IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A O A A^rjs^ ^^ 4'^S' /. I/. 1.0 ^m, 12.5 — Zm^ I.I f.-^i^ U 1111.6 1.25 6" Piiotogrdphic Sciences Corporation 2S WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ iV \\ "^ V ^\ ^\ , (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meening "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la derniArs image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols y signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diegrams lllustrrite the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte i des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui cllch6, ii est filmi A partir de I'angie supArleur gauche, de peuche A droite, et de haut en bes, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 i ■( *f f JOURiVAl OF THK SEW BRllNSWlCli SflCIEfr * VQR THE EiVCOUnAGEMEAT OF i^griculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce THROUGHOUT THE PROVINCE, I2VSTITUTED AT FREDERICTOJ^, N. B., AUGUS k ST 30, 1849, -ol'tlZ'Z'f,^^^^^^^^ «'«^hes us; without it .e could •together, but they stand JoVrher £ r"i ^''"^ ^"""n-erce. These all stand ^centre, and that ia^t a^r^iV^lt^ 'h^r^l^J^, '"^^ ^" «'- FREDERICTON, N. B.: « fRlNTED BY JAMES HOGG, EErOFTEU omci, Jl 8 5 . '('s, '^'^ ^yv/'^«/i /. / I / \ .-^ ,-^. PREFACE. .•'^ «' Agricultare feeds ua ; to a great extent it clothes us ; without it we could not have manufactures, and we should not have commerce TheVe all Si together, but they stand together like pillars in a cluster!\he larges "in th^ centre and that largest ,s agriculture. Let us remember oo, that^we "ve i^ a coun ry of smal farms and freehold tenements ; in u count y in wrc men e undervalued, ar overlooked let us never foroet that the cultivation of the earth is the most important labour of man Man may be cm lized, in some degree, without grearrroSs ,n nianufac ures, «nd with littlo commerce witli his distant neighbour/ fii^ without the cultivation of the earth he is in all countries, a savage Until ha stops from the chase, and fixes himself in some place, and seel« a livin" fro ' ^e earth, he is a roaming brrbarian. When tillage begins, other arls follow ^^to"'"' '' "'' '^'' •'^^"nders of human civilization.''-^ ?;r„X/ The titter prostration of the Staple Trade of this Province con- sequent upon the altered policy of the Mother Country—the general impression that the Crop heretofore most relied upon— the Crop of Timber— had become worthless and unavailable in the market— the necessity thereby implied of making a transition from the busi- ness of lumbering to that of farming and manufacturing-the very serious consequences to individuals in such a change-the convic- tion that those who have been engaged in lumbering might be benefitted by some new notions of husbandry-thai making up ex- hausted land was a very different thing from wearing out a fresh and teemmg soil-that farming old land required much more skill and intelligence than merely clearing and cropping that which was new-that the settlers generally would have to give up Foreign for Domestic Manufactures^and the Foreign Market for a Home Market-these were some of the motives which led to the establish- ment and Incorporation of the Society* from which this publication has emanated. £2 \ -. -« c. % It IS quite true that various local Agricultural anrl other Societies hearing upon the same ol.ject. arc in operation, but it was deemed that much might still ho dono by a Central Society; acting for all, sustamed by all, promoting measures of general intcrast. and de- veloping the industrial resources of tho Province at largo. It was considered in the outset by some, that the Sodety should have a political cast or bearing, but that id.a was soon abandoned, and It 13 now confidently believed that more good may be done by eschewing the questions of Free Trade and Protection, wholly and altogether. It will be our object rather to collect facts, and to disseminate inloimation concerning the available resources of the Province; to cncounige individuals in all laudable attempts to develop them;' to bring together, in short, for the common weal, the talents, experi- ence, and influence of all who desire to promote the object of "Agriculture, Homo Manufactures, and Commerce, throughout the Province." The field is surely wide enough without trenching upon that of the Politician or the Legislator. In an humble fashion, we shall try to follow the plan of the Highland Society, which has done so much for Scotland, and that of many other subsequent National, Provincial, and State Agricul- tural Societies, whose influence is now so important wherever ther have been established. If tlie Farmers are unskilful, let us try to lay before them the best information— if the climate be severe, let us bring under notice all the aids which science furnishes, to overcome and ameliorate the ruggedness of nature:— if thcro be any available investments for the Capital of the Manufacturer in this wide Province, let us hasten to call attention to them:— if the Mercantile interests can be placed upon a more solid foundation than heretofore, let us aid in bringing it about; let us look at our true position and trust henceforward solely to our own intelligence, industry, and economy. With a view of breaking ground in this fair fiold for useful exer- tion, we have caused to be prepared for general circulation the following saries of Reports upon subjects claiming our immediate attention; and at convenient intervals it is our intention to follow them up by others of a similar practical character. We have not as yet secured the general co-operation of the Rural Districts; but we claim it most earnestly— our proceedings can never be in opposition to the County Agricultural Societies, 5 but ahvnys .n ai.l of them. By thoir best fee lin^s of Patriotism we would summon all good and intelliy.nt men to join us in '< a long pull, a strong ,,ull and a pull altogether" to raise the Agricultural Manufacturmg, and Conm.ercial industry of New Brunswick out of Its present low and languishing condition. JAMES ROBB, Prcatdent and Chairman of the Execuiive Commiitee. .«*« . M t- I REl§»OLUTIOi\l§. At a Public Meeting held in tlio County Court House on the> evening of Thursday the 30th of August, and continued by adjourn- ment on tho evening of Monday last the Ist instant. Robert Chestnut, Esq., being called to Iho Chair, and Mr. James Hogg ap- pointed Secretary, tho following Resolutions were moved, seconded^ and adopted, by largo majorities; D. 9. Ken-, Esci., taking tho- lead, as tho propoundcr of the Resolutions, and several of the- gentlemen present taking an active part in the discussion. Whereas the members who compose this meeting, deepty de- ploring the low and impoverished state of this Province, and that pressure which seems so heavily weighing upon almost all classes of its inhabitants, are earnestly dfcsirous of tracing out the true- causes of the evils, and suggesting a practical remedy; therefore Resolved, J st. That in the opinion of this meeting, the habits or the people of New Brunswick generally, in relation to the e.xigencies.- of a new Province, and as compared with those in thriving countries; are at fault, and call for reform in point of inv.ustry and economy. 2nd. That the unjust practice of crying down the soil, the clr- mate, and general capabilities of this highly favoured Province,, having largely succeeded in blasting its character at home and- abroad, and of consequence, checking the energies and dissatisfying, the minds of the inhabitants, and inducing large bodies of them to leave, as well as dissuadingemigrants of capital and respectubility- from, embarking for our shores, is one great cause of the backward* state of this Province; whereas such slander should be rigorously checked, and it be made extensively known, that in point of capa- hilities, this Province is not surpassed by any of the six Nortb Eastern States, nor by any Province in British North America. 3rd. That the business of Agriculture, which is greater in im^ portance than any other interest, and the station of the farmer, have- been hitherto so much looked down upon and neglected by those maintaining the higher walks of life, and by the inhabitants gene- rally, as to have deterred, in a great degree, the youth of the country and many other classes, with their means of advantage,. I! i> from choosing ii as an occupntion of life, aiul Ibcroby contributed to tlio i)r«*ont hnv ,iate in fanning pursuits; und in the opinion of thw mooting, reform in this particular, by endeavouring to elcvato •to their proper position, th« paramount interests of farming and th« honorable station of the farmer, would greatly tend to improve tho •condition of the I'rovince. 4th. That the great want of science, skill, and knowUdge in the businefla of farming, and the neglect of Agriculture generally, it so •conspicuous in every section of this Province as to lead at once to the conviction that no country, how fertile soever, could possibly nourish under so defective a system so badly carried out. and largely accounts for the Agricultural depression \vhich so exten- sively prevails; and, in the opinion of this meeting, prompt and effective actitn towards reform in this particular would largely contribute to increase the wealth and general advancement of this counti^. 5th. That the laraontablo neglect of homo manufactories in New Brunswick, and the importation, by a ruinous mode of payment, of almost every manufactured article in use, from British and Foreign markets, has done more th-^n r.an be described 'o divert the flow of capital and emigration to other countries—to cripple the operations ^f the farmer— to retard the advancement of the Province— to oc- casion that backwardness, poverty and distress, displayed in every ,part of it, and to place it in so disparaging a light especially when compared with the adjoining States, that in the opinion of this TOeeting, the energies of the Legislature and of the people of this Province, generally, should be immediately directed to a thorough 'Change in tl.is particular, and that, taking into account the policy lately pursued by the Parliament of England, towards her Colonies, 'it is further the opinion of this meeting, that the importation and use of British and Foreign manufactures shohld be dlscounte- •Jianced, and a spirited, effective and uniform encouragement, afforded, to the establishment of domestic manufactories and to the protection, preference and general us* of homo productions. 6th. That the commerce in lombering, called by some, " our staple export" as hitherto encouraged and indiscriminately engaged un to the neglect of almost all other interests, has proved sadly destructive to a large body of our farmers— injurious in its results to the great majority of the people, and a prominent cause of that embarrassment and ruin which now extensively exist throughout the Province, and that in future the employment in this commodity -should be restrained within narrow limits, aad the farming, the )me, "our iflinmg, tho r.Hhing, and the nisniifacturing interests put forwnd protected, and .ucouragcd, as ofTering fnr mora henlthy and protitl able aonrcos of wealth and commerce to the mercantile an,l other intero«ts throughout the Province. 7th. That this meeting respectfully submits, that if the suggei- t.ons contamed in the foregoing Resolutions, with sentiments of a kmdred order, bo undertaken by Now Brunswickcrs. and acted on with spirit and dottjrmination, it will not only in a short time relieve thnm from present embarrassments, hut lay a permanent founditioa in luturc wealth and prosnerous advancement. 8th. That this meeting will cheerfully co-operate xvith their fel- iow subjects in Saint John, and elsewhere, in any constitutional and practical measure which may tend to improve the condition of this Province, «>th. That for tho better carrying out of the foregoing objects it •s tho opinion of this meeting that a body to be called •« A Provin- ciai Society for the encouragement and general promotion of Agri- culture. Homo Manufactures, and Commerce throughout the Pro- vince 'should be formed at Fredericton, and incorporated bv Legislative enactment, with sufficient power and reasonable mean's at command for the efficient working of the Society Agreeably to an addition moved by John A. Beckwith, Esq , to he 9th Resolution, the following gentlemen were named, in order to frame a constitution to give eflect to the Resolutions carried, and to submit such plan to a meeting to be held on the 31^ of December next in tho same place, viz:_Robert Chestnut, Thomas R. Barker T S^°»h T7^ l""""'"' •'°'^" ^- ^'''''''''^' ^'- ««^". John T Smith David S. Kerr, William Cadwallader, James S. Beek, Denis O Leary, James Hogg. Charles A. Harding, T. R Estey John Davis, and William Watts. Sen.; with power'to add to S It was also resolved that Dugald Stewart, Esq.. of Restigoucho. the Rev. James McDonald of Gloucester, James Caie, Isq of Nort umberland. the Hon. William Crane, of Westmorland Wm 1' a^d' R^'t T ^1^^-'' ^-''^ ^^-^. ^«n.. of Kent, ThomTs E a of Su!h t-^' ^''''■' °'^^'"^ •^^^"' C- ^' tJ^thewav. McLeod ot K '' f'"'^'"/^^'^^^. ^sq.. of Queens. Ho. Col Pert i J^ "l"""' ^^^- -f Charlotte, and Charles ?onSuf^„^:LXrcd: '' ''"'''-''''' '-'' - -'-'^^ ^° ^'^ J-^-s Ho.., Secretary. "" CHESTNUT, Chairman. B 01 IIJ ■I^IMII|ilM'«W NEW BRUNSWICK SOCIETV, FOR 'niE ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, HOMfi MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. At a Pi)blic Meeting held at lh3 County Court House on the Eyenitig of tiie 7th January, in connection with the poposed Pre vincial Society, agreeably to the 9th of a series of Resolution* passed at a Public Meeting, in F^redericton, on the l«t day of October last. Robert Chestnut^ Esq., was called to tLe Chair, and John A. Bsckwith, Esq., appointed {Secretary. The Chaiimart addressed the meeting and referred to Mr. feerr. D. S. Kev, Esq., then explained the object of the meeting, s-ated what had been done by the Committee, read the Constitution which had been preparetf, stated that His Excellency the Lieut.Governor had kindly consented to become patron of the Society, and pro- posed th" Constitution as retjd for adoption, which being seconded by Mr. John T. Smith was, put to vote, and cari-Jed Unanimously, and is as follows' — CONSTITUTION. Article 1, The style of this Society shall be "The New Brunawicic Society for the encouragement of Agriculture, Homa Mariufacturey, and Commerce throaghout the Province," its objects sliall be to improve Jhe condition of those important branches res-- pectiveiy and as connected with each other by such practical and eiFective means as may be suggested and approved at any regular meeting of the Society, or Uy any Committee or Committees ap- pointed by such Society, and whose acts n>ay be approved and adopt'id. 2Rd. The Society shall consist of such inhabitants of the Pro- vince as may signify in writing their wish to become members, and shall pay on sub.«icribing not less than one dollar, and annually thereafter, not Lss than one dollar; and honorary and corres- ponding members may be admitted by vote of the Society, without payment: Provided always, That Presidents of County Agricul- tural Societies, or a delegation from each shall, ex oJUcio, be mem- beis of this Society, tvitliovt payment; and Provided also, That •••_• jf.-.j- -.i»'.--.!f -j-i c-^-.- \rs. iti-jiKj aiiati viuiiamuic a siiailiuci' lui", iiic auu ^empt the doner from annual contributions. 3d. The officers of this Society shall consist of one President and fourteen Viee-Presideula, namely, two Vice Presidents for the ir H Count/ of Yoik^one of whom *hall reside in the Cit/ of Frederic- ton, and a Vice-President for each of the Counties, being a reai dent thereof, a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secretary a Treasurer, an Executive Committee to consist of the officers above named, and twelve additional members, five of whom shall constitute a quorum, and a general Commiuee the members of winch ihall be the Legislative Councillors and the Members of the House of Assembly of the Province for the time being, in the res pective Counties where they reside, or which they respectivelr repre.se«i: Provided always. That the said general Committee shall be considered and treated, by this Constitution, as prival. individuals and for the better carrying out the Society's objects iu parts beyond Fredericton. and not in their Legislative capacity 4th. The general duties of the officers of this Society shall be as follows; the President (or in his absence, one of the Vice-Presi- dents) shall preside at the regular meetings of the Societv. preserve «trict order, and put to vote all questions submitted, whi'ch shall be determined by the majority thea present, he is expected to take a prominent part in originatin^r and bringing before the Society such measures as i„ay appear to him calculated to advance its interest, and shall do and perform such other acts as may be required of ^.m by this Constitution, or by vote of this Society, the Recording Secretary shall keep the Minutes of the Society in a Book to be procured for that purpose; the Corresponding Secretary shall carry on a correspondence with other Societies, with individuals and wuh the general Committee in furtherance of the objects of he ^ocety. The Treasurer shall collect and receive the funds of the Society, and keep them in such a manner as the Society may determme. and shall disburse them on the order of the President or a Vice President, countersigned by the Recording Secretary, and «hal , .ake a Report of the receipts and expeditures at the annual meeting m January in each year, the Executive Committee shall hu e in charge the general interests of the Society, shall take care of and distribute or preserve all articles which may be transmitted to the Society, and also shall have the charge of all comm«nica"rns designed or calculated for publication, and so far as they may deem expedient shall correct, arrange, and publish the same hi tch manner and orm as they shall consider best calculated to p omott tne.ohiArfa rtf tUo c ;_x-. 1 . .. . jJiuufuiw .-,. ,_,,„^.^,^.^ ana suau make, or cause to bo made an annual Report of the Society's doings for the inspection of the' e and public at large, and the general Committee are ith the interests of the Society in the Counties in whicK Legish ch 12 f ii- they shall respectively rsside — and shall constitute a medium of communication between the Executive Committee and t'je remoto members of the Society. 5th, A special Committee or Committees, for any purpose con-i nected with the interests of the Society, may be appointed at any regular meeting, by the resolution of the majority then present. 6th. There shall be four regular meetings of the Society in Fre- dericton iri each year, namely, on the first Wednesday in January, the first Wednesday in April, the first Wednesday in July, and the first Wednesday in October, except the first meeting of this Society t<^ be held on the 31st day of January, 1850. Provided always, That all the oflicers of the Society, except the general Committee, shall be elected by plurality of votes at the annual meetings in January in each year, and Provided also that there shall be a general meeting of the Society during the session of the Legislature at such time and place as the Executive Committee may appoint, giving at least fourteen days notice in the Royal Gazette, and in such other papers as may be deemed advisable. 7th. The Executive C<^tbmittee ^haM have the power to fill any vacanciei which may occur in the offices of the Society during the year or supply their places pro tern, at any regular meeting, and may also call extra meetings, if found essential for the interests of the Society so to do. Provided That due notice be given of the time and place, and specific objects of such extra meetings, in one or more of the public prints, and by twelve or more hand bills posted up in the City of Fredericton at least twenty four hours before such meeting. Provided also, That at such meeting there be at least nine of the Executive Committee, besides twelve mem- bers present, to form a quorum. 8th. This Society may hold, and if considered advisabjfi by the Executive Committee, may co-operate with one or more Country Agricultural Societies in holding an annual show and fair in any County of the Province at such time and place, and in such manner as shall be designated by the Executive Committee who may award stich premiums and payments towards the objects contemplated by this Society as may be reasonable and compatible with the funds of this Society. 9th, While all persons holding positions of rank and influence in i^lewiirunswick, members of County Agricultural Societies, ad other Institutions, public Editors and the inhabitants of the f^ro- vince generally are respectfully solicited to join this Society ;^ad la give theic presence at its iwc^ings, and their caroperatioa and 13 aid in advancing its interests, the office bearers are especially called on to be regular and prompt in their attendance, and diligent and persevering in their eftbrts towards carrying out the legitimate «»:.> J-i.. to be submitted, if required 3, Resolved, That th iiCl nnd ayea ^or, purpose. Publishers of Ne>vspftpers in Frederictori in other parts of the Province, are respectfully requested id 16 publish for the information of the public, the Constitution of this meeting as may bo furnished to the first Publisher, by the Recordinir Secretary, and that fifty extra copies of the Amaranth, the Head Quartera, and the Reporter, respectively, bo supplied to this Society for distribution. 4. RcsUved, That this Society especially solicits at this time, the friendly concur^;ence and energetic aid of its OfRco-bearers and of County Agricultural Societies in the different parts of the Province, towards advancing the interests of this Society, and their exertions, in obtaining donations and subscriptions for increasing the Funds, to be forrtrarded to the Treasurer, and that the Corresponding Secretary do forward a Paper containing this solicitation, and the Constitution and proceedings of this Society, to each Office-bearer and President of County Agricultural So'^ieties throughout the Province, for their information. 5. Resolved, That the Corresponding Secretary do forthwith cor- respond with the Office-bearers of this Society in different parts of the Province as also with the Presidents of County Agricultural Societies in different parts of the Province, as also with the Presi- dents of County Agricultural Societies and individuals with the view of enquiring whether, in their opinion, there be any particular subject or subjects deserving the immediate attention of this So- ciety, and if so, whether such person or persons will consent to bo named on a special Committee at any quarterly meeting of this Society, to enquire and report on such subject at a subsequent quarterly meeting. C. Resolved, That this Society cordially invites a free and friendly intercourse vviUi C«#nty Agricultural and other Societies, and with individuals in every part of the Province, and elsewhere, on subjects within the purposes of this Society, and any communi- cations or suggestions so designed will be thankfully received and respectfully attended to. 7. Resolved, That the Executive Committee do forthwith take the necessary steps to obtain a small Library for the Society's use, especially of such works as may afford the most practical know- ledge for dissemination. 8. Resolved, That the Executive Committee do as speedily as posjjible, institute an enquiry, and Report to this Society at itp meeting during the Session of the Legislature, whether it may be desirable and practicable for this Society to hold an HP.nna! Shnw and Fajr in this present year, and if so, at what time and place, and in what manner, with the probable expense attending the same; and that the Corresponding Secretary, with tl.e aid and advice af the Executive Comn»itfe. do without delay, put himself in com- n.u.«cat.on with each V.co-President of this Society, and with each Agncultural Society in this Province or the proper officers hereof, wuh the view of ascertaining the sentiments and wishes in the respective Counties and CoUnty Agricultural Societies, and whether ,t would be de.irable for this Society to co-operate with one or more ofthem. in holding an Annual Show and Fair and if necessary, to submit a Petition to the liegislature fora «antof ■inoney towards carrying out the object. 9. Resolved also, That the said Executive Committee do consult the several members of the general Commlttel on their arrival in Fredencton as to thei. sentimenls wUh reference to such proposed Show and Fa.r, m the re^ective counties where Chey reside 10. Resolved. That the Executive Committee will, until further «ot.ce. meet on the first Wednesday of erery month at some-col ven.ent place, for the despatch of business SPECIAL COMMITTEES. ' fn/'w'f "1' ?'' '^" ^"'''''"*' '^' "°"- '^' V^^c^President Tor Westmorland county, the Hon. Harris Hatch of Charlotte county. Henry Cunard. Esq., of Northumberland county Mr James Ing^edew of St. John. Hugh J. Hansard. Esq.. and I W.lham Watts. Senr.. of York county, be a Special Committee for mvesfgatrng as to the most practical modes adapted to the c Lcum stance, of th.s Province, .f accumulating, preserving, and appi; " h fsX a ; f "'"""• ^^'^^^^'^"^ --'-- available'Tom household and farm-yard establishments, and to Report on th^ same eh the v,ew of having the information disse.ninated at he Quarterly meetuig in April next. 2nd. Resolved, That Mr. William Watts 9*nr i- i i r A. M.c,.„ch,.„ M. Thomas R, B^Z ^Ld lif „" "6™::; Special Con„„,»ee to enquire and Report ,„ .he Society a. th! Quarterly meetm« i„ April „e.,. on the best n,ode, Zlit W nr-ctZ al't™:- "^ "'^ ^-"^ --- Vv'u. feTr'"!,'":' 7f ".■" "• °''^"- ^=1- M'- ^^'"i- Mr W M 'r- ^- ^"''"''"'' ^"l- •'""" Taylor, E,a.. and -Mr. W.ll,..„ Gr.eve. of York county, be a SpeciaU-ommiu . to 18 enquire and Report at the Quarterly meeting in April nex^^ on th*^ best means of obtaining a good quantity of Seeds for general use, stating what descriptions may be raised in the Province to advan- tage, and the quarters from whence other descriptions can be im- ported on the most reasonable terms. 4th. Resolved, That Mr. George Ingraham, Colonel Allen, Mr. Robert Gray, Mr. William Grieves of York county, and the Hon. Charles Harrison of Queen's county, be a special Committee to enquire and Report at the Quarterly meeting in April next, on the best modes of fattening cattle and hogs for marketable Beef and Pork. 5th. Resolved, That the Vice-President for York, reading in Frederiicton, David S. Kerr, Frederick W. Hatheway, Jame» Taylor, and James S. Beek, Esqrs., of York county, the Vice- President for St. John county, and the Hon. Alexander Rankin of Northumberland county, be a Special Committee to enquire and report at the meeting of this Society to be held during the Session of the Legislature, on the best Ca^^h Markets for Beef and Pork; and also the most practical and effect.' ve modes for putting up the same fit to command such markets, and if necessary to prepare and submit a draA of a Bill to the Legislature for that purpose. 6ih. Resolved, That John T. Smith, A. T, Coburn, Esq., Mr. James Hogg, Mr. George Todd, Mr. William Morgan, Dr. H. A. Hartt, Harvey Garcelon, Esq., and Mr. Peter M'Farlane, of York county, be a Special Committee to enquire and Report at the Quarterly meeting in April next as to the best modes of encouraging Household and Provincial Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts, together with the different kinds thereof, and as to what kind of Factories may be undertaken iu New Brunswick, with reasonable prospects of success. 7th. Resolved, That the Vice-President of York county residing in Stanley, Marshal d'Avray, George Roberts, and Henry Fisher, Esqfs., be a Special Committee to enquire and Report to the Society at its next Quarterly meeting, on the best modes of im- parting information to the farming and working classes in this Pro- vince, and the must efficient way of disseminating Agricultural and other useful information among such classes. James Taylor, Esq., spoke of the importance of a Farmers' Bank, but the matter was deferred until a subsequent meeting. The Vice-President of Sunbury addressed the Society in an able manner on the subject of Emigration, and on the importance of kaying an Smjg ant Agent for eech County of thft Province; his 19 remarks weire received wiih high approbation, and it was referred to the Executive Committee for further consideration. His Honor the Manter of the Rolls gave a handsome donation towards the Funds of the Society, and made an excellent and very gratifying Address, referring to the healthy climate and superior advantages of this Province, as also to the utility of Professor Johnston's Re- port—highly commended the objects of the Society and the manner in which it had been undertaken. The donation list was consider- ably added to in the course of the evening, and after some remarks from other gentlemen, the Society adjourned. JAMES S. BEEK, Recording Secretary. Fredericton, January 31, 1850. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON MANITRES. Tlie Special Committee of the New Brunswick Society for the encouragement of Agriculture, he, which wan appointed on the 81flt of January last "to investigate into the most practical modes adapted to the circumstances of this Province, of accu- mulating, preserving, and applying different kinds of Manures^ especially Manures available from Household and Farm Yard establishments," have attended to that duty and beg leave to submit the follo\7ing REPORT. It was formerly thought that moBt of the constituents of plants werii produced within themselves by some supposed, mysterious,, inherent power, but it is now well established that their chemical elements are derived exblusively from materials existing in the earth, the air, or the water which surround iliem: such " from th& beginning" has been the harmony and relation between their res- pective composition that, weight for weight, the materials found in the soil or the atmosphere are convertible into the roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds of our cultivated crops,, and these again into the blood, flesh and bones of men and animals. That which thus nourishes is what i» commonly called food, and ueither crops, nor colts, nor calves, nor children can he made to grow and flournh in any other way than by the plentiful administra- tion of such fooL. But the food of these diflers respectively, and that which is re- quired for diflere^it kinda of crops diflers also to a certain extent, still it is pv ''fectly certain that for the luxuriant growth of any crops we must administer in proper p^roportion all the materials which the Chemist finds on analysis to be the uniform constituents of such crops. When plants are freely acted upon by heat the great bulk of their substance becomes gaseous, inflames and disappears: this bulky combustible portion consists chiefly of four substances which have been termed respectively Carbon or Charcoal, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen: with the exception of the last, these are in general readily accessible in the atmosphere or in the soil, or through th« soft Hd plants growing under ordinary circumstances. The Ash or Mineral part which seldom exceeds 5 per cent, of the whole, cunaiitts of about nine diiferent elementa, which abo, with a few but important exceptions are generally to be found in soili. Here then, as in most other cases, Nature does a great deal of the work for us, that is, the chief portion of the required elements are presented by Ihe hand of J^ature, while » certain and a necessary proportion must be supplied by the skill and labour of the husband- men: these aro most generally the Salts of Jinmonia and the Earthy Fhosphatea: from the former the flesh, and from the latter the bones of animals are afterwards chiefly to bo constructed. If the Farmer refuses to do his part he will starve bis crops: if he starves them, they will starve him and hi& cattle, but if he feeds them they will feed him and his most bountifully. Since plants are thus greatly nourished or fed by materials de- rived from the soil, the fundamental principle will ever be to return to the land an equivalent in manure for the materials contained in the crops which have been removed, or else it will soon become barren or incapable of nourishing crops at all: if from twelve or thirteen diflftrent substances originally present in a fertile soil we remove two every year for six years, the land must necessarily thus become exhausted, or even, if, in one year, we remove one or two of primary importance their absence will be the cause of a special barrenness or exhaustion of the soil: when, therefore, a farmer has for a series of years been selling off his hay and oats and cattle without making the necessary returns in '',eu thereof, his land thereby becomes either generally or specially exhausted^ and he must oast about aad consider upon what principle he may at the cheapest rate replace the old materials, and restore the necessary elements of productiveness to the soil. Manures are substances capable of replacing either directly or indirectly the lost elements, and of feeding or sustaining the grjowt>> of crops: without them the farmer can do nothing, with them almost everything: they are the basis and life-blood of all successful hus- bandry: by them we may increase the production and diminish the cost of food, they are in fact the material out of which the food is to be formed, and they ought to be economized and husbanded as so much coin, ever remembering that in no part of the farm work 18 labor better invested than in their collection and preservation. Throughout this Province generally there seems to have ore- vaiied much ignorance or neglect of these first principles: it wiuld not be very difficult, we apprehend, for most farmers to make or save at least one-half paore manure than they do, and it would be *3 .«o«y by care and compowting to increnie th« quantity of m«nure actually made three or fo«r fold: it ii wrong, therefore, to ascribe to the country or the climate what ha« been in too many instance* due to the ignorance, idleness, cir reckless improvidence of the , settlers (hemDeives. It will be our endeavour in the remainder of this paper to indicate certain of the points and principles, by atten- tion to which, some of the evils of the old method may be more or leas eftectually repaired. Manures we have said are such substances as are capable of supplying directly or indirectly one or more of the elements of our cultivated crops: accordingly it must bo obvious that plants them- selves or the parts of animals fed upon plants, must bo the basis of all common manures— that whatever has been part of a living plant or animal may by proper treatment be made to yield the materials out of which living plants and animals are again to be constructed: practically, h'-wever, it must be our endeavour to procure the cheapest or waste forms of those, mid also to make use of such materials as are accessible and contain one or more of the same constituents as plants, even although they may not hitherto have formed part of any living plant or animal. In this point of view the sources of manure will appear to in- crease and multiply: the barn yard, the hog pen, the eheep fold, the hen roost, and the pigeon house, the privy, the ash bin, the wash tub, the slaughter house, and the tan yard, peat bogs, muck holes and gullies, road sides, roads and ditches, the forest, the sea beach, the sewers the lime kiln, the plaster bed, the shell and marl bed — these are a f»\r, but not all of the sources from which the in- telligent farmer may procure materials for his manure heap: by a patient industry in collecting materials from the above sources, and by a rigid economy in saving them, much more land may be profit- ably brought into tillage than has ever heretofore been th ; ast; it is not intended, however, by the above remarks to induce the ^smei' to forego other profitable labor, but it is intended to ; ow how d farmer who is properly aware of the sources of manure need never himself be idle, nor his cattle in want of useful occupation. When plants or animals die, their elements spontaneously sepa- rate by degiC9 _ Quick Lime, - . _ . Coal-tar, - - _ _ Common Salt, - _ . , Epsom do. - - , . ■ . Glanbor's do. ... 40 busheLs 7 do. 20 do. 20 gallons. H cwt. U do. 1 do. Tho whole to be mixed in a heap and allowed to heat or ferment. Another compost may be made of a mixture of lime and ashes with weeds, twigs, leaves, potato haulms, brakes, raspberry bushes nettles, chip rubbish, and other refuse vegetable matters. Thia compost will necessarily vary very much in composition: if lime be scarce and woody fibre abundant in it, its value will bo but small another common compost may be made of farm yard manure, limr seot, scrapings of roads, sods, sweeping of ditches, pools or ponds' hillocks from old pastures, and all kinds of rough and waste mix- tures of eaHhy, vegetable matters: the lime should be mixed with the earth m a separate heap, and added in layers to the other from time to time. These heaps may be formed in the yard, the field or by the road sides: the great principle is to let nothing be lost, and f ,^ ....-..- .-.r .i._g^ compost heaps "and dirt pies" that are to be ^ jsjuie ui inc seen in any neighbourhood igcnce the more favorably would we augur of He mdustry, intelligence, thrift and profits of the Farmer. J l< l.ll I 30 W« need hardly point out th© valua of Sall-Manh Mud to farmeri on the sea-board: we are happy to say that many of the farmers along Ihe shores of the Bay of Fundy are actually en- gaged in renovating their worn out uplands by the mud of th« marshes. On the largo scale, the enterprising men of Westmorland are covering waste bog or marsh land by letting in the muddy tide waters of the Bay, and leaving the sediment or warp, not to im- prove the old, but absolutely to make new land; the Toler Canal and the Botsford Canal are perhaps the most signal and successful monuments of Agricultural industry in New Brunswick: many thousand acres of swamp and water have thus been redeemed and converted into valuable hay land. Wood Jl$h«ii contain a great many of the necessary elements of fertility, (but of course can only supply the ash, or mineral portion of any crop:) even when leached they must be regarded as useful additions to the soil; German Qnd even English farmers often haul them from a distance of twenty miles, and if they are to be had either leached or unleached they ought to be carefully saved for the land. The composition of any given heap of wood ashes is very variable, but always, even when leached they contain a con- siderable proportion of the phosphates which are so esjiential for grain crops and when mixed with bono dust aro found near!^ to double its effect. We have already spoken of th-jm as a useful ingredient in composts and we may farther add that to land already in good heart a compound of bone dust and wood ashes will always be extremely beneficial: eight bushels of bone-dust and twenty- four of ashes mixed and moistened with urine for two or three months form an excellent compost for an acre of Turnips." Charcoal is also an excellent article for the farmer and there is no excusj but ignorance to be offered for hia neglect of it. Like peat it consists of vegetable substance partially decomposed but still rich in the elements of productiveness. It is admirably fitted to absorb and retain the gases of ferment- ing manures, and when mixed iu a state of powder with the soil to decay and yield them up again, as well as its own substance to the crops. After the coal is burned the large lumps can be readily broken with an axe or maul, and then reduced to powder on the barn floor by passing a heavy roller over it: it may be used ad- vantageously for any cop and on any soil at the rate of 40 bushels to an acre : or it may be used with some of the cornnnsts. Soot is also a useful fertilizer: and when mixed with salt it is said to be most especially favourable to carrots, potatoes or wheat. 37 t Tarineri who live near the tea should never neglect the valuable resource which they have in Sea-weedn. Scotch and Irish fariTierti ■pare no pains in collecting thia material, and af\er a storm they sometimes pass the night in hauling it beyond the reach of the waves. Sea weed contains more nitrogen and saline matter than land plants and fornients more readily: its application to land is therefore greatly calculated to increase its productiveness for a season. It may bo ploughed in at once, or it may be used as a top dressing to grass lands, or it may be advantageously composted with stable manure, earth, lime, peat moss or marl, turning over the mixture onco or twice before using it. The ash of sea weed makes an excellent top-dressing, but it is not so likely to be used ns the plant itself in the green or dry state. Eel grass or sea xerack when green makes a very good manure for clay soil, or it may bo used as litter in the stables and hog pens: after it has become wind dried it may be made to ferment in the compost heap, or it may be burnt and its ashes added to com- post heaps. Where Fish, or refuse fish or fish garbage can be had they can be turned to good account by the farmer, although, by reason of iheir rapid decomposition their effects on the land are rather tran- sient, and they are said to be rather injurious to the land if ploughed in the fresh condition; they should therefore always be composted with peat or muck and soil, or with marl or wood-ashes and sea- weed. These mixtures are known to be excellent for roots or grains. Green Manures or the ploughing under of growing crops may be mentioned among the means of renovating our light and worn-out land: leafy and juicy plants like clover or buckwheat, are gene- rally preferred for this purpose: the practise of ploughing crops under has in some cases in this Province been attended with the very best effects: but it will probably be some time before our set- tlers can be persuaded to forego a crop for the season on this ac- count: in some cases, however, it may be the most convenient way of renovating land when farm yard manure is scarce and expensive: still it is only a temporary expedient, because no young, leafy plants can supply to the soil, nil those elements (nitrogen and phosphoric acid) which are especially required by grain crops. When clover is to be used, it is sown with the green crops of the previous year and nlnuo'hpH wnAof Into ■'» «Uo ^■•^^n^.^i:..^ : i. _/• .1. • has blossomed: or the second growth of clover may be ploughed in the fall. When buckwheat is to be used in this way, it must 3S be sown separately and ploughed in once or perhaps even twice in the same season before the stalks have begun to grow hard and woody: It is asserted by some that these green, leafy plants derive nearly three-fourths of all their substance from the atmosohere so that., if so, the theory of green manures is simple enough.' When the farmer can afford to buy any Portable manures. Bone- dust and Guano are probably the best which he can select. There will always be a saving with them in the cost of carriage and de- livery on the land. One drawback is however their liability to be adulterated. This is often most unscrupulously done even to the extent of 80 pr 93 per cent, and the farmer ought to be fully upon his guard against imposition. Our object in the present report is rather to point out the way to econemize the manure which the far- mer has at his command than to detail the various wavs in which money may be laid out on those of whose value he is ignorant Bone-dust consists partly of animal matter and partly of that kind of mineral matter which is absolutely necessary for cereal crops and which naturally occurs in very small quantity in the soil- its active principles are most probably nitrogen and phosphoric acid Its price in Boston last summer was two shillings and six pence per bushel, and probably it could hardly be sold under fou- or five shilhngs in the interior of this Province: il land is otherwise in good condition eight bushels are said to go as far as thirty tons of manure for a root crop, but unless the bone-dust could be had proportionally lower than the manure it will not probably meet with a general sale in the country. We understand that it is intended to erect one or two bone-mills in this Province: they are deserving of every encoOragement and this Society or the Legislature might very properly offer some pecuniary aid to the establishment of an efhcient bone mill in some central place to be hereafter determined farmers might also now begin to collect bones which might here- after be ground at such mills. Bone-dust should be drilled in with the seed for a green crop at the rate of seven or eight bushels per acre, or sowed as a top- dressing with any cereal crop at the rate often bushels per acre, before the last harrowing: they may also be made to go farther by being composted with wood-ashes, sheep's dung, dried night soil &c. Bones answer best on light dry soils, but do not wholly re- place the bulkier stable manure. The use of tlin Hrill in fhf» ~n..,i:-_i:-_ f • . ... "^^ appiivittiKtii oi Done-aust and uii such manures as will admit of it is always to be recommended on the score of efficiency and economy. 39 We have now directed the attention of tboae who are interested in the subject of manures to the most accessible of those substances which, being themselves of vegetable or animal origin, are, on that account pre-eminently qualified to become the nourishmt-nt of new generations of plants and animals, and we have endeavoured to treat of them with as few scientific phrases and theoretical view« as could well be employed in any attempt to inculcate correct prin- ciples: it has been deemed that the clear apprehension of a few leading principles might be of more service than the perusal of many pages of what is called practiced details. Crops require to be fed as certainly as children do: manures are the food of crops: whatever has been part of a living plant or ani- mal may after decomposition again become food for growing plants or animals: render back to the field an equivalent for what you have taken in the crop: it is much easier to keep land in condition than to bring it up to condition: gather up the fragments, let no- thing be lost: save your manure for the crops, waste not its virtues on the riter or the atmosphere: without manure no grain crop, without cattle no manure, without green crops no cattle: — these are a iew short rules to guide the practice of farmers, and if they become tho- ^jghly incorporated in the soil of their minds will prove most potent fertilizers. We have stiii to make a few observations on the use of some substances which, though they may never themselves have formed part of a living plant or animal, yet are qualified to do so and like- wise greatly fc aid the salutary transformation and decomposition of snch refuse end refractory matters as only await their stimulating infiuence. Lime is a substance which has been long known for its benefi- cial effects upon land, and may be added with advantage to most of our soils: Analysis has shown that it is generally deficient in the soils of New England and New Brunswick, and that such is the case even in the limestone districts. Its application in this Province will, however, be chiefly deter- mined by its price when delivered at any given place, and by tho means and intelligence of the farmer. Limestone is a natural compound of lime and carbonic acid, though it generally contains few other substances in combination. Quick lime is procured by burning ofl" the carbonic acid in a kiln, by which process one ton of limestone is reduced to about eleven hundred weight of lime. Water-slacked lime consists of lime in coujbinatiou with water, every ton of lime being thus made 40 to combine with about six hundred weight of water in the process of slackinir, and which brings it to that utate of powder which best fits it for the uses of the farmer. Air-slacked lime is a compound of Jime with water and carbonic acid derived from the atmosphere, in fact, a sort of powdery mixture of mild lime and slacked lime.' Hot lime and mild lime act much in the same way upon land, only the effect of the former is more rapid and energetic. Lime has little or no action on vegetable or animal substances as long as they are dry, but if they be in a moist or fermenting con- dition, lime promotes decomposition and disposes the whole to a more rapid and thorough decay, it favours at the same time the production of those materials from the air, the soil (.silica, potash and the phosphates) and the decaying mass which especially sus- tam the fertility of the land. Lime also helps to kill moss in land, to destroy insects, to neutralize "sourness," and being itself slowly dissolved becomes a direct nourisher of plants, into whose compositioB it always enters, though not in very large quantity: it is cnly found in the ash. It is most important for the farmer to know that lime of itself is not an important manure, but that its value mainly depends upon Its power to liberate materials locked up in the soil itself, and to dispose dead or inert vegetable matter to decay and become fit for food to crops: if knd be destitute of vegetable matter lime will be of no use, if it be poor in vegetable matter or manure, lime will hasten the conversion and removal of them under a soluble form but if It be applied on land which already contains a fair proportion of these It will greatly enhance both the quality of the land and the crop. With the liberal use of manure or compost there need be little fear of over-liming. For dry and light soils less lime will be required than on wet and heavy land, but from five to ten bushels of quicklime per acre added annually to the arable land of this Country wtf be found to be of great permanent advantage, and if it is wished to apply it only once in the rotation it must still be done at the above rate. Lime may be applied in the form of compost as has been before explained, and if it is thought advisable to apply it as top dressing to meadow land, it is good practice to haul and spread it on the meadow in the fall when the snow is two or three inches deep. There are some other substances rich in lime and which act upon the same principle which to many farmers may prove acces- sible where iinie is nui . these are Isl. Shells, which when burnt are as good as lime. m 41 'ind. Sea sand, Shell sand and Mud, which form an excellent top dressing. ihd. Mussel mud, which is good either to be ploughed in while moist or when composted with manure, &c. These generally con- tain animal as well as mineral matter. m. Marl, which is a mixture of mild, powdery lime and clay. With more or less of vegetable or animal matter, and is found com- monly enough along the sea board of this Province: sometimes the lime has been derived from broken shells, at others, from the wash of rocks which contained lime: the proportion of lime to clay varies very much from one place to another, but the presence of the latter renders it always well fitted to improve both sandv and peaty soils. It is generally best to lay out the marl in heaps In the field and to let it lie over a season, after which it may be spread on grass, slubble or fallow land with great advantacre ■Plaster contains about one-third of its weight of lime, but not in the same combination as in limestone. When burnt it consists of 4-2 per cent, of lime, and 58 per cent, of Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, which latter also enters into the composition of crops When the farmer can afford it he ought never to be without a supply of Piaster. ^'^ ^ It serves directly to nourish crops, (it occurs in their ashes) and o fix useful matters from the air, the dung, and the soil. Like hmo also It accelerates the conversion of moist vegetable matter and. when the latter has been small in quantity, may occasionali; seem to cause a sort of exhaustion of the land. At the rate of one or two bushels per acre, it would be a valuable application to the dry soils of the interior, and would tell especially on young wheat seeded down for clover, &c. ' / / « b wneat It may always be advantageously used to fix or absorb the vola lie gases of manure heaps and of night soil, and if sprinkled on t e floor of the stables occasionally, :ould not only pT i^v air, but economize much of the liquid manure It IS most earnestly desired by this Committee, that the attention of farmers shou d now at once be directed to the intelligent economy and increase of manures: this must lie at the bottom of all imvrovl ^nent ^n our systems ofMandry: ho who goes on in the old slovenly way, wasting t e food of his crc,., and grumbling because the d will not yield him a profitable return had better sell his farm and vanish intn. tko C*„* A . »"iiw aiiu ,r~ ■ •; ';/; T^""'- '^^ *°**» «« ^''^ crop is in the ground in the Spring, the farmer should begin collecting materials for a compost heap for the next year's use, and he should .et about it I I. V 42 with as much zeal as if his future crop — and subsistence depended upon thai alone. By all competent observers, the character of the Farmer as an intelligent and successful cultivator of the soil will ever bo readily inferred from the appearance of his barn yard and manure heap. All of which is respectfully submitted by J. ROBB, M. D., Chairman. H. J. HANSARD. WM. WATTS. Fredericton, March, 1860. Ili'''. The Committee appointed to Report upon the best modes adapted to the circumatances of the Country for raising Turnips, Mangold Wurzel, Carrots, and Parsnips, have attended to that duty, and beg leave respectfully to submit the following REPORT. ; In taking up the subject of the cultivation of Root Crops, there are several very important considerations, to which your' Com- mittee would beg leave to call the Farmer's careful attention. First, the importance of the Root Crop as regards its own in- trinsic /alue. Second, as a valuable crop, in connection with others, for res- toring, old wornout land: and Third, its adaptation to the climate and soil of New Brunswick. First:— The great importance of the Root Crop in this Province has been almost entirely overlooked; and its adaptation for slock has scarcely ever been tried. The extensive cultivation of the Root Crop, both in England «nd Scotland, is of recent date— but the benefits from it have been so great, that the Turnip Crop alone, is second only to the cereal crop.s, and equal in value to all'the other* put together. If then the value of this crop is so highly estirn .ted, and thought of such vast importancs, in a country socolobrafrd for agricultural knowledge, may it not be taken for granted that the like^beneficial results, would follow with us— and that we may safely follow its example ? Unfortunately the Farmers of this Province heretofore have had their eye only tixed, upon ^^hat they could get for their Bushel of Roots, in the market, without ever turning their mind to the improvement of their land or stock: thus when they could obtain Is 6d. or '2s. for a bushel of Turnips or Carrots, they would con- tmue to raise a few from year to year; but so soon as the market was supplied and the price reduced, the cultivation of the crop was considered useless. The committee would therefore, most seriously call the attention of our Farmers, to the great benefits to be derived Irom a more extensive cultivation of Roots as feed for stock; the saving in hay alone would amply compensate him if nothing else- but stock of all kinds are vastly benefitted-milk incrcased-the health of the animal improved-and, instead of bringing inferior beef to market, which if he sell at all must be - . low price h« would bring such meat as would ensure him a readv rr.erket, and a ^'emunerating sum. 41 !l'i It is a lUct well ascertained that an ox fed on hay, with a liberal supply of Roots until live years old, will bring more money in mar- ket, than he would have brought at six years old, had he been fod only on hay, however plentifully supplied: and there isnot a doubt, but that there is more value obtained from two acres of land well cultivated in root crop, than from three or four acres in any other article for food for cattle. Taking these things into consideration your Committee would recommend that every Farmer should devote a pr.t of his tillago land at once to green crop, and are i . , >n that one-fifth of the land under plough should every year :. .^.fotGd to the Root crop, —that is, he who ploughs five acres, should have one acre in turnips, or carrots, or mangold-wurzle, or a part of the acre in each, and the same proportion should be carried out, however large the fiirm under cultivation. We come now, in the second place, to the consideration of the Root Crop, as one of incalculable value (in connectien with other crops,) for restoring old worn out land. It has become an important enquiry with our Farmers, how they shall fertilize their land, that has become exhausted by taking off large amounts of produce from year to year for sale, however remote from towns from which they might obtain manure— this is an important query and one in which they arc highly interested, in having answered correctly. It is absolutely certain that Farmers cannot annually rob their farms of large crops of Grass, Roots and Grain, without either supplying manure to the soil, or losing rapidly in fertility We shall briefly advert to some of the most obviou.'s resources for sustaining and improving ihe productiveness of the soil. With the intelligent and systematic Farmer a proper rotation of crops is adopted, which he has found by experience to be best suited to the locality and markets; what is meant by this, is a regular succession of crops in the same field, through a series of years, which at their end is again commenced; they are so arranged that no two grain crops succeed each other, but are separated by Roots, Grain and Grass: this system prevents the necessity of the soil yielding similar ingredients through two or more successive seasoHs, which it will seldom do to so profitable an extent as to justify a second crop; the great object of this method is to give the land rest when allowed to lie in meadow, or refreshment when clover or other fertilizing crops are ploughed in to ihc soil for manure, but it is evident at a single glance that this system dees 4r, not conlnin all that is necessary for sustaining the full measure of fertility of land subject to close cropping; but that it is necessary to return to the soil, manure, straw and ofinl, of every kind and also to carry on in connection a succession of crojis. For this purpose your committee would recommend the followini^ Rotation or eight course system; we will suppose it to be sod land of inferior quality, this ought to be ploughed late in the fall in fur- rows from six to eight inches deep-luid tlat and rolled, the first crop oats, seeded thick, harrowed and rolled; as soon as the oats are off, plough in the stubble. Second crop Potatoes, manured in the Drill with at least ten cords manure to the acre. Third crop, Wheat. Fourth crop Turnips, Carrots, or Mangold-wurtzel, or a part of each, manured and planted in the Drill, with at least the same quantity of manure as for the potatoes. Fifth Crop, Barley or Rye, and seeded down to Timothy and Clover. Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth crops, Hay, and at the expiration of the eighth crop, the land must be again broken up 'and the same or some other course commenced: when it is thought advisable, Indian Corn may take the place of the Roots as the fourth crop, or Beans or Peas that of Wheat, as the third crop. The advantage of this course is, it will be perceived, that the Farmer gets eight crops, awd all remunerating ones, for two years manure, and in the end his land is in a much better state, than when he commenced We come to consider the Root crop when the manure is plentiful, and the object a prize crop of Roots. The first great point is the quality of the Soil: though it must be remembered that we are not now, considering potatoes at all, but turnips, carrots, &c., the Farmer will best understand us, when we say that the land whioJi is good for Indian Corn, is also good for Root crops, or may be made so. The land best adapted for the root crop, is strong loanry soil: it should be ploughed in the fall, and ploughed deep, and if subsoil ploughed, the better. The first operation in the spriftg, is to harrow the soil thoroughly: it will help to pulverize the land, and enable the cart to get on the land the easier with the manure- about fifteen cords of manure (or about thirty wagon loads) should be carted on, and spread out evenly on the surface, then the land should again be ploughed, harrowed, and again cross-ploughed; it should be borne in mind, that it is of great importance that the soil be finely broken up, pulverized and rendered mellow, free from 11' i> n '"!!■ I ' lIU' IT rt I f hi ¥ 4a dod. or every kind : it will be „eco..a..y to defer the last harrowing «" 1 read, to 3ow the seel, and a very ^reat deal depends, upon ge .n« .„ the seed, wh.l.t the ground is fresh and .oist 'whe Z icady to sow. harrow the land well, and got in the seed as quickly « pos..bIe; the drills for parsnips, beets, carrots, .nungold-wu z e and urn.ps (u. field culture should be a^, least twenty'four inched apart, to g.ve roon. for the use of the cultivator, and for cleansing, the crop, and l.,osen.ng the soil, if a seed sower can be obtained n^uch tnne .saved by its use in getting in sn.all seeds, and a whole work of opemng the drills, sowin,. the seed, and covering the same. ,s performed at the same time; but if this is not to be had each Farmer must use his own ingenuity to devise the most aaf^ and exped.t.ous method. A line stretched out. and drills opened along the same, two inches deep, with the corner of a common ho .s a method adopted by some: others open the drill with the u ti! vator by taking out all the teeth but the two hind ones, setting it . proper distance apart, with this and the use of a horse, two drills are opened at once, and an acre of ground is gone ove; in a short nme. the Farmers great object should be. to save time, always beanng m mmd that every operation must be well done. All these -mall seeds, w.th the exception of Turnips should be got in aa soon m the sprmg as the ground is dry, but if they are in by the first of June there .s every prospect of success: the proper depth to cover small seeds .s one mch : the quantity of seeds for an acre of carrota IB Jibs the san^e for Beets and Mangold-wurzle ojbs. for Parsnips, and 4 for Swedish turnips. ^ ' It often happens that the farmer may not find it convenient to fut m all his seeds, in one day or even week; in that case we would adv.se the following rule to be observed, the first in order in the ground to be the Parsnip, next Carrot, then Beet, and last JWangold-wurzel, Swedish Turnip is the last in order of the seeds sown in this country, and ought never to be sown earlier than the 1st of June or later than the 25th; we would recommend the 10th as the cor- rect one. and ;ve think 4 Iba. of seed the most desirable quantity to the acre, so as to feed the fly and ensure the crop. All these small seeds are benefitted by being sprouted in rich earth well turned up for ten days before sown, or they may be soaked five days in soft ^water for Carrots. Beets, Parsnips, and Mangold-Wurzel and eight hours for 1 urn.ps; this we think b«nefical in all countries, but more especially this, in the weather here is stbh^v^U. j,.* „,.^ a u-,. .would in a degree prevent the dry seeJs from getting an e^riy'eUH 47 Rnd healthy 'rovvth in their infancy, which is necessary for a gooff crop. The .eeds when sown in drills by hand (and not by the Howor) may bo covered with the back of a common rake, and a largo amf^iint of ground can be gone over in a day by this method with a little practice; the alter cultivation of all the Root Crops enumerated is nearly the same. Great attention is required io thin the crop in time; as soon as the plants can be clearly distinguished through the whole length of the drills, they should be gono over with a hoe, and the weeds in the drills cut out, and when the plants stand very thick, a v>art of them removed. As soon as the Turnips are well in the rough leaf, they also should be attended to the same, and as soon as the weeds begin to reappear the Culti- vator should then be used between the drills to loosen the soil, and Uep them down; in about ten days later, the whole should again be gone over, and the plants thinned to two inches apart, and the Cultivator used again; in fifteen days later they shou'.d get their tnird and last weeding and thinning and on this depends much of the welfare of your crop. Your crop must be kept free from weed* and the plant well thinned out; Carrots should be at least six inches from plant to plant; Parsnips and Beets ten inches, and Mangold-Wurzei and Turnips twelve inches; less will 7iot insure you a first rate aop; use your Cultivator freely between the drills, and at the last thinning remove the mould from the roots of the Turnips, by which means they will Ije much freer from fibrous- roots; this is all that will be necessary for you to do with the ex- ception of occasionally looking through them to remove large weeds . Mangold-Wurzel should be the first Root Crop, harvested iu the fall (say first week in October) ; they stand so fur out of the ground that they would be injured by the frost. The method here recommended will, your Committee are of opinion, ensure the largest return to the Farmer for his labour and expense, where manure is plentiful. But as there are many far- mers in the country whose opinions should have great weight, favourably disposed to the system of manuring in the drill, and'the Committee are not unanimous in their views on the different systems, we think it will be necessary to say a few words on the drill system. In either plan the ground should be well mellowed by the Plough; after the land is prepared, the drills should be opened with a double mould board Plough, eight inches deep, and the drills two and a-half feet apart, compost then laid evenly in the drills, at least twenty horse waggon loads to the acre, and the earth again returned over the manure six inches deep; after the 48 knd is manured and covered over, a heavy roller al.ould bo nns^^ed over .1.0 drill, to settle the soil, break the lamps, and tlattcn the top ot tbe drdl. the seeds are then sowed, as already described and the whole after treatment the same in every respect. After all however, that has been said or can be said upon the subject it i,' impossible to lay down any general rule that will answer special purposes. ,n sandy soil the Hat system, and on heavier soils the wide system seems to argue best. The Farmer must school himself to mark. learn, and digest the circumstances of his own particular case. F«r mstance when the soil is shallow, to throw it up in ridges fi.vcs more depth of earth, suitable for a long tap rooted plant;' agam where manure is scarce by placing the whole compost d.rectly under the plant, it will receive a larger amount of nourish- ment from a lunited amount of manure. So again, where the land IS very wet. by throwing it up in ridges, the water v.il! have a greater opportunity of escaping. All these, however, and many more, are c.rcumstances which the Farmer must determine for h.msell. and which no others are qualified to decide; then again as to the riuanUty of his Root Crop, and the partiadar Und best for hun to cultivate, these are matters of importance to himself and to h.m only; the distance from market, the articles most likely to fetch a remunerating price; if to be fed to his Stoc, what Roots best adapted for particular kinds of Stock; thus Carrots are de- c.dedly the best for horses-Turnips for Oxen, young cattle fatten- ing Hjr beef and Sheep; Mang.ld-wurzel for Milch Cows; Parsnips for Cows and Plogsr-all these circumstances that an intelligent J armer wdl find no difficulty in answering for himself. We come now in the third place to treat of the peculiar adapta- tion of this crop to the climate and soil of New Brunswick Your Committee are firmly of opinion, that the Province of New ISrunsvvick, stands unsurpassed, both in climate and soil for the cultivation of Root Crops. The rich alluvial soils of our intervales and Islands and much of the strong loamy lands of our highlands, 18 the very soil of all others the most fitting for the growth of roots- and our warm and sunny weather in the last of May and June warms the earth, vegetates the seeds, and gives a health and vigorous growth to the young plant altogether unknown either in ±.ngland, or Scotland: and it is a singular circumstance that the Swedish Turnip or Mangold-wurzel have never failed in New Brunswick, whtre the crop has been managed with skill, and pro- perly attended to. And that carrots, parsnips and beets, succeed well eighteen out of twenty years. Your Committee h ave carefully 49 compared the estimated quantity of «ach of the Root Crops per acre in Europe, with the amounts issued here, and feel confident in stating that when judgment and skill are brought to bear in the cultivation; the produce has been fully equal, and the safety of the Crop much in our favour. In concluding this Report, your Committee beg to disclaim all idea of assuming any superior knowledge in the art of Agriculture; many of their brother Farmers are equally capable, and some no tloubt more so than wti are, to instruct others, both in theory and practice: but we do claim an honesty of purpose, and awillingnesB to assist with our time and means, in promoting what we consider a most important object, and should this report be the means of in- struction and helping on the good cause in tho smallest, degree, your Committee would consider themselves amply compenanted. All of >yhich is most respectfully submitted by WM. WATTS, Chairman. J. A. MACLAUCHLAN, THOS. R. BARKER. April 3d, 1850. G REPORT 01.' TflK COMMITTEE ON SEEDS. f! : S 'i ii I' < i ISl 1 he Comm.Ucea,.j»oinkMl on the :iUt January, ISr^O. "to Report on the bcHt menus of obtaining a goo.l quantity of Seed, for general use. atat.ng what (]( scriptions may bo raised in the Province to •. advantage and the quarters fronr. whence other descriptions can be unported. on the most reasonable terms." have to Report, that they have g.ven their attention to the subject referred to them and endeavoured to comply with the wishes of the Society in r.ferinco to the pomts submitted to thorn. The Committee arc strongly impressed with the importance of obtanung Seeds of the best I. ^VATTS. Fredericton, 3rd April, 1850. Toae N„ Brum,nck Society for He encouragemcni of Agrioullarc, Home Manufactures, and Commerce througl^oul the Provime The subscribers, to wbora among others it was referred to enquire m the best modes of fattening Cattle and Hogs for marketable keef =nd Pork, have attended to that duty and beg to Report, that thev have learned that there is little or no Sal. Beef put up irl thL Pro^ ZZTrf^ "'V""? "'• '""^ """ ""= '"■-S'^ ™™"' annually re- quired for the supply of the .N'ov-Brunsw.ok .5h,ppi„g „„d otherwise - pnncpally brought from the States or other Countries, , nail because, as ,t ,s sa.d, of the Beef of New Brunswick, bei g gra.s fed and not calculated to stand the salt, so that when packet and ptckled ,t generally becomes hard, unpalatable, and is wasted; con- sequenly Fore.gn Beef chiefly supplies the market. It appears by a quotafon ,„ Professor Johnston's Report, page 0, that a simila^ ev,l extsted ,„ Scotland about one hundred years agi. On room- i- a.nt of the mode of fattening Cattle then ia use, 'he „ri e^ says nor can ,t be otherwise in the supine ignorance our farmers are'^ fceast and the want ol every provender Ht to raise them; for thev generally never stall any but such Oxen as are „„ longer lit L the yoke: or o,vs „t such as the good woman tells her'husband r no lenger f,t to breed or milk-thcse for eight or ten weeks thev blov up w,th scalded barley, chaff, and n^lt grains; 1 at oa^ nckle of bones ,s all the butcher can pick up in Fife and L„th"^ from Candlemas to June even for our Metropolis, and no e- roTtC:::: ^n- ^"^ '^ ""- ^'-'^ •-"» "- -■■'"-*:; cost Ihem very dear because to have them so thev ..ive i-°- ^o. ■ d .: oren:::;e;lh?ts\Ttt"r';:rr;::r- Report, that now the Cattle in Scotl and arc kiileJ at all 55 .oason, of the year, and .he Beef produced is of an excellent quality-that largo ,|uanlitiea are forwarded all the voar .hV J .0 ,he Southern Marke.s. and U can he curedt S a\ ;ge7fr .he Naval Serv.ce or for any other „,e; this change ha, IZ'Z c,,,a lly hrought ahout in Scotland hy .he altered ™„do „, " e , Ca..le, aud may be »rough. in Ne,v Brunswick l,y a proper a, 11 ..on to the aame thing, «o that Beef „,ay he produced' ImLp:: ;ron,;: w::;:^ °" '-^ """'- - '° -^^'^ - -'<«' --^; In speaking of tho best methods of fattening Pntf. . r- .nittee *, no. think it necessary to inquire wSr"::':; ril^ea; n the Prov.nce are particularly suited to .hut purpose, whe , 'he bu,,„ess haa made so,„e progress and its princples a^ e. understood, they think it probable tha. the introduction of sll bree s as to Durham would be highly beneficial,. i„ th Ian Ze it behoves the Fanner to make the most of the materials within hi! reac ; they bel.eve, however, tha. a great deal might b d e bv a carelul sclect.on, and to aid the Farmer in that nfa.ter, .ley have menfoned those points in Cattle that are understood .„ Ldtcale early maturity and a disposition to fatten The whole bones of the structure should be fine, the back straight the oms roa and flat, and the whole carcase well round d The a" r r ;» T""' "" " "'" '""^^'' """'^ «- """ '-^i"S capable of quick motion, eyes prominent, dark and placid The happy beammg eye of .he heal.hy animal shows co' en me,U a matter .nd.spensible to .he accumulation of fat, on the 000"'; I hanging o i„^ ,i,„^,^_ ^.„ ^^^^ ^/a^ZZ^^t: together With heavy eyelids indicates an unhappy and restle di!' position incompatible with a good and profitaWe feede ho stn" a ould be mo erately thick ye. loose and yielding t t'h „„ " With a soft and greasy fee.', diflicul. to describe but easilv lea" .!i 'car'""-,'"" '"' '"""' "^ '"'"="■ «-■ -« - " -V Derson «t nil • , leeaing should commence: everv person at all acquainted with the management of Cnui. ^ down, the food saved by starvin'rr",h« ' """, T" '"''*''*''' '" ^"^ fourfnlH hor * . ^'^^^'"S ^'^^ animal, has to be repaid bo hi tudvoA'hV r°'"" '°i' """ '" '■°™" ""^""». " ™«kt o study of the I. aimer, therefore, so .0 proportion his stock .0 56 hi the quantity of his lood, that the/ may have enough and to spare at all seasons of the year. Cattle put up to fatten should have a house for themselves apart from the other stock, it should be w, i, but well ventilated and kept as clean as possible, the dung should be removed at least twice a day, as the sriiell is decidedly injurious to the animals, and apt to make them loathe their food. Turnips will necessarily form the staple portion of their food, but it will be highly useful to alternate them, with other matters such as potatoes, carrots, bruised oats, oil cake, &c., mangold-wurzle does not seem to be very suitable for the manufacture of beef; the times of feeding are, say, 5 morning, 11 forenoon, and 4 afternoon, and these or any other times fixed upon should be regularly attended to: a little nay or straw should be given between meals, and the cattle should be well littered up and kept as quiet as possible; considerable difference of opinion exists among feeders as to the propriety of cooking the food given to Cattle— some years ago, experiments were made at the suggestion of the Highland Society of Scotland, as to the comparative value of raw and cooked food, and the result was that though the beasts kept on cooked food gained a little more weight in the course of the trial than the others kept on raw food, yet that gain was not equal to the expense of preparing the food. In this country where ♦he winters are so much colder, and turnips are liable to be frozen, the superiority of the cooked food would probably be more marked; perhaps the proper way would be to compromise the matter by giving the first two meals raw, and the evening one cooked; when potatoes are used we would recommend that they should be boiled and mixed up with cut straw or chaff. The quantity of food proper for a meal, will depend on the size of the animal, but the following quantities will not be very wide of the mark for an ordinary sized beast, (supposing three feeds per day to be given,) turnips 30 lbs., potatoes 20 lbs., carrots 20 lbs., bruised oats or corn 5 lbs., and oil cake about 5 lbs. The great secret of the business is, to find out what quantity of food the Cattle will eat without impairing their appetites or pro- ducing loathing, an evil particularly to be guarded against; for this purpose the person in charge should watch the animals during their meals, and if any portion of the food is lefl after the appetite is satisfied, it should be carefully removed and a corresponding quantity subtracted from the other meals. It must be borne in mind however, that the greater the quantity of food the beast can be made to consume without producing satiety the sooner he will be 57 Ives apart lated and east twice , and apt form the alternate ised oats, ' suitable < morning, mes fixed iw should ttered up yf opinion d given to uggestion ive value he beasts jourse of I was not ry where e frozen, marked; latter by id; when )e boiled 1 the size r wide of eeds per 3 20 lbs., antity of 3 or pro- inst; for Is during appetite spending borne in east can e will be ready for the butcher, and the less the food required to be ex- pended in feeding him, or the greater will be the quantity of meat in proportion to the food consumed, — thus suppose it require at the rate of sixty bushels of turnips to bring an ox to a certain condi- tion in forty days, and that one-fourth part, or fifteen buehels of those turnips would be required during that time to support the animal system, and that 7a. 6d. be paid for the labour of feeding, if the period of feeding the ox were prolonged to four times forty, viz: one hundred and sixty days, the whole sixty bushels of turnips and 7s. 6d. worth of labour would be exhausted in merely sustaining the original condition of the ox, without any accumulation of meat since first put up, on the other hand, if the ox can be induced to con- sume the food with a good appetite, so as to be raised to (he above condition in twenty days instead of forty— twenty days support of the animal system or seven and a-half bushels of the turnips will bo consequently saved, or the amount there is consumed will be- come surplus nutriment and be laid in as fat. As cattle thrive and fatten faster in warm weather than cold, the earlier in the season they are tied up the bettor^ 'irovided their food is ready for them, and it will be better for the Farmer to take up a portion of his turnips before they have attained their full size, than to delay the business till the end of the season. If cattle are put up in good condition and carefully attended to they should bo ready for the butcher in four months, Farmers however should be provided with food for six months consumption at least, he will thus have a greater choice of market days, and otherwise he will be no loser by the delay, as his cattle will pay him fully as well for the last tivo months as they will do for the first fou)\ With respect to the ages at which cattle are put up to fatten, your Committee belibve that two and a-half years is the best age for the breeds of cattle now in the Province, or about three years old when killed, that after they are past eight or nine there is small chance oi their paying for stall feeding:; old oxen and cows that are past milking are therefore inadmissible, and should be made the most of on the pasture. Many of the above remarks on the fattening of cattle equally apply to the fattening of hogs; in addition it may be observed that hogs are found to relish mashed or meal food, and to fatten faster upon it when slightly fermented, and the condition of the Pork is rendered more solid and improved by it, and occasionally giving portion of charcoal is found to be beneficial as smal helping their appetite. 11 58 Before leaving the subject your Committee would impress u « . the mmd of the P^armor that it is not to the enhanced value of his stock alone that he is to look for reimbursements for the food con- sumed, and the trouble incurred in stall feeding, the augmented quantity and the greatly enhanced qnality of his manure will enable him to reproduce the food consumed and set a going as system which once fairly established is self supporting. In conclusion, while we would urge on J^armers the great im- portance of cattle feeding, we feel that it cannot be entered on with propriety till there is a surplus of food provided beyond what is necessary to keep the permanent stock in good condition: to make one or two animals fat at the expense of the rest of the stock would bo bad policy, and utterly opposed to the spirit wo would wish to see prevalent among the Farmers of this Province. And now we have finished our task— imperfectly we admit— but honestly and with the best disposition to make ourselves useful, unfortunately we can lay claim to but little knowledge on this or any other subject connected with Agriculture, but tlTat little will always be at the service of the Society. We are, &.c. ROBERT GRAY, ROBERT GRAY, ) ^ CHARLES HARRISON, } Committee. («) (a) COMPOUND FOR FATTENING CATTLE. • ^l^'^'-f'^^l^'^^ i^-"^}"? l"^v« lon^? ^«en considered very valuable for fatteii- mfr cattle. The English farmers prize tliese articles highly, and o-reat man ities are imported and used in tlie British Islands. Oil-cake is even carried rom this continent to fatten English beef. One groat advantage which h' English farmer tlnnksie derives from the use of it, is the imprmod (iuanUty ot the inanuro,_ and this is considered of such consequence as to balanoo a large portion ot the expense of tlie cake. Flax-seed or linseed oil, has like- wise been sometimes used, mixed with bran, &c., for fattening animals, and he effect luis been a very rapid gain. We have occasionally used Hax-seed or cattle witli good advantage, by boiling it and mixing with meal, cut hay &c We recollect Uie practice of one man in particular, who, more than tw'entv years ago, was considered to have gi-eat success in fattening cattle he boded a quantity of flax-seed, or instead of that, pulverized oitcukc, 'with potatoes, and scalded meal, (eitlier from bariey and corn,) in such quantity that when the mixture was cold it could be cut out in pieces, and in '.at shape was given to the cattle while tliey were in their stalls In the third volume of the American Farmer, is an article by Natlian Landon, of Litchfield, Conn., on the subject of feeding cattle with cut straw oil-cake and flax-seed. He says he fattened an ox and a three year o^d lioifer, with less expense, even, tlian that of common keeping, by tlie folio win A- process. He says-«I boiled about two quarts of flax-seed and sprinkled on to cut straw, which had been previously scalded and seasoned with salt togetJier witli some oil-cakc and oat-meal, working them together in a tub with a. short pitch fork, till tlie whole became an oily mush. I fattened the heifer : \ ■■••■• f;- ••'^<"n-'rj .•i/.e, and in j^tniu oniur ro wmrer. i gave Jier about three pecks, [ot the nuxture] which she ate voraciously, and in the course of tour days, when the seed was gone, she was visibly altered. I fed her regu- 59 larly in that wny ftbout two months, in which time she had oaten about one hmluA of boiled ilox-seed, with the other ingredients in proportion — when who was butchered, slio weighod 581 pounda, 84 poundH of whicii was tallow. Slio would not have sold before fattening tor more than $1(>. I sold two •luarters of her beef for $18, 13. She cost me not more than $10, exclusive of the hay and straw she ate, which was chiefly scalded as above. On the fii-st of February I began witli tlie ox. I fed Iiim about three months, but not altogether so well as I did tlie heifer. lie digested about one pint of boiled flaxseed a day, prepared as above, which I suppose formed half the fat in tliese two cattle. The ox was short, measured [girtlied] seven feet two inches, and when killed, weighed 1082 pounds, and had 182 pounds of tallow. He cost me while tiittening, twenty-live cents a day ; he had previously cost me tliirty- livc cents. My nett gain in fattening these two cattle, was more than all 1 have cleared before in fattening oxen and cows in fifteen years ; and tliis is owing, I think, chiefly to the use of flax-seed. I never fattened cattle that appeared so calm, so hearty, and digested their food with so much natural ease and regularity as these. I kept my cows in the same way in the month of March for one tliird the expense of hay. It makes excellent milk and butter." We have lately seen frequent recommendations of an article used in England for fattening cattle, called " Warnes' (>)mpound." Sir Charles Burrell, in a letter published in tlie Farmers' Journal, gives an account of the mode of making tliis celebrated compound, from which we gather tlie following. It is said to be a very ecconomical and efiicacious food. 1st. Let a quantity of linseed be reduced to fine meal, that is to say, let every seed be thoroughly broken. 9d. Put about 15G pounds of water into a copper, and let it boil. 3d. Stir into tlie water quickly 2 lbs. of the linsed meal, and let it boil for about five minutes. 4tli. Let (i'J lbs. of barley or bean meal be sjirinlded upon the boiling mucilage by the hand of one person, while another as rapidly as possible stu^ and works it in. The whole will now have assumed the fonn of a thick mess or pudding. The fire should be put out, and in a short time the food may be given to the cattle. When cold tlie com- pound should be perfectly stiff. Many farmers put it inro moulds like those used for bricks while hot. The compound is generally given in small quan- tities at first, and increased at pleasure — for the first week, 5 lbs. or 71bs. per day, when according to tlie size of the anunal ard quantity of otlier food given, the quantity may be increased to 14 lbs., 21 lbs., or 28 lbs. per day. To make cattle compound with potatoes or white carrots, nothing more is required than, afler having been properly steamed or boiled, to remove them from the vessels, as hot as possible, into a trough, then sprinkle some linseed meal upon tliem, and knead the whole into a mass with tlie rammer. The compound may be put hot into the moulds and made into cakes, or used from the trough. Less labor will be required, if the roots are removed the cooking vessels in small quantities, and incorporated with the meal. The proportions must be left to circumstances and to the cost at which cattle are intended to be fed. The efliect of giving only one pound of linseed meal per day to a bullock, when incorporated witli potatoes or carrots, will soon become visible ; but if a pound or two more were added, the animal would fatten at a rate which tliose alone who watched tJie cattle could believe. ■i t, 1 Tolhe New Brmswick Sochuifor Ike a,c,m-«^e,nen, of AgricUurc Home Manu/acluns, ,m,t Commcm ll,ro„glmu th, ProHuce ' Yom- Committee., to wl.om it ™ rcforrod to onquh-e and Report, &- on thebcstCusI, Market, for Beef and Pork.l.J a^mj^^l^^ an cffoet,vc modes for putting ap tl>c same fit ,o contmand sucl> Ma,ket , ami .f necessary to prepare and submit a Bill to the Log,, ature for the pnrposo, beg leave to say that they l,a,e at- tended to those duties and respectfully SSEPOttT. 1st that they have made considerable enquiry on the subject of arketsrotj. Merchants of high standing and experience in variot, |.arts of the Provmce and have derived infortnation from "prices cu ren asg,ven in the English ncwspape,. and otherwise, and Id that he E„gl,sh_the American and the Home markets are chieny worthy of constdemton. As to the English market, i, seems that h .s argely supplied „t,h Beef and Pork not only from Europe, Great Bntam, and Ireland nut also from the Canadas and the United States at remuneratu.e pr,ce=, and it appears to be the geneml opinion, ha w„h proper attentton to the producing andputting'up of these ar iE for exportatton, they might be sent with advantage from New B uts! wu=k. This opmton has been given to one of the members of your Commtttee, by the Hon. William Crane, the Hon. J. Cunard Francs Ferguson Esq., and several other experienced Merchants re' s.d,ng ,n the Province, and is, in all pt^obability correct, the Engl sh papers give the last prices current of United States Beef and Porl n the Liverpool .narkets, which may be taken as a standard of he Enghsh mattets, generally, but to form an estimate from prices I must be recollected that the quality or brand of the anicle should be known and kept m view. The United States and Canadian laws to regulate he putttng up Beef and Pork for exportation, generally di " trngutsh those artteles, by four descriptive qualities or brands v^^ Beef ut "Extra Mess"_consisting of the most choice nt'ces of the fattest cattle weighing not less than 600lbs exclusive of hide and cattle wtthout hocks, shoulders, clods or necks, and to contain in a Barrel two choice roundsnotev^eeHi„„.,:.i,.,u„ _. . - , ' " 73 (.„ e . „ ' •-' ■■"■6 ..=b'"ius. eacn — iiru. "Prime Beef, of pieces of good fat cattle containing in a Barrel not more Gl ll.an one l.alf of a noek, two shanks with the liocks cut ofl', and tl hind Icrrs, ul the smallest dI iHculturc, ince. 'port, drc, t practical and such iill to the Imve at- ubject of n various ices cur- and find e chiefly as that it e, Great 'd States ion, that • articles ^ Bruns- of your Cunard, lants ro- Englisli Pork, in of the rices, it ould be laws to lly dis- ! : viz., eces of de and md fat n in a Prime t more ■ • tlie joint— 4th " Cargo BwP' ol such cattle wuli a proportion of good pieces-not more than one- halt of a ncck-thrce shanks with the hocks cut ofT above the joint as aforesaid and to be otherwise merchantible—PorA- 1st "Me^^s Pork" consisting of the sides of good fat hogs cxclusivcly-weighinc 250 lbs., or upwards, taken from the shoulder to the lup, casting off the llank-2nd. " Prime Mess Pork" consisting of good fat hogs, one car^- cass to the barrel, the lard and trimmings taken off— Srd. " Prime Pork" packed from good fat liogs, ranging from 160 to 200 lbs and of which there shall be in a barrel not more than three shoulders hav- nig the legs cut off, at the knee joint,— not more than 24]b3. of lieads without ears, and the snout cut off at the opening of the jaws, and the brains and bloody grizzle taken away and the remainder made up of side, neck and tail pieccs-^lth " Cargo Pork" taken from carcasses weighing not less than 100 lbs. each and of which there shall not be in one barrel more than 30 lbs. of head and fore shoulders, and tlie remainder to be mercha.tiblc pork. The current price in the Liver, pool niarket, in February last past was, for United States, " Prime Mess Boer (which appears to be 2nd quality,) per Barrel 2001bs. 50s , to oos sterhng,-lt seems that the shipping charge. Insurance agency &c., of a Barrel of Beef or Pork from the City of St. John to Liver- pool would be about 8s steriing-this sum deducted from the above would leave the price from 42s to 47s at St. John steriing or about oOs 6d to 55s 6d. our currency-and if the price of Beef alone be •sought for before being put up and as brought in quarters to Freder- icton or other parts of the Province,-the price of the Barrel, cuttin.. up, packing, salt, salt-petre, inspection, freight, cartage &c. &c° must be taken into account, amounting to about 7s. 6d. and further reducing the above prices 43s. to 49s. per 200 lbs. or from 2 l-2d to neariy 3d. currency per Ib.-so at the above period, the current price in the Liverpool market of - Prime Mess Pork" (which appears the 2nd quahty) 54s. to 56s. steriing-reduee the shipping charges, and add lor the currency as above, and it will stand at from 55s. to 58s currency per barrel at St. John, and throw off the charges as before and the price will be from 48s. 6d. to 50s. 6d. in Fredericton. It must be recollected however, that the above prices appear to apply o the 2nd quahty of Beef and Pork only, the first quality brini' about 14s. or 15s. currency, higher ; and that the UnLd sLes porJ does not command tlm He«t n^"- -- ^.,.i-. , . ■ f ^ ^ ■ „ '•'■■■•^ "-■' ^'^'■i^^h bui is commonly a druff n consequence of «s being fa., soft, oily and othcnviso objec.ionablei the Insh Pork, .o winch Now Brnnswiok Pork i» .innlar, ccnmand^g, m (J2 ■- in the English market, per barrel, 98. or 10s. niorr thnn tlmt broughf troui tho States: hence it appears very probable that England would afTord a good cash market, at remunerative prices, for Beef and Pork, especially Birf aont from New Urnnsvvick. As to the American markets, the liigb Tarifi'of the United States, may disable us from taking pork thither, but beef is cheaper in New Brunswick than in any part of the United States, and your Committee are informed that notwithstanding tho high Tariff, Beef is exported from Nova Scotia to Boston and other parts of the United States, but to what extent they have not the means of ascertaining. It is also the opinion of Merchants of high standing, especially the Hon. William Crane, that Beef and Poi-k raised in this Provinct- would find a good market in Newfoundland, the W(;st Indies and the Bermudas. But tho great, the profitable, and for many years, tho inexhausti- ble cash market for the New Brunswick farmers Beef and Pork is our Homo market, for the supply of our ship-owners, fishermen, lum- berers, manufacturers, labourers, and nearly all classes in New Brun twi..!{. The amovmt of Beef and Pork yearly imported into this Province, cannot be ascertained with exactness, but upon the best calculation that can be made, the quantity of beef and pork annually importt d into the various parts of this Province cannot be less than 100,000 Barrels, or to the amount of nearly =£300,000. The quantity stated in the Treasury returns affords no guide, as it is only a part of the Beef and Pork im- ported, or the amount which might be supplied, by the New Bruns- wick farmer, for, independent of a large amount which escapes^ duty, the Colonial shipping alone, is supposed to require about 30,000 bar- rels annually and this being bonded in the Ware House, and paying no duty does not appear in the Treasury returns, so the British and Foreign Shipping coming to the different parts of this Prc/ince which on the return voyage would be supplied by our Farmer, (were these articles attended to in New Brunswick,) are furnished by Foreign markets — so the extensive coasting trade carried on in different parts of the Province, is subject to the same remark, and as a reason gene- nerally urged why the lumbering interest is less profitable than it might be, the meat required for the extensive milling and lumberiug operations is chiefly imported from Foreign markets ; hence the arti- cles in question, used in almost all departments, are passed into the Province, by every avenue, land or waters, from the Restigouclie round to the St. Francis, at remunerative prices, and the money goes out for them, while our farmers are thinking themselves with- 68 o.,t rn. Kots. , .H observable ul.o, that if tho enorplo. of tl.o ,,ro.,I^ be ,u.t forth to nnprove the condition uf the I'rovince bvo, ' ' n.u.ufacturos, fisheries, and a good dese rp tion of "^""^ demand for the ar.ie.e.. in .ue3tion^ou,d^nTell m'^^^ Bl^f and Pork imported from abroad, into Sf. John for S • ^ :!;::t .t t rr ""," """ -""- -""'"' p-o'^l::: cics ui the bt. John market, is generally governed bv tho n.,„i-. ra,K,, ,„„.,,, e„„.,i....