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m4nYn

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

THE MAN'S KNIFE AMONG THE NORTH
AMERICAN INDIANS.

A STUDY IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

OTIS TUPTON MASON,

Curator, Divirion of Ethnoloay.

From the Report of the U. B. National Museum for 1887, pages 786-746.

WASHINGTON:

OOVKRMIENT PBINTINO OFFICE.
1899.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

THE MAN'S KNIFE AMONG THE NORTH
AMERICAN INDIANS.

A STUDY IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

OTIS TrFTON MASON,

Ciintti)i\ Dii-ision of Eihuitlotjij.

Prom tho R<»iM)rt of the U. S. National Muwniin for IHIW, iia(?«>H 735-745.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1899.

A ^

THK MAN'S KXIKK AMOM; THK NOllTII
AMKKICAN INDIANS.

A S'lTDV IN TIIK niLLKlTIONS (IF TIIK V. S. NATIONAL Ml'SKlM.

II Y

OTIS Tl'FTOX MASOX,

C II r a t II r , l> i r i n i n u of E I h ti o I it ij ij .

Pacific N. W. H!>^'>^'' '^-nt,

VICTORIA, B. G,

32066

THH MAN'S KNiri<: AMONV. Tllli NORTH AMl-RICAN IN-
1)I\NS-A STUDY IN THH COUTXTIONS 01' THli U. S.
NATIONAL MllSUUM.

Ity Otis Ti'kton Mason,
Curator, DinxioH of i:ilinuloii!f.

INTRODUCTION.

Ainoii},' implements used by iiiiin, the same forms may sometimes be
employed for destruction and at other times for industrial purposes.
When used for destruction they are weapons, but when their function
is industrial they are tools. The same object, when used as a weapon,
becomes a dagger, but if it be employed as an edged to(d it is a knife.
As in the case of all other weapons or tools, the edged tool works by
pressure, by friction, ov by a blow. One used by means of a blow is an
ax if the edge is in a line with the handle, and an ad/ if it lies across
the handle; an edged tool working by friction is a scraper, but one
working by pressure is a knife.

It will be found in the study of industrial knives tliat in the long run
they become the carver's and engraver's tools, the drawing knife, the
spokeshave, the plane, and the planing mill. In some styles of the last
named, however, the operative part of the macliine is, more properly
speaking, a nuichine adz than a knife. Carving in wood and other sub-
stances by the American aborigines differentiated the ad/ f au the
knife. It is i)robal)le that before the introduction of iron into America
the adz was used more than the knife in dressing down woo.'; but
when the iron blade came into vogue it was possible for the savage
workman to carve out hollow dishes and boxes, aud other objects with
his knife by simple pressure. Notable exceptions to this are those
regions where soft wood came into alliance with sharks' teeth and the
incisors of rodents. This is shown in all the curved knives of the
collections in the U. S. National Museum from the two hemispheres,
especially those from wooded aieas.

728

UEPOHT OF NATIONAL MIJSEIM, 1897.

IMPROVEMENT THROUGH THE CURVED KNIFE.

Tlioni oii^lit to Ih- no doubt tliiit in every ea-se where tlie savaj^e was
t'oi'tunate t'nougli t(» obtain th«> knife his carving and \vhittiin;> were
better done. Tl «'ro i.s a niarvelcms dillerence l)et\veen carvinjf on tlie
one hand, man's work » hiell.v, and ba.skctry (tr potti-ry on theotlier, eon-
.servative woinan'.s work. In no tribes were tlie two last-named aits
bettered by eoiita«'t with tin' higher race. The work was done with the
hands almost wholly. The tools were of the simplest character. The
harsh iron awl was not .so good as the smooth pointed bone awl, of
which hiindreils have been found, and the pii«le in personal endeavor
departed with the (pienching of the tribal spirit. The jiolter's wheel,
such as it was three centuries ago, was only a barrier to the unmechan-
ieal .sex. Therefore those who constantly as.scrt that prcjinlicc made it
impossible for the savage to better liimself in theadoiitioii of the white
man's deviees catch only half a truth.

CLASSIFICATION.

In the class of cutting tools called knives, there are in the I'. S.
National IMuseum, collected among the N(»rth American Indians, two
series. One has l)een called the "womairs knife;'" theotlier, then'fore,
may now be demmiinated the "man's knife.""

Both of these series exist aboriginally in two st'.bdivisions, the one
eontaining nt) iron or evidences of tiie use of that iiieial, the other ma«le
partly of iron or with iron. In fact, there are four ,>'ubdivisions (;f the
term "industrial knife,"' namely, woman's knife, ancit'iit; woman's knife,
modern; man's knife, aneieiit; man's knife, modern.

The man's knife of the modern typt^ exists in three varietie.s, to wit,
the "curved knife,'" with bent blade, employed usually in whittling; a
second variety, named •' straight blade,"' with a. short straight cutting
part used in carving stone, antler, ivory, and other hard substances;
and a third variety, usually with an old knife blade or iiiece of tile well
worn down for its working part, employed in the function of a burin for
scratching or etching on hard surfaces. The three varieties necessarily
merge into one another, so that there are no broad dividing line.s.
The curved knife may now be carefully examined as a eontribution to
studying the man's knife of ancient type.

PARTS OF THE CURVED KNIFE.

Each variety of man's curved kinfe, as of other primitive and mod-
ern mechanics' tools, consists of three elements or parts, dilfering
anmug the several tribes and from place to place in materials an<l
forms, though the blades furnished by lOuropeans are of the same gen-
eral motive.

First, the whittling blade is usually of iron or steel, beveled on the

'The Ulu, or VVoiUiiirrt Knife, Kept. U. .s. Nat. .Mtis., IS!M), pp. 411-4 Hi, pl.atrs 52-72.

