fire ha;tpc»«d here ni 1736, wliich burnt liowti lilo hoofcH, and fevvral rlunchci. In iBo^, it wai tftk«n by thi' Frrncli. It ih fiated In a !• rtilc cduntiVi on the livcr Oera, 5H mih-H tis^. of Leipfic. Lon. 11 9 E, lat. 51 I'.nln'U /-'"'/'. 'n Scotland, an arm of the lia, «)n the n cimH of .Sntherlaud- /hiri', c.ipal)leof affordio); a fate rrtrcat to the laiKell v.ireU. It roceive* fttvitral llriaiiiH ; particularly that which flowa from a lake called Loch Ilopr. /•>/((./(/, A t«»\vn of Portugal, In Eftremadiira, on the feacoaft, 21 mlka NNWof Lifl)on. /.'( (( A^ LiH'K a lake of Scotland, lying iu ttie oi»uiUie.s of Invmirfs and Perth. Itii) 24 inilcniu length iind «»ncinhreadth, lurroundid by lofty mountains and ruum'd cliffii, anil its banks covered witli heath and a few ftraggling birehea and aUierH. Its outlet, at the s txtre- inity, U the river Erichl, which Hows into Loch Ranuock- liru', Furl, a llrong fortification of Upptt C'anada, ruiiate on the e end <$\ Lakr Eri«r, and on tlu; w bank of the river Niagara, 27 miles » by E of Fort Niagara. lx)n. 7!$ 1$ ^t "t- 4* F.riv, Lake, in N America, lice be- tween /9 and B4 w Ion. and 41 and 4.^ s lat. Its length is 380 miles, and 40 its nudiiim brea«lth. It is upward «f jroo miles in circumference, and navi- gable I'or fljips of any burden. The coall vn both fides io generally favorable for battcaux and canoes ; yet in fome places, chiefly on the s fide, there are rocks that run feveral miles Iu length. Some of thcfe, near the mouth of the C»yahaj;a, rife. 40 or 50 feet perpentU* SB L cutar out of the wat(T» and projcd over the lak'> fo ai to infpire ilrcad in the boldeft bread, whmi tney are approach* cd. The hiathim Indiana, vrbfn they fiaft thU impending drfngrrr, offer s licrlfleu of tobacco to the water. The iilnndi and bank* towani its w end arc fo infened with rvttleUi.ikes, aa to rea- der it dangerous to land on tht'm. The lake li covered, near the hanks of the. Iflands, with a large pond lily) the leaves of which are thickly fpieajl on thu furface of the water, to an extent of many acrea : on thefc, in the fummerf lie myriads of waterfnakes balking in the fun This lakCi at its Nw end, re- cc'ivea the water* of feveral larse lakes by the rivi:r Detroit, and difchargca thtm by the river Niagara, at Kt nb end* into Lake Ontario. Jimkntf, a fmall ifland of the He* brides of Scotland, at the s md of S Uift i noted for being the firft place upon which Charles Stuart landed, ii} hia wild attempt to obtain the BritiiH crown. llriifif a village in Kent, on the Thames, five miles e by a of Woolwich. Great quantities of com and wood are fhipped hence, and here the £aft India Ihips. in their palTage up the river, ge> nerally difchargc a part of jiheir car* goes. liiivaii, the capital of Pcrflan Ar- menia, in a pi-ovince of the fame nam:, and the feat of an Armenian patriarch. Thtr city is defended by a fortrefs, in wnich is the governor's palace, and by a cattle, on the river Zutngui, ne;ir thu lake of Erivan, which is very deep, and 60 miles in circumference- The Mei* dan is an opet: fquare, 400 paces over, in which are very Hue trees. The baths and curavanfaries have their beauties, but tbe churches of tho Chriftiani aru fmall, and half under ground. It is 105 miles Nw of Aflrabad. Lon. 44 10 k, lat. 40 :o N. Edrlnif, A town of France, in the department ofRoer, lately of Germany, in the ducliy of Julier'^ ; feated on tbe Row, 10 miles nw of J niters. P.rlfidi, a town and bailiwic of Swif* ferland, in the canton of Bern, with a callle, on the lake of Biel, 10 miles avt of Biel. 1-yiangrtif a town of Franconia, io the principality of Bayrcuth, with a univcrfUy, and a p.ilace belonging to the prince. It is divided into the old and new town { and the latter is one of the handfotneft towns in Germany. The principal manufadlurcs are hats, gloveii and ftockings. It is feated on ESC theRegnitz, la miicfl n of Nuremberg. Lot). It a E,}at. 49 36 N. JS^ntt a river of Scotldiles, Sec. and a mile to the s i« the monaftevy of St. Helen, which contains many mapnifi- cent'tombs. Klhe ftands on the Nile, ijoo miles s of Cairo- Lop. 31 40 e, )at. i4 46 N. Esopus. See Kingston. Enpalion, a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, on the river Lot, 14 miles n .ve of Rhod.'Z. Esponenda, a feaport of Portugal, m Entre Douero e Minho, at the mouth of the Cavado, 21 milts n of Oporto. J,on. 8 21 w, lat. 41 31 n. Eir, large fhoulders, and uncommonly fma.'! feet. They are always well clothed, for ^here is nothing to be fecn but part of their feces and their hands. They have a fort of iHirt, made of the jjuts of filh, with a coat of bear or bird Ikins, and a cap on their head. They have likcwife breeches made of fkins, with the hair within, and covered with furs without ; alfotwo pair of boots, one over another, of the fame fort of fkins. In fummcr, they have nothing to cover them in the night; and in winter, they lodge in tents made of hides, or in cavesf The drefs of the women is nearly the fame as that of the men. They are very fu- E S S perftitious, and have Tome fort of Ci* crificcs : they acknowledge tw^ in»i« fible efiTences; the one, m the origiD of good ( the other, to whom they pay the moft homagi', as the origin of every fpecit's of evil. Their chief employment is hunting and fifliing. They arc v*y covetous; and pay fo little regard tt> private propert^r, as to take every «u- vantage of bodily ftrcngth to rob their neighboyrs, not only of their goods* but their wives. In other refpedts they are the mildeft tribe, or nation, that is _ to be found on the borders of Hudfon bay ; for let their affronts and lofl'es be ever fo great, they never feek any other revenge than that of wreftling, which confifts in hauling each other about by the hair of the head ; they afe feldom known either to ftrike or kick each other. As for murder, which is fo common amongall the tribes of fouthern Indians, it is feldom hea;J of among them. A murderer is fliunned and de- tefted by all the tribe, and is forfaken even by his relations and former friends. The women perform the moft tuborious offices ; they pitch the tehts, carry or haul burdens, make or mend clothes, and prepare the victuals. When any thing is prepared for eating, the wivci and daughters are never fervcd, till alt the males have taken what they think proper. Esquimaux limjf a bay on the s coaft of Labrador. Lon. 57 50 w, lat 5 1 30 n. JCyt/nmaiix filandu, a clufter i)f iVnall iflands in the gulf St. Lawrence, near the s coall of Labrador. Essi'/c or Essck, a trading town of ^clavania, with a ftrong caftle. It haa a wooden bridge over the Dravc and the marflies, eight milen in length and 8o feet in breadth, with towers. at a quarter of a mile diftant from eadv. other. It is a difficult pafs, and feveral battles have been fought here between the Turks and Germans. Eflck waji taken from the Turks in 1687, fince which time it has contirtued in the hands of the houfe of Audria. It is feated on the river Drave, 100 inrliei wNw of Belgrade, and 136 s of Bud«. Lon. 19 16 E, lat. 4-; 30 n. Essnif a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, lately fubjcct to the ab- befs of Eflen, who was a princefs of the empire. Here are feveral catholic churches and convents, but the inha- bitants are chiefly Lutherans. It is eight miles E of Duyfliurg. Esscn^, a town of Weftphalia, in E Friefland, near the German ocean, ao mile» N N E of Emden. E y T Eiif^nelo. 8r« Juvquito. Euex, a county nf England, j4 miles Mg Md 48 broad { bounded on tin* n by Cambridgcftitre and Suffolk, n: by the Grrman ocean, s by Kent, and w by Hertfordfhire and MUUIIvfcx. It Aiitains ituoioooacrcs; it divided into 19 hlmg, Chelmcr, Si our. Crouch, and Roding. lUTule vnfl quantities of corn of all kinds, abundance of calves a>:e fent to the London market ; alio wiki fowls and oyfti;rH. Th«: chief ma- tuit'at^ture is baize and ftuH's. Chclm8> ford is tlic county-town. llintiiigrHf a town of Suabia, lately imperial, in the duchy of VViitcmburg. Here »rc feveral convents, but the in- h'ibitants are chiefly Lutherans. It has three extenfive fuburbs, and its diftridl yields good, Neckar wine. It is feated «ntheXseckar,cightmilcssF.ofStutgard. i'-'s/oin, a town of France, in the. de- partment of Meufc, 11 miles enk oT Verdun. Jwiw of Marbella. E»lrrahad. See Asterahad. K^flioniUf or Urvelf a government of the Kuinan empire, bounded on the w by thi Baltic, n by the gulf of Finland, c by Ingria, and s by Livonia- After having been long an obicdt of bloodt contention between the Kuflians, Poles, and Swedes, it was confirmed to the Ut< tcr by the peaceof Oliva in 1660 ; butit was lubdued by Peter the great in 1710, and finally ceded to Ruffia in i;ai. Revel is the capital. Fsthwaiicwutcr, a lake in I-4incafhire, be».Axcn Hawkfhcad and Windermere- water It is two miles and a half long, and half a mile broad, interfef^ed by a peninfula from each fide, jutting far mto the lake. On the banks are villagei and fcattered houfes, ploafantly fitnate under woods, and hanging grounds clothed with verdure, all heightened by the ftrong background of rocky moun- tains. No char is found in this lake, though it is comieded with Winder- mere-water. Litremadura, a province of Spain, 175 miles long and 100 broad ; botinded on the N by Leon, e by Old and New Caflilc, s by Andalufia, and w by Por- tugal. It abounds with corn, wine, and fruits ; but the air is bad for fo- rcigncrs, on account of the excelTive heat. Cattle and fine wool are the chief articles of trade; and great herds of black fwine arc ted on the hills, which are covered with oaks. Badajoi is the capital. Hitremadura, a province of Portugal, 150 mill's long and from sj to 75 broad ; bounded on the n by Beira, e and s by Alentejo, and w by the Atlantic ocean. !t abounds with excellent wine, oil, honey, and oranges. Here the oranges were firll planted that were brouglit fro'.ii China, and which are known by the name of China oranges. Lifbonis the capital. l^ifrnnoz, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, and one of the flrongcfl; in the kingdom, being furrounded by ten baflions. An earthen ware is n^de here, greatly efleemed for its beauty and tine fmell ; and in the vicinity are quarries of beautiful marble. It is lit miles w of Klvas, and too e of Liibo^-. Lon. 7 i3 w, lat. 38 47 n. Jiszekf or liiicg. See JUssik, E.TN Etampftt a town of France» In the <)epartmeQt of S»>inc and Oife, fvated on the river Loet or Etampet, i j tnilei K of Chartrei. Luplrtf a town of France, in the } department of Paa de Cilait, fituate oathc Kngli(h channel, near the mouth «f the river Canche, 13 milea s of BoU' logne. Etaya, a town of Hindoodan, in the province of Agra, fituate on the left bank of the Jumna, which is here 60 feet liigh. On the top, near the river, are the remains of a furt. It is 61 miles ijsof Agra. Lon. 79 16 K.lat. 2645 M. EthiopiUf a name by which a vaJl re- gion of Africa has been diftinguiOied by fome geographers, who have divided it intu Upper and Lower Kthiopia. The fiiil inchides Nubia, AbylTinia, and part of Guinea: the fecond all the countries s of the cquinutftial line, as Congo, Mcmumugi« Munomotapa, &c. JLtietme, St. a town of France, in the 4lq>artm(.>nt of Loire- Befide the ma- nufatlures of arms, hardware, and cut- lery (the moft coniiderable in France) the weaving of ribands forms a con- iiderable article of commerce. Coal is found in the neighbourhood, and alfo a foft (tone fit for grindltones. It is 20 miles s£ of Montbrifon, and 34 sw of Lyon. Lon. 4 24 k, lat. 45 25 k. AViW, Loch, a navigable inlet of the iea, on the w coail of Scotland, in Ar- gylelbire. It is 20 miles in length, but of very unequal breadth ; and its banks are indented with creeks, which afford fafe anchorage. About feven miles from the entrance it contradts into .1 narrow channel, called Connel, where a ridge of rocks occaiiun, at particular times of the tide, a violent cunent. About two miles below is the ancient caftie of Dunftaifnagc. Elna, a volcano of iSicily, and the moft celebrated mountain in Kurope. It is 63 miles in circumference at the bafe, and £0,954 ^^^t in height. The Sicilians divide it into three parts or regions : the lower contains vineyards, corn-Beldii, and paftures, and many towns, villages, and convents j the fe- cond is crowded with forefts of oak, chedntit, afh, hr, and pine, and with an infinite number df aromatic plants ; the third and moft elevated is entirely ilef- titute of vegetation, and always co- vered with ice and fnow, except here and there a thick layer of black alhes. In many parts on the (ides of this moun- tain there are prifmatic columns of ba- f4lt. The iirit eruption -nMINna, on record, ic that mentioned by Diodorus ETA Siculut, ivlthout fixing the period whe# it happened ( but the i'econd, recorded by Tnucydideit, was in th« yeir 7^ B.C. From this period to the year 144V* there were 18 more eruptians. Attar this it cesfed to emit fire near 90 years, the next eruption bcine in 1536) *' greater re>' tied than ice, becaufe it aH^ords a more cooling beverage. The falc of this article, in a fmall didridt only, yields a. yearly re- venue of 23 ,000 livres to the biihop of Catania. The m >untain is 10 miles a of the town of Catarfta. ICtitn, a town in Duckinghnmfhh% feated on the Th.".n>es, over wluch is a bridge to Wndlbr. It is famous for a fchool and college, founded by Henry VI; ami Kings college in Cambridge admits nil other ftudents for fellows b*it what haveiieen brought up here. It is 22 miles w of London. lllruria^^ a village in StafTordfln'rr, near Newcaftle. It is the principal feat of the potieiics in this county, and here the moft elegant vafe-i aod cjthoi- articlcs are made. Jofiah Wctlgewood was the founder, who died here in Kttenhnmf a town of Suabia. in the duchy of Baden. N«*ar it is the W- ncdidline convent of £ttenmunder. It is 15 miles n of Fribnrg. LUliugen, a town of Sufbia, in the duchy of Baden, on the river Albe, fonr miles ssw of Dnrlach. jfiM, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine, with a ftrong caltle, and a h.it4x»ur for fmall v«'irel» at Treport. The principal trade is in ferges and lace. It is leatod on -ht* ri- ver Brefle, ncir the Enjjliflj channel, 15 miles NE of Dieppe. F.iuinsliam, a town of Virginia, chief of Wythe county, fituate on Rofdy creek, which runs intt> ilu- Kanhi-.vay, 2IO miles wsw uf Ridimond. Lon. 8t 20 w, l..t. 36 56 N. Evaux; a town of Franrr, in the de« partment oi' Creufe, ucar which is a i ^tintinertf fpring and^liiaths- tt is %s i^Ues MpOfl^ns. Set I'ifcrdinfr. ,, #-i ?; f, Evi^'ela, a town of WeAjpAajia* \a the duchy of Berg, near the river Wip- per, 1 8 miles e of DuiTeldocf. «j EocnKci-fTf a town and caftle of the duchy of W*;ftphalia, on a mountain near the river Rocr, lo railes wsw of BriUpti. ]Epeshamy a borough in Worcefter- ftiite, govenied by , a mayor, with a ^ ' .market on^ Monday, and a manufadure , of ftockings. Here are three churches, 4. '.and it ba((formcrly an abbey, of which (otae ren^ins are ftill vifible. A re- -4 mafkabie battle was fought here in 1,2^, betjveen prince Edward, after- ward Edward i, and Simon de Mont- ' j^., -ford, earl of Leicefter, in which tb*- earl and mofl: of his adherents were flain. Evelham is featcd in a fertile vale, on a gradual afcent from the Avon, 14 miles SE of Worcefter, and 100 nw of Lon- don. Bufenm^ St. a town of Naples, in > _ Calabria Ulteriore, on a gulf of the Me- fc^^iterranean, to which it gives name, a; miles s by E of Cofenza. , Eviatiy a town of the temtory of Ge- neva, reforted to in the fummcr for its m'Jleral waters ; featcd on the s fide of the lake of Geneva, za miles ne of Ge- Kva. iSa^/^. EUROPE, one of the four grand divifions of the world ; bounded on the N by the Frozen ocean, e by Afia, s by the Mediterranean fea, and w by the Atlantic ocean. From Cape St. Vincent to the mouth of the Cana, it is near 3,400 miles in length ; and from Cape Matapan in the Morea to the North Cape in Lapland, about 2,300 in breadth. It is much lefs than either A fia or Africa, but furpafles t hem In many particulars. It is entirely within the temperate zone, except a fmall part of Norway and Kuflia; fo that there is neither the exccffive heat, nor the in- fupportaUe cold, of the other parts of the •aiipiitr'^It is much more popii- loii<»4M)S' bettor cultivated, th^n eithep ^^m-'-i'imf m*^^^ e, andnca|t' w of PrecoBJl w. »lrive#ofTur« ts rife near £rc D two fovcei Dti high mltanl ilmoft the ycatl ^rzerum isjnJ 3 fine flreamsi callei^ the Eu4 ?rthi8Junaion,f for boats; but "^ hat the naviga. ivideo Armeni;^ 'rom Diarbcck; ghlrak-Arabi, m the confines i)f Kufiftanj it' id 35 miles be* rfia. It is alfo great defert of "France, which te province of, ned from a ri- >reft of Logny, e and Loir, and to its conBux. Pont d'Arche. department of two rivers by t contains tbf> and its capital ;nce, capit.i1 of' and a bi (hop's a handfomo infifts in corn, |h; and it has ;Ivets and tick. 25 miles a of tris> Lon- i 9 jp four grand )unded on the |: by Afia, s by k1 w by tlie Ipe St. Vincent )nri, it is near id from Cape to tlie North iit 2>30o in 18 than either ;them!nmany |ly within the final! part of I that there is \, nor the in- )ther parts of more popii- U, thi)ii eith';i> ■■•,*w»'^ii--».i,«-j , ^^^trnt^m. j. • ^ m f\.^wi ' <: \ ^>Jk ' 1(3^ Jb .i I n fi. , ^^ #lx.^ « -\ 5^ .^!2 r;.fibro, Thames, andf Se- vern. The prind^ai lakes are thofe of Conftance, Genev^ Laufanne, Wenner, f Ladoga, and Onega. The chief moun- I tains :u-e the Alps, Apennines, and Py- '■ wnees. The prevailing rel^ion is the Chriftiin, divided into the Greek, Rom- '; ilh, and protefttftH churches. There ■*are alfo jews in every country, and ; Mahom^tanifm is tite eftabliihed re- ligion of the Turks. Euruilh'f a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, five miles , SE of St. Dizier. Easkirchen, a town of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 33 miteu ss of JuUers. %i!itatia, St. one of the lead of the Lce\^rd Iflands, in the W Indies, io miles NW of St. Chriftopher. It 13 a mountain in the form-Di a rugar.4o|t|^ wbor« top is hollow, yet for its iize,^ is the moft valuable of all theCaribbees. Tobacco is cultivated on its fides, to thi very I'ummit; and hogs, kids, rab- bits, and all kinds of poultry are in !|reat abundance. It has a town of the iune name, with a good fort. It was I taken by the £ngl(m in 1781, but foon lov; f to t&e Dutch in i^* Loa. %' Ut. 17 ag N. 'm * - £<(JIN»^ f(naUJK)(l,o%|he^WIn^ dii^i^S^the E c^ of )^rto Hlio. Lon. 6|^i w, la|> t8^8 tf. ;' ■ £«rtn, a town ji^f Lower Silij^nyf lii H4mtein,^|iear th^tie of'a Iake,\|c> mileb NHW of^ ~ EwelLj. townpHBupiyf^Mrith a. mar* ket on Thurfda^, fix m'iles^w of Croy- don, and 13 ssw of ^ndon. ■ A'l', a river which rifes in the foipeft ' of Exmoor, in^JSomerfetfhire, and l^v* '% itl| that conflti^eroWl&t^ertbn, #ns 1 through Defonmni^yTiverten, Exe- f ter, and Topfham, Whence it formM|n' eftuary to the^Englilh channel, at Iffic- • mouth. ■ '%_ Exeter, a vtfjj and the capital of JDc"' ^Vbnftiirc, on the tiver Ex, with a mar- ^ ket on Wednefday and Friday. It was formerly uie ieat of the W Saxon kings, who rcfided in the caUle, called Rouge- %^ mpnt, from the colour of the hill on which it is built. It was encontpafie'd by walls, atfd had four gates, two of '^ ivhicli^ar^ now pulled down. With its ♦ ibburbs it contains 19 churches, befide the catbedral,*which is a magnificent fabiie. It is governed by a mayor, ha3|> 13 companiesi^f tradefmen, and in 1801 i:ontained'ao,305 inhabitants. Ships o^ bnrden formerly canie up to the cfty; but its porh is now at Topfli^, flte, miles below, wheiice there is a iaNJ oy^j^* which vefll'ls of 150 tons come up to i good quay, formed near the city walls. It has a confiderabUi qg[^nufa^ure of ferges and other woollen goods, a iarge' cdtron matmfadcure, and an exten(i«i foreign and domeftic commerce. It ia 78 miles sw of Briftol, and 17a w by s of London. Lori* 3 -34 \v, lat. 50 44 n, Ercfet; a town or Ne^R Hanapfhire, in Rockingham county, with a good harbour, on Exeter river, a jjranch of the Pifcataqua. It has feveral manu* fadlures, and the faddlery bufinefs ia carried on to a great e:(tcnt. Some veffels are built here, the river being; capable of floating down thofe of jop tons, The public edifices are two department of Dordogne, 20 milts m of Pcrigueuji, »nd'3» s of Limoge*. f , ««»j^4ft*Jj8BiMgtownj?f Piedmbnifc, ^^ ^IMbt-XMNuMMiV^i'*"' :,i^m^'')me^li^*t*i^ i^(^^*#i*j:**-w*** '.4^,Mi«4t«k^^'. imtiMi^^ *>*itn y/K»^ )^ «> f4r«il 1 3i«Ai.^?^r=^ /v;;:w^fr<^ ^"^-r* J-^-^^f ^i'v /m'bia ^ JBKi5^ iJJCCjTSc'rfa**''' {A S^ n'- with a fortifed caftle on a tnountantr which guard* «ne W the paflcs into the country. Jt is ^ted oa th«^ river Doire, 37 miles Wl*w of Turfcu ?*>* Evmooff a foreft in the nw criNrner of Somerfetfliircy extending th.-nce into Devonlhire. It i* ji, blaclc fterile re- gion. . lixnouthf a villagefln Devonlhire, on the E fide of the mouth of f^f. river £x» xo mites sse of Sxet^r- It is much fa^quented for the benefit of fea-bath- (iTg- Eyiftitchitz, a tbvm.ffi Moravia^ in the circle of 2naini, Wi the river 01 lawa, It miles sw of Brunn. Eyder^ a river a.id canal that fepa< rates Germany firora Denmark. The riv^ rifes in Holltein, wad flows w hy Rendfcurtr, Frtdcricftadt^and Tonnin- gen into the German ocean. The canaf palfes e frum Rendiburg to a bay of the Baltic, a little jj of Kiel. Thefc jointly aiford a fafe inland navigation acrofs the countiy, biftwecn the Baltic tta. and German ucean< Eye, a borough in Suffolki with a market on Saturday. Here are the ruins of a caille and a BeiiodiAiiie ab- b«*y. The women are employe4 Jn making bonelace. It is 20 miles N of Ipfwich, and 89 ne of London. Eycy a river of Scotland, which ri{es i%the ^w part of Berwick(hire» and enters the ocean, at Eyemouth. Eyemouthf a town of Scotland, in Berwickihire, with a harbour for veflcls of fnaall burden, and a trade in corn and meal. Itis feated at the moiith of the Eye, eight miles n by w of Ber- wick. Eylou, Dutch, a town of Pruflia, in the province of Oberland, at the s end of a lake, 47 miles e by n gf Culm, and $0 ssw of Koniitfberg. EiflaUf Prussinii, a towti of Pruffia, i« the province of Natangen. On Fe- bruary 8, r8o7, a n-ioll bloody battle was fouglit here between the French and Kuflians, which terminated in fa- vour of the former. It is 24 miles s by E otMyonigfljerg. Eynwutnrsy a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, wfth a confider^ble trade in Ikins, leather, and rags i^&attd on tlic Vienne, ao miles N of "t- images. Eyndhorm, a town of Dutch Bra- bant, at the conHiix of the Eynds with the Dommel, jj miles sk. of Bois le Due. E^/tvanowilz, a town of Moravia, in the cirde of Olmutz, 23 miles ssw of plmuU, ■fK F A I F. FaaZorftt a town of Denmark, on the s coaft of the iflaod of Funen* 17 miles' s of Odeniee. | FabrianOf i town of Italy, in the « marquifate of Ancona, famoui for its: excellent paper. It is 25 miles nb of < Foii^-no. Faema, mci*j of Italy, in Romagna,; . and a biihop's we, with an old fortrefs. The cathedral ftands in the great iquate, and has a fteeple five ftories high, with baluftrades. In 1796, it was taken by the French ; and afterward taken hj the troops of the pope. In 1797 the pope's troops were defeated and ex. pcfled. Faenza is famous for fine earthen ware. It is feated on the Amona, so mijes wsw of Ravenna. Fahluriy a town of Sweden, capital of Dalccarlia. Near it is a large copper- mine, deemed the moft ancient in Eu- rope ; alfo a manufacture of green and blue vitriol. It is fituate in the midlt of rocks and hills, between the lakes Run and Warpen, no miles nw of Stockholm. Lon. 15 50 w, lat. 60 40 n. Faifof a town of Cocbinchina, and a place of great trade : fituate on a river that flows into the bay of Turon, 3* railed sE of Turon. , Fa'tTfieldf a fcaport of Xonneflicut, chief town of a county of the fame name. It was burnt by a party of to- ties and Britifh in 1777. It is fituate on Mill Run, near its entrance into Long Ifland found,. 64 miles ne of New York. Lon. 73 .^^'w, lat. 41 i j ii. Fair field, a villagu m Lancafhire, four miles E of Manchefter. It is a fcttle- ment of the fedl of'Moraviatis, who have a large chapel, with an organ, &c. The men profecute various branches of the cotton bufinefs, and the women execute tambour and fine needlework. Favjord, a town in Gloucefterftiire, with a market on Thurfday. The church was founded in 149J, by John Tame, a merchant of Londoti, purpofely for the reception of f-Mpe glafs, ^aken by one of hi.s velTels, in a fhip going to Rjume : it has 38 windows, beautifully pKnnted with fubjeils chiefly fciiptural,- defigned by the famous Albert Durer. It is feated near the Coin, 25 miles ss of Gloucefter, and 80 w by n of Lon* don. Fair Islc,^ fmall ifland in the North- em ocean, between the Shetland and Orkneys, from both which its high tQWcripg rock^ a(t| jiiiblc* On t|tt A :-r F A L fide, the duke of Medina Sidonia, ad* Biiral of the Spanish annada» was wreck- ed in 15 89* FairlfUt a village of Scotland, on the coaft of Ayrihire, la miles Nw of Irvine. It has a fmall harbour; rnd fhc ftrait in the frith of Clyde» formed by the co^ft and the Cumbray ifles, is called Fairley Road. J-'ahanst a fmall iflar.d in the river JBidaflba, which ieparatet; France from Spain. It is alfo called the Ifle of Con- ference, becaufe Lewis ziv and Philip IV here fwore to obferve the peace of the Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 confer* cnces between their minifters. It is coa- fidered as a neutral place, and fituate between Andaye and Fontarabia. Fukenhamj a lown in Norfolk, with a market on Thurfday, fituate on a hiH, Vy the river Yare, ao miles nw of Nor- wich, and 1 13. NNE of London. Filaise, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, with a caftle, and one of the fineft towers in Franc*. It is the birthplace of Williajn the con- queror, and has a good tradie in ferges, linen, and lace. It ftands on the river Aiit^, «o miles se of Caen, and 115 w of Paris. fate, a river in Cornwall, which flows by Grampound and Tregony to Fal- mouth, where it forms a fine haven in the Knglifli channel. lalkenau, a tOM^of 3obenna, in the circle of Saatz, wvHh tnanufadtures of aUim, fulphur, and vitriol; feated on the river Egra, i a miles n of Egra. Falkenberg, a town of Sweden, in Halland, at the mouth of the Athran, on the Categat, ij^mtks nw of Halm- ftadt. ^" Falkenbergf a town of Ekandenburg, in the New mark/ with a caftle, feated on the Drage, 3 a miles e by k of New ^targard. Falkenherg, a town of Silefia, in the principality of Oppeln, with a caftle, 14 miles s by E rf ttrieg. Fatkcmteinf a town of France, in the department o^ Mont Tonnerre, lately of Germany, in the county of Falkcn- ftein. It ftands a little to the n of Win- weiler, 54 miles w by s of Worms. Ftilkirk, a town of Scotland, in Stir- lingfliirc, famous fbr its tryfts, hcldi thrice a year ; at which 60,000 head of black-cattle have been fold at one tryft, befide a great number of iheep aiul horfcs. In 1801 the number of inhabit- ants was 88^8. It is feated near the Carron and the Great canal, 1 3 miles sc of Stirling. Falkland, a town oCSCotl^did, in Fife- FAL (hire, with fome linen manwfiiAam. Here are the ruins of a royal palace, fome apartments of Which are ftiU in- habited. It is 20 miles n of Bliubdis. Falkland Islands, two large tCUods, furrounded by a great number 'Mf iisaller, lying in the Atlantkc ocean, Co the k of the ftrait of Magellan. The fmaller of the two Urge iflands liea e of the otlxr, from which it ii fepa^ated by a channel called Falkland Sound. Thefe iflauds were probably feen by Magellan, but Davis is deemed the di&overer of theoi, in 159a. They were viGtud by fir Richard Hawkins in 1594; and in 176^, commodore Byron made a ftttlement here; but in 1770 the Spaniards fur- cibly dilpoITenredtheEnglifli: thisa&ir was fettled hf a convention, and the Englifh rcgain«l pofleffion ; but in 1774, it was abandone<1, and the idamU cedevi to Spain. Sec Port Ef(inont. Falkoping, a town of Sweden, in W Gothland, 63 miles e by n of Gutbe- burg. Falmmtliy a feapott in Cornwall, go- verned by a mayor, with a market 00 Thuifday. It has a noble and t-xteafive harbour, communicating with a number ' of navi}!abk creeks, and its entrance is defended by the caftles of St. Mawea and Pendennis. It is a town of great traflic, much improved by its bdng tlie ftation of the packets to the s of Eut; rope, and Aineiica. It ftands on the Fale, at its entrance into the EngUfli channel, ip miles s of Truro, and 369 wsw of London. Lon. 5 aw, lat. 50 8 n. FnlmoHtfiyH feaportof Maffachufets, in Barnftable county. In 1775, thi« ,_ town was burned by the Britilh. It is fUuato on the w iide of a fmall bay, 7* miles 3SE of Bofton. Lon. 70 3a V'« lat, 41 35 K. i'li/uioHfh, a town of Virginia, in Staf- ford comity, on the river Rappahannoc, nearly oppofite Fredericfburg, and 40 miles sw of Alexandria. i'ulmotith, a tovi'n of the illani of J3- maica, on the n coaft, and on the s fide of Martha Brae harbour. lx)n. 77 3 ^ w, lat. 1831 w. FulmuiitU, a town of the ifland of Antigua, on the s coaft, with a fortified harbour. Lon. 6a o w, lat 16 51; n. FaLsc liai/, a bay between thii'i^ape of Good Hope and Cape Falfc, frif^nt- ed during the prevalence of iht NW winds ic May. Lon. 18 33 £, lat. 34 10 s. Fa he, CnpCy a promontory E of the Cape of GoodHope. Lon. iB 44 i:,lat, 34 16 s. tuUier, a fertile ilUod. of JDenpo^ark^ % Ml T'Afi €« mile* in circiitnlVrcnc«, near the en- trance of the Baltic^ bctwoon the iflands of ZMlandi.Monai and Laland. Ny- kuuing it tne capital. Vahterlo, a town of Sweden, in Scho- nen, chiefly known f«r a lighthoufe and its hcrting fiihrry, az miltrs sow of Lund. Lon. 12 4$ E, lat. 55 as N. 'Famagiista, a town in tht* ifland of Cypms, ind a Greek bilhop's fee, with a harbour, dcfemlcd by two forts. It was t^ken by the Turks* in 1570, after a fiejre of ten months, when they fl.iyed the Venetian jrovemor a'r ve, ind mur- igh they fur- :2rin8. It is 6a "' 35 55 K,Ut. dcrtfd the inh<' ^^nts rendered on h*>-' '-^l^ * miles NKof NiC'-.r^; 35 'o ^' Faiitnrs, a town . .. raoc" . , the de- partment of Nord; near . , , h the French were defeated by the allies in 1793. It is three miles s of Valen- ciennes. Fanano, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denefe, 15 miles s of Modcna. Faiijeaux, a town uf France, in the ^epartnicnt of Aude, 14 miles w of Car- caflbnc. Fatio, a fortified town (of Italy, in «he duchy of Urbino, and a bifliop's fee. Here are an ancient tiiumphal arch,' handfome churches, and fine pa- laces. It is feated on the gulf of Venice, 18 miles E of Urbino. FntUin, n kingdom of Guinea, on the Gold coaft, where the Englifh and Dutch hjwe forts. Its palm-wine is much better and ftronger than that on other parts of the coaft. The villages are numerous, and the capital is of the fame name, about i« miles up the coun- * y. The Englifh fort called Annemabo is at tht mouth of a river. Lon. o 10 e, lat. 55 N. Fiifua. See Four. Fttonety a town of France, in the de- partment of Morbihan, si miles n by w of Orient. FnreliaWf a town in Hampfhire, with a market on Wedncfday. Sloops and fnialler veiTels are built here, and it has a conGderable trade in coal, corn, canvas, and ropes. It is i'cated at the vw point of Portfmouth harbour, five miles, NKW of Gofpurt, and 73 w by s of L^^on. Farrwell, Capp, the moll foutherly promontory of Greenland, at the en- trance of Davis ftrait. Lon. 44 4a w, lat. 39 38 M. FarnvcHf Cape, a promontory of the ifland of New Zealand. Lon. 172 41. E, lat- 40 37 8. Fargeau, St. a town of Francf} in tbe FAU department of Yonne, with a oaftic, t<» milcfr sit of Auxerce. Farim, a country of Africa, to the s of 'the river Gambia. It has a town ot the fame name, on the river St. Domin- go. Lon. 14 30 w, lat. 12 10 w J Farmmgton, a town of Conneflicut, in Hertford county, with a large coii- gregational churcli, fituatc on the rivtr Farmington, which below the town re- ceives the Cambridge, and then acquires • the name of Wtndfor river. It is 10 miles wsw of Hartford, and a* e of Lichfield. Farnham, a town in Surry, with a market on Thurfday. It has a caftlc, fituate on an eminence, belonging to the biftiop of Winchefter. Farnham is ce. lebrated for its plantations qf hops, and has a great trade in corn and Welch hofe. It is feated on the Wye, i j miles wof Guildford, and 38 w?w of Lon-. don. Faro, an ifland of Sweden, near tlie ifland of Gothland, about 30 miles in circumference, populous and fertile. The principal town has the fame name, and is fituate on the S£ coaft. Lon. 19 7 E, lat. 37 50 N. Faro, a town of Portugal, in Algarva,, and a biihop's fee. It has fome trade in almonds, Bgs. oranges, and wine ; and is feated on the gulf of Cadiz, 50 miles sw of Tavira. Lon. 7 5A w, lat. 36 51 n. Faroer Islands. See Ferae hluiuLs. Faro of Messina, 1fhe ftrait between Italy and Sicily, remarkable for having, the tide ebb and flow every fix hours, witli great rapidity, though it is bnt feven miles over. It is fo named, from thefnro, or lighthoufe, pn Cape. Faro, and its vicinity to AiwRna. Farr, a town of Scotland, in Suther- landfltire, at the head of a bay of its name, on the n coaft, 5 a uailes n by w of Dornoch. Farrhtgdon, a town in Bcrkfliire, witii a market on Tuefday, feated on an emi- nence, 15 miles w of Abiugdon, and 6 the capital. Fmlack, a tcwn of Arabia Felix, in Hidramant, at th^ foot of a cape of the fame name, 150 miles £ of Shibam- Lon. 51 jo B> lat. 15 39 N. patlipour, a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Agt a. Here the empe- rors of Hindooftaii, when in the r.enith of their pow^r, had a palace) and on a hill is a grand mofquc, built by empe- ror Acbar. It is 22 miles w by s of Agra. Faucigmj, a town and caftle of Savoy, in a diftrict of the fame name ; feated on the Arve, 14 miles sb of Geneva. Pavfrtiej/, a town of France, in the department of Upper Saone, eight miles wof Vefoijl. Pavognnna,3in ifland, 15 miles in com- pafs, on the w fide of Sicily, with a fort .ind a good harbour. Lon. 1 2 25 e, lat. 38 16 N. I'ttuijiiemonl. Sec Vnlkrnhirg. Vayal, one of the Azores, or Weftern inands, which fufFercd greatly by an earthquake, in 1764. Its capital is Villa doHorta. Payence, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, celebrated for its ma- rufacture of earthen ware. It ftands near the river Biafon, 10 miles w of Grafle. Payittey a diftridt of N Carolina, com- prehending the counties of Moore, Cumberland, Sampfon, Richmond, Ro- befon, rti d Anfon. PayeltevUlr, a town of N Carolina, in Cumberland county, capital of the diftridt of Fayette. Its trade with Wil- mington is very confiderable, to which it lends tobacco, wheat, hemp, cotton, lumber, ftaves, naval ftores, &c. and has returns of European and Indian goods. It is fituate on the nw branch of Cape Fear river, 50 miles s by w of Ralegh, and 90 NW of Wilmington. Paymim, or Fiunty a town of Egypt, capital of a province of the fame name. It has a trade in flax, linen, mats, raiiins, and figs ; and is feated on a canal, which communicates with the Nile, 49 miles 6SW of Cairo. Lon. 30 39 e, lat. 29 27 N. Fe, St. a town of Spain, in the pro- vinc^e of Granada, near the river Xenil, fix miles w by n of Granada. Fe, St. a city of Paraguay, in the pro- vince of Bnencc Ayres. The environs abound in filk, corn, wine, fruit, game, and cattle. It i& feated on the Parana, at the influx of the Salado, 240 miles NNw of Buenos Ayres. Lon. 61 10 w, lat. 31 30 s. Fc, St. the capital of New Mexico, and a bilhop's fee, with a fortrefs. The environs are rich, and it ftands on a river, which 27 miles below enters the Rio del Norte. Lon. io8 48 w, lat. 36 50 N. F E M Fe de Bngoto, St. the capital of Nct# Granada, and an archbiOiop's fee, with a univerfUy. It is the feat of a vice- royalty, the jurifdiftion of which in- cludes the whole of Terra Firma a^id tht audience of Quito in Peru. The coun- try abounds in corn and fruit, and in the mountains are mines of fllver and gold. It is 450 miles vt of Quito. Lon. 73 39 w, lat. 4 6 M. Fear, Cape, a caf i of N Carolina, where there is a dangerous fhoal, called, from its form, the Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape Fear river. This river is formed bv two branches, called the NW and kr branches, which unite above Wilmington ; and it enters the Atlantic below Brunfwick. Lon. 77 45 w, lat. 3340N. Fecamp, a town of France, in the ■■'<. partment of Lower Seine, with a u . de in linen, ferges, lace, leather, am ^ats; feated near the Englifh cham^ i\ miles N B of Havre de Grace. Feira, a town of Portugal, i.. i'»i', , 10 miles SE of Oporto, and 3 mark. Seventeen are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain, divided from the others by deep and rapid currents. Some of them are deeply indented with fecure harbours, all of them fteep, and moft of them faced with tremendous precipices. They produce agate, jafper, and beautiful zeolites. The furface conliftt of a (hallow foil of remarkable fertility; yielding plenty of barley, and fine grafs for iheep. No trees above the fize of a juniper, or ftuntcd willow, will grow here; and the only quadrupeds are Iheep. Vaft quantities of feafowls fre- quent the rocks, and the taking of them furnilhcs a perilous employment for the Hihabitants. The exports are falted mutton, talloWf gooiequills, fea- thers, eiderdown, knit woollen waifl- coats, caps, and ftockings. To the s of thefc iflands is a conliderable whirl- pool. Ferozahad, a city of Perlia, in Farfift. an, formerly of confiderablff repute, and yet contains a number of fine tombs, gardens, and buildings. It is feated in a fertile country, 60 miles s by w of Shiras. Lon. 53 o E, lat. a8 50 n. Fertara, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of the fame name, and an arch* bifhop's fee, with a (trong citadel, aod a univerlity. Its broad ftreets, and number of fine buildings, evince that it was formerly a flourilhing place, but the prcfcnt inhabitants are few in pro- portion to its extent. In the middle of the city is a palace, furroundcd by walls flanked with towers and ditches. The; cathcdrs^ is remarkable for its an- tiquity. In' the Benedi«Jtine church, Ariu^lio the poet is interred. Ferran F E R was taken by the French in 1706; In ,799 it was retaken by the Auftriana;- but lliortly after furrendered to the French. It is foaU'A near the Po, 45 miles NE of Bologna. Lon. n 36 k, Ut. 44 1° ^' itnara, or F(rraresc, a duchy of lt;iiy, bounded dn the N by Polefino diRovigno, w by the Mantuan, s by the Bologui'fe and Romagna, and E by the gulf of Venice. Jt had its own (liikc:-. till 1597, when Clement viii uiiiteil it to the apoftolic chamber ; but ill 1797 it was It'izcd by the French, and is now a part of the new-formed kingtlom of Italy- The air is unwhole- 1 iiiie, on account of the marflics, and tlic inhabitants are too few to drain them. Ferrara is the capital. I'trrendina, a town of Naples, in Ba- filicata, near the river Bafianto, 25 miles sw of Mat era. fmo, or Il'iern, the mod weftward of the Canary illands, about 18 miles in circumference. It is not fertile, but produces feme corn, fugar, fruits, and kgiiines. The inhabitants make ufe of water collefted in cifterns during the r.iiny feafon, for there is no fpring in the ifland. Voyagers fpeak of a fountain tree in the middle of the ifland, and that in the night much water didils from its leaves. Some geographers have tnken their firft meridian from the w ex- tremity of this ifland. Lon. 11 s* ^'» Lit. 37 47 N. ffrrol, a feapnrt of Spain, in Galicia, on a bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the bell in Europe, and here the Spinilh fquadrons frequently ren- dezvous in time of war. The town is fiirroiiidcd on three fides by the fea, nnd ftrongly fortified on the other. In iSoo, the kngliih made an unfucCefsful attempt on this place. It is ao miles ss of Corunna, and 65 w of Kivades. I.nn. 8 4 w, lat. 43 aB n. I'cnybridge, a large village in W Yorkftiire, on the s fide of the Aire, uver which is a noble bridge, a i miles s by w of York, and 174 n by w of London. Fenijport, a village of Scotland, in lifelhire, on the frith of Tay, four miles bolow Dimdee, and nine nnw of St. Andrew. It has a confiderable ma- Mifaiture of brown linens; and a ferry over the Tay, well frequented before the bridge at Perth was, built. Ferryiown. See Creetowit. Ferie sur Auhc, a town of France, in the department of Upper Mame. feated on the Aube, aa miles w by s of Chau- fnont, and 33 ese of Tioyes. FEZ fer/e Jlaise, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oifc, 23 milci 8 of Paris. Pfrfe Bernard, a town of France, in the department of Sarte, feated on the Huifne, 13 miles nb «f Mans. Festentirjf, a town of Silefia, in the principality of Oels, 14 miles nw of Wartenburg. Fethard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, eight miles se of Cafhel, and 86 ssw of Dublin. Fetltard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, on the w fide of Bannow bay, 14 miles s by k of Ncjy Rofs. Fcversham, a town in Kent, on a creek of the Medway, much frequented by fmall vefTels. It is a member of the port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. The church is in the form of a crofs, and the interior well worthy of obfer* vation ; and here is a free grammar- fchool founded by queen Elifabeth. It has a market on Wedncfday and Satur- day; is famous for the bed oyfters for laying in ftevs; and has feveral gun- Sowder-mills in its neighbourhood, [ere are the remains of a (lately abbey, built by king Stephen, who was interred in it, with his queen and fon. James Ji embarked here in difguife, after the fuccofs of the prince of Orange ; but the veflcl was detained by the populace, and the king conveyed back to London. Feverfliam is nine miles w of Canter* bury, and 47 E by s of London. FcurSf a town of France, in the de- partment of Loire, feated on the Loire^ 13 miles ENE of Montbrifon. Feyslritz, a town and caftle of Ger- many, in Stiria, on a river of the &me name, J7 miles nnf. ofCilley. Fe2, a kingdom of Barbary, 11$ milcl in length. and breadth; bounded on the w by the Atlantic, u by the Mediterra- nean, E by Algiers, and s by Morocco and Tafilet. It is divided into nine pro- vinces, and forms part of the empire of Morocco. The country is full of moun- tains, particularly to the w and s, wltere Mount Atlas lies; but it is pqpulous and fertile, producing citrons, lemons, oranges, date;;, almimdii, blivcs, figs, rai- fin.^, honey, wax, cotton, fla;c, pitjch, and corn in abundance. The inhabitants breed camels, beeves, ftieep, and the fined horfes in Barbary. Fez, the. capital of the kirigdom .uf Fez, and one of the larged cities in Africa. It is compofed of three towns, called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fez. Old Fez is the mod confiderable, and contains about 80,000 inhabitauts. New K E Z Fez \i principally inhabited by Jl'ws, who trrdc with the Mours, notwith- llaniling t^e contempt with which they are treateu by them. The p.ihcrs arc magnificent , and there are numerous molquefl, oric of which, c.illt'd Carubin, is one ot'the f nefl edifices in thcempiru. The houli's are built of hricic or ftone» and .idurncd with mofaic work : tliorc of bricli are ornamented with gla/iiig and colours like Dutch tile», and the wood-work and ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt. The roofs are flat ; and every houle has a court, in which is a fquare miirble baiin. Here are two colleges for fludents, finely built of marble and adorned with paintings. The hofpitals and public baths are nu- merous, many of which are ftately flrui^urcs. All the trades live in a le- parate part of the city ; and the ex- change, full of all forts of rich mtr- chardife, is as large as a fmall town. The gardens are full of all kind^ of fra- grant flowers and fhrubs. The Moor* of Fez are clothed like the Turks ; and, though more puliihcd than their coun- trymen, are vain, fuperflitious, and in- tolerant. The faints, whom they pre- tend to have been buried in the city, ferve them for a pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and Chriflians ; and an order from the emperor is necelliiry to gain admiflion. y\rabic is better fpoken here than in other parts of the empire ; and the rich Moors fend their children to the Ichools at Fez, where they gain more inilruiflion than they could do elfewhere. Fez is the centre of the trade of this empire ; and hence caravans go to Mecca, carrying ready- made garments, leather, indigo, cochi- neal, and oftriches feathers, for which they bring in return (ilks, muflins, and drugs. Other caravans go to Tom- bu£too, and the river Niger. They travel over fuch dry barren defcrts, that every other camel carries water. Their commod ties are fait, cowries, wrought filk, BritiOi cloth, and the woollen ma- nufadtures of Barbary. Fez is fcated in a valley, watered by a river, and fur- rounded by mountains, i6o miles ssw of Gibraltar, and 240 ne of Morocco. Lon. 4 45 w, lat. 33 40 n. FexzaHf a kingdom of Zahara, having Tripoli on the n, and Caffma on the s. It is an extenfive plain, encompafTed by mountains, except to the w; and to the influence of thefe heights it may be owing, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no rain is ever known. Though the charafter of the furf?ce (which, in general, is a light fand) and the want of FEZ lain, may feem to announce flerllify yet the fprings are fo abundant, that few regions in the N of Africa exhibit a richer vegetation. The Krcatefl Imgth of the cMltivatcd part is about 390 mil«» from N to .s, ami joo from k to w. From wells of lo or 15 feet deep, with which evcrv garden and field is furniftj. ed, the hufbandman waters the produc- tions of bis land; among thefe are the date tree, the olive, lime, apricot, pome- granate, tig, maize, barley, wheat, pompioris or calabafh, carrots, cucum- bers, onions, and garlic. Among tlic tame animals are the fhcep, cow, goat! camel, afs, and a fpecies of the do'. mtftic fowl of Europe. The wild ani- mats are the ollrich, and antelopes of various kinds. A multitude of nox. ious animals infeft the country ; adders, fnakcs, fcorpions, and toads, fwarm in the fields, gardens, and houfes ; the air is crowded with mofquitos ; and per- fons of every rank are overrun with vermin. The heat of the climate in fnmmcr is intenf*-, and the s wind is Icarccly I'upportablc even by the na- tives ; and in winter a penetrating n wind prevails, which drives to the fire even tiie natives of a northern country. Tempefls of wind are frequent, which whirl up the fand and duft fo as to give a yellow tinge to the atmofpherc. The towns are chiefly inhabited by hulband- men and fhepherds ; for though they alfo contain merchants and artificers, yet agriculture and pallurage are the principal occupations. The houfes are built of clay, with a flat roof compofcd of boughs of trees, on which a quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a deep fwarthy complexion ; their hair a fhort curly black, their lips thick, their nofes flat and broad, and their fkin emitting a fetid effluvia ; they are tall, and well-lhaped, but weakly, in- dolent, and inactive. Their drefs is fimilar to that of the Moors of Bar- bary. In their common intercourfc, all difliniJtions of rank feem forgotten ; the fhereef (or governor) and the loweft plebeian, the rich and the poor, the maflor and the fervant, converfe fami- liarly, and eat and drink together. Generous and hofpitable, let his fare be fcanty or abundant, the Fezzaner is de- firous that others fhould partake of it ; and if ao perfons were unexpectedly to vifit his dwelling, they mufl all partici- pate as far as it will go. When they fettle their money tranfaftions, they fquat upon the ground, and having levelled a fpot with their hands, make dots as they reckon : if they are wroo£i ■V* F I O thry fmooth the fpot again, and repeat th>- calculation. Gold dull coiiftitiitcs the cliicf medium of paymfiit j and value in that medium is alwnys ♦xprtir- ed by weijcht. In religion, they are rieiiii but not intolerant Miihomt-tans. The government is monarchical ; and itj powers arc adminiftcred with fiich a temperate hand, tiiat the people are jrdently attached to their fovneign. Moiirzouk is the capital. fiitnof a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, on the 'liber, 15 milt's N of Rome. Fiaiwna, a town of Iftriaj on the sw tonft, 17 miles N of Pola. fiasconc, a town of Italy, in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, noted for line muf- cadine wine ; feated on a mountain near Lake Bolfena, 1 a miles n w of Vitcrbo. I'iclierulolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Ferrarefe, feated on the Po, i * mile* w of Ferrara. Fichfelherg, a mountain in Franconia, one of the higheft mountains in 'Ger- many. It extends from near Bareuth to Egcr in Bohemia, about 16 miles, and is covered with pines .and other trees. Fielcwier, an ifland near the w coaft of Norway, a miles long and four broad, with a town of the fame name, 48 miles WNW of Drontheim- Lou. 1040 E,]at. 6344 t** Fieramuolo, a town of Italy, in the Parmefan, 10 miles 3e of Piacenza. Pieziili, a town of Tufcany, in the riorentino, five milea n e of Florence. Fifesfiire, a county of Scotland, 54 miles long and 1 6 in its grcateft breadth^ bounded on the N by the frith of Tay, E by the ocean, s by the frith of Forth, and w by the counties of Perth, Kin- rofs, and Clackmannan. It is divided into 63 pariflies, and the number of inhabitantB in 1801 was 93,743- It is watered by feveral ftreams, but none deferve the name e, the moft weftern cape of Spain. It was thought, by the ancients, to have no country beyond it* and therefore they gave it a name which fignifies the Lands-end. Lon. 9 17 w* lat. 42 54 N. Finisterre, a department of France, which includes part of the late province of Bretagne. It is the moft wefterly part of Prance, and bounded on three fides by the fea. Quimper is the capital. Finland, one ot tbe five general divi- iions of Sweden; bounded on the n by Swedilh Lapland, e by Wiburg, s by the gulf of Finland, and w by that of Bothnia. It contains the provinces of Finland Proper, Eaft Bothnia, Tavaft- land, Nyland, and Savolax, and a pari of Kexholm. In 1808, this divifiqn was invaded by Kuflia ; and the Swedt's, after various battles, were neceffitated to give up: the whole country by a cqjv ventioa. . . r. > F 1 S Finland Proper, a province of Sweden, in the sw part of the divifion of Fin- land, having the gulf of Finland on the s, and that of Bothnia on the w. It is 1 60 miles long and 90 broad, and the foil fertile, with feveral fine lakes and rivers. On part of the coall is a rich pearl fifhery; and the principal com- merce is in cbm, cattle, talc, linen, and yam dockings. Abo is the capital. Finland, Russian, See Wiburg. Finmurky the w part of Danifh Lap- land, in the government ofWardhus. Finoii}, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and Havel are united. It is ag miles nw of Cuftrin. Fionda, a town of Afiatic TurVcy, in Natolia, and a bi (hop's fee, on the gulf of Satalia, 25 miles swof Satalia. Fiorenzo. See Ferentino. Fiorenzo, St. a feaport of Corfica, ^defended by walls and a tower. It was taken by the Englifli and Corficans, from the French, in 1794. It is feven miles w of Baftia. Firesepoiir, a town of HindooAan, in Monltan, feated on the^Setlepe, at the influx of the Beyah, 20 miles w of Debalpour, and 150 e by n* of Moul- tan. Fish River, Great, a river of Africa, which rifes in the unknown interioc legions, divides Caflfrarlafrom the coun- try of the Hottentots, and enjers the Indian ocean, in Ion. a8 za £, lat. 33 fl4 s. Pisherrow, a town of Scotland, four miles K of Edinburg, on the w fide of the Eflc, oppofite MnlTelbur^g, to which it is connefted by a bridge. Fishers Island, in Long Ifland found, oppofite to Stonington harbour in Con- tiedicut. It is 10 miles lon^ and two broad, with a fertile foil, and is annexed to the townihip of Southold, in Long Ifland. Fishguard, a town of Wales, in Pembrokefliire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. Here is a f^ood pier, with every convenience for (hip-building, and a coniiderable trade in herrings, corn, and butter. It is fituate on a fteep clifT, on a bay of SL George channel, 16 miles NB of St. David, and 457 w by n of London Fishhuuien, a town of Pruffia, with a royal caftle, feated on the Frifche Haff, it miles w of Konigfterp. Fishkiil, a town of New York, in Duchefs county, on a ereek of the fame iiame, five miles b of Hudfon river, and 66 vofNewYor)c. FL A Fissattr, a feaport of Blarbary, h thf province of Tripoli, 90 miles nw of Tripoli. Lon. 12 10 e, lat. 33 50 n, Ftstella, a fortified town of Mo. rocco. The inhabitants carry on j great trade in fine garments. It is m; miles NE of Morocco. Lon. 5 ^^ / lat. 3s 47 N. ' Fium. See Faiioum. Fiune, or St. VHt, a feaport of Idria with a cadle, and many fine church^j and convents. It is noted for wine good figs, and other fruits ; and hss a fiigar refinery, and a wax maniifai^iire. The harbour is formed by the nver Fiumara, which enters the bay of Cm. nero. It is ^'^ miles r. of Capo d'Iftiia. Lon. 14 14 E, lat. 45 18 V. Flaiistrand, a feaport of Denmark, in N Jutland, with a harbour diifended by three forts. It is 30 miles nne of Alburg. Lon. 10 19 e, lat. <; 33 n. Ffnmfw rough, a factory oftlieHud- fon Bay Company, on Hayes river, ;o milerf from its mouth, on the w fide of Hudfon bay. Lon. 90 5 w, lat, 56 8 N. Ftamhorough Head, a lofty promon. tory on the coaft of Yorklhire, whofe fnow-white cliffs are feen far out at fea, and afford fhelter to innumerable multi- tudcso: feafowls. The lower parts con. tain vaft caverns, and on the fummit is a lighthuufe, five miles ese of Buriington. Lon. o II E, lat. 54 8 k. Flanders, a country of the Nether- lands, 60 miles long and 50 broad; bounded on the n by the German ocean and Holland, E by Brabant, s by Hainault and Artois, and w by Artois and the German ocean. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, Lys, and Dender. It is a level country, fertile in grain and pafturts, and very populous. The chief manufadures are beautiful table linen and fine lace. It was divided into Dutch, Aultrian, and French Flanders: the latter was comprehended in thn dt partment of Nord, on the new divifum of Prance in 1791 ; the other two have fince been annexed to that country, and conftitute the new departments of Lys and Scheldt. Fldtlush, a town of New York, chief of Kings county. Long Ifland. The Americans were defeated near this place by the Britifh in 1776. In is fituate amid garden-grounds, five miles s by e of New York. Fill tier I/, Cape, on the w coaft of N America, difcovered by Cook in ijji; and fo named, becaufe he was difap- pointed at not finding a harbour, hoa, >»457 w, lat. 48 a^ n. FL I Ftavigniff A town of France* in the department of C6te d'Or, with a Be- nediiline abbey ; feated on a mountain, by the river Ozerain, ay mileu w nw of Diion. I'lechr, a town of France, in the de- partment of Sarte. Here was a noble college, built by Henry iv ; the centre is nuw converted into a townhoufe, and one of the wings rebuilt as a feminary for youth. It is feated on the river Loiie, aa miles ssw of Mans. Lon. oi w.lat. 47 39 N- Fleckeroe^ or Flecfiercn, an ifland in the North fea, near the coaft of Norway. Between the idand and the continent is a mofl excellent harbour, defended by a fortrefa. Lon. 8 i8 e, lat. 58 4 n. ' Fleet, a river of Scotland^ in Kirk- cudbrightHiire, which iiFues n-omafmall lake of the fimc name, and enters Wig- ton bay, bdovv Gatehoufe. On its w fide are the veftiges of a camp, a drui- tlical circle, and a vitrified fort. Flend'tirg, a fea port of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, with a ftrong citadel, and a harbour on'^a bay of the Baltic. It is a place of great commerce, J5 miles nsvv of Slefwick. Lon. 9 47 E, lat. 54 5t N. Fleurance, a town of France, in the department of Gers, on the river Gers, 13 miles .' of Auch. Fleurus, a village of the Netherlands, in Namur, fix miles Nt of Charleroy. Here, in 1690, a vidtory was gained by the French over the allies; and in 1794, the Audrians were defeated in a general attack of the French pofts. Flie, or yiielaud, an '(land on the coaft of Holland, at the middle of the entrance of the Zuider Zee. Flint, a river of the ftate of Georgi.i, which rifes in the country of the Creek Indians, runs sw, and joining the Ca- tahouchee, at itsentrance into K Florida, forms the Apalachicola. Flint, a borough of Wales, in Fl'nt- lliire, which gives name to the county, though now a fmall place. It has the county-gaol, but the nflizes are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a royal caftic, in whicii Richard u took /belter on arriving from Ireland ; but on leaving it he was delivered into the hands of his rival, afterward Henry iv : it (lands on a rock clofe to the fea, and is go- verned by a conftable, who is alfo mayor of the town. Flint has no market, but is well frequented as a bathing place. It is feated on the eftuary of the Dee, i: miles WNw of Chtlter, and ao6 nw *)f London. Lon. 3 a w, lat. 53 16 N. Fitntilnref a county ai Wales, 39 FtO miles in length and la where broadeft ; bounded on tbe n by the Irifli fea, ne and B by the river Dee, which divides it from Chcuiire, and s and sw by Den- bigUihire. A detached part of- Flint- fhire extends on the k fide of the Dee, about nine miles, between Cheihire and Sbrbpfbire. It contains i6oiooo acres; is divided into five kundreds. and a8 pariihes; has one city, one borough, and three market-towns ; and fends two members to parliament. The num- ber of inhabitants in iSoi was 39,6aa. A lofty range of mountains rifes on the w, and forms a bold frontier. The valleys are fertile, and contain coal and fi-eeftone ; the hills are generally barren on the fuiface, but abound in lead, ca- lamine, and limeftone. The detached part is moftly a level country. The principal trade is mining and fnoelting. It pusduces good butter, cheefe, and honey, of which lafl: the natives make a wholefome beverage called Mctheglip. The principal rivers are the Clywd, M'heeler, Dee, Seviou, Elwy» and Allen. FliXf a town of Spain, in Catalonia, ftrong both by nature and art. It ftards on a peninfula formed by the Ebro, and the fide where the river does not pafs is covered by mountains, and defended by a caftle. It is 23 miles n of Tortofa. Floddon, a village in Northumberland, five miles nnw of Wodler. Near this place a battle was fought between the Englifh and Scots, in 1513, in which James iv was killed, with many of his nobility and 10,000 men. Florae, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lozere, 13 miles s of Mende, and23 ^^ of Alais. FlorauT, a city of Italy, capital of Tufcany, and an archbilhop's fee, with a citadel, and a univerfity. The cir- cumference is about fix miles, and the fortifications confiil only in a wall aqd a ditch, with two or three forts whigh command a part of the town. Jt is di- vided into two unequal parts, by the river Amo, over which are four hand- fonie bridges. The quays, the build- ings on each fide, and the bridges, render the part through which the river runs by far the fineft ; but every part is full of wonders in the arts of painting, ftatuary, and archite<5lure. V\k inhabitants are eftimated at Bo.ooo; and the environs are beautiful, rich, and populous. Some of the Florentine mtrrchants, formerly, were men of great wealth ; and one of them, in the ipid- dle of the i5th century, built that no* 3? to ble fabric* which, from the name of it's founder* is ftill called the Pa1a27.o Pitti. It was afterward purchafed by the Medici family, who made fomc en- largements ; and it thence became the refidence of the grand dukes of Tufca- ny. The Palazzo Vecchio, or old pa- lace, contains a room 17a feet long and 70 wide, for public entertainments. The beauties and riches of thefe palaces, in all that h mafterly in architedture, literature, and the arts, efpecially thofe of painting and fculpture, have been often defcribed ; but, before they were plundered by the French, in 1800, all defcription fell fhort of their contents. The celebrated Venus of Medici, the ftandard of tafte in female beauty and proportion, ftood in a room called the Tribune ; but with other mafterpieces of fculpture, has been carried away to Paris. There are other rooms, whofe contents are indicated by the names they bear; as the cabinet of arts, of aftronomy, natural hiftory, medals, portraits, porcelain, antiquities, &c. Befide the Medicean library, begun by Julius de Medici, and greatly augment- ed by duke Cofmo i, the^e are feveral other copious libraries, efpecially thofe in the two Bcnedidine and Carmelite convents. The Florentine Academy and the Academia della Crufca were inftituted to enrich the literature and improve the language of Tufcany ; the latter is fo named becaufo it rejefs like bran all words not purely Tufcan. The cathedral, the churches, and other pub- lic buildings, contain paintings and fculptures by the tirft maftcrs in Italy; and the chapel of Lorenzo is, perhaps, the moft expenfive habitation that ever was reared ror the dead, being incrufted with precious ftone?, and adorned by the workmanfhip of tiie btft modern fculptors. The manufa ^ k'.ted on the Vendee, 25 miles ne of Ru«.:i)al!(.% and 55 w by s of Poitiers. Lon. c 54 w, lat. 46 30 X. Fonhnoy, a village of the Netiie. lands, in Hainault, four miles sr. of Tournay. It is celibrated for a bat- tle between the allies and the French in 1745, in which the former were worftcd. FoHlcvraudy a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and I.oiro. Here is a famous abbey, in the church of which fevcral kings and queens of France lie interred. It is feven miles sk of Saumer. /*'">", an in.ind of Denmark, on the w coaft of S Jutland, between thofe of Syl .ind Nordllrand. It is of an oval form, 2o miles in circumference, and '.*!c chief place is Utt rfen. Lon. 8 jo » lat. 3T 48 N. ' Seckingen, and Rhtinfelden. Farcts, a new dt partmf nt of France. co\:;.-ining the late duchy of Luxein i-HU , except the nw pa,)', which is in- tii;tied in the dep.'.rtmcin of Sambr( md Meiife,. The cip ial is Luxf mburg. Fore:, a late province of FraiKc, iKumdeii on thd w by Auver^ne, .> by Veiny ar,d the Vivarais, e by the L' on- ois, and n by Burgundy. It is vvalmd by the Loire, and fcveral othi.'r ftrcams, and has feveral mines of coal and iron. It now forms the department Loire. For/'ai; a borough of Scotland, ca- pital of Aiiguslhire. Jt contains many neat modern houfes, and has maniifac- tuns of coarfe Ijncns and Ihocs. In 1801, the number of inhabitants wis 5 1 6.S- It is fituate in an exttnlivc pl.nn, 14 miles N by E of Dundee. Lou. ; J2W, lat. 5637 N. Fnrjarshirp. gee Aiii:^u^shire. For!},rs^ a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, cclebratal for its mineral waters. It is 24 miles NE of Rouen. Forli, a tJiwn of Italy, in Romagna, with a caftle, ten churches, and many convents ; feated in a fertile countr)', ton tinr the river Rones, 1 1 miles ssw of Ravenna. ... Formosa, an idand in the China fea, lying bttween iig and laa e Ion. and 38 and 25 » i tt. and feparated from the provinw ot" Fo-kit-n, in China, by a chiuinel about 8o milcn where narrow- tih It i» aSo miles from n to s, and 70 in its broatJeft part, but is greatly con- tradltd at the s extremity. It is fiib- jeft to the Chinefe, who, notwithftand- iiig its proximity and li/.e, did not kn.J.v of ite exiftence till the year 1430. A chain of mountains, running its whole length, divides it into two parts, the E and w. The Dutch built the fort of Zealand, in the w part, in 1614- Ihey were driven thence, in i()ji, by a Chinele pirate, who ihade liimftlf mafter of all the w part. In 168:, the whole ifland fubmitted to the emperDr of China. It contains exten- livc and fertile plains, watered by a cicat number of rivulets from the mountains. It produces abundance of corn and rice, moft of the Indian fryits, many of thofe of Europe, tobacco, fugar, pepper, camphire, and cinnamon. Wholelome water is the only thing wanting in Formofa ; and it is faid, that every kind of water in it is perni- cious to Grangers. Tiie inhabitants rear a great number of oxen, which they ufe for riding, from a want of horfcs. In 1781, this fi.ie illand was overwhelmed, and almolt totally de- ftroyed, by a furious liurricane and dreadful inundation of the fea. Tai- ouang is the capital. I'orncllo, a town of Naples, in the Molife, 17 miles w of Molife. F'/riwoo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma; near which, in 1495, Charles VIII of France obtained a victory over the princes of Italy. It is esglit miles wsw of Parma. Forres, a borough of Scotland, in Murraylhire, neatly built on an emi- nence, on the tivcr and near the bay of Findhorn, which is its port. It lias nianufatflures of linen and thread, .iiid a valuable falmoii fifhery. A little w of the town is a column, called Sweno's ftone, covered with antique fculptuie, and (aid to have been ercdcd in me- mory of a vi(5tory obtained over the Danes, in 1008. Foiie., is 12 miles w by 8 of Elgin, and 12 k t)f Nairn. Forstu, a town of Lufatia, with a caftle. It has manufadnres of woollen and linen cioths and carpets, and Hands on a little ifland in the NcifTa, 15 miles ssw of Gubcn. Fi>riiivefUura, one of the Canary FOtJ iflands, e$ miles in length, and of a terf irr(»;uhr breadth, conltfting of twapis ninfulas, joined by an iAhtnus tt tnrtes in breadth. It produces plenty of wheat, barley, beeves, and goats. Tfre w point is in Ion. 14 31 w, lat. s8 4 n. Forth, a river or Sctland, which rifes in the rnountain Benlomond, in Dumbartonfhire, flows e in a (Inuoiw courfe by Stirling and Alloa, and meets the German ocean a li|t;le below Alloat where it forms a noble ^fluary, called the Frith of Forth. The Forth is navi- gable for veffels of 80 tons, as far a« Stirling bridge, and for merchant vefiela of any burthen as far as Grangemouth, where there is a commun'cation be- tween this river and the Clyde, by a canal. See Canal, Great. Forlrose, 4 borough of Scotland, ia RofsOiire, lituatt; on the Murray frith, nearly oppolite Fort George, to which there is a regular ferry. It is compofcd of two towns, Rofemarkie and Chan- onry; the former a very ancient bo- rough, and the latter once a bifhop'* fee. Two fmall parts of the ancient cathedral remain, one ufed as a buriaU place, the other as a court-hpufe and prifon. It is nine miles ssw of Cro- marty. Foriroyal, the capital of Martinico, on the w fide of the ifland, with one of the beft harbours in the W Indies, de- fended by a ftrong citadel. Lon. ' ' 9 w, lat. 14 36 N. Fortroyul, the capital of the illand of Granada. See St. George. FoMuiin, a town of Piedmont, v'«h a citadel, feated on the Sture, 10 nr sm, oi" Coni. Fufsr, a town of tho Netlicij-i s, in Nainiir, lituato between the nnbre and ivleufc, feven miles sw of r nur. Fossoiitlu-nup, a town of Ital , m the ducliy of Urbino, with a caltlc on a m()un(ain, near the river 'li-tro, 10 miles sK of Urbino. F'lifsHm, a town of Norway, in the government of Aggeihuys, noted for rich mines of Cobalt, 2,S n-\\\t^ \v of Chriitiania. Fiit/ieiiti In 120a, it was taken b^ John, king of Encrland. It is feate miles nw of Noiwich, and m ne of London. Four Cdiitin: , Lake of the. See Waldstcedttr Sea, Fournrattx Jsland^\, a fm.all ifland in the Pac fie ocean. Lon. 143 2 w, lat. 17 ns. Fou-tcheou, a city of China, in Fo- kirn, and the moft confiderable in that province, on account of its trade, the convenience of it« rivers and port, and the number of its liLerati. It is the re- fidence of a viceroy, and has under i:s jurifdidicn nine cities of the third clafs. ft h 3(S^) miles ne of Canton, and ^70 s #f Peking. Lon. 11941, lat. 26 4 n. Fou-tcheoUf a city of China, in Kiang- fi, formerly one of the moft b«'autiful cities in Chin?, but almoft ruined by the invafion of the Tartars. It is 7;?; miles s of Peking. Lon. 115 56 e. lat. 27 55 N. Foweii^ or Fawy, a river in Cornwall, which rifes four miles st of Camelford, F O Y paflTcs by Leftwithiel, and enters the Englifh channel, at Fovvey. Fowptf, a borougii and feaport in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday, and a confiderable trade in the pilchard lilhery. The har- bour is defemlcd by St. Catharine fort, on the fumniit of a ftecp pile of rocks, and an adjoining battery. The ftrects are fo narrow and with fuch fudden turnings, that no wheeled carriages can be admitted. It is feated at the mouth of the Fowey, 3 a mile.