„y flue.ua.ing I'^J wllhoutX rdl,7 »!",«; use, cosfng hi,,,, i„ No. Yo,k, from ^-2 15,. I JL LrZ a .L5.. per barrel I„,por. and Ware ho,..o chargo., „,„k „ ^"t ow.,o«, cpooially f,.'r .,„oV. vo-^,: ^1.^" °:S ,5 " ,'^ ^',"'- " Mo,8" or 2nd quality Beef,-" r>ri,;o M, T^ oT ^.' " """' -:: .r-:2;t';:f44: |^?^- Xoitf- wi.houtdu.y.viz: ^3 o'^ 5^-^:„,f:^tfi"; '" *" ^r""-"""^^' Iho barrel and o.I.er eharge., a^ Ifr/al^ VTeV rrV"'' quartern, in Fredericton or o,!,er part, of ,l,e Prf of '" >vould stand at S2 15. per Barrel, 1 3 1.4d L m "rL f"''''' o 5s.^„r .bo flr. q„ ,i.y and it would s.a;;d il'qrr. ^ t' fX ict )n, £4 10s. or nearly 4 1.4d. ner lb «o thn w v tion. , o ^"^^'^"y '^«Pt iw liome consump- di i'«l ti .4 '1; '■ HcniM) \t npponr^ not only thu. tlioro iire jint grounds for iM'Iicvinj^ thru a iTood iniirknloxislH in liDirliind and (dsinvhero, uviiiluble for our Nt!W rirunHwick Furmor, l)\>t also that it Ih obvious ho Imw a ^rciit and inrxhtuisliblo tnish luarkrt, with good priccH nt his own doors, for all \\h> hvvS and pork ho can ruiHc, — provided, it can lie put vpjil iu command such tnarLrt. This lirings us to tho second considorntion — nnmoly, can beef find pork raised in lliis IVovincc bo lUt up fit to command such markets? It is a strange anomaly, that while in Nova Scotia, a Province no better for raising Reef than this, they should export beef in spite of tho heavy Tariff, into tlio United Stnt(>s, and that we should import it — and that tliough//Ts/t UrvX is low(;r in this Province; than in any part of the States, we should nevertheless, largely import salt Hccf from tho United States to New Unmswick. If you ask the New Brunswick farmtir why ho docs not raise more Beef and Pork for sale, his answer is, " No market for it.'' If you ask the New Bruns- wick ship-owner or merchant of this, ho answers — " there is t good market, but it is not produced by the farmer" and each answer is true, in the existing state of affairs, for the farmer has no market for the article 'w the state in which he would furnish it to the merchant : perhaps old worn out oxen or cows, grass fed or half fattened, tho •meat calculated to become hard, shrunken, and wasted, without the knowledge of the proper mode of curing, with no fit barrel and proper putting up to preserve it from spoiling, or any inspection or brand to give it character, there is " no mnrkct for it:' So it is equally trun as said by the merchant, " there is a good market for a jiroper article, properh/ put up to answer the purpose, but the farmer does not furnish this, indeed all the experienced merchants and ship masters say that the grass fed Beef in soft wood barrels will not stand the salt, be- comes hard and tasteless, the pickle runs off, the meat spoils and is thrown overboard by the sailors, it will consequently not do to pur- chase : so with Pork in soft wood barrels, it will not keep for long voyages, and of course in good markets will not sell, for these reasons principally, the merchants, ship owners and others in New Brunswick are compelled to buy Foreign Beef and Pork, and leave our farmers, tcithout a market . The evil occurs cither in the condition of the material itself, or in the mode of putting it up and sometimes both ; can those evils be reme- died ? Undoubtedly they can,— as to material, there is no doubt, thai II Dcci liiiti i i!itv ciit; !ju uiuiigiii l^ n j-toj-. . .'•. !••- Canadas and the North Eastern States the same can b(; done in New Brunswick, it only requircF: n proper selection of aniinals, with proper 6A atlrntion ii> fo.liiig then., your Uomnuttoo of tljcir uwix pcwoiml kimw- I.Ml-n know, and ui.y person of ordinary cxporienee, who n-ill look at iho lon'^MMnjr ,,uullti,., of Beef i.n.i Pork taken iron, tl.c New York and Montr.;ul standards, will percr^ivo, that tluM-o can bo no Iro.d.lr wh.Uov.r, ni bru.ginjr Ikof or l>ork np to tho highest of these stan- .liirds, and if a fixed standanl of qualities be, by law c-stabiished with tho view of sale, our fanners will then have a guide and no ddlieully m coming up to that .-itandurd. But this is not all, for to give «uch Beef and Pork u proper de^i^ua- t.on of <-haract..-r, «o that they n.ay be conr,.lently purchase.! at lunne and abroa.J, eunip.ne with skilful successful sale, of the Beef and Pork, in a market of keen comp ti i ' us decent clotlnng . for the favourable appearance of an individu l' arming strange^.-convinced that at no distant day, when the attention ot the pubhc becon.es fully awakened to the irr^porlance of tho sub.Ct now un er consideration, our farmers will not only enrich themse ve it'lfw M H "^ ^""^^'^' market-greatly to bo augmented n Po r ', °T'"" °' ""'^'"^ enterprizo-bm that Beef and I oik, eio long, wdl rank among our most extensive and profitab-e exports your Committee feel that too much attention cannc t d ■t xmnaung the best examples. character, and prices—secure g; aim at the highest charactei ;iin and escape leys— e.-^pecialiv wj ;ain tho highest 1", to obtain the highesi i<-u it i;> uiicndcd with no additional cost ; the consideration which this topic deserves may be better illustrated by referring to the effect of the packing establishments in New York and the various parts of the States where improvement is wanting as compared with those of Ireland,— the most skilful curers and packers in the world, where they put up the article in such a way that the meat will keep in good condition for years in any climate, and when opened after a lapse of several years, as sweet as when put up and the brine perfectly clear. In a letter of Mr. Peters, an American correspondent of the Albany Cultivator, writing from England in 1842, and who, having visited all the best packing establishments in Europe, Great Britain and Ireland, became master of the whole subject of curing and packing provisions — whose communication re-published in the Head Quarters of 23rd ult., con- tains admirable suggestions on this subject ; he says, " competition is very keen among the Irish and Continental provision curers and great skill is used to make the best article." * * * " A. friend in London unpacked several packages of Irish and Hamburgh cured provisions, by the side of American— the contrast was anything but flattering to our taste and skill ; I could very readily see, why our beef and pork bore so bad a name in the market and was so much a drug— the meat was not inferior but it was badly messed, worse cut, and cured, and the brine nearly as red as blood, and presenting, by the side of the other, not a very palatable appearance:" again he says, " no pains should be spared, in preparing and putting it up, as the neat and tastey appearance of the packages, will ensure a more ready sale, then if put up in a slovenly manner;" and the writer then concludes, " I trust the season will not pass, without finding several establishments preparing and curing provisions according to the Irish method.'''' It appears also by the Albany Culiivator for 1850, page 57, in a circular by Messrs. Allan & Anderson, extensive provision dealers in London— sent out in relation to the curing and packing of Pork for the English markets, that the Irish pork was preferred in the London markets, even at advanced rates, while the American became and continued a dull dragging Trade— the circular thus proceeds " some few of the first arrivals of New York and Baltimore brands came, of prime quality and brought remunerative prices— but almost all the ivuatcrn brands have come, particularly bad, — defeci Ve in cure — wretched In colour— and the meat, soft and inferior. Tlie chief de- fect, in almost all American Prime Mess Pork, is the colour; instead of being the bright cherry red, characteristic of skilfully pickled meat, it is a dirty, dull, unsightly brown. That this is remediable, 67 and arises in the manufucluro, is proved by some few brands coming otherwise. But unless it be obviated, the preference will continue to be given to Irish and Hambro, although inferior meat, at much higher prices:- With these views your Committee drafted a Bill to regulate the inspection of Beef and Pork for exportation, having before them as their guide an abstract of the New York State Exportation Law,— the above mentioned letter of Mr. Peters and a valuable pamphlet furnished by the kindness of the Hon. Mr. Rankin, written by Mr' W.lham Moore, the Chief Inspector of Beef and Pork at Montreal and whose brand is said to be equal to any in the world. Your Com- mittee reviewed this Bill personally and individually and with refe- rence to its practical operation and showed it to several practical men of high standing who concurred with your Committee in the utility of all the provisions therein, after which it was brought before the Agri- cultural Committee of the House of Assembly w in Session, who approving of the measure, brought it before the House as a part of their report and the same has undergone considerable discussion and stands for further consideratic ... This Bill, a copy of which is here- with submitted as a part of this report, gives the views of your Com- mittee more m detail, as to the most practical and effective modes for putting up Beef and Pork fit to command cash markets, and they trust it may meet with the approbation of the Legislature. In conclusion your Committee beg to observe, that while they are sensible that this report is less complete than it should be, they trust It may have a tendency, to draw more attention, to a matter of such vast importance, and, in connection with the subjects of the four pre- ceding Special Committees, will ultimately enable us, to derive from our own resources, that, for which, we are now accustomed to drain the Province of its money, to pay to other countries. All which is respectfully submitted, R. CHESTNUT, Chairman, Fredericton, 23rd March, 1850. DAVID S. KERR, JAMES TAYLOR, ROBERT JARDINE. A BILL To rfiguhilc the pufting up of Beef and Vork, within the Province for Exportation. Whereas this Province possesses great advantages for the raising of Beef and Pork, and no established mode existing as to the putting up of these articles for exportation, provision for the pur- pose is necessary — I. Be it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council and Assembly, that there shall be established at some suitable and convenient place in each and every County of this Province, a sufficient Store or Yard to receive such Beef and Pork as may be brought for inspection, without any charge for storage, provided that the inspected Beef and Pork be removed within three days after notice given to the owner or agent, of repackage. n. And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant Governor, or the Administrator of the Government for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council to appoint, for aach and every County of this Province, respectively, or for several contiguous Counties, a fit and proper person to be inspector of Beef and Pork: Provided always, that previous to the appointment of any such person it shall be made to appear by sufficient certificates, vouchers, or other proper evi- dence, to the satisfaction of the Lieutenant Governor or Adminis- trator of Government for the time being, and the Executive Council, that said person is fully qualified for the efficient discharge of the duties hereafter required: And provided also, that such person before entermg upon the duties of his office, shall give a bond with one or more sufficient sureties, to the Lieutenant Governor or Administrator of the Government for the time being, to be taken by, approved of, and filed with the Secretary of the Province in the penalty of three hundred pounds, conditioned for the faithful per- formance of such inspectors duties and the providing of a sufficient Store or Yard in some proper and convenient place within the County or Counties respectively to which ho maybe appointed inspector as aforesaid, for the stormg or preserving oi such Beef and Pork as may be brought to him for inspection, within such Counties respectively and without charge for storage, provided the same be removed within three days after notice - uen to the owner or his agent of such rcoackaffo. in. And be it further enacted, That no Beef or Pork shall be exported or shipped for exportation from this Province, or be .sold I 69 to the own irs or agents of ships or vessels for sea voyages, unlcjis previously inspected, packed, and branded by an inspector, duly qualified <..ad appointed as aforesaid, except Beef and Pork which may be imported into thig Province from any other place, and packed and branded agreeably to the laws of the place from which such Beef or Pork may be brought, and except also fresh Beef for Ships' Stores, and Beef put up by a duly licensed butcher, in barrels, half barrels, tubs or kegs for Ships' Stores, and Beef put up by a duly licensed butcher in barrels, half barrels, tubs or kegs for exportation, if put up by the butcher killing the same, with his name and the weight contained, branded on the head of each such package respectively, and any person exporting, shipping for ex portation, oi disposing of any Beef or Pork contrary to the fore- going provisions, shall forfeit for every barrel, half barrel, or package, so disposed of a sum not exceeding three pounds to the use of the poison suing therefor. IV. And b : it further enacted. That all tierces, barrels, or half barrels in wbioh Beef or Pork is required to be repacked by an inspector, shall aiid they are hereby required to bo of good split, well seasoned, white oak, or white ash wood, free from sap and every defect and to be of sufficient strength and completeness, the tierces respectively to contain at least 300 lbs., and be capable of packing from fifty to fiay-ono pieces six pounds each of Pork, o^ thirty-eight pieces eight pounds each of Beef and no more, with eight substantial wooden and three iron hoops on each end thereof well set and driven, the barrels to measure seventeen and a-half inches between fhe chines, to be twenty-eight inches long, one third of the length at each end thereof, covered with good white oak, white ash, or other substantial hoops, the heads of the said barrels to be not less than eighteen inches long, and three quarters of an inch thick, and the staves thereof, on each edge and at the bilge to bo not less than five-eighths of an inch thick, the hoops to bo well set and driven, branded on the bilge with the initials of the cooper's name, and to contain at least two hundred pounds, and the half barrels to be in proportion to and of like materials as the barrels, with the initials of the cooper's name, to contain not less than fifteen nor more than sixteen gallons and to pack of pieces not less than four pounds each at least one hundred pounds. V. And be it further enacted, That whenever any Beef or Pork p..rai be repacked agreeably to the provisions of this Act, the casks ^hereof being bored at the centre of the bilge with a bit of one inch in diameter shall bo pickled with saturated brine and, if found to 70 «jL'rT ""r'' T'!' "■■ •"'"''"'•"" "■«■" by >hi. Act i, pre. filled up by tl,. .aspecor wuh good m... ., .h. elocion and expense of the owner thereof. I'chbw VI And be it further enacted. That it shall be the duty of the insP^^tor and he » hereby required to examine and «ort all Beef and Pork .nspected by him. and shall brand no Beef or Pork not well fattened and packed in proper casks. VII. And be it further enacted. That in the inspecting and bran mg of any Pork by virtue of this Act. there .hall be f'r quaht.es the first quality shall eonsist of the sides of good fat hogs exclusively, weighing 250 lbs. or upwards, taken from the shoulder to the hrps, casting off the flank, and shall be branded "Mess fjhl K f 7"V". "^ "°"'''*'"S °^ Sood fat hogs one carcass to the barrel, the lard and trimmings taken off, .hall be branded Prime Mess Pork." the third quality to be packed from good fat hogs weighing from 160 lbs. to 200 lbs., and of which there shall be in a barrel not more than three shoulders, having the legs cut off at the knee joint, not more than twenty-four pounds of heads without ears, aud the snouts cut off at the opening of the jaws, and the brains and bloody gristle taken away. a»d the remainder made up of side, neck, and tail pieces shall be branded " Prime Pork " the fourth quality to be packed from carcasses not less than 100 lbs each and of which there shall not be in one barrel more than thirty pounds .f head and four shoulders and the remainder being mer- chantab.. Porx shall be branded -Cargo Pork." such Pork so repacked shall be cut from the back bone to the belly in pieces, about fii^e •nehe« ^jde. and weighing «ot less than 4 lbs . and tierces and half barrels, as to quality, shall be in like proportion otherwise the casks containing such Pork shall not be branded as merchantable. VIII And be it further enacted. That for every barrel of Pork branded as aforesaid, there shall be sixteen quarts of good pure salt equal in weight and quality to Turks Island, and a propor- t.on whereof shall be coarse salt, and a new pickle as strongl salt can make it. and saltpetre added at the rate of three ounces to each barrel: Provided always, that if any Pork shall be inspected and branded when fresh, there shall be not less than tw.nty-four quarts of such salt exclusive of such pickle, and tierces and half barrels in proportion. IX And be it further enacted. That tiun. soft, rusty, measlr or tainted Pork shall not in any ca.e be braiHed, but the in„ 71 shall mat-k the head of the cask containing such Pork with paint, and his name to designate the true character of such Pork, and if any person or persons shall at any time alter the mark of such inspector or add thereto contrary to the true intent and meaning this Act, such person or persons, shall forfeit the sum of three pounds for every tierce, barrel, or half barrel so altered, shipped, or disposed of, or attempted to be shipped or disposed of to be re- covered to the use of the person suing tnerefor. X. And be it fnrther enacted, That no Beef shall be repacked for exportation or to supply the shipping of this Province for sea voyages, unless of fat young cattle not under three years old, in pieces as square as may be not exceeding twelve or under four pounds weight, such Beef to be divided into four qualities, namely, "Extra Mess," consisting of the most choice pieces of the fattest cattle, weighing not less than six hundred pounds exclusive of hide and tallow, "Mess Beef," of the choice pieces of large and fat cattle without the hocks, shoulder, clods, or necks, the cask to contain two choice rounds not exceeding eight pounds each, " Prime Beef," of pieces of good fat cattle containing in a barrel not more than one-half of a neck, two shanks with the hocks cut off, and the hind legs at the smallest place above the joint, " Cargo Beef," of such cattle, with a proportion of good pieces not more than one half of a neck, three shanks with the hocks cut off above the joint as aforesaid, and to be otherwise merchantable, and the aforesaid names and qualities shall be respectively branded upon each cask together, with the respective quantities, by the inspector who inspects the same. XI. And be it further enacted. That into every barrel of Beef so inspected and repacked, there shall be put not less than twenty quarts of pure salt, four ounces of saltpetre, and a new pickle such salt and pickle to be of like quality proportion and strength as by this Act is requi;-ed for Pork, and tierces and half barrels in like proportiqn, and all bloody and neck pieces offered for inspectioa shall be properly cleaned before the same shall be put up and re- packed as aforesaid. XII. And be it further onacted. That on the head of each cask of merchantable Beef or Pork repacked and inspected agreeably to the provisions of the Act, shall be branded, the weight of its con- tents with the initials of the christian name and the surname of the inspector at full length, or both at full length, with the words " City of Fredericton," or " City of St. John. Province of New Brunswick," if inspected at either qi these places, and the name 72 of the County nnd tho words " Province of New Brunswick" if inspected in any other County wf tho Province. XIII. And bo it further enacted, That the inspector shall be entitled unlewa it bo otherwise ugreed between tho parties, to re- ceive the market price for any suit or saltpetre, necessarily ro- •luired and furnished by him, to complete his inspection agreeably to this Act, ono shilling and three pence for tho inspection of each tierce, ono shilling for each barrel, and eight pence for each half barrel re-packed and inspected by him, eight pence for flagging, P^gghig, nailing, sah.ing and pickling each barrel, two pence for each hoop put on, and for tierces nnd half-barrels to be remunera^^ ted in like proportion such charges and remuneration, to bo pay- able to the inspector bcforo the inspected cask is removed from his charge. XIV. And bo 'd further enacted. That no inspector shall be con- cerned in the purchase of cattle or hogs with tho intention to pack them for sale on his awn account, nor shall in any manner partake of the profits or loss oi any Beef or Pork when intended for pack- ing, under the penalty of' one hundred pounds for each offence, nor shall he bo allowad to inspect or brand any cask out of tho county or counties for which ho may be appointed inspector, nor shall ho in any case lend or hire his brands under the penalty of ten pounds for every tierce, barrel, half barrel or cask, so impro- perly inspected or branded contrary to the provisions of this Act. XV. And be it further enacted. That the Store or yard of tho inspector of the County of York shall be in the City of Frcdoricton, between Saint John and Smyth Streets at some convenient and proper place near the margin of the river, and that the said in- spector of tho County of York shall not inspect at any other place within the said County of York, except at his said Store or yard in the City of Fredericton aforesaid, under the penalty of threo pounds for every tierce, barrel, half barrel or cask so repacked and inspected contrary to tho provisions of this Act, and if any person or persons other than such inspector shall brand any tierce, barrel, half barrel or cask he or they shall forfeit the like sum of threo pounds for every such tierce, barrel, half barrel or cask so branded contrary to the provisions of this Act. XVI. And be it further enacted, That no dealc. in Beef or Pork, inspector or other person acting on behalf o* such dealer, shall sufler any Beef or Pork after inspection, to bo exi^osed to the heat of the sun or inclement weather longer than i under the penalty of thirty shillings for each of vercd in the name and to the use of the person suing th ;V0 hours. loncc, tu i)o reco- ur. 73 XVII. And bo it further enacted, That any person intermixing, taking out, or shifting Beef or Pork of caaks inspected or putting' into such casks other Beef or Pork for sale or exportation, or altering the brand or mark of the inspector, 6hall forfeit the sum of five pounds for each cask, respectively to be recovered for the us0 of the person suing therefor. ji XVII. And be it further enacted, That any person slaughtering cattle or hogs to bo put up for inspection contrary to law, shall forfeit the sum of five pounds for every head respectively to be re- covered to the use of the person suing therefor. XIX. And be it further enacted, That any person selling or disposing of empty barrels or the heads of barrels that have con- tained Boef or Pork without having first obliterated the mspector'a brand or mark, shall forfeit the sum of thirty shillings for each barrel or head to the use of the person suing therefor. XX. And be it further enacted. That all Beef or Pork intended for e.xportation or the shipping of this Province, shall be cut up, cured, put up, and inspected as near as may be agreeably to the modes now in use by such packing establishments in Ireland, as are accustomed to put up and furnish Beef or Pork for the London and Liverpool Markets. To the New Brunswick Socidj/for the enrounitremm/ of A^riruUurr, Home Mmwfacfures, and Com?nrrce throiighout. the Proohur. The Committee appointed to enquire and report as to the hc^t modes of encouraging^ House-hold and Provincial Manufactures and the Mechanical Arts, together with the diflerent kinds thereof and as to what Factories may be undertaken in New-Brunswick with reasonable prospect of success, beg to Report, that they have given considerable attention to these highly important matters-have addressed circulars of enquiry to a largo number of persons in dif- ferent parts of the Province, and sought information through other channels, but from the limited period of time since the appointment of the Committee, it could not have been expected that they would be able to collect such an amount of information, as to enable them to give any thing like a full, or detailed report at this meeting, upon so great a variety of subjects of such magnitude. While it is generally admitted that Agriculture formt. the ground work, or basis of a country's prosperity, it is equally apparent that a profitably employed manufacturing population is of great import- ance, as affording a sure and steady market for the surplus productions of the Farmer, furnishing necessary articles of use and comfort, and creating a home trade, without withdrawing the circulating medium, or exausting the resources of the country by too excessive importations. Much of the prosperity of England is aeknowledged to have re- sulted from her extensive, and varied manufacturing operations It has been estimated that while the agricultural operations of that country afforded employment to but a sixteenth part of the popu- lation; the different description of manulactories gave employment to upwards of one eighth of the gross population. Your Committee are fully of the opinion that until the principal articles of manufacture used in this Province, are much more ex- tensively produced by our own population at home, than has here- tofore been done, anything like an approach toward a state of gene- ral and permanent prosperity will not be experienced among us. While an increased population, without adequate means of profi- table employment, tends rather to burthen than benefit a country, any system that furninshna laluu... *n «n if"- -sr'--"* ' i pulation,.or serves to increase a productive one, must be of the greatest advantage. 75 By way of illustrating the rflbct of importing nrticlos from abroad as compared with their manufacture at home, wo will supj)ose that A, and B, each possess a cash capital of one iiundrcd pounds; A sends his money abroad and receives in return, its value in some description of manufactured article, required for use in tho country, no benefit arises from the transaction, aside from ihe use of the article, but tho small profit that results from the importation and vending the same, and the money is withdrawn from the coun- try. On the other hand B. expends his money in manufacturing the same kind of article, or some other of equal use and value, at home. He gives employment to a number of persons who, while thus engaged, consume the productions of the Agriculturist, and also use various o'her descriptions of mHnufactured articles, like- wise produced in the country by the labour of others, and tho capital thus employed is retained in the country, and at hand to repeat th« operation, while A must send away an additional hun- dred pounds every time he repeats his operation. The effect upon the prosperity of tho country, of manufacturing among ourselves, must be felt to its fullest extent where the raw material can also be produced at home, but even when that has of necessity to be im- ported, the advantage is— still great, to the extent that the value of the manufacturercd article exceeds that of the raw material. As to the best modes of encouraging Domestic Manufactures your Committee would suggest that a sure method would be for tho people generally to purchaje such articles as are already produced in the country, exclusively, whether for direct use, or for trade instead of imported articles. If a determination lo do this should be manifested by the inhabi- tants, then persons engaged in manufactures, would be encouraged to increase their operations, by enlarging their establishments, and the introduction of new and improved machinery, by which they Avould be able to compete more successfully with the imported article, as well in respect to quality, as appearance and price, but so long as entire indifference is manifested in the matter: or what is still worse, a decided preference given to articles imported, no such encouragement is afforded to our present manufactures; nor yet to others to invest either capital or labour in new branches of manufactures, not yet tried in the country. Your Committee would also suggest for the consideration of the Society, the propriety of offering bounties, as soon as the funds of the Society will admit of it, for the establishment of such new des- cription of Factories, as the Society may bo satisfied will be pro- ductive of advantage to the proprietors and the country at large. 76 Among the articles already manufactured in the country or which your Committee believe could be done to advanta'^e Thcv would mention (h« following:— *" lat. Woolen Manufactories, for all descriptions of Woolens re- quired for Homo use. 2nd. Cotton Manufactoni fur making Cotton, Cnsainett or mixture of cotton and v/ooi. 3rd. Iron Furnaces, for the manufacture of Iron in its variou. conditions, Castings, Stoves, &.o. 4th^ Paper Manufactories, for making wrapninrr, writing, sheath- ing, Printing Pai^er, &c. &c., and P ,.cr iiangi.igg. 6th. Soap and Candle Manufactories. (Jth. Hat, Cap and Bonnet Manufactorios. 7th. Tanneries, including the lighter and finer descriptions of L.eather, not hitherto manufactured in (he Province. 8th. Leather Manufactories, for Boots, Shoes, Harness, Saddles Whips, Trunks, &c. &c. 9th. Potteries of all sorts for Home use. 10th. Brick and Lime Kilns. Jlth. Hardware and Cutlery Manufactories for all kinds of iron vessels, implements and edged toolls. 12th. Rope Manufactories or Rope Walks. 13th. Manufactories for Waggons, Carriages and other vehicles Mth. Manufactories for Wooden Wares, including Household Furniture, &c. 15th. Manufactories for all kinds of Agricultural Implements 16th Stone Manufactories for Grind and sharpening Stones. Grave Stones, Building Stones, &c. 17th. Fulling Mills for dressing Homespun and other Cloth. 18th. Nail Factories. 19th. Cooper Manufactories for the making of all kinds of Pails Tubs, Tierces, Barrels, half Barrels. Firkins and other Casks' and especially those fit for the exportation of Beef and Pork. 20th. Factories for Pot and Pearl Ash. The largest portion of the different descriptions of manufactured leather used in the Province has been for a considerable time pro- duced at home, still too much is imported. A reference to the returns will show that in 184S manufactured leather to the value of upwards of eight thousand pounds sterling was imported into Iho Port of S.amt John and its out Bays, exclusive of the exten^ive importations of Shoes, Boots, Harness, Saddles, &c., whilo there was but about one thousand pounds worth of hides, or the raw ma- lerial, imported during the same period. In 1849 there was leathe^^ 77 imported to the value of upwards of nine (honnand pounds sterlinff —while the importation of hides did not amount to fournteon hun- dred pounds, Btorliug, whereas the raw material alone, as far at may be required in addition to what the country produces, should be imported, and the use of imported manufactured articles dis- countenanced, ji Again ooden manufacturs. such as Farming utensils. House- hold Furniture, and articles of various kinds, are annually imported into the Province to a large extent, while our country abounds with every description of wood required for such* purposes, of com- paratively little value. The same remarks may be mado in re- ference to our castinga, and a variety of other articles Shut out at our manufacturers are from other markets, by hi^h protective tariffi*, your Committco conceive it to be exceedingly unwise to divide our own limited market, with the manufactures of other countries. The manufacture oi Soap and Candles has been carried on to such an extent in the Province for a few years past, as to almost entirely supercede the use of the imported article, in 1848 the value of these articles importeid into the Port of Saint John and its out Bays, did not exceed nine hundred pounds sterling, while the raw material, tallow, was imported during that year to the value of nearly six thousand pounds sterling, in addition to what was produced in the country. Your Committee are pleased to learn that a Pot Jlsh Factory is about to bo established in Fredericton, and trust that the under- taking will receive due attention and encourarement from the members of this Society, and the public generallj Although this undertaking may be viewed as a Si lall matter, still your Committee regard it as a move in the right direction,' and entitled to consideration, they find that in the year 1848 Pot and Pearl Ashes werr imported into the Port of Saint John and its out Bays, to the valuu of nearly one thousand pounds sterling, although vast quantities of ashes are throwi to waste in the country, not even being applied to the land as manure. With respect to Paper Factories, as well as other Factories, which your Committee are obliged to pa.^s over at this time, they would remark that they have taken the requisit steps to procure information, which may be submitted at a future time. The manilfar'.tiiro nf wnninn nnA ^^ti^^ J_ ;_.-_.! .. ....i,,^i, „„.j ^uiiui: i:-^ua, la purnaps as weij adapted to promote the welfare of the Prov.ace as that of any other article, to which your Committee could invite attention. 78 •The Provinco h annunlly drained of many thoiiBand.s of pnund.H for the purchaso of ixpflnsivo Broad Cloths, and other orticlos of woolen manufuctnro, whcueas an nrticio bettor adapted to the use of the country mijf poiindrt ni'ticUis of to the use cost: our heop, and ility, vu8t e country souiitrios, iroad, but OCCO, 90- br double Jther, and nt. the Tro- iloth from n Kings' )duccd at he prices only as a uro sufii- •untry, or I smaller process is I'mfr their > be able ductions. nish ern- at can be lapted to I employ- idleness, (oint with le where not com- at 3o re- !9, where 79 With rcpnrd to the first objection your Committee would that although labour is much lower in England remark, o than in thiii Pro- vuice, ..till m some other respects the advantages are on our side as for instance the extensive water privileges, sites for erections' &c, which can be procured here for a mere trillo, would there cost a very large sura. Again in addition to saving the entire cost of im- porting the manufactured article from England such as commissions insurance, freight, &c. The raw cotton can bo produced here at less cDtlan which has hitherto been tried can effect the good required, the Committee have felt it to be their duty to sketch out some new method which may enable the farmer and the working man to obtain the knowledge most useful to him, and to spend the long evenings of a dreary winter in a pleasing and profitable 'manner. And first as to the nature of the information to be imparted. It is the nnpnrnntly well founded oninion of Ihik!' who arc most competent to judge, that the Province of New Brunswick possesses a 85 ifvoat deal of excellont land wliich is Koniewlmt indifltn-cntly cullivatcd, and the readiest and best means of increasing the prosj)ority of its inhabitants, and of attracting respectable and liri(;l!igent Immigrants from the Old Countries, would be to impr vo the present defective system of cultivation and tc develop the resources of the soil in such a manner, a? would aflurd the most satisfactory proofs cf its abundant fretility under skilful management, and thus convince even the most sceptical, that neither the climate nor the soil are the real obstacles to the Farmer's success but that his want of information as to the best method of encountering the one and of tilling the other must be so regarded. Sound practical plain information on all subjects connected with Agriculture is therefore the chief object to be attained, and in order to effect this the Committee recommend the preparation of a manual to be entitled the Book of the Farm, which, published in a cheap form should embraco as succinctly and as intelligibly as possible the best and soundest instruction on such points as the following; — The nature and qualities of different soils. The proper rotation of Crops. The collection and preparation of Manures. The draining of Land. ? The breeding, management, feeding, &c., i-f Cattle. The best method of keeping farm accounts. The manufacture of Dairy produce. And generally on all subjects connected with, or appertaining to, the skilful management of a Farm, to which should be added so much of Agricultural Chemistry as would teach the Farmer in what way and in what respect different crops exhaust the soil, and in what way and in what respect different nsanures renew its fertility. This manual or Book of the Farm, should then be placed in the hancb3 of every Parish School Teacher throughout the Province and the necessary steps should be taken to induce the Government to make it a " Text Book" for the use of those Schools. This would secure a vast amount of valuable information to the rising generation ar. i u. order to render it available to the Farmers and working men, so;r.) intelligent Teacher should be selected in each locality to whom could be entrusted the task of delivering short but cbmprchensivc Lectures throughout the winter, and who should previously have received a snfficient amount of instruction from a competent person employed l?y the Society for that purpose, and who vvpuld teach him how to perform such simple experiments os would b?st illustrate the subject, and for the performance of \ybich it would a hi 86 be desirable to furnish at small exponso, the needful apparatus to each Teacher so selected. These Teachers would, as corresponding members, be required to furnish semi-annual Reports to the Society of the results of their ex- ertions, and there is little doubt that the importance of the position they would thus acquire would sufficiently remunerate them for their ■extra labour until the Society should be in a position to offer some additional recompence. A similar course could eri^ily be adopted for disseminatinrr infor- mation on various other s;i;)j(;cts, such as History or Geography for each of which a course of familiar Lectures might be prepared, to he delivered in like manner by the Teachers, who would amenable as many of the inhabitants of each district as possible and thus form a reading society which would immediately prove most beneficial to all Its members, and sei-veas a nucleus for the future establishmem of a district society ,a Farmer's Club, which it would be advisable to sup- ply with a small Library of Books on Agricultural subjects, and in which all matters connected with the cultivation of the land might bo freely discussed. The cuculation of some of the cheap American Periodicals on Farming, such for instance as the Albany Cultivator, would also prove of very great service, but better than all would be' the publication by the Society of a Farmer's Journal which should contain an account of the management and cultivation of every des- cription of land in all parts of the Province, with ample details of ex- periments for improving the soil, of new systems of tillage, of plans adopted for the better breeding and fattening of Cattle and in short of all matters interesting to the Agriculturtst. Such a Journal as this would supply the Farmer with a faithful account of the labours of others, and of the results of those labours, and serve as an unerring guide for the direction of his own efforts to cultivate his land and to manage his Farm to the best advantage. Such is the opinion of the Committee, arc the only plans that can at present be adopted for disseminating Agricultural and other useful information among the farming and working classes in the Province. They offer these suggestions as the best that have occurred to them, and in the hope, that if not immediately available, they may at all events serve as hints to others better acquainted than they can pon- sibly be with Agricultural affairs, and thus obtain for the Society their assistance and co-operation. The Committee cannot conclude whhout calling the attention of the Society to the establishment of a self-supporting Agricultural School and Model Farm— not as recommending its immediate adop- 87 lion, hut as a powerful means at some future time and under judicious* management of supplying the Province with a constant succession of sk.lful and mtelligent Farmers and of raising the cultivators of the sojl to that station which the importance of their avocations and the real dignity of labour entitle them to fill. All of which is respectfully submitted, M. d'AVRAY, Chairman. tn IJ''^^;7'^^''/t"°'^'"^ "''""*^' "^^'^ accidentally omitted, previous to the setting of the Reports : — ' NEW BRUNSWTCK SOCIETY, For the encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufac- tures and Commerce, throughout the Province. Pursuant to notice a meeting of the New Brunswick Society for the encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Com- merce throughout the Province was held at the County Court House on the 23rd March, 1850. The President, Professor Robb took the Chair. In the absence of Mr. James S. Beek, Mr. John A, Beckwith acted as Secretary. The President of the Society stated that the meeting was called under the 6th rule of the Society which provided that a general meeting should be held during the sitting of the Legislature, and that one of the special committees nominacod at the general meeting in January, was, he believed prepared to rcporf. David S. Kerr, Esq., from the committee appointed to report at this meeting on the best cash markets for Beef and Pork, and also the most practical and effective modes for putting up the same fit to command such markets, and if necessary to prepare and submit a draft of a Bill to the Legislature for that purpose, read a most able and lucid report on the subject and exhibited the Draft of a Bill, which had been submitted to the Legislature in accordance therewith,' wherefore it was ordered, that the said -eport be accepted. The following resolutions .-ere then submitted to the meeting in able and appropriate speeches froi.i the movers and in some instances, by the seconders, and were all passed unanimously. By James Brown, Esq., seconded by the Hon. J. W. Woldon. 1st. Rcsohu'/L 'Vh'Ai in thr> miinw^r. or^LIr. C^«:.,».. lU., t :_ of Agriculture in Now Brunswick ranks first in the acalc ofimport- iitfi?li" i 8S ance, that upon its resources and improvomenft!, the morcliant, the mechanic, the manufacturer and all other members of society are materially dependent fur subsistence and wealth. 2nd. By the Lord Bishop of Fredcricton, seconded by the Hon. the Master of the Rolls. Resoh'ed, That in the opinion of this Society, the encouraging and extending the manufacturing interests in every part of New Brunswick, will materially tend to introduce and accumulate capi- tal in the Province, will encourage and draw to our shores and re- tain many classes of useful labourers, will afForJ additional mar- kets, and otherwise benefit our farmers; and largely contribute to increase the wealth and raise the character of New Brunswick, 3rd. By David S. Kerr, Esq. seconded by Mr. Editor Hill. Resolved, That as it 13 highly desirable, to encourage and im- prove the mercantile interests of this Province, by basing them upon a more sure and prosperous footing than now exists, it is the opinion of this Society, that the advancing of Agriculture and ma- nufacturers in Now Brunswick, and thereby introducing additional capital and producing additional commodities of a perm.anent and profitable description available to our merchants for the supply of the different markets, will greatly conduce to the attainment of the dfcsired end. 4th. By the Hon. Harris Hatch, seconded by C. L. Hatheway, Esquire. Resolved, That the resources and productions of this Province have been hitherto much neglected, and aM classes should unite in a vigorous effort to make those resources and productions more available and profitable. 5th. By the Hon. Edwin Botsford, seconded by D, S. Kerr, Esquire. Resolved, That this Society is highly gratified with Professor Johnston's account of the Agricultural capabilities of this Province, and its resources generally, and is cheered with the prospect that the Legislature and the people will unite their efTorts to make those capabilities and resources available. Cth. By Andrew Barbaric Esq., seconded by James Taylor Esq. Resolved, That this Society rejoices in the cheering results of superiority in the capabilities of New Brunswick, displayed in the Lecture of Professor Johnston, in his comparison of the general average of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, Potatoes and Turnips, pro- duced iM Now Brun.^vvick, wit!> the !ikoavoia"c of siinilar nrtirlos, yieljed in the Canada:* and tho most produ;;tivc portion uf the United Stated. 89 Ttli. By Mr. J, A. Bcckivith, seconded by I). S Kerr K.o B^te;, That ,vl.il,. i, „,,pear. by Professor Jobns.o,,', r'e,,„te .hat .l,«rrov,nce on. „ average possesses capabilities equal and even snpenor to the Canadas or 11,0 States, L producing food v,z : Bar ey. Oats, Rye and Potatoes, the price of the Ls" of those articles ava.lablo for the far.nor in the Ne,v Brunswick Mar- ket, ,s on an average double the price in similar Home markets in the Cauadas, or thtf United States. raarKeis in 8lh. By Robert Chestnut, Es<,., seconded by Mr. W. Watts Sr ■vl, .7 , " "P'-^»»'"' by him at the St. John Institute whilst deahng with the objection of our winters, that after the tesl e.am,„at,„n and comparison he could make he was of opinion tha hero was nothing i„ che circumstances of this Province,' sdiffe Ch°Eas ::: ■- 'r"--""-""-. -P-iaHy .he Canada:! L wkk F7™e' •„ " "' '° "'""" ""= "'•'""^ <"■"'= New Bruns- w,d. ramer m comparison with those in such other countries ^h, By James Brown Esq., seconded by Mr. Editor IIoT Rtsolved, That Oats «nrf n...i. t- u . "" ""gg- Brunswick .„ , , ^ "''"'' "" ""^ Produced in New J.iunswick, to an eslent unsurpa».,cd by any other nart of .1,. Z'inThe'p "'""=" '" "" ^'"' ^'""'^ --"oditLsVrr ' „:/ Td B '"lev !r'T' ■ "'" """ ""= '"0"'=^-"' P-""-"- -"• Oats -iXori^rjishr^ o -tc^tTiT.::::; b^; country ^ ^ "'''^ ^lescnption of the productions of thi. JOHN A BECKWITH, Adhig Secretari/. M. NEW BRUNSWICK SOCIETY, For the encouragement of Agriculture^ Home Manufac- tures and Commerce, tkroughout the Province, This Society held its regular quarterly meeting agreeably to the Constitution, on the evening of the 3rd. instant and wa» principally occupied in hearing the Reports ofthe Special Committees appoint- ed on the 3l8t January last. The Reports on the best mode of ac cumulating, preserving, and applying the different kinds of ni. lures on the raising of turnips, mangold wurtzel, carrots and parsnips, on the differnt kinds of seeds for general use —on the best modes of fattening cattle and hogs — on household, anu domestic manufac- tures, and the kind of factories which might bo undertaken in New Brunswick with success and on the best modes of imparting and disseminating agricultural and other information to tbo farming and working classes ofthe Province were all received and adopted by the Society. Those Reports, which reflect great credit on the ability and industry of their authors, and are calculated to bo of immense gervice to the interests of this Province, the Society re- solved to publish wUhout delay, together, with the one previously delivered on the best Cash markets for beef and pork, and the be i modes of making tlie same marketable— in a 1000 Copies for dis- tribution to County Agricultural Societies and otherwise. The following Committees were then appointed. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. Ist. Resolved, That the Vice President of St. John, and the Vice President of Sunbury be a special committee, to enquire and report to this Society at its quarterly meeting in July next on the utility of raising flax in diff'reront parts of this Province not only for the use of domestic manufftcturea but also for the production of linseed and the making cf oil cake to aid in fattening cattle for market. 2d. Resolved, That J. A. Beckwith and William Greave be a special committee to enquire and report to this Society at its quar- terly meeting in July next on the best modes of improving the breed of cattle throughout the Province. 3rd. Resolved, That William Greave be a special Committee to enmiire and report to this Society at tha quarterly meeting in July next on the beat modes of improving the breeds of hogs of this 91 I Pr mnce, and th© moit profitable deicriptlani tha( can be selected to make pork for home uhq and exportation. 4th, i solved That William Gleavo and John T. Smith bo a special committee to enquire and report to (his Society at the quari< rly meeting in July next, on sheep husbandry, a. d the des- criptir 1 ol" sheep best adapted to ihis country ospccialiy for manu- faoturuig purposes. ' 5th. R'-wlved, That the \ ioc President of Sunbury be a special mmiitee to enquire and report to this Society at the quarterly meeting in July n"- ♦ on the best modes of facilitating emigration in this Province. Gth. Resolved, That J. A. Beckwith, Henry Fisher and James S. Br -k, Esqrs. be a Kuecial committee to enquire and report at the quarterly meeting in July next whether an Agricultural periodical or journal can be got up in this Province and carried on with access. 7th, Resolved, That John 1. omith, Samuel W. Babit, Jamci Johnston, and James S. Beek, Egqrs., be a spori"' committee to enquire and report to this Society at the quarterly meeting in July next, and submit plans and estimates for the erection of a cotton manufactory in York, Westmorland ir any other County or Counties of this Province, together with the most appropriate di- mensions, the number of spindles and the amountof capital requir- ed for such erection, as also the number of laborers— the amount of their wages and the additional capital required per annum for the efficient carrying on of such factory, also the amount of ihe manufactured articles produced per annum and the available mar- kets at home and elsewhere therefor, and the probable losses* and profits of such factory. 8th. Resolved, That James Hogg be a special committee to en- quire and report at the quarterly meeting in July next, on the erec- tion of a paper factory, with plans, estimates, prices, and returns as above. 9th. Resolved, ThatDr.Robb, the President, Robert Chestnut, Vice President for York, residing in Fredericton, David S. Kerr,' John A. Beckwith, and James Taylor, Esqrs. of York County bo a special committee, and with power to add to their number, to enquire and report to this Society, at its quarterly meeting,' in October next, on l3t. What Oat, Barley, and Flour Mills, respectiveiy, there are now in the County of York, and what additional iMills of either sort are required, or may be sot up and encouraged in such Counfy ^iih advantage, togeihcr wjth suitable and convenieutsites.therefof. ^, ^f^:t IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 1.0 I.I ^ ^ 12.2 ui Hi lU lit m 1 1.4 1.6 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation \>.\" ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBStTR.N.Y. 14580 (716) 8^3-4503 •t-. <» r^^ [/. .^ 92 2t.d. What HoQsohoia aiwl Domestic Maftufactupe* ate non* prmc.pally attended to in the County, (such as carding, spinning and weaving of Cotton, Fiax. and Wool, for .vearing atopareJ bedding, toweling, table linen. &c,. soap, candles, buttec. cheese, carpeung, straw hats, straw bonnets, knitting, needle work, &c &.C., and the probable amounts thereoi, respectively, and how the descnptidns thereof, may be best en-ouraged, increased, and made profitable in such County, . 3rd. What Manu&ctories .respectively, there are now in opera- tion in the country, and what additional manufactories, (such as Ist. Woolen Manufactories, for all descriptions of Woolens re- quired for Home use. 3nd. Cotton Manufactories, for the same, and exportation. 3rd. Iron Furnaces, for the manufacture of Iron in its various conditions, Castings, Stoves, &tc. 4th Salt Manufactories. 5th. Paper Manufactories, for making wrapping, writing, sheath- ing. Printing Paper, Stc, and Paper Hangings. 6th. Hat, Cap and Bonnet Manufactories. 7th. Soap and Candle M'auu factories. 8th. Tanneries. 9lh. Leather Manr.iactories, for Boots, Shoes, Harness, Saddles Whips, Trunks, &tc, £ic. , ' ' lOtb. Potteries of all SOI ts for Home use. 11th. Brick and Lime Kilns. 12th. Hardware and Cutlery. Manufactories for all kinds of iron vessels, implements and edged tools. 13th. Rope Manufactories or Rope Walks. 14th. Manufactories for Waggons, Carriages and other vehicles. 16th. Manufactories for Wooden Wares', including Household Furniture, &.c. 16th. Manufactories for all kinds of Agricultural Implements. ' 17th. Stone Manufactories for Grind Stones, Grave Stones, Building Stones, &c. 18th. Fulling Mills for dressing Homespun and other Cloth. 19th. Nail Factories. 20th. Cooper Manufactories for the making of all Mnds of Pails, Tubs, Tierces, Barrels, half Barrels, Firkins and other Casks,' and especially those fit for the exportation of Beef and Pork. 2ist. Potash.) May be set up in such County with a reasonable prospect of success, and the kind of encouragement they should respectively b^;e 93 4th. Any other iafomation from County Agricuhural Societies or otherwise, calculated to advance the intemta of the Province m Agriculture, Home Manufacture and Commerce, which 5«ch Committee may consider it importapt to communicate. CHARt,OTTE. 10th. Resohed, That the Honorab.a Harris Hatch. Jurri^, m"!"t ;''m ^''^Tr''"* ^°' Charlottee, Joseph Walton, ^avid . Moat John Mann, and Samuel McFarlaue. Esquires, of Charlotte County, and John A. Beclnvith. Esq.. of YorkCountv. be ai.ecial committe, with power as aforesaid to enquire and report aTabova mentioTiod in relation to the County of Charlotte. GLOUCESTER. nth. Resolved, That Francis Ferguson. Esq.. Vice President of Gloucester. Joseph Read, John Woolner. He^ry W Baldwin and Samuel L. Bishop. Esqrs., of Bathurst. and David S/Ke*/ J^sq., of Fredericton. be a special committee, with power as afore' said to enquire and report as above mentioned in relation to the = County of Gloucester. KINGS. 12lh. Resolved, That the Rev. Wm. E. Scovil, Allayne C Evansor, Esq., Doctor Earle. and Captain Otly, of King's County' ami Henry Fisher. Esq., of Predericton. be a special committee with power as aforesaid to enquire and report as above mentioned in relation to the County of King's. SAINT JOHN. 13th. Resolved, That Robert D. Wilmot, R. Jardlne, ViceKe- sident of Saint John. Hon. John R. Partelow. Isaac VVoodwarci andB.Ansley. Esqrs. of Saint John County, and Robert Chest- nut. Esq. Vice President ot York, residing at Freder.cton. bo a SI .cial committee, with power as aforesaid to enquire and report as above mentioned in reference te the County of Saint John. RESTIGOUCHE. 14th. Resolved, That Andrew Barberie, D. Stewart. Vice Presi- dent for Restigouche Adam Ferguson, Doctor D. R. Carter, James S. Morse, and John Duncan. Esquires. ofRestigouche. and James S. Beek. Esq.. of Fredericton, be a special committee, with power as aforesaid to enquire and report as above described in reference to the County ofRestigouche. WESTMORLAND. 15th Resolved, , That the Hon.. the Vice President of V^est- morland, the Hon. Amos E. Botsford, JohnJRobb, Joseph Avard \ 94 and Albert J. Smith, Esqutros, of Westmorland Coiinty, nnd D. S. Kerr, Esq., of Fredericton, be a •pecial coinirmtee, and with power at aforesaid to enquire and report as above described in re- lation to the County ot Wrstinoriand. SUNBURY. teth. Resolved, That Geo. Haywai-d, Thomas O. Miles, Calvin L. Hiitheway, Vice President for Sunbury, and the Rev. J. M. Sterling, of Sunbury, County, and John T. Smith, Esq., of Fred- ericton, be a special committee and wiih power as aforesaid to en- quire and report as above mentioned in reference to the County of Sunbury. QUEENS. 17th, Resolved, That tWRev. Samuel Scovil, Wm. Foshay, Vice President of Queen's, Thomas Gilbert, John Earl, Thomas J. Hewlet, George W. Hobin, Ebenezer L. Burpe, and D. Palmer, Esquires, Of Queen's and Henry Fisher Esquire, of Fredericton, be a special committee, arid with powers as aforesaid to enquire and jeport as above-mentioned in reference to the County of Queen's. NORTHUMBERLAND. 18th. Retohed, That George Kerr, Esq., Vice President for Northumberland, John Wright, James Caie, Hon. Joseph Cunard, John A. Street, Edward Williston, Allen A. Davidson, John Porter,' William .Carman, Alexander M'Laggan. and Roderick M'Leod, Esq., of Northumberland, and David S. Kerr, Esq, of Fredericton,' he a. special Committee and with power as aforesaid to enquire and report as above mentioned in respect to the County of Northura- lierland. KENT. t9th. Resolved, That David Wark, James Long, John D. Ford, Francis McPhelan. WilUam S. Caie, and James A. James, Esqrs! of Kent, and David S. Ker, Esq., of Fredericton, be a special com- mittee and with powers as aforesaid to enquire and report as above mentioned in relation to the County of Kent. CARLETON. 20th. Risolved, That Robert A. Hay, James R. Topper, Edwin Jacob, Jose|)h Rydeout, James Jones, Hugh Davis, Nelson Baker, James A. Phillips, William T. Baird, Esqrs. of Carleton County,' «nd John A. Beckwith Pisq,, of Freder4cton, be a special com- joittee and with power as aforesaid to enquire and report as above set forth ia reference to the County of Carleton. 95 ALBERT. 61 »t. Resolved, That William H. Steves, John N. Chtpinah, Elitha Peck, John Wallace, Isaac I'urner^ George Cehoun, Thos. B. Moore, Esqrs., of Albert, and D. S. kerr, Esq., of Frideric- ton, be a special committee and with power as aforesaid to enquire and report as above mentioned with respect to the County of AHorts of the Society are eagerly sought for in that quarter," Mr. Dibblee observes, and a further supply is reqi'ssted to be made. The ma- terials for manure abound in that County, but he remarks that ' the farmers lack the knowledge to apply them." Mr. J. Dibblee in a letter dated Oct. 21, suggests that encouragement should be held out by the society for the manufacturer of cloth, and of farming implements at or near Fredericton; the some gentleman further suggests that a cheap agricultural journal should be freely disse- minated among the farmers if possible, and reports that the desire for agricultural information is fast gaining ground in the County of Carleton. SuNBWRY. — A meeting was held at Maujerville on the 19fh Oct., G. Haywiard, Esq., M. P. P. in the chair: Mr. Kerr explained the plans and object of ,ihe society. These explanations wert favourably received, and Mr. Halheway V. P., has reported con- tributions to the amount ef j£l 10. Charlottb. — A meeting was held in the Town Hall on the 'JOth Oct. whereof Hon. H. Hatch, V. P. was chairman, and Mr. A. T. Paul, Secretary. Mr. K«rr explained the objects of the Society, and after sundry addresses by the e;entlemen present, resolutioas were passed concerning the objects and constitution of the society, the leading principles of which must have u direct tendency to promote the best interests of the Province. A subscription list was opened, and a local committee appointed to carry out the ob- jects of the society. The subscriptions from this County amount- ing to f 10 or dE12, reported but not yet received. St. John. — By invitation of R. Jardine, Esq., President of tho County Agricultural Society, Mr. Kerr addressed that body in their Rooms at iSt. John on the 28th Nov: Resolutions favorable te the Society were passed, and a grant of £20 was jienerously made in aid of our subscriptions, ^ w York. — By the kindness of the citizens of Fredericton, the mem- bers of the Legislature and others whose names will be published, we are enabled to report subscriptions and donations to the amount of about £45, of which £6 were presented by the Patron of tho society, His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor. A very gratifying meeting was held at the school House in the Harvey Settlement on tho Slst of October, of which Mr. R. Wil- son was Chairman, and Mr. J. Thomson Secretary. Mr. Kerr addressed the meeting in regard to the objects and constitution of tlie society, and distributed Reports which were very gratefully received: Resolutions in favour of Farmer's clubs and locol 101 mectiugs for tha disctiaiion of their own wants and objecla wore paM«d, and further afd requested frem the Soeiety. No Meeting* were li.Id i,i King's Queen's, or Victoria countie., and no contributions Imvo as ytl been reported from thence On the whole then, it i« obvious that the Secie'y has had the approval of tho Friends of A-.-iculture, and Home Manufacture's throughout the Province, who have signified that sentiment inift >vay not to bo mistaken, and enabled it to meet the rather severe test to which the principles of tha association were submitted by the Provincial Legislature at its first establishment. As there may bo some difficulty in collecting the sumof £10() so soon alter this last years quest, it may probably be deemed advi- sable to petition the legislature at this approaching session to make •rme modification of the terms upon which the Provincial allowance IS made to us: it would also be desirable to have the names on all of the subscription lists printed in full with Iho next report of the Society; and that we should faithfully redeem whatever pledged may have been made to the various local Committees or County Agricultural Associations. Public inspection should be freely in- vited, and public co-operation most earnestly invoked. Our great permanent and abiding interest as a people has been too long over- Jooked or sacrificed to others. It is high time that aa united effort should be made to secure our ownjood and ciothing from our own aotl, and until this can be done, and proved to be generally practi- cable, it 18 hardly worth while to invite new immigrants to make this Colony their home. At the meeting in April last sundry spe- cial committees were appointed which have not yet sent in any Reports: this is easily understood when we consider our p'-oceed- icgs were dependant upon the state of tiie subscription lists. From unavoidable circumstances these could not be made up until lately and hereafter we may expect the Reports in question which would be of great public utility. At the last meeting of the Executive Committee it was decided to leave the Provincial Grant of JE200 and the balance of the sub- scribed funds of the Society unappropiiated for the action of the new. office-bearers of the Society; by hastily appropriating the monies of the Society they might have been misappropriatPd, but li the income of the ensuing year, was as large as that of the year just elosed, there will remain in the hands of this Society a very considerable sum, and which if properly administered may very beneficialty influence the cause of Agriculture, Home Manufac- tures, and Commerce among us; I would venture to suggest that the new Executive Committee should at once take up the subject of the proposed expenditure for the year, and submit their plans spe^ cifically for the consideration and approval ef the general meeting to be held m Fredericton during the sitting of the Assembly. The difficulty in that ease probably would be to see that persons unqualified to vote did not do so: this, however, might be got over by getting the contributors to the Society's funds in the respective Counties to empower and instruct a delegate (who might be prob- ably a member of the Legislature) to speak and vote on the nnnrn- prialiuni: by aoine ■urtk tneani tho uuitvd wiidum ufilM Pioviacs might ho brought to bear directly upon th« encouragement rnont requiied for Agriculture, Horn* Manufactures, and Commerce: this would abo give the management of the Society into the harula of gentlemen from every different section of the country, and ia fact make it aProvinoial inNtilution. In the neighbouring States, and in some countries of Europe, there is a buaeau or department of iht) Government for the special superintendence of Agricultural matters. I shonid indeed rejo! to see such an ofHce in this Province, and should augur the best results from its institution, but ia the mean ti^ne, until we have such a thing, some general Association such as our own for tho purpose of directing, stimulating, and promoting by every legitimate ineihod these groat interests seem to be imperatively required. The great majority of our population are und ever must be de- pendent upon the land for their subsistence; when tl: lumber trade fails, as in time, it will inevitably fail—we must then settle down steadily to Agriculture: ju our devotion to lumbering hitherto, we have fleg:3cted farming and it is high time that another generation should be rescued from that ignorance of Agriculture as an art and ^a soienco — wjiich forces our farming populaiioa into tho woods and too often keeps them there slaves to an unprofitable employment. The contingencies of the lumber trade are so great that success in it can hardly be deemed more than a matter of chance; proba- bly however it is this very uncertainty which gives it its zest, for, as Mr. Fo.\ remarked of gambling, " next to the pleasure of win- ning, there is no pleasure so great as that of l'bo. .^:~u* still be distributed with* advantage. Every member of the Soclriy should properly have had a copy, and this must be attended to in future, the fund, of tha Society cannot be better expended than in 105 disseminating inforn^ation ; " Line upon line and precept upon pre- cept are required ; slowly the good seed takes root and slowly the fr.it .5 matured; we have the fullest assurance that the desire for mforaiafon and improvement is becoming general among farmers and every one who aids them must be, regarded as the true friend o^ h.8 country. A series of useful papers original or selected on the" subject most required for the country at present should be prepared- by the Society, and di3tributed-even gratuitously in every quarter It is very gratifying to know that already the suggestions of tho comiT,itt.e on manures are being adopted in different places through- out the Provmco, and ere long we hope that the principles therein inculcated w.ll be thorougly and familiarly known to evenr youn^ agriculturist m the country. A valuable report on immigration by C L. Hatheway, Esq. V. P., is also recommended for early nublica-' tion ; and there will be wrk enough for the new Executive Com- mittee m carrying out practically the suggestions contamed in that or he other reports now published. Premiums should also be offered to parties who most completely develope the improvement suggested by Professor Johnston or contained in the Society's Reports We may be permitted also to express our great gratification at the marki and expressions of conridence reposed in this Society by the County Agricultural Societies. Unity of action among the'friends of Agl culture is most especially to be desired at this time, and withourde- «inng in any way to control the County Societies we do think that an alliance with them would be for our mutual advantag T, J ousThr ""'' "' "' '''''' ''''''''' ^° ^^™ one harmoni! In conclusion I must congratulate the members of this Society on the position which they have now gained, and to express my ' d belief taat, starting from their new vantage ground they may ' able ma shon time to give a decided i,npelus to the good cause of Agriculture, Home Manufactures, and Commerce in New Brunswick J. ROBB, M. D., Chairman of the Executive Committee. The Society ne.xt proceeded to the election of office-bearers for' the pi-esent year which were chosen as follows •- Hon. Neville Parker, Master of the Rolls, President I^obert Chestnut^ Esq Vice President lor York in Fredericton. rho.nas Jones, Esq., Vice President for York in the countrv. Robert Jardme, Esq., Vice President for St. John Hon. Harris Hatch, Vice President for Charlotte. o 106 Calvin L. H.-ilhcway, Vice President fov Sunbury. Rev. N. A. Coster, Vice President for Qxicens. ■* tlev. W. E. Scovil, Vice President for Kings. Hon. Amos E. Botsford, Vice President fov VVcstnnoreianiT. Hon. John W. Wcldon, Vice President for Kent. Francis Ferguson, Esq., Vice President for Gloucester. .t)ugald Stewart, Esq , Vice President, fer Restigouclie. Harry E. Dibblee, Esq., Vice President for Carleton. Leonard R. Coombs, Esq., Vice President for Victoria. Col. Samuel Clark, Vice Presidpnt for Albert. Rev. W. Henderson, Vice President for Northumberland. Dr. J. Robb, Corresponding Secretary. Robert Falton, Esq., Recording Secrctarj-. Joseph Gaynor, Esq., Treasui'er. Additional members. — Mr. Wnfi. W^atts, Senior, David S. Kerr, J'ohn A. Beckvvith, John Gregory, and John C. Allan, Esquires. In the course of the Meeting the following resolutiDns and special committee were adopted and appointed. 1st. Resolved, That theUhanks of this Society, are duo to its dis- tinguished Patron Sir Edmund W, Head, as also to its President, Vice Presidents, office-bearers, and to its various contributors and supporters in the respective Counties in the Province for the hand- some manner in which they have sustained the Sociciy from its com- mencement to the present time, — the Society hopes to prove itself deserving of those favours and solicits a continuance of such valuable support. 2nd, Resohcd, That the thanks of this Society are justly due and arc hereby tendered to the respective gantlemen, who have ren- dered their prompt and valuable services in making the reports nov/ published, on various important subjects connected with the welfare of the Province and the Society respectfully solicits the continuance af those valuable labors. 3rd. Resolved, That the executive committee do without delay exert their efforts to obtain donations and subscriptions for the Soci- ety in order to obtain the Provincial Grant for the present year. 4th. Resolved, That tlxj Executive Comraittee prepare and sub- mit a petition to the Government setting forth the impossibilltv of ju- diciously expending tiio Provincial Grant of last year, without an ex- tension of time, owing to the lateness of r . 'ving it, and praying further time for such expenditure. 5th, Resolved, That the executive Committee prepare and submit a petition to the respecllvc brariclics of the LogisUiturc, at the open- 107 ing of the session praying for a' Provincial Grant, on less restrictive terms than now given, and that a special Graftt of money be left at the disposal of His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor for the So- ciety's use, provided it bo found practical to hold a show and fair the [irescnt year, also that .the Legislature will pass the Bill prepared and submitted by this Society last session to regulate the putting lib of beef and pork within the Province for exportation. 6th. Resolved, That the corresponding Secretaiy do 'forthwith correspond with the office bearers of this Society in different parts of the Province, as also with the Presidents of County agricultural Soci- eties and other individuals with the view of inquiring whether in their in their opinion there be any particular subject or subjects deserving the immediate attention of tliis Society, arid if so, whether such per- son or persons will consent to be named on a special committee at any meeting of this Society to enquire and report on such subject at a subsequent meeting, and that the corresponding Secretary do re- port his doings to this Society. 7th. Resolved, That the corresponding Secretary collect the dif- ferent subscription lists— alphabetically arrange the names of the sub- scribers under the head of the respective Counties where they reside and have the same publshed and distributed. 8lh. Resolvd, That the respective special Committees appointed on various subjects, who have not yet reported, be continued, and that the Executive Committee do urge them to send in their reports without delay, 9th. Resolved, That the Executive Committee do forthwith take the necessary steps to obtain a small library for tho Society's use, es- pecially of such books as may afford the most practical knowledge for dissemination, not to exceed £10. 10. Resolved, That the publishers of Newspapers in Fredericton and other parts of the Province are respectfully requested to pub- lish the proceedings of this meeting as may be furnished to the first publisher by the Recording Secretary, and that 50 extra copies of ,the Amarantti, the Head Quarters, and the Reporter, respec- tively, containing such proceedings, be supplied to this Society for distribution. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 1. Resolved, That Dr. Robb, corresponding Secretary, and Robert Jarjiua, Esq., Vice President for St. John, be a special Committee to enquire and report to this Society on or before th« 108 Meeting in April next, on the utility and effect of thorough and other draining of lands in this Country, as aI«o on the most che.np and practical mode adapted to the circurastaocea of this Province, «f doing the same. % Resolved, That James S. Beck, and John A. BeckwithEsqrs. be a special Committee to enquire and report to this Society on or before the Meeting in April next, on the advantages to be gained by a proper rotation of crops in connexion with well managed farms, and the beat modern modes of doing the same. 3. Resoked, That Mr. Robert Gray, and Mr. Wm. Dayton be a special Committee to enquire and report to this Society, on or before the meeting in April next, on the completeness, ecenomy, and management of barnp and stables in this Province. 4. Resolved, That David S. Kerr, and A. T. Coburn, E.qrs., be a special Committee to enquire and report to this Society on or before the meeting in April next, on the utility and best modes of giving encouragement to settlers on new-land farms, and to the occupying and clearing up^of wilderness lands. 5. Resolved, That John T. Smith, and James McAdam be a special Committee to^enquire and report to this Society on or be- fore the meeting in April next, and submit plans and estimates for the erection of a Woolen Factory, in any suitable place in this Province, where the same may be carried on with advantage, together with the most appropriate dimensions, the amount of capital required for such erection— as also the number of laborers —the amount of' their wages and the additional capital required per annum for the e'fficent carrying on of said factory; also the amount of the manufactureu article produced and the available demand or market therefor. 6. Resolved, That the Vice President for St. John, the corres- ponding secretary, John A. Beckwith, William Watts, sen., Hon. W. M. Odell, and Mr. Thomas R. Barker be a special Committee to enquire and report to this Society, on or hefoje the meeting in April next, whether^ Provincial show and fair can be held in the Province with advantage, during the present year, and if so, the time place and manner of holding the same, and the probable ex- pence thereof, and with the view of eliciting further information, the subject be brought into discussion, at the meeting to be held uursng the siiilng of the Legislature. 7, Resolved, That hie Honor the President of this Society, and ithe Corre^ondinjr SeoPtJtary hfi * P^ecial Committee to enquire 109 and Report to this Society on or before the Meeting in April next on he importance, as well as on tho most practical and Jfl^ r modes of disseminating useful information, in f r "'«„ j of A " culture, Home Manufactures, and Commerce in thrprvi^ce'"" mfotrt rf ^""''*" .^"""*""' ^^''' '^' P^°-''^ciaI Grant for 18.0 be eft unappropriated until brought Into di,cus.^n a ,1 General Meetmg to be held during the silting of th. T . «. 1851. and that the Executive Committ sL^ Ju^.a !«'" '^ "r appropriations then at the -aid Meeting. "" "'"'' °^ NEW BRUNSWICK SOCIETY, for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manu^ faclurcs and Commtrce^ throughout the Province. SIR EDMUND W. HEAD, BART., PATRON. A general meeting of this Society, during the tilting of the Legislature, took placo in the County Court House. Fredericton on the 19th of March last, a goodly numher of ^he members of both Houses being present, and otherwise most respectably at- tended. "^ The society has published and i$ circulating 7,000 copies in English, and 1000 copies in French, of an excellent little work to show how, without capital, an exhausted soil may be rendered tertilo— (and consequently how a good soil may always be kept fertile,) and containing other very useful and pr&ctical information. The Society has also published and circulated 1000 copies of an excellent report, together with some smaller tracts on the same subjects. But to do all thi-s funds are necessary. The society would therefore urge upon all those who are desirous to promote Agri- culture. Home Manufacturer, &c..the necessity of using their best endeavours in every County and Parish to get subscrrptions in it. aid, m order that tho Executive Committee may be enab'ed to carry on the good work which has been so strccessfully com- menced, and so usefully prosecuted up to this period. His Honor the Pr.EsiDENT-(the Master of the Rolls) in stating the object of the meeting, called the attention of those present to the Glh Rule of tho Constitutioa of the Society, which requires that a general meeting be held during tho sitting of the legislature Its members wished tlie public to become acquainted with the mannor m winch they transacted the bu.iuess for which the Institution bad been organised. It was a society which had originally been instituted by gentlemen not connected with manufactures or agriculture, but who jmd m nnitation of tho example set in other counties, associated themselves for the purpose of doing what in them lay, whether more or Jess, for tiie promotion of those important interests. The present society had its origin in Jan. 1850; and a general meeting was held in the following March, when several members 112 nf the Legislature, then in session, attended and spoke in its favour. Having had the honor to ho elected PrcHidonf of the Society, he would now give a brief statement of what had already been done during tho past year. Seven difTerent committees had been appointed prior to March last, to investigate distinct and separate subjects; that on the proper curing and exportation of beef and pork, reported at tho meeting alluded to, and the information which it contained was highly appreciated by those present on the occasion. Tiio other six committees also had reported; and their several reports had .since been published in a closely set pamphlet of nearly one hundred pages. The object of the society was by this means to dissemiriaio information, on the great objects of their association in this Province. In addition to the information thus extended through the press, a gentleman (Mr. Kerr) to whom the society chiefly owes its origin, while on a professional tour had visited the counties of Westmorland, Albert, Kent, Restigouche, Northumberland, Carleton and Charlotte. On these occasions meetings were held, and whether numerously attended or not the result bore evidence to the fact that the common object was very gene.ally appreciated. With regard to the printed Reports of the Society, they were every where gladly received and highly valued. At the annual meeting in January last, a detailed account of the pecuniary state of the society was furnished. That report shewed that £100 had been raised by the society through indi- vidual subscription, and the grant of i:200 from the Legislature, which was made contingent on the former amount being realised, had been secured. It was thought better to let tho funds in hand stand over till the present meeting, in order to consider the best method of laymg them out — not that the Society felt disposed to throw the responsibility off their own shoulders, but they wished to submit iheir views so as to have the benefit of the suggestions which may be offered at this meet- ing. After the payment of some small sums now due, the Society would have in hand £240 which they wished to dispose of as follows: — £100 to be appropriated to the printing of such information as should be deemed mo^t conducive to the general interests of the country, .£80 towards the encouragement of manufactories, &c., r£20 for books for the use of the society, .£30 for premiums, prize essays &c., and £10 for contingencies. This was a general ouilino of the course the society meant to pursue. The means of carrying out their objects were mainly two, one was to disseminate informa- tion — tho other, to give pecuniary encouragement in cases where they might suppose it would prove beneficial. The Society was 113 deeply improssed with the necessity of communicating agricultural information, and in pursuance of this ohjoct they had printed 1000 copies of their own Reports— seven or eight hundred of which had, as already stated, been distributed. They had also published an agricultural tract both in the French and English languages, thua giving to the farmers of this country, and with a special reference to French inhabitants, the means of acquiring that sort of knowledge which will best promote their advancement in agricidtural pursuirs. Another measure with this society was the promotion of farmer's clubs' hroughout the Province, and the establishment of small Libraries for their use connected with the subject of agriculture. In these clubs oi^ societies the young meu would learn the rudiments of that highly respectable and important profession for which they are designed, and in which calling they can never hope to succeed while they remain ignorant of its principles. The Society also thought that much might be done in the encou ragement of Domestic Manufactures. It was something though not much to say that our houses were the produce and work of the country, the timbor, stone, mortar, bricks, and in good part the nails' were the productions of the Province, and they were built by our own workmen. So a large part of the dress of the people was home produce and manufacture, such as woolen clothing, hats, and other garments. Rope Walks had once been in operation in St. John ; and in St. Andrews, at present a Paper Mill and a Flax Mill are projected*. The building of Ships too, that great branch of domestic manufacture, is carried to a pitch in this Province, which for model and workman- ship, as tiiey float in every harbour in the civilized world, carry everywhere testimony of the skill and ingenuity of our mechanics. With such proof before us and with the resources at our corni we may entertain a good hope for domestic manufactures, in a critical, and highly important period of the world. Science is making rapid strides ov^r the nations of the globe ; and Railways, those great highways of nations, are held hi universal repute. Everi in these colonies it is proposed to conotruct one from Halifax to Canada ; another from Halifax to the United States, and a third through the western districts of New Brunswick to Canada. But he would be sorry to see those Railroads made for the mere convey- ance of passengers through this Prnvinrp \n thoJr fr„^cU f- country to another. Far bettor would it be, to make the country fit for their permane; -)odo, as the hand of a merciful Providence had or.gmally designed it. Travellers can turn to few countries, Si 1l' 1 / \ (more licallfiy in flieir ctimalc nnd more ricFi in their natural hcaulf and rusources. The hand of nutnrc ha» done much lor New JBrunswlck, but the labour and ingenuit)' of man can do ns much more. Tho climato may be somewhat harsh, but it is in such climates that the natural and physical resources of man are best developed, fory as justly observed by a gentleman now on a mission to England from our sister Province, it is not tho mild southern climate that is most celebrated for the production of great men; the strong nerve and powerful mind — the wisdonn to plan and the strength to execute, more properly belong to the north. The new and extraordinary power of steam, had already accomplished wonders, bat under the control of man's ingenuity, it must yet lead to new discoveries. Already has it unmoored this solid continent, and from its old long- titude of 66 or 67, it has practically drawn it to that of 22 or 23, in close proximity to Europe, Formerly, the average time of a voyage across the Atlantic wasfor/y days: — that time is now reduced to ten J and still lessoning at each successive pull of the rope us science advances. Had wo been at the first settlement of this con-- tinent, thus within- shaking hands distance with the mother country, who shall say what the history of America might have been. Look- ing at the effect which Mr. Howe's Lectures arc producing now in England, the hopes of these colonies are awakened that it is not a pauper class of emigrants we may in future expect to visit us, but men of wealth and intellect Avho from' the truths thus laid before them will have sense enough to sec that in benefiting these provinces by selecting them as their resi^ence,^ they will be conferring the greatest benefit upon themselves. Let it then be the great object of the people of this Province to make it worthy of such a class of cmigrtints to choose it as their adopted country, and improve it by Iheir wealth, their skill and their industry. Ho hoped the efforts of this Society would' be productive of much good all over the province. It may be that it may not fulfil* at first all their expectations ; but he asked fur time, and tho exercise of patience on its behalf, and as all would own the great interests which it is designed to promote, he would also ask the friendly aid and co-operation of those for whose sake its efforts were especially intended. Tho Hon. Attorney General rose and said, he had been' entrusted with a Resolution to move, and although it had been pu» mto hid hands a day or two since yet his time was so fully occu- pied with other presF ng matters, that he had been unable to give it suffi«ien( attention io do justice to the important interests whiclv 115 it involved. He would however make t few obgervntiong which ho was happy to say were rendered less neccfcsary by the highly interesting n« w«U as eloquent observations of His Honor the Pre- sident — The objects of this society were to foster and encourage Agriculture, Home manufactures and Commerce— interests upon which the future prosperity of tho province mainly depended. Every m^n who loves his country must and ought to feel himself identified with the prosperity of the country in which he lives. He was glad to find that Agriculture was placed the first of the threo objects of the Society; this was right, because Agriculture is tho foundation of all, and will if properly conducted give an impetus to all other branches of industry, and the throe objects of this Society should go hand in hand and thereby foster and encourage each other. Much might bo done for the encourage- ment of agriculture, but he believed that of all the means which could be adopted, tho dissemination of knowledge, scientific know- ledge and information would prove the most effective.— From tho very first, agriculture had been regarded as the primary source upon which the very existence of mankind depended, and surely every means by which this useful and ennobling pursuit could be encouraged— every new light which could be aflibrded in its de- velopement must be regarded as of the utmost importance. It was not tho mere labour of handling the plough, but the best manner ia which that useful implement can be employed, which should form a subject for investigation. —Much physical force may be expended without an adequate remuneration, but the great secret iny in the application, the judicious application of labour to tho pur- poses for which it is intended. Who, he would ask can read theX Georgics of Virgil without feeling, if an Agriculturalist, tho native \ dignity of his vocation, and do not the words of Cicero, who in ) one of his works, says that " among all the methods of enriching I " one's self, there is no one better, no one more profitable and / ^' pleasant and agreeable, no one more worthy of a man and a / ^' gentleman, than that of preparing and tilling the ground" shewy^ that agriculture even in those early times was viewed as an enno- bling and lucrative profession. If then the Ancients, laboring under all the disadvantages of the age in which they lived, could so well appreciate tho honours and benefits resulting from & proper -cultivation of the soil, how much more should we, blessed as we «re with all the science and knowledge of the present age, press forward and improve our common means for the common interest. As an instance of what might be alTected through the instrumen- / til 116 talily of qgricultural iuBlruclicjn lie would hero allude to (he I.ottora of ^Vgjicola coinpoBcd and [.ublislicd iii Novo Scotia by tho lute celebrated Mr Yogug in la>a. These beautiful letters had b(;una.id,»till wero road with tho deopoat interest not only in Nov* Scotia and Naw Brunswick, but alao on the other side of tho Atlantic and in the United Statcn. They displayed the odvan- vantago of scicnco in ita application to Agriculture; thus giving a proper system to the hudbandnjan in the nmnogeujeut of hts farm. It was to prom(»tc tho sanio object, to induce a lovo of labour and to give that labour a proper direction that this Society had in a great measure been founded. /The object was important, and deserved the best ellorts of every man who loves his country, and the moans proposed viz; tho circu- lation of scientific knowledge, and the cucouragomi-nt oi tho practical agriculturalist, were well and wisely conceived. Tiio J'urmer must be in^itructed not only how to hold tho plough and sow tho seed, but also in relation to the time to sow, as well as the seeds to bo sown, and the special soils to which those seeds were suited, lie must be taught to avoid those errors in practice, by which his labour is thrown away, his expectations disappointed, and his land impoverished. Without a knowledge of agricultural chemistry, these risks must ever be run by the farmer. DilTerent. soils suit dificrent grains, and these again must be selected with care, and sown at proper seasons. In pa.ssing through the country, liie traveller will frequently find two neighbours, subject of course to th^Blmre-dimateraiidTrving^ upon the same quality of land; but whence is it that he sees one of the farmi" neatly fenced and in good condition, and tho other almost worn out and fenceless, and im- poverished } The cause is easily discovered. One of the proprie- tors understands his business, and is consequently thrifty and independent; the other is ignorant, an.^ h\s farm is bo ill-raanaged that it bt3jjie3.ua4.roductiv^,,..He^^fr AiMi, ey Gen ra!; was not atf agriculturalist; but he had alvay^^admired rural pursuits; and should he ever have the fortune to re^re from his profession w\th competency, he cpuld conceive no other\etirement so attrac- tive, or congenial to his wishes, as that of tilling the land Again reverting to the Jlesoiutioa in his hand, he could see no othev means so likely to fotward the united interests of Agriculture, Home manufuctures and" Commerce, as the extension of knowledge through tho agency of „ ell-directed information rhrninT'iniu iU„ Province, Here there was no room for petty squabbles or jealousy; or the assurance of support for one party at the expense of another. 117 Thrj iiociety Inkos up the tliroo {rrcut intcregts of (he country, and •ffbrdii rqunl ericourHg^mett to tho whole. If Agriculture were well cnrriisd on, its stores would supply the mnnufaclurer a( his own door, if mnnufnctures proapered, the operatives would give a market to tl ' fiiiiner, nod if both prospered th.y would jfive a Jegj. tima'o hasis to the corumerco of the Province. Agnin, if either of those great interests osked too much of the other, in' doing so it would ho sure to injure itself. The farmer and manufacturer in the event of the ohjoctsof this society being carried out, will have a market at home; while the merchant will avoid high freights and long vovnijea. The clKorts of the people of this Province had, he feared, been too long directed to the encouragement of foreign growth and pro- ductions rather than their own. The capital of the county has not been laid out to advantage, it has b(.«en expended in the pur- chase of American produce, instead of being directed to raise that produce on our own lands. Wc had encouraged the industry of strnngcrs, but neglected our own or rather given it a wron^ application. It was time that a remedy wore applied for this great evil. It is time that the people should learn, if it were on\y from the erroi-s of the past, a wiser course for the future. We should learn self-reliance, as a people. We should regard New Brunswick Avith such feelings as those would indulge who are proud of their birth-place, and resolved to make themselves worthy of being its natives. Every man should identify the common wel- fare of the country with his own, and advance the general interests to the best of his ability. He (hon. Atty. General) was afraid-- and in this respect he was not himself free from blame—that ther« was too much selfishness at the bottom of our general transactions: that we are not animated by that amor patri(B which should be the mainspring of our public actions, and that the foolish idea of making money at home, to be expended in another country had taken too much root in the country. We ooght to be actuated by a nobler and more patriotic feeling, a feeling which should malce us ta,ce pride in our own or adopted country, and consider it the country in which we and our children are to live and make our bread. It is the wpnt of patriotism which induces persons from the old country who have accumulated wealth here, either to re- turn again to their native country or to remove to the United States and give the benfrfii of their capital to strangers. 'i\y coumeract those selfish and narrow views, was one of the great objects of this Societyj-to teach every member of the com-. .J 2? 