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Those too large to be entirely included in on& exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il e&t filmd A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 '•i /(4-^ /^ ^^^eW^^;, c, ^ ' iKANs. RoYAi, 8(ic., Can. \ % NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE KWAKIOOL PI-OPI.i; OF \'A\'COr\T:R ISLAND BY GEORGE M. DAWSON D.S.. F.G.S. AKSI-lllilKCTUIl III nil (iKiir.lllllCM. SriiVKY 111' (^AVAIIA FROM THE TRANSACTIONS Ol IllK ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA VOLUME V, SECTION H, 1887 MONTREAL DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS 1888 N 'L ' V. WSON, &^ /-•; r I / / 1 CANADA NATIONAL LIBRARY BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALS 7 ( Section II, 188Y. [ 1 ] Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. Notea and Ohservatiom on the Kuvilciool People of the Northern Part of Vancouver Island and Adjaretit Coasts, made during the Summer of 1885; with a Vocahalary of al>ont seven hundred words. By George M. Dawson, D.S., r.Gr.S., Assistant -Director Geological Survey of Canada. (Presented May 25, 1887.) During the Summtn' oi' 1885, the writer was engaged in the geological examination of the northern part of Vancouver Island and its vicinity, the territory of the Kwakiool people. In connection with the pro.secution of hi.s work, he wa.s in constant and intimate association with this people, and enjoyed many excellent opportunities of obtaining iacts respecting them, of hearing their traditions and stories, and of becoming familiar with their mode of life and habits of thouglit. The notes, made at the time, are here presented in a systeraatised form. As thus set down in order, they are intended to be merely a record of facts and observations, and are olfcred as a contribution toward our knowledge of the Indians of the west coast. No attempt is made to theorise on the observMons, nor has the time at my disposal been sulficient to enable me to institute the comparisons which suggest themselves readily enough between tliese and other tribes of the region. These tribes, together with their ideas and their lore, such as they are, arc passing away before our eyes, or where they still show evidence of continued vitality, they are losing their old beliefs and ways. This being the case, it is perhaps needless to apologise for the necessarily incomplete charac^ • of this paper in some respects. A map has not been pre, .red to accompany this paper, biit that published in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey for 1886 emI)odies a large number of native names of places, including those of all the villages here referred to. I. — Tekritory ANT" Boundaries of the Kwakiool People. The people speaking dialects of the Kwakiool language, and constituting together one of the largest groups of the coast of British Columbia, have, so far as I know, no general name of their own. Dialectir diH'ercnccs of minor importance, from a linguistic point of view, are regarded by them as clearly separating tribe from tribe. The name " Kwakiool " has, however, by common consent, come to be employed to designate the whole, though strictly applicable to but two important tribes now inhabiting, with others, the vicinity of Fort Rupert. To the north, their territory comprises the coast of the mainland and a number of adjacent islands, borderingou the territory of the Tshimsian and interlocking with it. They enclose the peculiar and isolati'd Bilhoola people, who inhabit Dean Inlet and the North and South Bentinck Arms, on the north and south, and on the seaward side. Thence, southward, they claim the mainland coast to the entrance of Bute Inlet. Their territory includes, also, most of the islands l)y which the Strait of Georgia is closed to the north, and the north-east coast of Vancouver Island to some "a: I 2 G. M. DAWSON ON THE KWAKIOOL distance south of Cape Mudgo. Their southern border meets that of the group of peoples to which Dr. Tolmio and myself have provisionally applied the general name "Kawitshin." Thence, northward, they possess the Vancouver coast to the north-west point of the island, and extend down the west coast as far as Cape Cook or Woody Point, where they meet the Aht peoples. Their limits are shewn with proximate exactness on the map accomi>anying the "Comparative Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia," by Dr. Tolmie and the writer, published by the Canadian Geological Survey in 1884. On that map, however, the boundary between the Kwakiool and Aht peoples is, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, placed too far to the north. It is also to l)e noted, that while on the map it is necessary to divide the whole territory in a general way between the various peoples, large tracts are practically neither traversed nor resided in by any of them. This applies particularly to a large part of the rough mountainous country occupied by the Coast llange, and to a le,s.ser degree to the similar country in the! interior of Vancouver Island. The Kwakiool, like other tribes of the coast, go wherever they can travel l)y water, and live on and by the shore, seldom venturing to any considerable distance inland. Cut off from the Nasse and Skeena Rivers by the Tshimsian, from Dean Inlet and Bentin-k North Arm by the Bilhoola, they possess no available or practicable route through the region of the Coast Mountains to the interior of the province. Between Bute Inlet and the Beutiuck Arras they travel by lakes and rivers (which for the most part do not appear as yet on the maps) some distance into the mountain country ; but they have nowhere come habitually into contact with the Tinm" people who inhabit the whole northern part of the interior of the province, and th<'y have no trade routes to the interior, such as those in possession of the Bilhoola and Tshimsian. II.— Notes on Tribal Subdivisions of the Kwakiool, and Details Respecting them. In the " Comparative Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia," (1884) two enumerations were given of the tribal subdivisions of the Kwakiool people, one being by the late Dr. Tolmie, and the other by the writer. These did not precisely cor- respond, and neither was considered complete or satisfactory, the number of the constituent tribes or tribal subdivisions and the manner in which they have l)ecome mingled of late years, rendering it difficult to formulate the subdivisions. With the assistance of Mr. G. Blenkinsop, who has long resided among this people, I am now able to offer a complete, or proximately complete, list of the tribes, with the names and localities of most of their phu'es of residence, generally the so-called " winter village," where the most substantial houses are found, and in which one or more tribal sub- divisions are generally massed during the cold m(.nths, though in summer scattering to various fishing places and other resorts. The winter village is, occasionally, entirely deserted during a portion of the the summer, but is more usually left in charge of a few old people. Vario\is circumstances conspire to render it difficult to give satisfactory or definite localities for the several tribes. The combination of two or more recognised tribal divisions in a single village community during the winter months has not been confined PEOPLE OF VANCOUVHJt ISLAND. TniBAr Subdivisions nv the Kwakiool Peopi.b. {Statistics for year ending June 30th, 1885, hi/ Qho. Blunkinsup.) Name of Tribe. O tn 'A Nnuie uiid situation of |iriiiui|ial villuKC. f Hai-8hi-ln Douglas Cliiiniiel. Keim-ano-oitol iGardiiior (Jliiuinol. Ilai-liaisli Tolniio Chaniiol and Muasol Inlet. Hail-tzuk ... Wik-einoli ., Kwri'-shi-la . subjoined notos in parenthesis, following that here lutually a Fort Rupert Indians "Ow-wTtti ") hereditary chief of the Kwa'-tsT-no, a number of interesting details were obtained respecting the migrations of the four tribes above alluded to. The Klas'- kaino had, however, so far as he knew, always inhabited their present territory, which, as e G. M. DAWSON ON TllK KWAKIOOL he said, was rogardod as (IikUs eik, a " vory good" or "spi'fially favmirahlo" oiio. Whoii quostioiu'd closely as to the iiltiiuati! orii^iii of thi'se and other tiiWes, Ovv-it said that tnulitioii always related that thoy "oaiuedowii" or "appeared" at atH>rtaiii uuiiiher ol'diHiuite points. I was unablo to obtain auy raoro exaet dt'iinition of his nieanin;^, hut it is altogether probable that tht^se plaee .ire thosn o.viupied by ttin oldest villa'^^ti sites handed down by tradition, beyond which knowledge does not go. Thus, in the casi" ol' the ivLis-kaino, the lollowmg five places were enumerated as tliose at which they had "come down": — Oominis (south eutrauiH^ point of Quatsino Sound/, Xwat-lim-tish, Ti-w's, Ta-nilii and Tsa-wuu-a-hus. The termination represented by the Ibvms -Icuhm, -(sl-no, -pino, and -/iv-wo, of the names of these live tribes, doubtless conveys the idea of " people" varying in lorm according to combination. The name of the Kwa'-tsl-no thus probably means "poople of the west," from ktnrat-se " west-side" in combination with th(^ above. Tiie sulfix in Kns'-kT-rao in the same way, doiibtless signifies " people of Kv.sr," the i)laci' of that name being that of their reputed ori?;in, as stated on a following page. (8) Kud'-ts'i-no (Kwawt-se-no). — These people inhabit Forward Inlet, Quatsino Sound, but ulso resort to the west coast of Vancouver Island to the north of the Sound for halibut- fishing, where tlu-y have rough temi)orary huts at several places. Tlieir princijtal or winter village, named Ow'-i-yc-kumi, is on the east side of Forward Inlet, oi)p()site Kobsou Island, and occupies tht! low neck of a small peninsula, with a good beu h lor canoe-landing at each side, and bounded by a 1 )W cliff inland. They have also a second little village, of ruder constrU'tiou, named T.'