^ .sw of Launcef- ton, and 239 w by s of London. Lon. 4 2,7 w, lat. 50 19 N. Fox Islands, a group of inlands in the Northern Archipelago. They are 16 in number, between the coaft of Kamt- fchatka and the w coaft of America, be- tween 5 2 and 55 N lat. Each ifland has a peculiar name ; but this general name is given to the whole group, on account of the great number of black, gray, and red foxes, with which they abound. The drefs of the inhabitants confifts of a cap, and a fur coat tliat reaches down to their knees : fome wear a cap of a party-coloured bird-lkin, upon which is left part of the wings and tail. On the forepart of their hunting and fifhing c;..j: they place a fmall board, like a Ikreen, adorned with the jawbones of foabears, and ornamented with glafs beads, wliich they receive in barter from the Ruflians. 'I'hey feed upca the flclh of all fortf of fca animals, and generally eat it raw. The provifion intended for k?eping is dried without fait, in the open air. Their weapons are bows, arrows, and darts ; and, for dvfencc, they ufe wooden fhields. The molt perteift equality reigns among tli<'m : they have neither chiefs nor fur periors. neither hvvs r.nr punilhments. They live togetluT in families, and fo- cieties of fevnal families united, which foi in what they call a race, wlio, in cafe of attack iir defence, mutually aid each other. They have a good fhare of plain natural fcnfe, but are rather flow of ur.derftaiiding ; and feom cold and indifferent in moft of their adtions: yet, if an injury, or even a mere fiifpi- cion, roufe them from this phlegmatic Itate, they become furious and revenge- ful. The Ruffians call thcfe illands the Lyifie Oftrova. Forjhrd, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, on tjie river Moy, eight miles v of Caltlebar. F"i/, Si. 1 town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, on the river Dor dojjne, 38 mil.'S 1; of Bourdoaux. Foi/crSf or Fyersy a river of Scotlnnt', .inj enters the vey. and feaport ia a mayor, with a id a confiderable heiy. The har- . Catharine fort, I'p pile of rocks, ry. The ftrects ith fuch fudden led carriages can ted at the moulh i sw of Launccf- London. Lon. ) of iflands in the I. Tboy are i6 e coaft of Kamt- t of ykmerica, be- Each idand has this general name roup, on account ' black, gray, and :h they abound, bitanta confifts of hat reaches down wear a cap of a in, upon which is md tail. On the iting and fifliing lall board, like a the jawbones of pnted with glafs receive in barter Iht-y feed upca fea animals, and The provifion is dried without Their weapons darts; and, for len fhields. The reigns among ^er chiefs nor fu- Mr piiniihments. I families, and fo- pes united, which I a race, who, in Jicc, mutually aid Ic a good Ihare of It are rather flow |l feeni cold and their adtions: [en a mere fiifpi- this phlegmatic Ions and reveiigc- thtfe i (lands the Irelanri, in the |t)ie river Moy* lar. Iiance, in the de- \r\ the river Dor [urdeaux. Ivcv of Scotlant', F R A in the county of Invcrnefs, which rifes a few miles e of Fort Auguftus, and flows into Loch Nefs. About two miles before its entrance into the lake is the Fall of Foyers, one of the highefl; in the world, being so; l\;et in height, in one unbroken llream. luii/r, a river of Ireland, formed by the conflux of the Fin and the Mourne, at Liflbrd, in the county of Donegal. It paflbs by St. Johnftown anil London- deny, and four mik'8 below expands into a bay, called Lough Foyle, of an oval form, 14 miles long and eight broad, which communicates with the ocean by a fhort and narrow (trait. Fuz, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, fitiiate at the conflux of tlie Zaras with the Tajo, 24 miles ni: of Lifbon. Fuz, a town of France, m tlie depart- ment of Var, four miles ne of Barjols. Ficigd, a town of Spain, in Arragon, ftrong by litnatior, liaving the river Cinca before it, whofi; high banks are ilifficult of accefs, and at its back a lull, which cannot ealiiy be approached with cannon. Alphonfo vn, king of Arra- gon, was killed here by the Moors, in 1134, when he belieged this town. It is 63 miles Est: of Saragofla. Lon. o 24 Fjlat. 41 28 N. JF^agnino, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato IJlteriore, eight miles n of Bene- vento. Fiagoas, 3 town of Portug.il, in Ef- tromadura, feven miles s\v of Santaren. Frnniliigliam, a town in SutTolk, with a market on Saturday. It has the remains of a caftle. To this place the princeA- Mary retired, when lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen ; and iiere fliu found that powerful fupport, which foon fcated her on the tin-one. It is 30 miles E of Bury, and 87 ne of London. Fra/icutilhi, a town of ISfaples, in Terra de Otranto, with a trade in oil, cotton, ftockings, and fnufF, 15 milts t.vE of Tare n to. Franraiilla, a town of Naples, in Ba- filicata, on the river Sin j, so miles wsw ofTurfi. France, a country of Europe, bound- ed on the -v by the EnghOi channel and the Netherlands, e by Germany, awill' ciland, and Italy, s by the Mediterra- nean fea and Spnn, and w by the At- lantic ocean. From the Pyrenees ia the s, to Dunkirk in the N', its extent is 615 miles; and fomething more from the moft eafterly part of Alface to the mod weftern point of Bretagne, which province, it mult be obferved, extends .\bove 100 miles furthef. into the ocean I'un any other part of the country. F R A The climate is temperate ; and the (oil produtJtive of all the neccflaries of life, and, among its luxuries, of the n^oft ex- cellent wines. The principal riwrs are the Seine, Loire, Rhone, and Girond« \ and there are many others, which gave name to the departments in the new geographical diviiion of this country. The moft confiderable mountains are the Alps, Pyrenees, Cevennes, and Vofr gcs. France was an ibfolute monarchy, governed by kingsVtftfca the time of Clovis, in 486, to therJBfclili of Lewis XVI, in 1793. It was divi*?d into fe- vcral military governments or provin- ces; namely, Altace, Angoumois, Anjou, Armagnac, Artois, Aunis, Au- vergne, Barrois, Bafques, Beam, Berry, Bigorre, Blalois, Boulonnois, Bourbon- nois, BrclTe, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cam- bn fis, Champagne, Couferans, Dau-'ii^ phiny, J'ore?, Foix, Franche Comtc, French Flanders, Galcony, Gevaudan, Guieinu, French Ilainault, IHc of France, Langiudoc, Limofin. Lorrain, Lyonois, Marche, Maine, Marfan, Na- varre, Nivernois, Norraandv, Orleanois, Ferche, Perigord, P' uy, Poitou, Provence, Q.uercy, Ro- gue, Roufil- lon, Saintonge, Soiflbnnois, Touraine, Velay, and Vermandois. Thefc varied much from each other in point of ex- tent and importance, and there were others of Itill inferior confideration. The eftabliditd religion was the Roman catholic ; and the ecclefiaftical diviiion of the country was into 18 archbifliop- rics and 113 epifcopal fees, exclufive of Avignon, Carpentras, Caivaillon, and Vailbn, which belonged to the pope. But in 1789, a vi'onderful ravolution took place. The deranged ftate of ihtf finances of the country, had induced Lewis XVI to convoke, firft an af- fembly of the notables, and next (on th<* inefteitual refult of their deliberations) the fl:ates general, which had not beem, allembled fince 16 14. They confifted of three orders ; the nobility, the cler- gy, and the cimimons The laft were double the number of the other two orders when united ; and when the ftatew aflembled, on the ,>;tli of May, at Virfailles, a cnnteft aroie, whether the three orders il ild make thn e diftinft houfes, or but one w C«nftitution, which they completed fod to them to declare war apainft the king of Hungary and Bohe- 9im. War was accordingly declared; but the king was fufpefled of ading in concert with the enemy, and with the emigrant princes, who were in arms againft their country. In Auguft, the mayor of Paris appeared before the national aflembly, and demanded the depofitioa of the king. Before they could deliberate on this demand, a dreadful infurrecjlion (mined ; the Tuil- hrries (the royal rttidence) was attack- ed ; the Svvifs jriiards were mafl'acred ; aitd the king and royal family took re- fi'ge in the national airembly. That body inftantly decreed the fufpenfion Cff royalty, and the convoca' on of a QaUoiul conventioa. The kir.^ and bis F ft A family were conveyed to the Temple, and there kept in clofe confinement. The convention met on the aift of Sep. tember, and Inftantly decreed the for- mation of a republic. In December, they decreed, that the king fhould be tried before them. The trial accord- ingly took place ; and this tribunal (notwithftanding the conftitution had decreed his perfon inviolable) condemn- ed the unfortunate monarch, who wai beheaded, in the Place de la Revolution, lately the Place de Louis xv, on the aift of January 1 79.:5. All Europe ex- claimed againft the injuftice and cruelty of this proceeding. Powers, hitherto neutral, were eager to take part in the war ; and the new republic, in addition to the arms of Auftria, Pruflia, Sardi- nia, and the empire, had to encoimti r the combination of Great Britain, Spain, and Holland. The queen did not long furvive her confort : being tried and condemned by the revolutionary tribu- nal, fhe was executed in the fame place, on the J 6th of O(flober. Her fate was a prelude to that of the king's fiftcr, who was alfo beheaded in the fame place, on the loth of iMay 1794. The dauphin and his lifter remained in con- finement ; where the former became difeafed with fwcllings, and he died on the 8th of June 1795 : the princefs was taken the December following to a place, near Balil, on the confines of Gennany. where flic was exchanged for fome French deputies, who had been fome time prifoners to the emperor. Various fa(51:i(,n8 fucceflTively feized tht helm of government, and, in their turn, were overthrown ; the prifons were crowded in every part of the republic ; the fcaffolds ftreamed, almoft inecllant- ly, with blood j and many of the moft popular patriots, and of thofe who had voted for the death of the king, periflied on the fcaftbid, or in exile and niilery; while infutreiflions, profcriptions, and maflacres, became, in a manner, only common occurrences. By the eontlu- fion, however, of the yiar 1794, Uu» reign of defpotifm and terror gave place to a n,ore moderate lyftem: and al- though, at one period, the ihutting up of churchc-!, and the formation of .1 new calendar (by which the year was divided into decade's inftead of weeks) indicated open hollility to the chriftian religion j the convention found it ne- ceflary, ;it hl\, to confoiTn fo hr to the prejudices of the people as to declare publicly their acknowledgment of a Su- preme IBeing, and of the immortaHty of the foul, and to permit again the exer* IS exchanged for F R A clfe of railigious w6rihip ; aboliihing, however, all clerical diftiiKftions, and leaving the whole maintenance of the minifters to the benevofence of th« peo- ple. With refpe(5t to the war, it may be fuflicient to ftste, in general, that after four campaigns, in which great reverfcs of fortune were experienctd, tlie French nation before the conclufion F R A fian trooips, under general Suwarrovr, foon after joined the Auftrian army io Italy, of which that general took tho command. The fuccefs of the aUi«d armies was fo rapid and decifive, that by the end of Auguil the French were almoft entirely driven out both of Italy and Swiflerland. But in the latter x roverfe of fortune took place ; for the of 1795, were in the «;nt»re poflcflion of rcpublica • armies having been greatly Savoy, and of the Audi ian and Dutch -"''" ' ' *'-""- -- "— " Netherlands ; and had made fuch pro- jrtefs in Holland, Spain, Italy, and Ger- many, as to procure a peace with Prudia and Spain, and form an alliance with Holland. Their commerce, how- ever, was ruined ; and their finances were fupported by a vaft emiirion of compuliive paper cunency, ?and by plunder and con6fcation: their armies neverthelefs fought with ardour, and in 1796, under general Bonaparte, fub- Jued the whole of Lombardy; and, after the capture of Mantua, penetrated through the Tyrol, and threatened the city of Vienna, that the emperor com- menced a negotiation for peace. In the mean time the French turned their arms againft Venice, which government they revolutionized; and at the conclufion of the treaty of peace with the emperor of Germany, iigned at Carapo Formio, 0&. 17, 1797, they ceded the city and the greater part of the territory to Auf- tria. In the beginning of 1798, a con- grefs of deputies from the dates of Germany met at Rattadt, to negotiate a peace for the empire, with French plenipotentiaries appointed for that purpofc, which came to no final ad- juftment: but during its continuance the French obtained pofleflion of Mentt, forced Ehrenbreitfteia to fur- render by a blockade, and fent general Bonaparte with a formidable army into Egypt; the emperor of Germany funn- ed an alliance with Huflia; the Turks declared againft France, on account of the invsRon of Egypt ; and the flames of war, which had beon for a lime fupprelied, burU fotth with n;doubled fury. The French remonftrated to the emperor of Germany on the march of the Ruffian troops, and receiving no fatisfadory anfwer, palled the Rhine, under general Jourdan, on March 5, 1799. Hoftilities were ai the fame time commenced by the Frencti troops in the Grifon country, where they gained feveral advantages; but on March 25, the army under Jourdan fuffered a complete defeat by the archduke Charles, near Stockach, and was com- pelled to recrofs the Rhine. The Ruf- reinforced, general Maflena, on Sept. 35, at Zurich, totally defeated the Auftro-Rufllan army, under general Hotze, who was killed : general Su* warrow, who had entered the country from Italy, finding it impollible to join his defeated allies, retreated over the mountains into Germany ; and foon af« terward the Ruffian troops were order- ed home. The affairs of the republic in Egypt appeared not profperous, and. •: general Bonaparte, having found means to efcape thence, arrived at Paris iit Odober. He found the authority of the direiflory was greatly weakened; and this one man, aided by the bayonets of a few foldiers, etfedVed another revo- lution on the loth of November, by which the diredtory was abolifhed, and three confuls appointed to govern the republic. A new confiitution was af- terward formed, in which the whole of the executive and almofl all other power was veftcd in the firft conful, general Bonaparte. In April 1800, the campaign in Italy commenced, and for the moft part, with lofs to the French till June 14, when Bonaparte, who had recently arrived, gained a decifive vic- tory over the Auftrians, at Marengo* which reinftated them in the full po^ef- fion of that country. The war in Ger- many was profecuted with vigour by the French, who purlued their uicceflet into the territories of Auftria, where, in December, they concluded an armiflice with the emperor; and a treaty of peac« Wiis figned on the 3d of February, i6oi» at Luneville. France now endeavour- ed to negotiate a peace with Great Bri- tain, the preliminaries of which were fettled in London on the ift of Odtober, and the treaty was figned at Amiens on the 27th of March, i8oj: but this treaty held little more than a year, the French detrming it violated by the Englifli re- fufing to evacuate Malta. Bonaparte was now appointed conful for life, with power to nominate his fucctlfor ; but his ambition afpired to the throne, and on the zolh of May 1804, at the requeft of the lenatc, he affiimed the title of Emperor of the French : and he was Ihortly afterward crowned by the pope» F a A t»ho \va< on!i?rcd to repair to Paris for that piirpoff. War in Germany was again rrnewcd in 1805, and the grand army of the French, hi.'n»1eU by the em- peror, Napoleon, croilecl tlie Rhine on tlie id ot Otitobcr. His fiicccft and rapid progref« were fiich, tint after the battle of Audtrlitz.'on the :d of Dc lember, the empeior df Germany was neccfiifated to ncgoti.ite for peace, and a treaty between the two emperors was tigned at Prtfburg on the zdih of tliat month. In 1806, fcveral of the princes of Germany entered into an alliance with France, and a treaty, called the Confederation of the Rhine, under the proteiJlion of Bonaparte, was figncd on the nth of July at Paris. Soon after the kinp of Priiffia took the field againft France and thefe princes; ti)e oppoling armies met near Jena, and the Frencti \vere vidtorious. A Ruffian army ad- vanced to affift the Prulfians, but, in 1807, their imited forces were defeated at Fricdland, whioh battle was dccilive, and on the gth of July a treaty of peace was figned at Tillit. The French na- tion, after fheddinj^ rivers of blood, and fufTering the grtnleft: calamities for the abolition of royalty, has now returned to the point from which it fct out, and fubmitted to the fame, or a ftill more ar- bitrary form of jrovtrnment. However, the Roman catholic religion was re- eitablifhed in France, by a convention between the pope and the firfl conful, dated September 10. 1801; and the ec- clefiaflical divifion of the country is into 10 archbiflioprics and $0 bifhop- rics. The proteftant religion is alfo tolerated ; and the new calendar was abolifhcd at the clofe of the year 1805. Whether the French empire will be permanent, or the ancient order of things reftored, it is neceffary to notice the prefent geographical ftate of the country. Franc*?, then, was divided into 83 departments, nearly equal in ex- tent, inftead of the ancient military pro- ■vinces; and thefe departments were fubdivided into diftri<5ls, cantons, and municipalities. The names of the de- partments arc Ain, Aifne, Allier, Alps Upper, Alps Lower, Ardeche, Arden- nes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, Aveiron, Calvados, Cantal, Chiirente, Charentc Lower, Cher, Correze, Cote d'Or, Cotes du Nord, Creufe, Dordogre, Doubs, Drome, Eure, Eure and Loir, I' inifterre, Card, Garonne Upper, Gers, Gironde, Heraiilt, Indre, Indre and Loire, Ifere, Ille and Vilaine, Jura, Landes, Loir and Cher, Ldire, Loire Upper, Loire JLoweri Loirct) Lot, Lut and Garonnej F R A Lozcfe, Mayenne, Mayennc and Loire iVIanche,Marne, Marnetlpper, Meurthc' Meufe, Morbihan, Mofclle, Nord,' Ni"vre, Oili-, Ome, 1 atis. Pas de Ca' Inis, Puy de Dome, Pyrenees Upper, Pyrenees Lower, Pyrenees Knflfrn, Rhine Upper, Rhine Lower, Rhone', Rhone (Mouths of the), Saone Uppir S.ione and Loire, Sarte, Seine and Oife, Seine Lower, Seine and Marne, Sevres (Two), Somme, Tarn, Var, Vcmii-e, Vicnne, Vienne Upper, V'ofgcg, ap^j Yonne. All thefe departments appear in this work; and the account of tlie late provinces are ftill retained. They conflitute the original territory of France, and the population of tlum is 27,900,000. The countries that the ambition of the government has lincc annexed to its former territory are Cor- fica, Savoy, Piedmont and a finall part of the Milanefe, the bifhopricof Bnfil, the territories of Avignon and Gcnevn, the counties of Vcnaiflin and Nice, the Netherlands, and all the German terri. tory vveftward of the Rhine. Thefe countries are divided into a6 depart- ments ; namely, Alps Maritime, Dyie, Forets, Golo, Jemappe, Ivrea, Lcman, Liamone, Lis, Marengo, Meufe Lower, Mont Blanc, Mont Terrible, Mont lonnere, Nethes (Two), Ourthe, Po, Rhine and Mofelle, Roer, Sambie and Meufe, Sarre, Scheldt, £ la, Stura, 'Janaro, and Vauclufe. This acquili- tion of territory makes an addition to the above population of France of v,roo,ooo. In 1808, the towns of KchI, CafTel, and Wefel in Germany, and Flufhing in Holland, were annexed to France. Paris is the metropolis. France, Isle of, a late province of France, fo called, becaufe it was bound- ed by the rivers Seine, Marne, Oife, Aifne, and Ourque. It now forms the four departments of Oife, Seine and Oife, Seine and Marne, and Paris. France, Isle of, or Mauritius, an ifland in the Indian ocean, 400 miles t of Ma- dagafcar. It was difcovered by the Portuguefe; but the firft who fettled here were the Dutch, in 1598. 'Ihey called it Mauritius, in. honour of prince Maurice, their ftadtholder ; but, on their acquilition of the Cape of Good Hope, they deferted it ; and it continued un- fettled till the French landed here in 1 7 so, and gave it the name of one of the fineft provinces in France. It is 150 miles in circumference. The climate is liealthy; but the foil not very fertile. There are many mountains, fbme of which are fo high, that their tops are covered with fnow; they produce the FR A beft ebony In the world. The vaHeys are well watered with riven, and are made rery produdive by cultivation, of which indigo it the principal obiefl. The town and harbour, called Port Louis, are ftrongly fortified ; but in the hurricane months the harbour cannot afford fhelter for more than eight veflels. Here are large ftorehoufcst and every thing neceflary for the equipment of fleets. Lon. S7 38 E, lat. 20 10 s. tranche Comptct a late province of France, bounded on the k by Lorrain, E by Alface and Swiflerland, w by Burgundy, and s by Brcfle. It is 125 miles long and 80 broad, and abounds in com, wine, cattle, horfes, mines of iron, copper, and lead. It now forms the three departments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. FrancAemontt a town of the Nether- lands, in the territory of Liege, 1 2 miles i>E of Liege. I'ranciade. See Denjs, St. Fnmij, St. a river of Brafil, which runs NE aid then se till it enters the Atlantic in lat. 11 20 s. It has a num« ber of towns and fettlements^ chiefly on its head waters. Irancijco, St. a feaport of New Al- bion, capital of a jurifdiAion of its name, with ^ citadel. Lon. 1 22 8 w, lat. 38 18 N. '-. Francois, Cape, a city and feaport, capital of the w part of Hifpaniola. Before the dreadful commotions that tnfued after the French revolution, it contained 8000 inhabitants, whites, peo- ple of colour, and flaves; but in 1793, the Negros, fupported by the Mulattos, enttred the town and maflacred all the white people. It (lands on the n fide of the iiland, 150 miles nw of St. Do- mingo. Lon. 72 18 w, lat. 19 46 n. Franconia, a circle of Cemany, bounded on the m by Upper Saxony, E by Bohemia and the palatinate of Bava- ria, s by Suabia, and w by the circles of the Rhine. The middle is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits ; but the borders are full of woods and barren mountains. This country was overrun by the French in 1796, and again in 1800. The Franks, \vho conquered France, came from this province, and gave their name to that country. Franeier, a town of Holland, in Friclland, with a caftle and a univcrfity. The public buildings and palaces are magnificent, and it has two navigable canals. It is nine miles w of Lewarden. Frankenau, a town of Germany, in Upper Heflc, 26 miles sw of CalTel. Franktnberg,, a town of Upper Sax- FR A cmy, in Mifnia, with a confiderable nr-atiufiidlure of w0i6Uen ftuffi, feven miles NNE of Chemnitz. Frankenbal, a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnere, lately of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It has rich manufadures of ftuffn, filks, cloths, &c. and a canal to the river Rhine. It was taken by the French in 179?, and retaken by the allies in 1^94. It is I'eatcd two miles w of the Rhme, and feven s of Worms. Frankenhauien, a town uf Upper Sax- ony, in Thuringia, with fume extcnfivc falt-works ; fituate on a branch of the Wipper, 26 miles n of Iirfurt. Franierutein, a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnere, lately of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhinct nine miles se of Kaylvrnautem. Frankenstein, a town of Silefia, in the principality of Muniterberg, on the river Bautze, 12 miles wsw of Munfterberg. Franiforti the capital of the ftate of Kentucky, and in Franklin county. It is regularly laid out, and ftands on the right bank of the Kentucky, 60 nules from its conflux with the Ohio, 82 ssw of Cincinnati, and 430 w by s of Wafli- ington. Lon. 85 jo w, lat. s8 10 n. Frank forty a town of Virginia, capital of Pendleton county, fituate on the s branch of the Potomac, 140 miles mw of Richmond. Frankfort on the Maine, a fortified city of G(;nnany, in Wetteravia, on the confines of Franconia. It is divided bv the river Maine into two parts, which communicates by means of a fton'e bridge; the larger part, on the n fide* is called Frankfort, and the fmaller Sachfenhaufen. it contains feveral pa- laces and courts belonging to princes and counts; and here the king qf the Romans is eledled and crowned. The chief itruAure is the townhoufe, ia which is preferred the golden bull, the origin of the fundamental laws of the empire. All religions are tolerated at Frankfort, under certain reftridions; but Lutheranifm is the eftabliihed faith; though the principal church i^ in the poflclTion of the Roman catholics. The Jews live together in a long narrow ftreet, feparated from the other citizens by a high wall. Frankfort is one of the moft commercial places in Europe* and has two great fairs every year. It was taken, in 1759, by the French, who evacuated it in 1763; and it has been feveral times taken and retaken by the French and Auftrians, in the late wars. It is 18 miles ene of Mentz, and 350 WNW of Vienna. Lon. 8 32 k, lat. i^ ^^ Middle . .ark> with a famous univeriity and a noble acade- my. It has tliret: great fairs, and the cxelufive rig|;tt of navigation ap the Oder to Breflau. Here art twofuhuT4>8» called Lebus and Guben, and a bridge 1^ \ over the Oder, hi r759, it was taken by the RufliaAs and Auflrians, and in 1806, it fell into the hands of the French. It is 45 miles B by » 6f Berlin* and 72 s of Stettin. Lon. 14 39- b, lat. $3 23 N*. Frank^md Islands, a clufter of illands in the Pacific ocean, on the he coaft of New Holland. Lon. 146 o e, lat. 17 ■ Franklin, Fort, a fort of P^nnfylvania, in.Alu-gany county, eredted in 1787 on the-4^11egany, at the influx of French .cr^^'70 miles N of Pittfburg. Lon. 80 4 w, lat. 41 23 N. FrankttMvn, a town of Pennfylvania, in Huntingdon cc:'»»*y, fituate on the f lankftown branch of the Juniatta, 20 miles w by » of HtintiDgdon. Fran^uemont, a town of Swiflerland, in the bifhopric of Bafel,' fe^ed on the Doubr, 16 miles n of Ne\ichatel, and 23 w of Soleure. » Franzburg, a town of Hither Pomera- nia, 14 miles ssw of Stralfund. Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campag^ na di Roma, feated on the fide of & woody mountain. It is a bifliop's fee, always poflelTed by one of the fix eMeft cardinals; and in its neighbourhood are fame of the moft ma^iBcent villas in .Italy. The ancient city of Tufculum is fuppofed to have ftood above Frafca- ti; and between the nuns' and the town, it is generally beWeved, was the Tufcu- Janum of Cicero, where fonve Greek monks in the nth century, built a con- vent on the ruins of his houle. Fralca- ti is 12 mUeat se of Rome. Fraterburgt a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenfhire, with a fmall but excel- lent harbour, and a manufa^ure of li- uen yam. It is feated (mi the German •cean, a Uttle s of th« point of Kinnaird Head, and 38 miles n of Aberdeen. Lon. 1 47 w, lat. 57 28 w. Frauenbrun, a towii of Swifierland, in the canton of Bern, which takes its name from a cekbriated monaftery, fevcn mik'8 K of Bern. Frautnhurg, a town of W Prufll i, in the palatinate of Marienburg,' on the Frifch Haff, 14 miles ne of Elbing. Fraurnfeld, a town of Swiflerland, capital or the canton of ITiurgau, with - a Kt»)d caftte. It is feated -on an emi- nence, by the river Murg, 19 miles ne of Z-Mi Jch. Loo. 8 ya w, lat. 47 ^i n. of F R E Ffauenstetn, a town of Upper S«t« cay, in Mifliia, on the river Boberiich, ao mile» ssw of Oreiden. Fraustadt, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Pof«n, which haft r. great trade in wool and oxen- Neai* this town a battle wa« gained by the Swedes over the Saxons, in 1:^06. It ihinds on the frontiers of SilcRa, 20 mile* nw of Glo. gau, and 55 saw of Pofea. Fredeburg, a town of the duchy of Weftphalia, on the rivW Wenne, 23 miles 9SE of Arenfberg. Fredeyieay a town of the ftatc Georgia, in Glynn county, and on the w fidt of St. Simon ifland, with a fafe and commodiGUft harbour, 64 miles sw of Savanna. Lon. 8b 56 w, lat. 31 6 k. Freder'usbur^, a town of Further Po- merania, 23 miles N of Stargard, and 33 saw of Coiberg. Fredericsburgf » town of Denmark, in the ifle of Zealand, with a caftle and palacs, 15 miles nw of Copenhagen. Frederic 5 burg, a town of Virginia, ca- pital of Spotfylvania county, and a place of confiderable trade. It is fituate on the s fide of the Rappahannoc, 50 miles ssw of Alexandria. Lon. 77 4* W, lat. 38 12 N. Frtdericsburg, A Daniih fort, on the Oold-coaft of Guinea, near Cape Three- points, ai'^ miles wsw of Cape Coaft Caftle. Lon. i 5 w, lat. 4 30 ir. FredericshaU, a feaport of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, fituate at the mouth of the river Tifte, in a bay call- ed the Swinefnnd. The harbour is fafe and commodious; but the large quanti- ty of faw-duft brought down the river, from the difl^rent faw-mills, occafions an annual expence to clear it away. On the lummit of a rock, which over- hangs the townj ftands the hitherto im- pregnable fortrefs oif Fredericftein; at the fiegc of which, in 17 18, Charles X(i of Sweden was killed by a miifket ball. It is 3 1 mites 9b of Chriftiana. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 59 12 K. FredMejkam, a town and fortrefs of Rufita, in CareKa. It is neatly built, the ftreets going off like radii from a centre. Here, in 1783, an interview was held between the emprefs of Ruflia and the king of Sweden. It is feated near the gulf of Finland, 68 miles wsw of Wiburg. Lon. 28 i8-e, lat. 60 36 n. Fredericstadt, a tovm of Norway, in the province of Agnerhuys, and the moft ivgular fortrew in this part of Norway. < It has a confiderable trade in deal timber, and is feated on the Glomme, 26 miles w of Fredericfliall. B^ederitstadh a townot J)enmaric,ia Upper S»t« !f Bobcrilcb, oland, m the b has r, great eat* this town ; Swedes over hindt on the » NW of Olo< ■ the duchy of r Wenne, 13 • the ftatc 0? f , and on the 1, with a fafe •f 64 miles sw w, lat. 31 6 N. of Further Po- :arcrardi and 33 of Denmark, ith a caftle and openhagtm. of Virginia, ca- routity, and a le. It is fituate ppahannoc, 50 ,. Lon. 77 4» ifti fort, on the >arCapeThree- of Cape Coaft . 4 30 N. »rt of Norway, rhuys, &tuateat [fte, in a bay call' harbour is fafe \c large quanti* lown the river, .iills occafions [Clear it away, k, which over- ;he hitherto im- ..'dericftein; at i», Charles xii anmllketball. liana. Lon. 10 land fprtrefsof f B neatly luilt, radii from a I an interview hprefs of Ruffi* \. It is feated J 68 miles wsw Ie, lat. 60 }6 N. 1 of Norway, in puys, and the '1 this part of iderabk trade Seated on the Fredericfl»«ll» f Denmark, itt PR E S^^Jufljiin*!, feated at, the conflux of the 'I'ren with the Eyder, 17 miles sw of SleiWicIt. Fredtrictowrii a town of JMaryland, capital of Frederic county.'with four edifices for public worlhip. Jt has a cfc.jfulcrable traue with the back coun- try, and is fituate'near the Monocacy, 47 miles w by rf of Balfimore. Lon. 77 -^6 w, lat. 39 a6 N. Freder'ictownt the capital of New Brunfwick, on th^ river St. John, which is thus far navigable for floops, 90 miles above thR city of St. John. Lon. 66 30 w, lat. 46 20 N. Freehold^ or Monmouthy a town of Newjei-fey, chief of Monniouth coun- ty. Here in 1778, general Waihington attacked fir Henry Clinton on his retreat from Philadelphia, and the latter loft 300 men. It is 20 miles s by e of Bruflfwick, and 30 e of Trenton. Freeporu a town of the diftri({l of Main, in Cumberland county, (ituate at the head of Ca(b6 bay, 10 miles ne of Portland. Freetown^ a feaport of Guinea, ca- pital of the colony of Sierra Leone. The harbour has three wharfs, and ' is protected by a" battery. It ftands on the s fide of the river Sierra Leone, near its ehtranc'e into the Atlantic ocean. Lon. la 56 w, lat. 8 30 n. Frehel, a cape of France, in the"tle- partment oFCotesdu Nord, 13 miles w of St. Malo. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 48 41 N. Frejus, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var. By the Romans it was called Forum Juliij and bad then a port on the Mediterraneati, froa^ which it is no\\^ two miles. It is the birthplace of that great Roman g;eneral and philofopher Agricola ; and near it fome fine remains of antiquity* are ftill vifiblie. It is feated near the river Ar- gens, in a moraf^ 40 ipiles ne of Tou- lon. I^n. 6'44 £, lat. 43 a6 '^• Frenay U Ficomte, a town ofFrartce, in the departhlent of S^e, nine miles ssw of Alen<;on. FfeUdtnberg^Si tdwn of FVail<:0nia,0(i the river Mafae, three mlleb w bf^ Wcrtheim. Freudfhbergt a town of Wcftphalia, in the county of Hoya, 13 miles s by w of Bremen^ Fre iJhutadt,iKtfit\gt<)Wn of Suabia. in theBlack Poreft; bUilt to dcfchd the paflfage into that foreft, Ih 1796, it was taken by the French. It is aj miles ISE of Baden. Fttudenthal^ a ^bwn of Silefia, in the ptiticipaiity' of IVoppSUi celebrated for Its Sreed of horfes, and manu&^ure i3, on the Danube, ao miles sw of Ulm. Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Wetter^via, lately imperial, but now fubjeA to Hefle-Darmitadt. It is Crat- ed on a mountain, by the river Ufbach, 15 miles N by E of Frankfort. Friedberg, a frontier town of Bavaria, with a caule, fituate on the Lechfeld, fix miles e of Augfburg, and 30 hw of Munich. Friedbergt a town of Silefia, in the principality of Schw«idnitz. A little N of the town a battle was gained by the king t)f Pruflia, over t^e Auftrians, vet 1745-^ It is feven miles nw of Schweidn'itz. Friedberg, a town of Gerniariy, in Stiria, oi the river Pink and frontiers of Hungary, 33 m^cs ne of Gratz, Friedkwgt a town of Wefiphalia, in E Friefland, with a cadle, 3^ miles e of Emden. Frieiland^ a town of Silefia, in the principality of Oppelen, on the riv/cr Stcina, x a milea « of Neiflc. FRI Friedlandt a town of I^ower Saxony, in Mecklenburg, feated in a fwampy cotmtry, on the frontiers of Pomerania, 16 miles ssw of Andaro. Fried/and f a town of Bohemia, oa the confines of Lufatia^ feven miles esk ofZittau. ' Friedlandt a town of Prtiflia, were the French, under Eonaparte, gained a complete vidtory over the Ruflians, June 14,1807. It is feated on the Alia, 2I miles SE of Konigfbcrg. Friendly hlandtt a group of iflandt in the S Pacific ocean, fu named by Cook, in 1773, on account of thefriend- fhip that appeared to fiibfill among the inhabitants, and their courteous be- haviour to ftrangers. Tafman, a Dutch navigator, firft touched here in 1643, and gave the names of New Amfter- dam, Rotterdam, and Middleburg, to three of the principal iflands. Cook explored the whole cliifter, which he found to confift of more than 20 iflands, t!.e principal of which are TongatabCo, or Amfterdain; Eaoovve, or Middle- burg ; Annamooka, or Rotterdam ; Hapaee, and Lefooga. The firft, which is the largeft, lies in 174 46 w Ion. and a I 9 .s lat. The general appearance of the^ iflands conveys an idea of the moft exuberant fertility, the furface, at i diftance, feems entirely clothed with trees of various fizes. fome of which arc very large, particularly the tall cocoa-palm, and a fpecies of fig with narrow-pointed leaves. On clofer exa- mination, tbc> are almoft wholly laid out in plantations, in which are fome of the richeft produAions of nature ; fuch as bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees, plantains, yams, fugar-canes^andafruit like a ne^arine. The ftock of qua- drupeds is fcanty; but they received from Cook fome valuable additions, both to the animal and vegetable king- dom. Their domeftic fowls are as large as thufe of Europe. Among the birds are parrots and parroquets of va- rious forts, which furnifh the red fea- thers fo much efiecmcd in the Society ifles. . The numerous reefs and fhuals afford fhelterfor an cndlefs variety of fliellfilh. Thefc iflands are all inha- bited by a race of people, who cultivate the earth with great iuduftry ; and na- ture, affiftcd by a little art, appears no where in greater fplendour. Agricul- ture, architedure, boat-building, and fifbing, are the employments of the men : to the women Is confint^d the manufa^ure of cloth. Frie ach, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, with a ftrong caltle on a. FRO mountain; feated on the MetnitZf tf milcj NNB of Clageofurt. t'rieslandt one of the provinces of Holland, bounded on the n by the Gfrman ocean, w by ^e Zuider-Zee, s by the fame and OveryflVI, and b by Overyflel and Grouingen. Thi» coun- try much refembles the province of Holland rtified town .of Ger- many, in Lower Hefle, with two col- k-gesand a convent, feated on the Eder, jomiles sw of CalTel. Friult, a province of Italy, bounded on the N by Carinthia, e by Carniola and the gulf of Trieft, s by the gulf of Venice, and w by the Trevifano and Bcllunefe. It is rich in tiniber, cattle, filk, wine, and fruit. Ut^a is the capital. Friull, or Gtta di n-iulh a town of Italy, in Friun, with a collegiate church, and five convents. It ftands at the foot of the mountains wttich feparate Friuli from Carniola, on the river Natifoae, 15 miles NE of Udina. Frodlingbivn, a town in E Yorkfliirc, with a market on Thurfday, 36 milca E of York, and 194 N of London. Frodjbam, a town in (?heihire, with a eiairket on Wedncfday. Here is a graving dock and yard for building and repairing veflels. It is feated on the Weaver, near its entrance into the ef- tuary of the Merfey, 1 1 miles he of tjiefter, land 19* nn'v of London. 'deaUx. jigal, in 1O8. ;, in the F U E Frome, a river which rifes in the Kw Eart of Dorfetfhire, near Wcrihot, flows y Frampton, Dorchefter, and Ware- hum, and enters the bay that fonni the harbour of Poole. Sronuj a town in Somerfetfliirr, with a market on Wcdnefday. It had formerly a monaftery, part of which, converted into tenements for poor fa- milies, may be feen in that part of the town called Lower Keyford. In 1801 the number of inhabitants was 8748. Here are conGderable manufactures of broad cloths and kerfeymeres. It is feated on a river of the fame name, rWhich enters the Avon above Bath, 1% miles s of Bath, and 103 w by s of London. Fronsac, a town of France, in the de* Eartment of Gironde.. Cearad^ on the *ordogne, 22 miles. fttjKi Fronteira, a town -t Alcntejo, 17 miles NE of] . Frontignan, a town of 1 .. ^ department of Ilerault, celebrated for its mufcadine wine., generally called Frontigniac. It is feated on the lake Maguleonc, 12 miles ssw of Mont* pellier. Froyen, an ifland in the North fea, near the coaft of Norway, about 35 miles In circumference. Loa. 9 o e, lat. 63 4j N. • Fruttngeftt a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Bern, 30 miles se of Friburg. Fuegot one of the Cape Vcrd iflands, in the Atlantic ocean, and a volcano, which burns continually- It is much higher than any of the reft, and fcems to be a Angle mountain at fea, but on the fides there are deep valleys. It has no river, and is almoft deititute of frefh water ; but is fertile in maize, gourds, wild figs, oranges, and apples, and has a great number of wild goats. It is 3co miles w of Cape Verd- Lon. 34 30 w, lat. 14 54 N- Fuefi'tebeou, a city of China, in the Erbvince of Chan-fi. Hyre are hot aths which attraA a great number of ftrangers. Its diftrid contains one city of the fecond, and feven of the third clafs. It is feated on the river Fuen, 380 miles sw of Peking- Lon. iii 30 E, lat- 37 20 N. Fuente Duenna, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, feated on the Tajo, '35 miles SE of Madrid. Fuente Ginaldo, a town of Spain, in Eftr .madura. In 1734 it was taken and plundered by the Portuguefe. It is i4 miles NW of Coria. Fuejjcttf a town of Suabia, in thf • FUN principality of Augfbiir^ with an an- cient ca!l1e, and a. Benedi<5tine abbey. It commands the pafs into Bavaria and Tvrol, and iii feated on the Loch, 50 tnfdes 8 of Auglburg. Lnn. 10 45 e, lat. 47 34 N. Fu/a, or Foulay the moft weftern of •the 8h«!tland illands, fuppofed to be the Ultiiha Thule of the ancients. It is three miles in length, and half as much in breadth, and affords pafturage fpr fliecp. The oflly landing-place, vtrhich is called Hani, lies on the e fide. Lon. 1 37 w, lat. 60 S7 s. FitUa^ a principality of Germany, in the circle of Upi>Fr Rhihe ; bounded on liie E tiy Thnringia and Wurtzburg, and on the other Ades by Wetteravia and HefTo. It wa« lately a bifliopric, but is now fubjedt to Qrange-Naflau. This countryi containing 760 fquare mile^, is vftry bleak and mountainous. Fuldoy a fbwh of Germany, capital of the principality of the fame name. Hefe are' many fine buildings, particu- larly the palace, three churches, a coU Kge, and a univerj^ty. It is feutcd on the Fulda, $$ mileis s of Caflel. Lbn. <;48 R, lat. 5034 N. Fulhantt a villa|;e in Middlefex, fiour miles w by s of London, feated on the Thames, over which is a wooden bridge to Putney. It has been the demefne of the biOfops of London ever fince the poncjueft : here they have a palace ; and m the churchyard are the tombs of fcveral of the prelates. ' Fullaitt a country in the interior part of Africa, w of thft kingdom of Caltina. Its boundaries have not been afcertain- ed, nor has the face of the country been defcribed. The drefs of the natives refemblestheplaids of the Scotch High- landers. Fu/nei, a town and caftle of Moravia, on the frontiers of Silefia, a6 miles ene pfPferau. Funchali the capital of Madeira, Tituate round a bay, on the gentle af- cent of fome hills, m form of an amphi- theatre. An old caftle which com- mands the road, ftands on the top of a fteep black rock, called the Loo Rock, furroundcd by the ica at high water; there are alfo three other forts, and fcvoral batteries. The ftreets are nar- row and dirty, though ftreams of water run through them. The houfes are built of freeftone, or of bricks } but they are dark, and only a few of the beflt, are provided with glafs windows; all the others have a kind of lattice- work in their ftead, which bangs on FUR hinges. The beams aqd rpof of the cathedra] are of cedar ; but the chief bitantr Lon. 17 6 e, lat. %z ?8 n. Funaj, a bay of N America, between New Enj^land and NoV^ Scotia, iemark- abje for its tides, which nfc from the height of 30 to 60 fleet, apd flow rapidly. It extends about 300 miles in a ne di- reftion^ and with Vert bay, which pufhes into the land ip a sw'diredion from Northumberland ftrait, forms an ifthmus of only 1 3 miles wide, which unites Nova Scotia to New firunf- wick. Punetty an ifland of Denmark, 159 miles in circumference ; feparated fiim Jutland by a ftrait, called the Little Belt, and from Zealand, by the Great Belt, jft is fertile in pafture and grain, and exports to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and peas. Odenfe^ is the capital. Ftatfk'ircheni or Five Churches, an epif- cppal town of Hungary, fituate in a fertile country, betw^fen the Drave and the Dianube, 85 miles ssw of Buda. Lon. 18 13 E,lat. 4^ia ». Fmrlit a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore» ai miles sse of Solmona. Fumes, a. towit of the Netherlands, in Flanders, feated near the German ocean, on the canal firom Bruges to Dunkirk. It was one of the barrier towns ; but, in i7^U emperor Jofcph rr expelled the Dutch garrifon. It was taken by the French in 1793, and is la miles e of Dunkirk. Furruckabadt a town of Hindooftan, in the territory of Rohilcund, capital of afmall diftridt, about 30 miles in length, on the right bank of the Ganges, which belongs to a chief of the Patan Rohillatribe. It isfeated on the Ganges, 70 mites E of Agra, and 76 nw of Luck- now. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 37 a8 n. Fustettau, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Ofnaburg, 13 miles sw of Qudkenbqrg. Furstenberg, a principality of Sui)|)ia» between the Black foreft and the prin- cipality of Conftancc. Jn (bis ftate the river Danube takes its rife. Furstenbergt a town of Siiabia, in the principality of the fame name, with an ancient caftle on a mountain, near the Danube, 17 miles s by w of RothweiK Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 47 53 n. _ . Furstcnbergf.a^ town of Upper-Sax* GAB enyt in Lufntia, on the river Oderi ii wile* & by E of Frankfort. Furstenbergt a town of Lower Saxony^ in Mecklenbufg-Strelits!, on ibv river Hav«l» 10 miles s of StrelitZi. FufJtenfirldt M town of Germany, in Stiria, with a caAle> on the river Auft- nitZf 30 miles s of Gratz. FursteHrings and near it is a rock from wbicb iflues petroleum. ^ > Gmbitit a town of Poland, in Hie oa* latinate of Rava, 50 miles mw of Wi^ faw. Lon. 19 4J »» lat. s% %6 v. Gabon, a country of Guinea, bounded on tlie N by M;\ionibo, s Uy Anziko, s by Loango, and w by tbe Atlantic. It has a river of the fame. name, which enters the Atlantic a little n of tht equinoctial line. The chief town it Sette. ■^ Gfid^ttith, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg, near which the Swedes defeated the Danes and Saxons in 1714. It is 116 miles nnw of Schwcrin. • Gadaitisy a town of Barbary, m Bi« ledulgerid, capital of a eountiy of tht fimne name. It 4s 179 miles sw of Tripoli. Lon. 10 40 a; lat. jo 40 n. . Gaeta, a ftrung town of Naples* in Terra di Lavoro, with a fbrt, a cita- del, and a harbput . It was taken by the Auftriatis in 1707^ by the SpaniardI in 1734, and by the French in 1H6. It is feated at the foiot of a mountaii;, oa the gulf of &aeta, 30 m'des nw of Ca« pua. Loo. 13 47 f^f lat. 51 50 N. Gqgo, a town of Negroland, ea^tal of a country of the ftme nanet which abounds in rice, coni, and mines of gold. It is 300 mika ssb of Tombue* too. Lon. 3 so «, lat. 1 1 }o n. GaUdorf, a town of Francpnia, |r the lordfhip of Limburg, with a cadftle^ near the river Kocber, 13 miles w of Eiwangen. Gaillae, a town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn, celebrated for its wine. It is feated on the Tarn, tirhicli is here navigable, 10 miles sw of Alby. Gaillon, a town of France, in thede- partment of Eure, with a magnificent palace, belonging to the archbi(hop of Rouen. It is u miles me of Eurcux* and sa ssE of Rouen. Gaintborough, a toMrn in Lincolnfhiref vi'ith a market on Tuefday, feated qit the Trent, over which is a handfomc ftone bridge. It is a river-pott of fomo confequence, being acceflible to ve^ls of fufficient fize to navigj^te the fea ; and ferves as a place of exp<»rt and im> port for the n part cf the county, and for Nottinghamfliire. It is 17 miles NW of Lincoln, and 149 N by w of London. Lon. o 36 e, lat* 53 a8 n. Gairloeh, a large bay of Scotland, on the w coaft of Rofsfhire, which gives name to a traA of land near it- The fifhing of cod, and other white fiih, ia here very confiderable, GAL Oaltft Of OmUul, a town of Euro* peon Turkeyy in Moldavia. In 1790, it was taken by the Ruffians, after a bloody battle. It is feated on a lake, near tnc conflux of the Pruth with the Danube. 55 miles w of Iflnad, and iso asw of Bender. Lon. t% 94 a, lat. 45 34 N. OaiasJiidtt a toWn of Scotland, in Selburfclhire. with a manufadure of woollen cloth, known by the name of Oalalhiels Gray. It is feated on the -Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed, five mifeo v of Selkirk. Oolasot a river of Naples, in Otranto, which rifes near Oria, and runs into the gulfofTarento. Oa(fiiUv, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, 23 miles se of Limerick. Oalieia, a country in the sw i>art of Poland, which extends 320 miles from B to w, and 390 in breadth. It comprifes Little Poland, the ereateft part of Red Ruffia, and a flip of Podo* iia to the w of the river Bog. This territory was forcibly feized by the Auftrians in 177a and 1*95, and incor- porated into the Auftnan dominions, under the appellation of the kingdom of ^alicia and Lodomeria. The moun* 'nous parts produce fine pafture { the ^>iains are moftly (andy, but abound in rorefts, and are fertile in com. The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey ; and thefe coun- tries contain mines of copper, lead, iron, and fait, of which the latter are the moft valuable. This country is di- vided into Eaft Galicia and Weft Gali. cia» of which the capitals are Lemburg and Cracow. Oalitiot a province of Spain, bounded on the N aAd w by the Atlantic, s by Portuj^l, and x by Afturias and Leon. The air is temperate along the coaft> but in other places cold and moift. It is thin of people. The produce is wine, flax, and cttvons. Here alfo are copper, tin, and lead; and the forefts yield wood for building fhipSr Compoftella is the capital. Galicia, Nfiw- See Ouaialajara. GaHitiot a town of Spain, in Eftre- madura, 10 miles nw of Placentia. Galitteht 9. town of Ruflia, in the government of Koftroraa, on the s fide of a lake of its nan^e, 56 miles en a of Koftioma. Lon. %% 54 e, lat. (756 sr. Gall, St- anew canton of Swiifenand, bordering on the lake of Conftance, be- tween the cantons of Thui;gau and Appenzel. Gall, St. or St. Callcn, a tow^ of SwfP' GAL feriand, capital of the canton of St. Gall. It has a rich abbey, wkofe abbot formeriy pofl*eflM the fbvereignty of the town. The town is entirely pro. teftant ; and the fubieas of the abbot, whole territory is mftind, are moftlv catholics. The abbey is fituate dole to the town ; and in its library are many curious msnufcripts. The town has an extenfive trade, arifing chiefly ^om its linen manufaAures and bleaching, grounds. It is feated in a narrow va|. unrt on two fmall ftreams, 35 miles b or Zurich. Lon. 9 18 a* lat 47 si n. Gallant, a town of Negrolandr ca- pital of a kingdom of the fame name, on the river Senegal. The French built a fort here, which was ceded to the Englifli in 1763. During the American war it was taken by the French/ Qtat reftored in 1783. Lob. 10 e w, lat. u 35 w. ^ Gallardott, a town of France, in the department of Eureand Loir, 19 miles MBofChartres. / GalU, or Point de Galle, a feailort on the a coaft of Ceylon, in a nch and beautiful diftriA, with a ftrong fort, and a fecure liarbour. It is populous, and in point of trade ranks next to Columbo. The chief branch of its traffic confifts in the exportation of fi(b to the con. tinent ; but a great part of the produds of the ifland are alio flripped here for Europe. It is 8 j miles s by a of Co* lumbo. Lon. 80 10 a, lat. 6 a n. Galliopolij, a town' of the ftate of Ohio, fituate on the river Qhio, nearly oppofite the influx of the Great Kan- haway, 130 miles b of Cincinnati, and a8o w of Wafliington. Galli^gos, a number of iflands in the Pacific ocean, difcovered by the Spaniards^ to whom they belong. They are not inhabited ; but the Spaniards touch here for frefb water and provi- fions, when they fail from America to Afia. Here are a great number of birds, and excellent tortoifes. They lie under the equator, the centre i||an4 in lon. 85 30 w. Gallipeli, a ftrait between European and Afiatic Turkey, the ancient Helicf- pont. It forms the pommunication be- tween the Archipelaeo and the fea of Marmora, and is defended at the sw entranee by two caftles. It is liere two miles over, and is 33 miles long. Sco Dardanelles. Gallifoli, a feaport of European Tur. key, in Romania, the reiidence of a fiacha, and the fee of a Greek bifliop, t contains about 10,000 Turks, 3500 Creeks, befide a great mimber of Jew^. GAM It t< an open place, with no other defence than a forry fquare caftle, and ftands on the firait of the fame name, i oo milet aw of Conftantinople. Lon. a« 59 "» '»*• 4© a* "• GttlBfoUt a feaport of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, and a biihop'a fee- This palace is a great mart for olive oil, and has a nanutaAure of muQins. It is featcd oa a rockv ifland, on the s fliore o( the bay of loranto,and joined to the mainland by a bridge, proteded by a fort, 33 miled w ofOtranto. Lon. 165 K, Iat.40 ao V. Galh, an ifland in the Pacific ocean, near the coaft of Peru ; the firft place polTelfed by the Spaniards, wiien they attempted the conqueft of Peru. Lon. 600 Wf lat. 230 N. Gi^lewajft a diftriA of Scotland, now divided into £a(t and Weft Galloway, or KiricudirightjAiret and IVigtonshire. It was famous for a particular breed of iiinall borfes, calkd gdUoways. Gallowatft New, a borough of Scot- land, in Kirkcudbrightfliire, on the river Ken, 14 miles n of Kirkcudbright. Galmietf St. a town of France, in the department of Loire, with a medicinal fpring of a vinous taftc, 18 miles s of Montbrifon. Galnuay, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 82 miles long and 42 broad ; bounded on the w by the Atlantic, n by Mayo and Rofcom- mon, G by Rofcommon, Kings county, and Tipperary, and s by Clare and Galway bay. It is divided into 1 16 pa- riibest and contains about 142,000 in- habitants. The greater part is veiy fertile; but toward the m andw the foil is coarfe. The river Shannon walhes the 8K frontier, and forms a lake feveral miles in length. It fends three membrs to parliament; Galvraif, a borough and feaport of Ireland, capital of a county of the fame name. It is furrounded by ftrong walls ; the ftreets are large and ftraight, and the houfes are generally well built of Hone. The harbour i» defended by a fort. Here is a linen otanufadturis and a conMerable trade in kelp. The falmon and herring filhery is alfo con- fiderable. It ftands on a bay of the fame name, on the Atlantic ocean, 42 miles sw of Rofcommon, and 120 w of Dublin. Lon. ^ 30 w, lat. 53 ti v. Gambia, a nvcr of Africa, which is fuppofed to rife in the mountains on the Nw borders of Guinea, and, flowing Nw and w, enters the Athntic ocean at Cape St. Mary. It overflows the coun- try annually, like the Xfile, ;»nd is 04? G A N vigable for Ooops 6«o niles from tti mouth. The country on its banks was ceded to England by the p'-asc of 1783. CambroH. See Oombron. Gaiut, Ganarai fee Ghana, Chananu Ganatt, a town of the empire of CaF> Ana, a8» miles n by e of Agades. Loo. 14 30 c, lat. 24 40 N. Gand. See Qheat. Gandersheim, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Brunfwick-Wul- fenbuttle, with a celebrated convent, 17 miles sw of Collar. Gandiata. town of Spain, in Valencia, with a fraall univerlitv; feated on a river, near its entrance into the gulf of Valencia, 32 miles s by k 01 Y^eacia, and 48 N by E of Alicant. GamfieotUi, a town and fortreCi oF Hindooftan, in the circar of Cuddaps, near which is a diamond mine. It is feated on a lofty mountain, by the river Pennar, 33 miles wn w of Cudidapa. Caadiaa, a town of Italy, in Berga> niafco, 10 miles n£ of Bergamo. Cangafiatnam, a town ot iliiidooftan, in the Camatic, at the mouth of the Pennar. 94 miles n of Madras. Lon. 80 12 B,lat. 14 24 N. Gangea, or Ganja, a town of Perfia^ in the province of £rivan, 105 miles s by £ of Tefflis. Lon. 45 50 k, lat. 41 10 V. Gangelt, a tovi# of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 16 miles nw of Juliers. Ganget, ^ celebrated river of Alia, which has it« fource in two fprings, on the w fide of Mount Kentaiffe, in Tibet. The two ftreams take a w diivdiion for 300 miles, when meeting the nApc of Himmaleh, they turn s, unite their waters, and form what is properly call- ed the Ganges, from the Hindoo won! Ganga* which fignifics a river ; a term given it by way of eminence. . This great body of. water now farces a pj^ fage through the ridge of Himmaleh, at the diftance of 400 miles below the- place of its firft approach, and, ruihing through a cavern, precipitates iti'clf into a vaft bafin, at the hither foot of the mountain. The Ganges thus .-ippears. to incurious fpedators, to have its fon«x:e from this cliain of mountains. Superftition has given to the mouth of the cavern the form of the head of % cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in' great ^veneration ; and it is therefore called the Gangotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this places it takes ass dircftion tbfough tht^ couui^y of Suina* GAR rati tintili at Hurdwar, it ilnilty cfcftpes frDin this mounttinoii* trad in which it hn wandered 800 miles. From Hurd- wart where it guftics through an open- ing in the mountains, and enters Hin- d«oftan« it< flows laoo miles with a fmooth navigable ftream, through de- Kghtfu) plains, to the bay of Bengal, which it enters by feTcra) months, tnat form an cxtenfive delta. In its courfe throngh thefe plains, it receires ii rivMrs, ibmc of them larger and none finaller tlian the Thames, befidj; many of inferior note. In the annual inunda- tion of this river, which on an average rifes 31 fi^t, the country is overflowed to the extent of more than 100 miles in width. The Ganges is, in everjr re- fpeA, one of the moft beneficial rivers in the world; diffufing plenty imme- diately by means of its living produc- tions, and fecondarily by enrichmg the lands, affording an eafv conveyance for the production of its borders, and giv- ing employment to many thoufand boatmen. It is no wonder, therefore, that the Hindoos regard this river as a kind of deity, that they, hold its waters in high veneration, an^hat it is vifited annnally by a prodigious number of pil- grims from all parts of Hindooftan. Oangotri, a town of the country of Sirina^ur, feated on the Ganges, where that river riifhes through a cavern of the Himmaleh moontams, 170 miles XNW of Sirinagur. Lon. 76 35 s, lat. 33 8 "• Vangpour, a town of Hindooftan, in Orifla, capital of a cifcar of its name. It is 50 miles KNE of Sumbulpour, and ■60 Mw of Cattack. Lon. 84 10 e, lat. . Ganjami a town of Hindooftan, in the circar of Cicacole, on the bay of Bengal, at the mouth of a riv(?r, which is rarely navigable, i ro miles nE of Ci* cacole. Lon. 85 ao b, lat. 19 a% n. Gattnati a town of France, in the de« partincnt of AUier, 30 miles s of Mou- lin s. Gap, a town of France, capital of the department of Upper Alps, and lately a biihop's fee. It has a fort called Piiy- more, and is feated on the fmall river Bcue, at the foot of a mountain, in which fome mineral waters are found, 47 miles ssE of Grenoble. Lon. 6 5 e, lat. 44 34 v. Gapjalt a town of RufSa, in the go- vernment of Revel, on a fmall gulf of the Baltic, ^6 miles wsw of Revel. Garak. See Karek. Gard, a department of France, in- cluding part of the Ute proviucc of <; A s Lingtiedoc. It has its name from k rapid river, which rifet in the depait. ment of Lnrerre, flows be throngh thii departtticnt,and enters the Rhoncabme Beaucalre. Nifmes is the capital. Ganfa, a town of Italy, in th^ Vim). nefe, feated on tbe e fhore of a lake of its name, 17 miles nw of Verona. Gmrday Lake eft the largeft lake in Italy, lying between the territories of Verona atul Brefcia. It is 30 miles long, and 10 where broadeil ; but not above four toward its northern extremi. ty, which enters the principality of Trent. GardefaMt or Guardi^fuiy a cape in the Indian ocean, tliC moft eafteriy point of Africa. Lon. 51 10 e, lat. 11 40 x. Gardelebtny a town of Brandenburg, in the Old noark, with roanufadurcs of cloth, and a trade in hops and excellent beer ; feated on tbe river Beife, ij miles w of Stendal. GarigKaHo, a river of Naples, \tshich rifes near the lake of Celano, ar i flowi by Sora and Aquino into the gulf of Gaeta. .Garmoulhy a town of Scotland, in Murrayfhire, at the mouth of the Spey, with a good harbour. Great quantities of Ihip-timber are floated down the river to the town, and many fmall vef* fels are built here. Wool is alfo a con- fiderable article of commerce. It ii eight miles b of Elgin. Garonnet a river of France, which rifes in the Pyrenees, and flows nw by Touloufe and Bourdeaux, below which it is joined by the Oordogne, and their united ftreams form the Gironde. Garonncf Vppery a department of France, containing part of the late pro- vince of Langucdoc. Touloufe is the capital. Garrhofif a town of Ireland, in the county of Fennanagh, 10 miles se of Ballyfhannon. Ga'-ju, a town of the kingdom of Fez, furrounded by walls, ancf the houfes built with black ftone. It i\aiidi in a fertile country, on the Mulu, fi miles 8 E of Melilla. Carstan^f a corporate town in Lan- cafhire, with a market on Thnrfday. Here are the ruins of Greenbaugh caftle ; and in the tieighbonrhood are feveral cotton-works. It is feated on the river Wyre, 10 miles s of Lancafter, and 229 MNW of London. GartZi a town of Hither Pomerania, feated on the Oder, 13 miles s by w of Stettin. Gajconyt a late province of trance, bounUcd'oii the w by the bay of fiifcay, bythePr of a lively lug of, the O AU « by Ouieme. s br Laaguedoc« and s L the Pyrenees. The inhabitants are of a lively di^ofition, famouafor boaft- iiuT of their exploits, which baa occa- liooea Uie n«in« ^^ Gafconade to be riven to aJl bragging ftories. Thli pro- vince, with Aroiagnac, d/ow form* the department of Ocrs. ... Gastuttf a tojwa of B>Tana, in the (Jucliy of Sftlzbiirg, celebrated for ita \v.irm baths, and mines of IcAd» iron» and gold. It is 45 miles s of Salzburg. Gflfa, Cafe, a promontory of Spain, on the coaft of Granada, cunttfting of an enormous rock of a fiogular nature 9nd appearance, 24 >;ni}es in circuit. Lon.»4*Wflat. 36,43 w. ^ Gatehouse, a town of Scotland, m KirkcudbHghtlhire, near the mouth of tke river Fleet. Here are confidei'able cotton works, and an exteniive tannery. Iti» nine miles nw of Kirkcudbright. Gateibeadi a town in the county of Durham, feated on the Tyne, over which is a handfome bridge to New- cattle. It appears like a fnburb tp Newcaftle, and is celebrated for it* grindftones, which are exported to all parts of the world. The number of in- habiUnts in 180 1 was 8597. It is 13 • miles .V of Durham, and 269 n by w of London. Gattort, a borough in Surqr, which now has neither market nor fair. It is two miles np of Kyegate, and 19 3 by w of London. Gaudensf St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, feat- ed on the Garonne, 13 miles ene of St. Bertrand. Gaveren, or WnvereH, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, fuated ou the ' Scheldt, eight miles she of Ghent. ■ G^vi, a town of the territory of Genoa, formerly an important frontier place toward Montferrat and th6 Mi- ianefe; feated on the Lemo, 19 miles Nw of Genoa- paw, dr Zot^f, a city of Ufbec Tar- tary, capital of the province of Gaur ; leated oh the river Zouf, 1 30 miles s by w of Balk. Lon. 64 4<\w, lat. 3^5 n. Gaukarna, a town ex Hindoollan, in Canaia, of great note among the Bra- mins, for a celebrated image w Si va, and many ancient infcriptions on ftone. It enjoys fome commerce, and ftauds in a well cultivated plain, near the mouth of ^ river, ?» miles nnw of Knndapura. Gifuts, ftupendoi|s mous^tains of Hin- dooftan, extending along the e and w coafts of the Pcninfula. The w ridge, called by the natives the mouptain* of Sul^hieOf extends from cape Comurin to 4? E L the r!v«r Tapty* at the 4iAanoe of from 40 to 70 miles from the Ihore ; except « ^ap, oppofite Panitay, about 16 miles m biwadth, chiefly occupied by 8' fo- reft. They rife abruptly ftvm the lo«r country, fupporting, ni the nature of a terrace, a vaft extent of fertile and po- pulous plains* which are fo elevatcda* to render the air cool and pleafant. Gaut, according to the original import of the word, fi^'Difies a pafs through or over mouotaiiu; and, by an extended fenfe, is applied to the mountains thon- felves. Ga»a, a town of Syria, in PaleftinCi two miles fi-om the Mediterranean, with a harbour and a caltle. . It is now very fmall; but from the appearance of the ruins, it was formerly a confider- able place. Here are manufaiSurea of cotton ; but the principal commerce it furuiihed by the caravans between Egypt and Syria. It ftands in a fertile country, jo miles sw of Jerufakm. Loo. 34 45 E, lat. 31 a8 w. iiazypourt a town tn arm of the gulf of Bothnia, which divides the town» and forms two iflands. The export» are principally iron, pitch, tar, arid planks. It is 90 miles NNW of Stock> holm. Lon. 17 20 e, lat. 60 40 n. Gehlf a town of Chinefe Tartary* with a large palace, and a magniiicciit temple of Budha. Here the emperor of China received the Britifli embaify in 1793. It is 136 miles k of Peking. GeiUnkireheitt a town of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Ger- many, in the duchy of Juliers ; feated on the river Worm, 10 miles wnw of Juliers. iieislhigen, a tv^^n of Suabia, on the rivulet Rohrach, i z miles nw of Ulm. Gtifmur, a town of German^, in the principality of HelTc, 14 miles a tit Cafll-1. Geissf a town, of Germany, in the principality of Fukia, 16 miles ne of Fulda. Ge/iitrlandi one of the provinces of Holland, and the largeft pf them all. Ifc Mes between the Zuider Zee, the pro- vinces of Holland, Utrecht, and Over- yllct, the principality of Munftcr, the l.atc duchy of Clast, and Dutch Br*? GEM bant; and it'divided into three quartrrt or conntiet» called Nimtrguent Arn- heiiDi ard Zutphen» from the principal townii. It is fertile in fruit and corn ; and, in many parti, abounds in wood. GelJerlani, Uffer, a territory of the Nethcrlandit lying in detached part*, on both fides the river Meufe ; latoly divided into Auftrlan, Dutch, and Pru* fian Gelderland. The Auftrlan part included Ruremonde, and its depen- dencies ) the Dutch comprehended the lordftiipa of Velno and Stevenfwert; and the Prufltan contained the ciapit , Gelderv, and its diftriA, which v/m reckoned as apart of the circle of Weft* phaliat Tbcle diftrlAs have been re- cently annexed to France ; the Auftrian and Dutch part included in the depart- ment of Lower Meufr, and the Pruflian in that of Kocr. Geldei'i, a town of France, in the de- fartment of Rocr, lately the capital of 'ruflian Gelderland. Here is a palace, the reftdencc of the former dukes It was taken in 170J, by the king of Pruf- iia; and in 1713, the town and its dif- trid was ceded by France to that prince, in exchange for the principality of Orange. In 1757 it furrendered to the Frencn, who reftr,r««d it in 1764, after di.>molifliing the fortifications. It again furrendered to them in 1 7^4 ; and was afterward, with its diftritft, annexed to France. It is ao%iiles ssc of Cleve. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 51 3 1 n. Gelnhausent a town of Germany, in Wetteravia. with a eaftio, feated on the Kintzig. 