118 'inunit> that he ca«tiot prosper white tho general system is de- ranged: and that n general systera of uniou is required, in order to advance our iadividual interests. The pe«. |)le of New Brunswick, iodependently of their fertile lands, have a most healthy and salubrious climate: a climato which cannot be duly appreciated, except by those who have lived in au unhealthy one. It was said that we have long winters, and a short summer; but if our winters are long, they are required for the purposoB of our pursuits; and if our sumtnws n,e short, they are yet long enough to product) ua th« best of crops, whenever our lands are properly cultivated. Our objecL should therefore be, to impart to each other "such information as will facilitate the industry of the Province and direct it in its proper channd^'trad while doing so we will be fostering a system of EpH^wrtTtflfiTwhich instead of placing a parcel of paupers on ourhands for support, will pl'ant a number of useful settlers in jjro^wilderness, feach one of whom would shortly be succeeded^bj? ten following in his foot- steps. The question ouce more suggested itself, in what other way could the general interests of th^ country be promoted, so well as by the circulation of scientific works in relation to thoso -interests? It was this which would inform the better class of Emigrants, in Great Britain, of our aapabitities to afford thern a iiome and a living amongst ua; and it was this which would in- •truct our own population to make the best use of the privi- leges which they enjoy. Without scientific kno«vledge it is im- fnpossible to turn any pursuit in life to a good account. He (hon. Atty. General) waa'a Lawyer; but he did not hesitate to say, that had he not paid constant attention to the scientific part of his profession, he never could have arrived at mediocrity in his prac- practice. . It was so with farmers; if not well informed in relation 1o their own business, if riot taught to admire it for its own sake, -and to honour it as a profession, they could never hope to arrive at independence^ Instead of being regarded as humbling in its jia r aot er . A griculture should be understood as the most ennobling employment which a man can engage in, and the farmer should \jmuierstand that his profession ia second to none in the world. He (hon. Atty. General) had been in many parts of the United / States, and in contrasting their soil and climate with that of this / Province, ha found that our own country deserved the preference. I Our soil was certainly more fertile than that of Massachusetts, while the difference in climate is scarcely perceptible. In these ipatticularshe believed Professor Jobusoa was right when he gave 110 our country the prefererrce wor the Extern Slates of Arrmrica-— at ieast it may justly be said that it is inferior to none. Th» same may be said of o»r mineral resources; and it was clieering in thi» respect to know that when o«r timber shall be exhausted we yet have within our own country never failing sources of wealth to- sustain the Manufactures and Trade of the Province Here htf alluded to that great source of national wealth-, the Fisheries audi spoke of the waut of energy in our own people, who do not property ava.l themselves of their advantages, while th« Americans, fit out vessels, and after coming from a great distance. mak« money by catching fish in our waters. He also alluded to the warm admira- tion w.th which several of the Scotch farmersXthe County of Northumberland spoke of the pamphkt publi^ed bv th,s Society last Autumn, and then concluded l>y roatiing the followinir Re- solution: — • Resoioed, That one of the leading objects of this Socfety should be the preparing publishing, and circulating, in every part of the Province, such information as may be best calculated to encourage and improve the Agricultural and Manufacturing interests of the Province, and the Commercial interests connected therewith John A. Beckwith, Esq., said he bad been requested to s'econJ he Resolution just read, but from the able manner in ^.hioh it had been discussed by the learned Attorney General, he should be very brief i^ his observations. He had seen the great benefit Tt^hich the diffusion of scientific knowledge through the Press had already conferred upon the County Agricultural Societies, in giving the farmers, among other things, a better estimate of the peculiar character of their lands, and the special management which they in consequence required; and the present Society so far from being in the slightest degree adverse to the local ones encouraoed them by its example, in the dissemination of useful knowledge throughout the whole Province. On this subject he could confirm every observation made by the learned Attorney General, knowing from his own experience in the country how- much the printed information sent forth by this Society had been appreciated by the people. He had himself left copies of the excellent Report published last year by the Society, in the haner, and filled it with articles of luxury, which proved a curse to ¥ ii 1 1 ■ M 132 those who received them. Had the amount of JE200,000 which should hare been received for the article exported, been laid out in the permanent improvement of the country, there would not be a river or brook in the Province that would not have exhibited its efi'ect* in the thriving settlementa by which they would have been surrounded. Beyond this, let it be remembered, that a similar expenditure might have been made, under a well regulated system in the Province for the last twenty five years, and the benefit which ere now we would have received must be incalculable. The question now was, how is this society to direct its energies, so as to repair as far as possible the evils \lhich have arisen, and to in- troduce a better system for the future > One great means would be found in the dissemination of plain and useful knowledge among the people. Professor Johnston's Report was doubtless a work of great research and merit ; but it was not the work which was best calcula- ted for instructing the farmers cf this Province, since in order to un- derstand it many of them must go to school and become acquainted ^ with its technicalities. A plain easy manual, not a learned work on chemical agriculture, is that which is required. To conclude these brief observations he must express his pleasure, at seeing men of all classes, and different shades of politics, engaged and he hoped suc- cessfully too, in carrying out the important objects of this society.— He was proud to see one of the learned dignitaries of the land oc- cupy the chair of this meeting as its President, and he was proud to see his honor supported by men of the most extensive talents, learn- ing and influence in the country. It boded well for the cause of Agriculture, when thus supported ; and he hoped the influence thus given would never be withdrawn. He (Mr. Botsford) was a lawyer, but he was also a farmer, and took a pride in being one. He had raised his own bread, and felt himself engaged in an honourable era- ployment while so doing ; but when he looked around him here and saw learned professors of Colleges, and gentlemen of the Bar, and of the Bench, mixing with practical Agriculturalists in the promo- tion of our common cause— the welfare of our common Country he could not help expressing his hope that a new era had arisen in our land ; and that agriculture, that great interest of this fine Pro- vince, would henceforth bo deemed as honorable as it was useful. Here Mr. Botsford moved the Resolution.) Resolved, That this Society continues deeply impressed with the extreme importance of union and energetic action in regard to the development of the Agvicultural resources of the Province. na 133 ^ Mr. M'Leod, M. p. P., briefly supported it. lis laid hd was muck pleased to see the unanimity of the present meeting, and to know the principles by wliich its memberB were actuated. He was also glad to see that individuals of the highest standing in the community had connected themselves with this Society, and hoped that their example and influence would have the best affect in the community. He would wish to see the system of practical Agriculture carried on to its fullest extent ; and thought in order to do so, gentlemen of the learned pro- fessions should appear in cloths manufactured from wool raised in the country, and prepared by the wives and daughters of the inhabitants.. He was a farmer himself, and knew v/ell the influence which such a mode of action would have upon the people, who knew well that they deserved this encouragement, as the cloth which they produced was vastly before that which is generally imported. Mr. Bakbeiiie thought that after the able speech made by his Honor the President, followed up as it had been, by those of the learned ,A.ttorney General, and of others, but little was left for him to say. He would therefore be brief in drawing attention to his Resolution. He must express his great satisfaction at the step already taken by the Society in promulgating such an amount of valuable information a3 had appeared in their printed Pamphlets. For their valuable Re- port, he, as an inhabitant of the County of Restigouche, tendered his best thanks ; and in this he did not stand alone, for these reports were eagerly sought by the people, who professed themselves much plea- sed with the instructions and information which they contained. In his County, the farmers understood the benefits to be derived from a rotation of crops, and had practised that system with great success for several years, and this proved one great benefit already derived from the acquisition of useful knowledge. Here Mr. Barberie alluded to the publication of an Agricultural tract, translate-^ from the French, (we believe by Professor Robb) which had been printed under the auspices of the Society, and which like the original Reports of the Society, was calculated to produce the best effects throughout the Province. This Sooiety was, he believed, cal- culated to take the lead of all the Agricultural Societies in the Pro- vince, and on this account, that however well the others may raise competition, and lead to the production of fine specimens of produce, of stock, vegetables, and grain at the shows, there their usefulness ended, as they did not follow up their endeavours bv sendimr forth that practical information which the people are ao much in need of. The competitors at such exhibitions should always be compelled to give information of the means whtch they had adopted, in the pro- i\> : M m 124 duction of their nrtlolcs, for the result of their successful experience would be highly useful to their neighbours. !\ft-. Barberie concluded by reading an extract from one of the Agricultural racts to which he had alluded ; remarking also that so far as wearing homespun made by his own people from wool of his own raising was praiseworthy, he must be in the right track, as he had worn such for several years. Resolved, That this Society desires to express their conviction of the importance of County Agricultural Societies in every case of premiums for stock or crops, exacting from competitors a detail in writing of the method of raising or growing the said stock or crop, and also to shew accurately thp profit of effecting the same. Here a stranger, (we believe a Mr. James,) addressed the meeting at some length : he appeared to be perfectly conversant with the sys"^ fern of Agriculture in England, and gave several valuable suggestions relative to ploughing, and the cultivation of wheat. Mr. Gilbert M. P. P. observed that with a country such as ours,, abounding with the best Agricultural resources, as well as those faci- lities which promote the supply and manufacture of lumber and the building of ships, nothing was wanted hk a proper encouragement to be extended to those important interests. He was glad to see that men of the most influential talents and highest character in the Pro- vince had at last become fully alive to those interests, and had united in this society, with the powerful means which they had at their dis- posal. The Province expected much from such a Body, and what they would do could not come too soon, as it was impossible from the downward tendency of prices and wages, for the people to remain much longer in the Province. It therefore became the duty of all to co-operate with the members of this Society, in the great objects for which it had been organized : aud this being done, there could be no fear of its proving unsuccessful. He was glad to see so much unani- mity of feeling ; and should rejoice to render this society every assist- ance in his power. Dr. Robb said that there are in the history of nations as in the lives of individuals certain events more remarkable than others which lead them to consider and reflect upon their real state and position, and that distress and difficulty will thus frequently force them to a wiser and better course of conduct for the future. It was true for instance that the Potato rot, which at the time was =; ! n... 5^.,«t..,,i ,_rii;:. tiuiL uOuiu ucuiii irciand, naa now given to that country a more enlightened set of Landlords and kad taught the tenants a better system of Agriculture. cxponcnce 125 The failure of our own crops — and the altered policy of the Mother Country ia regard to the Timber duties, liad driven the people to con- 8ider the true basis of their prosperity, apart from the protection afforded to them by the comnxercial policy of the English Government, and obliged thorn to give up in great part those uncertain lumbering pursuits in which they had been engaged for the more certain unci useful occupation of tilling the land : the people had thus discovered that unless they gave greater skill and attention to the Agricultural resources of the country, ruin and confusion must ensue. In order to aid in placing the great permanent and abiding interest of the people upon a better foundation, County,, and Parish Agricul- tural Societies had been established in many different parts of the Pro- vince, and, now, this Central one, professing to be guided by the same principles, but more extensive and general in its operation^ had been called into existence. One of the objects of this Society has been to train the minds of the farming community to a better acquaintance with the principles of the art in which they are engaged. Without skill all labour is useless. \ A special education for the farmer had hitherto been denied, and until 1 that was secured for them they could not expect to practice their busi- \ ness with honour or pleasure or profit. Among the many ways of^""^ mstructing the minds of the farmers meetings or clubs for the special discussion of Agricultural subjects have been found to be of very great importance and utility. It might be said that Farmers Clubs, cxisted^already in the country, but the existing Agricultural Societies, with hardly an exception restricted themselves to the award of pre- miums for the best crops, and farm produce : the competition thus, engendered does good no doubt to a few, but the discussion of indivi- dual experience is almost wholly overlooked at their periodical meetings Accordingly he wished to urge the importance of these objects and to recommend the formation of Farmers Clubs in every county and parish of the Province, or the engrafting of them upon the existing Agricultural Societies.. It was not for the purpose of gossip he would recommend these Societies — there was no difficulty in con> ducting them in a grave and business like manner so as to elicit and disseminate very much useful knowledge upon Agricultural matters. It might be said that such a system was too difficult for a new country like ours, but, this he did not believe, it was almost as easy tojwork such a system as to talk about it. All that was required was. the adoption of a simple constitution and the appointment of a Chair- man to preserve order, and a Secretary to record the proc(3edings : if one was established others would soon follow. He thought that a 136 pflntod form of constitution for such clubs, and a li-t of subjects to be^ discussed migbt properly be prepared and published by this Society' «o as to assist their first beginings. He called upon the members of the Legislature then present and all friends of Agriculture in New Brunswick to lend their aid in organizing such clubs on the. return to their own respective districts. If it were said that there were few subjects on which farmers could occupy a whole evemng he would beg to ask whether less than one cvemng's iscussion could enable any meeting of farmers to ar" e at clear ronclusions in regard to Agricultural Education, Common Schools, Agricultural Libraries, Agricultural Lectures, '' Agricultural Periodicals, Agricultural Bureau and Inspector, County and Provincial Societies, Measures of Government for improvement of agriculture Improvement of Koads, and means of transport Provincial Show and Fair, ' Local difficulties. Local advantages. High Farming and Plain Farming, Drainage, superficial and deep. Drainage by stone, tiles, slabs, poles, &c, Deep ploughing, Effects of Frost, Lime and Plaster effects and advantages, mari &c Portable manures; bone dust, guano, salt, Soils and Sub-soils of District, Bog-earth, its application. Composts ; preparing— preserving. Manures, saving, application and construction of heaps, &e, Manures, fermented and unfermented, do, liquid. Keeping farming accounts, '^■ Fencing, History of Breed of Stock in District, Breeds most suited to district, Improving breeds, sTr'^'^'l^rn'"'"*^'^^ ,„ ,,hich Bounties should btall.feading— Oil Cake, be given, 127 Kuepiiig of Sheep, , Keeping of Poultry, Maiiagemsnt of Orchards, GarUons, dec, do. PoHturo Lands, do. Dftiry, do. Bees, Spade Hiishnndiy, Preservation of Root Crops, Cuhure of Turnips, — Hay, do. Carrots, Parsnips, d:c, Wheat Culture, Economical keeping of Farm Hories, Diseases of cattle, swine, poultry, dec, Pruning of trees, Planting and transplanting of trees, Fall or Spring manuring — top dressing, Renovation of exhausted land, Protection of animals from cold, Profit of fattening cattle, Horses versua Oxen, Farm Tenancy, Potatoe Disease, Wheat fly, Seed Potatoes, New articles of culture. Slicing Turnips, cutting Hay and brusing OatJ, Rotation ot crops, Broom Corn, - , Stumping land, Treatment of New lanJ Manufacture of ashes, do. Maple Sugar, Culture and weaving of flax. Culture of corn, and uses of. Irrigation and warping, Influence of fishing on farming, do. Lumbering, do.. Premiums for County Agricultural Society, Measures of Provincial agricultural Society, Manufacture of Potatoe Starch, Culture and uses of Peas and Beans, Steaming food for cattle, ^ H ■■¥' 128 ImprovcracMt of cliecsc, Indujjtrial retourccs of Vichuty, Advantage and disadvantage* of climate, Markets foreign and local for Agricultural purposes, Efl'ect of Bounties on agriculture, 4; ■ do. Tariff, do., M' Orccn Crops for manure, ;* Grounds fallow, ^ Insects hurtful to vogotatijij, Curing of Hay, Root crops for Stock, Winter work for fanners, Farmers Banks, Growth af Hops, DispofJal of Crown Lands, Modes of settling emigrants. Places for do., • Procuring a supply of labour, ' Average crops and profits of farming alone, Curing and putting up of Beef, Pork, Butter, A;-c» Selection and steeping of seed. Improvement of Seed wheat, &c, History and growth of Settlements, Construction of Barns «Sic. Resolved, That this Society impressed with the value and useful* ness of Farmers Clubs, or periodical meetings of Farmers for thd purposes of reading and discussing Agricultural matters, recommend the early formation and encouragement of such institutions throughout the Province, and the collection of Agricultural publications in con- nection therewith. Mr. English, M. P. P. remarked that as it was getting late in the evening, he would make only one or two remarks. This meeting had been convened in order to promote the prosperity of the Province, and viewing it in that light, he had much pleasure in giving it his support. In answer to the anxious inquiry, what is most wanted to promote the welfare (^f the people, he would answer, that we do no( want £Ood land ; forJ there was not a single tract on the eastern side ■"of the AlleganyMountains to compare in fertility with the Province of New Brunswick. But while hjU««w,--^tml4nwij^from his own ohservalinn. that •aiA-'tifr-fiKr^.^^t « — :i u_ ^^j. . ' ~~>- — '"^^ "ctnL a. oun, mj v.iia company r , own, that it wa^-r6iidered in a great meaaure useless, from om\ant of Agrici^fbral knowledge. We want an Agi'icultural popuIatSfe to 1«9 producs for lh« conaumcr, but Ihii wa aaimot har« until the fanner ia sura of a market where lie can dispoie of hii produce. The inte- rests of the Agriculturist and the Manufacturer were thus closely identified with each other ; and he truated that through the informa- tion promulgated by this Society, each would learn much to advance their mutual benefit. With these brief observations he would second the Resolution. Mr. WiLLisTON, M. P. P. was not an Agriculturist, and could of course have no knowledge of farnxing operations ; but he was an inhabitant of the Province, engaged in business and deeply interested in the prosperity of the country. The present Society embraced the three-fold objects of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, and consequently could not fail to recommend itself lo every individual in the Province ; as these were the three great interests upon which all others were founded, and were closely connected with each other. — He admired this Society for another reason— it had. no political cha- racter ; for whatever might be said about high protective duties, ha felt firmly convinced, that if Agriculture, or any other interest could not prosper without tRem, neither could they prosper with their assistance. If every business in the Province was equally encouraged then all would thrive, but if some were encouraged at the expense of the rest, then all must mutually suffer. For instance, the farmer furnishes produce for the use of the ship-builder; but tax the ship- building interest so high that the builder cannot make his returns, and where then would the farmer find his market? He believed this. Society would exercise a great influence in the country, as the infor- mation which it afforded in the case of stock, and aS to the formation and management of manures, would make it exceedingly useful to the farmers, who required a better system in the general supierrntehdence of their farms. Here Mr. Williston proceeded at some length to give his views adverse to partial protection, observing that he thought, the establishment of a Cloth Manufactory in the vicinity of Fredericton, would prove highly beneficial to the adjacent country, inasmuch as the quantity of wool consumed in such a place, would encourage the farmei-s to produce that article on their farms. This was the true principle of protection : — it would, instead of teaching the owners of the soil to look abroad, give them a useful and practical lesson, in this way of self-d6pendence. It would teach them that their own bread is sweeter than that of strangers ; and that their own labour, mher than a sickly dependence on legislation, must henceforth be the source of reliance. Besolvedy That this Society has seen with great satisfaction the R I M tH'il i, ,''i 180 ATortu which have nlroady been in rnuny quarters niado in improving; the chnractcr of our Provincial Agriculture. Mr. Ryan M. P. P rose to second the motion, not to make a speech, which he felt would at that late hour in the evening, he im- proper. The ohjocts anticipated by the Society, namely, those of Agriculture, Commerce, and Home Manufactures, had his most hearty concurrence ; and he was glad that they had united thoio great interests of the country ; so as to afford each and all, an equal encouragement. It must doubtless he in consequence of the imper- fect system upon which farming had hitherto been conducted, and the consequent small amount of produce which we had been able to raise, that our climate had been termed bad and our land stdrile ; — this was doing injustice to the country. We have as rich a soil ond as salu- brious a climate as can be found in any other country on this side of the Atlantic ; and if our lands have not been made productive, the fault is in those who have their management. With these views of the useful tendency and operation of the Society, he would have much pleasure in seconding the Resolution, -Mr. Johnson M. P. P., in allusion to the current report ortce-cir- /culated to the effect that Now Brunswick is not an Agricultural / County, atatetl^that his own experience had convinced him to the con- 1 trary. He bad himself off one bushel of sc^d, raised tweniy-two I bushels of wheat, which when ground produced five Barrels of the * vJbgstflour in the Provincgu^ His Resbbtlon*aTi80~lTlSluc[odrtKe^rovirth of flaxpHS~!r brailiiirofProvincial Agriculture ; and he was glad that this species of industry was recommended, as it not only showed that the Society had extended its views in different directions, but it also recommended in this instance a useful article, which grows well upon the North Shore, and which was well calculated for consumption in the home market. The vast benefit of raising our own produce, could scarcely be appreciated according to its real importance ; for it saves those high freights and long transits which result from a foreign trade ; and gives besides the whole benefit of a continuous round of business, which when carried on abroad, loses a great part of its value. These remarks were particularly applicable to our pre- sent case, when the balance of Trade is so much against us, and our labour, that great capital of our country, is wasted upon strangers. Our timber trade too, from a variety of causes, has ceased to be pro- fitabh ; and being thus in a great measure shutout from foreign trade STiu icit to Our OwTi rosoufces, our greatest wisdom should be io en- courage every species of trade and industry for which we can raise the means in our own country, (Here Mr. Johnson spoke for some 131 time OB the necittity which existed for farmers to cultirato their in- tellect, ai the duya were paitied when ignorance could be brought to contend succesifully with the growing intelligence of the age. Resolved, That this Socioty iii encouraged to hope that llu! culture and weaving of Flux inuy soon become of very great advantage and profit to this Province, and that the officers of this Society should take means to call the attention of Agriculturalists to the subject. Hon. Mr, Crane approved of the plan proposed by Dr. Robb, in relation to the discussion of Agricultural subjects in the country ; and , although not sanguine in his general views of public societies, he still must say that he thought the present one was calculated to produce much benefit in the Proviace. He (Mr. Crane) was a country trader ; and it was in the country he had made all he was wcfrth in the world,— he had not been unob- servant of passing events around him, during the number oi yeart which had elapsed within the scope of his experience,— and the re- suit of his observation was, that the thrifty economical habits of our Grandfathers had been given up, and a new system— one of impru- dence and extravagance— most foolishly substituted in its place.— The prospect of immediate gain from the source of lumbering, had in too many instances driven the farmers into the lumber-woods, and after years spent in this uncertain way, in which they imbibed habits which were too expensive for the country, they woke up at last to find their farms gone, and their labour — that great capital of every workmg community— expended for nothing. It was necessary then that some scheme should be devised, for rescuing the country from the effects which had followed this great imprudence— to stop the draft of men and money from the country, and to give a healthier action to the economy of the people. For upwards of thirty years, the merchants of this country had the pecuniary resources of this Province vested in their hands ; and the result had been as he had now described it. It was now time to In- troduce another and a better system, as anticipated by this Socifety; and to encourage the mechanic and farmer, not by a Bounty pro- vision, but by giving them such a protection as would insure them our own market— the merchants he would leave to find a market for themselves. Resolved, That a portion of the Society's funds may be judiciously applied towards encouraging domestic Manufactories such as FulUne Charles MacPherson Esq., M. P. P., made a few observations upon the partial manner in which the last speaker had advocatec "f.: 138 - ..-n protection. He (Mr. Crane) would protect two interests, and leavo th« third to take care of itieif! He thought there was something of the stilfness of old feelings and habits in the observations of his friend ; and would be glad as a younger man, to sha s with him a portion of the warmth which he felt himself, taking in return, a part of that wisdom and experience which it was well known his hon. friend possessed in so eminent a degree. He was glad to see hb Honor the Master of the Rolls in the dignified position which ha occupied as President of this Society. It was a sure guarantee that the business of the Society would be impartially conducted and that while the interests of the Farmers and Mechanics were sustainedy those of the lumbermen would not be neglected. He (Mr. Mac* Pherson) was a friend to the farmers; be had been brought up on a farm, and its bread was he thought the sweetest which he had ever llasted in his life ; but he wished to see fair play to all, and all pros* pering together. Mr. Kebr addressed the meeting for a few moments, acknow- ledging his thanks for the able and handsome manner in which the claims of the society had been responded to. From the most influ- ential parties, and that too from every section of the Province, there now seemed to be only one general wish to prosecute with renewed vigour the objects of the Society; and he us one of its members, felt delighted that in advocating its views throughout different parts of the country, his labour had been more than rewarded in the hopes now opening up for its more extended usefulness. (The meeting here closed.) # ,i* EXTRACT FROM MINUTES. A Regular Quarterly Meeting was held in the Oftice of the Master of the Rolls on the 2nd day of April, 1851. The Hon. N. Parker took the Chair. Dr. Robb from the Committee on Draining submitted their Report. Mr. FuUon on behalf of Messrs. Gray and Dayton, read a Report on tlie arrangement of Barns. Mr. Kerr submitted a Report On the utility and best modes of giving encouragement to Settlers on New Lands, and on the occupying and clearing of Wilderness Lands. Read a Report from Mr. J. T. Smith and Mr. J. McAdara on the subject of Woolen P*Ianufactories. Mr. Watt?, Senior, submitted an interirn Report on the subject of a Provincial Show and Fair. Mr. Beckwith from a Committee on the management of farms, and on a Rotation of Crops, stated that the publication by the Society of the translation of the Canadian Pamphlet on the same subject had su- perseded the necessity of a Report from them. Dr. Robb read a Report from the Committee on the best mode of of disseminating information in furtherance of Agriculture, Home Manufactures, and Commerce throughout the Province. Dr. Robb from the Committee of Appropriations read a scale of appropriations of the Funds of the Society now on hand. Whereupon Ordered, That the said Reports be referred to a Com- mittee to revise and superintend the Printing of the same, or parts of the same. Further Ordered, That Dr. Robb, Messrs. Allen, Beckr with, and A. Inches do constitute the said Committee. B. FULTON, Recprding Secretary. '1 |U( ,' f :,'l I '! nEl'OET ON APPROPRIATIONS. The Committco appointed to prepare a scale of Appropriations for Uie several objects contemplated by the Society, desire to submit the tbllowing Report :— 1. They recommend that the sum of jfSO be appropriated towards the encouragement of Mills and Manufactures in the several Counties Where encouragement had been held out for the same. 2. Also,— The sum of ^20 towards procuring useful works of yefcronce for the guidance of the Executive Committe, &c. 3. Also,— "The sum of =£10 towards the contingencies of the Society. 4. Also,— The sum of say .;f30 for the printing and distribution of ihe Tract on Farm Management. 5. Also,— Tlie sum of, say, ^30 for the publication of the forth- -coming Report* 6. And foi* the re-publication of the old one in whole or in part, .•sayjf30. ''^ Your Committee would also recommend the following Premiums to "be awarded by the Society in the course of the ensueing year : 7. .£10 for best 10 Barrels of Beef or Pork, cured and packed ac- cording to the Society's directions, and certified by the owner or Captain of a Ship to have been as fit for Ship's purposes, as that which is usually carried. -8. £5 for the best Essay On the management and improvement of 'Orchards in this Province. 9. £5 for the best Essay On the improvement of the Woollen Manufactures o( this Province, more particularly as regards fineness of texture, and permanency of dye. 10. £5 for the best Essay On the best ways of using Turnips and other Roots in the feeding of Stock, together with the best method of storing and preserving tlie same through the winter. 11. For the best Managed Farm as determined by the answers to a series of numbered questions, to be drawn up on the plan of the New York State Society, and circulated with the Society's Reports for the year, A Silver Cup with appropriate inscription, of the value of .£10. 12. For the the second best do., as determined in the same way, A Silver Cup with inscription, of the value of £5. 13. For all others who may furnish full answers to the questions thus proposed, a set of the Albany Cultivator, (or other Publication of €quivale.flt value,) for the year 13&?, say 12 at 5s.,— i*3. 135 Tlic Scale of appropriations would therefore stand as fullowg :■— Mills and Manufactures, Books, Contingencies, Printing Canada Tract, " New Report, " Old Report, Premiums for putting up Salt Beef, 6rc. " " best Managed Farm, " second best do., " third best do., *' Essay on Orchards, " " Turnips, Woolen Manufacture, J. ROBB, A. E. BOTSFORD D. S. KERR ;c (4 U U •! 20 10 30 30 30 10 10 5 3 5 5 5— ir243 Committee. s ■ IP List of premiums Ujfercd by the New Brunswick Society for the encouragement tf Ag7'icuUure, Home Manufactures and Commerce. . I. For the first ten barrels of first or second quality of Beef or Pork cured and packed according to the directions contained in the first series of Reports of this Society, and certified after trial by the Owner, Master, or Consignee of any Ship or Vessel sailing from the Province to have been as good for Ships use as that which is usually imported for the same purpose — the sum of Ten pounds. II. For the best Essay on the management and improvembnt of Orchards in this Province, founded on practical ol ervations— the sum of Five pounds. III.' For the best Essay on the improvement of the Woolen Manu- factures in 'his Province, )horo particularly as regards fineness of texture and permanence of dye — the sum of Five pounds. IV. For the best Essay on the best ways of using Turnips and other Root Crops in the feeding of Stock, together with the best modes of storing and preserving the same thro ghontthe Winter, to be founded as far as possible on practical experience — the sum of Five pounds, V. For the best managed Farm of less than 25' acres, exclusive of Wood Land and Waste Land, [regard being had to the quantity and quality of produce, the manner and expense of cultivation, and the actual profits] as determined by written answers to a series of num- bered questions contained in the uimexed Schedule, founded on that of the New York State Society — a Silver Cup, with appropriate in- scription, of the value of Ten pounds. VI. For the second best ditto, as determinediusame wav— a Silver Cup with suitable inscription, of the value of Five pounds. VII. For all others who may furnish full answers to the questions thus proposed, there will be awarded a set of the Albany Cultivator for 1852, or other Agricultural Publications of equal value. VIII. For Mills and Manufactures in the various Counties of the Province where encouragement on the subject has been already held out — the sum of Eighty pounds. N. B.— This List of Premiums was published in the Royal Gazette of April i6th and 23rd, and 500 copies of it in a separate form were likewise circulated about the same time. 187 SCHEDULE. Soils, 6cc. 1. Of how much Land docs your farm consist? and how much wood, waste, and improved land respectively ? 2. What is the nature of your soil and subsoil ? Is there limeston* in it ? What rocks are found in it ? 3- Wliat do you consider the best mode of improving the dilForent kinds of soil on your farm ? Of clay soil, if you have it— of sandy- soil, and of gravelly soil ? Answer separately. 4. What depth you plough ? What effect has deep ploughing had on various soils ? 5. Have you made any experiments to test the difTerence in a sue- cecding crop, between shallow, common or deep ploughing ? 6. Have you used the subsoil plough ? and what have been its ef- fects on difFercnt soils and crops ? 7. What trees and plants were indigenous to your soil ? Give the name of each. Manures. 8. How many loads of manure (30 bushels per load) do you usually apply per acre ? How do you manage your manure ? Is it kept under cover; or arc there cellars under your barns or stables, for re- ceiving it? 9. What are your means and what your methods of making and collecting manure ? How many loads of manure do you manufacture annually ? How many do you apply ? 10. ITow is your manure applied ; whether in its long or green state, or in compost ? For what crops, or under what circumstances do you prefer using it, either in a frcsli or rotten state ? 11. Could you not cheaply, essontiaHy increase your supply of ma- nure by a little extra labor ? 12. Have you used lime, plaster, guano, salt, or any substance not in common use as manure ? In what manner were they used, and with what results ? Tillage Crops. 13. How many acres of land do you till ? and with what crops are they occupied, and how much of each crop ? 14. What is the amount of seed planted or sown for each crop— the time of sowing— the mode of cultivating, and of harvestinrr— and tlio product per acre? Have any insects been found injurious to your crops ? If so, describe them and the remedies adopted. 15. What kind and quantity of manure do you prefer for each, and at what times, and in what manner do you apply it. ? S 188 l€). flow (Jeep do you have manure covered in llio oarili, for dif^ fcrcnt crups and diflorent soils ? 17. fluve your potatoes bconafToctcd with any particular dcffct or disease, and liavc you been abl« to discover any clcurly-proved cause for it, or found any remedy ? Grass Lands, &c. 18. Wliat kind of grasses do you use ? How much aeod of clover, or the various kinds of grass do you sow to the acre ? At what aoason of the year do ■ c-< aov, — ?.;.a what is the manner of seeding ? 19. How many ac. ou mow for hay, and what is the average product ? At what sta,: do you c"t grass, and wliat is your mode of making hay ? 20. Is any of your mowing land unsuitable for the [)lough, and what is your mode of managing such land ? 21. Have ycAi practised irrigating or watering meadows or other lands, and with v/hat effect ? What is your particular mode of irriga- tion, and how is it performed ? 22. Have you reclaimed any low, bog or peat lands ? What was the mode pursued, the crops raised, and what the success ? What length of drains have you on the farm, and how arc they constructed ? Domestic Animals. 23. How many oxen, cows, young cattle and horses do you keep, and of what breeds arc they ? 21. Have you made any experiments to show the relative value of different broods of cattle or other animals for particular purposes, and with what results ? 25. What do you con lor the best and cheapest manner of win- tering your cattle ; as to feed, watering and shelter ? 2G. How much butter and cheese do you make annually, from what number of cows, and what is your nKxlc of manufacture > 27. How many sheep do you keep ? Of what breed or breeds are they ? How much do they yield })er fleece, and what price does the wool bring > How many of your sheep usually produce lambs, and what number of lambs arc annually reared > How much will your sheep or lambs sell per head to the butcher. 28. What do you consider the best and cheapest mannsr of winter- ing your sheep as to food, watering and shelter .> How nKxny in proportion to your flock (if any) do you lose during the winter. What difference (if any) between fine and coarse wooled sheep in thesf^ respects. 29. How many swine do you keep, of what breed arc thc\ , how do you feed them, at what age do you kill them, and what do lliey '.vci.Q:h ■ivhcn drc^sod. 139 30. What expcrirnenta have you made to sliow the relative valua of p(;t!itoes, turnips and other root crops, compared with Indian corn, or other grain, for feeding animals, for fattening or for milk. Fruit. 31. What is the number of your apple trces ? Are they of natural or grafted fruits ? and chiefly of what varieties ? 32. What number and kind of fruit trees, exclusive of apples, have you ? and what arc among the best of each kind ? 33. What insects have attacked your trees, and what method do you use to prevent their attacks ? 34. What is your general management of fruit trees ? 35. What other experiments or farm operations have produced interesting or valuable results ? Fences, Buildings, &c. 36. What is the number, size and general mode of constructioa of your farm buildings ; and their uses ? 37. What kind of fences do you construct ? What is the amount and length of each kind ? And their cost and condition ? 38. To what extent are your various farming operations guided by accurate weighing and measuring? And to what degree of minuteness arc they registered by daily accounts ? 39. Do you keep regular farm accounts.? Can you state the annual expense in improving your farm, and the income from it, with such precision that you can at the end of the year, strike an ac' curate balance of the debt and credit ? Would not this practice con- duce very much to close observation, careful farming, and in the end much improve your system, as well as better your fortune > NOTICE TO CANDIDATES. 1. However concisely the subjects themselves be announced amplo information is required concerning them. It is expected thast the above questions will be answered with precision and minuteness, the applicant submitting the information according to his best knowledge, and belief of its correctness, of which a Certificate or other satisfactory proof shall be given. 2. The information shall, as much as possible, be founded on ex- perience or personal observation, and not merely on what is already m print. 3. It shall be methodically digested, and if necessary, illustrated by Drawings or Models made to scale. 4. Each Essay or Paper shall be accompanied with a sealed Note containing the name and address of the Author, and inscribed with 140 a molto which shall correspond with a similar motto on the head of the Essay or Paper. 5. Nono of tho Notes except that attached to the successful Papers, shall be opened ; all the other Papers shall bo held until claimed by their respective Authors. 6. The successful Essay or Papers shall become tlie Property of the Society, and may be published in whole or in part by the Society, 7. All Essays and Papers to be sent in, free of Postage, liefore the 10th December, 1851, to Dr. Robb, Corresponding Secretary of the Society. The awards arc payable on or after the 10th February, 1852. Decisions of the Committee of the Society will be final. 8. One barrel of the Beef or Poik to be brought back for inspec- tion, and Certificate to be sent in on or before the 1st day of May 1852. 9. Premiums in Plato may, if the Executive Committee sec fit, be paid in an equivalent of money, on the application of the successful Candidates. J. ROBB, M. D., Secrelanj. Fredericton, 10th April, 1851. / REPORT ON IMMIGRATION, &c. The Committee of tlie New Rrunswick Society for tho Encourafr(». mcnt of Agriculture, Homo Manufi\ctur«s and Commerce throughout I : \ V ^^^ Province, aijpointcd at a late Meeting of the Society to enquire ^y^intolhe best method of facilitating Immigration into this Province, A Report the following, viz : — '^ /. '^^^° ^'^'^^ facility for procuring passages in European Ships com- \ I ing to Saint John for Timbor has been the reason why so many [\l Immigrants have arrived there, and will probably continue to bean ,\J I inducement for many more to come during the continuance of the ji( \ present Timber Trade. Of the passengers who have arrived it has been observed tljat they - appear to have been influenced by different intentions, and have followed very different pursuits, in most of which however they had not been very successful. 1st. Some have come to this Province for the purpose of procuring land from Government at a cheap rate, and in this they iiuve gene- rally succeeded ; although some have failed in the outset for want of suitable instructions, cither by a mistake in -the proprietor of the Soil, or by an injudicious selection, yet their perseverance lias been proverbial and in a second attempt. they have seldom failed in becom- ing respectable freeholders as a reward for their privations and praise- worthy exertions. 2nd. Others have come with a small capital which they have ex- pended in the purchase of cultivated land ; in which case they have generally shown themselves better judges of a cultivated aoil than of Woodland. 3rd. Others have arrived without capital, but with good health and industrious habits determined to earn the means of procuring Land • and they have hardly ever failed of becoming useful and respectable settlers. In some instances they have rented farms and eveiuually become Lords of the Soil, but whether as Tenants or common labourers they have greatly contributed to the general plejity, and have been amply rewarded for their industry, 4th. Some have arrived at our Seaports and only remained in the Province as a place of rest where they might procure the means of following their friends to a Foreign Country, and lliesc seldom fail in 112 th«ir purpose. Tlioy luive generally camel the amount of their passage? an.l are gone, and i.-.xc.-.-pting only tlio pauper iniuiigrants they are the most usolcsy, or rather injurious class that visits our Province. To alTord every rea,sonaf)lc encouragement to the useful classes of immigrants who may arrive, and to give them a suitable direction in a path in which they are strangers,— it appears desirable to this Com- mittoo that they should be first directed to the Immigrant Agiuit of the Port where they arrive in order to obtain the rcfpiisitc information. And as no regular method has been hitherto adopted for acquiring or imparting that information, your Committee recommonds the following method as one iikoly to answer the desired cad, viz :— That in each County there should be an Assistant Iminigrunt Agent, whoso duty it should be to enquire and obtain from all the dilFerent districts in the County, information of the number of Farms for sale in those Districts,— partially or thoioughly improvcd-at prices from f ; — '° ^- per acre or ctherwise.— The number of Farm- tenants required or dwelhngs to bo let for the acco.nmodation of families,— number of labourers likely to find employment male or ' female— and at what probable terms or wages— and alao what Me- chanics are wanted, &c. What houses or dwellings to let to immigrants. Wliflt farms to be leased to good tenants— with or without «tock. What farm labourers wanted — male or female &;c. • What carpenters,- Smiths or Shoemakers, &:c. Answers to these queries, which might be easily condensed in a Tabular form, would enable the County Agents to inform the Provin- cial Agent of the wants of each County. It would then be the duty of the Provincial Agent, upon every cnquuy or application of immigrants to note in his Book their names m alphabetical order, with their age, time of arrival, date of appli- cation, place of nativity or the Port they came from, their occupation and mtention m coming here, and also the place they proposed to journey to. He will then be able to say to tjie applicants, that in Buch a County there are such facilities for your settlement, or tljat in the County of such inducements are held out— choose which you will, and I will give you the address of the Agent. By this method the Agent's books would form a mos't valuable Im- migrant Directory for future reference, and it is nmsnmod that no Agent will intentionally send useless or pauper immigrants into an Agricultural district, and that wlicn he finds they are bound for ano- 10 packets miln\' h AJ/ To the New Ih'iinswtck Snciety for tht rncoiiragemcnl of Affricul' lurcy Uoim Manufactures, and Commerce throui^hout the Prorince. Your Cominittoo to whom itwus rcfurrtil to enquirouiid r(;j)ortvfcc;., on tlio utility und best rnodos of f^iving •imoumgement to settlors on now laud farms, and to the occupying mid clearing up of Wilderness Lands, lieg loavo to say, that they have bestowed on this subject, con- Biderablo attention und to Report that in tlieir opinion tlio giving •ncouragemont to settlers on new land furuj.s, und to the occu[)ying and clearing up of Wilderness Lands is vaatly important toward.* Bcrving the best interests of this country. In dealing with this subject your Committee will ftrstli; notice some of tlu5 causes which in their opinion, have obstructed emigration in its flow to this Province, and clogged the advancement of actual settlers within it, and secondly will pro])nso some practical changes, which, if carried into elfect, must greatly improve the condition of back settlers, and largely tend to increasu tlio population and wealtli of the Province. Firstly the Evils.— Onl,o m„„.y ,„ay l,o l^nolicially „|,p|ie,l_,„ ,„.„„,,„, „ „ J. ^'J commonly >,.rolb , .ou,,!. .1,,, woo,!., „„„o,,„„i„u„ „i,|, ,,„' „1 „ ,. „=al ,os,„„„ of ,0 wild 1,0 i. B,ruggli„g i.._„,,™, „ „i„l'=: "« " P .1.. ,,,, r„„„,„K cl,„go„„l|y „cru« !,;„ „„„ „, j „„,„ ,„,^ « "«'• wl..ch ,„„„.y ,» ft, ,„, ,,„ „n„^ „ J- ml on .8 ul«uulo..o,l „„.| ,b,, money n,ul l.,l,oL,r Ihmwn aLy Anol ,cr obslmcion .o .ho .culi,,;; of now ImnI cspecmlly by omi- grams, . tho want of informalion as .o tho po,i,i„n, ..JLVZ lnn,l m,g™n.ecl ,„„l ,bc gr,,n,u,l b.n.l in ,|,o imn.o.li^c noigbboth,::! * .1. son,o olcarcd a„,l which might probably bo for ,.lo „Vd . Z "' bablo pnoos, ,„golh,r with some idea of distance and moans of Z. veyaoce rom .ho Son PonTowns orhmding places to ,ho noig hour hood o land avaduhle for »oulomon.-a stranger to tho co Z cspecta ly ,f bo have no, arrive.l hero, i, ,n,e,ly „" a I Jw J „ do' or what d,rc.ct,o„ to stoor, to look for lands or how Ion. it w 1 ItX,: h.m get from a Port, .uob „, Saim John to ungran.od' or g 1, la.,d yn,g ,„ rear o .1,0 f,.., tier of lots in tho McGundy SottfeZ Pans, of Prmco W,l ban,, i„ York County, or Howard L.tlon.cm in •Uum r,es Par,s n, .bo samo County, „r t. any o.hor Set.lemen 1 a Pa,-ish, of any County of Iho Province. It often happens too that la,-se tracts of granted lands, nnoccupied by thcow,,.,^ boon tho bigl, way, in tbo neighbomUd of U^o ors and others lie between ,he high way and d.o land of a b^k ottlor through wh.ch be is necessitated to make the roads and kcop Ihom open, „. l„s own cvpense, thus adding to the value of "ho rich Much inconvonioncc is generally sunbred by back settlors, in the want of oven a totoble road to bring to „,a,L any produce thev -ay have ,o sell, or return with necessaries ,hoy may're^ui,: to uT to got to Mmr™"" '" "^''"*"°°'' "^ '""" '" "■" -"""'-j' G^at inconvenience is also felt by occupants and others, settling on W,Ider„es, La,,ds from tho wan. of a Minister of their own nor suas,or, and „ good School i„ their neighbo„,-hood, so,-ious injury is ,n,zir "' "' ''"'"'"" " "■^' '^~''^' '■™™ "- »-'o/p,.op:: Owing to tho distance of son.o of Ibo Sctllomems from the Shiro ,,!!rr."'',TV'"'"j'""' !''"=«'■ »'-''™» tl'" g'-<^at roads of the conn.ry ->"d the d,ffie,d.y ef getting to mrfels, .l,oy are comparatively shut 146 out Jroin getting a fair sliaro of ilic circululing medium, oblaiiuiM*'- by persons in more improved parts of tho Province ajid it is often very diHicult for Buch settlors toruis.j never yo small aaum of money. They occasionally siiffcr much and have scarcely any crop from the want of seed,— frequently in vvantof seeds of good quality as well as seeds of different descriptions— they arc in most cases deficient in raising the different kinds themselves and in attempting to purchase are often at a loss whore it may be had, from there being no known place of deposit© for the sale of such articles. The back Settlements are in many instances much prejudiced from the want of Agricultural and other information and with some ex- ceptions are not in tlic way of getting a fair share of the premiums offered by County Agricultural Societies. Sometimes the premium 'ist is so regulated that a back settler cannot avail himself of it— he may raise an excellent crop and deserve a i>remium for much that lie lias done but is unable to produce you an extraordinary specimen of carrots and so with many other things for which he is unable to compete. While the settlers arc put of llie way of ordinary competition neither the Legislature nor Societies hold out inducements such as bounties for large crops of grain or other crops, or the extensive clearing up of new land as is, in many cases done in the adjoining * States and other countries which induce the settlement of new lands, It is admitted however that this jiosition is open to question, especially if the giving of bounties be not i)roperly limited and narrowly watched to detect imposition. Farmers in back Settlements lose sadly by not having sonu- system of meeting, to discuss their own wants and to consider together how they may improve their condition in relation to their own Agri- culture, Homo Manufactures and Commerce— they do not generally appropriate any leisure evening or hour for assembling together to think and act for themselves, but leave it to others to think and act for them. Secondly the remedies. Crown lands of the Province fit for actual settlement should, at once be laid off and numbered by competent Surveyors or Oflicers of a district under tha Government in shapely and suitable blocks— Districts— Townships or Squares from one to twenty lots or of such a size as might be adapted to the situation of the locality where they were, and actually surveyed, planed and reported on to tiie Luud Olhce, with such plain de;icription a3 to iho land and timber thereon, that an applicant could obtain the infor- mation Lc ic'juircd. 'i'lic expense of surveying, planing and icpovt- 147 ing upon the lands of cncli district to be equally divided and added to the upsot price of each lot, the cost of survey m this way, would not bo a quarter, perhaps not an eighth, nor even a tenth of what a settler generally pays for surveying a single lot. The block or District might bo advertised to be sold on a certain day, tho bona fide purchasers might pay or settle for their lands and get ihcir grants at once ; and tho officer of the district might become the purchaser, pro forma, of the lots not actually sold, and on application to him' with a deposit receipt for the money, an applicant could get his land at once. This system your committee are informed is adopted with excellent effect in the State of Maine, and in the Canadas. This proposed alteration forming the necessary basis of what is hereinafter recommended, and there now being between six and seven millions of good ungranted lands fit for settlement in this Province, it is recommended that the old system be at once aban- doned and the one suggested be brought into operation and made to apply us far as it is practical, even to reform neighbourhoods which have been partially destroyed by the old system. Under some such mode of laying off' lands, ten, twenty, thirty, forty or more families might choose their own company and settle at once, on one or more Blocks, Townships or Squares, and (subject to certain, restrictions,) the Government might uso its discretion to give a worthy settler n:ty acres of land in consideration of his large family and immediate occupation or other good reasons to warrant such n donation. 2. A road judiciously laid out or projected by the Government or other competent authority, with proper plans and returns to the land office, through such blocks or districts as above described, leading from one Section of the country to another or through tho district to the high way so that settlors might know where, best to make their Clearings-^place their buildings— erect their fences— improve their lands, and whereon the statute labour and public monies might bo expended with advantage, are subjeota of great importance to the convenience and advancement of settlers on new land farms. This system your committee aro informed, is practised in the adjoining States and the Canadas, and they can see no reason why it should not obtain in this Province— and further, no service could more c^ontribute to tho clearing of tiie forests of this country, than for tho Government to project and lay out public roads extensively through wdd^rnosa lands fii fur settlement, from one section of the country to another. Tho natural formation of the soil seems to call for this —the earliest settlements of the Province being commonly on tho J?ca Shore and on the Borders of L5>kcs and large Rivers, with 148 cl,m„» or l„n. „„,! „„„„,„i„., ,„ „ ^^,,^„, horeto .„ as v,r,ually .0 .!,„, up ,he Lack from ,l,o frooriani a «n selected ,oad in rear of .ho.o ™oum„i„=, n,„„i„g f J '^"'l^ .c socuoa of ,h. co„,m.y ,0 a„otl,er, would u-lock ,ho wildcmesr. and open > way acroM th. f,ne« soil. «"oe.ness- 3 A book of roferonco in the nature of a Directory, cl,ie(lv re- XTei: '" r'^' """ ■""■' =""™^ '-^- wh'ch 4 tjrot "1 the 1 1 '"™''' '° *» ""''='""°= ""^ '""d- of conveyance K \ . ?" '^■"'" " '""'^'-S Pl""' in 'l>0 Province to the iiBighbourhood of such ',--1, n„w;„l,„j 1 """■•-'• ro ine do^«inng to choce a spot to locate themselves and their families for 4. A. to large blocks or granta of wilderness land, bein^ allowed l^'W' "'"^■■"^' '' '"" owners-locked up fLoJct pation by l„gh pnees, m the prospect of improving tl e>r valu« by iorcmg ..ttlers to do it, who from necessity are compiled to make -ads through such lands and keep them open during winter, is a crymgevd and shamefully unjust, not only to the setriers but to the interests of tho Province at large and should no longer be tolerated Such owners, as i„ the adjoining states, should be compelled to boar then- flur proportion of the expense in making the roadUheir lands assessed for it and in default of payment-the land sold. o In the laying out of blocks or districts and the projecting of roads through the same, proper respect should bo had to Mill-sites and water powers and to enabling the settlers to get to mills and markets, and every reasonable means should be afforded them for speeddy making such road, as convenient and complete as possible. 6 For the bettor advancement of religion and education, in back set lernents, u would be well if the Government, in the survey of dis nets, should reserve.a piece of ground for the use of a minister and the erecUon of a place of Worship, and another for a School Master and School House, and in the settlement af Blocks or Dis- tncts, It might be well for persons of the same persuasion, as far as practicable to settle together, not for engendering uncharitable feel- nigs towards other Denominations, but to cnablo them to unite in gettn.g up a Church of their own persuasion, and ibr the .n.no fVe- quern visits of clergymen of their own denomination-the erection of a comforlable and commodious .chool hou.e and the employment 149 or a ^co.po.. Teacher .should receive the early attention of the 7. Th« distance of many back settlement, from mark.t. nn , ulcus plac. where public money is exp.„ded-tre 2 ! 7 ^'^" -want of conveyance, information and n ic n cu a ^^^^^^^ ""'" t.on, placing them unfavourably in regard ^1.^^.1 ''' P"'^" nionevof the countrv fho ,r /^"'^ ^° ^ '^^'^^ ^^^ ^^e circulating ino countiy, tJic disadvantage should be mot n- r in 1840, .wo o'coC A . r „ r. X: Z^' -«" ^^ O^'-K certain extent for those lan,l<. T . , "''^ Payments to a Acts or their ,1 . 1 „'v o't Z 1 °," ""= ™'''- ^^ ">-« will givo at the end onhf,r . ''""T""^ '™""' y"" Commiteo .0 be expended on the great Kor IttLSiXror^/' Country, a time v notice thrronf „o r -. , *^orKs of the to the back Settlements! '""^''^^'^^ ^« l^^^^^^^ ^^ould be extended 8. The necessary seed-its quantity, quality and .ho va- descriptions thereof, not usually on hand or attl'nhT. • "''' is a subject of vast importance to tl Jcoml Zt ' " T T"^^' settlers. County and district SocietieH^gb "akrtr '^^' consideration and have a dcnositorv in tho sf - . ''•''"' '"^^ or other known place and smll ''*''" ''^''^' "^""^''y .« n..e Jn,a 4^71^:=^^^^^^^^^^^ DisL. SoofetL: i \ ot™ „Tr ri """".'^ "^"""'^ """ to put into circulation in b.el- J k T'™'' °'^™'='' ^•"='^"<^» extent of Clcarin-s inrl ntho , P^oductions-tho circumstance: oT^Lttlet^^^^^^^ ^^'^"^ P^^"^- ^° «- small quantities of he o ' n '^' "'^'^ P"''^*'^^^ ^'^^^ ^^ 150 tiic dairy, and ns we have a great Home Market for these prochicts^ as well ns for bread stuffs and meats of all kinds, it should bo tho aim of back seltlvrs to avail themselves of the advantages of supplying the jnarket as early as p^ ble, a large stock must be fed, but mere hay will not do it, nor is it a crop that can bo dejjended upon, with any tlegree of certainty — extensive pasture lands— root crops, straw and other feed must be called in aid, for attaining the desired end. To further this combined object, especially for raising our own bread in this country, your Committee think it might be well for the Legisla- ture to ofler certain premiums or bounties to new settlers for the ex- tensive raising of grain crops, as has been done with great success in the State of Maine, perhaps it might bo extended to the raising of largo quantities of a certain kind of root crop, and to the annual lay- ing down of extensive new land fields for hay and pasture purposes. 11. For the better carrying on of all objects connected with the Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce of the neighbourhood — the minds of the settlers should, in the first place- be informed— read in tr, thinking, conversing with neighbours, and meeting together, at some School House, at a neighbours house or other convenient place, on a leisure evening, to discuss the objects pertaining to the settlers inte- rests, are modes well calculated to improve the mind and thereby lead to improve the condition. Perhaps Farmer's Clubs, on a scale which will be submitted by ono. of our Committees to night, may be better than any other to attain so desirable an end, it must prove to them a great source of information and pleasure, let them read the various Reports of this Society, as well as other information, and they cannot fail to have ample topics for discussion, it is probable there will be a diftercnce of opinion in their cwdk, and it is well that it should be so, that truth may be better elicited, there may be matters in our Reports which some at the meeting may not be prepared to assent to, and perhaps contradict, even this will be benefio.ial, if it set the dissenting member a thinking and advancing his own ideas among his fellow settlei-s. As to Agriculture, let them not suppose that it is too soon for them to think of good farming in relation to new land. Instead of considering how they can restore exhausted lands, let them i-cflect how they are to keep their new land from being exhausted. In reference to Homo Manufactures let it be their pride to make them- selves independent, and sec how many manufacturing establishments are wanted in their neighbourhood, and how soon aided by subscrip- tions among themselves or otherwise they can erect the necessary Mills, Blacksmith's and other Shops, and how rapidly they can an- niuilly add to them. In regard to their Home Commerce, either be- 151 twocn the settlers themselves or between them niul more populut.^ places, let It be their uim to produce a «i.rplu.s, an.l nel! it to the be«t l.uHs,l,le advantage in any market they can desire, and take in return money and thoso necesmries that cannot he made at home or done without. In regard to their wants, let the settlers rely, on no other help than God and their own independent exertions, let tl.om not suppose tint any suggestions in this' Report are intended to abate their efforts or lu lull them into idleness or complaining, but designed merely to s'ul^ gcst what IS fairly their due-to stimulate tliom to greater exertion and to encourage them in those pursuits which are calculated bevond' all othei-s, to add to their wealth an.l to die liappiness of thi« country. Iho foregomg arc the principal evils and remedies wliich ],ave occurred to your Committee and which, if attended to, mir^ht irivc greater encouragement to settlers on new land farms, and to^he oc cupymg and clearing up of wilderness lands, and while your com m.ttee may have omitted very important top,cs-may be wron. in •some of then- positions, and do not pretend to have described the practical detaus for carrying the proposed changes out, they trust that .some of their obscrvalions may be deserving of notice, and lead to u more full enquiry of so imj)orlunt a subject. DAVID S. KERR, Chairman. v^^t"'^' ^%^ ' \ -4iV ACTIO facilitate tho sale and improvement n} Crown Lands in certain cases. Passed Stli March, 1849. ' Whereas every racility and cncouragomQnt sliould be afFordcd for *' the occupation and improVGincnt of the ungrantcd Lands in this " Province : And whereas it is deemed advisable that the Government " should be invested with power to dispose of the Crown Lands in " certain cases by private sale, upon such terms and conditions as " may be most encouraging to the purchaser ;" 1. Be it th.refore enacted by tlie Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council and Assembly, That notwithstanding any thing contained in tho Fifth Section of an Act made and passed in the eighth year of the Reign of His late Majesty William the Fourui, intituled Jin Act for the support of the Civil Government of this Province, it shall and may be lawful for His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor or Ad- ministrator of the Government for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of tho Executive Council, from time to time, and as often as occasion may require, and with a view BL early dis- posal of the vacant Crown Lands to persons who are aRand willing to improve tho same, to cause portions thereof to be surveyed and laid off in such plaooand in such way and manner as may be deemed most advisable. n. And be it enacted. That it shall and may bo lawful for His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor or Administrator of tho Govern- ment for tho time being, by and with the advice and consent aforesaid, to sell and dispose of the Lots so surveyed and laid off as aforesaid, by private sale, for such price as may be deemed advisable, and upon such terms of payment, either in Money or in opening and making the Roads through such Lots, or otherwise, as may most readily facilitate the occupation and improvement thereof by orderly and in- dustrious Settlers; provided always, that no Lot be sold at a less rate than three shillings per acre, or shall contain a greater quantity than one hundred acres. in. And be it enacted, That His Excellency the Lieutenant Gov- ernor or Administrator of the Government for the time being, by anil with the advice and consent aforesaid, shall have full power and authority during the continuance of tiny Act to make, publi.1i ami. 153 enforce such Rules and Regulations as may be required for carrying out the objects of this Act. IV. And be it enacted, That this Act shall not come into operation or bo in force until the first day of September next. REGULATIONS. For carrying into effect the provisions of the l^th Victoria, Cap. 4. intituled " An Act to facilitate the Sale and improvement of Crown Lands in certain cases.'''' 1. That the Local Deputies do, as soon as practicable, report to the Surveyor General the most desirable Tracts of Land for immediato settlement in their respective Districts, and the probable number of Lots that may be required for immediate settlement, and that similar Reports be made from time to time as occasion may require. 2. Tliat all persons desirous of selecting any particular Tract for Settlement, under the provisions of the above Act, do signify the same forthwith either to the Local Deputy of the County ""or to the Surveyor General, in order that such Tract, with the road to and through the same, may be laid off preparatory to Sale. 3. That the Ai)plicants in all cases shall state in their Petition whether they wish to pay for their Land in Money or by Labour upon the Roads. 4. That no Land will be sold at less than three shillings pcrlicrc, and no person shall be allowed to purchase more than one hundred acres under the provisions of the above Act. 5. That where the purchaser shall prefer paying the whole amount in Money on the day of Sale, a discount will be made thereon of twenty per cent. 6. That where the purchaser desires to pay in Labour upon the Roads, he shall, upon making his application, pay the sum of twenty shillings towards defraying the expenses of Survey. 7. That where the purchase is made for Money under the Regula- tions, if the payments required are not* duly made according to the terms of Sale, and any Instalment is not paid, on or before the day when it becomes due, the Land in a{l such cases shall immediately upon default made be open to re-sale, and upon application made shall be disposed of without reference to any improvements which may have been made by the former purchaser. . «. That all payments of Money shall be made to the Local Depu- ties, except in case of purchases in York or Sunbury, when they will be made to the Receiver General. 9. That the Local Deputies shall render Returns, make remit- <.ances, and be entitled to receive and retain the same Commission on Monies received under the abore Act, and by virtu* of these Regula- tions, as they do at present under the Regulations of the 1 1th May 1843. 10. That as the avowed objects of the Legislature in passing the above Act was to secure the occujHition and improvement of the un- granted Lands of the Province, no neglect of occupation and improve- ment will be permitted for a longer period than three months, unless upon good cause shewn- therefor to the satisfaction of His Excellency in Council ; and in case of the non-occupation and improvement of any Lot beyond that time, and not satisfiictorily accounted for, the Lot shall be open to rc-salc, and upon application made will be dis- posed of without reference to any improvements made by the former purchaser. 11. That the occupation and improvement under the last Rule shall be by bona f da settlement upon the Lot, and shall be such as plainly to indicate the intention of the purchaser to do all in his power to make a permanent residence thereon. 12. That in all cases where the purchaser is to make payment by Labour on the Roads, he shall j)crform the labour at such times and at such places as shall be fixed upon by the Commissioners to bo ap- pointed for that purpose ; and in no case shall less work be done in any tne year than will be equal to one-fourth of the whole purchase money. 13. That if any purchaser shall refuse to preform labour when re- quired as aforesaid, the Commissioners shall forthwith report the same ; and unless good cause be shewn for such refusal, the purchase/ so refusing shall forfeit his right under the Sale, . nd his allotment shall be open to new application, and will be sold without reference to any improvements he may have made thereon. 14. That no Grant of any Lot purchased under the provisions of the above Act shall issue until it be proved to the satisfaction of the Lieuteiant Governor and Council that, in addition to payment for the Lot by Money or Labou-, the purchaser has actually resided thereon for tho space of one year, and has brought at least ten acres thereof into a state of cultivation. 15. That if any purchaser do remove or cause or permit to be re- moved from his Lot any Timber or Logs before he shall have receiv- ed a Grant of such Lot, such Timber and Logs shall be seized and forfeited to the use of the Province ; and the Lot from which such Re- moval shall have taken place shall be open to new applicafion, without reference to any iriiprovements of the original purchaser. 155 16. That in case any purcliRser shall bs detected in any fraud, deception or misrepresentations in his dealings with the Government under tho above Act and those Regulations, ho shall thenceforth be excluded from all the benefits and advantages of the said Act. 12 VICTORIA, CAP. XIX. AN ^CTto authorize the commutation of Belts due the Crown In Hettiers m certain cases for work on the Public Roads. J^assed 27th March, 1849. " Whereas for the better encouragement of Settlers on New Lands who have not paid the amount of their purchase money, it is deemed advisable to provide fox the commutation thereof, in certain cases by work to be performed on the Public Roads 4" I. Be it therefore enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legis. lative Council and Assembly, That from and after tho passing of tins Act It shall and may be lawful for His Excellency tlie Lieutenant Governor or Administrator of the Government for the time being by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council in all cases where purchasers of Crown Lands who have improved and are actually resident upon their respective Lots, but have not yet paid the whole of the purchase money therefor, and where Uie ..prin- cipal money due in any case does not exceed the sum of twelve pounds, to order and direct that the purchasers respectively shall have permission to do and perform work and labour upon the Public Roads m the vicmity of and as near as may be to their respective Lots, in payment of the balances remaining due on the said purchases. II. And be it enacted. Thai in order that the said work may be efficiently performed, it shall and may be lawful for His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor or Administrator of the Government for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, forthwith to appoint in and for each County, or in and for any particular District, Parish or Settlement, one or more fit and proper person or persons as Commissioner or Commissioners to superintend and direct the performance and application of such labour. Ill And be it enacted, That each and every person who may be mdebted to the Crown in a sum not exceeding as aforesaid twelve pounds, for on account of the purchase of Land, who is an actual «nd lona fvde settler on the Lot for which he is so indebted, and who is desirous of availing himself of the benefits and advantages of this Act *iall sigmfy tho same on or beforo th« fifteenth day of June n«xt, to I 156 such Commissioner ns m.-iy be appointcJ for tlie Paiirtl., Dintrict or Settlcmont where such HvXihr may reside, and shall at the Hnino time deposit with sucIj Commissioner the sum oi" one siiilling on mcU and every pound of the debt due from sucii Settler, and for which he is desirous of performing work. IV. And be it enacted. That each and every Commissioner shall keep a Record of the names of all persons who shall so report them- selves as aforesaid, and shall in all cases satisfy liimself that every such person is entitled to the privilc^rcs and advantages of this Act, before allowing him to avail himself thereof. V. And be it enacted, That each and every Settler so recorded shall do and perform such j)art and portion of work according to such specifications, and at such place, and within such time as the Com- missioner may direct and appoint, and as nr-ar as may be to the resi- dence of such Settlors ; provided that no part of such work be per- formed after the first day of October. VI. And be it enacted. That in the cases aforesaid, no Road shall be made of less width than sixteen feet between the ditches, and that a sum not exceeding five shillings per rod, in the discretion of the Commissioner, be allowed on account of any such work ; provided always, that in any case when it may be necessary to construct a Bridge, the Commissioner shall specify in v/hat manner the same shall be built, and shall estimate as near as may bo the value tliercof, ia reference to the rate before mentioned, and which, when done, ho shall allow to the parties building the same as and so many rods of Road. VII. And be it enacted. That as soon as may be after the first day of October, every Commissioner shall make a return of his proceed- ings under this Act, specifying therein the name of each Settler who may have worked, the number of he has made, and the rate allowed for the same, and the number of Bridges built ; which said Return shall be certified and signed by such Commissioner, and the respec- tive sums therein allowed shall be deemed and taken as so much paid for and on account of the said debts due by the Settlers respectively, and shall be credited as such ; and in every case where the amount of such work is equal to the principal money due from the Settler, his Grant shall forthwith issue without any further charge or payment therefor. VIII. And be it enacted, That if any Settler shall neglect or refuse to avail themselves of the privileges and advantages offered by this Act, the Commissioner for the place or District where they may re- 157 side, shall as soon qh may bo nftcr tho firsl day of Octolxfr, muku llutum of the muiuia of such porsons to tho rroviiicial Siicrotary. IX. And he it enacted, That notJiing in this Act contained shall extend or be construed to extend to authorize tho laying olF any Roads vvitliin tho Province of a width not authorized by law. X. And bo it enacted, Tliat tliis Act shall continue and bo in force until tho first day of April in tho year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty one. (This Act has been continued.) REGULATIONS. Fur carrying into effect the provisiom of the Act 12 Victoria, cap. 19, intitvled " An Act In Authorize the commutation of Debts due theCrown ly Settlers in certain cases for work on the rithlic Roads. T. That every Settler who may bo entitled to avail himself of tho privileges of tho above Act, shall on or before llic 15th day of Juno in each year, signify his desire so to do, to the Commissioner of the Parish or district in which his Lot may be situate, and shall at tho same time deposit with the Commissioner the sum of one shilling on every pound of the debt for which he may be desirous of performing labour. 2. That when any Settler is indebted in a greater sum than £12, he may reduce the same to that amount by payment of the diflerenco to the Receiver General or to the Local Deputy of the County where the Land lies. 3. That where the debt due does not exceed £5, the whole amount thereof shall be discharged by labour in one season ; and where tho debt exceeds £5, two years may be allowed, if the applicant require it, for performing the labour therefor. 4. That each Commissioner do forward to the Provincial Secretary on or before the 1st day of May in each year, a list of the Public Roads in his District which it will be most desirable to open or im- prove, and which will be most convenient for the Settlers. 5. That every Commissioner shall strictly adhere to the require- ments of the above Act, and to these Regulations, and shall on or before the first day of November in each year transmit to the Pro- vincial Secretary the Returns required by Sections 7 and 8 of the above Act. • By His Excellency\s Command. REPORT To the N. B. Society for the encouragement of Agriculture, ^c. The Committee appointed on the 8th of January last to Report \>pon the mo.^t practical and efll-ctive modes of disseminating useful information in connection with the objects of the Society, beg to pro- sent the following Report : — 1. They do not consider that a Periodical Journal can be under- taken by the Society at present. Such a Journal muat be very miacellaneous, and often desultory, and it is considered more advisable, in the mean time, to publisii such Reports, Prize Essays and Tracts as may be more immediate- ly applicable to our own particular times and circumstances. They recommend a large edition of tlw forthcoming Report, and a republication in part of the former one. 2. They reconamend the publication at an early period of an Elementary work on the principles of Agriculture, written in an easy and attractive manner, and suitable for reading in the Common Schools of this Province. 3. Your Committee express their strong conviction of the neces- sity of an Agricultural element in the Public Education of the Pro^'ince, and hope that measures may soon be taken to introduce agricultural reading by degrees into our Schools, so as to elucidate and enforce the principles of that art by which the greater proportion of the inhabitants of this Province must gain their livelihood. 4. They consider the publication of a larger Manual of the principles, practice and economy of Farming as suited to this Pro- vince to be a proper object for the Society to undertake. Such a work was strongly recommended in the Report of last year, and is still to be considered desirable. Its adaptation for Schools will be a matter for further consideration. 5. This Committee would particularly recommend that the Soci- ety should give its fullest influence towards the establishment of Farmer's Clubs and Book Societies throughout the Province. The young men of the Country are already familiarized with the machinery of such associations, and in almost every settlement there are Societies of various kinds ;— we desire that farmers should now combine for the discussion and improvement of their own art and calling : Union, Association, and di»cu8SJon~these are th« well un- 159 derstood nieiliodi of promoting great objects, and .ccuring for thfitn that prominonco in the public eye >vhich their friends desire We have no hesitation in expressing our belief that if such oriru- nized associations had been in existence among our Farmers here- tofore, a far larger share of public encouragement would now be given towards Agricultu,-c,-which is and ever must be deemed to bo the most important branch of human industry. It may be said that the County Agricultural Societies are intended to secure this object; so they do-but only in part ; they operate chiefly by premiums for the best crops, stock or manufactures : they ask for results, and reward them accordingly ; we desire that intel- ligent farmers should now give part of their time to the discussion of methods, and trying conclusions. If these Societies had from the beginning required and published accounts of the means whereby the prize Crop or Stock was produ- ced, together with a distinct statement of the profit or loss by the same, we would now be in a much mo^ likely way to produce what is required by the Province At present there is an annual deficiency of about je300,000 worth of Agncalturnl produce, and we ought never to rest satisfied until his balance has been wiped off. Let the farmers combine to secure the Home Market to themselves at all events. Of course it is obvious that any of the existing Agricultural Soci- eties may incorporate the principle of Farmers Clubs into their constitutions, and we trust they will do so ; but we further hope that rn every settlement, such associations may soon bs established and maintained. In order to facilitate the proceedings of those who are inclined' to move in this matter, we annex herewith a scheme of Bye-Laws and heads of subjects for discussion, which we suggest should be extensively disseminated along with the Reports of this Society •- with these ready prepared, there need be no difficulty in organizing at once in any given locality. ** It would also be desirable that the officers of this Society and the officers of County Agricultural Societies should in the course of the ensuing summer endeavour to explain and establish such Clubs in their respective localities. It is considered desirable that there should be a regular record of llZ'irZ- t1"'f '*""^ rncetingof the Club,and thatthese should be published in the nearest paper or forwarded to this Society for publication when all the subjects sketched out in Our "Hints'' IGO n hrive bocn discusncd and the results declared, these results must be- come the Creed of our Farmers for the future. It is high time tliat answers were had on these subjects. If we arc Farmers let us farm in earnest,— if the country ean support the po- pulation, (by increased skill) without the importation of our own sta- ples from abroad, let us know it, and let the world know it too. The Agricultural capabilities of New Encrland, of Canada and of Scotland have all been called in question, but when the answer was made by competent persons it has always been satisfactory. It is for the Farmers of New Brunswick to show whether they, or the climate, or the soil are unfit for the practice of a remunerative Agriculture. (). This Committee would advert to the census about to be had in the course of this year, and they trust that we may thereby get a better idea of our Agricultural statistics than we have hitherto had. It is very important that we should have this information to serve as a basis for future actiomand improvement. 7. A synopsis of the information contained in the Reports of the County Agricultural Societies tor 18.50 would also be desirable and might bo made and published by this Society. 8. We recommend that 1500 Copies of the Tract on Farm Mana- gement be circulated with the Journals of the Legislature— tiiat 1000 —or say 50 copies each be sent to the County Agricultural Societies —that 4000 or say 10 copies be sent to each of the Parish Schools. The last might be addressed to Clerks of the Peace and by them given to the School Masters who shall be desired to destribute them among the Schools— that 1000 copies of the French edition be put into the hands of the R. C. clergymen who shall be invited to re- commend and disseminate the same among their parishioners. Respectfully submitted, N. PARKER, ) ^ J ii(ji3jj \ Committee. 2nd April, 1851. ' ' ' ]lV£ f.A\Vs OF THE ,W, ttiii FARMERkS' CLLB AND BOOK SOCIETY. Instituted dat; of— — ^—> 1851. I. Tlie Society shiiU consist of such members as shall have sub* scribed these rules and paid the surh of per |pnum to the 1^'casurcr. II. The Society shall annually elect a Chairman who shall conduct the business of the meeting in v Tvave and orderly manner, and allow no vogue or rambling discussion, or the introduction of Religion, or party politics : and likewise a Secretary who shall also% Librarian and Treasurer. in. The Society shall meet at on the— day of each month, at — o'clock P. Mi, .^or the reading or discussion of matters connected with Agriculture. IV. At the close of' each meeting, the Chairman shall sum up the results of the discussion of the evening, and the Secretary shall make a record thereof for future inspection or publication. V. A list of subjects shall be made up at the beginning of each year, from which every member shall select one, on which, in his rotation^ he shall be prepared to read a paper or open a discussion. VI. The funds of the Society shall be applied to defray the con- tingent expenses and to the purchase of works on Agriculture or Horticulture. VII. The books of the Society shall be given out and returned at the monthly meetings, and there shall be a penalty of for neglect- ing so to return them at the proper time. VIII. Visitors may be introduced by the sanction of the Chairman. IX. There shall be an annual meeting and dinner. X. The Bye-laws shall not be altered except by consent of thre«5 fourths of all the membei-s of the Club. t^" For Heads of Suhjeds for discussion in Fanners' Clubs^ see i'flgc 126, A-c. W i,t| ttErORT ON W^OT.KN AfANriFACTi)IllL\^. To the New Bnmsinck !SociH,,Jhr the cncouragemcnl of AfrricvUurc, Home Manvjavturex and Commnre, throUithout the 'Proriucc. The Conuuitt..o nppointod at tho lust Annual Mooting of yoi.r Society, to onquiro and rcpct rclativo to tho ostahlishn.ont of a Woolen hictory, in any «uital,lo ph.co in thin Prc,vinco-tho anionnt of capital requirod for such oroction-tho o.vprnco of carrying on tho .^tahlishnicnt In an oflloiont manner, cVc, Ac, bog rospoctCuHy ,o Koport, that they have given attention to the subject, and mihniit the lolloping suggestions for tho consideration of tlio Society :— Your Committe.' have found tl.o investigation of the matters sub- nntled to thejn a difficult task, con>par,-,l with what it would have hecn, could they have procured such statistical Reports as are con^ Hantly published in the Uuited States of tho Manufacturing estahlish- uKM.ts, and operations of Unit Country. Were our public Libraries, at least supplied with those publi.-ations, it would probably tend to attract attention toward the establishment of similar operation, in this Country, and allbrd a vast amount of useful information to persons disposetl to engage in such undertakings. " In tlur absence of those sources of information your Committee have availed themselves of such other nutans, as were within their read., especially tho opportunity affordotl to one of the Committee, (Mr. McAdani) during a recent tour in the United States, ofvisitiiura number of Woolen Factoric^s, in th.. State of Mainci, and of convcrs- ing with practical men coimeeied with those Factories. Vour Committee have carefully compared tho various items of in- formation receiveri and give the result as follows. In the State of Maine the Woolen Factories are usually wooden fhuldings about 30x40 foot, 2J stories high with three flats} the first and second, ten feet in the clear, and the third eight feet in the clear. The Machinery driven by water power. Experience has shown the Manufacturers in the State of Maine that they could not compete with British Manufacturers in the finer articles of woolen c;Ioths, but that they could do so with proiit in all descriptions worth from thnio to v shillings nor yard-, of the singln ^vidth, that their own Manufacture of articles' at 'tliose prices, was vastly superior to tho British articles, at tho same price, and lound a ready market, from the iact tiiat iu England th-j b-06L of material is 163 used for the finer c I oil. and ,he refuse only for lower priced. Your .urnnuttee would rc.nark that the priced cloths referred to, rfron. oZ to /... shdhngs per yard,) constitutes a very great proportion o the olot ung roqu.red ,n this Province, i.n.en.se qj;.ntities oHt b" ng in! ported both from England and the Uuitod States. ^ Cost of Building for Machinery, Driving Maciiinery and Belting,' 'I wo condensed Carding Machines, . Spinning «noth with spring water and stagnant mm water, especially in close soils, both kinds of drains may be re- quired to produce the desired result. It is essential then that every farmer should come to clear conclusions as to whether the wetness of his field proceeds from one or other or from both together, and a* to whether the profit on the propoted improvements will cover the necessary expenditure. There is a great deaL^f vague information abroad in regard to thorough draining- (so called) and it has been perhaps t<^ indis- cnminatcly recommended in this country. By attention to the fore. going remarks it will be seen whether the latter u.ore expensive process is required or not. The absolute necessity of the two first mentioned kinds of drainincr IS readily admitted, but tlie adoption of thorough draining must be au affair of time and means. It has hardly been introduced as - .t among us, and we want information as to its profit and loss deri;cd from the experience of our own country. For the purpose of induc- mg farmers to test the utility of thorough draining the Directors of the St. John Agricultural Society have offered premiums to such as would undertake the experiment and report upon the results, and a drain-tile machine has been imported and set up with a view to supply the necessary material. It must be remembered, that in England tile draining is done at less than half the cost of stone draining, even when stone is on the land, and is more effective. The former costs m England, from .^3 to £6 pev acre with drains 3 to 5 feet deep' aiid 20 to 40 feet apart : the latter from .£10 to ^30. _ It is also -veil to know that the higliest autnorities m Great Britian m the opinion thai the growth of Crop3 in that country is more re- 171 tardttd by Uio pevt'tleiitial uUluenuee of ruin watai- and melted snow ronminiiig within a retentive sub-soil, then from surface water or ev(Mj spring water itssolf. Thero is at present Jio room for argument as to the vahie and utility of thorough drnining in the abstract, but Ihere may and will exist diflerencos of opinion as to its being appli . cable in an economical point of view, to this or the other farm, or this orlho other district. The fui^araental diflbrencc— and it is a most important one — between EnglanH and New Brunswick is, that in the former Land is dear, and Labour cheap, while with us Land it cheap and Labour high. The indiH«?riminate adoption of many Eng- lish practices in Agriculture here may prove both ruinous and absurd ; and wo are not necessarily fools bc-ause wo cannot alwayg see at once how thorough draining and high farming will pay. It mii,dit be well however to consider whether we ought not to hava a Drainage Act as well -as in Eiu^dand and other countries. We have tried Bounties on growing wheat on New Land with but little good eflect ; a Dmina<;e Act would operate as a bounty on the renovation of Old Land, and the adoption of an improved system of Husbandry. We shall now suppose that tlie farmer has Uecidod to drain certain fields as well as he can, and that he has determined upon tho material which is So form the conduit, supposing that 1k3 is to adopt the ap- proved system of covered drains. In a general way, the field which is lowest should bo first selected, the autumn is the beat season for commencing operations, and grass land about to be broken up for Oats is the best for working upon. Having determined before hand, whether it is tho surface water or that of tho sub-soil, or that of springs in the field or any two or more of these which he is to attack, h( will now mark outer set( fthe line or lines along which the drains ehall run, and perhaps make sure of tho sub-soil thorough which they uro to pass : the drain must then be dug and formed and levelled : and lastly the channel thus made must be properly filled up again. '\_^urface draviing : — This phrase has been applied by some writers to Smi?irrsystem of Thorough draining under the supposition that the latter process ^iorved mainly to remove the rain water which falls over the surface to be drained, which, no doubt, is often the case, but at present, we merely refer to open channels made so as to favor the flow of water along the surface of the field. Arrangements calculated to facilitate this object are in general use : the rideins or driljincr of Innrl hv thn nlonrrh ,.,V..,., iU :j J-ii, arc made down the slope -as they ought to be— Berves this end : by Satherifig again with iao plough, and by deepening and rcnmding ttie ITS ■watpr furmws, and mnVma, Hido cut* towaidn luw or net «|iot.