T?iE man's knifk. 7i!i

upper side and plain on tlKMindcr .siilo, and nioii'or l(>ss (Mirvi><l npv.ard
at the outtT end. The Idach-s oJ" coinincnie are not jjiciitly dilVerent
in .shape, but it will !«■ seen that iiativi^ iuyenuity lias been able to
fashion blades from any i)iece of iron. Murdoch, speakin^i of Point Fiar
row, says that "the <'arver's knife is not always «Mirve«l in the blade.""

Those that are hoIiI to the natives are mostly curved, and tin; han-
dles are acMed alterwards. JCxaujple C'at. No. SJL'itt in th«' I'. H.
Natioiuil Museum from I'oint Mariow has a short, thieU ^■Ja(;kknif(^''
blade much worn down. It is halted lietween two lonf^itudinal see-
tioiis <)f reindeer antler held to^ietlier by rivets, one section beinjj cut
mit to receive the tuna. Two rivets are of iron and three of l»rass.

The tanj; of the blade, wlii(!h exists as an «'Ienu'iit in the haftinj,',
is usually a continuation thereot'. without much tinish, i)ein^ a llat
rectangle in outIiiu>. The foini of the tanj^, however, will be <;overnetl
by the method of its application to tiie handle, as will appear. It
maybe, lirst, jtointed an«l driven into the eml of the handle; i^ut^nd,
rectanj^ular and laid between tiie halves of the handle; third, set into a
narrow {groove on toj) of the hamlle; fourth, laid in a sliallow jjroeve on
the side of the handle: lifth, set in a saw cut in the end of tl ( liainli".

Second, tlie handle or ^'vip. This may be either <»!' wood taken from
the forest oi from wreck<iye, or of bone or antlei-. The i.onum's knife,
usually, has th. -rip attaclu'd to the back of the blade alon;;- its extent
and the blade in ])osition is untler the ;:rip. Ibit in the manVs knile the
end of the blade forms the tanj;- an<l the jdace of attachment for tlus
handle, and therefore the {jrip is cylindrical or i)artly so. In point of
fact the handle may be sai<l to have thn'e parts — the pommel or butt,
quite frequently oiiianu'uted,' even in t(»ols of savajjes; the j^rip oi-
portion actually in the hand, aiul the Joint oi- iiiny;e. The form of the
grip nmy be that of the natural piece of mateiial. VVoman's knife
handles are much more delicately fashioned to tit the lingers than are
those of the man's knife, lint in the «!Uive«l type the thumb is espe-
cially cared for. as giving leverage and guidance in whittling, and
in 8(mie examjdes a long extension ol' the handle enables the Avhittler
to call into activity every muscle of his forearm. The portion of the
handle and the treatment of it with reference to the bond or connection
with the blade will be spoken of in the next i>aragrai)h. The nuxlitica-
tions of the handle lor the inserti(Mi of the \vorking part involve the
selection of the grain, splitting <uie end, splitting the handle, drilling,
grooving, sawing, socketing, etc.

Third, the bond or "connective" between the blade and the grip — that
is, between the working part and the manual part. In the history of
tools these connective devices have had an inte '?sting elaboratioii.
Practically, the bond between working part and manual part consists
of three elements : First, a modilication in the blade correspi :iding to
the tang; second, a modilication of the handle for the insertion of the

' .John Murdoch, Ninth Animal KN'poit <>f the lUinaii nf l-Lthnology, p. li}'>,ii}^. 110.

730

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897.

tang; and thin', the true connective of packing, cement, lashing, rivets,
wedges or screws, some of which appear in the illustrations of this
paper. Where the tang is drive; into the end of the grip the elasticity
or cohesion of the material forms the bond. In many examples the
principle of the ratchet and of the dovetail exist in the shaping of the
tang and its socket or in cutting notches on the tang.

Before the introduction of the Iron Age into North America there
existed the same elements in tlie composition of a knife, to wit, a blade
of tooth, or shell, or stone; a handle of antler, bone, or wood; and a
connective of rawhide, sinew, yarn, or twine, of packing, of cement, and
possibly of rivets made of wood, bone, ivory, or antler.

MODE OF CUTTING.

All j)rimitive men's knives with single edge, so far as the national
collections indicate, are made to (;ut toward the operator. Double-
edged knives, however, cut both ways. Among the American examples
all are for the right hand or for both hands. Lawson distinctly says
that "when the ('aroliiia Indians cut with a knife, the edge is toward
them, when. is we always «!ut and whittle from us; nor did I ever see
one of them left-handed." ' The farrier, as will be seen, also cuts toward
hi.'Ti, but l)y turning his hand under, in an awkward sort of way,
oci'ijsionally cuts iVoin him. Two curved knives in the U. 8. NatioUtal
Museum from the xiinosof nortiiern Japan, constructed exactly after
the manner of t\m American curved knives, are made to lit the left
hand, but they were received from the same person. It will be per-
fectly plain to one who has sharpened a quill pen or lead pencil that,
in the absence of spoke shaves and fine carver's to«ds, the Indian was
compelled to cut toward his body.

SOURCE OF CURVED KNIFE.

This nuinner of working is, doubtless, a survival of old processes of
hand work before the introduction of more modern tools. It may have
been overlooked by the student of technology that it was not until
recently that any care was bestowed upon fitting the haiulles of me-
chanics' tools to the hand itself. In the case of the wonum'a knife it
will be found that the farther away the Eskimo live from the white race
the more simple the handle of the scrapc^r, while in those areas where
the contact has been most intimate the haiulle is more completely and
perfe(!tly nuide to conform to the right hand.

It is astonishing tlmt until Perry's visit to .lapan the handles of all
Japanese tools were extremely simple. There are some specimens of
bronze implements found in Europe in which the han<lle conforms to the
right hand of the worker. It is reasonably certain, therefore, that the
man's knife and the farrier's knife have come <lowii from a remote past
in their present simple form.