-u"i-ale (from I'n-ir mi'nning " hone-stone," and referring to the abundance of sandstone), on the north shore of the upper part ot Forward Inlet (Winter Harbour). This may be classed as a "suramer village," but is rather an " autumn village," in which they reside when the dog-tooth salmon is running up the small streams in its vicinity. The Indians were living here when I first visited the inlet in September, 1878. The father of Ow-it, the present chief, is still alive, though very old, and Ow-Tt has taken his place as chief Ow-it's son, Ka-a-lct, is married and has tdiildren, so that, at the present time, four generations are represented. Ovv-Tt informed me that the principal village, above noted, was founded by his grandfather. It originally stood on the high rocks just above and to the east of the present site, and was fortified like most of the old towns. Afterwards, in more peaceful times, it was moved down to its p jsent site, which was at first all wooded, but was gradually cleared. The KwA'-tsT-no people, he said, formerly lived iu the vicinity of San Josef 15ay and Sea Otter Cove, where they " came down " in eight separate places, all of which he named, and where several old village sites are still to be seen. They drove the Kiaw-pino people away from Forward Inlet and killed many of them at that time. The old Kiriw-pino village was at Grassy Point of the chart, at the entrance to Winter Harbour. This is said to have occurred very loirg ago, but may not improbably have been immediately antecedent to the founding of the Kwa'-tsI-no village, above referred to. The Kwfi'-tsT-uo people fcrmerly obtained considerable quantities of diMitalium shells (utl-lla or a-tl-a, Denl peculiar deformation of the heads of the female children, and that they carried the practice to greater excess than the other tribes who sxibsequently adopted it. On asking for what reason it was so adopted, no very satisfactory explanation could be obtained, but there seraed to be an idea that it, in some way, secured the new comers i:. the possession of the country. From the statements given in connection with the four tribes just described, it would appear that tlie mo.st remote tradition of the natives places the Klas'-kaino. o.i the Sound of the same name and on the coast between Cape (Mok and the south entrance i>oint of Quatsino Sound ; the Ho-ya, on the upper part of the Sound ; the Kiaw-pino, on Forward Inlet, and probably also on Koprino Harbour of the chart (to which access was easy by way of the lagoon above Winter Ilarboui-); the Kwfi'-tsT-no, at San Josef Bay and Sea Otter Cove; and the Kns-kT-mo, at Kn-sr. It is probable that the two last-named tribes made a combined descent on the inhabitants of Quatsino Sound, for the Kus'-kT-mo must have passed the original Kwfi'-tsT-no strongholds on the way south, leaving their homes unguarded behind tliem, and this they would scarcely have dared to do except by agreement with the Kwa'-t.si-no. The date of these events can only l)e conjectured. (11) Tld-tlhsh/ctvila and Ne-kum'-ke-lls-ln (Nawitti). — I do not certainly know whether these two tribes formerly inhabited separate places, but it is highly probable that they did so, as they are said formerly to have been very numerous. Dr. J. W. Powell, of Victoria, states, in the Indian Report for 1870, that the Ne-kum'-ke-lis-la formerly inhabited Cox Island, off Cape Scott. Their principal village was, however, not many years ago, at Cape Commerell, or Na-wi-tl, whence the name by which they are known to the whites. Both tribes lived together at Cape Commerell (according to Mr. Blenkiusop) as they now do at Mel'-oopa, on the south-east shore of Hope Island. Mel'-oopa is commonly known on the coast as the " Nawitti Village." The village at Cape Commerell stood on a small rocky peninsula on the east side of the Cape, to the south of which is a little bay with a fine sandy beach. Posts and other lemnants of the old houses are still to be seen ^188o.) It is mentioned as an Indian village in the Vincoiiver Pilol (1804) and, it is to be presumed, was still inhabited at the date of survey of this coast in 1800. These people say that when the number of those living as far west as Cape Scott became mucli reduced, they i. finally drew togethc'r for mutual protection. They still have rude huts at several places on the north shore of Vancouver Island, and to the south of Cape Scott, to which they resort for halibut-lishing. They also frequent Cox, Lanz and other islands lying olf Cape Scott, and the islands east of Hope Island to Miles Cone, whii h, from its form, they call Kel-skil-tim or " high head" (as of the Kus'-kl-mo women). The original residence of the Kns'-kT-mo (K':-sr) is now included in the "Nawitti" territory. One of the old fortified villages of this people was situated on the east entrance point of Port Alexander, Galiano Island, and another, according to my Indian canoe-men, ou 'f PEOPLE OP VANCOUVEE ISLAND. 9 the little rooky islet in the centre of the harbour. Toward the head of the harbour, on the east side, is a somewhat remarkable rock-shelter, formed by au overhanging cliff, beneath which st;veral houses were, at one time, built. There can, I believe, be little doubt that the bay at the village of Na-wT-tl was the site of the destruction of the '•Toncjuin," and massacre of the crew of that vessel. As this is a point of some historic interest, the 'reasons for this belief may here be briefly stated. The " Tonquin " was a vessel of 290 tons burden, belonging to Astor's American Fur Company. . After reaching Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, in 1811, she was sent on a trading voyage to the north, leaving Astoria on June 5th. It is unnecessary to detail the circumstances leading to the atla.'kon the vessel while at anchor, the massacre of the crew, and the subsequent explosion of the magazine, by which the ship was destroyed, and a large number of natives who had crowded on board were killed. The lacts, so far as known, were subsequently obtained from an Indian interpreter, who alone escaped, and are recorded by Ross Cox and Franchere.' It has been generally stated that the scene of this lamentable occurrence was ^i Nootka Sound, which version Bancroft, in his "History of the North-west Coast" (1884), follows, while Greenow, in his " Meiuoir on the North-west Coast of North America" (1840), believes Clayoquot, also on the west coast of Vancouv.^r, to have been the place in question. The name of the locality, as reported by the Chehalis interpreter, is, however, sulliciently distinctive, and I can only account for the circumstance that its correspondence with Na-wT-tT has been overlooked, by the fact that this name has not usually appeared on the maps of the coast, though ''Nahwitti Bar" and " Nahwitti Cone" occur on the detailed charts of the northern part of Vancouver Island. Ross Cox, who came into personal contact with the escaped interpreter at Astoria, writes : " A few days after their departure from the Columbia, they anchored opposite a large village, named New Wliitty, in the vicinity of Nootka, where Mr. McKay immediately opened a smart trade with the natives." After giving the relation of the interpreter us to the massacre and explosion, he describes the Cocape of three of the crew in a boat. " They rowed hard for the mouth of the harbour, with the intention, as is supposed, of coasting along the shore to the Columbia; l)ut after passing the bar, a head wind and llowing tide drove them back, aiid conipeUed them to Land, late at night, in a small cove," where they were subsequently found and killed by the Indians. Franchere's version of the story (Op. ril. p. 13i)) is nearly identical with that of Cox, except that ln! gives the name as " Nouhity." Though stated in the Vnncoiirer Pilot to be unsuited for an anchorage, by reason of the rocky bottom, the little bay on the east side of Cape Commerell, at Na-vvT-tT, is moderately well sheltered, and is the first place on the north sliore to the east of Cape Scott, which could b(> utilised as a harl)our. It would occur to no one, not possessed of an accurate chart, to attempt to enter Bull Harbour, in the vicinity. The mention of a bar over which a strong tide runs again agrees with " Nahwitti Bar " of the chart, while no bar is found at the entrance to Nootka or Clayoquot Sounds. Bancroft, notwithstanding the general completeness of his information in su four subdivisions or sopts amouir the NTm'-kish, as follows : — 1. (iif,'ilknin chief man Klakuglas. 2. ZizHlvva-Ia-kama-yi, " " Kla-kwri/,1. :i .SlHinklilyi " " Gwa-nia-kulas. 4. Ninillcinuh " " Kum-liyiliV-iiK Mr. Hall furth<'r adds:— "Many other tribes have lived in this bay, notably the Fort Rupert Indians. The Num-krs at one time lived at the west end of Ihe bay, havin- removed there to be protected from the north-east winds which prevail in summer, and in the winter they went to the east end to escape the south-east winds. At one time they Jived more on the [Nimpkish] River and Lake than they now do. The name of one of their tribes, the NlnTlklnuh, meaning ' the men who live at or are accustomed to go to the sour.^e of a river.' They have now, and always appear to have had, a village about thr.'e miles from the mouth of the river [just below the place where the lake empties itself, on the west bank]. To this village they repair every C)ctob(>r to catch and cure their winter salmon. Many of their leg,.nds are connected with the lake and river. They formerly had relations with tlie Aht Indians, who came across Van.ouver Island nearly to the head of the lake to take salmon." (14) N,y-kwok-to (Nfih-kwok-to).— These are the Nakwahtoh or Nuk-wul-tuh of the "Comparative Vocabularies." They lately inhabited, as their prin.ipal village, a place, T.-'-kwok-stai-e, on the lower part of Seymour Inlet, but haA'e removed to Blundcn Harbour (Pa'-as) on Queen Charlotte Sound. They go in summer to Mfi'-pak-um, on Deserter's Island of th.. Walker Crroup, for halibut fishing, and to a place on the Storm Islands^ They also have a salmon fishing station on the lagoon, above Shelter Bay, named A-wut-sc or " the foamy jilace." (15) I7.nvh'-lnh and A-toa-1-Ue-la (Ta-nAck-teuch and Ah-wah-r.et-la-la).-TheTan-uh-tuh of " Comparative Vocabularies." The i^rincipal village of these tribes is at Kwfi-tsi, at Point Macdonald, Knight's Inlet. I did not visit their village, and no particulars respect- ing these peoples were obtained. (Ifi) Tsl'-witt-ui-nuk, A-kwr-amhh and Kio1-wa-a-niik (Tsah-waw-ti-neuch, Ah-kwaw-a- mish and Kwaw-waw-i-nuk).— Tsa-wutti-e-nuh of "Comparative Vocabularies." These tribes, in winter, come together in a rather large village on the west coast of Gilford Island, just north of Health Bay, named Kwa-us-tums. It is built on a point, the houses facing two ways, and is, in this respect, somewhat unusual. The Tsa'-wut-ai-nuk are mu(^h ^the most numerous tribe. They go, in summer, in part to Ila-ta at the head of Bond Sound, in part to Kwa'-e at the h.Mid of King.