<» hy inonris of tho plough ami Hpndo, this is still ,noro ffr.otually dono. Thrso wntor furrows, of course, nil end in a ditch. The brnidth of the ridges should vary with the nature of the soil, so as to hnvo moro frequent water furrows in ciny soils than in li^rht soils. Fifteen or eighteen foet is a medium breadth : in ssomo districts however they arc made of the breadth of five ifortablo therefore is to save food, and this ulonc ought to be a suf- ficient inducement when a scarcity of winter food is conjplained of." Your committee do not approve of the usnal way of kGopinf cattle &.C., in one end of the Barn and under the hay mow, the breath of 181 ili* aiiiinnlii together whh th« ammonia and other noxious gase» exhaled from the dung and urine rising up among the hay cannot fail to have an injurious effect, and though hunger may compel the cattle to eat it they do not do it with the same relish, nor does it give the same benefit as clean sweet hay. Connected with Barn economy is the proper management of ma- nures, — and here your committee think the practice of the Now- Brunswick farmers particularly objectionable. The dung is thrown from some convenient hole cut in the boarding of the Barn, that from the cattle iii ciie place and that from the horses in another, it is thus frozen in detail, and about as intimately mixed with snow as barrelled herrings arc mixed with salt; of course fermentation is out of the question, and when the rain of spring washes out the snow, it carries along with it every particle of soluble matter, leaving a mass of woody fibre as little suited to the food or growth of plants as a corresponding quantity of saw-dust ; fermentation and decomposition must take place before it can be available as a manure, and by the time this is effected it is too late in the season to apply it to a crop, and by another season perhaps one half of its virtues are dissipated. We ^o not know that we have exhausted all the objections that might be made to the present system of Barn management, but wo have noticed what we consider the most prominent ones. It is easier however to point out an evil than to suggest a remedy, and if your committee fail in this respect it is only a common case and they wiJI have the consolation of having done the best they could. They consider the barns of the country well enough adapted for holding hay or grain on the straw, (although they think the latter would be better kept in stor.ks) but they would confine their uses to those purposes. They think the houses for the live stock should be distinct, though for the convenience of feeding they should be as near the Barn as possible. A shed raised against the end or side of the Barn with a door of communication between them makes a very good Cow-house or stable ; it should have a head or feeding passage in front, and a groove in the rear of the animals for the dung and urine, the floor should be laid qui^e close so as to prevent the escape of the urine and the access of cold air, and the walls should be shingled or double-boarded, ventilators for the escape of the heated air will be necessary, one for every ten feet or so of the length of the building ; they should open directly over the heads of the cattle and run out where the roof of the shed joins the end of the barn. WhePB the situatioa is favourable^a vault or cellar under the stable at Cow-houie is perhaps tha most con^'enient place for keepiitg tl» manure ; it shoul.1 b. provided with an opening to allow the gases c.volv d hy the ferment.ng mass to escape into the open air, or what ■s «U1 better, a httle gypsum or dry bog-earth thrLn on the hoan from t.me to time will fix and retain the ammonia ; without som floor of the stable and mjure the eyes and lungs of the cattle On level ground where a cellar would be inconvenient, any kind of shed that wdl keep out the rain and snow will answer well enough With a httle pamstakmg however, manure can be kept very fairly' in the open a.-at least during winter. If it is put up in a com'pact form kept smooth on the surface and the snow carefully shovelled off before a new layer is added it will undergo all the fermentation that IS necessary to prepare it for the land, and it will settle down to a sohd mass almost impervious to rain, and consequently lose little from washmg or leaching in the spring. Whether manure is kept in sheds, in cellars, or out of doors, it is of great importance that the different kinds should be thoroughly mixed ; horse manure kept by itself will ferment so stronHy as to render It comparatively useless in a short time, while that of cattle will scarcely ferment at all at the temperature of our winters by mixing them together as they are made, the proper degree of 'fer- mentation will be excited. o'ec or ler- In England and Scotland where the cattle get a large allowance o succulent food, a liquid manure tank is anlndispenLble adjunct of a farm steading-here where the cattle are fed for the most p^rt o wholly on hay, the urine will seldom be in excess-that is,"' 1 be Irll'rTt ' ^'^ "'■' P"-'^" ^' ''' '^^^""^ ^ -h-- the cellar ^r dungstead has a porous or gravelly bottom, however it will be l>roper to lay it with clay, so as to rectain any liquid matter thai may escape from the heap. Respectfully submitted, ROBERT GRAY. Apnl2,185L WM. DAYTON. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON THE CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF FLAX. Many years ago the cultiirc and weaving of flax for family use was general among farmers. in New Brunswick : of late, however, the in- troduction of cheap cottons, and the want of economical habits among the Agricultural portion of the community have caused that culture, in great part, to disappear. It still prevails, notwithstanding, in some districts to a small extent, and more particularly among the French in Westmoreland County : French linen is almost always to be had for sale there, and forty or fifty barrels of seed are annually collected by the country dealers and exported to Boston, where it brings a fair return. There are many situations in this countiy where perhaps it i& hardly worth while to grow flax, but in the settlements remote from towns, we consider it desirable that flax should be grown on almost every farm. Summer clothing, shirting, bed and table linen, towel- ling, ticking and bagging may all be made from it : and such articles of home manufacture arc almost invariably far better in quality than those for which cash is paid in shops : besides, no substance that can be used is better for the fiittening of Stock than the seed of flax, and the very best effects attend the use of a small proportion of it made into meal or jelly, and given with their daily food. We are aware that a good deal of care and trouble are required for the management of a crop of flax : but carefulness and industry ought to be the characteristics of farmers above all men: it is chiefly the want of these very qualities which hinders the prosperity of this fme country, and renders it dependant upon others for food and clothing.. It will probably be of little avail to urge the farmer at jircsent to give greater attention to his farm : the log-crop is his favourite one for the moment, although it is easy to foresee that this same crop will, as heretofore, prove the ruin of many. The seed which we are now sowing will fall on soil of different qualities : in some cases it will perish at once, and in some it will soon be choked by weeds— but in others again, it will produce an abundant return : we must bide our time : no temporary rise of price or excitement in the lumber market will allow us ever again to over- look the fact that the permanent health and prosperity of this country. must be based upon its Agricidture and Home Manufactures. I IM I if 111 The Wnm of Flux Mill« in this Province, it may bo fiaid, lentU to retard the more general culture of thu (\ax crop, hut mills cann it b« profitably uiidertakcn unlcM ths supply for them bo in suffK-ient qna.itity and of proper quality* There ou^i;t to be at least on^ Flax Mill in every County to which the farmer sliould bring the i x straw as soon as it is dried, and where the retting, breaking, scutchiu- and heckling might bo done on the most approved principles— biu alas! we fear there is not one in tho coatitry : true, a honvs wa? granted last Session of Assembly in onecusc, but we underatau 1 thai it has not since been applied for : tho fanners should agree among themselves each to raise so much, or else tho mill will prove a had in- vestment for the proprietor : mean while, hand labour, the spinning wheel ancJ the loom may suffice, as thoy do in many parts of New England whei-o they conti bute, not a little, to that feeling of inde- pendence of which the New England Farmers boast so ; ely. If flax were more generally cultivated, we would not hear of our j^nrls— " the fair daughters of New Brunswick"— being exported ot transported t » other countries in order that their labour may be employed to enrich strangers. Flax is precisely that crop which all ouglit to cultivate, seeing that il of all othei-s, affords the material for a Home Manufac- ture, in which every member of the family may be engaged— and encourages the most laudable virtues of domestic industry and economy. Impressed with these views^ we have prepa' d an account of the details of the flax culture and management, with a view to their being generally disseminated throughout the country. There are many, of course, who are already well acquainted with the subject, but we write not for them ;— we write for those who arc honestly desirous of living on the produce of their farms, and yet have not access to all the information which they consider necessary ; we believe that there are many such in the Province, and that by them the subjoined hints on the subject of flax culture will be thankfully received* Soil. — Flax may be gfown on a great variety of soils : arty soil that is fit for the cultivation of wheat, or turnips, or other green crops will do for it : light loams, or, in fact, medium land that is tolerably deep an^ dry will answer perfectly well : on very rich or wet inter- vale land it is apt to lodge or become mildewed ; on too light or rocky soils it is injured by drought : and veiy stifl" soils are Unsuitable altogether. The soil shonld be clean, mellow and in good heart. Flax comes in best as a first crop after breaking up old grass or clover lea instead of oats, or if the land be poor, it may be manured on the sward so as to give a crop ?^f cat?, barley, or rye, and the» a trop uf fla.\ m the foUtwing y*ar ; It i» aIiu woll introduMil aft«r t hfjod crop, which has lefttho laud boili rich and c!«ati : cotnuion ma- nure shonlil not bo jipplied immediately preceding the crop. It i« to bo consiili;red art {i corn crop, and not n green crop in tlie rotation, Tho prop-iration of land for flax ! fully moro important fhn-i th« quality of l!ic land itself: it should in every cane ho well ploughed and tlior (Ugh!) Imrrowed so as t(» e.vtirpfitn all weeds and couch grasci : bio field should I)e made up into narrow ('inv — (i feet) ridgw and deeply water-furrowed after sowinir. Plaster, or ruTie,snlt, wood or peat ashes, bone or rape dui>t, singlj or in conibinution, aru the best dressing for flax land at tho timo of sowing. (juano or llquiil manue of any kind, if it can be }»a/l, may bo ad- vantageously applied UH a top dressing to tho you^ig plants. Flax ha-^ been called an exhaustive ciop, but it need not bo so, and in fact in nut more so than any grain crop : it leaves the land in good enough order cither for grain ">■ potatoes. It is cultivated for its seed and for its fibre : now its seed may and ought to be returned under the form of nuuiure from the animals fed upon it, and its fibre can be fjhown to be derived from materials ab- sorbed from the atmosphere and not from the soil, so that the abatrao* tion of the iibre is afier all no loss to the land : in the stem it is trua there were, besides the Iibre, about two per cent of mineral ma'tera derived from the soil ; these arc often regarded as so much lost, but they will be found in tho water in which tho plant has been rotted, and, if the steep water and the powdery refuse of the brakes and scut- chers be added to the farmer's compost heap, almost every particla taken from the soil by the growing crop will be returned again : and thus by good management, the flax ci-op may be made less cxhaustivo to the land than almost any other crop whatever — more particularly if pulled before tho seeds are formed. Th.ese remarkslrill be ren- dered more evident by referring to the following data : — A crop of fine flax, consisting of 40 cwt. of stalks, 20 bushels of seed, and tt cwt of tho seed-cases and leaves contains about 244 lbs. of mineral matters : of these there is found In the seed, - - - - - . . 331b«. '* bolls or seed-capsules, . . . . (^4 r Steep water, 117 " Straw 147 lbs., of which in the ■! Wood, - 21 ( Fibre and Tow, 9-^244 Of this quantity 118 lbs. is actually returned to the soil in the seed, ih« husks and ih* wood: another quantity of 117 lbs. maij he rat- .:.«>.€>, 'm ^/), % ^;. '^ >> w 'W^ o^ w tMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 If 1^ m ^ US, 12.0 U IIIIII.6 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation 4 ^ .:^^^'. 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 .Zl*) 872-4503 «/ ^ neceaMu Utmi. in tbt utitp water, and only 9 Ibi hrm (par acre) in the fibre. Sir R. O'Donnell who is one of the largest cultivate* of 4r in Ireland states as the result of many years experience that ;vhen grown m Its regular rotation, flax is so far from being exhaustive, that it tend, greatly to improve the soil and the character oAhe other crops in the rotation. It is above all most valuable for lay --g down land after wheat or oats, as the prooePs of pulling the flax by loosening the earth •round the roots improves greatly the quality of the grass crop. la some parts of England also it has become a proverb, tbax good wheat •rops always follow flax. Seed :-Owing to the great destruction of the seed of this plant'in the process of water rotting in Ireland, a fresh supply of it has to be annually imported ; veiy often too the plant is pulled before the seed is quite npe, so that the expense of growing flax is thus rendered greater than necessary : Every farmer hi this community however, might Kive seed enough for his own uses, all that it nece^say being to let the plant ripen and dry properly, after which the seed can easily bo •eparated by a flail or by a rippling-comp : in Ireland the prejudice. V of the farmers have hitHoVto prevented them from saving their flax .eed m quantity at all commensurate with the demand, but in Eussie. and Belgium the seed is always slaved and produces a very conside- rable annual revenue to the country. When the principal object is the saving of the seed the plant can b« .own in drills with advantage at the rate of U to 2i bushels per acre • When it is sown for the fibre 3 bushels are recommended : when both are desired 2 bushels are the right proportion : It is generally sown broadcast. When the plant is sown thick a finer and longer fibre is produced, when It is sown thin, again, it gives off" many suckers, each bearing a boll welll|ped with seed. . ing a The seeKhould be of a bright brownish cast, oily.tothe touch and •hould sink readily in water : the heaviest is the best : it is of impor- tance that flax seed should be as clean as possible. As the seeds are small, they should be covered with a very little mould {h inch) using a rake or very light harrow, or a brush harrow and roller. The sooner the seed can be got in so as to save the y oun - plant from frost the better it will be. It is not particulariy tender. " Weeding :— This should be done when the young plants are three or four inches high. It is generally performed by women and chil- awin, but as they have to kneel or sit on the plant, the operation should kt pe^wmtd with the fa'-- lowards the wind, so that it may help t» oit to tW of fiaz in len grown lat it tend* Ops in the iand aft^r [ the earth crop. la K)d wheat » plant in las to be be seed is d greater r, might ng to let easily bo 'ejudice* leir flax 1 Bussic conside- t can bo er acre : en both y sown educed, aring a ich and impor- Y little larrow youii£; der. t three Ichil- >hould 8lp t» 1S7 MtM th« plant aft«rw«Tdi. It is of grwt i wportana. that tk« m«ni' tionof weeding flax grounds should be faitfully performed- iToaly requires to be done once. During the subsequent growth of the plant It may be necessary to sustain the plant by small ropes or hVht nolo, supported at proper intervals. Pulling :-.The proper time for pulling flax for th white, that is. when It r not mter.ded for seed is when about two tnirds of the .talk IS ol^ervod to turn yellow-the seed bolls to be fully formed-f Ae,,ed .^*e//o/« dmk green colour and firm and the leaves beginnine ta fall. It ought never to be pulled except when perfectly drv •> It should be caught close below the bolls, and pulled upby tharodl. by small handfuls at a time~the longer stalks being kept apart frb« the short ones : they may afterwards be tied up in small sheaves, sat abort e.ght mches in diameter, rather loosely bound at the seed end and stooked, placmg the top of the stalk upon the ground and the root upwards. If required for seed, it should be allowed to stand until the bolls hatt acquired a brown colour and become firm, by which time most of tha leaves will have fallen. Fla.x which is pulled too early never acquires its proper .trength while that which has become over ripe has always much mora of fha coar3er fibre (tow) than is desirable In Belgium it is usual to thrash out tho teed before stackinir tha flax and to steep the stalks in spring. In this countiy the practica would seem to be to dew rot tlie flax at once in the field, then to re- rnove It to the barn, and reserve the dressing and spinning till tha March foUowmg. . ® RiPPLiNG.-The bundles are taken to a shed where the seedt and leaves are removed by drawing the stalks through an iron comb or rake with from 6 to 10 long triangular teeth fixed in a plank so that their bases nearly touch each other, and having a cloth spread under, neath to catch the bolls or seed vessels as they fall. A flail or beetle may serve the same purpose for common qualities, while, witii flax for fine cambrics, the boHs must either be beaten off with a mallet or cut off- with a knife. In beating it is necessary to untie tha sheaves. The seed pods, each of which contains 10 seeds, are ne« put away to dry and winnowed at leisure. In rippling, and in ail tha processes of flax management, care mu^t be taken not to braisa or injur© the dry stalks. Flax may be rippled in the field immediately after pullinif aiui tteeped or rotted at one. ; after the rippling procets th« .htafM am »»r»fore to ba afftin mada up in «Mortad Ungtht. Th« Iri«h ^m 18S ««trj imgi^.d that Ih. rcinoTul of the seed b^fur. .i.eping injured »b» quahty of the hnt, but tin. is absurd, and it ought never to bo nfglected. Ti,e «ecds which come out most readily from the bolls are th. b«st for .owing again : that which is luss ripe is pressed for the oil and the worst is fed off ot once at the cattle. The refuse of tl;e •rushed seeds {oil cake) is also admirably suited for fattening stouk ot all kinds, and helps greatly to eke out the stock of hay Retting :_Up to this point all agree in the treatment of.the Hax erop but after this there are various ways of managing so as to get th« fibre ready for market. • - ^ h Lint is the pure woody f.hre of the inner bark of the Flax plant and our object now is to separate it from the boon or woodv heart of the stem, and to cleanse it from the vegetable glue which' binds all tlie parts of the plant together- This is rather a complex process, and^uponits perfection does the value of the product chiefly de- It involves, Hrst, a fermentation or retting of the stalks so as to decompose and dissolve out the gluey portion, and, second, a me- ehanical separation of the fibre from the woodv pith. The old way was to spread out the flax stems evenly and thinly upon clean sward immediately after pulling and to leave then, them for some week, •xposed to the influence of rain, dew and air; this was called Bew rettvng or rotting Tlie process was stopt when the stems on being rubbed showed that the hoon and the bark or harl could be readily pulled part. By this method the stems are often discoloured by the weeds underneath and it is not so much practised as formerly 'One advantage attending it is, that it acts as a top dressing for the grass Pit-rethng, or rotting in pits is similar to the process used in the preparation of hemp : it consists in building up the sheaves in a some. what sloping fashion, evenly but loosely, in pits or pools sunk in the ground -about 8 feet wide by 3 feet deep-covering them with •lean boards or straw or rushes, and keeping them under water by means of stones or weights laid over all. The steep water should be used as top dressing or added to the compost heaps. This pro. «ess has Its disadvantages also : the nature of the soil and of the water more or less discolours the fibre so that a subsequent bleaching becomes necessary: clean ajid clear soft water is essentially ne- cessary and it should be introduced a few days previously and added to from time to time so as to be kept full. The greatest car. !wTTk^ ?'"' "^^ ""^^* ^^^'^ '^f '^^ fermentation, as tbe llm. for Ihi. »fi greatly determined ^ the .eae^n of the yo«r and iZ tlate of the weathtr. Frequent exaiuliiation of the tlalkti is il«ae»< 8ar>' towards the end, for a iay or two too many will affect the fibre of the harl itself, and too short a time of steeping or watering render* the separation of the wood extremely difficult and produce ". large proportion of ioio or refuse. When fermentation has proceeded lo a certain extent the surface of the water becomes covered with bubbles of gas ; when these have disappeared, and the flax seems to have settled on the bottom, it may then be concluded that the operation of watering is nearly finished : the average period may be from a week to ten days. When some of the stems are broken and the loon readily slips from the hai'l it is time to remove the flax f/om the pond. This trial should bo made every day after fermentation subsides. . As soon as the sheaves are lifted out they must be carefully laid on their edge to drip or drain, and then grnssnd or spread out in thin layers as before, to get washed and bleached : after ten or twelve days, and when they are quite dry and brittle they are again tied up in sheaves and stacked or put under cover. In some places they are not spread out, but merely loosened so a? t.^ admit the air thoroughly on all sides ; after which they are stowed away for subsequent ope- rations. ' A" inferior oual. «,es of fla, are concerned, but the value of the fine fibre by the old ope™t,o„ woul always be greater than that of M. Clause ^H.^ «««.: whtle Urn new plan therefore does not efloctthe manufactte ot fine linens or cambrics it would seem to o.„.„ „„ »""™re .n.argedaem.ndforfiax.fibre,o,.;aTe:;rf ;e Zfl^^^^^^^ -fwhtch can hardly ndw bo had to supply the enormous d ma'd for .t-a demand reaching to about 1000 ,6ns per dav in England alot^e fori rr r "" °"'^ ''''^'' •» recomme„d-the grj^vth f Fla. for the sake of .,s use in the family and for the sake of its seedsfor fee tng stock, when the deficiency of bread stufls is mad tp tm v b. .me enough to grow i, on a larger scale for the use of tic manu facturc^and when we have a market for this crop else vhero Than « home there need be no doubt of our soil and cl'itnate be " Z adapted for ,u growth.-provided the farmer does his partin "" Societies might very well nffl«v -^vi^.^^ r .t . . o rci^ won onci prizes foi* tlie revivnl nf fV.« i?i :i:i cit^iSo^ntTmrfr:: i!::;:: r" r attributable to the culture of .his invaluable Co bin: plant " ■ ' B-.KtNO .-When flax ,, grown on a large scal^te subseouen. treatment of ,b« fibre is ejected by machinery, but under oh" otrcumstances ,i may proceed on the farmer's premises The fi«t step is to break or bruise the stemi by an instrument called a ir«,t or W.. I. consists of four thin boards aZis anch«» ](ma and 3 inchp* hr^^A « j l waras about 15 u ♦ o • r J "*^°' ^^^^ horizonta ly on a frame at ««>a* aw ftx«i ]R a framt with a kamlltt wbwh ««« f- »■ applica- g apparatu* y attracted tieman pro- very weak liicli means e; and thus i tlic bark : "•'^cd in an scutching, )r silk into erior qual- by the old ni's Flax' innfacture pect of an >— enoimh emand for and alone, th of Flax 5 seeds for up, it may he manu- lere than =ing well trt in tho the Flax agement dand the mainlv, ^sequent er other itrument ibout 15 rame at aardi of 191 ^ky ia tb« iutontieti of the lower ou« by ni«ain of a j»i^l «t ih^ end, like the blades' of a pocket-knife in thoir handle. The dried flux is taken in the loft hand and laid ones cess across th© lower pressed down upon it. — juks the stalks in four places, and by a repetition of tho pro- wliolo handful is soon sufficiently bruised. Another way is to beat the flax for some time on a smooth stone' by means of a beetle or hand-mallet, but m the large way the wholo process is done better and more rapidly by the pressure of revolving rollers. ScurcumG on Swingling : — By the last process the wood or boon is rendered so brittle as to be readily separatea from the fibre by the process now to be described. Scutching by hand is effected by taking a portion of the flax ia the left hand and laying it into a notch cut horizontally into an up- right board solidly fixed on a block or stand : the ends which hang down are then repeatedly struck obliquely by a very thin board, somewhat like a broad-axe in form, and furnished with a short han- dle : the handful is then turned end for end and the process repeated umil the woody fibre or boon is scutched or separated from the harl.. The short, coarse and torn fibres which separate with the boon are called toio^ and is largely used in the mfinufacture of sacking, &c. This is a simple but tedious operation and mills are to be con- sidered desirable substitutes for the hand labour ; they likewise pro- duce a finer article. Scutching is good winter work for the farmer here, and it is pre. cisely because flax is capable of aflbrding so much winter work for the farmer's fiimily, that we consider it advisable to grow it much more than has hitherto been the case with us. Heckling: — After the lint has been wholly freed from the boon it most next be sorted into lengths ^for spinning and conversion into ifarn. This is eftectcd in the process of heckling. In the great jMills of England the stalk is first cut or divided into three lengths of about 10 or 12 inches each : The root end is used for the coarser threads — the middle for fine — and the top length is usedMly for the finest qualities of thread. The heckle is a square of metal pierced with a very great number of holes in which are inserted steel teeth extremely sharp, and placed so that the one behind stands in the space between the two in front of ?t. The heckler draws the flax repeatedly across the teeth first of a coarse heckle and then of a fine one until the fila- meRti are finally clccined, split, separated into their finest fibrils ami «mng.d in par.11.1 ori.r : and the short fibre, which ar« unfit for Fonnerly the operation of spinning of flax into yarn and the weav. no IJ] '""\ ' °'' "" '^' ^^"'P^''°" °^ «" »'-'«y ''ouacwivc, not y here but a. the Mother Country : these operations hovvevc as u-e I as the ono last mentioned are now almost wholly cllected bv Mueh.nory : This no doubt is best for England, but it vould be v M for .nevertheless, in this Province, that more attention than of I Hhould be given by the husbandmen to the culture-and by their ftax on the.r own farms-for their own use and wearin. ^ We shall conclude what we have to say on this subject by ouotin. -ome ren.arks of the late lan.entcd Mr. Colman in his Rep'^^rl upon the Agriculture of Berkshire, Mass.— ' "In looking over my returns "says he" I was struck with the re- mark of a man of much practical wisdom, and one of the best farmers m the Commonwealth : he says thai a farmer should produce upon htsjarm all those supplies which the farm can be made to yield, hx whe 1 has not forgotten to turn round, nor the shuttle to speed itf flight. In this cottage whose neat and beautiful arrangements cannot be surpassed, the clothing, the bedding, and the cI pX were an the product of their own fields and flodcs. I shall not soon forget the hearty and unpretending hospitality of these admirable dwelhngs ? I have slept many a time under a silken canopy, and trodden many a carpet as soft as the pride of Eastern luxury could make it ; but never with any thmg like the sentiment of honest pride *nd independence with which I saw here, the floors spread with carpets made from their own flocks, which for fineness and beauty the foot of a princess need not disdain, and on a cold night slept on woolen sheets from their own looms as soft as the Shawls of Cash- mere and wiped my face with towels spun with their own hands trom the||own flax, of a whitenessas transparent and delicate as the driven snow In such beautiful examples of domestic management, t IS delightful to see with how limited means the best comforts and uxunes of life may be purchased. Nor were these instances ky, : .^he County of Berkshire abounds with examples of this domestic comfort and independence. Much to be regretted will be the change, which has already invaded many parts of the State, when under the pretence of superior cheapness these household fabrics shall give place te the more sho^.vy but flimsy products of foreign industry : m uUh. healthr •x«r. Saint john, April 4th, 1851. To the Secretary of the rrovincial Society. Dear Sir— As one of tho Committee appointed to report on a plan for a Provincial Fair and Exhibition, I beg to submit for the consideration of the Committee the result of my cogitations on the subject. I think that the Fair should be held annualiy.—but to eommcnce in 1852,— or that at least one year's notice would require t« bt given. The time should be Tuesday, Wednssday and Thursday of the third week in October. The places should b«~first year at Fredericton, for the River and western Counties— second year at Miramichi, for the norther;i Counties,— and third year at Dorchester for the eastern Counties, and so to continue, with such alteration of localities as experience might shew to be advantageous. The amount expended in Premiums shauld be at least ^250 for each Fair The towns or Societies of the District where the Fair is held should be called on and required to provide the necessary show-grounds and erections, with the exception of a large tent to be permanently provided for by the Society. The admission fee f the Show grounds, (Is. 3d.,) and the entrance fee paid by com- petitors, (5s.,) should go to the funds of the Society, While the exhibitors mig-ht be expected to be chiefly from the district where the Fair was held, it would be open to competitors from the whole Province. Competition should be invited io the following Departments, riz: Agriculture, Manufactures, and products of Domestic industry. Agriculture— Horses for Agricultural purposes and for "all work." Premiums to be offered for Stallio»s, for Mares foaled or in foal, and for two and three year old colts and fillies. CATTLE. Premiums to be offered for Bulls of any age, for Bulls calved after the 1st of January 1850, for cows of any age, and for heifer* calved after 1st January 1850, to be pure bred of the following broftds— Durham, Hereford, Devon and Aynhirc. Premiums also 195 f AND , 1851. porl on a lit for the ations on ommcncs lire t« b« y of the be River norther/i [^ountiei, perience £250 for the Fair ecessary e tent to 3sion fee by com- rom the ipetitors nts, riz: ndustry. or "all in foal, calved heifers tllowing ims a!i» for native or crom-bred Cowi of any age— but not for Bulls class, and rremiums for workinir and fat oxt ind in ttiia cowa — the. breed or cross to be specified by the exhibitors and the mode of feeding demcribed. Premiums for Swine end for Sheep— exhibitors to specify the breed. Premiums for grain and vegetables. ' ' Premiums for cheese and butter. Premiums for beef and pork in barrels, to hare been raised by the Exhibitor if a farmer, or produced in the Province if exhibited by a packer or Merchant. In Horticulture— Premiums for vegetables, flowers and seeds- fruits and also honey. MANUFACTURES. All articles to be exhibited by the Manufacturers,— and prices at which they are for sale to be affixed. Premiums for the largest and best assortment of agricultural implements in wood, and the same in iron. And separate premiums for Horse-powers, Fanners, Threshing. Mills, Cheese-Presses, Churns, Ploughs, Harrows, Cultivators Dung-forZ-s, Hay-forks, Hay-rakes, Scythe-sneaths. Premiums for the best assortment of Pottery,— the best assort- ment of bricks. Premiums for the best assortment of otoves,— the best assort- ment of edge tools. Premiums for Soap and Candles, Hats and Caps, Woolen Cloth, Rope and Twines, Brooms and Pails, Matches, Harness Carts, Waggons, Carriages and Sleighs, Cut Nails, Lasts, &c.', &.C., Cabinet Work. DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES. Premiums for Lace, for Rug Work, for Caps, Quilts. Blankets. Sheets, Linen, Woolea Yarn, woolen and mi.xed Cloth, Socka and and Mitts, for the neatest shirt, do. Trowsers. FISHERIES. Best Pickled Shad, Herring, Codfish, Pollock, Hake, Haddock, Salmon &c., Best Smoked Fish of any kind, Best preserved Fish or Shell Fish of any kind. As I have but little acquaintance with the latter branch I leave the details to be filled up. The above is an outline of what I conceive should be the leading features of a Provincial Fair. 1 may Uf r«roark. in r«gird to th« claMificatlou of tha prtmiunis foi> cattle, that the above is now the plon adopted, not only in EriKlnnd and Scollund, but in th« U. Slates and Cunndu. I have before mo the trunsi.clioiis of the N. V. Siato A^i ic u'tu.ul Society fornino years. At first they ..ll.,wcd mixr-d and naiivo brceda to compete, but finding thnt premiums jrjvfn in tliisdi, eciion iid no good and effected no pcnnnnent iinprov- intnt, pixniiuuia a« above specified hove bcpn given fcr the last sovimi years. As the Premium Liht for the above Fair should be issuod this prestnl Summer, it will 'e necessary to npply to the Government ©r the Legislature, for a (.'rant or promise of n Grant f.,r the purpose of defraying premiums nnd ox| o.iHes. Unless I h« pre- miums are liberal, so as to slimuhte and reward the industrious the Fair wdl do little g.^od, nnd would probably bo a fiilure. If otherwise, it might be the means ofexciting such a npirit and effecting such an improvemonl as would repay iho cost to tho eountry ten times over. I shall be ready to go into tho details on my first visit to Fre- dericton. , I am, Your'a trul/ D.Robb. R.JARDINE. Note :^A Bill was introduced in accordance wit}, the above Mfiggestton, and after having been read a second time was left, over m consequence of the hurry attending the close of the Session, until th$ next sitting of the Legislature, >u of (hd »pted, not Cunndu. licu'tiiiul ii(J iiaiivo iliii'ciion |)i( r> 5 5 5 5 5 5 Upham Agr. Society, £S KESTIGOUCHE. Stewart, Dugald ,^,'0 £ Per P. Stewfirt, Esq., (names not rcctived) G M GLOUCESTER. 5 Beldwin, H. W, Bishop, S. L. Brown, Robert Blackball, Jas. H. l^acon, W. hesbrisay, Theoph, .^'0 5 D £2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ALBERT PorCoI. Clark, {names not received) £% lo CARLETON. Bedell, John /. P. £Q Connell, C. H. County Agr. Society, Dibblee, H. E. liibblee, J. D., J. P. English Richard M. P. P, 5 Q Fisher, L. P. Friend, A Garden, H. M. Jacob, E. J. Jacob, J. R. M. D. Ketchuni, Ralph Parley, Charles J. P. 1 Phillips, James A. /. P. Robertson, James Truesdalc, E. M. Tapper^ James R. Upton, Asa /. P. Winslow, J. F, W. 1 Q umaresq, P. J. R. Ferguson, Francisi /. P. I Ferguson, John Gordon, Robt. M. D. Johnstone, Wm. Macdonell, Goo. Rev. Miller, John J. P. Mitchell, J. M. Q Napier, Wm. J. P. "ackard, B Read, Joseph M. P. p. Street, J. A. M. P. P. Windsor, Joseph Wolhaupter, Chaa. J. Wolhaupter, .Tames M.' 5 5 5 6 5 5 r> 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 r> Total ^(i I NORTHUiMBERLAND. Allan, J. C Davidson, A. A. O.IIenderson, Rev. W. Marks, Hi'gh 0| Porter, John OiStreet, J. A. M. P. P Vanstone, Thomas OjUiliiston, Edward M. P. P. 5 10 5 u Lay ton, J, Total £11 KENT. £0 Per Mr. McDoUj^all of Chatham 3 10 5 0' Total £4 15 Note :■ -In addition to the above we have also most gratefully to acknowledire subsciMotinn« t^ tu., ^r^....^t,r />•" " &l'*''*^'"'v ^'* lotte County; but as they a. rived too late for the audit of 850 Loy do not appear in the Treasurers accounts for that year and aro earned towards the s.'bscrineionsofihe year 1851. *t- (J 5 • 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 1 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 r> 5 6 5 5 5 n 10 5 . 5 10 ERRATA. Page 98— liie 17 from top for " gant" read » grant*' " Dying" read " Dyeing" insert " that" before "our" erase " for" 99 101 103 118 lg3 136 168 170 179 (I 184 u (( (( (( (I u (; (I (I 25 28 9 1 9 20 2 1 5 22 17 "■ bottom for " Jdhnson" read " Johnston" " " " Sooi«ty".rcad '' Society" ' top before " less" insert " not" " bottom for " afford" read " affords" " " before " in" insert " coincide" top for " there" road " these" it. " wans" read " wons" " exported" read " exported" N. B. It is particularly requested that those who use the Canadia« Tract on Farm management will substitute "8 lbs." for "3 lb«." of butter, in the recipe for the mixture for smearing sheep. 't*. NEW BRVIVSWICK SOCIETY, FOR THE BffCODRAGEMENT OF IgrirulttttE, Inme Jfiamifatturea k Cammerre, Throu§^hout the Province. SIR EDMUND W. HEAD, BART., PATRON. The Annual Meeting of this Society, at the County Court House, in Fredericton^ was held on the evening of the 7th day of January, 1652. The President took his seat, and, as the Chairman of the Executive Committee, submitted the Annual Report of the Society's doings for the information of the public, of which the following i$ ^ copy:-r Gentlemen, — It becomes my duty to Report the Society's doings during the past year, since the last Anniversary held in January, and to offer such observations as occur to me in regard to the Society's operations. ^ It has been a principal object with the Society, and it has been thought particularly incumbent upon it in the early stages of its proceedings, to disseminate as widely as it was ftble sound informa- tion connected with the important objects which it is its aim to advance ; with this view. Committees were named to investigate and prepare reports to be submKted to the Society on some of the prin- cipal subdivisions of the three great interests which the Society is established to advance, and others alljed therewith. These have been published under the supervision of the Society, and widely cir> culated. The first part of the Journal of our proceedings contains the early reports so submitted, and the course which the Society has thus taken, has, I believe, met with very general approbation. Since the period of the last Annual Meeting several oth6r Reports on very important subjects have been published. One of them is on Draining ; an operation on the effectual performance of which much of the success of Agriculture depends. It is only within a very late period that the full importance of this subject has begun to be under- stood, ev€>n in England, whose Agriculture we have been apt to suppose must have been kng since much more perfect than it is now believed to be. ^ 202 rniemrf;,^:^ '' "'-^y -«-«>»-.ed .0 ,he soil i„ Z »ltf !' I'-.'T' "' '"""'" ^"P"" i' 'he culture of Flax wl.ich altl. )ugl, ,t has not yet attracted much attention in this pZ„Z^h is "t^"""" '^"■'"^■"»y '-oreafter be "^fit^llyra "ed 'a'd ur;r JK t'rd'itr„" =ThV"r ' r^^^^^ ?=f.^t;:^:^£ttiS~re? been also presented on the subject of Imn/igra on' and on/n ^k means of encouraeinff new spttlprc i^ ™'S«-aiion, and one on the difficulties which b^ set the e^a it oThi^ fj"''' '? ^"'J^ '^' the trnprovemont of tl,o condition of those hTpbnrs of civL ° .■Smarito^rtLtX^^l^sTft^t^^^^^^^^^ '^ of -h spc^] itaf„r.tet:r;:pe^;"?of ;::;: larly adverted to by the Corresf nd g Sectary hereaf^? ^T^ vanous Reports contain much matters likelytob'e found valuIl.T :S"rr ^-^^'^^ tertSs-h":; bt-r rerotmlfrpre'^r;„r^^^ which was generally acknowledged ' "" ^''^ "^'"^ °^ ...?1!T/ ".'^ ^ii'ing of the Legislature a larse and influential ^„..;„» 203 The receipts and expenditure during the past year are fully de- tailed in the Treasurer's account, which will be submitted. Premiums were offered by the Society for Essays on the improve- ment and encouragement of Orchards : — On the improvement of the Woollen Manufactories of this Province :— On the best ways of using Turnips and other root crops in the feeding of Stock. And a Premium also for the best managed Farm of not less ihau a prescribed size, as indicated by answers to a series of questions ; and another for the second best. A Premium was also offered for the first 10 barrels of Beef or Pork of first or second quality, packed according to the directions of the Society. The time for presenting the Ess'ays has been enlarged until the 31st January, instant. The encouragement thus held out will, it is hoped, prove a stimulus to exertion, and furnish valuable materials for the records of the Society, The Society have also voted a Premium of £15 to Mr. John Flett for his Carding Machines, Dyeing Works, and Cloth Dressing Establishments, recommended under the correspondence which I will read, (he here read the correspondence,) and, which I may add, the Society has felt great satisfaction in encouraging. Public Meetings in aid of this Society were held during the past summer at Dalhousie, Bathurst, Northumberland, Carleton, Saint Andrews, the Cork and Harvey Settlements, the proceedings in the Northern Counties and in Carleton have appeared in detail in the public prints. At all these places, except Carleton, the objects of the Society were enforced by Mr. Kerr, to whose exertions the public are much indebted, and hi^ zeal and ability every where acknow- ledged. In the Harvey Settlement and elsewhere measures were adopted for the formation of three Farmers' Clubs. By all these varied means, the value to be derived from the atten- tion A intelligent and scientific men being directed towards aiding ihe development of the great * sources of a nation's wealth and economic self-reliance, has been brought home to the inhabitants of the Province in all directions — the duty which the Society has taken on itself, and the efforts in which it is engaged, have been generally known. It has everywhere met with encouragement by the expres- sion cff opinions at public i, Jtings, and in many ca^es by contribu- tions to its funds; and we trust the approbation thus manifested is but the precursor of a permanent and effective organization in the several Counties, to co-operate in the common end in view,— ^the elevation of our common country. Much encouragement has been derived from the success attending the Exhibition recently held at 20* objects wichin the scoDe of iLT„n!.i .. "' poondi-to premium, for iJ Corresponding sXa,; and on" 0'"^; '^"ifp'"^.'''"^ '*''"'«''• that Eihibition ., a Comi^|„ee of ,h. w !. P'^idenls attended valuable and detailed RTr.^^ 1 s„b£;''l°h'' "'"" 1,^^ under the direction of the M.Jh.„ „!> i ^•.'"' "''"'' ^" P»Wi»he '"^ ">'■" «eps to hold aFlir in F^T- 7'"* '^ ''*" "^ '"^'"e i-mediate beVo fully eVplained in 'Ir^^^^^^ ^' """■'^ "^ this^snbject will meeting, Ld the CorConSt ''"'' "l ""' l"«««iin^ of that which The Socie^ Sed i^b^etTrZ ' ^u-^"' '"'' *« '-^••'-'°'* ■.ot further ad« J to ithl U ,1 K T ""^ T'""^. "-at I need nieahs of fosteril a suiri,^> . ' '.^S • ^.?P*'' .""' "' ""y l" *» .he iL ^indt'betl^dl-tXr aL':^^^^^^^^ °^ In conclusion, I wUI observp ih<» •!.... ■ lu'ince. signs of steady advance oflh! .'■" "° "erj-where appearing cultivation o?the S ,1 i-T' •""'""' """"oted whh the satisfacti™, the att ^'of i:nf ;' '? ^' T'"'"'' "'"' "-"h purs^ts, is'no. be^ Jo" di e^J rVe" iSl^ ^;"'- the eyes of the W h3f ,/'°"7'^ husbandry, and no less in entirely relies ^"' '" ^"^ ^'^''''^ '" «••« «" o„ wbicJ, he »eL];^3sle;rn*;j7hrsreso^ 5" t-"' "''■"^ "-^ Reports on the sub|,ct o?.S: pl^viSirS""' '""'"^ '■"' '"' «e at M^wi?^"' °"'"' '•'•""""S were the. ad.er.ed to, which .hd:Fair^.,*,^,,S^:'^;4**^^^^ 205 jtitution of this Society, and 5, 6, and 7 sections of the Act of Incorporation, 3 Vict., Cap. 62, Resolution of March. 1850 and Rep^t of 4th April, 1851. (See Society's Journal, ^ 12 89; 194 and Province Laws of 1850, p. 193.) ' *' *» °^, *»*, and^red'^uitou'y!"'''' ^''^^ ''''''''' '^ ""' ^"-"> ^^^'^ 2nd. Rttolved That such Exhibition is intended to embrace all kinds of Agricultural, Mechanical, and Domestic productions, and .Jlu. r k" ""^.^•«»*^^' f *1 e^ery variety of Industrial product worthy of observation, manufactured and unmanufactured, within the resources of this Province, together with an account of the quantity available foMupply, and the prices thereof, with a view to a sale or ultimate market for such articles. Moved by Hon. Judge Parker, seconded by Col. Hayne, and passed unanimously, ^ j ) 3d. Resolved/Thtxt His Excellency Sir Edmund W. Head, the distinguished Patron of this Society, be waited on with a copy of the proceedings ofthis meeting, and respectfully Solicited to advise and co-operai3 with this Society in the design of having such Exhibition as complete and extensively beneficial in all parts of the Province as possible. 4th. Resolved, That the General Committee of this Society, by Its Constitution composing the Legislative Councillors and Members ot the House of Assembly, in their respective Counties which they may represent, and in their private capacity, are especially request^ to take a leading part and give their individual aid in promoting the object in their Counties respectively. * * Moved by the Attorney General, seconded by C. Macphei^on/ J!isq., and passed unanimously, 5ih. Resolved, That the respective County Agricultural Societies ^mughout New Brunswick the St. John Mechanics' Institute, L also the several Mechanics Institutes in different parts of the Pro- vince, Manufacturing Companies, and others who feel an interest in the welfare and advancement of this Province, are hereby invited to jom with this Soc.ety m promoting the object in view. Moved by J. Gregory, Esq., seconded by D. S. Kerr, Esq., and passed unanimously, *M., aim ©th. Resolved, That the Corresnondintr SAcrAfor.r |«. .„.-.j .^ prepare a scliedule of articles suitable for°Exhibitioi OT'S"^nlfln nf the Industrial Exhibition of Great Britain, and submit the i" °^ the Ammal Meeting of the Society in January next. 206 Moved by J. C. Allen, Mayor, seconded by J. Tavlor Eso «nW passed unanimously, ^ -layjor, jL,sq., and hTa *"'' Pm"'-'""-'".™""' "f ""' probable exponre*^, hereof « the Annual Meeting in January next. mereoi, at u„at™lrr^- '''"'''' '"°"'''" '^ ''• ''°''°"=' ^"'- ^""i p-'" flth. BMofoerf, That in addition to the Office Bearers and Tnn, mmees of this Society, local Co„,n,i.,ees be appdmed in X s^Sl"xliWt?or °' "'" ^"""'='' *" »"'■"' "> "■' •"--- of tt pa." dt anCua^-, '^*^'' ''"'""'' '' '"^ Atto„,ey,Ge„erai, and JoondlZ'li'v^''% "'"/"'•'•^JPon'ling Secretary forthwith cor- respond with the Vice t'residents of this Society, County Aericulioral Societies, the several Mechanics' listitutesf Local Commiees Manufacturing Establishments, and individuals in differen" narro^ X:rrrs:;raid^rhii^-r^^-^°- -^ acti. co^s t una^Jrously! "^ '^ '""'' ''"""'' "^ ^"""^ Street, and passed lOib. J^Mofoerf, That subscription lists be opened bv the Ix>r»l Cominutees in different parts of the Province to^aise a fund for ."i special purpose of aiding to transmit the articles to the ExHbit on t^Exhihition"''^ "" "'"'""' ""' '"' "■" ^''-' l>"'Poses "^If "S un^nrously! ''■ '''""■"' '^'"''"' '' '^ ^^ ^^"''""'■' -■» P"-" 11th. Resolved, That the respective Editors of Newsoaner, in different parts of the Province, hereby are respectfully rSed o fhiy^TiaV °°'"* ''''''"'""' '"""' ^"^"-"- «" R. FULTON, Secretary. una^nL^uily X'^JZ''' '°"°^'"^ ^^^ ™-^^ ^« b« added, and .K ^^itV^^'^^'l'''' i'^'^"^ '" "^^•^'°" *« ^^« Resolutions passed or the 15 h October last, the Ladies of New Brunswick ^aremos; respectfully requested to exercise their influence .nH U^a I'l"!?f separately and collectively, in co-operating with";he'"soci^: and 207 Esq., and I A. Beck- , Colonel and John ary Show rt on the thereof, at id passed ind Com- d in the ts of the leral, and with cor- riculiural nmittees, parts of ration in i passed le Local I for the chibition of such i passed ipers in isted to ation of tary. ed, and ised on e most :ir aid, y, and ject of The corresponding Secretary, from the Committee, according to the 3d Resolution of 16th October last, appointed to wait on His Excellency Sir Edmund W, Head, reported that he Had attended t6 that duty, and that His Excellency was pleased to say that he would render every assistance in his power towards forwarding- the purposes of the Exhibition, " The Qorresponding Secretary, as a Committee to prepare a schedule, according to the 6th Resolution of October last, submitted his Report, which is as follows : — PROVINCIAL SHOW AND FAIR FOR 1852. In pursuance of a Resolution passed at a General Meeting of the Society, held on the 15th of October last, I beg to Report herewith a Schedule or classified list of such objects as may fairly be said to be of our natural resources, or to come within the scope of our Pro- vincial art and industry. I have ventured to depart somewhat from the classifications hitherto adopted, but hope that the new arrangement will be considered both simple and natural ; should it prove to be not quite complete, it will be easy to refer any of the omitted articles to their proper place in the list. The object of preparing and disseminating such a Schedule is to direct the attention of all those who are interested in the proposed undertaking to the specific items which are desired for the Exhibition ; and, as it is only by an united and hearty effort on the -part of the whole community that we can hope to get together a worthy collection of our Provincial resources and products, an earnest appeal is made to all parties who may see this* list, to select at once therefrom such articles as it is within their power to pi'ocure or pre- pare, or others not included in the list — notify the Secretary thereof— and proceed to get them ready as soon as possible, in a manner and style befitting the occasion. It is hoped that l,he- funds to be placed at the disposal of the Society will enable it to defray a portion of the charges of procuring and transmitting certain of the articles for Exhibition, and also to prepare and issue a liberal Premium, List. The Exhibition at Saint John last year has already given us,incre?sed confidence in the resources and industrial activity of the Province, and I venture to predict a steady and rapid improvement therein from such periodical festivais dedicated to the cause of Art, Industry and Commerce. Respectfully subtnitted. J. KOBB, Corresponding Secretary, Fredericton, January 5th, If Sfl8 OVTLI]%C OF CLASJSIFICATIOiV. CLASS f.-M/NERAL KINGDOM. Raw Materials, Marttiftfciures, in Mtetal,i Ditto, Miscellaneous. CLASS II.-VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Raw Materials, from Forest, Farm or Garden, Manufactures, chiefly of Wood, *^'"° » Grain, Fibre, «tc. CLASS IU.~ANIi«lAL KINGDOM, Animals, Manufactured Products. CLASS IV.-PINE ARTS, &c. ' Objects of. CLASS L-MfNERAL KINGDOM.-S.cr.o. A.^R.vr M.T.a...,. Metallic — ^Iron Magnetic 0»«, Ditto Specular, Ditto Hasmatite, , Ditto Bog, , Pyrites, (for the manufacture of Copperas and Sulphur ) Lead Sulphuret or Galena, «"'P"ui,y Ditto Argentiferous, . Copper Pyrites, ; Ditto Grf>y Ore, Stto sr ^^'^'^^' <^°' ^^«a€hing purposes,) Mimrnl Painis.^BaryteSy (Permanent White,) Iron Oclir«, Btown, ditto Bltm, Red MarL iiog Manganese, Plumbago. ComhustiL 'Materiak.^o^\ common, Anthracite, Dgniie, Asphahe, Peiroleam, Naptha, > 8 ^> Asphaltic Shale, Peat. Grinding ««^ Po/«A,VjW«rm-«fc.^Maislones, Grindstones, Whetstones, Hones. * Clays, Sands ^^-;Clay^ Red or Blue, for Bricks or Tiles, ' Ulay, White, for Stoneware, &c« Ditto Fire, for Fire Bricks, Dmo „ for Moulding. 209 Manures. — Lime and Marl, Gypsum or Plaster. t Ornamental Stonet. — Agates and Jasper, t Amethysts. t Building Stones. — Granite of different colours 5 8 in. cube, dressed, Porphyry, „ „ 71 }t Sandstone, „ „ » >> Limestone, „ „ 7> J> Marble, „ „ « n Alabaster, „ „ >» >i Roofing Slates and Flag Stones. SBJAU. iulphur,) CLASS I.— Srction B.— BfAiturACTORii. In Metal. — Stores, for Parlour, Ilali, Ship, he, \ Cooking Stoves, for wood, with furniture, Ditto „ for coal, Cooking Range, Furnace and Fenders, Boilers, Pots and Pans, ' Ploughs and Drill Harrows, Potato Diggers, Spades, Shovels, Hoes, Hay and Manure Forks, Axes, narrow and broad, Planes and Chisels, Hammers, Augers, Screws, Nails — Cut or Wrought, Locks, Latches, Safes, Fire Arms, Cutlery, Clocks, Electrical, Astronomical and Surveying Instruments, Steam Engines, Latbes, Machines for drilling, planing, riveting, or screw cutting metals. Machines for sawing, planing, morticing or boring lumber. Fire and Garden Engines, Pumps, Crabs, Cranes, and Screw Jacks, Toothed Wheels, Link work and Couplings, Work of Silversmith and Jewelkr, Ditto of Blacksmith, Coppersmith, and Tinsmith. ]\RsceUaneota. — ^Salt, Potash, and Pearlash, Lime and Plaster, Cements, Illustration of manufacture of Iron, Gas, Salt, &c., Pottery, Bricks— common and faced. Drain Tiles, Flower Pots, Crocks, Bowls, &c. CLASS n.~VEGETABLE KINGDOM.—SxcTioit A.-Raw Material!. From the Forest. — •Butternut, Basswood, Beech, (Panel of,) Pnnlar. Rnlsam and Whitfl. Ash, White and Black, Elm, Red and White, 7? 4) ^i<.\»:jitt-f»fi." ../;i^J:^i^" ■ I) ti » I » n if » 1^10 From the ^'"'''-(^ontinued.^.k, R«d, White and Red (Panel of) Maple, White, Red and Rock, vr«"woi,; Birch Canoe, White, Yellow h Blank, Hornbeam, small Bcantling, Iron Wood, Pme, White, Red and Gny, Spruce, black, white. Hemlock & Balsam, l^edar. Larch or Hacmatac, Cranberries, Wax Berries. From the F^rm--fheat, Spring or Fall, in sheaf or grain, Corn, Common and Broom, Oats, Rye and Barley, Peas and Beans, Buckwheat Timothy Seed, Clover ditto, Flax and Hemp, in Stalk, Seed, or Fibw, Millet, in Stalk or Seed, Hops, Potatoes, Turnips, Carrots, Mangold Wurteel From the C'jjff^-Apples & Pears (named varieties, fresh & dried), Melons, Cucumbers, Squashes and Pumpkins, ^' lomatoes and Peppers, Turnips, Carrots, ^ti!::^'^Z' ^*'"^' '•"''^' »'™^--' Flowers, Bouquets, and Baskets, Garden Seeds, Green House Plants, Dried Plants. CLASS IL-Section B. Straw Cutters and Woodea Rollew, Straw Cutters and Com Shellers, Horse *nd Hand Rakes, Snow Shovels, Cheese Presses, Churns and Butter Workers. Flails OxYokes, Bee Hives, Barrels, Tubs ..o P^k, Shmgles Clapboards, Laths and Veneers, Tables, Chairs, Sofas, and Ottomanfl> rabinets, Wardrobes, Bedsteads and Cradles, ^Kjreens aad Picture Frames, ^^.m, i^hoe Pegs and Lucifer Matches, ' ^^fe^^^ Elds, Blocks, Wheels anil Capsttms, g^.ica Screws, Pumps, Turnery, Basket-Work. > * «u03 una jHosicai Instruments, Carnages Waggons, Carts and Wheelbaflows, b^eighs, Sleds, Rand-Sleds, and Child's Sleds. 2M Panel of,) JM\^ CLASS II. -Section C. tt » I) it » Afanu/ac " New York State Agricultural Rooms, "Albany, Dec. 24, 1851. " Dear Sir, — I have your letter of the. 12th instant, and although I cannot answer it fully to-day, I thought best to give you all the information I now have, and write again in a few days. " The tent which we have for our Fairs, is 140 « 80 — 35 feet to the extreme of the tent, 12 feet walls- " A tent of this size, of the best quality of cotton dnrk . flnt sMmpH with rigging complete to sustain a moderate breeze, can he purchased here for ^725. It would be done in the best style ; if not satisfac-' tory as to work and materials when done, no sale.' " As to the tent with transepts, I cannot give you an answer until the gentleman wh^ I have consulted, andVho has marall the ll^Tl.:' 7 ^^''? '"^ ^°"°^^ ^°.^'^^'«^' ^'^ ^'^^ his estimate --which he will complete, as soon as he can prepare a model from which he will be able to give the cost. ^ * ' ™ " The tent like ours, can be prepared and ready to be delivered n 6 weeks from the time of the order. The other probably would take two weeks longer to prepare. ^ ^ ^ '^ Our tent is a very convenient one, and can be arranged imer- nally very easily and very tastefully. .** New'York'"''A'r..^' °i!J''"'i"^ '.?• ^' ^^'''^JAMs, Rochester, 111 /r Ti ^^^''''^ '° h™^ through me, will be for- :S^tlr«;ke"^'' ^^" """ ^°" °' ^'^ ^^'^^^"^-" - <^-S * * * * # " # <> nJr!'V°'^"''^^^'' had contemplated a tent with transepts, and of York State Society ; .t will, perhaps, be better now to give up the Idea of transepts, and leave the proportions for a future day. A large Pavilion, therefore, such as the above, with open pens or r^dred'."' ' ' ' ''''"''^' """'^ "^"'''^"'^ "" '^^ ^'^i^tgs 3. The Committee consider that the charges connected with the from-T' P" ^hr!'^, V^^^^y^^ by "^-°« of a special apprj; LJon from the Provincial Treasury; the Pavilion would thus become public property, and might be conveyed from time to time into such Counties as were fixed Upon as the seat of the periodical Exhibitions of our Art, Industry, and Resources. "'"iwons th A \'T^ '^'? ^^ ''^^"''"'^^ *° ''°"''*^^'' ^be propriety of petitioning the Legislature for an appropriation of public moneys for the subject Sh^wTrirriir? '" '^^'^'^^^ '' '^' P'°P^^^ P^°^>"^^^J All of which is respectfully submitted, J. ROBB, Chairman of prel Com* adJtd-— ""^'"^ Resolutions were then moved and unanimously 1. B^solved, That the following be the local Committees for the TiCv.WW^'"" '^'"".f °"' '^' Tr''''^'^ *° ^"^"^ ^^ ^he interests pJnhr ro ^!"^?"^'^^''^^^^'^^°*be 8th and 10th of the Resolutions of October last ; which Committees arA «lan ..„...-..^ .. caii meetings of their members, appoint a Chairman" SegrSaryliS' Tre.iurer, add to- their number \i they sae fit, correspond with and 215 inswer until ade all the lis estimates nodel, from e delivered ably would tiged inter- Rochester, ill be for- s in doiog ^S) and of y the New ive up the y- •n pens or buildings with the •ropriation s become into such xhibitions •etitioning le subject Provincial • Cotn* nimously ! for the interests h of the tary and with and remit subscriptions to Dr. Robb, Corresponding Secretary of this Society, and attend to the transmission of articles to the Exhibition :— : YORK. James Taylor, Esq., J. M. Odell, M. P. P., J. Wilkinson, C. Macpherson, Esq. B. Wolhaupter, it Executive Committee of the Society, Hon. Chief Justice, Hon. Master of Rolls, Hon. Judge Wilmot, Hon. W. H. Odell, Hon. T. Baillie, Lieut. Col. F. Murtay, 72d Higfalandera, Lieut. Col. R. Hayne, A, D. C, His Worship the Mayor John Simpson, of Fredericton, John Grant, Col. Maclauchlan, Pre- J, R. Toldervy, sident of C. A. S., SAINT JOHN. Hon. Judge Parker, Dr. Bayard, President, Directors, & Dr. Botsford, Secretaiy of the Me- Isaac Olive, chanics' Institute, M. P. P., George Botsford, Spafibrd Barker, Thomas Barker, William Barker, Joseph Myshrall, Robert Gray, , Thomas Murray, W. Watts, Jr., J. Harding, ' William Morgan, Andrew Ritchie, A. W. Block, George Taylor, John T. Lawrences- George Todd, r T. R. Estey, D. M'Pherson, Peter M'Farlaue. Dr. Peters, A. C. Evanson, G. Ryan, Hon. W. M'Leod, Col. Clark, J. X^rner, J. Edgett, Hon. A. E. Botsford, J. F. Allison, Esq., E. B. Chandler, Jr., Hon. J. W. Weldon, W. Chandler, Robert Jardine, D. B. Stevens, John Owens, Thomas Allan, William Jack, Esq. J. M. Olive, Spiller & Broad, KING'S. M. M'Leod, M.P.P. LeBaron Drury, J. Hagarty, Upham, S. Z. Earle. Rev. W. E. Scovil, ALBERT. J. Lewis, T. B. Moore, WESTMORLAND. C. Milner, Esq., J. Robb, Esq., B. Botsford, M.P.P. KENT. Lestook Desbrisay, Sheriff Wetraore, NORTHDMBERLANB. Hon. Attorney General, G. Kerr, Esq., W. Wright, P. Mitchell, Mr. GoodfeJIo^, D. Wethcrill, Hon. W. H. Steves, W. Cairnes. Hon. W. Crane, J. G. Layton. R. Cutler, M.P.P., R. Hutches(Mi. Edward WilHston, James Caye, J. Porter. 216 F, Ferguson, Jos. Read, M. P. P., J. Woolner, GLOUCESTER. Dr. Bishop, R. Napier, RESTIGOUCHE. A. Barberie, M. P.P., Chipman Botsford, D. Stewart, Hon. J. Montgomerie, Sheriff Winslow, J. Dibblee, H. Dibblee, E. Jacob, L. R. Coombes, W. Maclauchlan, Sheriff Beckwilh Hon. H> Hatch, Rev. Dr. Thompson, H. Frye, Hon. T. Gilbert, Sheriff DeVeber, Peniston Coster, J. Earle, M. P. P., Hon. R. D. Wilmot, Gol. Hayward, Rev. Mr. Steven, CARLETON. J. A. Phillips, C. Perley, J. Ryder, J. Harvey, ^ VICTORIA. B. Beveridge, W. T. Wilmot, F. Rice, M. P. P., CHARLOTTE. Capt. Robinson, Hon. J. Brown, Col. Mowat, QUEEN'S. Col. Peter3, T. R. Wetmore, James Johnston, SUNBURY. C. L. Hatheway, Thomas Bliss, E. Packard, T. Desbrisay. Mr. Bennett, Peter Stewart. A. Upton, R. English, M, P. P. J. R. Tupper. J. Emerson, G. Corrie, J. Michaux. R. D. James, A.T.Paul, J» G. Stevens. D. Palmer, J. Currip, E. L. Burpe. Rev. J. Porter, William Burpe. W. Scoullar, M. P. P., C. Harrison, 2. Resolved, That the Executive Committee do forthwith ore- ,pare and submit a petition to the respective branches of the Le^risla- jure praying that the sum of £500, or such other sum a? the Legislature may deem right may be placed at the disposal of His J!.xcellency the Lieutenant Governor, to be available for the Societv to pay for a new tent and premiums for the Exhibition, should the same be required. * '"wum lue 3. B^sohed, That in view of the contemplated Exhibition the Executive Comm^.tee do without delay exert their efforts to obt^n donations and subscriptions for the Society. 4. Uesmtdy That the Corresponding Secretary do without delay correspond with the V.ce Presidents, County Agricultural Societies^ 217 ird, isay. lett, wart. ),M.P.P. >pcr. I X. ties, '1, pe. •rter, Jirpe. ffhh pre* 1 Legisla- n as the il of His i Society ould the itioD, the obtain ut delay k>cietieS) Mechanics' Institutes, Local Conomittees, Manufacturing Establish- ments, and individuals in different parts of the Province, agreeably to 9th Resolution of October last, and forward & copy of the sche- dule and proceedings in connection with the Exhibition, and report his doings at the meeting of the Society to be held during the sitting of the Legislature, that such Report may be acted upon. 5. Jtesohedy That the Corresppndin^^ Secretary do correspohd with the office-bearers of this Society in different parts of the PrOf vince, as al^o with the Presidents of County Agricultural Societies, and other individuals, with the view to % more effective organization of the Society in their respective districts ; and inquire whether there be any particular subject or subjects deserving the immediate atten- tion of this Society, and if so, whether such person or person? will consent to be named on a Special' Committee at any meetir^g of the Society, to report on such subject at a subsequent meeting ; and that the Corresponding Secretary report the same to the Society. 6. Resolved t That the ]Bxecutive Committee do prepare and submit a schedule of appiopriatipns for the year 1852. 7. Besokedf That the thanks of 'the Society are due to His Honor the President, and to the various officers and supporters of ihye Society for the past yeajr . 8. Bssolvedy That the following gentlemen are elected aS officers of the Society for the year 18^)2:— Eresident :— JUDGE 1 STREET. Vice Piresidentis: N • • R. Chestnut, Esq. • • • ^ i^'.';:""'^*/_ „ > J. Jones, ]Ssq. St. John, R. Jardine, Esq. Charlotte, ■ " , i Hon. H. Hatch. Kings, A. C. Evanson, Esq. Queens, . Hon. T. Gilbert. SlINBURY, . C. L. Hatheway, Esq. Carleton, H. E. Dibblee,^Esq. Victoria L. R. CoGtnbes, Esq, RiXSTIGOUGHE, . A. Borberiej Esq. Olouc^ster, . F. Ferguson, Esq, Nqrthviirerland, Geqrge Kerr, Esq. Kent, Hon. J. W. Weldon, WesT]CQRL4^9> . Hen. A' E. Boisford, A^BSRIV • • : l^ieut. Col. Clarice. * v^ORRESrONBIHS fcjEGIlExASs— 218 i^M^tom,; JIfewJer* of the Executive Committee.^Mt. Wm Kanf Eit '• ^^"' '' ^' ^^'^''' '' ^-^-^ -^ W: 9. /lewfoerf, That the Kditors of Newspapers throughout the Province are respectfully requested to give publicity to the pr^eld! ings of the Meetings, for the purposes of the Exibition. ^ ^ SPECIAL COMMITTEES. > 1. Resolved, That Samuel W. Babbit, Esq., and Mr. Thomas «^T«'o 'f rt ^^'""1"*^^ *° '"q"^^« «°d r^P°rt to this Sy at the Quarterly Meeting in April next, on the most efficientTean^ 'si':?reter ^"^'^^"^^^ ^"^ ''-'' - ^'^ '^^^ inouirf^ri''''' yh«t Mr. Robert Gray, be a Special Committee to inquire and report to this Society at the Quarterly Meeting in April Since! "^'^'^ '^ improving the breeds of StoSk in thJs Special Committee, to inquite and report to this Society, at the fheTrtS!ct"° '" ^"^ "'"'' "P"" '^^ Agricultural statistics of T Ba^ef 'hf J Whereas there are many persons living at a distance from Frede- ricton, who might wish to exhibit articles for competition, but who, on account of the expense of forwarding them, might be deterred from the want of means, therefore Resolved, That the Executive Committee be authorized to make such arrangement for the transport of articles for the proposed Exhibition, and for defraying the expense of such transport out of the funds of the Society, under such rules, regulations and restrictions, as upon; mature deliberation may be deemed by such Committee most advisable. Moved by Dr. Robb, and seconded by J. A. Beckwith, Esq., Resolved, That a silver cup, of the value of five pounds, be pre- sented to C. L. Hatheway, Esq., in consideration of the merit of his papers upon the subjects of the Management of a Farm, generally, . the Management of Orchards, and the storing and using of Turnips and other Root Crops, presented by him for competition to the Society. Extracts from the Minutes of a Regular Quarterly Meeting, held Jn tha flrwnnfir P/Mirt Hniico on thp 7th nf Anril. IftSQ. * Read Report of the Executive Committee on the subject of appropriations for the current year as follows : — 220 The Committee beg to report that, " Owing to the great uncertainiv as to what grant would b6 made by the Legislatu.^ for the eS .on unt.1 Saturday last, when £500 was /ranted for that purZe (w, hout wh.ch grant no Exhibition of the kind contemTted could have been carried into effect,) the Committee have not as yel been able to prepare any scftle of appropriations for this year, nor can hey do so unt.1 they ascertain with some degree of certainty what the expenses of such Exhibition are likely to be, and whaTlbable amount of funds they will have at their command which Kanno be known unt.1 the subscriptions from the different parts of the Pro vince come to their hands. i « "i me rro J! ^^^ Committee therefore think that it must necessarily be left for J^ year to the.r discretion to make such appropriations for th^ d.fferen objects m v.ew, as they may deem expedient under he c.rcumstances, wh.ch must be governed by the amount of funds they may rece.ve-w.th, however, this understanding, that they are to g.ve all due consideration to tfny advice and suggestions they may be favored w.th from the local Committees, touching such appropSs' ' G. F. STREET, Chairman. Subrnitted the Report of Mr. Robert Gray, on the breeding and improving of Farm Stock, and - cu'i'S ana Co^n:^:.^' r^';^^^^ '^ ^^^^^^^^ ^"^^ ^^^--^ ^° »^^ ^-utlve moSy fl^""'"^ Resolutions were then moved and passed unan=. suhfprt'nf '^' ^^^'■^" ^T''f '^' ^^^^"^'^^ Committee on ihe mfc aPP'^opr'at.ons be adopted and acted upon by th&t Com! Resolved Th&t a Circular be sent to each of the local Committees throughout the Province requesting them to call a meeting aT he earl.est conyenrence, w.th a view to promote, as far as may be the * trol °^J^,P«^^-^ ^^•»>«-n to'be held at F JericZ on' h ttv ? ""^'u "^''i' > appointing active, zealous persons as add.t.onal members of their Committee, who wJll exert themselves ?o procure art.cles for such Exhibition, and to collect subscrSns to aid in defraying the expenses thereof. , ^ to SnT ffr'^' '^^^' *r' ^°'l^ Committees be recommended . to^appbint Sub-Committees for each parish within their resnective bounties, .who shall collect and take charge of «n.h JkZ.IETZI ' T'Zllt ^"^^ '' '^'^"' " ^^^°^^ be-p^ocuierwithr;!;:;; 221 uncertainty he Exhibit It purpose, ntemplated not as yet ar, nor can un ty what It probable tter cannot f the Pro- be left for as for the under the funds they ey are to By may be Jriations." nrman. iding and Executive id unan> e on ihe At Com- mmittees at their r be, the I on the rsons as selves to )tion3 to imended spective - lin their Further Beaohed, That the various local and other Committees, be requested to report on or before the first of July next, the^mounts contributed within their respective districts for the purposes of the Exhibition, together with such limita lions or restrictions as may attach to the said contributions. Resolved, That the best thanks of the New Brunswick Society are due, and are hereby given to the various County Agricultural Societies, and to the various local Committees who have already organized and so warmly "exerted themselves in the cause of the Exhibition. Resolved, That the best thanks of the Society are due to the various members of the Legislature who have so warmly exerted themselves to secure the recent gr&nt of £500, and the use of the Province Hall for the purposes of the Exhibition. Resolved, That the Telegraph Companies be requested to allow the officers of the New Brunswick Society the use of the Telegraph free, for the purposes of the Exhibition. Resolved, That the proprietors of Steamboats, and other public conveyances, be, and hereby are requested to allow contributions to the Provincial Show or Fair, to be transported to and* from Frede- ricton free of charge. Resolved, That the Executive Committee be ir *tructed to prepare and publish, as soon as possible, a Premium List for the Exhibition. Resolved, That hereafter, the Treasurer's annual accopnt of the recelpis and expenditures of money of the Society, together with the principal bills, which comprise the largest items thereof, shall be oublished as part of the pamphlets of this Society for each year ; and 'nh accounts for 1850 and 1851 , shall be accordingly published ;• «. T5amphlei of this Society for the present year. jlvtd, That in addition to a compliance with the requisitions of the Law and of the Constitution of tliV Society concerning accounts, the Treasurer, at the Annual Meeting i.^ January in each year, do furnish his account of receipts and expenditures for the past year, and that the same, being duly audited, shall be forthwith published in one or more newspapers of the Province, and a copy of such published accounts shall, on the first day of the Session, be enclosed to, and sent to the Speaker of the House of Assembly, for the inspection of the sevei-al members thereof, Resolved, That all accounts of demands upon the Society, and payable by it, shall be placed in the Treasurer's hands, as also the . 1 -..I ! t' M-t.- s*^') »U>4' > ^^oiilon Ma r\f mi-inVt annolinfe onH another of such subscription lists shall be kept by the Treasurer for inspection on all proper occasions. 222 And whereas the contemplated Exhibition for October next ;, inamly ondertaken for the general good, and the design tWmu rnatenally fa,l unless it receive the voluntary aid and hCy^o^^^^^^^^^ %«oi f Zt^V'^PP'^ ^'~"«^"^ '^' Province th'eref^rr* tn TJru-i-J^'' '" ^" '*''"'"*'®' performed for this Society, relating to the Exh,b.t,on, m any part of the Province, it shall be conside ed as done and performed for the good of the cause and without cha^^^^^^^ (but entu ed to the thanks of the public,) unless a TotStionTe ZZ'Jt""' ^''^P«f^«^™«"^« of «"ch sef^ice, that the s me to be ttSi !' '? ^^\«7«"t « I'argain or contract shall be previous^ entered mto, for the thmg to be done and the price to be paid for it^ Resolved Thai the President of the Society be requested to ore' . pare and publish an Address to the public on the sub ect of ^f h." contemplated Great Exhibition. »^ " '*^ o" ^^« subject of the R. FULTON, Recording Secretary. THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. ''Vet:t^::z'^^^ ^/^^"-^^ " ^Z'/Ti""?^/?'*?*'*'"*' '' ^' 'P'""'^ «^ Fredericton on Tms^ o?m^Vrrf ^'f^l^'^^^'^ndcr the auspices and patrorl of His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor f and Lady Head. " To THE Public : — f A '^j?\^«J^'slature having passed a grant of £500 in aid of th^ funds of the Society, to provide for the expenses of ge«in. up and managing the proposed Exhibition, &c.,%hereby ^howfn^thet approval of the same, upon the plan and contemplated arrlngLen ts contamed m the resolutions of the Society nassed at thp f ? meeting held on the 16th of October and T^h^ Febru y a t'Xh have all been heretofore published and widely circulated throu^S the Provmce, the Executive Committee are now actively eXed "n teft^'T^r'^.^r ^"^ ^«^ry'"go"t the scheme,am?afIoc 1 Comm ttees for the different counties in the Province-lthe gJ^^\ Committee, consisting of the Legislative Counc and memb s o the House of Assembly, in their private capacities in their reCective Ci r~-^' feverttl County Agricultural Societies and MeXn cs^ Institutes m the different parts of the Province-Manufactur n. ComFanies, and all Agriculturists, Horticulturists, ManufactS ?!,!l'!"rj„^:^r« -? Artists, thn)ughout the countrvlaJd S ..„.. ^....uus .uiiing an interest in its welfare and prosperi'tv are now called on to be up and doing in aid of this great w^CTn'c^ILeT 223 to be lost in preparing articles to be brought forward for competition, and raising subscriptions in aid of the funds necessary to provide for the large expenses that must be incurred. *' it will be seen by the schedule and classified list of the objects for the Exhibition, already published, that it will be open to all the natural productions (both mineral, animal, and vegetable,) of the Province ; to all kinds of agricultural produce ; to all articles of hcwne manufacture of every description ; to Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, Poultry, and cured Meats of all kinds ; and to specimens of all the different branches of the Fine Arts. " Farmers, Gardeners, Manufacturers, Musical Instrument Makers, Jewellers, Watch and Clock Makers, Carpenters, Wheelwrights, Blacksmiths, Whitesmiths, Founders, Mill Owners, Carriage Builders, Boot and Shoe Makers, Saddlers, Harness Makers — and indeed all descriptions of Mechanics, Artisans and Artists, are therefore strongly invited to come forward, with the respective productions of their industry, ingenuity and ability, in their different callings, for a generous competition with each other for excellence, and thus shew what the resources of the Province are, and what the people in it can do. The Ladies of the Province are also solicited to exert their talents and ingenuity in fancy and ornamental work for the Show. ' " Liberal Prizes'will be awarded to the victors in this praiseworthy rivalship, a list of which will be hereafter published as soon as it can be prepared and arranged. Pecuniary assistance to a limited amount, so far as funds will permit, will be placed at the disposal of the respective local Committees for counties at a distance from Frederic- ton, to afford aid to such persons as may be in need of the same, in the expenses of transmitting their articles for competition to the Exhibitioi>; and the more liberal the subscriptions from such counties are, the greater will be the amount to which such aid can be extended to them. " The Exhibition will be opened by His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, in person, on Tuesday the 5ih of October next, and closed on Saturday the 9th, during which time a Fair will be held with the Exhibition, at which Ploughing Matches, Regattas, and various kinds of public amusements and sports will be hereafter provided — as the object is to make this great Exhibition a Show not only highly beneficial to the Province at large, (and thus carry out the most important objects of the Society,) but also instructive and amusing to all who attend. " The use of the Province Building has been kindly granted to the Society for the occasion, in which all articles of a nature to require srreat care, safe keeninsr. and Drotection from thfi wpnthpr will ho ■ placed. '(( Every exertion will be made to provide the means of comfortable 224 9 toXshow'"'" '" ^'•^^^"*^^°" '^"J 'ts immediate vicinity* for visitors " Ii i» hoped and trusted that the public press of the Province-. Uiat powerful engine for promoting all great undertakings-will act m behalf of this good cause, and that the editors of news' papers m the several districts of the country will give inserUon in Iheir respective papers to this communication, and exert themse"vis to give general information on, and keep the public attention alive to, all matters connected with the scheme, which may tend to its success atonTth: lloT'- '''' ''-'''^'- -' 4 '- ^-^ "G. F. STREET, Prmdtnt of the Society. " Fredebicton, 8th April, 1852." PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION COMMITTEE. Ai the first meeting of the Exhibition Committee for the County of York, held on Saturday evening the 10th of April, at the Old Market House, a very prompt and full attendance of the members was had, and great interest and unanimity characterized the proceed- mgs of the evening. The Committee was organized on, motion of His Honor Mr Justice Street, President of the Society, by the appointment of The Hon. Mr. Justice Wilmot, Chairman. Joseph Gaitnor, Es(iuiRE, Treasurer. • William Watts, Jr., Esquire, Secretary. ' On motion of Mr. Justice Street, it was Resolve^, That the following be a Committee for raising subscrin. tions for the Society and Exhibition in connexion thrrewifh fo^X present year, via. :— *wowuij, lor me G. L. Hatheway, William Davidson, George Morehouse, William Dayton, Col. Hayne, David S. Kerr, John A. Beckwith, Joseph Myshrall, John Gregory, John C. Allen, Edward Simonds, Thomas Jones, Peter M'FarJane, Thomas Murray, David L. Grant, Asa Dow. On motion of Mr. T. R. Barker, Resolved. Thai- tho ^/^1I/v,w:r.» u n •.. .r^s.vvr«ig uc ii \>u«jraiiiee to make nrranotfm ments for the accommodation of visitors in Octobernext:! * 225 The Mayor, Jos0p(fc IVfyshi^tT, Jdhn (iregary, The Cky Clerk, WilUam Watts, Jr., E. W. Miller Spafford J. Barker, Davtd S. Kerr, Sheriff Wolbaupter. On motion of David S. Kerr, Esq., Resolved, That the followinrg be a Committee for su^^ntending the arrangement of the Province Building for the Exhibition :— - George Botsford, George Blissy Jonathan Harding, ' Hon. W. H. Odell, Col. Hayne, Charles Brannen. William Watts, Sr., On motion of Dr. Robb, Resolved, That the following be a Committee for collecting Agricultural Produce, Stock, and Domestic Manufactures in this County, viz. : — The President and Executive Committe.e of the York County Agricultural Society. On motion of the Hon. Chief Justice, Retitlvedj That the following be a Committee for arranging and managmg sports and amusements for the Exhibition week, viz. : — Lieut. Col. Murray, Pr^ident of St. John Lieut. Bedingfeld, & Officers of 72d, Agri. Society, President of York The Mayor, Capt. Knox, Agri. Society, Col. Hayne, W. F. F. JondS, Secretary of ditto. Dr. Toldervy, B. Robinson, and that this Committee do report thereon on the first day of June next. On motion of George Botsford, Esquire, Resolved, That the following be a Committee for collecting and preparing woods and manufactures, chjefly in Wood — (Schedule, Class n., Section A, Forest, and Section B) :-^ Jonathan Harding, C. Macpherson, George Taylor, Thomas Richards, Thomas Aitken, Dr. Tordei'vy, Isaac Naish, John Davis, Andrew Richey, John T. Lawrence, Alfexattder Mitchell, John Edgecomb, Thomas Rutter, John Grant. On motion of John A. Beckwith, Esquire, Resolved, That the following be a Committee for manufactures in metal, as per schedule : — Robert Chestnut, John Russell, Peter M'Farlane, James White, George Toddj Justin Spahnn, John M'Causland, A. Bennet. 226 On motion of William Carman, Esquire, Resolved, That the following be a Committee for collectinrr and schldut" — ^^''''"^"' of the Fine Arts, &c., in Class IV. of the Hon. Chief Justice, J.Wilkinson, Dr. Odell ?'v'^?i.'^^';7'. IT'"'"™ ^^••S^"' John Grant, J. E. Woolford, Master of the Rolls, John Simpson, D. L. Robmson, Mr. Justice Wilmot, Charles Smiler. On motion of Col. Hay ne, Resolved, That the following be a Committee of Horticulture viz. : Hon. Judge Wilmot, W. Watts, Senr., J. E. Woolford. Hon. Atty. General, William Decantlin, On motion of T. R. Estey, Resolved, That the following be a Committee for Leather and miscellaneous manufactures : ^ D. M'Pherson, S K. Foster, Robert Sutherland, Henry S. Beek, H^nry Rutter, Thomas R. Barker. J. Mannes, Alexander Block, On motion of J. Wilkinson, Esquire, Resolved, That the following be a Committee for proeurkiff and prepanng .aw materials from the mineral kingdom, (as in Class I., Section A, of the Schedule) : Dr.Robb Alexander Block, Otis Small, Professor Jack, John Grant, J.Wilkinson. Surveyor General, Dr. Toldervy, On the suggestion of the Chairman, it was Ordered, That the several Sub-Committees have power to add to their numbers from time to time, as may seem desirable. On motion ot Dr. Robb, Resolved That the City Papers be requested to give insertion to the proceedings of this Meeting. L. A. WILMOT, Chairman. W. Watts, Jr., Secretary. REPORT OF PRIZE COIWIIIITTEE. Fredericton, 11 th February, [S5'2. To the New Brunswick Society, for the encouragement of Agri- culture, Home Manufactuhs and Commerce. The undersigned, a Committee appointed to consider and report upon the papers sent in to compete for the Premiums offered by the Society at their Quarterly Meeting, held on the 22nd day of April, 1851, beg to report : — , . • j That seven Essays or papers have been sent in and submitted to them ; of which three were answers to the questions concerning the general management of Farms ; two were upon the management of Orchards ; and two upon the best modes of storing and using Turnips. Your Committee consider all the papers laid before them to be of a useful and practical nature, and they recommend that they be printed and published under the revision of the Executive Committee in the forthcoming number of the Society's Reports. They have awarded the first premium on the subject of farm management to Dr. George V. Peters, of Lancaster, in the County of St. Jfiin, for his paper signed " Agricola ;" the second to R. Jardine, Esq., of St. John, for his paper signed « We'll Try," and the third to 0. L. Hhtheway, Esq., of Sunbury, for his paper headed " Encourage the Farmer." Your Committee do not consider that there is by any means a proportionate difference between the merits of these papers, respect- ively, and the nominal value of the Premiums allotted to them in the list published by the Society. _ Your Committee have awarded the Premium for the best Essay on Orchards, to Mr. William Watts, Senr., of Fredericton, for his paper with the motto " Be Fruitful" The Premium for the best Essay on Turnips, your Committee would assign to Mr. J. G. Layton, of Dorchester, for his paper marltfd with the superscription " P. M" Your Committee Would beg to state that Essays on the two latter subjects were handed in by C. L. Hatheway, Esq. All three of that gentleman's Essays exhibit a very considerable degree of merit and original observation, in consideration of which, they beg to recommend that the Society award to Mr. Hatheway a Silver Cup /.,.:*K «r. or>rv../>rM-:ota Jncfriotinn ^ to he of the value of five pounds. imtii ail al»wi\^i»ii«»v .ii.^v.-^. ;y -- — - . JAMES ROBB, J. A. BECKWITH, J. GREGORY. Committee. mi PRIZE JESSitirs;. The Maflagement and ImproFement of Orchards in New Brnnswiek. BY WILLIAM WATTS, SENR. value e°„ha„oe;;„' cx, ;"ei:T:xCrb; .tTvi,i';roro''^ winters from any opportunity to grow the raor? tlnH.? f •/ • T open air, are driven, as our only rCo^rce toTl^T !> 7^.'" ""^ as apples, pea. and P-ums.l&^^thrrtr of'tS:-""'' 1 . ^ "''^nagement and improvement of" nm. t»^^.- • i orchards. In treating this subject, I propose ' """^ P"""""'"' f"J-'^° «i™ ^r^ direotions-for the formation and „„na~- ^_^ W/y_For the renovation of our old, neglected or unprofitable 2%9 Thirdly^For the propagation of fruit trees, by ingrafting and budding; Fourthly— S\ich further general observations on the selection and management of fruits and orchards, as may seem desirable. The Formation and Management of an Apple Orchard. I need not labour to prove that the soil and climate of New Brunswick are adapted to the growth of the apple; tue fact that many orchards are found in different localities, which, though planted seventy or even eighty years ago, and since continually exposed to every possible neglect, yet show many of their trees in a bearing state, is of itself sufficient evidence on this point. If our iiuit is inferior, the fault is not to be charged either on the soil or climate, but is solely attributable to injudicious selections of kinds, and neglect in management. There are, indeed, few localities in the Province in which the ajiple may not be grown advantageously, though it is admitted that in selecting the best position for an orchard, ?. sound judgment is of great importance, as in the management of it great experience and perseverance will be essential to success. There are, however, situations in which it would be imprudent to to attempt the cultivation of fruit on a large scale at present; for instance, the shores of the Bay of Fundy as far inland as the heavy fogs extend— along the margin of rivers on the low intervale lands and on islands. In such situations it would be difficult, if not im- possible, to grow the apple profitably. There are also unfavorable soils; the worst of these is the light sandy soil resting on a loose open ground ; and next to it, a com- pact tough clay resting on a hard impervious subsoil ; on such soils it is useless to attempt to grow the apple. I have already intimated that a sound judgment is requisite in the selection of the ground for an orchard. A high, bleak hill-top would be obviously objectionable from its exposure, its unfitness for the plough, and its liability to waste by heavy rains ; a flat surface, sur- rounded by higher grounds, as being apt to retain too much water, and more subject to sudden changes of temperature than a better selected site ; generally, I may state, ground of moderate elevation should beifixed upon, open to a free circulation of air, yet not to too much exposure, and with a gentle slope, not such as to impede the plough. The soil and situation wh h I should prefer to all others, (and such are abundant in the Province,) would be a deep loamy soil, resting on a clay and gravel subsoil, -not so hard as to retain the water ; the situation to be elevated with a gentle slope dipping to the west or north, for which 1 will assign my reasons hereafter. 230 Whatever may be the situation chosen, the ground should be well manured and worked the year preceding that in which the trees are to be set. In the Fall preceding, this ground should be ploughed and subsoiled to the depth of at least fifteen inches ; in the Spring, it should have at least twenty waggon loads of mjfnure to the acre evenly spread on the surface, and deeply ploughed in, and the day before the trees are to be set, it should be well harrowed. Before cominencing to set the trees, such a quantity of compost should be carted to the ground as will afford a fair supply to each tree at the time ol setting. The compost which 1 have used of late years, and prefer to all others, is made up of two cart loads of swamp mud, one of decomposed stable manure, and one-twelfth of ashes, well incor- porated. The trees should be set in straight lines, at right angles, and at twenty-five feet distance each way. A hole should be dug with the spade eighteen inches deep, and proportioned in size to the length of the roots of the tree to be set, and in all case suffi- ciently large to allow the roots to be spread out freely at all sides without obstruction. Previous to setting, the bottom of each hole should be loosened up from four to six inches, and two large shovels full of compost spread over t, and covered with an inch of the mould taken out ~of the top of the soil. If the hole is too deep for the tree, it may be filled up with equal parts of mould and compost, care being always taken that the roots are not set too deep, and as nearly as may be at the same depth as that at which the tree stood previously to its removal. Before setting, the roots of the tree shjuld. be carefully examined, all dead and bruised roots should be cut out, and long straggling roots shortened. In setting, the roots should be extended to their full length, and when, as is sometimes the case, two tiers of roots are found, the upper tier should he held up by the hand until the lower tier is covered with mould, and then spread out and covered in the same way. In filling in the mould, it is essential that it be fine and well sifted in amongst the roots, that no vacant space be left between the mould and the roots. When the hole is filled within two inches of the top, the mould should be gently pressed down by the feet on all sides, then the hole filled with compost to within an inch, and finished with mould. Each tree should be moderately watered to settle the earth among the roots and mulched, with long litter, straw, ^or moss, in such quantities as will retain the moisture at the roots of the tree, but not so much as to harbour mice, &c. Large trees should be staked and tied, but middling sized and small will do without; when tied, straw ropes should be employed to avoid injury to the bark. The trees should be set in straight lines -«£!■*-« |/^/e |,--»-'s>Ui\,'t«iv%i jj* J •j't.tivs TT a J--3 ?.ti'w7 iTiii s ti LUX IXJX t::! lYIltl VUG UlUii^ II * iiiUJL the fruit will soon bear them down. If the soil is moist and retentive of moisture, small drains will be required on the lower side of the 231 uld be well e trees are oughed and Spring, it o the acre, id the day d. Before should be tree at the years, and p mud, one well incor- ight angles, should be d in size to case suffi- at ail sides each hole rge shovels r the mould or the tree, , care being rly as may Dusly to its 5 carefully , and long 5 extended wo tiers of hand until nd covered that it be )ace be left led within down by within an moderately 2hed, with retain the hour mice, sized and employed aighi lines I U I lUUgti, uuu d retentive de of the slope carrv e removal o off surplus water. The afte treatment of the tree is suckers from the stock, carefol pruning in the spring, keeping the head of the tree open and evenly balanced, washing the trunk and removing all insects, more especially the caterpillar. A very important part of orchard management is, in my opinion, to occupy the vacant space between the trees with a hoed crop, well manured each year, for at least four years. No instruction — no skill will suffice to produce healthy and thrifty trees if they are left immediately to grass and weeds, and suffered to remain so. I attri- bute much of the discouragement attending the cultivation of the apple in this Province entirely to this circumstance. I repeat, the orchard should be manured and cultivated, the weeds and grass kept down for four years, then the trees will be coming into bearing, the fruit becoming an object of pride and profit, and it may be laid down to grass. I am strongly of the opinion that the orchard should at no period be left in grass for more than four years together, when it should be broken up and receive a rotation of cropping. In ploughing an orchard the horses should be harnessed tandem fashion, with leather traces, and the ends of the whiffletrees covered with some soft sub stance to preserve the bark of the trees from injury. With these precautions and an experienced ploughman, there will be little damage to the trees. I have adopted the mothod recom- mended, in an orchard of over two hundred trees, with perfect suc- cess ; two thirds of the trees thus treated bort* fruit the third year — out of the whole I have lost but seven, which were immediately replaced. , I confidently believe that if the orchard so planted continues tb be treated as I have recommended, it will be only in its prime at the end of fifty years, and will be valuable at a hundred ; and'that labour and expense considered, it will, during that time, be five times more remunerative than any other crop from the same extent of ground. The Renovation of Old, Neglected or Unprofitable Orchards. It is a lamentable fact that, with very rare exceptions, the old orchards of the Province are rapidly degenerating. I have examined many of them in different parts of the Province, and observed them with some attention for several years past, and I am convinced that the owners of many of them would admit their condition to be less satisfactory thati it was years ago. This state of things is the more to be reprehended because it is neither produced by the age of the tree nor the nature of the climate, but the result of sheer neglect or mismanagement. There are orchards in the country which, to my certain knowledge, have been in grass for forty years, and during %' 232 of manure or other that time have not received one shovel full stimulants, except what fell from the clouds. As a general thing, no attention is given to the orchard, the trees are set out, (or stuck out in such a hole as would be dug for a post ) are suffered to run wild and take care of themselves, without manure prunmg, or washmg, until the trunk becomes rough-barked and covered with moss, th6 limbs broken and hanging down, dead branches m every direction, suckers so abundant that the old trees almost forget where they stood— the olaces of those ''that were so fortunate as to die never supplied, v ' ,3e still alive drag out a miserable existence, and seem wishing .aath as a relief. These are not exaggerations but facts, and must so continue until the owners of orchards awake to their real interests. In the process of renovation, I shall recommend, in the first place i^^r'^S^u^^ of dead and dying trees. This should be done in the t all. The soil of the orchard should then be deeply ploughed, and as near as possible to the trees without injury to the large roots ; the soil should be spaded and turned close to the trees, and all weeds and grass destroyed. In the Spring, holes should be prepared and young trees set out in the vacant places, in rows, as recommended for the new orchard. All useless and decaying limbs should be pruned out on the remaining trees, and these should be ingrafted with choice fruits. It is not generally understood that old trees can be ingrafted with ^success, yet such is the case ; the age of the tree, if it be healthy rf constituting no objection. The operation should be performed by cleft-grafting, and the better plan is to ingraft the lower tier of limbs the first year, the next tier the second, and the remainder in the third year, ihus m the course of a few year by priming and ingraftinff a tree worse than useless may be made valuable. The soil of the old orchard should be manured for three or four years, and occupied with a hoed crop, as recommended for the new one. If this method is carried out, a profitable and interesting orchard will take the place of an unproductive and unsightly one, and the owner will have reason to rejoice over the results of a httle capital and labour judiciously expended. j / The Propagation of Fruit Trees by Ingrafting and Budding. Ingrafting consists in inserting the cutting of one tree into the growing stock of another tree, the stock supplies sap for the nourish- ment of the scion inserted in it, -and the cutting or graft, instead of making roots for itself, extends its forming wood downwards throueh ujv mn... Daiix uiiu ii;c siocK iiseir. neuce there are two ^reat requisites to successful grafting: first, that the graft be so Set ort the stock that the sap may flow upwards without interruption ; 253 secondly, that the forming wood may flow downwards freely through the inner bark. To effect these objects it is necessary, first, that the operation should be performed with a sharp knife, that the vessels and pores be cut smoothly, and the two parts be brought into imme- diate and even contact ; secondly, that a considerable and permanent pressure be applied to keep all parts of the cut faces close together ; thirdly, that the line of division between the inner bark and the wood should exactly correspond, for if the inner bark of the one sets wholly op the wood of the other, the upward current of the sap through the wood, and back through the bark, is broken, and the graft must con- sequently fail for want of nourishment ; and fourthly, that the wounded parts be excluded from the air, to retain moisture to the graft and exclude the wet uniil the union is complete. This union will he indicated by the growth of the graft, which usually takes place in four or five weeks. ^ In grafting, two knives will be required — a keen flat-bladed one, and a stronger knife to cut the stock and for other purposes. It should be remembered that in cleft grafting the jaws of the stock should press with some force against the wedge-shaped side of the graft ; a stock one inch in diameter will do this sufficiently. After having practised many methods of grafting, I prefer, and for the last ten years have confined myself to whip grafting, cleft graft- ing, and saddle grafting. These, with budding, will be found sufficient and best for all purposes for the apple. ♦ Whip Grafting, Or, as it is often called, tongue grafting, is best adapted to stocks ranging from one-fourth of an inch to an inch in diameter. The stock to be operated upon should be headed.down to about one foot from the ground, and care must be taken that the stock be not broken or split in the operation. The stock is to be sloped off, commencing about two inches from the top, and sloping it at least half way through the stock, and thus procuring a wedge-shape on one side. This requires a smooth, clean cut. The scion (which should be of the last year's growth,) is to be then shortened to six inches in length, and sloped at its lower end to suit the slope of the stock. Then a slit or tongue is to be made in the middle of the sloped stock, downwards, about half an inch, and a similar tongue in the scion, upwards. The tongue, or wedge-Uke process, forming the upper face of the scion, is then to be inserted downwards into the cleft of the stock. In this operation great care must be taken that the inn6f barks of both stock and scion are brought to unite closely on one side, and that this union is not displaced in the lying. The lying should be done immediately with a string of soft bass mat or cotton, and the graft covered over with grafting wax or clay, which 1 shall again refer to. £ 234 Cleft Grafting Is best suited to strong stocks-from an inch upwards-or the re- graftmg of oW trees, and is performed by cutting or .awing off the ^LTa " ^" «r'^'^"Po» I a cleft is then made with a^nffe or chisel, downwards nearly in the centre of the stock, Ccarefuirv avoiding injury to the pith,) about two inches long. The scion is haDe^7r:^'' '? extremity for about one and a half inchen the W? nnH /"' ''''T^ " "•'^"^ '^^ ^^ghth of an inch thick on one sde and pared to an edge on the other. The slit in the end of °he ' Tin Ti° ?l°P|f"'^ '"^ '^'' ^^'^^ '"««"«d in the cleft°U,h the inner bark of both corresponding. The wedge holding the lit open will then be withdrawn, and the stock close "firmly on f he scion Hy this method two or more scions can be inserted into one stock one on either side; and if the stock be large, two or mor^pa allel 61efts can be made and a greater number of scions inserted ^ Saddle Grafting h perfo™...! by cutting off the stock in a completely wed»e-like fom, then spl.ttmg the scion up the end, thinning {he extrreffe of ^ ?hP „rr r V 'P-S-^^l-ape, pUcing i, om the wedged end of the stock, and embracing the stock on both sides. Thi inner smSt"et '""^""^ J"'"'"- ™' '•' "" ^='""''°' "'"horf; Trees thus operated; upon should be covered immediately with Z.l- 7' 'Si' ''°'="',""y P'^'f" "-^ ''°™»f »5 best adapU this climate. The wax I use is composed of one half pound of be«° wax, one pound of tallow, and two pound, of rosin, melted togeth^ strained and well worked by the hand. When u ed, it shou d be wanned stnps of strong cotton eighteen inches long, at^d half an inch m width, soaked in the wax, are to be wound round the grafrthen with a painter's brush give a coat of wax over alUufficient to exclude air and water. By this means the ligatures will not prevem the of theC™ "'-l' •""' ""'* "•' ^''^ *'" <■»» of itself in^he" of the season without any necessity of loosening the bandaffe and Ss ma. '"" '" ""' "" *"°'' '= "P' '» ^"""^ f~m .he^uV ot When clay is preferred, it is easily prepared thus -—take enml parts of common clay (f«e from gravel.) and hor e Jr pp ngs Xe s« „Z ^''- " ;*i "^^b '!''' """^ ™»°'««- When theVn grafted Da«T'°'f?