'Tho History oi' Carolina, Piolacc, p. \-, Hali'i«fj, N. ('., 18»)() [n^priut], p. 330.

THE man's knife.

731

It is not disputed that among American Indians all of the iron-bladed
knives for men are exotics, at least in the working part or blade. Eth-
nograpiiers will notice .also that in the acculturation of savages it is
always the working i)art that they are willing to improve without
prejudice. The manual part holds its own longer, and it will be seen
that the grip and connective of men's knives are often "old school"
while the blade is "new school."

An important (piestion arises as to the date of introduction and the
exact European source of some of the forms of blades. The only sur-
vival in the United States of the curved blade is in tlie farrier's knife,
with which he pares the hoof of the horse prior to laying on the slme.

After a diligent search among cutlers it is difllcult to ascertain how
long this form of knife has been in use among farriers, and what its
precise relation is to tlie North American curved knife.

Murdoch draws attention to the fact that the Eskimo of Point Barrow
call all knives savik, meaning also iron, the identical word used in
Greenland for the same objects.' From this he argues that the first iron
was obtained from the East, nlong with the soapstone lamps instciid
of from Siberia, as was tobacco. It is true, however, that whittling
with a curved knife having a thumb cavity prevails all over eastern
Asia. The white migrants to (Ireenland antedated those to Alaska,
nevertheless, by several centuries. It will be found, also, by examin-
ing the Eskimo knives of Murdoch and Nelson, that they often ditter
radically from the Imlian types here especially noted. Seldom does an
Indian knife show the presence of the hlai-ksmith. wiiile the whale-
ship's blacksmith seems to have been a successful schoolmaster to the
Eskimo. Moreover, ivory, antler, and bone are far less tractable than
birch saplings for whittling, or cedar for sha])ing, excavating, or
carving. The Eskimo blade is shorter, straighter ami never used with
two liamls, while the Indian knil'e is used for grooving and reducing
large surfaces in the absence of the plane.

Among North American aborigines the iron bladed knife is restricted
in its area to the ICskimo and the Indian tribes southward in Alaska,
the Dominion of Canada, aiul the splint basket, snowshoe, tlie self-bow,
and the birch-bark canoe area of the United States. Tlie last named
implements are jackknives jiar iixcellence. They are designed for whit
tlingaud producing shav ings, and not for chopping or scra])ing — that is,
the formation of chips across the grain or of sawdust and scrajis. Tiiese
lines must not be too sharply drawn, however, inasmuch as this paper
is restricted to materials furnished by the collections in Washington.
It is wonderful how adept primitive artisans are in getting a variety ol'
work out of one imjdemeut. In the absence of spokeshaves, planes,
chisels, gouges, groove planes, snndl adzes, and a host of others, the
Pacific coast Indians do the work of all with a double edged curved
blade sV inch wide and 3 inches long.

'John Murdoch, Nintli Annual Report of tlio liiireuu of ICIIiuology, p. 157.

732

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897.

Within the regions mentioned there is for the student an excellent
opportunity to study the efle<!t, materials, and their environmental
forces upon the construction of the knife. Two varieties of the man's
kni*'9 are steadily used by the Eskimo — the carver's knife and the etching
knife or burin; but, all other shapes are employed by them, so that one
linds the curved knife for whittling, the straight blade for carving, and
the pointed blade for etching. The blades are short and firndy attached
to the handles by rivets or by lashing. The handles are usually of
bone, antler, or ivory, some of tliem being curved to fit the forearm
and give great purchase in cutting hard material; others are short and
adai>ted to be grasped in the hand for the purpose of making small
chips and even for scraping.

The Canadian Indians and thoseof the northern United States, having
only soft material and bark co work upon, restrict themselves mostly
to the long-bladed curved knife. On the Pacific coast, among Indian
tribes from Mount St. Elias and southward, there is a mixture of hard
material and soft wood, so that there is a great variety in the form of the
whittler's knife. Furthermore, these tribes have been in contact with
sailors for more than a century and use any piece of steel or iron they
can secure in trade. The Canadian Indians were stimulated by the
fur-trading companies to travel more ra])idly and to make longer jour-
neys; hence, in furnishing them with tlie curved knife, they made it
l)ossible for these Indians to work out the frame of the birch-bark canoe,
the bows of the snowshoes, splints for basketry, and a thousand and
one objects made of birch bark, with this simple but most efficient
device. It has become the traveling tool of the Canadian Indians and
has done more than aught else to improve their mechanical skill. An
examination of old patterns of snowshoes, in comparison with the latest
patterns, reveals an astonishing improvement. The versatile curved
knife is just as useful in the making of fine babiche or rawhide string
for' the webbing of the snowshoe as in whittling down the frame. In
the old-fashioned snowshoes the rawhide footing is nearly one-fourth
inch wide, while in the best and latest the strands areas tine as thread.

tW(

of I
ove

1
IJ.
kni
Sec
Wc
let
on
a si
wo<
vei

I
sei

EXAMPLES.

Example Cat. ^o. 176431, in the U. S. National Museum, is a far-
rier's knife (lig. 1), made and used by M. E. Horigan, horseshoer in
Washington, D. C. The blade is a <vedge-shape piece of steel, Hat on
the lower side and beveled on the upper side, and bent to a hook
at the other end. The tang is in form of a rectangle 2 inches long.
The handle is a piece of a rib from an ox ; the natural curve is taken
advantage of in the manufacture; a slight notch is cut on the upper
end for the thumb, and depressions have been worn on the upper face
by the tingers of the operator. In order to combine the blade with the
handle, a saw cut is made on the inner end of the latter for 2 inches.
The tang is slipped into the saw cut and is held firmly in place by

MIf

.-.._ /

THE MAN'8 KNIFE.