-onibe Inlet. The detachment going to the last-named place lives first, during the salmon season, at the west angle of the inlet, and subsequently moves over to the east angle to gather "clover root." The A-kwfi'-amish resort, in summer, to A-tl-al-ko, at the head of Wakeman Sound. The Kwa-wa-ai-nuk go for the most part in the summer season to a village named Ho-ho-pa at George Point, the west end of Baker Island. A part of the tribe got"s to Kuu^ 12 G. M. DAWSON ON THE KWAKIOOL sta-raish, a village composod of two or three houses of very rudo construction, at the north entrance point of Ckiydon 15ay, Wells Passage. They engage in salmon fishing at the mouth of a rivtn- emptying into Emhley Lagoon close by, and also in the manufacture of canoes, for which they are celebrated. At Kun-sta-mish is a little rocky islet which has evidently, at one time, been occupied by a I'ortilied village. (17) Md'-me-U-li-d-kn and A>7/i'-.w-//«f) (M ilnna-lilli-kuUah and KwTck-.so-te-no). — These tribes reside in a large village, sul)tantially i)nilt, named Mi'm-koom-lish, and situated on the west end of Village Island of the char:, not far from the entrance to Knight's lulet. There are numbers of graves on the little islands off the village and along the shore to the south of it. Tradition does not rehite that these tribes liad any other princijial village. Tliey are the MamaleilakitTsh, or Mam-il-i-li-a-ka, of the " Comnirative Vocabularies." (18) K/n-vr'sis (Klfih-wit-sis) Klowitshis or Kla-wi-tsusV f " Comparative Vocabu- laric." — These people now live a,, the village named Kfi-loo-kwis, on the west end of Tumour Island, havinu' moved to that place after it was abandoned by the Fort Kiipert tribes, as previously noted, proi)ably aboiit 184!). They formerly resided at the west end of Klawitsis Island of the chart, not far oil', where the site of their old village is still clearly apparent. Previous to the removal of the Fort Rupert tribes, and perhaps also subsetiuent to that event, a part of this tribe inhabited a villaae just to the south of Health Bay, on the west end of Uilford Island. This is marked as a village on the charts, but all traces of it have now disappeared, with the exception of the old shell-heaps. The present village consists of ten or eleven large houses, some of which are well built. Two of them, at the time of my visit (188')) were adorned with designs of a large salmon, in black and red, iu heraldic style, extending across the whole width of the front. A small island with graves, decked out with streamers of calico, etc., lies opposite the village and not far off. (lit) M'i-lilh-i)'i (Mah-teelth-pe) Matelpa or Met-ul-p;. i of " Comparative Vocabularies." — The village of this tril)e, named Ftsi-kin. is situated o. Havan'ia Channel. No further particulars were learned respecting this small tribe. (20) Wri'-lit-sum, WhwT-eke, Kuu-ha, \Vl''wT-7kum and A-vd-oo (Wfiw-lit-sum, Wr-wai- ai-kai, Kwr-ah-kah, Wr-wai-ai-kum and Ah-wfih-oo). — These tribes are closely allied, their central i)lace being at Cape Mudge. Thi>y art> together know to th(Mvhites as the Li-kwil- tah or Uculta Indians. This name is probably adopted from that given to this peoi>l(! by the southern Indians of the Strait of Georgia They constitute the southern branch of the Kwakjf^oi people. The principle village of the W;V-lit-sum is named Koo-sfim, and is at the mouth of Sahnon Iviver, Vancouver Island. An old village, not now inhabited, still remains on the opposite side ofJohnstone Strait. The WT-wt'-eke constitute the premier tribe of this group their villauv, named Tsa- kwa-loo'-in and known to the whites as the " Uculta Village," being situated on the west side of Cape Mudge a sliort distance north of its extremity. When Vancouver lirst visited this region (179-) he noted an extensive village at Cape Mudge and describes it at some length (Vol. I. p. 328, Svo. ed.), and the situation is so favorable a one that it has probably been a central point for the Indians ever since they inhabited the coast. The present village is ranged along a low shore. In Vancouver's time, it was built at the summit of a high blulf of sand and gravel, a littli' south of the mcdern site. The Kwi-ha tribe is said in former times to have been a part of that of the same name now residing at Fort Kupert. Their principal place is Tsai-iye-uk at Arran Itapids, north PEOPLE OP VANCOUVER ISLAND. 18 entrance to But« Inlet. Thi.s is also described by Vancouver, who refers to it as the " villajye of the friendly Iiulians" (0/>, ril., Vol. I. j). 82*)). The principal ()la(e of the AVl-vv«"-ekum and A-wa-oo is now on Iloskyn Inlet, and is named Ta-ta-pow-is. The A-wa-oo formerly inhabited a village at the month of Campbell River, Vancouver Island, and nearly opposite to the Uculta vilhige. They have since b( come merged in the WT-wc-ckuni tribe. The latter are named Wl-vvT-kum in the " Comparativt! Vocabularies." III. — Mode ok Life, Ahts and Custom.s of the Kwaktool. The dwellings, utensils, canoes, mode of life, and food of the coast tribes of British Columbia, have been so frequently described before, and there is so much in common between them, ])articularly lu'twei-n the northern tribes taken as a group, of which the Kwakiool people forms a mcnnber, that it in scarcely necessary to enter into detail respect- ing these matters. Clo.se investigation will doubtless reveal many intc^resting points of difference, but the main facts as described for the Haida will ai)ply almost equally well to the Kwakiool. (Sec Report of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can., 1878-70.) Notwithstanding diversity of language and dialect, these coast people form a single group in respect to arts, and to a less extent in regard to customs and traditions. The useful arts and modes of construction have evidently been readily adopted by various tribes from whatever source they may have originated. In dexterity and constructive skill, as well as in artistic representation, the Haida peojile, however, excell nil tlie others. The villages consist usually of a single row of houses ranged along the edge of the beach and lacing the sea. The houses are generally large, and are used as dwelling places by two or more families, each occupying a (corner, which is closed in by tem- porary partitions of split cedar planks, six or eight feet in height, or by a screen of cloth on one or two sides. Each family has, as a rule, its own lire, with cedar planks laid down near it to sit and sleep on. When, however, they are gathered in the houses of smaller and ruder ) construction, at summer llshing places, etc., a single lire may serve for a whole household. ' The liouseliold ell'ects and property of the inmati>s are piled up round the walls, or stowed away in little cupboard-like jyartitioned spaces at the sides or back of the house. Above the lire belonging to each family is generally a frame of poles or slips of cedar, upon which clothes may be hung to dry, ;uul dried lish or dried clan..,s are stored in the smoke. Eating is a perpetually recurring occupation, and smoke appears to ooze oirt by every chink and cranny of the roofs of the largi* houses, the whole upper part of which is generally lilK'd with it. The houses of the Kwakiool are not so large or so well constructed as those of the Haida, tlitmgh if Vaiu'ouver's representations of them are to be accepted as accurate, they are more commodious and bettei built now than in his time. TIk^ introduction of metal tools may have produced a change of tiiat kind. Wood-carving is practiced, but not so extensively as among the Haida, and carved totem-posts are not nearly so numerous nor so large or artistic in design as among that people. Such examples of posts of this kind as occur are also invariably separate I'rom the houses, and no instance of a carved post luiming the door of a house was seen in any of the villages. These carved posts are divided by the Indians into two classes, those outside the houses being named llCt-us, 14 G. M. DAWSON ON TIIK KWAKIOOL those inside the hcuses tIa-'/h'. Carved posts of th(> liist-nained kind, ijenerally those which support the ponderous main beams of .he roof, are rather common in the Kvvakiool village. The fl-'signs are frequently grotesque and the carving generally very rude. The ends oi the main beams which project at the front o<'the house are also not infrequently carved. Large painted desij:;ns, generally in black and red, though oft-n vvi!h the iiddition of blue and other colours, are common on the fronts of houses. These are m the usual conven- tional or heraldic style — involved, but often neatly executed. Such designs include the thunder bird, the monsters Tse-rkTsh or ST-sT-ootl, salmon, whales, "coppers," etc. The most valuable possession of the Kwakiool and other lorthcrn tribes is the " ( opper " or copper plate ofwhich the peculiar form is illustrated in my Kcj)ort on the Queen Charlotte Islands, already cited (p. ISFi B.) A conventional lace is often scraped out upon the surface of the " copper". The most valued coppers are very old and have been handed down for generations. These are known as lli'i-kwn. Smaller " coppers" of modern manu- facture are named tli'i-tloli-^iim. A copper, to })e of value, should ]w of equal thickness throughout, except at the edges, where it should bi^ thicker than elsewhere. , When struck, it should emit a dull sound and not ring. The dentalium shell, named a-ll-n, was former- ly ixsed as a <-urrency, but as with other coast tribes, the blanket is now the unit of value A somewhat inferior quality, known in the Ihidson's l?ay Company parlanc<' as a " two and a-half point " blanket, is the standard, and is wamvd iil'-luil-iix-kiim. The Kwakiool employ the fathom, measured between the oiitstretehed hands across the chest, as their principal measure, counting innn-jiuii-k-i "one fathom,'' miUl-pini-lil "two fathoms," and so on. The hall- fathom, measured from the middle ol' the chest, is named niik-a-]i''>l' . The distance from the elbow to the end of the outstretched fingers is also used as a measure under the name of Icl'i-kiru-p'i-al. The next smallest unit of measurement is a span, reckoned from the tip of the thumb to that of the outstretched second finger. This is named " one span with the long linger," nnm-i)un-kh-lit-hiini>-l>il-hiin-(i-e. The short span is similarly measured between the tips of the tlium)> and first linger, i\nd known as w«/;(-/y//«- lih-huns-tmn-a-e or " one span with the short linger," and soon, changii g the alhxed numeral. In addition to the ordinary mode of counting niim "one," mall "two," in-looh "three." ;«n " four," and so on, then- are various nnognised modes of enumerating articles of diflerent kinds. Thus in counting fiat objects, such as l)lankets, the Kwakiool says num-uh-s'i, matl-nh-s't , etc. In counting circular or spherical objects, such as money or balls, he habitually uses num-akum, malt-aiim, in-lnoh-siriii, etc. In counting persons, the numeral is again changed to tvm-ook, ma-look, 'm-look, mo'i-ki'i, sl-ki-ok, et(\ A^ain, in counting lots, each made up of a like number of obje>ts, a diflerent termination is ai)peiuled to the numeral thus, — nuni-uh-stdlfi "one lot," ma-n-lnh-sti'iU'i "two lots," in-tooh-slul't "three lots," mo-sli'il'i " four lots," xlk'-l-a-ddli'i " ii\& lots," et<\ " One to each," " two to eai'h," etc., are expressed by ti'iU'-niDii-la-hi, ma-e-mall-ln-lii, //all-iii-tooh-la-bi, ma-e-mno-la-hi, s'i-xl-ki-a-ln-ln, o.tc. The first two ordinal numbers are expressed by k'l-'il'-a-k'i-wa '■ fir^ji," m'l-kil-u-h'i-k'i-al- a-kl-wa " next to first." Thesi>, however, ajjpear to be seldom ii.sed, and it is diflicult to explain the idea to the Indians. Tlie numeral adverbs " once," twice," thrice," are nan- puH-a, mal/-pii)/-ii, i/i-fooh-jian-n. When a child has grown large enough to leav(? the little cradle, tied into which it spends most of its earlier days, usage demands that the cradle, together with all the wrappings and bark forming the bedding and its appendages, shall be carefully collected PEOPLK OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 18 and carried to a recognised place of deposit. This custom is not now strictly adhered to with regard to the cradle, hut is still ohligatory in respect to the bedding, which is generally neatly iiacked in a box or basket, and laid away never to be touched again. Every village prol)ably has such a place of deposit. That for the Ka-loo-kwis village is in a sheltered re(!ess in limestou'! cliffs at.the western extreme of Harbledown Island. It is numed ki-iitf-ii-fcwlxh' or " c(>.iar liark de;)osit ph'e." Another similar recess in a cliff, filled with cradle wrappings, exists on tlic south side of Pearse Peninsula, east end of Broughton Island. At Mel'-oopa and at Ilwat-fs' then are similar pieces, that at the first named village being bene, th logs, at the back of the village, and not on the shore. When a young man desires to obtain a girl for a wife, he unift bargain with her parents, and pay to her lather a considerable iiuml)cr of blani.et.