^' ""*,?'"?. ''^ * "'*«y'' 'SS, well round the !" ,.'!.I!'"'.'''°'.'"« « '.".O" «" «<"« » as to exclude air and water taken that the clay is not displaced by heavy rains ; in such case 235 — or the re- mng off the 1 a knife or , (carefully ^he scion is iches, in the thick on one '■ end of the cleft, with ing the slit •n the scion. 3 one stock, are parallel d. wedge-like remeties of k^edged end The inner Tiethod for ately with adapted to nd of bees' 3 together, should be alf an inch ;raft, then, to exclude event the the course dage, and :he use of ake equal ngs, (free •rporating >e graft is 'ound the id water s must be luch case it must be immediately replaced and preserved until the scion has united with he stock. In about four weeks after the setting, the scion will begin to grow rapidly, the clay must then be taken off and the bandage loosened — not entirely removed, but tied gently round, sufficiently to prevent the wind breaking off the scion, and to protect it until firmly united. The proper season for setting grafts in this Province, is from the Hrst to the fifteenth of May, and the true indication is when the leaf buds are so swollen that they begin to break and show the end of the leaf. Tl^p best time to take off scions is from the first of March to. the middle of April, but they can be taken any time in the winter months. Each parcel should be carefully marked with the nartie, covered with saw dust or moss, and laid in some moist (not wet,) place until wanted for use. Budding, Consists (as far as regards the apple,) in taking an eye or bud from ihe bark of one tree and transporting it to a differeiit tree. Budded trees are generally longer in attaining the fruit-bearing state than grafted ones. Its advantages are, that it can b*5 performed-at a season of more leisure than that proper for grafting, and when grafting has failed on young trees in the spring, they can be budded afterwards the same season. The proper time to bud in this climate is from 'the twentieth of August to the middle of September, and may be known by the bark readily parting from the stoclc. The best stocks to be budded on are those i>om two to four years old from the seed. It is indispen- sable to successful budding, that the stock be thrifty, and not over three or four years old. If the stock be aged or diseased, the muci- laginous substance between the bark and wood, which hardens into new wood, and whieh cements the bud to the stock, will not be found in sufficient quantity. The common way of performing the opera- tion is to select a smooth part of the stock on the north or west side, then make a horizontal cut through the bark to the wood, then from thf) middle of the horizontal cut make a perpendicular cut downwards about one and a half inches long — the cuts will then resemble the letter T — then immediately cut the bud from ftie limb with the thinne?^t possible portion of wood with it, raise the bark of the stock with the handle of the budding knife, and insert the bud under the bark of the stock in close contact with the wood. The bud must be smoothly cut and smoothly and evenly applied ; a ligature of soft bass mat should be bound round the bud above and below, but not t() coyer the s^s of the bud* In about four weeks the ligature should be loosened to prevent its cutting into the wood. In • April or the beginning of May in the 236 -pring following the stock must be cut off to within about two inciiea of the inserted bud, and all the branches and the buds ZhTZ ' Inr'-? w/'"'r'u'i*; *'''' '" ^^° nourishment may be thrown nto ,t. When the bud has grown five or six inches, i[ should be ned to ihe stump of the stock left above it, to prevent injury fZ. the Th H k"'/J'? "'"' ^"i!''^'"^ spring the stump of the-'stocHbove fmJ!!^ '"ffi ^•°'^' J ^'^r ^''"' J^commended and described, will be found sufficient for the purposes of propagation, an^ to con nue var.et.es now known. Propagation from the%eed is Z well uX- stood to reqinre romark. Ingrafting and budding will be found very 8.mple, for although the written description may appear tedious one half-hou,-^ oral instruction, with illustration of^he ^manual process and a« hour's practice, will enable any person to perform these operations suffic.ently well for private purposes. . General RemarJcs, fyc. The best size of tree to set out in an orchard, is one of three vears^ .rowth fron. the graft and the spring is the iniy sure time Cet ihoiTi. But trees .ntended to be set out in the sprin,. should be taken earth. When-irees are imported, this fall remov.i is of great import- ance, for it frequently happens that when ordered in the spring ?hey are so late .n arnv ng; and so far advanced in growth^ s to be seriously injured and sometimes rendered useless ; buT when taken up ,n the fall, the spring .rowth is retarded and-the opSiof of transplanting m.y be safely delayed until the ground is sufficiently In importing trees, I prefer the Boston and Portland nurseries, and have certainly been more successful with those obtained from hem than with any others, although I have at different times imported fVom England, Scotland, and New York. ^ r^^ ^T?u °' ^"'^^'"^ 'r^' ''■" «°°"^^ «"f fr"'^ trees for an orchard, the object should no so much be the greatest variety as a bountiful supply^ of good fruit In more favored countries it is no uncommon thing for those who o Jwi'':l'!:!?^'"''P''"^. !"^ f^^t °"r agricultural community evince s^ , ,„, ^^,^, jj-, ^„g cuitivaiion oi the apple. The product is so marketabJe and profitable^the fruit so generally es^teemed^^^^^ 237 capital required to be invested so trifling — that one might reasonably expect a very different feeling to prevail. I repeat what 1 have already said — there is no difficulty in growing the apple in New Brunswick ; in fact it would be difficult to find a farm consisting of one hundred acres or over, which, in some parts of it, is not well adapted to this culture. If the same amount of money which is now expended on imported fruit could be m^de available in the wise selection of trees and their proper cultivation, we should shortly be possessed of choice fruit in great abundance and of our own growth. It is true there are many tender and valuable kinds of apple that could scarcely be expected to survive the sudden and violent changes of our climate, and it is not necessary that they should, for if we can grow twenty or thirty choice varieties, (and this we can at hast do,) every really important purpose is fulfilled ; nor should any be dis- couraged by occasional failures in introducing new varieties — such occurrences are as common in other countries as our own. It is a common opinion that it is the extreme cold of our winters which destroy so many of our fruit trees ; from cl©se and continued observations, I have been led to another conclusion, and believe the fatality to be attributable to the sudden change of te;nperature in the months of ]^ay and June. I am convinced that no degree of cold felt in New Brunswick will destroy an apple tree in the winter months when the sap is dormant ; it is when the sap begins to circulate, the buds to swell, and from thence until the young fruit is set, that I find injuries, and fatal ones, to many kinds, in the sudden transition from a cold and frosty night to a warm sunny morning. After these sudden changes I have fre- quently found the fruit buds injured and sometimes killed. To avoid, as far as possible, the liability to injury from this cause, I 'lave recommended a north and west .exposure for the orchard as ihat least subject to sudden changes of temperature. It is wellj^nown to all gardeners that if the sky be overcast in the morning, after a night of heavy frost, and the weather continues cold, little injury is d^ne, but when the sun comes up suddenly and warm after such a night, great danger is to be apprehended, and the greatest where the trees are most immediately exposed to its direct rays. When the ground declines to the north or west, the air is tempered before tlie sun's rays strike at all, and when they do strike, it is less directly ; I there- fore recommend this aspect. I have often observed that apple trees, and other fruit trees and vegetables in such situations have escaped with impunity, when others in other situations have suffered severely. No care or precaution will enable us to grow all the varieties r^ifommended in the catalosrues. but this is the less to be resrretted as the differences are frequently rather in name than quality, and more curious than useful. Again, many ktuus of apples which obtain a 288 high reputation in one locality, loose all that is valuaWo in their pecul.ar.ly by emigration, even from one to another portion of "he same State. An interesting instance of the kind refer.ecl to is afforded m the history of the removal of. some fruit trees from the Unhed States to Lngland a few years since. Fifty peach trees of the choicest kinds selected from different States, were sent to Llnd and tested at the great Cbeswick Gardens, and two only were found worthy of cultivation. It will require time and patien Je, anS dose observation to ascertain the kinds best suited to our country and with these there is every reason to believe that many fine t7rle!"es may be introduced and acclimated, and become valuable addit on o our Provincial orchards. "u«"uu3 lo Great carelessness prevails through the Province as respects the names of fruit and fruit trees; frequently the proper name ribdly' lost, and some fancy one, as that of the grower substituted. In this S "" a' r^;;^T'f,rT^'" "^'--'' Superb,'' i'mrra/s nnH » u . r 1 ^"V ^««'^«"^«'* Finer ^'Babbit's LarJ'' and a host of others whose names afford little useful informatiof.l There is no reason to doubt that some of these kinds have b;en grown from seed m the Province, and are worthy of extensive cuhi- tT rhistol '" "'" P"'"" "T -q"-^--l^^ impor" hough Itieir history and name are now forgotten. ^ It is very desirable that some means should be devised to recover the true names of imported trees, and a suitable name and r^Ird preserved of those grown from seed which are considered vaUbl^ To this end I would respectfully suggest to this Society thoT th^* -growers of apples throughout the Provfnce should be inli ed to send specimens of their fruit to the proposed Exhibition in Oc ober next hat each exhibitor should furnish, with each sample of fruU,n formal Uon as to name ; whether raised from seed, o? grafted whether Provincial or imported ; if imported, from whence ; whether 2 ree bears much fruit; whether it bears every year, or onlyTn odd or alternate years; whether the fruit keeps well if scio^n can be With such information, a Committee of this Society could safelv report upon the respective merits of the fruits exhibited and eS such for commendation as should be deemed worthy of g;neral ct^ltl vanon. It would also be enabled either to recover^he o d a d"r ue name, or fix a new one, and afford such information of the character of the tree and fruit, and the place where scions could be obtained as would be very serviceable. ODiamed, J. tT!;!rf.fJ!^.\'Jf'^.'^^ ^-^«-^y ^°"ld thus grow up where all I believe the names of the subjoined may be depended on, and I 239 confidently recommend the trees and fruit as deserving of extensive propagation : — " Alsojj^s Spitzbergen" " Rhode Island Oreening" '^ Qravenstan, Early Bough,** *' Ramboia and Lake Baldwin." These are imported fruits, and I might enumerate a great many col- lected in different parts of the Province, but I should- be compelled to employ the fancy names referred to, and might unintentionally mislead those who desire and require correct information. ' ' I now proceed to answer the questions proposed by the Society :— Firit — I have an apple orchard of 150 trees; nearly all are grafted ; they, are of many varieties, but the larger' portion of the kinds named and recommended in the Essay. I have a great num- ber of young grafted trees intended for removal and sale, and seed- lings innumerable. Second — I have of plums — the Orleans, Magnum Bonum, Green Gage, Damson, Frost Plum, and the Red Canadian. I cannot as yet ^from the result of actual experiment,) determine which of these will best suit this Province ; so far, tiie Damson has been most pro- fitable. Ai' that I have enumerated will stand the climate in favorable circumstances, and are deserving of cultivation. I also have cherries, pears, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, h%. he. he. Third — None but the caterpillar ; I pick them off before they leave their web, and so save the tree. The curculis (which is destructive in the United States,) has never troubled me ; and I have only heard of one instance of injury from it in the Province. The most effectual way to destroy them is by shaking the tree, catching them In a cloth, and destroying them by 1 md. Fourth — My mode of general and particular management has been already fully stated. The treatment of pears, plums and cherries, are so similar to that recommended for the apple, as to save the necessity for remark. I would, however, prefer budding to ingrafting for plums ; ' for cherries, either will do.^ Pears are entitled to much greater atten- tion than they have yet receivtd from us, and very few are grown. I have three varieties now under cultivation, which so far promise well ; but 1 cannot yet determine their suitability to the climate. Fifth — I have been making experiments in matters more or less intimately connected with " farm operations" all my life ; all of these have been Interestini^to me, and some, ]|^ trust, of service to my country, but the detail would be out of place at the close of a paper already, as I fear, too lengthy. ^ So far as my experience and observation enable me to speak, the best wash for fruit trees is a strong ash ley, (strong enough to float an egg,) or soft soap. The trunks and large limbs should be well washed with the lev or soan about the first of May in each vear. Lime is frequently recommended, but I am decidedly opposed to it, and have known two instances in which fine trees were destroyed by its use. 240 theVerdlri E^^^^^^^ P""^"'^^ ^"^"^-;° ^h- points in The adaptability of New Brunswick to the cultivation of the apple ProvtViaTST;'' '""'" ''' ^""''^ '"' ™P"^^ ^^^ ^"^'''^^ ' trZ^lTV!" ^^ °^'''''^'' 'u *'!^^"S up, setting out, and in the after treatment of trees in new orchards ; The renovation of old orchards ; The necessity for a correct nomenclature for our fruit trees • Ihe best soils and sites for orchards; ' . Grafting and buddihg— -the modes and advantages. • Above all I mvoke the determination in every man to excel in a T' u u'^5'''^ '' ."°f °"'^ innocent, but laudable and profitable- which holds out the inducement of large profit for a small expendi- hri!?!"" !1 7 to individual advantage, promises to increase the wealth and comfort of our country. This paper has already outgrown my expectation and intention, but I am not sensible that I have swelled it with fanciful speculations or theories, unsupported by experiment and fact. My aim has been to make myself mtelligibfe, and in the plainest form of^eech to con" yey the most useful information on a subject in which I have lon^ been interested, and on the proper understanding and treatment of which attach great importance in the future fortunes of New Brunswick n my Essay should appear tedious, I can only say that I did not wish ,t to be so, and that, to the best of my ability, I have attempted o condense all that is essential to a proper understanding of the sub- ject in the fewest words. ° If this paper should be so fortunate as to "be thought t^rorthyof the public eye, I solicit lor it a fair and friendly consideration, in the hope •that It may be found serviceable to some-in the assurance thaUt cannot be injurious to any. Further experiment, greater skiIl,more learning, and a wider field tor observation, may enable others to suggest better modes of treat- ZTK^v [T ^°n-^'"P^*l no practice, or learning, or observation, can establish that practice to be badv^hkh is recommended to myself and by me to others, on the guarantee of personal and lonff-tried experiment. , r- a u juug mea On ]!Vurseries and Orchards. BY C. L. HATHEWAY. very farmer, in commencing agricultural operations upon his own farm, should be sensible of the great value and comfort of aZS Z^'tri ^T^'t ^^ ''' "'^'"'^^"S to the extent and value of hi, larm, and other local circumstances. 241 ■0 increase II should be borne in mind that the soil is best, and that trees of most kinds generally thrive best, on the north side of a hill ; but it must also be remembered that trees, as well as other vegetation, thrive best when sheltered from the hard winds. Many have planted their nurseries in a small space, very thickly together, so that a single tree cannot be taken up without great injury to its own roots and the roots of others — a difficulty which I have seen most effectually remedied by planting singly in a larger space three feet apart. Let the farmer carefully select his plot for the orchard, and plant his seeds in the whole apple or core in the autumn, so as to hr.ve the seeds cracked by the frost and to insure their sprouting the ensuing spring ; otherwise they may remain dormant until the ensuing year. Let the hills be about the same distance, and planted much in the same manner as corn or potatoes, and let. them be hoed and weeded through the summer with care. From these hills, or from an apple core, more sprouts may arise than will be useful ; but about the latter part of July or first of August, all the extra shoots should be pressed down and buried, or covered over with earth, forming a little hill round the most flourishing, which should be left to remain. The same care should be continued annually until it is time, or they are large enough, for transplanting, when they should have a space of twenty feet apart, leaving the original nursery as the first nook of the orchard. No animals should be allqwed to run among the trees until they have acquired sufficient size and strength to resist their attacks, ana have their limbs above their reach, and then on some occasions sheep or swine may be pastured among them to advantage. Fruit trees, and even forest trees, deteriorate the soil and require a vegetable, or other manure, to repair the waste. Thus we see in the native forest, while the trees are small, they stand very thick and close together, but as they grow larger the smaller trees die and rot to supply a manure for the surviving ones, which occupy a larger space in proportion to their age ; — and experience proves that the same principle should be attended to with orchards. Thus it is observ^vble in many orchards where the land has not been regularly r.ianured in some way or other, or where it has once deteriorated by improper tillage, that the old trees wither, and have not sufficient vigor to overcome such accidents as occasionally occur. When orchards are annually mowed until the meadow is very poor and yields a small crop, the trees also wither and bear little fruit. 0»~U^_^^ .^».. u~ I c** 1 :_ : 1 : u.. r, _j •vj-iuiiaivis iiicy ijc uriiciiiicu ill Vuiiuus vvu}'S'»™=uJ' iiiuiiuiiiig'-^uj iccu- ing sheep or swine among the trees — by laying round them old vegetable matter of any kind — by placing dead bushes to rot about their roots — rotten wood, saw-dust, flat stones, &c. F 242 Fruit trees have been known to thrive well when the land is too lull of rocks and ledges to be cultivated ; but they generally thrive best mold gardens where the soil has been highly cultivated— on deep alluvial soils— or such soils as have proved the most congenial to the native oak, rock maple, or butternut. I have long known two apple trees to stand in an old intervale garden, which bear a sufficient quantity of good apples for the use of the family. One of these trees— which I think has not failed in bearing annually for the last hlty years- has produced more than twenty bushels in one year Ihis garden was annually manured and cultivated with root crops and other vegetables. Other trees upoii the same kind of soil, and ol greater age, continue to bear fruit. I hai-e seen abundant proof of the evil effects of neglectincr to prune the trees and cultivate the soil, as well with the Damson pfum, the English cherry, as with the apple trees. The first symptoms of decay may be the rising of a black knot, or a dry limb near the top, with a thick cluster of shoots springing out of the trunk near the ground—all which require immediate attention, investigation, and care. The remedies to be applied are the pruning knife or fine saw, and then manure, with a covering of the top of the earth near the root of the tree, to prevent the grass or weeds growing near the trunk. In pruning young trees— which should never be neglected in the nursery— great care should be taken in judging of those limbs which should be taken off, and the stalk that is thickest and strongest should f/equently be preferred to the tallest. When the main shoot is very tall and slender it may be topped off a little in July to prevent more of It being killed by the frbst next winter ; and when .the top divides into two shoots of nearly equal size, separating at an acute angle, one should be cut off, otherwise they are apt to split apart . when they become larger, carrying decay and rot to the heart of the free. Strong prejudices have prevailed in this Province against the quahty of the fruit, and it is imagined by some that our apples can never be equal in size and flavor to those of other countries ; but the tacts are established that we do raise some large apples, and some of an excellent quality ; and the only reas^on why there are so many of an inferior quality, is the almost total neglect of selectincr and ingrafting from superior kinds. ° Ingrafting may be done to the small trees in the nursery with excellent effect, and with a certainty of procuring the same kind of iiuit as the tree produced from which the scion was taken: and ingrafting should^ never be neglected in the old orchard, or upon old trees, wwen we have already ascertained that the fruit is not of the right kind. Ingrafted trees flourish with the same care and manage- ment that other trees require. 243 An apple tree bearing on one side a beautiful yellow fruit, on another side a lively green, with some limbs producing apples of 9. brilliant red colour, and all of a gofd flavor, must certainly be more admired than the finest flower-pot which any lady can exhibit, and must be esteemed more truly valuable. Now 'it is ascertained that this can be done, and farmers who do not lay a foundation for good fruit, neglect an important duty and privilege. It is true that we may plant the seed of a sweet apple and raise a tree that will produce sour fruit, but when we select a scion from a good tree, it is sure to produce good fruit. I have ingrafted, by way of experiment, several kinds of trees, but none with effect; excepting the apple tree, which leads me to view the kindness of Providence in intending that beautiful tree to be made subservient to the use and taste of man. I have ingrafted at various seasons, but never with effect excepting in April or May. That much incon- venience is experienced in some situations at times, for want of scions from good trees for ingrafting, is certain, but this must be chiefly attributable to a want of care or forethought. The scions may be taken any time in the winter, and kept in earth in the cellar until after the hard frosts of April. There appears to ]be a peculiar apathy among many farmers of this Province in the cultivation of fruit trees, and many objections are raised, or excuses made, which, when traced to their origin, should not have weight. Some affirtn that in other countries — in the United States, and even in Nova Scotia — apple trees flourish in the woods, and on the common or highway, without care. They do so in some instances, but they are generally unproductive or of a bad description. But in Nova Scotia great pains has been taken within the last twenty years to improve the quality ol their fruit, and with good effect ; and in the United States the cultivation and improvement of fruit trees has long been practised and studied as an important and valuable science. As an encouragement to the young, the middle-aged, and even the aged, to plant and raise fruit trees, I will just mention the following incident. In the year 1820, in a remote neighbourhood of King's County, an old couple related to me the following incident : — The old man had been eating a very good apple, and declared h\s inten- tion of planting the seed, while the sapient old wife laughed at his idea, as there appeared to her no probability of his ever eating of the fruit of it. He, however, planted the seed, which produced a tree bearing apples of an excellent flavor, which they thought similar to the original, and of which they had already eaten. In 1844, being in that neighborhood, I again inquired for the old couple, and found they were still living and able to eat apples ; and in 1850 it was announced by the Journals of the House of Assembly that the old woman, still living, had obtained a pension as the widow of an old 24A soldier. It may be seldom that we meet with such instances of longevity and success ; but apple trees are known sometimes to bear m five years after planting, and grafts in two years after grafting. While the bark of the apple tree is piled by the extension of the tree perpendicularly, the plum and c rry tree are each bound by a bark running horizontally round the tree, similar to the bark of the birch ; and as trees are frequently injured by the binding of the soil or sod covering their roots, so the plum and cherry trees are more particularly liable than the apple trees to be bound by the bark which generally causes knots, protuberances, distortions, and 'decay of the trunk. To pievent this, a slight cut with a knife through the outer bark, in a perpendicular line down the north side of the tree from the limbs to the ground, gives immediate relief, and causes a rapid extension of the tree in that part. If cutting should have to be repeated, it had better be performed either on the east or west side and It IS very useful to shave off all the external rough or dead bark from all fruit trees. I feel satisfied that this practice not only prevents the great and general decay of plum trees, but causes them to flourish and grow with increased vigor and abundance. Fruit trees are nol free from the influence of bad seasons or late Irosts in May or June ; but I am fully convinced, from my own observation and experience, that it is rather owing to prejudice and neglect than to climate or soil, that our markets are not well supplied with an abundance of good fruit of our own raising. If in selecting the plot for the orchard, the farmer cannot conveniently select a place of natural shelter from the violence of the winds let him at first secure his nursery with a board fence, and then plant trees for shelter at the four corners, and at a convenient distance from bis plot. In this country more of the manure of the farm goes to enrich ornamental trees, or those occasionally left or planted for shade, than is applied to the benefit of fruit trees. I have often regretted, when I be- held the lounging willows about the farm-yard, with the towerinff poplars, revelling in luxuriance and feeding on the ammonia and other aerilorm gases which escape from a neglected barn-yard, that they were not exchanged for the blossoming fruit trees. How many valuable fruit trees migiit be flourishing and profitable to the owner in the little waste nooks and corners of the fields and farm-yards. Of all the verdure beautifying the rural scene, I think that which is mingled with blossoms promisingxfruit, the most beautiful.^ Few thriving farmers, who have witnessed the comfort of a good orchard, will allow their fruit trees to be neglected ; but in many cases It IS evident that the successor of the original planter is too oiten unacauamteH with tKo /.o..« o.,^ «.,i»:..„*: . . . i . I" . • *•" '^"'^ ""« ciUwvaiiuu liLCfssary to maintain bis trees useful and productive. It is an established principle in all agricultural operations, that 245 those plants or trees which produce the most palatable, nutritious, and abundant fruit, require from the soil an abundance of fertilizing and stimulating substance ; and when these are wanting, little benefit or excellence may be expected. The field that is in a suitable condition to make a rich durable English meadow, is likely to produce good tlirifty fruit trees also, if they are planted and culti- vated in it. • The above observations are from the practical experience of the author. On tbe best ways of using Turnips and other Boots in the Feeding of Stock, together with the best method of Storing and Preserving the same through the Winter. \ BY JOHN G. LAYTON, RICHIBUCTO, KENT COUNTY. To the President of the New Brunswick Society for ihe encour- agement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce. Sir, — Your Society having oiEFered a Premium for the best Essay on the preserving and using of Turnips and other Root Crops in the feeding of Stock, I beg to submit the following, in the hope that— should I not be so fortunate as to obtain the Premium — I may at least be able to contribute something which may "prove useful to your Society. As the Premium is for " preserving and using" only, 1 shall con- fine myself entirely to these two points, and in doing so, shall slate nothing but what I have proved by my own experience and practice. I make it a rule to begin pulling my turnips the first week in November, and my method of doing this is to place a man at the ends of three drills, grasping the turnip by the lop firmly with the left hand, when with the right hand he cuts off the root with one blow, and the turnip from the top ai another, with an instrument made with a piece of an old scythe about six inches long, put into a short handle, leaving the turnips, on the ground in rows, between which the cart can pass to take them from the ground. I have been thus minute in describing this process, because I have frequently seen persons spend- ing a great deal of valuable time in trimming their turnips with knives, and think they have done very well to get in a cait load in a day. I haul in every night and leave the tops on the ground to be ploughed in. I have a cellar under one half my barn for stowing them, with a door opening to the inside, and made in the following manner : — My barn stands two and a half feet above the surface, under the north-east end of which is the cellar, dug out three and a half feet to ^46 • within two feet of the sills all round, thus being six feet deep; there being two feet of dry tan-bark and earth between the cellar wall and the sills, It never requires any banking. I haul my turnips right into the barn over the cellar, open a trap door and tip them down spreadmg them over the bottom floor two and a half feet thick- at three feet from the bottom I have another floor over which I spread another two and a half feet of turnips, through the top and middle floor 1 insert a flue one foot square, which must never be closed as Jong as any frost appears on the inside of it, which is a sure indica- tian that there is steam passing off. Since I have a^dopted this method of preserving my turnips, I have never lost any by heating which IS the great evil to be overcome in keeping turnips; neither have I sustained as much damags by their growing as when 1 used to pile them in the house cellar. I believe the stock best adapted for feeding on turnips is horned cattle, and it should be a standing rule the first winter of their exist- ence to let them have as many as they choose to er^t. I find that they never pay better for good feeding than at that age. I also find that cattle reared by myself upon turnips, fat much better thnn any 1 can buy because they will eat plenty of turnips, while those that have not been reared upon them eat them very daintily, and conse- quently take longer to fatten, and therefore they are more expensive to fatten ; the more I can make a beast eat in a given time, the better he will pay when killed for what he has eaten. My method of using them has been-^for calves, to cut small with an old scythe fixed on a bench, with a staple at one end and a handle at the other, taking care always to cut in slices— not in square pieces which are dangerous. I used first to cut them with a sharp spade but as my stock and crop increased 1 adopted the above. As my slock and crop is still increasing, 1 find that I shall have to get some more expeditious method yet; we are prohibited from importin.. articles of the kind by the 30 per cent, duty, and yet I am not aware that such things are made in the Province. To each calf I give about half a bushel a day, at two meals— morning and evening- I always let my calves go loose in a pen, having troughs to feed Irom and racks for hay ; they should have turnips as sobi as the grass fails. To my cows 1 allow the same quantity each while milking in two leeds — morning and evening, after milking. For cattle fatting, I cut them up in the same way, and give as many as I find they will eat ; should any be left from the last meal, alwavs take them away-they will do for the cows. I feed them three tim'es 'D. nav with tiirnine Ip tUr^ .^^«„:__ --..i - - -u '^ -i . .J ...-„ „..! , — .n ii,c iiiuiuujg cariy, m ihe aiiernoon, and m the evening— always at the same hour, and at noon with li-^ht or damaged grain, and giving always a little hay in racks. In this 247 manner a large ox, put up in moderate condition, will fatten ready for sale in two months, and will consume, if a good feeder, about twd hundred bushels of turnips ; to moke him extra fat, he will require longer feeding, although he will not after that eat a;3 much. I have not found it pay,to make any extraordinary beef, as 1 have found that the price is generally regulated by what the bad can be bought for. By using turnips in this way, I consider that I get a return of about three pence per bushel besides the value of the manure. After the reports which have been circulated respecting the high profits to be made by growing and feeding turnips, I fear this estimate will scarcely meet the expectations of some people, nevertheless I think it of more importance that the truth should be told, than that the inexperienced should be allured into their cultivation by the hope of enormous profits, which are sure to prove a failure ; but even at that rate I consider them the most profitable green crop that can be grown in this country Estimating the produce at six hundred bushels per acre, (which all who have had experience in their cultivation will admit is a low average,) gives, at 3d. per bushel, £7. The expense of cultivation I estimate in the following manner: — 40 good cart loads of manure, ....... £3 Ploughing and harrowing, 10 Drilling and sowing, 0100 Hoeing,* 10 Pulling and hauling in, 10 Seed, 3 or 4 pounds, about 5 Makinij a total of £5 15 leaving a profit of 35s. per acre, besides a large quantity of superior manure, which I consider will realize me at least 40s. more, and to which is to be added the increased value of the land, which, con- sidering that it is left in an excellent state for a wheat or barley crop, may fairly be valued at 20s., which altogether shows a profit per acre of £4 15s., equal to the whole value per acre of alra|pst any other crop ; and to this, something might be added — the satisfaction a man has in seeing his stock always sleek and thriving. In fact the turnip is the root of all agricultural improvement — without it cattle cannot thrive nor the farmer prosper. I have said nothing of mangolds, carrots, &c., because I have had but little experience in their cultivation, and believing, as I do, that the Swedish turnip is the best green crop for this country. I have the honor, &c. P. M. 248 On the best ways of asing Tornips and other Boot Crops in the Feeding of Stoek, together ATith the best modes of Storing and Preserving the sane •throughout the Winter, founded on practical experience, BY C. L. HATHEWAY, SUNBURY COUNTY. Tile subject of feeding animals witli eitiier roots or grain, is one that requires mucli consideration, aided by experience, and siiould be influenced by well established principles. To enumerate all those principles at first, to enable us to come to just conclusions, might be considered more consistent in an Essiy of this nature ; but, as a practical farmer, I find it more convenient, as well as consistent with ordinary practice, to advert to those principles as occasion may require. In feeding stock, it should always be borne in mind that unless the stocii is improving in condition, (excepting only a team, or a milch cow,) the feeder loses all his feed. Having seen young cattle fed at a great expense through the winter on hay, and turned out in the spring much leaner, and no larger than they were the preceding autumn, I have considered it a case that required a remedy ; and I have found no better one than to use a moderate quantity of turnips or other root crops ; this has resulted in saving a part of the bay ordinarily us.^d, keeping the stock in better condition, continuing their growth through the winter equal to the summer ^pteture. and increasing the quantity and quality of the manure. The latter result, though generally little thought of, is, or should be, of great importance to the farmer. Although it is universally admitted that the summer manure is the richest, few have duly considered the reason of it, or even availed themselves of the benefits resulting from feeding with roots in the winter. These considerations have led my attention to the inquiry into "|he best ways of using turnips and other root crops in the feeding of stock," and has resulted in my adopting the following practice ;~ After the hard frost of autumn has rendered the pasture unpalatable to tlie sf5ck, so as to afford them a scanty sustenance,! pall my li'tiir'hips and cart them into the barn in dry weather, and cut off the tops and roots at leisure. Calves or young cattle will seldom eat the roots until they have, been used for a time to the tops, then they become very fond of and devour them greedily. After feeding out all the tops and small turnips which are thrown aside without culting, I then commence with the roots. I lay down in a pile the quantity which I require for feeding in the morning or evening, and with a convenient little axe I chop them up, requiring about two minutes to the bushel, I then shovel up the pieces in a basket and turn them into the manger. 249 Sheep are not so fond of turnips as neat cattle, and if they are allowed to run over them, they will waste more than they eat. To prevent this waste, the feed should be laid in a trough where the sheep have to put their heads through a stanchion to reach it. In this manner each animal may be fed according to his age or degree. Dry cows or young cattle require but little to effect a great improve- ment in their condition. Milch cows may have half a bushel each in a day, with plenty of good hay, and they will give as much milk as in a good clover pasture ; a greater quantity than half a bushel might affect the taste of the milk or butter, but would lessen the quanty of hay required. In feeding beef cattle, great care should be taken in regulating their diet by examining their excrements. If the diet proves too laxative, lessening the quantity of roots, and giting more hay, is the necessary remedy. Animals are liable to many of the same diseases which afflict the human race, especially in the winter ; and of these diseases, tiyspepsia is by far the most common. This disease, instead of lessening, increases the appetite, exhibiting a paucity of excrement, while a greater quantity of dry food is devoured ; and this- — while it accounts for the deficiency in the quantity of manure, shewing that a great proportion of the aliment passes off by insensible perspiration — shews also the great benefit derived from a judicious use of the root crops. Cattle, feeding partly on turnips, or other roots, may be fed very sparingly with hay, if necessary, or indeed may be made to eat readily of hay of an inferior quality — such as they would hardly winter on — and still remain in good order. "' Potatoes are more nutritious than turnips, and also better for general purposes of fattening; but they are generally fed to beef cattle in such a manner that they devour them hastily ; and being of a brittle nature, they are rather cracked in small pieces than chewed, and the pieces or lumps thus swallowed are found in the excrements undigested — a total loss to the animal. To prevent this waste, I would prefer — when it can be conveniently done — boiling the pota- toes or crushing them, or mixing them with some other substance after crushing. Turnips, being of a tougher or more tenacious texture, are generally better masticated, and therefore become more convenient, cheap, and profitable food for cattle. Some have affirmed that cattle fed well with turnips or potatoes, fat best without water, but I have found it best to indulge animals with their own inclination in that particular. If the ox has a desire for water, I prefer allowing him to go to the trough and drink — if he drinks but little, he is satisfied that he has drank, and, in fattening, much depends on a quiet mind. I have found the mangold wurtzel beets to produce an immense quantity of tops and roots from a small rich piece of land, and they 230 '"'TfuP"u^^^^® *"; *''^ '^'"^ " *^^ """'a baga to the cattle. Mv method has been to have a plot of thern near fo the pig yard, and ij the months of August and September, or as early as thf latte part of i";^' 7ffZ t P'^'i"' ^''^' ''^""S^ '^ require more milk than he dairy affords them, I commence on one side of my beet plot and duU the outs.de leaves to satisfy the swine ; and in ten days Ifter I may commence at the same side again and find as good gathering a a^ first. When the tops fail to satisfy the swine, The roots are Always acceptable, and they will devour them greedily when they 3 reject raw potatoes ; and the mangold wurtzel I consider equally valuable with the ruta baga for cattle. ^ ^ <;w?I- k'/"'°"u H"^V°^ *"'"*P' ^ h*^« ^°""d the ruta baga, or I wllTlh^'- ^ ^" '^' most hardy, nutritious, and valuablel bu I witnessed therr effect in boiling them for swine, and found the tr^dtrSi" '''-" ^"' ''''' '^'-''^ -'^' ^PP--^' b- My experience, in feeding, has led me to the conclusion that beets should be fed raw to cattle and swine. Potatoes should be boi Id o both, and turnips should be fed raw to cattle and sheep-all which mav be done with great advantage. I have also become fully 1 tis- fi d .hat a good piece of land, or farm judiciously managed, will furmsh the family w. 1 all necessaries-the Itock with sufficiLt pro- QUESTIONS ON MANAGEMENT OF FARMS. (of not less than twenty-five acres.) Soih^ 8fc. in u ? '^what :s:k" rroiz ui' ""' "'"°" • '' '""^ '™-'°- 3. What do you consider the best mode of iraproving Ihe different kinds of S0.1 on your farm I Of clay soil,_if you hare it-of sandv soil, and of gravelly soil ? Answer separately! ^ had'^n^v'rioasl ""' "'""«'■ • ""''' '«■*" •- ""P P'-S-'-S a. have you made any eipejiments to test the difference in a succeeding cmp, between shallow, common, ,r deep plougUngf 261 6. Have you used the subsoil plough, and what hnve been. its efFects on different soils and crops ? 7. What trees and plants were indigenous to your soil ? Give the name of each. Manures. 8. How many loads of manure (30 bushels per load,) do yoa usually apply per acre ? How do you manage yjur manure ? Is it kept under cover ; or are there cellars under your barns or stables, for receiving it ? 9. What are your means, and what your methods of making and collecting manure ? How many loads of manure do you manufacture annually ? How many do you apply ? 10. How is yoi.r manure applied; whether in its long or green state, or in compost ? For what crops, or under what circumstances do you prefer using it, either in a firesh or rotten state ? 11. Could you not cheaply, essentially increase your supply of manure by a little extra labor ? 12. Have you used lime, plaster, guano, salt, or any substance not in common use as manure ? In what manner were they used, and with what results ? Tillage Crops. 13. How many acres of land do you till, and with what crops are they occupied, and how much of each crop ? 14. What is the amount of seed planted or sown for each crop, the time of sowing, the mode of cultivating and of harvesting, and the product per acre ? Have any insects been found injurious to your crops ? If so, describe them and the remedies adopted. 15. What kind and quantity of manure do you prefer for each j and at what times and in what manner do you apply it ? 16. How deep do you have manure covered in the earth, for different crops and different soils ? 17. Have your potatoes been affected with any particular defect or disease, and have you been able to discover any clearly-proved cause for it, or found any remedy ? Grass Lands, 8fC. 18. What kind of grasses do you use ? How much seed of clover, or the various kinds of grass do you sow to the acre ? At what season of the year do you soVv, and what is the manner of seeding ? 19. How many acres do you mow for hay, and what is the aver- age product ? At what stage do you cut grass, and what is your mode of making hay ? 262 20. Is any of your mowing land unsuitable for the plough, and what IS your mode of mai.aging such land ? » b . «"u 21. Have you practised irrigating or watering meadows or other lands and with what effect ? What is your'particular mode o irrigation, and how IS It performed? 22. Have you reclaimed any low, bog or peat lands ? What was the nriode pursued, the crops raised, and what the success ? What length of drams have you on the farm, and how are they constructed ? Domestic Animals. 23. How many oxen, cows, young cattle and horses do you keep and of what breeds are they ? ^ • ' 24. Have you made any experiments to show the relative value of tt'what'tlts ?" " '''" "'""•' ^" P"^'^"^"^ P"^l^°-^' -d 25. What do you consider the best and cheapest manner of win- tering your cattle ; as to feed, watering and shelter ? 26. How much butter and cheese do you make an lually, from what number of cows, and what is your mode of manufacture? 27. How many sheep do you keep ? Of what breed or breeds are they ? How much do they yield per fleece, and what price does the worl bring ? How many of your sheep usually produce lambs, and what number of lambs are annually reared ? How much will your sheep or lambs sell at per head to the butcher? 28. What do you consider the best and cheapest manner of winter- ing your sheep, ar to food, watering and shelter ? How manv in proportujn to your flock (if any) do you lose during the winfe ? What ditference (if any) between fine and coarse wLled sireep L these respects ? *^ 29. How many swine do you keep ; of what breed are they ; how do you feed them ; at what age do you kill them ; and what do they weigh when dressed ? ^ 30. What experiments have you made to show the relative value of potatoes, turnips and other root crops, compared with Indian corn or other grain, for feeding animals, for fattening, or for milk ? Fruit. 31. What is the number of your apple trees ? Are thev of natural or grafted fruits, and chiefly of what varieties ? ^ 32. What number and kind of fruit trees, exclusive of apples have you, and what are among the best of each kind ? ^^ ' 33. What insects have attacked your trees, and what method do you use to prevent their attacks ? 263 34. What is your general management of fruit trees ? 35. What other exppfiments or farm operations have produced interesting or valuable results ? FenceSf Buildings, Sfc. 36. What is the number, size and general mode of construction of your farm buildings ; and their uses ? 37. What kind of fences do you construct ? What is the amount and length of each kind ? And their cost and condition ? 38. To what extent are your various farming operations guided by accurate weighing and measuring ? And to what degree of minute- ness are they registered by daily accounts. 39. Do you keep regular farm accounts? Can you state the annual expense in improving your farm, and the income from it, with such precision that you can at the end of the year, strike an accurate balance of the debt and credit ? Would not this practise conduce very much to close observation, careful farming, and in the end much improve your system, as well as better your fortune. iV. B. — This List of Questions was published in the Royal Gazette of April I6th and 23rd, and 500 copies of it in a separate form were likewise circulated about the sane time. — See Society's Reports for 1851, p. 137. April 10, 1851. J. R. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS. BY GEORGE P. PETERS, M. D., LANCASTER, ST. JOHN COUNTY. No. 1. My farm consists of 150 acres, 36 have been under the plough, the remainder is fit for cultivation when stumped. I have no woodland. 2. The upland is a light gravelly loam ; the side hill loamy, with a clay bottom, and the valley chiefly a deep loam with clay bottom ; but a portion of it clay, with a mixture of fine sand, and a few acres , of what may be called marsh, which has been formed by the wash of the hills for ages, and is a deep bed of rich vegetable and earthy matter, (and, as it is irrigated every spring and autumn,) capable of producing grass for ages without the aid of any manure. There is no limestone on the farm - the only rocks are about four acres of granite boulders which I have found of great benefit in enabling me to build cellar walls under my barns, (which are situated on a side hill,) and also under my house. 264 3. The best mode of improving clay soil, is to drain it, ploucrh it wel m the fall, and lime it. I plough mine into nine feet ridges? and apply /owr hogsheads of lime, fresh slacked, to the acre, immediately after ploughing ;— this is sufficient for the first crop (oats). Onen drains are bad-they are always filling up, and likewise interfere with ploughing, &c. I have therefore piped a portion of my land with condemned hacmatac railroad sleepers, (which cost about four pence each,) laid about three feet deep, and I find them answer well ; but I believe no drain is so cheap as one made of stones as biff as your fist, or even larger, when they can be conveniently procured I have tried them on a limited scale, and am so satisfied of their efficiency that hereafter I shall use them alone. I may add that I have also tried pipes and soles, which seem to answer well, but the stone 1 find the cheapest. I dig my drains three feet deep, and about nine or ten inches wide at the bottom, and put in a foot of stones, then cover the stones with small spruce boughs and plough the earth in to till up. Ihe above method will procure a good crop of oats the first year, after which the land will be in a condition to be cultivated properly. The higher portion of my farm, which is a light gravelly loam, I p.ough about six inches deep, and manure with a compost made of two parts of black mud and one of manure, thoroughly rotted, and from this I get good crops. I believe this compost is better than manure alone ; it lasts longer in the ground, and appears to supply the vegetable matter of which the soil is deficient. 4. On my light soil [ plough six inches deep; on the lower por- tions, with the clay bottom, as deep as a pair of horses can turn it 1 was led to adopt this plan from observing that when I had sunk my drams for piping in the fiill, and had thrown up the clay which remained by the sides of the drains through the winter, and was sown with oats the next spring, that the best oats gi 3w upon the top of the clay, or wherever the clay got scattered upon the surrounding ground. 5. None. I always plough as deep as I can, where I have a clay bottom below. -^ 6. I have not, but mean to do so. 7. The trees were nearly all poached ofl^, or burnt off, when I purchased my farm, but from the stumps it is evident that large cedars grew upon the low land, and hacmatac, yellow birch, black spruce far, and some white maple, with large alders, upon the other portions! 8. I never apply less than thirty one-horse loads of manure to the acre— generally forty, but this depends upon the crop ; for carrots I apply most, potatoes next, Swedes next, and hybrids and vpIIow AUeiu.eens least. I manufacture my manure in the cellars under my barns. I have a cellar under mj barns seventy feet long, thirty (eet v;!de, and eleven feet high. Upon every six inches of manure, evenly 265 spread, I put one foot of black mud ; and although the latter is fre- quently put in through the hatches in the floor in a frozen state, it speedily thaws, undergoes fermentation, and in the spring comes out a uniform mass, and cuts out like old cheese. My cows and horses stand above these cellars, and all the liquid manure goes through the floors by openings arranged for the purpose, and is received in gutters which convey it to barrels, from which it is regularly distributed over the manure. All the slops from the house are likewise collected and hauled to the barn, and, through the traps spread over the contents of the cellar. 9. By the above means I last year put upon the land upwards of six hundred loads of manure, and as the hauling was all down hill, and my horses strong, they were of the largest description. 10. From what I have stated above, of course all my manure is applied in a thoroughly decomposed state. When used for potatoes, 1 spread it upon the ground, and plough it in, dropping the seed in the furrow eveiy third furrow. This is .n expeditious mode of planting, and potatoes raised in this way are best for eating. After they are ploughed in, I roll the ground and harrow it, and when they are well through the ground I run a drill-harrow between them fre- quently, to keep the ground loose. As soon as they are high enough, I mould them with Wilkie's double mould-board plough, then in a little while give them a few scrapes more of the drill-harrow, after which I give them the second n.oulding with the double mould-board, which does the work so effectually that they require little else before they are ploughed out. No man with a hoc can put earth up to potato vines so evenly and beautifully as a good double mould-board will do it. I can, with four men, including the ploughman, put in an acre a day with ease, and with the double mould-board the plough- man and a pair of horses can mould three or four acres easily in the same time, so that the saving of labour is immense. 11. I could not in any way increase my supply of manure, as 1 even use all the weeds about the farm, which I haul to the barn and convert into manure. 1 am at present engaged in hauling ashes from a steam mill, the refuse stuff from which has been burnt for a number of years, and a large pile of ashes has accumulated. I expect to get about three hundred loads, for which I pay ten pence a load, and from the experience I have alieady had ol its benefits as a top-dressing for grass lands, I look for the best results. 12. I always use lime to new land upon breaking it up, and also upon wheat land after sowing, at the rate of four hogsheads to the acre, and with decided benefit. Piaster and common salt I annly to the manure as I manufacture it in my cellars. Guano I use to my turnips, at the rate of three cwt. to the acre, on top of the manure in the drills. This year 1 intend to use ashes instead, at the rate of eighty bushels to the acre. 256 Tillage Crops. J3. Last year I had about two acres in wheat, six in oats, two in buck^vheat, one in barley, three and a half in potatoes, one in carrots three in turnips, and about twelve in grass. ' 14. Of wheat I sow one and a half bushels to the acre, of oats three, buckwheat one, barley one and a half; potatoes I cut with a portion of the rose or seed end in each cut, placed one foot apart and thirty inches between the drills ; carrots two lbs., turnips four lbs! ^eat 1 sow upon potato or turnip land. I first soak it for half an hour m a pickle made of common salt dissolved in cold water, strong enough to float a raw potato, stirring it well. This bnngs any foul seed and light wheat to the surface, so that they can be skimmed off. I then pour off the pickle and dry the wheat with quick lime on the barn floor; by this means every grain of wheat is completely coaled with lime. It is then sown immediately, (although it may be allowed to remain days without injury,) and harrowed in with two scrapes of the harrows. I sow as early as I can after ^ the frost is out of the ground, and the land dry enough for the ■ harrows. After the wheat greens the ground, I sow one and a- half cwt. of guano to the acre, in wet weather, upon the surface. The yield was a htlle over twenty bushels to the acre, and the weight of sg^h bushel 64 lbs. In ploughing, harrowing, and rolling land, for either wheat or barley, I would recommend that the horses be fed upon crushed oats or Indian cotn well soaked, as unless this precaution is taken the horses are apt to pass the oats they have been fed upon (and which they frequently devour ravenously,) in a whole state, and so cause oats to appear in both the wheat and the barley crop. Oats I sow as soon as the wheat is in : but as I feed all mine chopped up with the straw without thrashing, I cannot state the yield per acre. • •' Buckwheat was with me last year a failure, and I will never sow another gram of it. No skill can avail with so uncertain a crop Barky. "The Chevalier" is sown after oats upon potato land, and yields well. Mine was nearly as good as the best we can import! Potatoes. I have already described my mode of growing potatoes. Last year they were al! sound. The yield, on account of the drouaht was scarcely 200 bushels to the acre. I cultivate the Cups for keV mg over winter, and the early blues and Scotch earlies for immediate use. The latter of these are a valuable variety ; they do not bl. ssora but come to maturity very early. They are better than the early blues for eating, and are fit for market when potatoes will sell for 10s. " " *-9;m i.i\j% ilkrft IwSS *i — 7£>. 6u. ior a II mine. Carrots require a deep soil and deep plough.. „. I run the drills about twenty-four inches apart, with the double mould-board plough, 257 and put at least forty loads of well rotted compost out of my cellars between tie drills, which I then again split with the double mould- board, covering the manure as deeply and making the drills as high as possible, 1 then pass a light roller over the tops ol the drills, or flatten the tops with shovels, and sow the seed with a drill harrow. I rub the seed between the hands till all the beard is off them, so^k it in a bag in nearly milk warm water, for 24 hours, aqd sjpiread it in a box whejre I allow it to remian for three or four days in an airy place, stirring it bpcasionally till nearly dry. I then mix it with sifted hardwood ashes, and rub it through the hands again till the seed is rendered fit to pass through the seed barrow. I have found the best effects from sowing buckwheat on the carrot land, after ploughing and before drilling ; it comes up rapidly, shelters the young carrots, and prevents other weeds from springing up. The buckwheat itself is an easy weed to pull, and I have always found the best and strongest young carrots under the shelter of the buckwheat leaf. The drill harrow must be frequently run between the drills to press the weeds down and stir the earth ; and after the weeds are conquered, the double mould-board plough must be passed between the drills to put the earth well un, and make a clear passage for any surface water. You may generally calculate upon four hundred bushels of carrots to the aero by the above treatment, and in good seasons even more. Of course I mean the white Belgian, which is the best for feeding ; the other kinds, such as " early horn" and " long orange," will likewise succeed, but do not yield so well. Turnips I put in stubble land, broken up the year previously. The best kind are the purple-topped Swedish. I treat the land as I do for carrots, but do not put quite so much manure, but on top of the manure in the drills I put about three cwt. of guano to the acre. I sow four pounds of seed to the ncre, with the seed barrow. The guano gives them such a start that the flea never troubles them ; — I have never had to sow twice. There should be an interval of five days between the sowing of each acre of turnips, otherwise they all come to require thinning and dressing at the same time, and as suffi- cient hands cannot always be procured to attend to them, a large portion of the crop will suffer. I sow Swedes any time between the 1st and 10th of June, and always just before rain — never during a drought ; yeltew Aberdeens, and Dale's Hybrids, any time between the 20th and 28th of June. The latter grow more rapidly than Swedes, yield well, and do for feeding till new year. In thinning turnips, I use as a hoe a ship's scraper, with a long handle ; it is of a triangular shape, and about five and a half inches long on each side. It is the cheapest and best hoe for the purpose that can be used ; there is seWom any necessity for stooping, as from the shape of the hoe you can go as close to any plant you wish to remain as you can H 258 with your finger, without injuring it; and you always have a corner of the hoe ready to hook out a weed without turning it in your hand out wifh'r '^" l'^'^ V^' ^°^' ^"^ '^^^'^^^^ afterwards S out with the same hoe each intermediate plant. This plan will mak! the crop. List year was the worst one for turnips I have ev^r loorn^ t 'T ^'M!'^ "^''^ '^'^ ^'^^ ^» ---rage-I had abo 1000 bushels; I would have had in ordinary seasons 2000 15. I have already stated the kind and quantity of manure used and the manner of applying it. ' 16. Already answered. 17. No disease. Grass Seeds, of \t TT^^^ and clover ;-a peck of the former and four pounds of the latter to each acre. I sow immediately after h arrow W?,! wheat, oats, or barley and roll the ground acro^ the d4s XS covers the seed completely. I mow'ed last year only twel ve IcTes- I LIZ '^'" r^ ^^^"fy-'^°- A larg^portion o^f the land whi;^ I have at present m grass is not the best adapted for it. The vidd sTonH fl °^^^'^°J°"» to the acre. I'cut grass when i/th even o'cS h h f '" '^' ""'"'^f' '' ^"^' ^" '^'' '^' "^^^^^ befo' eleven o clock is shaken out, turned, and put in cocks that niaht i never disturb the cocks the next day-I Vefer curinr; h cU onoJ, T"^ '' **^"^ .^^^' '^''' ^^^ ^'^ i« °ff' I shake ourtt cocks, and put ,t up again in large cocks till the day following whin f the day ,s fine 1 merely upset the cocks, turning the bottom of theai to the sun for a few hours, and haul th;m in. I put aboTone In ^ ''' '" ''^^' '°"' '^^'y^ '' I ''^^ 't ^v.ay in Ve barn 20. IVone. situ«ion"^ ""'"'' '' ™^""' '™ " ""■" "■™«' » y'^r, owing ,o its 22. Answered. Domestic Animals. 23. Six cows, four horses, and two colts THa o«w,e «h« „ ^- i breed of Durham and Angus, crossed ;t\he^ct?o7 th? c^ntrf One of the colts is thorough bred, the other three quarters. ^' 24. None. ^ 25. To chop, with a straw-cutter, all the feed, such as hav and ^raw for the cows, and the oats and straw, together, for the horses cot"anJ"a mtlVsT ^"'^' ^"'^Vr ^^''^' °^"^ ^^ !:T'._^"^^ ^'"!^ ^^^t' "^°'«ten the whole with water, then no„nH U wcii u»u aiiow it lo remain a few hours before feeding. In 'thi"s wav ?pX'be":Si;r^'^''''"^ -*•-'-<' '^» -"'« "-^'^' 269 26. As I live near a town, I find it most profitable to sell the milk, instead of making cheese and butter. ' 27. Nineteen — Southdown and Leicestershire. The fleeces weigh from five to seven and a half pounds. I have all the wool manufac- tured into cloth. All my ewes produce lambs ; nine out of ten of them have twins. I rear all the lambs, as I wish to get a large flockp I don't sell a lamb to a butcher, but 1 readily get six dollars each for the ram lambs, when six months old, from the farmers. 28. I have a shed for my sheep, where they can go in and out at pleasure, and which perfectly protects them from the weather. I feed them on turnips and hay. Water they do not require when they eat plenty of turnips. I never lose any. The only sheep I have \ killed, fed as above, weighed twenty-seven and a half poundsj per quarter. '' 29. Four sows ; one a Berkshire, the other two Newbury Whites. I killed two Newbury Whites in November, eighteen months old ; they weighed nearly four cwt. each. I feed my. pigs upon potatoes, oatmeal, spare milk, and slops. The oatmeal 1 obtain at a very cheap rate from the stores which are left on hand on board emigrant ships, (from 6s. to 8s. per cwt.) 30. None. Fruit. 31. Thirteen apple trees — grafted. They do not bear yet, but will this year. 32. None. 33. None. 34. Keep the ground clean round them, and manure them well with old dung, and occasionally lime and ashes. Fences, Buildings, SfC. 35. Two barns. One 30 by 40 — 14 feet posts, and 22 feet rafters, 7 by 5. The other 26 by 30 — 12 feet posts — and corres- ponding pitch of roof and scantling to first barn. Cellars under the whole of both from ten to eleven feet high — the walls built substan- tially of stone, 18 inches thick, and pointed with mortar. The front of the cellar is of wood, board d and shingled, with large and smaii doors, and four windows — twelve lights each— of 8 by 10 glass. They are perfectly frost-proof 37. I use various kinds of fences. The best and cheapest for the rna/1-cir1o in mv lf4/»Qlitir 1 ^nA ran Ijp manp nf cintc biy ft*t>t Innrr , ..,„_. ..- .... . J . _ „ — _ .-. _ — . ^ j^, placed perpendicularly, and each slat picketed. They are nailed to two strips of scantling, spiked and let into cedar posts, or hacmatuc sleepers, nine feet apart. This is a fence not easily climed, and one / that will keep out any description of animal running on the road. It costs abour 15s. for every six rods. Cedar is scarce in my neigh- borhood. I use spruce rails for dividing off the farm into lots, which cost 7s. a hundred, delivered on the ground* 38. I know by measuring my carts the quantity of roots I raise ; ^"■n ^^® 9"^"t'^y of grain is ascertained as it is taken from the fanning mill. The quantity fed is also measured. 39. I do not keep regular farm accounts ; but I can state the annual expense of improving my farm and the income from it, as I note down every penny expended for Wages, implements, seeds, buudmgs, &c., and likewise the amounts received from the produce of the farm. I do not take into account any thing consumed upon the farm that is raised on it. AGRICOLA. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS. BY ROBERT JARDINE, SAINT JOHN COUNTY. In accordance with the request made by the " JVew Brunswick Society fcr the encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce," I beg to submit the following answers to their queries. It does not occur to me how a certificate or other proof could be furnished at this time without interfering with the secrecy which it is necessary to maintain ; but both will be ready if required. 1. My farm contains one hundred acres, of which sixty are improved, and forty in wood ; but the latter is suitable for pasture, having roads and glades cut through it. 2. The soil is generally a clay loam, over a compact yellow clay subsoil. There is no limestone in it. The only rock is a blue slate, underlying the subsoil at depths varying from one foot to about ten feet. 3. My farm was, eight years ago, with the exception of about five acres, covered with a dense second growth of spruce, fir, and white birch. The first year I cut half a ton of hay, and pasti pti a cow and a horse. The past year I pastured thirty sheep, 'hree horses, four cows, and eight yovirig caittle, and cut seventy tons of hay. I commenced bv clgar^n? out fivprv tHirro- f m ah*^"* « o««^«u— «- held. With a yoke of oxen, ol- with Horses, Dlou-aied the land about nine inches deep, drdiiied the wet or bdggy places witB open drains, or with closed drains, four feet deep, and laid wit' ^iles or broken ^61 stones, as suitable, and sowed oats the first year. The next, after deep ploughing in the fall, a cross-ploughing in the spring, and twice grubbing and harrowing, the land was put in green crop, potatoes, turnip^ and carrots, as suited. 4. Deeply ploughed in the fall, covering in the turnip tops, and sown in spring with oats, barley, or wheat, and timothy and cloVer. In hay two years, pasture two years, and back to begin the same rotation. A similar course followed with a new field each year. 5. I have always ploughed deep. 6. I use an iron grubber, which stirs the soil to the depth of ten to twelve inches. 1 cannot speak comparatively on this point from my own experience. 7. The spruce, fir, and white birch, with an occasional moudtain ash and poplar, all second growth. Old stumps remained of spruce, pine and yellow birch. White clover and sorrel seem to be the only indigenous plants. 8. 1 generally apply twenty single loads, of about twenty bushels per acre. I have a hollow scooped out in the clay, behind the barns, for the manure, and covered with a shed, or lean-to, of boards, battened. 9. Behind the horses and cows, there is a grooved plank, which conveys the urine to a tank outside the barn. The tank is simply an old oil cask, sunk in the clay, with a cover. The manure is thrown out under the shed. About once a fortnight during the summer, the manure is spread under the shed, in alternate layers with peat or dry clay, mixing the horse and cow manure together, and throwing over the whole the contents of the tank. Occasionally in early spring, during damp weather, and after the hay is cut in the fall, the con- tents of the tank, mixed with three parts of rain water, is spread on the adjoining gra^s lancis, with a very good effect. I manufacture about two hundred loads of manure annually. 10. 1 generally spread the manure, made as above, during summer, on the land intended for carrots, in the fall, and plough it under. The manure made in winteri is carted to the head of the field intended for potatoes and turnips, early in spring, before the frost is out of the ground. It is turned twice before being used, and mixed partially, and covered with the soil adjoining. In no circumstances would I use it in a fresh or green state. For potatoes it need not be much rotted. For turnips, well rotted, and for carrots, thoroughly ro|ted. IL I have adopted the method I consider the best, and do not know how I could improve oi:|i|. .J .^ 12. l have used liml agll plaster, spread oil gKiss land^and on turnip land, but did not perceive any effects. I have used bone ('ust *:■ 262 on pasture lands with marked effects-the pasture being richer and better than that not dressed. I used about'twe.iy bushels per acre own broadcast. I apply, in addition to the twenty loads of manSre' two cwt. of guano, and ten bushels of bones, in the drill, to tZS and carrots, per acre. As compared with neighbouring crops, treS with manure alone, my turnips braid quicker, escape th^e fly and yield better on account of the extra manure. ^' ' T hit ^^""""'"^h '"^T" °° ",7 !'."^' ' «"^ ^^°"^ ^he end of the rotation I have prescribed for myself with the first and second year's clearing but wishmg to go oyer the whole farm before I returned on the fim' fields, I have more m grass now than I intended. Last season in hirty sheep and three young cattle, I had fifteen acres in pasture thirty m hay, eight m oats, one in buckwheat, one in wheat two in ppt&toes two m turnips, and one in carrots. The produce was not accuratdy weighed or measured. I can only give L quanUties a estimated m the barn and cellar:— 4"«"""es as Thirty acres hay, estimated produce— seventy tons thrS TsTseT '' """°^ ^^" ^'^ P^°'"^^' '' ''^ -^^ "« b-g One acre buckwheat ; was struck with rust or blighted by frost or lightning ; yield about fifteen bushels. ^ One acre wheat ; produce about twenty bushels. 1 wo acres potatoes ; about three hundred bushels. 1 wo acres turnips ; about one thousand bushels. One acre carrots ; about six hundred bushels. •14. The quantity ofseed for oats, is three bushels per acre- of wheat, two bushels ; of meadow, a peck of timothy, and r'.,ee pounds of red clover; of turnips and carrots, three pounds per acre. I sow oats and wheat as early as the ground affords a good seed bed say from 10th to 25th April. Have sown as early fs the former and not later than the latter, and have always had gobd c opT Sow ?rriTh ti'V ''' T'^^'r'^ '^' '" ^ go^S^state,':; rom 15th to 20th. Turnips from 1st to 15th June. The inly nsect 1 have been troubled with is the turnip, fly, and I have never lost a crop by it, ahhough I have had to Tow^'twice occalX The remedy most effectual with me has been thick sowini^ and the use of ^uano, which hastens the growth of the plant at the time the msect IS most destructive. . 15. See 12. ^1^l\ ^f '*1^ ^r^ for potatoes, turnips, and carrots, in drHls about «... -.u^wexve Indies aeep, and twer^tj-seven inches apart. Spr&ad thi matyre ift tb^ bottom, then spw.t?e ^anf and bone dust on ?^p of the manure, and split the drill ove|it7 Haviflionly one khid o^f 4 • • ' !^i^ 'SSTT- 263 soil, and applying the manure onlj to green crop, I have no farther experience. 17. My potatoes have been aflfected by the prevailing disease for the lai^ seven years. I have not been able to discover any cause for it, and know of no remedy. 18. See 13 and 14. 19. The estimated produce of hay is from two to three tons per acre. I commence to cut generally in the last week of July, when the timothy begins to be in the second blossom, and about half the red clover blossoms begin to fade. What is cut one day, I spread the next, and rake up and put in small cocks in the evening. If the weather is favorable, spread it out next morning, and put it into large cocks in the evening. After thus standing a few days, it is spread in the morning and put into small stacks, to remain until all the hay is made, when the whole hay is carted to the barn. This mode is rendered necessary Irom the barns being at a considerable distance from the fields. 20. I have drained, or intend to drain all my land. 21. Have no opportunity for irrigation. 22. A considerable portion of my land is low boggy valleys, between rocky heights. These I have reclaimed by running a deep main drain down the lowest level, with branch drains into it open or covered, as suited. I have persued the same rotation with this description of lands as with other portions of the farm, and found that valleys were much more productive than upland, although costing more to clear. I have let the relaiming of such land by contract at from five to fifteen pounds per acre, and have had a produce of thrfee tons ol hay per acre for three years running, without manure. 22. I have drained about twenty acres with closed drains, four feet deep, and averaging twenty-five feet apart. I dig the drains as narrow as a man can work in them. The first three years I put in at the bottom two stones on edge and one on top, and filled in about a foot of small stones, then put on an inverted sod or a layer of fir boughs, and covered up. Within the last two years I have used tiles, laying them at the bottom of the cut, in a space cut for them, and filling in the clay closely upon them. J find both kinds to dry the land equally well, the difference in favor of the tiles being, that in spring the water is apt to rush down to the stone drains and fill them up with silt or gravel, which does not happen with the tiles. 23. I k«ep four cows, three horses, and generally eight yoeno- cattjiyitfid^a buU. Tbey are all pure bred Ayrshire. 24^ I have had nati^ ciittli^e^ by side with rny'^h sjr^mer and winter, and fir on th^ame fee4 ati^ 'txnn th^am llhriye better, an«^ produce more • :264 25. My barns are warm and sheltered, so much so that the manure does not generally freeze in them. I have water brought into the bam in pipes, and do not allow the cattle to go oui from the 1st oi November to the 1st of May, with the exception of an hour or two for exercise in very fine weather. I give the cattle water In the stalls twice a day—ar . i; .'dock and at five. In winter, I boil turnips, light oats and lrH:v, with cut hay, in a fifty gallon boiler, twice a day. Ot this, liie sheep get an allowance at mid-day, and each horse, cow, and young animal, gets a pailful at night and another in the morning. From November till February, I generally feed straw, and after that hay. On the above my whole stock is kept growing and thriving, and is rlw-^-i n good condition. 26. I make only what butter and cheese are required in the family, with the exception of selling about seven pounds of butter per week' during summer. Having a pure bred stock, I rear all the calves,' and calculate on being paid by the better price they bring, for giving them most of their mother's milk. I obtain for calves, "six months old, from £5 to £7 10s. ; for two year old bulls, £20, and for heifers, £15. 27. I keep twenty ewes and a ram, of the pure Leicester breed. The fleece weighs from four to seven pounds, and the wool sells at Is. 3d. per pound. Nine-tenths of the sheep have lambs, and as one half them have two or three, the casualties are so met t!:at I rear about the same number of lambs as I have ewes. I do not sell any sheep or lambs to the butcher, but sell the lambs for breeding, at from 20s. to 25s. each, in the fall. J have always a demand for more than I can supply. " 28. See above as to wintering cattle. The sheep, in addition to about thirty gallons of boiled turnips and oats per day, get what they can consume of fine hay. I have never lost a sheep. 29. I only keep one or two pigs to eat the slops. 30. See above. 31 to 35. Locality and climate not suitable. 36. I have two barns — one 26 by 16, and the other 40 by 60. Against each there is a lean-to or shed, which not only covers the manure but shelters the cattle. In the large barn there is a root cellar occupying one quarter of its lower floor. This is boarded round with double boards, a foot apart, the space being filled with sawdust. Above and around this cellar, in winter, the hay is closely packed. In this cellar turnips are packed in excellent order about as much frost penetrating as to make the turnips adhere slightly, without freezing them hard. Next to the cellar, on the south side "of the barn, is^the byre for the cattle, u^ overit is a grain room. The cattle are fed from the inside of thrBar^ Rtween the two barns, 266 is a separate erection, covering the boiler, which is one of the patent furnaces. Against one of the barns is a !ean-to, or half open shed; in which the sheep are kept, the hay being filled into racks from the barn. 37. My fences are all of cedar rails, straight on end, with two " uprights," to support them, bound at liead and foot. The cedar cost af)oul 15s. per 100, and the ' uprights" about Is. 6d. eadh. My iettces are all in good condition. 38. The seed and manures are accurately weighed or measured ; the produce is only guessed at, unless when sold. It would serve no purpose, commensurate with the cost and trouble^ to weigh or measure what is consumed on the farm. 39. 1 do nt keep exact farm accounts, but from other circum- stances I am enabled to get at an accurate balance of debit and credit. With reference to 38, I know what number of bushels my carts will hold, and keep an account of the number of cart loads of roots, &c., and estimate hay and grain from the bulk of stacks, and number of loads. I am your obedient servant, J. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS. BY C. L. HATHEWAY, SUNBURY COUNTY. 1. My farm (like about one hundred others in the same grant,) consists of 500 acres, 35 improved, and the remainder wood and waste lands. 2. The soil near the river is a rich sandy alluvial on a clayey subsoil. At the distance of half a mile back from the river, there is a thin vegetable soil on a clay subsoil, which continues, with little variation, fo three miles; then a common gravelly, stony upland for about three and a half miles, completes my compliment of 500 acres. There are no limestones or valuable rocks in it. 3. I find the best method of improving clay is to plough it in narrow ridges, so as to prevent any standing water, and after a rotation cropping and careful manuring, to lay it down with grass seeds ; if for meadow, the less it is pastured the better. Sandy soil is more easily worked ihan any other, and more active in forwardmg the crop, and better for sustainine vegetot'on in a drought, but requires more manure. Gravelly soils are souietimes sandy, and sometimes ^- ^ 266 clayey, and should bo treated accordingly. If tho mvel is rc«,«. i should prefer leaving it for woodland. ^ ^"'' ' 4. i generally plough from seven to nine inches deep Dean plough.ng makes room for a superabundance of water to esc^ipe fram he surface and also makes room for the roots of n ants whicH have found to extend to a greater length than the shoots or mks but deep ploughmg should be a progressive work. A little of the subsod annually raised to the top, although at first inert soin become acfve through atmospheric influ'ence, and the deep wr;u7t so iH always most productive and make the most durable mea.fovvs 5. I commenced making a garden on a brick clay formation The Txt^Jb^trge"^^^^^ '"''' '' '-^ ^P^^'"^' -y -'« became 6. I havo never used a subsoil plough. 7. The indigenous trees of my soil were the maple birch elm a,h red oak, butternut, bass wood ; and further back from driver' and bee^ci!"'"'"'' " '»''"-""'. ""l". P'- and larch, or ha:S Manures. 8. I generally apply about thirty loads of manure to an acre of corn or potatoes. I mix all the vegetable and fossil matter that I cancon „„y collect, with stable manure, and are ully supd^ cattle and swme with litter for that purpose. After Dlanh^l ThTj the manure that is left scraped in plfes 'J'or comp tin^ a d^'cove red wuh the .ghter kmd of straw. In the autumn it is ht ed out and pned ,n the field where it is intended to be used, and carefullv covered wuh the clay or soil of the field, to shield it fromloss bv ex no wilr R° 'S'"^ \''''' '^''' ^°"'^ °^h-^'«« escape duLgfhe" winter. Residing on the intervale, our barns cannot be conven^fnilv TSi"ir'\"""??' ''^ '"^h accommodation as the uprnrwou 5 afford. When I resided on the upland, I placed two ordinary sfzedrock barns at a distance of about twelve or fhirteen feet a7a , lea^n^The pace between to receive the manure fn^m the stables o ^b bam 1 then roofed and enclosed the space between, leavin. ZaZnd flat for manure and the space above for hay. ify stable floorfwere then aid on the ground so snugly embedded in the clav aftrh! perfectly water-tight. This plan of stabling apd securing the m nut I found the most convenient and economic^ I ever me? with bu I found I should have kept the space at leaat fifteeT f Jt t^ hll sufficient room for the manure.-fsee annexed descrTption ) '" ^''' large one, is, that they are less expensive and laorc easily kept in 267 repair than a large one, and the connection by the space between is easily effected, and more useful than any other part. As one is intended tor a grain barn, it should be closed with suitable windows against the dung pit ; but the other, intended entirely for stock, may be left open to the pit, after boarding it three feet and a half high. It is intended that the barn floors should be two and a half feet higher than the stable floors, which lay on the ground ; and the scafTolds on each side of the barn floors to be four feet high, which makes a great space for hay, and is favorable for low pitching. It is necessary to have the drains from the stables either into the pit or out under the doors. This method of building i tried with good effect about twenty years ago, and can recommend it, by experience, as the best method I have seen.'"' 9. My means for making manure are very limited. For my method, see preceding answer. I generally collect about one hundred loads annually, and apply them all. 10. My manure is applied partly in its green state, and partly composted ; but I would prefer having it thoroughly composted with such vegetable and fossil matter as would completely absorb all the gases, before I applied it to any soil for any crop. 11. I could increase my manure by extra labour, but whether cheaply or not depends on the rate of wages. 12. 1 have used very little lime, no plaster, a little guano, and a little salt, which has led me to the following conclusion, viz. : — Lime mixed with any kind of excrementitious manure, expels the ammonia, which is the most active principle, and therefore impairs the manure. On clayey or sandy soils no benefit has been observable by using lime when applied unmixed with other manure ; but on the spongy marsh — which is in fact a species of turf bog — when it has been drained, lime has been used to good advantage, and I have used it with good effect on fruit trees in form of a whitewash. Guano I have used on Indian corn hills, and found it an active stimulant, but saw no evidence of its fertilizing property in the succeeding crop. Salt IS well known, when applied to plants, to destroy all kinds of vegetables, but I have found its effects in the compost very useful ; it retains moisture, and resists the destructive influence of the air. Tillage Crops. 13. I till about twelve acres ; — plant about one acre in Indian corn, three in potatoes and root crops, two in wheat, four in oats, and two in buckwheat, peas, beans, he. 14. Indian corn reauires about eieht quarts of seed to the acre. #j * This deacriptioa waa illustrated by a drawing, which wc regret to be uoajble to repro- duce here. 268 and IS planted from 25th May to 10th June; 1st of June, i- pre- ferahle The ears are pulled off when ripe, and carted to the barn for husking. My average crop is about forty-five bushels per acre The rnode of cultivating is by hand-hoeing, horse-hoeing, and weed- ing, otatoes if the seed is cut, require about ten bushels per acre • If planted whole, require about sixteen bushels ; mode of cultivating same as corn, and dug by hand. Last year's product, (far below thf ordinary average,) 130 bushels per acre. Wheat requires one and CM " ^T °^'''^ P'/ '"^' ""'' ^'^^"J^ t^^ sowed about the middle 01 May. My manner of preparing the seed, is first sifting out all the seeds less than the wheat, then washing it in a pickle to float off oats or light gram, then puuing the seed into a leaky barrel for abou o^the^L^H"^7''^^"'. ^"''^ ^'"^^ ^^^^^ ^°^' Harrow it in, and roll the field well. Produce per acre, fourteen bushels. The weevi has been very destructive to the wheat for several years past but I know no remedy. Oats require four bushels per acre, and mav be sown with good effect in the same manner as the wheat^any tTrril between 20th May and 10th June. Buckwheat requires abou^ half a bushel to the acre and should be sown between the 15th and last 1 if: ^^''' ' produce, about thirty bushels per acre. Wheat should be cut as soon as any symptom of rust appears on the leaf I reap and bind it in small stocks in the field, until thoroughly dried for grinding. " ^ " 15. The kind of manure which I prefer, is that which is well com- posted-quantity not. less than thirty loads per acre, applied in tlie hills of potatoes or corn at the time of planting. 16. Manure is generally covered the same depth as the seeds •_ Indian corn one and a half inches— potatoes about two inches. ' 17. My potatoes have been affected with rust or rot, in a greater or less degree, ever since the summer of 1845. Sorr.etimes a dry rot affecting partially only a few ; sometimes a thorough destruction before digging ; and sometimes the whole mass perishing in the cellar I have found, after the disease had commencedfif I pSt them away m the cellar mixed wuh a small quantity of fine slacked lime, the decay ceased ; but I have found no remedy for their attack in the Grass Lands, 8^c. 13. The grasses in general use are the timothy, red clover, white clover, brown top, and a mixture of all these, occupy nearly aU he meadows m the County. The two latter kinds are seldom sown b t grovv spontaneously from the abundance of seeds with which mo t of our fields seem to be supplied. I sow about half n hn^h.l J .L!!.! seed, and two or three pounds of cfover seed, to the acre,^ arihi 269 season of sowing my grain, and depend on the roller covering it. I have ascertained that one pound of red clover seed contains seven and a half seeds to a square foot on an acre. 19. I mow about fourteen or fifteen acres, averaging about two tons per acre. 1 endeavour to cut the grass when it is full grown, but before the seed is ripe enough to fall off in using the hay. I prefer making the hay by spreading out the swaths in good weather, through the day, and raking it towards evening with a Lorse-rake, and putting it up in snug cocks. It then depends on the state of the weather whether any more opening will be required before it is carted into the barn. Hay may be put into the barn with safety, when it will lose one third of its weight in the mow. 20. I have now no mowing land unfit for the plough, excepting natural meadows at a distance, which I seldom occupy. My mode of managing such meadows has been to reserve them for stock Iwy, and to prevent, as far a? possible, cattle treading on them. There can, however, be no such thing as meadow land, of any considerable quantity, which is not fit for the plough — unless it below lands liable to be overflowed by summer fresheis. • 21. As my farm is intervale, I have witnessed the benefit of a freshet ; but when I lived on an upland farm, I had taken pains in laying down a gentle d'^clivity with suitable drains to carry oft' surplus rain water. After the ground had become frozen, I used to stop those drains and lurn the brooks over the meadow in such a manner as to leave the surface incrusted with ice, which remained thereuntil April, while the neighbouring fields were freezing in the night and thawing in the day. I found the grass on this meadow looking earlier and greener than the adjacent fields. I also tried letting in the tide to irrigate my dyked marsh. This I found injurious ; but by placing a gate at the head of my aboidc au and flowing with fresh water, I found a benefit. 22. I have not operated on peat land in any other way than using and testing its value in the compost heap. But 1 have drained swamps and marshes with good effect, and made good arable soil where the land had been considered useless. The mode 1 have invariably pursued, has been to make open headland drains, which enabled me to plough and ridge the declivity ; raising good potatoes with ordinary manure and culture ; and afterwards grain and English grass. I have had the satisfaction to see ten acres of intervale swamp, which I surrounded with a ditch four feet deep, and which was and had been considered valueless and lost labour, now in the hands of my successor, thrown into beautiful ridges and producing the finest growth of buckwheat I ever saw, and that succeeded by good Eiiglish grasses. This improve- ment was first performed chiefly by the spade and manual labour, the 270 grain was then harrowed in with teams, and carted off in the harvest where no team ever trod before, excepting on the frost. The whole expense of drammg and ridging did not exceed £6 10s. per acre and the reclaimed soil is now considered almost inexhaustible. I have on my farm one main drain along the line, varying in depth from two to five feet, and about half a mile in length ; and the other drains of the farm (which are such as are made by ridge ploughing,) lead into It. My drains are all open, and generally so constructed that a loaded waggon hiay be driven over them ; these prove quite sufficient, and do not hinder ordinary farming operations. Domestic Animals. 