V33

two rivets passiug through both it and the hiindle. Many thousands

of specimens as rude as this are in use among the horseshoers all

over the United States and Canada.
Example Oat. No. 153003, in the

U. S. National Museum, is a curved

knife from the Micmac Indians of Nova

Scotia (fig. 2), collected by Dr. G. M-

West. It has the usual farrier's blade

let into a narrow notch or stub groove

on the back of the handle and held by

a seizing of cord. The handle of hard

wood tits the hand of the workman

very neatly.

In this example, as in others, the

seizing or connective, holding the
blade and the handle
together, is easily re-
moved so as to allow
the former to be taken
out and sharpened.
Especial attention is
called t(» the faet that,
iu accordance with
northern usage, the
end of this cord is
driven into the han-
dle and held fast by
means of a wooden
licg instead of being
fastened off by being
tucked under one of
the former roundings
itself. Length, 9^
inches.

Example Cat, No. 153(104, iu the U. S. National
Museum, is a curved knife also from the iMicmac Indi-
ans of Nova Scotia (fig. 3), collected by Dr. (1. M.West.
The blade is of European manufacture, slightly curved,
let into a groove on top of the handle and neatly seized
with a thong of rawhide. At one end the thong is
doubled over the tang and driven into the groove of the
handle; the other end is drawn tlirough a hole bored
in the handle, wedged fast and <ju<- oft', making a very
neat finish. The handle is made of birch wood and
curved to fit the hand, the bevel for the thumb being unusually long
and broad. Length, 10^ inches.

I'iK. 1.

KARIKEU'S KMKE.

liiicU ami IVoiit viewH.
WasliiiiHtini, !),(;.

t'al. No. n';4:i4, I'.S.N.M.

Fi;;. 2.

MH'MA<;CU11VED KNIFE

t'al. N.I. 16;iilu:l, U.S.N.M.

734

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1«97.

The Miciiuuis aro especially whittlers in bow staves, siiowahoes, and
canoe Iraines. Tlie women also make splint baskets in wickerwork.
Tiieir household utensils were in wickerwork and birch
bark, so they did little adzing.

Example Cat. No. 54338, in the U. S. National Mu-
seum, is a curved knife from the Passamaquoddy
Indians, Eastport, INIaine (fig. 4), collected by Mr. K.
Edward Earll. The blade is in form of a farrier's knife,
let into a stub fjroove on the back of the handle, and
held in place by a seizing of wood splint. The handle
is straight in the grip, and turned up and beveled at
the outer end to receive and flt the thumb, as in other
curved knives. The connective of
wood splint is specially noteworthy
in its neat administration and thor-
oughly aboriginal fastening oft", as
in the two previous specimens from
the ]Micmac Indians. Length, lOi
inches.

Ml. Lucien Turner says of the
Nenenot Indians of the Algonqnan
sto»;k, living on the borders of
the Ungava, in northern Labra-

MICMAC Cl'IlVED KNIKB

Cut. No. I.VlRdJ, U.S.N. M.

dor, "that they make tli-ir crooked
knives of steel tiles and knife
blades (lig. 5). Tlie Indian reduces
the metal to the shape desired,
tlat on one side and beveled on the
other, by grinding. lie then heats
the blade and gives it the proi)er
curve." He also draws attention to
the fact that left-handed persons
suit the tool to their hand by bend-
ing the blade in the proper direc-
tion. "No Labrador Indian ever goes on a. journey
without a curved knife. The handle is hehl at right
angles to the body and drawn toward the user. It is
employed in all cases for whittling or shaving wood
and the preparation of the strips and slats of
canoes, paddles, snowshocs, and everything cut from
wood. It re(fdires great skill to use the knife prop-
erly."

Turner says that "this tool is in universal use both
among the Eskimo and the Indians of this region,"

Example Cat. No. 153498, in the U. S. National Museum, is a curved
knife from Labrador (fig. (»), collected by Dr. H. G. i3ryant. The blade

FiR. 4.

PABMAMAljUoDDY KNIFR.
<'«t. No. M3,W, IJ.8.N.M,

THE MAN'S KNIFE.

735

hoos, and
skerwork.
and bircli

onal Mn-
laqiioddy
y Mr. J{.
5r's knife,
idle, and
le handle
liveled at
I in other

DY KNIPB.

n.S.N.M.

curved
) blade

:«;*^.,

is like that of the farrit'r's knife. The shank is let into a stub j;roove
on the side of the handle; a thin i)ortion of the piece of wood taken out
is restored and a seizing of tawed buckskin is wrapped around. The
handle is rectangular and terminated with a curved portion to Ht
the thumb. The noticeable feature of this knife is
that the shank of the blade is let into the handle in
such way that when cutting is being done the strain
conies against the solid wood and not against the
buckskin lashing, as in a great many examples studied.
Whittling does not involve hard pressure, so there is
no necessity for a strong joint, as in the knives for
carving hard substances.

Example Cat. No. ir»;}046, in the
U. S. National Museum, is a curved
knife from the Nascopi Indians of
Labrador (fig. 7), collected by Mr.
Charles McLaren. The blade is
inserted into a stub groove in the
top of the handle, and this is cov-
ered by a strip of wood, and all
lashed together with a rawhide
band, which is fastened oft' by tuck-
ing under at both eiuls. The han
die is of spruce wood, and the grip
is straight, but the thumb imrtion
is bent uii and inward so as to fit
exactly the curvature of the hand.
A loop of string at the outer end of
the handle completes the device.
Especial attention is called to the
neat fastening of the rawhide oou-
nective. Length, !> inches.