-'. Owing to the great desire to a(!cumulate blankets for tlie purposes oi' tho />(>/ latch or donation fjast, together with the scarcity of marriageable girls, the parents arcs very strict and exacting in this respect. The young man is often still I'urther lleeced by his wife, who. at the instigation of her parent.s, nuiy seize upon some real or imaginary cause ol' grievance and leave him. The father then exacts a further blanket payment for her return, and so on. Just as among the Ilaida and other coast tribes, a man must give a potlatch (Kwakiool pi(s-(i or ya-liooit) on assuming a name. To obtain a name I'or his child a potlatch must be be held, and at every subsecjuent occasion on which a man gives a potlatch, he assumes a new name, which is generally that of one of his ancestors. He is then known only by his last assumed name, which is regarded as his chief or most honourable one. This cus- tom naturally introduces much complication in the matter of tracing out genealogy, or in arriving at the names of the actons in I'ormcr events. Medicine or sorcery as practiced by these people for the cure of disease, is much the same as among other trilx's of the coast, though the peculiar tubular bone charm, employed by the Ilaida aiul Tshmisian, was not here observed. Ihe sorcerer may be either a man or a woman, latned for skill in such matters, to whom their vocation may have been indi- cated by dreams or visions. Medicines may be given to the patient by his friends, but the sorcerer dors not deal in drugs, devoting his attention solely to exorcising the evil principle causing the disease. This is done by singing incantation songs, the use of a rattle and vigorous sucking of the i>art all'ccted, whicli in many cases is kept \\\> for hours and frequently repeated, and must always be handsomely paid ibr. Sickness is still, generally, and was formerly at all times, attributed (o the witchcraft of enemies. Certain persons were known to possess the power and were called r-a-k-i-nooh. Such a malignant person, wishing to l)c witch an enemy, is supposed to go through a series of complicated and absurd ceremonies, of which the following is an outline : — An endeavour is first made to procure a lock of hair, some saliva, a piece of the sleeve and of the neck of the dress, or of the rim of the hat or head-dress which has absorbed the perspiration of the person to be l)ewitched. These are placed with a small piece of the skin and llcsh of a dead man, dried and roasted before the fire, and rul)bed and pounded together. The n\ixture is then tied up in a piece of skin or cloth, which is covered OA'er with spruce gum. The little package is next jdaced in a liunian bone, which is broken for the puri)ose, and afterwards carefully tied together and put within a human skull. This again is j^laced in a box, which is tied up and gummed over and then buried in the ground in such a way as to be barely covered. A fire is next built nearly, but not exactly, on the top of the box, so as to warm the whole. 16 O. M. DAWSON ON THE IvWAIvlOOL Then tho evilly disposed man, bcutins? his hnad aj^ainst a tree, namos niul douonncos his enemy. This is douo at niij-iit or in the early morning, and in seeret, and is rrecjuently repeated till the enemy dies. The actor must not smile or laugh, and must talk as little at. possiblti till the spell has worked. 11' a man has leason to supposi^ that he is being pruetieed on in tins way, he or his iViends must endeavour u> lind the deposit and eaic^- t'ully unearth it. Roujih handling ol' the box may prove immediatt ly fatal. It is then cautiously un\vrapp'>d and the contents aie thrown into the j -a. If 'he evilly disposed per- son vas discov 'red, he was in farmer years immediately killed, h after making up the little package of relics as above noted, it is put into a frog, the mouth of which is tied up before it is releiised, a peciiliar sickness is produced whii h causes the abdomen of tht! per- son agi.ii'st whom the sorcery is directed to swell. After death the body is imiwediately coHined, noi; a moment being lost. Should death occur at night the collin-l)ox is bet outside the house at once, till daylight may admit of its beiui lispo.sed of The face of the dead is lirst washed and the hair combed, and then the lace and head are painted with vermilion and tlm body wrai)ped in blankets by near relatives or friends. It is then jnit into any box of a suitable size that can be found, generally one of those used for the storage of house effects or dried lish. The box so employed is named lik-'i-'t'-txe. The body is doubled up, and no hesitation is felt in using violence towards it in order to press it into the box. The yraves of the Kvva- kiool are of two principal kinds : little scaffolds to which the collin-box is la.shed, high upon the branches of iir trees and known as iiik-/)"-/ch ; and tombs built of slabs of wood on tho ground. Small tent-like erections of calico are now oi'teu sul)stituted for the latter, and the bodies of relatives or friends, dying at diiferent times, are in both cases often phved together. If a person of importance or much respected, a canoe (previously rendered un- serviceable) is often drawn up and deposited near the grave. The trees used for the d<»posit of the dead ar«» often quite close to the village, but when a tomb is plan'd ui)on the ground, it is generally on some rocky islet or insular rock, which may be further away, but is still in sight from the village. Such islands become regular cemeteries. Graves in trees are generally festooned with blankets or streamers of cloth, and similar append- ages are allixed to poles in the vicinity of graves on the groi;nd. Kouffhly carved human ligures in wood are also often added. Tliesc sometimes hold in their hands wooden models of the copper plates which are so mirch valued by these ncnthern tribes of the coast. Similar models are also at times nailed up on posts near the graves. At Pa'-as (Blunden Harbour) the upper part of one of these coi)i)ers (but one of inferior value) was found broken in two and allixed at a grave in token of grief The lower part was not found, and had probably been used before on some similar occasion. At Fort Rupert and Alert Bay, bodies are now Trequently buried in the ground, owing to the irlluence of the whites. Su'h a grave is named tilc-'-'s. After the body has been deposited in the grave, a fire is made near it, in wiiich some food is burnt, such as dried salmon, fat, dried clams, etc., and all the smaller articles belonging to the deceased are thrown into the fire at the same time. The canoe, house, ,ind other larger effects are then taken possession of by the son, father, daught(>r, wife or brother of the dead, generally in the order named. The wife or husband of the deceesed goes into special mourning for a period of one month among the Queen Charlotte Sound tribes, or for four months among the Kos'-kl-mo. The survivor lives during this i>3riod PKOTLE OP VANCOUVKR ISLAND. 17 separately in n very smiiU hut, which is built behind the houMe, eating and drlnkini^ alone, and using lor thai, purpobi) Lslu-s not employed by other members ol' the tribe. The near rehitivesi of the deatl eut their hiiir short, or if woinun, cut a small portion of it oil". A widow marks her faee with soratelies, in token of mourning ; among the Kns'-kl-mo she cuts her face with a shell, aiul ;'oi',s no <;• 'iwally mariy auain ior at least n year. In some cases, about a month after dealli ihe men of tiie 'rii^; collect in a hous(> to sing a song which relates the deeds and virtues of the d^eased This is named s'i'-lumu or liirai'-um, the "iryiug song." Children are sometimes, iu the same way, m)uvned for by the women. When at Mel'-oopa ("Nawitti") iu 1878, the tjrst sound we h-ard at d.iybreiik, was the crying and lamentation of the women, the song being taken up lir.-,l by one and then by another, in dill'erent parts of the village. This, it was ascertained, wu; iu cousequen(;e of the death of a boy which had occurred some time before. V. — Custom of the "Potlatch" oh Donation Feast. In my notes on the Ilaida people of the Queen Charlotte Islands, the facts which could be obtained as to the po/lafrli or donation feast of these Indians and of the Tshimsian were detailed. This custom is common to all the coast tribes of this part of North America, and has extended, though in a less marked form, into the interior of the con- tinent. The main i'eatures of the custom are probably identical, or nearly .so, among all the tribes of the British Columbian coast. They are certainly nearly tlie .same with the Ilaida, Tshimsian and Kvvakiool peoples Amonsj the latter, this ceremony is known as ]ius-a or i/ti-hooif, these terms probably denoting special forms of the ceremony appro- priate to certain occasions. In speaking of the cu.stom, I will, however, use the commonly recognised word /lot/dlrh as being the most convenient. The rules governing the potlatch and its attendent ceremonies have grown to be so complicated that even those persons most familiar with the natives can scarcely follow it in all its details, and it is sometimes difficult for the natives themselves to decide certain points, leaving openings for roguery and sharp practice with the more unscrupulous. Mr. George Blenkinsop, who has been for many years among the Kwakiool, informs me that the custom was formerly almost entirely conlined to the recognised chiefs, but that of late years it has extended to the people generally, and become very much commoner than before. The Rev. A. .T. Mall bears testimony to i,h(^ same effect. ' With the chiefs, it was a means of acquiring and maintaining prestige and power. It is still so regarded, but has spread to all classes of the community and became the recognised mode of attaining social rank and respect. Many of the younucr people in the Kwakiool villages are willing to abandon the custom, but the majority, and particularly tln^ older people, are in its favour — a circumstance probably largely explicable by the fact that nearly all are creditors or debtors under the system. The pernicious effect of the extension and frequent recurrence of the potlatch, arises chiefly from the ciri;umstance that every member of tlu^ tribe, male or female, is drawn into it. If not themselves endeavouring to accjuire property for a potlatch, every one is pledged to support, to the utmost of their means, Some more prominent or ambitious individual. Thus, wives even rob their husbands to assist a brother, or some other 3 18 (J. M. DAWSON ON THK KWAKIOOL rolativo, in amussins? blimkcts pn-puratory to a struffirlo for social prepmiinMii'o, and should thi> aHpjriint he hcati-n, would led morlilit'd and asliauii'd. All In-couic inisorly and savinn', hut to no <,'ood puip.