23. I do not now keep oxen. I keep seven or eight cows, a few heilers, and three horses. Cattle— a mixture of the Ayrshire breed Horses — a mixture or cross of the English breeds. 24. I have tried the Ayrshire breed of cattle with good effect, and lound them to produce good milkers, and very active oxen, but my stock has generally been of such a mixed breed that I have not been able to decide on any satisfactory experiment as to the"/ ^ttening. 25. I have found it best to winter my cattle in stch a manner that the growth of the young stock will not be suspended during the winter. 1 feed them in a manger, and as 1 have observed that rumi- nating animals, m a good pasture in October, lie down at sunset and do not alter their position before sunrise next morning, I indulge them with their natural quiet. I allow them to lie with their heads Towards an open barn floor, to give them free air, with a dry bed, and shelter from wind and storm. I feed them with hay morning and evenincr and the less, when I have plenty of turnip tons or roots to give them. I allow them to occupy the yard in moderate weather, and generally water them there from a well, with a little straw to feed on through the day. Since I have allowed my geese to run on the floor ot my cow barn and stable, I have never discovered any sickness among my cattle ; and my cows, with such treatment, afford as much butter as from good pasture. I find cattle should be so kept to^rether as not to be in danger by, or in fear of each other. ° 26. I make no cheese; but a little more than a hundred pounds of butter per cow, besides milk for a large family's use. Butter manuiactured in the ordinary way, and cream generally raised by the frost in winter. '' 27. I keep about twenty sheep— a cross of the Dishley with the common breeds ; average per fleece, 8^ lbs., at Is. 6d. per lb. It is not uncommon for the number of lambs to exceed that of the ewes but ewes seldom fail having lambs. Young lambs are. howevp/ liable to accidents, exposure to dogs and wild animals. I think I 271 have now fifteen lambs and seventeen ewes. If the sheep are fat in March or April, the butcher will give 20s. each, and leave me thk? Heece ; lambs in the summer sell at from 7s. 6d. to 10s. 28. I consider the best method of wintering sheep is to give them as much good hay and turnips through the winter as they will eat, without waste. Allow them liberty of a large yard, and shelter when they desire it, and water in the trough once a day. In the months of March and April allow each ewe a pint of oats a day, which amounts to about a bushel each. I do not recollect having lost a sheep by sickness in twenty years. I have discovered no difference in the health of coarse or fine wooled lambs, but have invariably sentenced coarse wooled lambs to be butchered. 29. I generally keep one or two swine through the winter, and raise four or five pigs through the summer. The last autumn my pigs, at six months old, weighed 140 lbs. ; old swine, 350 lbs. 30. I have proved satisfactorily that the roots are not to be com- pared with Indian corn for fattening swine ; although for milk, the roots are far belter ihan grain. Boiled potatoes and grain make better pork, and fatten animal? faster, than either grain or potatoes alone. Either potatoes or turnips will fatten cattle, with good hay ; but neither will pay for feeding swine without a mixture of milk or farina. I feed swine with boiled potatoes, milk iand buttermilk ; but in fat- tening, give them corn or oats once or twice a day — always preferring a supper of Indian corn for them to digest through the night. Fruit. 31. I have no apple trees but those I set out on my farm in 1847, the year I purchased and removed to it.* They have hardly begun to bear, and I am uncertain as to their quality and character. 32. I also set a few choice plum trees, which look flourishing. They are called the green gage, sugar plum, and damson. I have also a few cherry trees. 33. I am not aware of any insects injuring my trees; but I have discovered a species of caterpillar that sometimes visit a solitary tree in great numbers, spinning a sort of web over it like spiders. I am informed that burning sulphur or gunpowder under the tree destroys them ; but I am less sure of that than I am of the fact that they eventually destroy the tree. 34. My general management of fruit trees has been to transplant them to a good soil, and to till the land around them to prevent the grass from Binding the soil, and then occasionally pruning off useless shoots. 35. i have observed that the most successfui farmers, although aided by theory, have generally been guided by experience, and it is- 272 necessary tliat that experience should be acquired on the farm or kind of soil they have to occupy. That practise which proves successful in one place might prove ruinous in another. Many valuable oppor- tunities for successful operation are lost for want of capital ; and many farmers have been ruined by their inability to meet liabilities for borrowed money, which had been profitably expended if it had been their own. Much disappointment and discredit to the profession have arisen to purchasers of farms by endeavouring to engross more land than they could make available, and in extending their operations beyond their resources. By carefully avoiding these errors, many have become wealthy farmers, and I scarcely know a farmer in the Province who has given his whole attention to farming, without proving successful. Fences, Buildings, 8fc. 36. I have two barns standing near my house and near each other; one 42 by 32 feet, used for cattle, sheep, and hay ; the other 36 by 30 feet, used for horses and grain. A corn house for drying corn in the ear, 11 by 15 feet. A carriage house, 24 by 16 feet. Also a woodshed ; — all constructed with frames in the ordinary way. My fences are wooden— chiefly of rails or poles. Along the highway it is of cedar posts and rails, about sixty rods long ; two line fences, nearly three quarters of a mile in length each— partly ditch and partly hedge, but chiefly wooden ; with three others at right angles to the side lines, crossing my farm, forty-eight rods each. 38. Ordinary farming operations are guided more byijudgment than accurate weighing and rpeasuring, and registered in the recol- lection only. 39. It is very diflicult to keep regular farm accounts, when hired labour forms so large an item of expense ; and the farm servant is also house servant and groom. Labourers are generally hired by the year, and a very large proportion of their labour adds nothing to a fund to pay their wages ; and it is allowed that it costs more labour to provide and prepare fuel for the house than it does to raise bread for the family. A farm tenant who raises his rent from the soil, may count the cost, but the owner, dividing his expenses between improve- ment, convenience, and profitable return, finds it very difficult to discriminate and strike the balance. I have always endeavoured to form an estimate of the expense of any undertaking by former experience of my own or others, and then to sum up the real cost to compare with r^y estimate ; but I have always found fariliing opera- tions contiugent on many casualties. That my practise in this respect has influenced my system, I admit— how far it has imnroved my fortune, is uncertain. ^ 273 In the foregoing answers to the questions proposed, I have endea- voured to be candid and explicit, without adding any thing beyond my own observation and experience. My own farming operations are on so small a scale, that I hope they will not be considered as a general case. Having entered on the seventh stage of life, deserted by my sons — who have sought other occupations — and depending on hired labour, I have found it necessary to restrain my agricultural ardor and yield to economy, by reducing my stock and occupying less land ; but I am still convinced that the occupation of the farmer is the most rational, dignified, healthy, and happy. I am, sir, your obedient servant, . June lOth, 1851. H. REPORT OF COMMITTEE, Concerning the Principles of Breeding. The breeders of domestic slock should never forget the adage of the celebrated Bakewell,-«That like produces like,"-thaf the delects of the parents are just as surely transmitted to their ofFsprinc. as the.r good quaht.es ; and as regards the horse^blindness, brokeS hough these blemishes may not appear in the immediate progeny, hZi?'*^",'" J^ '^^Pf'' '' '^' "^'^^ generation. Breeders, therefore should make ,t a rule. 1st, to breed from none but sound and healthy parents, and such as are free from all natural infirmities of structure temper, or d.spos.t.on ; 2nd, to breed from the most perfect in form' and to take especial care that a tendency to the same defect does not ex.s m both parents; 3rd, to breed from animals of a distinct and positive character, and to take care that the male and female are so assorted as to insure a certain description of offspring. Ihe hrst and second of these rules are sufficiently plain— the third may want same explanation. By the first clause it is meant to be understood that only animals of a pure and distinct class, such as the Clydesdale, the Suffold the Cleveland, and the Canadian amon' horses ; the Ayrshire, the Durham, and the Hereford, among cattle^ and the Cheviot, the Southdown, and the Leicester among sh ep ,' tl ^^.7P'°>;«'',^"h propriety, and that crosses of all ^rts on the de of the male should be strictly avoided ; and by the second clause, that animals put to breed should bear a resemblance to each other a^ regards form, weighty &c. That an English dray horse, put to thl small mares of tins Province, or a large short-horned bull to the cows, T 1 ^^^.^'"^°^\ ^"••^ to end in disappointment to the breeder Another thing to be borne in mind by the breeders of stock iT, thai Thin " £h "''" "' "t'^' *'" P^"'^^"^ ^h°"l^ be fed in s'ome thing l.ke the same way as the parent stock. Thus Durham cattle and Liecester sheep are, in a great measure, created by good feeding, and where they are employed in crossing, the progeny must be fed fn a way very superior to what is common in this Pmvince, otherwi e It will not be found to answer. ''ciwi&c The Domestic Stock of this Province. The writer of this is not qualified to go into the history of the domesuc stock of this country, nor does he think it at all necessarv. xiiat tney nave ail been imported at one time is certain, and that 27d they were then fair specimens of the breeds they belonged to is pos- sible, but injudicious crossing and scanty feeding have had their usual effect, and now they are at a point when, .according to the proverb, they should begin to mend, since they cannot well get worse. There are exceptions to this, I am sure, but they are exceptions only. The Horse. So far as speed and endurance are concerned, the horses of the Province leave little to be desired, jxrhaps ; but other qualities are wanting besides these. Howcvei desirable it may be for the farmer to be carried rapidly through the dust of summer and the snows of winter, it is fully as important surely that his fields should be well and deeply ploughed, and that cannot be done by the present breed of horses. The lumberman begins to find the value of bone and muscle in the horses he employs, and the farmer must come to the same conclusion very shortly. The soj-t of ploughing, or rather skinning, now practised, may do for the land just reclaimed from the forest, but it will never do for land already exhausted. The deficiency of the horse being admitted, the next question is, how is that deficiency to be repaired. It cannot be supposed that the pre- sent stock of horses can be swept away and their places supplied by others of a more serviceable description ; that would be rather an expensive process. The only practicable way is to improve the breed by skilful crossing. In a process of this kind, the male animal will be employed in preference to the female, as he will stamp his image on fifty or sixty of a progeny in a season, while she can only stamp hers on one. The great difficulty is to select the proper kind of horses, and it may be necessary to try more than one breed before a satisfactory result is obtained. If the writer of this were to hazard an opinion, it would be in favor of ihe Clydesdale breed ; he has long been acquainted with them, and can testify to their value as agricultural horses ; but a better authority, the late Mr. Youat, editor of the Veterinarian, in his work on the horse, says, " The Clydesdale is larger than the Suffolk, and has a better head, a longer neck, a lighter carcass, and deeper legs ; strong, hardy, pulling true, and rarely restive." The southern parts of Scotland are principally sup- plied frotn this district, and many Clydesdales, not only for agricul- tural purposes, but for the coach and the saddle, find their way to the central, and even southern counties of England. Brood horses should be imported by societies ; their high price, together with the expense and risk of a sra voyage, rendering it imprudent for individuals to embark in the business ; once landed, they should be put under the charge of careful persons who would take an interest in the experiment, and only put to the best mares that offered. ■t "^ 276 Cattle, The cattle of this Province are kept principally for dairy purposes and consequently any attempt at their improvement should be made with a view to their milking properties ; here again the male animal wdl best suit our purpose, and fortunately we have not the same difficulty m making the selection as in the case of the horse. As dairy stock, the Ayrshire breed of cattle stands unrivalled. They do not differ materially, in size, from the cattle of the Province, and will thrive equally well on the same description of food. Moreover there are several herds of these cattle already in the country, and they, in a short time, will be able to furnish all the bulls that will be wanted, and at prices greatly under the cost of imported ones. Were such bulls used exclusively for a few years, we should lose sight of the native blood altogether, and get in its place a breed of acknow- ledged excellence for the dairy, and admirably suited for crossing with such breeds as the Durham and Hereford, as soon as a better system of agriculture and a superabundance of food render such breeds necessary or profitable. The time at which the pure blood can be dispensed with is a matter of easy calculation ; of course the first cross belongs equally to both breeds ; suppose it to be a heifer and put to a pure bred bull, the progeny will be three parts Ayrshire- carry It to the third generation, and the result will be seven-eighths pure blood ; and the fourth generation will be fifteen-sixteenths, which is going about close enough. Shee'p. The sheep stock of the Province are very unequal, while the greater part perhaps are trashy enough ; there are others, and of these not a few that are nearly as good as could be found anywhere else under the same circumstances of food, climate, &c. If farmers mstead selling their best lambs to the butcher and breeding from the refuse, were to use their best lambs only for that purpose, and never put therii to the ram before they were twelve months, or after they were four years old— select their rams from the best stock within their reach, and change them so as never to let them go to their own progeny, the sheep stock might soon be made nearly all that could be desired of them. The old country breeds most likely to answer in this Province, are the Cheviot and Southdown, and of these the latter is perhaps the best ; equally hardy with the Cheviot, they are more synrimetrical, their mutton is more highly flavoured, and what is of great importance in this country, they are gentler in their temper • their wool is quite equal to the Cheviot in quantity and quality but it IS of a dusky brown colour. The proper season of lambing should be a matter of serious consideration with the farmer:— where there >^ «««nuauuc ui iuuu jiiu siiuuer \i may taKe place any time, but if 5277 the shelter is deficient, and the food merely hay, it should ..ever happen before the middle of April ; every one interested in the mat- ter must have observed with pain the miserable appearance — the protruding bones and tucked up bellies which ewes, that have lambed early in the season, present in spring ; the lambs, too, are stunted in their growth, owing to the scanty supply of milk, and are not better in the fall than others that came a month or six weeks later. In conclusion, the writer believes that there are worse places on the face ol the earth than this same Province of New Brunswick, but he does not think it quite the Goshen it is sometimes represented to be by gentlemen whose knowledge of agricultural matters must have come by intuition ; he has seldom seen a description of pasture where such high bred and high fed animals as the Durham cattle or Leicester sheep would thrive in summer, and he does not ll^nk the usual winter fare is calculated to mend the matter. For these reasons, he has confined his recommendations to what may be considered a humble class of stock, but which he believes will answer best in the present circumstances of the country. Respectfully submitted. ROBERT GRAY. REPORT, On the Breeding and Management of Pigs. A Prize Essay on this subject, by Thomas Rowlandson, appears in the 11th volume of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, published in 1850, and contains so much valuable and appropriate matter on the subject committed to us, that we deem the republica- tion of copious extracts therefrom to be highly desirable: — Of the various Breeds of Pigs. " The wild boar is undoubtedly the animal from which all our breeds of pigs have been derived, and to which type the whole would speedily degenerate were they again left to nature. Leaving cut of view that nearly extinct race the [rish greyhound breed, the kind which approaches nearest to the original stock are the large kinds which are known as the Old Hampshire, Berkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Suffolk, &;c. The modern breeds of Hampshire, Berkshire, Suffolk, Sec, are characterised by their short pricked ears, whilst the older Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, &c., have large flop ears-- " the old English hog ;" both kinds were originally covered with strong bristles. There are good grounds for supposing that " the old 278 Enghsh hog," with flop ears, was originally the only domestic animal of its kind t.iroiighout the kingdom. When or how the short prick- eared Berkshire and Hampshire hog became introduced I have always been unable to trace : the probability is that it has been c lined by a cross with some of the more southern European breeds. The genuine old English breed was coarse boned, long in limb, narrow in the back, and low shouldered, a form to which they were most pro- bably predisposed from the fact of having to travel far and labour hard for their food, and undergo considerable privations during winter • notwithstanding these ill qualities, I have witnessed in Lancashire', Yorkshire, and Cheshire, instances where the old breed have, through' the effects of better care, shelter, and food, produced a most valuable animal, the thick flop ears having become fine and thin, he bones of moderate size, the yiick coat of stiff bristles converted into a finer description, spread more thinly on the anii lal, and the skin become fine and ruddy, I have seen this occur w , >re there can be scarcely a doubt that the animal was the aboriginal one, and had never received a cross. Until within a very recent period fine animals of this description were to be found pretty frequently with the farmers in the counties named. They had several admirable qualities; amongst which were the facts that they were exceedingly prolific and excellent mothers. I have known a sow of this breed have twenty- four young ones, often twenty and twenty-two, though more com- monly from twelve to eighteen. I have frequently known a sow of this kind suckle twelve to eighteen ; but the common practice when the progeny was so numerous is to force the young ones forward, and kill them as sucking-pigs until they are reduced in number to about a dozen. The sows of this breed have rarely more than eighteen teats ; and it is not usual to see more than sixteen to eighteen ^suck- ing. The only disadvantage of this breed is, that they require a considerable amount of food without making an adequate progress for the first twelve or sixteen months ; after which latter period, if put up in fair store order, there is scarcely a breed that puts on more flesh for the meat given to it than this breed, and it increases to enormous weights, the hams, when well cured, being of excellent quality. The old Berkshire hog was of large size, and is, I believe, now almost extinct. Laurence, in his treatise on Cattle in 179o' describes it as long and crooked in the snout, the muzzle turning upwards ; the ears large, heavy, and inclined to be pendulous ; the body long and thick, but not deep ; the legs short, the bone large, and the size very great. This general description, but particularly "the ears inclined to be pendulous," shows that the celebrated Berkshires are derived from a cross of the old indigenous breed. The large Hampshire breed are characterised by somewhat similar qualities : there 13 also a smaller and finer or improved Hamoshire 279 breed, the result of a cross with either the Chinese or Neapolitan j the whole of which will be noticed when the mixed breeds are taken inl( !onsid' ition. I have inlioduced the Berkshire and Hampshire breeds in noticing the larger breed ; not that 1 believe either county J ossessed originally anv other breed than the large flop-eared ; 1 have done so more in deference lo common opinion, which usually gives , that breed a distinct anH original character. It will afterwards be shown, however, that uio character of the improved Berkshire may be obtained by a cross between the indigenous large breed, and one or other of the smaller ones. Of the smaller breeds there are only two that req iny lengthened notice— the Chinese and ihe Nea- politan. Crosses of one or both of these breeds with "the old English" have produced all our improved varietiesof the larger kinds. " The Chinese hog was first introduced for the purpose of improving our native breeds. There are two varieties, the black and white; both fatten readily. Th black variety varies littl, in appearance from the Neapolitan, the uistinctive characteristics being the shorter and thicker leg and much wider snout of the Chinese ; their form is a round body, short head, wide cheek, high chine, exceedingly thin skin, covered with thin bristles ; it has not a very fine shape, and when fat appears to have no neck, and little more than the tips of the snout can be seen ; it is a very gross feeder, eating almost any- thing, and if the food given be of an animal and fatty nature the skin will frequently burst in patches, and form scabs on the animal's back, which it will sometimes rub off, displaying its oily fat covering beneath. The pure Chinese is very susceptible of cold, and too delicate to be acclimated in this country ; its only valuable quality is its great aptitude to fatten on a comparative small amount of food of indifferent quality. If fed on farinaceous food, and not made too fat, the flesh is delicate, but if animal food has been much introduced, such as greaves, &c., and highly fattened, the flesh is coarse and the fat oily and disagreeable ; they make nice sucking pigs and dairy fed porkers ; the latter good, whether used for roasting or pickled pork ; they are prolific, but bad mothers. " The Neapolitan stock is the one from which our improved smaller breeds are indebted for their most admired qualities. The Neapolitan pig has a smaller quantity of bone in proportion to its size than any other breed; the colour black, great aptitude to fatten at an early age, and will put on flesh with a moderate amount of food of indif- ferent quality ; in fact, will get into something better than store condition by grazing : they are moderately prolific, and excellent sucklers ; average produce of a litter from eight to nine. I have both heard and seen it remarked that they are bad mothers ; whenever 1 have had an opportunity of tracing such rumours to their sources, I have invariably found that the want of milk has arisen in consequence e^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ■^^^ C* 1.0 1.1 2.5 I ^ Ilia .« lis IIIIIM 1.8 6" L^ IBU 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 /r Wr^S 280 of being allowed to get too fat whilst with young : in fact so great in the tendency of this breed to put on fat during the period of gesta- tion, that they will almost get over fat by being merely left in the straw-yard, to which pl.ce they are a valuable assistant, be iV inveterate roote,^. This breed is to be distinguished from the black Chinese breed by its larger frame, greater general symmetry, and aiuch sharper snout j in proportion to its size, it is not so long ii the body as the Chinese ; it is destitute of hairs. " The van'ed intermixture of the breeds already enumerated consti- ute the whole of the varieties of swine known amongst farmera, the three grand distinctive features of which are, that for size of frime but inaptitude to fatten until they arc twelve or sixteen months old' we must look to the fiop-eared old English breed ; for very earl^ aptitude to fatten from the time of farrowing until they are ten or twelve months old we must resort to the Chinese. If properly kept from the first, this breed will be found to pay best by killing them between nine and ten months of age. For symmetry, moderate size, flavour of meat, aptitude to fatten, and excellent nurses, as a self tn'^fu IwV 7''%''' ^''^P"''" '^'^^ '^^ Neapolitan; it pays best ^ kill this breed at from nine lo twelve months old. The improved bssex breed is a slight improvement on the Neapolitan : in external appearance they closely resemble each other. Noiwithstanding ihe relative and distinctive excellencies of the breeds named, it is possible by judiciously crossing them, that the excellencies of one kind mav be intermixed with the desirable qualities of another; thus, the slow fattening quality of the old English breed may be improved bv crossing with the Chinese-in this way the celebrated Berkshire pig was first obtained. A description of the indigenous Berkshire hoff has already been given ; and in proof of the statement here made I shall quote the words of the author of the ' Berkshire County Survey, 1809,' who states:^" But excellent as the Berkshire swine undoubtedly are, they are usually crossed at intervals with the Chinese ""J J°^T\'^''T j^'- .^""'^' '*'"•' °^ L^»^°™b Basset, who has studied the breed of native animals for many years, assured me that it was necessary to cross the Berkshire swine once in six or seven generations with the Indian race, or they would degenerate in shape and qualities. By comparing this account of the modern Berkshire with the preceding one given of the old species, we are led to under- stand that a cross with the Chinese has constituted a marked imp-ove- rtient in the race. Now we know that the modern Berkshire hog has a tendency to fatten at a tolerably early age, and can generally be turned out as fat as he can be profitably made to be by the a/e of fourteen months. Of course I here allude to hogs thai have been carefully attended to, and never allowed to fall back from the time they are taken from the *ow until sent to the butcher ; and as a ^81 generally good serviceable hog at all ages, iVom the sucklnff pig un to tne gammon of bacon, he is scarcely exceeded by any cross breed." « The best and most economical Mode of Rearing, Keeping, and Fattening Pi^s. "In selecting males and females to breed from, neitner should be ^ chosen less than twelve to fifteen months old : the third litter will generally be found the best for this purpose. Whether as boar or sow, the finest of each sex ought only to be selected. By these means only will the good points of any breed be perpetuated. There IS generally one small pig in every litter, called the riddling-this should never be used as an animal to breed from. For sucking pigs and porkei^ colour is an object-this should invariably be whitl tW K?T •°^' ''°'°"' '' ^ '"^""'' «f '"difference, other than the fact food than the white breeds A singular reason was assigned to me whi e Wi^nw' '\ °' black-coloured pigs in Essex, viz.: that the white kmd was subject to eruptions of the skin of the back when put mto the clover-fields, whilst the black kinds were not cbnoxJous "o this complaint. Probably the white kind had more of the Chinese »Un '^LTi'' "!r/ '^' J^^apolitan breed. It must be remembered,' nln^H r ,^ ^'T ^'""^ ^"^ ^ ^^^^^ «"«• A sow's usual period of gestation is from sixteen to seventeon weeks. When she has arrived near the period of farro^ving she will be seen collecting and carrying straws m her mouth, to form her bed. If there exist! any suspicion that the sow will devour her young, as sometimes is the case, care should be taken that she is securely muzzled. All ZtT' '^!i*^. ^^- ^'"?'^ ""^ slaughtered. The carnivorous habit here alluded to is rarely exhibited amongrt the improved breeds ; amongst the old sows of the rough breed this habit was somewhat prevaknt, probably brought on in many instances through deficiency " Sows should be put to the boar at such times as to farrow (in April) unless sucking p.gs for the festive time of Christmas and the new year IS the object ; ,f so they should be well littered and kept warm, better milk"!.n"Hh "' ^^^^^ing-pigs, porkers, or stores, skimmed butter-milk and whey, mixed with steamed potatoes, and a little barley, pea, or oatmeal, should be given in moderate quantities even when sucking ; if intended for porkers, they should be kept continually Jed up with this mixture. Sucking pigs should never be allowed to run about, and porkers only permitted sufficient exercise to keep them m health. Where convenient, store-pigs may be allowed to iasture m clover, giving them only a morning and evening meal in addition, or they may be allowed to root in fallows or on the dung-heap, and durmg winter in the straw-yard. I„ fallows and rQu|h pastures L 282 this"fo &r'^ '^^''*'"' '"""^ ^^''^' *' dandelion, chickweed, sow- . " For store pigs, exercise is necessary in order fully to develop the frame In feeding, tranquillity is equally indispensable, a singular exemphficafon of which was made in .he course of the e'xperiien of the Earl of Egremont (1777), related in the 'Annals of Aaricu! ture, upon some porkers, seven of which were put up to fatten in the ordinary manner m a stye, and another of The same braod, but smaller than the others was put into a cage one week later. Al were fed alike on barley-meal. When slaughtered, the one fed in the cage exceeded m weight any of the others. The cage was made so that he could not turn round, and had only sufficient room to rise up and he down. Whether this mode would prove advantageous on the large sca^e is a matter of doubt. The experiment has however been adduced by Baron Liebig as a practical evidence of the cor- rectness of his theory respecting the formation of fat. Too much exercise IS well known to retard fattening; or, to use the ordinary phrase used by farmers, " they run all the flesh off their bones." ^ Where a large number of hogs are to be fattened and bred, it has been recommended that the sties should form a semicircle, the steam- mg app^^ratus, &c., being placed by the straight side. This form has many advantages. In a general way, the feeding of hogs will only form a minor adjunct to the other business of the farm, and at only few places will it be found convenient to erect new buildings for "he purpose, however advantageous they might eventually prove! There are some circunistances connected with sties which should be inva- riably attended to: these are, that their floors should be well paved with stone, flag or ha.d brick the interior elevated half a foot above he exterior, and a suffices slope afforded to both, with proper drains LT/J ™°"'"'' '" ^^' ^""^''^^^P- Separate' sties must be kep for breeding-sows weaning p.gs, stores, and fattening pigs. ^ th. tr ^"'"^ ^^ '° constructed that the swine may be fed without the feeder going amongst them ; and divisions should be made in the eedmg-trough, according to the number of swine, in order to prevent the strong driving away the weak ; if they can be made to commu- nicate conveniently with the straw-yard and dung-heap, all the better particularly for brood-sows. ^ ' wJtPr''? '^''''l^ be frequently swept and washed out, and lime- s' rr'' J- ''' ' ■''' '.^"'^ ^"""S '^' y^^'' The most profitable mode of feeding store-p,gs ,s to commence by giving only inferior sort of food thrice a day, bettering the quality and increasinT the quantity as the frame becomes perfectly developed. The sio% or youthful period of all animals occurs when their%ital and ner^ug energ.es are at the highest which enables them to assimilate T^i! ment.from indifferent food. Moderate ex«n)ise at the sarae time 283 assists nature and aids the full development of the frame, the animal being thus gradually prepared to take on that increased amount of muscle and fat which ultimately repays the farmer fcr his toil and expenditure. In making choice of food for hogs there ca^ be little doubt but potatoes, when plentiful, mixed with pease or bean-meal, is the most economical food for store pigs, and the same food ^ixed with Indian meal and buttermilk is the best adapted for_ feeding porkers. In cheese dairies, pease or bean-meal should always be mixed with the whey, in order to replace the caseous matter abstracted by the cheese. Swede turnips boiled form only an inferior substitute for potatoes, their feeding properties not being equal to carrots and parsnips ; in fact, on the two latter, hogs will do well if combined with milk and a little bean or pea-meal. Oatmeal and skimmed milk is the best food for aiding sucking pigs and very small porkers of 40 to 50 lbs. weight.* " The theory of the action of the various articles of food named is as follows — amylaceous or starchy food, such as potajtoes, aid in sus- taining the animal heat and the formation of fat, the latter property bemg much increased when assisted by other nutritious matters in a more concentrated form, particularly ma ire or Indian corn. Pea and bean-meal, from the great amount of caseous matter which they contain, should invariably form a portion of the food of growing pigs, affording, as they do, the material for forming the cellular and other tissues, in such a high de^jee indeed that hogs fed on bean-meal alone are well known to form bacon disagreeably hard. Where pigs are fed without skim or buttermilk, pea or bean-meal should form an invariable part of their food. An inferior substitute for pea and bean-meal is frequently used in the shape of bran and "ollard, which contain a considerable portion of the elementary substances required to develop the bones and tissues. In the present uncertainty of the potato crop it would be hazardous to make that tuber the basis for the calculation of the cost of producing swine's flesh : if it unfortu- nately eventuate that the potato should cease to be cultivated to the extent that it has formerly been, the feeding of hogs will necessarily be thrown principally on milk and grain. If this should prove to be the case, barley, from the large amount of starch which it contains, will be found the best substitute for the potato ; in which case one- third by weight of barley, one-third of bran or pea-meal, and one- * On this, I «omf years ago fed two sucking-pigs taken from the sow at about six weeks old, and as nearly as within u few ounces each of the same weisht; one on skim-milk with pollard and oatmeal, and the other on an equal abundance uf rich kitchtn-wash of unlimited quantity. The pigs were killed on the dame day, wlien Just four months old ; that fed on wash weigh- ing 43 lbs., and the other ,n skim-milk, 40 lbs. 10 oz. lire weight. The meat of the former appeared very fine to the eye, but when roasted was coarse and greasy to the palate; while the other, though very fit, was extremely delicate both in flesh and flavour.—/. F. Borke. 284 third Indian meal, will be found the cheapest and best mixture for powmg hogs ; the pea-meal to be lessened and the Indian mea mcreased as the hog approaches maturity. «" meal "Potatoes mixed with the above grains form the most appropriate food for store and fattening hogs, gradually withdrawing the^potatTe^ and finishmg the feedmg with dry balls of ?he mixture named Fo; hol"T {/r ?":^' "^Y'^'' ^" ^' ^°"^"'^^^d fr-^h or as bacon, the hog should be fed solely on skim and buttermilk mixed with 'oat! meal. The mixture of Indian com, barley, and pea-meal, forms a very close .m.tat.on of the constituents of oatmeal. It has been found very profitable to consume tares by store hogs." " Sufficient examples have been shown to prove that the cross known as the improved Essex is the best breed for general purpo^ if mtended to be slaughtered under 12 months dd.* F^Tarae^ animals crosses from the larger breeds which do not arrive so early at mamnty are to be preferred. The examples here adduced Xo go of ^JT, P/f- "" r ''''' 5'P'7''" "^"^^•"^^' ^here the greatest amount Of meat and fat is formed and on trial it will be found also .o be a It •li-^'P""'^''"'" i ^°°^/"^ ^^P"^^* ^' ™«y be well to observe hat middlings ,s an inferior description of wheaten flour ; toppings or sharps ,s a fine description of pollard ; all which contain mjula and tissue-formmg substances very analogous to pea and bean flour. In some localities favourable to the purpose, a number of hogs are reared and even fattened in what maybe termed a wild stafe, o^ acorns and beech mast.f I do not know of any experiments ha" give sufficiently accurate details of all the circumsLces requis le to arrive at correct inferences respecting the cost of obtain ing\gfve„ amount of swine's flesh from a stated quantity of food, .11 the expe- nments detailed m the Sussex, Buckingham, Hampsb: , Middlesex Shropshire, &c. reports to the Board of Agriculture be n. more «^ less deficient m details which are requisite to form correct "esSer One important experiment reported in the Buckingham Survey oueht not to be passed over, as it serves to show accurately what is well known to p,g.feeders, that there is a point in fattening hogs beyond which a decided loss will accrue if persevered in. ThSs, the increase months, and Las consequently to be wintered over 4fore it can beSe fatlr ^^^^^^^^^^^ i The word " bacon" is said to hare been oriffinaliv called «' hcpchm '» ». »i,„ « .a- ,. were coo».der.d to be those furnished by animafs .hLT?errfattSedt'be"ut^^^ 286 Stones lbs. Ibf, "Oct. 10 ..... 36 7 ... . 24 41 5 ... .. 38 gain. Nov. 7 ..... 45 7 .... 34 21 47 2 .... 11 Dec. 5 48 7 .... 13 jf 22 ..... 48 6 ... . lloss." " Feed regularly, as abundance of food will not make up for the loss arising from irregular feeding. Pigs know their feeding-time very accurately, and nothing retards their feeding so much as allowing them to be pining and weazening for their anticipated regular meal. Also mix a little salt with their food ; keep the troughs and animals clean, their sties and beds dry and warm. Vary the bill of fare ; in doing so, however, be careful not to lower the general standard of the diet ; hogs do much better when their food is varied. Stores, brood-sows, and feeding-hogs should all be fed separately ; two hogs will fatten belter in company than separately. " Hogs do better on cooked than raw food. Some instructive experiments on this point are recorded in the Highland Transactions. 1 have seen some hogs of the improved large Irish breed feed to very great weights on vaw potatoes done — the flesh good and firm ; these are, however, rare instances. " When the sow is suckling, she should have extra food ; oatmeal, milk, and potatoes, or pea-meal, potatoes, and milk, are the best! At the time of forrowing she should be carefully watched, and the young ones removed ; the placenta or after-birth ought also to be removed, otherwise she will devour it, and thus engender a morbid appetite, which may eventually cause her to devour her young. Abortion seldom takes place with the sow ; the symptoms of such are similar to those of approaching parturition, but more intense. When this is likely to take place, a veterinary surgeon, if within call, should be requested to attend. As a general rule, a sow ought not to be allowed lo breed after she has entered her fifth year, nor boars after the seventh. " Swine are troubled with several diseases, the most common being a species of leprosy commonly known by the name of measles, which and the other more serious diseases, would require a separate treatise to do justice to the subject." " Arthur Young, in describing a flock of Southdown sheep at Mr. Howard's, near Bury St. Edmunds, incidentally alludes to that gen- tleman's hogs, and mentions one specimen, a fat sow that did not breed, as remarkable. This pig was, . sf,;-rv. 286 1806. jjj^ " Nov. 22. Put to barley-meal, live weight, ... 302 1 bushel barley-meal. „ 29. 1 Dec. 6. 1 » 13. 1 ,, „ 16. Weighed alive, 354 „ 20. 1 bushel barley-meal. " ^^' 1 »» » weighed alive, . . 380 1807. Jan. 10. Weighed alive, 499 „ 13. 1 bushel barley-meal. „ 20. 1 >} M J) }> >J n Total, . . 8 Jan. 27. The day killed, weighed alive, » j> )} ,) dead, lbs. The four quarters, . 299 Head, .... 24 Fat, 5 . . • ... 443 328 328 lbs. Loose fat, . . 1 1 Pluck, ... 16 OfFal, ... 88 443." Respectfully submitted. JOHN A. BECKWITH. J. ROBB. REPORT, On Agricultural Warehouses and Agencies. To THE Secretary of the New Brunswick Society. Sir,— As I have had an opportunity of having but one brief con- versation With Mr. Boies, the gentleman with whom I was associated m the appomtment of the Society at their meeting on 7th January last, and as the subject upon which we were required to report was at that time scarely more than just referred to between us, I have not been able to avail myself of his larger experience and closer obser- vation m coming to any conclusion on the matter in question. I have therefore, only to offer a few suggestions as the result of my own limited observation and reflection. 287 There can be no doubt but that a market might be found within this Province fpr much larger quantities of agricultural commodities than have hitherto been produced — while at the same time it is equally a fact that our farmers are discouraged from producing those conmiodities for which a demand does actually exist by the circum- stance of not being able to find a ready and profitable sale for them. This apparently anomalous state of things in this Province arises from the absence of those commercial facilities by which producers and consumers are brought into relation with each other through the means of intermediate parties and arrangements. Up to the present time our merchants appear to liave paid but little attention to the buying and selling of agricultural produce; what has been done by them in this way has been principally in the form of barter — as a sort of bye busines s and not as one from which they expected to derive their principal profits. The quantities thus dispoBed of have necessarily been small, while the farmer, in too many instances, has been made to feel that the purchase of his commodities was a favor to himself rather than a regular business transaction, the advantages of which were mutual, and placed neither party under an obligation to the other. We have hitherto, so far as I have been able to learn, had no persons who have made it their principal or their exclusive business to buy and sell agricultural commodities, and to whom the fanners could look for a market for any quantities they might produce, and from whom consumers might expect to obtain supplies to any extent they might want. Thus, consumers have been compelled to look abroad for articles which might have been produced on as good terms within the Province, and would have been produced, could our far- mers have been certain that they could have disposed of them advantageously. Without going more fully into a consideration of the nature and extent of those disadvantages which arise irom the fact that our agricultural capabilities, though sufl5cieni for the purpose, yet supply only to a very limited extent our home consumption, I would beg the liberty of suggesting what has often appeared to me calculated, in a considerable degree, to remedy them. The first thing I would propose then, in the way of accomplishing the object in view, is the establishment of agricultural agencies in the principal towns of the Province. These agencies should be con- ducted by persons who would take charge of all descriptions of country produce for the farmers, and sell it for them on commission. By an arrangement of this kind, the farmers would be saved much time and trouble in waiting or looking for purchasers, and as the agent would have constantly on hand a large supply of any one com- 288 modlty belonging to the different farmers, persons wishing to make large purchases of snch commodity would naturally apply to him A busmess of this sort would involve little or no risk to the parties engaged as agents, and require a capital of but very limited extent to carry it on. A commodious storehouse would be the principal thinir wanted to commence with, and a good knowledge of the qualities of articles, diligence and activity in business, and tact in making bar- gams— the requisites to secure success. Grains of all kinds, butter and cheese, and various other articles of domestic manufacture, miehi thus be kept constantly in the market in such quantities as would attract the attention of wholesale dealers in these articles, and prevent them from looking abroad for a supply. In the winter season, too, dead meats mtght be brought in to form a part of their operations. There are three months in the winter season when these articles could be kept fresh and sweet in snow. The farmer might thus slaughter his animals in the early part of the winter and send them to the agent who would dispose of them through the season as opportunity miaht oifer, and a good price could be secured. r .? ^ It will hardly be necessary for me to go more into detail as to the course to be pursued by each agency in the prosecution of the busi- ness which has been suggested, or to point out more fully their advantages to the farmer, or the prospect of their being a remunera- tive employment to the agent. All these questions can only be satisfactorily settled by experience; but it has long appeared to me to be an easy and practicable method of making the agricultural capabilities of our own country available for the supply of our home consumption to a much greater extent than has hitherto been the case. I would suggest, in the next place, what appears to me a still better mode of proceeding, namely :— that persons should engage in the business m question on their own account. The buying un of country produce on a large scale for the purpose of selling it again for home consumption or for exportation, appears to me to offe? as ^?°Ji';i'°®"'®"^' to persons wishing to go into business with a capital of fcSOO, or upwards, as any that could be named. The salting and packing of beef and pork, the curing of hams, should form a con- siderable part of the operations of such persons, and experience would soon.suggest the best and handiest modes of doing these, as well as many other par.iculars in reference to the management of the general business, which could hardly occur to a person until he became actually engaged in it. 1 am satisfied that a few of these establishments in our principal towns would have a much better effect in stimulating the efforts of our farmers, and increasing the agricultural produce of the country than any thing that may be done in the way of premiums and pro- 289 wctive duties ; they would in a little while cause farming to be regarded as ^ ttrimry (ind principal business in the Province, instead of a mere subordinate one, a miserable deirnier resort when everything else hj^s failed, as has been th^ case heretofore ; and they \vould further have the efiieot of both elevating the s'tuation of the farmers m ^ sftuial point o( view, and increasing the pro^t? of their labour. Respectfully submitted. SAMUEL W. BABBIT. REPORT, On the Provincial Agricultural St(^iistict. To the New Brunswick Society, for the Encouragement of Agri- culture, Home Manufactures and Commerce. The Committee appointed to inquire as to and report upon the agricultural statistics of the Province, beg to submit what follows as their RepprtiT— . . The opinjon has been frequently expressed that agriculture in this Province is in a very depressed state, and that the occupation of ^ farmer is pot a ri^mMnerMive one. The Now Brunswick Spcietv has therefore acted most wisely in directing an inquiry to b^ made in relation to the Provincial agricultural stati?tics, as the proper metho« of ascertaining the facts for present instruction, and of procuring an index to ulterior measures. In various department? pf knowledge, it is conceded that mpn ?re wholly dependent pn an accurate registry of %t3 fpr hope of further progress ; but this seems to be peculiarly thSP9sp>yith respect to agriculture, fpr the impn^e^ given by the isolated thoqgh apqtp pbservatioqs pi individual? appear to be now pretty well exhausted : men now a days look for stronger evidences of profit or utility than the ipse dmt of any individual. The sQuroes from which infprmBtion is to be derived on the present occaswB are almost exclusively confined to the abl^ Report of Pro- fessor Joh&ston on the agripglf-^ral capabilities of the Province dated in December 1849, and $uch parts of the Provincial Census and Statistical Returns of 1951 as apply to the subject in hand. It is gratifying to know that what is about to be written will exhibit no ground for discontent, but, on the contrary, much reason for thank- fulness, and encouragement to renewed and increased exertions. At M 290 the same time It appears not out of place »o remind those who may feel disposed to institute more extensive comparisons than are here to be submitted, of a point which exerts a powerful influence on all commercial, manufacturing, agricultural and social relations. We refer to the difference of density in population, which is very remark- able when the contrast is made between this Province and any part of Europe, but more particularly Great Britain and Ireland. The following table will fully exhibit the difference alluded to :— . tng. k Wales. 1841. Area m acres, Population, Acres to eacii in- dividual, Same in cleared > land, 5 Po p, to sq uare mile, Sootliind. 1841. Ireland. 1831. } 36,995,200 15,906,829 *2.325 Wbw BruuT 1851. )} 275 19,352,320 2,620,610 7.228 I) 20,399,608 7,767,401 2.568 »> 86.6 257.4 18,000,000 193,800 92.87 3.323 6.89 As a preliminary remark it is to be observed that the ratio of in- crease in population exhibited by the late census is 25.84 per cent, m eleven years, which exceeds the rate of increase in the four north- ern States of the United States by nearly 2 per cent. The increase m the number of families is upwards of 31^ per cent. ; in places of public worship 57^ per cent. ; and in cleared land nearly 51 per cent. In horses, neat cattle, and sheep, owing to the late seasons of partial failure in the potato and diminution in the hay crops, the ratio of increase has scarcely equalled that of the population. In swine there has been a decrease of 32i per cent, which is distinctly trace- able to the failure of the potatoes and corn, and to the opinion among farmers that the price of pork has ruled too low to be remunerative, or to encourage exertion to produce it ; the time of the year at which the census was taken may also have affected the number. With regard to the recent statistical compilations in general, it is to be observed that it ought scarcely to be expected that they should present the whole extent of the improvements or fail to aggravate apparent deteriorations, when it is recollected that the records of the census were, for the first time, intended to shew the names of each inhabitant and ihe extent of his possessions. There is reason to surmise that on the one hand the fear of direct taxation influenced many to understate the facts, and on the other that allowances were f2__ ; ^. ~~' ' " — dteimaf'^^iSd*'*"*"^*'"'*''*'^"'" numbcM, in thii Report, is to be understood as the 291 not made for accidoDtal omissions, owing to the necessity of direct statements which the enumerators knew might be severely teste(|. The point on which Pro'«ssor Jolinston was especially called on to report was the agricultural capability of the Province. In order to obtain the information which he cotild not derive from personal observation, he proposed -a series of questions which were answered by upwards of sixty of our most intelligent and enterprising farmers. These answers he arranged and digested. They form the basis f all his calculations, and, so far as his authority is taken, they must answer the sams purpose for ours. When some parts of the statistics thus brought forward are care- fully considered, for instance the yield of wheat in this Province compared with that of the wheat growing districts in the United States and in Canada, it must be confessed that many of our Provin- cial farmers and others doubt the perfect accuracy of the statements. To such individuals almost all the averages appear high and to want confirmation. Every one, however, ought to recollect that f' » averages deduced by Professor Johnston a»-o in strict accordance with the voluntary statements of many of our most fttperienced farmers, and if they appear high it can only be in the estimation of that class of farmers and those conversant with them, whom it is the special object of all agricultural societies and general inquiries to rouse to a sense of duty and to elevate to the energetic status of the party whose opinions are impugned. In regard to the general question of the capability of the Province to support iis population, the answer returned has been, tbct not only is it capable of doing so, but if the lands were cultivated to the extent of which they are fairly susceptible, the following number of men and animals might be supported. Men, Women, & Children Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Pigs, *^'4 ' . Without reser- vation of laod for fuel. 5,600,000 600,000 2,400,000 5,000,000 If half the fuel be grown on the land. 4,200,000 450,000 1,800,000 3,750,000 If all the fuel be grown on the land. 3,640,000 300,000 1,200,000 2,500,000 Such is the theoretical capability of the Province. When we consider the actual circumstances, we find that there was a deficiency to the amount of £232,307 sterling in the value of articles raised in 1851 necessary for the supply of the Province. The following is the account of the particulars taken from the Custom House accounts of imports and exports for 1851. It will serve as a distinct invitation to exertions in specific directions. ^m V'alue in Steilin; . £1,294 . o 49,000 • , ' 97,032 1,^99 • • t,2I8 8,838 18,829 27,96$^ 7,273 7,276 1,756 3,330 Arciclei Imported. ' £reBd, Wheai and other graius, Wheat Flour, Rye Flour, Meal, Fruit and Vegetahles, Live Stock, Salted Meats, . Hides. Tallow, . Candles and Soap, Butter, Cheese and Lard, "^otal, . . . . r. 232,307. To inany this amoi^nt may appear discoui'agingly large. It is .o^r®^ ,^1^ ^®"*' ^^^^ ^^^" *^'® ^"'P°''*3 ^^^ ^"^5lar articles in i™-. ^ ^''^ni 'gcrease of agrictihural exeriioh, therefore, and facrfr-'es for packing, storing and forwarding, are in fact all that is required to exclude such imports, whic!i, with the exception perhaps of wheat, are discreditable to th6 Provincial agriculturs. • In no respect do the facts elicited by Professor Johnst6n Warrant unfavorable conclusions respecting farming operations. The following table of average weights indicate a capacity in the sou and climate to produce grain cf a very superior quality : COUNTIES. Saint John, Westmorland, Albert, Charlotte, - King's, Qoiee^^s, Sun bury, York, Carleton, Kent, Northumberland, Gloucester, Res;tigouche, *-• 1 id O • Buck- Wheat. • isa 1^ 61 — 41 -_ 50 60 48 35i __ 48 59 58 50 34| 50 45 59 45 38 _^ 57 59 59i 48 37 >— - 48 60 58^ 50 36^ 53 43 61 57 55 38 53 47 57 63 50 38 —^ 51 60 64 — 38 _— , 52 65 63 ,_^ . I 37 __ 50 . 62 53 37 — _ 45 57 m 51 39 — ~ 1 mmmmm 63 4S 42 >- ' — \ 29S i in Steilin;. £1,294 49,000 97,933 1,^99 7,218 8,838 18,829 27,96$^ 7,273 7,276 1,756 3,330 2,307. J. it is, i*ticies in rore, and [ that is perhaps Warrant y in the The general average weights for ui« whble Province are, for • 4-» • «J Q) Q) IS) x: ■ (tf ^ 1^ _ 3 59 59 60 61 57 60 65 57 Wheat, 60 11-13 lbs. Barleys 50 do Oats, 38 db. Rye, 52i do. Buckwheat, 48 8-11 Ihsl ] Indian Corn, 69^ do* \ Potatoes, 63 do. \ Turnips, 66 do. \ Carrots, 63 do. Th6 anrtexed statement ishows iioi only tlie average yield per acr4 of each desci'ii)tioh of crop, biiit affords aw opportunity of contirastiii^ it with the like products in the Stite of New York : — Average Produce per Imperial Acre. New Li-iinswick. ! Slate of New York. Whc 20 bushels. Teat, Bartey, Oatfe, 34 Rye, 20J Buckwheat, 33f Indian Cotn, 41f t*otatoes, 226 'tiirnips, 460 Hay, 1^ tens. The yield of Butter and Cheese is stated as follows : 5} 3J J) >> >J 14 bushels. 16 - 26 - 9i - 14 - 25 - 90 - 88 BUTTER. Per week, - - For the season. 5J lbs. 89^ )> Per week, - ^ II Ibg. For the season, 140f >j From these tables it would appear that the productiveness of the Provincial lands is beyond question. A possibility of error in striking the averages is suggested in the Report ; and to guard against it the following statement of the averages derived from the minimum returns is given, viz. : — Wheat, 17f bushels ; barley, 27 ; Oats, 33 ; Buckwheat, 28; Rye, 18; Indian Corn, 36^; Potatoes, 204; Turnips, 389. These diminished averages scarcely afFect the que tion of productiveness, as in every particular they exceed th6 averages for the favored Genesee Valley and the sototliern shores of T^ake Ontario. While the productiveness of the soil is thus proven by the state- ments of our most experienced farmers, the average prices appear to be equally favorable to the Provincial growers. The following tables of averages set this in a clear point of view : — Average prices of Grain per Bushel and per Qiiarter. Per BuBhel. Per Qflarter 4s. lOd. 38s. 8d. Wheat, 7s. 6d. Barley, 4 ^ Oats, 2 Per Bushel. Per Quarter. 60s. Od. 33 8 16 Rye, Buckwheat 3 9 30 Ind. Corn, 4 8 37 4 294 Potatoes, Turnips, Eng. Hay, Root Crops and Hay, Is. lid. per bush. i 2 „ 49 per ton. Carrots, 2*. 5d. per bush. Man. Wurtzel, 2 1 „ Marsh Hay, 20 per'ton. Beef, Mutton, Pork, Manufactured Products of the Farm. Wheat Barley, Oats, Rye, Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Potatoes, 3id. per lb. Cheese, 3i „ Butter, 3J „ Average Money value of an Acre of each. Crop. Wew Brunswick £6 13 5 13 5|d. per lb. 91 )i 6 3 4 7 5 5 8 10 19 11 7^ 6 4 Canada West. £2 4 7 19 11 5 5 14 6 I 1 1 3 2 6 4i lOj 4i State of Ohio £2 19 2 4 13 12 16 15 9 1 1 1 2 6 9 4 3 4J On a review of the foregoing and other tables. Professor Johnston has^rawn the foUowmg conclusions :—" That grain and roots Y^TLw"" ^ 1?'''^ "IS'^ '^^"'P'>^ •" ^^'^ P^°^'°ce than in New tnh ' K? ""' "^ Upper Canada; and that this Province ou^ht to be able to compete with these countries and drive them from its home markets." Such are the deductions of a skilful and scientific practical and theoretical agriculturist, from the statements furnished by the most enterpnsmg and successful of our own people. Never- theless, we cannot conceal a doubt whether all the elements of com- parison have been duly weighed. The result, especially as regards wheat, IS so contrary to preconceived opinions, that we feel con- strained to recommend further investigations. Is it not possible that while an equality of expense in preparing the land for a wheat crop appears to have been assumed, the great care and expense necessary in New Brunswick to prepare the land, and an occasional succession of minimum returns, would, to a very considerable extent, account for the supp^oed discrepancy ? ini.'^resuk" — **" °^ "^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^'° ^^^" examined, with the follow- ' IvL'ir^' ^rf'''' ''{'^T'' '' • - 6 '"onths 22 days. Average period of growth of crops, - - 3 17 Leaving for the spring and autumn ploughing, " &c., before seed time and af'""* roanmrr ^ o ^ Average latest ploughing, . ."'T' . nth'iVovembe;.' Average earliest sowing, .... gist April. )} » :. . 296 ""^ Various other questions, intimately connected with the agricultural statistics, are taken up, examined and discussed in Professor John- ston's Report ; but as that document is as accessible as it is probable the result of this inquiry can be made, it appears unnecessary to dwell upon them. The price of labour varies greatly throughout the Provincfei; but the average is said barely to exceed the wages paid to good farm servants in the best farmed districts in Scotland, while much of the work is done in an inferior style. With respect to a profitable return from the expenditure of hired labour, the persons consulted by the Professor appear to have been nearly equally divided. He himself inclines to'the affirmative side, and in conclusion he pertinently asks, " whether some of the lighter descriptions of labour might not with as much propriety be per> formed by females as labour in foreign cotton and weaving factories to which so many of our females now eagerly devote themselves." The following is a summary of the agricultural statistics for each County, extracted from the Census Returns of the past year : — ■•l»t>8»:if'' h .-|s:":5P^g.fi|f|l : |.::|:: ?'• • "^r- ill- • • • • ^ . '• C: IP o o a w ja - % 1 00 OP o: oa 3S c« g 21 MIlMMMMI'gcossggll'i 1 1 NORTHDMBERLAKD. COi )0 .§§ to 1^ liij 1^ ife>.ODto;&tnewgMoooDS>-.lseja?SS s 2 Quiet's. Restigouche. Saiivt Johw. •(»'» 30 ^S2 ©•sikpoi j^JD -si W Oi ^ jt». jCjM j^jo V! W Oi Oi C» SONBCRT. Victoria. / ySiU' >g. IMIIiMMMll^llliSi I i N?53ig2^^g22S?^gg"kVo go gj liejijslggftl SJ !8i iio^cSh^i^ lis; CD 8 §S WcSTMORLAIfO. York. ToTAli. o a r > i-H H >-^ O CA w. The principal document exhibits, with other things, similar particu- lars for each Parish in the Province ; and by acts of simple division applied to the Parish or County staiistics the knowledge of important facts may be obtained. A table might indeed be constructed which would show the rank in productive industry of each Parish and County in the Province. This would, however, be a mucl^ more extensive inquiry than the limits of this paper admit of or present circumstances demand. ■] The value of the annual agricultural industry is important, but it is frequently either overlooked or under estimated. The following estimate is based on the quantities specified in the preceding extract, and the prices or values before inserted ; — Hay, Wheat, - Barley, Rye, (estimate) Oats, Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Pease and Beans, Turnips, Potatoes, -, \^^ ., Other Roots, Butter, Soap and Candles, Maple Sugar, Wpollen Cloth, ?c! ?!d,l ^551,478 77,488 15,634 15,634 141,116 129,188 14,014 21,332 31,489 267,604 5,386 123,944 15,000 4,387 85,558 ADD £1,499,252 £55,110 106,263 43,000 29,957 98,790— 333,120 One-sixth value of Horses, One-fifth value of Neat Cattle, One-third value of Sheep, One-half value of Swine, Value of land annually cleared, Total amount, - - £1,832,372 To this estimate a very copi,iderable amount might with propriety be added for farming implbtii uts, wagons, sleds, sleighs, &c., of domestic manofactuse ; and when to this a further addition is made for the Jfubstantial improvements on old clearances, the aggregate vaJue"of the annual s^gricultiira! 'udustry cannot be Jess thian Iwo milUad pounds currency, that is eight million dqllars, or one million eight huj^dred ibouisand pounds sterling. TPhig amount it is to be N 298 observed allows upwards of £100 currency to every male inhabitant returned as engaged in agricultural pursuits, or upwards of £65 per annum, if to the number of the former are added the 9,448 males returned as ordinary labourers. To this large annual amount of agricultural industry is to be attributed the superior domestic comfort, and the many opportunities of social enjoyment, which the farmers of this Province possess beyond those which fall to the lot of persons in the same sphere of life, not only in Europe— the condition of whose farming population will not bear a comparison with the condition of that of New Brunswick — but in the adjoining States and Provinces. To inquire as to the sufficiency in quantity and quality of the crops for the comfortable sustenance of the inhabitants would be an invidi- ous task and scarcely within the scope of the duty of ibis Committee : It is sufficient that the quantity and kind of what is raised be pointed to. Severe strictures are found in many reputable books, on the culti- vation and use of buckwheat as human food. A very considerable quantity is raised in this Province, but at present there is uo danger of the inhabitants relying on this or any particular grain or root as an exclusive aliment. The article of butter however, is intimately connected with good husbandry and is deserving of special inquiry. A cow's yield of butter on the continent of Europe is set down at from 140 to 390 Jbs. per annum, or of whole milk cheese from 280 lbs. to 780. Good cows in England are said to yield from 300 to 400 lbs. of Butter, or from 600 to 800 lbs. of whole milk cheese. In Cheshire the average yield of cheese is about 336 lbs. per annum for each' cow. In the State of New York, 226 lbs., 350 lbs., and even 680 lbs., and in some years 714 lbs. per cow, in particular districts and dairies, have been obtained. In 1844, however, the average yield for the whole State in which about 1,000,000 cows were milked was estimated at 110 lbs. This is 30 lbs. less than the average quantity deduced by Professor Johnston from the statements made to him. In Ayrshire it is said to be common for a good cow to give 260 lbs. of butter, and cows of superior quality yield still more. In New York State, in 1848, 40 cows yielded an average of 160 lbs. of butter ; but in 1844, the average for the whole State was only 79 J lbs. being exactly 10 lbs. less than what was reported to Professor Johnston by our own farmers. Admitting the accuracy of the last statement, the dairy business of the Province cannot be said to be in a very backward state ; 30 lbs. of cheese, or 10 lbs. of butter, per annum, for each cow, over and above the averages for the State of New York, is not bad. When, however, we look at the larger yields obtained where particular 299 attention is paid to breeding and feeding, there is room for much improvement. Too much attention cannot be paid to this subject. It is difficult to paint on the mind's eye a cow yielding from 300 to 400 pounds of butter per annum ; but as such results are obtained by care, and the produce is in fact equal to that of six or seveu ordinary cows, it is equally difficult to conceive what class of agri- culturists is not interested in the subject. When we turn to the statistical information collected last year, the general average yield of butter appears to be only 59| lbs. for each cow, and the yield ranges Irom 32| lbs. in the County of Kent to 93J lbs. in the County of Charlotte. The following table exhibits the average yield of butter of each cow in the several Counties : — Charlotte, - 93.54 lbs. York, 78.42 Albert, 71.14 Westmorland, - - - - - 60.62 King's, 59.82 Carleton, - - - - - - 58.91 Restigouche, - - - - - 57.56 Queen's, - - - - - - 51.45 Sun bury, ---_., 49.74 Northumberland, - - - - - 47.81 Victoria, 45.81 St. John, 42.50 Gloucester, - - - - - 41.04 Kent, 32.89 Average for the whole Province, - - 59.88 Allowing to each man, woman, and child, - 15.75 No account was taken of the yield of cheese. With the exception of the County of Charlotte, the yield in no County appears to come up to the reports made in 1849, and instead of being 10 lbs. in advance of the State of New York, it appears that in the article of butter this Province is 19.63 lbs. in arrear of the annual average yield for each cow in that State. The difference in the annual yield of the cows in the County of Kent and its adjoining Counties — Northumberland and Westmor- land—is too great not to create a doubt as to the accuracy of the accounts. It is difficult to assign adequate causes for the difference between the yield in Charlotte and Carleton, Queen's or Sunbury. In some of the Counties, it is true, a^ consldej able quantity of cheese is manufactured ; and as neither the law nor the form of return required an account to be taken of it, it is just possible that the averages }f » )t it )t )) » i) }} ft JJ tl }t tt m of these Counties appear low in proportion to tlie quamity of cheese made in them. , On consideration of the statistics given to Professor Johnston, and tnose recently collected under Act of Assembly, it is impossible that the mquirer can conceive that he has attained the exact truth. He may not doubt that enthusiastic farmers have realized crops and oiher produce in the quantity and of the quality specified • but on mspectmg the grain and other produce offered for sale, and raakmg personal mquiries, he cannot fail to desire that accounts were perseveringly taken at short intervals for the purpose of comparison. ay this means alone can doubts be resolved, and truth ascertained Uy such returns would be shewn how enterprising and intelligent larmers carry their average produce above their duller neighbours. Except in the article of wheat flour, there can exist no doubt of the capability of the Province to yield an abundant supply of agri- cu tural produce of the best quality. This opinion is as univeisally entertained as it has been repeatedly expressed. On comparinff the quantities raised and the quantitier imported, the balance is in no way discouraging; it is gradually diminisliing, and with a slicrht increase of well directed exertion it might be made speedily^to disappear. ^ ■' Were a sensible man determined to make his income and expendi- ture balance each other, he would most undoubtedly have recourse to the keeping of exact accounts. So it must be with the farmers as individuals and as a body. The guessing system of husbandrv has exhausted Its energies. Nevertheless a farmer can seldom tell the number of acres of land in his fields, or how much seed or manure he has applied to the acre. To thrifty feeding, tested by weight or measure, he is almost a stranger. The cost and yield of crops is in nine cases out often a perfect mystery. The general fact that on the whole year s transactions he is "about square," or has gone " a little ahead," or fallen "inarrear," is all the exactness that s aimed at. This certainly is not the way in which a vigorous effort IS made to accumulate wealth, or to accomplish a desirable object. Ihe profits of a crop are as often lost in improper methods, or unnecessary expense, attending the raising of it, as in the lowness of the market price. Over the latter, individual farmers can exercise no efficient control ; over the former each can be as scrupulouslv exact as he chooses. With a set of weights and measures, and a memorandum book or journal, the keeping of farm accounts is much more simple, than Is cti*nfraU\r aimnnc^A a u^ic -t ^ << i. i . per annum is sufficient to keep such a crop record, in the shape of a larm plot, as may secure a regular rotation. The ^uantitiw of 301 manure, seed, labor, wages, milk, butter, feed, together with returns from sales, &c., &;c., may be entered in an ordinary nieinoraiidum book, to be posted to separate accounts at such times as may be found convenient or necessary ; an employment which is very instructive and calculated to induce beneficial trains of thought, and in many points can be engaged in as well by the junior as the senior members of a family. Over the accounts and exertions of individual farmers this Society can exercise no control. The impossibility of correctly judging of the properties of cattle, or the sufficiency of particular means with respect to crops, without a record of the facts on which the judgment ought to be basf^d, may be from time to time impressed on the public mind. But the facts that can justify any special recommendations applicable to the whole Province, or large sections of it, can at pre- ?ent be collected at the instance only of the Legislature, or perhaps through the County Agricultural Societies. Decennial return? are at too long intervals to be of much service. A period of fifty years .would elapse before the forms would be perfected, and the people prepared to give the desired information with sufficient exactness ; and in the meantime as little practical use could be made of the returns as of those of which the public are in possession. As examples of imperfection, the omission of "rye" and "other grain," may be quoted with reference to the last returns, and of the quantity of wool in connexion with the number of sheep. Three classes of advantages are secured by demands for periodical agricultural returns. 1st. Individual farmers are led to keep such accounts as enable them to answer the questions proposed, and when the attention is once aroused, there is a strong probability that many will be induced to examine the conditions on which the best results can be obtained. 2nd. A beneficial rivalry for superiority in pro- ducts as to quality and quantity, is excited among neighbouring districts. 3rd. The Legislature and societies are enabled to direct the energies of the people into the channels which are most promo- tive of the general good. The collection and management of annual or biennial returns by special officers under the authority of the Legislature, is perhaps too expensive to be adopted at present. The same objection and diffi- culty cannot arise in accomplishing this desirable object by means of the County Agricultural Societies and the Parish School Teachers. In 1845, J. A. Beckwith, Esq., Secretary of the York County Agricultural Society, procured a surprisingly complete and creditable set of returns through the means of the Parish School Teachers ; and it is deserving of the serious consideration of this Society, whether means should not be adopted fn procuu returns in a somewhat similar manner. As regards tl Teachers, few means are better 302 calculated to raise them in general estimation, or to open a wider door for the mgress of new ideas than the employment which has been suggested. Under Mr. Beckwith's requisition many of them acted with zeal and intelligence, and there can scarcely be a doubt that the same result would follow every renewal of a similar attempt lo give the idea a specific form, it is now suggested that annual returns of agricultural products and industry for Parishes should be collected and compiled by the Teachers ; that the County Returns or Abstracts should be prepared under the direction of the Agricui- tural Societies, and that the General Abstract should be framed either in one of the Government offices, or under the auspices of some one of the principal Societies ; this is a duty that might very prooerlv be assumed by this Society. / r i / uo All which is respectfully submitted. J. GREGORY. J. ROBB. ON THE INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, Held at St. JoIid, on September 9tli, and following days, 1851. To the New Brunswick Society for the encouragement of Agri- culturcy Home Manufactures and Commerce, throughout the Province, On the 11th of June, 1851, W.J. Ritchie, M. P. P., the President of the St. John Mechanics' Institute, made application to the New Brunswick Society for " any suggestions or assistance which they might be disposed to offer" towards an Exhibition of Provincial Domestic Manufactures, to be held on the 9th September following, under the direction of a Committee of the Institute. With a view to shew our good will and desire to promote the con- templated undertaking, the Society granted the sum of £15 to be appropriated under the form of discretionary premiums for articles exhibited at the forthcoming Show, and appointed the undersigned a Committee to award the same for such objects as came within the scope of our Society — and generally to assist in forwarding the pro- posed Exhibition. This Society had previously considered and sketched out the plan of a Provincial Show and Fair to be held at Fredericton in October 1852, (v. Reports, p. 194,) and it was now thought desirable to examine more closely into the subject, and consider its bearings in connection with the experiment about to be made under the direction of the Mechanics' Institute of St. John. One of your Committee (the Vice President for St. John,) like- wise brought the subject before the St. John County Agricultural Society, of which he is the President, and secured a grant of £15 to be appropriated under the same direction as the other, in discre- tionary premiums for articles of importance to the agricultural interests of the country. The Exhibition was opened by His Excellency Lieutenant Governor Sir E. W. Head, Bart., Stc, &c., on Tuesday, 9th Sep- tember, and thereafter the Exhibition building remained open to the public for nearly a fortnight. This exposition of the various objects of Provincial manufacture has, in iho opinion of your Committee, reflected very great credit upon the spirited individuals who undertook it, and has proved, as far as time and means would allow, eminently successful. 304 Mufih mono lins, in fact, been efTectGd than could have been sup- posed possible, from the limited means at the disposal of the Directors, and from the very short notice which had been given of their intention to hold such an Exposition of Provincial industry in the course of the present year. The effect of the Exhibition has been to give to the many thou- sands who visited it a higher opinion of the resources of the Province, and a most decided conviction of our ability to manufacture articles which hitherto have been almost altogether imported. In no department is the proof of this more striking than in that of edge-tools, and that of agricultural implements — until very recently the former have been almost wholly imported from England, and the latter from the United States — the specimens exhibited seemed to be in every respect as good, as well finished, and as cheap as the imported articles. We have no doubt that this effort on the part of the directory of the St. John Mechanics' Institute will (in the words of their own address, to His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor,) "inspire our artists, mechanics, and agriculturists with more confidence induce habits and feelings of self-reliance — stimulate a generous rivalry tend to improvement in the several departments of industry and inspire the people at large with a better opinion of what can be done at home, and thereby lead to the encouragement of home industry, by affording a market and making the labour of our productive classes remunerative." But furthermore, we conceive that the recent Exhi- bition has created a desire for such exhibitions on a larger scale, and at fixed intervals of time, so that it behoves us to consider again how this idea can be best and soonest reduced to a practical form. The attention of the Legislature has already been called to the subject by this Society, and we trust that measures will be taken to press the same again upon the representatives of the people at their next Session of Assembly. We cannot regard the recent Exhibition as having been complete ki the department of agricultural produce. In Cv.. en q, we believe, of a circular addressed by the Secretary of Jihs Soc -(ty to the Presidents of the various County Agricultural Socici.ea throughout the Province, some contributions came in from the out-Counties ; still, on the whole, the farm produce was almost wholly from the County of St. Johii — of that even there was not a very great display, probably on account r,C t\\Q harvest being unfinished. We con uSif J? to 'e of the highest importance that there should be a Prov;i>c.; ;! Ag/icultural Exhibition on a large scale each year, along with v'le jSxhibition of Manufacture", and this can only be done eiiecluaily after the period of the County Agricultural Showsr— say in the second or third week of October. In reference to this Subject, 305 nothing can be more appropriate than the at theo said H of His Excellency, primary necessity," is Excellency — " the first great object to be attended to in every country, is food. You must first grow food, all besides is of secondary importance ; the Exhibition, therefore, of agricultural produce, must be that of tl. • greatest interest and most importance to this country at present." Your Committee would also advert to the propriety of holding such Shows at different places from year to year, so as to carry the same laudable feelings and results home into every section of the Proiince. The building in which the Exhibition was held, seemed to be extremely well adapted for the purpose, and was highly creditable to the architect and builders ; its general features seemed to be derived from the Palace of Industry in Hyde Park, London : henceforward we conceive that Mr. Paxton's celebrated building will offer the best model for all such undertakings, and it may soon come to be con- sidered whether there should not be permanent structures for such purposes in all large towns and cities. Let us hope that the shows of mountebanks and monsters have disappeared, and that henceforward our holidays shall be devoted to the examination of the products of our national skill and industry — and not to gazing at the stupid tricks of tawdry tumblers, and falla- cious fire-eaters — resplendent though they be in all their blazonry of spangles and tinfoil. Your Committee cannot but regret that measures were not taken in time to have had such a Show prior to the great Industrial Exhi- bition in London, and thereafter to have dispatched our contributions to the World's Fair. On looking over the official catalogue of the Colonial contributions to that great Show, your Committee cannot help feeling that New Bnmswick might have been almost as well represented there as any other of the British North American Colonies. More might have been got together, even for the present occasion, as your Committee conceive, if a schedule of the various articles expected had been generally disseminated throughout the country, and such a schedule, on the basis of the one issued by Her Majesty's Commissioners, ought to be issued some months before the next Provincial Shov^ is undertaken. Owing to the late period up to which contributions were received for the St. John Show and Fair, it was hardly possible to classify them properly upon the ground, or to make out a good classified catalogue ; and accordingly the ofiicial catalogues, (of which a copy is annexed.") issued bv the Directors, offer us but little assistance in this matter. We may, therefore, be excu3e4 if we now offer a simple clasisification of such objects as specially interest us, although it is not 306 Class 2. . Manufactured Products, "^ C( There were also very fair specimens of Shawls, Mittens, Coverlids, Carpeting, &fc., but the exhibition of these articles has been often surpassed at the County shows, and we may reasonably hope for some improved styles hereafter. There were a variety of Sewed Rugs, all creditable to the industry of their fair makers — No. 262, by Miss H. Wisdom, particularly so. No. 171 was a ''Leghorn Bonnet,'' by Miss Pender. This example ought to stimulate others, and we know that grass bonnets equal to the Tuscan may be readily made from the N. B. grasses : the manufacture is extending, and we trust that every encouragement will be given to it. Section B.— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. The exhibition of Agricultural Implements, as already said, was very satisfactory, and excited general admiration. Ploughs of Iron, viz.. Swing, Drill, and Sidehill Ploughs, by Messrs. Nicholls, Smith, and Harris &: Allan, equal in almost every particular to the imported articles. rlMlirhst nf JVnnrI lynil. Trrtn on thp AiYiorinon tnr»rlal tx •»»«« el-./^«^^». by Messrs. Harris U Allan, Everitt, Todd, of Fredericton, and Barker, of Sheffield. Enough was exhibited to convince us that we need import ploughs 310 no longer— save, perhaps, for the model. An excellent Seed Sower, of the newest pattern, by Harris h Allan ; a Cultivator, by the sanie, and by G. Todd, of Frederictoh ; a Drill-harrow, by Mr. W. Smith, Marsh-road, are most serviceable implements, and strongly recommende(l to the farmers of New Brunswick. Forks, Hoes, and Potato-diggers were exhibited by Messrs. Broad, of St. John, by T. G. Allan, of Fredericton, and by Mr. McFarlane' of Fredericton. The workmanship of Messrs. Broad and Allan in particular was of the very best kind, and in temper and finish they seemed to be quite equal to those which are usually imported. The most meritorious article in this department, perhaps, was the Double Railroad Horse-power and Thrashing Machine, after the model of Emery, of Albany ; this was exhibited by Harris h Allan, and is, probably, the first ever exhibited in this Province : the power can be applied to a variety of purposes, and may be made to thrash between 200 and 300 bushels of oats in a day. " The employment of agricultural machinery is extending, and we hope soon to see horse powers in more general use. Labour-savin^ machines such as these, are, in fact, more required here than elsewhere, the price of farm labour being so high. The price of this horse- power was ^'80. Of Fanners there were a great many specimens, and mostly of the same good pattern ; in solidity and finish they are better then anything ever imported, and their makers, Messrs. Monro, Skinner, Quigley, and Harris & Allan, are prepared to supply the whole country. Farm Carts, Scotch pattei'n ; of these there were two specimens by Messrs. Quigley and Skinner : they were both of first rate quality as regards strength and finish, and much admired by the farmers. Pails, by Mr. Miller, well finished in every way, and quite equal to the imported article. A Garden Engine, by R. Wallace, was exhibited ; it was after the American model, better and cheaper than the imported article : this is a most useful machine about a farm, and might save some insurance, and check many a fire, if used in time. Churns, of several varieties, were exhibited, and it is quite Interest- ing to observe how keenly the ingenuity of inventors is applied to the improvement of this well known article. Mr. A. Willard's " Patent Butter Machine" claims the first notice ; it is claimed that butter can be made in less time by this machine than by any other, (from 55 seconds to 20 minutes,) and the butter cleansed, salted and pressed without being touched by the hand. The chief peculiarity seemed to be in the form of the dashers, and fno mckfja f\f i.c\Tr/-»i*rti»\ /■■ fK,>!» n^*C^K «-^ — *— — 1* 1 J„ -." i !...„ ..,.j,,.. vi n_rtjo:!jg iiic:: auiiuH, 3(J ilS lU SUll UIIU UtCSS lUB DUUer without handling it. We feel sure that Mr. Willard will soon be remunerated for the care and attention which he has bestowed upon ' the improvement of this useful article. 311 ' An original " Double-acting Vertical Churn," by L. Durant, was also shown, and deserves commendation. The RocJcing Chur^, by R. Morrison, of Sussex Vale, seemed a good article, and, as we understand, is already much used by the dairy farmers of King's County. The Patent Dashers, made by Mr. Quigley, after an American pattern, are good and substantial churns ; but no churn now-a-days can be considered as complete without a thermometer to determine the right temperature for butter-making — say about 60 deg. Fah. A Grindstone, with trough, treadle and single friction roller, was considered one of the best things of the sort that could be made. We had much pleasure in awarding a prize to Mr. Myers, of St. John, for this useful article. There were others, with double-friction rollers, fee, by Mr. Quigley. There were also grindstones from the Shediac, Grindstone Factory. These are actually turned from the block by machinery set up by the Messrs. Gilbert, and the superior finish of the articles made in this novel way justify their expectations of a large sale for them. Section D.— MANUFACTURES CHIEFLY IN WOOD. A Cabinet of Veneered White Birch, by Mr. J. Randall, deserves favourable notice as exhibiting the capabilities of that native wood. It looked quite as well as satin wood. The Lasts exhibited by Mr. Clarke were well and neatly executed. There was also a sample of Lucifer Matches exhibited by Mr. Clarke, which we notice, only to express our surprise that the great demand for these articles is not wholly supplied from within the Province itself. Under this head also we may notice Pianos ; of these there were three — two (Grand) by Mr. Hunt, in rosewood cases ; their tone and finish were very much admired. The third was a more showy carved rosewood cabinet piano-forte, by Kennay and Scribner. In appear- ance it surpassed the other, 3ut we were given to understand that some parts of it were not of Provincial manufacture. One of Mr. Hunt's has the English, and the other the American tone ; the former more clear and round than the latter, which is louder, and perhaps better adapted for the concert-room. Section E.-MANUFACTURES IN LEATHER. Of these there were not many. There were Travelling Trunks, very fair ; Harness, excellent ; and Boots and Shoes, of eyer«- quality. We may also mention one or two pairs of Gloves, made at Stanley, by Mrs. Bennet. The dressed and made i>p Native Furs, by Mr. Lockhart, were also well worthy of commendation. 312 Section F.-MISCELLANEOUS. Among the miscellaneous manufactures we must particularly notice the Candles ol Messrs. Scott, Woods, and Ba,wn, also the Bar and Fancy Soaps of Messrs. Scott and Brown. We know the quality of these arf.les to be first rate, and we believe that within the last few years they have wholly taken the place of the imported article. The soap and candle manufacture of this Province is one which can now defy competition. ^ On one of the tables are a few dark ifreen candles, made of wax from the native wax myrtle (Myrica Cerifera). The wax natural^ ex'sts as a sort of bloom on the berries of that shrub, which somewhat resenibles a blueberry bush, and grows abundantly along the sandy sea-shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The berries, ^hen boiled yield up their waxy covering, which is then skimmed off and made into candles, &c. ^ YourComtimtee likewise observed with great satisfaction some specimens of Printing and Wrapping Paper, from the manufactory of Messrs. Philps. This establishment has lately been set up on Little Rnrer, near the Water Company's Dam, and within a con- venient distance of the City. We wish them the supply of the whole Provincial demand, and expect that in a few years we may cease to import paper, as we have almost ceased to import soap, &c. The UatsoJ Everitt, Lockhart, and Magee were also well worthy T"^u 1. ^^ f "T"! *°,^' ^' Sood as the imported articles, and ought wholly to take their place. ' The Bricks, faced and plain, exhibited by Messrs. Crosby and Kiggs, are of first rate quality; all we want is enough of them But perhaps the most perfect piece of mechanical skill 'in the whole exhibition was an Astronomical Clock, by Mr. J. White of t redericton. This clock is undoubtedly the finest which has ever bepn made m the Provmce, and is ex^-emely creditable to the young artist who constructed it. It has a dead beat escapement on Harri- son s plan, and the pendulum rod is a piece of pine, well dried, oiled, painted and gilt. The performance of this clock hitherto ha been unexceptionable. Section C.-MANUFACTURES IN METAL, .^^ovcs— Of these there were many varieties, and most of them as good as can be imported ; the hot-air stove, by Harris & Allan was a very superior article, and will no doubt meet with a ready sale • the ships stoves, kitchen stoves and parlor grates, exhibited by the same farm, seemed to be good and substantial of their kind. Mr. T. C Lveritt S stoves, nf varimic fnrme »ro»n U^*U ii i i . * --■•-;- — ....^', TTvic uxjiii well luaue ana cneap. A large wrought Iron Safe Door, by J. Turner, of St. John, was admirably 6nished and fitted ; the lock alone was proof of the great mechanical skill of its maker. ^ 313 A new form of Loclc, exhibited by G. Thomas, was also well worthy of notice. The specimens of Cutlery by Mr. Nicholson, including knives, razors, &c., were as well made and as highly finished as could be desired. A two-grooved Rifle was shown by Mr. Crispin, of St. John. It was light and well made, and priced at only £8. This is a new branch of Provincial manufacture, and we hope that Mr. C. will be patronized by our young sportsmen. Every one admired the Edge and Hand Tools of Mr. Drury, Messfl. Broad, Spiiler, and Edwards, including axes, chisels, gouges, adzes, hammers, planes, &:c. Their make and finish would have done no discredit to Sheffield, and if the enterprising makers can pro- duce them fast enough, there will be no stint in the demand for them. Mr. W. N. Venning has sent a case of Silver Ware, including spoonsj forks, ladles, &c., which was much admired by all. Section D.-MANUFACTURES CHIEFT.Y IN WOOD. In this department the Models of Ships demand attention, but ship-building is a branch of business for which our Province is too well known to need any notice here. The models sent to the Exhi- bition are very creditable. The four-oared Gig " Experiment," was exhibited by Mr. Mail- man of Carleton ; the Carleton boys, it seems, can make, as well as row their boats against all competition, and their recent feat of rowing in this boat six miles in less than thirty-two minutes, is familiar to all. Two Capstans of Teak and Mahogany, inlaid with brass, by Messrs. Gaynor and Corbett, were excellent specimens of workmanship, equal, we conceive, to anything of the kind made in Liverpool or New York ; the same may be said of the Ships^ Wheels, by Messrs. Gaynor and Carleton, and not le^s of the Ships^ Blocks, by Mr. Gaynor. The seven-inch Cable and Cordage, by Messrs. Jarvis, was also apparently as good as neod be, and we trust that they will soon be enabled to supply the Provincial demand. Rope-making ought to go hand in hand with ship-building in this Province. The Carriage and Wagon, by Hallett, — especially the former, — were highly finished articles, probably more so than any hitherto made in the country ; the carriage seemed to be equal to the best style of American carriages usually imported here, whether as regards the wood, iron, leather, painting and lining. We heard that it sold readily for £100. The Scales and Measuring Rods, by Mr. J. Gove, were very well done, and the srraduation was as good as on the imported articles. We had no idea that anything of the kir^d was done in the country. The Upholstery, by Messrs. Howard and Lawrence, was of great beauty, and quite equal to anything which we can require. 