18 miles ne of Hanau. Gemblourst a town of the Nether- Lmds, in Brabant, with an ancient abbey, feated on the Orneau, xz miles se of Bruflels. Gemingen, a town of France, in the department of Rhine and Mofelle, lately pf Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhhie ; feated on the Simmem, 34 miles 8 of Coblentz. Geminianot St. a town of Tufcany, in the Fiorentino, feated on a mountain, in which is a mine of vitriol, 35 miles ssw of Florence. Gemqnat i town of Italy, in Friuli, sear the river TagliamentU) zo miles WNW of Friuli. Gemund, a town of Suabia, feated on the Rcms, 30 miles nnw of Ulm. Gemund, a town of France, in the de- partment of Roer, lately of Germany, m the duchy of Juliers ; feated on the Roer, 24 miles sw of Cologne. Gemund', a town of Germanv, in Ca- rinthia, with manufaflures of iron and ftipel) 16 miles avf of Villacb. GEN Gemundeni a town of Franconia, m the principality of Wurtzburg, on the river Maine, as miles n of Wurtxburi Gemundtn, a town of Auftria, famouj for its fait- works) feated at the n'tM of a lake of the fame name, on tlie rivtr Traun, the outlet of the lake, so niu sywofLintz. Genaft uttntn of the,Netherlandi,in Brabant, with an ancient oaftle, feattd on theDyle, i5milek se of Brofl'elt. Gentueet a rive* of the United Stafet which rffec on the n border of Pennfyl. vania, and runs vnb through the ftate of New York into Lake Ontario. It has three falls, which fumifh excellent mill-feats ; and on its b'>rder8 are the <»enc(rre flat«, :o miles long and four broad, the foil rich and clear of trees. Geneva^ a town of New York, in Onorrdago county, fituate on the ntv corner of Seneca lake, 24 miles ssr of Canandaqua, and 106 w of Cuopcrf* town. Geneva t a fortified city, capital of a territory of the lame name, furrotind- ed by the duchy of Savoy, of which it vvas formerly a part, and the fee jf a bifliop, now relident at Annccy. In !584, Geneva concluded an alliance with Zurich and Bern, by which it was an aflbciate of SwilTerlaniL During the greater part of the i8th century, there were frequent contefts between the arif. tocratic and the popular parties; and the years 1768, 178a, 1789, and 1794, were diftinguilhed by great revolutions. The laft was effedled entirely by the in- fluencc of the French ; and not long after, this city and its territory was made a departmetit of France, under the name of Leman. Geneva, which ftands partly on a plain at the w end of the lake, and partly on a gentle afcent, is irregularly built. It hn$ a good arfe- nal, and a univerfity founded in 1368. The houfes are lofty ; and many in the trading part of the city have arcades of wood, which are raifed even to the up- per ftories. The inhabitants, eftiinated at 36,900, carry on a great trade, and among others the watch-making bufi- nefs is particularly Rourifhing. Geneva is 4» miles ne of Chambery, and 135 Nw of Turin. Lon. 6 o e, lat 46 13 N. Geneva, Lake a/, a large expanfe of water, between Savoy and Swiffcrhnd, in a valley, which ieparates the Alps from Mount Jur£. Its length, from the city of Geneva to Villeneuve, is 54 miles ; and the breadth, in the wideft part, is I z. The waterncar Geneva ii fltallow; in other parts the depth i( GEN ,arioui( the gnatfft, yet found by (jittodiog, i» «*o ^aibomi. The river Rhone rum through it from the i to the w extremity. , „ ^, . Qtngnbacht a town of Suabia, m Rrifgau, with a Benedidine abbey t ftated on a rivulet of the fame iiatnet whiob flow* into the Kintzig, ao miici KofFriburg- Gtngtux di Royal, St. a town of France, in the department of Saone and j^ire, celebrated fjor ita excellent wine ; feated at the foot of a mountain, 17 milci sw of Chalons. Geniei, £/ a town of Francet in the department of Aveiron> 24 miles ne of Rhodes. . ». ^ GtHHs, a town of France, m the de- partment of Aifne, la miles a of St. Ouontin. GtHHfh a town of France, in the de- partment of Roer, lately of Germany, in the duchy of Cleve ; feated on the Niers, eight miles ssw of Cleve. Geaoa, or Liguria, a republic of Ital^, extending along that part of the Medi- ten-anean called the gulf of Genoa, 150 milet ; but the breadth is onlv from 8 to I a miles. Where it is not bounded by the fea, it is bordered from w to e b]r Piedmont, Milan, Parma, and Tuf- cany. It is populous, well cultivated, and fertile near the fea ; but thu inner parti are mountainous, and barren in leveral places. The corn grown is in- fuffident for its own confumption ; but there are abundance of excellent fruits and vegetables ; and its mulberry and olive trees are innumerable. The go- vernment of the republic was ariRocra- ticjrom the year 1598 till 1798, when tbe French form was chofen. or rather enforced, and the new ftyle aflbmed of the Ligurian Republic. Genoa, a city nd fcaport, capital of the republic of the fame name, and an archbilhop's fee. It ia fix miles in cir- cumference, built Uhc an amphitheatre, and full of marble churches and pa- laces; whence it has the name of Genoa the Proud. On the Jamd fide it is de« fended by a double f$rrtification i and the harbour is protedcd by two forts, •ne of which has its top formed of fttong glafs, and is iliyminatad at night l>7 35 great lamps. The inhabitants are computed at 80,000. It has manu- faftures of velvets, damalks, gold and filver tUTues, and ptaper ; and the hank- ing bufinefii is a very profitable article ofcomnnerce. Hercarethi^ public (tore- boufeg, from which the intNibitants are. obliged to purchale wine, oil, bread, ^d wood ; and only the prin»pKitoPfl> GEO chi ^ allowed, upon paying a futn of .. to procure theft article* abroad. The ftreett are kept clean, but many of them are narrow and un- even. The harbour is vay confidera- ble, and has a mole s6o pace* in length. 13 in breadth, and 15 fleet above the level of the water. Genoa was taken, in 1746. by the Auftrians, whofe oppref- fion of the inhabitants was fuch, that the latter fuddenly rofe and expelled their conquerors, who again befieged the city, the next year, but without cfTeA. In 1798. the French became mafter* of this city. In 1800 it fuftain- ed a fiece by a Rritiih fleet and Auftrian army tul literally it.uvi'd, and was eva- cuated by capitulation ; but foon after- ward it wa* again delivered up to the French, on their viAory at Marengo. Genoa i* 62 mile* sk of Turin, and no WNW of Florence. I likewife called Cafina, or Cayo Caftgo; By a convention in j-yBfr. the Eiijltih logvfooil-Cutters were penuitted, under certain reftridioiis, to occupy this ifland. Lon. 8i 35 w, lat. 17 4x> N. Georgetrxattt a feaport of S Carolina, capital of a ^llrid of the fame name. The public buildings arc three churches> a court'houfe, aiftl an academy. It ftands near the jun«5tion of a number of rivers, which here form a broad ftream called Winyaw bay, 1% miles from the fea, and 55 n by e of Charlefton. Lnuc 79 50 w, lat. 33 ao N. Ceorgttowitt a town of Delaware,, chief of Suifex county, 16 miles wsw •f Lewes^Mid 103 a by w of PhtladeU phia. Georgetawni a town of Maryland, In Kent county, feated on the Saflalras, xMne miles from its mouth ia Chciapeak bay, and 65 sw of Pfailadejphia. Ce^rget!o tege, for the promotion of general lite^ ratUre, foundled by the Roman catho* Ues4 It isilitvatron the Potomac, and 00 the w! fide of RodS creek, which fe<* parates it from Wafhington, four iniles WMW of tjitecapitol, aiul46 sw of Balti'^ more. Georgetotvn, a town of tht diftridl of Main, and the oldetb in liocoln coun> ty. It ia the fpot where the Engliflv firft attempted to coloMte New £iig> land, in 1607, ^^^ flasds near the mouth of the Kcanebec, 1 j milet i Vf WcfWifcafllt. 616 C7*«jfttb«e«v a town of the |fet< a Georgia, in Oglethorpe 4om>ty, (ittast^ oft the Ogeeche, 44 m^lM nnw of Lcuifville. Ceorjii*, a courityy c# Afia» catted bv tiie PeiQana Ooiniftan, dnd by the Turks Crurtfhi. It i* one of the feven CaucafiaR natiorts, iti the countries be- tween the Black -fea and the Carjii&n and comprehends the ancient lb«ria and Cotchitf. It isr bomxfcd on the x by Circaffia, b by Dagheftan and Schiri. van, s by Arnlertia, and W by Cuban or the new Ruffian government of Can! cafia^ It is divided into nine pruvinscs. Of thefe, five foitn what is comnionly called the kingdom of Georgia; a.rd four the kntgdom or pnhelpalitv of Imeritia. The lai>^ reighing prince ceded this country ic Ruffia jn his death, which happened in : «oo. The hflls of Georgia are covered with forcRs of oak, alh, beech, cheftnuts, walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, grow. ing perfe%. Geoiige, the tut^^lary faint of thefe countri excellent foidiers: but the men have n6 virtue, except courage ; fathers felt their cbikfttn, aiid' fometlmes thcif Vivei^ Bioth i^xes are addidh-'d" to diMriMttMft, aiHl afe paHiiculniy'foBdr i._Aljrw.^*i:C4u:..j V a town of the^ttf^ >glethorpfe dornity, fitwt< sche, %4 imiN nmw of JouWttyrfAfia^caHedbv Otiiniftan, dnd by the li. It bone of the ftvw tiorts, in the countries' bf. ack fea and the Cafpian, »end« the ancient Iberia R is bounded on the » B by Dagheftan and Schh<- nieriia, and vf by Cuban, uffian government of Can. Ivided into nine provinjcs, ' form what is comnionly ngdem of Georgia; a;,d gdom or piiheipalitv of 'he la,'^ reighing pHnce ountry ic Ruffia un his happened in :«oo. The ia are covered with forefts beech, chellnuts, walnuts, :ircled with vines, grow- viHld, bat producing raft grapes, from which much andf are made. Cotton ineoufly, ai well a« the n fruit-trees. Rice, wheat, and flax, arc raifed on tbe vvitbout culture. The the firteft pafturage, the I- of Mi, the mountains nettls^^ and the climsteis ! rivers of Georgia, teng lain torrents, aia always id or too fliailow for the ivigation. The Georgians )f the Greek communicfti, have received their name tachment to St George, ^int of thefe countries. a»ly refembles <.hat of the men of rs' k frequently ofPirfii. Theyulijrfly beards, ana nails with amen emplo7 the fame the palms of their hands. they wear a cap of fillet, htii' black hair falls on ; behind; it is braided ffe»: their' eyebrows are aek in fAch a nVanntr a« itiKline, and thefkfif iittrgians have-grestt Ikfll' M , bow and are dtwhled' '8': but the men' have nb courage ; fathers felt and' foinetfmes their" f%x^ are addiai'd" to Kl ai^e paificulaviy'foB^ GEO of brandy. The other inhabitants of Georgia are Tartars, Ofli, and Arme- rians. Thefe laft are found all over Georgia, fometimcs mixed with the na- tives, and fometimes in villages of their own. 'I'hey fpeak among themfelves their own language) but all tfiiderftand and can talk tlut Georgian. Beiide thc'fe, there are a confiderahle number of Jews, fome having villages of their own, and others mixtjd with the Oeor- "ian, Anneflian, and Tartar inhabitants, but never with the Offi. Thw Chrift. ians of the country in part follow the rifsof the Armenian, and in part that ()f the Greek church ; and they are re- prefcntcd as the moft tratftahle Chrift- ians in the eaft. Tefflis is the capital. See Imeritia- Geori(ia, the moft fouthern of the United States of America, 600 miles long.and 250 broad ; bounded on the e by the Atlantic, s by E-and W Florid.), w by the MiflTiffippi, and n by N and S Carolina. It is divided into 24 counties, namely, Camden, Glyn, Liberty, Chat- ham, Bryan, M'lntofh, Effingham, Scrivcn, Burke, Richmond, Wilkea, Walhington, Greene, Franklin, Mont- gomery, Hancock, Oglethorpe, Elbert, Lincoln, Warren, Jefferfon, Jackfon, Bullock, and Columbia. The principal rivers are the Savanna, Ogeechee, Ala- tamaha, Turtle river, Little Sitilla, Great Sitilla, Crooked river. St. Mary, and Apalachicola. The winters in Geoi^ia are very mild and pleafant ; fnow 18 feldom or never feen. The foil and its fertility are various, accord- ing to fituatioti and different Improve- ments. By culture are produced rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, fago, maize, potatoes, oranges, figs, pomegranates, &c. Rice, at prcfent, is the ft^iple com- modity ; but great att«;ntif)n begins to be paid to the railing of cottoiu The whole coaft of Georgia is bordered with iilands, the pricipal of which are Skid- away, Waflaw, Oifahaw, St. Catharine, Sapelo, Frederica, JekyI, Cumberland, and Amelia. The capital of this (tate is Louifville. , Georjfia, or South Oeorgiay an ifland in the PaciHc ocean, vUitcd ]>y Cook in 1775. It Is 64 miles long, and 30 in its greateft breadth. It fecms to abound with bays and harbours, which the vaft quantli.ies o' ice render inacceffible the greateft part of the year. Two rocky iflands are fituate at the m eml ; one of whicS ^rom the perfou who difcovered it, was named Willis I11an.& innumerable flocks uf birds tUat w of Little Leipfic. It is feated on the Elfter, 32 miles ssw of Lciplic. Lon. I a 7 K,lat.so55 n. Gerau, a town of Germany, in Ileflc- Darmftadt, 10 mile« wnw of Darm- ftadt. Gerbenjt a town of France, in the department of Oife, 12 miles nw of Beauvois. GerbeviiUi . a town of France> in the department of Meurthe, feated oa th« Agen, five miles s of Lunevilic. Gerbiy an ifland in the Mediterranean, on the coaft of Tripoli. It bears much barley ; and has large quantities of figs;. olives, and grapes, which, when dria;}, form the principal trade. Loo. 1 1 20 £, lat. 32 56 N. Gerbitadtf a town of Upper ' ,axony, in the county of Mahisfcld, feveu miles N£ of Mansfeld. Gerdavin, a town of Pruflta, defend- ed by two caftles, and featcd on the Omit, near a i^nliderabic lake, 50 miles SB ofKcnigfljerg. O^rmaiit, St. a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oife, wkii a magnificent palace, in which Lewia XIV was bom. Here James if found an afylum, when he fled to France. It is featcd on the Seine, near a fine foreft, 10 miles NW of Paris. Germain, St. a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayors witit a market m>^ o r R OB Friday. It was ooce the largcft towu ip the coiibty» and a biihop'9 Tec, but now confifts chiefly of fifliermen's cottagei. Wltat remains of the cathe< dral is ufed an the parifh>church ; and v>car it is the priory. It ftands near the Ick.. 10 tniles w of PlymoiHb« and 228 w by s of London. Germairti St. a town of France, in the department of Loire, celebrated (or its excellent wine, 1 8 mihes s of Roan.^e. Germanot St. a town of Piedmont, on the river Naviglio, nine miles w of Ver- celli. Germanot St. a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, at the foot of Monte Cailino, 17 miles ssE of Sora. Germaitton, a corporate town of PennfY^lvaiiia, in Philadelphia county. Here is the principal congregation of the Mennonifts, who have been fettled 10 this ftate fince i6gt' Stockings, of cotton, thread, and worfted, are manu- fa^urcd here to a great extent. This town is famous for a battle fought in it on O^t. 4, 1777. It is feven miles n of Philadelphia. Germantottt a town of N Carolina, chief of Stokes county,) fituate near a branch of the Ban, 70 miles w by n of Hill{botX)Ugh Germantont Neiv, a town of New Jerfey, in Hunterdon county, 28 miles 3JW of Brunfwick. Germany, a country of Europe, 600 miles in length, and 500 in breadth; bounded on the k by Hungary and I'o- land, N by the Baltic fea and Denmark, w by the Netherlands and France, and s by Swiflerland and Italy. It contains a great many fovcreign princes, who are independent of each other; and lately there was a number of imperial towns, which were f ..lany little re- publics; but tlie whok of them formed a great confederacy, governed by politi- cal laws, at the head of which was an e.?»pcror, whofc power in the collective body, or diet, was not direAivc, but exicutive. The weftern Roman empire, which had terminated in the year 475, in the perfon of Auguftulus, the lall RoT.an emperor, and which was fuc- cec.Ied by the reign of the Huns, the Oflrogoths, and the Lombards, was re- vived by Charlemagne, king oi France, on Cliridmas day, in the year 800. This prince being then at Rome, pope Leo III crowned him emperor, in St. Peter's church ; and Nicephorus, who was then emperor of the eaft, conftnted to this coronation. After the death of Charlemagne, and of Lewis le Debon- nairey bis ion and fucccflor, the empire OER vnn divided between the four fons of the latter. Lmharfo, the firft, was em. peror; Pepin was king^of Aquitaine'. Lewis, king of Gcmuny ; and Cbades le Chauve, king of France. This par- tition was the fource of inceifant feud The French, ke^t the empire under eight emperors, tdl the year 912, when Lfwis III, the laft prince of the line of Charlemagne, died without iflue male. Conrad, count of Franconia, the fon-in. law of Lewis, was then eleAed emperor. Thus the empire went to the Germans, and became eledlive; for it had been hereditary under the French emperors. The emperor was diofen by the princes, the lords, and the deputies of cities, till the year 1239, when the number of the eledtors was reduced to feven ; one more wad added in 1649, and another in 1692: thefe nine eledors continued to the year t7g(i, when, in confequence of the alterations made in the confthu- tion of the empire, under the influence of France and Ruflia, they became ten in number ; namely, the ele<2or and archbiihop of Katilbon, the elector and king of Bohemia (the then emperor) the eleftor of Bavaria, the elector of Sax- ony, t!,e eledor of Brandenburg (king of Pruflia) the eledlor of Hanover (king of England) the eleftor of Wurtzburg (Lite grand duke of Tufcany) the elector of Wirtemburg, the elector of Baden, and the eledtor of Ileflc. Rodolphus, count of Hapfburg, was eleAed emperor in 1273. He* is the head of the houfe of Auftria, which is defcended from the fame ftock as the houfe of Lorrain, re- united to it in the perfon of Francis i, father of the two late emperors, Jofeph and Leopold. On the death of Charles Ti of Auftria, in 1740, an emperor was chofcn from the houfe of Bavaria, by the name of Charles vi i. On the death of this prince, in 174,5, t'lie abovemen- tioned Francis, grand duke of Tufcany, waselcfted epipcror; whofe grandfonj Francis u, enjoyed the dignity of em- peror of Germany till i8a6, when he formally refigned the title and office. At the clofc of the Saxon race, in 1024, the prerogatives of the emperor were very confidcrable ; but, in 1437, they were reduced to the right of conferring all dignities and titles, except the privi- lege of being, a ftale of the empire; of granting dil'penfations witii refpeA to the age of majority; of creeling cities, and conferring the privilege of coining money; of calling the meetings of the liet, and prefiding in them. But, after all, there was not a foot of land annexed to this title; for, ivcr fince the reign G E R of Cbarlel iv, the eihperon depended entirely on their hereditary dominions, as the only fource of their power, ahd even of their fubfiftence. To pirvent the calamities of a contefted eleaion, a king of. the Romans was often chofen in the lifetime of the emperor, on whofe death he fucceeded to the imperial dig- nity of courfe. The emperor (always elected and crowned at Frankfort on the Maine) aflumed the title of au- guft, and pretended to be fuccefTor to the emperors of Rome. Although he was chief of the empire, the fupreme authority refided in the diet, which was compofed of three colleges; the college of eledors, the college of princes, and the college of imperial towns. The diet had the power of making peace or war, of fettling general impolitions, and of regulating all tne important affairs of the empire; but the decifions had not the force of law till the emperor gave his confent. When a war was deter- mined on, every prince contributed his Siota of men and money, as valued in e matriculation roll; though as an eledor or prince he Slight efpoiife a dif- ferent fide from that of the diet. All the fovereigns of Germany have an abfo- liite authority in their own dominions, andean lay taxes, levy troops, and make alliances, provided they did not preju- dice the empire. They determine all civil caufcs definitively, unlcfs in fome E articular cafes, in which an appeal may t made. Thefe appeals were to two courts, called the Imperial Chamber, at Wetzlar; and the Aulic Council, af. Vienna. The three principal religions are, the Roman catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinifts; but Chriftians of all denominations are tolerated, and there ii a multitude of Jews in all the great towns. The principal rivers of Ger- many are the Danube, Rhine,' Elbe, Wefer, Maine, and Oder. Germany is divided into nine circles, namely, Auf- tria, Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, Weftphalia, and Up- per and Lower Saxony : each of theli includes feveral other ftates ; and Bohe- mia, Moravia, Lufatia, and Sileiia are not comprifed in the ten circles. Oer« mar/ lately contained fix archbifliop- rics and 38 biOioprics; but this hier- archy was throwrt into confufion by the lecularizations in 1798, and is not yet reftored to order: the archbifliop of Ratifbon is primate and metropolitan wall Gerrnany; the fcp of Mentz hav- ing been moved to Ratifton. Many other transfers and exchanges of territo- ne« have fince takeii place, from the dtfaftrous conftquen6««.9f the w 1 witiv Fraacfc; the kings of England an* Pntft fia have been deprived m all thffi*" tern* tones in thii countiy, and new kuw* and princes have teen created by Bonaparte, which makes this coun- try, at prefent, a labyrinth of geog*^ phy; but the following traniifer muft here be noticed, as the principal. In 1801, thofe parts of the circles of Upper and Lower Rhine,and Weftphalia, lying on the left bank of the Rhine, were ced- ed to France, by the treaty of Ltmeville ; and are now annexed to that countiy, forming the departments of Mont Ton- nere, barrc, Rhine and Mofel'e, and Roer. The remainder of Oerpiany, in 1806, ceafed to be united as an empire; for a treaty, ftyled the Confiederation of the Rhine, was figned at Paris on July 1 s, by France on one part, and by Ba- varia, Wirtemburg, Baden, &c. on the other, in which the latter renounced their copneftion with the empire; and, in confeouence, Francis 11, on Auguft 7, publiined at Vienna his refignation of the ofRoe of eniperor of Germany, which diflolved that ancient conftitO" tion. Several of the fovereign pririces eftablifhed on its ruins, by the influence of France, are not yet acknowledp:ed by fome powers, England in particular; and further changes aie ftill in contem- plation. The language of Germany is a dialedt of the Teutonic, which fucceed- ed that called the Celtic. Vienna is the principal city. Germersheim, a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonntre, late- ly of Germany, in thq palatinate of the Rhine; fituate On the Rhine, ' feven miles ssw of Spire. fierms, a town of Auftria, a a miles wswofHom. Gtrnsheimy a tovim of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, with a caftle; feated on the Rhine, 10 miles sw of Darmftadt^' Gerdldjteitit a town of France, in the department of Sarre, lately of Germany, in the eletlt orate of Treves; fituate on the Kill, 24 miles n of Treves. Gerotia, a fortified toWn of Spain, in Catalonia^ and a biihop's fee; feated on the Ter, ao miles from its entrance into the Mediterranean, and 56 ne of Bar* celona. Lon. a 40 e, lat. 43 i k. Gets, a department of France, which includes the late provinces of Gafcony and Armagnac. It has its name fro^ii a river that waters Auch and Ledointt and runs into the Garonne, above Ageh* Auch is the capital. Gersau, a town of Swiflerland, on the lake of Schweltz, at the foot 4f tli« ^Ugi| t % ailel »w of Sdiw«its. S. . / GH A GerfruJeniurg:* a fortified town of S Holbndt with Igood harbour and fal- mon fimery on a large lake, called Bies Bofch. It. has been often taken, the laft time by the French in 1795. It is eight miles N-by e of Breda. Lo.^. 4 5aE,lat.5i 44 N. ^ Gerumenha, a town of Portugal, m i^lentejo, with a ftrong caftle; feated on a hill, near the river Guadiana, 18 miles below Badajoz. Gesekty a town of Germany, in the duchy of Wcftphalia, fcatea on the Weyck, 1 1 miles wsw of Paderborn. Gessehaif' See Sanen. Gtitriciat a province of Sweden, the s part of Nordland, between Dalecarlia on the, w and the gulf of Bothnia on the i^. ItHs 100 miles long and 60 broad, diverfified by forefts, rocks, hills and dales, lakes and rivers; and there are numerous mines and forges. Gefle is the capital. Gettysburgt a town of Pennfylvania, In York county, fituate at the head of Rock creek, one of the foiu-ces of the Mpnococy, 30 miles w by i of York. Gevaudan, a late territory of Fi ance, . ift; Languedoc, bounded on the n by Auytrgne, w by Rbuergue, s by tlie Cevcnnes, and k by Vivarez. It now forms the departmepibf Lozorc. , Gtx, A town of France, in the depart- ment of Ain, noted for excellent cheefe; feated it the foot of Mount St. Claude, between the Rhone, the lake of Geneva, . and S wUTerland, 10 miles nw of Geneva. ; Gevsi, a. town of Germany, in the principality of Fulda, feated on the Ulfter,'i7 miles Np- of "Fulda. tifZ'jn, or Gbezafit a feaport of Ara- , bia Felix, which has a confiderable trade 'infenna arid coffee; feated on the Red fca, 90 miles KW of Lbhcia. I^on. 4% ^i^e, lat. 16 iS N. ... Cezira, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in "Diiarbek, on an ifland formed by the ..Tigris, 70 miks Nw'bf Mouful. Lon. ""40 50 E, lat. 36 ^6 N. ' ' Gtzula, a province of Morocco, which is very produflivc, and contains mines .of iron and copper. The inhabitants iu-e numerous, and cbnfidcrcd as the r©oft ancient people of Afriiea: they live in tents, and are fo independent 'that they are fSither the allies than the fubjefts of the emperOr of Morocco. .. G\ana, or Cano, a city of Ncgroland, capital of a country Of the fame name, fOvemed by a fultan. Itftandson the s fide of a large lake, at its outlet, ' which feparates the city into two parts, and foon after joins the river Niger, .which is here called Ned'il Abeed, or "Kile "of tb« Nrgroi. Itisijo^ets G H I by 8 of Caffina. Lon. 13 %i e, lat. 16 15 N. GAanara, a city of Ncgroland, capital of the country of Wangara. The ar. tides of trade are gold, fenna, and Ilaves. It ftands on a branch of the Ni. ger, a 80 miles se of Callina. Lon. u 40 E, lat. 13 20 N. Ghentt or Gaud, a city of the Nether- lands, lately the capital of Auftrian Flanders, now the capital of 'the depart- ment of Scheldt, and a bilhop'g fee. It contains 58,000 inhabitants; but is not populous in proportion to its extent. The city is cut by many canals, which divide It into 26 ifles, and over the canals are 300 bridges. It has alfo two navi- gable canals; the one to Sas van Ghent, the other to Bruges and Oftend. Here are feveral linen and woollen manufac- tures, and it has a great trade in com. The cathedral of St. Buvon, and the ab- bey of St. Peter, are magnificent edi- fices; in which, as alfo in the churches, are for->e capital paintings by the beft mafters. Charles v was bom here; but the inhabitants have no reafon to rcfpeft his memory; for he repeatedly loaded them with heavy exadlions, and built a citadel to awe them^ Here, in 1376, was concluded the famous treaty, called the Pacification of Ghent, the firft com- mencement of the fe{»ration of iWen provinces from the feventeen which then formed the Netherlands. Ghent lias been often taken ; the laft time by the French, in 1794. It is feated on the Scheldt, at the influx of the Lis. Lieve, and Moeze, 26 miles nw of Bruflels. Lon. 3 44 B, lat. 5 1 3 N. ^ Ghergong, a city and the capital of the kingdom of Aflam. It is fenced with batnboos, and has four gates conftrud- ed of ftone and earth. The raja, or king, has a fblendid paUce, furrounded by a ditch full of water. It is feated on the Degoo, near ittf conflux with the Burrampooter, 400 miles ne of Calcutta. Lon. 93 36 E, lat. 26 25 N. Gheriah, a feaport of Hindooftan,OQ the coaft of Concan. It was the capital of Angria, a famous piratical prince, whole fort here was taken, and his whole fleet deftroycd, in 1756, by theEnglilh and Mahrattas. It is 165 miles s by £ of , Bombay. Lon. 73 8 e, lat. 16 4,5 n. Ghiddore, a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, on the. confines of Babar, 84 miles sEof Fatna. GMlan, a province of Perfia, on the w fide of the Cafpian fea; fuppofed to be the Hyrcania of the ancients- On the w fide are high mountains, which are covered with many forts of trees, aod io the hi^hcft partS'of them are o i B itfTt bearS) wolves, leopards, and tigers. It producefrabundance of iilk, oil, wine, rice, tobacco, and excellent fruit. The inhabitants are brave ; and the women are accounted > extremely handfome. This province was ceded to Ruflla, by a treaty conchided at Peterlburg in 1724, but no%poflL*fled by Riiflta till 1780. Reft|t is the capital. Ohilan, St. a town of France, in the departmcrft of Nord, feated on the Haina, five miles w of Mons. Ghiztih or Gazna, a town of the coun- tryof Cabul, once the capitalof a power- ful empire of the fame name. It is called the fecond Medina, from the great number of illuftrious perfons who have been interred here. It is 54 miles s of Cabul. i.i0n. 68 ao e, lat. 3.8 40 N. Ghourbond, a town of the country of Gabul, 4a miles N w of Cabul. Gibello, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, on the river Po, 16 miles n w «f Parma. Gibraleon, a town of Spain, in Anda-> lufia, with a harbo&r for fmall cra^, on the river Odiel, S3 miles w of Seville. Gibraltar, a town of Spain, in Anda-* lulla, near a mountain of the fame name, formerly called Calpe, which, with Abyle, on the oppofite (here of Africa, were called the Pillars of Hercules. Tarick, a general of the Moors, built a fortrefs here, which be called Gibel' Tarick, that it. Mount Tarick. Since that time a town has been built at the foot of this rock, which it ftrongly forti- fied. It can be approached only by a narrow pafTage between the mountain and the fea, acrofs which the Spaniards have drawn a line, and forti^ed it, to prevent the garrifon from having any communication with the country. The rock abounds in, partridges ; and on the call tide, amid the broken precipices, is a ftratum of bones, belonging to various animals, enchafed in a reddifli calcareous fione. Gibraltar was taken from the Moors in 146a ; and in 1704 it fell into the hands of the EngUih. The Spaniards attempted to retake it the following year{ and they befieged it again, in 1727, with as little fuccefs. It fuftained afiegefrom July i779toFebruary 1783, when the fiege was finally railed, on, advice being received that the prelimi- naries of peace were ligned ; but it may be conlidcrcd as terminated on Sep- tember 13, 178a, on the failure of a grand attack made by the Spaniards, whofefloatingbatteriesweredcftroyedby redhot lhot,f rom thegarrifon. The num- ber and ftrength of the military works, ind tb»' vaft galleries opened in the cal- cartous tof k, excite admiration j and G t L the fortrefs, in the opinion of molt oil- gineers, is abfblutcly impregnable. Th(< garrifon here is cooped up in a very narrow compafs, and iii a w.ir . witft Spain has no provifions but what are brought from Barbary and l^nglandw The ftrait of Gibraltar is i+ miles long and 15 broad, and a ftiong current always runs through it from the At- lantic to the Mediterranean. Cibraltar is a5 miles n of Ceuta, and 45 sk of Cadiz. Lon. 5 ax vv, lat. 36 6 n. Gibraltar^ a town of Terra Firma, ifl Venc/ufla, defended by fome fortifica- tions. The air is unheathful in the rainy feafon, that the merchants, and planters generally retire at that time to Maracaybo. The environs produce the belt cocoa in the province, arid an ex- cellent kind of tobacco. It iltands on the SE coaft of the lake Maracaybo, i aa miles SSE of Maracaybo. Lou. 70 4J w, lat. § 45 N. Cierii a town of F'rance, in the de^ partment of Loiret, fe'at(!d on the Loircy 34 miles Es%jpf Orleans. Giengertt a town of Suabia, on the river Brentz, 18 miles nne of tJlni. GUnzor, a town of Barbary, in Tri- poli, 10 miles s of Tripoli. Gieracet a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, feated on a mouittain, near the fea, 3a miles ene of Reggio.. Giesten, a fortified town of Germany, in Upper HeflTe, with a citadel and a univerfity. It belongs to the houfe of Darmftadt, and is the feat of its regen- cy for Upper Hefle. In 1759 it was taken by tlie French , and it furrendered to them in 1796, but was (bon after taken by ^be Auftrians. It is feated oa the Lahn, 16 fhiles wsw of Marburg^ Lon. 8 43 E, lat. ^o 35 n. Giga, a fmall idand, one of the He- brides, lying on the w coait of the pen- infula of Cantyre, and included in Ar- gylelliire. The inhabitants eitport corn^ meal, and kelp. Giglio, a ftnall ifland on the coaft of Tufcany, with acadle, 15 miles wsw of Orbitello. Gignocy a tovvn of France, in the de- partment of Herault, on the river He- rault, 14 niiles w of Montpellier. Gihon. See Amu. Gijon, or Gyon^ a fcaport of Spain* in Aftuiisls, 'with an ancient caftle; feated on the bay of Bifcay, a4 miles ne of Oyiedo. Lon. 5 36 w, lat. 4334 w. '.Giiles, St' a town of France, in the department of Vendee, on the river. Vie, near its mouth, 16 miles nnw of Sables d'Olontie. Gilolot an ifland, the largeft of the Moluccas. It is 130 miles frwm n te %,- S a G I R btit ia interfered by feveral large baysi that the breadth of any limb feldom ex- ceeds 40 miles. The flior^s are ia ge- neral low, and the interior rifes in high peaks. It does not produce any fine fpices, but has a great deal of rice, and abounds with oxen, buffalos, goats, deer, and wild hogs. The fultans of Ternate and Tidore fhare this illand between them. The_ natives are in- duftrious, particularly in weaving. One of the chief towns is Tatany, on a imall promontorv of the eaftem limb, and only acceffible by ladders. Lon. 129 o Bt lat. o 24 N. GimonU a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers. la miles e of Auch. Gingect a town of Hindooftan, in the Camatic, ftrong both by nature and art. betn^ feated on a mountain, who NNE of Xacca. Gittstaniielt a town of European Tur> key, in Macedonia, and a Greek arch. bifliop's fee, feated near Lake Och- rida, 60 miles se of Durazzo. Lon. ao 36 E, lat 41 40 M. Ghuht a fortified town of Egypt, with a palace, feveral mofques, a can- non foundery, and a manufacture of coarfe earthen pots and tiles- A few miles to thos&are the largeft pyramids in the country. Gizeh was taken from the French by the Britiih in i8ot. It ftands on the left bank of the Nile^ nearly oppofite Cairo. Oiaibaeht a town of France, in the dcj^arttneol of Rear, Ifttely of Oennanfi OLA jA tlie duchy of Juliers, with a Bene- diAine abbejr* It hai manufaAures of fine iirong hnen» and is feated on the Ners, 16 miles N of Juliers. QIadtnbachi a town of Germany, in Upper HeiTe, x a miles v of Gieflen. Glamtttist a town of Scotland, in AngU8ihire» with manufaAures of yarn and linen cloth. Ntar it, on the bank of the Deari, is Glammis«caft]e» a large fdifice, in which Malcolm 1 1 was mur- dered- It is four miles sw of Forfar. Glamtrganshire, a county of Wales, 48 miles long and a6 broad ; bounded on the N by Carmarthenfhire and Brecknockfliire, b by Monmouthfliire, and s and w by the Briftol channel. It contains 423,400 acres; is divided into 10 hundreds, and 118 parilhes; has one city and five market-towns; and fends two members to parliament. The number of inhabitants in j8oi was 7hS*S- O" *^^ ^ ^^^^ '^ '^ moun- tainous ; but being more level on the s fide, it there bears large crops of com, and very fweet grafs. Cattle abound in all parts, there being fruitful valleys among the mountains, that yield very good padure. The other commodities are lead, coal, iron, and limeftonc. Its principal rivers are the Rumney, Taafe, £lwy, Neath, and Tawy. Cardiff is the principal town, and Swanfey the moft commercial ; but the aflizes are held at Cowbridge. Glanfordbridgef or Brigy a town in Lincolnfhire, with a market on Thurf- day, and a good trade in com, coal, Uiid timber. It is feated on the Ancholm, which is navigable for floops to the Humber, 23 miles n of Lincoln, and I j6 N by w of London. Claris, or Glarus, a canton of Swif- ferland, bounded on the n by the river Linth, E by the Griibns, and s by the fame, the canton of Uri, and that of Schweitz. It is a mountainous coun- try ; and the chief trade is in cattle, cheefe, and butter. The inhabitants, eftimated at so,ooo, are partly proteft- antt and partly catholics; and both fedls live together in the greateft har- mony. Glarus is furrounded by the Alps, except toward the n ; and there is no other entrance but through this opening, which lies between the lake of Wailenftadt, and the mountains feparating this canton from that of Schweitz, Glarh, a town of SwifTerland, ca- pital of a canton of the fame name. It has manufadures of cloth, and a trade in cattle, horfes, cheefe. Hates, and wooden ware. In 17 gg, the Ruffians G L A under marihal Suwarrow advanced ai far as this filace, and defeated the French ; but, in confcquence of general Hotze's defeat near Zurich, itetired into the Grifons. Glaris is furrounded by mountains, and feated on the river Linth, 32 miles se of Zurich. Lon. 9 7 E, lat. 46 55 K. Clasgon 14,19, and made a Dutch fettlement in 1660. Here is a nent town called Capc-towp, rifing in the midil of a dts fert, furrnunded by black and dreary mountalnfl. To the se of the town are fome vineyards, which yield tht: famous wine calk'd Conftantia. The ftore- houfes of the Dutch £ India Company arc fituate next the water, and the pri> yate buildings lie bcvond them, on a gentle aicent toVraril the mountains. ,The Caftle, or principal fort, which ' ommands the road, is on the e ftde ; rand anoVi«^r ftrong fort, called Am(l <• dam Fort, is on the w fide. The ftreets are broad and regular ; and the houfes, in general, are built of ftone, and white- waflied. Here are two churches ; one for the Calvinifts, the eftabliihed re- lipfion, the other for the Lutherans. 1 he flaves are lodged and boarded in a Ipacious houfe, where they are likewife kept at work : thefc flaves, a few Hot- tentots excepted, were all originally brought from the £ Indies, and princi- Eally from Malacca. Another great uilding ferves as an hofpital for the failors belonging to the Dutch E India fiiips which touch here: it is fituate clofe to the Company's gardens, to Vifhich the convalelcents have free ac- cefs. The inhabitants, though ftout and athletic, have not all that phlegm about them which is the charadteriftic ofthe Dutch in general. The ladies are lively, goodnatured, familiar, and ^ay. The heavy draught-work here is chiefly performed by oxen, which are brought to an uncommon degree of docility and ufefulnefs. The inhabitants, in ge- neral, travel in a kind of covered wa- gons, drawn by oxen, which better fuit the roughnefs ofthe count^-y than more elegant vehicles ; but fome of th« prin- cipal people keep coaches, which are drayn by borf^s. The ^ountaip^ bc; GO R hind Cape-town are, the Table Moun. tain, which is the higheft ( the Siinr. loaf, fu named from its form ; the Uod j Head, Charles Mount, and Jmt% Mount, or the Lion's Rump. Prom thefe mountains dcfcend fevrral rivultti which flow into the different bays, u Table Bay, Falfe B.iy. &c. The view from the Table mountain is very t^. tenlive } and along the valleys and ri. vulets, among thefe mountains, are a great number of plantations. This line Dutch colony furrendcred by capitula. tion to the Hritifh in 1795, was n-ftor- ed in i8oa by the treaty of Amiens, and again furrendered to the Britilh in tSoft- CapC'town ftands on the w fide of Table bay, in lon. ib 13 e, lat. 33 56 s. Sec Hat t emits, Countrif ofthe. Goomtt/, a river of Hindooftan, which fifes in the Rohilla country, flows sk by Lucknow and Jionpour, and enters the Ganges, a little below Benares. Gooracpour, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Oude, 65 miles b of Fyzabad. Lon. 83 .^5 e, lat. ;6 45 v, Gootyt a town and fortrefs of Hin- doollan, capital of a diftri^ of the fame name, on the n fide of the Pcnnar, for* mer'y fubjedt to the regf nt of. Myfore^ bul ceded to the nizam of the Deccan in 1796. It is 46 miles ssw of Canpul. Lon. 77 48 E, lat. 15 ij N. Goppingertt a town of Suabia, in the duchy or Wirtcmburg, with a caftle, a woollen manufa^ure, and a celebrated medicinal fpring. It (lands on the iv- vuiet Vils, 22 miles se of Stutgard. Goragott a town of Hindooftan, in Bengal, 94 miles ne of Moorfliedabad. Lon. 89-22 E, lat. 35 14 N. Goreum, or Gerichem, a town of S Holland, which has a confiderable trade in corn, cheefe, and butter. It is featsd on the Linghe, at its jundlion with the Wahal, 12 miles k of Dort, and 3a s of Amflerdam. Gore Islajid, an ifland in the PaciHc ocean, fo named by captaiu Cook, who difcovcred it in 1778. It is 39 miles long, and appeared to be barren and uninhabited. Cape Upright, the se extremity, is in Ipn. 172 50 w, lat. 6a 30 N. Corefi a fmall ifland of Africa, near Cape Verd, of great importance on ac- count of its good trade, and defended by two forts. The French furrendered it to the Britifl) in 1800 ; it was retaken in January 1804, by the French; and they were compelled to furrcnder it agam in March following. Lon. 17 25 yr, lat. 1440 k. Coree, a town of HoUandi capital of I le Table Moun. •eft i the Siijpr. onnithelJon, \ and Jamn Rump. p,o„ 1 fi'veral riruleti iff«Tent bayi, «, ocC' . '"'''* view tain ii very ^v vallcyg and ri- iOuntaini, are a ion». Thwfinc 'vd by capitula. 95» wasn-ftor. of Amiem, and ; Britilh in 1806. the w fide of ofthe. Ddooftan, which untry, flows ss our, and enters w Benares, of ilindooftan, ;, 65 miles e of e, lat. :6 45 n. ortrefs of Hin. x\&. of the fame :he Pcnnar, for- :» nt of. Myfor^ of the Deccan ssw of Canpul. N. Suabia, in the with a caftle, a id a celebrated inds on the ri- F Stutgard. Hindooftan, in Moorflicdabad. N. a town of S fiderable trade \r. It is feattd idtion with the rt, and 1%. s of in the Pacific ii(\ Cooic, who It is 30 miles >e barren and right, the sb 50 w, lat. 60 f Africa, near jrtance on ac- and defended h furrendered t was retaken French; and furrcnder it Lon. 17 25 pd| capital pf G O S an ifland oF the fame name* at the fouthem mouth of thr Maefe. It ii \% n,;iet ssw of Driel. Lon. 4 ao k, lat. 5' ♦* ^' „ «, 1 I Corey. Si"* Nfwhtrtu^h. GerroHa, a fmall ifland of Italy, x6 miles trom the coaft of Tufcany, near which large quantitien of anchovies are talcen. Lon. 10 o e, Ut. 43 2a n. Gorf^ona, an ifland in the Pacific ocean, iB miles from the coaft of Po- payan. It is hi^h land, very woody, and about 10 miles in circumference. Lon. 77 50 w, lat. 3 6 n. Goritz, or Garttia, a town of Ger- many, in Carniola, capital of a county of its name, with a caftle. II»'re an? copfidcrable manufaAures of leather, and the environs produce wine, fniit, com, and filk. In 1797, it was taken by tiie French. It ftands on the Lifonzo, on the frontiers of Friuli, la miles ne ofPalma, and 40 w of Laubach. Lon. iV.^H E, lat. 46 s N. iSoritz, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, on the river Oder, eight miles s of Cuftrin. Gorkah, the capital of a country of the fame name, in Afia, on the borders of Napaui, 35 miles nw of Catmandu, and 200 n of Benares. Lon. 84 36 E, lat. 28 15 N. Gorlitz, a ftrong town of Upper Lu- fatia, with a celebrated academy. The inhabitants arc above 1 2,000, and carry on a confiderable trade in linen and woollen cloth. It is feated on the Neifla, 58 miles e by n of Drefden. Lon. 15 II E, lat. 51 9 V. Gorze, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mofelle, feated on a hill, eight miles sw of Meta. Gonke, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, 24 miles e by N of Magdeburg. Goschutzt a town of Silefia, with a caftle, 14 miles N of Oels. Goshen, a town of New York, chiof of Orange county, 56 miles N of the city of New York. Goihen, a town of Connecfticut, in Lichfield ^oanty, famous for excellent cheefe, feven miles nnw of Mchfield- Ges/ar, a city of Lower Saxony, in the territory of Bnmfwick. It derives its prihcipal fubiiftence from the neigh- bouring iron mines, manufa^ures of brafs and copiper, and brewing. Here the art of making gunpowder is faid to have been difcovemi by a monk. It is feated on the river Gofe, at the foot of a mountain, ^called Rammeliberg, 28 miles s of Brunfvinck. Lon. 10 31 e, ht. 51 j7n; . .,:-. GOT Gosfort, a fortified town in Hamp* Ihire, on the w fide of the harbour of Portfmouth, over which is a ferry. It bat a market on Saturday, and a. con> fiderable trade, efpccially in times of war, from its contiguity to the naval arfenal at Portfmouth. In 1801 the niiiitbcr of inhabitants was 11,29s. Here are feVeral brevreries, an extenfive iron foundery, and a royal hofpital. called Haflar Hofpital, for the fick and wounded of the royal navy. It is 15 miles sK of Southampton, and 73 sw of Londui^ (iossweinstein^ or (lojsmanstei/i, a town uf Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg, on the Putlach, ao miles ksb of Bambeig. (iostf/nen, or Gtjtav'm, a town of Po» land, in the palatinate of Rava, with a cadle on a rock, 36 miles nb of Rava. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. ji 54 N. ^ Gothot a town of Upper Saxony, ca- pital of a duchy of the fame name, in Thurineia. It is the refidence of the duke yf Saxe-Gotha, whofe palace con- tains a fine library, and a rich cabinet of coins. Near it is the ducal obierva- _^^ tory of Sccbergc, the mod beautiful and^ ufeful in Germany. Gutha has a found- ^ ery for cannon, a porcelain maoufac^ ture, and a coniiderablo trade in wool- lens, wood, and beer. It is feated on the Leine, 16 miles w by s of £rfurt. Lon. 10 48 E, lat. 505 1 v. Gotha, a river of Sweden, which if- fues from the sw extremity of Lake Wenner, flows by Trolhatta (where it forms a catarad) and Bahus, and enters the North fea, at Gotheburg. Gothard, St. a celebrated mountain of Swiflerland, in the canton of Uri. It is 9075 feet above the lea, and as miles s of Altorf. Though not the higheft mountain, it is deemed the principal fummit of the Helvfti-in Alps ; for in its vicinity rife the rivers Tefino, Aar, Reufs, and Rhine, which flow hence in every direction. Gotfieburgf or XSotbenborg, a city of Sweden, capital of W Gothland, feated at the mouth of the Gotlia, which forms an excellent liarbour; the belt fituate for foreign trade of any in the kingdom, as it lies on the Categat. Here is a coniiderablo herring fiftiery ; and a great trade in fait, iron, and fir- planks; and from this port the Swedifli, E India fliips take their departure. The inhabitants arc computed at ao,ooo. Its enviroos prefent a uniform fcene of barren rocks, on the fides of which part of the fabtirbs are built. I'^e interior of the city refemblee in fome refpedts GOT the towns of Holla.. J, having canals %vith rows of tre«8 along their margin. In i8o2 nearly a fonrth part of the city vas confumcd by a fire. It is i8o miles svv of Orebro. Lon. ii 39 E,lat. 57 Gothland, one of the five general di- vtfions of Sweden ; bounded on the n by Sweden Proper, e and s by the Bal- tic, and w by the Sound, the German ocean, and Norway. This country is inhabited by a nation, celebrated for their txcurfions and invafions of other countries, which had it^ origin from the Geta;, or Tartars of ihc Crimea. The Goths had kings of their own till 1 13s, ■when they were united lo Sweden. It includes nine province^ and the ifles of Gothland and CbUnd. Gothland^ an ifiand of Sweden, in the Baltic, jro miles from n to s, and 25 in its grcateft breadth. From its form and tituation it has obtained the lame of the % of the Baltic. The foil is fer- tile, and remarkable for an excellent breed of Iheep. Here are fine woods of oak and pine, quarries of excellent ftone, and very good liipeftone. Wilby [ is the capital. I Gothland, East, a province of Sweden, *in the divifion jf Gothland, between the Baltic on the E and Lake Wetter on the w, 80 miles long and 70 broad. The foil is fertile, and produces abund- ance of all forts of grain. It has fine orchards, paftures, lakes, and rivers^ forelts of oak and birch, iron-mines, and quarries of ftone and marble. The chief town is Nordkoping. Gothland, IVeit, a province of Sweden, in the divifion of Gothland, between the' lakes Wettrr and Wenner, 130 miles long and from sj to 70 broad. The foil and produce are fimilar to E Gothland. The chief town is Gothe- burg. Gottcjhnrfr, a tov.n of Silefia, where great quantities of worfted ftockings are knit, 16 miles sw of Schweidnitz. Gottin[(en, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunfwick. Here George 11 of Great Britain founded a univerfity, which has acquired a very diftinguifhed reputation ; and it con- tains one of the moft capital libraries in Europe. There are alfo many other literary inftitutions, and a commandery of the Teutonic order. The woollen manufadtures are the principal fupport of the inhabitants. It is fealcd on '.lie Leinc, 58 miles s of Hanover. Lon. 9 53 E,lat. 513* N. Gottinf^cn, Nttu^ a town of the ftate of Georgin, in Burke county, on the w G R A bank of the Savanna, 18 miles k of Waynefborough. Gottleube, a town of Upper Saxeny in Mifnia, on a river of the fame lume 18 milesssE of Dreiden. , ' Gottorptu iown of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick. Here is an old pauce, formerly the ducai refidence from which the ducal line, formed br Adolphus, fon of Fredeiic i, was de. nominated Holftein-Gottorp, which ftill fubfifts in the perfon of the emperor of Ruflia. Gottorp is feated at the bot< tom of an arm of the fea, called the Sley, four miles wsw of Slefwick. Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 54 36 N. Gottschee, a town of Germany, ig Carntola, with a caftle, 17 miles nne of Fiume. Govant a town of Scotland, in Ren. frewfhire, near the river Clyde, five miles w of GlafgoW) and fix b by s of Renfrew. Goudat or Tergoinu, a ftrong town of S Holland, celebrated for its noble church, and painted glafs windows, fuppofed to be the fineft in Europe. Great q'lanitics of yam and tow are made here, alfo good cheefe and to- bacco-pipest It is feated on the Yflel, at the influx of the Gouw, 10 miles nb of Rotterdam. Governolot a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, feated on the Mmcio, u miles s£ of Mantua. Goura, or Gurot a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Mafovia, on the Vif. tula, 14 miles se of Warfaw. Gouraincourt, a town of France, in the department of Meufe, 15 miles ne of Verdun. Gourdon, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 25 ntiles n of Ca< hors. Gournai/t 9, town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, feated on the Epte, 24 miles e of Rouen. Gourock, a town of Scotland, in Ren* frewfhire, on a bay of the frith of Clyde, two miles w of Greenock. Gozi, or Cjzct, an iRand in the Me* diterranean, the ancient Clauda, under which St' Paul failed on his voyage to Rome. It is 24 miles from the sw coaft of Candia, and veflTels often put in here for w^ter and provifions. Lon. 13 46 E, lat. 34 50 N. Gozo, a fortified idand of the Medi- terranean, five miles nw of Malta, and belonging to the knights of that idand. It is eight miles long and four broad, uid more equally fiertile^han Malta. Grabonut a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with % '■%'m-' "'^^■""■""'v^ France, in the luiles N of Ca* OR A lofSchwerin. Gracias a Diost a town of Mexico, in tbe province of Honduras, loo miles w t)y s of Valladolid. Lon. 89 40 w, lat. Graciosa, one of the Azores, 10 miles long and eight broad. Its produce is wheat, wine, butter, and cheefe. The principai place is Plata. Lon. sy 58 w, lat. 39 3 N. Gtadlica, a fortified town of Sclavo- nia, on the frontiers of Croatia, feated on the Save, ao miles sw of Pofega. Lon. 1839 E, lat. 45 *» ». Gradhca, a ftrong town of Friuli, on the confines of Carinthia, capital of a couoty united with Goritz, and a bi- fliop's fee. It is feated on the Lifonzo, fix miles sw of Goritz. Lon. 13 3 a e, lat. 46 a N. GraJo, a town of Italy, in a fmall iflaod of the fame name, on the coaft of FriuU, 50 miles e by n of Venice. Lon. 13 10 E, lat. 45 46 Jf • Grain Coast, a maritime country of Guinea, extending along the Atlantic about 300 miles between the Sierra Leone country on the w and the Ivory coaft on the e. The produdtions are peas, beans, g%>urds, lemons, oranges, dates, and palm wine; but the chief article is the abundance of Guinea pep* per, or grains of paradife, which draws a great interior and export trade. Cows, hogs, flieep, and goats are nu« merous. The Portuguefe had formerly the whole commerce of this coaft, but it has long been chiefly in the hands of the EngliOi and Dutch. Graitz, or Greitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Voijjtland, with a caftte on a robky mountam, and another in the town. It has mlanufa^ures of ftuff, and is fitilate on the Elder, between mountains and woods, 10 miles k of Plauen. GramaU a town of France, in the department of Lot, az miles nne of Cahors. Grammont, a town of Flanders, feat- ed on both fides of the Dender, 18 miles NE of Tournay. Grampian HiUs, a chain of bills in Scotland, which extends, in a n e direc- tion, from the mountain Benlon^.oml, in Dumbartonfliire, through the coun^ ties of Perth, Angus, and Kincardine, to Aberdeen ; and thence, in a nw dt. reftion, through the counties of Aber- deen, Banff, and Murray, and on the borders of Invemefs. They take their name from a fingle hill, the Mons Grampitts of Tacitus, where Galgacus GR A waited the approach of Agricola^ And where the battle was fought fo fatal ta the brave Caledonians. Grampound, a borough in Cornwall* governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday, and a manufadture of gloves ; feated on the Fal, 40 miles sw of Laupceflon, and 244 w by s uf Lon- don. Grarit a town o^ Lowe: Hungary, and an archbifhop's fee ; feated near the conflux of the Gran with the Danube, 50 miles EsE of Prefburg. Lon. 18 16 E, lat. 4746 N. Gran^ afeaport of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Bahrin, at the nw end of the gulf of Perfia, and on the borders of Irac Arabi, 40 miles s of Baflura. i^on. 4745 E, lat. 1956 N. ^ Granada, a -province (formerly a kingdom) of Spain, fomelimes called Upper Andalufia. It is 175 miles long and 75 broad ; bounded on the w and N by Andalufia, e by Miircia and the Mediterranean, and s by the fame fea. Though a mountainous country, the foil is good; but it has not been well cultivated fince the Moors were expelled in 1492. However, it pro- duces com, wine, oil, fugar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, honey, wax, and muU^^ berry-trees, which feed a great number of hlk worms. The forefts produce gall-nuts, palm-trees, and oaks.. Granada, a city of Spain, capital of the province of Granada, and an arch- bifliop's fee. It is built on four hills^ and divided into four parts, in one of which is the large church, containing^ the tombs of Ferdinand and Ifabella» who took this place from the Moor* in 1492. In another is ihe palace of the kings of Spain, and an ancient pa- lace of the Moorilh kings, with fo many rooms, that it is like a labyrinth. In the third is the univerfity ; the fourth has nothing confiderable; bi.t all the public buildings are magnifi- cent ; and the cathedral and convents contain excellent pictures by Spanifli maft.TS. 'I'he walls and gates, and the a(iuedudts, are moftly deftroyed; and its trade is feebly carried on, without encouragement or protcftion. The in- habitants are not more than 80,000, and half of them are lawyers, ccclefiaf- tics, and mendicants. It is feated on the Xenil, near the influx of the Oro, 70 miles SE of Cordova. Lon. 3 38 w, iat. 37 8 M. Granada, an tfland of the W Indies, the laft of the Windward Caribbees* and 30 leagues n<.v of Tobago. Il is a» miles long £.':i ij broad, finely wooded^ G R A and the foil fiiited to produce fugar^ to« bacco, and indigo. It was taken from the French in 176?^ confirmed to the Englifh in 1 763, taken by the French in 1779, and reftored to the Englifii in^' 1783. In i795« the French landed fome troops, and caufed an inforredion in this illandt which was not finally quelled till June 1796- St. George is the capital. Granadoy a city of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua. It was taken twice by the French buccanetrs, and pillaged. The inhabitants carry on a great trade by means of the lake Nica- gura, on which it is feated, 60 miles se of Leon de Nicagura. Lon. 86 36 w, lat. 13 5 N. Granada^ Nenu, an extenfive country in S America, denominated by the Spa- niards the new kingdom of Granada It is. bounded on the w by the Pacific ocean, n by Terra Firma, s by Pith, and E by a counti7 which ftretches along the banks of the Oronoko, and is little known. New Granada was con- quered by the Spaniards in 1536. It is fo far elevated above the levd of the fea, that, though it approaches almod to the equator, the climate is remarka- bly temperate. The fertility of its val- leys is not inferior to that of the richeft diftritfis in America; and its higher ' grounds yield gold and precious ftunes of various kinds. Its towns are popu- lous and flouriihing ; and the capital is St. Fe de Bagota. Granadillas, or Granaditjes, a clutter of iflands in the W Indies, dependent on Granada, and Atuafe between that ifland and St. Vincent. They are up- ward of 20 in number, moft of them feitile, and capable of producing cot- ton, coffee, indigo, and fugar. The moft conliderable is Carinacou. (Jranard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Longford, i6 miles ene of Longford. Grcnby, a fmall town of S Carolina, A:ated oii the Congaree, on" the contrary iide to Columbia, about a mile below that city. It is noted for a curious bridge, whofe centre arch is 100 feet wide, to give paliage for large trees which are brought down by the Hoods. Grandcourt, a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Bern, near the lake of Neuchatel, i\ivtn miles nw of Friburg. C'-aftdmont, a town of France, in the department o." Upper Vienne. Near it was a celebrated abbey, AipprefTed in 1769, after the death nt the then pro- fedcd members, il is ir miles nne of Limugcs. G R A GraAdpret a town of France, in tha department of Ardennes, feated on the Ayre, 3 a miles b ofRheims. Grangemouthf a village of Scotland, m Stirlingfliire, at the junaion of the Gfeat Canal with the river Carron fout miles ne of Falkirk. Upward of 40,000 tons are annually entered here belonging either to the foreign or coaft! ing trade. Gransee, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, 3c} miles k jjw of 3tr. lin. Granjo>t, a town of Swiflerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of the fame name, with a caftle. It ftands on the lake of Neuchatel, 16 miles wsw of Neuchatel. , Grantham, a boiouph in Lincoln- mire, with a market on Saturday. The church i? an elegant ftrufcure, with a very lofty fpjre. A canal palfes hence to the Trent, at Nottingham. Gran- tham is feated on the Witham, 20 miles s by w of Lincoln, and no w by w of London. Lou. d 36 w, lat. ja 59 n. Granville^ a town of France, in the department of Manche,, feated on the Englilh channe;, partly on a rock, and partly on a plain, 15 miles s by w of Coutfinces. Graj/itZf a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Shrz^ famous for its manufac- tures of brafs, 15 miles kw of Elbogcn. Grasmerernvater, a fmall lake of Weftmorland, to the w of Amblefide. Its margin is hollowed into fmall bayj, with bold • minences ; fome of rock, fome of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure of the lake. A low promon- tpry projeds far into the water ; and on it ftands a white village. Grason, au ifland in the gulf of Both- nia, near the coaft of Sweden, 15 miles long and two broad. Lon. itl 20 £, lai 60 12 N. Grasse, a town of France, in the de* partment of Var, and lately a biflio|)'s lee. It has a trade in dry fruit, oil. perfumes, and tanned leather, and ia feated on an eminence, 14 miles wnw of Antibes, and a i w by s of Nice. . Grasse, a town of France, in the de- partment of Audc, on the river Othieii, at the foot of a mountain iH miles sb of Carcaftbnne. Gratz, a fortified town of Germany, capital of Lower Stiria, and a bilhop's fee. Here are many palaces, a univer- fity, and a fine urfenal. The cnllle ftands on a rock, and is a ftrong place. Gratz is feated on the >^ fide of the Muer, over which "Ss a bridge to an ex- tenfive fuburb. The iiih^itauts are G R A (flimated at 35*'>of>- I" '797» »* was* ^en by the French. It 19 66 miltB ssw of Vienna. Lon. 15 a6 e, lat. 47 * Graudenz, a town of W JPruffa, in the palatinate of Culm, with a citadel, feated on the Viftula, 15 miles n by e of Culm. Grave, a ftrong town of Dutch Bra-, bant, on the left bank of the Maefe, bevond which there is a fort. It has bei;B often taken ; the laft time by the French, in 1794- It is eight miles ssw ofNimeguen. , , , . ^ Gravedona, a town of Italy, lu the Milanefe, on the nw fide of the lake of Como, a8 miles n of Como. Gravelines, a ftrong feaport of France, ia the department of Nord, fcated at the mouth of tlie Aa, defended by Fort Philip, u miles k of Calais. Lon. 2 8 K, lat. 50 59 N. Gravenau, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Paflau, on the river Sag, 16 miles N of Paffau. Gravenmacberen. See Grevenmacht- ren. Gravenviert, a town of Bavaria, in the upper palatinate, 17 miles n of Am- berg. Gravesande, a town of S Holland, where the ancient counts of Holland refided. It is about four m|Ie*ifrom the fea, and fix w by s of Delft. Gravetend, a town in Kent, with a market on Wediiefday and Saturday. It Hands on the Thames, and is the common landing-place for feamen and Grangers in their paflage to. London; and here all outward bound veflels Hop to be examined by the cuftomhoufc of- ficers, and to receive their clearances. A great part of it was burnt down, with the church, in -jiyi the latter was re- built as one of the 50 new churches. It is called the corporation of Gravefend and Alilton, thefe tVi^o places being united under the government of a mayor. The lati*?r place Is ?. mile k of the other, aiid has a blockhoufe over againft Til- bury fort. They were incorporated by quten Ulifabcth ; but, long before, Rich- ard II had granted them the exclnfive privilege of conveying paH^engers to Lon- don in boats. Gravcfcnd is famous for afparagUR; and the chief employment of the labouring people is the fpinning of hemp, to make nets and ropes. It is :; miles kse of London. Grayina, a town of Naples, in Tcrra. ili Bari, 32 miles sw of Uari. Graulhct, a town of France, in the (lipartment of Tarn, u milei nw of (litres. GR E Gt -, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Saone. It has a trade in iron, and is feated on the Saone, aj miles N E of Dijon. ■01, Gray, a town of the diflridt of Mqine. in Cumberland county, 13 miles n by w of Portland. Grays Tburrock, a town in 'S^x, with a market on I'hurfday, leated on. the Thames, 34 miles e of London. Grebenstein, a towp of Germany, in Lower Hcfle, on the river Heffe, 10 miles NNw of CafTel. Greece, the ancient name of that part of Turkey In Europe which contains - Macedonia, Albania, Janna, Livadia, the Morea, the Archipelago, and Can- dia. Green, a town of the diftri dl of Maine, iu Lincoln county, {ituate on the An- drofcoggin, 3^ miles n of Portland. Green, a nver of Kentucky, which rifes in Mercer county, and flows w and N into the Ohio, where its mouth is joo yards wide. It is navigable 150. miles; and near it are a number of fait fprings, and three ponds of bitumen. • Vi»ft quantities of nitre are found in tne caves on it« banks; and many of the fcttlers make gunpowder. Greenland, an extenlive region ftretch- ing toward the north pole, which, whether continental or infular, is re- garded as belonging to N America. Tliis country was difcpvered in the tenth century by the Norwegians, who plant- ed a colony on the eaftern coaft ; and the intercourfe between this colony and Denmark was continued till the begin* ning of the fifteenth century: in that century, by the gradual increafe of the arctic vce, the colony became complete- ly imprifianed by the frozen ocean; while on the w .a range of mountains and plains, covei-ed with perpetual ice, pre- cluded all acctfs. This fettlement con- tained fevcral churches and monafteries, and is faid to h<-^ve extended about 200 milet in the se extremity. In more re- cent times the weftern coaft was chiefly explored by Davis, and other Engliih navigators ; but there was no attempt to " fettle a colony. In 1711, a Norwegian clergym;'-r», named £gede, proceeded to this dreary country, where he continued till 173J, preaching to the natives} and his benevolent example has been Hnce followed by fcveral miffionai-ies. The country is faid to be inhabited as far a^ 76 N lat. but the DaniHt and Moravian fettlements are chiefly in the sw extre- mity. The Ihort fummer is very war-m, but foggy ; and the northern lights di> ver.."jfy rtie gloom of wintcr,^which i» f?* irerjr (Hrere. From them xfrfrtoJrt, tiiat the Nw coaft of Greenland is feparated from America by a narrow ftrait ; that the Hfitives of the two countries have fotne tnterCourfe; and that the Efqui-C^' maux of America perfedtly refemble the Crgfnlanders in their afpeit, drefs, niMl of living, and language. The quadrupeds are deer, bears* foxes, haresi ai\d fome dogs refcmbiing wolves. Cape Farewell, the sw pfoint, is in Ion. 414J w,. lat. 5938 N. Greenlaw* ^ town of Scotland, capi- tal of l^erwickfhire, though a fmall place- Here are the remains of two re- ligious hoUfes. It is feated on the Blackadder, eight miles sw of Dunfe, and 36 SB of Edinburg. Greenoci, a feaport of Scotland, in Renfrewfliire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with a fmall fort for the defence of the harbour. Here are feveral dry docks, and the building and rigging of Ihips is much followed j but the manu- factures are fmall, compared with the fize of the town. It has a great trade; and the fifheries, particularly for her- rings, and the Newfoundland fifhery, are carried on to a ^eat extent. In i8ot the number of inhabitants was 17,458. It is ^4 miles w by n of Glaf- gow. Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 55 56 s. Greensborou^ht a town of the ftate of Ccorgi.i, chiet of Green county, 60 miles NNW of Louifville. Lon. 83 35 w, lat. 33 '5 N. Greensbiirg, a town of Pennfylvania, chief of Wcftmorland county. It has a trade in flour, and is feated on a hill, 30 miles E by s of Pittlburg. Lon. 79 4.5 w, lat. 40 8 N. Greemted, a village in E0cx, one mile w of Ongar, remarkable for its little church (built prior to the Conqueft) the walls of which are formed of the trunks of trees. GreemMe, a town of S Carolina, in Darlington county, capital of Cheraw diftrift. It is fituate on the w fide of Great Pedee river, 85 miles ne of Co- lumbia. Lon. 79 ss w, lat, 34 30 k . CreenvUltr a town of N Carolina, chief of Pitt county, with a feminary, tailed Pitt Academy. It is feated on the river Tar, 15 miles se of Tarborough, and 75 E by s of Ralegh. Greenvi/ief a town of TennelTee, in Greene county. Five miles s by w of |t is Greenville college. It is feated on the Nolachucky, 65 miles e of Knox- villc. Grfefivillf, a town, and fort of the ftate of Ohio. The fort was built by general "^^ayne, who >terc concluded a tirtSty of peace with the Indian nMibni in 1 795 . It is feated on the nw branch of the Great Miami, 70 miles n by w of Cincinnati. Lon. 85 5 w, lat. m j8H. " Greenwicbt a town in Kent, with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It is famous for an hofpital for decayed feamen, thought to be the fineft ftrufture of the kind m the world ; and for an obfcrvatory built by Charles 11, on the fummit of a Wll, called Flamftead hill, from the great aftronomer of that name, who was here the firft aftronomer royal; and the Englifli compute the longitude from the meridian of this place. Here was once a royal palace, in which Ed- ward VI died, and queen Mary and queen Elifabeth were born : it has bceft long pulled down, and on part of its frte now ftands the houfe belonging to the ranger of the park. Here is a col. lege, called the Duke of Norfolk Col- lege, for the maintenance of ao decayed lioufekeepers; and another calli-d Queen Elifabeth College. In 1779, the chapel of the hofpital, the dining-hall, and eight wards were deftroyed by fire; but the whole was foon rebuilt. Green- wich in 1 80 1 contained 14,3,19 inha- bitants. It is feated on the Thames, five miles se of London. Lon. e, jat. 51 29 N. Greenwich, a feaport of Rhode Ifland, chief town in Kent county. It is noted for making good cider, carries on the fiiheries to advantage, and fends fome veflels to the W Indies. It ftands on the NW part of Narraganfet bay, if miles s of Providence. Lon. 71 ao w, lat. Misit, Greettiuichi a town of New Jerfey, in Cumberland county, on the nw bank of Cohanzy creek, three miles firom its mouth in Delaware bay, and 15 ss of Salem. Greiffetiy a town of Swiflbrland, on a fmall lake of its name, nine miles ese of Zurich. Greiffenbergt a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, on the rivtr Ser- nitz, 13 miles sse of Prenzio, and 48 NVE of Berlin. Greiffenbergy a town of Silefia, in the principality of Jauer, with a fortrefs on a mountain. It is celebrated for its linen manufactures, and feated on the Queifs, a8 miles wsw of Lignitz. Greiffenbergt a town of Further Po- merania, on the river Rega, 16 miles £ of Camm. Greiffenbagetit a town of Further Po- merania, on the river Oder, n miles » of Stettin. Newjerfey,m the Nw bank of miles from its ') and 15 SB of GRI Grtifivialde. Stit Gri^waid, Grein, a town of Auftria* 00 the Da< tube, aS miles k of Lintz. Greitz. See Graitx. Grenade, a town of France, in the de-. partment of Upper Garonne, i>f n^les jjwofTouloure. Grenoble, a city of France, capital of the department of Ifere, and a bilhop's f(c, with a fortified caftle. The leather and gloves that are made here are high- ly efteemed. It is feated on the Ifere, over wliich are two bridges to pafs into that part called Perriere, a large ftreet on the fide of the river. It is 27 miles sofChamberry. Lon. 5 44 b, lat. 45 UN. Oritnat a village of Scotland, in Dumfriesihire, near the mouth of the E(k, and on the borders of Cumberland, nine miles nw of Carlifle. It has been long noted as the refort of minors in England* who choofe to be married not* withftanding the prohibitions of their parents and guardians. Grevenbroich, a town of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers; feated on the river Erft, 10 miles en e of Juliers. Grevenmacheren, a town of tlie Ne- therlands, in Luxemburg, on the river Mofelle, in a country producing excel- lent wine, 14 miles ene of Luxemburg. Greusten, a town gf Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, on the river Helbe, 15 niles If of Erfurt. Grimaud, a town of France, in the department of Var, iz miles sw of Frejus. Grimbergen, a town of the Nether- lands, in Brabant, with an abbey and a caftlct lix miles n of Bruflels. Grimma, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, with a trade in wool, linen, thread, and flannel ; feated on the Mul- da, 14 miles se of Leipfic. Grimmefi, a town of Hither Pomera- nia, 14 miles s of Stralfund. Grmperg, a town of France, in the department of Sarre, lately of Germany, in the ele ghe, 33 miles a by s of Zutphen. GrottiHgemt one of the provinces of Holland, Dounded on the e by £ Frief* land, w by Frielland, m by the German ocean, and s by Overyflel. It is divid- ed into two parts, called Groningen and Omelands. The excellenqr of this ctuntry confifts in paftures, which feed a great number of larce horfes. Gnm^eut a city cur Holland, capital of the province of the lame name, with a citadel and a unitreHity. It is feated on the rivers Hunes and Aa, and Las a icommunication, by a canal, with a bay of the German ocean, at the diftance of 10 miles. The inhatdtants are compute cd at 20,000. It is 90 miles ke of Am« fterdam. Lon. 6 35 a, lat. 53 la n. Grojtat an ifland in the gulf of Ve- nice, near the coaft of Dalmatia, 35 miles long and two broad. Lon. 15 7 s, lat. 44 18 M. GrossetUf a town of Tufcany, In the 5iennefe, with a caftle, fituate near the fea, 30 miles sw of Sienna. - „ Grosshaytif or Hajfttt a town of Up- Grf/fe, a river of Scotland, which per Saxoay, in Mifnia, with manufac- fifes m the sw angle of Renfrewihire, turcs of cotton and woollen cloths, runs over feveral precipices into the feated on the Roder, eight miles n of Meiflen. Greigaut a town of Silefia, capital of a circle of its name. The forefts round this town are the jrunt property of all the inhabitants. It is 19 miles kne of Hdfle. Lon. i; a8 e, fat. 50 38 n. Grotkaut a town of Servia, wnei% the ' Tui^s defeated the Germans in 1739. It is 15 mileas of Belgrade. Groto/ti a town of Connetflicut, in Nc^ London county, five miles w of New London cHy. On the bank, of the Thames, oppOiite ^ city, is fort Orif- watd, memorable for being Rormcd, in 17S1, by BenediA Arnold, aft^ he had become a traitor to his country. The town wks burnt at the fame time. Cr»jfru» See Conmnm. Gnmierg, a town of Germany, ia Upper HelTe, where the kings of the Merovin^an race and Charlemagne held theu* court. It i» 10 miles b of Oiefen. Grwiiirg, a town of Sileiia, in the principality of Gloc:au, fnrrounded with vineyards. Here Is a manufaduie of cloth, and a great trade in vinegar and dried fruits. It is 30 miles nw of Glc gau. Gmnde, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunfwick, and in the mountains of Hartz, four mile^ w of CUufthal. GrunhajfH, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, with a trade in copper and lead, 16 miles s by w of Chemnttz. Grunin^ent a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Halberftadt, on the river Bode* (even mile* sne of Halberftadt. GruMmgtttj, a town and bailiwic of SwifTerland, in the canton of Zurich, with a caftle on an elevated rock, 10 miles SB of Zurich. GrufutaJtt a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnere, latily of G<*rnuny, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 22 miles nnw of Spire, and 28 s of Mentz. Gruyirei, a town and bsUIiwic of Swiflferland, in the canton of Friburg, with a caftle on a hill. It has a great trade in cheefe, and is 15 miles sw of Friburg. lower country, ard after receiving the Black Cart and White Cart, enters the Clytle, about a mile below Renfrew. Guadalajardt or New Galicia, one of the three audiences of Mexico, beuod- ed on the K by New Mexico, e and s by the audience of Mexico, and w by the gulf of California and the Pacific ocean, extending 600 miles in length, and 500 in breadth. It is divided into the provinces of Guadalajara Proper, Zacatecas, New Bifcay, Cinaloa, Culia- can, Chametlan, and Xalifco. It is ce- lebrated for its tertility, and the rich- nefs of its filver mines. Gtdadalajura, a city of Mexico, capi- tal of the province and audience of Guadalajara, and a bilhop's fee. It contains eight fquares, two college^ OVA GU A artd ftftrt\ coQtenU. It if fitaate on Mane in the Padftc ocean, !•• milca the Bar>u«ja> a tf miles w it w of Mexico, in circumfrrence- The Spaniard! have Lon. 104 • w, lat. ai 15 Nk a garriCon here ; but the inhabitanti are iiuadalajaftit a town of Spain, in alntod all natives of the country* and ew Cuftile, which has a manufaaorci!? reputed to be ikilfui in building boats. JKew L of broad (^loth. It is fvated on the Herares, 50 miles ni of Madrid. Gtutdaiaviar, a river of Spain, which rife'i on the confines of Arragon, crofles the province of Valencist and enters the Mediterranean, below Valencia. Guadaloupty a town of Spain, in Ef» tremadura, with a celebrated convent ; &ated on a rivulet of the iame name, 34 wiles a by M of Truxillo. Giudalouptt one of the Leeward Carribbee iflands in the W Indies, be- tttreen Antigua and Dominica. It is divided into two parts by a ftrnit, calU cd the Salt River. At this place the land on each fide is not above four miles broad, and l^y this ftrait the fea on the N w communicates with that on the St. The sw part is 60 miles long and U broad; and the ne part is much the fimfc The foil is exceeding- If good, and well watered near the fea. It abounds with excellent firuit. and has fcveral good harbours. Unuta b the capital. Lon. 14^ 15 1, lat. 13 mHK. Ouamangot a city of Peru, capital of a province of the fiun< name, and a bifliop's fee, with a univerfity. It is famous for fweetmeats ; and near it are mines of gold, filver, iron, fulphur, and quickfilver. It is i8» miles ksb of Lima. Lon, 74 5 w, lat. 13 ao s. Ciianabamh or Cat Islandt one of tht liahama iflands, the firft land of America difcovered by Columbus, in 1491, and named by him St. Salvador. Lon. 75 J w, lat. 24 30 N*. Guanuco, a tuwn of Peru, capital of a fniitful diftriA of the ^me name. Several kinds of fweetmeats and jellies are made here, and fent to other proh vinces. It is 172 miles mne of I^a. Lon. 75 is w, lat. 9 55 »• . ^ Guanzayelicat a town of Peru, in Wat by rivulets which fall from the moun> province of Guamanga, famous fonr its tains. On this ifland is a volcano, called the Mountain of Sulphur ; and on its E lide are two mouths, which open into a pit of fulphur : the blacks who fell brimftone fetch it from this pit. The French fettled on this ifland in 163s. It was taken by the Engliih in 1759, but reftored in 1763; again taken by the Engliih in 1704, but eva> cuated the next year. BaiTeterre is the capital. Gmdalquiver, a river ov Spain, which rifesin the s part of New Oaftile, flows tUroiigh Andalufia,by Baeu, Cordova* and Seville, and enters the bay of Cadiz. Gaadarama, a town of Spain, in Old Cal^ile. It has- a great trade in «^eefe, and is feated on the Guadarama, i5 miles nw of Madrid. Gmdlanot a river which rifes in New Caftile, in Spain, crofles Eftremadura, into Portugal, and feparating Algarve from Andalufia, enters the bay of Cadiz. Guadix, atown of Spain, in Granada, and a biihop's fee. It contains three parities and fix convents, and is fituatR in a rich country, on a river of the ).ime name, 36 miles ene of Granada. Lon. 3 w, lat. 37 »8 n. Guadramire, a town of Spain, in Leon, 33 miles wsw of Salamanca. GuaUoy a town of Italy, in Ancona, which was almoft dcftroyed by an eanh* <|iiake in 1751. It is eight miles kw of Nocera. (>Mti»t the chief of the Ladrone rich mine of quickfilver ,36 miles kw of Guamanga, and t66 esb of Lima. Guarot a town of Peru, near which are many remains of the edifices of tiie incas. It is feated near the mouth 6f the river Guara, 100 miles nnw of Lima. Lon. 77 e w, lat. 10 58 s. (iuario. See Cagnete. GuarJa, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a bifhop's fee. It is ftrong by nature and art, and has a ftately cathedral, 138 miles ne of Lifbon* Lon. 6 37 w, lat. 40 as k. Guardafid' See Gardefan. Guardamari a feaport of Spain, in Valentia, at the mouth of the Seguara. The chief trade confifts in the exporta- tion of fait. It is 17 miles ssw of Ali- cant. Lon. o 18 w, lat. 38 7 n. Guardta Alferes» a town of Naples, in the Molife, zi miles ne of Molife. ^ Guardta Girando, a town of Naples, in the Molife; as miles kw of Molife. . Guarmoy, a town of Peru, with *^ harbour, 170 miles nnw of Lima. Lon.' 77 43 ^» 'at. 10 15 s. Guastal/at a fortified town of Italy, capit.tl of a fmall duchy, included in that of Parma, with an ancient decayed caftle. It is feated near the river Po» 14 miles NE of Parnla. Guatteca. See Pamuo. GuaJto, or Fasto, a town of Naples, in Abnizzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Vrhice, 15 miles se of Lanciano. Guatbnaht one of the three audi* G U B pnccs of Mcyico* bounded on the nw by the audience of Mexico, ng by the gulf of Mexico, SE by the ifthmus of mrien, and sw by the Pacific ocean. It is f^o miles long and 450 broad, and' fubdivided into the provinces of Qua- tim^ Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Ni(Vagua, Cofta Rica, and Veragua. The indigo of this country is fuperior in quality to that of any other in Ame- rica, and is cultivated to a confiderable extent. Guatimala, a city of Mexico, capital of the audience and province of Gua- timala, and a bifhop s fee, with a uni- verfity. It ftands not far from the fite of St. Jago de Guatamala, the former capital, which was totally deftroyed, in *773» by an earthquake, when 80,000 perfons periflied. Guatimala is 600 miles 6w of Mexico. Lon. gz 22 w, lat. 13 40 M. Guaxaea, a province of Mexico, 1)ounded by the gulf of Mexico on the N, and by the Pacific ocean on the s. ^is fertile in wheat, maize, cochineal, m&. caflia ; and contains mines of gold, filvcr, and cryftal. ' Guaxaea^ or jitiiequera, a town of Mexico, capital of the province of G uaxaca, and a bifliop's fee. It exports excellent wood, perfumes, and cho- colate ; and has a noble cathedral and feveral rich convents. It is fcated on the Alvariido, 160 miles v. of Acapulco. Lon. 98 30 w, lat. 17 25 w. Guaifaquil, a city and feaport of Peru, capital of a jurifdifllon of the fame name, in the audience of Quito. It is defended by three ftrong forts, and (ituate on the rivcr Guayaquil, near its entrance into the bay of Guayaquil. This place is famous for a niellfifh, called turbine, no larger than a nut, which produces a purple reckoned to exceed all others in the world; and with it the threads of cotton, ribands, laces, &c. are died- The commerce of this city is confiderable. It is 140 milfs ssw of Quito. Lon. 79 46 w, lat. a o s. Guayraj a fortified town of Terra Firma, in Caraccas, and the port of Leon de Caraccas. The trade is con- fiderable, though the harbour is otily a roadftead, fecured by a mole. It is 12 miles NNW of Leon de Caraccas. Lon. 67 5 w, lat. 10 43 K. Guben, a town of Lufatia, capital of a circle of its name, which yields great quantities of excellent red wine. It is ieated on the Lubbe, near its conflux with the NeifTa, 34 miles ne of Cetbui. Life. 145a s, Ut. 51 j8 M. d u I Gub'tt a toiwn of Hindoeftan, in M^ fore. It is a fmall place, but has a confiderable trade in the produce of the . country for 30 miles round, andisalfo ^an intermediate mavt for the goodi pafTing through the peninfula. It is 31 miles ssE of Sera, and 40 w by n of Bangalore. Gubiot a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, 32 miles s of Urbino. Gttdenibergt a town of Germany, in Lower HefTe, 10 miles sswof CafTcl. Gturande, a town of Prance, in the department of Lower Loire, with a confiderable trade in fait. It is three miles from the Atlantic, and 40 w by ir of Nantes. Guerche, a town of France, in thi department of Ille and Vitaine, ao rililes ESEof Rennos. Gtteret, a town of France, capital of the departn^ent of Creufe. It is featcd on the Gartampe, 3s miles ne of Limoeges, and 170 s of Paris. Lon. I 56 E, lat. 46 10 N. Guergela, a town of Barbary, in Biledulgerid, 100 miles ssw of Tug- gurt. Lon. 4 50 b, lat. 3 r 15 v. Guernsey t an illand off the N coaft of France, fubjcdt to England. It is of a round form, 36 miles in circumference, ahd naturally ftrong, being furrounded by high rocks. The foil is verdant, thouph hilly ; and is remarkable for its fmall breed of cattle. The inhabitants are eAtmated at 15,000. The ifland was formerly a part of Normandy, and is fVill governed by the Norman laws. Port St. Pierre is the only town. Lon. 3 47 w, lat. 49 30 n. Gueta, or Iltteia, a town of Spain, in New Caflile, 52 miles e by s- of Madrid. Lon. 3 $4 w, lat. 40 30 n. Gtievetlan. See 'Socontuco. Giiglhi^tn, a town of Suabia. inthi^ duchy of Wirtemberg, fituate on t^^ Zaber, 18 miles n of Stutgard. Guiana, a country of S America, on ihe coaft of the Atlantic, between the rivers Oroonoko and Amazon, and to the N of Amazonia. The Portuguefe poflTefb the part adjoining the river Amazon ; the French, the fmall colony of Cayenne; the Dutch, Surinam, Ber- bice, Demerara, and IfTequibo ; and the Spaniards, the p.irt next the Oroonoko. The greateft heat takes place in Oc- tober, and continues to March : this is fucceeded by violent uninterrupted rain till June, when parching heat again takes place till July, which is again fol* lowed by InceflTant rain till OAober. Dutch Guiana is every where Icvtl, and lo lov^, that, during the rainyfeafoBd GUI it ii ufually covered with water near two feet in height. This renders tke foil fa rich, that, on the furface> for ia inches in depth, it is a fti^um of < pcrfedl manure, and, as fuch, tils been traofported to Barbadoes. The intorior parts of the country are inhabited by blacks, who have different languages and cuftoms ; and fomc of them build their houfes on trees, to be fccure from the inundations of the riveis. See Ca- yiitne, &c. Guitnne, a late province of France, i6o nules long and %$ broad, on the sw coaft, of which Bourdeaux was the ca* pital' It now forms the departments of GiroDde, and Lot and Garonne. Gtiliford, a borough in Surry, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Wey, on the fide of a hill, and had a caftle and a palace, now in ruins ; here is alfo part ofamonaftery, which is Aill occupied. The fummerafllzes are alternately held here and at Croydon ; but the eledlion of members for the county is always held here. It is a well-built town, with two churches, and an elegant town hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and the trade in timber and corn is coniiderable. It is 23 miles wsw of Croydon, and 29 sw of London. Lon. 029 w, lat. 51 15 N. Gmldford, a town of Connedlicut, in Newhaven county, lituate on a bay in Lung Ifland found 15 miles e by s of Newhaven -^ and caftle of irtment of Upper of Embrun. )wn of Portugal, in Ilnho, which has for- merly been the refidence of its kings. It is divided into the old and new town* tk formt;r fituate on an eminence, fur- rwinded by walls. Here is a manu- hfliire of linen in high eftimation. Th« public buildings are magniftcent, and the collegiate church is faid to be founded on the ruins of a temple of Cares. Jt is 10 miles se of Braga. ion. 8 Ji w, lat. 41 35 s. Guinea, a large region of Africa, of which little is known except the coaft. It lies in the Torrid Zone, between 14 w and so E Ion. and is divided into Upper and Lower Guinea. The firft comprehends Sierra Lecne, the Grain- coaft, theTooth-coaft, the Gold-coaft, tteSlave-coaft (which includes Whidah, Dahomy, and Ardrah) Benin, Biafara, Wajombo, Gabon, and Anziko. Lower Guinea is commonly called Congo. It u very unhealUiy for Europeans. Gmllatre^ a France, in thjf^ Alps, nine mi "^ Guimaraent^:. Entre Douero e- G U I The natives in general go almoft naked, and there feems to be little religion or honefty among them. The conpiodi- tiet purchafcd here, are gum-feneca, at Senegal ; rice and maize, on the Grain- coatl s elephants teeth, on the Tooth- co.ifl ; the greateft plenty of goli, on the Gold-coaft ; and all, in general, fup- ply (laves, a trade which commenced m 1.S17, but abandoned by the Engliih in itio;. Theiw arc many little ftates, whofe chiefs arc often at war with each other, when the people taken, on both fides, are fold for flaves ; and it is not uncommon for the neareft of kin to fell each other. The Enjjiiih, Dutch, Por- tugucfe, Danes, and French, have fac- tories upon this coaft. Guituay Nenuf or Papua, an ifland of the S Pacific ocean, to the n. of New Holland, from which it is feparated by Endeavour (Irait. It is next in iize to New Holland, extending se from the equator to ii s lat. and from 131 to 153 E lon. a length of more than laM miles, by a medial breadth of perhapl 300 i but the coafts of the eaftern part are far from being completely invefti- gated. The northern part is (aid to have been difcovered by the Spaniards, in 1528, who had failed from Mexico to explore the Spice illands. The coafts are generally lofty ; and jn the interior, mountain rifes above mountain ; but the whole appears covered with fuch luxuriance of wood and herbage, as can fcarcely be conceived. The cocoa, fago, bread-fruit, and plantain-tree, be- (ide moft of the trees, ilirubs, and plants, common to the iflands in the S Pacific ocean, are found here in great perfeiflion. This ifland is the chofen re- lideiice of the lingular birds of para- dife, which breed here during the wet monfoon> and in the dry migrate in flocks weftward, to the fmaller iflands, particularly Arroo. Here are alfo ele- gant parrots ; and pigeons that alm6ft equal a turkey in lize. The inhabitants of the northern part are called Papons; whence the name of the country. They feem to have the true Malay complex- ion and features; but in general of horrible appearance, and great ferocity. Their language and habitations refem- ble thofe of horneo, &c. on^the weft. The women feem the maft induftrious in making mats, and pots of clay, which they afterward burn with dry grafs or brufliwood ; and they even wield the ax, while the men are indolent, or en- gaged in the chacc of wild hogs. In the interior is a race called liaraforas, who live in trees, which they afcend by GUN ft notched poW, drawing it after tbev to pitivent fttrpri(e. pn thia cxteni've Urritoryi fo favoured bf nature* therp it no Suropcan f«ttl«inent. The chief commerce is with the ChincfK, from whom they purchafe inftrumentB and utenfila. Their retuma are ambcraris, tortoife fliell, fmall peafliti birda of pa- radife. s^nd other bird«t which the Pa* |>Mani dry with great IkilL Some flavei aire alfo exported, probably captivea taken in intcftine wars.- Cmngmmft a town of France} in the department of Cotes du Nord* feated on the Tricu, 13 miles a of Treguter. Gmtt a town of France* In the de* Sartment of Aifne, with a caftle, feated n ihe Oife. as miles s of St. Quintin, and 95 NB of Paris. GmhtHf 5t^ a town of the Kether- lands, in Hainault, feated in marihy landt on the river iiaine, fix miles w of Mons. GttfttHotf a town of Hindooftany in l4hore, 6e miles N by w of Lahore- ^$liU/m^4tHf a town of Perfia, in Irak Agemii ^$ miles w byiS Qf Cachan. CumhttnuMt a town of Prufliaf capital of the Lithvanian department' It has manufaAures of ctoth, and is feated on the Pifla. 75 miles a by s of Konigiberg. Lon. a^ 40 a, lat. 54 34 n. GtmJelfingeH^ a Twn of Bavaria, fitoate on the Brena, near the Danube, 17 miles 'vsw of Donawert. GuK/uJa, or GonfUdot a feaport of Arabia, on the Red fea- All veflels car- rying coffee to Jidda anchor here, and Say a duty. It is i8* miles s by e of lecca. Lpn, 40 50 e» lat. 19 7 n. Gtm/«or,'one of the five circars, ki the pcninfula of Hindooftan. It is alfo called Mortinazagur and Condavir, .tnd pccupies the fpace between Condapilly, tiie fouthernmoft of the four Englifh circarst and the n part of the Carnatic; extending more than 39 miles along the bay of Bengal. The maritime parts of this circar are flat«nd open, but the in- terior parts contaifi feme very ftrong fortrefles and polls. It is fubjedt to the hizam of the Deccan, and haK its name ftom a ftrong^ fortrefs, 13 miles £ of Con- flavir, the chief town. Guntsburgt a town of Suabia, capital of the margravate of Burgaii, with a caftle. It ftanda on the river GuntK, near its conflux with the Danube, fix iniles w of Burgau, and 14 e of Ulm. ^n. 10 14 E, m.. 48 24 N. ■ GuHtzmhausettt a town of Franconia, fn the principality of Anfpach, feated pn the Atlmul, near a forfft, 16 n»iles a SB pfAnfpacb. Gurwt « town of ^ilefli* in the ^iin» cipality of Olonui with good clotk manufadurcst and a great trade in corn. In 17 j^J^t was reduced to ajihes by t|M Huluanlt It ftands on an eininence, by the riyer Bartcb, 19 miles a of Ologau. Gurtkf a town of Germany, in Ca* rinthia» and lately a biihop's fee; feated on tbf fivf r OvMccki 20 miles n by w of Clagenfurt. Gurfltfeldt A town of Germany, |n Carniolat with a caftle on a hill, fitnatf on the Save, 18 miles s;i of Cilley. Gur^istan. See Georgia, Gitrteft a town of Ru.Tia, jn (he go* vrrnraeht of Aftracan, with a good har. bpur; feated neartheCafpianrea,betweeq the mouths of the Ural, 210 miles £ by a of Adracan. Lon 51 J* e, lat. 47 37 n. Gurietum, a town of HindooAan.in the Carnatic, with a mud fort. Four miles w ia Satghadam, or the fevea caftles, on a rpcky hill, at the foot of whi^h is the village, and near it the nabob has an extenfive garden, notrd for the beft oranges in the Carnatic. Gurietum is feated on both fides tlie Camundala, which flows into the Paliar, 33 miles w by N of Arcot. Gurrah, a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Allahabad, fituate near the river Nerbuddah, f6N miles ssw of A|. lahabad. I^on. 80 23 e, lat. 23 9 n. Gurramtomda^ a town of Hindooftan, lately fubjeA to the regent of Myfort, but ceded to the nizam of the Decqin in 1799. It is 73 miles ne of Bangalore, and 112 WNW of Madras. Lon. 783(1 E, \xi 13 47 N. Gujtrowt a city of Lower Saxony, to the duchy of Mccklepburg-Schwerin. The chief courts of judicature for the duchy are held here ; and it has an elt< gant ducal palace. It is fituate on \hf Nebel, 3j miles ene ofSchwerin. Loii. 12 13 E, lat. 5347 N. Gutta, a town of Hungary, feated ton the Danubf, in the ifland of Schut, 10 miles N of Comorn. Gutiiotu, a town of Hither Pomera* nia, in a county pf the fame name, feated on the feene, miles ssw of Gripfwald. Guzerat, a province of Hindooftan. which is a peninfuU, aeo mile's loni and 140 broad, formed by the Arabian fea and the ^ulfs of Cambay and Cutch. The w part is mountainous and woody, and inhabited by a wild hardy race, go. verned by rajahb of their own : but the largeft and fineft part is included within the extenfive empire of the Mabrattai. Amedabad is the capital. Gwalior, a fortrefs of HindooftaO| m HAD Hm werhH* of Oobud, lUMIt on • rock MMNit four miln in Ullgtht but ptrrow,ud Mwly ilat on tbe^op, with fidcf almoft perpendicvlart from te« to 100 feet aboTC the furroundiap plain.' The nmtwrt confbrme to the edfe of the precipice «11 around i and the only entrance u by fteps running up the fide of the rock, defended on the fide next the country by a wall and baftioni. 'llie area within is full of noble build- ings, rcfenroiri of water* welli, and cultivated land | fo that it it a little d{f< tria within itfelf. At the ww fo«t of a mountain ii the town, which it well built. Thii fbrtrefs is confidered as the Gibraltar of the eaft: bu^ in 1780, inajor Popham took it oy an unexpeft< (d nodturnal efcalade. It is 8e miles s of Agra. Lon. 78 28 b, lat. a6 13 k. G^horn, a town of l^owcr Saxony, in tne duchy of Luneburg, feated at the jun£kion of the Ifer with the Aller} 18 miles N of Brunfwick. Q^otf, 8ee (?i/#». H. Haag, a town of Bavaria, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feat- ed on a nill, 26 miles e by M of Munich. Lon. II 15 X, lat. 48 7 »• HaMichwerd, a town of Silefia, in the county of Glatz, on the river jifeifle, nine miles s of Glatz. Hatha. See Rio de la Hacba. Hachtttburgt a town of Germany, in the county of Sayn» with a caftle* 18 miles N of Cohlent^i' Hackttstownt a town of New Jerfey, in Suflex county, iieated on the Muf. conecnnk, az miles w by n of Mor- riftown. Uacklmact a town of New Jerfey, chief of Bergen countv, with a Dutch and an epifeopal church, and a flouri(h- ing academy. It is fituate on a river of the fame name, ao miles »w'of New York. Hackneyt a populous village in Mid- diefex, two miles ne if London, which contains many elegant villas. Hadamar, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, near the river Elfs, a a mileiNwof Mentz. HadJam, a town of ConneAicut, in Middleiex county, on the w fid^of Connefticut river, t8 mUci w by b of Saybrook. Haddingtont a borough of Seotbad, capital oTthe county qH the fame name. |t conQfts of four principal ftreetti H A O which IntcrfeA each other at ncfrif rif ht aof Ice, and hasaconfidenMcBMnti- ihAure of coarfe woolen ehnh. Part of a monaftery here l« oecMicd aa' a Mriih church \ and in the nbarb of Nungate are the rains of « nitnaerir- Haddington is feated on the Tyac, tt miles a of Edinburg. Lon. % 48 w, lat. 35 57"- Haddiiigtoiubin, or Ernst Lthimnt a county of Scotland, as milet long and IS where broadeit ) bounded on the w by Bdinburcfliire, m by the fHth of Forth, E by the German ocean, and s br Berwickfhire. It is divided into 34 pa. riflies, and the number of inhabitants in 1 80 1 was a9,e8<. The foil is, in raanr places, doubly produAive ; rich eropt are raiftd on the furfirae, and the mfaiea of coal are inexhauftible. The fouthera part is mountainous, comprehending the w fide of Lammermuir hills; but thefe high grounds feed many flieep. It is interfered by numerous ftreams, but the principal river is the Tyne. HadersUbtHt a* town of Denmark^Jn Slefwick, with a citadel, on a fniill idand, in a narrow bay of the Baltic, a; miles E of Ripen. Haditt or Nadiee, a town of Syria, on the Euphrates, 130 nriles w of Bagdad Hadief, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Monday. Large quantitiea of yarn are fpun here for the Norwich weavers. It is feated on the Bret, a* miles sE of Bury, and 64 irt of London. HadUjf, a village in Eflex, five miles aw of Rochford. Here are feme rum* of a caftle, on the brow of a hill, on a channel of the Thames between Canvey ifland and the fliore. Had/ey, a town of Maflachufets, in Hampshire county, on the b fide d[ the Connecticut, 97 miles w of Bofton. HadratnatiU a province of Arabia Felix, on the feacoaft, between Yemen on the w and Oman oq the a. Some parts are dry and defert, others are extremely fontile with well-watered v]d> leys. The chief produAs are firankin* cenfe, gum-arabic, dragonfblood, myrrh, and aloes. Shibam is the capital. Nagantewn. See Elita^htvwn, Hagen, a town of Weftphalia, in the county of Mark. It has manufadurea of cloth, and ftands on the Volme, 13 miles s of Dortmund. , Hagmbaehi a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, la miles ssE of Landau. Hagenhurg, a town of Weftphalia, in the codnty of Scbauenbuif , is miles w by K of Hanover. Hagmt a towa (tf Arabia Defcita, 8y RAI mikt N of Medina. Lon. S9 >5 *t l*t. a5 30 »i ' Hagutt a town of S Hollandt which maycompare with the handfomcft citiei in jBuropCt in the nuffnificcnce of its palacctf the teauty of its ftreets, the pleafluitnefs a£ its fituation, and the politencfs of Its inhabitants, who are eftimated at a(ove 361000. It is feated two miles from the fea> and there is a pavement acrofs the fand hills, with trees on each fide* which leads to Schevelin^ on the feafltore. The ancient counts of Holland reHded here ; and it ia the court, though not the capital, of Holland. The French took polTeflion of Hague, January 23, 1795. It is 10 miles Nw of Rotterdam, and :^o sw of Amfterdam. Lon. 4 17 a, lat.52 4 n. Haguenaut a fortified town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, with a citadel ; feated on the Motter, 15 miles N of Strafbur^. ^ Hailjham, a town tn t^ulTex, with a market on Wednefday, 12 miles e ef ^wes. and 59 s by a of London. Hiumburgt a town ot Auftria, with a caftle on a mountain, aear the Danube, i large enough to ihcl'«r a tboufand men of war. The town hat an entrenchment, and it ftrcngthened with fortt of timber ( the itreets aa* parallel and at right angles. At the N extremity it the king't yard, fupplicd with ftoret of every kind .for the royal navv. The inhabitantt arc cllimsted at above ij,ooo. It is 780 miles NE of New York. Lon. 62 30 w, lit. 44 45 "• Halifax, a town in W Yorklhire, with a mnrl.et on S.iturday. It is a very large parilh, containing la chapelt of eafe, and the inhabitants are prin- cipally employed in the woollen manu- faflure. This town is the great mart for broad and narrow cloths, tammies, Ihalloons, calaraancos, everlaftings, &c. It h!)i a market'houfe, called the Piece Hall, and various others for particular goods. The church is a venerable buildin);, and contains a number of an> cient idonuments. In 1801 the number of inhabitants was ii886. It in feated in a billy country, near a branch of the Calder,4o miles wsw of York, and 197 M by w of London. Lon. i 45 w, lat. s,^ « ". llalitz, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Lumberg, with a caftle. Since I'/ 73 it has been included in the new kingdom of Galicia. It is feated on the Dnieller, 60 miles sse of Lemberg. Lon. 25 19 h), lat. 49 %Q V, llalland, a province of Swedon, on the w coaft of Gothland. It is 60 miltfs along the coaft, but not above iz in breadth. The country is in general mountainous, with conliderable woods of nal^ and birch. Halmftadt is the ca- pital. llallaton, a town in Leicefterfliire, with a market on Thurfday, i a miles isE of Leicefter, and 9 1 n by e of Lon- don. Ualky a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a famous univerfity. It has large falt-works, and ni4iiufa(!lures of ftarch, linen, and flan- nel. It is feated on the Saalc, 18 miles NNw of Leipfic, and 46 sse of Magde- burg. Lon. la 13 E, lat. 51 gu V, . HaUe^ a town of Suabia, noted for its falt-pits, and the famous proteftant It-agiie concluded here in t6io. It is feated on the Kocher, among rocks and raoutUains, 37 miles he of Stutgard. H A Ml HalUt a town of Oermany, in Tyrol* funoui for itt falt-mine ; feated on the Inn, fix milet rnk of Interuck. IlaUe, a town of the Netherlandt, in Hainault, feated on the ScnnCt eight miles ssw of nruifels. JIaUein, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Sal/burg; feated on the Salxa, among mountains that abound in minea of fait, eight miles s by k of Salxburg. UalUrttrin/(, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in tne principality of Calenberg, at the I'uurce of the Haller, 14 milea ssw of Hanover. Halmstadtt a feaport of Sweden, cz« pital of Halland- Here are fiourithing woollen manufactures, and a profitable falmon-tiihery. It ftands at the mouth of the NilFa, on a bay of the Categat. 70 miles SHE of Gothcburg. Lon. i« 48 E, lat. 56 39 N. Hahtead, a town in Eflex, with t market on Friday, and a manufaAure of bays and fays ; feated on the fide of a hill, on the river Coin, 16 miles N of Chelmsford, and 46 ne of London. Ifaltiren, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Munfter, feated on the Lippe, 15 miles sw of Munfter. I/alton, a town in Chefliire, with a market on Saturday. It had a (lately caille, belonging to the diichy of I.an* caller, which maintained a large juriC diAion round it, by the name 01 HaltoA Fee; but all that remains is now a prifon. It is feated near the Mcrfey, 13 miles vt of Chefler, and 195 nnw of London. Ilaltiuhhtle, a town of Northumber- land, with a market on Thurfday, feat- ed on a hill, on the s branch of the Tyn(-> .^5 miles w of Newcaftle, and 283 N by w of London. JIalva, a town of the kingdom of Fez, feated on the Cebu, eight milet s of Fez. Ham, a (Irong town of Weftphalia, capital of the county of Mark. It is a place of good trade, and has extenfive bleaching-grounds. In 1 761, the French were defeated near this place by the troops of Brunfwick. It is feated on the Lippe, 20 miles w of Lipftadt. Lon. 7 57 E,lat. 51 40 N. Ham, a town of France, in the der partment of Somme, with a ftrong caftit, feated on the Somme, 48 miles n ot Paris. Lon. 3 6 g, lat. 49 45 m. Ilamah, a town of Syria, the refi- dence of the fcheik, with the title of emir. The beft houfes, the mofques, and the caftle, are built of black and white ftones The river Alfi, fortnerlj called Orontcs, runs ciofv by cal caftit;. m HAM md 9n» Hi ditiQb««* which are cni dc«p into the foltd rock. The inhabUanta liave a trade iu linen of their own ma- BufaAure. It ia feated among hiUs, 78 wiles B\\ of Aleppo. Lon. 34 55 e, lat. 36 15 M- HamMmelf a town of the kingdom of Tnni«» on a gulf of the fame name* 3^ miles 8 of Tunis. Lon. i* 15 b, lat, Hamarst a town, of France, in the department of Calvadoi, 13 miles ssw of Caen. Hambatht a town of France, in the department of Roert lately of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers ; feated on the lirer Rur, five miles se of Juliers HamhUdoth a town in Hampihire, with a market on Monday, 15 miles S£ of Winchefter, and 64 wsw of London. Hamburg^ a city of Lower Saxony, In the duchy of Holftein, confining of the old and the new town ; both nearly of an equal fize. Molt of the hoBtfes are built after the manner of the Dutch, and richly fumiflied within. The principal ftreets of the old town have long and broad qanals, which are filled hi the tide. It is feattxl on the rivers Elbe and Alder.; and the latter, before it enters the town by fluices, forms a fine bafin. Hamburg is well fortified, and on the ramparts are hand- ibme walks, planted with rows of trees. The town, from its fituation, has all poflible advantages for foreign and do- dcJHc trade; particularly from its com- municatiop, by the Elbe, with fome of the principal navigable rivers of G^r- fnany ; and hence it is one of the moft fxMnmerdal places in the world. Here is s celebrated college, an arfenal, a bank, »nd a handfome exchange. The inhabitants are eftimated at 100,000. The religion is Lutheran, and none but the EngKfli have the liberty of perform- ing divine fervice in a chapel of their own- Other religions are tolerated at Altpna, a large town near the harbour •f Hamburg, except the Jews, who Eiivti no fyoagogue. Beiide the five pn^dpal churches, there are 1 1 fmaller onctt for particular uccafions, fome of which belong to hofpitals. The cathe> dral of Our Lady is a very fine ftruc> tare. Hamburg was occupied in No- vemlcr 1806 by the French, who put the Britiih merchants under arreft, and confifcated all Englifh property found here. It is 55 miles se of the mouth of tbc Elbe in the German ocean, and 55 KB of Bicmco. Lon. 10 1 e, lat. si Mambmgt a towa of Penafylvaniat HAM in Burke county, on the 1 fide ef the Schuylkill, yp miles Nirw of Philadd. phia. Hmmktrgt a town of New Jerfcy, ig Suflex^iipounty, ae miles v% of xjew* town, and io nw of Newark. Hamelburg, a town of Franconia, is the principality of Fulda, feated on the Saale, 15 miles www of Schweinfurt HmmeliH, a ftrong town of Lower Saxony wit the extremity of the duchv of Brunfwick, of which it is the key. Here are manufaAures of ftuffk, filki,' and ftockings. The fortrefs furrendered to the French in 1806. It is fitaate at the confluence of the Hamel with the Wefer, 45 miles sw of Hanover. Lon, 9 23 K, lat. 5% 5 M. Ha-mi, a province of Weftem Tar. tary, furrounded by deferts, yet ac> counted one of the moft delightful countries in the world- Its rice and fruits, particularly the melons and dried raifins, are in high efteem in China. It is tributary to that country; and iti capital is of the fame narae, 104^ tniles w by M of Peking* Lon. v3 44 R.'lat. Uami/tM, a diftrid of TennefTee, com. prehending the counties of Hawkins, Knox, Jefferfon, Sevier, and Blount. The chief town is Knoxville, the capital of the ftate. HamiitoH, a town of the ftate of Ohio, in Hamilton county. It has a good trade with the fettlers of the back coun. try, and ftands on the Great Miami, 39 miles N of Cincinnati. HamiltoHt a town of New York, in Albany county, femous fpr its manu- faAure of glafs, 10 miles wnw of At bany. Hamitffit a town of Scotland, in La. nerkfliire, with a noble feat belonging to the duke of that name. It has a trade in cabinet work, and the making of fhoes ; and the women are famous for the fpinning of linen yarn. In 1 801, the number of inhabitants was 5908. It is feated on the Avon, near its con- flux With the Clyde, 10 milss se of Glafgow, and 37 wsw of Edinburg. Hamnutt a town of the kingdom of Tmis, celebrated for its baths, 12 )M\\fi w of C:bes. Hmmmamt a town of the kingdom of Tunis, wit ha celebrated hot bath, feated near a mountain rich in lead-ore, 16 miles s of Tunis. Hammert a town of Norway, in the government {^ Aggerhuys, 60 miles mnb of Chriftianta. Hammerjmhbt a large village in Mid> dlefia* feated op the Thaawit four nAM mSet w of London. Here it ii nun> jgry, cftablilhed originally as a board- ing rchool for young ladies of the Roman catholic perfuafion; and toward the Hver are a number of handibim feats Hammersteiny a fortrers of Germany, in ti>e late eleaorate of Treves, feated on the Rhine, oppofite Coblentz. Hamonf, a town of the Netherlands« in the late Wlhopric of Liege, i* m\e» w by N of Kuremonde. Hampthircy a county of England, Jwunded on the k by Berkfhjre, b by Sunyand Suflex, 8 by the Engliih chan- nel, and w by Dorfetlhire and Wilt- (hir«. It extends, exrlufive of the ifle of Wight, 41 miles from n to 8, and 38 from E to w : contains i, 1 1 2,000 acres ; it divided into 39 fmall hundreds, and 2j3 pariflies ; and has one city and 20 market-towns. It fends, with the ifle of Wight. 26 members to parliament ; and the number of inhabitants in iSoi was 219.656. This county has a great variety of foils, but the principal part 16 chalk. The Dorfetfliire border has large traAs of heath ; and toward the fea are great quantities of marfli land, but very fertile ; and all the remainder is excellent land. It is one of the moft fertile and populous counties in Eng- land. On the downs, of which a ridge nins almoft acrof* the county, are fed plenty of (heep : but the ftock is confi- derably decreafed, owing to endofures. Befide wheat, barley, and hops, it is fa- mous for bacon, honey, and timber: the laft in particular, on account of its great woods, of which the principsl arc the New Fureil, and tht foreft of Bert- The principal rivers are the Avon, Teft, Itchen, anu Stour Southampton is deemed the county-town, but the aflizea areheldatWinchefter. See New Forejtt indfFight- Hampshirej Nnuy one of the United States of America, bounded on the c by the diftridt of Maine and the Atlan- tic, s by MalTachufets, and w and irw by the river Connecticut, which fepa- rates it from Vermont. It is divided into five counties, Rockingham, Stafford, Hiliborough, Chelhire, and Grafton. i'he land near the fea is generally low, but, advancing into the country, it rifes into hills. From the vicinity o£ fome mountains, whofe fummits are covered with fnow moft of the year, this country is intenfely cold in winter. In fummer the heat is great, but of ihort duration. The capital is Portfmouth. Hamfttead, r, town of New York, in IQltteens countyi Long Iflaodt fiiuatc in H 4 N a large plain, aa miki b lif t of Vtw York. Hampstead, a village in Middlefex* Umt miles nnw cf London,^ formerly &mou.8 for its medicinal waters. It it feated on the Hde of a hill, on the top of which is a fine heath that commands a delightful profped ; and in the vid* njtr are many elegant feats and t illas. liamptoHt or MinclAng HamptoHt a town in Glouceiterihiir, with a market on Tuefday, and extentive cloth manu.> fafiures; feated near the Stroud canal* 14 miles s of Gloucefter, and 99 w of London. HamptoHy a feaport of Virginia, in ElifalxAh county, near the mouth of James river, 24 miles se of William£>, burg. Lon. 76 2S w, lat. 37 5 n. llamptoKi a feaport of New Hamp- fhire,in Rockingham county, ou a river of its name, near the fea. It has a canal to the Menrimac, at Salifbury; and is 14 miles a by w of Portfmouth. . Lon. 70 45 w» lat* 4* 5.5 »»• HamptoHt a village in Middlefex, on the river Thames, 1 1 miles sw of Lon- don. It is famous for a royal palace, called Hampton Court, originally and magnificently built by cardinal Wolfey* who gave it to Henry viii. The re*- mains of the old palace are only fome of the domeftic offices, the principal part being taken down in 1690, and the pre^ fent palace ereded by William in. The buildings, gardens, and parks are four miles in circumference. Hatut$h a ftrong town of Germany, in Wetteravia, capital of a fertile coUn« tv of the fame name. It is divided into the old and new town, and in the former ia a magnificent caftle. It ha« manufaAures of woollen fluffs, ftock' ings, procelain, and tobacco; and a trade m com, iron, and timber. It ia feated on the Kintzig, near its conflux with the Maine, 18 miles n a of Oann* ftadt. I^n. 8 58 E, lat. 50 le K. Uatuockt a town of Maryland, in Wafhington county, feated on the Por tomac, 90 miles nnw of Wafhington. Hang'tcbeou, a citv of China, of thC firft cufs, capital or the province of Tche-kiang. It is 12 miles in circum. ference, exclulive of its fnburbs, con* tains more than a million of inhabitants, and is the general emporium for all ar- tides that pafs between the northern and fouthern provinces. Here are ex* tenfive fhops and warehoufes; and it has a great trade in died cottons and nankins, fliks, rice, and other grain. U is feated between a Urge bafin, that fonni the s extremity of the goad HAN MUial, and a fmall lake* called See-hou, 700 miles s by E of Peking. Lon. lao 20 E, lat. 30 ao N. Hanover, a^ late eleAerate of Ger- manyt in tlir circle of Lower Saxony. It c(Hitained the duchies of Zell, Saxe- Lanienborg, Bremen, Luneburg, and the principalities of Verden, Grubenhagen» and Ovcrwald. George i of Great Bri- tain was the Brft who gained poflfeflion of all thefe ftates, which lie moftly be- tween the rivers Wefer and Elbe, and ex^^nd 300 mile$ in length; but the l>readlh is varibus, being in fome places 150 miles, and in others but jo. Their £ reduce is timber, cattle, hogs, mum, eer, and bacon ; a little filver, copper, kad, iron, vitriol, brimltone, quick- ^Ivcr, and copperas. In 1803, the French obtained pofltdion of all thpfe territories. Hanover^ a fortified city of Lowc;r Saxony, lately the cap.'tal of the elec- torate of the fame name. It its neigh- bourhood are the palace and elegant gardens of Herenhaufen. Hanover is well built, contains upward of 15,000 inhabitants, and has ,manuf?dures of lace, ftuff, ftockings, ribands, and lea- ther. The French took it in 1757, but were foon after ej-.ptUed. They took it again in 1803. It is I'cated on both fides of the Leine, 38 miles w by n of Brunfwick. Lon. 9 48 e, lat. 52 22 s. Hanover., a town of New Hampfhire, in Grafton county, on the e bank of the Connedticut. Three miW s of it, and near the fame river, is Dartmouth college, one of the moil celebrated fe- minaries of education in the United {States. Hanover is 3 2 miles N of Charief- ton, and 100 nw of Portfmouth. Lon, 1% 85 w, lat. 43 46 w- Hanover, a town of Pennfylvania, in York county, 18 miles sw of York, and 106 w by s of Philadelphia. Hanover, a town of Virginia, in a county of the fame name, fituate on the Pamunky, the s branch of York river, C2 miles nne of Richmond. Hanover, AVw, a large ifland in the 8'Pacific ocean, cppoiite the vw extre- mity of New Ireland. It is high, and covered with trees, among which are many beautiful plantations. Han-ian. See Turon. Hansbachf a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leitmcritz, with ^lanufadtures c^ cotton, thread, and paper, 1 2 miles N of Kamnitz. HansfeUen, a town of Germany, in Stiria, eight miles nnw of Judenburg. Han-tehong, a city of China, of the ^rft ^1^8) in the province of Cbenii, on H AR the river Han, furfounded by mbnfl. tains and ferefts. The chief artidei rf trade are honey, wax, rauflc, and cin- nabar. It is 625 miles sw of Pekinir. Lon. ie6 35 E, lat. 32 56 H. Hanuye, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on the frontiers of Lim and Namur, 25 miles nnk of Namur. Han-yang, a city of China, of the firfl: clafs, in the province of Hou- quang. It is feated at the conflux of the Han with the Kian-ku, 585 mileg w of Peking. Lon. 1x3 44 e, lat. 30 36 N. Hapaee, the name of tour of the Friendly illands, in the Pacific ocean. They are of fimilar height and appear- ance, and connefted by a reef of coral rocks, dry at low water. The planta- tions arc numerous and extenlive. Thefe iflands extend from N to s about 19 miles. Hapsal, a town of RulTia, in the go. vernment of Revel, feated on the Bal- tic, oppoflte the ifland of Dago, five miles sw of Revel. Hapsburg, an ancient caftle of Swif. ferland, on a lofty eminence, near Schintznach. What is left of it is now inhabited by the family of a peafant. This caftle was the cradle, as it were, of the houfe of Audria, whofe anceftors may be traced back to the beginning of the 1 3th century, when-Rodolph count of Hapiburg was elevated to the empire of Germany and archduchy of Auftria. Hdran, or Charan, a town of Aliatic Turkey, in Diarbek, known in fcripture PS the country of Laban. To thii place Craffus retired after his defeat by the Parthians, and not far from it he was killed. It is 25 miles e by a of Orfa. //((ir^oro«;fA, atownin Leicefterfliire, with a market on Tuefday. Here are manufaAures of tammies, ihalloons, and ladings. It is feated on the WeU land, 15 miles s of Leicefter, and 83 n by w of London. Harburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in thn dachy of Luneburg, with a ftrong Caftle. It has inanutiaAures of iilks, (lockings, wax, and tobacco ; and a great trade in timber with Holland. In 1757 it was taken by the French, but retaken the fanie year by the Hano- verians. It is feated en the Seeve, at its conflux with the Elbe, oppolitc Hamburg, 37 miles nw of JLuneburg. Lon. 10 % E, lat. 53 28 K. Hareourt, a town of France, in the department of Eure, 15 miles wnw of Evreux. Harcourtt a towR of France, in the led by msitt. :hief artidei of nuflt, and dn. sw of Peking. e Netherlands, itiew of Liege 'KofNamur. China, of the ince of Hou. the conRux of -ku, 585 miles 5 44 E, lat. 30 if four of the Pacific ocean, ht and appear, a reef of coral The pianta- Ktenlive. Thefe to s about 19 iflia, in the go- od on the Bal. of Dago, live caftle of Swif. minence, near eft of it is now ' of a peafant. die, as It were, whofe anceftors le beginning of jdolph count of to the empire hyof Auftria. [own of Aliatic n in fcripture •an. To thii his defeat by Far from it he liles E by 8 of [Leicefterfliire, lay. Here are fes, flialtoons, on the WeU kr, and 83 n >wcr Saxony, lurg. with a Inutiadlures of pbacco; and nth Holland, the French, |by the Hano- the Seeve, at [be, oppolite pf tuneburg. ranee, in the liles WNW of r:Lnce> in the H A R lepartment of Calvados, u miles s b; w of Caen. Hardiergt a town of Germany, in Stiria, it miles s$w of Friedberg. Hartlegsen, a town of I.ower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunfwicit, with a con- fiderable manufaAurc of leather, 10 mileJNWof Gottingen. HarJenhrgt a town of Wcftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, 1.? miles kne of Dufleldorp. r « « j • Uardenburgy a town of Holland, in Overyflel, fituate on the Vecht, 10 miles sw of Covoerden. Barderivyckt a fortified town of Hol- land, in Gclderland, with a univeraty. it has a trade in com and wood, and is feated on the Zuider Zee, 24 miles KN? of Arnhcim. Lon. 53 8 e, lat. 5 a ilfS. Hardivick, a town of the ftate of Georgia, near the mouth of the Ogee- cbee, 18 miles ssw of Savanna. Ilamvood, a village in W Yorkfhire, on the river Wharf, eight miles n of Leeds. Here are the remains of an an- cient caftle ; and in the church is the monument of fir William Gafcoyne, who committed Henry prince of Wales to prifon, for affronting him while he fat adminiftering juftice. Near it is Harewood-houfc, the noble ieat of lord Harewood. Uarfleur, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine. Its fortifi- cations have been long demolifhed, and its harbour nearly choked up. It ftands on a fmall river, near the mouth of the Seine, 36 miles nw of Rouen. Lon. o 19 E, lat. 49 30 N. Harford, a town of Maryland, in a county of the fame name, tituate on Bufti river, 35 miles ene of Baltimore. Ihrihara, a town of Hindooftan, in Myfore, with a fort, in which is a cele- brated temple. It ftands on the' e fide of the Tunga-bhadra, which here fepa- rates Myfore from the country of the Mahrattas. In the vicinity much cot- ton wool is cleaned, and fpun into thread. It is 64 miles ne of Nagara. Harltbeck, a town of the Nethor- l^ds, in Flanders, on the river Lis, three miles ne of C'ourtray. Harleigh, a town of Wales, capital of Merionethihiro, with a market on Saturday. It is a poor place, though governed by a mayor, and has a caftle, Mlt by Edward i , almpft entire, on a rock projciiting into St. George chan- nel. It is x6 mites sr of Carnarvon, and 231 MNW of London. Lon. 4 6 w, Ut. 51 54 s. iiarltm, afortilied «ity of S UoUaod, HAR memorable for the fiege it held otit againft the Spaniards in 1573, for ten months, before it capitulated. It hac broad regular ftreets, and many canals.; and is noted for i^s velvets, damaflcsy worfted ftuffs, and bleaching-grounds. The inhabitants are computed at 40 ,000. The great church, which is the largeft in Holland, has the grandeft organ in Eu- rope; it contains 8000 pipes, and 69 Sops. Harlem is feated near a lake of the fame name, 1 z miles w of Amfter* dam. Lon. 4 37 e, lat. iz %z v. Har/eston, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Wednefday, feated on the Wavenay, r6 miles s of Norwich, and ^ 99 NE of London< U'lrting, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuefday, 24 miles sw of Norwich, and 89 ne of London. Harlingen, a fortified feaport of Hoi- ^ land, in Friefland, of which, next to # tP^ Lewarden, it is the largeft and moft po- pulous. It has flourifhing manufadlures of paper and canvas, and is leatcd cm the Zuider Zee, 15 miles w of Lewar- den. Lon. 5 23 E, lat. 53 11 m, Harlow, a town in EflTex, feven miles Nw of Ongar. On a common, tw« miles from the town, is a famouS' fair on the 9th of September, called Harlow Bulb Fair, much reforted to by the neighbouring gentry. Harmont/, a town of Pennfylvania, in Luzerne county, on the N fide of Staruccacret:k, a water of the e branch of the Sufquehnnna. Between this place and Stockport, on Delaware river, diftant 18 miles ese, there is a portage. It is 130 miles nw of New York, and 140 N by w of Philadelphia. Hnro, a town of Spain, in Old Caf- tile, feated on the Ebro, 3a miles ne of Burgos. Harpertfeldt a town of New York, in Otfego county, 32 miles se of Cooperf- town, and 6i w of Hudfon. Harfonelly, a town of Hindooftan, capital of a diftri<5l in the Myfore coun- try. At the partition of this country, in 1799, Harponelly was ceded 'to the Mahrattas. It is 76 miles nne of Na- gara. Lon. 75 28 E, lat. 1440 N, Harrington, a fmall port in Cumber- land, on a creek of the Irifli fea, which admits veffds of 1 20 tons burden up to the houfes. Coal, lime, iron-ftone, and fire-clay, are font hence to Ireland and Scotland. It is fix miles N of White- haven, and eight w sw of Cockermouth. Harrington, a town of the diftri<^ of Maine, in Lincoln county, on the w fide of Kenii«'hec river, which will hfre admit vefl'cU of 1^0 tons Thejudicinl - A #• HAn tauttt for tbe county are heM alter- nately in this town* add at Wifcaflfet. It carriea on a Wiik trade with the back country* and is 30 inlles N by w of Uerriorpouf, 8 town of Hindooftan, in Orifla» capital of the dlftrid of Mc burbunger It is loft miles Nne of Cat« tack and 1 20 wsw of Calcutta, ton. 86 46E«lat. 21 53 V. Uarrisbuny a town of Pennfylvania, capital of Dauphin county, fituate on the E bank of the Sufquehanna, 86 miles >v by N of Philadelphia. Lon. 76 55 w,Iat.4o 15 M. HarrodsbMTgi a town of Kentucky, in Mercer county, at the head of Salt river, 30 miles s by w of Frankfort. Harrofttt a village in Middlcfex, on the higheft hill in the county, 10 miles WNW of London. It has a celebrated frcefchool. Harromine8, and a lai^ flnor manufaAure. It is iieated on the Cer. flian ocean, partly furrounded by rod» and hills. 16 miles Ese of Durham, and 258 N by w of London. Lon. « 54 w L; 54 41 K., • Hartlejt a town in Northumberland, a little If w T>f Tynemouth. A haven bas been conftrudcd here, whence coal is {hipped to London ; and a canal is cut through a folid rock to the harbour. Here are alfo large £alt, copperas, and glafs works- IJartzxerodft a town of Upper Sax. ony, in the principality of Anhalt-BCTij. bui]5, fituate near the Partz mountaint, which contain mines of filver, copper lead, and iron. It has a mine^ffice and a caftle, and is 23 miles sw of Bernburg. Harwic/if a feaport and borough in Eflex, governed by a mayor, with i market on Tuefday. It has a capacious harbour, and a convenient dock for the building of men of war. Much com- pany refort hither for the purpofe k lea-bathing, and it is the principal place of embarkation for Holland and Ger- many. The entrance into tlie harbour is defended by a battery and Languard Fort. The town is feated on a tongue of land, oppofite the united mouths of the Stour and Orvvell, 43 miles e by » of Chelmsford, and ;i ene of London. Lon. I 13 K, lat. 51 56 N. Har fiderable mnnufa^ures of linen, wool- len, and cotton. It is 16 miles n by w of Mancheftcr, and 204 nnw of Lon- don. Hasselty a foilified town of Holland, in Overyird, ftated on the Vccht, fix miles N of ZwoH. Hajselt, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, feated on the Demer, 14 miles nw ofMaeftricht. Hajj/urt, a town of Franconia, '» HAT the principality of Wurtzburjt, on the lifcr Bfaine> eight milea e of Schwein> furt. , Haiilacht a town of 8uabia» in the BrifgftUi on the river Kintzig» 14 na\f jiBofGengenbach. Hasttnbeck, a town of Lower Saxony^ to the duchy of Brunfwick, near which the Fretich gained a viAory over the duke of Cumberland, in 1757* It is five miles SE of Hameiin. Hastings, a boroogh in Sufleic, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Wednefilay and Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports* and had once a caftle» BOW in ruins. The harbour* formerly of much confequence, is now only an indifferent road for fmall veflels. Hhe town is commanded bjr a ftroag fortj bat two churcheSf and is a fafliionable ffitcriiqr place* In io6i, a bloody battle was fought here, between Harold II of Englvid and William duke of JJormandy, in which the former loft hit life and kingdom : William* henee furnamed the Conqueror* was foon ifter crowned king or England* and in- troduced a memorable epoch in the annals of the country. Haftings is fnted between a high cliff toward the fea, and a high hill toward the land fide, ^4 miles a of Lewes, and 64 se of London. Lon. c 41 b, lat. ,i;o 52 kt. WatfieUt a town of Maifachuiets, in Hampfhire county* on the w lide of the Connedlicut* nearly oppofite Hadley* (0 which place there is a ferry. It is fiTcmileAN of Northampton. Hat/ieidt a town in Hertfordlhire* with a market on Thurfday. li. for- merlv belonged to the bifhop of Ely* in whole palace Erifabeth refided* and was thence conduced* on the death of Mary, to afcend the throne. She pro- cured the alienation of this manor ; and James i exchanged it with fir Robert Cecil, afterward earl of SnliAiiiry* for Theobalds; and on the fite of the epif- copal palace, that nobleman built the magniitcent feat called Hatfield-houfe. It ii feated on the river Lea* zo miles NSW of London. Hathnley, a corporate town in De- vonihire, with a market on Friday, and a woollen manufaAure. It is feated near the river Oke, a6 miles n\v of Sxeter, and aoi w by s of London. Hattem-, a town of Holland, in Gel- iJcrland, Icated on the Yflel, four miles »w of Zwoll. Hatteras, a cape on the coaft of N America. It extemis far into the ocean, from the coaft of N Carolina, in lat. 35 15 N. H A V Hatihigettj a town uf Weftpbalb, in the county of Mark* feated on th« Roer* 17 miles RNxof Dufleldorp, Uatvan, a town and fort of upper Hungary* feated on a mottataiB*!a8 miles SNB of Buda. Hatzfeldt a town and caftle of Ger* many* in Upper HefTe* capital of a county of its name; feated on the £der» 17 miles NNw of Marbuiv. Uavannot a city and feaport on the Nw part of Cuba* two miles in circum* ference* and the capital of the ifland. The houfes are elegant* built of ftone» and the churches are rich and magnifi* cent. The harbour is capable of con- taining upward of 1000 veiTels^ and tlw entrance* fo narrow that only one fliip can enter at a time, is defended by two flrong forts* called the Moro and the Puntal; there are alfo many other forts and platforms, well furnifhed with artillery. Here all the fhips that tome from the Spanifh fettlements rendezvous on their return to Spain. This city was taken by the Englifh in 1762* bat reftored to the Spaniards in 1763. It is feated on the w fide of the iuirbour, and watered by two branches of the river La^iu;. Lon. 8a i8w,Iat.a3 law. HavoHtt a town in Hat^rfHire* with a market on Saturday, feyen milea n e. of Portfmouth* and 66 w by s of Lon- don. Havelbergt a town of Brandenburg, in the mark of Pregnitz* feated on the Havel, near its conflux with the Elbe. Many veflels for the navigation of the Elbe are built hen:* and great quantities of wood fent hence to Hamburg. It is 37 miles NW of Brandenbiirs. Haverfordnuettt a borough of Wales* in Pem£>rokefhire* with a mar]cet on Tuefday and Saturday. It is a county of itfelf* governed by a mayor, contains three parifh churches, and has a con- fiderable trade. The afTizes and coun- ty gaol are kept here ; and it had onoe a wall and caftle, now demoUilied. It is feated on titc Dougledy, which foon after enters a creek of Milford haven* 15 miles ESE of St. David* and 253 w by N' of London. Lon. 5 o w* lat. 51 Haverhill, a town of New Hamp- fhire, chief of Grafton county, fituate on the Connediciit, 32 miles K by E of Hanover* and 110 wnw of Portland. Lon. 7415 w, lat. 44 5 s'. Ha'verhill, a town of MafTachufets* in EiTex county* with two clturches, and a bridge over the .Merriniac. Some vefTels are built here, and it has a ma- nufacture of canvad. It ii la miles # HAY from Ifewbury Port, at the tr.outh of the rWer, and 3% n by w of Jiofton. ' Havcriit a town in Suffolk, with a tttarket on Wednefday, and a manufac- ture of checks, cottons, and fuftians- It is 16 milea sw of Bury, and 59 nk of London. Htnire de Graev* a fcaport of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a ftrong citadel, a good arfenal, and Aorehoufes for the conftruAion and arming of (hips. It is furrounded by lofty walls, and large ditches filled with water. The harbour has particular advantagec above 'i , i'tvater, a lak, lat. 54 4 N. Jf elder, ^ town of N Holland, \vfth a ftrong fort which defends the entrance of t\ie Texel. In Septerrtber 1799 thei fort was taken by the Engltfli, and the whole of the Dutch fleet lying in the Texel furrendei J to them, for the fer- vice of^be pr^pee of Orange ; but the Englifll abandoned the fort in Novem- •ber foUoX^'ing. It is fituate on the Nv(r point bf the province, oppofite th% W end of Texel ifland, 24 milesi a of Alc- 4riaer. Lon. 4 34 e, lat. 53 o N. ' • Helena, St. an ifland in the Atlantifc 'ocean,' ay miles in circuit, belonging to the,Englilh E India company. It He^ between the continents of Africa And S America, about laoo mileS w of the fomnier, and .1806 e of the latter; and Was difcovefed by the Portuguese, in 150a, on St. Helena^ay. Affeiward, the Dutch were in pofleflloti of it till t6oo, when they were expelled byth* HDglifli. In 1673, t^ Dtttch^retQok It U H E L by furprife; but it wus foon after re- conrercd' It has fome high mountains, particularly one called Diana Pealc, , which is covered with wood to the vcrv top. There are other hills alfo, which hur evident marks of a volcanic origin ; and fome have huge rocks of lava and a kind of half vitrined flags. The chief inconvenience to which the illand is AibjeA, is want of rain ; however, it is far from being barren, the interior ▼alleys, and little hills, being covered with verdure, and interfperfcd with gardens, orchards, and various planta- tions. There are alfo many paftures, furrounded by inclofures of (tone, and filhid with a nn«i breed of fmall cattle, and with Englifli Iheep; goats and poultry are likewife numerous. The inhabitants do not exceed 3000, include ing near too foldiers, and 1600 blacks, who are fupplied with corn and manu- fa^nres by tne company's fhips in re- turn fbr refrefhments. The town, called James-town, is fmall, fituate at the bottom of a bay on the s fide of the ifland, between two deep drearv moun- tains; and is VreU defended by forts and batteries. Lon.' 5 49 w, lat. 15 55 s. HeleiUt St. a village in Hamplhire, at ttte E end of the ifle of Wight, two mile* R« of Brading. It has a bay or road of confiderable note as a rendez- vous for ihips that arc outward bound and kept back by wefterly winds. Heitnst St. a village in Lancaftiire, three miles ne of Prelcot. In and near it are a variety of manufadlures ; par- ticularly an extenfive copper work, and a ftill larger one, at Ravenhead, for calling plate-glafs. The Sankey canal begins at the coal mines here, and takes a circuitous courfe by Newton to the Mf^rfey, below Warrington. Ji^ier, St. the capital of the if ..«« of Jerfcy, feated on the bay of St. Aubin, with a harbour, and a ftone pier. The inhabitants are compu^ to be 2009, and have manufactures of woollen ftockings and caps. At the top of the maricet-place ii the ftatue of Oeorge i 1 1 and in the church, yrhere prayers we read alternately in Englilb and French, is n monument to the memory of major Pierfon, who fell here in the moment of viAory. I^cn. a 10 w, lat. 49 1 1 N. See Jtrtty. Htl'ttt, St. a Httle ifland, near tii? town of the fame name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on the s fide of Jferfey. h took its name from £leriu8, or Heli«r, a liig^y man who lived in this ifland, and wm.flain by the pagan Normans. His cffib.yrtth the ftone bed, is ftill fliown H E L among the rocka ; and in memory of him a noble abbey was founded bcic On thi; fite of this abbey now ftandj Elil'abeth caftle, the refidence of the governor and garrifon of Jerfey. ]t occupies the whole ifland. which is near a mile in circuit, and is iurroandcd by the fea at every half flood ; and hencf, at low water, is a paflage to the town of St. Helier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, formed of fand and ftoncs. Utlio^Usi or Matertoy a village of Egypt, four miles ene of Cairo, whm- the French gained a dccifive viAory over the Tui^s in i8oo. Here it a ce- lebrated fpring of frefli water, faid tn be the only one in Egypt; and, accord. Ing ro tradition, the Holy Family cami- here on their flight from Herud, and bathed the child Jefus in this fountain Hellehy a town of Afiatic Turkey, in jfrak Arabi, fltuate on both fidei of tlic Euphrates, with a bridge of communi- cation. It is fuppofed to ftand on the lite of the ancient Babylon. The fur. rounding gardens are 10 covered with fruit trees, particularly palms, that the town appears as if feated in a wood. It is 72 miles s by E of Bagdad. Lon. 45 5 E, lat. 32 25 M. Jlel/gatg, a ilrait near the w end of Long Ifland found, eight mileg e of New York. It is narrow and crooked, with' a bed of rocks extending quite acrofs ; but, at proper times of the tide, fliips of any burden may paA through this ftrait. Ueimmhausettt a town of Germany, in Lower Hefle, on the river Diemel, :o miles N ofCaflel. Helmontt a town of Dut^h Brabant, with a ftrong caftle, feated on the Aa, 1 7 miles SB of Bois le Due. Helmsdt(Ut a river of Scotland, which ilfues from fevcr;il mountain-lakei in Sutherlandihire, ana rolls over its rocky bottom to the Ord of Caithnefi. At its mouth in the German ocean it a good falmon fifliery. Ittlmtley, a town in N Yorkihire, with a market on Saturday. It has the remains of a cafth, and is feated on the Rye, %o miles v >, f Yc/k, and 318 n b/ w of London. Helmttatltt a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunfwick, with a uui* verfity, as miles MR of Brunfwick. Helsingburgt a feaport of Sweden, in Schonen, feated on the Sound, nearly oppofite Flftnore. Here is a ferry acrofi the Sound to Denmark, and it has ma* nnfa^res of ribands, hats, and booti> It is Ave miles ns of £lflnOre,aod ji Hw of Lund. Lo9« la 40 £, lat. 563 d- In memory of founded hen. By now (land, ridence of the of Jerfcy. h 1, which Is near furrounded by )d; andhencf, ge to the town Bridge, half a i and ftones. »» a village of [)f Cairo, when- dccifive viAory . Here it a ce- 1 watw, faid to It ; and, accord- •ly Family came Dm Herod, and in this fountain. iattc Turkey, in loth fides of the ge of communi- to ftand on the ylon. The fur- lb covered with ' palms, that the jted in a wood, ' Bagdad. Lon. ar the w end of ight miles e uf }w and crooked, extending quite r times of the rden may paf; n of Germany, It^verDiemel, :o iDut&h Brabant, kted on the Aa, >uc. I Scotland, which mntainOaket in Ilia over its rocky Caithneft. At tan ocean ii a N Yorkfliire, lay. It has the lisfeatedoDihe c, and 318 N by j Lower Saxony, |ick, with a uni* jrunrwick. ; of Sweden, in Sound, nearly lisafcrryacroft 1 and it has ma^ iit«, and booti. Ilfinore, and 31 E,Iat.i63R' r HEN Htlilfifcrh a fcaport of Sweden, in ftnland, and the chief town in the pro- tinoe of >Iylartd- It hai a commo- dious harbour in the gitlf of Finland, , and an immenfe fortrefs. It is 1 10 miles ' kit of Abo. Lon. aj 6 e, lat. 6q 10 v. tUiiitjfiaiOV llehingland^ a province of Sweden, in Nordland» aie miles in length, bbtvveen Dalecarliaand the guU of Bothnia* an«* f™"^ 5o «*> 8« »" breadth, it has cxtenfiTe furefts and many iron mines. The chief articles of trade are iron* flax, linen, tallow, butttT, tar, deal, and timber. The principal town is Hudwickfwald. lleUm, a borough in Cornwall, go- vemed by a mayor, with a market on Monday. It ftands on the river Loe, near its entrance into Mount bay, and iioneof the towns appointed for the coinage of tin. A little below it is a harbour, where veflels take in their lading. It is 1 1 m 'les s w of Falmouth, and 274 w by s of London. Lon. 5 15 E, lat. 50 I !»