>s(>, and (hf irrcat y:atii('riMi'ts of nativfs which occur when the pot- latch taki'H place, lead not only to waste of property ana time, hut to troubles of many I other kinds. As a particular instance of the custom, let us suppose that a N'Tm'-kish, of Alert Hay, I has collected toyelher as his own, or obtained control of, say, live hundri'd blankets, and ' wishes to make a potlati;h to the Fort Rupert tribes. He jfoes to the Fort Rupert villaiye j and makes known his intention of distributing- a thousand blankets at a certain dale. He bef^ins by lendini? out his stock of live hundred blankets, yivinLr lari^er numbers to those who are well otf, and particularly to such as are known to havi' the intention of I giving a potlatch in return. This loan is reckoned a debt of honour, to be paid with interest at the jiroper lime. It is usual to return two blankets for every one borrowed, and Indians with liberal ideas may return even more. Tiie ufreater the number of blankets loaned out to any individual, the more he knows tlnit his wealth and standing' are appreciated by the stranger, who. laler on. taking with him a thousand or more blankets returns to his home at Alert Bay ; at which pla-e also, in du(( lime, the Fjrt Rupert i>eople arrive. The potlatch does not, however, then occur at once, as much i>re- liminary talk, ceremony, and feasting are in order, and the Nun'-kish must entertain I'uir , visitors — first one and then another volunteering feasts and diversions. It may also, very probal)ly, happen that delay arises bi'cause the man about to give the potlat<'h has not obtained the requisite number of blankets, many being owing to him and others having been promised by friends whom lie is ol)liged to dun. The Fort Ruiiert people, becoming weary of waiting, lend all the wciiiht of their in lluence to coerce the debtors into payment, and these may, in the end, be forced to borrow from others to enable them to redeem their pledges — all such arrangements leading to interminable haguling and worry. At lenylh, however, all is ready, and with the accompaniment of much bombastic speech-making and excitement, the ma.ss of blankets is distributed in exact proportion to the social position of those taking part — or, what is the same thing, in proportion to their individual contributions. To surpass the man who has last given a potlatch, and acquire a superior standing to \ his, the next aspirant must endeavour to give away more than a thousand blankets, and will strive as soon as possible lo be in a position to do so. The nominal excuses i'or giving a potlatch are numerous, the most common being, however, the wish to assumt; a new and more honourable name. The name {proposed to be taken passes by common consent, if the potlatch shall have been successful and on a sulhcient scale. Should an Indian wish to humiliate another lor any reason, he may destroy a great number of blankets or much other valued property. This, according to custom, leaves his adversary in debt to the amount of the property made away with. It then behoves the debtor to bring oui and destroy a !ike or if possible a greater amount of property. If he is not able to do this, he lies under the reproach of having been worsted by his foe. The present principal chief of the Fort Rupert people is now known, since his pot- latch last completed (autumn of 1885), as Na-ka-pun-thim, and aspires to, and well maintains, the pocition of premier chief of the Kwakiool people. He is apparently a man PKOPLH OK VANCOUVER ISLAND. 19 of groat ontTgy of charii(t(>r, hut niiturally hiis many oiit'inics, iiinnii!,' whom ftni to be rcM'konod tho chit'ls of iiiOKt of llic other tribes. One of these, the Nim'-kiHh eliief, to attain a superior position to Na-ka-i)un-thim, hitely broke up and destroyed a very valu- able "eopper," leaving Na-ka-piin-thim in iin inferior position till he could obtain and destroy a similarly Viilual)le pic'ce. Not himself having a suilable "chopper," the NTm'- kish chief collected his means to purchase one which was in the posses.sion of a young man of the tribe named Wa-nook. This "copper" bad been purchased by Wa-nook's father from Wa-nook's wife's mother, in ord(!r that his son might assume an important place in the tril)e as ils possessor. TIk^ various tril)es were assembled at the Fort liupert village for a potlatch, and after haranguing tiicm, Na-ka-pun-tliim pul)liclj oliered 1,400 blankets for the " copper," but Wa-nook still held back for a higher pri('e. The natives assembled were divided into two parties, and were much excited, calling each other by opprobious names and some enconriiying Na-ka-pun-thim, others his adversarit^s. Mr. Hall describes Na-ka-pnn-thim as coming out before the people accompanied by a man hideously dressed and wearing a mask, drawing out ami exhibiting a scalp in each hand and saying to his principal rival : "These are enemies of mine whom I have killed, and in a like manner I will crush you." Then, even l)ef()r(^ he iiad quite completed the purchase of the "copper," he l)egan to break a large pieie from one corner, and as the "copper" in question was undoul)ledly mjre valuable than that previously mutilated by the Nim'-kish chief, he, according to Indian ideas, otFected his triumph, changing his name from "Snh-witti" to that abov , niven, and — as is sometimes done — erecting apostiu commemoration of the event, on which, in this instance, the " copper " itself was elevated. VI.— Traditions, Fotjcloue and Remchon. The traditions and stories of the Kwakiool pt'ople appear to centre chiefly about Cape Scott, the north-west extremity of Vancouver Island. Almost every feature of the coast in this vicinity has some tale appended to it. It is the point ideutilied with the appear- ance of their culture-hero and may be assumed to be the site of their earliest home, in so far as this can be ascertained througti the distorted medium of tradition. The now familiar figure of the culture-hero, is, with these people, as with most others, that about which innumerable stories have been grouped by a natural process of aggregation, the central idea being now scarcely sullicieni supjwrt for the whole. The name of this hero, like other words in the language, is somewhat changed in the various dialects. After hearing it pronounced by a number of individuals in the northern part of Vancouver Island and on the west coast, I adopted" Kan-r-a-ko-luh " as the most correct rendering.' The " Na- witti " people use a form more ni'arly rendered by ' Kan-e-a-kwe-a," while neither of these names were known to a Kwri-wa-ai-nuk Indian, who gave me " Na-la-no-koom-kT-la," ex- plaining it as meaning the " lirst man." Rev. A. J. Hall writes the name " KunTkrlag." All these renderings are very probably derived from the ordinal number " first " given to me as kl-fd'a-ki-wa by a Fort Rupert Indian." __^ ' Dr. Friinz Boa.s writes llic niiiue, of tlui culture-liord " KniiiUiliik." Scionoo, 'Marcl), 1S87. ' Om> cannot l)iit Ik- striicl;, liowevor, wiili tlie closo rosoinliliuico of tliis word to hmthi, tlie Hawaiian word for " man." Is it witliin llio boiind.s of poKsibility, tliat tlio story of tho arrival of this cntlnro-lioro depends on some liistorical event [lerliaps eonnected witli tlie [xiriod of roinarlial)le moveniont and advonlurons sea voyages whicli Fornander shews to liave ocuurrod in the Polynesian region, about the eleventh or twelfth centuries of our era? 20 0. M. DAWSON ON THE KWAKIOOL From an iiitoUij^oiit "Nivvvitti " Iiidinn, the followinij 1)ri('f acconnJ of Knii-r-a-ko-hih wan obtiiiiifd. Kiin-t'-a-ki'-liih, a vi-ry powcrrul iHiiiy, aiuii'iitly iiiliahitid Cape Scott. At that tiino, tliouLrli many animals cxiNlcd, and Noinc Ix'ini^H ifHomhlin^ men, ihoro wero no propt'rly Ibrracd nu«u. Lt>a\'in^ Capo Siott, whuro ho had a very lurgo houNc, Kan-r-a- ke-lub set ont on a i>il!ifriniai^(' eastward, alonjj the shoro. lli' liist met witli a man of Hom;. kind who was engaged in sliarpening a knii'e upon a slone, and having htcn uucivilly received by him, he took away the knii'e, and giving the owner two . ds on the head, antlers grew out. Then witli some ol' the poNto which was upon the xtone, he marked the rump of this being, who went away transl'ormed into a deer. Further on ho I'ound a lot ol' women without any trace ol' eyes, cooking cel-grasB (Zosterii) roots at a Kre. lie took (he lood away and h'lt them j.roping about for it I'or some time. Wlien at hngth mo spoke to them, they received him well, in conNeijneiKc ol' which he provided th mu with eyes. Next he came across a man witii innumerabii' mouths, all ol which l)ut one he closed. In these days also there were beings with sexua' organs on their foreheads. This he also rectilied. and alter doing numy other wonderl'ul works returned to Cape Soott. At last Kan-r-a-ke-luh left Cape Scolt finally, goini; very far away and disappearing altogether from mortal ken. so that the people supposed the sun to represent him. Kan-r-a-ke-luh had a father named Ma-kwans whom he turned into a heron. His mother was named Kla-klan-ilh, and she either was originally a woodpecker or was by her son changed into that form. My informant was not very dear on this jjoint. A higli rock on the coist opposite the end of Nahwitti Bar is said to represeni a man who was changed into stone by Kan-r-a-ke-luii, during his journey, for some misconduct. The natives now throw an olfering