314 Class -3.— IMITATIVE ARTS. These hardly come under the care of your Committee; but before closmg this short record of the first Public Exposition if our Pro- vmcal Art and Industry, it may be well to mention that our progr ss even in these is highly encouraging. P'^gress ^Messrs. McMillan and Avery send excellent specimens of Typo- Mr. Venning sends some excellent specimens of Copper Engravine Mr Gaskmg (at the establishment of Messrs. Chubb & Co ^* gr tar a^skT '' ^°°' ^"^^^^'"»^ ^"^ ^"^°^-Ph^ ^^-4 ^ Messrs. Nelson and Melick contribute some very good Daguerreo- Ele^tmtype."' '''^'^'''' ''""" ^'''^'"''" ^'''''^''' '° Enamel and Mr. Sleeth contributes specimens of Sculpture in Marble woodr''" ^^"^ ^""^ McCoach send specimens of Turning in fancy Capt. Lawson contributes some very remarkable specimens of Carving m Ivory, executed by himself while at sea. ' A Tombstone by Fitzgerald, and two Fonts, by Miligan, are good specimens of Carving in grey freestone. ^ ple?s^ed'irmo!'J^"'^""^''''' ^'"' '^'^'' *^^ ^^"'^ °^ '" ^"''''" '"^ ^'^^ Fr??nT%^Ki"'' ^f ^.°°";"buted various carved Picture and Mirror faste andTkill'' ' ^''^'^^'^^^^'> vvhich are very creditable to their this^'dJHd.'''^'^' '' "°""'' '^ ^^^° ^^" ^°"^^ °^ "--^ - There were likewise many Paintings by native artists, more par- ticularly those by Messrs. Ward and Stahton, which are highly creditable to our native talent, and hold out much hope for the future. Mr. Holman is the only decorative painter who comes forward: his specimens of pamting in imitation of marble and fancy woods, are well worthy of being looked at. We are tempted to ask, however, why has he so few competitors ? "we»er. Having thus briefly pointed out such of the articles as attracted our especial notice at the Exhibition, we may now make a few remarks on the subject of Premiums. *i, ^" ^^"^"Itation with the Directors of the Institute, we learnt that they had determined not to give any prizes or honorary diplomas for the present year. The mechanics themselves, it was Understood, had declined it ; the notice was too short, and the thinff was so new tney saia, that diplomas or records of superiority in thei^r departments might be awarded upon unequal and imperfect grounds; they there- fore did not desire either premiums or diplomas for the present year 316 » 1 1 do. do. do. do. do. do. do. dc. do. do. do. do. Under these circumstances, your Committee thought it best to appro- priate the whole amount to the sections of Agricultural Produce, Domestic Manufactures, and Agricultural Implements. Hereunder is submitted a schedule ff the various Premiums so awarded by your Committee : — To Dr. George P. Peters, Lancaster, for Wheat, - £ Mr. J. Harrison, Portland, for Barley, - ,- Mr. P. McFarlane, Fredericton, for Pot Barley, - Mr. J. Clarke, Simonds, for Oats, . . - - Mr. King, Sussex, assortment of general produce, Mr. H. NictioUs, Simonds, Mr. F. Ferguson, Bathurst, Mr. W. H. Mills, Mr. J. Cother, Loch Lomond, Mr. C. RatclifF, Loch Lomond, Mr. Fowler, Norton, Mr. M. Trueman, Westmorland, for Cheese, Mr. R. K. Trueman, do. Butter, Miss E. Fairweather, Norton, for Blankets, Miss Pender, for Domestic Manufactures, Mr. Anderson, Westmorland, for Cheese, Mr. L. Donaldson, St. Andrews, assortment of general produce. Chief Justice Chipman, St. John, for Vegetable , Messrs. E. &t J. Broad, St. John, for Hay and Manure Forks, Mr. T. G. Allen, Fredericton, do. do. do., Mr Spiller, St. John, for Edge Tools, Mr. J. Quigley, St. John, for Farm Cart, - - - Mr. S. Skinner, do. do. - . . ''"■ G. Todd, Fredericlc.i, for Plough, - - , - ^'. Smith, St. John, do., _ _ . F. Munro, do. Fanners, - - - J. . jrs. Harris h Allan, do., for General Implements, - Mr. T. Miller, St. John, for Pails, Mr. J. Myers, do. for Grindstonei, - - - In conclusion, your Committee would congratulate the Society on the advancing state of Mechanic and Industrial pursuits among us, exhibited by the recent Show and Fair, held under the auspices of the Institute at St. John, and likewise upon the growing desire which prevails among all classes of this community to establish and i.iaintain such laudable Exhibitions of our Provincial Industry, at fixed and regular intervals, for ever hereafter. All of which is respectfully submitted bv ^^««' > Conmittee, R. JARDINE St. John, I9th Septei/iiber, 1851. } GREAT EXHIBITION; Or, Provincial Siiow and Fair, To he held at Fredericton on Tuesday the 5th of October 1852 and four follomns days; under the direction oftheTwBfmt' mcc ^socrctyfor the encouragement of Agriculture, Hoi mm- factures, and Commerce, throughout the Province. mn mttlXtnt^ iiTHTm^ai, Hart., patrom CLASS I.-MINERAL KINGDOM.-Section A. Raw Materials, Sfc. Ores of the Metals, best assortment, Ditto, do. 2nd best do., Mineral Paints, best assortment, Combustible Materials, best samples, '. ^'\\ do. 2nd best do.. Grinding and Polishing Materials, best samples. Inlays, Sands, &c., best samples, - . Ditto do. 2nd best do., • Mineral Manures, best sample, Building Stones, 8 in. cube, dressed, best sample's, Ditto do. do. do. do. 2nd best do., olate, best samples, - . _ Minerals, the best assortment of, - \ Salt, best samples. Potash or Pearl Ash, best samples, ' Lime, Plaster, or other Mineral Cement, best samples, Uricks or Tiles, best samples, . . Ditto do. 2nd best do., Pottery Ware, best assortment. £5 2 2 4 2 2 -0 4 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 : LO 1. c To^^J' £39 10 CLASS I.- Section B. Manufactures chiefly in Metal Stoves, best variety, Ditto 2nd host do., - ' £4 3 Carried forward, £7 317 Cooking Ranges, best, Amount brought forward, Hollow Ware, best variety, Plough, best, Ditto, best assortment of any kinds, - Second best do., Drill-harrow, best, Potato-digger, best, Potato Forks, best half dozen, Spades or Shovels, be?t half dozen, Ditto do 2nd best do.. Hoes, best half dozen. Ditto, 2nd best do., Manure Forks, best half dozen, Ditto, 2nd best do.. Hay Forks, best half dozen. Ditto, 2nd best do.. Axes, narrow, best half dozen. Ditto, do. 2nd best do.. Ditto, broad, best half dozen, Ditto, do. 2nd best do., Planes, best assortment, Ditto, 2nd best do., Hammers and Edge Tools, best assortment. Ditto do. do. 2nd best do.. Saws, best assortment. Ditto, 2nd best do.. Locks and Latches, best assortment, • Ditto do. 2nd best do, Fire Arms, best assortment, Cutlery, do., Dentistry, best spemimen. Clocks, best. Astronomical or Surveying Instruments, best, Electrical Instruments, best, Steam Engine, model of, best, Ditto, do. 2nd best, Lathes, best, Fire Engine, best,, Garden Engine, best, Silversmith and Jeweller's work, best assortment, Copper and Tin Smith's work, best assortment, Horse Shoes, best set of four pairs, a. ' Cut Nails, best variety of. Brass Casting, specimen of, best, Total, £79 10 :7 ^^H 3 I^H 1 10 ■■ 2 ^^1 4 l^^l 2 ^^M I 10 ^^M 1 10 ^^1 1 10 1^1 1 ^^H 10 ^^1 1 ^^M 10 ^^1 1 ^^1 10 in 1 ^^1 10 ^^1 1 ^^1 10 ^^1 1 ^^1 10 ^^1 I HH 10 ^^1 4 I^H 2 i^^l 1 m 10 ^^^^^^^n 1 10 i«H 1 10 2 iilH 1 10 aH 3 SH 2 iiP^^^H 2 'Ih^H 5 2 W^M 2 i^i 5 MU 2 ii9HlH 2 In 2 ^^^^1 1 iU^H 1 10 H 1 10 ■ 318 CLASS II.-VEGETABLE KINGDOM.-StCTioif A. Raw Materials. Woods, native, best assortment of, Ditto, do., 2nd best do., Cranberries, not less than a half bushel, best sample Wheat, (taken from not less than 1 acre,) best sample, JUlttO. tin An J. ^ . . ' ' Ditto, Ditto,' Oats, Ditto, Ditto, do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Barley (Chevalier) Ditto, do. Ditto, (Common) Ditto, do. Rye, do. Buckwheat (Rough) Ditto (Smooth) Indian Corn, (from not less than jTcre,') g'"°' do. do. Broom Corn, best sample. Peas, not less than 1 peck, best sample, I Beans, do. do. do., Imiothy Seed, not less than 1 bushel, best sample, do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. 2nd do., 3rd do., best sample, 2nd do., 3rd do., best sample, 2nd do., best sample, 2nd do., best sample, best sample, do., do., 2nd do., Red Clover Seed, not less than 10 lbs.. do. do. 5 lbs. do. 2 lbs. do. do. Flax Seed and Fibre, do. Hemp Seed and Fibre, do. Millet Seed, do. Turnip Seed, (Swedes) do.' Carrot Seed, do. Mangold Wurtzel Seed, do.* Blood Beet Seed, do. Potatoes, best sample, Ditto, 2nd bpst do., Turnips, (Swedes) best sample, Mangold Wurtzel, do. Sugar Beet, do. Carrots, Red do. Ditto, White, do. Hops, not less than 5 lbs., best sample, Farm Produce, greatest variety. Ditto, 2nd do.. Apples, best assortment of named varieties, "ears, uest sample, do., do., do., do., do., do., do., do., Squash an £2 Parsnips, 1 Onions, 10 Celery, no 2 Salsify, no 1 ro Mushroom 1 Cabbages, 2 Cauliflowe 1 10 Pickles, n( 1 Preserves, 1 Garden Pi 10 Greenhous 1 Dried Plai 10 1 1 1 10 3 1 10 1 10 Plough, b( 1 10 Harrow, d 1 10 Cultivator, 1 Horse Pov 1 Fanning IV 1 Thrashing 1 Grain Dril 10 ChafFCutI 1 Corn Shel 1 Horse Rat 1 Hand Rak 1 Snow Shoi 1 Cheese Pr 10 Cliurn anc 1 Ditto, 2nd 1 Ox Yoke, 1 Whip, Ax 10 Agridultur. 10 Coopers' ^ 10 Shingles, c 3 Clapboard 2 Veneers, b 2 Barrel Sta 10 Bee Hivcj Carried forward, £50 319 Amount brought forward, Squash and Pumpkins, best sample, Parsnips, do. Onions, do. Celery, not less than twelve heads, best sample. Salsify, not less than twenty-five heads, do., Mushrooms, fresh or pickled, one quart, do.. Cabbages, not less than six, best sample Cauliflower, do. do. do.. Pickles, not less than one gallon, best assortment. Preserves, do., Garden Produce, greatest variety, Greenhouse Plants, do. Dried Plants, - . - Total, £50 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 1 1 £61 CLASS II.— Section B. Manufactures chiefly in Wood. Plough, best, Harrow, ditto, Cultivator, ditto, Horse Power, ditto. Fanning Mill, ditto, Thrashing Mill, ditto, Grain Drill, ditto, ChafF Cutter, ditto, Corn Sheller, ditto. Horse Rake, ditto, Hand Rakes, not less than a half dozen, best. Snow Shovels, do. do. do. Cheese Press, best, Churn and Butter Worker, best, Ditto, 2nd best. Ox Yoke, best. Whip, Axe, Scythe, Rake and Broom Handles, best ass't, Agricultural Implements, best assortment. Coopers' Work, best Shingles, not less than one bunch, best Clapboards, not less than one bundle, best, Veneers, best assortment. Barrel Staves, best. Bee Hive, best, Carried forward, £30 10 £2 1 1 10 3 1 10 2 I 10 1 1 1 10 10 1 2 1 10 , 10 4 2 10 10 10 10 1 320 Table, best, _ A"^°""t_ brought forward, Chairs, not Jess than six, best, - [ Sofas, Ottomans or Couches, best, " Cabinet or Wardrobe, best. Bedstead, best, _ . " Cradle, best, . Fire Screens or Picture Frames, best, '. Shoe Lasts, not less than three pairs, best, bhoe Pegs, not less than one quart, best Lucifer Matches, not less than one gross, best, Figure Heads of Ships, best, - . Blocks, Wheels, and Capstans, best assortment, Pumps,"ber,'"'^°''' ^'""''' '""^ ^''''''' ^''' assortment, Spinning Wheels, best, . [ Turnery, best specimens, - [ Basket Work, best, - . [ Pianos, best, _ _ " Ditto, 2nd best . . " Other Musical Instruments, best, - I Loom, best, Wheelbarrow, best, - . [ Carriage, or Pleasure Wagon, best, I ^"°' ditto, 2nd best Wagon or Cart for Farm purposes, besJ, I Sleigh, best, Child's Sleigh, best, - I [ ,Gig, Six-Oared, best, - . ' Ditto, Four-Oared, best, Wherry, Two-Oared, best, . ' Bark Canoe, best, - . _ Log Canoe, best, - , ' Total, £30 10 2 10 2 10 3 3 2 1 2 1 10 10 2 10 3 1 10 1 10 1 1 10 1 5 3 1 10 2 1 5 3 2 1 10 5 4 2 1 1 .£97 10 CLASS II.— Section C. Manufactures from Grain, Fibre, ^c. Wheat Flour, Provincial, not less than J barrel, best. Rye Flour, ditto Corn^Meal, ditto Oat Meal, ditto Buckwheat Meal, ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto best, ditto. £1 1 dittOj ditto^ 1 . 1 ditto. 1 Carried forward, £5 321 Amount brouglit forward, £5 Barley, hulled. Provincial, not less than ^ barrel, best. Ditto, malted, ditto ditto ditto, Starch from any root or grain, best, Maple Sugar, not less than ten pounds, best, Ditto ditto refined, not less than ten pounds, best, Biscuits, best assortment, Confectionary, best assortment, Grass Plait Hat or Bonnet, best, Ditto ditto ditto 2nd best. Straw Hat or Bonnet, best, - - ^ Mats or Matting, best sample, Corn Brooms, not less than six, best. Birch Brooms, ditto ditto, ditto. Ropes and Cordage, best assortment, Twine or Thread, best sample, - Linen Goods, ditto, - - Ditto ditto 2nd ditto. Cotton or mixed Goods, best. Ditto ditto ditto, 2nd best. Paper, best assortment, - - - Cider and Vinegar, not less than 5 gallons of each, best, Nativ^e Pye Stuffs or Colours, best, Total, .• £25 10 £5 1 1 1 15 1 1 10 1 10 1 10 10 10 15 10 1 10 10 1 15 1 15 1 10 1 1 CLASS III.-Skction A. Live Stock, ^c. Stallion over four years, of any country or breed, best, Ditto ditto for agricultural purposes, best. Ditto ditto ditto ditto, 2nd best. Ditto three years old, raised in the Province, best,, Ditto two years old, raised in the Province, best, Ditto one year old, ditto ditto, best. Matched Carriage Horses, best pair. Ditto Draught ditto ditto, Gelding or Filly, two years old, raised in the Province, best, 2 Brood Mare and Foal, of any country or breed, best. Saddle Horse, (Roadster) ditto ditto best. Bull (pure breed) of any age or country, best, Ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto. Ditto ditto of two years old, ditto. Ditto ditto ditto 2nd ditto. £7 ^^^1 5 U^H 3 ^^^B 3 ' H^l 3 H^H 1 uhi 5 ^^^H 5 I^^H t, 2 ^^H 3 l^^B 3 llUM 4 l^^^l Q n Kii^^^l 2 UHj 1 pwij ^)^ Carried forward, £49 322 Amount brought forward, £49 Bull, (pure breed) of one year old, best, Ditto ditto ditto Ditto ditto of 1852, Cow, ditto of any age. Ditto ditto ditto Ditto ditto of two years old Ditto ditto of one year old. Ditto ditto of 1852, Bull, (mixed breed) of any age. Ditto ditto ditto Ditto ditto of 1852, Milch Cow, (mixed breed) Ditto ditto ditto Heifer, ditto of two years old, ditto, Ditto ditto of one year old, ditto. Ditto ditto of 1852, ditto. Working Oxen, best yoke. Ditto ditto 2nd best. Fat Ox, Steer, Cow or Heifer, of any age, breed, or country, best. Ram (pure breed) of two years and over, - ' 2nd ditto, ditto, ditto, 2nd ditto, ditto, ditto, ditto, ditto, 2nd ditto, ditto, ditto, 2nd ditto. Ditto Ditto Ewes Ditto Ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto of one year and over, of 1852, - . of two years and over, best pair, of one year and over ditto, of 1852, ditto, Kam, (mixed breed) of two years and over, best. Ewe, ditto , ditto ditto best, Wethers, ditto of three years and over, best pair. Lambs ditto of 1852, best, Boar, (pure breed) of one year and over, best, Ditto ditto under one year, best. Sow, ditto of one year and over, best. Ditto ditto under one year, bpst. Pigs, ditto between 5 and 10 months old, best pair. Boar, (mixed breed) of one year and over, best. Ditto ditto under one year, best. Sow, ditto of one year and over best. Ditto ditto under one year, best, Pigs, ditto between 5 and 10 months old, best pair. Fowls, (pure breed) best pair, jiiw ^liiiAcu . urueu ) Uiiio - « Turkeys, best pair, - - 53 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 i 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 i 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 Ok 10 10 10 10 10 7 6 7 6 Carried forward, £llO 5 323 Geese, best pair, Ducks, best pair, Amount brought forward, £110 5 7 6 7 6 Total, £111 CLASS III.-SECTION B. Manufactures from parts of Animals. Beef, salted, best barrel, , - Pork, ditto ditto - ^ Hams, best pair, Bacon, best side, Butter, not less than twenty-five pounds, best, Ditto ditto ditto 2nd best. Ditto ditto ditto 3rd best, Cheese, not less than twenty-five pounds, best. Ditto ditto ditto 2nd best, Bristles or brushes. Wool Fleeces, best assortment. Oil, 430t less than one quart, best sample. Honey or Wax, not less than 10 lbs. of each, best sample, 2 Ditto ditto ditto ditto dillo 2nd ditto, Candles, not less than ten pounds, best assortment, Ditto ditto ditto ditto 2nd ditto. Soap, ditto ditto Ditto ditto ditto Leather, best variety. Furs or Skins, best variety, Ditto ditto manufactured ditto. Boots and Shoes, best, Saddle and Bridle, best. Harness, best assortment, Ditto 2nd best. Blankets, best pair, •Ditto , 2nd best, ' - Woolen Carpet, not less than twenty yards, best, Counterpane, woven, best. Flannel, not less than ten yards, best. Woolen Cloth, (fulled) nr less than ten yards, best, Ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto 2nd best. Ditto ditto (not fulled) ditto ditto best. Ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto 2nd best, Mixed Homespun Cloth, ditto ditto best, Carried forward, £47 15 ditto best assortment, ditto 2nd ditto, £1 1 1 1 1 15 10 2 1 15 1 10 1 5, 2 h 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 10 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 V 1 2 1 10 1 1 15 1 10 ^ M 324 ,,. , . , Amount brought forward Mixed homespun, for women's wear, best, Ditto ditto with reference particularly to pattern Ditto ditto 2nd best, - . Woolen Shawls or Scarfs, (fancy pattern) best, Woolen Socks or Stockings, best assortment, Ditto Mittens or Gloves, ditto Tailor's Work, best specimen of, Hatter's ditto ditto ditto. Milliner's ditto ditto ditto, Dyer's ditto ditto ditto,' I Feathers and Down, best assortment. Quill or Hair Work, ditto. Horns or Horn Work, ditto,' Snow Shoes and Moccasins, best, Fish, smoked or dried, best sample. Ditto pickled, ditto, Ditto preserved, ditto, Lobster, or other Shell Fish, preserved, best, '^°^^'' £69 10 CLASS IV. Fine Arts, &fc. Oil Painting, best, Water Colour Painting, best, Drawings in Crayons, best. Pencil Drawings, best, Decorative Painting, best specimen, Ditto ditto 2nd best. Engraving, specimen of, ditto, Wo6d Cutting, ditto Lithography, ditto,' Typography, ditto, Daguerreotype, ditto. Electrotype, ditto. Sculpture or Carving, ditto, Bookbinding, specimen of best. Ornamental Writing, best, ' - Model or Design of any kind, best, Ditto ditto ditto, 2nd best. Crochet work, best specimen, \, £47 15 1 best, 1 10 1 1 10 10 2 2 1 1 15 10 1 I 2 2 2 1 - £3 2 1 1 2 10 6 1 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 10 ]0 Carried forward, £27 Q 325 r 15 10 10 10 15 10 Amount brought forward, £27 Woolen or Cotton fancy knitting, best, - 10 Ditto* Ditto netting, best, - 10 Embroidery, best, - - 10 Braid Work, best, -• - 10 Berlin Wool Work, best, , - - 10 Raised Worsted Work, best, - - 10 Total, £30 PLOUGHING MATCH. Ploughing with Horses, best, Ditto ditto ditto 2nd best, Ditto ditto ditto 3rd best. Ditto with Oxen, without a driver. Ditto ditto ditto, with a driver, , - Total, £6 3 2 2 1 £14 NOTICE FOR THE GUIDANCE OF EXHIBITORS. 1. All articles and live stock, intended for competition, shall be entered with the Secretary, or local Agents, on or before the 21st of September, and delivered to the Executivb Committee on or before Saturday the 2nd of October, at the risk of the exhibitor, and without charge to the Society. Cattle to be in Fredericton the night previous to the day of the Cattle Show, (Wednesday the 6tli,) and to be in the yard by 8 o'clock on the morning of the Show-day. Cattle must remain in charge and at the risk of their owners, but they may be fed in Fredericton at the expense of the Society. The names of intending competitors in the Ploughing Match should also be entered as above. 2. In addition to the Local Committees already named. Agents will hereafter be appointed at Woodstock, Grand Falls, St. Andrews, St. Stephen, St. George, Campobello, Grand Manan, Burton, Canning, Sheffield, Gagetown, Hampton Ferry, St. John, Sussex Vale, Hopewell, Hillsborough, Bend, Shediac, Dorchester, Sackville, Richibucto, Buctouche, Chatham, Newcastle, Bathurst, Dalhousie and Campbelltown, whose duty it shall be to enter all articles for the Exhibition from their respective neighbourhoods, and to forward a list of srir.h pntrin«! to thp. CnrrpsnnnHino- Spr.rptarv. 3. A sum has been appropriated towards the transmission of articles specially recommended by Agricultural Societies, Local Committees, or by the Judges as having a claim upon this reserved fund. 326 4. Articles, the produce or manufacture of other countries, may be exhibited or sold but cannot take prizes, except as specially excepted Works of art and curiosities of all kinds are solicited, and eve«r care will be given to their safe keeping. ^ 5. Exhibitors must be prepared to prove that the articles are the produce or manufacture of New Brunswick, and must send with the articles a label, stating the exhibitor's name and address, the design- ation, description and object of the articles, where produced or manufactured, the lowest price, and ihe quantity available for the market, and the prize for which th^: ■ , eniereu. Portions of manufactured article. necessarily in some cases be the produce of other countries—s. .. as the ivory and wires of pianos, the woods of cabinet-maker's work, and the mountincrs of saddlery:— a certificate of such facts with an account of the Sta'te in which such articles were imported, to be verified if required, must be iurnished in all such cases. 6. Notice will be given hereafter of the appointment of Judges in the several departments for the purpose of awarding the Premiums Articles only known to the Judges by their number in the Secretary's book. Prizes to be paid promptly on the certificate of the Jud4s- Provided nevertheless, that in all cases where prizes of £l "and upwards shall have been awarded to persons not members of the bociety the sum of five shillings will be deducted from the amount of the said prizes for their subscription to the Society for the year. 7. No article shall be entitled to more than one prizej and* Pre- miums in any department may be withheld if the Judges do not consider that the article or articles exhibited are entitled to them- strict comphance with the above rules will in all cases be required' When manufacturers show to the snfisfaction of the Jud^res that they are prepared to supply the mar.et with articles " good and cheap as compared with other countries, or with others in the same trade, diplomas shall be granted to them, in addition to Premiums. 8. In the case of Grains or Roots, not less than half a bushel (unless so specified) is to be exhibited for competition ; and in every case a report in writing, at the time of the Exhibition, is required of the kind of seed, the quantity grown per acre, the mode of preparinfr the same, the quality of soil, the system of culture, with the time of sowing and reaping : — The Judges shall be guided in their awards— 1st, by the purity of the seed ; 2nd, by its freedom from extraneous seeds : Sid bv its weight ; and 4th, by the quantity raised per acre. 9. In the case of imported or thorough-bred stock, the importer or „„ - ...... u.u:oii .:: vvmiiig a particuiar account of the breed, pedigree and prime cost of the animals when imported, age of cattle to be taken from 1st January of each year. 327 All stock entered for competition must have been owned and kept, in the Province not less than three months prior to the Exhibition. 10. Connpetitors in fatted cattle and sheep must furnish a verified statement in writing at the time of the Exhibition, of the mode of feeding, the size and weight of the animals when put up to fatten and their progressive increase as far as can be ascertained. 11. No premiums will be paid on any animals or articles taken away before the close of the Exhibition, unless permission to take them away be first granted by the Committee. Premiums not claimed within one month after they are awarded, will be considered as donations to the Society. 12. In the case of manufactured articles generally, the Judges shall be guided in their awards by a reference to their excellence, cheapness and fitness for the country. 13. The sum above appropriated for premiums IS UPWARDS OF FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS, of which about one half is allotted to agriculture, and the other half to the arts and manufactures. A farther sum will be set apart for premiums for new inventions, or for objects not enumerated in the schedule already published by the Society, and to which reference is again expressly made. 14. The Exhibition will be chiefly held in and about the Province Building : Agricultural and other produce shall as much as possible be classified according to the counties from which it is received. Notice will hereafter be given of the sports and amusements which are to take place during the week ol the Exhibition. , By Order of the Executive Committee. J. ROBB, Secretary. .^ AfffffflSfffiUSS Government House, Feedericton, June, 2, 1852, Sir,— I am directed by His Honor the Administrator of the Government, to transmit to you, as I^-esident of the New Brunswick Society for the en90uragement of the Arts, a copy of a Circular Despatch and its enclosure, which he has received from the Colonial Secretary by the last English mail. I have the honor to be, sir, Your obedient servant, ^, „ n T e ^' ^' PENNEFATHER. Xne Honorable Judge Street. (Copy.) [Circular.] Downing Street, April 24, 1852. Sir, — At the request of the Council of the Society of Arts, I transmit to you a copy of a letter addressed to me by their Secretary, representing the advantages which would accrue to the British Colonies from a more general diffusion of the objects of ihe Society throughout the Colonial Empire. t shall be glad to learn that the views of the Society have been adopted m the Colony under your Government, and that an Associa- tion has been formed for the purpose of entering into a correspondence with the parent Society for carrying their wishes into effect. I have, &c., (S'gned) JOHN S. PAKINOTON. Lieut. Governor Sir E. Head, Bart. Copy of a Letter from the Secretary to the Society of Arts, Manu- factures and Commerce, to Her Majesty's principal Secretary of State for the Colonies. Society of Arts, John Street Adelphi, London, 26th March, 1852. r.-iRj^^i am directed by tho Council of the Society of Arts to acquaint you, that they have appointed a Committee of the following Members of the Society, viz ; ^ The E.l. Grey, Joseph Glynn, Esq., F. R. S., Robert Stephenson, Esq., M. P., Wyndhani Harding, Esq., Dr. J. F. Royle, F. R. S., Nathaniel Lindley, Esq., Professor Solly, F. R. S., Alfred Reade, Esq., John Bell, Esq., Lieut. Tyler, Royal ]Engineers. C. Wentworih Dilke, Esq., to consider the best means of making tlie Society useful in advancing the knowledge of the resources and capabilities of the numerous British Colonies in all quarters of the world, and in furnishing the Colonies themselves with such information as may b« required on subjects connected with Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The accompanying Enclosures, Nos. 1 and 2, will explain the Constitution of the Society, the objects they have in view in adopt- ing the present measure, and the means which they possess of carry- ing them into effect. The Council conceive that one of the first steps towards the attainment of their objects, will be the establishntiOnt of a Corres- pondence with similar Institutions in the Colonies ; or, in the smaller Colonies, where no such Institutions exist, with a Committee consist- ing of three or more Members, in all cases where volunteers for such a purpose can he found. I am, therefore, to express the hope of the Council, that you will be pleased to accord to the Society the advantages of that co-opera- tion and assistance which the Colonial Office is so well able to afford, to enable them to place themselves thus in correspondence with the numerous Colonies. And, as the readiest means of doing so, I ana directed to transmit to you printed copies of the present Letter and its Enclosures, which the Coqncil trust you will have the goodness to forward to the Governors of Colonies, with such instructions for judicious distribution a? may appear best calculated to ensure their practical utility. I have the honour to be, sir. Your most obedient servant, GEORGE GROVE, Secretary. Enclosure No. 1. Brief Statement of the Objects, Government, Revenue, and mode of Action of the Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Cpntimerce :-rr . , Objects : — The Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufac- tures and Cotnnierce, was founded in 1764^ Und IncQrporated under the above name by Royal Charter in J 847, tbey are summed up in 330 the Charter as—" Generally to assist in the advancement, develop- ment and practical application of Science in connection with the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce of the Country." Government;— It is governed by a President,* Vice-Presidents two Ireasurers, two Auditors, and from twelve to twenty-four other members, who form a Council elected annually by ballot at a General Meeting of the Society. The Secretary and Collector are elected in a similar manner, and are the only officers who receive any salary 1 he following are the Officers for the present year :— President. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT. Vice-Presidents. The Duke of Buccleuch, The Earl of Carlisle, The Earl of Ellesmere, The Earl Granville, The Lord Col borne, The Lord Overstone, Sir J. P. Boileau, Bart., Rt. Hon. E. Strutt, M. P., Rt. Hon. T. Milner Gibson, M.P., H. T. Hope, M. P., George Moffatt, M. P., S. M. Peto, M. P., John Bell, Thomas Cubitt, Joseph Glynn, F. R. S., Wyndham Harding, C. E., Professor T. H. Henry, F. R. S., Captain Henry C. Owen, R. E., Robert Stephenson, M. P., Beriah Botfi^ld, Sir C. Ba!ry, R. A., L K. Brunei, F. R. S., Thomas Creswick, R. A., j W. F. Cooka, Charles Dickens, C. Wentworih Dilke, M. Faraday, F. R. S., Owen Jores, J. M. Rendel, Pres. Inst. C. E., W. Tooke, F. R. S. Council. Dr. Lyon Playfair, C. B., J. Scott Russell, F. R. S., W. W. Saunders, Sydney Smirke, R. A., Prof. Edward Solly, F. R. S., Thomas Twining, Jr. Treasurers. P. Le Neve J^oster, M. A. Henry Cole, C. B. Auditors. Thomas Winkworth. Samuel Redgrave. Secretary. — George Grove. ^ Revenue .'T-The Society consists at present of 1200 members, and l?..'!r""^ " .^^°P* ^^'000 a year,-mainly derived from their ludividual contrbutions. '^^t^f^^''''' '"^^^? ^°""°'^ ^PP°'"^ ^"""ally Standing Com- ftlittfee^^to report upon the various Departments of the Arts and 331 Manufactures, and has lately adopted for this purpose the Classifica- tion of the late Exhibition, the Committees being thirty in number, to correspond with the thirty Classes. These various Committees examine and report on the merits of all useful inventions and discoveries, which are publicly exhibited at certain periods by the Society. And upon the reports of the Com- mittees the Council award Medals and other rewards for inventions, treatises, or other objects calculated to advance the interests of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Society by ^hese means has been the first and principal medium for introducing to public notice the principal discoveries in Arts and Manufactures which have been brought to light during the present century in this country. The Council further appoint from time to time Committees for various Special purposes ; — among others may be named that for Elementary Drawing Schools, and those for Foreign, Colonial, and Provincial Correspondence. Enclosure No. 2. The principal objects which the Council have in view in establish- ing the Colonial Committee may be generally enumerated under the following heads. 1. To make known to the Mercantile and general Public of this Country the principal products of each of the Colonies, and the facilities for obtaining them. 2. To point out to the Colonists any cf those Products which may be advantageously imported into England. 3. To afford such information as any Colony may require in regard to Implements, Machinery, Chemical or other processes necessary to the prosecution of its special branches of Industry. 4. To exhibit and make known to the British Public, Invent'.ons which Colonists have otherw^ise great difHculty in introducing into notice, that being one of the principal branches of the Society's operations. 5. To collect Icr the Thirty Standing Committees, information relative to the various departments of Trade in the Colonies. 6. To make a comparison of Coins, Weights and Measures, as used in the Colonies, and to receive and discuss propositions for giving them uniformity. 7. To investigate and report upon the operations of the Patent Laws in the Colonies. It is hoped that the periodical transmission of the printed Proceed- ings of the Society of Arts may often convey valuable information to distant Colonies, and the Satiety hope to enrich their own Annual sas Volume hj communications from kindred Associations, and from Individuals in the Colonies. The Council feel confident that these measures cannot fail to hoof use both to the Mother Country and to the Colonies, and that should thoy be unsuccessful in some oftho objects above enumerated, benefit will ensue from the remainder. It may be desirable here to state the reasons which induce the Council to originate the present scheme. It was as President to the Society of Arts, that His Royal High- ness Prince Albert first announced to the World the project of the Exhibition of 1851. The Society had a considerable share in the early progress of the Exhibition, and counts amongst its Members a largo proportion of those who took an active part in that great Work. The Society also contains many Members eminent in the several branches of science, and influential in the Country, and consequently the Society possesses the means of making extensively known, amongst the Manufacturers and Public of Great Britain, any new or important products which may be made available in the Arts, Com- merce, or Manufactures of the Country. As a recent instance of this nature, it may be mentioned, that Gutta Percha and its valuable properties were made known through the exe.-fions of the Society. The Correspondence that has taken place with the Colonies, on account of the Exhibition, has brought to notice that those by whom it has been conducted are capable of affording a vast amount of information, which only requires to be collected and printed, to m.ake it of great use to this Country. And the anxiety which has been evinced for such information as, it is hoped, may be advantageously furnished jy Members of the Society, has directed attention to the fact that they have now no direct means of obtaining such information. The Society feels confident, that those who look an active part in the promotion of the Exhibition, will be the first to come forward and render assistance to any scheme such as the present, by which efforts are made to perpetuate its results. It may be interesting also here to refer to a few of the advantages which have been actually derived from the display of Colonial Pro- duce at the Great Exhibition. Isinglass had hitherto been regarded as obtainable principally from the fish of the Russian rivers. But it has been ascertained that the rivers of Canada abound with fish producing Isinglass of the first quality, and that a new industrial occupation is thus open to tha Canadians, whilst a supply of Isinglass can be furnished to this coun- try at a much more reasonable price than hitherto. ' «--r:.--.-.tEiauicus=iajii;c; 13 ii:u ujacuvfjy luai v^oiunaum, wiiicn has served many of the purposes of diamond and emery powder in India for a long period, might also be brought into use in this country j 333 a mineral with which It is believed but a very small portion of the Britisii Public had hitherto hofin acquainted, and which it is suspected has m some instances been sold to our largo firms under the name of Diamond powder. Amongst the substances from the Colonies which have been brought into notice, may bo also mentioned walrus skin, porpoise leather from the St. Lawrence, the resins and fatly substances and vegetable waxes from Australia, all of which appear likely to excite attention in the commercial world. Notwithstanding that these and other substances have been brought into notice, Colonial Produce was on the whole but indifferently represented in the Exhibition, and the Council confidendy hope that the means they have now adopted may lead to the formation, at some future period, of a permanent Exhibition of Colonial Produce, either separately, or what would perhaps be preferable, as part of The Collection arising out of the Great Exhibition, from the exertions of The Royal Commissioners. ;3igned) GEORGE GROVE, Secretary Society of Arts. Fredericton, 24, St. John, . Charlotte, King's, Queen's, . SUNBURY, . Carleton, Victoria, Restigouche, . GLOyCESTER, Northumberland, Kent, Westmorland, . Albert, . jR. ChcatnUtf J. A. MaclaucUan, R. Jardine, Hon. H. Hatch, A, C. Evamorif Hon. T. Gilbert, Q, L. Hatheway, H. E. Dibblee, L. JR. Coombes, A. Barberie, M. P. P., r W. Napier, J. Wright, Hon. D. WarTc, Hon. A. E. Botsfordi Lieut. Col. Clarke. Corresponding Secretary — J. Robh, M. D. Recording Secretary- ^R. Fulton. Treasurer — J. Gaynor, Other Members of the Executive Committee — D. S. Kerr, J. A. BecJcwith, J. Gregory, W. Carman, R. Gowan. \ \ i\ m 33Q ACT OF INCORPORATION. An Act to incorporate «' The New BruMwick Sociaty for the eaeouragement of Ajricultur. fo^Ure^am! " Commerce throughout the Proyince," and to regulate and provide' Patsed 2eth April, 1860. " WHEREAS James Robb, Robert Chestnut, Robert D. James, "Robert Jardine, James Brown, Cftlvin L. Hatheway, William " Foshay, Allen C. Evanson, the Honorable William Crane, William "M'Leod, Francis Ferguson, Dugald Stewart, Charles Perley, " Thomas Gilbert, James S. Beek, John A. Beckwith, Joseph Gaynor' " Thomas R. Barker, WUliam H. Odell, Frederick W. Hatheway' " William Watts, Senior, the Honorable Lemuel A. Wilmot, David "S. Kerr, George Todd, Constantino Connelly, John T. Smith, ** James Taylor, James A. Maclauchlan, Henry Fisher, and numerous "other inhabitants of the Province, have laiely formed themselves "into a Society, called 'The New Brunswick Society for the " encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce " throughout the Province,' which Society is intended to improve the "condition of the above important branches by all practical and "effective means that may be available for the purpose: And "Whereas it is deemed advisable to obtain an Act of Incorporation " for the more efficient working of the said Society ;" I. Be it therefore enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council and Assembly, That James Robb, Robert Chestnut, Robert D. James, Robert Jardine, James Brown, Calvin L. Hatheway William Foshay, Allen C. Evanson, the Honorable William Cranei William M'Leod, Francis Ferguson, Dugald Stewart, Charles Perley, Thomas Gilbert, James S. Beek, John A. Beckwith, Joseph Gaynor,' Thomas R. Barker, William H. Odell, Frederick W. Hatheway, William Watts, Senior, the Honorable Lemuel A. Wilmot, David S. Kerr, George Todd, Constantine Connelly, John T. Smith, James Taylor, James A. Maclauchlan, Henry Fisher, their associates and successors, be and they are hereby erected into a Body Corporate, under the name of " The New Brunswick Society for the encourage- ment of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce throughout the Province," and shall have and enjoy all the powers made incident to Corporations by the fifth section of an Act of the'General Assembly of the Province made and passed in the sixth year of the Reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, intituled An Act to pre- scribe certain general regulations in respect to Corpoi Mions ; provided always, that the first meeting o{ the said Society, under and by virtue of this Act, shall on due notice thereof be held on the first Wednesday in July in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty ; »nd provided also, that the persons who are now office bearp.rs of th« Society shall continue to act for the periods for which they have beeft 339 appointed, or until others be chosen in their place agreeably to the laws and regulations of the said Society. II. And be it enacted, That whenever the said Society shall raako it appear by certificate under the hand of the Treasurer of such Society, that a sum not less than one hundred pounds has been actually subscribed and paid to the said Treasurer by the members of such Society, and the President of the said Society shajl make application, enclosing the said certificate, to the Lieutenant Governor or Administrator of the Government for the time being, for aid m supporting the said Society, it shall and may be lawful for the Lieu- tenant Governor or Administrator of the Government for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, to issue his Warrant on the Treasurer of the Province in favour of the Treasurer of the said Society for double the amount that shall have been so subscribed and paid as* aforesaid ; provided always, that the annual sum to be granted to such Society shall not exceed the sum of two hundred pounds currency. III. And be it enacted. That if the said Society shad receive the said allowance or any part thereof from the Public Treasury, it shall oflTer annually by way of premiums, or shall apply othe,'-wise at its discretion, for the encouragement of the objects of the said Society, a sum not less than the amount actually received out of the Public Treasury, and it shall also transmit to the Office of the Provincial Secretary, on or before the first Thursday in January annually, a statement of its proceedings in relation to the expenditure of such moneys, specifying the nature of the encouragement proposed or given by the said Society, and the objects for which its premiums have been offered and paid, and to whom they were awarded and given, and shall accompany the same with such general observations concerning the state of agriculture, home manufactures and commerce throughout the Province, as may be deemed important and useful. IV. And be ii enacted, That if the said Society shall neglect in any year to comply with the foregoing provisions, it shall forfeit its claims to the Legislative bounty for the year next succeeding. V. And be it enacted, That the said Society may by its officers define and fix bounds of sufficient extent for holding of an annual show and fair, or other exhibition for carrying out the objects of the said Society, in such place as the said officers may select and appoint, with convenient passage ways to and about the same, on the days for holdincr the said show and fair, or other exhibition as aforesaid, withm which 1)ounds no person shall be permitted to enter or pass, unless in conformity with the regulations of the said Society. VI. And be it enacted. That if any person shall, contrary to the regulations of the said Society, and after notice thereof, enter or pass 340 within the bounds so fixed he shall forfeit a sum not exceeding ten shillings, to be recovered before any Justice of the Peace who shall have jurisdiction thereof ; and all fines so recovered shall be paid over by the said Justice of the Peace to the Treasurer of the said Society towards the funds of the said Society. ^' VII. Provided always, and be it enacted. That nothing in this Act contained sha 1 authorize the said Society to occupy or include within the bounds which it may fix for the purpose aforesaid, the land of any person without his consent, or to occupy any public street or highway in such a manner as to obstruct the public use thereof. VIII. And be it enacted, That this Act shall continue and be in force until the first day of May which will be in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty two. ^"kr "A'" ^'""' ""' """'"'' •*" ^'^^' '»''«"'«"' ^» Act to inconorate the New Brunswick Soa^ x-rovmce, and to regulate and provide for the same. « K V^"*f"*^^^ '^ 's deemed expedient to make the Grant miowed ^ by the above mentioned Act to the New Brunswick Society for the ^encouragement of Agricuhure, Home Manufactures and Commerce ^^ throughout the Province, to the extent of two hundred pounds, on ^similar terms as to County Agricultural Societies, and to alter the time for transmitling the proceedings of the said Society to the Pro- c. wT ^^'''''^^'y '"'•"'" the first Thursday in January io the second "Wednesday m April following;" ^ I. Be it therefore enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council and Assembly, That the second section of the above men- tioned Act be and the same is hereby repealed. IL And be it enacted. That whenever the said Society shall make It appear by Certificate under the hand of the Treasurer of such society that a sum not less than twenty-five pounds has been actually subscribed and paid to the said Treasurer by the Members of such society, and tlie President of the said Society shall make application, enclosing the said Certificate to the Lieutenant Governor or Admin- istrator of the Government for the time being, for aid in supporting the said Society, it shall and may be lawful for the Lieutenant Ijovernor or Administrator of the Government for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, to issue his Warrant to the Treasurer of the Province in favour of the Trea- surer of the said Society, for treble the amount that shall have been so subscribed and paid as aforesaid ; provided always, that the annual -- -- "'- &.«"t^.u lu ijic 3iiiu oucieiy snail not exceeU the sura oi »wo hundred pounds currency. 341 III. And be it enacted, That the time appointed by the third section of the above mentioned Act for transmitting to the Office of the Provincial Secretary a statement of the proceedings of the said Society, in relation to the expenditure of the moneys therein specified, be and the same is hereby altered from the first Thursday in January to the second Wednesday in April following in each year. , iV. And'be it enacted, That this Act shall continue and be in force until the expiration of the Act to which this is an amendmeh; and no longer. An Act to continue an Act to incorporate the New Brunswick Society for the encourngen.eiit of Agriculture, Home Manufacturesfand Commerce throughout the Province, and to regulat* and provide for the same, alio an Act to alter and amencf the said Act. Passed \8th February, 1862. BE it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council and Assembly, That an Act made and passed in the thirteenth year df the Reign of Her present Majesty Queen Victoria^ intituled An Act to incorporate the New Brunswick Society for the encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce throughout the Province, and to regulate and provide for the same ; also an Act made and passed in the fourteenth year of the same Reign, intituled An Act to alter and amend an Act intituled An Act to incorporate the New Brunswick Society for the encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce throughout the Province, and to regulate and provide for the same, be and the same are hereby con- tinued and declared to be in force until the first day of May which will be in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty- five. t'ltji REPORT OF ANNUAL MEETING. The adjourned Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the County Court House at 7 o'clock, p. m., on Tuesday the 11th day of January, 1853. The Society wns called to order by the President, Mr. Justice Street, who, thereupon, addressed the Meeting as follows : — ** Gentlemen, — As the period for which I was elected your Pre- sident, closes on this the day of your Annual Meeting, 1 feel il right before leaving this chair to address you shortly on the subject of the proceedings of the Society during the past year ; but this task has been r-^ndered comparatively light to mo from the very able and elaborate report that has been drawn up for the Executive Committee by our talented and energetic Corresponding Secretary, Dr. Robb, which will be read to you by himself ; and I must here observe, that I consider not only the Executive Committee, and the Society generally, but the public at large, deeply indebted to that gentleman for the time and attention he has given, and the energy he has dis- played, in devoti>ig so much of his scientific knowledge, and active, unremitting exertions throughout the past year, to the promoting the objects of our late Exhibition, to which I attribute, in a great degree, its eminent success — the preparing for and carrying out of which, and the winding up the accounts thereof, and closing the business connected therewith, has formed the leading objects of the Society's doings during the past year. But as the report I have alluded to will contain a detailed account of all the proceedings in that matter since the publication of the third number of the Society's Journal in August last, and as that number contains a full detail of all proceedings up to that time, which you have no doubt all read, it is unnecessary for me to say more here, than that the Exhibition proved eminently successful, and I believe far more so than was expected, and afforded the means of a display, at one and the same time and place, of the various internal resources. of the Province, that could not have 'been ^accomplished in any other way, and which much exceeded not only what the people of the Province themselves seemed aware of, but also what strangers had any idea the Province could produce ; and will, I feel confident, be productive of all that future good in its results that was looked forward to by members of this Society when the scheme was determined on at the public meeting held in October, 1851 : and we have thus made a besrinnincr in carrvin? out this leading object of primary interest in our institution ; its great success, 343 1 tl"ust, will enable us to follow it up, by regular periodical Shows and Fairs in different parts of the Province, hereafter. But these exhibitions are, I find by experience, attended with a heavy expense to get them up and carry them through in a way to do credit to the country, and to make them so attractive as to draw the attendance, not only of people from all the distant parts of the Province, but also of strangers from other countries — the latter I consider an object of grer.i importance.' " It will be seen by the proceedings at the quarterly general meeting of the Society, held on the 7th of April last, that for the reasons therein stated it was determined that il should be left to the discretion of the Executive Committee to make such appropriations for the different objects then in view, including the Exhibition, as they might deem expedient, under the circumstances, which would have to be governed by the amount of funds they might receive, and all the funds of the Society were thereby placed at our .disposal to carry out the objects in view. The private subscriptions from the different Counties pcoved but of trifling amount, except in the County of York, but liberal grants were made from several County and District Agricultural Societies, out of their respective funds, in aid of the undertaking, which in some measure made up for the want of private subscriptions. These, with the Legislative grants, and the money received for entrance tickets, have supplied us with funds sufficient to cover all the expenses of the Society for the year, with a small surplus, as will be seen by the Treasurer's account. " Among the expenses of the year it will be seen, that in addition to whit the Exhibition itself has cost, a heavy item in the expenditure is for printing, which ihe interests of the Society necessarily required. The last number of our Journal consisted of 125 pages, and 4,000 copies were printed for gratuitous distribution ; and the amount of premiums awarded, also forms a large item in the expenditure. But great as the expenpe has been, I trust when you consider the bene- ficial results, you will think the money has been usefully applied, and that we have not abused the trust confided to us. It must also be recollected that a large portion of the expense incurred in the erection and ornamenting of the buildings for the Exhibition in a way to make them attractive, has been paid back by the amount received for entrance tickets. But still we are not prepared to recommend the repetition of such Exhibitions oftener than once in every three years, not only on account of the heavy expense, but also from the timely notice to parties intending to compete^ required, to prepare for the same, and also for the additional reason, that they would lose their attraction and effect bv bein? reneated At neriods too close too-ether : and I should strongly recommend that, in future, the time and place vrK I 344 Tor holding the same, should be determined on at least 18 months or 2 years previous; thereto, and notice to the public given thereof; for although a year's notice was given of the one we have had, many of the mechanics in the Province, ofFered nothing for competition, giving as a reason that they had not had time to prepare any thing, from the shortness of the notice, without neglecting (he private orders they had to fulfil ; and it has been urged upon us, that longer notice should be given. It may be even possible at some future time, when the railways are in operation, to meet our neighbours in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, in friendly competition at some central place co;ivenient to all. " Although this Exhibition has been the primary and principa object of the Society for the past year, and has made it a very busy and laborious one to the Executive Committee, it has not been the only object of our attention. Several valuable Essays having been received on the subject of Farm Management, on Orc^^rds, and the Management of Fruit Trees, and on the Growth of Turnips, from cdmpetitors for the premiums ofFered by the Society at their quarterly meeting of the 22d of April, 1851, the same have been reported on and the premiums awarded, which were procured and delivered to tl-.e respective parties By His Excellency, in public, at the close of the Exhibition, and the Essays are published in the third number of our Journal. Valuable reports from the several committees appointed to report on the Breeding and Improving of Farm Stock — on the Breeding and Management of Pigs — on Agricultural Warehouses and Agencies — on the Provincial Agricultural Statistics — have been made and are published in the last number of our Journal, which are all well worthy the attentive perusal of persons taking an interest in those subjects. It will be also seen by the publication in our last number, that a communication was in June last opened between the Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Cornmerce, in England, and this Society. The object of the English Society in making this communication, is one that I think of very great importance to us, and may prove of serious benefit in the result. Their expressed object is * to consider thebest means of making that Society useful in advancing the knowledge of the resources and capa- bilities of the numerous British Colonies in all quarters of the world, and in furnishing the Colonies themselves with such information as may be required on subjects connected with Arts, Manufactures and Commerce,' In this communication was enclosed statements explain- ing their constitution and the objects they have in view in opening a correspondence with similar Societies in the Colonies, for whjch a com- mittee of their members appears to have been appointed. These documents were immediately -taken into consideration by the Executive Committee, and the Corresponding Secretary was directed to ^rite an answer, ejcpresting our readiness to enter into their v\ev'i, which haVtJ nil been published in last nutnbar, and no doubi nave been, qr may be read by you all. To our Secretnry'n letter he has lately received the foUawiog satisfactory answer : — ( C «»SociETir of Arts, Adelphi, Ijondon, I 'liSrd Nevember, 185^. ■i • ■ \ ' " ' Sir,— I am instructed by the Colonial Committee of the Society of Arts to acknowledge the receipt of yotir letters of the 24th of June, forwarded to me by the Right Hon. Sir J. Pakington. The Com- mitlSB feel much gratified by the zeal and spirit with which their proposal has been met and seconded by the Council of the New Brunswick Soci^ny for the encouragement of Agriculture, Manufac- tures and Commerce. They confidently trust that the correspon- dence will hereafter lead to valuable practical results. The Com- mittee will be very glad to receive the report on the Exhibition as soon as it is prepared. In the mean time, and not knowing in how far the following suggestion may be rendered necessary by this report,, I am desired to make to you the following suggestion, a similar one having alrcjady been made to all the other ColonieSi "*The Committee consider that it would greatly facilitate future inquiries if you would be so good as lo have a general list of natural productions and raw , .'oduce prepared and sent to me. This list should include, as far as possible, the name of every substance, whetirer mineral, vegetable, or animal, occurring or being produced in the Colony, whether used and known in commerce or not, indeed it is in fact even more important that the list should include the latter than the former, as the chief object which the Committee have in Tiew is to become acquainted with those Colonial productions which are not yet known in commerce. It would be of advantage if, in the enumeration of these substances, the local or native names were given in addition to the English or European ones, accompanied by memoranda of any uses to which the substances are applied, and of the probable facility with which they could be supplied in large quantities, should a demand arise. " 'If there are, lio>vev.er, any productions not at present articles of commerce, the value of which you are desirous of having. ascer^ tained, 1 am desired to invite you at once Xo send them over to the Society, and they shall immediately be brought under the notice of competent persons for practical examination and report ; as in so doing it is far more satisfactory to make trial of any n^w substance on a manufactucLng scale; it will greatly facilitate the labours of the eommit;ee if ypu will send large samples, say of *t least a jiali PI 946 Rundred weight of nriy ^um, resin, oil, dyesluff, fibre, omomentt* wood, and at Jeast ten pounds of any metallic ore or stone. "•1 am, sir, yours very faithfblly, -...R...,E^i„. -EDWARD SOLLY. ^icr.,a^. •• • BeereUry Soe»»y of Agrica!tur« »nH tV»nimi,rc«, FMd«ricton,.N. B." " I think, gentlemen, we must nil agree in the opinion, that creaf advantages to the Province may arise from the kind of communication proposed by this letter, and the extensive information and assistance in our own objects wo are likely to derive therefrom. The officers of their Society are composed of noblemen and commoners, taken from persons of the higliest ranfc and standing in the mother country both for respectability, science, and general knowledge, and we have never had so favorable an opportunity of making the resources and capabilities of our country generally known in the olJ world, as this proposal affords. I would therefore strongly recormriend that a committee of three or five members be appointed to inquire into., collect, and make out a general list of all the naturaPprc Juctionsand raw produce of the country, with the name of every substance, and all the other particulars suggested by xMr. Solly's letter, that I have just read, for transmission to him as requested, with the copy of our report made at this meeting, as soon as published, and I would Fccoimuend that as many as 50 copies or more of our next number, which will contain the whole report of our Exhibition, be sent as soon as published to the Secretary of the English Society of Arts for the use of the members of that Society, and" any others they may furnish them to ;. and a few copies of each of our past numbers it would also be desfrrble, I think, to add, although Mr. Jackson, of railway note, when he was here, applied for and got 50 or 100 copies of each of the published reports of the Society to take home with him * "There is another subject I wish to call the attention of this meeting to. You probably are all aware that preparations are now in progress for two great Exhibitions for the industry of all nations to be held in the course of this year— one in New York on the 2nd of May next, and the other in Dublin, some time in ibe course of the year, but on what particular day it is to open I am not yet informed. Communications have been made by authorised Corresponding Agents of both, to our Corresponding Secretary, inviting this Province to come forward m the competition with others, and it is a matter for our serious consideration, what measures, (if any) we should take for securing to the Province a creditable representation ut one or both of these Exhibitions. It will be recollected that we placed ourselves in • the back ground altogether at the one held in London in 1851. which was titcpwards much regretted by many, as it turned out we couW? 347 have furnisl)6(i articles of agricultural producu tiiat would have eoiu- yoteil Willi any there exhibited of the same kind ; and as it ia an oUjocl ol serious import that laiuples of our grains and roots should be seen, that they may be correctly judged of in the mother country, it would perhaps be nwre advantageous that we should be repre- sented in'the Dublin Exhibition than in that of Now York, if w« should be confined to one only, especially as the agent of ihatinforma us that the Commissioners in Dublin would be willing to bear a pro- portion of the expense of transporting ooniributions from the Coloniei. I will now read two letters from the agents of the respective director* of these two intended Exhibitions : — " 'St. John, 9th October, 1852. «« Dear Sir, — During my late visit to Dublin, I was appointed by the Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1853, to be held in liiat City, their Honorary Correspondent for New Brunswick. The papers giving me authority to act in that capacity, together with printed forms for distribution, &c., are coming out by the next mail. " « In the mean time, I lake ihe liberty of requesting you, as Secretary to the Provincial Exhibition, to inform me whether in your opinion contributors would be willing to send their articles now under exhibition across the Atlantic. ./..<.'' "< Having t)ut just returned from Great Britain, I regretted my inability to have been a witness of exertions, by all accounts, highly cfeditablo to the Province, and it is to be hoped that bo good an opportunity of making known to the mother country our natural resources, agricultural inventions, and mineral treasures, will not be ^ . , ** 'There is much interest felt herb in yoiil!' PhJviritJiarEkhibilion, to be held in October neicf, arid I beg; througli you, as the Secretary of that enterprise, to lay before its directoifs, and call their special attention to the World's Faif at iV-ew York. It will be unnecessary to spea'fc of the great mutual advantage to be derived ^xsni a creditable representation of the British North American Pro- vinces on this occasion at New York. The opening will be an occasion of some ceremony. The President of the United States and other high officials will honor it with their presence ; the Governor General and Lieutenant Governors of the other Provinces will have invitations to attend, and the opportunity will be perhaps the best that can ever be afforded for personal explanations and friendly adjudica- tions of the complex question of reciprocal trade between the Provinces and this country. *' 'Any communications addressed to me, care of Win. Whetten, Esquire, Secretary, Sic, 53 Broadway, will be kindly acknowledged! ***! beg to refer you to New York Albion, 4th September, 1852, noticing this matter. "' J. remain your obedient servant, ,. . „ „ ^ " * JAMES WHITMAN. »' • DAyip S. Kkrr, Esqnire, »' ' Sfecrethry Provincial Exhibition.' " From these letters you will be able to judge what is test to be doire, and perhaps some gentleman present will, in the course of the evening, propose a resolution on the subject for the consideration of the meeting. My own opinion is, that it is ^ subject that should be taken up by the Government, and a recommendation submitted to the Legislature f(y pecuniary aid. " I think it necessary to call your attention also to a report made by Mr. Professor Jack, on the subject of existing difference in the size of the half bushel measures used m different places in this Pro- vince, which is as Allows ;--^ { te ( ' King's Collece, Flrje.derictoa, 7;^ October, 1S5Q, , , ♦" The Jiiry afppoirtted to determine the werght of the gr-aina shown tff th» Provrncjal Evhibitlot! hs^y""" f^WaA tmni; m^ *^ H«">'t>:~'^ ♦■~'» imlf*D(j5he^ lijfedstires, ii^ the cbnteots of which they had dbteottdii S49 discrepancy of 1-32, it appeared to me, from the rough measura- menis I was able Hi make on the spot, that the smaller of the two, or that mark-ed "County of York," and stamped G. 111. R., on the bottom, was the Winchester, (by which the grain was all measure* dt the Exhibition,) and the other the Imperial half-bushel. A« both the measures, however, are very irregular in shape, their exact contents could only be obtained by a much more careful e&amiofkr mn than I was at the time enabled to bestow on them ; but a» coi-toborative of the above contlusion, it may be observed that the Imperial bushel actually exceeds the Winchester by 1-32. The Winchester bushel of 1601 (which continued to be the English standard for dry measure up to 1825,) contained 2,124 cubic inches, though it wasdfeclared by the statute of the 1st William and Mary that it should be equivalent lo 2,150. The Imperial bushel comains 2,2r8 cubic inches. « ' In the year f 786, the weights and measures of this Province W'ere ordered by an Act of the Lecislat e to be regulated "accprd^ ibg fci the standard* of His Majesty's Exchequer," and since thert no further action Ims been taken in regard to them. Some time ago, the want of utiiformity in our weights and measures, not only with those o! Great Britain, but also with each other, attracted my attend- tion, and I prepared a paper drt the sdbject to lay before the Frede- rfcton Athenffium, I am therefore glad that the present pratstitcal iftiistration of the necessity 3f sirch uniforflWty is likely to i\idiice i body as intiuential as the New Brunswick Society to move ih the matter. "* I am, gentlemen, ytfurs faithlblly, «'W, B. JACK. « «f O the EXKCCtlVli: COMTMITTEE, " * New BrUiidwick Society.' « Such a discrepancy in the measures as this report mentions, ought not to exist, and requires some Legislative enactment lo equalize by law the weights and measures throughout the Province, and this Society, I think, should take some action to bring it under the notice of the Legislature at their next meeting. I hope, therefore, some resolution on t-he subject will be passed this evening. ,, , " i feet, gentlemen, that m justice I ought not to conclude these jemarks without some houorable mention being made of those opcers of our Society, who, in addition to our Corresponding Secretary, have taken a very active part in the labour? attending the Exhibition, Mr. Fultoft, our Recoiding Secretary, has had a great dea! of work thrown upon him during tlie year, in the additional quantity of .^j:*:^.^ u^ Una Uaii tn f\c\ anH mnsidflrinff his Dosition in a uublic office, wherip.bis duties prob^ibly eliaimalVhi^timeduring office hours, .,W«^.« vv.-. -.^„,(>r4^S. 350 masi havd made it necessary for him to attend to our busiuess at other times, and as he has done this gratuitously, he is justly entitled to 4he thanks of the Society ; he was also, as a member of the Com- mittee, very active in other labours during the Exhibition week. I have also to mention Mr. Kerr, who we all know has taken a very active and energetic pan in promoting the success of the Society from its commencement, and has been most indefatigable in bis eicertions throughout the whole year in the cause of the Exhibition, and took unwearied pains in securing accommodations for strangers during the Exhibition week. Mr. Carman, Mr. Gregory, and Mr. Beckwith, have also been all very active members of the Committee] and rendered most important assistance in various ways during the Exhibition week, in receiving and taking charge of articles as they arrived, in arranging the sale of tickets of entrance, and making the entries of the contributions as they arrived. The Hon. E. Botsford the President of Westmorland Agricultural Society, Mr. Jardine, of St. John, and various other Presidents of County Agricultural Societies, as members of the Executive Committee, we are much indebted to, for the readiness with which they gave their assistance immediately on their arrival here, in every way they could be useful; 1 merely mention the names of a few who took a prominent part, as I cannot enumerate them all, for there were many others, who afforded us most useful assistance, indeed there seemed to be a general desire in all to exert themselves to make the Exhibition go off well. But I must mention Mr. Jardine in particular, as rendering most valuable assistance to us throughout, as well in the preparing for, as during the Exhibition, ind to whom I think the public at large owe tlieir best thanks for his valuable services. Mr. Gregory has made a special repoit of the arrangements he made as to the sab of the entrance tickets, a department left in a great measure to his charge, which report will, in itself, shew the value of his services in that respect, and I know he devoted a great deal of attention and time to it, which was necessary to prevent loss from confusion or mistake. There is one other gentleman in particular, tliat I think it right to make special mention of, though not of the Executive Committee, particularly as from his holy calling In life we had no right to look for such services from him— I allude to tbe Rev. Mr. Churchill, who acted as Chairman of the Committee of Fine Arts, in the place of the one originally appointed, and kindly assisted in superintending tbe arrangement of the rooms in the Province Building, set apart for the various productions of the Fine Arts, and the arrangements there made were governed by so much good taste and judgment, that those rooms formed the greatest attraction in the w^iole Exhibition, aad were universally adhiired for the beauty, tastej m] good order dis- played in the distribution of the numerous articles there exhibited. ^1 Forth©* 5 services the Executive Committee felt greatly indebted to him y^nd his able assistants, Mr. G. Botsford and Mr. Wilkinsonr " I th'-nk it right to mention to this meeting that some provision is required to be made for the safe and convenient keeping of the bookSf accounts, papers, and other documents belonging to the Society^ which are now becoming too voluminous to be kept at the private K>ora»of the Corresponding Secretary, as it is already attended with some rnconvenience to him ; but this may be a subject for the Executive Committee to provide for, and if this meeting is of that opinion, it can be left to them to attet>d to ; but these documents should be kept in some convenient place \Vhere members of the Society can have access to them. " 1 now caH on the Corresponding Secretary to read his report, after which, genilefnen, the Treasurer's account will be laid before you/' The Corresponding Secretary, on behalf of the Executive Com- mittee, then submitted to the Society the Report of the Comniitlee on the subject of the Provincial Show and Fair, held at Fredericton m October last. On motion, the said Report and accompanying documents were ordered to bo printed and published forthwith. The Treasurer read an abstract of his account with the Society for the year 1852, and Iwnded in the same, together with his general account in detail and accompanying voucher, whereupon Ordered, That Messrs. G. Botsford, S. Babbit, and W. H. Gall, be a Committee to audit and report upon the same. Also ordered, That the said account and report be printed for general dissemination. Mr. Gregory, on behalf of the members of the Executive Commit- tee, resident in Fredericton, then presented the following Address to His Honor the President : — " To the Hon. Judge Street, President of the New Brunswick Society for the encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufac- tures and Commerce. "The members of the Executive Committee. of the New Bruns- wick Society, before the close of their official existence, beg to express to your Honor their sense of the manner in which you have, during the past year, executed the duties of President of the Society, and Chairman of the Executive Committee. " We deprecate the imputation of formality on the present occa- sion, and beg to tender to you the sincere homage of our joint and individual respect for that ability and those high principles bpr which. „^., k.»<> ka«n t„t\AoA in thfl disrhflrire of vour duties, wiiich hav9 been executed not only to our entire satisfaction, bMt m such » ^ 35^ ' hianner a3 to be the means of reflecting upon us as a body, a very considerable amount of public credit. "Tiie great act of our official eKistenoe has been the ilate E^xhi- bition. Its satisfactory completion was the result only of unremiwing eKertions. The crisis demanded a mind e\er ready to suggest a right coufse of action, or willing to devoie itself to its accomplishment mrhen suggested by others. Such a mind we have found in you, who have «ver been foremost in the work. From the hour ot your appointment up to the present moment, there has, been no relaxation. 011 many occasions, the distance of your residence from our ordinary place of meeting, the respect due to your age and distinguished position as a Judge, occurred to us as sufficient reasons for putting .off the transaction of business, the proper time for which seemed to 4ia>V€ arrived ; but we ever found to be useless our study of what we conceived to be peculiarly due to you : you were intent on the work, and no thought of your personal convenience had any weight with you. Self-respect entitles us to assert our active co-operation in the business of the Society ; but when, on other and later occasions, we deemed that the calls for our time and attention at least equalled our resources, we cannot forget that in order to effect the most thorough discharge of the duty we had tmdertaken, you suggested daily meetings, and that, during the course of these, you»*punctuality was precise and uniform, your patience untiring, and your perseverance indomitable. " We hope that you will find it convenient to give the Society the benefit of your services for another year ; but whatever may bd' the result of the approaching election of office-ibearers, we individually and collectively earnestly desire at the present time to express to you onr high sense of the manner in which you have discharged your duty, the satisfaction we have enjoyed under your Presidency, our confi- dence in the integrity of your judgment, and our pleasure in recording, as the result of our intercourse during nearly forty specially appointed meetings, that the infirmities incident to our common nature, so slightly interfered in matters requiring perfect self-possession and the nicest discrimination. " Be pleased, then, to accept our joint and individual thanks' for your courteous and most ready and efficient aid ; and be assured of our hearty desire that the Giver of every good and peifect gift may preserve you for many years in the possession of ample ability for the discharge of every private and public duty. "il. CHESTNUT, W. WATTS, Senb., JAMES ROBB, J. A. BECKWJTH, R. I^ULTON, J. GREGORJ, JOSEPH GAYNOR, W. CARMAN. Fkgdkricton, January II th, 1853." "r's:(. << 353 His Honor then replied as follows r—i' •'Gentlemen OP THE ExccuTivE CoMMrrtE't, " Next to the satisfaction it must always ht to a man to know that he has faithfully discharged the duties of any office he may fill, and exerted himself to the utmost of his power to make the perfor- mance of those duties conducive to the public good, is the gratifica- tion of finding that such exertions have been justly appreciated" by those with whom he has been called upon to act, ami who are best able to judge correctly of what he has done. J therefore sincerely thank you, gentkioen, for the very flattertrg manner in which yoB have been pleased to express to me your sense of the manner in whith I have discharged the duties o{ President of this Society during the past year; but, while you attribute to me so much merit,~-and more, I fear, than I deserve, — I cannot forget, and must not omit to mention, how cordially and actively you have all Worked with me in the good cause we have been engaged in, and (hat without such assist- ance my exertions could have done but little. You have not only been always ready to carry out any suggestion of mine that you thought beneficial, but you have, severally, from time to time, assisted me by the most valuable original suggestions of your own, and I have felt great relief in the difficulties we' have had at times to contend with, in having such an efficient business-like, working Committee associated with me in tire work. But I have already, in the address I have just read to this meeting, (which was prepared before 1 was aware of your intention to pay me this compliment,) so fully expressed my sense of the services you have all rendered to the public in getting up the late Exhibition, that it is unnecessary forme to say more now on that head. " A9 to your request that | will continue in the officn of President for another year, if -elected, I can only say, that aliliwugh 1 would much rather, for several reasons, that some one else should be elected, it not being convenient for me to give op so much time to it as it requires, and I think in general it is better that, the President should be changed yearly J yet as you have in so kind a manner requested me to servo once more, I will not be so ungracious as to refuse it, if this meeting should think it advisable to elect me again. "In answer to the last passage rn your address, gentlemen. I sincerely thank you for the ind manner in which you have conveved your good wishes for my future welfare, comfort and happiness, and I b(?g to assure you that the same good feeling for you all is reciprti- cated on my part," On motion of the F^ev. C. Churchill, ihe thanks of thft Sof;iet^ were given to the President and other officers of the Society, for their very laborit>u3 exertions on behalf of the Society during the year 1852. n ' ^ 354 }> It war, also resohed, Tha4 the best tbDiiks cd the Society #er6 due to the gentlemen who tlrew up for the Soqiety the various papers published in the last number of the Journal. The following g^otleoien i^efe elected officers of the Society for year 1853 :— i ^AttOtl — His ExcELLtT^cr Siit Edmund W. Head, Bahonet.^ ,. . ^tffsmptt — Hip Honor- Mb. Justice Street. TiICB PRESlDENTSt York, . . . . . JR. Chestnut,. J. A. Maclauchlan, ■ R. Jardine; ^m* -'^ Hon. li. Hatch, A. C. Evanson, Hon. T. Giibcrt, C. L. Hatheivay, H. E. Bibhleer Li. R. Coomhes, A. Barberie, M. P. P., W. Napier, J.Wright, Hoiu D. Work, Hon. A. E. Botsford, LieiU. Col. Clarke.- St. John, . Giiaulotte, King's, . . QuE£i«'9, . sunbijry, . Carletov, Victoria. Restioouche, ' Gloucester, Northumberland, Kent, Westmorland, Albert, . Corresponding Secretary — /. Robb, M. Z>. Recording Secretary— ii. Fulton. T'reasuiler — J. Gaynor. Other Members of the Exhcutiye Committee — J>. S. Kerf, J. A. Beckwith, J, Gregory^ W. Carman^ R. Gowan. The rollowmg resolutions weee then' moved' and uiianimously adopted : — Resolved, That this Society dbes not consider it advisable to hold' any Pisovincial Exhibition in the year 18^; but is strongly of opinion that the Province should be adequately pepresented' afe one or both of the Exhibitions to=be held in New York afld Dobliiv; and' forther Resolved, That a Committee be appointed lo confer with tiio Provincial Government, with any other commit'r regulating aod equalizing the weights Jjnd measures thr,oughout the Pk)vince; und further, if nee'essaryrtl^at ^^y be authorised to draw up a Bill embodying any of the projiosed improvements ; and further Resolved, That Professor Jack, Mr. Kerr, Mr. Deckwith, and Mn Simond*, be the «aid eeimmrtiee. Resolved, Tliat a coinmiiiee be appointed to consider how the annual reportsof 4he various County and District Agricultural Socie- ties may be hereafter collected and brought together, so that, from the combination of all, an idea of the actual progress of the Province in agricultural improvement may be periodically given to the public ; and further Resolved, That Mr. Beckwith, Mr. Gregory, Dr. Robb,- Mr. fiimonds, Mr. Jardine, Col. McLauchlan, and Mr. Layton, do con- «titute the said committee. Whereas an ipxprovcd knowledge of the treatment, and ailments 6f horses, cattle, she»;p, and swine, is very desirable for the interests of farmers and others of this i'rovince, and men of science and skill in this department have been 4niherto unknown here, and this Society having observed that Mr. A. Cuming, (a genllemnn, lately froni Scotland, and very highly iecomni«nded for his professional attain- ments and private' character,) has been induced by the Saint John Agricultural Sodety to come out and settle in this cowntiy, and that he is desirous of uiaking himself useful in his profession to the Province at large ; therefore Resolved, That this Society regards the offer of the eminent abilities and services of Mr. Cuming, as a valuable boon to this counny ; and ir\nir \]p^ Cuininu known ynd his services available, that his letter to the Vice President of this Society and 366 testimonials of character,' contained in the last Saint John Agricultural Report, be re-published in the forthcoming report of this Society. RcMolvedt That the Executive Committee be instructed to proceed immediately to call for subscriptions and donations in aid of the Society for the ensuing year, in order to obtain the Provincial grant for the same. '"^"^^ (i^tiJl.l ■ j .^i! uhl ,L•Ji^^^H yu; tu)v _ Resolved, That the Corresponding Seoretary, together with "Messrs. Gregory and Kerr, be a standing committee for superintending the printing of the Society. Resolved, That in furtherance of the objects of this Society by a meeting of its supporters in good fellowship, and as tending to strengthen and advance the cause of agriculture, home manufactures and commerce, throughout the Province, this Society do meet and have a Dinner during the approaching Session of the I^egisiature at u convenient time, to be fixed by the Executive Commiitee ; and in which the officers, members, and supporters of this Society, iq ditferent parts of the Province, with others feeling an interest in the advance- ment of the country, are respectfully requested tp join. Extracted from the Minutes. ^,'p ^ \--':'^^' n. FULTON, R^ordiiig ^«ia^. M« ibm\^i ^i^f^jiit^ H^^f ■■■'■■ ■■ tJ4 ■il9?';ft- Report Oh the Proviiici:\l Exhibition Of 1959. :'i' Gentlembn or the New Brunswick Societi:— The third Report of the Society, which was published in August last, filly details the steps which had been taken up to that period for holding a grand Provincial Exhibition in Fredericton ; and the general plan therein sketched hae since been carried out with the nlost complete success. ' : ^"^^^le The Society may justly be congratulated on having exhibited to the public in a manner not to be impugned or misrepresented, " a true test and living picture" o( the capabilities of the Province, and "the i^oiht of dievelopment to which they had attained" in the year The la?e period of the year fixed upon for the Exhibition was a oause of some uneasiness, but on the whole it would have been hardly possible to have held it under a more favorable concurrence of circura- stahces. The chances of un propitious weather and the darkness of the ovening$ in October, together with the distance of the Grove from town, induced the Committee to hold the chief part of the Ex.hibition in and adjoining to the Province Building, instead of the Grove, as was originally contemplated ; and the progress of things fully justified the Committee in thb change of plan. Negotiations were entered into with M. Stead, -Esq., Architect, St. John, who submitted an outline of a building to be placed imme- diately in front of the Province Hall, and the whole was put into his charge, subject to the control of a Committee, consisting of the President, the Vice Presidents for St. John and York, aqd the Cor- responding Secretary. The arrangement with Mr. Stead was con- cluded on the 3rd day of July. The Corresponding Secretary addressed letters to the various Agricultural Societies, Mechanics' Institutes, Local Committees, Manufacturing Establishments, and individuals in various parts of the Province, from most of whom encouraging answers were received. He likewise attended and addressed public meetings in St. John and Fredericton, and personally visited almost all the Manufacturing Establishments\of these Cities. Premium lists, advi&rtisements, and addresses werd published and disseminated freely, not only throughout the Province, but elsewhere, and an interest in the scheme was thus generally excited. By the begii^ntrig of September, the Executive Committee had assurances of very geueral support, not only in donations to im Exhibition fund, but also in regard to articles for Exhibition, 358 His Excellency the Lieutenant Govnrnor, and Lady Head, coa< sented to assist at the formal opening of the I<^xh:bition. Colonel Murray, of the 72nd Highlanders, piomisod the attendance of the admirable Band and Pipers of thai Re>>iment. His Honor Judge Wilmot consented "> prep«r<« an Oration. The proprietors of the public conveyanrc aia v! ?be«se ofihem for the transportation of articles for Exiiiitttit!>, nud to run ihem as oAen as pocsible at reduced fares. The Fredericion and St. Jolin Telegraph Cc«npaQy alk>wed the gratuitous use of their oti^lces for communications. TIta inhabitants of Fredericton offered to give up all iha spare room in their houses to ensure the reqnisito r'-"G. ^modation for visitors, and to exercise a generous bospiiairty. The Pr«i>s3 canve forward io liivor of the project. The heads of the various Societies, Fire Companies and Trades, assented to the proposition contained in a Circular addressed to them by His Honor the President, that tiMy should assist in ehe Procession. In short, there was a determination •vinced by all to matte the ExhibJttQn week one gr«at j^ioviapial holiday. fv/ nd) no rj'*'Hlo Early in September the undermentioned gentlemen were appoiutod Laocal Agents, wliose dtity it was t^ enter all articles for the Exhibition from therir respective nei^rhhorhoods, and I9 A^rw^fdy ft .l49( a(u.9*'<^ •ntries to the Corresponding Secretary :— .,; 'irn ='> . ! Ii>'vil-; ,; ynj For Grand Falls, - - - Sheriff Be'cktoith, -minai. Simonds (Carlelon Co.), J*. Jones, Esq., Woodstock, - - - James Robertson, Esq., York, '-.■ - - -• lii' R. Fulton, Esq., and Dr. Robit Burton, -^«b ifi^l u.) Thomas S. Hicks, Esq,, Maugerville, - - - C. L. Hatheway, Esq., J. Durpr, Esq., G. tV. Hoben, Esq., Sheriff DcVcbery Wm. Reed, Esq., R. Jartiine, Esq,^ A. O. tVeimarei Esq,, Hon. H. Hatch f Rev. Dr. Thompion, -' Captain Robinson, R. N., George Otly, E&q., A. C. Evanson, Esq., B. Boisford, Esq., M P. P.. /. G. hayton, Esq., C. Milner,Esq., i. : . J. Leuifi, Esq., M. F. F., ^LCslh^nn^ Es&-.^ 9:ff i'l »» n >» ■.J> >» >l J> ' »» it i V f » »• f» ' »» tr »» 'L'i* Sheffield, Canning, Gage town, '^■ Hampstead, - - • Saint John,*^yj Jj »«: *ii Saint George, ' - ' « Saint Andrews, - • Saint Stephen, - ■ Campobello, - - • Ham^M on Ferry, • * Sussex Vale, Bend, * - Dorchester, » - - Sackvillo, - - - - Hillsborougb,' >»''-> '*< '.I 4i: 4* Harvey) ■i^rn*0' J4 ig. Vpham, Etsq.^ '-ii(.}ifl<-:';.? mB For Bdctonchc, Richlbucio, Cliatliani, • Newcastle, Bathurst, - Dalhousie, - Canybelltown, F. McPfuUm, E9q., M. P. P,t Hon. D. Work, James Coie, Esq,, < p. Milekell, Esq., f¥m. Napier, Esq., R. Simonds, Jr., Esq., A. Ferguson, Esq, At the same time likewise, the following notice, additional to what hud been already published with the ^reijniian) List, ww put into general circulation :— • Xv. . "'' V "NOTICE. " All persons having Ariicles or Live Stock for Exhibition or Competilio , are lw:reby called upon to enter Huj names of the same with either of the above rvamed Local Agents, on or before Tuesday the 21st day of Septembei>, so as to^ enable the Frederieton Committee to make the necessary arrangements ; and the said Local Agents ar« respectfully requested to forward a list of i>H entries (except of Live Stock,) made with them to the Corresponding Sec»eiary immediately after said day of entry. Although the 2d of October has been named as the last day of receiving articles in Fredoricton, Exhiuitors are requested to forward all articles as soon as jwssible after the entries have been made, ** Arrangements have been made for tho free transmission of Stock and all articles from the head of the Bay of Fundy to Saint John, by Mr. Whitney's sleatm'is ;■ from Charlotte County (via Eastport,) by the Creole; iioiia St. John and intermediate places, to Fredericton, by the steamers of Messrs. Hatheway h Small ; an^i from theGrafid Falls and Woodstock, by steamers also, if the water is favorable. "Parties intending to avail lliemseives of this privilege,, must pro- cure a Certificate from the Local Agent hat the articles to he so conveyed have been duly ertered for the Fi )vincial Show. " Aid to a certain extent will be given in other cases, as before published. " Articl 3 may be stored free of expense in the Gosfom House of Saint Jolh., and will be taken charge of and forwarded from thence by Mr. George Sutherland. "Three days' hay will be provided in Fredericton for Live Stock.- All Stock must be wholly under the charge and at the risk o their respective owners or their agents. Owners must likewise provide sufficient lialters. " Live Stock should be on the Show Ground, in Mr. Odell's Grove^ at or before R o'clock on tli« morning of Wednesday the 6th ot #-v — - ^Ciooer. rni U-- _^-„-^- 1 .r.^.. ^>^1 1, .. "Slock and all articles, when- ei ered at Fredericton, ^iU beindi' 560 cated by n numbered card, corresponding to the entry in thte Secro- tary's book, so thai the Judges may decide on the merks of the annual or article without knowing the name of its Kxhibilor. " Any communication or interference with the Judges on the part of Exhibitors, will prevent persons so interfering from receiving a Premium. * " Exhibitors are rc(juested to affix proper labels and prices to all manufactured articles entered for Sale or Competition. . , "After the Exhibition has been closed, an Auction Sale mty bo had if desired by Exhibitors. "Vice-Presidents of the New Brunswick Society, together with the Presidents and Directors of Agricultural Societie? and Mechanic*' Institutes, are respectfully invited to attend on Monday, and assist durmg the whole of the Exhibition week. "The loan of Pictures, Ornaments and Curiosities of all kinds rs respectfully requested. Every care will ho trken of the same, and the contents of the Exhibition Building will be insured against fire. " The public are reminded that the Legislative Grants to the New Brunswick Society, are partly in aid of private subscriptiQns, and that the plan of the Exhibition is founded on the liberal support of the Provincial Society by the public as well as the Legislature. " Special Juries will be appointed at the opening of the Exhibition who shall bo instructed to name a Chairman and Secretary from among themselves, aid to award the Premiums under their respective classes. , " Agricultural Societies, Local Committees, and others, are invited to send in the names of competent parties (not exhibitors in the department,) and willing to serve upon the various Juries required as I!. ;^ ""^^*'*® *°'"^P^'''''" ^'■'^•"f'O" or before Thursdav'the 7tli of October, at 4 o'clock, p. m. f, "The following are the classes of objects for which Juries will be required : — » L— Rjjw materials from the Mineral Kingdom. 2 — Machinery and Engines. 3 — Stoves, Cutlery, Brass, Tin and Copper Work. 4.— Carriages and Vehicles of all kinds. 5 — Farm Implements and Tools. '>• — Woods, and Implements, and Articles made of Wood. /. — Musical Instruments. :, " t.. 8.— Garden Produce* 9 — Farm Produce. , 10 — Butter, Cheese, Sugar and Honey. 11.^— Horned Cattle, ^ IS.^heep, Sivine and Poultry , > To Report on Wtintidn^, ! Entrance, £1. First Prize, £4. Second Prr-:e, £2. No Second Prize unless 3 or more Gigs compete. Fow- Oared Gigs. By Lads, under eighteen years of age^ Course — Same as above. Entrance, 10s. First Prize, £3. Second Prize, £1.. No Second PHze, unless 3 or more Gigs compete. N. B — The names and ages of the lads are to be given in at the time of entering. No Prize to be awarded to a crew having a lad abo/e the prescribed age. Ttvo-Oartd Gigs. Gome— From Gaynor's Wharf to Picka^d's Mills and back to the jplace^f starling. Ekcrance- 7s. 6d. ~ G! 1 !■»_!_ n 1 Na Second Priae unless 3 or more Skifls compete 1. Ben 2. <'M a 3. "A 4. ''Pi 5. <ieces, SMch s» Mines, Batteries, and other fancy articles. 364 • RATES OF ADMISSION. Tickets for a single entrance, for Adults, - - £0 I 3 Ditto ditto ditto for Children under fourteen years, - - - - Ticket for the week, for an Exhibitor, Ditto ditto for Children, Ditto ditto for all others, - . . Fanaily Tiqket for the week, to pass Parents and their Children under age only, - - , . 10 3 2 5 7i 9 6 The merabers of the Executive Committee were divided into Tarious sub-committees, and as the non-resident members arrived in Fredericton, they were drafted into the general scheme. To Mr. Kerr was given special charge of the arrangements con- nected with the reception of visitors. Messrs. Gregory, Carman, and Fulton, had charge of the ticket and admission office. Mr. Beckwith took charge of the entry books. Mr. Carman directed the opening of the packages. Mr. Watts took charge of the arrangements in the Grove. Hon. A. E. Botsford, Dr. Robb, and Mr. Jardine, were a Com- cnittee for" arranging and placing the articles in the Exhibition building:. On Friday the first day of October, a few goods began to arrive. On Saturday, the building itself, the Province Hall, the Grove, and the New Market House were now nearly ready. Strangers began to arrive, and a great many packages of goods from all parts were already in the buildintr. On Monday the 4th of October, the Executive Committee met at 6 o'clock, p. m., and declared itself to be in permanent session for »he week, within the Supreme Court Room. The general superintendance and control of the whole was under- taken by His Honor the President. Messrs. Jardine and Botsford, with the Corresponding Secretary, were appointed a Sub-Executive Committee; and sundry Juries were nominated for service. The whole of Monday the 4th of October, was a day of unceasing hustle and business for tfte Committee and their numerous friends and assistants ; but by their united energy, activity, and good will, the chaotic mass of materials was rapidly disposed of in groups and masses of picturesque form and colour, but wholly subordinate to the same rigorous and methodical classification which characterized the published premium list. By strict adherence to the same system, the instriirtinn Hprivahio fmm tUa CvliIKiflrtn iirno ve:*'or of the Province and Patron of the Society^ attendee- by a g'iard of honor of the 72d Highlanders, entered thcc building under a salute of nineteen guns. His Excellency and suite' were received by the President and officers of the Scniety ; chairs of state had been prepared for His Excellency and Lady Head, who^ with a large party of officials and ladies, occupied the dais under the •"I^Kf* rt»»i-Y-»n>»rtiic! n iron iioc* r\f i H* rtvnrt t lioll crowded with w^ell dressed people : the eastern gallery was occupied ■:.