In the annual report of the Hn
reau of Ethnology, Dr. W. J. I loft"
man figures a i;urved knife in general use among
the Menoniini Indians in Wisconsin. These Indi-
ans are of the Algoiuiuian stock, and one is not
sur]»iised, therefore, to fin<l a curved knife of the
same type as those of eastern Canada and the
United States. The handle has a long slope for the
thumb; the tang of the blade is let into a stub
groove on the side of the handle and at the tip end
carried quite through. The connective portion of
the handle is also cut in a long groove to secure the cord used in lash-
ing. The author says that "among the Menominis this knife is used
in preparing the splints from elm logs, out of which baskets are made."

Fig. 5.

Cl'KVEl) KNMKE KHDM

I'.N'dAVA.

Cat. No. liilii:, I'.S.N.M.

Fig. 8.

ClTBVKIlKNIKI'; FllOM MON-
TAdNAIS rNIIIANS.

Lalinulur.

t'nl. No. iswas, r.S.N.M.

736

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897.

' ,

The cutting is always done toward the body. In the <!a8e of these

knives it will be seen that the function of splitting, planing, and smooth
iiig is performed rather than that of excavating and
tinisliing ott' large blocks of soft wood.

The material eniployed by the Mcnominis in their
basketry is tough, and therefore only soft saplings are
used in their work. '

Ilolm figures a large number of men's carving knives.^
Seven of his iigures give bone or antler handles, four
have plain wooden han«lles, and in two of them bone
and wood are mixed. Seven of these have blades of
stone and seven have iron blades. The preciousness of
iron is shown in blades made up of two or three pieces
or strips of iron riveted together. The blades are all
inserted into the ends of the handles, most of them by
driving Two show evidences of sawcuts at the ends
and three have wrappings or bands of twine. The only
ornamentation on these handles are rings and geomet-
ric figures made of dots. Four of the bone handles
are shai)ed somewhat into
characteristic forms.

Parry says that " the
principal tool of the Es-
kimo of iglulik was the
knife (panna); t)»at they
possessed a great number
of excellent ones pre-
viously to his coming, and
that the work was remark-
ably coarse and clumsy.
The manner of holding the

the knife also was most

awkward; that is, with

the edge backward." '
Example Cat. No. 1100,

in the U. S. National Mu-
seum, is a curved knife

from Anderson lliver, in

the Mackenzie lliver dis

trict (tig. 8), colle(;ted by

Mr. K. M. Macfarlane.

Theblade is much curved,

let into a stub groove on

the top of the handle, and

^1=

Fig. 7.

CUKVKD KNIKK KRO.M

NASCOPI INDIANS.
Cat. N.I. \y.M«, I'.s.N.M.

Fig. 8.

ESKIMO KNIPK.

Mackenzie Kivor.

C«t. No. ll«u, U.S.N. M.

'Fourteenth Annual Report of thi' IJunau of Etuuology, p. 260; also Harper's
Mayaziue, March, 1896, p. 505.
'Holm, Kthnolojfisk 8kiz/c, Coponhagon, 1887, plato 18,
■'Parry's Second Voyage, Loudon, 1821, p. 536.

THK MAN S KNIFE.

737

held by si seizing of fine rawliide thoug. One end of the thong is
driven into the groove end of the handle, u favorite method of fasten
ing off among the Eskimo. The other end is fastened off by simply
drawing it through a dozen turns of the seizing. There are no knots
tied. The handle is of fine spruce wood in tiie shape of a knee, and
chamfered on tlie back to tit the thumb. This is an unusual shape
among handles. Length of blade, T) inches.

I I!

Via. !>.
T\V(1-1IAN1)E1) CIllVKl) KNrKK, SI[o\VlN(i STIMCITWE A.VI) METHOD (IK ISINO.

Yakutat, Alaska.

Cat. N... l-sl!li., I'.S.N.M.

Murdoch declares that the Point Harrow Eskimo have two styles or
sizes of carver's knives, one large Midlin, with a haft 10 to I'O inches
long, for wood working, and a small one, Savigron (instrument for
shaving), with a haft (5 to 7 inches long, for working bone and ivory.
Tlie knife is held close to the blade between the index and secoml
lingers of the right hand, with the thumb over the edge, which is
toward the workman. Murdoch speaks in great praise of the skill of
tlie carver.'

' Ninth Anniiiil l{ei»(ut of tlio nurcau of Etliiiolopy, i>. 157, fl>r. 113.
NAT MUS 97 47

73«

RKPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897.

It is easy to iiiidorstaiMl the existence of the two types in the arctic
area, where soft driftwood exists idoiifjside of antler and ivory.

Exanii)lo Cat. No. 20.S;n. in the U. S. National Museum, is a
curved knife from Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, eoUected by
Mr. James (1. Swan. The curved blade is of iron, with both edges
alike, and resembles the modern ean-opener. To form the Joint its
tang is rouf^hly let into the wooden hiindle at its end on one side, the
other side bein«- notched, and is held in place by a lashing of thong.
The handle of oak is curved upward outside the thumb space and

FiKs. It), II.

('AliVEIl'S KN'IIK. ANI> OU.\HI> Kl m IIAIK dV IIAXK.

Sitka, Alaska.

Ciit. N.«. KISU'.', ItiWU,'., r..S.N..M.

[t;

ta])ers slightly to the outer end. The noteworthy features are the
adaptjition of a modern can opener for the blade, the resemblance of
the handle with its thumb space to Jajjanese and Korean handles, and
the notch at the inner end to prevent the slipping of the seizing.
Mr. D, W. Prentiss, jr., of the U. S. National Museum, had the good
fortune to observe a Yakutat Indian carving with a large specimen
of this variety of two-edged blade (Cat. No. 178196, U.S.N.M.). The
handle is held in both hands while the carver dresses down the inside
of his canoe or wooden box. Now tihipping toward himself, now fiway,
with the greatest rapidity, he gave the line adz finish often observed

THE MANS KNIFE.