toward this rock in passing and address some words to it, asking for favourable weathi-r. In the little bay immediately to the east of Cape Scott is a Hat greenstone boulder, on the beach, upon which is a natural depression closely resembling in form and size the print of a left foot. This is said to have been made by Kan-r-a-ke-luh when still a mere boy, and thi> Indians say that the other end of the stride — a right foot-mark — is to be seen on Cox Island. No one dares to put his foot on either of these marks, as it is certain to result soon in misfortune or death. A much more detai' 1 arcount of Kan-r-a-ke-luh and his works was obtained from Ow-Tt, the (rhief of the Kwa'-tsT-no, who appeared to be well versed in such lore and sure of the faith whir brother killing whales for the support of the younger. Alter a time, Kan-r-a-ke-luh left his home at Cape Scott He walked eastward along the shore and did not go in a canoe. When he came to Kn-se he saw a young girl, and asked her to go and fetch some water for him to drink. She refused, saying that a terrible monster named TsT-a-tish (Tse-a-kTsh of the Ma'-me-li-li-a-ka, said to live beneath the sea and swallow canoes, etc.) guarded the water and killed all who endeavoixred to approach. At length, how- ever, she was persuaded to go. She put ^n her belt, which represented the double-headed serpent s'-scnti (s'-s^-oo// of the KwA-wa-ai-nuk Indians) and set out. Immediately the monster, which had an immense mouth, swallowed her; but Kan-r-a-ke-luh was close behind. He began to sing a song which caused the creature to burst open and forthwith TKOPLE OK VANCOUVKR ISLAND. 21 t all thn Kns ino pi-oplo caiiKi ont. Thoy wiilkod at lirNt in ii one-sided lunniior, their jointN beiii^,' iinpeii'eclly i'ornied, l)nt Kiin-r-n-ke-luli iviiiedicd lhi,s, and tiuiN orifrinuted tile Ke a nuinher of people, hut the creature had iniiiiuieinhle iiiniitlis, all over hi.s body When Kau-r-a-ke-luli spoko, remonstrating with him lor liis i'ooliish conduct, he was answered at onoo by all the mouths. Kan-r-a-ke-luh li»en passed his hands over the body of this (Teaturo dosing all the mouths l)ut one, ami coMvertintr him into a properly iormed miin. Al'lerwanls Kan-r-a-ke-luh went on to S;"i-kisii (liciiver Ilurhour), Jlere lived a man and his son ; and Kan-f-a-ke-luh was about to pass along tho shore in front of their house, whiih '""ce'l the sea. The son, however, who was a very powerful medioim* man, said to hi'i fat) "So this is he who is to put the world all in order again." He luid v blanket filled \vu'. ditienses wiiicli \\>- had cniijurcd awiiy from the sick, and .shaking this blanket toward Kan-c-a-ke-luh, the latter wa.s immediately overcome by the influence of the diseases and fell into a swoon or sleep. This happened four tim((.s, when at last Kan-c-a- ke-luh had to content him.self with u'oing round behind the house, which it appears he was allowed lo do unmolested. Next Kan-e-a-ke-luh heard that some way ui) the Nimpkish lliver (Kwa-no) there lived a man who had three daughters, and that these girls who had heard of his fame, were makinu' love songs al)out him and singing them. On arriving at the river and get- ting near the house of liiese people he took olf one of his shortest lingers, and made of ita man, into the form of which he entered. This man (now Kan-e-a-ko-luh) was covered with sores from head to foot, and with a blanket wrapped .^bout him waited at tho edge of tho river where the girls came down to the water. Soon the three girls came down to the ri er to bathe. The youngest, walking lirst, spii'd Kan-c-a-ke-luh, and exclaimed, "See this little slave," and the eldest sister replied, " So you have found a slave now." When the sisters went in to bathe, tiie two elder called upon Kau-c-a-ke-luh tc wait on them, saying, "Come wash my back," and ,-io on, but the youngest did not do so and would not let him toucii licr, so he .said "She must be my wife." He married her, and after a son had been born, he went away from the Nimpkish Wiver, leaving his wife and son Ironi whom the NTm'-kish people originated. After performing thes" an' all his works, he married "a woman ol'tlie sea" and went away over the ocean and was no more seen. This, ()\v-it said, he did tliat no one in future should " liave his name " as one of theirs. Tlie wife of one of the chiefs at Na-wi-ti once assumed iiis name, but she was lost from a canoe, and drowned, and no one iuis dared ever since to take it.« The youni^er brother, however, did not disappear, and so fome j)ersons still use Ids name. Thus ()\v-:t, lor example, lias tliis name us one of his. Tiiou^'h Kan-c-a-ke-luh never returned, he had a son wiio came hack named Kla-soo-tr-walis, and all the salmon, ber^-ies and other ijood kinds of food came with him, "and this is the reason that they return year by year to the present day." ()\v-lt claims himself to be a descendant of this son, as does also the Ki's'-ki-mo clijcf The Rev. .V. .7. Hall, several times referred to before, was kind enough to make enquiries for me as to the myths of the Nim-kish tril)e. Of Kan-r-a-ke-luh he writes as below. This account it will be seen does not perfectly au'rce with either of those above given. " Kani-kr-lfiq had no wife and no child, and beloni-ed to no tribe. No one knows his origin or whence he came. He never travelled in a canoe. l)ut always walked. Re is regarded as a deity and as the creator. Tho.se who blasphemed him, he turned into birds, beasts, and lishes : l^nt those who s[ioke well < i him. he turned into men and protected. The heron was once a man who despised lv.'inT-kc-la(|. It was KfinT-ke-lrHj who stole lire and water and gave them to the Indians. The chief who possessed lire, lived at the 'edge of the day,' viz.. the rising of the sun. Wiien tlie friends of this chief were dancing round the lire. KfiuT-kc-lrui ai)peared in the form of a deer, and with a bun lire. " Krini-ke-lri(| also stole water from the ' Nawitii ' chief, who alone possessed it. To do this, he assiuned a form of a ravi'U, but borrowi'd the bladder of a sea-lion (g/'Av/w). The water was in a hole in a stoiii'. a foot in diameter, He was allowed to take a little, and when the chief went to drive him oil', he begged for more, because his thirst was not quenched. Having consumed all there was, he Hew oil", and vomited '.he water every- where. Where the water dropped, rivers were formed, and ever since (here has been an abundance of water." The following deluge myth was obtained, in 187S, from Hnni-tshit, a chief of the Ilailtzuk division of the Kwakiool, at Ka-jia (Kill ite Village of charts). Yeo Island, Mil- bank Sound : — Very long ago there occurred a gri'at Hood, during whiiji the sea rose so as to cover everything with the exception of three mountains. Two of thest? are very high, one near Bella-Hella. the other api>arentlv to the norlh-i'ast of that place. Tlie third is a low but prominent hill on Don Island, named Ko-Kwus by the Indians ; this they say rose at the time of the Hood so as to remain above the water. Nearly all the people iloated away in various directions on logs and trees. The people living where I'KOPLK OK VAN<;01IVKU ISLAND. 23 Kit-kiitlii now is, for iiistiiiicc, (liillcd to l<'.)it, liupert, wliilt^ the Fort 1lui)(>rfN dvifti'd to Kil-Uatlii. Soiii(> oi llic jti'oplo luul smull ciiiuu'is, ;iiul l)y anclioiinj;- llu'ui iniinaj^vd to roiiu" down noiir liomc when tlic walfr .subsided. Of llic llaiUzak thero roniaincd only three individual.s: two men and a woman, with adoi-'. One ol'lhc men hindcd at Ka- pa, a Ki'<-ond at anotlicr villauv .silc, not tar from Bi'Ua-I'.i'lla, and tlic woman and doi-- at ]5clhi-l!t'lla. From tin' marriaij^i' of tlu> woman with tin' do-^', the ndlaHi'lla Indians originated. When this Hood had .suhsidcd there was no i'resh water to he found, and the people were very thirsty. The raven, however, shewd them how, after eat in-<;'ini,' in th(^ ^yround, tliey could i^et a little wat'r ; but .soon a preat rain I'anie on, very heavy ar.d vi'ry long, which lliled all the lakes and rivers so that they have n"ver been dry sinci'. Tin- water is still, however, in sonu' way understood to be .'oniu'cled with tln^ cedar, and the Indians say if tiiere were no cedar trees there would be no water. The converse would certainly hold ij-ood. It will be observed that two ori^'inal versions of the Hood story seems to have been combined in that above li'lven. the result beinu^ thai both mountains and eanoes appear as means of safety. One of the nn)st remarkable local stories which I have met with, is that attachini.y to a little stream which enters Forward Inlet, (iuatsino Souiul, a short dislance .south of the principal villaiiv of ihe K wi'-tsi-'io. This stream is n.uiied Tsoo-tsi-o-le, and an intellijjeut Indian told me that on its upper vyaters peculiar beings named A-tlis-im reside. Thoe people — for they resemble Indians — conn' sometimes down to the sea, to lish, and they have been seen at night crossing Ihe inlet in black cai-.oes. If followed to tin; shore, they lift their canoes ui) on their shoulders ami liasten away inland. Thus the Iiulians know that their canoes are not nnuh' of wood, but of .sonn- very light nnilerial. On enquiring i)articularly of t)w-Tt as to this, the following nn>re detailed and proba- bly more authentic version of the .story was obtained : — Very long ago, at a t'me when the people were celebrating their winter feast or "cannibal danci'," the possessed imlividual, or medicine man, was dancing on the end of a sort of prctjecting jetty formed of large split cedar planks, iixed together t'ud to end, and anchored out witii stoiu's and roi)cs. Something Iku iiiii- haiiix'iied to displease him very much, he tied one of Ihe stones about his neck, and |)lunginii' into the st'a, was drowned. Overconu' with distress or shame, his wile, taking her children witli lier, lied away into the woods near or up the little stream above referred to. The runaways mulli[)lieil there and were afterwards seiui by the Indians at various times. They had forgotten how to speak, but ( Dmmnnicated with each cllier by whistling. These [leople were said to be lint oriii'inal ancestors of the Kiaw-pino . .