• Helvetia. See SwUserland. UehoetilttifSt a.ftrong feaport of 8 Holland, on the ifland uf Voorn. Here lime of the Dutch men of war are laid up in ordinary} and it was lately the general port for the Englilh packets from Harwich. It furrendered to the l-rench in 1795; and is feven miles s by w of Briel. Lon. 40 £, lat. 51 ^a n* llemmendorf, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Brunfwick, fituate on the Saale, la miles e of Hamelin. iUmpstedy or Hemel Hempstedt a cor- porate town in Uertfordihire, with a market on Tburfday, feated among hills, oa the river Qade, 18 miles w of Heitford, and 23 nw of London. Hems, a citjr "of Syria, Airrounded by «ails three miles in circuit ; but the ptefent buildings only take up about a quarter of the area in the nw quarter. I To the s of the town is d large ruined caftle. on a high round mount, faced with done. It is feated on a fm^ river, which runs into the Orontes, 95 miles s i of Aleppo. Lon. ^f 20 £, lat. 34 25 n. Heng-tchetiu, a City of China, of the I tirilrank, in the province of Hou-quau^. The chief manufacture is paper. It is itatedon the river Heng, 840 miles ssw I «f Peking. Lon. in 40 e, lat. 2630 if. Ueniei/t a town in Oxfordfhire, go- I v;rned by .1 mayor, with a market on Wednefday, Friday, and Saturday. The church a large ancient building, but the houfes are modern and the |:lreets fpacious. The principal trade h'iin com, flour, malt, and beech wood. Ik is feated on the Thames, over which HER is a (lone brtdff, 24 miles •? of Oxford and 35 w of London. llt^nUift or lUnlty In Ardtn%- x tvwii in WarwickOiire, with a market on Tqefday, featt-d on the AIne, 1 j diUoi 8 by K of Birmingham, and lot wnvT of London. iUnneber}(t a town of Upper Sixony, in a County* of the I'nme name. Some ruins of the caftle of its ancient counts are yet to be feun; It is four mile* ssw of Meinungen. Ilemebont a town of France, in the department of Morbi^an, with a great trade in com, iron, honey, 5cc. It is feated on the Blavet, 22 miles nw of VanDcs. llmrichemenu a to\vn of France, 1- the department of Cher, feated on ' Saudre, 15 miles kitb of Bourgif s. Uenrift Captt the » cap^ of Viirginia, at the entrance of Chefapeak bay; Lon. 764 w, lat 36 56 N. Htp eppenheim, a toivn of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, fituate on the Eiibach, i a miles k of Heidelberg. Herakll. See Erekli. Ileratt a city of Pcrlia, in Chorafan^ of which it was formerly the capital. .The neighbouring country produces excellent fruit; and rofesare in fuch plenty, that it is called Sui^ultzar, or the City of Rofes. It is (ituale on A river of the faitie name, 160 miles SE of Mcfched. Lon. 61 50 £, lat. 34 30 k. HerauUy a department of France, To named from a river which runs into the * ifulf of Lyon. It includes part of the ate province of Langucdoc) and the capital is Montpellier. Herbemont, a town of, thft Nether- lands, in Luxemburg, with a caftle on a mountain, near the river Semoy, three miles WNw of Chiny. llerbornt a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Calviniit academy, and manufaAures of iron ; feated oi^ the Dille, eight tai\e% SSE of Dillenburg. Uenulareum, an ancient city of Na- , pies, totally overwhelmed by an erup- tion of Mount Vetuvius, iii the begin- ning of the reign of empersr Titiis* In 1689 and i7ii,fomt'thing of this city was difcovered; and from 173810 the prefient time, relearches being frequent* y made by digging, a great number of manufcripts, paintings, ftatues, tufts, domellic utenliis, itiflruments of huf- bandiy,&c.havMbeen found. Thevillaj^e of Portici now ftands on part of its fite. • Hereford, the capital of Hereford- fliire, and a bifhop's fee, with a market on Wednefdav, Friday, and Saturday. V 2 M E R The city is governed by a mayor, and it»' chief manufacture is gloves. . The cnftle, part of the. walls, and three of the fix gati-9 are doftroycd. It has four churchoR beiide the cathedral-, feveral meeting- boufea for diUcntern, and a frcefchool endowed with fome exhibi- tions at e.ich of the univcrfities. In 1786, the w tower of thf cathedral fell down, but it has been ri.'biiilt. The city is in poneraJwell built, and the number of inhabitants in i8oi wa8 6Sa8. It isfcat- ed on the Wye, over which is An an- cient ftonc bridge, 24 miles wsw of Worccfter, and 1.^5 wxw of London. Lon. a 35 w, iat. 5a 4 n. Herefordshire, a cor. ty of England, 46 miles long and 35 broad ; bounded on the R by Gloucefterfhire and Wor- ccfterfhire, n by Shropfliirc, w by Rad- northire and Brecknockfliire, and s by Monmouthihire. It contains 600,000 acres, is divided into 1 1 hundreds, and aai parifties; has one city and (even market-towns; and fends eight members to parliament. The number of inhabi- tants in 1801 was 89,191- The foil is exceedingly rich, producing excellent corn, hops, and frmt, a* is evident from the Leominftcr bread, Weobly ale, and Hcrefordfhire cider. The apples producing the cider grow in greater abundance he.-e than in any other county, being plentiful even in the hedge-rows. The cattle of Hereford- Ihire are deemed the fuperior breed in ' this ifland. The iheep are fmall, af- fording a fine filky wool. The princi- pal rivers are the Wye, Munnow, and Lug. Herent/ials, a town of the Nether- lands, in Brabant, on the river Nethe,. 20 miles ne of Louvain. Herford, or Herforden, a town of "VVeftphatia, in the county of Ravenf- berg, with a nunnery, belonging to the proteilantft of ihc confession of A\igf. burg. It has a trade yi ale and lineti, and is feated on the Werra, at the in- flux of the Aa, 2c miles sw of Min- den. Heriy an ifland in the Indian ocean, two miles nnw of Ternate. It is not more than two miles in circumference, but very fertile and well inhabited. Hericaur, a town of France, in the department of Upper Saone, 11 miles 8E of Lure, and 23 E of Vefoul. Herisau, a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Appenzel, with manufac- tures of fine linen and muflin, i a miles WW of Appenzel. Heristaly a town of t!ie Netherlands^ ia.the temtory of Liege, with a caftlc, feated on 'the Meufe, three inilt« n^ LicKC. Heritiru, a tot»n of IlindooftAn, in Myfore, fcited on the Vedawati, « miles wNw of Sera. Herk, a town of the Kctherlamli, jti the teiTitory of Liege, on a rivtrof the fame name, near its confluence with the Dcmer, two miles w of Maeftricht. Herkemer, a town of N«w York| chief of a county of the fame name' fituate on the n fldeof Mohawk river ao miles se of Whitcftbwn, and 8d WNW of Albany. Htrnmnstadt, a ftrong city, 'capital of Tranfylvania, and abifhop's fee. it has a large church, built by Mum Therefa, with a globe and (lecple rot eafily defcribed. In the great fijuare ij the houfe of the jjovernor, in the bell Germaft flyle, containing many gooj pictures. It is feated on the Cebtn, a!)« miles ese of Buda. Lon. 24 5^ 1, Iat. 45 43 N. Hermbacliy a town of France, in the department of Uoer, lately of Ger- many, in the duchy of Juliers, 17 miles s of Juliers. Hermstadtf a town of Silcfiil, in the principality of Wolan, on tiie river iiartch, 10 miles nw of Traclien. berg. . fferngrvnd, a town of Upper Hun- gary, feated amoi^g mountains, with rich mirte«'of copper, a8 mile* N by e of Schemtiitz. Hemhttthi a village in Lufatia, h miles NNW of Zittau. It was fbundeJ in 1722, hy fome perfecuted Moravian brethrcr. m the fields belonging to count Zinzendorf, who tht7 confidereJ as their bifhop and father; and thej were for fome time called Hernhulhers, as this place continued their principal hurfery. Hfmosandy a feaport of Sweden, in An^rmania, fituate on an ifland in the gulf of Bothnia, which is joined to the cWntinent by a bridge. It was for- merly a ftaple toXvn, and has ftill a confitJerable tradp of lon^Ion, who alfo added a cnapel. Mighiworth, a tovyn jn Wiltthire, go- verned by a mayor, )vi(]i a marki;t un Wednefdayr; feated qn a hill, in a rich plain, 36 miles n of S4li{l>ury, and 77 w of London. Higuetft a city on thp K part of the ifland of St. Domingo, formerly oT iome importance, but now greatly de- cayed. I^ is ntnate near the mouth pf a river, 90 miles e by n of St. Dq. H I N ^ UilhurghauttHt a town of .D|Mf^ Saxony, in tbe principality of Coburr, It is iubjedl to the duke of Saxe-Hili burgbaufiin, who haa a palace here, and featddoB the Wenra, 18 miles nmw uf CohMnr. JiUj/i/ieimt a clt^ of Lowtr Saxony, capital of a priiicinality of the fame namf . It w;l8 lately an imperial city, and a bifliop's fee. It is divided into the old and new town, and feated on the Irnelte, 17 miles sue of Hanovti. Lon. 103 K, lat. ji 9 N. Hihionpugh, an Inland iWttriii of N Carolina, comprehending the counties of Granville, Ptarfon, C'afwell. Orange, Wake, Chatham, and Randolph. IlUsborough, a town of N Carolion, in Orange county, capital of the dil- Xr.& of its name. It (lands on the k fide of the £no, which unites with the Little and Flat River, and forms the Neus, 17 miles below the town. Itig 35 miles Nw of Raleght Lon. 79 i^ w, lat. 36 2 M. Ilihborougk, a borough of Ireland, in tbe county of Down, with a manufac. ture of muflins. It is 16 miles nw 01 Down, nnd 20 sw of Belfaft. Ilimmaleh, a chain of mountaioi in Afia, which extends from Cabul along the If of Uindooftan, and is the general l)0undary of Tibet, through the whole extent from the Ganges to the river Teda; inclofmg betv^een it and Uin- dooftan, a Ui& of country from 100 to 180 miles in breadth, divideti into a number of fmaU ilates, which are un- derftood to be either ' tributaries or feudatories of Tibet ; fdch as Siriiiagur, Napaul, &c. Tliis ridge is precifely that deligned by the ancients, under the names of Imaus And the Indian Caucafus. The natives call it Hindop- ko (the Indian mountains) as well as Himmaleh: which l.iit is a Sanfcrit wor^i, flgnifying tnowy ; its fummit being covered with snow. Hinchinbrook lile^ one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 168 38 E, lat. 17 25 s. Jlincileu, a town in Lcicefterfliire, governed by a mayor, with a marki-t on Monday. It has a large church, with H lofty fpire ; a^td had formerly a caftle and walls, traces of which are flill to be fpen. Here is a confiderable manufac- ture of common ftockings. It is frateil on an eminence, 1 2 miles sw of Leicef- ter, and 99 Kt^w of London. Ifindelopen, a town of Holland, in Friefland, feated . on the Zuider ^ce^ :}! miles ssw ()f Itiiwitdin- H I N //iW/Vtt a town of Hindoo(l• and the fame ocean jpd Ptrfia on the w. But this country mud be coniidered under the three grand divifions of Hindooftan Proper, the Oeccau, and the Peninfuta- Hin- (iooAan proper includes the provinces uf Bengal, 3ahar, and all thuie that lie tu the north of the river Nerbudda; the principal of which are Agimere, Agra, Ailahiibad, CaJhmere, Delhi, Guzerat, I^ihure, Malwa, Moultan, Oude, Ko* hiicuiiil, Sindy. The Deccan has been extended to the whole region s of IJin^ooiUn Proper ; but in its mod reftrUted fenfe, it means only the coun- tries lituate between Hindooftan Pro- ptY and the river Kiftna ; thcfe are Can- deilb, Dowlatabad, Berar, Oritra, the Circars, the chief part pf Colconda, Vi> liapour, and Concao. The traA » of thefe, or the river |Sliftnj|, is generally uiled the PenipfuU; although its form ^oes not aut))oriae that appellation : it includes a imall part of Golconda, .Myfprf»andtheCarnatic, with Madura, aDdotheffmaller diftrids; the w coaft being called that of Malabar, and the k that of Coromandel. The principal rivm of this extenfive region are the Ganges, Burrampooter, Indus, Juinm^, Pudda, Nerbudda, Tapty. Codaye^y, Kiftna, Pennar, ^nd Cauverv. The chief mountains are thofe of ^immaleh and the Gauis. To give an idea of the mudtirn r.'volutions in the empire of Hindooftan, it is proper to obrerve»that from a pqre Hindpo governrpept, it be- became, at lal^, a Mahometan ftatp, and continued to h? fo, under various dy- naftiei, till the beginning of the i8th antury. The firft i)Tuptipn of tho Mahometans 'vvas ii^ the year iooq« From this period the provinces of Hinv dooftan were held rather as tributary Icingdoms, than as provinces of tl\Q f^m( em|>ire; and tbe conqueft of the HI N Deccan, in particular, wai for afet an objedl of conliderable importance to the emperors. la 1389. the Monj^ul Tar- tars, under the conduA of Timur, or Tamerlane, invaded Hindooftan; but the conqueft of the country ytHi not ef- feAed till 1525, by fultan Baber, one of his dcfcendants, who, from thiscircum- ftance, Was the founder of the Mongul dynafty; and hence Hindooftan has been called the Mongul Empire, and iia chic^ the Grert Mogul. The illuf. trious Acbar, ^is fon, failed in his at- tack upon the Deccan ; an attempt in which many of his fucceflbrs were equal* ly unfortunate, and which tended, in the feauel, to the decline and diflblu« tion or the empire. In 161 «, emperor Jehanguire. his fon, received nr Thomas Roe, as the firft Englifli ambaflador; and the Portuguele had, by this time*, acquired conliderable fettlements in Bengal and Guzerat. In the reign of his grandfon Aurungocbe, which lafted from 1660 to 1709, the empire attained its full extent ; his authority reached from 10 to aj degrees in lat. and nearly as much in Ton. and I ^ revenue exceed- ed 32,ooo,ooq1. fterling. But in the courfe of 50 years after his death, a fuc- culfion of weak princes and wicked mi- nifters reduced this aftonlihipg empire to very narrow limits, and deprived it of all Its power and fplendor. In oon* fequence of the intrigues of the nigam of the Deccan, Nadir Shah, the Perfian ufurper, invaded Hindooftan in 1738. The weak emperor, Mahomed Shah, threw himfelf on the clemency of the invader, who entered Delhi, and de- manded thirty mUliona fterling by way of ranfom. Nadir, afterward, evacuat-, (;d Delhi, and left the nizam in poflcf- lion of the whole remaining power of the empire, which he iacrificed to his own views in thf? Deccan, where he cftabliflied an independent kingdom. Mahomed Shah died in 1747, having feen the Carnatic and Bengal become likewife independent, under their re- fpe^ive nabobs; an independent ftate too formed by the Rohillas (a tribe ft-om . the mountains between India and Perfia) on the E of the Ganges, within 80 miles • of Delhi; and the kingdom of Can- dfthar ereded by Ahdalla, one of the generals of Nadir ghah. Ahmed Shah, the fon of Mahpmed, Aicceeded; in whole reign the entire divifion of the empire took place ; nothing remaining to the houfe of Tamerlane but ^he city and fmall territory of Delhi. The IxH imperial army was defeated by the Ho- hillas, in 1749. The Jataj a HindQ^ IFI N tnbe» ftiuhdcd a ftate in Agra; Oude wall feised tiy Mahomed KooVi ; and t^iL iMahrattas, beiidc tbcir ancient dttnaina in the Becxtan, obtained great part of Malwa, Guzervit, Berar, and Orvffit. The IVJ ongul empire was now become merely nomithil; and th«empe- rossk from thispayiod, miift be regarded aa of no political conrequence^. other- wife than as their names and perfons were' made ufe of, by difTerent par- ties, to promote their own views i for* the. name and perfon of the emperor: retains a coniiderable degree of venera- tion among the bulk of the people in Utndooftan. Ahmedrv.-as depofe, who was alternately dependent the contending powers, ^nd more partictilarly upor\ the Engliih, who 6bt»ned from him a grant of the provinces of Bengnl, Bahar, Oriffa, and the Circas»' This piince died in' Ij8a6t and yis-is fucceeded by his fecond fon, Aclcber Shah. Hindooftan now conftfta of five principal ftatesi which hold as tnbutariesj'Ot' feudatories, feme mtmei»us inferior 'ftates- Thefe five Aates are, the Britilh, the Poonah Mahrattas, the Berar Mahrattas, the idzam of the Deccnn^ and the Sieks: feiv whatever verbal diftindtions may be jBadcy a cdmpuliive alliance is at leaft a dependent, if not a tributary fituation. The British pofleinons are Bengal, Babar, Benares, the Circars, the Jaghire, Bombay, Salfette, the diftri«5t of Mid- n^wu'r in Orlfl'a, and fome others in Myfore. The allieaoftht Britifli, who may' be ronfifiered as dependent upon them, are the nabobs of Oude and the Carnatic, and the rajahs of Myfore, Travartpore, an^ Tanjore. For the other principal ilatcs, iee their refpec- tive names ; and for an account of fome inferior independent ftates, fee Bundelcimd, Balfogiftan, Jats, Rohil- cund. Sec. Th<; inhabitants of Hindoe- ftan are computed at about io,oo:>,ooo Mahometans, and ioo>ooo,ooo Ilin- d»OB. llie Mahometans,,, or MulTuI- Intans, whom the Englifti impropfrly call Moors, are rcprefented to be of a deteftable charafter. The Hindoos, or Oentoosi are of a black complexion ; their hair is loiig* their perfon ftraight and elegant, and their countenance open and pleafant. • 'J^hey differ nfia- terially from all other nations, by being divtd«l into tribe or cafts. The four principal tribes are the Bramins, Sol- diery Labourers^ and Mecbanios j and H I N tbcfe. are fubdivided into a multiplidt. of inferior dittintftiona. There a» Bramins of various degrees of- excel- lence* who have the oare of religion allotted to them, and are held lacced by the reft j fome of thef^acknowltdgt the errors that have crept into their religion, own one Supreme Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the multitude but JMQft upon the neceffity of working upon the weaknefles ofi the vulgar; yet. the generality of them are as jgl. norant as the laity. Such as are not engaged in woridly purfnits are a very / fuperftitious, innocent people, who promote charity as much as they can, both to man and beafb : but thofe who engage in the world are generally the worft of all the Gentoos f for, per. fiiaded that the waters of the Gangcj will purify them from their fins, and being exempt from the utmoft rigour of the courts of jtiftice (under the Gentoo governments) they run into much greater excefles. The Soldiers are commonly called Rajah-poots; that is,, defcendtd from rajahs. They axe much more robult than ihc reft, have a great fh are of courage, and a nice fenfe of military honour, which confiftsi among them, in fidelity to thofe they ferve. Fighting is their pro. feffjon; they readily enter into the fer- vice of any that will pay them, and will follow whenever he leads; but, fbould their leader fall in the battle, their caufe is at an end, and they run off the field, without any ftain of theip reputation. The Englilh E India Com- pany have many battalions of them in their fervice : they are called Sepoy?, and are clothed and difciplined in the European manner. The Labourers In- ciudw farmers, and ail who cultivate the land. The Mechanics include merchants, bankers, and all who follow any trade : tbefe again are fubdivided into each profeflion. Befide tfiefe, are the Hallachores, who cannot be called a tribe, being rather the refufe of all the tribes. They are a let of unhappy wretches, who perform all the viltft ofp'-es of life, bury the dead, and carry away every thing that is polluted. All the difTerent tribes are kept diflin(!t from each other by infurmountable barriers : they are forbidden to inter- marry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or even to drink out of the fame velTel with one of another tribe. Every deviation from thefe points fubjedls them to be rejeded by their tiibe, renders them polluted for ever, and obliges them, from that inftant, to herd H IN with the Hallachores. The mcmUefs, of eacli caft adhere invariably to- the nrofc'flion of their forefathers v from Lneration to generation the fame- fa- wilies have followed, and ftill continue to follow, one uniform manner of life. To this may be afcrib<«i that high de- itee of pcrfedlion confpicuous in manv of the Indian manufaY their religion^ that matrimony is an H IN indirpeniable duty i,n every m«n, who does not entirely ferrate himfelf front the world, from a pnnciple.of d«votioa. Their religion permits them fo have fevtwil wives* but they feldom have more than one ; and their wive* »Tt (liftinguifhed by a decency of demea* nour, a folicitudc in their families, and a fidetfty to their vows, which might do honour to huraanr nature in the moft civilized eountries. The cuftom of wo- men burning themfelyes in the fire with the corpfe of their hufbands is ftill prad^ifed in Hindooftan. The code of Gentoo laws, with their facred books, the Veidam and the Shaftah* are written in the Sanfcrit languagei, which is very copious and nervous, although the ftyle of their beft authors is wonderfully concile. Hindooftan, toward the n, is pretty temperate, but hot toward the s ; and it rains almolt conftantly for three months in the yrar. Its produfts are diamonds and other precious ftones, filks, fpices, nromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and fngar ; and the chief manufadtures are muilins and calicos. But thcfe and various other particulars will be found under the diflforent names of its pro- vinces, cities, towns, mountains, and rivers, defcribed in this work, Htnglium, a town of Maflachufets, in Suffolk county, with two churches, featcd on ii fmall bay, 19 miles SE of Borton. Ilingham, a town in Norfolk, with a market op Saturday, ix miles sw of N'orwich, and 99 nk of London. Hinghou, a city of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Fo-kien. The vicinity fumifhes abundance of rice, li-chi, and filk. It is feated on a bay, oppofite the n part of the illand of Formofa, 460 miles s of Nan-king. Lon. 119 30 F, lat. 25 a8 n. Illntcrgcndofy a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Mifnia, eight miles e of Frey- burg. Iltnzuan, or Joanna, one of the , Comora i Rands, between the v end of Madagafcar and the continent of Africa. It is about 30 miles long and 15 broad ; and the coafts are chiefly in the hands * of Arabians, who have driven the ori- ginal natives to the interior and moun- tainous parts. Though not the largeft, it isthe principal of the Comora iflands, for it exafts tribute from all the others. The cattle are a kind of buffalos, which are delicious eating ; and there ar» Iheep and hogs. The town of Joanna, where the king refides, is on the e fide, clofe to the fea, at the foot of t verjr HI O ^ high hill, and contains about aoo boufes. The better kind of houfcs are built of flone, within a court yard* have a por- tico to ihicid them from the fun» and one long lofty room to receive gq^fts ; the other apartments being; (acred to the women. The original natives oc- cupy the hill«, and are generally at war w^th the Arabian intinlopers. They get their fuppUes of arrris and aipmu- uition from mips that touch here ; , ahd it is cuftomary for all to make prefects of arms yd powder to the prince when he pays a vi0t on board, whiph he does to every one. Whun any fliip touches here, it is furrpunded by canoes, artd the deck is crowcjed by natives of atl ranks, from the high- born chief to the half naked fl.avc. They have a regular form of government, and cxcr- cile the Mahometan religion ; both icing introduced by the Arabs,^ The colour of thcfe two races of men is very different i the Arabs have not fo deep a tinge as thp pthers, bemg of a copper complexion, with better features, and a more Animated countenance. They conQder a black ftrcak undvr the eyes HS ornamental, and (this .Iicy make every day, with a bruih dijpt in a kind of ointment. The cuftom of chewing the betel-nut prevails here, as in moft of the eaftern countries. Their religion Ifcenfes a plurality of wives, and like- wife concubines, of whom .'hey are ex- tremely jealous, and never allow any roan to fe« them. The men are very temperate and abilemious, and attend the mofques three or four times a day. 1(1 general they appear to be a well- difpofed people, and honeft in their draliiigs,toongb there are ,-tpiopg them, ab in atl other nations, fome vitioufly inclined ; and theft is much praftifed by the lov/er clafs, notwithftanding the punifhment of it is amputation of both hands. The climate promotes vegeta- tion to fuch a degree as requires Tittle toil, but that little is denied ; fo that» bf'yond oranges, bananas, pineapples, cocoa-nuts, yams, and purflain (all growing fpontaneoufly) few vegetables are met with. The face of the country ispifturcfque and pleafing : lofty moun- tauis, clothed to the very fummits ; deep and rugged valleys, adorned by frequent cataradts, caicades, woods, rocks*, and rivulets ; and groves ex- tending over the plains to the ti^ry edge ot thefea. Lon. 44 48 £, lat. 1214$. lUo, a town of Sweden, in W Goth- land, feated on the lake Wetter, 145 miles sw of Stockholm. Lon 140 k, H O A IlUrnt^, a town qf Denmark, ic w Jutland, 37 inileg nnw of Alhurg. liirtekberg, a town of Silefia, iq th. principality of Jauer, famous for it! mineral baths. In the neiglibnurhood are extenfive bleacjiingtgrounds, and next to BreOau it is the moft cunftderi able trading-town i^ Silelia. It is feated on the Bober, 20 miles sw of Jauer Lon. 15 54 E, lat. 50 4P w. ' llirichfeld, a town of Germany, !« l,ower Hefle, capital of a principality of the fame nam*;, depending on a fa- inous abbey, which was fecularized iq favour of the lioufe of Hefle-Caffel. Jt is feated on the Fulda, ^5 miles s by b of Caflel. Lon. 9 4a E,iat. jjo ijo n, lliruhomt a town of Uerinaay, in tbc circle of Lower Rhine, with a caftir ; feated on the Neckar, eight miles e of Heidelberg. Ilirscfiolm, a town of Denmark, in the ifland of Zealand, with a c?vi\ ^ miles N pf Copenhagen. HhpaHula. See Domingn^ Ct- liissary a town qf Hindooilan, m the country of Delhi, feated nyar thu river Surfoory, m milea wnw pf Delhi. Lon. 7j 40 E, lat, ag 5 K- ///>, a town of Syria, near which is a fpring of naphtha a^d bitumen. It ftands on 9 rivpr of the fame name, which foon after joins the Euphrates, 100 miles w by s of Bagdad. Ilitc/iiHi * own in H^rtfardftjire, with a market on Tuefdj^y, and a great trade in malt, 15 miles nnw of Hm- ford, aud 34 n w of London. JdHhtt or Uift/jf, a borough in Kent, with a market on Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, goverm;d by a mayor, and has a fraall fort. Near it arc the remains of Saltwood caftle, now turned into a farm-houfe, bari^i 8cc. Hitheha^ formerly four pariih^s, but now only one ; and the harbour is choaked up. It is JO miles wsv» of Dover, and 68 sb of London. Heai-iiti^f a city of China, pf thi; firft rank, m the pVovinc^ pf Ho.!nari, 3ao miles sw of Peking, ^^on. \Ui^ E, lat. 35 6 N. IIoai-ifgoHt a fity of China, of the iirft rank, in the provincv oJi Kiang-nan. it is feated in a mar^h, and inclofed by a triple wall. The fuburbs extend to the diftance of a league on e.ich fide of a canal, and form, at their exti'emit^, a kind of port on the Hoan-bo. It is 415 miles ssE of Peking. Lon. 118 47. E» lat. 53 30 N. IJoang'tcheouy a pity of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Hou- quangi feated on the Kian-ku, ji^ HO F mites s pf Peking. I^n. 114 &7 ^* lat. jg ,and th^n itpurAies an eafterly direction till it enters the £aftem ocean, 100 miles to the n of the mouth of the Kianku. The length of its courfe is eftimated at aouo miles. At 70 ipilps from the fea, where it is crofl't:d py th.e great canal, the breadth is little more than a mile ; but it is fo npid and (hallovir as to be fcarocly na- vigable. Uochberg, an ancient caftle of Snabia, in Brifgau, which gives name to a marquifate, annexed to the margravate of Baden>Durlach. It is fituate on a mountain, two miles ne of Emmendin- gen, which is the principal town. llochsu a town of Germany, in the late eleftorate of Ment?, feated on the ilaine, fix miles w ot" Frpinkfort. HothstaU a town and caftle of Ba* varia, famous for a iignal vidory gained ijear it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and >vhich the Knglilh call the battle 0^ Blenheim, from a village three miles sw of this place. It is feated on the Danube, 17 miles wsw of Donavvert. Hoc/istat, a town and caftle of Fran- coniu, in the principality of Bamberg, on the river Aifgh, aj miles ssw of Bamberg. Uoddesdon, a town in Hertfordftiire, with a market on Thurfday, feated r.jar the river j^ea, four miles se of Hert- ford, and x; N by E of London; Iledeida, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a harbour for fmall velTrls, on the Red fea, go miles aavf of Mocha. Lon. 43 30 E, lat. 14 10 N. Ilofi-tcheou, a city of China, of the r^rft rank, in the province of Kiang-nan, iiamous for its tea, vamiOi, and japan- ned work, 625 miles s of Peking. Lon. 118 ,5 E, lat. 19 57 N. Heei-tchfpu, a city of China, of the iirit rank, in[the province of Quang-ton, |o 10 miles s of Peking. Lqn. 113 58 JE, lat. J3 I .V. Hoeieltm. See Ihukelum, IIo^, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bayreuth, with manu- »(!tiins of cotton, linen, and fine paper. '|he adjacent country lias quarnes of H O L CKcelteat marble. It ftandi on the Saale,%a miles nnb of Bayreuth. So/f, a town of Moravia, in the cir* cle of Olmutz, with a great trad^ in wool, tj miles ne of Oltnutz. Hoguet Cape ia^ the nw point of Normandy, near which admiral Rooke burnt 13 French men of war, in 169^. Lon. I 52 w, lat. 49 45 n. Ilohenbergt an ancient caftic of Suabia» in a county of its name, Tituate near the fqurce of the Neckar, 10 miles se of Rothweil. Ilobenlinden, a t^wn of Bavaria, near which the French gained a great viftory over the Auftrians in iSoo. It is 2% miles £ of Munich. Hohi-nlo/je, or Holach, a principality of Franconia, w of the niargiavate of Anfpacb, abounding in wine, corn, ivood, and cattle. The caftle of its ancient counta ftood clofe by the viU lage of Holach, near Ufteiiheim. The chief town is Ohringen. Jlohenmautt a town of Bohemia, oil the river Meyta, 13 miles e of Cliru- dim. ^ Hohemtehty an ancient caftle of Up- per Saxony, in Thuringia, which gives name to a county, it is lituate on a mountain, at the foot of which is the village of Neuftadt, five miles nne of Nordhaufen. . Ilohentnueilf a fortrefs of Suabia, furfoundcd by the county of Nellen- burg. Its fortifications were deftroyed by the French in 1800. It ftands on a mountain, nine miles ene of Schaff- haufcn. lIoheitTollernt a town of Suabia, in a principality of the lame name, with a caftle on a mountain, the feat of the ancient counts af Hohenzollern. It is feated on a branch of the Neckar, i(V miles tj by w of Tubingen. Lon. 9 8 L, lat. 4U s8 S. Hehnstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, on the river Mulda, 1 1 miles N e of Zwickau. Ilo'kUi:, a city of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Pe-tchdi, (itu- ate between two rivers, 8y miles s of Peking. Lon. 116 23 e, lat. 38 40 N. Hohi a town of Iceland, and a bi- ilioi/s fee, at the mouth of a river, on the N coaft. Lon- 19 so w, lat. 6? 40 N- Ilolbcac/i, a town in Lincolnfhire, with a market on Tliurfday, 12 miles H by E of Bofton, and 109 k by e of London. Ilolheck, a feaport of Denmark, in the illand of Zealand, with a pood har- bour, fi'um' which {;reat quantities of "t-^- H 01 corn are annually exported' Itl is 36 miles w of Cbpciihagen . Lon. 1 f 44^*8, lat. 55 4> w- HcJ/istuortbjft a town m DevonAiir«, with a market on Saturday, ftatscd be- tween two branches of the Tamar, 43 mile* w by s of Exet«r and a 14 w by s of London^ Holland, or Dutfh Netherlands, a country of Europe, extending i;so miles from n to s and 100 from w to E 5 bounded on the w and n by the German ocean, e by Wcftphalia, and s by Liege and Brabant, or Belgium. It conQfts of feven provinces, namely, Holland, Gelderl.ind, Zealand, Utrecht, Fridlaiid, Ov. ryfTel, and Groningen; and what is called the Land r)f the Generality, or Dutch Brabant. Thty were lately ftyled the United l*rovinces */ the Netherlands. This country was a part of that inhabited by the ancient Batavi : it is ufually called Holland, from the name of the principal pro- vince; which fignifies a hotiow, or low comitrv. The principal rivers are the Khinc'Meiife, Donimel, Waal, Yllel, Scheldt, and Vt tcht . Hoi land affords a ftriking proof, that pef fevering induftry is capable of conquering every dilad< vantage of climate and fituation. The air and water are nearly equally bad ; the foil produces naturally fcarcely any thing biit turf; and the poffeflion of this very foil is difputcd by the ocean, which, riling confiderably above the level of the land, is prevented from overflowing it, only by expenfive dikes. Yet the labours of the Dutch have rendered this feemingly infignifi- cant territory one of the richeft fpots in Eiirope, with refped to population and property. Among the moft valua- ble natural produdions of the country may be reckoned its excellent cattle ; and large quantities of madder are ex- ported, chiefly cultivated in Zealand. The principal revenue arifes from the herring, cod, and whale filherics ; but thefe are not fo confiderable as for- merly. The Dutch trade, though much reduced, is ftill very great, and their country was, as it were, the uuivcifal warehoufe of the commodities of every quarter of the globe. Among the moilopolieR of their E India Company, the fpice trade is the moft valuable ; comprehending cloves, mace, nutmegs, and cinnamon. Their Aflatic poflef- fions are the coafts of the illand of Java, the capital of which h Batavia, the feat of the governor general of all their Eaft India fettlements; fomo fvtilemctits on the coads of Suma* HOL iva* Matabai^ and Coromandel ; the greateft part of the Moluccas or SpJaa Miands ; anil fettlements of fe<$torieR ia the ifland of Celebes, at Surat and Peira, and in the gulf of Perfia. in Africa, the Dtitch have the Cape of Good Hope, with feveral forts ancJ fafloriesin Guinea; in the W Indie, St. Euftatia, Saba, and Cura^oa ; and in S America, the colonies of Urequibo, Demerary, Surinam, and Berbice. But they have, loft feveral of thefe in the prefent war. In Holland, thei inland trade is greatly facilitated by canals, which pafs in every diredion, and equal the roads in othisr countries. By thefe canals and the Rhine, the inland trade with Germany is very confiderable; and the moft remarkable feature con- fifts in the vaft floats of timber, which arrive at Dort from Andernach, and other places on the Rhine. A great quantity of com is' alfo obtained by this inUind trade, and the other branches of traffic are numerous ; that the Rhine may be faid to fupply Holland with infular advantages, fecure from the de- ftru(5live inroads of maritime war. This country contains thoufands of wind-mills for fawing timber, grinding corn, &c. and the number of its manu- fafturcs is aftonifhing ; the chief of which are linen, pottery, painted tiles, tobac- co-pipes, refined fait, fnuff, leather, wax, oil, fugar, ftarch, paper, befide fome of woollen, cotton, and filjc. From the year 1579 to 1795, the Seven United Provinces muft be confidered as one political body, united for the pre- fervation of the whole. In confequence of the Union (fee Netherlands) the Seven Provinces guaranteed each other's rights ; thty made war and peace, le- vied taxes, &c. in their joint capacity; but as to internal government, each pi-ovince was independent. They fent deputies (chofen out of the provincial ftates) to the general affembly, called the'ftatcs-general, which was invefted with the.fupreme legiflative power of the confederation. At the head of this government there has ufr.ally been a prince ftadtholder, who exercifcd a confiderable part of the executive power. After the dc.ith of William n (the fourth ftadtholder) in 1667, this office was abolilhed by the ftates; hut, in 1672, when Lewis xiv invaded Holland, Lhc popular commotions compelled them to repeal the edid; to involt William ill, prince of Orange, with the oflice, and to declare it hereditary. On his death, in 170 a, it was again abolilhed: but, in 1745, fome popuU» HOI, ^flflnotJOM cotnpclled the ftrtlw to ifftotc the rank to WiHiam iv, atiH. again to declare it hereditary in his feiuily. In ^7^7* « civil 'war com- menced, and the ftadtholder, William V, was deprived of the office of captain fftferal ; but he was reftored* the fame year, by the interference * of Great Britain and Pruffia. When Holland, however, was rapidly overrun by the French, in |ami«ry 1795, the ftadthol- der and his family were compelled to leave the country ; and b convention was aflbmbled to frame a conftitution for the Seven Provinces and Dutch Brabant. The firft plan they prefented was rejefted by the primary aflemblies •, Mother was drawn up, which was accepted; and, in imitation of France, the country was declared the Batavian Republic one and indivifible, governed by a dire^ory of twelve members. The country was alfo divided into eight de- partments, which had names- taken from rivers; but, in 1801, they were changed to the names df the feven pro- viAcesand Brabant. In 1806, Holland was ereited into a kingdom, by Na- poleon Bonaparte, iti favour of his biother Louis. The Calviriift religion is eftabliftied in Holland ; biit moft other Chriftian fetSs, and the Jews, are tolerated. Amfterdamisthe capital; but the feat of government in at Hague. Hollands the moft confiderable of the provinces of the Dutch Netherlands, bounded on the s by Dutch Brabant and Zealand, w and n by thn German ocean, and E by the Zuider Zee, Utrecht, and Gelderlar.d. It is divided into South and Nort'.i Holland ; which laft i« alfo cal!"'' Weft Friefland, to diftinguifli it from Friclland on the e fide ofthe Zuider Zee. TheYe.orWye, a fmall bay, which is an extcnfion of the Zuider Zee, feparates S Holland from N Holland. This province is not above 1 80 miles in circumference ; but is fo populous, that no country in Europe, of fuch a fmall extent, can equal it. The land is alrfioft evejy where loWer than the fea; and the water is kept out by dikes. It is croflT- ed by the Rhine and Meufe, by feveral fmall rivers, and by a great number of canals, which are travelled on day and right, at a fmall expence. The paf- tures are fo rich, that it has plenty of cattle, birtter, and cheefe, and the feas and rivers abound with fifli. It has confiderable linen and woollen mann- faftures, and numerous docks for the building of (hips.* The French effe(aed, by the aid of afevere froft, the entire 11 O L ctttiqueft of this province in Jvatixtf t79|«L- AinAerdsm is the capital. I Mmtmit a ftrong town of PruflSa, itiOberland, near the river Weeand at low water acceflible by horfes and carriages. It has a town called Kylo, and a caftle en a high rock, under which is a commodious harbour, defended by ablockhoufe. On this ifland are con- fiderable remains of a ftately monaiery, called Lindisfarhe, of which the cele- brated St. Cuthbert was prior is years; and here ^vas anciently a biihop'i fee, removed, witiithe body of St. Cutltbert, iirft to Chefter le Street, and afterward to Durham. llolylieadt a feaport and cape of Wales, in the ifle 6f Anglefea. It is the mod ufual place of embarkation for Dublin, being the ftation of the packet- boats to and from that city, diflant about 20 leagues. In the neighbour- hood is a large vein of white fullers earth, and another of yellow. On Salt iilandst which forms one fide of the har* bocr it a capital hghthuufe; and on the ifle of Skerries, nine miles to the sr, \% another. Holyhead is 88 miles w by n of Chefter, and 27; Nw of London. Lon. 440 w,lat. 53 83 N. ihlyrjselU a town of Wales, in Flint- fiiire. with a miirket on Friday. From Its vicinity to the mines, it is become the moft flourifhing town in the county. It takes ita name from the famous well 4f St Wisifred, concerning which fo jBtany fables and fuperftitioas notions MOW havie ^evailed. It is a copioua Ixxvi^ burfting out of the ground with great * impetuofityt t\ thq foot of a hill. £«. Gde the cold bath^ celebrated fbr woif. derfvl cures, formed at the fprin^.hf ad and covered with a beautiful (hrinc, it is now applied to the purpofe of turn, ing feveral mills for the working of copper, making brafs wire, paper, and fnuff, and fpinning cotton. It is 10 miles E of .St. Afaph, and )•& mb of London. Lon. ^ 21 w, Iatj4 13 n. Jloizapftli a town of Weftphaiia, capital of a county of the lame name. It IS (itnate on the Lahn, at the foot of a mountain^ on which is the XitwttJ^ an ancient caftle, the original feat of the princes of Naflau^ four miles me of NaiTau. Uolzmunden, a town of Lower Sax* ony, in the duchy of Wolfenbuttle, feated at the confluit of the. Holt with the Wefer, 28 miles nw of Got. tingen. Homburgt a . town of Germany, in Wetter;! via, with a caftle, and a glafi manufacture, eight miks n of Frank* fort. Uomburg, a town of Getmany, in Hefle-Caflei, with an iron forge and z glafs manufadure, 20 miles s of Caflel. Homburgf a town cf Wel^phalia, in the duchy of Berg, 43 miks sb of DufTeldorf. Ilomburgt a toWn of France, in tbe department of Mont Tonnerre, lately of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Fonts; feated on a mountain» five miles K of Deux Fonts. Ilo'tian, a province of China, bound- ed on the N by the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chan-fi, E by Kiang-fi and Chan- tong, s by Hou-c|uang, and w by Chen- fi. As every thing that can contribute to render a country delightful is found in this province, the Chinefe call it Tong-hoa, The middle Flower; being fitu^e almdt in the centre of China. Befide Cai-fong, its capital, it contains feven cities of the firft clafs, and 102 ot' the fecond and third. . Jlo-nati, a city of China, of tbe firtl clafs, in the province of Ho-nan, 360 miles sw of fekmg. Lon. iia 9 e, lat. 34 44 N. Ilcnawtra, or Onon, a town of Hin- dooftan, in Canara, feated on an inkt of the fea, which fpreads into a lake, and includes a number of iflands. It was formerly a place of great com- merce, but demolifhed by Tippoo after he had recovered it by the treaty oi Mangalore. Here is now a cultom* houfe, and a few ihopit alfo fome mer- HOO chants, who live fcattercd near the banks of the lake, and Ml rice, pepper, cocoa and betel-nuts, &c. to the trad- ing vcflels that Come from Goa, Raja- pura, and Bombay. It is 50 mile* s l,y vv of Kundapura, and 84 ss^ of Coa. , „ Ihndtsfhoote, a town of France, m the department of Nord, feven miles sK of Dunkirk. , //Wara/, a province of Mexico, 490 miles long and 150 broad; bounded on the M by a bay of its name, e by the Atlantic, s by Nicaragua, and w by (Jaatimala and Vera Paz. The coun- try confifts of mountains, valleys, and plains, watered by numerous rivers; and is exceedingly fertile. The vine- yards bear thrice a year, and the foil in many parts yields three crops of maize ; other produdions are wheat, peas, cot- ton, wool, logwood, with excellent paftnres, honey, wax, and provilions of all kinds. The bay of Honduras lies w of the Caribbean fca, between this pro- wince and the peulnfula of Jucatan ; and on its coafts great quantities of log- wood are 6ut, chiefly by the Englilh, who once poflelled the ne part of the province, called the Mofqnito Shore. Honduras was formerly one of the mod populoii-4 countries in America, but at prefcnt, though fo fertile, is al- moft a defert. 'Ihc capital is Valla- dolid. Ilofifieur, a Teaport of France, in the department of Calvados. The harbour is very capacioui, at the mouth of the ^eine; and its principal trade is in lace. It is eight miles n of Pont I'Eveque, and uo kw of Paris. Lon. o 15 e, lat. 49 *4 w- Heniten, a borough in Devonihire, ifith a market on Saturday. It has a church half a mile from the town, and a chapel within it; alfo a manufa^ure (ff broad laoe. A lire happened here m 1747, which confumed three-fourths of the town; and another, in 1^651 deftroyed nearly tdo buildings. It is feated on the river Otter, 16 miles e of Exeter, and 15 1 w by s of Londcm. Hoogly^ a river of Uindouftan, form- ed by the two wefternmoft branches of the Gangeii, named the CoHlmba/ar and /ellinghy, which unite at Nuddea. It flows by Hoogly, Cbinfura, Chan- demagore, and Calcutta, to the bay of Bengal, and is the only branch of the Ganges that is commonly navigated by ihins. "oogh/, a city oF Hindooftan, in Bengal, now nearly in ruins, but polTcf- iitkmany tcftigos of forin«rr greatncCs. H O « ' lo the beginning of the i8th cefttOnrt it vr^ the gl-eat mart of the export tradHbf Bengal to Europe. It is feat- ed on the river Hoogly, 25 miles fi of Calcutta. Iloogstraien, a town of the Nether- lands, in Brabant, 15 miles n of He- rentals. lloraidiin, a town of Perfia, in the province of Farliftan, 76 miles KW of Shiras. Ilorby a town of Suabia, with a conG- derable trade in woollen goods, feated on the Neckar, « i miles wsw of Tu- bingen. llorebt a mountain of Arabia Petrea, a little to the w of that of Sinai. Here Gou appeared to Mofes in the burning bufli. At its foot Mofes fkruck the rock, and tlrew vis'. " to affuage the people's thirft. Here are twa or three line fprings, and a great number of fruit-trees. Horn, or Hoorn, a feaport of N Hol- land, with a good harbour. Here cat- tle are fatted that come from Denmark and Holftein, and it has a great trade in butter and cheefe. The herring fifli- ery is alfo confiderable, and many fiiips of war and merchant-vellels are built here. It was in the poflcinon of tike Englifli, for a Ihort time, in r/99. It is feated on the w fide of the Zuider Zee, 20 miles nnk of Amfterdaai. Lon. 4 50 E, ist. 52 38 N. JIorHf a town of Aultria, with a trade in beer made of oats, feated on tbe Tif- fer, 48 miles wnw of Vienna. IJorn, a town of the Netherlands, io the territory of Liege, three miles wsw of Ruremonde. Jlor/i, Cape, the moft foutfaem extr two miles long and on«? broad, famous for its pike and eels. Hornfey Is 40 miles e of Vork, and 19O' n of ■London. ilorteni, a feaport of Denmark, in N Jutland, with manufadlincs of woollen floods, and a confiderable trade. It is feate and inward in H Ot wlhtet-. They wear one icin ovor\>ei|. ftioulders, the ends of it crofling e»cft other before, and leaving their ntck bare; another is faftcned round their middle,and r was I cane witl SrtheDutj ottentots I flight, withi fifitors, in tobacco an(| which they Their tniifu made of thj fixes. Tbel a circle, wi^ men dance 1 tribes of Hoi who inhabit| rior part or Cape, and i life: they W and never w fpacc of oni they reader I plantert, an< rated like v of when tal are poifonet bow J and tl tolerable de diftance of tions are not manners and in rocks ferv ings. Many ly naked ; bu body with tli mal, great 01 downward as ing it till it fi Borant of agi hills and dak bcnries, and] alfo caterpili hoppers, fna] tribe of Hot Orange rivei nantPaterfo in 1799. T thatched wi edwithftoo of the gram ia in the hig they are ap all the Rett compofed o als, the flefl] a grampus i their huts t< it as long a fraear their of which is proach ma before they ry their wa e{gs, and t they fhoot Ukicosatrj HOT a cine with abraft top, given to him 5r the Dutch E India Company. The otuntots amufed them, part of the qieht, with muflc and dancing: their »ifitors, in rttum, treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they prefer even to tubacco. Then- miific was prom the Cape of Good Hope, N to lat. 30, and e to the Great Fifli river, about ^^o milts in length and 230 in breadth. The whole is na- turally barren and mountainous ; but the induftrious Dutch have overcome all natural difficulties, and it produces not only a fuificiency of all the necelTaries of life for the inhabitants, but alfo for the refrefhment of all the European (hips that touch at the Cape. The Dutch confider the year as divided in- to two feafons, which they term mon- foons: the wet monfoon, or winter, be- gins in March; and the dry one, or fummer, in September. Among the quadrupeds of this country are ante- lopes, which go in large herds ; buffa- los; can:elopaidi1ifes; the gemiboch, a fpecies of antelope, which has remark- ably long {harp horns, and, when at- tacked by dogs, will fit on its hind quarters, and defend itfelf ; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are very de- flrudive to iheep; elephants; elks; hyenas; the koedo, an animal rather larger than a deer, of a moufe colour, with three white ftripes over the back, and the male having very -large twifted horns; lions; jackals; tigers; the qua- HOU cha, a fpecics of zebra* but-more tnft* able; rbitioovrufcs ; horrt's; dpmeftic homed cattle } cunimon Iheepi and i pe* culiar fpccies of Iheep covered with hair inftcad of wool. The hippopota- mus, or ti»'er-horfe, is frequently feen here- Amont; the birds are irultuies; gftrichcf., \vhof»; egtf are excellent food; and the ioxia, a tpccies of gregarious bird: thefe latter build thdr curious neft in the miraofa tiu', where they turm a kind of tuatched houfe, with a regular (Ireet of nofte on both fid^^s, at about two inches diftance from each other* and containing under its roof fe* veral hundred birds. Among the in- fers are a fpecies of termites, which do no iniury to wood as in the £ Indies, but, by railing.' a number of hills, they impede the proj.rcfs of vegetation. The black, or rock fcorpion, id nearly as ve- nomous here as any of the ferpent tribe, '}f which there are numerous kinds. llouatt an ifland of f ranee, between that of Belleifle and the coniiinent. It is lo miles in circumference> and defended by a fort. Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 47 16 n. Ihudaln, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de ^Calais, fix miles s of Bethune. - HoudaK, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oife, ai miles w of Verfailles. Ihunslotut a town in Middlefex, wHh J market on Thurfday, fitnate on the ed^e of a'hcath of the fame name* u.i which are fome gunpowder millS} 10 miles w by s of London. IJau-^uangt a province of Chinr., which occupies nearly the centre of the empire, and is uivrdcd into two parts, the N and s, by the river Kian-ku- It is 9 flat, open country, watered by lakes, canals, and rivers; and has plenty of wild fowl and cattle. The foil is re- markably fertile ; gold is found in the fands of the rivers ; and there is fuch a variety of all forts of commodities, that it is called by the Chincft', the ftorehoufe of the empire. It contains i ^ cities of the iirft clafs, and 1 14 of the (econd and ihird. Vout-rhang is the capital- Uounit Loc/if an arm of the fea, on the w coaft of Scotland, in Invernefs- Diire, extending 40 miles inland from the found of Skye. Iloujja, a town of Negroland, capital of a country of the fame name, extend- ing along the n fide of the Niger. It is ^00 miles R of Tombudloo. l.on. 4 20 K, lat. 16 to N. ' Uou-uheou, a city of China, of the firft clafs, in the province of Tchc- kiang. The quantity of filk manufac- H U B tured here is almoA incrediblr, and \\.\^ the chief place for making writing pen. cils. It (lands near a large lake, calltil Tai, no miles sK of Nan-king. Lon lao 15 E, lat. 30 J5 M. lloivden, a tow.i in E Yorklhirt with a market on v«aturday. It giv«[ name to a fmall di(lri>^ called Howden* (hire. The bifliops of Durham had formerly a palace hero, but what re- mains of it is now occupied as a farm. houfe. Here is a large church, like a cathedral, part of which is in ruins. It is feated near the r ift, a© miles ssr of York, and 179 n uy w of London. . Ilnnvet Capf, the prot^iontory at the SK end of New Holland. Lon. ij» : E, lat. 37 32 s. Iloxttr, a town of Weftphalia, in the territory of Corvey, fcatcd on the Wefer, a_:^ miles E by n of PatlerLom. Iley, one of the Orkney idands, iitu- ate tHetween the ifland of Pomora and the N coaft of Caithne&fliire. It is 10 miles long and three broad. Here i« a ftupendous rock, called the Beary^and on the w coaft is a great conic hill, called Hoy Head, which is a fcamark. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 58 46 n. Iloya, a town of Wellphalia, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on the Wefer, 37 miles nw of Hanover. Lon. 9 ao e. lat.^a 47 n. Ihyert a town of Denmark, in the du- chy of Slefwick, celebrated for itsoyfttr- fifliery, four miles w of Tonderen. Ilot^eniverday a town and callle of Lufatia» on the river Elder, 17 mib NNW of Bautzen. Iloym, a town and caftle of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Aiihalt, feated on the Godel, at its jun(Sllon with the Selke, feven miles e of Qued- linburg. llradisch, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the fame name, which pro- duces excellent wine. It is a frontlet fortrefs toward Hungary, and (lands on an ifland in the river Moraw, 30 miles ssE of Olmutz. Lon. 17 30 e, lat. 49 7 N. Iluaheinet one of the Society ifland?, in the Pacific ocean, 30 leagues froin Otaheite. It is ai miles in compafsi and has a commodious harbour, called Owhaire bay, on the w coaft. Lon. 15 » 8 w» lat. 16 44 s. Jftihert, St. a town ot the Nether. lands, in Luxemburg, with a celebrated abbey, feated in the fon-ft of Ardennes, on the rivulet Homme, 14 miles w of Baftogiie. Ilubertsbeig, a town of Upper Sax. pny, in Mifnia, >\'ith a maii;aiiicent HUD lontinf-feat, built by Auguftus iii, thtii eletloral prince. A peace was concluded htro between the kings of PrulTia and Poland, and the emprcfa queen. It is as >niifs e of Lcipfic. UudJerjjSfMt a town in W Yorklhire, with a market on Tuefday. Here is a large circular halU in which narrow and broad cloths, forges, kerfeymerea, &c. manufailuied in the town and neigh- bourhood* are weekly expofed to fale. Itftands on the Colne, three ntiles from the Caldcr, from which it has a canal to Alhton-under-Line. It is ^ • miles sw of York, and 189 nnw of London. HuJion, a river of the United States, , which pafiis its whole courfe of 350 miles in the ftate of N York. It riles between the lakes Ontario and Cham- plain, flows 8 by Laufenburg, Albany, and Hudfon, and enters the Atlantic I ocean at New York. It is navigable for fliips to Hudfoh, and for floops to Albany. Hudson, a city of New York, in Co- lumbia county. The ftreets are fpa- cious, and crofs each other at right angles; and the houfes are fupplied with water brought in pipes from a fpring two miles diftant. The trade isconfiderable, and veflels of the hirgeft fize can unload here. It is feated on I an eminence, on the e fide of Hudfon I river, 30 miles s of Albany, and i so n I of New York. Lon. 73 56 w, lat. 42 16 n. Hudson Bat/, a bay of N America, I lying between 5 1 and 69 n latitude, liifcovered in 16 10 by captain Henry Hudfon. This intrepid mariner, in iearching after a nw paflage to the Pacific oce.in, difcovered three ilraits, through wliicii he hoped tu find out a new way to Alia. Other attempts to- ward a difcovery of that paflage have kfn fince made, but without eftetft. The entrance of this bay, from ' the J ocean, is between Refolution Ifle on I the N, and the Labrador coall on the s, 1 forming the E extremity of the ftrait, diltinguilhed by the name of its great difcoverer. This bay communicates on the N, by two ftraits, with Baflin bay; on the e fide it is bordered by l^a- brador, on the sw by New S Wales, and on the w by New N Wales- 'I'hefe cfuntries, included under the name of New Britain, abound with animals whole Ikins and furs are far fupcrior in quality to thofe found in lefs northerly legions. The natives are called l^lcjui- iiiaux, and northern Indians; and are materially different from all the fouth- I em tribes. In j6;o, a charter was Uranted to a company^ for the cxclufive HUE trade to this Lay. This company pof- fefs three forts, on the s coaft of Jamea bay, by which name the s part of Hud- fon bay is dijlinguillicd ; thefe facitorics are called Kiipcrt, Moole, and Albany, but the former has been abandoned. On the w fide of Hudfon bay, up Hayes river,. is a fadtory called Flamborough: and to the n of this is York Fort and Prince of Wales Fort. In December i;7o, Mr. Heame, in the fcrvice of the Hudfon Bay Company, fet out from Prince of Wales Fort to explore a river, that the Efquimaux, who came to the company's fa(5tories to trade, had brought to their knowledge ; and which, on account of much copper being found near it, had obtained the name of Cop- per-mine River. Under the convoy of thofe Indians, he arrived at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he cann; in fight of the Ardtic ocean, finding it encumbered with ihoals and a bar at it<> n-.uuth, which is in lon. 119 w, lat. 1i N. In 1789, Mr. Mackenzie, an- other officer of the company, explored the country ftill more to the weft ward ; and entering a river (now called after his name) which is the outlet of the Slave-lake, he traced it to its mouth in the Ar«5tic ocean, where it forms a wide eftuary in lon. 135 w, lat. 71 n. JludivicJtstwaJd, a feaport of Sweden, the chief town of Helfingia, with a good harbour, on the gulf of Bothnia. The inhabitants carry on an advantage- ous trade in timber, flax, linen, butter, fiih, &c. It is 185 miles n by w of Stockholm. Lon. 17 46 e, lat. 62 6 n. Iltstf or Huefot the capital of Cochin- china, with a royal palace. The inha- bitants blacken their teeth, thinking it a fliame to have them white, like dogs. It is feated in a beautiful plain, and dir vided into two parts by a large river, 30 miles from its mouth, in the China Tea. Lon. 107 85 E, lat. 16 25 w. lluthia^ a town of Spain, in Andalu- fia, on the coaft of the Atlantic, be- tween the L'ouths of the Odiel and Tinto, ss miles w of Seville. Nuen, an ifland in the Baltic, three miles from the coaft of Sweden, and nine sse of Elfinorc. It is fix miles in circumference, and was ceded by the Danes to the Swedes, in 1658. It has one ficattered village ; and here was the obfei-vatory of the celebrated Tycho Brahe. See Uranibur^. JIuescff, a town of Spain, in Arragor, and a bifiiop's fee, with a univerfity. It is sfeated on the IlTuela, ^^ miles n e of J-'aragofia. Lon. o 25 \vj Int. 4s 8 n.- JJutscar, a town of Spain, in Grar X 3 HUL fiadiif with « caftle» 41 milfi nb of Otiadix. IFuessfHf a town of Holland, in Gel- derland, icatcd on the Rhine* fcven miles N F. of Nimeguvn. Ilueta. Sec Guetm. Ituetinbergt a town of Germany, In Carinthia, 20 miles nnb of Clagenrart. llu^ntefit a town of Suabia, in the principality of Furdenburg, four miles NNw of Fiirftenburg. , Slughesburg. See Catanuessy. HutUehin^ a town of Silcfia, near the river Oppa, 13 miles b of Troppau. //»//, or Kif^ttOH upon llullf a bo- rough and feaport in E Yorkfhire, with a market on Tuefday and Saturday- It was built by Edward i, who called it Kingfton, and is feated on the W fide of the river Hull (over which is a modern Hone bridge) near its entrance into the Humber. It is a. county of itfelf, go. verned by a mayor, and has two parifh churches. In 1 801 the number oi^inha- bitants was 27,616. It is fortified, and was the firft town that fhut its gates again ft Charles i. The commerce of this place is confiderable, and it is deemed the fourth port in the king- dom. -Befide its communication with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it has accefs alfo to the Trent, and all its branches; that it has the import and export trade of many of the northern and midland counties. The foreign trade is chiefly to the Baltic; but it has traffic with the fouthem parts of Eu- rope, and with America. More ftiips are fent hence to Greenland than from any other port, that of London except- ed. The harbour is artificial; and here are docks for building and r«pair- ing Ihips. Among the public buildings are the Trinity-houfe, for the relief of feamen and their widows, an armoury, a naval ftorehoufe, a cuftomhoufe, and an exchange. Hull is 37 milen se of York, and 170 n of London. Lon. o i8w,lat. 5345 N. Hulledyfura, a town of Hindnoftan, in Canara, feated in a plal:i of rice- ground, to the E of a confiderable creek, which runs N from the entr.nncc into Honawera lake, 54 miles n by w ofKundapura. Hulperit a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 10 miles se of BrulTels. Ilulstt a town of the Netherlands, in the late Dutch Flanders, ftrong by its fituation and fortifications. It was ihamefully funendered to the French in X747, and taken by them in 1794. It is feated on a plain, which may be overflowed, and as a canal that com* HUN municatei with the Scheldtf u miL, www of Antwerp. Ilumker, a river formed by the junc tion of the Trent and Oufe. it j, , large eftuarv, which divides Yorkftin from Lincomlhire, and enters the Qq. man ocean, at Spurn Head. f/nmmeljtfwn, a town of Pennfy]. vania, in Dauphine county, on the i fide of the Swetara, which riinj into the Sufquebanna, 10 miies e by n of Harrilburg, and 1 10 w of Wafhington. ^ Hummocht a finall ifland in the In. dian ocean, 16 miles s of Mindanao. Lon. 135 la K, lat. 5 37 n. Ihndtmartk, a town of Oermanr, in Stiria, near the river Muehr, 17 miin w by .s of Judenburg. lime/eld, a town of Germany, in the principality r f Fulda, with a collegiate church, lomii'.A ^ of Fulda. Ilungarj, a ki.igdom of Europt, bounded on the v by Poland and Si- lefia, w by Moravia, Auftria, and Sti> rin, s by Sclavonia and Servia, and i by Walachia and Tranfylvania. It it di. vidcd into Upper and Lower Hungary ; and to thefe may be added the Bann'it of Tcmefwar, incorporated into the kingdom of Hungary in 1778. Hun- gary formerly included Tranfylvania, Sclavonia, Dalmatia, Servia, and Walj. chia. The principal rivers are, the Danube, Save, Drave, Trefle, Marts, Raab, and Waag. The air is unheal* thy, occafioned by the lakes and bogs; but it abounds in all the neceflariei of life, and the wine, efpecially that called Tockay, is excellent. There are minei of gold, filver, copper, and iron ; and alfo of opal, at C/erweniza, which gem is peculiar to this country. There is fuch plenty of game, that hunting is allowed to all. The inhabitants are well fhaped, generous, and brave, but haughty and revengeful ; and are efti- mated at feven millions. The trade principally confifts in cattle, hogs, ilieep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, and wine; and thefe are Klmoft wholly fent to the Auftrian provinces. The kingdom of Hungary can eafily raife an army of 100,000 men. The horfemcn are call- ed Pluifars, and the foot Heydukes Almoft all the towns of Hungary have two names, the one German and the other Hungarian ; and the language is a dialc(ft of the Sclavonian. The go- vernment is hereditary in the houfeof Auftria, and the eftablifhed religion i) popery, though there are a great num- ber of proteftants. No country in the world is better fupplied with mineral waters and baths; and tbofc of Buda, HUN tfiitn the Turki were in poflenion of it, wtre reckoned the fineft in Europe. Buda it the capital of Lower Hungary, and Preftufg of the Upper. lIuHXfiit A town of Germany, In Wetteravia, and county of Solma-Braun- Mi.H nailei ib of Wctzlar. Uuiigtr/ord, a town in Berk(hire« with a market on Wednefday, and a good trade by ita canal navigation. John of Oauntt duke of Lancafter, K anted it a charter by the gift of a lb bugle horn, which is blown annual- ly fur the inhabitants to eleft the eon- ftabie, who is the chief officer. It is feated on the Kennet, as miles ssw of Abingdon, and 64 w of London. llwingutHt a fortified town of France, ia the department of Upper Rhine, ftatcd on the Rhine, two miles k of Bif«l,and 14 b of Altkirch. llunmanbyt a tawn in £ Yorkfliire, with a market on Tuefday, 34 miles ne of York, and 309 n of London. Hantingdon, a town of New York, in Suffolk county, Long Ifland, fituate on a bay, in the found, 38 miles e by n of New York. IIuntin^doM, a town of PennfyWania, capital of a mountainous county of the fame numt, which abounds with lime- flone, iron, and lead. It is fituate on the Juniatta, at the mouth of Standing Stone creek, aj miles wsw of Lcwil- tewn. Lon. 78 15 w, lat. 40 22 n. Htmtins;ilon, a, borough and the ca- pital of Huntingdonfliire, governed by 3 mayor, with a market on Saturday, and a great trade in corn. It was once a large place, faid to have had 15 churches, which are now reduced to two; and there are the cemetries of two other pariihes, in one nf which is an ancient Aeeple. On an eminence near the town ftood a caftle, erected by Edward the elder. Huntingdon. is the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell. It is feated on a rifing ground, on the river Oufe, over which is a ftone bridge to Godmanchefter, 16 miles wnw of Cam- bridge, and 59 N by w of London. Lon. 05 w, lat. 5a 17 n. Huntingdonshire^ a county of Eng- land, J5 miles long and ao broad ; bounded on the nw and n by North- araptonihire, E by Cambridgeftiire, and 8w by Bedfordfhire. It contains :4o,ooo acres; is divided into four hundreds, and 78 parifhes ; and has fix market-towns. The number of in- habitants in 1 80 1 was 37,568, and it fends four members to parliament. The principal rivers are the Oufe and Nen. The 8E part confifts of beautiful HU R meadows. The middle Ind weftern parts are fertile in com, and fprinklcd with woods ; and the upland part was anciently a foreft, peculiarly adapted for hunting. The nk part confifta of fens, which join thofe ot Ely; but they are drained, fo as to alTurd rich paftur- age, and even large crops of corn. Ia the midft of them are fome flialiow pools, abounding with fifli ; and a hike fix miles long and three broad, called Whittlefea.mere. The chief commo- dities are corn, malt, and cheefe ; and it fattens abundance of cattle. JIuntleu, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeeninire, with a manufaAure of linen cloth ; feated on the Bogie, near its conflux with the Devcron, 35 miles NW of Aberdeen. llunupillf a town in Somerfetihiri^, at the mouth of the Parret, in Bridge- water bay, feven miles k of Bridge- water, and 143 w by s of London. JlunOviHe, a town of N Carolina, oa Yadkin river, 30 miles N of Salifbury, and 90 w of Hilllborough. Ilurdwar, a town of Hindooflan, in the province of Delhi, where the Gan- ges firll enters the country. It is loe miles N by e of Delhi. Lon. 78 23 c, lat. 29 55 N. Huron, a lake of N America, which lies between 80 and 85 w lon. and 4a and 46 M lat. It has a communication with Lake Michigan, to the w, by the llrait of Michilimakinac ; with Lake Superior to the nw, by the Itrait of St. Mary ; and with Lake Erie to the s, by the (trait of Detroit. Its ihape is near- ly triangular, 250 miles in length, and its circumference 800 miles. On the N fide is a chain of iflands 150 mil^s long, called- Manitoualin by the Indians, who confider them as facred. Cn the sw fide is Saguina Bay, extending 45 miles into the country of the United States ; and a little more to the nw is Thunder Bay, fo called from the fre- quent thunder that is heard there. At the entrance of the (trait of St. .Mary is the ifland St. Jofeph, about 75 miles in circumference, on the s extremity of which is a handforae fort, belonging to the Britifh government. The Chippe- way Indians live fcattered around this lake ; and on its banks are found great quantities of fand cherries- Hunt VastUy a fortrefs in Hamp« fhire, four miles s of Lymington. It ftands on the extreme point of a neck of land, which ihoots two miles into the fea toward the ifle of Wight, from which it is diftant one mile. In this caftle Charles i was confined previuufly *i^\ ■m JAB to his being brought to trial. Lon. i 33 w, lat. 50 4» V. i/w, or Hujsu, a town of European JTurkcy, in Moldavia, the iV'c of a iurcek billiop. Here Peter the great made peace with the Turks. It is fitu- aie on the Prutb, 70 miles sw of Bender. Lon. afl 34 B, lat. 46 35 n. Hussingabadf a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Malwa, but on the s fide of the Nerbudda, and the frontiers of Nagpour, the eaftern. divifion of the Mahratta empire. It is 140 miles nw of Nagpour. Lon. 77 54 E, lat. xa 4a n. Huium,A feaport of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, with a ftrong citadel, oppofite the illand of Nordftrand. It has a trade in horfes and oxen, and ma- nufactures of leather, cotton, and linen. It ftands on the river Ow, near the Ger- man ocean, so miles w of Slefwick. Lon. 9 20 E, Tat. 54 36 n. Huttany, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Vifiapour, 30 miles ssw of Vifiapour. Lon. 75 6 e, lat- 17 5 n. Ilutiveil, a town of Swiflcrland, in the canton of Bern, 16 miles ne of Bern. Huy, a town of the Netherlands, in the territoiy of Liegu, with many paper mills, and iion founderies. The confe- derates reduced it in 1706, and the Dutch retained it till 1718, when they demolifhcd the fortifications, and fur- rendered it to the bilhop. It is feated on the Maefe, 1 a miles wsw of Liege. Ilydrabad^ a city of Hindooftan, ca- pital of Golconda, and the metropolis of the Deccan. It is furrounded by walls with towers, and fiippofcd to contain upward of 100,000 inhabitants. The fuburbs, which 9'-(; very large, are occupied by merchants and tiadefmen. It (lands in a plain, on a river that runs into the Kiftna, 310 miles nnw of Ma- dras. Lon. 78 5 a E, lat.- 17 16 N. Ilt/drabad, a fort of Hindooftan, in the province of Miidy, and the ufiial re- fidence of the prince of Sindy ; fituate near the Indus, fix miles E of Nufler- pour, and 62 ne ofTitta. llypoUw, St. a tf)wn of France, in the depjirlmcnt of Gard, feated on tlie Vidourle, near its fouice, la miles sw of Alai.s. Jfy/>olite, St. a town of France, in the dt'pnrtment of Dou!;s, on the river Doub?, 40 milefi i- isy n of BeHin^on. JJi/tbe. See liit/ie. I. .1. Jabluuknu, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Tclthcn, with a fort near it, J A F which defends a defile toward Hnn. gary. It is feated on the river Elfa, between high mountains, la milei ksg of Tefchen. Jaca% a town of SfMin, in Arragon, and a bifliop's fee, with a fort. It it feated on a river of the fame name, among the mountains of Jaca, which are a part of the Pyrenees, jz miles n by E of Saragoffa. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 4; aS N. Jii-i d'.4quila, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 10 miles nne of Ca< tania. Jacksonsborougbi a town of S Can>> lina, on the e Tide of the Edifto, 35 miles w of Charlefton. Jaejti a fortified city of Spain, in An. dalufia, and a biOiop's fee, with 2 caftle. It is feated in a country pro. ducing excellent fruit and very fine filk, at the foot of a mountain, on the river Guadalbullon, 60 miles e by s of Cor* dova. Lon. 3 27 w, lat. 37 38 n. Jaffui a town of Syria, in Paleftine, formerly a celebrated city, called Jop' pa, but entirely fallen from its ancient grandeur, being laid waftc in the time of the crufades. It is fituate near the Mediterranean, on an eminence in the form of a fugar-loaf, on the fummit of which is a fmall citadel ; and the houfcs diftributed along the fide appear rifing above each other, like the feats of an amphitheatre. The bottom of the hill is furrounded by a wall, with battle- ments ; and it is environed by gardens, I which produce lemons, oranges, and citrons of a prodigious fize. The road is defended by a caftle, on a rock ; and the harbour is now too ihallow to ad. mit large veflels. The principal com- merce is in grain, particularly rice from Egypt. In 1799. it was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, with feme difficulty and much bloodflicd; but they held pofleflion forty days only. According to fir Richard Wilfon, the conqueft was followed by the malTacre of 3800 prifoncTs; and that 5 Bo French foldiers, fick in the hofpital, were poiibiied witli opium by the command of their general. It is 35 milts ssw of Acre. Lon. 35 10 e, lat. 3*5 n. Jnffiereibad, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Berar, 40 miles nnk of Aurungabad; and 60 s of Burhan- pour. Jaffrabad, a town of Hindooftan, in Guzerat, near the mouth of a river, noted for large oyftcrs, zy miles exe of Diu. .hfnapatamt a feaport of Ceylon, whence are exported great quantities of JAG tnbaccot and f''^""*^ elephants, which nre' accounted the moft docile of any in tlie world. The Dutch took it from the Portugucfe in 1658; and it was taken by the Englift in 1 795 . It ftands at the y end of the ifland, loo miles n of Candy- Lon. 80 10 e, lat. 9 45 n. Ja/^arnautri town of Hindooftan, in- the pcovince of Orifla. Here is a fa- jnous pagoda, one of the firft objeds of Hindoo veneration, and an excellent feamark. It Hands on the bay of Ben- gal, 43 tniles s of Cattack^ Lon. 86 6 E, laU 19 50 N. Jagerndorf, a town and caftle of SileCa, capital of a province of the lame name; feated on the Oppa, 13 miles Nw of Troppau. Lon. 17 44 e, lat. 50 o N. Jagertburgt a town of Germany, m the principality of Hefle-Darmftadt, 13 miles ssw of Darmftaidt. Jaghire, a diitrift of Hindooftan, in the Camaiic, fubjeft to the Englifli E India Company. It extends 108 miles along the coaft.. from Alemparvi* on the s to Lake Pullicate on the n , and is 47 miles inland in the widcft part. M adras is the chief place. - Jago, St. the larceft and moft fertile of the Cape Verd iflands, 10 miles long and five broad. It abounds with high barren mountains ; and the air, in the rainy feafoiT, is unwholefome to ftran- pers. 'I'he animals arc beeves, horfes, aflt's, mules, deer, goats, hogs, civet- cats, and monkeys. Here are fowls and birds of almoft all forts ; and maize, plantains, bananas, pompions, oranges, lemons, tamai'inds, pineapples, cocoa- nuts, guavas, tar, apples, and fugar- canes. It has alfo fomc cedar-trees,, and plenty of cotton. Ribeira Grande is the capital, but the governor relides at Porto Praya. Jago, St. the capital of ChiU, and a bidiop's fee, with n good harbour, and a royal audience. Befide the cathedral, there are three parifli churches, and eight monailcries. The inhabitants, upward of 30,000. are native Americans and Spaniards. Here are feveral canals, and a dike, by means of which they water the gardens and cool the ftroets. It is feated in a beautiful plain, abound- ing in all the necellaries of life, at the toot of the Andes, on the river Ma- pucho. Lon. 71 45 w, lat. 34 10 s. Jago, St. a town of Mexico, capital of Veragua. It has an elegant hofpital, and (lands in a fertile country, which produces mai/e, plantains, &c. with abundance of cattle. It is 130 miles sw of Porto Bello. Lon. « i 14 w, lat. 8 i8 \. JAM 'JeiXo, St. a fortified feaport on the » coaft of Cuba, and a bifliop's Tee, with a good harbour ; fituate on a bay, about fix miles from the Tea. Lon. 76 10 w, lat. ao 5 N. Jaffo dt loi Cavalleros, St- a town o? Hifpaniola, in a fertile foil, on the river St. Jagn, 70 milett from its mouth, and 90 NNW of St. Domingo. Lop. 70 ^H W, lat. 19 32 N. Jago de Compestellat St- See Com- postella. Jago del Estero, St. the capital of Tucuman, and a bifliop's fee. The vi- cinity produces plenty of wheat, rice, barley, fruit of all forts, particularly figs and raiiins. It is feated on the Dulce, 560 miles N N w of Buenos Ayres. Lou. 6s low, lat. 28 o s. Jago de Nexapoy St. a town of Mexico, in Guaxrca, fituate in the val- ley of Ncxapa, 65 miles ese of Guax- aca. Ja^o de lot l^'alles, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Panuco; feated on the river Panuco, 170 miles N by E of Mexico. Lon. 99 56 w, lat. 22 30 N. Jago de la VegOt St. or SpanUh'totvnt a town of Jamaica, where the legiJla- tive aflembly and the grand courts of juftice are held. It is feated in a pleafant valley, on the river Cobre, 16 miles wxw ofKingfton. Jagodtm, a town of European Tur- key, in Servia., leated on the Morava, 70 miles S3E of Belgrade. Jaicaiay a town of European Turkey, in Bofnia, with a ftrong citadel, feated on the Plena, 50 miles nr of Serai. Jaiutskoi. See Takutsk. Jalalabad, a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Cabul, fituate on the K.imeh, 60 miles tsE of Cabul. JalUndar, a town of Hindooftan, ca- pital of a diftri«5t of the fame name, in the country of Lahore. It is 80 mil«;8 E by s of Lahore. Lon. 74 10 E, lat. 30 50 N. Jalonitza, a town of European Tur- key, in Walachia, on a river of the fame name, 91; miles sw of Ifmael. Jalottr, a town of Hindooitaii, in the country of ikgimere, fituate on a moun- tain difficult of accefs, 85 miles wnw of Cheitore. Lon. 73 40 e, lat. 25 35 N. Jamagorod, a town of Ruflia, in tho government of Peterftjurg, with a ftrong fort, ieated on the Jama, 12 miles ne of Narva. Jamaica, an ifland of the W Indies, difcovered by Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 leagues w of Hifpaniola, nearly the fame diftance s of Cuba, and is uf |: '■; JAM •n OTal fifurcj t/o miles long and' 60 broad. It is divided into three coun- ties* MiddlefeXi Surry« and Cornwall; ^d contains upwaid of 41000,000 acres, ridge of hills runs lengthwife from E w, whence numerot^ rivers take their rife on both fides; and though none of them are navigable, even tor barges, yet the fugars are carried upon many of them in canoes from the re- mote plantations to the feafide: fome of them run under ground for a confi- dcrable fpace* particularly the Cobre and Pedra. The mountains, and a great part of the ifland, are covered with many different kinds of trees; fuch as lignum vitx, cedar, mahogany, &c. always green. In the valleys are fugar- canes, and fuch a variety of fruit*ti i», as to make the country look like a pa- radlfe. But to balance this, there are alligators in the rivers; giiianoes and galliwafps in the fens and marfhes; and fnakes and noxious animals in the mountains. The year is diiUnguiflied into two feafons, the wet and dry ; but the rsins are not f(? frequent as former- ly, which is fuppofed to be owing to the cutting dowh of t^e woods- About nine in the morning it u fo intolerably hot, that it would be difficult to live, if the eafterly breeze did not arife to cool the air Sooietimes the nights are pret- ty cool, and there are great dews, which are deemed unwholefome, efpe- cially tn new corners. The months of July, Augitft, and September, are call- ed Uie hurricane months, bedaufe then thev are the moft frequent ; and there is fighting almoft every night. Not above a third part of the ill and is inha> bited, for the pl^antations are along the coafts. Here and there are favannas, or large plains, where the original na- tives ufed to plant their corn, and which the Spaniards made ufe of for breeding their cattle. The beft houfes are generally built low, on account of the hurricanes and earthquakes ; and the Negros huts, made of reeds, will hold only two or three perfons. The com- mon drink is Madeira wine, or rum pangb. The common bread, or that which ferves for it, is plantains, yams, and caifava- roots: but, in 1793, a great number of the bread-fruit trees were brought here from Otaheite, and intro- duced into tlie different plantations. Hugs and Hieep are plentiful ; but the fervants generally feed upon Irifh fait- beef, and the Negros have herrings and fnlt-fifti. The general produce of this ifland is fiigar, rum, molaflfes, ginger, cotton, indigo, pimenta, cocoa, coffee, fevcral kinds of woods, and medicinal JAM drugf. It has fume tobsoeo, bot obt good, and ufed only by the Negroi, vfho can fcarcely lire Without it ; alfo maize, Guinea corn, and peat of varioui kinds, with variety of roots. Fruits are in great plenty, fuch as oranges, lemons, {haddocks, citrons, pomegranates, pine, apples, prickly-pears, melons, pompi. ons, guavas, and many other forts. "I^ firft fettlement on this ifland was made, in 1J09, by, the Spaniards, who were cruel to the natives; but none of their bloody fettlements fupported them- felves, except that of St. Jago de b Vega. This ifland was taken by the Englifli in 1655, ^nd »« now the m^ valuable of their W India colonies. The number of white inhabitants in 1787 was 30,000, free blacks 10,000, Maroons 1406, and flaves 350,000. The. value of the flaves, the landed pro- perty, and buildings to which they are appurtenant, and that of the veflels em- ployed in trade, is eftimated at 39 mil. lions fterling. The government of Ja. maica is one of the richeft places, next to that of Ireland, in the difpofal of the crown: the ftanding falary is 2500!. and the aflcmbly commonly vote as much more to the governor, which, with other perquifites, make it little lefs than io,oool. a year. In June 1795, the Maroons, or original natives, who inhabit the mountains, rofeagainft the Engliih, and were not quelled till March 1796. St. Jago de la Vega is the feat of government, but Kingfton it the capital. Jamaica, a town of New York, chief of Queens county, Long Ifland, with three churches, i a miles £ by s of New York. Jamalahad, a town of Hindooftan, in Canara, with a fort on the fummitofan immenfe rock, which is only accelTible by one narrow way. l"he town ft?nds on the banks of a river, 30 miles ene of Mangalore. Jamama, a town of Arabia, capital of a diftridl of the fame name, lying w of the province of Bahrin. It is feat- ed on the river Aftan, 140 miles sw of Lachfa. Lon. 46 8 e, lat. 25 5 if. Jambiy the capital of a fmall kingdom on the E coaft of the ifland of Sumatra. The Dutch have a fort here, and ex. port pepper hence, with the beft fort of canes. The town is large, and fitu* ate inland, on a river navigable for boats, 160 miles n by e of Bencoolen. Lon. loa 45 e, lat. i la s. Jambo, a town of Arabia Deferta, with n good harbour, on the Red fca, 85 miles ssw of Medina. Lon. 37 X9h lat. a4j N. JAP James, a river of Virginia, Tvbich rifes ^ tlve w fide of the Blue ridge of the Allegany mountains* and flowing e through the ftate, enters Chefapeak bay, near Hampton. Jams Hay- i>ee Hudson Batf. James island, an ifland of Atrica, 30 niiles lip the river Gambia, and three miles ftom its neareft (hore. Here the Engliftj hare a fort and faftory. Lon. ,6oW,lat. 13 15 N. Janus Island, an ifland of S Carolina, on the s fide of Charlefton harbour, op- pofite Charlefton. Jamestown, a town of Virginia, feat- ed in a peninfula, on the n flde of Tames river, eight miles ssw of Wil- liamlburg. Jamestown, a borough of Ireland, m the county of Leitrim, feated on the Shannon, five miles s by E of Cartick, and 73 NW of Dublin. Jamets, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meufe, I a miles s of Ste- nay- Jamslo, a town of Sweden, m the province of Blekingen, 3 a miles w of Carlfcrona. Jama, a province of European Tur- key, bounded on the n by Macedonia, B by the Archipelago, s by Livadia, and w by Albania. It is the Theflaly of the ancients, and Larifih is the capital. Janna, a town of l-'uropcan Turkey, in the province of the fame name, 6a miles w of LaiiflTa. Lon. ai 36 e, lat. 39 4^ '*• * Janoivitt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilfen, on the river liradawkei j8 miles ssw of Pilfen. Janville, a town of France, in the department of Eun; and Loir, xo miles SE of Chnrtres. ho-tcheon, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-fi, feated on the river Po, near its entrance into tjie lake Poyang, 40 miles ne of Nan-tchang. Jai>an, an empire in the moft eaftern part of Afia, extending fiom lon. 131 to 142 e. and from lat. 30 to 41 n. It is compofed of feveral illands,* the princi- pal and moft northern of which is Niphon. The whole empire is divided into feven principal diftri^s, which are fubdivided into 70 provinces ; and the population is, in proportion to extent, deemed equal to that of China. It is the richeft country in the world for gold } there are alio rich filver mines, and fine copper is the main fource of the wealth of many provinces. It pro- duces a great deal of rice, which is reaped in September; and millet, wheat, and barley, which are cropped in May. J A? Cedain are common, and fo largfe thaf they are proper fcrr the mafts of (hips and columns for temples. The rocks and moft barren places produce a va^. riety of fruits, plants, and roots. TW/^. woods and forefts, and long ridges 8^ mountains, with which the country is interfcfled, produce good pafturage* and are ftocked with deer, oxen, bnffa- los, hogs, and a few horfes ; but there are no ftieep nor goats. Here are lai-ge quantities of fine porcelain, filk,andfltin8, as alfo red pearls, which are not in left, efteem than the white. The Japanefe are of a yellowifli complexion all over ; their heads are in general large, their necks fhort, and their hair black, thick, and Ihining, from the ufe they make of oils ; their eyes are fmall, of a dark brown colour, and funk deep in the head, and" the eyelids form in the great angle of the eye a deep furrow, which di^rimi- nates them from other nations ; their eyebrows are alfo placed fomewhat. higher; and their nofes, though not flat, are thick and fliort. They are na- turally ingre other, who ruled in civil affairs, was called cubo. From that time the dairo has only been at the bead of religious matters, while the Cuba or fecular emperor bears an ab- folute dominion over all civil and mili- tary affairs. The former (till lives in great (late and grandeur at Miaco ; and the latter pays him a kind of ho- mage, as if he aifted only as his deputy or viceroy ; but, in reality, the cubo is now tlie real monarch of Japan, and the dairo only his high pricft. The re- ligion of the country is paganifm ; but there are two different feJls. There was once a great number of Chridians in different parts of the empire ; but, in 1638, they underwent great pcrle- cutions, infomuch that they were all extirpated. The capital of the empire is Jedo. Japara, a feaport on the n coaft of the illand of Java, with a good harbour. It was the capital of a coniiderable kingdom, till the Dutch made them- felves maftcrs of it ; and now they have a colony here, and a conficlorable trade. It is 353 milfs E by s of liatavia. Lon. no 45 E, lat. 6 20 3. Jaquewel, a town of St. Domingo, on a bay of its name, on the .s coaft, 33 nriilos ssw of Port an Prince. Jargi'au, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loirct. It was taken by J A V the Englifti in 1438, and retaken ty Joan of Arc the next year. It is feated near the Loire, ip miles ese of Or. leans. Jarhber/^, a town of Norway, ca- pital ofadiftriA abounding in mints, in the diocefe of Aggerhuys, five miles k of Tonlberg. Jarnact a town of France, in the de< partment of Charente. Near this place the duke of Anjou, afterward Henry nj, obtained a vidtory over the Huguenots* in 1569. It is feated on the Charente| 30 miles w of Angoulefme. JaromitZy a town of Bohemia, feated on the Elbe, nine miles if of Konigin- gratz. . K Jaron, a town of Perfia, in Farfiftan, celebrated for abundance of palm trees and their excellent fruit. It is 95 mile* s. by E of Shiras. Lon. 53 10 e, Ut. i8 15 N. Jaroslau, a town of Poland, in Red Ruflia, with a ftrong citadel. A baule was gained here by the Swedes, in 165 6. after which they took the town. It is included in the kingdom of Galicia, and feated on the Saine, 55 miles ,w of Lemberg. Lon. zz 43 k, lat, 50 4 n. Jarojiaul, a government of Ruffia, fornierly a province of the government of Mofcow. It is 160 miles in length, and from 30 to no in breadth. The capital is of the fame name, and a large commercial i>lace, with numerous ma- nufaitures ; feated on the Wolga, 145 miles NNE of Mofcow. Lon. 39 50 t, lat. S7 35 N. Jasenitz, a town of Hither Pomerania, feated on the Oder, eight miles N of Stettin. Jasquey a town of Perfia, in the pro- vince of Mecran, which gives name to a cape in the gulf of Ormus. Lon. 57 4 v), lat. 25 40 N. Jassy, a city of European Turkey, capital of Moldavia, and an archbiihop's fee. In 1753, it was dtsftioyed by fire; but is now a well fortified place, de- fended by a caftle. The inhabitants are eftimatcd at 12,000. It has I'.'un ft- veral times taken in the wnrs between the Turks and the Ruflians .i'.Auftrians; the laft time by the latter in i;88, who reftored it by the peace of Reichinbach in 1790. It is feated on the '-'ruth, ip miles NNE of Buchoreft. Lon. s; jo t, lat. 47 8 N. Javot an ifland of the E Indies, ly- ing to the s of Borneo, and fi-piv.Vcd at its w end from Sumatra, by the ftiait of Sunda. It is fometimes called Ctxct Java, to diftinguilh it from i>; li, Hy fume named Little Java ; and ii> 4^^ J A V jn!lesin length, and of various breadth, {Ktending from 105 to 1 18 e Ion. and 6 to g s lat. The land is low, and in feme places marlhy, near the ihore ; but fifes in a gradual flope toward the interior of the country, admitting in its aicent every variety of fituation aud verdure. The n coaft has a great many commodious creeks, bays. harb6urs, and towns, with many little iflands near the (here. In former times it had as many petty kings as there were large towns; but ilow it has two kingdoms only, one under the kin^ of Mataram, and the other underthe kmg of Bantam. The Javanefe live chiefly on. vegetable food, and ufe no fermented liquors. They are a barbarous, proud, and fierce people ; of a brown complexion, (hort coal-black hair, large cheeks, fmall eyes, and large eyebrows. They paint their teeth black of thedeepcft hue, except the two middle ones, which they cover with gold leaf; and the operation is repeated, 3S often as is neceffary, to keep them in that ftate. The men are very robuft and ftrong limbed ; but the women are llnall. The men wear a piece of calico wrapt two or three times round their middle; and the women wear them from their armpits down to their knees ; but all othe;- parts are bare. The men have two or three wives, and feveral concubines, according to their circum- ftances. Thofe that live near the fea- ftde are generally Mahomxtans; but within land they are Gentoos, abftain- ing from flefh of all kinds. This illand has very high mountains, particularly the Pepper mountain on the s tide ; it has likewife impaflable forefts and wildernefles; but to the >f, between Batavia and Bantam, is a very populous country, full of rice-fields, and plenty of fait and pepper, befide moft forts of fruits proper to the climate. Hpre alfo is plenty of hogs, beeves, and flieep, with other tame animals ; and likewife fowl, both wild and tame, in great abundance. In the woods are large tigers, rhinocorofes, and other wild K'afts ; and in the rivers are crocodiles. The air is as temperate and healthy as in any part of the £ Indies. The ferene fi'afon is from May till November ; and then tlie rains begin, which lay the low grounds under water, kill the infedts, and continue till May. In March they bi'gin to fow, and in July the fugar and rice begin to ripen ; but September and O-^ober are the beft months for all forts of fruits. Java has a river which rifes in the mountains, and, dividing ilfelf into many branches* waters the IC E dratmjacent country : thefe afterward re-unite, and pafs through Batavia, dividing it into two parts. The whole coaft of this illand is moftly under t dominion of the Dutch; and, btfi the native JavaAefe, it is inhabited L Chinefe, Malayan, Amboynefe, Topa fes, Bugafles, Timoreans, and manj other people, brought from diftant countries by the Dutch. In 1740, the Dutch pretended that the Chinefe were going to make an infunedtion, and upo* that account dilarmed them ; and yet, after that, they barbaroufly maf- fafj^ed them, to the number of 30,000 m'en, women, and children, and feized their eflfeds. Batavia is the capital. Jauert a town of Silefia, capital of a principality of the fame name, with a citadel, and a large fquare, fi^' mounded by piazzas. It is feated in a fine coun- try, on the rivulet Jauer, 35 miles w by s of Breflau. Lon. 16 43 e, lat. 51 » s. Jau/nais, a town of France, in the department of Vienne, fix miles n of Poitiers. Jaxtbergt a town and caftle of Fran- conia, in the principality of Wurtzburg» on the river Jaxt, 10 miles se of Mer- genthcim. Jbiia. Sec Ivica- Ibwg, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of Oftiaburg, 13 miles s by E of Ofnaburg. Iceland^ an ifland to t^e w of Norway, 360 miles in length and 150 in breadth, lying between 63 and 65 n lat. For two months together the fun never fets ; and in thef winter it never rifes for the fame fpace, at leaft not entirely. The iOand is mountainous, ftony, and barren; but in fome places there are excellent paftures. The chief rivers are in the e part; the Skalfanda, Oxarfird, and Bruna, all flowing from s to k. Some are white' with lime, others fmell of fulphur. The higheft mountains, clothed with perpetual fnow, arc called Yokuls ; and of thefe Snafial, hanging over the fea on the sw coaft, is eftci^med the higheft, b<^ing computed at 6860 feet. Mount Hecia is the moft noted mountain, about 5000 feet in height, and is a volcano ; but there are feveral other volcanos, and the convulfions caufod by them in 1783 were fo dread- ful and multiplied, that it was feared the illand would fall to pieces: the eruptions were the moft tremendous of any recorded in hiftory ; and from Mount Shapton Gluver iflued a torrent of lava, which flowed for fix weeks, and ran a diftance of 60 miles to the fea, in a breadth of nearly i z miles. The in- J# I E A ' bjibitanta ve eftimated at ;o,«eo. Tbeii* hoafes ««re at a diftan.-e from each other, and many of them deep in the wround; but they are atl miferable ^tta, covered whh (kins. Many of the ^Intbitants profcfs Chriftianity; but thofe that live at a diftance are pagans, liii-y are moftly clothed with the fkink of beaftii. The Danes trade with the natives for hides, tallow, trainoi), whale- bone, and feahorfes teeth, which are as good as ivo. /. Iceland, which was confidered by the ancients as theUltinna Thule, or the extremity of the world, and by us as fcarcely habitable, once abounded in learning and fcience, at a time when great part of Europe was invoWed in darkncfs. Their language was the old Gothic or Teutonic, the vernacular tongue of theS>vedc8, Danes, and Norwegians, before it branched into the feveral dialcdts lince fpoken by the natives of thefe three kingdoms. Ithterhausent a town of Upper Sax- o«iy, in the principality of Gotha, i» miles ESK of Gotha. Icohnkilli or /on<7, a famous little ifland of Scotland* one of the Hebrides, near the sw point of, the i lie of Mull. It is only three miles long, and produces beautiful white marble Here are the ruins of an auguft nunnery, monafter^', and cathedral, faid to have been found- ed by St. Columba, abont the year 735 ; alfo a fmall chapel, dedicated to St. Oran, containing many marble tomb- ftones of the great 'ords of the ifles ; and adjoining it is ' cemetery, in which many ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, are buried. Other ruins of monaAic and druidical edifices can be traced ; and many places are point- ed out, noted for particular aifls of St. Columba. This ifland was the retreat of learning, during the Gothic ignorance ■which pervaded Europe, aftei the over- throw of the Ronfun empire, and the leminary whence iifued thofe pieus monks, and laymen, who again revived learning, and propagated ChriAianity through many kingdoms of Europe. This place, formerly fo religious, has now divine fervice performed only four times in the year. The only village is Sodo • Lon. 6 ao w, lat. 56 23 n. Jdat a lofty and pointed mountain, in the middle of the ifland of Cant^i.-i, famous in ancient times as being the pUce on which Jupiter was brought up, and where there was a temple de- dicated to Cybele. / JEnglilh; but is (till govei ^^ by ancient Norman laws- It ^' /^o V;if' s in circumference, and diflicuit : ' an, :. -, on account of the rocks, fau - ::iui forts eredled for its defence, it pro- duces excellent butter and honey, and the s part of the iHand is nearly cover- ed with apple-trees for cider. The number of linhabitants is eftimated at so,ooo of whom 3000 bear arms. In 1781, abodyof French troops landed on this ifland, furprifed the licutenant- govemor, made hi^ prifoner, and com- pelled hirn to figh a capitulation; but major Pierfon, the cobimandt.T of the Englifli troops, refufing to abide by this forced capitulation, attacked the French, and compelled them to fur- render prilbners of war; but he was killed in the moment of viAory. See ilelier, St. ■ Jersey^ New, one of the United States of America, 161 miles long and j a broad; bounded on the e by Hud- fon river and the Atlantic ocean, s by Delaware bay and river, w by Pcnnfyl- vania, and n by a line drawn from the mouth of Mahakkamac river in lat. 41 34 to a point in Hudfon river in lat. 41. It is divided into 13 counties; namely. Cape Mary, Cumberland, Salem, Glou- ccfter, Burlington, Hunterdon, SulTex, Bergen, EIRx, Middlefex, Monmouth, Somerfet, and Morris ; the laft two are mountainous, and one-fourth of the others are fandy and barren. The hilly country feods great quantities of cattle; the barren parts produce little ellc but ilirub-oaks and yellow pines; and the fandy lands yield an immenfc quantity of bog iron ore, which is worked up to great advantage in the nunu-rous iron- works in thisQate: the foil in other pans is fertUe, producing plenty of corn, and fruits of all kinds common to the climate. The principal rivers are, be- fide the boundary ones, the Haikinfac, Pafliiick, and Rariton. Trenton is the Capital. Jeriisaknty a famous city of Pate (line. J E R capita) of Judea, after David had con* quered the Jebiilites. It was taken by Nebuchadnezzar, in the reign of Ze- dekiah, and the Jews were led captives to Babylon. It was afterward taken by the Romans, and ruined, together with the Temple, 70 years after the birth of Chrift, as was foretold by him. Emperor Adrian built a new city, near the nrins of ancient Jerufalem. it was taken by the Perfians in 614, and by the Saracens in 636. In 1099 it was re- Uken by the cruladers, who founded a new kingdom which lalled 88 years, un- der nine kings. Saladin, kin^ of Kgypt and Syria, got poflTeflion of it in 118;. The Turks expelled the Saracens in .^217, have ke[>t polTeflion of it ever ;:> and call it lleUodtt that is. The Hoiy City. It is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jewsj and Chriltians. It ftands on a high rock, with (leepafcents on every fide, except to the n. It is almoft furrounded by valleys encom- pafTed with mountains, fo that it feems to (land in the middle of an amphi- theatre. It is about three miles in cir- cumference, and includes Mount Cal- vary, which was without the walls of the old city. What renders it conli- derable is the great refort of pilgrims ; for the inhabitants accommodate them with lodgings and provifions, which is their chief bufinefs. A bafliaw, with a guard of jani(raries, always refideshere, to protect them from the Arabs. Thu Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which the pilgrims come to vifit, is a large ftru<^ure, with a round nave, and has no light but what comes through the top, like the Pantheon at Rome. In the middle of the nave, and direAly under the opening of the dome, is the Holy Sepulchre, which is placed in a chapel, whofe door is three feet high and two broad. It is fo fmall, that it will hold but three pcrfons on their knees at a time. At the entrance, on the right hand, is that place where the body of our Saviour was laid. The table on which he was faid to have been laid <-it firit is two feet and a half high from the pavement, and is now cover- ed with white marble, becaufe its vifi- tors were all for carrying away a fmall bit. This chapel is cut out of the rock, and there are three holes in the roof, to let out the fmoke of many lamps, which are always kept lighted. The whole is covered with white marble, both within and without; .ind on the oiitfide there are 10 fine columns of the lame. It is covered with a platform, the raiddlc of which is exadUy above; J I D the thi^ holes, and foi mi a frtiaH dofflc* lix fitt in height, covered with lead, and fupported by i a columns of por- phyry, placed by pairs on the platform, . and forming fix arches, which have three lamps under each. Before the e.ite of the fcpulchn; is a filver lamp, h large, that two men cannot fathom it. On Good Friday, all the parts of our Saviour's paflion are folemnized in this church. Jerufalem is 1 1 a miles sw ofDamafcus, and 175 ne of Suez. Lon. ,j JO K, lat. 3 1 47 >*• Jesi, a town of Italy, in Anconia,. feated on a mountain, near the river Fiumelins, 15 miles wsw of Ancona. Jejselmere, a town of Hindooftan, in the province of Agimere, and circar ef Bickaneer, 70 miles w by n of Bickaneer. Jesso, a large ifland> lying between thofe of Niphon and SaghalLen. It is ofa triangular form, 350 miles in length," and from 80 to 2:0 in breadth; the narrow part is in the s, toward Ni- phon. It is full of woods; and the natives, who live by filhing and hOnting, are ftrong, robuft, favage, and flovenly, when compared to the Japanefe. Here are feme Japanefe colonies, and the ifland is generally deemed fubjedl to Japan; but it may be gather confidered .18 a foreign conqueft than as a part of the civilized empire. The s point is in ten. 142 30 w, lat. 40 50 N. Jever, a town of Weftphalia, in E Friefland. capital of a territory of its Dame, 28 miles he of Embden. If, an illand in the Mediterranean, on the coaft of France, the mod eaftcrn of the three before the harbour" of Mar- feilles, and well fortified. Iglatt, a fortified town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the fame name, with two convents and a college. Good cloth is manufadlured here, and the commerce in corn and hemp is conii- derable. It is feated on the Igia, 40 miles WNW of Brinn. Lon. 15 32 e, lat. 49 28 K. IgUsias, a town of the illand of Sar- dinia, and a bifliop'3 fee, 37 miles wsw of Cagliari. Lon. 8 39 e, !it. 39 18 V. Ibor. See Johore. Jidda, a fcaport of Arabia Felix, on the Rt'd lea, in the flierilFate of Mecca. A very conliderable trade is carried on here, this city being a mart between Egypt and India. The (hips from Suez ftldom proceed further than this port, and thofe from India are not fuffered to advance to Suez. The Englifb are par- ticularly favoured in the trade of this I L A I^ace, M they pay ohiy eight 'per cent. dues of cudom, while all otbien, cvcit the fubje^s of the fultan, pay ten; and they are fuffered to difcharge this in gooids, while all others muft produce money. Jidda has qo frelh wateri and is fituate in a barren fandy diftri^, 34 miles wsw of Mecca, of which it is the port. Lon. 39 22 e, lat. ai 29 n. Jiubala, a town of Negroland, capi'r tal of an illand fo called, which it form- ed by two branches of the Niger that feparate at leaving the lake Dibue, and unite again about 15 miles from Tom- buctoo. The town is a retting place for traders between Tombuctoo and the weftern parts of the coimtry. It (lands on the w branch of the Niger, Mo miles sw of Tombuctoo. Lon. o 16 £» lat. 16 4 N, Jionpaur, a town of Hindooftan, ca- pital of a circar of the fame name, in Allahabad. It is feated on the Goomty ; and not far from the confluK of that river with the Ganges is the fort of Jionpour, on a high bank commanding', the bridge over the Goomty. This place was at one time! the feat of an. empire; and fultan Shirki, built the great musjud, or maufoleum, which is ftill remaining. The ftone bridge over the Goomty conlifts of 1$ pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many- little ihops on both fides. It was built in 1567, and has hitherto withflood the force of the ftream, which, in the time of the rains, frequently flows over the bridge; and in 1774 a brigade of the Britifh army pafTed over it in boats. Jionpour is 48 miles nw of Benares. Lon.. 8 2 55 K, lat. 25 45 n. Ikeru, a town of Hindooftan, in My- fore, n>rmerly the capital of a princi- pality. T.'ie laft rajah fled in 1789, for. fear Tippoo fliould compel him to be- come a Muflulman, and foon after pro- cured a friendly Nair to ilioot him dead. It was of a great fize, furrounded by three concentric walls; but the court being removed to Nagara, the inhabi- tants willingly followed, and devafta- tion fucceedcd. Ruins, and a large temple in good repair, are all that re- mains. It is 34 miles n of Nagara. Ila. See Is hi. Ilak, or .Ia!(ik, a town of Nubia, on, the Nile, i'uppofed by fome to be the ancient Aleroe. Lou. 34 30 £, lat. i9. 48 N, Ilanz, a town in SwifTi'rland, in the Grifons, ctipital of tiie Grey Leagiie- It is partly furrounded by walls, aiut. feated on the RhiDc, Coirc. ;3 mi lei i\v «f I LL JUkesUrt dr Ivehhestttt a borough III ftomcrfetfhire» with a market on Wed- ncfday. It ii of great antiquity, and euce bad 16 churches, but now only on«, at the w end of which is an oAa* Jonal tower, fuppofed to be built with Loman materials. Here are alfo va* rious relics of monaftic antiqnjties. It is the birthplace of the celebrated Roger BAcon. The eleAion of the coun- ty members is held heie, and here alfo itthecountygaol.lt is featcd onthe Ivel, 16 mile* s by w of Wells, and 1 2a w by s of London. Lon. a 37 w, lat. 50 59 k. Ild'fomoy St. a town of Spain, in New Caftile* noted for a magnificent fummer palace, b)iilt by Philip v; and for a inrgc manufadture of glais, belonging to the crown. ^ It is feated on the Cogol- ludo, five miles n of Uzcda. lldcfonsot St,^ town of Mexico, in the province of Giia>;aca, .'catedon a moun- taii., 70 miles e ne of Guaxaca. Lon. 9730 w, lat. 175 N. llderlon, mated at 20,000 families, are fcattered over the country in fmall hamHs. They fend yearly confidcrable qoan- titiei of wine to the neighbouring parts of Georgia, in leathern bags, carried by horfes: but they are without manufac- tures, very poor and miferable, and cru- elly opprefled by their landlords. The Imeritians arc of the Greek religion. Their patriarch, who is generally of the royal family, can feldom read or Writej and the inferior clergy are not better inftruded, Their churches are fcarcely to be diftinguKhed from com- mon cottages, but by a paper crofs over the principal door, and fome paintings of the virgin and the faints. Cutai» is the capital Immenhausen, a town of Germany, in the principality of HeiTe-CaiTel, eight miiej NNw of CaiTel. Immenstadt, a town of Suabia, in the county of Koingfegg, fituate on a fmall river, which foon after joins the Her, 1% miles s ofKempten. Imolttt an epifcopal town of Italy, in Rotnagna, with a ftrong citadel. It is furrounded by walls, towers, and ditcbcs; contains 16 churches, and 17 convents; and is feated on the Santemo, 13 miles w by s of Ried the other rnJe nations of America, with the greatelk cafe. The ii:itives of the temperate zone are the only people in the New World who are indebted for their freedom to their own valour. The N Americans, though long encompafled by three formidable European powers, retain part of their onginal pollcirions. The people of Chili, though early invadud, ftiil main- tain a gallant coiitcH: with the Spa« uiards, and have f*;t bounds to their en- croachnients; whereas, in the warmer regions, men are niore feeble in their frame, lefs vigorous in the efforts of their mind, of a gentle but daftardly I'pirit, more enflaved by pleafure, and more funk in indolence. Accordingly, it is in the ton-id zone that the Euro- peans have moft effedually eftablifhed their dominion over America; and if fevcral tribes there ftill enjoy independ- ence, it is either becaufe they have never been attached by an enemy already fatiat- ed with conqueft,and poirefled of larger t(;rritorie8 than he was able to occupy, or becaule they have been faved from oppreflion by their remote and inac- ceflible fituation. This diftindtion, however, although fo confpicuous, is not univerfal. Of the manners of the N American Indians a general idea may be formed by an account of thofe who inhabit the countries to the e of the Miliiflippi. Thefe confift of a8 dif- lerent natioiw; the principal of which are the Cherokees, Chickafaws, Choc- taws, Creeks, Dclawares, the Six ^a- t|hn8} the ShawanefC) Hurons, Illinois, I ND Src. Allowing about 700 to 3 natin or tribe, they will contain in alt x^^ \ fouls, and may furnifh about 5000 war. riors. Thefe Indians darken thrirconi! pkxion, by anointing themfcWei tith gvafe, and lying in tht fun. Tb«y»ih paint their face, bread, and ftouldeik of various colours, but generally redi and in many parts of their bodies thn prick in guapowder in well^fignrf figures. They arc of middle ftaturf. their limbs clean and ftraight, and their features well formed, efpecially thoft of the women. They (have or pluck the hair off their heads, except a putck about the crown, which in ornamcnttd with feathers, beads, wampum, and f'jcli like baubles. Their ears are bored, and ftretched by a thong down to their Ihoulders. They are wound round with wire to expand them, and adorned with iilver pendants, ringj, and bells, which they likewife wear in tlieir notes. Some of them pierce the cartilage of the nofe, and pa» through it a lar^e feather; and thufc who cu afford It wear a collar of wampum, a IVlver breaftplate, and bracelets on the arms and wrifts. A piece of cloth about the middle, a (hirt of the Engliih make, on which thcybeftow innumeni> ble ditches to adorn it, a fort of cbth boots and mockafons, which are Akk-i nf a make peculiar to the Indians, onia< mented with porcupine quills, with a I blanket thrown over all, complete their | drefs at home; but when they goto war they leave their trinkets behind. There is little difference between the | drefs of the men and women, except. ing that a ftiort petticoat, and the hair, | which is exceedingly black and long, and clubbed behind, diflinguifh fome of the latter. Their warlike arms are guns, bows and arrows, darts, fcalping knives, and tomahawks: thelaft is one of their moft ufeful pieces of field furniture, ferving all the offices of the hatchet, pipe, and fword. The/ are exceedingly expert in throwing it, and will kill ar. a contiderable diftance. The world has no better markfmen with any weapon : they will kill birds flying, fif}iesfwimming,andwildbeaftsninniDg. TJiey are not fo ignorant as fome fup- pofe them, but arc quick of apprchen. rion,fudden in execution, fubtlein bufi- nefs, exquifite in invention, and induf- trious in adion. They are of a gentle and amiable difpofition to thofc they think their friends, but as implacable in their enmity ; their revenge being com- pleted 00 ly by the entire deftrufllon ef 'MM«t« I N't) "** tbdr rtemici. They Are very hardjr, hearing hcatt cold, hunger, and thirft, in » furpriling manner; and yet no people are more additHled tolbxccfs in eating and drinking, when It is in thdr power. The tollies, nay mifchicf, they commit, when Incbriattd, are entirely imputed to the liquor j and no one will rcwngc any injury (murder ixceptcd) received from one who is no more him- felf. Among the Indians all men are equal* pcrfonal quaiiticc being moft ef- tcemed. No dillinftion of birth, or rank, renders arty man capable of doing prejudice to the rights of private per- llmi: and there is no pre-eminence from merit, which begets pride, and whjeh maiies others too fL-nfiblc of their own inferiority. Theirpublicconfcrejiecs Ihow them to bo men of genius; and they have in a high degree the talent of natural eloquence. They live difperfed in villages, either in the woods, or on the banks of rivers, where they have little plantations of maize and roots, BOt enough to fupply their families half the year J and they fubfift, the remain- der of it, by hunting, filhing, and fowl- ing, and ihe fruits of the earth, which grow fpontaneoully in great plenty, llieir huts are generally built of fmall logs, and covered with bark ; each hav- iag a chimney, and a door, on which they place a padlock. One of their towns, called Old Chelicothe, is ^uilt in the form of a parallelogram; and fome of their houfes are fliingled. A long council-hcufe extends the whole length of the town, where the king and chiefs of the nation fr<;quently meet, andconfult on all matters of import- ance, whether civil or military. Some huts are built by fetting up a frane on I forks, and placing bark againft it ; others of reeds, and lurrounded with clay. The fire is in the middle of tliplQt' are a little civilized, which mult of ne- ceflity precede Chriftianity. The ShiS- wancfe, Cherokee^, ChickaCiws, aud foinc others, are little concerned about religion. Others continue their former fuperllitiuus worlhip of the dtjcits of their love and fear, and efpeoially thofe beings whom tliey moll dread ; though, at the fame time, it is allowed theo>ray to the fun, and otiier inferior biMbvo- lent dirities, for fuccels in their under* takings, for plenty of food, and other neceHaa-ies of lif. . They have their femvals, and other rejoicing days, on which they ling and diince in a ring,' taking hands, having fo painted and difguifed themfelves, that it in difficult to know any of them ; and aftei enjoy- irtg tbisdiverfion for a while, they retird to the place where they have prepared a feaft of tilh, fleih, fowl, and fruit; to which all are invited, and entertained with their country fongs. They bt> lieve that there is great virtue in feafta for the fick. For this purpofe, a youi% buck muft be killed and boiled, the friends and near neighbours of the patient invited, and hav ing tirit throwti tobacco on the fire, and covered it up dole, they all lit down in aVing, atid raife a lamentable cry. They then un- cover the fire and kindle it; apd the head of the buck is firft fent about,' < very one taking ip bit, and giving A lAi'A croak, in imitation bf crovirs. 'llity afterward proceed to eat all the buck, finging a moft harmonious, me- lancti^ily lurig; in which llraia their mufic is particularly excellent. As they approach their towns, when foirie of their people arc loil in war, they make great lamentations for their dead, and btar them long afcor in remem- brance. Some nations abhor adultery, do not approve of a plurality of wives* and are not guilty of theft ; but there are other tribes not fo fcrupulou8« Among the Chickafaws, a hufband may ^' cut oft' the nofe of his wife, if guilty o# adultery : but men are allowed g-tater Y a #1 %1 I N 1^ ei ty. *^ This nation d^fpifes a thief- Jii^ong thevCherokces» they cut off the nofe and earf of an adultrefs: after- ward her huftand gives her a difcharge; and from this time flie is not pemiitted to refufe a^y one who prefents htm- felf. Fornication is unnoticed) for they allow petfons'in a fingleftate unbdiind- fid -fn^^oiB . Their torm of marriage is (horti the man, before witnefles, gives the bride a deer's foot, and ihe in re- turn, prefents him with an ear of corn, as emblems of their feveral duties. I'he fifd%Rn are very flaves to the men ; wwh is ufual in rude, unpolifhed na- '(k^, throughout the world. Their kaiK.has no power to put any one to denh by his own authority ; but the murderer is generally delivered up to the friends of the deccafed, to do as they pleafe. When one kills another, his friend kills him, and fo they con- tinue until much blood is ihe-d ; and at IaA tin quarrel is ended by mutual pre- fents. Their kings are hereditary, but their authority extremely limited. No people afford a more 'Ariking evidence of the miferies to which mankind are expofed from the v>|ant of government than they. .Every chief, when offended, breaks ofi'with a party, fettles at fome , , diftance, and then commences hoftili- |4| ties againft his own people. They are generally at war with each other. Vvhcn they take captives in war, they are exceedingly cruel, treating the un- happy prifoncrs in fuch a manner, that death would be preferable to life. They •load them with burdens, and when they .irrive at their towns, they muft nm the gauntlet. In this the favages exercife i'o much cruelty, that one would think - it: impoffible they fliould furvive their fufferings.* Many are Idllcd; but if one outlives this trial, he is adopted into a family as a fon, and treated with pa- ternal kindnefE. But fonietirr's their prifoners are deftincd to be tortuied to death, in order to fattate tlic revenge of their conquerors. While their lot is in fufpenfe, the prifoners appear alto- gether unconcerned about what may befall them; and when the fatal fcn- tence is intimated to them, tliey receive it with unaltered countenance, raife their death-fong, and prepare to fulier like men. The prifoners aie tied naked to a ftake, but fo as to be at liberty to move round it. All prefcnt, men, women, and children, rufh upon them like furies: fome burn their limbs :h red-hot ii-oiis, some mangle their lies with knives, others tear their L pluck off their nails, and rend and V ■ % twifi^their finewi^lB %Ste of H&Mk fulfcnngs; the viairae continoe^ chaunt their death-fohg wkh T i^ rr'^ v§5?f «f^*»^&w»expior they mfult theirlonaentoii for tk^ want of ftill to avenge the deaths their fnenda and relatiens, they wan them of the vengeance which awS them for what they arc now doint and excUc their ferofity by the mSt provoking reproaches and threau Weary at length with contending with men whofe conftancy they canned van- quifb, fome chief, m a rage, puts » penod to their fufTcriDgs, by difpatch! ing them with his dagger or his club. Ihe people of S America gratify their revenge in a manner fomewhat dif- fercit, but with the fame unrelentine rancbur. Their prifoners, at their firft entrance, meet with the fame roueh reception as among the N Americans- but afterward they are treated with the greateft kindnefs, and fome young ^vo. men, are appointed to attend andfolace them: yet by a refinement of crueitr, while they feem ftudious to attach their captives to life, their doom is irrevocably fixed. On an appointed day, the nito- nous tribe alTcmbles, the prifoner it brought forth with great folemnity, he meets his tate with undaunted firmnefa, and 18 difpatched by a fiqgle blow. The moment he falls, the women feize the Iwiy, and drefs it for the feaft. 1 hey befinear their children with the blood, in order to kindle in their bofoms a. hatred of their enemies, and all joii m feeding upon the flelh with amszing Sreedinefe and exultation. The In- lans of S America, immediately under tie Spanifh government, are now hi from being treated with that rigour and cruelty with which the firft conquerori of that continent are charged. I'hey are no longer conlidered as flaves ; but are ivpnted as freemen, and entitled to the privileges of fubjedts. A certain tribute is, indeed, impofed upon them, and certain fervices required ; butthefe are all under the due regulations of policy and humanity. The Indians who live in the principal towns are entirely lubje(a to the Spanifh laws and magif. trates ; but, in their own villages, they are govcjned by caziques, fome of whom are the dcfcendants of their an- cient lords ; others arc named by the Spanilh viceroys. Thefe regulate th« p(ttty affairs of the people under them, according to maxims of juftice, trant mitted to them by tradition. For their further relief, the Spanifti court has ap. pointed an officer in. every diltrift V'i'li irws '. ■1^'^ coatiniK t» witb a fitm 9*™ exploiti, twt for tfcdr the death oE i»» they warn which avuti c npw doinf, by the moft and threatj. >ntendii)g with :y cannot van. ■ rage, puts a , by difpatch. ;r or m club. :a gratify their fomewhat dif- ne unrelenting T8, at their firft le fame rou^h N Americans; reated with the >me young w>o- tecd andfolace lent of cruelty, i to attach their mis irrevocably I day, the vifto- the prifoner it It folemnity, he aunted firmnefa, la fingle blow, he women feizc for the feaft. Idren with the in thdr bofoms ts, and all joia with amazing ion. The In- fiediately under are now fiir that rigour and irft conquerors larged. I'liey as flaves; but ind entitled to s. A certain :d npon thenii Ired ; but thefe Irtgulalions of lie Indians who |ns are entirely ITS and magif. villngcs. they jes, fome of Its of their an- [lamed by the regulate th« under them, juftice, tranf- jjn. For their [court has ap- dittritt V'itK 4' -4k' «-#!:^ «wj2 is^ji; ■ OlWft*!*'. m I T^ ■.•J*«fc* i4 r.,lL-*' 1' V*-. ■■■'«•(» . #; f f' ^ 1 i 'V""'='*^" ..v--^-'"^ ' — ■■..UlMf"^'^ *J-, ^---«U. !■* I iifc> Ultlt"^ •« '• Afrffiiiii i^' ;^!ftl>>'M^aie««^^ u.Mmm^m^-^9mm <'^>mi r *l l^4P^j*» ^ '^■'" < A^ ^tt,-.B«.M|lteflt»«»» '^W'o: H i^ »i i l'.-. J*f 'u.UnbciOTiMKC Kty /T; ' iff Triaiu/ittt *'¥iL«4<*i H o N ji u n ^ "nutl * ' I' ...% '"''J^'»-v*'';^^^*1 thtr tl Vdf^ ftftfllfer fflJindif^I^f beWlflii Rico and Tobago, lliefe were inha- bited by«tie <:«r||p#(fi Smamftm oS men, nowil'e refoi^iig thejv 1j|[ni4 i^iigl^'Hiuni in thefiillfr fdnntls. Ifkoi lumbus W/is a witnofs to their intrepid havelnatntatned invarupy in all fubfc- .^ N D ofi^te^or of tbd Indians, wiiofelOti is to affert the rights of the IndiaitP^ «• ^ hmodt to the exac- tions 4f lis countrymen. HoApitals alfo 3d. fiftmded in everv. new fettle- ment Ipr the rece|>tfon ot indigent and infim^dftn«» where they are treati'd with tendernefs and humanity. Sec Iijjw#»a*; LidieJt IVest', Patagonia. i|^iM are Jamaica, Barba- ropeati td'that v.i^ tract of country in dos, St. Cftmopher, Antigua. Anega- .. . • .-...jk^.i *_^i... ,. _c ^. .. ^j^^ N,f\is, Montferrat, Barbuda. An- guil]a, Domititca, St. Vincent, GranadJtr tht^*kB»hama Iflai||B, and part of the' Virjgin iilandy. ^S|ba, Porto Rica, Trinidad, and Mar^wita, belong tb the Spaniards. The French have Gua- daloupe, M|nf:alant«, Defeada, Hif^ paniola, TomgO) Marti^o, and St. Lucia. The Dutch have St. Eudatia, itjl'^e Alia, whieb is fituated to the s of Tar tary, betw«en Perlia and China, as well 'as to % grt^t number of iilands in tb« IndiawiilBceiln, extending fmnpi^e jwniri- fula <$ Hfaidooftan- as far i as JSTew GuinA aiid from the bay of B«iniral and tnCiiina fea as far s as New Hol- land. The moft wdtcrn of them are the Maldives, and the moft eaftern the Moluccas } between which are feveraK Curasao, Saba, a \A St. MiHin ; the very Ivge ones, as Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes ; befide mariy otherief eonfiderable importance as to ri(Ehc8^4hcaigh much inferior in extent. IfiJifs, fi'at, the name given to a groat Tinmber of iflands in the Atlantic Gcean, which eXtefidacrois the entrance of th^gulf of Mexico, from the nw ex^ tremity of the Bahama iilands, off the coaft of Florida, to the ifland.of Toba- go, no miles from the coaft of Terra Firma. Cuba is the moft weftem, and Barbados the moft eaftern of thefe iilands. When Columbus difcovtied ihem in 1492, he confidered tl em as part of thole vaft regions in Afia cc^. prehe^ed under the general nam«-.of India, to reach which, by a w couffe acrofs the Atlantic, had been the g_rand objeftof his voyage; and this opinion was fogeneral, that Ferdinand and Ifa- bella,iing and queen of Caftile, in their ratificatioii of an agreement granted to Columbus, upon his retum, gave them tlie name of Indies. Even. after the error which gave rife to this opinion was dftefted, and the pofition of the New World was afcertainc.l, the name has remained, and the appellation of' W«ft Indies is given by all th«' people of Ettpope to thefe iflands, and that o*^ Indians to the inhabitants, not only of thefe iflands, but of the continent of America. They are likewife called the Caribhce III inds, from the aborigines of Ih? connlry ; and the fca in which ihcy lie is called the Caribbean Sea. By the Frttich they are calh^d the Aiitiiks ; and 1: lutical n\en -diAiiiguilh tin in, fro'u the difierent cmeit'i ti^en by iVryf, into the Leeward &Md Windward Iflands, of fifvewl mouths, hw of the piili of which fee. The n.»me of Caribbee' Cntch. See Tatt/i. On the e of the :^ould propeHy be confined to l!ie Inclu* is a great landy defcit, extending Danes, St. Thoma.>, St. Croix, a^i p%Ct of the Virgin Iflands; and theSwe^K, St. Bartholomew. This oiftribufblv df the iflands is to be uudfrft^od al^rior to the prefent wars, during which fe- veral have been taken by the Sngljfh from the other powers. Indore, a town of Hindooftan, in tht province of Malvva, capital of one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefs. It is felt- ed on a river, that flows into the Nfr- buddah, ;8 miles sse pf Ougein. Lon. 76' 1 1 K, lat. 2S ij6 N. Indrapourt a lisaiwrt on the w coaft of Sumatra, capital of a kingdom of the fame name. Here the Dutch have a fa<5lory, for the purchafe of pepper, it is 160 miles :iw of Bencoolcn. Lon. 100 45 E, lat. 1 56 s. Indrit a department of Traqce, in- cluding the late province 0/ Bf'iry. It has its name from a riven '•rhich rifes in this department, flows intint that of Indreand Loire, and join»" th* Loire, four miles below the infltiat of tt^Ch^. Chatcauroux is the capital. Indre and Loiret a department of France, inoiii - - - Toiiraiac. :i\;ai river of Hir.- »ut ten principal >om the Perliaii. and TibetMH mountjons. From the ctty of Att( ':k to ^4oultan, or to the influx of tlie Ciiunaub, it is ceuimonlv namt:d the river of At*'ock. Below t^^ city of Moiiltan, it proceeds in a !» diredion, through tbr province o# that name, and that of Sindy ; ajiU enters the Arahi.in fea, by an extended d'lta of Ck^enil dooltan, fonpit]^" ftreams. \V>ich the late province of is I'^v Mpital. m #• ^ntnJh ^, IhrJiuifliv C A M l^ B B J.'cnritadp ^tM A-tan T.«iHl«n 4 ^ ^ »" f rfJt t*tmSk»A — ,W M. _M 1- ir/.Viir»-. • iirr — tti^' #. \^ f% f I N I'. I. hiar 500 mfl€B in%S(tgt1f, and from 6e to 150 in breaidth. Ligf/^eup. a >i»MMi of Franconia, in the principaHty ^Jllnhenlohe, feated m 4k Kochpr, ipP^ilts «aw of Meri> gentheim. Ingelheim, 4town a(y|^mte«.il|.th« department of*Mont Tonncrre, lately of Germany, m^ |%l| lili It is 130 miles long inA 50 broad ; bounded on the n by the river INeva and the gulf of Finland, tand s by the government of Novc w by that of I.ivonja. fet{ wrelled it from the Swcdes^!| confirmed to him by the tre " in 17S1. At that tim| ants of|})e flat country w^ aWnnifh people, biit little different frpjm t|eFin8 of Carelia, as to thei^ language and manners- They were called iShorki, and Ifchortzi, from the river Ifciiora, , , , which runs into the Neva. Ing^ia did The 'Viot retain its ancient Swedirti-priiPegeg: on the contrary, Peter made a ttrefent of one part of the Ifchortzi to certain RulTian nobles; who. Oh thefir fide, were obliged to people the lei| culti. vated cantoris of Ingria, with cbloniea of Ruffians from their eHate«; and thence it is that a village of Ruffians is often furrounded by villages of, Fins. Theli; Ifchoitzi have long followed agri- culture. Thoircconomy is an ill-chofen mean between that of the Ruffians and the Fins. They aflTcmble in fmall vil- lages, of five or ten farms each; and live miierably in frtialldiriy huts.> Their inclination to idlenefs and drinking leads them often to fell their ftocic, and the com tliey have faved for fowiog the fields. Some of them, however, imitate the Ruffian villagers, who are better managers, more at their eafe, and in better circumftances. The Ingrians are a flupid, fufpicious, tliieviih raoe, and dangerous from their phlegmatic tem- perament, and propenfity to pilfering. They referable the gypfies, are vaga- bonds like them, calculate nativities, and tell fortunes. The drefs of the men is like that of the Fin boors; but the habit of the women betrays a vanity, which, confidering the poverty of this people, and the tyrannytwhich their Iiufbands and fathers exercife over them, may pafs for luxury. The. lower part of their drefs refembles that of the Fin conntry women. Their Ihift Keaches down to their knees, has a neck and clofe wriflbands, both of them pinked or wroiiglit : the body and fiecves are l.irge ; tin; latter whimfically worked, and the body puflfed with numbcrlefs plaits. Infiead of a pettiesat, they ti>: on two aprons : thefe are fometimw M cloth and fomctimes of linen worked with wloczaiv, a town of Poland, in the palatiniite of>' Wladiflaw, 34 miles w by N of Wladillaw. Lijc/i, a town of Scotland, in Abcr- deenOiire, 26 mih-s wnw of Aberdiin. Inspnir, a fortified town of Germ iny, capital of Tyrol, with a ftrong caftle. It w'as formerly the place where the archdukes of AuAria relided ; and here, in 1672, emperor Leopold 1 founded a univerfity, which, in 1782, was changed into a lyceum. The principal manu- faftures are jjloves, filk and woollen ftuffs, and all kinds of glafs wares. In- fpruc was entered by the French in 1805. It is feated in a pleafant valley, on the river Inn, 60 miles s of Mdnich. Lon. II 32 E, lat. 47 17 N. Insteriurg, a town of Prullian Lithu- ania, with a trade in corn and beer ; feated on the Pregel, oppolite the influx of the Infter, 45 miles e of Konigfberg. Interlachefi, a town of Swiflerland, capital of a bailiwic of the fame name, in the canton of Bern. It is f<-ated between the lakes of Brientz and Thun, ?8 miles ssw of Lucern, and 32 sk of liern. Inveraray, a borough of Scotland, and the county-town of Argylefhire, lituate on the nw fide of Loch Fyne, at the influx of the Aray. It has fome manufaiJlures, and ettbeny five odhii e ol^efblea. ^«r« is an eztenfi^e wooUcn manuFaAurei and -near ii is a, famous fulphurous fpring. Itputrth'ssf a borough of Scotland, capital ol a county Af the fame name, £[tuate on l>otb fides the river Nefsy bear its entiaoce into the ftith of Murray. It har 1 commodious harbour, a good ialmon fiiheryy a larae manu(aAur« of ropes and canvas, feventl tan* works, and a conliderable trade. Here are fix incorporated trades; and the number of inhabitants in iCc was 8732. On an eminence are the rums of ue old caftle, demoliflied by the rebels in 1746; and over the Nefs is a bridge of feven arches. !^ear this town, on Culloden heath, the dtike of Cumberland ^ain^d a dfciftve vidory over the rebels m 1746. To the w of the town is the t the mouth pf the Ugic, one mile V pf Peter- head. It has nn extenfive bleiach- field, and a conGderable brewery. jNear it are the ruins of Inverugie caftle ' Inverttry, a borough pf Scotland, in Aberdeenfhire, on the river Oon, juft above the influx of the Ury, 15 miles WNW JtfiM, ^tk: chief town of Newfound- land, fituate on the e fide of the ifland. It hat a fuod harbour, entirely land- locked, and defended by fisveral forts, in one of which the, governor of the illand reluks. Lon. 5 s a6 w, lat. 47 JohMf St' the capital of Antigua. It 18 one of the moft regular towns in the W Indies, and has the rtiuft commo- dious harbour in the I.eeward iilands. Lon. 6a 9 w, lat. 17 4 k. Johh^t' A town and fort of Lower CanacU) on the w bank of Snrrel river, at the N end of Lake Gbamplain. In xjg6» it was made the fole port of entry and clearance for all goods' im- ported from the United States into Canada. It is ao miles e by s of Mon- treal, and I ic N by B of Crown Point. Lon. 73 ao w, lat. 45 a5 n. Jtbii d'Acre, St. See Acre. Johtuhentent a village of Scotland, . in Kincvdinefliire, with a harbour for fmall veflels, four miles ssw of Bervie. It was formerly a great iilihjjig town, but is now more noted for aN exten&ve manufadure of canvas. JohnstoHt a town <^ New York, chief of Montgomery county, on the "a bank ttf Mohawk river, 24 miles wnw .ofScbeoedady. Johitstttum, a town of Upper Canada, extending near a mile on itie river St. Lawrence, it i? 50 miles n b of Kingf- town, and 100 sw of Montreal. Lon. 7j low, lat. 444a N. JoAastowa, St. a borough of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, on the river Foyle, five niiles ssw of Londonderry. Johor, or Jor, a town of the penin- fula of Malaya, capital of a kingdom of the fame name. It was deft royed by the Portuguefe in 1603, but has been rebuilt, and is feated near the s coaft, 150 miles SE of Malacca. Lon. 103 30 K,lat. I 35 N. Joigay, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, furrounded by th'ck walls, and feated near the Yonne, 17 miles ssE of Sens. JoinvUIe, a town of France, in the department of Upper iVjarne, with a magnificent caftle, leatedon the Marne, 35 miles sw of Bar le Due Jona. bee Icolmkill.^ Joneshorought a town of TeneflVe, capital of the diftriA of Wailiington, feated near the foot of the Iron moun- I f» 8 K taltn, f 6 mUes b by n of KnoxviHtf. I^n. 8a 40 w, lat. 36 S s. Jonkopimgf a town of Swed<;n, in Smuland, and the featj , of j^ftice for QothU-nd. It has a ftrohg cits, a town of Auftria, fituate near the conflux of the Ips with the Danube, aa milt's wol'St. P .;:en. ll>srtlay a town of fiuropean Turkey, in Ru:iiania, and a Greek archbilhop's fee. Near it are inmes of alum; and red wine is an article of commerce. It is fbated on the Mi^rifla, 60 miles, .s of Adrianople, and 130 w of Cunllanti- nople. Lon. 26 10 k, lat. 40 57 n. ip'.era, a finaii ifland in tne Archi- pelago, in the form of a heart, 15 miles Nwofthe iOandofScio. Tottinwis another fmali iilanJ^ called .4nti-lpfera. Ipsheiuit a town of Franconia, in the 4>rincipality of Bayreuth, 17 miles nnw of.Anfpach. 4 • * IRE fptvikhi a borough and princij)^! town of SaffbHc, go>rerned by a mayor, with jt market on Wednefday, Friday ^ and Saturday. It was once furrminded by a wall, traces M which are yet to be Ijben. It is inregtilariy built, and has 'declined from its former confeqiience ; but now contains 12 parifli churches, a fuUdbalU . and a'cuftomhoufe with a good quay. In 1801 the number of inhabitants, was 10,043. Much com and malt is fei.t hence to London, and timber to the different dockyards. It has a confidsrable coafting trade, a fmall fliare of foreign commerce, and fends fhips to Greenland. Veflfcls of lar^e burden are obliged to ftop at fome dif- tance below the town. It is the birth- place of cardinal WoIf«>y ; and is fcatcd on the Orwell, a6 miles sr of Bury St. Edmund, and 69 mt of London. Lon. I 16 E, lat. 51 8 N. Ipswich, a town of Maflachufets, in Eflex county, featcd on both iidcs of a river of its name, over which is a ftone ' bridge, though it has a barred harbour and fhoals in the river, fome vcH'els trade to the W Indies. Large qur.nti- ties of filk and thread) lace are manu- faAurcd here. The judicial courts for the country are held here once a year. It fiands near the mouth of the river, 25 miles NNB of Bofton. Lon. 70 is w, lat. 4a 40 N. Irahatty. See Irrawaddif. Irac'Agtmu a province of Perfia; bounded on the w by Irac-Arabi and Kofiftan, N by Aderbeitzan and Ghilao, X by Couheftan, and s by Farfiilan. Ifpahan is the capital. Irac-Arabi (the ancient Chaldta) a provin4:e of Turkey in Alia ; bounded «n the w by the defert of Arabia, n by Curdiftan and Diarbek, e by IracrAge- jni and Kufiftan, and s by the^gulf of Flrrfia and Arabia. It is watered by the Euphrates and Tigris ; and ie almoft ail under the dominion of the Turks. ^Bagdad i& the ca^tal. Irtbtft a town in Cumberland, with a market on Thurfday, ft;ated in a valley, at the foufce of the Ellen, 10 miles ne of Cockcrmouth, and 303 knw of I^ndon. Irtlandy a large ifland of Europe, lying to the w of that of Great Bri- tain. It is 280 miles in length, and 160 in breadth ; bounded on the e by St. f fCOrge channel and the Irilli fta, which iVparatc it from England aiul Wales; on the NE bv .1 channel, cillcd the North Channel, 34 miles broad, which fcparatfs it from Scotland ; and on every other Ijde by the ocean. It con- tains atout 19,41; 6,000 acre?, and tic population/ fs upward of s.ol^ooo. Ireland is ^dividipd into four pro^bces • namely, Ulftef td the K, Leiitftfr to the e| Munfter to the s, and Coflnat%ht to the w ; and tbefenre fubdivided into 3, counties. IJIfter contains the counties of Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, Antrim, Londonderry, Tyronnei Fer- managh, and Done;,'al : Leinfter has thofe of Dublin, Louth. VTicklow, Wexford, Longford, Eaft M^th, Weft Mcath, Kings county, Qi»e««B county, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Carlow : Mun- tter includes Clare, Cork, Itcrry, Li. merick, Tipperary, and Watcrford: and Connaught has Leitrim, Rofconj- mon, Mayo, Sligo; and Galway. The climate of Ireland is mild and tempe- rate, but more humid than in England. In general, it is a level country, well watered with lakes and rivers ; and the foil, in moft parts, is very good and fertile j even in thofe places where the bogs and morafTtis have b8, at the comihencement ©f 1801, were ftyledthe United King- dom of Great Britain and Ireland: and 3 3 peers (four of them biniop8)and looconv- moners of Ireland, are elefted to reprc- ftnt that country in the Imperial Parlia- ment* aflembled in England. The lord lieutenant of Ireland, as well as the coan- cili are appointed, from time to time, by the king. The common Iriib are ge- nerally repreff nted as an ignorant, un- dniifed, and blundering fort of people, implacable and violent in ail their af- fcAions, but quick of appreheniton, courteous tb ftrangers, and patient of liardfliips. Their diet confifts chiefly of coarfe bread, potatoes, and butter- milk i the favorite liquor is ufquebaugh, an ardent diftillation from com^ and the rural cottage is a wretched hov^l of mud. The manners of the fuperior ciafles differ little fromthofe of the fame rank in England ; but the gentry are more addidted to hunting and other robuft exercifes, than to literature and the arts. Dublin is the capital. Ireland, Nenv. See Britain, New- Irjah, a town of the country of Cabul, feated near a weftem branch of the Indus, no miles ssw of Cabul. Lon. 6i IS E, lat. 33 20 N. Irhhtotun. See Kilkennif. Iriett, or Iriipn. See Tarkan. Irkutsk, the largeft and leaft-popu- I0U8 government of the Ruffian empire, compriHn); all the E part of Siberia, from the Northern ocean to the frontiers of Chinefe Tartary, and from the boun- daries of the government of Tobollk to theEaftern ocean. This large territory was gradually conquered and appro- priated by the Ruffians in their defultory excurfions from Tobolflc. It is divided into the four provinces of Irkutlk, Kertchinlk, Yakulflc, and Okbtfti. Irkutsk, a town of Siberia, capital of the government of the fame name, and the fee of a bifhop. It is a place of confiderable commerce, the caravans pafling through it which trade to China, and^ being the knt of fupreme jurif- didion over eaftern Siberia. There are fevcral churches and other edifices of ftone, and the wooden houfes are large and convenient. The inhabitants are eftimatcd at ia,oop. It ftands on the river Angara, near the lake Baikal, 900 miles ESE of Tobollk. Lon. 104 58 E, lat. 524 M. Iroquoif. See Lawrence, St. ^ Irrawaddy, or /r^74 hmtdt a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Caramania, 24 mile$ esk of Cogni. fsnic, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolla, and a Gre#k archbifliop's. f^e- n i^^a • long and eighth and «boundi in •wn of France, in Indre and Loire, nne, ai miles saw ijland of France, ift of Polton. It flifli in 1795, but • Lon. a ij yf^ '■ France^ Itle of. wn of France, in ers, felted on an 'e, right miles n: re in Middlefcx, > nine milts w of ny elegant villas ; Jufe. the magni- of Northumber- villa^:* in Mid- o which it is now «w River is re- ofit, intoalargi- 'ater is conveyed, ►f the metropolis, chalybeate watei , sWella. To the manufaAure of fordfbire, on thf les N of Oxford. ic birthplace of , whoU; father church, not a ^maining. vn of European The RulfiaoH 0; and it is laid, nd the capture, tan 20)000 men. ited the higheft c maflacred by city was abaU'^ brutal foldiery. N fide of the w of Bender. I. Bavaria, which It is fitnate NEofMuniCjt, ■en. townof Afia- have been the capital (>f Bi- bay of the fca ESE of C'on- , lat. 4037 N. :ic Turkey, in of Cogni. lie Turkey, in jhbifhop's. fee. I S 9 tt \» the ancient Nice, funoui for the firft general council h«ld here in a as. Nothing remains of ity luicient fplcu* dour but an aquedud. The Jews in- habit the greater part of it; and filk forms the principal artide of trade. It is feated in a country fertile in com and wine, 60 milea sb i^>f Conftantinc^k;. Lon. 30 9 B, lat. 40 13 N. .