73!)

1 1

on many objecsts broujjht fnun the ct'dar arena of southeast Ahiska.
In this its perfected form the knife is botli chisel and adz, working
always by pressure (tig. 9).

Example Cat. No. IGH-Uli, in the I'. 8. Natioiuil .Museum, is a cnrved
knife from the Tlin}j;it Indians of Ahiska (tig. 1(»), collected by Lieut.
G. T. Enniious, C. S. N. It consists ol a blade of a
common pocketknife driven into the end of a handle of
antler and held in place by an iron ferrule and by a
seizing <»f rawhide thong, ^"'he handle has rings
scratched around it an inch apart. The example has
this peculiarity, that the bevel of the bhule is un<ler-
neatb, for the workman to cut toward him, and must
have been designed, therefore, to be used after the
modern fashion of a trimming chisel. Length, 7:^
inches. With this knife belongs example Cat. No.
108345, U.S.'N.M., a guard of sealskin to be worn on
the back of the hand (tig. 11), so that when the work-
man is whittling in a box or canoe he may protect him-
self. The entire outfit is <iuite
modern, but it is remarkable that
this guard is the only example of
its kind in the collection.

Example Cat. No. 20752, in the
17. S. National Museum, is a
curved knife from Sitka, Alaska
(tig. Hi), collected by Mr. James
(i. Swan. It is evidently made
lip for trade, and shows no sign
of use, but it has the long han-
dle of the Yakutat two-handed
type. The blade, with two edges,
is lashed by its tang to the side
of a pine handle by means of a
buckskin thong, which last is the
only aboriginal part of the ap-
paratus, and is laid on in a slov-
enly manner, and any savage would be ashamed
to use it on his own account.

Since ethnographic material has entered into
commerce the Museum curator is vexed continu-
ally by receiving specimens that never had any
serious aboriginal use. Furthermore, trade centers, such as I'na-
laska, Sitka, Victoria, and Honolulu, where in the old days whalers
met and exchanged or pawned their collections from different places,
specimens were carried far from their original source, and now can be
identified only by comparing them with well-authenticated objects.

Fig. 12.

AUVKH's K.NIFK, FOK
TWO IIAMIS.

Sitkn, AliiHka.

I':it. No. '.1I7.V.', r.S.N.M.

!•"!««. y.i. 14.

lAUVEIl S KNIVES.

Itritisli Columbia.

Cat. .\os. li'JS76, l'.".W7«, T S.N.M.

740

KEPORT OP NATIONAL MUSKUM, 1897.

I '

Exainplu Oat. No. 121>97(>. in the II. S. Niitioiuil Museiun, is si wood
carvtM's knife tVoin tin; Kwukintl Indians of Fort Rupert, l>riti.sh
Coliiinl)ia (fig. V\), collected by Mr. .lames (t. Swan, and forms a tran-
sition between old iirt and European art. Tlie blade
is that of a modern jackknifc set into tlie end of an
oak handle and hehl lirm by a ferrule of sheet brass
nailed on. Ilere are united in a single joint the most
primitive and most persistent <!onneetive, namely, a
tiing driven into the grain of the handle at the work-
ing end and metal ferrule, the latest form of bond.
The handle is slightly curved, and bears on its end
and surface a carving (»f a totemic aninnil's head and
fins. Ijength, SS inches.

Kxample Cat. No. 12J>97.S, in the V. S. National
Museum, is a similar knife, with .jacUknifc blade iu a
very plain handle without carving (lig. 14). To form
the joint the inner end of the
handle has a saw cut made
across, into which the tang of
the blade is set and made fast
by a wire driven tlirough the
hinge hole. Stovepipe wire is
wrapped about the joint, and
a wedge of wood and one of
iron driven in between the
edges of the tang and the wire.
Outside the wire is a wrapping
of cotton rag to protect the
hand. This example shows
that there is plasticity even in
thesavagemiiul. The elements
of this old form have been
nearly all patented inventions.
Example Cat. No. 1LM»1>77, in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum, is a curved knife of the Fort
Knpert or KwakiutI Indians (tig. 15), collected
by Mr. .lames G. Smmu. It consists of a bhule
bent up at the top, beveled only on the upper
side, and by its shank la8he<l to a shouldered
cut on the handle. The handle is of oak and is
also curved. The two parts are held together
by a seizing of twine, and outside of this a wrap-
ping of blue cloth. Length of hfindle, 8 inches.

Example Cat. No. 15071.'), in the U. S. National Museum,i8 a curved
knife of the Ainos of Yezo (lig. 10), (follected by Mr. K. Hitchcock. The
tang of the blade of iron is driven into a wooden handle, which is

Fij;. 15.

CUKVKl) KNIKK.

Fort Kii)i(>rt liuiiiiii.s

Cnl. No. laicn?, II.S.N.M,

Fig. 16.

CAKVEUS KNIVUS.

From tlie Ainos.

Cat. No. 1511716, U.S.N. M.

TIIK MANS KNll'K.

741

tr+4

V\ii. 17.

orRVK.n KNIVES.

Aniiini' ii'dioii.

AfliT v.iiMhri-iiik.

742

RKI'ORT OF NATIONAL MUSKIIM, 1«97.

slijfhtly riirvcsd iiml has acliiunfcr for the tlmiiih. Thero is no attempt
at ccMiieiiting or neiziii}? or ratcheting; on tlie tan^. Tlie bond is in
etlect a very ancient eonneetive done in iron. Length, 7A indies.