■ a part of them — a statement .somewhat at variaueo with that previously given as to the origin of this tribe. At another time, the Kvv.i'-tsT-i\o saw a msm in a canoe, on the sea, who, on being followed, lan(h'd, and folding up his camie, hurried away up tiie valley of the Tsoo-tsi-o-le. The Iiulians, however, determined to pursue him, ami did so till they reai^hed a lake of some size from which the river comes, the head of which is said to reach ni'arly to the present trail running from the Winter ILirbour Lagoon to Roprino Harbour. The man followed is supposed to have been a descendant of the fugitives prevnnisly mentioned, and was a sorcerer of great power. He drew his bow, and as his i)ursuers were coming 24 G. M. DAWSON ON THE KWAKIOOL along the path in siugK- lile killod all but one, with a single arrow, '''ho solitary indi- vidual who os(uiped related that the sorcerer, or medicine man, lived in a house built on piles, in the middle of the lake, which piles or posts, Ow-Tt averred, can still be seen. lu the same little bay at Cape Scott, in which the foot-print of Kan-r-a-ke-luh is shewn, there are a couple of granite boulders to which su!)erstition attaches. One of th'*se is said to represent a man, and is named Kuk-ush-nook, the second represents a woman. Its name I did not learn, and at the time of my visit it was buried up under drift-wood carried in by some storm and could not be . ni. The firs^ has two cup-like hollows, about a foot apart, and a strong iniaginatiou may indicate other parts of a face, these being the eyes. I was unable to determine whether these hollows are artilicial or accidental. The Indians place a liandful of gravel or sand in one or the other, according to the direction from whiih they wi^h th(! wind to blow. It is further related of the vicinity of Cape Scott that there was formerly a hole in the rock whence^ blood spurted up at times, which was considered very terrifying and supernatural. This was long ago closed by a plank of wood and buried up. The existence of bad or malignant streams has already bci'ii mentioned. Those con- sidered to be of this character are very numcrou.s, but no explanation of the cause of their evil reputation was obtained, except that some of them were said to be the resort of the double-headed serpent, subsequently mentioned. Of a large lake, not shewn on the charts, which exists behind Ai'tioon Sound (north part of (iueen Charlotte Sound), the Indians say that the water is inhabited by some strange beings, who, while they are asleep, untie their canoes and set them adrift. Wash- ing in the water of this lake is said not only to cure diseiist'd eyes, but also to remove wrinkles and signs of age. With regard to sneezing, it is held that, if the irritation causing this act arises on the right side, it is lucky, the reverse being unlucky. Tse-a-kTsh. a malignant creatuie, fabled to live under water and destroy canoe;-, has already been ujentioned in connection with the story of Kan-r-a-ke-iuh. The double- headed serpeut, sl-sl-uoU, evidently plays an important part in the myths of these people. It is represented as with a cylindrical body, terminating at each end in a serpent's head, and with the appearance of a human face in the middle. It is said to be often quite small, and at times to be found in the sea, but at will can increase to an immense size. To see this creature is most unlucky, and may even cause death. Kan-f-a-ke-luh's brother once saw it, and in consequence his head was twisted to one side. To possess a piece of the serpent, on the contrary, brings good luck and good fortune in fishing and hunting.. The belief in the " thunder-bird" being the most prevalent and unchanging myth of the west coast tribes, is naturally not wanting among the Kwakiool. Lightning is cau.sed by the twinkling of its eye, and thunder by the Happing of its wings. Mr. Ilall informs me that, under the name of KwunusTla, it is regarded as the special protector of the Nim'- kish. " It is said to have made its appearance when the first house was being built at the village on the river. A largi' stone in front of the village is named after it, ' the place whert KwunusTla alighted.' ' What are you doing,' he said. The chief of the Gigilkum was trying to raise the log which .supports the roof of all their houses. He saw they were unable to lift it, and said in answer to their ai)peal for help : 'This is why I have come from above.' He then seized the imme? ■>■ log with his claws and placed it PEOPLE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 28 on the two posts. Boforo ho left them, he said, ' You will always have a friend in ,„e to watrh over you ; when any of yon die, I shall weep with you.' This bird is represented as .-arrying a whale in its .laws. WhrJes' bones are .said to have been fonnd on the tops of the mountains, the remains of KwunusTla's repasts." In addition to reverence for, or fear of, such fabled beings as those above described, to superstitions attaehing to loealities, and the fear of sorcerers and sorceries, these people believe m the existence of an unknown being of great power, answering to the idea of a supreme God. This being is named Kl-T, and is respited, and petitioned in prayer The clo.se connexion of the eulture-hero, Kan-r-a-ke-luh, with the sun, has already appeared in the tales concerniiiaf hi.n, together with the b.-liof tiiat th.> cliiHs, or some of them, are related to Kan-r-a-ke-luli by des.^ent through his younger brother. Doubtless also m connection with this, we lind that the suu («-7-/.,[ under the name Kla-kun-a-e, or'" our chief," was formerly worshipped and prayiid to for good health and other blessiii-s In former times these people also addressed prayers to the mountains, under the name of Noo'-mas, or " the ancicits," for favourable winds. The high rocky island in the centre of Queen Charlotte Sound, named Nuraas Island on the chart, is particularly known to the Indians uiul.u- this aspe(3t as Noo'-mas, though it is also named Sa'-loot-sT. Such of the traditions and stories of the Kwakiool as I have ])een able to ascertain are given above literally and without ,],ange or embellishment, anu no attempt is made to account lor discrepancu- or to explain the origin of their myths and beliefs. VII.— Actual Condition of the Kwaictool Teople. The dilRculties att<>ndant on any effort toward the improvement of the condition and mode of life of the ..oi.st, tribes of British Columbia, are very grave ; and th.' a.'tual results of missionary labours, siK'h as those .'arried on by Mr. Hall among th.> Kwakiool, and other s.'lf-sa.rilicing persons elsewhere, are in most cases, to all appearance, small. It is dilhcult to induce individuals to abandon their old customs and bad habits, and nearly impossible to prevent them from relapsing from time to time, owing to the fact that they still live promi.scuoiisly among and herd together with the mass of the tribe. Since the arrival of th> whites, the Kwakiool, equally with other tribes, have became in a word "demoralised." They have lost, lo a ffreat extent, their pride and interest in the things whi.h formerly occupied th.>m, losing ;„t the same time their spirit and self-respect, and r.'placiug it by nothing. It is comi>aratively easy at all times io obtain a sulli.'iency of food, and food is at some seasons— as during the salmon run— to b(> had in the greatest abundance with very little eilort. Beyond this, there is nothing more to occup'y their time fully and to k.'cp thein out of mischief. They are restless and unhappy. In some seasons, good wages are to be obtained by picking hops in the vicinity of Pu-vt Sound, and it has thus became customary for many of the tribes to go south in thi' auiuinn, nominally ibr this purpose, but in reality with no great prospect of obtaining work. They may theu be seen leaving their villages in bodies in their large and well-built travelling canoos, whole families together with their houseliold elf'.-cts and children, and thre.', four or live paddlers to each canoe, setting out cheerfully enough on their xoyasj-e of two hundred miles or more. They may obtain a little money while away, which they invest in goods 26 G. M. DAWSON ON THH KWAKIOOL and whiskey if they can obtain it (and in this there is unfortunately very litth; diiruulty). They live, however, in the viiiuity of Victoria and other larfje towns in a state of shame- less debauoliery, and thus very cften return in a diseased state to their homes. The condition of these people is in no stnise bettered by endeavouriniy to tea(;h them moral maxims or religioiis dogma. They do not appreciate the truth of the former, nor can they in their low mental state rightly under.stand the latter. To endeavour to do so is merely to imitate the procedure of the Indian shaman over the dying. If, on the con- trary, you speak to them of means of improving their material condition, or deplore with them the rapid diminution of their tribe, the more thoughtful and mature listen with the greatest respect and attention. The pro])leni is, fundamentally, an industrial one, and is to be attacked, if successfully, from that side. They are naturally industrious enough, and capable, though not so persistently laborioias as the whites, and less easy to control than the Chinese. They obtain a certain amount of precarious employment in connection with the canneries and other nascent industries of the northern coast, but have not gen- erally the offer of any permanent remunerative work. It is thus primarily essential to establish industries among th'.im which will remove the temptation now felt to drift to the larger settlements and towns. Improvement in mental and moral tone will then naturally follow. The Kwakiool, with other Indians of the coast, already cultivate in a di'sultory manner small crops of potatoes, on .such minute patches of open land (generally the sites of old villages) as are to be found along the shore. Their bent is, however, not that of an agricultural people, and the densely wooded character of their country calls for laboixr, herculean in proportion to the unsystematic etibrts of these people, before it can be cleared and reclaimed for agriculture on any large scale. They are, on the contrary, excellent boatmen and lishermen in their own way, and it is towards developing, encouraging and directing their tendency in this direction that efforts should be made. Th(>y would readily learn to build boats, make nets, and to take and cure fish in such a mann(>r that the product would be marketal)le, and in so doing might attain independence and what would be to them wealth. They might not, it is true, be able to compete on equal terms with the wliites in such matters, but this need not prevent them from developing into very valuable members of the community of the west, the scattered constituents of which are already uatherinsr from all quarters of the world and being welded into a new whole. To elfect these objects, the most essential step is the establishment of industrial schools, of which there are already good examples in several parts of the country, where the younger people will be separated from their old associates and instructed in various callings appropriate to their condition and surroundings PEOPLE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 27 VOCABULARY Op about Seven TIdndbed Words op the Kwakiool LANairAOE. [From Ya-a-Mle-a-Mlof (Tom) of the Kom-o-ymvr, a mh,lmnon or s>pt of tfw