- hnyt a town ot Suabia, with an abr- bey, called St. George, whofe abbot was a ftate of the empire. It is feated on the Ifny, 18 miles kb of Lindau. holat a town of Naples, in Calabrij^ Ulteriore, 18 miles se of St. Severino. Ispahany a celebrated city, capiti^l of Perfia, in the province of Irac-Agemi. It is I a miles in circumference, fituate ia the middle of a plain, furrounded on all fides by mountains at eight milet diftaiicu, and^ near the river Senderud> which fupplics it with water. The huufes have flat roofs, on which the in> habitants walk, e^t, and lie, in fummer, for the fake of the cool air. The ftreets are not paved, but always clean, a\ it feldom rains here; and many of them have a canal, planted on each fide with trees. Here are a greatnumber of magnificent palaces} and that of the king is above two miles in circumfer- ence. .Themofquesi bazars, caravan- faries, public baths, and coffeehoufes, are very numerous. The inhabftants were computed at above 600,000; but this kingdom having been long diftrad- ed by civi' wars, the principal towns are greatly depopulated. Ilpahan has three fuburbs calkxl Julfa, Hafunbath, and kebrabath; the firft is very large, and jpofleflcd by the Armenians. Though at a diitance from the fea, it carries on a great trade, people of feve- ral najti.ens reforting here for the fake of traffic- Itisa6o miles NE of Baflb- ra. Lon. 53 ^i e, lat> 32 35 n. liperlickt a town of. European Tur- key, in Servia, 24 miles NN^.pf Nif- fa. . . , htel. Sec TsseL tisengeauXi a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, 17 miles NBofPuy. Ifiequibot or Essequebot a fettlement of the Dutch in Guiana, on a river of the fame name, and contiguous to that of Demerara. The river is ao miles wide at its mouth, and more than 300 in length. See Demerara. Issigenc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne, la miles ssw of Bergerac. luoire, a town of France, in the de- partment uf Puy de JDomc, feated qu If A the CouM, near the AUier, 15 mile* st« of Clermont. luouduH, a town of< France, in the department of Indre, with a caftle. Its trade is in wood, cattle. ,cloth, bi^ and ftockingt. It is fixated on the Theols, 17 miles w of Bourge8» and 155 a of Paris. h 4wr Title, a town of France, in the departmeut of C6te d'Or, fated on . the Tille, la miles tt of Dijou. Ist»pa% a town of Mexico, in the pro- vince of Tabafco, on the river Tabwo, 60 miles sw of Tabafco. Ltafa, a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan, at the mouth of the Tlaluc, 30 miles se of Zacatula. htapat a town of Mexico, in the province of Culiacan, 40 miles B by s of Culiacan. htria, a diftriA of Italy, forming a kind of pcninfula on the nk part of the gulf of Venice. It is bounded by Car- niola on the ne, and on all other fides by the fea. The foil produces plenty of wine, oil, and pafture; and there-are ({uarries of fine marble ; alfo foreftttbat IMToduce not only abundance of fire- wood and ihip-timber, but likewi^ plenty of i^ame. Part of Iftri.-\ belong- ed to Venice, and part to Auftria; by the treaty at Campo Formio, Auftria became poflefTed of the whole ; and by the treaty at Prefburg, it was ceded to Italy. Capo d'lftria is the capital. Italy, a country of Europe, bounded on the N and nk by SwiiTerland and Germany, ■ by the gulf of Venice, a by the Meditenanean, and w by that fea and France. Its figure has been compared to that of a high boot: its length, from the utmoft point of the Milanefe to the gulf of Squillace, is 670 miles ; its bres^^th, between France and Germany, is 350 tniles, but the medi- ' ate breadth between the Mediterranean and the gulf of Venice is only no. This claflical and interefting country has been, in all ages of hillory, divided into three parts, the noithern, central, and ibuthem. The northern had the appellation of Ciialpine Gaul; the cen- tral was the feat oi^ Roman and Etru- rian power; an(> the fouthem, having received many Greek colonies, was called Magna Grxcia. In the middle - ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that of Naples held the two extremes, and the Eccleiiaftical and Tufcan ftates occupied the centre. In mere modern times the northern part became divided into a great number of ftates ; and pre^ vious to the late alterations made hy the French the whole country was dt« it A «Mled III the following maxlnet. ' Be tween the confines t>f France and Swif- jferland» on the w^ and w were the ton- tinental domiiitcns of the king^ of Sar- dinia, natnety, Snvoy, Nice« Fledihont, part of the Milancfe, and Ooeglia. To the NB are the territories of Venice, which are enumerated under' thtf Venetian ftates, with the duchies of tdodvna, iMilan, and Mantua, the prin- cipality of Maflh, and the three lega- tions of Fcrrara, Bologna, and Romag- na in the I'^ccleriaftical State, were ere^*- ♦d into a- government by the French, and called the Cifalpine Republic. This republic was overturned in 1799, bitt xeftored after the battle of Marengo in r&oo; and in 1802 it received a new conftitution, under the name of the Italian Republic, and Bonaparte, then iirft conful of France', wa8 eledled pre- fident. In March :8oj, the Italian re- public was erected into a kingdom, and the emperor of Fr^ce airuined the title of Kipg of Italy. In December follow- ing tte Auftrian part of the Venetian ftatCB^'were added to its territories, by the treaty of Prefburg. The kingdom is divided into departments, and the city of Milan is the capital. Hee Tus- tany^ Beckiiattical Suite, and Ndplest for further changes in the government of this country, the whole of which feems to be under the control of France. 'J'he air of Italy is veiy different, ac- cordiug to the different fituations of the countries it cont^iinb: in thofc on the NE lide of the ApenniQes,itis more temperate; but on the sw it is very warm ; in Canr.pagno di Roma, and the Pdrarefe, it is JTaitl to be unwholefeme^ from the lands not being duly cultivat- ed, nor the raarihes drained; 'but in tht other parts it is generally pure, dry^ and healthy. The principal rivers are the Po, Tiber, Arno, Adige, and Yarj and there are feveral fine Takes, as the Maggiore, LugAno, Comb, Garda, Pe- rugia, Bracciano, and Gelano. The Ibiii in general, is very fertile. It pro- duces a great variety of wmes, and the beft oil in Europe; excellent (ilk in abundance ; corn of all forts, but not in-fi'idh plenty as in other couptries; qranjges, lemonsj citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raifnra, fi>gar, tigs, peaches, apricots, pears, apples, filberts, cheft- n\)ts, &c. Moft of thefd frnits were at firft imported by the Romans from Alia MinOf, Gi'eecp, Africa, and Syria, and were not the natural produ«^s of the foil. This country alfo yields good pafture, and aboundti with cattle, Iheep, goats, buffalos, wild boars, mules, and horfes. The foreffs are well (tor«d with gftme; and the mountains have not only mines of iron, lead, alum, fnlphur, marble Of alt forts, alabafter, jafpcr, porphyry, &c. but alfo gold and filvef j with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, mrubs, and evergreens'. Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and iilfrs, are the prlncipKl articles of exportation; and great fumtf of money are expended by travellers in the purchai^ of pidlures, curiofitiev, relics, antiquities, kc N6' country has produced lietter politicians,- hiftorians, poets, muficians, painters,- ami fcUlptors ; that is, fince the revival of the arts and fciences, exc1ufiv6 of thofe of ancient times. The Italian^. are generally well proportioned ; but of their complexion they cannot boalt. With refpeft to drefs, they follovv' the fafliiohs of the countries on which they border, or to which they are fubjetA. They are very affable', Courteous, inge- nious, fober and ready-fitted'; bat ex- tremely jealous, vindictive, lafci'vious^ ceremonious, and fuperititiOus< tn their difpofition they are a medium be- tween the French and Spaniards; neither fo gay and volatile as the one) nOr fo grave and folemn as the other. Their fondnefs for greens, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, contributes to their contentment and fatisfadti n ; and an Italian gentleman or peafant can be luxurious at a very fmall-expenfi?. The women afteiil yellow hair, as did for- merly the Roman ladies and courtezans, and ufe paints and waihes, both for their hands and face. MafqiieradcH, gaining, horfe-racfs without riders, ami cpitTcHadofn 9r a(Qiin|>lics, «re the chief divtrriQn» of the lUUanSf exceptr juAM^if ipu» exhibitions, in. which they jiqeppmpoup beyond all other nation*' fijerf are fMl^-oqe archbi(hopric8 in Italy, hnt the .biihoprics are too iadv- £aite and Arbitrary to be depended 6n { the pope creating or fupprefllng them at be plcaftis. The eftabliflied relizi.on ii the Roman catholic; but all feds litre unmolefted, provided no groTa ixir h^t is offered to their worfliip. Their tangu»gt>, a corruption of the Latin, is ivma^kable for its fmoottfnefs, and is luA to be fpokcn in its great^ll purity at Florence- ». hdmarca. See Tanuit'ua'' luJKift or i^Jret a river in Harapfliirc, which rifes near Alresfbrd, ,fl(»w8 by Winchefter, and enters the bay of Southfpom the ^Ucbr^ i\erof Mie lake, in ^n eafterly dire)::^iony between the provinces of Nicaragua and Cofta Rica, into the Caribbean Juan, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, fituate at the head of the river St Juan, no miles £ of Nicaragua. Lon. 84 45 w, lat. 1 1 15 "• • Jmn, St. the capital of California,. fUuate on the w coaft, 100 miles Ntfw of Cape St. Lucar.' Lon. 1 13 o w, lat. a6 15 N. Juan de la Fronteroy St. a town «f Chili. Its territory contains mines of gold, and a kind of almonds that are very delicate. It is feated near the lake Guanacho, on ihe e fide of the Andes, 150. miles N of Mendoza. Lon. jo 15 w,lat.3a5S. Juan de Fucat Strait of, a large bay or gulf .of the Pacific ocean, on the w coaft of N America. The (entrance is in lon. 12455 ^» '•**• 48 35 *^» Juaif de Porto Rico, St. the capital of the illand of Porto Rico, with a good harbour, defended by jTeyeral forts. It is a bifhop's fee, well built, and better inhabiteears like a, naked roclc ; but there, a^e inteirfe^ing y,^|iqs, covered wi^h wood, and a great number of goats on the fides of every hill. In 1766, a fettlement was made by the Spaniards, on the s and higheft part of. this ifland, at Cumberland bay, whiqVis defended by batteries. The ^9wn:ia fituate in a fine valley, betweea tv(o high' b>.UB» and every houfe \m a garden, with .arbours fliaded with vines. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. j3 40 s. Ivangorod. See Narva. Fvanitz, a town of Croatia, on the river Lonia, 42 miles N E of Carlftadt* Lon. 16 14 E, lat. 46 5 Vf . Jtdfo, a kingdom of Afi'iQa, on the coafl: of AJan, with a capital of the fame name, fybjeA to the Portuguefe. Lon. 43 so E, lat. o 50 v. Jucatan, or, Xucatwt^ a proviujce and peninfuIajpf/^<|^ico, oppofite the'iflaod of Cuba. It^phijefts, from, the co*^ tinent uo leagues, and extends 50 in breadtljj ., The s part has mountains^ rivers, and lakes ; and produces a great quantity of logwood and mahogany, as alfo fugar, cafua, and maize. Here tli« Englifli have a fettlement, on *.be coafi: of the bay^ of Honduras, between tjw; rivers_ Bellize and Rio Hondo. The w part is lefs produdive, and not only without mountains, but alraoft without any inequality of ground. The inha- bitants are fupplied with water from pits, and, wherever they dig them, find It ill abundance ; but tiiere is not a river or ftream. Merida is the capital ; but fome give that appellation to the town of Campeachy. Judenburg, a town of Germany, ca- pital of Upper Stiria, with a handfome caftle. The public buildings, with the fquare, are magnificent. This towa was taken by the French, in 1797. It is feated on tlie Muer, 40 miles w of Gratzt Lon. 14 24 e, lat. 47 10 n. I JUL JuJhignet a town of the Nethfrlands* In Brabant/near which are Uk' mint of m ancient caftle. It it feated on the river Gcte» 13 miles sse of Louvain. JveUhejUr. See lUheiter. Ives, St. a borough in Cornwall, go* vrmed bf a mayor, with a market on Wcdnedav and Saturday. It it feated bn a bay of the fame name, which being vn&l^, fa frequented by fifliermen only. Here is a good grammar-lcltool, found* ed by Charles i.' It is eight miles nb of fentance, and a;; w by s of Lon* don* Ivesf St. a town in Hnntingdonihire, with a market on Monday ; feated on the river Oufe, iix mifeii rb of Hunting* don, and 59 v by w of London. JugoHt a town of France, in the de- partment of Cotea du Nord, on the Arqneon, 19 mites sse of St. Brieux. ivicoy or AiW, an ifland of the Me- diterranean, j6 miles sw of Majorca. It id about 60 miles in circumference, and mountainous; bnt fertile in com and^frults. A great qaantity of fait ia mad* herej highly efteemed for its Wliirenefs. The capital, of the fame name, which Itandston the s fide of the illand, is little more than a fortrefs, and bq/3 a good harbour. Lon. i 35 e, lat. 38 5* ST. Iv'tngho, a town in Bnckingban^fhire, with a market on Friday, and manufac- tures of bonclace. It is fix miles sw of Dunftable. and 33 nw of London. Jutfar, a town of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Oman, fituate on a bay of the irulf of Perfia,, 100 miles ww of Oman. Lon. 56 14E, lat. 25 55 N. Jtdieti, St. a town of Prance, in the department of Jura, 18 mite^ s by w of Lons 1(6 Saunier. Jt4iien de Sau/t, St. a town of France, in the department of Yonne, feated be- tween two mountains covered with vines,. near the river Yonne, fix miles NWQfJoigny. ' ' JitlUrs, a late duchy of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, 68 mfles long and 30 broad; bounded on the n by Gelderland, K by Cologne, s by Luxem- burg and Treves, and w by Limburg. It now belongs to France, and is in- cluded in the department of Roer. It is remarkable for the quantity of woad it produces. Juliers, a fortified city of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Ger- many, and capital of a duchy of its name. It was taken by the French in 1704. It is feated on the Roer, aa miles w of Cologne. Lun. 6 2% £, lat. 50 55 ^' JUft J«/rM«iv}rt • town of SOefia, wilh | caikle, four milea w of Oris. Jumeiht a town of Spain, in the no. vinoe of Murcia, as milca «w ofMttrdi. Jumkget a town of Prance, hi the d«. partment of Lovver Seine, with a late celebrated Benediftine abbey; feated on the Seine, 12 milei tw of Rouen. Jummoo, or Jwmiot a town of Hin. dooftan, in the countrr of Lahore. It is a pboe of confiderable trade, fituate on the Rawee, 80 miles x a of Lahore. J^***"' 73 40 K* lat. 31 «» ». Jumnttt a river of Hindooftan, which rifes in the mountains of Sirinagur, flows SB by Delhi and Agra, and joins the Ganges, a^ Allahabad. Juitagur, a town and fortrefii of Hindo^an, In Guzerat, 170 miles sw of Amedabad. Lon. 69 53 e, lat. n 48 N. JmgHWt a town of Suabia, capital of a lordthip of the fiime name, 14 miles wofBuchan. Junien, 5f. a town of France, in the dcpartiheut of Upper Vienne, on the river Vienne, 15 miles w of Limf^es. Junkie'tlatit an ifland in the hdian ooeauy near the sw coaft of Siam, (0 miles loQg, and from xo to 30 broad. The foil is luxuriant, and it hat a con* fiderable trade in ivory and tin. The principal town, of the fame name, is fituate on the n part of the ifland, and ftas a harbour capable of receiving vef- fels of a moderate fize. Lon. 98 o b, lat. 8 xo N. Ivoix. See Carignan, Jurat an iOand of Scotlandi one of the«Hebrides, n e of Ifla. It is ta miles long and feven broad, feparated firom the mainland of the county of Argyle, by a ftrait four miles wide, called the Sound of Jura. Here are three moun> tains of a conic form, and ftupendous height, called the Paps of Jura. The refl: of the ifland is rugeed, and general- ly covered with heatli; but it feeds numerous herds of iheep and goats. There is great abundance of iron ore; and on the w coaft a great quantity of fine fand, which is carried away for the manufadure of glafs. It has a village of the fame namci on the k coaft, with a good barbottx. Lon. 5 44 w, lat- 56 8 ^f. Jurat a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Franche Comt^. It contains mines of iron of a fuperior quality, mines of cop- per and lead, and many quarries of black marble, jafper, and alabafter. It takes its name from Mount Jura. Lons Ic Saunier is the capital, I Bf SDeiU. irifh t Oelt. lp«rance,inthed«. rine, wHh a late abbey) feated on of Rouen. a town of Hin. r of Lahore. It ;b1e trade, fituate »>iis of Lahore. xtt. indooftan, which IS of Sirinagnr, Agra, and joint Md. and fortreft of It, 170 miles sw 69 S3 E, lat. 21 f Suabia, capital le na 98 o E, iat. m. Scotland, one of It is 23 miles feparatcd firom ounty of Argyle, wide, called the are three moun* and ftupendous >3 of Jura. The red, and general- h; but it feeds leep and goats. nee of iron ore ; p^at quanrity of ied away for the It has a village the B coaft, with . 5 44 w, lat. 56 of France, in- ate province of ontains mines of ty, mines of copi lany quarries of nd alabafter. It ountjura. Lons U iut Jura, Mount, a chain of niblint.iins which b^dnt in the canton of Zurich, in Swifrcrland, extends along the Rhine, into the canton of Solenre and the prin- cipality of Neuchatrl, branch^a out to. ward the Pays de Vaiui* fihparates that fcountry ftom France, and continue! beyond the frdntien of the Ocnfvdit at hr at the Rhone. In the Pays de Vau(i, this chain forms many elevated Valleyi \ particularly one on thetcp of that part balled Mount Jotix, which it Watered by two piAurdque lalc^s, the latgeft called Joux, and the other Brt- hkt. Ivrea, a city or Piedmont, and a bi- lh6p't fee, witn a fioift. citadel, and caf- tle. It now belongs to France, and it the capital of the department of doria. The cathedral is (hid to haVe been an* tiently a teniple of Apollo t beflde which there are four other clnircheti. and feveral reIi{[iout houfet. It il feat- ed on the Dona, betwieen two hills, so nules is of Turin, and 32 e by n <^ SuCi. Ldn. 7 4(t E, Iat. 45 22 N; Jvry,a town of France, in the depart^- ntcnt of Euiv, witjh a late Benedidline abbey; feated on the Eilrtf 14 miles st of Evitux. Jtttie^, a town of France* in the de* bartment of Upper Saon^, iituatc on the Amance, 15 miles Rw of Vefoul, and 22 E of Langres. JtuttHgen, a town of Suabia, capital of a iordlhip, 16 miles nne of Buchau. Juteriock, a town of Saxony Proper, fituate on the Angerbacb, t2 miles ne bf Wittenberg. Jiithla, Sfe Siam. Jutlandf a peninfula, the principal part of the kingdom of Denmark, 210 miles in length, and from 30 to 80 in breadth j bounded on the s by the duchy of Holftein, and on the other fides by the German ocean and the Baltic. In the middle of the northern part the foil is fertile in corn and paf- tures, and feeds a great number df horfet and beeves, which are fent to Germany, Holland, Jtc. It was an- ciently called Cimbrica Cherfonefus, and is fuppofed to be the country whence the Saxons came who conquered Eng- land. It is divided into two pfovinces, called North and South Jutland. N Jutland is fubdividcd into the diocefes of Alburg, WibuTg, Athufen, and Ri- pen, fo named firom the chief towns ; and Wiburg is the capital of the pro- vince. ^ Jutland is not half the fize of the other province, and is comihonly called the dachy of Slefwick, from its «apUal of that name. hwort/i, a town in Suffolk, with A market on Friday, feten miles mi of Bury St. Edmund, and 77 nke of Lon- don. J^epour, a toTtrn of Hiadnoftan, in Agra, capital of the territory of Jycna- gur. It IS a place of great wealth, b^ ing th(> ftaple for goods that are broughf / from the neighbouring provinces. It' it 120 miles w by s of A|j;ra. Loi^. 76 34 K. Iat. 26 j6 N. IzeroH, a town of Franccf, in the de* Eartitient of Rhone, io miles sw of yon. Jxigtutk, a towh of Siberia, in the province of Okotflc, defs'nded by lofty palifadcs, and wooden baftiont provided with cannon apd military (lores. The commerce confiftt of furt and the ikins of raindeer. It it feated on the Izigin, 15 milet from itt mouth, and 520 nb of Okotik. Lon. 160 10 e, lat 63 46 N. IxqtdnUndngo, a town of Mexico, in the province of Chiapa. The country about it produces cottort .. id a g|«at number of pineapples. It it 100 miles SB of Chiapa. Lon. 93 45 w, Iat. ti 10 N. K. 67 Wordi that sorriettmes begin v/Uh K, and are not found under that letter* may be sought for under tbt letter C Kadhema, a feaport of Arabia, in the province of Bahrin. The inhabitants are chiefly employedan the pearl Sibery. It is feated on a bay of the gulf of Pcr- lia, 170 milet n by w of Lachfa. Lon. 47 36 E, lat. a8 46 N. Kahly a town of Germany, in the late eleiftorate of Mentl, On a river of the fame name, four miles s of Hanau. Kahlot a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurlngia, with a caftle on a hill ; feat- ed on the Sa '", 90 miles i^t! of Naum- bur|. "^ • hain. See Kin- KairvaH, a city of Tiiiiid* the fecond in the kingdom for trade and popu* lation. It ha^ the mofi magnificent mofque in Barbswiri and is 60 mUes ssk of Tunis. Lon. io 25 e, lat. 35 40 k. Kaitarieht or Kaiiafijah, a town of Aiiatic Turkey, in Caramania, the ca- pital of a fangiacat. It was the ancient Cefarea of Capadochia. It is five miles in circumference, furroUnded by walls, and defended by a caftle \ and is divided into i8« duartersv in each of which is a Z ; K A L fflofque or chapel. The principal trude \h in Morocco lesither. It i> iituatu at the foot of a muuatain, always capp«d with fnowi i.;)o milt'B eni of Cogni> Lon. ,)6 z$ c, lat. .!)8 so n. Kaiett a town of the country of Georgia, in the province of iti name, which comprehends a pnrt of the an> cient Ibcria> It ii fituate near Mount CaucafuB, 45 milei nnk of Tefli«, and lao Nw of Derhend. Kalau, 4 towi| of Luihtia, which han a great trade in wool, 11 milca sb of Luckau. Kalhat, a town of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Oman, on a riVer of the fame name, at its entrance into the gulf of Ormus, 80 milea se of Mafcat. Ka/ijf a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, near the frontiers of Po- land, 37 miles E of Stargard. Kalistht a city of Fpland. capital of a palatinate of the fame name. It is feated on the river Profua, furroundcd by morafles and walls, 40 miles s of Gn«>fen. Lon. 18 5 w, lat. 5 a o k. Jbliaj, a tribe of the Mongul Tar- tars, in Chinefe Tartary. They inhabit tftc country n of the Mongul Tartars, Jiroperly fo called, which ftrctches as ar as the kingdom of the Eluths ; and is near ,:)oo leagues in extent from e to w. They live in tents, on the banks of their numerous rivers, the principal one called Kalka Pira. They adore a lama of the fecond order, who is held in fuch veneration, that bonzes from China, Hindooftan, Pegu, &c. come to pay their devotions at his relidcnce in Iben Pira. KalUngburgt a feaport of Denmark, ih the ifle of Zealand, feated on an inlet of the Great Belt, with the beft har- hour* nfext to Copenhagen, on the ifland. It is jj miles w by n of Co- penhagen. Lon. II 1 1 B, lat. 55 ^7 N. Kalmuest a nation of Tartars, mha- biting that part of the Ruflian govern, ment of Caucafia, which lies between the Volxa and the Ural, toward the Cafpian fea. They all live in tents, and i^move from place to place in qatA of pafturage for their numerous cattle, confilUiig of 'horfes, cim<>ls, cows, and fheep. They neither fow nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, fo that they live without bread, pf4iny fort of vege- table; and, in winter, their cattle fare like the wild beafts. Their fond is flefli (efpecially that of horfes) filh, wild fowl, and venifon ; and they have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheefe ; but mare's milk is the moft efteemed, and fr«ra it they make a Arong fpirit, to K AL which they are partial. They art dW vided into a number of hordes or rlann each under their own particular kbtn| and all acknowletlge the authority of one principal khan, who is called Or- chicurtikhan, or the king of kings, and derives his pedigree from the great T«. merlane. All of them, however, have fubmitted to the government of Rullia, or live under its proteAion. They are pagans, and believe in the trarffm{gra< tion of fouls. ,In perfon they ate of a low ftaturc, and bow-legged, occafion- cd by their being fo continually on horfeback, or fitting with their legs below them. Their faces are broad and flat, with a flat nofc and littlu black eyefs, diftant from each other like the Chinefe. They are of an olive colour, and their faces full of wrinkles, with very little beard ; they (have their heads, leaving only a tuft of hair on the Ibrown. The better fort wear coats of ftuff or filk, with a v/idc furroat of flieep-flcins, and a cap of the fame. Their only weapons were tlie cimeter, lance, and bow and arrow; but they now ufe fire-arms. In winter they arc obligedttT crofs the river, and live on the barjj \ lains of Aftracan, where their only finng is the dried dung of the cat- tle, and the cattle thcmfclves ftarving on the fcanty produce of a defert. Here they remain till fpring, when their for- mer habitation, on the h fide of the river, is overflowed, for near a month, by the melting of the fnow, and their country appears one continued fea over- grown with trees. When the water fubfidcs, they fwim their loaded camels and cattle over the rivet*, where the in- tervening iflands make the pafTageeafieft. When they go upon an expedition, every one takes a fheep with him for his provifion, and thi-ee horfes, which he rides alternately ; and wbenfany tne of them fails, they kill it and divide the flefh, putting pieces of it under their faddJe, and after riding fome time upon it, they eat it without further prepara- tion. Their kibbets, or tents, are round, with a fire iji the middle, and a hole at the top to let out the fmoke, on which is a krine that can be turned af^ainfl the wind: they are capable of being enlarged or contradled at pleafiire 5 the fides being made of wicker-work, and the ci'ofs flicks jointed for folding to- gether or extending ; and they are co- vered over with thick felt, more or lefs according as the feafbn is cold or warm. Kalmunz, a tow^ of Bavaria, ih the principality of Neuburg, at the conflux ^tT; .:- .1.. %..-,.,-ti K AM of the Nab with the Vilz. i a milei n n v uf RatilboD. KaJniei, a town of Polattd, In the Sibtlnate of Bractaw, i6 milei snk of raclaw. Kalo, a town of Upper Hungary, fdtfd on a lake, « a mile* »v of Tock^y. Kaluga, a government of the KuflTMn empirei formerly a provirce in the go- wrnmi'nt of VIofcow. .Its principal town, of the fame name, in katrd on the Occa, too milci s^w of Mofcuw. Lon. 71 .34 K, lat. 54 »8 m. KamaAura, an ifland uf Japan, three mileii in circumference, lyin^c on the s coaft of Niphon. It is a ulat:e of exile for ftate prifonera; and the coaft is.fo deep, that they are lifted up by cranrs. Kama/Ut, a town of Ncgroland, in the country of Mandingo. The inha- bitant! jre partly pagans, and partly Mabon^tans, and have manufa(fturcs of cottorf!^ leather, and iron. It is sio ' miles WNW of Kong. Lon. 6 o w, lat. i> 10 R< Kambala, a ridge of mountains in Tibet, between the lake Pake and the rirer Burrampooter. Kanunitz, a town of Pohemia, in the circle of Bechin, %j miles e by n ot Be- chin. Kaminieck, a ftrong town of Poland, capital of Podolia, and a bifliop's fee, with a caftle. When the RuflianH fcized part of the Polilh territories in 1793, this fortrefs held out a long time, but at bit furrcndercd to their arms. The Ciiflle is feated on a craggy rock, H5 miles w of Braclaw, and 100 sk of Lfmburg. Lon. a6 30 ^y lat. 48 58 n. Kamnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Lcitmeritz, with a manufac- ture of ftockings, %t miles nnx of Leit- meritB. Kamtschi. ka, a peiiinfula on the e coAft of Siberia, extending from 5 1 to 6 1 N lat. The ifthmus, joining it to the continent on the n, lies between the gulfs of Olutorflc and Penfhink; and Its extremity to the a is Cape Lopatka. The greateft breadth is 240 miles, being from the mouth of the river Tigril to that of the river Kamtfchatka ; and to- ward each extremity it gradually be- comes narrower. It is bounded on the K by the country of the Koriacke, ne by the fea of Kamtfchatka, se by the Pacific ocean, and w by the fea of Okotlt. A chain of high mountains extends the whole length of the penin- fula, and almoft equally divides it; whence feveral rivers take their rife» ^nd purfue their courfe to the fea. In the s p*it is a volcanoj apd near it are K A M • >»ot baths of NatchiMn, where the .., .<.> r.illit iit a rapid cifoade aoo fret, ani. Is extremely hot. The fml, in gr- nrral, is barren and hea'thy, with ftunt* ed trees thinly fcattercd oviet the ^hoie face of the country j but fume p.irti arc faid to produce good grafs. The frverity of the climate is equal to the ftfrillty of the foil ; for in computing the feafons here, fpring (hould be omitted. Summer may be liild to ex- tend from the middle of Jiwie till the middle of September. 0«yber may be confidercd as an luitumn ; from whicn poriod to the middle of June, it is all dreary winter. Some vegetables grow hen: in a wild ftate, fuch as chervil, garlic, onions, angelica, and celery | alfo a vaiii^ty of berries, which are ga* theivd at proper feafons. and prefcr\Td by mafliing them into a thick j.im; thefc cunftitute a coiifiderable part of the winter provifions, ferving as a general fnuce to dried filh. Here are alio fome excellent turnips and turnip-radifhes, upon a few fpots of ground in the vaU leys ; and this is the utmoft extent of g.irden cultivation. The inhabitantn may be laid to conflft of three forts, the Kamtfchadalcs, RufTians, and Coflfacs, and a mixture produced by their inter* marriages. Their h.ibitation8 are of three different forfs, which they call jourfs, l).ilagan8, and loghoiifes. They inhabit the ftrft in the winter, and the ffcond in the fummer ; in the thirct, in- troduced by the Kuflians, only the more wealthy people refide. The ex- ternal appearance of a jourt, refembles a round fquat hillock ; a hole, ferving for a chimney, window, and door, is left in the centre; and the inhabitanti go in and out by the alTiftance of a long pole, having notches deep enough to afford a little fccurity for the toes. The upper garment of the Kamtfchadalea refembles . a wagoner's frock. If for fummer wear, it is made o; nankin ; if intended for winter, it is made of a Ikm^ having one fide tanned, and the hair prefcrved on the other, which is worn innermoft. A clnfe jacket of nankin, or other cottfn ftuff, is the next undei this ; and beneath that a fhirt made of thin Perfian fiik, of any colour. They wear long breecbes and boots, made of (kins, with the jMtir innermoft. They have alfo a fur cap, with two flaps that are ufually tied up dole to the head, but are permitted to fall round the flioulders in bad weather. They are fubjcA to the RufTians, and their trade confifts in furs and Ikiias. Kamtichatkoif NixKeif a tawn of Si> 5t i &■ ^."' <^ KAR berist capital of Kamtfchatka, 6 miles from the fe 1, and 1130 isw of Peking. Lon. 145 361;, lat. 21 40N. Ka/>B!.vjar, a fort of Lower Hungary, on tht river Kapos, which waihcs its walls. It is 55 miles w of Tolna. Lon. 18 13 F, lat. 46 31 N. Karahissar. See Apihiom. Karasubazart a town^f the Crimea, noted for its noble antique bath, and an ancient mannfadlure of leather from the (kins of Tauric goats. It is lituate on the Karnfu, in a delightful valley, 34 miles w of Carta. Karei, or Garai, an ifland in the ne part of the gulf of Perfia, five tnila KAU long and two broad ; where fhips bonnd for Baflbra generally call for pilots. Lon. 50 26 e, lat. 29 15 w. Karlebtft Gamlot a feaport of Sweden, in E Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, fait, and (hip-building; feated on the ei'.ir of Bothnia, near the influx of the river Karleby, 90 miles n by E of Chrif- tineHidt. Lon. 22 so G, lat. 63 56 n. Karleby, Ny, a town of Sweden, in E Bothnia, on the river Lappqjock, fix miles from the fea, and 20 s of Gamla Karleby. AVw5 w. afcaportofSwedeij, h a trade in hemp, ding ; feated on the car the influx of the [jiles N by E of Chrif. «o E, lat 63 56 N. )wn of Sweden, in E •iver Lappqjock, fix , and 20 s of GamU y of the Rtiifian em- h fides of the Volga. n independent king- the Kalmucs, to t Mofcow, with othe: 1 of Rtiilia* were tvi- 552, Ivan BafTiIowitz tit. Which now forms Dvcmment» of Xafan, :a. ' Ruflia, capita] of a i fame name, and an It has a ftrong (lone ches, ainnoft all of one, and eleven con* are feveral fuburb^, ited by Tartars. At y is a manufadurc of . It is feated on the tvhere it enters the i of Mofcow. Lou, of Arabia, in Yemen, late in a fertile coun- ch runs into the fea of Aden. Lon. 44 II Arabia, in the pro- t is built of rock he gulfofi?erfia, 95 Lon. 48 3d E, lat. It t vti of vSmbia, inthc ten, featvd on the ssw of Augfburg. al of a kingdom of the empire of Bor- m a large lake, 28a lou. Lon.. 23 30 E, of Arabia, in Ye- ouiitain, almoft in* w of Sana. and caftle of Mo- nifountain, on the 9W of Brinn. of Bohemia, ca* f the fame name, h timber. It Hands 8 into the Elbe, ii K E H Kaye TslanJ, an ifland in the Pacific ocean, near the w coaft of N America, ;o miles long and four broad, difcovered by Cook in 1778. Its nk point is x naked rock, confiderably elevated; and the other parts of it abound in fmall val!ey8> filled with pine-trees, but of no extraordinary growth. Lon. 144 48 w, lat. 59 5<5 »»• Kayesersb»rgt a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, five miles Nw of Colmar. Kay itr tick i a town of France, in the department of Rhifte and Mofelle, late- ly of Germa/.y, in the elcdorale of Treves, ta miles w of Coblentz. Katisenlauternt a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnere, late- ly of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. In 1793 it was taken by the French, who, the year following, were furprifed in their intrenchments near it, by the AuHrians, and defeated. It is feated on the Lauter, a8 miles sw of Worms. Lon. 7 50 e, lat. 49 27 n. Kayjeriiuil, a town of SwitTerland, in thf county of Haden, with a caftle, feated on the Rhine, eight miles sr of Zurzach. Kaystriwertf a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Cologne, feated on the Rhine, feven miles nnw of Duf- teldorf. Kaximlers, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lublin, with a caitle, Atuateon a hill, on thcViltula, 30 miles wsw of i^ublin. Kazrooft, a town of Perfia, in FarGf- tan, of confidcrable extent, but many parts of it arc in ruins. It is 70 miles wswof Shiras. Kecho. Bee Cachao- KedUitotiy a village in Derbyfhire, three miles nnw* of Derby; noted for its medicinal fpring, much reforted to in fummer, and the moft elegant feat cf the earl of Scarfdale. Keene, a town of New Hampfliire, in Chelhire county, 25 miles s by e of Charleftoii, and 95 w by s of Portf- mouth. Keff, or Ki>fftSi a town of the king- dom of Tunio, with a citadel ; fituate on the fide of a hill, with a plentiful fource of water, 70 miles wsw of Tu- nis. Kefil, a village of Afiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi. 14 miles s of Helleh ; cele- brated for the tomb of the prophet Ezelciel, which is annually vifited by a nui.:bf.r of Jews. Kf.hlt a ftrong fortrefs of Suabia, feat- ed on the Rhine, over whiuh is a bridge to Straiburg ; and to that city, when an KEN Mr imperial on«, it belonged. SoMtf lyp tie ancient fortifications are in ruiii^ but it >« ftiU an important {mTs between France ancf Germany. It was taken by the French in June 1796; retaken by the Auftrians on Sept. ig following; but the French regained poiTeflion of it the fame day. In 1808, it was trans- ferred to France. Keighleyt a town in W Yorkfliire, with a market on Wednefday, and ma- nufactures of woollen cloths, cottons^ and lindfeys. It ftands near the river Aire, 12 miles n of Halifax, and 206 ir by w of London. Keithy a town of Scotland, in Banffl fliire, with manufa^ures of flax, x% miles e.'^w of CuUen, and 42 nw of Aberdeen. Kelbra^ a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, near the river Helm, xo miles s of Stolberg. Kelheinif a town and caftle of Bava- ria, with a Francifcan convent, a confi- dcrable brewery, and extenfive maga- zines of fait It is fituate at the conflux of the Altmuhl and Danube, lo miles ssw of Ratifbon. Kellst a borough of Ireland, in E Meath, on the river Blackwater, i» miles N by w of Trim. Kelio, a town of Scotland, in Rox* burgfliire, with a bridge over the 'i'weed, below the influx of the Teviot. The abbey, magnificent ruins of which ftill remain, was founded by David i. Here are manufadlures of carpeting, flannels, leather, linen, and ihoes. It is 10 miles NNE of Jedburg, and 20 sw of Ber- wick. Kemi, or Kiemi. See Kinl. Kemmoot a town of Kegroland, capi- tal of a country, lyin^ to the w of Bambara. It is 340 miles w of Sego. Lon. 7 46 w, lat 14 15 v. Kemnat, a town of the palatinate of Buvari^ 1 5 miles ese of Bayreuth, and 26 N of Amberg. Kempteitt a town of SuaL a, with a late princely abbey of the Bencdidline order. It has a great trade in linen, and is feated on the Uler, 45 miles s by w of Augfliurg. Ken, a river in Weftmorland, which flows by Kendal, and enters the fandy waih of Lancafliire, called Morcambe Bay. It has a cataradt near its mouth, which obftrudts the navigation. Keriy a river of Scotland, which rife« in the Mw part of Kirkcudbrightfliire, flows to New Galloway, thence expands into a lake, four miles long and one broad, and then joins the river Dee. Ketidali a town in Weftmorland, go k . N vcrned by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Kcm, over which aie two ftonc bridges, and one of wood lending to the caftk-. which is now in ruins. Ithasafpaciouschurch, and a freefchool cndowt-d with fome *'r.hibiticn3 to Queens college in Ox- ford. Here ar«! itianufifturts of coarfe woollen, woven and knit tlockingo^ cottonti, leather, fifh-hooks, ^a'OoI c iid^, and gunpowder- It has fevon traUing companicR, who have ench a hall ; and its trade is very confiderahle, notwith- ftanding the difadvantage of its river for water carriage In 1801, the num- ber of inhabitants was 6892. It is 46 miles s of Carlinc, and 263 nnw of London. Lon. $ 5a w, lat. 54 15 n. Kenc, or Caana% a town «)f Egypt* ivith a manufadurc of black earthen ware. The caravans atTemblc here in their jounn-y to Cofeir. It ib feated on the Nile, 280 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 3} 1 E, lat. 26 2 N. Keniliuortbi a town in Warwickfhire, with a market on Wednt'fday. Here w»s a famous calUe, the remains of which form one of the moft pid\urefque objeds in the kinfedom. It is five miles N of Warwick, and 95 nw of London. Keiimare, ,a town of Ireland, in the county of Kt-rry, at the head of a river or bay of the fame name, 26 miles SSE of 1 1 alee. Kennthft:, a river of MafTichufels, in the diftrivft of Maine, which enters the Atlantic ocean, between the bays of Cafco and Penobfeot. Kmnei, a river of England, wh'ch rifes among the chalky hills in Wilt- shire, and fl'iws to Newbury, in Bcrk- fliirf, where it becon s navijjable : it is then au(;mented b; the Lamborn, and run:; to Reading, below which it enters the Thames- K-fishigion, a village in Mi4dIefox, one mile w of London. Hcic is a iwyal palace, fornurly a feat of the lord chan- cellor Finch, and purchafed of that nobleman by William m. The gar- den- hive fiiice been confulenhly ang- I'ler.ted, by upward of jj^o acres taken fro'r\ Hyde-pnrk; and tlicy are now a f.ilbi.MHble pronnenade. Keiit, a ctjniity of En[;land, 58 miles loiif^ and 36 broad; bounded on the N by the Thames and the (ievman ocean, E by the lame ocean, sk and s by the I'jrj'iifh channel and SufT x, and w by IScny. It contains y.-^/; 600 acres, is di vidfd into five latlu:!>, fubdivided iiitoo; fmili htmdredh, and 408 parilhc.s ; has two cities and ;b mai Let- towns] and fends KEN 1 8 members to parliament. The num- ber of inhabitants in lOoi was 307,6:4. In the foil and face of the country thiM-e is a g eat divtrfuy. The banks of the Thames are low and mardiy, but backed by a range of chalky eminences, foinetimes riling to a moderate height. This kind of hard ch.ilky foil, inclining to barrenncfs, extends to the ne cxtrc- mity of the county, and thence round to Dover, exhibiting its nature in the lofiy white clilfa, which here bound the illaiid, and produce that ftriking ap. pearancc .at fea which gave it the name of Albion. '1 he s part of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat and woody trad, of a clayey foil, and fertile.! The mid- land and weftern diftrids are a mixture of hill .ind vale, arable and pafture, equal in pleafantnefs to any part of England. This county produces, be- fidc the ufual objeds of agriculture, large quantities of hops ; fruit of various kinds, efpecially cherries sind apples, of which there are large orchariis for the London markets; madder for dy- ing; timber in the woody parts; and birch twigs for brooms, which form no inconiiderable article of trade for the metropolis. The country inland from Dover, conllfting chiefly of open downs, is excellent for the feeding of (heepj and many bullocks are fattened to as extraordinary fiz;* in Romney M.ivfli. The principal rivers, befide the Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rother. The cities of Kent arc Canterbury and Rocheller, but Maid- ftone is the coanty-town. Kentaiffe, a ridge of mountains, in the s part of Tibet, bordering on Hin- dooflan. On the w fide of this ridge are the two beads of the GangcJ? and from its e fide ilTues the Burram- pooler. Kentucky, one of the United States of America, 350 miles lonp and from ,?o to 190 broad; bounded on the N by the Qhio, v. by Virginia, s »>y Tennef- fee, and w by the Miflifiippi and the Ohio. It is divided into fourteen counties, Lincoln, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer, JeficrCon, Nelfon, Waddiion, VA oodfoi J, Malbn, Wafhiiigton, Clark, Scott, Logan, and Franklin. The other piincipai rivers aiv the Kentucky, Licking, Green, Cumberland, and Great Kanhaway. The foil is amazing- ly fertile in the central part; to the e and w it is mouitainous, and the s is principally compofcil of the Barrens, a fterile country deftitutc of water. To- bacco, hemp, cotton, and the different grains of Europe, but particularly K E R maize arid wheat, arc cultivated. The country, ii> general, may be confi- dered as well timbertd, producing large trees of many kinds : thofe pe- culiar to it are the fugar>tree, which grows in great ph^nty, and fumifhes tjc«'llcnt fiigar; and the honey-locuft, which is furroundfd by large thorny fpikes, bearing broad and long pods in form of peas, has a fwect tafte, and makes excellent beer. Here are alfo the coiFi-e-treo, papw.i, cucumber, black mulberry, wild cheny, buck-eye, and fome other kinds of trees not com- mon elfevvhere. There is pli;nty of fine cane, on \Vhich the cattle feed : it prows from three to twelve feet high, with joints at eight or ten inches dii- tatice along the llaik, from which pro- ceed leaves refsmbling thofe of the willow. Wlierc no cane grows there is nhnndance of wild rye, clover, and bnflalo-grafs. The mountainou's parts prof'.tice a great quantity of ginfeng. Iron ore and lend are found in abund- ance ; and there are many large caves, fome of which extend above .1 mile uoder a limellone rock, fupported by curions arches and pillars. The waters produce plenty of fjfli and fowl ; and cfpedaily on the Ohio, the geefe and ducks are amazingly niimtrous. The land fowls are turkies ; a fpt'cies • f groufe, which the inhabitants call phea- fanls; and quails, to which they give the name of partridges. Serpents are not numerous, and fuch as are to be foinid in other parts of the continent, except the bull, the horned, and the mockafon fnakes. Among the native animals are deers, bears, wild cats, wolves, beavers, otters, foxes, labbits, fquirrcls, racoons, and opv)flum3. Moll of the fpecies of the domeftic qua- drupeds have been introduced fince the fcttlements, fuch as hoifes, cows, ijieep, aTid hogs. Frankfort is the capital. Keniufki/, a river in the (late of its nr.nic, nliicli rifcs in the Laurtl moun- tains, and after a "general nw courfe of son miit-s, enters the Ohio in lat. ;^8 41 N. It is navigable 150 miles, its hanks may r.itlier be calh-d precipices, for, aimoft every where, they conlift of three or foifr hundred feet of a folid pcrpciidicul.u- limtftone rock ; in fome parts of a tine white marble, cnrioully arched, pillared, or blocked up into fine building ilones. Kenttingett, a town of Suabia, in the Biifgau, onth.e river El/, 13 miles nnw of I'^riburg. Kac'jlmts^ an ifland in the 'indian KER ocean, about 80 miles in circumference. The face ofthe country feenosto be ftte^ hills and extenfive valleys, and every pait to be covered with trees and ver- dure, with fome pleafartt cultivated grounds. The inhabitants are Malays. Lon. 126 30 E, lat. 4 38 N, KergueUn Land, an ifland in the Southern ocean, vifited by captain Cook, in 1776. For ita fterility, it might properly have been called the liland of Defolation ; but captain Cook was u' willing to rob M, Kerguelen of the honour of its bearing his name. On the NE coaft is a good and fafe bay* named Chriftmas Hai bour. Lon. 69 4 F, lat. 48 41 s. Kerkut, a town of Curdiftan, the ca- pital of a government and refidence of a pacha. It is fnrrounded by walls, and defended by a caftle, 135 miles ssk of Betlis. Lon. 44 58 E, lat. 35 48 jr. Kerman, a province of Perlia, lying on the gulf of Perfia. The northern part is barren, but toward the fouth the land is fertile. Many (heep are bred here, and the inhabitants drive a great trade in their wool. Kermau, or Sjrgan, a city of Perfia, capital of the pro^ce of Kerman. It is celebrated for m beautiful potter^', carpets, and ftnfts. It is 120 miles n by w of Gombron. Lon. 55 15 E, lat. 29 20 N. Ktrpen, a town of France, in the de- partment of Roer, lately of Germ::ny» in the duchy of Juliers. It has a colle- giate church, and is feated on the Erft, 14 miles sse of Juliers. Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the province of Miinftcr, 57 miles long and 45 broad ; bounded on the E by the counties of Limerick and Cork, w by the Atlantic ocean, n by the Shannon,' which feparates it from Thomor ^. and s by Defmoi.d and the ocean. It is divided into 84 parifhes, contains about 107,000 inhabitAiits, and fends four members to parliament. The fouthern part is plain, and fe' tile in corn ; but the Tiveater part is mountainous, and chi»;fly adapted for grazing. Confuler- able quantities of beef, butter, hides, and tallow, are exported from its « .icel- lent harbours. Tralee is the capital. Kertch, a feaport and fortrefs on the E coaft of the Crimea, near the n en* trance of the ftrait of Caffa. This for- trefs, and that of Yenikal, arc of the greateft importance, as they command the paflage which forms the communi- cation between the fea of Af(||ph and the Black fea. It ii 60 miles nmb of CaAa, Lon. 36 %^'z., lat. 45 si n. 1^ ) KH A Keithitnt a feaport of ArAl>ia Fclix» In HadrAtnaut* 80 miles k of Sbibam, Lon. jo 50 B, lat. 15 aj n. Kesk, or $ebzt a town of U|bcc Tar- tary, in Bokharia* once the ordinary funnmcr refidcnce of Timur, who fur- rounded it yi\t\i walUi and built a .-icw palace in 1.179. I^ >b JS miles s by w of Samarcand. Keucl, .1 town of thf Netherlands, In the late Pruflian Gerdertand, with a handromc cafllc, fcated on the Macfe, fevon miles n of R\iremonde. KctseUorft a village of ITppw Sax- ony, feven miles w of Drefdcn, cele- brated for 2 vi^ovy gained by the king of Pruflia over the Saxons in 1745. Kej SE of Brif^o), and 114 w of London. Kharkoft or CJbariot^; a government of the Riiflkn empirt«, formerly com- Lrifed in the government of Ukrania- SloTod&aia. Its capital, of the fame aante, is feated on the Uda, which ffows ixito tbc Doofft^ 400 miles 3 by KI A w of Mofcbw. Lon. 3^ 54 t, lat. <« Khiva, the capital of the country of Charffm. It has aftrong wall of earth, with threp gates, turrets at fmall dif. Jances, and a broad ditch full of water. The houfes are low, moftly built with mud, the roofs flat, and covered with earth. It ftands on a riling ground, amid fertile plains, zfo milts nw of Bokhara. Lon. 59 ap w, lat. 40 50 jj, J(/inm. See |f«w. Kiaki»g, s. city of China, of the firft rank, in the province of T^he-kiang. The ftreets have beautiful piazzas, that ihelter paflengprs from the fun and rain j and therp is fcarcely a hoqfe where they do not breed filkwonns. There arc many triumphal arches both in the city and fuburbs ; and fcvcral marble towprs on the fides of a canal to the w of the city. It is 590 miles sse of Peking. Lon. lio 14 1, lat. 30 50 n. ^iaita, a town- of Siberia, in the government of Irkutik, on the borders of Chii, fo Tartary. It has a confider. able fur trade, a"d is the'centre of the Rufliau and Chincfe commerce, /t Aands on a fmall river, near its conflux i^'ith the Selcnga, 75 miles ssw of Sclenginflc. L,on. ,106 30 b> lat. jq so w. Kifingari, a town of Afiatic Turkey, io Natolia, chief place of a fangiacat, with a caftle on a ruck. It is 230 miles Kofburia. Lpn. 34 47 E, lat. 39 56 N. Kiang'tian, a province of China, bounded on the w by Ho-nan and Hoi(> quang, s by Tche-kian^ and )Cian-fi, k by the guK of Nan-king, and N by Chan-tong. It is of vafl: extent, and contains 14 cities of the firft rank, and 93 of the iecond and third, which are very populous, and of the grcatefl: note for trade in the empire. It is full of lakes, river^ and canals ; and itsfilks, cottons, japanned goods. r.nd paper, are in high efteem. Ranking is the ca- pital. Kiang-nhig, See Nan-iing. Kiang-si, a province of China, bounded on the n by Kiang-nan, w by Hou-quang,s by Qjiang-tong, and e by Fo-kien and T^he-kiang. The n part contains the^ great Po-yang lake, and fome extenfivc moralFes ; the middle and s pnrts abound in mountains, but tlit'ie are fine valleys among tliem. It c<>nt;M«is 13 citiea of the firft rank, and 7 8 of the fecond and third. The ar- rack in this province is excellent; and its porcelain is the fineft and moit va- luable of the empire. Nan-tchang is the capital. , ■""f*'"-"i?"''''-'' ' • .,•:.,■ i; . . .-...fc j.^^v.(% !■.■.■-. ..'1 Kian-iu, the largeft river of Ada. It yifes on the w bordero of Tibet, flows f to the coufinea of Tartary, then s through Lower Tibet into China, «n. twmg ^•'c province of Yunnan, where it turns to the e, and crofling the pro- vinces of Se-tchuen, Hou-quang, and Kiangr-nan, enters the Eaftem ocean oppofite the ifland qf Tfong-ming, after a courfe of about aaoo miles. Near its fourfc« it is called, by the plfuths, Porticho or Petchow. At the place where the Kian^ku bends to the s, It is on the oppofite flde of the nioun- tains which give rife to the Hoan-ho ; and thefe two great rivers afterward part to the diftance of above looo miles, yet finally difcharge themfclves into the fame fea at About the diftance of J 00 miles from each other. Kibur^t a town of Swiflerland, In the canton of 'Zurich, with a caftle, feated on the Theoff, 14 miles kne of Zurich. Kiddfrmtnster, a corporate town in Worccftcrfliire, with a market on Thurf- day, and nianufaftures of carpets, pop- lins, crapes, bombazeens, &c. The Staffordlhire and Worcefterfhire canal paflcfi this place. It is feated on the river Stour, 14 miles se of BriJgenorth, and 1:6 NW of London. A7Vfe(tabKfhedt by the Tartars, and is a place of con* fiderable trade. It ftaiida on the river Min-ho, a6o miles sR of Nan*kitig. Lon. ii;r a B, lat. a? 5 n. Kien-tehangt a city of China, of the firil rank, in the province of Kian|^-lia feated in a fertile country, 340 mitet ssw ofNiin-king. Lon, 116 35 s, lat. a? 25 ^' Kteouklang, a city of China, of the lirft rank, in the province of Kiang-fi» tituatc on the Kian-ku, immediatelf above the influx of the Poyang-hou. It is the rendezvous of i\\ the barks which pafs to and fro^ other places in thia prpvince, and the provinces of Kiang- nan and Hou^nang. It is ajo miles sw of Nan-king, Lon. |i6 o e, lat.. a? 54 N- Kilbarchan, a village of Scotland, on the w fide of Loch Winnoch, five miles sw of Renfrew, It is a manufac- turing place, and has extenfive bleach fields. Ki/tetrgan, a borough of Ireland, in W Meath, feated on the Bofna, 14 ipiles B of Athlone, and 4% w of Dub- lin. Ktlhride, a town of Scotland, in La. narkfhire, noted for its cotton ra^nu- fa(ftun*8, and for being the birthplace of Dr. William Hunter and his brother John, two celebrated anatomifts. It is fix miles s by E of Glafgow. KUcalmonll, a town of Scotland, in Argylefhire, and in the peninAila oS Caiityre, 17 miles n of Campbelton. K'ilday St- an iOand of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, j8 miles to the wof N llift. It is three miles long an^d two broad, fenced about with one continued perpendicular face of rock, of prodi- gious height, except at the landing- place, on the SB, where there is a nar- row and fteep pafTage to a village on the top of the rock. The furface of the illand is hilly j but it feeds many Iheepy avid produces plenty of br.ley and po- tatocs. Many of the inhabitants five chiefly by fiihiug, and catching wild fowls. In tlie latter employment, they arc incredibly adventurous ; being let down by a rope from the fummit of the prooipitouR rocks, .ind then clamber along their fronts, in fearch of thjC eggs and nefts of vrtrious birds. St. Kilda is th»; moft wcfterly idand belonging to Great Hritain. I.on.8 23 w, lat. 57 43 Ji. Kildan; a county of Ireland, in the province of I.c:nfter, 37 miles long and 20 broad ; bounJi'd on the E by Dublin .-tnd W'uklow, w by Kings county and K,I L Qurens county* ,M by E Meath, and s by Cuthcrlough. It is divided into loo pariihesy contains about 56,000 in* habit aiitSy and fends two members to pariiam«Mit. The principal rivera are the LifTey, Barrow, and Boyne. It is a very fci lile and arable country. The capital is of thu fame name ; but the aluzefl are held alternately at Athy and Kaas. KUJarct a borough of Ireland, capital of a county of the fam«: name, and a bifliop'8 fee. It is chiefly fupported by frequent horfcraces on what is called the Curragh, a fine lofty plain, con- taining upward of 3000 acres, which fe«ds a great number of rticep. It is a/ miles sw of Dublin. Lon. 6 37 w, lat. s^ 9- N. Kiifenora, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clnrc, and a bifliop's fee vnited to Killaloe. It is a fmall place, 13 miles Nw of Eunis. Kilgarro'ii a town of Wales, in Pcm- brokcfliive, with a market on Wed- nefday. Here are the n-mains of a caftlc, on a high rock ; an'- near it arc large works for fabricatiri, tin plates. It is feated on the Tyvy, 30 miles N of Pembroke, and 131'i^N « of London. jKiUiam, a town3|> E i'orkfiiire, with a market on Saturday, 31 miles lne of York, and ;oo n of London. Kilia, a fortified town of European Turkey, in BcfTrirbia, on an ifland, at the month of the D;in;jbe. It was taken by the Ruffinns in 179c, hut reftured at the fubfrqutnt peace. It is 86 miles sw of Bialogorod. Lon. ;8 46 u, lat. Rilkcnny., a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinfter, 40 miles long and so bro.-.d ; bounded on the e by. Catherlough and Wexford, w by Tip- perary, n by Queens county, and s by Watcrfcrd. It is divided into 1:7 pa- ri/hcs, contains about 100,000 inhabi- tant?, and fends three members to par- liament. The l';irface is in gt;,eral level, and the foil ferlile. Wool is a con- fiderable article of trade ; and it is par- ticularly noted fur its coal, which ntakes no fmoVe in burning. The principal rivcrr arc the Barrow, Suir, and Nore. Kilkenny, a borough of Ireland, ca- pital of a county of the fame name, fituate on the river Nore, over which are two bridges. Irifhtown, on the e fide of the river, is joined to it, and both together t'oriri one of the moft populous and commticial towns in Ireland. It once had a btfbop ; and the cathedral, which itands \i; Iriflitown, belongs to the bifhop of Offory. The chitt ma- K I L nufaiSlnres are coarfe woollenn and fine blankets. It is a 6 miles N of Waterford, and 64 sw of Dublin. Lon. 7 3} w, lat. 5% 36 N. KUlala, a feaport of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, and a bifhop'g fee united with Achonry. It ftands on a line bay of the Atlantic, to which It gives name, 14 miles n of Caftlebar. Lon. 9 42 w, lat. 54 8 K. Killaloe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, and a> biftiop's fee united with Kiifenora. It is feated 011 the Shannon, over which is i bridge, 10 miles N N E of Limerick. Killanif Bay, a bay of Ireland, on the E coail of the illand of Arranmore, in the county of Galvvay. Lon. 9 36 w, lat. 53 44 N. • Killarnei/, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, on the fide of a cele- brated lake of the fame name, 14 miles SKofTralet?. Killarney, a lake of Irt-land, in the county of Kerry, otherwife called Lough Lean, from its being furroimded by high mountains. It is divided into three parts, called the I^ower, Middle, and Upper Lake. The northern, or lower lake, is fix milcts long and three broad. On the fide of one of the mountains is OSuUivan's cafcade, which faHs above 70 feet into the lake with a tremendous roar ; and oppofite this cafcade is the illand of Innisiallen, which contains 18 Irifh acres. The promontory of Mucrufs divides the upper from the lower lake, and on palling round its extremity into the upper lake, there is a celebrated rock, called the Eagles-neft, which produces wonderful echos. The upper lake is four miles hmg and two broad, and from the mountains defcend a number of beautiful cafcades. The iflands in this lake are numerous, and afford an amazing vari.ty of pifturcfque views. The centre lake, which communicates with the upper, is fmall in eomparifon with the other two, and cannot boad of equal variety ; but the Ihores are indented with bays, furrounded by dark groves of trees. The e boundary is formed by the bafc of iSlangcrton, down the fteep fide of which dcfcends a cafcade, vifjble fdr 150 yards: this fall of water is fupplied by a lake, near the fummit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch-bowl. Kilicullcn, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildaj^, on the x'wtt Liffey, over which is a bridge, nine miles ese of Kildare, and 35 sw of Dublin. Kii'lfmuU, a town of Ireland, in the ^sa^SS^^Sifc. K I L county of Tipperary, to miles ewb of Cilhcl. KilUvan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaf^han, ciglit miles sw of M()nsgh.'«n. Killingl^^t a town of Connetflicut, in Winilham county, fituato on ttic Qtiiiiabaii;;, i8 miles ve of Wind- ham. Killinsvjoriby a town of ConneAicut, in iViiddlefex county, feated on the Hammonitirtt, on Long Ifland found, 24 milts E of Newhaven. Killonyy a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, fix miles s of Sligo. KiV.ought or Port St. Ann, a feaport of Iieland, in the county of Down, to the N of St. Johns point, in the Irifh Tea. A rock ftands in the middle of the en- trance of its harbour, covered at half flood. Here is a hnanufadure of fait. . It is fix miles ssb of Downpatrick. Lon. 5 30 w, lat 54 14 n. Killybe}^!, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, with a fpacious harbour on the n fide of Donegal bay,. II miles NW of Ballyfhannon. Lon. 8 6 w, lat 54 40 K. Killyleaghf a borough of I/eland, in the CDtinty of Down, with a linen and thread manu'adture. The celebrated JirHans Sloane was bom in th 8 town. It in ftaied on an arn of Strangford Lough, 35 miles n'e of N«twry. Kilmacduaght a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, and a bifhop'a fee united to Cionfert. The ruins of the cathedral, a monallery, &c ilenote the former confequence of this now wretched place. It is la miles n of Ennis.. Kilniacthomas, a town of Ireland, in the countv of Waterford, i a miles ws w of Waterford. Kilmninkantt a town of Ireland, in a valley, about half a mile w of Dublin. It has a frfiion-houfe, a gaol, a found- ling hofpital, and a hofpitai for invalid foldiers. Here thi,- knights for the coun- ty of Dublin are elcded; and it was the feat of government, before the caf- tie at Dublin was appropriated to that purpofi^. Kilmnllack, a boron;;!! of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, 18 miles s of Limerick Kilmnrnock, a town of Scotland, the largeft in Ayrfhire. Befid*' the parifli church there are four other places of worfhip. It has a manufadure of Ciir- pots, ferges, and other woollen goods, arid a trade in faddlery, leather, &c. Near it arc the remains of Dean cattle, the feat of the warls of Kilmarnock, in the defolatc conUlliun in whicU it was KIN reduced by fire in 1735. In 1801, thts , number of inhabitants was 8079. It is feated near the Irvine, 1 1 miles nne of Ayr, and ao 8sw of Glafjijow. Lon. 4 38 w, lat. 55 40 X. Kihnaurs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrfhire, with a trade in cutlery, two miles NW of Kilmarnock. Ki/morc, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan, and, with Armagfly miles u.w. of Cavan. is a hifhop's fee. It is thVee Kilrenny, a borough of Scot!and,*?n. Fifefhirc, on the frith of Forth, two miles N K of Anllruthcr. Kilsyth, A town of Scotland, in Stir- linglhire. The vicinity abounds with coal and iron-flone; of the latter ^bout 5000 tons are fent annually to Carron. It is 15 miles sw of Stirling, and ij nb of Gl ifgow. Kilwinnin}^, a town of Scotland, ia Ayrfhire. Here are the remains of a magnificent monallery; the (tecpic and part of the church are in a good ftate of repair. The vicinity abounds in limeitone and coal. It ia feated near the Garnoch, five miles nnw of Ir- vine Kimherrojorth, a village in W York- fliire, two miles wof Potherham, noted for its woollen and line 1 Tnanufaw of Herat. Khihurn, a fortrefs of Ruflia, on the s fide of the eftuary of the Dnieper. It has been frequently attacked by the Turks, by land and fea, but without fuccefs. It is 18 miles s^e of Oczakow, on the oppofite fide of the Dnieper. Lon. 30 34 E, lat 46 28 N. Kincardiney a town of Scotland, in Perthlhire. in a diflridt almoll furround- ed by Clackmannanihire, with a commo- dious harbour, and a good road in the frith of Forth. Ship-building is car- K I N ried on to a great extent, and the coaft- in{; and foreign tradu is cunfideri^ble. It is four miles se of Alloa, and az s by w of Perth. Kineardmet a town of Scotland, in llofsfliire, with a frnall harbour, oti the frith of Dornoch, 14 miles w by v of Tain. Kimardine Oniel, a town of Scotlancf, in Aberdeenfhire. feated on the river Dee, 23 mileS w by s of Aberdeen. Khicardhej/iire, or Mearm, a county of Scotland, bounded on the nw and n by Aberdcenlhire. e by the German ocean, and s and sw by Angusfhire. Its length along the coatl is 30 miles, and io is its gieateft breadth. • The number of inhabitants in 1801 was a6,,:)49. The nw part ia mountainous, and chiefly adapted for pafture; but to the s of the Grampians the furface is in general fertile. The fmall villageof Kin- cardine, nine miles sw of Stonehaven, was formerly the capital, but Stone- baven is now the county-town. Kinderhook, a town of New York, in Columbia county, on the e fide of Hudfon river, 15 miles k of the city of liudfon. Kineton. See Ki^on. King George the Third Sound, a har- bour on the sw coaft of New Holland, difcovered by captain Vancouver in 1 79 1. It is fate, and eafy of accefs any where between its outer points of en- trance, Bald-head and Moimt Gardner, 1 1 miles diftant from each other. Lon. 118 17 E, lat.35 5 s. King George Sound, the name given by captain Cook, in 177V, to the bay which he difcovered on the w coaft of K America, in lon. 126 48 w, and lat. 49 33 ^- But the natives call it Noetia ; the name now generally adopt- ed by the EngUfli. It is not fituate on the continent, as Cook bad reafon to fuppofc, but on an ifland, to which captain Vancouver, who coafted it in 1 79 J, gave the name of Quadra and Vancouver Jfland, the former being the name of the Spanifh commandant on the coaft. The woods are com- pofed of the Canadian pine, white cy- prefs, and two or three other forts of pine J and in general they are of a large fize. About the rocks and borders of the woods Wire feen fome ftraw berry plants, and rafpberry, currant, and goofi'beny bufties, all in a flourifhing ftate. The principal animals feen here w(rre racoons, martens, and fquirrels. Birds .iro far from being numerous,' an(J thf)fe that are to be feen .ire remark- ably Ihy. The ftature of the natives is, in general, below the comn;on ftand K I N ard ; but their perfons are not pro. portionably (lender, being ufually pretty plump, though not mufcular. The women are of the fame fize and form as the men ; nor in it eafy to diftinguifli them, as they pofl'cfs no natural feminine graces. Their bodies arc always co. vered with red paint; but their faces are ornamented with a variety of co- hnirs, a black, a bright red, or a while colour. They arc docile, courteous, and goodnatured j but quick in refent- ing injuries, and, like moft other paf. fionate people, as quickly forgetting them. Their weapons arc bows and arrows, Ilings, fpears, ftiort truncheons of bone, and a fmall ax, not unHkt the common American tomahawk. A rattle and a fmall whiftle are the only inftruments of mulic that were feen among them. Their houfes confift of very long broad planks, refting upon the edges of each other, tied, in dif- ferent parts, with withes of pine hark. Their furniture conftfts principally of chefts and boxes of various iizes, piled upon each other, at the tides and ends of their houfes, in which are depoiited their garments, and whatever they deem valuable; they have alfo fquare and oblong pails, bowls to eat their food out of, «c. The irregularity and con- fulion of their houfes is exceeded by their naftineft and ftench: every thing ftinks of train oiU iiih, and ftnoke; and every part is as nlthy as can be imagin- ed. ' In 1786, a few Britiih merchants in the £ Indies formed a fettlement in this place, to fupply the Chinefe mar- ket with furs; but the Spaniards, in 1789, captured two Englifli venils, and took poiVeflion of the fettlement. The Britiih minlftry made their demand of reparatioji, and the aiTair was amicably terminated by a convention. Kin-gan, a city of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Kiang-fi, featr ed on the Kan-kiang, 800 tniles s of Peking. Lon. 115 10 e, lat- 27 16 n. Kirighorn, a borough of Scotland, in Fifclhire, on the frith of Forth, nearly oppoiite I.eith. It has two harbours, one below the town, and the other half a mile w, at Pcttycur, for the paflagc- boats between this place and Lchh. The chief manufadturcs arc thread ftockings, and the fpinning of cotton and Hax. It is eight miles n by w of Lcith. Kings Csunty, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lcinftor, 38 milesi long and 50 broad ; bounded on the v by W Meath, e by Kildare, s by Qiieenn county and Tipperavy, and w by the. Shaunoii, which fepuratcs it from GaU KIN way ind Rofcommon. It is divided into 52 parilheSf contains about 741500 inhabitants) and fends two membcrii to parliament. The principal rivers are the Shannon, Brofna, Buyne, and Bar- row. It is not fo well cultivated as ?ome of the other counties, but the foil is tolerably fertile. The capital is Philipflown. Kings Langlejy a village in I-fertford- fliirc, on the river Gade, fiv« miles sw flf St. Alban. Here was a royal p.ilace built by Henry in, the ruins of which are to be feen. Richard 11 was buried in its munaftery, but removed, by Hen- ry V, to Weftminfter. Kingabr'tdget a town in Devonfliire, with a market on Saturday, feated at the head of a fmall inlet of the Englifli channel, called Selcomb river, over which is a bridge to Dodbrook. It is 34 miles s by w of Exeter, and ao8 wsw of London. Kingsckrt, a town in Hampfhire, with a market on Tuefday, and a great trade in malt- It was the refidence of fome of our Saxon kings. It is nine miles s\v of Bofingftoke, and 54 w by s of London. Kingicllfft a town in North ampton- ftiire, with a market on Tuefday, 12 miles w of Peterborough, and 86 n by w of London. Kingittin, a ftrong fortrcfs of Nor- way. See Freder'iatadt. KingstoM, a corporate town in Surry, 00 the river Thames, with a market on Saturday. A national council was held herein the year 838, at which Egbert, the firft king of all England, and his fon Athelwolf, were prefent; and feveral of the Saxon monarchs were crowned here. This town fent members to par- liament in the reigns of Edward 1 1 and tit; butitceafed afterward, in confe- (juence of a petition from the corpora- tion. Queen Elifabeth founded here a freefchoul; and the fpring nfiizes are held at this place It has a wooden bridge over the river, and th^r corpora- tion have a revenue for its fupport. It is 10 miles sw of London. Lon. 013 w, lat. 51 aj- N. Kingston^ the capital of St. Vincent, in the W Indies, fituate at the head of a bay of the fame name, on tlie sw fhore oftheifland. Lon. 6t 15 w, lat. 13 5M. Kingston, the capital of Jamaica, fi- tuate on the N fide of Port Royal bay. It was built after the great earthquake in 160a (which dellroyed the town of Port Royal) has fince continued to in- creafe in fitc and opulence, and in I'tji K I N \»as incorporated as a city. It it 1 place of good trade, being much refort- ed to by ihips coming to load and un^' load their cargos. The houfes are one flory high, manyof ihcm with porticos, and every conveniency for a comfort- able habitation in this climate. The number of white inhabitants in 1778 was 6539, of frae people of colour 3280, and of davet 1 6^659. Lon. 76 42 w, lat. 18 3 N.l -, Kingston^ or Esoptu, a town of Ncv^ York, chief of Ulfter county. It was deftroyed by an Englilh fleet in 1777, but has been rebuilt on a regular plan. It ftands on Efopr creek, near its en* trance into Hudfon river, 86 miles n of New York. Lon. 74 3 w, lat. 41 54 N. Kingston^ a town of N Carolina, chief of Lenoir county, on the w fide of the Neus, 40 miles w by N of Now- bem, and 50 se of Ralegh. Kingston^ a town of S Carolina, in Georgetown dirtriA, On the w fide of Wakkamaw river, 30 railed nnk of Georgetown. Kingston^ a town of Upper Canada^ on Lake Ontario, at its outlet the river St. Lawrence. It/Was formerly called Frontinac, and paii of the old fort is now ftanding, the beft part of which is the magazine. Here the king's ftni«s are kept and guarded. Veflels from Lower Canada go no further than this place; and hence to York, Niagara* &c. ftores and merchandify are convey- ed in boats. It is 150 miles sw of Mon« treal. Lon. 75 41 w, lat. 44 8 n. Kingston on Hull, Sec Hull. ' King-tcbeou, A city of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Hou-quang. It is divided by a fingle wall into two parts, one of which belongs to the Chi-, nefe and the other to the Tartars, of whom the garrifon confifts. It has a great trade, and ftands on the Kian-ku^ 6so miles ssw of Peking. Lon. iit ^^^ H, lat. 41 6 N. King-te-tching, a town of China, in the province of Kianp-fi. It is famous fur its beautiful porcelain, is computed to contain above a million of inhabitants, and extends four miles along the banks of a river, which here forma a kind of harbour. This town wants nothing but walls to make it a great city. It is 655 miles s of Peking. Lun. ii4 54 Kf lat. 29 25 N. Kingtont or Kinefon, a town in War- wickihire, with a market on 'IHieiday. King John kept his court in a callle he eredled here. It is jo miles sse of W.irwick, .itid 8s nw ofl.undon. K TN Kmjfion, or Kyneton^ a town in llrref«)ri1fhirff, with a inaiket on Wcd- nefdnyy and a manufacture of wc.ollcn tlotfi. It is fedtcd on the Arrow, under Bradnor mountnin, i^t milts nw of Hereford, and i.';5 w-Nwof London. Ktn-hoa, a city of China, oftlicfirft ranit, in Tche-kiangr, on the bank* of a tine river, into w hich feveral little onca difchargc thi-mfelvci. It has a great crade in dried plums and hams ; and is famous for good rice-wine, and very white candles ; the lattiT mad«? of a fubftance obtained from little (hrubs with a white flower, not unlike jeffa^ mine. It is 190 miles s by e of Nan- king. Lon. 120 10 K, Int. 39 16 N. liinnaird Head, a lofiy promontory of Scotland, on the n coafl of Aber- Ueenfhirc, projedling above a mile into the fca, to the n of the town of Fra- fifrburg. Here Is a caftle, four ftories high ; and on the top of it is a light- houfe. Lon. i 46 w, Int. 57 ?.9 n. KmnouU a town of Scotland, in P«.'ithfhir«', with the remains of an an- cient caftlo. The hill of Kinnonl is particularly famous for its fine abates; it alfo abounds withtmany rare plants. The town ftands afetliefoot of the hill, on the rivi-rTay, tttlK e end of the bridge of Ptrth. hinress, a borough of Scotland, ca- pital of Kinmfsfhire, feated in a pinin fierce ned ,on the n by the Ochil hili.