Example Cat. No. l.'»07ir> (a), in the IT. S. National Mnsfuni, is
siniiUir to tiie foregoing excepting tliat tlie bhide is straight and there
is a slight carving at tlie outer end of tlie handle. The handle in both
of these specimens seems to be left hand, inasninch as the bevel and
curve of the blade and the <'hainfer lit the left hand and do not lit the
right. The great number of whittling knivesof this species in eastern
Asianiises some interesting questions of the method of intrusion of the
Iron Age into the aboriginal life of the Western World.

In the area between Meriiig Strait and the Aleutian Islands, under
th»^ inlluence of liussian traders and the whaling industry, great iinni-
bers of carver's knives in endless variety are fouud. The largest col-
le<;tion from this region has been nmde by Mr. K. W. Nelson, and the
forms of whittling knives, carving knives, and etching knives will be
found fully illustrated in Mr. Nelson's work.

A large and interesting series of curved knives were collected by
von Schrenck about the mouth of the Amoor Itiver and northward, and
are now in the imperial Museum at Mos(;ow. These knives represent
all of the ditferent classes spoken of in this ])aper, to wit: Knives with
straight blades, for ordinary domestic jiurposes; those with long curve,
for ordinary whittling; those with abrupt curve at the end, as in the
farrier's knife, for excavating c.auoes and boxes; and those with sharp
points, for engraving on hard substances. The handles are either plain
or ornamented and have a short or a long bevel for the thumb. Tiiose
which have a decided sidewise curve are always lifted to the right hand
and cut toward the person (fig. 17).

CONCLUSION.

I find that in the employment of the curved knife the liSkimo, the
(Janadiau tribes, together with their kindred on the northern boundary
of the United States, and, more than all, the North Pacific tribes on
both sides of the ocean have exhausted the possibilities of an imple-
ment that has been in the hands of some only a century or two.

The arts of all these tribes were bettered and not degraded by the
curved knife. In every case they were inunensely improved. The form
of knife with straight, short blade made it possible for the northern
and western tribes to become better carvers and engravers. JJefore
the i)ossession of iron there is meager evidence that either of these
areas possessiMl other than the most trivial carvings in hard material.
Their best results were in soft wood and slate, by means of beaver
tooth or shark's tooth knives.

The curved knife serves to confirm the opinion that as soon as any
process or device came within the scope of a people's intelligence they
have mastered it and brought it to a climax, iirom which time on new
ideas and new inventions replaced the old.

r
III

TIIK MANS KNM'K.
Lint of maii'i kuivfg ill llir I', S, \alioiial Muarum,

74;i

Cat. No.

Oiirvrd kiiivoa. Luonlity.

j 1

Collector's name.

481

Iron kiiitV (Miiiiill)

8:u

ForKl.Hid lloi>e. N \V Ter

K. ICellllii'Ott.

! ritory.

1100

,,,,, do . • ili»..,.

K. .Marl'arlaiiA

VAOn 9

KHkiiiio kill MX \iid«<rHoii Itivt>r <lii

C. 1*. 1 laiidet.

i63r.

Kxkiino kiiilo

do do

li. Macfarlaiie.

i«H;t

.Maekoii/.ie Uiver do

Do.

I04t!

Miin'H knife

AnderMoii Uiver do

Do.

IMO

.... do do....

1)0.

i«7r(

Do.
Do.
Do.
K. Kennicott.

2()94

il.i ilo

2101 4

Kskiino curvi'd knivrH .In ilo

2274-75

Long-liiindUMi curvi'd knivl^s

do do....

2270-77

do do do

U. .Macfarlaiie.

2278- sm

Short curved kiiivr8 do do

Do.

2297

(.'nrvor'M knil'c ilo do

Do.
Do.

2:<04

do ilo

230M

do do....

Do.

5121

EHklino knife

.Mackenzie Kiver do. . . .

Do.

.■^813

Small knife

Aiidersiin Kiver do

Do.

7405-10

KHkimo kuiven

Mackeu/.io Uiver do

Do.

7455-61

Do.
C !•". Hall.

10104

^ad'h knifo

IglooUk, Itallln Land

(Jape Ktidin, Niinivak In-

10140

Carvur'8 tool (graver)

W. 11. Dall.

land, Alaska.

16163

Carver's knife

Do.

16172

Do.

18920

Iron kuife, bono Imudlu

Clalh II Indiaii.s, WasbiiiK-
ton.

J. (}. Swan.

20458

Bone kiiil'e

Sa ita IJarbara, (*aliloriiia. . ■

Paul Schumacher.
.1. (i. Swan.

20752-53

Curved kiiircH

Tlingit, Sitka, -VhiHka

208,11

Iron curved knifeaixl Hbeatli

liaiineiiab, Charlotte I.slaiid .

Do.

2U846

Kootznoo Indians, .Muska ..
Norton Sound, Alaska

Do.
L. M. 'i'lirncr.

24411

Rone or ivory knife, iron

blade.

30107

Siniill table knife

Ciiniberliind Ciiilf. lialliii

\V. A.Mint/.ri. U..S. N'.

Land.

32145-46

Koiio kiiivAH

Point Tiiwii.seiiil, Wiisliiiiji-
toii.

J.tl. Swan.

32874-84

Man'H knives. Iione or wimhI
handle.

St. Michaels, Alaska

Vi. \\'. Ncl.soii.

33027-28

Nulato — do

Nulatoln^'alik do

Do.
Do.

33030

Knift^ for carving ivory

33304

St. Michaels do

Do.

33314

Handle of wood-workint;
knif.\

I'astolik do

Do.

36315

Knife, ivory handle, iron
blade.

Sfujfuuiigumut do

Do.

36316

Kongigunogumut do

Koolwoguwigumut. . do —

Do.

36507

Knife, bone handle, metal

Do.

blade.

3732ft-28

Knife bandlea

Kushunuk do

Do.

37420-25

Ivorv carved knife

Anogogumut do —

Ukognmut do —

Newlukbtiilugumut. .do —

Do.