Km'-ki-ool mKwiV-hUl tribe, now vihnhitimj th,: riciniln of Fort Rupnt, Iltavtr Ifarhour, Vatwoimr Uaml.) The Hul,j(,iricso(l on llio sclieduloH ofwo-ds given by Major J. W. Powell in his " Inlroduotion to the Study ut Indian Lan-uagcs." Having b^o.. obtained from an educated Indian, with Ibc additional asBistanceofa good interpreter, it in mucn more complete than those given for several tribcH of the Kwaki.xd people by Dr. T.,ln.io an.l the writer, in the "Comparative Vocabu- laries of the Indian tribes of 15jiti.h Cohmdjia." The rendering of many of the words ditfers from that of those in the nearest corresponding list in the " Comparative Vocabularies," but is believed in most, if not in all eases, to bo here more exact. The difficulties in the way of obtaining a strictly a'jcurato vocabulary of a language of which the grammatical construction is not fully known, are obvious, and those having, alieady been touched on in the introduction to the '•Comparative Vocabularies," need not hero again be referred to in detail. It will also be observed, in many cases, that what are evidently the same root-words appearing in various combinations, are not always represented by identical letters. No attempt is made to unify these, as this would imply the introduction of hypo- thesis and the alteration of the words as written down at the time with all the care possible. Striking instances of this occur among the numerals. The alphabet employed is identical with that of the " Comparative Vocabularit^s," and is as follows : Vowels. (I as in English fo^, " fatlier. * met. ^ they. i tt U * pm. S It tt ' manne. ° pot. " go, show. « " " nut,but. » year. «< " " auk. " " " mn. "o " " pooljool. eu " Fronrh ;)fU (soldom used). ow " English „ou,. The distinction of long and short vowels (following Gibbs) is noted as far as possible, by the divi- sion into syllables— the consonant that Hd lows a vowel being Joined immediately to one intended to be pronounced short, whereas a long vowel is left open, being followed by a hy])hon. Where this is insufficient, or a nicer distinction is desirable, the usual long and short marks are supplied. iOxplosivo or klicking sounds are represented by the letters k, f, etc., in combination ii an apostrophe, thus — '/; 't. An acute accent (') at the end of a syllable indicates its accentuated character, when this is very distinct. In some cases certain syllables are run very hurriedly over and almost whispered, and • though really forming a part of the word, might easily be omitted by a careless listener. Where this has been noted it is indicated by the use of smaller type. Strongly guttural syllables are printed in small capitals, thus — latc-KH. 28 Ci. JI. lUWSON OX TiriO KWAKIOOL (1) Pehsons. Man \ P'lo-hcii'-nitm or ( I'l'ij-kirH-iiuiii. '^^'"■""'' mtah:. Oki man J n»>'-inas or hmil'. ( yukoo. 0\ Maul (did) « 1, „ ^^''' l'«'"i'l" no'-nc-mas. Young ])coplo Ci-tloos-taw. <^''<^=" '••'l'<^''' kiuw-fola. S''"'" I'orNoii u-moo'k. ™«1' /^/^o..^/,.•^. (2) Parts of the I!oi)V. I''**"'' hioo'-mis. Hair sc'-i-d. Crown of (ho iiead Oh-tlc-e. Sf"'" kun-uh-klc-e. Fan ko'-kum-a-e. ^^viihmd „. o-hvuca-e. ^^y^ kayok-m. Pupil of tlio cyo tsa-atso-pi-nk. %e!ash h,Vpc-lih. %«brow ,j'.„„ Upper oyolid o'-c-*f.a//-^a!m Lower eyelid pwi-kw-tax-fawe. ' pus'-ptiio. Perforation in the car kica-wutawe. ^"''o hem-sMs. Ri'lgo of nose ko-ko-ya'-yilh-pae. '^'"'^'■^^ ai-iai-kai-nis-p'i-o. Si'litum of noso awa-koh-sie-c. Pi'rforation of Hoptuni of ^ ""«" kwa-wil-pai. "''*''^ a-oom-yn-e. ^^^'"'■'' ha'-puh-sta-e. Moutli s,-„is. Ul'l>«'- I'j) m-kio-tuh-sta-e. ^^»'''°'' "P pm-kio-tuh-sta-e. Tooth ^.;/,; "!'""«>'" kil-/i,n. S'll'va /,7«\s^/7.w. Palate ..c-kio-TiLu. T*"'"»t /)rf6-'--/i"w tla-kwan-e. ^^ '■'■"* o-tlah'-tsana-e. ilai Palm (if hand... Bat'lc of hand.... Fiiitfors Tluiinl) f (no spot'ial name ■ j i's distinguished ( fiom arm.) ) • ••■o-tsoh'-tsCin-a-e. ■ •■■ouiki-alsnn-a-e. • ■■■kwri-kwa-tsan-a-e. ■ ko'-ma. inai-a. First fingor tsl " the imiiiter." Second rtngor nO'-to, •■ i,m^.,-." "T'''''' ''"K^^"' /.-fi'^^rt, "M,„rk.r." '^"'"" ''"K^'l- S(7-^rt', ".Imrlfst." Fingernail tmm-lsnm. ^^'""fl<'« o/i-z/e-fi. Sjiat'c hot ween knucklos kalutit. '^P'"" humoom-oi-kUl-e. '''""^"••"' ti-tn-moot'. f^l^'i" tli'siin-a-e. 1^""« Aa-'A-A. TntoBtinos ya-hl-kll'. (3) Dkess ANT) Obnaments. C'lp kla-tuwlh'. MoccaHins i'el-i>oli-tsi-tsa-f', (nut iisoii by coast tribes.) Cedar-liark litit tin-sum. Short petticoat tsSa-'ph. Girdlo tseii/i-tums-a. Garters ketsuk-tmisa-e, worn by wuiucn ruund /iiiklca.) Cedar-bark hlankot kio'-jia-os. Robe of mink wkin. mat-suskum. Sinew thread a-tum. Necklace kun-ha-wae. Cedar-bark neck- cloak wah-saw. BracolotH yikwoikila. l'*""''i thi-patin-ootsa-e. Hod worn in soptum of nose. . O'-tai-in. J^i'i-i'ingH tein'-tuk-wa. Nonc-riiifTH wa-Ul-pa-i. Paint (blacK) (sotl'-na. Paint (rod) kakom'-ifm. Barehcad lool-mm-a. Barefoot lool-Wi-sila. Naked hd'-nala. (4) DWELMNGS. Village k-inkwila. IloiiKO fciok. Doorway tCi-hila. Smoko-holo kwanatze. Fire-place luk-wilus'. VUv kind'-ta. P'iro-wood luk-ua. Blaze ano-pe-hula. A light kivakulla. Dead coals tsuU-na. AnIioh kinm-ae. Smoke kinl'-hila. Soot icua' Hoops. I'oker khuika-klata'. A seat kinihUi-milh'. The plai'o where seals tivii...kHat-seliis. Upright post of honso flu'-mi. Main rafter of house kiatte-wahe. Mat kle-ua-e. Bed ke-e-lvs. Floor jHi'-eilh'. ''filing ^e'-la. Wail fsa'-kum. Lintel ka-i-kial-taw-i'. Opening for window lui-kwatse. Carved post (oui^iile house). ^/rt-«s. Carved ])ost (inside ho[iro)...tl(i-elh. Stairway ta-heil-Un'. A stone tal-sum. Paint mortar kia-tatse'. Spiing ua-tva-kula. Water wdp. 80 G. M. DAWSON ON THE KWAKIOOL (5) Imi'I,ement8 and Utensils, Bow, of wood fl'i-kwis'. Bow string Ili-hn-tsim. Arrow a-nut lum. Notch ill arrow tor uU-iug.. .kul'-pus. Arrow-lioad of Htoiio Ti.uiiy/(J-c. Arrow t'eatliers tmlkiuh-sie-e. (Quiver m of wood Cup Meat-traj- (i roaHc-liowl Fired I'ill Kelp oil-lii>tllo Axe Ad/.e Hand-adze for slia,)ing canoe KnifV Knife-handle Knife-point Knife-edge Borer Stone hand-hammer Horn ladle Basket (for food) Wooden wator-box or bucket K'd hat se. klak'-sta-e. kwii-as-t(l'. tlo-a-kwi. tsdiiiVsS. un-U 'k. U(l'-w(i-te. soo-pai-oo. kuntsaioo. tnik'-iv\-in, (("liiniiok jsruonforiron?) 'kihwaioo. keotvk'-pSk. M-pa-i. .o-tvhll. u'un'-aioo. j'Ul'-]iul-'kh. h(l'-ki-(j\a. .Ihhd'-e. hd'-kat-se. (C) Foot). Dried halibut kia'-tvas. Oolachan grease. 'kll'-ina. Dried bei-ries 'ta-uk-d'. Dried clams kioo'-matse. Cambium layer of hemlock. . /uk-kh. Dried bca-wecd hlukus-iun'. Black tsoo-tla. Blue tsa'-sa. Brown kleCiha. Green klin-huh. (7) COLOUES. Eed tla'-kwa. White mela. Yellow klinhuh. (8) Nuiu;ral8. One num.. Two mail. Three in-tooh. Four n'"- Five slk'-i-a. Six ka-tld. Seven atle-poo'. Eight matl-kwin-dti . Nine nd-nema. Ten lestoo'. Eleven num-a-gloo. Twelve matl-e-gloo. Thirteen in-tooh-nha-gloo. Fourteen ino-a-ifwo. Fifteen slk-l-a-tjioo. Sixteen kdtla-gioo. Seventeen atle-poo' -gioo. Eighteen matl-kwin-dtl-gJoo, Nineteen na-ne-mdgwo. Twenty mat-sum (jioostow. Twenty-one nu' -num-a-kaw-la. Twonty-two a-matl-aw-la. TEOrLE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 81 Twonty-thrco in-te.-heawAa. Twenty-four c- nv' ukaw-la. Twonty-tivo slk'ta kawla. Twenty-Hix. katlaliair-h. Twoiitynovon att-po k-siiul>. One imlf(in quunlity,liquidw)ni//.-('-i/ai/);a. One half (in quantity, Ho\'n\H)nuk-sn(lkh. All nd whd. None ...• kWtWH. (9) Division of Time. A year num-is (I na-e. llido (wiilioiit liJiir. li'Ullior)/.»'.t^ m". rp.jjl a-jioh-Mee. j^\y,\ pe-pa-tloov\is. j^jjye,, kivii-w'i-nuh. O.rinoriint (lnr;;i>) lahiiihw'. Connorant (smiill) klr/-l,a-nuh. (j,.Q^y Miii'-ii-la-ka. Dipper or water-ouzel kU-uirhut-sa. Duck pe-i.a-lloomis. Duck (milliard) kluo. Duck (Vm-"'i') u''-tsin. Duck (hiuleiiuin) mtUshnuh. Duck (bulHe-lii'iul miilo) tlan-tle. Duck (ImHU'licad iom>\\ii)...kn'-pf. Duck (nifrpiiiser iniiK;. ...kO-kos. Duck (morgiinsor icmu\o). ..tliiiii'-hti-o, "iliriy forehead." Duck (toalj tla-tlanc Eiifllo (white hoadod) k)n-kw. Goose (wavy) ■'••• kle-stuli. Goose (small kind) nllrt. Goose (hrant) n.m-rt-hrikiim. Goose (Canada) nnlm-'kh. Grctjo (small) kowtak-nh . Grebe (largo) ha-masi-l/'-lis. Grou.se (dusky) huinhO-mil. Grouse (rulVod) kookoo'-iiusfi. Gull isclnre. jjj(„.l{ mil vnl-nuli. llejoii .kad'-hica-tie. lliiinming Jay Kingtislioi' Loon (12) Bmna. |ii,.,| kira-dkoniii-te. kinis'-kwtis. kif-il-oif'-e. k'liih-kuli-ls. Q^yl .. tiih-luhhiUtl. Owl (small) puk-inV-i. Owl (White) khl'-sa-kn. Oyster-catcher kwhkirUkwh Pigeon '^'■"""'• Plover kCftll'-sll-a. ('„,,l^,\y kira'kiit'ikoum. Poi.in tsO'-pu-U. Sandpipor ts,i^-ho-ice-'''-n'S. Chiton (large rod) kin-oof. ^i\\]f^ koic'-sin-a-e. Breu8t-fin .pd'-spiU or p ut-la'. 1M'X)PLK OF VA-NOOUVKIl ISLAND. 88 Hclly-tlri I?Mfk (ill Tail-tin .. Sculos ... .kn-ri'.he.-e. .li',t-<'-li'i-u-e. .tS''i'-me-c. .lioir'-pet. To hwim Spiho on lishoH bade lloo ..m^'i-nti'-kwula. ..pn-sinU. ..I((ii'-ne, Fro- .. Lizard. .will-ids', .hut-m'. (U) Ukptii.es. Simko sUhm. Sniiieo (water) hUoioe. (15) Insects, etc. Ant hiat'-sd-liii-se. Uo„ hum'-tsa-lut-se. Buttcifiy (a lac^o Hiiccios) ..htim'-nmii-oo. Buttorlly (small yvWow) ....t''''-U-nooh. Caterpillar yr'-a-kiraf. DraKon-tly mri'-ma-'hwfi. Flea tr/-pni-ut-se. Ply hiV-ha-te-na, Ilorsc-tly S'T-te.-lanl. LiiuNo /.aZ-in'. MngKot r,.pa-ne. .\Ios- Koain I'l-i'i'-wi. Wave kul-ihe. Curiont ts<'i'-lfi. Eddy ..kiit-''''-suh. Tide (rising) iu' -na-kwila. Tilo (fallliif,') hi-rits'a-hula. Tide (liiKJi) ijiiU-inil-iiUs'. Tide (low) h'l-dts-'-is'. Rain iu' kira. Tliiindor kirln'-wha. Lightning 'tlin-f'-nkwa. Wind i-nw'-la. WhiiI'vind hyilo-jx'n-kwUa. Tiio groumi a-w'i-nn-kwia'. Dust ti'i'-kia. Mud tatik-wiT, Sand id'kis. Salt lumiski', (uniiio with Halt water.) Hock tt'i'-sum. CliU'alon^ sliofe ha-yim'-is-ta'. K(;lij)NO of sun nuk-uhkii-^ l''aith(|iiako n'l-n'i-ne. Showof kwa-sild. Stoini ts't'-kwa-kula. (in) Kinship. My son ivhun'-ookw. My fatlior hun-'''mp. My sonV son..... \ (so'-la-ma. My son s dau^liter ) My mother hun-opump. My father's father I'm-paiin-Omp' My wifo hun'-ka-niim. My Imsband hnn'-tla-wuna, Male orphan hi' -ma-la . Fomalo orphan hd'-ma-la-kus. Family kai-a-'kap. „ /.^ -i f A'"m-o-)/flM:c ii sept Name of tribe j ofthe Kwakiool Indian pii-'korm. W^hito man mi',matl-a. Negro tsoo-tluvi. Half-breed nuh-saw'-e. Indians to the north kw'i-tula. West coast tribes and those to the south kw'i-kiea-tula. Indians of Comox k'l-mook-c. Inland tribes interior of British Columbia (20) SociAi, Organisation, etc. Chief ti'i'-whul-is. k'i'-a-ku)Hle, " otir cliicf." Yoiini; man becoming a Chief kia'-kl-ako. Leading man ow'-l-la. Man of knowledge nuw'-ka-te. Friend ni-viokw. Warrior fiow'-tlawai-nooh. Enemy hof-kis, A coward k'l-kdpis- Battle Iw'-a-tloo. War-whoop ici-kia-hints. (21) Rehqion, Mortuart Customs, Medicine. (iod k)-l. The ancients, fabulous belngs^^A-