<;, and on the river Leven, before it enters Loch Leven. It has a maniifaifturc of coaife linens, and is 23 mih^s nnw of Edinburg. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 56 7 n. Kinrosi'shiret a county of Scotland , furrounded by the Oiirts of Perth and Fife, and almoft. circular, about 30 miles in circdmferencc. It is divided into feven pariflies, and the number of inhabitantsin i8oiwa86725- The cen- tral part is occupied by Loch Leven, and the country around has a rich ap- pcai'ance. It fends one member to par- liament, .nltcfuately with the county of Clackmannan. KinsaU, a feaport and borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork.. It is ", maritime arfenal, contains 8,000 in- habitants, andhas an excellent harbour, defended by a ftrong fort. Conlidcr- able quantities of grain are exported from this place. It is feated at the mouth of the fiandon, 14 miles s of Cork. Lon. 8 26 w, lat. 5142 M. Kiti'tchingf the' capital of the ifland ofLieou-kieou, in the China fca, and ot all the iflands under that appella- tion. The king's palace, reckoned to be four leagues in circumference, is K 1 O btiilt on a neighbouring mountain, Kin-tching is fcatcd in Cheonli, fhe » part of the illand. " Lon. 117 30 e, Ut. 46 2 N. h'in-tottgt a city of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Yun-nan. The fnrronnding coimtry ii mountain- ons but the valties yield abund.ince of rice. It is feated on the Pa>pien, 750 miles w by N of Canton. Lon. io» 40 k:, lat. 24 30 N. h'intere, a borough of Scotland, in Aberdeenfliire. on the river Don, 15 miles w by N of Aberdeen. Kintzingen, a town of Tranconia, In the principality of Wurtzburg, with a noble Benrdidline convent, fcatt;d on the Maine, lomilcs EsKof Wurf/burg. hin-yang, a city of China, of the firft rank, in Chen-fi. It has always been deemed as a barrier againft the incurfions of the Tartars, and is ftrong- ly fortified. The country around is very fruitful. It is 560 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 107 30 b, lat. 36 6 n. Kin-yvtny a city of China, of the firft rank, in Qiianp-fi. It is fe.ited on a fine river, but furrounded with erne- gy moimtains inhabited by a people almoft fav.ige, 310 miles w by N of C'8 govern- ment contains eleven dinriAs ; nnd its principal rivers are the Dnieper, Dcfn.-i, Ofler, Udai, Sula, Tfol, and Trubefti. Kio-feout a ciiy of China, in the pro- vince (if Chang-tong and diftrift of Ycn- icheou. It is the birthplao; of Con- fucius, fcvifMl mcnunnents to whofc memory are ftill to be feen here. Kiogt, or Ko^e, a feaport of Den- mark, in the ille of Zealand. Tlie ilnglilh defeated the Danes here, and took the town in 1807. It is 18 miles iss of Copenhagen. Lon. la 15 k, lat. i5 .^o *"• Kiofing, a town of Sweden, in Wer- meland, featcd on a fmall Itrenm, that at a little diilance enters the lake Maeler, 10 miles w of Stroemfliolm. Kil>/>en, a town of Scotland, in Stir- linglhirc, feated near the Forth, nine miles w of Stirling. Kirbji Lonsdale, a town in Well- morland, with a market on Thurfday, feated on the Loyne, over which is an ancient Hone bridge, 10 miles se of Kendal, and 2 ; a n w of London. Kirby Moorside, a town in N York- fhire, with a market on Wednefday, featcd on the edge of the moons, near the river Dow, 28 miles w of York, and JJ4 N by w of London. Kirby Stephen, a town in Weftraor- land) with a market on Monday, and a manufadtiire of ftockings; featcd on the river £dt.'n, nine miles sss of Ap- pleby, and 266 NNW of London Kirc/ibach, a town of Germany, in Stiria, 14 miles se of Gratz. Kirehberjf, a town of France, in the department of Rhine and Mofelle, lately of Germany, in the circle of Upper Khine, 28 miles ssw of C'obleutz. KircAberjf, a town of Suabia, capital of a burgravate ov the fame name ; feated on the Her, nine miles s of Ulm. Kirchberg, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Hohenlohe, with a adie on a hill, by the river Jaxt* 12 miles ssw of Ratcnburg. Kirchhat/n, a town of Lufatia, on the river Bober, 18 miles a of Luckau. Kirchhayn^ a town of Germany, in Upper Hefle, fituate on the Wohra, fix miles E of Marburg. Kirchbeintt a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnerre, lately of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 15 miles w of Worms. Kinhheimy a town of Suabia, in the (juchy of Wirtcmberg, on the river tauter, J 6 miles se of Sutgard.t K I U K'trdorft a town of Germany* ia Upper Helfe, 1 1 miles i. uf M.irburg. Kirin, one of the three provinces of Eallcni Tartary, bounded on the nw bjr the province of Tcitcicar,N by the river Saghalien, K by the fea of Japan, » b/ Corea and Lesotong, and w by Weiterii Tartary. 'I'liis country, which i:> (;x- tremely cold, from the number of fo* reds by which it is covered, is thinly- inhabited. The valuable plant ginfcug grows here; and the emperor of China lends hither the criminals baniihed by the laws. Kirin, a city of Eaftern Tartary, ca- pital of the province of Kirin, and the refidence of a Mandfhur generd, who is inveded with the authority of a vice- roy- It is fituate on the river Soii- gari, which ia here called Kirin. 540 miles EN E of Peking. Lon. is7 2o£, lat. 4,) 2o N. Kiikcaldt/, a boroufjh of Scotland, in Fifc'fhire, with a good harbour, on the frith of Forth. Here are a dockyard for fmall veflels, and manufa^urcs of checks, ticking, cotton, and leather. It is 1 1 miles N of Lcith. Kirkcudbright, a borough and fea- port of Scotland, capital of the county of its name, with a Cimle. The harbour will admit ihips of any burden to come up to the town, and yet it has no con- liderable trade or manufa■'^ | |. ■w i ^^ffl^ii;l_^■ - "Vfj|^ iill1fr(f'fi t ti kht monument cf the ^intoui ftobin Mood. Klrkeituati, a town in Combrrland, with a miukrt nn Thtirfday. On an cictated fpot, a little t of the town, are tbc ruins of a cMdle \ and on anotlicr cniincnc«i thrcu mili^ tn tli« *, is the lamuusdruidlcat monument called Long Mrs and hvr Daughti'is. Kirknrwald id bated at the conflux of the Crogtin with tlie Bden, nine mileK n by a of Penrith, and 29a nw of London. Kirk^alriekt a village of Scotland, in Oumbartonlhire. fivu miles usk of Dum- barton. The vvftiges of the Romnn wall, built hy Antoninus, extend from the Clyde at this place, to Abcrcorn on the frith of Forth. It is called, by the country people, Graham's Dike. * KirknucilU a borough of Scotlnnd, capital of Pomona, the principal idand of the Orkneys. It is built on a neck of land, on the K fule of the ifland ; and the moft ftriklng objea is the ftatelv cathedral of St. Aiagnus, oppofitc which ia the bilhop's pulace, now called a caftle. Th«' harbour is excellent, with a good outer rnad. which are defended by a fortification. , litre are manu- fa Kirshthry a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, formerly a confiderablc city, called Diocxfarea. Salt is made in the neighbourhood. It is 84. miles ne of Cogni. Lon. ,^4 15 b, lat. 39 10 n. Kirsoi'at a town of European Tur- key, in Bulgaria, featcd on the Danube, 76 miles sw of Ifmaci. Lon. a8 4 e, (at. 44 47 ^' KirtoHt a town in Lincotnffiire, with a market on Saturday, zo miles k of Lincoln, and 147 k by w of London. Kishmagur, a town of Hindooflan, in Bengal, 45 miles n of Calcutta, and jo s of Moorfhedabad. Kismich, a fertile ifland at the en- trance of the gulf of Perfia, 50 miles long and eight broad, feparated by a nar- row channel from the continent of Perfia. Its E end is I a miles s of Gombron. Kiuingent a town of Franconiai In Kit the prtn«lt)«1itr of Wurtzburg. in the environs are fome medicinal and fait fprings. It is feated on the Saal, 10 miles Nw of Schweinfurt. Kisti, on** of the feven Caucsflan nations thiit inhabit the countries b(. tween the Black fea and the Catpi.in. This nation extends from the highcfi ridge of CancalUs, along the Sumiitu rivulets. They are bounded on the w by Little Cabarda, s by the Tartars and Lefguis, and s by the Lcfguig and Georgians. They coiifift of lixtcen diftri^ls or tribes, which are generally at variance with each other, and with their neighbours. Thof« belonging to the dillriits of Wapi, Angufht, and Shalka, fnbmitted to Ruflia in i-jjq^ The Tfhetflien tribe is fo numerous and warlike, and has ^iven the Rufllann fo much trouble, that its name it iifually given by them to the whole Kifti n.ition. The Ingulhi, who are capable of arming above 3000 men, live in villages near each other: they .ire diligent hiilband- men, and rich in cattle. Many of their villages have a ftone tower, which ferves, in time of war, as a retreat to their women and children, anil a maga- zine for their cffefls. Tiiefe people are .ill armed, and haVe the cuftom of wear- ing fliields. Their religion is very fim- pie, but has fome traces of Chriilianity. They believe in one GotI, whom they call Dail^, but h.)ve no faints or religious perfons ; and cclebiate Sunday, not by any a-ligious ceremony, but by relling from labour. They obferve no cere- monies cither at births or deaths, allow of polygamy, and cat pork. Kistna, a river of Hindoodan, which rifes in the Sukhien mountains, not far to the s of Poona, Hows e abont joo miles, forming the boundary butween the Deccan and the Peninfula, .ind enters the bay of Bengal by feveral mouths, to the s of Mafulipatam. This river rival* any Indian ftream in the fertility diiTufed by its inundations ; anci the richeft diamond mines in the world are in the neighbouring hills to the north. KistnagfofH, a town and fortrefs of Hindooftan, in Myfure. This town was attacked by the Britidi troops, in 1789, who gained the low(;r fort and fuburb, without much difficulty; but the upper fort made fo defperate a re- flftance, that it w.i3 found necclTary tO deiift from the attempt. It is 54 miles SE of Bangalore, and 66 wsw of Arcot. Kittery, a town of the dillrid of Maine, in York county, on Stur^eod creek, eight miles ssw of Vork. K N d kiftuhl, a town of Oermonyt in Tyrolt on th« river Acha, 1 1 miles tv. of Kufttdn. KitzinxfUt a town of Franconia, in the principality of WurtKburg, on the filer Mainvi le mitca esc of Wuitz- burg- Kiwi-ttbfOK, a city of China» capital of thcifland of Hainan, on the N coaft, at thK muuth of the Limou. It ftanda on a promontury. and fhipi often an- khor under it* walli. Lon. toy jfl a, lat. 10 6 »• Kivtuja, Qf Cf i'ak> i46milei 8a e of Conftailtiooplc. ton. 30 44 "» IJ*'. 39 14 N. ^ Khdraut a town of Bohctnia* in the (Circle of Pilfcn, near the river Mifa, 30 hiiles w of Pilfcn. Khttatu \ town of Bohemia, in the circle of Filien, on the river Walta» %% miles 8SW of Pilfen. KitHgnaut a town of Swiflerland, in the county bf B.iden. on the river Aar^ fevcn mile* k of Baden. Knartshorougbt a boroUgh in K Vorklhire, with a market on Wednvf- ilay. On a rugged rock, almoft encum- paired by the nVei* Kid, ai-e the ruins of Its caftle. Near it is a famous tbring, called the Dropping Well, which falls in drops from tlic top of a rock, and is pf a ftrong petrifying quality> Kiiarcf' borough is celebrated tor its linen cloth, iheeting, kc- It is j8 miles w by n of York, and 20a N by w of JLondon. Knigbtotit a town of Wales, in Rad- Iiorlhire. with a market ou Thurfday ; bated on the 't'end, 14 miles w of Here* ford, and 15& nw of London. Knightsbridge, a Village in MiddlcfeX^ the firft from London on the great vreftcrn road. Here are extenflve bar* racks for fuldiers, and a confiderable inariuFa^ure of painted iloor-cloths. Kniphauieht a town and caille of Weftphalia, in the territory of Jever, tight miles, ESE of Jever. Kni telfeldt a town of Germany, in Stiria, on the river Meiir, le miles kne ofjudenburg. Knoctopher, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, iz miles s by E oT Kilkenny, and 18 N of Waterford. ^Knattinglejiit a village in W York- inire, on the river Aire, tliree miles Bnb of PontefraA, noted for its trade in lime, which is butilt here in great quan> titles. Knoocvllkt i town of TennefTee, ca- KOO pit.1l of that ftate, wf^the diAri^ of Hamilton, and of Khox county. Hert is a college eftabliihed by government called Blouiit Colligc. It fttnds oh the river Holftou. at miile«, above it* lunAidh with the TcnnciTce, soo t by t of Franktbrt, and 480 Wsw of Ricli* mond. Lon. 84 8 w, lat.ac (8 ir. Knut{/i>rJ, a town irt Cheriiire, wltii a market on Satiirday. Here is » cot- toiumill, and a ihanunAUrb rtf (hag velvets. It is fcven miles A B of North* wich, And i;.-) vUW of London. A'Mftg-nan, a city of China, of the iird rank, in the province of Yun-nan^ 170 miles KSi^ of Vun-nait. KpaHg-ii, a cit;^ of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Yun-uah, toe miles EbE of Yun-nan. Koangjin, a City oi^ China, of the firft rank, in Kiang-fi. Here are maniU fadtures of good papef, and the belt cindles in the empire'. It is ajo milei 8 by w of Nan.king. Ldn. iiB. ae e^ lat. a8 3u N. KohtH, a towrn an4''caquai1g, x by Sea tcl)eun,andwby Yun-nan. Jt is almoft a defert ; but produces the beft hoKe* in China. The itihabltants are moun*' tiiineers, aciiultomed to indcpendehce, and feem to form a fepai^te nation | beit^g no lef" fisrocibus than the favage animals amdng which thty livi>. ISefidtf Koei-yang, the capital, it contains nine cities of the firft, sknd 3^ of the fecoUd and third clafs. KoeHeheout a city of China, df the firft rank, ih Se-tchiien. It ts very rich, through itit great cdmilicrcc, aiia has a cuftomhbufe to t-eceive the duties on merChancife. Valt quantities of muflc are collefted in the neighbourhood, and there arc feveral fprings from Mfhich lalt is procured. It ftands On the gr<;at river Rian-ku, 637 tniles ssW of Peking. Lon. X09 24 E, lat. 3t to Nt JCbfi-yang, a city of China, capital of the provitice of Koei-tcheou. The re- mains of temples and palaces ftill an* nounce its former magnificence. It it 4:0 miles Nw of Canton. Lod. loi l^ s, lat. 26 30 K. Kog*. See J^£e. Aft K O N Kolat a town of Ruflia, in the go. Vcrnmint of Archangel, capital of Ruf- flan Lapland. It has a good'harhour on the river Kola, ne4r a bay of the feme name in the Frozen ocean. Lon. 33 i B.lat. 68 5»N. iio//«, a town of fiohcmia, in the circle of Kaurzim, with a cattle. A little to the w of this place, in 17^7, the Aufti'ians gained a vidoiy over {he Ipruflians. It is sft miles ese of Prague. Kolivarit a government of the Ruf- fiai" ;:mpire, in Siberi.i) formerly inclnd- «d in the government of ToboHk. This country has veryprodndtive filver mines, which have been called the Potofi of RufTia. They lie between the Oby and Irtylh, and chiefly near the mountains which I'eparatx. Siberia from Chinefe Tartary. Kolivan, i: town of Siberia, capital of the government of the fame name. In its neighbourhood are filver mines of confiderable produce. It was formerly called iJerd{koi, and is feated on the river Berd, at its conflux with' the Oby, 480 miles ESE of Tobolflt. Lon. 81 20 K, lat. $$ 28 N. Kolomna, a town of Ruflla, in the r.overnment of Mofcow, and a biflion's fee ; feated on the Occa, near the influx of the Molkvs, 60 miles sb of Mofcow. Kom, or K/ium, a city of Perfia, in the province of Irac, with a celebr.?.ted mofque, and the fuperb tombs of Sefi i and Abas iK The belt (abres and po- niards in Pcrfia are made here. It is ^ated at the foot of high mountains, and near a river which is loft in the treat fait dcfert, 1 10 miles ir of Ifpahan. ,on. 51 14 E, lat. 34 jo N. KcnjT, a town of Negroland, capital of a kingdom of the fame name, on the borders of Guinea, from which it is fe- parated by a ridge of mountains. It is 230 milea ssw of SegO. Lon. 3 jo w , lat. II ao N. KoHffsberff, a town of Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, cele- brated for the richeft: filver mines in Europe. It is fituate on both fides of the river Lowe, 40 miles sw of Chrif- tiania. Lon. to o t, lat. ^9 40 n. Konstivinger^^ town ot Norway, on the frontiers of Sweden, near the river Glommf, at the foot of a fteep rock, «ri which is a ftrong citadel. It is 41 niiie» tik. of ChrliViania. Lou. 12 8 £, lat- bo 12 N- Kong'tchang, a city of China, of ♦lie flrll rank, in the province of Chen-lj. it ftands on the river Hoei, furro'inded by high mountal s, where a tomb is if-M, '."hich tb«i Cliinefe pretend to be K 6 N tbat of Fo-hi. It is 650 miles wsw of Peking, Lon. 104 ao e, l.it.'3456 j,, KonUlh or Koineh. See Cogni. KmiglHgratz, a fbrtiiied town of Bo- homia, capital of a circle of the famti name, and a bifliop's fee. It has a fpacious handfome market-place, and n any very elegant buildings. In 1765 , a body of PniflTian troops entered the town, and laid the greater part of it in alhe8. It is feated on the Elbe, 44 miles E of Prague. Lon. 15 47 e, lat. 50 lO N. Konigsbfrg, a town of Germany, in Upper HelTe, feven miles nw of Gieflen. Kcnigjberg, a towii and caftle of Franconia, 14 miles e of Schweinfurt. Konigsbergy a town and caftle of Si- Icfia, in the principality of Troppau, 15 miles SE of Troppau. Konigiherg, a town of Brandenburg, jn the New mark, on the river Rorike, Sj miles nnw of Cuftrin. Konigiberg, a fortified city, the ca- pital of Pruflla, with a univtrllty, a magnificent palace, and a public li- brary. It (lands on the Pregel, near in entrance irio the Frifch Haff, an inlet of the Baltic. The town-houfc, the exchange, the royal mint, and the ca- thedral are fine ftruflures. The tower of the caftle is very high, whence there is a beautiful profpe(ft. The city is 10 miles in circumference, and contains 58,000 inhabitants, who are principally of the Lutheran religion. Alany of the houfes are large and elegant ; and the trade is verr confiderable. The ftrong citadel, called Frederlclbnrg, is a re- gular fquare, furrounded by broad ditches and the river ; and within it are a church and an >trfenal. No ihips drawing more than feven feet water can pafs the bar, that large veffcls an- chor at Pillau, a fmall town on the Baltic. Konigfberg was taken by the Ruflians in 1758; and in 1807, after the battle of Friedland, it was entered by the French. It is 170 miles n of Warfaw. Lon. ao 45 E, lat. 54 42 n. Kottigsegg, an ancient caftle of Su.ibia, \r\ a county o.' the feme name, eight milfs NW of Raven ft>urg. Konigshof, a town and caftle of Bo- hemia, feated on the Elbe, i a miles ^ of Konigingratz. Konigsiiofenf a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, with a caftle, on the river ^aal, 18 miles nne Schweinfurt. Konigshtier, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the prindpality of Wolfcn- buttle, with a celebrated abbey, on tha rivulet Lutter, to miles b of Bruofwick.' m fevp K Upp tiers ftant ftam impi turei on Lon. N i 650 miles wsw of ;oE, bt.34j6j,. See Cogni, rtifiedtownofBo. circle of the fame J's fee. It has a market-place, and luildings. In 1764 :roop4 entered the reat^r part of it in on the Elbe, 44 Loh. 15 47 E, lat. 'n of Germany, in lilesNwofGieflen. wri and caftle of E of Schweinfurt. n and caftle of Si- ality of Troppau, lau. n of Brandenburg, I the river Rorike, Irin, Ified city, the ca- h a univtrfity, i and a public li. he Progel, near its ifch Haff, an inlet town-houfc, the mint, and the ca- tures. The tower igh, whence there I. The city is 10 ce, and contains ho are principally on. Many of the elegant ; and the ible. The ftrong riclbarg, is a re- rnded by broad and within it are enal. No (hips 'en feet water large velTels an- town on the as taken by the in 1807, after , it was entered 170 miles N of B, lat. 54 4: K. caftle of Suabia, :me name, eight nd caftle of Bo* Ibci 13 miles ."^ of Franconia, in irtzburg, with a J> 18 miles NNE of Lower Sax- ty of Wolfcn- abbey, on tha of Bruntwick.' fe*; , Ii ill K 6 R Keni^^ssee, a town of Vppet Saxotiy, "m Thuririgia, with a caftle on a hill, fevcn miles w of Rudelftadt. Konigstelrit a town and fbrtrefs of tJpper Saxony, in Mifriia* on the fron- tiers of Bohemia. A garrifon is con- ftantly maintained in the tort, which ftands on a mountain, and is deemed impregnable. The town has manufac- tures of woollen and linen, and is feated on the Elbe, 19 miles se of Drefdcti. Lon. 14 14 «» lat- 50 54 w- Konigsteln, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, with a caftle on a rock, 1 1 miles nw of Frankfort. KonitZi a town of W Pruflia, I'o miles NW of Culm. Koocht a town of Hindooftan, in the country of Agra, 60 miles e of Gwalior, jnd95 ssB or Agra. KooHJoor, a town of Hindooftan, cft- toital of a circar, in the province of Orifla. It is 86 miles nnw of Cattack, and 163 ^Vsw of Calcutta. Lon. 85 38 tjlat. ai5*^- Kooshauby a town of Hindooftan, in Lahore, featcd near the Chelum, 88 miles w of Lahore. Lon. 7 1 20 c, lat. 3055H. Kopyh a fortified town of Lithuania; en the Dnieper, 18 miles m of Mohilef. Korfakatit a town of Arabia, in Oman, on a bay of the gulf of Ormus, 110 miles N by w of Roftak. KorgM. See Jorjan. Koriacst a people of Siberia, dividend Into two fons. Thofe properly called Koriacs have a fixed refidcnce; the others are wanderers, and are known by the appellation of Raindeer Koriacs. Their flocks arc numerous, and they maintain them by condiifting them to thofe cantons that abound with mofs. >Vhen thefe paftures are exhaufted, they fetk foi- others. In this manner they wander about, encamping under tents of (kin, and fupporting themfelves with the produce of their deer, which are as ferviceable for draught to the Koriacs, as the do^s are to the Kamt- fchadales. There js, in many refpefts. a great refemblance between the fixea and the wandering Koriacs: yet the tnifunderftanditig which fubfifts among them caufes them to be confidertd as two difftt^t people. Thtir country, however, is the lame, and takes in a *aft extent; bounded on the s by Kluntfchatka and the giilf of Pengioa. k by (he country of the Oluterians, N \iy that of the Tchoukchis, and w by tUfc Totigoufcs, the I^amouts, and the Ya- kouts. The number of fixed Koriacs fcarcely exceeds nine hundred; and ttioUgh it Js not cafy to calculate that df the wandering Koriacs, it is imagined that they 'do nbt much furpafs this amount. The manners of the former are a mixture of duplicity, milllrult, and avarice. Robbers by nature, they are fufpicious, cruel, incapable cither of be- nevolence or pity. From this perfidious and favage difpofition, It would not be eafy for them to live in peace, or form any durable ties with their neighbours: hence their continual infurreftioris againft the Ruffians, and their daily in- curfions on the people who furround them ) hence the refpeftivc .mimofities and revenge that inceflantly fpring up. This ftate of war foments in every in- dividual a ferocious fpirit. The prac* tice of attacking, atid of defending themfelves, creates ih them an inflexi- ble courage, which delights in perpe- tual combats, and glories in a contempt of life. Superftition lends its aid to ennoble In their eyes this thirft of blood, by impofing a law that obliges them to conquer or to die. Neither the bravery nOr the number of their adverfaries can at all intimidate them ; it is then they fwear to destroy the sun. They dif- chargc this terrible oath by cutting thft throats of their wives and dhiidren» burning all their poflcffions, and rufh- fng madly into the midft' of their ene- mies. The combat cannot terminate but by the total defthiCtion of one of the parties; fof the vanquiftied nevet- feek their fafety by flight, and not a Koriac will furvive the Ilaughter of hit countrymen. Their regular occupation is hunting and fifhing; but every leiroti will not permit them to follow It. Dur- ing thefe intervals, fliut up in their dee^ habitations, they fleep, fmoke, and get drunk. Thoughtlefs of the futufd, without regret for the part, they cottit not out of their jourts till the moft urgent neceflity compels them. Ti;efc jouvts are larger than thofe of tj*ft Kamtfchadales ; but their filthinefs ii more difgufting, for there is neither dt.jr, nor vent-hdTe fot the fmoke. The^ live upon dried filh, and the flefll and fat of the whale and leawolf. The whale is commonly eaten raw, and thft feawolf dried and cooked in'the fitmd tnanncr as their flfh, except the flnews. the marrow, the brain, and now and then a flice of the flefh, w^hich they de^ \Vour raw with extreme avidity. Rain- deei- is their faVoUf ite diflfi . Vegetable^ alfo form a part of their food: they gather in atltnmn vr^rous forts of^h'el'- nes, of a part ox which th«y make a re- i,?fhing bcrerage, and the i^ft is hrviXC* Aa « KO R ed to powder, and kneaded with the oil of the whale or feawolf. Their paflion for ftrong liquors, iRcreafed by uie dif' iiculty or procurtn£f branar, has led them to invent a drink equally potent, \^hich they extradt from a red muih- room- The features of the majority of the Koriacs are not Afiatic ; and they might be confidered 9s Europeans, but for their low ffatitrc, their ill ihape, and the colour of their fkin* The other Koriacs have th^ fame charadleriftic outlines as the Kamtfbhada'les. Among the women, particularly, there ai-e very few who han^e not funk eyes, flat noies, and prominent cht^eks. The men are almoft entirely bcardlefs, and have fhort hair. The women carry their children !p a kind of net or balket arched over, in which the infant is placed in a fitting poffure, and (heltered from the weather. A plnraFity of wives is not allowed among the Koriacs } although there have been inftances of its being prac- tif«d without fcrupfe. When a Koriae dies, his relations and neighbours alFeatr blc to pay him their kift refpefts. Th^y ere^ a funeral pile, upon which they place a portion of the wealth of the deceafed, and a ftock of proviiions, eon- fifi'ng of whatever they conceive he will wan« for his great journey, and to keep him ftroni ftarving in the other world. If he be a wandering Koriae, bis deer condudt him to the pile ; if a reCdent Koriae, he is drawn < by his dogs, or carried by his relations. The body IS exhibited, clothed in bis beft attire, and lying in a kind of coffin. There it receives the adieu of the at- tendants/ who, with tordies in their hands, coniider it as an honoitr fpeedily to reduce their relatioiv or frti^nd to afheit They feel only the regret of a IhoH ab&nce, and! not of an et(.>m fVrthem unha^py.^ I>linan.- It is feated' in a vaft plain, between two large rivers, 3 vz miles a of Pekmg. Lon,. 1 1^ 39 B, lat. 34 30 N. . Kaus, or Cos J, a town of Egypt, on the E bank of the Nile, once a place of great wealth, and trade, being the ftaple of commerce between the Nile and the Redfea. I^ is i8milessof£fendera,and. 45 NiHi of Efifie. Kownof a town of Lithuania, at the conflux of the Wilna and Nicinen, 40 mUes w of Wllna. Krainburg^ a town of Bavaria, feated on the Inn, five miles ne of Hurkhaufen. Krainburg, » town of Germany, in Carniola, with a caftle, feated on the Save, iff mifes n w of Laubach. Krainoiwitx, a town of Silefij., in the principality of Troppau, fix miles ssw of RatiboF. Kranichftldt a town of .Upper Sax." onyft in Thuringia. on tlie river lini, v* Riiks sift of ErCitit* mnes n of Rati. ;o. Lon. 5 45 e', of £jgypt> on once a place of being the itaple the Nile and the of iDendera, and ' Bavaria, feated loflVurkhaufen. ►f Germany, in , feated on the aubtich. >f Silefif., in Jhe L fix miles «sw lof .Upper Sa»- Tib river IIin» »» ^ U B K/appit9i a town of Si1e(i|it in the principality/of Oppelen,vr»th a caftic, at the conflux of the Prudnitr yfiXh the Od«r, 14 miles 3 of O ppel w ■ Krasnipolt a town of Pcland( in the palatinate of Podolia, 3* miles mne of Kaminic'ck. Krasnoslaw, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Chelm, 26 miles ssw ofChelm. Kratifen, a town of Bohemia, in the citcie of Leitmeritz. It has confider- able tin mines in its vicinity, and is 17 inilesWNw of Leitmeritz. KraufheitHt a town and caftic of Franconia, in "the duchy of Wnrtzbnrg, m the river Jaxt, 15 miles sw of Mer- gentheim. Krekitlh a corporate town of Walesa in Carnarvonfhire, with a market on WedncWay, fcated on the Irifh fea, near Traeth-Amawer bay, where a caf- tle formerly ftood, now m ruinS; It is 13 nfiks s ^y G of Carnarvo-n, and 334 kw of London. Kremfie, a town of Lower Satony, in Holllein, feated in a marfh and on a river of its name, five miles k of Gliick* ftadt. Krems, a town of Auftria, which has alum-works, and manufa<5lure8 of velvet, filk ituffs, and excellent thread. It is fcated at the conflux of the Krems with the Danube, 36 miles wnw of Vienna. Lon. 15 36 k, lat. 48 34 n. Kronbergy a town of Auftria, on the Danube, oppofite Clofter Neuburg, tight miles nnw of Vienna. Kronberg. See Cronenberg- Krujzwica, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Brzefc, with a callle, tiqted for being the birthplace of Piaft, who, from the ftation of a private citizen, was elected king of Poland in the year 84*. It is feated on the lake Goplo, j8 miles w of Brzefc. , Krutzow, a ftrorg town of Lithu- ania> feated on the Sofz, 30 miles swof Mos5cifl:iw. Lon. ^z 4 e, lat. ^4 8N. Krylow, a ftrong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kiof, feated on the Dnieper, 140 miles se of Kiof. Lon. 33 50 E, lat. 4a 50 N. Kubesha, a llrong town, in the coun- try of the Lefguis, fituate on a hill, be- tween high mountains. Its inhabitants call thcmftflves Franki (Franks, a name common in the eaft to all Europeans) and form a republic. 'Ihey are excel- lent artills, and make very good fire- arms, fahres, coats of mail, and feveral articles in gold and filver, for exporta- ^1. They have, likcwifC) for tl^cir k u ft own defSn)ce» fmall Copper cannons, of three pounds calibre, calf by themfe1ve». They coin Turkiih and Perfian filver money, and even rubles, which readily pafs cunent, becaufc they are of the full weight nnd value. Kubefha is confid^red as a neutral town, where the netghfboui^ng princes can depoiit their treafure wiA fafet-y. In 1725, it ac- knowledged the fovereignty of Rufiia, but w^ithout paying any tribute. Lon. 47 59 B, lat. 4230 w. Kttftte'in, i Arong town of Germany, in Tyrol, with a caftte on a rock. It furrendered to the French and Bava- rians in 1805. It is feated on the Inn, on the frontiers of Bavaria, 46 miles SSE of Munich. Lon- 12 i j k, lat- 47 30 N. Kuhhheimy or Kuttrbeintf a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Mentz, .12 miles enb of Heidelberg. Kundapvra, a to>vn of Hindooftan, in Canara, and the chief place in the northern part of that province. It is feated near the mouth of a river f the fame name, whteh' here expands into a lake, and forms a number of iflands. It is the port for all goods coming from, or going to Nagara ; but the bar will not admit veiTels that draw morq than twelve feet. It is 30 miles wsw of Nagara, and 54 nnw of Mangalore. Lon. 74 45 w, lat. 13 34 n- Kumrsdorf, a village of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, three miles ene of Frankfort on the Oder. Here, in 1759, was fought one of the moft bloody battles on record between the PruOiaiis and Ruflians, in which the king of iPruflia, aftier a great flaughter of the enemy for jupward of fix hours, was in the end olyliged to quit the field, with the lo^ of aU his cannan and 20,000 m£ii. Kuntl-igt a town of Franconia, in the principality of Aichftadt, at the conflux of the Schwarzach with the Altmuhli, 12 miles NE of Aichftadt. Kuopia, a town of Sweden, in Fin- land, capital of Savolax, and that part of Carelia remaining to Sweden. It is fituate on the w fide of an extenfive lake, 20O miles SE of'Ulea. Lot). 29 10 E, lat. 63 2(3 N. Ktipferberg, a mine-town pf Silefia» in the principality of Jauer, on the river Pober, iQipiles e of Schweidnitz, Kupferber^y a towp of Franconia« xji the princtpality pf Bambergi eight miles NE pf Cul^^hach. Kurt a river of Perfia, which rifes in th; Caucafian moimtains, pafles by Tcfflis^and flowi si to the Csfpian fc» At It« mouth are ieverali(let8> liable |o pe overflow^ in the ipriog. Eurik$t a chain of finall i(1and«» tXr tendiog from Cape Lopatlpa, the t prot inontory of l^amtfcbatka, in a sw dir |«Aion, to the vx ^nd oiF Jeflb. The inhabitants of Hie neighbourhood of Cape Lopatka, who ^^ere called Kurilesi gave thefe iflaods the fame'namei as iboa ^8 they became acquainted with them. They are a i in number* e^- clufive of the very froall one?. The northemmoft, called Shoomikai is three leagues from Qapt Lopatka : the n^xt» named Paramouficy is confidera- biy larger than Shoomfca. Thofe two iflands were firft viftted by the Ruflianp, in 1713* who have found it conve- nient to fubftitute numbers fur the an- cient names of Ihuie iflands, concern- ing which authors are much at varit ance. They now call them No. i> No. s« &c. as high as ai, which laft termin- ates the pretentions of Ru£Ga. Of thefe four only are inhabited< No. it a^ 13, 14 ; hut on the others, the illanders land occafionally from their cauocs for the fake of h%:nting foxes and otters. The natives are vetty hairy, wear long beards, and live entirely upon feals, flfh, and the produce of the chafe. They are hofpitable and docile i and have nil embraced theChriftian religion. Huron, a chain of mountains in Afiatic Turkey. See T^^'riu. Kursk, a government of the Rufllan empire, formerly part of that of Bielgo- rod. Its capital, of the fame name, is feated on the Tukor, which runs into the Sem. Lon. 37 & e, lat. 51 40 n. Kusistaif, or Oitahtany a province of Perfia, bounded on the n by Irac-Agemi, S by FarBiVan, s by the gulf of Perfia, ^nd w by Jrac-Arab). The n part is mountainous, the s flat and marfliy. Toftar is the capital. Kutajah. See C/iiutt^a. Kutteniergt a town of Bohemia, featcd near a mountain, in which are filvt/ inines, ^ miles VW of Czaflau. Kuttore, a country of Alia, betv/ecn the KE part of Cabul and the nw of Cathmere. The Mahometans call it CaferiAan, o^ the Land of Inddcls. It has a town and fortrefs pf the fame name, 100 miles ne of Cabul, and aSo NW of Lahore. Lob. 70 17 E, lat. 35 «7 N. Kuj/tder, a town and fortrefs of Hoi. ^nd> in Friefland, on the w fide of the river Kuynder, at its entrance into the ^uider Zee, ;t3 miles s of Lewarden. Kvzneckt a town of Siberia, capital fl^ a province of the i^e n<^n^, in th? t AH S|Overamcnt of Kolivao. It hu mann, adures of iron, and ftand* 09 t|>e Tom, at the influx of the Kondoma, ajo milci Esk of KoUvan. ton. 85 50 e, lat. £4 H^lhurgt a town of France, in the de< partment of Sarre, lately of Germany, in the electorate of Treves- It hai a collegiate church, ^nd is feated oa the Kyllf 16 miles N of Treves. KifHetot^. Sec Kington. Kyr^gur, a fortrefs of Hindooftan, in Berar, near the Luchnow hills, 95 miles sw of Ruttunpour, and 110 e by n o( Nagpour. Kyritzt a town of Brandenburg, in the mark ofJPregnit;^, nine miles ne of Havelberg. Laabt a town of Auftria, on the river Teya and borders of Moravia, 30 miles N by w of Vienna. Lon. 16' 39 e, Ut. 48 43 N. Laatt a town of Germany, in Car- niola, with a trade in fait, leather, and horfes, is miles s of LaUbach. Ijabadia^ a town of Italy, in Polefina di Rovigo, feated on the Adige, so miles NNw orFerrara. Labes, a town of Further Poflierania, with manufadures of cloth, feated 09 the Reca, as miles ne of New Star- gard. Labia, a town of Etiropean Turkey, in Servia, 6a miles sw of Nifla. Lfibiau, a town of E Pruffia, at yie mouth of the Deime, near the Ciiri^-h Haflf, with a ftrong caftle, 30 miles ne of Konigflierg. Labourd, a late territory of France, part of that of Baffj^Ues. It abounds in truit, and is now mcluded in the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees. Labrador, a country of N America, on the E fide of Hudfon bay. The climate, in only lat- 57 n, is cxceflively cold during iviiiter. The ice be.^ins to difappear in May; and about .'he mid- dle of June commeuccs hot weather, which at times is fo violent as to fcorch tl;ier,faccs of the hunters. Mock funs and halos are not unfrequent ; and the night is enlivened by the atu-ora bo- realis, which fpreads over the whole fky. The animals are moofedecrs, ftagsi raindeers, bears, tigers, buifalos, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, fquirrels, ermines, wild cats, and hares. The feathered kinds are gecfe, buftards, duclts, partridgesi and jill kind? of vil4 fpwU. The fifltei are wUIes, morfM* Tcalii cod, and a wbite fiOk pieferable to herrings; and in the rivert and fre(h wa- ters arc pik(i» perch, carp» and tFO\it. To (ummcr, there is here, a* in ot)ifr cold places, a variety in t^ cplour of the fcvcral animals ; but when that feafon is ova, which continiies only far three months, they all aOume the livery o^ wintL-r, and every fort of beafts, and mod of the fowls, are of the colour of the fnow* ^e New Britain, EsqtU' mauXt and Uvdun Bay. laccadives, a group of Tmall iflanda, in the Indian fea, lying w of the coaft ot' Alalabar. They are thiity-two m number ; and their chief tramc is the produce of the cocoa palm, fuch as oil, cables, and cordage ; and in drfed ^ih. Thefe are font to the continent uf India, whence they get rice, kc. in return ; ^d alfo to Mafcat, in large boats, which bring back dates and coffee. Qalpeny, one of the largeft* lies moft to the s and K ; and its 8 extremity is 170 mile^ w ot Cochin. Lon. 73 ^^ e, lat. iq o N. Lacedogna. See Cedogna. Lacbsa, a city of Arabia, capital of the province of Bahrin. It is well built, and feated on the Aftan, which flows into a conliderable bay of the gulf of Per/la, oppofite the ille of Bahrin. ( fians. This induced Peter the great to cut a canal 67 miles in length, from the sE extremity of this lake to the river >Jeva, by which it has conununication with the gulf of Finland. Ladoga, Newf a town of Ruffia, in the government of Peteriburg, feated on the Volkbof, between the lake and canal of Lagoda. Old Ladoga, an in- con''.derable place, is higher up the Vulkhof. New Ladoga is 66 miles £ of Peteriburg. Lon. 31 41 £,Iat. 600 n. Ladrones, or Marian Islatidi, iflands of the Pacific ocean. They are eleven in number, exclufive of the fmal) iflets and rocks, lying in 14.0 t: lon. an4 be- tween 11 and as n lat. They were diicovercd by Magellan, in 1541. He touche4 $?ft at the iiland of Guam, whem the iMlives t^lc ibmc of h». goo^Sf which cauf(p4 himto naqie tbefii) ulands |he {^adrpnet, or lilandt fit. Thieves. Befide the otiter ft-ui^s par tur^l to the foil and clitpalte, here ii the bread-fruit tree in abundance. Th& namef of the principal iflands are Say- pan, 7inian, Guam, and Rora. L^guascoi a town of Piedmont, 34 milef s of Turin- ', Lagtti/xjsk town of France, in th(; fi^n partment of Seine and Mame, with a late famous Benedidtine abbey ^ reate4 on the Mamo, 15 miles e gf Pans. Logoff a feaport of Portugal, in Al- garva, with a caftle. Here the Eni^liih; fleets bound to the Mediterranean, ulaal- ly take in frefli water. OfTthe cape ikju^ this town, in 1759, admiral Bou;awet| defeated a French fleet. It is 1 20 miles ssE of Liibon. Lop. 9 361 w, lat. 37 14 N. LagHHo, the capital of Tenentf. ^ce Christophe 4* Lqguna, St. Lui^uaes of Feafcf^ the marihes of lakes m Italy, on which Venice is feat- ed. They communicate with the fea, and are tlie fecurity of the city. Ther« are about 60 iflands in thefe Lagiines, which together make a bjlhop a fee. Eurano is the moft confiderable, next to thofe on which Venice (Winds. La/ift, a river <^ G<'rmany, which rifes in Hefle-Caflel, and flows by Mar- burg, Wetzlar, and N^flau into th^ Rhine, above Coblcntz. Lahtif a town of Silefla, in the prin- cipality of Jauer, near which Is the caftle of Lah^haus. |t is feated 9n thf: Sober, 10 miles mnw of Hirfchbei:g. Labolnif a feaport of Sweden, in Haf- land, with a caftle ; feated on the Lagz, near its entrance into the Categat, i a miles 8SB of Halmftadt. Xoa. la 56 i» lat. 56 31 N. Lahore* a province of Hindooftan, bounded on th^ w by Candahar, n by Caflimcre, e by Sirinagur and Delh|> and s by Moultan. It is often called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers. It is extenfive and fertile ; aftbrding, iu addition to all the necc(rari«?« of life, wine, fugar, and cotton wood. In the traft between the Indus and the Cheluqi are fait mines, which afford pi<^es of r(S:k fait, hard enough to be formed into veflels, &c. See Panj^ik' Lahwe, a city of Uindooftaa,, caiMt^l of a province of the fame name, and of the country of the Seiks. It was tbf refidence of the Mahometan conqueror of I^tndopftan, before they ha4 efta- bliflied tbemfelves in the central par^ of the country ; apd owes its modci^a If A M' ImpfO^ementi to Humaioon, thefcther di Acbar» who madt it his refidenoe during a part of his trouUcronie reign. The city and it« i\iburt« form a cir- ci^ference of ftiVfii ntiks. It ia fur* rounded br witUs of brick, and adorned with beautiful edifices 9nd jiafdens. Here are nuinufrtdtnrcs of cotton cloths and ftuffs of a!! kirds, and of very curir ous carpets. It is ruu.itc on the « bank of the Kauvee, aio miles s of Caflimcrc, 9nd X90 Nw of Delhi. Lon 72 48 e^ lat. 31 J N. ' JuiAr, a town of Weftphalia, in the principality of j^unfter^ i» miles Nw of Munfter. luihr^A town of Siiabin* in the Brif- |:au«on thf; river 9chutter» 19 miles n of Friburg. ^ luiinot a town of >faples, in Calabria Citeriorc, near a river of the fame name, 19 miles WN w of Caffano. £«?;■<»«, a town of Perfia, in the pro- vince of Mczanderan, pear the coaft of the Cafpian fea, sp miles s of Refht. Lai'teheouy a city of China, of the Srft rank, in the province of Chang- tong, with a convenient harbour on the Yellow fea. It ftands on a promontory, S55 miles se of Peking. Lon. 1 1 9 46 12, lat. 37 9 w. Lalandi an ifjand of Denmark, in the Baltic* lying w of Failter, from which it is feparited by a narrow chan- nel. It is fertile in corn, with which it fiipplies CQpei)ha|;er)> Naxkow is the capital. Laiangf an ifland, near the nt coaft of the ifland of Sumatra, in the ftrait of Malacca. Lon. 99 20 E, ht. i 45 n. Lamhaeht a towp of Au^ria, 2^ mile^ SSWofLintz. Lambalht a town of France, in the department of Ootes du Nord, with a good trac^e in cattle, linen, and pafch- ment, II miles Ese of St. Briepx. j^miayeque, a town on the cuaft of Peru, wi0i upward of 30,600 inhabit- ants, the generality of whom' are poor Spaniard^, Mulattos, and Indians. It is 1 10 miles no ht of Triij^illo. Lon. 79 35 w, lat. (5 A5 9. ^ l.«mb€SCt a town of France, in the department of Mo^^ths of the Rhone, pine mii^s tt of Aix. Lamiei/iif^ yi\h^ in gnVry, on the r|ver Thstime;, oppofite Weftminftcr. Here the arehbifhop of Canterbury has •n ancieiit palace. By the vaft ino^afi* of buildings, Lan^b^ii) is npyf jqined to the mttropblts, in a dire^iqq tp each of th^ thri'e bridges. Here are a m^^ iiufadture of artificial ftone, ext^nfive >f or)ci for vinegar aod boi|acnMdt \|rinc> LAM a patent fltot manufaAure, «nd nun^en ous timber yards, fupplied with great ftores of foreign timber. LamboxtTHt a town in Berkfliire; with a miirket on Friday, feated on a river of the <^me name, 15 miles sw of Abing. don, and 6s w of London, Lanugo, a city of Portugal, in Beira. ^nd a biAiop's fee, with a (Irong citadel, two cathei'ral churches, and four con- vents. Htre the ftates affembled to con. firm the eleAion of Alfonao I^entiquez, the firft king of Fcrtugal, and enaittd the fundamental laws, now forgotten. It is feated on the Douero,-5q miles e of Oporto. I,an. 7 30 w, lat 41 12 n. luimernfuir, a mountainous ridge in Scotland, which divides the county of Ber>vick from that of Haddington for above 20 miles, and terminates on the ^V at Soutra hill, which is elevated looq feet above the fea level. Thefe hills are bleak and barren, alfqrding but fcanty pafture for ih<»p. Lamlatht a town of Scotland, on the SE coaft of the ifle of Arran, on a bay pf its name, which forrns one of the fafeft harbours in the univerfe, for vcf, fcls of any fiiie. It is fheltered f^oiii the fea by a lofty idet, two miles long, called Holy Idf.-. Lon. 4 55 w,'lat. 55 Lamo, an idand of Africa, on the coaft of Zanpuebar, tributary to the Portu^uefe. Its capital, uf the fame name, Is well fortified. Lon. 40 24 e, lat. % OS, Lampa^ a town of Peru, capital of a jurifdiilion, in the biihopric of Cufco. The country is in fome parts very fer. tile, others urtprodudive ; but filvcr mines are abundant. Jt is 130 miles s by w of Cufpo. Lon. 7; o W, lat. 14 56 s. Lampeiosat an ifland in the Mediter- ranean, between th coaft of Tunis and the ifland of Malta, (tie 12 miles in circumference, plcafant and fertile, but not inhabited ; and has a good harbour, \Yhere (hips water. Lon. 12 24 e, lat. 35 40 N- Lamport, a town of Sumatra, capital of a diilrid belonging to the king of Bantam. The Dutch have a refident here. It is fituate on a bay of the fam^ name, in the ftrait of Sunda, 180 miles se of Bencoolen. Lon. 104 15 e, lat. 340 V. Lampsautt a town of A fiatic Turkey, in ^atolia, celebrated for its wine^ feated on the fea of Marmora, fix miles from the Dardanelles. Lamtpringe, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in thoprincipahty of IiilderiheitR> LA N HtUAte id. the fuurce of the rivulet Lamci If miles H of Hiiderlheim. Lnncashlret a county of England, bounded on the N by Cumberland and Weftmorland, e by Yorkfliire, s by Cheihire, and w by the Irilh Tea. It is ;4 miles from w to s (including a de- tached hundred on the n w, called Fur- neft, which is feparated firom the reft by a creeki at the head of Morecambe bay) and its greatest breadth is'^lf "lili^B. It contains 11155,840 acreaf; is divided ii'.to fix hundreds, and 63 ^iirifhes ; ha^ 17 marktt-towns ; and tends 14 mem- bers to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 672,731. It is a county-palatine, under the title of the Duchy of Lancafter ; the only diichy of England (that of Cornwall excepted) which is not merely titular. This coun- ty comprifes a variety of f()il and face of country ; but upon the whole, u one of thofe which are rhe leaft favoured by na- ture. The hundtci of Fvirncfs is a wild and rugged region ftored with quanti- ties of ii'on-orc and flate, and covered with a growth of uiderwood, which is cut in fuccelllon, and made into char- coal. The b part, between the Kibble and the Merfey, comprifing the ancient forefts of Wyrcfdale and Bowland, is mountainous t-^nd generally barren ; but the s part of the traft betivecn thefc two rivers is flat, quite from the fea to the commencement of the ridge called ^lacktton<>dge, which feparates the county from Yorkfliire. MuQh of this is a fertile country, though occalionally deformed by black turf bogs, here called moffes } fomc oi' which are of large ex- tent, and impaflable in wet feafons. ' In the NE part of this diviiion are fome lofty hillsj the moft noted of wliich is Pcndle hill.' The remaining part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. Lan« cafhire is Ijttic adapted for a corn coun- try, but IS Angularly fitted for the growth of pi)tatoes. Among its pro- du^s U a fpecies of coal, called cannel, far exceeding all other, i)ot only in making a clear Kre, but (or being capa- ble of being manufaiflyred into candle* (licks, cups, ftaudilhes, fnuff-boxes, Sec, As a commercial and manufacturing county, it is iuperior to any other in the kingdom. Its principal manufac- tures an; linen, (ilk, and cotton goods; fuftians and counterpanes, flialoons, bays, fergesj tapes, hats, caqyas, fack- ing, pins, iron goods, plate-glals, &c. Of the commerce of thii county, it may fuilice to ob/erve, that Liverpool is the fecond port in the kingdom. The prii)cipal rivers are the Alerley, Irvyell, LAN Ki jUe, toync, Lcvern, VVyre, IIod4nv Koche> Duddon, Winlt^, and Keai , and it has two con6d<.'rjd)]e lakes, Win- ander-mere and Cooifton-iaere. It bat alfo numerous canals, and 'the hoaour of exhibiting th? firft regular one in the kingdom, which was Ixgun by the duke of Bridge water in 1758- Laneatter, a borough and the capital of Lancafbii'c, governed by a mayor* with a market on Saturday, ft i s icated on the Loyne, or Lune, which forro« a. port for vflfels of moderate burden* and ' over it are two ftone bridges. Along the river fide is a tine quay, alio yards tor ihip-buildingi and a oanal* from Kendal, winds round the £ part ' of the town, which is conveyed over the river by an aquedudl of five arches, each of fcyeiity feet fpan. In iSot the Qumber of itih.ibitants wag 903a. The church is a fine ftrafture, on the fide of a bill, on the fitmmit of which is a noble caftle, ferving both as the (hire- houfe and the county-gaol. Here are alfo. a neat chapel, feveral meeting- houfei, and an exchange. On the top of the caftle is a fquare tower, called John of Oaunt's Chair, whence there is an extenfive proipedt. Five miles from this place is Dunaldimill-hole, a cave at the foot of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and paflea two miles under ground before it ap- pears again : Ibme of its vaults are fo hig^, that they refemble theroof of a church,- and in other parts lb low, that they can be pa fled only by creeping on the bands and feet. Lancafter carries on a confi- derable trade, efpecially to the W In- dies { is noted for the making of maho- gany cabinet ware ; and has manufac- tures of canvas and coarfe linens. It is 66 miles s of Carlifle, and 240 nnw of London. Lon. s j6 w, Ut. 54 4 k. Lancaster, a borough of Pennfyl- vani'\, capital of a county of the fame name- Befide fix churches, and other public buildings, it contains a college founded in 1787, called Franklin Col- lege. Here are manufaftures of guns and other hardware. It is featcd near Coneftogu creek, which runs into the i^iufquehanna, 58 miles w by k of Phila- delphia. Loh. 76 32 w. lat. 40 i m. Lancaster, a town of the ftate of Ohio, capital of Fairfield county, feated on the Hockhocking, 50 miles w of Marietta. Lancaster, a town of MafTachufets, ifj Worcefter county. In its vicinity it a quarry of excellent ftones for tombs, and the' belt Hates for hoitfes. It is fituate on a branch of the Nalhua, which ! i LAN n*ni into th« Mfirriinau, 14 miles m bf ^ of Worcrfer, and ,^5 wwn of Botton. Jnuittratat one or the C»narv iOts^ 3« milea long and 10 broad. It is vrry higi^ and has a good harbour at the mf. mkI^ I«on> 13 t6 w, lat. 19 14 n. Xtf «««!«•» a town of Naples, in Abru'/zo Citeriore> and an archbiiTiop's fect It is famous for two grt-ai annual fairst and feated on the Fettrinot 106 milw M by B of Naples. Lon. 14 jo b, lat. 4S >8 M. Ltmdau, a ftrong town of France, in the department of Lower Khiiic. It was formerly imperial, hut cedt>d to t|>e French in i6lle; after which it was fortified by Louis xiv. In 1702 it was taken by the Auftrians, and the next year was retaken b^ the Fi-cnch. It furrendercd to the allies in 1 704, and be* lon|(ed to the empire till i7i.^, when it agam It'll into the hands of the French, to wham it was ceded, with its diftriA, in 1714, by the trenty of Baden. In 1^9.3 it was attacked by the Auftrians and Pruflians, wJthcut Aiccefs. It is feated on the Queich, so miles wsw of Spirci and 4.) nnk of Stralburg. Lon, 8 7 E, lat. 49 I a K. * LanJaut a town of Germany, in the cUtrls of Ui)per Rhine, and county of Waldeck, nine milcfr mi of Corbach. LandoKt a town of Lower S.ixuny, in the duohy of Brunfwick. featwl on the Jluhme, 13 miles ene of Outtingcn. Lamiau, a town of Bavaria, tituate on an eminence, on the Ifer^ 15 miles use ofStraubingen. Landtnt a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, famous for a bloody battle |ained by the French over the allieM. in 1693; ^<) for •*> battle in 1793, in which the Auftrians defeated the French. It i» feated on the Becke, 18 miles ksf. of Louvain. Landerngu, a town of France, in the department of Finifterre, feated on the lilhom, :o miles ne of Brcft. LauJerou, a town of Swilforland, in the principality of NeuchateK fituatv at the 8'* extremity of the lake of Biemie, ieven miles ve of Ni^uchatel. Landes, a department of France, in- f:lnding the late territory of Marfan. It fakes its name from a diltri<5l, heretofore called Landes, extending along thu coaft of the bay of Bifcay. It is a barren fandy country, covered with fern, pine.s, and the holm-tree, of the bark of which corks are made. Mont de Marfan is the capital. Loadrety^ a ftrong town of France, in the depai-tment of Nord. It was be- flegcd ia vain by prince Eugene in 1713. LAN It was taken bv the allies in 1794, after a ft'vcru bonibardmvnt i but (hortiy after U>e uarrilon furrendervd to the French. It is feated on the Sambta, 18 miles I by s of Cambray, and 19 s by E of V,'tlenciennes. handrianot a town of Italy, in the Milancfe, 11 miles SSB of Milan. Landiierg, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, with a confiderable trade in clot^^t anil wool. In i7i;tt it was takt'n by the KuftianH. It it feated on the Warta, 33 miles ne of Cuftriti. Landibergt a town of Bavaria, with a caftle. on thu frontiers of Suabia, near the river Lech, so milcg * of Augfburg. Landscroa, a fortified leapoit of Swe- den, in Suhonan, feated un an idand, near the Sound, with a good harbour between the continent and a fmall if., land. It is so miles nw of Lund, and :^i KNB of Copenhagen. Lon. is 51 e, lat«55 j3 N. Landstrotit a town and fort of Poland, in th<.> palatinate of Cracow, 24 milei s of (-'racow. LandttroHt a fort of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, feated on an eminence, on the borders of Swiffer* land, five miles sw of Bafcl. Landj-fttdf a promontory in Corn- wall, and the mod wefterfy point of Great Britain- It is a vaft aggregate of moorftune, and on the outcrmoft rockg at low water are to be feen veins of lead and copper. Lon. 5 4% w, lat. 50 4 n. Lundibut, a town of Bavaria, with a palace, a collegiate church, and a beau* tiful convent. Upon an adjacent moun« tain is the ancient caltle of Traufnitz. It is feated on an ifland in the river Ifer, 3^ miles NE of Munich. Lon. is 11 e, lat. 48 30 N. luindilinU a town of Silcda, in the principality of Schweidnitz. It has a flouriihing linen trade, and is feated on the Ooher, as miles sw of Schweidnitz. LandshtiU a town of Moravia, feated on tht: Murau, on the confines of Hun- gary and Auilria, 36 miles se of Brunn, f,aiidstraw of Long* furd, and 15 N of Athlonc. Langanico, the ancient Olympia, a town of Kuropean Turkt-y, in the Mo- res, fituatc on thv fmall river Carbon, the ancient Alphcun. It was once a city of great note, near which the fa- mous Olympian games were celehraU cd ; and here was a fine temple of Jupi- ter Olympus, with a celebrated image of that god, 50 cubits high, which was ri-ckoned one of the feven wonders of the world< It iS' now an inconfiderable plnce, 3a miles sse of Chiarenza, and ^oiiw of Corinth. Langeacf a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, fcatcd near theAllicr, among mountains, i a miles :j by E of Brioude. Langedisy a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, fcated on the Loirci i» miles w of Tours. hangehndi an iflund of Denmark, in the s part of the Great Belt. It is 33 miles long, but fcarcely five broad, and produces plenty of corn. The princi- pal town IS Kudkioping. Langenbergt a town of Franconia, in theVprincipality of Hohenlohc, with a caille; feated on the Jaxt, 13 miles s of Mergentheim. iMngensalza, a town of Upper Sax- pny, capital of Thuringia, with a cillle, a college, and two church«s. The en- virons arc pleafant, and it has noted inanufadlures of ftuffs. It Hands on the Salza, near its conflux with the Unflrut, 17 miles w by N of Erfurt, Lon. jo 4aE,lat. 51 5 N- Langtntbal, a town of SwiflTerland, in the canton of Bern. Here are three annual fairs, at which great quantities of linen, as alfo cattle, cheefe, and grain, are fold. Near the town are fom« medicinal fprings. It is 10 miles K of Soleure, and 18 ne of Bern. Langenzenn, a town of Franconia, in the principality of AnipacJi, on the ri- ver Zenn, and near tbe Rcdnkz, m nilea nk of AnAjMch. Latij^holmt a town of Spotland* in Dunifriesihire, with an e^t;eoiivc cot- ton manufaAure; feated en tbo Kft* on the borders of England, 98 mikai » by w ofCailifle. LanrioMe, a city, deemed by Tome the capital, of the* kingdom of Laos. It has a magnificent royal palace, and flanda 00 a fmall river, 290 miles utrw ofLanja.1. Lon. foi 15 b, lat. aaaav, Langogutt a town of France, in the department of Lozere, st miled Ks oC Mcnde, and 33 w of Frivas. Langon, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, feated on tbe Onronne. 15 miles n of Bazas. Lt/Hg/>ort, a town in Somcrfctfliir with a market on Saturday, feated on a hill, by the river Panet, which is na- vigable for barges, 10 miles sk of Bridgewater, and u8 w by s of Lon- don. Langres, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, and late- ly a biihop's fee. Its cutlery wares arc in high efteem. It is feated on a mountain, near the fource of the Marne, 35 miles KE of DiJon. Lon. 5 19 e, lat. 47 52 N. Languard Fortt a ftrong fort of England, fituate on a fandy point of land on the Sufibik fide of the hartiour of Harwich, but within the limits of Eflex. At high-water it is furrounded by the fea, and becomes an ifland near- ly a mile from the (hore. It was ereAed for the defence of the port of Harwich* and has a garrifon, under tbe command of a governor. Lan^uedac, a late province of France* 225 miles long, and 100 virhere broad- en ; bounded on the e by Daupbiny and Provence, sk by the Mediterranean* s by RoufiUon, w by Gafcsny, and s by Querci, Rouergue, Auvergne, and Lyonois- It now forms the depai^..^ ments of Upper Garonne, Aude, He- rault, Gard, Lozere, and Ardeche. Lanjan, or luinchang, a city, and the capital of the kingdom of Laos, at leaft of the fouthern part, to which it gives name. It is the ufual refidence of the king, whofe palace is of vaft ex- tent. Tbe houfes of the grandees and pcifons of condition are lofty and ele- gant ; but thofe of the inferior people ^re no better than huts. The priett* alone have the privilege of building their houfes and convents with brick and ftonc. Lanjan is lituate on tlie w fide of the river Afecon, 400 miles nnw dl Cambodia. Lon. lot 39 B, lat. 28 30 if* t A P Itanmewi a town of Franeff {n the department of Finiftcnrei eight milet ni •f MurUix. LaitnioH, a town at Prancct in the flppartm^nt of Cote* du Nord, with a trade in wine and hemp* 15 mile* w of Treguicr- Lannoy, a town of Frane9» in the ilepaitmcnt of Nord, iivc mHea as of Lifle. Lantinburgf a tmvn of New York, capital of Reiifi'laci countyr Here is a library company, incorporat«"d in 1775 5 and a^ academy, incorporated in 1796. It ftands on the « Tk^c of the Hudlbn, op- fwlitt! th<* s branch ctf jLbe Mohawk, nine miles nne of Albany. Lou. 74 8 %v, lat. 4: 4; N. J-ariKo, a town of Pi«;dmont, on the Hvep Stura, la miles nw of Turin. Laony a town of France, capital of the department of Aifite, with a caftle, and lately a biihop's r is of felt, made Kke two curtains which open afuDder< They are not able to ftaml upright in thefe hnts, but con- Aantly ut upon their heels round the fire. At night they lie down quite naked; and, to feparate the apart- ments, place upright fticks at fmall diftances. They cover themfeUes whh their clothes, and hi winter put their feet into a fur bag. Their houfchold furniture confifts of iron or copper kettles, wooden cnps, bowls, fpirans, and fometimes, tin or even filrer ba- fins: to thefe may be added their im- plements of fiihing and hunting:. That they may not be obliged to carry fuch a number of things with them in their ex- curfions, they boild, at certain diftances. in the forcfls, little huts made like pigeon- houfes, and placed upon the trunk of ii tree cut off at about the height of Hx feetfrom theroot. In thefe elevated huts they keep their goods and provirions ; and though they are never fhiit, yet arc they never pluYidered. In their drefs they ulc no linen. The men wear cloth pantaloons, reaching down to their fhues, which arc madeof untanned fkin, pointed, and turned up before. Thtir doublet, or clofe garment, is made of fhecp-fkin, with the wool on, the woolly fide being inward : it has a high collar, made fliff with doth neatly worked wjth different coloured threads, and extending a Httle Way down the LAP breaft. Over this they wear a loofe coat of coarfe cloth, or of the (kin of the raindeer, th« fkirts of which n-acTl down to the knees, and it is fallcncd round them by a leathern girdle, orna- mented with plates of tin or brafs. To this girdle they tie their knives, their inftruments for getting fire, and their fmoking apparatus. Their clothes are always bordereil with fur, or cloth of 4 difTerent colour. Their caps are of » conical form, generally made of four pieces of red kerfey cloth, and the four learns .idomed with lifts of a yellowr colour : on the top of the cap is fixed s tafn^l of ihreds of different coloured cToth } and the lower part has a border of fur. The Ruffian Laplanders gene* r;dly border their caps with ermine. The women wear pantaloons, (hoes, doublets, and clofe coats, like the men ; but tb<'ir girdle is commonly embroidered with brafs wire. Befide thefe, they wear kerchiefs, and littler aprons, made of Ruffian painted cloth, rini^s on their fingers, and earrings, to which they fometimes hang chams of lilver, which pafs two or three times round the neck. Th«-y fometimes wear caps folded after the manner of turbans; and fometiines caps to the fhape of the head ; but all are orna- mented with the embrofdery of brafii wire, or with lift of different colours. Sterility is a reproach among the wo- men. They are generally delivered without difficulty ; the hufband aflifl't at the labour, and atfi)rds hrs wife the ncccffary help. TTicir cradle is finaU, light, and made in the fhape of a canoe ; and, in their journeys, the womeo carry it at their backs. Their wed- dings arc kept at the bride's houfe, who appears with her head quite un- covered, which, at other times, is never the cuflam with either . women or maidena : the feaft is a kind of clabf- mefs, to which each of the puefts brings meat .ind drink. Their diver- fions at w«Ulings and other merry- makings, is tlie game of fox and geele : they wreftle and jump over a flick ; and are fond of giving grotcfque ac- counts of different advtntnres. They likewife dance and fing, or rather howl in difagreeabic mt'aftrres. The raindeer fiipply the Laplanders with the greatefl part of their provifrons; the chace and the fifhery furnifh the reft : but the Qefh of the bear is their mofl delicate ifneat. Their common drink is water, fometimes mixt>d with milk ; and they arc fond of brandy, but it is fcarce with them Their mo.'l ci«ilHkTBb!e T. A It tMlffe is with tlic NorU'cgUtiti and t!ie balMice it alwAvt in fatdiit af