87440

Do.

aaiu

Carved knife

Do.

744

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1«97.
List of man's knires in the I'. S. Nationrt Mmcum.

Ciil.No.

384Rfi
;)H487 j
4:1407 I
4U87:i I
447,17
4")48K
480K(I-S1

4fi;io;)

480Kr)
4H087
48291

48536 i
48^40-47 1

Curved kuivca.

I,<Miilily.

Lower Yukon, Alaskii

do do....

CoHector's

laiiie.

*er 's knil't!

(1„

!•;. \V. Nel.son.
Do.
Do.
Do.

('iipe Prince of Wales. do

I'nalaUiitet do

aiiillo for workiiiir knit'o Sled;;e I.slaiid.

rved knife

life for eurvinj; .

,S|. Micliael.x..
I'orl, CI

knife

48010

Woodworkinj; knile | (-'ape Di

Ivory and hone worker do

Wood curved kiiili' Nnidvi

do Kof/.el)

Knives for siilittiiiK liireli Missid

leirk. !

Kinser^IiiardaLjiiinsI enrved Sabotn

knife

54;!;!8

C'ur\

.iS'.ia:!

Carv

,'l,-)!)42 4:1

Woo

50546

Man

56552-54

Ciirv

00188-92

Curv

63274-75

Kniv

0;i316-22

63541-42

Iron

I.U

64154 55

Curv

67078

Onr\

ifii.

70702

(/'nr\

80271-8.1

Kniv

892i);i-au4

Kni\

8'.»38:i-S4

Ki;i\

80579

Slate

89582

Slale

89580

Slate

8U5H7-95

lioni'

8!t59-

Sin;;!

8!lfi;)3-41

Kiiiv

89044

Croo

80052

Snial

80053

Carv

80821

Knifi

8!l9(i4 (iO

Kniv

9(r210 11

9(l4,-.8

Knifi

126629

I roil

127401

Cnrv

127507

Knil'i

127049

• Jiirv

127788

Oa-.-.

127809

Curv

127895

Kniv

cd knife I Ka.st)io

er's tool (graver) • liristfd

dworkiiiji knives 1 do .

s knife, iron Idade.
fd knife

ved knives, Hioiie anil
lod handle.
esforearvin":ivorv, cli^

knife hiiidrs. eurvud.

jlinished

ved knives, leather sheath
led knifel'or wood larv

knife

es, iron blades.
IS lor earviii^ .

I'oint 1
...do

Koot/a

St. Law

Hot liar
Tlinyil

Fori A
I'liiiit I

.uo. ...

.do....

)arhy

.do...
.do....i

ik Island

.do....

me Sound

.do....

n, Lower

V'lik

in. do..

isky

.do....

irt, Mi'ine

Hay, Alaska

.do ...

{arrow . .

.do....'
■ do....'

niboo

d......

vronee I si

and.

..lo....
do.

.do....

II tnlut . .

.do ...

, Sitka ..

do...

lexan'ler.

Ala^

ka....

iarrow . . .

.do....

lo
(^s. iron lilailes | do do

knife, lione handle ' do dci

' knife, wooden handle

do..

knife, lioiii' ha mile | do .

handle knives | do .

le-edyecl sliile knife | do .

.do.,
.do..

...di

es. Hint lihidc .
ked knife

knife

.do .
.do .
.do .

do.

er's knife (graver) i do do

', iron blade

es ffir earvint'

(hi

Labrador

I', wood carving..

kiiifo blade

ed knife

i> (el enrvo)

cd knife

CK tool

i!d knife

Tiifiava Hay, Labrador
I'gashik, Alaska

Xoualan, Mexieo

liinswek River, AlaHku

Chile

Ft. .Mexander, Alaska .

Nakneek

...do

Kanebiini); do

I'ntnani liiver, Alaskii .

Do.

R. E. Earll.
Clias. L, McKay.

Do.
Lieut. I*. II. Kay.

Do.
J. J. McLean.

Iv W. N.l.son.
Do.
Do.

Do
.I.J. McLean."

J. 11. dolinson.
Lioul. I'. II. Kay.

Do.

Do.
.1 Do,

. ilolin Hurdoi'b.
. Liout. IMI, Ka.v.
.' Do.

Do.

Do.
. L. M. Turner.

Do.
. Williani .1. Fisher.
. Dr. U. I'almer,
. 1 I. Apide^ate.
.| W.E. Curtis.

. i dolinson.

. Williani. I. Fisher.

Do.
. I.ieut,Oeo.M,Stoney, t;,S,K.

THE man's knife.

745

LM ofman'x knices in the U. S. National Muxeum.

Cat. No.

129976-78

130470

131220

150715

15:i046

1 53498

153603-4

166956

168342

176434

Curved knives.

Locality.

Collector H imnie.

Ciirved knife

Knite. glass bliidii

CurvtMl knife, loft hiimled(?)

Cur- 'dknifo

j Cm. ul knife, vino liiiH'll"

' Curved knife

\ Knile IVir earvinii

Carvin),' knilV

Kwakiutl. Fort Uuperl, j J.G.Swan.

laska. 1

•iodtl.aab, Greenland 1 Theo.Holm.

Uorja nay, l'ata^"."i" ' Thonms Lee.

Aino, Y('7.o.Jiii)an

li, llitclioocU.

Labrador , Dr. W.J. H<'""'""

Naakopies,
Monta«iiais, Labrador .
Mieniars, Nova Scotia .
Yukon Kiver, Abi.ska..
Tliut|;it. Sitka, Alaska

,, . ' i...ir.. .' Wanliington City.
Fftrnernkniie , =

H (i, llryant.
(i.raldM.WeHl
,T. II. Turner.

Licutcnanl Kmnions.

M. K. llorrijjan.

oney, U.S.N.