*..ri*«*^(^*fcSw«(«SmW|« 368 by the united choir o^ all the churches in this Cily, and in the western one was placed the full Band of the gallant 72d Highlanders. The weather had been somewhat showery hitherto, hut for thf rest of the day th*? sun shone out most pleasantly. At this moment the instruments and voices together burst forth in the strains of the National Anthem, at the conclusion of which the Hundredth Psalm was sung with accompaniments in an admirable and most impressive ■lanner. His Honor Judge Street, the President of the Society, (attended by the Officers with their respective badges,) now addressed His Excel- lency as follows :— " It has become my pleasing duty, your Excellency, as President of the New Brunswick Society and Chairman of the Executive Committee, to present to your Excellency this address I hold in my hand, and [ can assure you. Sir, that 1 have seldom been called on to perform any public duty that has given me so much pleasure as the one I am now about to discharge, not only fiom the high respect and esteem I personally feel for your Excellency and Lady Head, but also from the ^. nrm interest you both have always taken in everv measure that has had for its object the promotion of the public good. With your leave I will now read the address." He then read the following address : — "To His Excellency Sm Edmund Walker Head, Bart., Lieutenant Governor and Commander'in- Chief of the Province of New Brunswick, &fc. ^c. " May it Please Your Excellency, — " We, the Executive Committee of the New Brunswick Society, for the encourageiiient of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Com- merce, throughout the Province, on behalf of ourselves, and th<» Society generally, take this opportunity of offering to Your Excellency our sincere thanks for your patronage, Influential encouragement, and substantial assistance, given to us at all times, when required since cur Society was formed, and in particular for the kind readiness with which Your Excellency bos complied with our request, to attend here in person, to open this our first Provincial Exhibition. " By the Constitution of our Society, and by the Act of the General Assembly incorporating the same, we are authorised to hold Shows, Fairs, and such Exhibitions as may have for their object the carrying out or furthering the purposes for which this Society was originally organized ; and although the first three years of its existence are now just passed, we have not, at an earlier period, been aWe to carry out this great and important pait of the object of our constituticn ; yet, xre are happy in being able to assure your Excellency that the Society has been rapidly advancing in usefulness in various other .^i ■'■ 369 ways, and we have reason to believe it is gaining the confidence of the public more and more every year, by the valuable information on the modern improvements in the sciences of Agriculture and Horti- culture, it has already been the means (through its annual reports) of diffusing among all classes of the people, and, after this Exhibition, we confidently hope we shall be able to extend that information to various other subjects, forming other objects of our Institution. " This Society, therefore, has not been idle during the three past years, but has been rather (by its e'lertions) preparing the way for this Exhibition, and in April, 1851, it was resolved that the Provin- cial Fair and Exhibition shouiu be held in October, 1852, to carry out which, we were the more encouraged by the success that attended the one subsequently undertaken, by the President and Directors of the Mechanics' Institute of St. John. " The subject \yas again taken into consideration by a general meeting of the members of the Society, called for that purpose in October last, when it was unanimously determined, that the attempt should be made about this period, so as to give a year's notice to the public to prepare for it ; at every subsequent general meeting of the members, a very warm and unanimous approbation of the scheme was expressed, and great zeal displayed for carrying it out. It was next brought under the consideration of the Legislature, who also approved of it, and made a special giant from the public funds, towards providing for the expenses ; the Executive Committee were fully empowered by the general Society to carry the plan into effect ; and all the funds that could be raised for the object placed at their disposal. Every exertion has been used by us, to give and widely circulate, through all parts of the Province, the fullest informa- tion on the subject, and a constant succession of printed publications, Ijas been kept up and extensively circulated in every direction, during the whole of the year past, showing our proceedings Jrom time to time as they went on, with full notice of what was intended and required, in order to keep the public attention alive to the importance of preparing for it, and calling on them ior subscriptions and contribu- tions towards the expense ; as it has been our great and leading anxiety that the Exhibition should be one that would do credit to the natural resources of the Province, and the energy and industry of the people. " The amount raised by private subscription, having fallen far short of what we expected, we have not been able to do all we wished, and were obliged to make some alteration in our original plan. " We trust, however, the building and general arrangements we have now made, with the aid of our able and clever architect, M. Stead, (considering the limited means at our command,) will meet with your Excellency's approval, and give general satisfaction to the public at 370 large, which will afford irs the most acceptable return we could desire for our exertions in the cause. « We are well aware that these Exhibitions may be generally con- sidered as too expensive, to be holden very often, but we think your Excellency will agree with us in opinion, that to have thenj occa- sionally say once m every three years, alternately in diffen nt counties m the Frovmee, must be productive of very general public jjood, as offering the best means of developing the internal resources of the Province, calling forth and encouraging both natural and acquired taJent, inventive genius, improvements in the science of Acrricuituro and Horticulture, and giving a spur to industry and energy generally among all classes of the people, by creating among them that generous spirit of rivalry for excellence, which is the surest road to success ^ "These are the objects the Society has kept in view, and by which It has been governed in getting up this Exhibition; and with such prospects of advantage to be derived from it, we trust the expence mcurred, will be generally considered well applied. " The example set by our Mother Country, in the Great Exhrbitlon 01 Industry for the whole world, proved eminently successful, and has led to the adoption of the same mode for the advancement of national talent and industry m other countries, and forms such a precedent as we need not fear to follow, even upon the very diminutive scale Vin proportion) which we now offer to the notice of your Excellency and tins large assemblage of persons here present. " We have only to add our sincere hope, that the warm interest, w« know by experience, your Excellency and Lady Head always take in promoimg the good of the people at large under your Government, may, in this case, be enhanced by string them here'assembled around you, m a praiseworthy trial for superiority in the various branches of bcience. Arts, and Industry, and in obtaining useful and amusinjr information from the collection of subjects here offered, as well as joining in the enjoyment of the lighter amusements we may be able to lurnish dunng the week." His Excellency replied as follov/s : " Gentlemf.n of the Executive Committee, "1 thank you for your address and for the reception which you have given me— you have exaggerated the assistance which I have been able to afford you. My absence in England during a portion 01 this year necessarily made me ignorant of much that was done. I have great pleasure in attending here on the present occasion and rejoice at your success. The building in which we stand is alike creditable to your taste and to the ability of your architect, Mr. Stead. Wjien I arrived m this Province a little more than four years ago, i icuna aii uueiests depressed ; but there are two sorts of depres- 371 gJOQ — that which makes a man despair, and that w^i^h stimulates him to fresh exertion. " If we look to the past we have no reason to be discouraged. The time is not far removed when the greater part of the River St. John was traversed only by the Indian and the Beaver. The site of the City of Saint John itself was a wilderness within the memory of one or two persons now in this room. No\v, happy homes and cultivated fields are seen on each side from St. John to the Grand Falls. " If we look to the future, w€ may hope that the vast sea of forest which divides the Province into two parts, will be traversed by half a dozen roads, each bordered by thriving settlements^ The progress of Upper Canada shows us what can be done — but all this must depend on your own exertions. "These exertions will be materially aided by such Exhibitions and meetings as the present, which will be useful in three ways : — " 1st, By what they do shoio ; " 2nd, By what they do not show ; " 3rd, By the contact and intercourse which they produce. " With regard to what they do show, we must not be disappointed at the small number of productions of the fine arts, or of ornamental manufacture ; such things cannot be expected in abundance in a new country like this. ^' There is no department of the Exhibition more important than that which relates to Agriculture. I am glad to see those Agricul- tural Implements ; such a manufacture is important in all countries, but more especially in one where labour is scarce. Your firsi business in New Brunswick is to grow your own food. "There is much to be learnt from what is not shown, because it is every man's business to consider how far it is advantageous or possible for him to supply sotne of those deficiences. " But, nothing in such gatherings as the present is more important than the fact that men from all parts of the country are brought together. One of the faults of New Brunswick is the division which sometimes exist among you. I wish to see the day when the Cornish motto, ^'one and all," could be applied to you, and when every man shall lend his hand to that which benefits the whole Province, and not his own neighbourhood alone. " Gentlemen of the Committee, " In again thanking you for your reception of myself and Lady Head, I desire to repeat my hearty good wishes for the success of your endeavours. 1 know at what you have aimed, and I know that I am expressing your feelings as well as my own, when I say that I hope this Exhibition may be an epocli in the History o( New Brunswick. 372 iQri ^^? ''°"'* ^°"^ ^"^ ^Tandsoiis rn:i)r look back on the year 18o2, as the yoar m which i fresh impulse was given to the industry and prosperity of the Province. I earnestly pray that as ;iat pros- perity grows and stron-thens, the tics of loyalty and aTection which buid you to Great Britain may grow and strengthen— that these colonies— Canada, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island n.id New lirunswick may 'je destineJ, under Providence, to show to the world what can be done by British industry and energy under British Institutions, as applied in North America." At the conclusion of the Lieutenant Governor's Address, the Presi- dent conducted His Excellency and Lady Head over th^ Exhibition which was now declared to be formally opened, ' The ciwd during the first day was overpowering, and some idea 01 the numbers may be had from the fa, t that during the day the large sum of £^50 was received for tickets ul admission. I The effect of the sight of our Exhibition of agricultural produce is well described in the following extract from a recent lecture of our clever and amusing friend, W. Watts, Esq., which it may be well to reproduce : — j » *•' John Bluenoso stood amazed, surprised, confounded, in view of the crops of Aw own farm and garden— t;«n« .! .- l- 378 pitted against the best results ol' wealthy and systematic farming in the best agricultural districts of the old world or the new/' It was originally intended to have given only £250 of money irizes, but on attempting to apportion the sum amoni; the many articles named in the Schedide issued by the Society in Februnry last, ii seeuied to bo « ntirely too small, and the Executive Commiiiee-at once determined to do o the amount, trusting to the future lor their being sustained in the operation. Prizes act in tliree ways-— they induce some to como forward who might not 'wise have exhibited at all ; they stimulat( industry and ingenuiiy ; and lastly, they reward merit. The Committee consider the honorary diploma of the Society to ue much more \ aluable than the money prizes, and they know that the producers andmanufacturers themselves, to whom it was awarded, look upon it in the sam< light, their holders bein^' it' once signalized as the first and best, in their respective branches, within the Province, but it may be some time before awards not of money can be dispensed with in this country ; still, however, the eiibrt ought to be made to substitute honorary awards for money, so as to develop a higher and better principle in connection with these Industrial Exhibitions. It may never be requisite to give so .luch again ; although for the first time a large pecuniary inducement seemed to be necessary. The Committee would refer with great pleasure to the mechanical execution of the diploma by Mr. Avery of St. John, which, as a piece of ornamental typography, has seldom been surpassed. In the evening the crowd was as great as before, but perfectly orderly and good humoured, and every one seemed more than satis- fied. The effect of the whole by gas light was eminently beautiful ; rich and poor, old and young, all felt that the credit of the Province was safe. A glance at the dazzling spectacle instantly dispelled all doubts as to the capabilities of the soil of New Brunswick to bear all the proper products of a temperate clime, all doubts as to the capa- bilities of the mechanics of New Brunswick to vie in skill and inge- nuity with any others in the world. The first and valuable result of our Exhibition is that Neiv Brunswicfc notv has faith in itself. Professor Johnston's report did as much as a tcriiten report could do toward that object, but the sight oi the agricultural products contained in the Exhibition building gave evidence and "proof as strong as Holy Writ." The great effort of the age, as has been well said, is a seeking after facts and their relations ; we have now established the pro- ductiveness of our country as a very decided fact. Let us never again lose sight of it. ,te*l jVcdiiusduy was iuc day of the Cattle -^uG^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^/ 7 % 1^ 1.0 1.1 150 "^^ Itlll^S ■it lit 1125 i 1.4 2.2 2.0 1.6 6" Ol W Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 C'd) 872-4503 r• V Q "^CN^ ^41^^^ m& V 874 *.is Ci.y. and a. .ha b^sVoni ul^'d " 1^'""^ , '" ','"= ''" "f witl. pie.uresq.,e clumps of beechrmal bCh H?''' Pf " ^""''''"1 On .he day ohhe. shot, the sky ^rcUdfes he T'""' '""^^ and .ho Uaves were decked o„/i„ .hei/gfy'^^.^lLr, cXr?™' w^fstrer'Thrwe™;^ t'hor" -"f ^ ?"'="" ^^«'- sheep, pigs, and pouhTy Thesl Ce laTd „ff •"' """'■ ="<' P^"-' '"' as to produce a pleasing effecA^r;t,i.'" ''°''" "'?'' S™"?"" pens, U erece'd a haSdtl 'arch deco Ld whh'flo" '" V'"""' reens. Water and hay for the s^ockwrtTbunW ""' "'"■ Early in the forenoon the stock was ohced th^t ,a . i • , »tock, and each different breed was put bv hs^lf r "'"'' ^'"^ ^^ the principle of classification Jd down^n tl' ' '• '^P°^^ible, literally adhered to. The advantacren? . •« ^''^"?'"'^ ^'^^ ^^^^ ment are even stronger thin ^S. "''^'''°" '" ^^'^'^ ^^P^^^" The Juries thus worked easily and effectually arrived in the Province, aJd hasren^e^d ttlsif ^ Exhi^Iron'^' ^"" each kh,/of stock i^'roCer^re^ l^^ 'rtTX""' ^2 were bulls, cows, stallions, sheep and nies Zth ^'^^ /round attracted attention anywhere. ^ ^ ' "''^ '^^"^'^ ^^^va As Mr. Cuming is about to establish himself Jn t'no p • Veterinary Surgeon, it may be honed th. I f ^'^^^'"^^ as a doctrines on the subject of Leases of Inrn"'' P''"''^^ ^'^^ prevail in future. °^ °"' '^°"'«^*'^- animals may The show was well attended durinff the datr nnri «r. .1 , . was over, most of the Jud-^es dmedtLTtL.I f^^«^t^^« business of Mr. Odell. In the ev^ ng the oTcetoT the 's' '""'''^^'^fP the lecture by Judge Wilmot in the Cl M V u^°'''''>^ ^"^'^^^^ o'clock the room was filled and at the Jn.!^'./ ^°"f ' ^^ ^'S^' 376 "EXHIBITION SONG. " We sing, oh ! we love to sing, The wealth of our own free land, From sons of toil, and a fair fresh soil, See the harvest on every hand ' From forge, from bench, from mine, From river, and lake, and sea. From the strong of arm, and the cunning hand. These glorious guerdons be. "Swart labour, bold and brown. With health and with hope a-glow, Our artizan, and our husbandman Their peaceful trophies show ; From forge, from bench, from mine. From river, and lake, and sea, Prom the strong of arm, and the cunning hand. These glorious guerdons be. *' The arts in a gla J array, The glories of woman's skill, — Ho ! good and fair in a union rare, We hail them with right good will ; From loom, from lathe, from frame, W^ith spoils from the land and sea, From the gentle taste and skilful hand, These glorious guerdons be. " We sing, we exult to sing, The wealth of our own free land ; Ho ! sons of toil, ho ! our glad, free soil, See your trophies on every hand ; God bless the bench and forge. The mine and the generous sea, The corn and fruit of the glorious land, Whence all these treasures be!" After the music, Judge Wijmot rose and spoke as follows r — " Ladies and Gentlemen, " I fear the transition from music and song to the plain prose which I am to furnish £s my portion this evening, will seem to you abrupt and unoatisfactory. You must expect no formal lecture from me. I never lectured in all my life, and cannot now attempt it for two sufficient reasons, first, I cannot write, and, because next, if I could, I 376 cannot read ; and indeed, wlio would read and eJve his eves to n. inals and adversities of '83, but to the li^l^E' r,- 'J? .■""""' been snrmoUnted in the last ten yeait """ "'""'' ''"» paralyzed the energies of our ar», ^ys^em of general, not chanfcs were drive^r^S, lelZrjZZ'^Lr' employment, many a strong heart fainted, many a stron. an^'"hn down, and to make the darkness deep;r, our poiato^fiel?!^ .^^ blighted, and the protective duties of Brita n whlihl ^ ■ V^ difficdties and again God hath bli, us whht atundarr '"^ aoli;,o^ledged it fijircract atd" :ho™'rere':v''"^-''r° been .garded as an honorable en-pioj-.I^^^.th': SS^:4|'::- -In ancient times the sacred plough employ'd The K.Rgs and awful fathers of mankind ! Are but the bemgs of a summer's dav Of'mlhf "^ '^° ''l'"' °^ ^™P''"^' ^"'^'d ^b« storm Of mighty war ; then, with unwearied hand, Disdaining little delicacies, seized The plough, and greatly independent lived.' "But there are those who tell us ours is nnf n„ - • i , 577 mc, and to which I invite examination and challenge contradiction, to establish that the value of agricultural labour in the year 1851 in this Province of New Brunswick equalled the enormous sum of £1,692,000, which, at six per cent., is the interest ol £28,000,000. Yet astonishing and demonstrative as these facts are, there will still be unbelievers — men who will shut their eyes against the great array of witnesses gathered together in the Hail of the Exhibition, and showing a collection of agricultural productions which cannot be surpassed in any portion of the world. "Is it any marvel that the world is ignorant of the resources of our country, when there are so many who are ignorant among ourselves r One good result of the labours of the New Brunswick Society will be to make us know and appreciate ourselves, and to make us justly known abroad. And it is high time the ignorance of our character and the character of our country was dispelled. Not long since, a person who married in this Province visited his friends in Britain, and when the subject of his colonial connexion was referred to, it was 1 with the regret that * he had not waited till his return, so that he - could marry a white woman.' As another illustration of this igno- \ ranee, 1 may mention that an En^l' h gentleman, who fancied himself | by no means deficient in intelligence, asked a Provincijilist, who / happened to be in England, * how far it was from Halifax to Nova / Scotia ?' Again, a more painful, a' more humiliating evidence of this prevailing ignoran .e is to be found in the book of geography, published by the Natiorial Society of Education, in the year 1849, in which it is coolly stated that the chief rivers of this Province are the St. John, the Shubenacadie, and Annapolis, and also adds that the chief employment of the people is in rolling logs dov the banks through ' the winter, and taking them to Halifax in the spring. Out upon such ignorance and misrepresentation ! Why, we have lakes three hundred miles in the interior which would swallow three Nova Scotia rivers. But the worst is, we disparage our own resources. We did so at the World's Exhibition, when New Brunswick was represented by a lump of asphaltum, the figure of an Indian, and a bark yjinoe. This dis-^ paragement is as unjust as it is unpatriotic, for jwe may salely pit^i New Bnmswick against any State in the Union for weight of wheat, bushel for bushel ; and some of you will be surprised to learn that with all the boasted fertility of their grain-growing States, they only produce fifteen bushels per head in the United States, while we, . unknown and dejected as we have been, are growing 12, and that I while they grow but 5J bushels of potatoes per head, we grow 14f. 1 We are ready to enter the lists with them for fair competition, and / leave to them to name both time and place. " Then we can beat them easily in raising beef, for in grass, pota- toes, turnip?, and oats, we entirely outdo them both in quality and m Quantity. With a frc-o admission for Provincial beef in the United Slates marlcets, our County of Westmorland would send them more beef before many years than would equal in value all our present exports. ^ "Now if New Brunswick is not an agricultural country, where is one to be found ? Some samples of our Gloucester wheat were sent a few years since, to Britain, and so surprised the corn-brokers, thai a sheaf had to be forwarded to satisfy them that the grains had not been picked. True it is our farmers have their difficidties— and other larmers in other comitries have theirs— they are common to every employment and to every country—flies and rust injure wheat else- Inhere as often as in New Bnmswick, and the blight has destroyed Other people's potatoes as well as ours. The immense importance of agricultural success to national prosperity is shewn in En f: In this all jmportant subject of public education, we have lately ft.! ''>!!^Pru ^^?.- '?^*^ direction. Our Legislature has foi- mftny a year been liberal m us 8p|>K)priaJi&na,^ibi»great.objeot. T^memy 381 years ago wo appropiiateU more money for the support of schools than was given for the same purpose in England. Still the hughear of taxation is the resort of quack politicians, but I confidently trust the time is near us when the wisdom of our law makers will away with this delusion. Let our Legislature be as intelligent and firm as they are and have been liberal, and soon the light of knowledge will irradiate the darkest corners of our country. " A false impression has been fostered among us lo the effect that talent and education are misapplied or degraded when they ere employed in industrial pursuits. If a youth of superior parts or accom- plishments is discovered, it is at once suggested he must be a Lawyer, a Doctor, or a Parson. Yet agriculture and the arts afford the finest Geld for the exercise of genius and of cultivated intelligence. Some of our best and finest intellects nre now engaged in farming our soil or prosecuting our manufactures. We are amply, nohly, avj^cient to ouraclvca in mind and in material production — all we need is educa- tion — this we must have — and our success is sure. Need I refer you to the illustrious and encouraging example of the noble fruits of genius, education, and industry, in the story of Sir Joseph Paxton— the poor gardener's boy — the plodding labourer, toiling with mind and arm— becoming the architect of the magnificent Palace of the World's Industry — receiving the plaudits of his country and of all countries — earning and wearing the just honors of his sovereign, and becoming associated with '.'le record of the most glorious and philan- thropic enterprise of this glorious and philanthropic age ? " Though [ dare enter into no detail respecting the articles exhibited, ai this time, I must not omit to present the great aggregate— the Ex- hibition as a whole — as a most gratifying and conclusive evidence ot the wisdom and success of the New Brunswick Society. I trust and believe that the effect of the comparisons nov instituted between the produce of agricultural and manufacturing industry from the various sections of the Province, will be to excite a healthy and general com- petition — an ambition to grow more and make better, which will advance every important interest. I trust it will be regarded as I regard it, as a splendid illustration of the true dignity of labor, and of what constitutes the real wealth of a country. I trust it will at least give the death blow to that disparagement of the value and respecta- bility of labour which has heretofore been too general among us. Let our young men know and remember that ihelabourof a country sup- ports its wealth and power. It lies at the foundation of the greatness of Great Britain ; her army with all its victories — her unconquerable navy— her widespread commerce — her diffusive missions of civiliza- tion and Christianity— all, under God, rest upon the labofr of those Dvho toil in her fields and woricshops. It b a noble ambitroo'df jiatrbtism td^take part ki 4bus sustaining all thatisgood-'-'all fbatis 303 tssent'ial to the promotion of public prosperity: let our young mt!a antJ our old men emulate this ambition, and all will yot be well." Judge VVilmot was ayuin and again honored in the delivery of this address by the most ilattering and cordial expressions of appjoba- lion and delight from his audience. At the close of the address, Mr. Foster snng "God Save the Queen," in which he was joined by a chorus of many voices ; then three iimt?s three, and three more enthusiastic cheers, pronounced the loud and j^lad Amen of VVednesdcy. Thursday the 7ih, was warm, bright and beautiful as a day in June J this was fortunate, as much of the interest was in out-door work. The Grove was the scene of the sports and manly games which had been promised by the Society; such amusements are rather rare m New Brunswick, whatever they may be in " Merrie England." The want of public holidays and a cormnon rendezvous may perhaps conduce to this, or, perhaps the New Brunswickers prefer all work and no play. Nevertheless, the Society ventured upon the experi- ment. ^1 ' The field was under the control of Lieut. Col. Hayne ADC assisted by the Hon. E. Botsford, as referee from the' Executive Committee. , Nothing could have been more genial than the weather, or more picturesque than the chosen spot ; crowds of visitors were coming and gouig all the while ; the Pipers of the 72nd, in tartan and plumes, charmed the hearts of our many Scottish friends with the echoes of their fatherland, and never, it is believed, had these moim- tameers seen better specimens of manly strength and agility in " their am countrie." A full record of the various sports and^games will be found in the re|X)rt of the Committee, farther on. Perhaps the spirit and vigor displayed by the various competitors may have been attributable to the presence of Lady Head and the fair daughters of New Brunswick, whose " bright eyes rained down influence." The ploughing match was also of very general interest ; while th« young and gay amused themselves at the Grove, the boat3 were constantly plying, day and night, between St. John and Fredericton, filled with passengers on each trip. Friday was showery in the forenoon, and wet in the afternoon, so nucn so that the Exhibition Fire-Works were unavoidably postponed until Saturday. At the Regatta, the gig races wjre very fair, but not exactly such as we have seen in St. John hat JOur. The canoe races, however, were excellent. As most of the pleasure-seekers were walking or driving along the river bank, the attendance at the Exhibition building was rather thin ; nevertheless there never was a more busy day for the Committee, who had to occu|)y themselves in collecting and collating the various reports, in finding out from the entry books the names belonging to the numbers affixed to the articles returned as for diplomas, prizes, or honorable mention. The juries had been selected with some difficulty; they were, as it were, pressed into the service ; if they were not the best in the Province, they were the best that could be had ; and manfully and faithfully they did their work, moving with pain and labor through the crowded hall to complete their responsible duties. The Execu- tive Committee have the highest confidence in the good faith of all parties concerned, and much satisfaction in publishing the awards. .V If possible, however, the judges hereafter should be chosen before tho Exhibition, and specific instructions ought to be prepared for their use and guidance. Whatever errors, or inadvertencies, or omissions, may be observed in ^he present case, miwt be attributed to onr inexpe* 384 Circnm^tancos made it utterly impossible for the Cornmittce themselves to tnko notes of, or even to examine a great part of the articles exhibited, and much that was worthy of notice may not have had even a mt-agre record in iho list of awards ; the public journals adverted to some of the things, and the reports of the juries refer to others, yet, under all the circumstances, and knowing that more ought to have beon done, the Committee cannot venture now, ol their own kriowled*m^^s% ^.r ^^\^^m *V*~ I^^A ^Y UI iiiu Hi^SiiiOiiion, — urmg vR6 uuuiuuuii Ui iuj3 liic iu3i uity ui iim lijXniDition, many of the things were removed or sold, and the night boats were crowded with passengers who v ere nnw hastening homewards. 387 The evening was warin, quiet, and dark — perfectly adapted for the grand display of Fireworks, which was managed with great eclat by Mr. Foster, of St. John. His pyrotechnic display far exceeded in beauty, variety, and mass of light and colour, any thing of the kind that had ever been seen in the Province. Nothing could be more appropriate as a conclusion of the week's work, and the cheers of the assembled multitude testified their entire satisfaction with the whole. On Monday, October 11, there was a full meeting of the Executive Committee, at which, on motion of the Corresponding Secretary, it resolved unanimously, Ist, That this Committee desire to record an expression of their earnest and heartfelt thankfulness to the Almighty Giver of all good, in that He has crowned this year with peace and plenty, and blessed so abundantly the labours of the Husbandman. They also desire to praise His Name for the fine and genial weather vouchsafed to us of late, whereby the exceeding richness of the earth, and the various products of the skill and industry of the people, (employed upon materials furnished by Hiai alone,) have been enabled to be brought together from far distant parts of the country, without injury, and exiiibited to the best advantage, before the eyes of the whole people. 2nd, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are, publicly tendered to His Excellency Sir E. W. Head, Bart., Lieut. Governor of New Brunswick, and to Lady Head, for the warm interest which they have taken in the Great Provincial Exhibition of 1852. 3rd, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly offered to Lieut. Colonel F. Murray, 72d Highlanders, for permitting the attendance of the admirable Band and Pipers of the Regiment, whereby the attractions of the Exhibition were so much enhanced. 4th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly tendered to His Honor Judge Wilmot, for the eloquent and impressive Oration v/hich he delivered at the desire of the Committee during the Exhibition week, and that he be requested to prepare a copy of the same for publication. 5th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly offered to the Exhibitors ai the recent Provincial Show and Fair, for their numerous and valuable contributions thereto, and which have excited such great and general satisfaction in regard to the resources, the skill, and the industry of the country. 6th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly offered to the Gentlemen and Ladies who have acted as Judges, r~.:..^» .^^r. G«'n...r>».40 anil Ace!ct3nt9 in nnnnprtmn with the UllimUlCC IllCtS, UtCVraiUaj aU\i /«.w?D.o.«.!«i3j »>* -^ ' Exhibition, and who have so faithfully performed the arduous and important duties devolving upon t^m. 388 7th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly offered to the Messrs. Odell for the lib( al and generous spirit evinced by them in throwing open their beautiful Grove and Grounds for the Sports, Cattle Show, and Ploughing Match. 8th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly tendered to the numerous Musical Amateurs who assisted at the opening of the Exhibition, and likewise to William Walts, Jr., Esq., and to S. K. Foster, Esq., for the Words and Music of the " Exhi- bition Song." 9th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly tendered to S. K. Foster, Esq., of St. John, for the care and labour which he bestowed on the superintendance of the Fire Works during the Exhibition week. 10th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are tendered to the Presidents and Officers of the rarious County Agri- cultural Societies— to the Chancellor and Council of King's College —and to the President and Directors of the Mechanics' In'stllute and gentlemen of St. John, and other places, for their valuable contribu- tions, and for the services rendered under their direction in preparing for and assisting at the arrangements for the Provincial Exhibition. 1 1th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly tendered to the President and Directors of the Fredericton and St. John Electric Telegraph Company, for the gratuitous use of their line for the purposes of the Exhibition. I2th, That the thanks of the Committee be, and hereby are publicly tendered to the Proprietors of Steamboats and other public convey- ances, for the conveniences which they have aiSbrded to contributors and exhibitors, 13th, That the thanks of this Committee be, and hereby are publicly offered to the Gentlemen of the Provincial Press, for the very favor- able mention which they have been pleased to make of the Exhibition, and fo many gratuitous favors rendered by them. 14th, That this Committee desire to express their gratification at the good conduct and right feeling displayed by -Jl classes of the people during the Exhibition week. 15th, That the foregoing Resolutions be printed in the Head Quarters of Wednesday next, and that all the other Newspapers of the Province be, and hereby are requested to copy the same. 16th, That the Lists, Entries, Awards, Reportr and Addresses, in connection with the recent Exhibition be copied, coliaiedj and prepared for publication in pamphlet form as soon ^s possible. 389 Id the coui-se of the same day there was an auction sale of many of the remaining articles, and soon afterwards the Exhibition building was despoiled of all its treasures and adornments. As the Legislature was to meet immediately in Special Session, the building was allowed to remain until the public business was brought to a close. Soon after the prorogation, the materials of the building, with the exception of the canvas, were sold at public auction, and the whole was removed before the winter set in. Although the receipts from the sale of the building were not very great, it is satisfactory to know that the funds at the disposal of the Society have been an) ply sufficient for all the expenses of the Exhibition year. ^ * »'^ After the many eloquent and practical addresses given in the course of this report of proceedings in connection with the Exhibition, it will be unnecessary now to dwell upon the many advantages derivable from it, or from others to be held hereafter in New Brunswick. The Committee can now look back with pleasure to the time of the first development of the idea, although it was one of great doubt and anxiety — to the period of its progress and preparation, although it was one of care and toil — to the epoch of its full consummation and reality, which was one of thankfulness and triumph. During the short Session just alluded to, Bills closing and confirming contracts, provisionally made with great English capitalists for a Railway or Railways throughout the Province, were all but unanimously passed by the Houses of Legislature. Let us hope that the year 1852 — the Railway year, and the' Exhibition year— may prove what it was designed to be — an era in the history of New Brunswick ! Submitted on behalf of the Executive Committe. J. ROBB, Secretary, I ipm(S)TiisyoniiE3 ussmisn^iicDsyg lii§t of Juries. On Prize Essays. Dr. Robb, J. A. Beckwith, J. Gregory. On Diplomas. Dr. Robb, R. Jardine, A. E. Botsford, R. Fulton, W. Carman. On Rato Materials from Mineral Kingdom. Dr. Robb, Dr. Toldervy, Professor Jack, Dr. Paterson, Otis Small. On Grinding and Polishing Materials. Otis Sm^ll, Dr. Toidervy, William Morgan. On Bricks. Dr. Fletcher, R. Foulis, James Beatty, M. T. C. Andrew*. On Machinery and Engines. Dr. Toldervy, Dr. Fletcher, Otis Small, William Morgan. On Stoves, Edge Tools, Brass, Tin and Copper Work, and Agri- cultural Implements. Alex. Goodfellow, T. R. Robertson, Thos. Stewart, Robert Foulis. On Carriages and Vehicles of all kinds. Rev. C. Churchill, Thos. Allan, John Wright, Dr. Fletcher. On Wood and Implements chiefly of Wood. , James Brown, John J. Munro, Robt. Stevenson. • • « On Cabinet Makers' Work. Otis Small, Dr. Toldervy, Dr. Fletcher, William Morgan. On Musical Instruments. Chief Justice Carter, Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Toldervy, George Roberts. C. Wardlaw, D. L. Robinson, J. Wilkinson, M. B. Desbrisay. 391 On ClocTcs and Watches. Professor Jack, Dr. Toldervy, Dr. Fletcher, J. Wilkinson, Jamsf Robertson. On Astronomical, Surveying, and Electrical Instruments. W. B. Jack, M. R. Fletcher, James Paterson, J. Robb. On Philosophical Machines and Models. J. B. Toldervy, J. Robb, W. B. Jack, M. R. Fletcher, Jamet Beatty. On an Improved Truss. Dr. G. P. Peters, Dr. M. H. Peters, Dr. Toldervy, Dr. Odell, Dr. Robb. On Ornamental Guilding. J. B. Toldervy, W. H. Odell, W. B. Jack. On Garden and Farm Produce. A. Jardine, M. T. C. Andrews, R. S. Armstrong, W. Pyewell, P. Mitchell, Peter S. Cox, Alex. Jessamine, Isaac Biirpe. On Green House Plants. William Watts, Senr., Geo. E. Snider, Thos, G. Allan. On Fruits. Dr. Fletcher, M. T. C. Andrews, Geo. A. Perley. On Grain Manufactures. A. M'Killigan, G. A. Perley, G. E. Snider, Robt. Lormer. On Butter, Cheese, Sugar and Honey. Thomas Davidson, William Reed, S. F. Black. On Domestic Manufactures. John Thomas, Alexander Goodfellow, G. E. Snider, Alexander T. Paul, John M'Donald, Abner Bull. On Millinery", Embroidery and Needle Work. Mrs.' Parker, Mrs. R. D. WMlmot, Miss Churchill. On Bats, Furs, Tailors^ Work, &fC. J. S. Conner, Martin Lemont, S. D. Macpherson, Thoma» Essington. On Leather, and Leather Manufactures. R. Sutherland, W. F. Jones, S. Whittekir, John Little. 392 On Soap, Candles, Bread and Confectionary. Joseph Gaynor, William T. Baird, Thomas Davidson. On Salt Meats and Fish. Thomas Davidson, G. E. Snider, John Little. On Horses. M. A. Cuming, Rowland Crocker, Thos. T. Smith, On Cattle, (Distinct Breeds.) A. Barberie, Dr. Black, Dr. Peters. On Cattle, (Mixed Breeds.) Hon. J. Browii, Jas. K. Trenhrlm, Hon. Wm. Harrison, On Sheep. A. G. Evanson, Hon, T. Gilbert, C, L. Hatheway. On Swine. W. H. Stockton, Carleton Peters, T. R. Barker. On Foultry. Geo. A, Perley, Stephen Burpe, R. S. Armstrong. On Ploughing. Hon. J. Brown, Robt. Keltic, Robt. Gray. On Articles overlooked or non-enumerated. R. Jardine, H. E. Dibblee, Dr. Fletcher, M. Stead, James Beatty, C. 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Ji I .= T3 'P "TS "X; T3 -U ^ ■■* ^i ^K ""^ _" • ■ ^ ^©ocoooo.S (/3>^ o^ <» >-. bn w > a rS >>i^ _r o " «- .s - !-*= M « S c "" r^ >«\ S : - « CO 1 o « 3 a fen ccHffiH (A CO J s |t:^1^SwswOScJ5^ .9 I I I ^ • I to iao •« a iJQ g *^ o .so Xi O.S .- g Oh .^ ce rt a i- © bO •16 |o§ bO c to o o .5 ^ o o Q e .o u -^ o o Q _^ ^ -e -? 5 .i 5 a rr 15 "w P S" O ° 'S iT: "W •— O O in S8^ » <0 "^ CI. 0) XI ,r ^ « 0) CA P li o to ^ n W oS ^"2 cQ SJ! is.«'J h4 c, D- o -' i/J o 413 fm mm 3, ^ (a £ >. '/I 5 o r: 2 E 2 = 00 M) s oi a> <-• .0 ^ -' rt~ o'C'w'O'a'Ts.StJjs 2 t3 »-» 0) CO 0) U O) i2 k ^ cs ^ rt «^ o „ K'l W bO "'iJ >-, U M «d Qj 1^'=^ a« « 0) ^ ^ -q -; CO c "^ s^ b. «^ (U '^ ^ o («!; "^ o E y. c i: -=*J •a UP5 • ic . tJD<5 O bfl-^ . := J2 a] O ^N - o f at I (I O) "^ rt S « § .-^ K CO 'bO ^" c .2 S C o 9 S c a.w-sxa 'fi- -a ^ « rt f-^ i»i n ^^ -^ i-i *-• *^ A c Js Q) ie - C — W W3 5 S,|- I - X CJ O w> C3 O ■w-^ « -S t^ ^ ^ f 3 5 05 ^ 1? 'S n OTT «- o ^, C*^ «->LS ©S ?ri O fc'S'S*--— "^ ** 0»'-* ** "» .MO^CP 0) t 414 o o o o o o o o o o '^ n Qi <^ bO Qut 6 6 a T3 -a tyo Of QQ u --2 u fc. o a rt 1*1 t^ bJO O O o ^ ^- ■£ C^ o * « . c . . O t- -a cq 0« QD c o I/) •> oT t; > en 0) a> O 43 C Qi O bO f2 E S l\ I g « • PMI ^^ 1 I eu M4 4i* T3 1*1 C4 CO a- o H « H O H « REPORT, On the means used to secure the Funds at the Great Exhibition. To the Executive Committee of the New Brunswick Society. Tho subscriber having, in conjunction with P. Mitchell, Esquire, of Newcastle, been appointed a Sub-Committee to discharge the duty connected with the issue, sale, and accounting for, of the Tickets of Admission to the Great Exhibition, so far as not assigned by previous Resolution to the Treasurer of the Society, begs leave to report as follows : — Tkat owing to the late hour at which the Admission Tickets were received from Saint John, the extent of duty which devolved on the Treasurer, under the regulations made by the Executive Committee, together with the increased attention to his own private affairs con- sequent on the great influx of strangers, it was found impossible to carry out literally the expressed intention of the Executive Commit- tet in regard to the sale and accounting for of the Admission Tickets. The subscriber therefore, undertook, in conjunction with Mr. Mitchell, to superintend the distribution of the Tickets to the parlies appointed to sell them, and the Treasurer appointed his confidential clerk, Mr. George Thompson, to receive the cash proceeds. Under this arrangement Mr. Charles Brannen took charge of the Ticket Office at the Exhibition ,j3uilding, assisted by Mr. Paisley ; and«Messrs. Beek, Brayley, and Coy, undertook to sell Tickets at their respective places of business ; and to secure a faithful account of the funds, it was agreed that the money received at the Ticket Oflice should be accounted for every afternoon and evening, and the proceeds of the other Tickets every morning, in the presence of the party appointed to sell the Tickets, the Sub-Treasurer and the subscriber ; an arrangement which was literally carried out, and which it is presumed involves all the security for accuracy that such cases admit of. The Tickets were accordingly checked by the subscriber, and the balance in money was paid over by the recipients in his presence to the Sub-Treasurer, and such memoranda of the amounts were taken as enable him to report the net receipts to have been as follows : — 41G Tuesdau, ^th Octolcr. A I ihc Ticket Office, By Mr. Beck, By i\Ir. Bray ley, - JJv Mr. Gov, £130 19 2^ 56 7 9" 40 13 9 fi8 At the Ticket Offict By Mr- Beek, By Mr* Bray ley, ^ At the Ticket Oftic( By Mr. Beek, By Mr. Brayley, * At the Ticket Office, By Mr. Beek, By Mr. Brayley, - At the Ticket Office, By Mr. Beek, By Mr. Brayley tVedncsdaij, Cuh October. , - - - £106 21 -262 Sfr H 4 8 9 Thursday, 1th October. 'i31 19 4J £76 12 9 6 13 5 3 8 9 -86 14 11 Friday, 8th October. £79 4 8^ 2 2 2 2 12 IJ Saturday, 9lh October. -83 19 £22 7 4 13 3 6 74 By Mr. Coy, (balance of Tuesday's sales,) 10 -' — 23 17 2:*, From which deduct pdce of a Ticket refunded to a Mr. Johnston, } £588 11 2^, 10 Total amount received for admission to Exhibition, £588 1 H Proceeds of admission to Judge Wilmot's Lecture, I7 17 Jo" Proceeds of the Exhibition Song and the Society's } Reports sold in the buildincr, i 5 12 2^ Grand Total, .... £616 II 3 The regulation that no money should be received at the door, may be said to have been strictly observed: for sn fnr oa .j,., o^.{j.„.j{,Jj. saNv, or learned from members of the Executive Committee, or'Wr. Stead, one of ^vhom Nvas, with scarcoly any intermission, 8ta,tiojied 417 » at the door to supervise the entrance, not more than ten or twelve shillings were received by the door-keeper, and the amount was immediately transferred to the Ticket Office in exchange for Tickets which were put into the receiving box. In conclusioHy^t is deemed proper to record that, owing most probably to the hurry and vehement demand for Tickets at the Ticket Office on Tuesday and Wednesday, losses on change and soma errors which have been explained to the satisfaction of the President, there was some discrepancy between the cash accounted for and the amount due as shewn by the Tickets ; and that, as a means of discovering the source of the error, the actual duty at the Tricket Office was, on the subsequent days, discharged in presence of Mr. Brannen by Mr. George Thompson and Mr. Henry 6. Beek, who, at the request of the Executive Committee, consented to assist in the onerous duty at the Ticket Office. All which is respectfully submitted. Fredericton, 28-■^\ : a. f^ til it % .0 t.v|/S ■) «-* i^ H 88na •^ *ftr n ^ vji I>;«bnu1;)7 rt^'^-il'l . -r / • .j^RJbilUtl -Mil fi) feiO'^ H •i ; lija ,. yi^ '... •^«m ,ir>;>b '» it Ift lijvinra ^)'J bJ! •HrsO.lf ■ EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF JURORS. IVheat. "The Jurors feel at a loss to express their satisfaction at the general excellence and quality of samples exhibited in this most essential of agricultural products, (he difficulty of deciding between many of the samples was great, and it was after a very close and minute inspection that the Jury decided on their awards. "The first premium is awarded to No. 1154, (Jas. Henry, York ) The second do. do. do. 27 1 , (Joei Everett, York. The third do. do. do. 1842, (Thos. P, ,gle, York.) '• Two samples of Winter Wheat exhibited, both of which were supenor and the Jury beg to recommend ior a special premium' sample No. 1286, (H. E. Dibblee, Carleton.) premium, ''Forthesatisfacti a and gratification of the Province, the Jury note underneath the weights of the different samples of Wheat which they have no hesitation in saying cannot be surpassed for excellence in any part of the world, the measure is taken per Winchestev Joushel, viz. :— ' No. 1154, 67 lbs.— James Henry, York 250, 67 lbs.— Wm. Moffatt, do.' . 271, 67 lbs — .Joel Everett, do. 1842, 67 lbs.— Thos. Pringle, • do. 322, 67 lbs.— Dr. Fallen, Kent, .^ 1986, 66 lbs.— G. L. Hatheway, York, 1384, 66 lbs — Isaac Murray, do. 1829, 66 lbs.— John Douglas, do. 318, 66 lbs— John Tweedie, Kent, 1270, 66 lbs — John Dibblee, Carleton, 1185, 66 lbs — William Sherwood, Klan'^ 1871, 65 Ibs.-W. H. Bostin, York, 214, 65 lbs — G. I. Dibblee, do. 1383, 65 lbs — Isaac Murray, do. 470, 65 lbs — John Wyse, Northumberland, ' 468, 65 lbs — Peter Mitchell, Northumberland, 599, 65 lbs — Charles Carson, Charlotte, 1286, 65 lbs.— H. E. Dibblee, Carleton, • - 323, 65 Ibs.—J. Potter. K^nt. 321, 65 lbs.— W. S. Saunders, Kent, 1257, 65 lbs.— Geo. H. Ketchum, Carleton, u a ti it one 9 lbs. ; six of same sample, 44 lbs. « 4th.— No. 330, (Archibald Plummer, Sunbury,) one 10 lbs. ; six, of same sample, 47 lbs. " 5th.— No. 902, (Charles Carson, Charlotte,) one 6^ lbs. ; six of same sample, 38 lbs. > "In weight. No. 4 exceeds Nos. 2 and 3, yet we gave them ,the preference from superior quality, taking into consideration the respective weights." ' "In Mangold Wurtzel, we recommend five samples as worthy of especial notice, and recommend for the prize No. 328, (James Har- rison, Sunbury,) thejargest of which weighed 8 lbs. 8 oz., and six weighed 42 lbs. We also recommend as worthy of being observed on in the order in which they are placed : — "2nd.— No. 380, (Col. Miles, Sunbury,) one 8 lbs. 4 oz. ; six of same sample, 40 lbs. "3rd.— No. 949, (John M'Cafferty, York,) one 8 lbs. 12 oz.; six of same sample, 38 lbs. « 4th.— No. 263 (J. A. Maclauchlan, York,) one 9 lbs.; six of same sample, 35 lbs. "5th. — No. 1381, (Isaac Murray, York,) one 6 lbs. ; six of same sanaple, 30 lbs." " In White Carrots, we recommend three samples as being superior, and consider No. 1846, (Geo. Sick, York,) one weighing 3 lbs., and six of them 15 lbs., as entitled to the prize; and as worthy of especial notice, we recommend No. 1519, (J. Foshay, Ynrk.^ nnfi WfiiD-hinor 9. Ihs. IQ nv.. anr\ ciir woirrhinir 1/1 IKe . Q ny . ^^x^^ -^ ',/, z.; No. 594, (Charles Carson, Charlotte,) one weighing 1 lb. 12| oz., and six weighing 9 lbs." MP 422 Fruit, ^-c. V "The undersi^Mied Judges, having been appointed to oxamine and determine on Apples, Pears, Pickles anxl Presejves, sent to the Pro- vjncial EKhibition, having carefully examined the same, make the lollowmg Report:—- - That sample No 2022, ^F. P. Sharp, Cadcton,) is entitled to the prize on Apples for the bcil assortment of named varieties con- taming 22 samples, imd these, though not so numerous as others exhibited, we consider entitled to the prize, as eomprisin^r the greatest assortment ol superior varieties. " '« We also recommend samples No. 934 and 1551, in the order in xvhich tbey are named, as being superior samples, and containin.' great varieties, viz. : — " No. Dad, containing 28 samples (W. Watts, Senr., York) ; . No. 1551, " 16 samples (Isaac Lawrence, York) ;' and th ^e we consider entitled to especial recommendation. "We also beg to notice 1.570, (Isaac Murray,, York,) containing 8 samples, and No. 967, (Hon. Judge Street, Y6rk,) comaininrr gj samples, as being worthy of commendation. ** " We would further observe, that No. 1591, (W. Hallett York ) 493, (G Cougle, King's,) and 1152, (R. D. Wilmot, Sunbury ) are worthy of notice as being good descriptions. "The above Apples were named and the varieties kept distinct but m addition to these a great number of superior samples were exhibited, well worthy of notice, but the varieties of which were not flamed. In conclusion, ot this department of ©ur duties, we bcr to notice a sample of Apples presented by Samuel W. Babbit Etq for exhibition only, called " The Beauty of Kent,'' and these we consider entitled to the appellation of " The Apples of the Exlnbi- tion, exceeding in size and beauty any others exhibited, and quite oTi /w w°"'- o^^ ""'^ '''° «'^^ *° ""^^^''^ t''«t the exhibitor of 934, (W. Watts, Senr., York,) has intimated to the Committee his ability to supply the public with grafts and young trees, of his own raising, of the various samples, and we consider that to this important lact special attention should be directed, and we trust that the public patronage will be extended to so enterprising an exhibitor. "We would also favorably notice a basket of assorted Fruit, con- taining Peaches, Plums, Grapes, &fc. &c., of superior description, sent for ex Inbition only, by G. D. Street, Esq., of St. Andrews, and we regret that no prizes were laid down for such description of Fruit to which they would certainly have been entitled. We re<^ret that only one prize should have been awarded for Apples, as the several sainples were truly creditable to the Province, and find much diffi. culty m determining the superiority of several of thb largest samples K3J named varieties. * 423 * We award tlie prize on Poars to Ncr. 1371, (Isaac Murray^ Vork,) containini; 2 varieties, and consider them superior. " No. 936, (i\irs. VV. Watts, Senr., York,) containing '8 varieties of Pickles, we award a premium to, and consider them a very credit tahle assortment, and the Committee have received noiico that the exhibitor can supply any reasonable quantity. *" The premium on Preserves we recommend shoidd be awarded* to No. 935, (Mrs. W. Watts, Senr., York,) containing 16 varieties^ of a superior description. Your Committee cannot close this Report without noticinjj an impression they formed on inspecting the different vaiieties of Fruits^ 30 creditable to our Province, and capable of comparison with the productions of older and more favored countries, and have no hesita- tion in pronouncing New Brunswick to be capable, when time and skill are directed to the subject, of producing superior Fruit and innumerable varieties." Leather, fyc. • " Without going into any further description of the different lots exhibited, we are of opinion that the Leather sent for competition to the present Exhibition of so superior a kind, that i.t proves that the inhabitants of New Brunswick need not go to a foreign market for their supply. " In Harness, the Committee award the first prize to numbers 1301 and 1302, (Thomas Bradley, York,) being a lot from one saddler, consisting of a set of single Harness and four Collars, as being the best assortment of Harness manufactured entirely in this Province. The second premium we award to 1369, a set of single Harness with silver mounting. No. 1654, (.James D. Reid, York.). We consider the workmanship of this set of single Harness as the besfi of any exhibited, but the Collar being an imported one, we cannot award this lot a prize. " We must also express our approbation of a set of single Harness, with brass mountings. No. 2030, (D. Collins, St. John,) on account: of the ingenious improvement in the tug, and which, from its great utility and simplicity, we strongly recommend to the attention of the public." ' Hose Cart or Carriage. " This article we cannot represent as fully as it deserves ; it coin- bines good taste in design and good skill in workmanship rarely excelled ; great ingenuity is displayed by the maker for the mode be liae adont^H in 'o «hii To ««r i< .J. lis vs the vehicle being turned round in a comparatively small space. We believe this to be a new invention, and suggest that the highest award be given." 424 * Clocks and Watches. '' Two Astronomical Clocks examined. Tlie Clock with no number is^ considered by the Jury to deserve the preference on account of the friction being much diminished by the absence of the train wheel in the face, as also its being provided with a compensa- tion pendulum, and to it we award the premium. Both, however, are worthy of high consideration for beauty and perfection of work- manship. "The Watches exhibited by a M. D. Z., for the purpose of explaining certain changes in the construction of the escapement, which the exhibitor considers to be improvements on the same. That numbered 1452, appears to be different from anj^thing hereto- fore seen by the Jury, and shews considerable ingenuity, but whether the proposed alteration may be conducive to greater accuracy of .performance, could only be determined by comparison and registra- tion for an ample period of time. No. 2951 is not a novelty, as one of the Jury has seen a similar one many years ago, and it can scarcely be considered superior to a common vertical escapement, as the vibration is very limited, and the Watch cannot, therefore, be expected to perform well. No premium, however, is mentioned in the list for improvements in Watches, and the Jury do not think it necessary to recommend one to be give.i in* the present case." Musical Instruments. " We, having carefully examined , and considered the relative qualities of the different Pianos submitted for competition at our Provincial Exhibition, are of opinion that the one marked 475, No. 2, (Kennay &c Scribner, St. John,) presenting as it does the greatest number of advantages in proportion to its price, is fully entitled to the first premium, and do award it accordingly. v " On similar grounds we adjudge the second best premium to that marked 475, No. 1, (the same.) « The Piano, numbered 1372, (Thos. Richards, York,) in the Secretary's Book, we consider highly creditable to the manufacturer axid displaying excellent workmanship, but are of opinion that its quality does not bear so (air in comparison with its price as to justify us in putting it on an equal footing with either of the above mentioned ; guided as we are by the three essential considerations combined in the 12th rule, page 327 of the Society's Journal, Part III. " No other Musical Instrument has been offered to our notice excepting a very superior Finger Organ, (Isaac Naish, York,) the ■number of which in the Secretary's Book we have not ascertained* We consiuer, however, the quality of this Instrument so intfinsicallv good, that we cannot refrain from strongly recommending it for the premium which we have reason to believe, nothing but a want of competition prevents us from being called upon to award to it." 425 Flour. " The Committee deem it of importance to remark that, as the Flour ground from imported Wheat might perhaps not bo entitled to compete with Flour ground from New Brunswick Wheat, yet, as the whole was inspected without reference or knowledge of the place of production, and the result has shewn the superiority of the native pro'duction, that good rather than harm has resulted from the open competition. They would further state, that both first samples of Flour from New Brunswick Wheat are superior in all respects, whether as household Flour or for bakers' use, to the Flour ground from white Genessee Wheat." ., Hone Stone. " A. sample of Hone Stone from Dalhousle, No. 73, (Dr. Robb, York,) an exceedingly good specimen, capable of giving the finest possible edge, it would not cut as fast as Turkish stone, but would leave a finer and smoother edge. "As the Exhibition displays nothing equil to this, we would suggest that it be entitled to a premium." Sursreon's Truss, O * " The undersigned having been appointed a Special Jury :o examine an improved Surgeon's Truss, No. 1679, (Dr. Fletcher, Charlotte,) report, that they highly approve of the principle, and think it a decided improvement upon the Trusses commonly in ure, and therefore recommend it to the Provincial Association as an object worthy of their approbation. Th(. improvement consists in a self- adjusting movement at the connection of the pad with the spring, by which the bearing can be regulated by the patient when necessary." Astronomical Instruments, ^c. " 1. Examined a reflecting Telescope, on the Newtonian form (Dr. Toldervy, York,) ; the large speculum is 7 inches in diameter, with a focal length of 6J feet, stated to have been ground and polished by machinery made after the plan adopted by Lord Ross. "The Telescope stand and grinding apparatus reflect great credit on the perseverance and handicraft of the ingenious constructor, lo it we award the premium, as being the most deserving of the astro- nomical instruments exhibited, and made in the Province. " 2. Examined with much interest the clockwork, micrometer and lamps, belonging to the refracting Telescope at King's College, from the workshop of Merz h Son, of Munich, in Bavaria ; these were exhibited for the purpose of shewing the great perfection attained in their manufacture, and the admirable nicety with which they afa adapted to the ends contemplated in their construction. M ii 426 "3. Examii.ed Levelling Slaves, No. 1705, (Jeremiah Gqvc St John,) and Arl.hcer .Scales, No. 1700, (same). The workmanshi i and materials are good, and for these the exhibitor is entitled to much credit, but thjj Staves are now entirely st.porseded by others of mor.. approved forms. ^ "'"'^''. '; Examined three Electric Clocks, (Dr. Toldarvy, York,) each of which takes Its tmie from a common Clock, with which they mn. necessarily agree, though separated from it and from each other hv hundreds of miles; the connection is made by wires throu-d. which IS sent the magnetic current, at the end of each movement of the inmulo hand of the common Clock; the ingenuity and simplieitv of the contrivance cannot be too hidily commended, and the accmacv with which, at small expense, the same tinlo might bo indicated b'v means of the telegraphic wires in use, over any extent of countrv is deserving of particular notice. In two of the Clocks the movin- power IS the olectro-magnet, the other is intended as a model of a lurret Clock, which is moved by a weight, the electro-ma-rnet releasing the escape wheel. " ° " To this scientific piece of mechanism we award the first premium as being the best electrical instrument. ''The following notice is appended to th« apparatus by the exhibitor: — '' • ■' '-'l claim the merit of the invention, my first Clock havincr been in operation m the summer of 1840, nearly twelve month. "before the patent was granted to Messrs. Barwise h Bain, in England ' "Examined a Mgneto Electric Machine, for exhibition onlv,'nom King s College. The advantage of this Machine is that it is 'always ready for use as shocks can be given by it without the trouble of batteries, or chemical solutions, or the removal of deposits." Philosophical Machines and Models. "For this department no prize has been provided in the list, but tho Jury beg to report that they have examined " Model of a Bridge No. 461, (W. Murray, Northumberland). This IS a structure m which the strain appears to be judiciously dii ributed, so as to attain great strength with little expenditure of labour and materials : for spans of moderate extent it mi-rht be introduced with much advantage. — (2nd prize ) Q/\^.°t^ ""L'^^'^^ l','^^""'' ^^^ ^^'"'^1 ^'•''^ge (P. Stubs, Esq., bt. Jbhn). This model is beautifully constructed ; but the greatit strain is across the fibres, or in the direction of the least strength of the wood, m which direction is also the greatest amount of shrinkacre • it IS furUier objectionable on accoun^of the large quantity of materfals require..^ auu tus staves being so placed as to make it difficult to protect them from .-apid decay, for these reasons we would not recom- mend the rearing of a structure after this model. . 427 " Model of a Fog Boll (Thomas Robson, Westmorland). This t* an ingenious application of tho force of the wind to give motion to the hammer of a Boll ; but unless it can be proved (and no small amount of evid^mco would bo required) that a fog is always accom- |)anied by a current of air sufliciently strong to drive the machinery, the rising of it for the purpose contemplated might lead to fatal con- sequences. " Model o(%. Saw and Grist Mill, (Thomas Robson, Westmorland.) In this the motive ))ower is derived fron> the same source as in the above, but we fear that diflicultics of a practical nature would bo encountered in the attempt to make a machine sufficiently powerful to do the work indicated in any but a strong breezb ; if, however, the force can be obtained, it is very judiciously and economically dis- •tributed. '' Carefully executed model of House and Grounds near Frederic- ton (J. E. Woolford, York). ' ' ' " r.lodel of Water Wheel, No. 1900 (J. U. Anderson, St. John). This is a very ingenious contrivance, but the principle is not entirely new, as upright wheels of similar construction are, we believe, used in France, and we think in practice it would not be found to possess all theadvantages its exhibitor claims for it. Fine working model of Centrifugal Pump (J. Wilkinson, Esq., York). This appears to be much superior in efficacy to the common Centrifugal Pump, which generally consists of tubes united in the form of tne letter T, placed perpendicularly in tl>e water to be raised ; here, however, instead of the horizontal strait tube there is a hollow cylinder of the same diameter as the length of tkc tube would be ; the quantity of water it is capable of raising and discharging is quite surprising; the exhibitor states that the model wa« constructed in 1835, and that the idea had occurred to him 3ome time previously. (First Prize.)" Now-Enwmerated Articles. Glue, Churn, 8fC. Glue, No. 540, manufactured by Roderick McKenzie, we think worthy of special commendation. " A Churn, No. 405, a Fanning Mill, No. 445, and a Spinning Wheel, No. 456, with improved head, the construction aud manufac- ture of Roderick McKenzie, we think entitled to special notice. The Fanning Mill we would veature to say deserves a premium for some ingenious improvements it possesses. The Spinning Wheel also appears to possess a principle which is worthy of commendation." (( I 428 Honey and Honey Comb. " Honey and Honey Comb, with live Bees, No. 2023, from Carle- ton County, by F. P. Sharp, we think highly worthy of notice, and would have received the prize, we are sure, if it had been exhibited in propertime." Sports. "The Highland games of ' putting the Stone' and*' throwing the Hammer' created considerable interest, the prize for the former being awarded to F. Jenkins, who put the (24 lbs.) shot 24 feet, 2 inches. The prize for the latter was well contested, many of the competitors throwing the Hammer (7 lbs.) for the first time ; the prize was won by Jeremiah Smith, who threw the Hammer 61 feet, 3 inches. " ' Pitching the Handspike.' This truly Provincial game created great interest and amusement, the prize being eventually won by Benjamin Wheeler, the distance pitched being 35 feet, 8 inches, beating his adversary, J. T. Douglas, Jr., by less than 2 inches. "Jumping — 'the Standing Jumps.' This game created great excitement owing to the keenness of the co'mpetition and the excel- lence of the Jumping. The prize was cleverly won by Corporal Ballard, 72d Regiment, whose 3 jumps measured 33 feef, 10 inches. "' Jumping with the Pole.' This game was contested with much spirit and varied success. T. O. Miles, Jr., was eventually declared the winner ; the greatest height jumped was 8 feet, 10 inches. " ' Hop, Step, and Jump.' Unusual excitement and competition took place for this prize, Corporal Ballard, 72d Regiment, taking it with much difficulty from Private J. McDonald of the same Regi- ment. The ground covered in this game amounted to no less than 40 feet, 5 inches." Extracts froiif Letters of Exhibitors, &c. Corn. '■ ' •' Land, a rich sandy loam, green sward, deeply ploughed in Spring, well harrowed, and furrows drawn with plough from 28 to 30 inches apart, and manured from the hogpen, with a full shovel to the hill, 25 to 28 inches apart. The manure slightly covered in the earth, and from 3 to 4 seed to the fiill. Seed soaked 24 hours before planting, and well dried with plaster, is put into the ground and covered with the hoe, and kept clean in the usual way. Planted 28th May. Harvested last week in September. Quantity com- puted from product of one sqaare rod, which gave a full bushel and a half of husked ears, which I reckon to give (allowing for shrink- age and cob,) 15 quarts to the rod, making the. yield 75 bushels to the acre. " H. E. DIBBLEE. "Woodstock, 3d October, 1352." Wheat. ^ " White bald Wheat, raised on low land, well under drained, soil rather sandy, with clay bottom ; previous crop, turnips ; cross ploughed this spring nine inches deep, (with an American deep tiller) dressed with lime and ashes wet witl: urine, seed washed with cold water and limed, sowed 10th May, and ploughed in 4 inches deep, reaped 1st of September. Yield 32 bushels per acre. " ROBERT STEVENSON. "St. Andrews, Sept. 29^A, 1852." Red Wheat. " Last year there was turnip? and potatoes on the land, ploughed It this spring, manured to the extent of thirty loads of lime compost to the acre, harrowed the seed in with the compost. The soil is sandy and very light. " Ploughed on the 28th April ; sowed on the 9th of May ; reaped on the I4th of August. " I consider the land will yield 32 to 24 bushels to the acre in ordinary seasons ; but owing to the great dryness of the season, did not obtain more than 15 bushels per acre. I had four acres sown. "J, FALLEN. "RicHiBUCTO, September ^Bth, 1852," 430 Red Wheat. " I ploughed the lee ground and took one crop of oats in the fall of the year, top dressed it with stable matfbre and compost mixed, and ploughed it down. I put about 30 cart loads to e^ch acre ; 1 sowed at the rate of If bushels of Wheat to each acre, " The Wheat was sowed on the 3rd of May, and reaped on the 19th of August ; its yield will be at the fate of twenty-four bushels to the acre. The sample sown is Red Wheat. "I pasture two years; then two crops of Oats ; then Potatoes ; and after Wheat, sown down with Hay Seed, say 6 lbs. Timothy, and 3 lbs. of Clover to the acre; anci then cut two crops of Hay, and« then pasture a year. The soil is dark loam. "JOHN TXV'EEDIE. " KoucHiBouGUAC, September 23, 1852.'' Wheat. " My Wheat was raised on ground which grew Potatoes and Tur- nips last year. The field contains about four acres, three acres of Potatoes, and one of Turnips, which received about forty cart loads of stable manure per acre. It is a heavy clayey soil, was ploughed about the 1st of May, sowed on the 9th of May, and reaped on'' the 16th of August. I sowed in the whole field 7 bushels, say 5 red and 2 white Wheat, which yielded 20 bushels to the acre, or 1 1 ^ returns. . White and red about the same. "My mode of cropping is — Pasture two years ; Oats two years; Potatoes one year, and manure forty loads to the acre; Wheat one year, and grass seeds ; Hay two or three years. " WILLIAM SAUNDERS. " KoucniBououAC, September 21, 1852." Winter Wheat. '^Sample of Winter Wheat one-half bushel, grow^n the past year. Lai^d light sandf loam, in Carrots two previous years. Sown the 10th October, and reaped the 25th August, 1852 ; one-half acre sown ; yield light, part winter killed, the Wheat not having sufficient root. 1 am satisfied this Wheat can be grown as success- fully as Summer Wheat by early sowing and deep covering. ' " H. E. DIBBLEE. " Woodstock, Oat^ief 3, 1853." Oats. "Quantity per acre, as o*)mputed, 50 bushels ; soil, upland sandy loam, green clover sward-, ploughed in spring directly before sowing. 431 Sown the 25th May, and reaped the 15th Sepleniber. The quantity is computed thus: — two square rods, situate in different parts of the %ld, of a medium quahty, and carefully harrowed ; the produce of these rods, differi-ng l^ lbs. in weiijht, were then put together, and found to measure nearly 21 quarts by sealed measures ; taking, then, 10 quarts to the square rod, will give 50 bushels to the acre. " H. E. DIBBLEE. " Woodstock, October 3, 1852." Oats. 'g '* The kind of Oats which accompanies this (in a box marked with my name,) was originally imported to Baihurst, I.think seven or eight years ago, is called jLhe " Poland Oat." Seems to answer the soil and climate of New Brunswick much better than the Potato Oat, from which in npyearance it only differs, by having no bosom picjcle its weight has increased since being imported. This season havin been very dry in the County of Kent, the grain is not as heavy oi plump as it would have been, had the season been as wet as usual. '• This grain was raised on a piece of ground off which hay was cut last and the previous six^jpr seven years. It was added last fall to a field, on which was potatoes last season, to m.ake the field a proper size. Before being ploughed, it received a top dressing of about thirty cart loads to the acre, of a compost put up last summer, of black bog and lime, Well mixed before being put on. The whole field was ploughed last fiill, and again this spring. 1 intended sowing Wheat on the whole field and laying it down with Grass Seed; but before lhe_additipn, or the piece on which these Oats grew, \\'a^.veutt}\ the season was rather far advanced, for Wheat, and 'my,i«fmer advised the sowing of the Poland Oats on it, which he .^(1 on the 15th of May, and laid the whole field down with^^bs. of Clover and 5 lbs. of Timothy. The soil being of a heavy id^rk • brown loam, and rich, he thought 2 bushels to the acre sufficiently and accordingly sowed 2^ bushels on the 1.^ acres, which the piece \ contained, and which proved quite enough. It was cut on the 16th ) of August, and produced 72 stooks, which thrashed out fully 3 pecks/ each^inall54 bushels, or 22 returns^iQ,*sk»t''*y^ar"TlTaHaE^ou^^ sarnFrettmT^ **I""^^^S3r^^ of the Poland Oat is- eaten by cattle much better than that of the Potato Oat. " I propose cropping in the following manner, but having had the farm only three years, I cannot say how it will answer: — Pasture one or two years; Oats two years, after two years pasturing; Potatoes one year, with compost manure, if possible ; Hay two to. four years — if the latter, a top dressing the 2nd or 3rd year ; therk Pasture again. " WILLIAM S. CAIE. " KoucHiBouGUAc, September 2\, 1852." 432 "St. Patrick, April I3th, 1853. **Dear Sir, — You request me to t?ive you my plan of uork- raisin"'; I shall state the course that I have followed for the last two years. I keep one sow that . ows about the first of January, when about six months old, and generally from six to eight pigs, which I sell at ten shillings each. In the month of May the sow farrows agaiU) and generally has from ten to twelve pigs, from which I select six of the best\for pork the next winter, and sell the remainder at ten shillings each. I let the sow farrow the third time, and from the pigs I select the two best for the purpose of breeding for the next year, lor, from experience, 1 find the third litter the best for breeding or to raise the stock from. I then fatten the sow, which generally weighs from 4 to 5 cwt., and the other six I feed from twelve to thirteen months, then have them killed, they mostly weighing from 300 to 325 lbs. each. 1 have fed the above swine on the produce of two acres of land and the refuse milk of a dairy of seven cows. " The land was cropped as follows :■— On one acre, Swedish Turnips, raised on grass land, yielding- 1200 bushels; a quarter of an acre of Carrots, 240 bushels ; three-fourths of an acre of Barley, 35 bushels. The ground on which ^e Carrots were raised, has received no manure for the last four years, excejit irrigation, and the soil seems to increase in richness. The pigs make manure enough for the acre of Turnips. The leaves are fed to the swine through the summer and fall, without any injury to the Carrot or Turnip. All the roots are fed raw ; I have tried the experiment of steaming, but I consider it useless. The Barley is ground in the mill and fermented, and fed in a soft state. " I here send you the whole facts, and if you think them worthy of notice, you can put them in proper form. The sale of the young pigs pays for the seed and cultivation of the land. "CHARLES CARSON. " Dr. Robb, Secretary, &c." ' Sussex Farmers. — W. A. Stockton, Esq., of King's County, procured from his farm for this year 12 Pigs, making 36 cwt. of Pork ; 10 were eight morUljs old, and averaged in weight 280 lbs. each. The sow from which these were bred (killed at the 'same lime) was eighteen months old, and weigheu 410 lbs. Mr*. S. pro- duced from 7 cows this summer, over 1000 lbs. o(* butter. Mr. Hayward, a neighbor of his, brought to market this week, 8 Pigs about the same age, viz., 8 months, which weighed on an average *iOA U.- »!..> Unn^t^.o!- .irn^n-liinn. fHit H/j olort npr»fliir»prl nh'^ilt 1 nOO lbs. of Butter from a Dairy of 13 cows. The above farmers have spared no pains in procuring the best 433 breed, and we congratulate them on the very satisfactory results. Wo trust the farmers of New Brunswick will not be long in following their example. The following is communicated by Lauchlan Donaldson, Esquire, of Saint Andrews: — " A gentleman residing in town has a lot 80 feet by 160, which was sown in clover. On the 28th of May he began to cut it, and since that time, with the exception of six days, has fed 28 lbs. of clover each, to two cows, morning and evening, or one cwt. per day ; he will be able to continue the same until the J5lh or 20lh October. This is truly a great yield from less than one-third of an acre. The THIRD crop is now in full blossom, and upwards of twenty-six inches high, and so thick that it is lodging. Upon inquiry we learned that the lot was put in order by spade husbandry ; the -cattle are not allowed to pasture on it, but the clover is cut when about to be fed and carried off on a barrow. We were astonished to see the fourth crop on part of the lot looking well. This shows, conclusively, that/ one acre well tilled, is better ihan'two poorly cultivated." We have been of the District A table from which Parishes : — Kingsclear, Prince William, Dumfries, Southampton, Queensbury, Douglas, Stanley, St. Mary's. recently furnished with an interesting statistical report gricullural Shows for York County, the following , will show the weight of grain, &c., in the several wheat oats bwht. peas lieans rye barley I. corn. 634 444 55 64 65 67 45 574 67 65 62 56 60 66 55 51 67 65 51 524 66 65 6f 63 69 424 52 67 70 61 664 72A 594 66 754 814 694 66 50 53 66 53 43 53 63 49 "Woodstock, January Z8tk, 1853. " The information which we most need at the present time, is a knowledge of the varieties of winter fruit adapted to this climate. It was partly to bbiain an addition to my stock of knowledge upon this point, that I made my recent visit to the State of Maine, where I visited over 30 towns, lying principally between the Penobscot and " From the fruit which I there saw and tasted, and which grew in a climate similar, but upon a soil far inferior to our own, I have no N 434 doubt that we have advantages in raising winter atopies Jor export, equal if not superior to those of any other country. After returning to Bangor, (from the country,) the best imported apples in the city would not at all compare with those which I obtained 40 miles in the interior. Herewith is a note of the apples which I sent to the Exhibition : — " Fameuse, or Snoiv Apple.— A very excellent early winter apple, very hardy and productive, and peculiarly adapted to northern climates. Scions from Green Islands, Lower Canada, and from Montreal. True. " Pommc Gris, or Grey Apple. — Moderately hardy and very pro- ductive. The fruit, though very small, is, when well ripened, exceedingly rich, and brings the highest price in the English market ; a very long keeper. It is said that two-thirds of all the trees grafted in Canada are* of this variety and the Fameuse. Scions from Green Islands, C. E. True. "Holland Pippin. — Fruit from medium to large size, mellow, and of a pleasant acid flavor. Moderately hardy when young, and very hardy when old ; a great and constant bearer. Season — middle September to middle of October. Scions from Dunning, Bangor, Me. " Wine Apple. — Large, moderately productive and a good keeper ; when ripe, is fine grained, tender, and of the finest quality. Growth slow, but sufficiently hardy for New Brunswick. Scions from Dunning, Bangor, Me. " Sweet Bough. — Tree tender, but with care will succeed well here ; regular, but, as far as tried, only a moderate bearer; probably will bear heavily as the tree advances in age. Fruit of the highest quality, very tender and juicy. Season — middle of August to middle of October. ' Scions from Bangor and New York. True. " Kennehec Sweeting. — A very beautiful and excellent small early apple, very hardy and exceedingly productive. Does not keep long after ripe. Scions from Amity and Kennebec, Me. True. "Honey Pink. — A very excellent vi'inter sweet apple, hardy, and so far moderately productive, and keeps well. Scii j from Dunning, Bangor, Me. " Ribston Pippin — the Apple of England. — Size medium, very rich and excellent, a good keeper, moderately hardy and productive. Much better and more productive here than further West or South. Scions from Col. H. Little, Bangor, Me., and from New York. " Flemming Early. — A showy, pleasantly acid, and very mellow appus, o» oniy seconu-rate quawty ; does not iieep weil^ bears very early, and is very productive. " BullocTc's Pippin^ or American Goldtn Russet, — Large size, 435 and a very valuable winter apple of the finest quality when properly ripened. Very productive and moderately hardy. Better and larger here than further West. Scions from Breck ^ Co., Boston, and from Col. H. Little, Bangor. True. " Ruby Russet. — ^^Hardy and productive, but hardly second-rate. Not suited to our climate. » " Roxhury Russet. — A celebrated apple of Massachusetts, but can be raised here only by skill, or upon very favorable soil, and is very lender. Scions from Boston and Bangor. " Sweet Bourassa. — Productive and moderately hardy. Fruit of the highest quality, very tender and juicy. Season-^October. Scions from Green Islands, C. E. " Tallman Stvecting. — A celebrated apple, but very tender ; not so productive or good as^oney Pink and some others. Not recom- mended. Scions from Bangor. " English Nonpareil — A very fair winter apple, but requires good cultivation, and is not very hardy or productive. " Swaar. — Large and excellent when ripe, but requires good soil and skill to produce fruit. Unfit for this climate for general cultiva- tion. Scions from Bangor. " Sops of Wine. — Medium size, very valuable, productive and hardy. Fruit of the first class, when in season, say from last week in August to last week in September ; better here than further South and West. Scions from Bangor, New York, and Canada. True. " Red Astrachan.-^Celehtated Russian fruit, exceedingly hardy and productive. Fruit large and very beautiful, excellent for the table and cooking. Not so sour here as when grown further South. Scions from Col. H. Little, Bangor. True. " Williams^ Favorite. — Somewhat tender *hen young, but valua- ble for its productiveness, large size, excellent flavor, and beauty of the fruit. Season — September. Scions from H. L., Bangor. True. Dyer. — Tree tender, and fruit only second-rate. Peahody Greening. — Originated at Woodstock, fruit only second- rate, but valuable on account of its very early bearing, great and regular productiveness, good keeping qualities, and from its growing on poor land and without much care. Good for beginners. " Hau'ley. — Large and excellent for cooking, and keeps twelve months ; only medium for the table. " This is the best description I can, with my limited experience, give at present. Mllny of the specimens sent are inferior, as the best were stolen. "FRANCIS P. SHARP. " Dr. Robb, Fredericton." (C (( 436 Wilhrd's Butter Machine. *' It being universally admitted that the great cause of butter turning rancid 'and unfit for the table, is. first, the cream not bein^of a proper temperature when churned ; second, ihe buttermilk not being thoroughly extracted ; and third, it being salted with dry salt, instead of a strong brine or pickle. " This Machine is so constructed that the butter can be made in much less time than by any other process, by male or female labour; and the Butter turned out perfectly cleansed from all impurity, and pressed into squares without being touched by the hand. During the process, the butter is impregnated with a very strong cleansed pickle, sufficient to keep it sweet all seasons of the year, and for a long time, butler prepared by this machine ma/ be kept years, if excluded from the air, in as pure a state as when from the%nachine. "The subscriber is prepared to grant licences for the manufacture and sale of this invention. « ASA WILLARD. " St. Jown, N. B., September 10th, 1851." " Newcastle, 3Qth August, 1852. "Dear Sir, — Mrs. Goodfellow has used the No. 3 size of • Willard's Butter Machine,' manufactured by you, constantly, since I purchased it from you in May last, and find that it makes the butter in very much less time, and with less labor than any other churn we have ever tried. It separates the butter from the milk so that not a particle of butter remains, consequently a larger quantity of butter is obtained from the same quantity of milk. The butter is thoroughly washed, and may be salted by the churn without being touched by the hand, (a great obje^in warm weather,) and is much cleaner and in better order than carFbe made after the old fashion, and the whole operation may be performed in the best carpeted parlor, without leaving a speck or stain, and the machine itself is easily cleaned and kept in order. I consider it decidedly the best churn I have ever seen, and have no hesitation in recommending it to the public. You are at liberty to make such use of this letter as you may see fit. " Your obedient servant, "ALEX. GOODFELLOW. ■■" Mr. Oliver Willaro, Newcastle." Churn and Butter Washer ^ This eburn will keep in circulation all ihe cream that is put into it, during the process of churning, which, in my belief, is not done by any other churn that has come before the public. 437 " 2nd. The vent, or free circulation of air, so essential in cliurning, is better provided for in this churn, than in any which has as yet made its appearance. " 3rd. There is no metallic substance in the interior of this churn, that can come in contact with the cream or butter, in tiie process of cljurning and washing. ' " 4th. As the salting of butter in the churn, is injurious to the wood of which it is made, it is recommended not to do so. " 5th. As the a.Kle in this churn runs entirely in wood, no metallic deposit can be formed which might discolour (he butter, or impair its flavor. "R. M'KENZIE." "Mr. Roderick M'Kenzie is a resident of Newcastle, Miramichi ; he has manufactured a number of superior Butter Churns, and as this certificate is expected to accompany the same to the Exhibition at Fredericton, we sincerely hope that such an excellent article will not be allowed to pass without either a trial or examination ; all who have had a tiial of them seem to think that nothing is wanted but to make such an excellent article known to the public. We can certify that we have known excellent butter produced by these churns, in three and a half, or more minutes. " A. Kirk, Calvin Niven, Thos. p. Bourne, Catharine M'Tavish, John Bagnall, William Masson, George Watt, William Gremley, Sarah Harkins, Anastasia Bagnall, Wm. Henderson, A. M., Isabella Masson. " Newcastle, 30th September, 1852." Fanning Machine. " The Fanning Machine is constructed on a different principle from that of any invented, or in use in this part of the country, in the following particulars : — " 1st. That all the wind that is collected in the cylinder is thrown to the 4)lace where the grain is emitted from the hopper to the slide, by which means the wind acts more powerfully on the grain, and cl6ans«s it thoroughly, that no wind escapes except Vvhere the chaff is ejected. • " 2nd. That the riddle atid sifevie are driven by a differeht process than formerly, being now driven by means of a spring and pulley, an(J fiot as heretofore by a crank, which occasions a very ^mall amot^nt of friction, arid li accomjianigd by little or ho nbifee. " Sl-d, The rnacblh'6 how eixhibited haiS " two riddle's and one 458 siieve, which is sufficient to clennse wheat, barley, oats, rye, buck- wheat, peas or beans ; should smaller grains or seeds, such as hay seed, be required to be cleaned, small riddles or sieves can be attached in the place of those now in the machine, with a trifling expense in addition. " 4lh. A Fanning Machine similar to the one exhibited, has been in operation for the last two years, and has not cost 2s. 6d. for repairs, and has performed a vast amount of work in the neighborhood, and is now in first rate working order. " RODERICK M'KENZIE." " We, the undersigned, inhabitants of the Town of Newcastle, do hereby certify that we have had occasion to call on Mr. Roderick M'Kenzie for the use of his Fanning Machine. We cheerfully certify that the machine has worked admirably we", and done entire satisfaction, the grain thoroughly cleaned, and the work done with great expedition. " Allan A. Davidson, Edwd. Williston, Patrick Morrissy, George Watt, George Ingrem, Moses M. Sargeant, Oliver Willarjo, John Miller, Calvin Niven, Wm. Henderson, A. M. Wm. Grimley-, J. C. Allan, William Loch, Edward Farrell, WiNCKwoRTH Allan, William Falconer, H. H. Patten, John Brander, John Bagnall, William Masson. (< Newcastlk, 30■ "The materials imported, are- Rosewood, the growth of the Brazils, imported from United States. Ivory and Ebony, the pro- duce of Africa, imported from England. Key-Pins, Rest-Pins, Steel and Copper Wire, Lock and Hinges, Damper Wires, Hopper- Pins, Vellum, Felt, and Leather, imported from England. Limetree, imported from Englan*r» compared with that ki^ ing, as it does, his candid opinion of our agricultural position, as J '^5, j.i at of other countries: — ' -^ j^ilv "St. John, lOth May, 1853. " Dear Sir, — Having been requested to express an opinion on the merits of the agricultural productions shown at Fredericton in October last, I do so with the more confidence from being able to form a comparison which few else in the Province, I believe, can. For a number of years back I have attended the Show^f the High- land, and Agricultural, and Royal Northern Societies 4PScotland, as reporter for a portion of the Scotch agricultural press, and in conse- quence given an amount of attention to the articles exhibited which casual observers seldom devote. At the time the Fredericton Exhi- bition was held 1 was but newly arrived from Scotland, nor had time worn off from my mind the impression of things as I left them there, and I was no less surprised than gratified at the quantity and quality ' of the grains, roots, and vegetables the building contained. , il / r I 446 / . " The grains (the wheal and oais especially) weio in sample, color, ./ and weight, par excellence, the best I had ever seen, and showed in' a striking light the superiority of climate in which they were o-rown as in Scotland or the north of England at the same date but little oi' the grain would be in a condition even to be threshed. "The turnips, carrots, beets, and cabbages, were all of them what would have been considered cracA: samples in the best cultivated dis- tricts of Scotland, proving both the soil and climate of New Bruns- wick to be adapted to a much more advanced and profitable system of agriculture than is yet believed in by many of its inhabitants. But besides these and the other articles of which I could judge by comparison with what I had seen at home, the variety of productions %^ j that cannot by any means be raised there, struck me most as illus- \trative of the agricultural resources of the Province, and the course ^f prosperity which science and industry may yet develop. "Turning from the vegetable to the animal exhibition, praise must be given less generally, still in some respects there was room both to approve and congratulate. In the pig tribe the show was decidedly good. TBere was less obesity and over feeding than is generally four.d on like occasions in Britain, but the points indicating rapid growth and prime quality were fully as well marked as there. ° " Of sheep there were a few prime animals, but as a whole there was not the display which might have been expected from a country so well adapted to this kind of stock ; for there is slight risk in prophesying that in a few generations sheep rearing and root feeding will be among the most profitable employments of the New Bruns- wick farmer. "Of cattle there were a number of very creditable specimens, considering the breeds to which they belonged, and the way in which they are in this country commonly kept ; but it seems to me a point open to consideration, if, under existing circumstances, the breeds that have been imported are the best adapted to the wants and character of the country. " The only portion of the exhibition in which I was seriously disappointed, was that in which, from profession, I felt most interested,* and which I had been accustomed to see the farmers where I came from regardij^g as the right arm of their agricultural strength — I mean the draught^lrses. Nor was this disappointment caused alone by the inferior quality of this kind of stock on the ground— a matter which I knew could not be all at once helped — but in great measure by the promulgation of a fallacious principle, the reverse of that which, from experience and necessity, it has been found profitable to adopt cisewwere ; I alluue to the idea of breeding for draught or farming purposes from the blood horse, or hunter, a proceeding good enough if the country were in a position to leave off work, and go a racing 447 or pleasure jaunting, but which il' it wish to acquire a name among the nations for laborious and persevering industry, it should by every means avoid. " I have alluded to this last topic, at the risk of being thought critical, in order to afford the promoters of the Exhibition and those interested in the Province, in few words, a candid and adequate idea of the judgment which would have been passed upon the different items of their agricultural productions had they been brought together in one of the best cultivated Counties of England or Scotland, instead of New Brunswick, and am, with much respect, "Yours very truly, "M. A. CUMING, V. S. "Dr. J. RoBB." j I MR. CUMING'S LETTER. the following is the Letter referred to in one of the resolutions passed at the meeting in January : — " Robert' Jaudine, Esq., " Dear Sir, — In compliance with your request to furnish a few observations relating to the Veterinary profession, for submission to the St. John Agricultural Society, and as I am as yet but a stranger, comparatively, both to you and to its members, 1 have taken "the liberty of connecting therewith copies of a few testimonials, the originals of which, along with others, you have already seen. '• You will observe that most of them are of an old date, having been procured nearly five y«ars ago, when competing for a situation in a district where the certifying parties were all well known ; and I may mentJcn farther, that through their influence the situation was obtained, where I might still have been, had 1 not wished to see a little more of the world, and to have a wider field of usefulness. " The Veterinary profession being altogether new in this Province, I may be allowed to mention a few of the aspects in which it may be expected to prove itself useful ; and in the first place, I think it necessary to correct an idea that seems common here, namelyj that it takes cognizance only of the diseases of the horse. Instead of this, the structure and diseases of cattle, of dogs, and, in short, of all the domestic animals, are comprised in the studies of the Veterinary Surgeon ; and you may observe, from some ofmy certificates, that in one of these classes (viz., cattle) I have had considerable experience and opportunity for investigation. " I may, therefore, at all times be consulted about the diseases of any of the domestic animals, either personally in St. John, or by letter from any part of the Province, when the case is such as to admit of time for correspondence, of to be susceptible of sufficiently accurate description ; and in order to meet the wants of those who may have occasion for such advice, I have, with the aid of friends better acquainted with the condition of the Province than myself, made up my tariff of charges on the most reasonnble terms, stipulat- ing only that when consulted by letter by panies at a distance, or not known, the consultation fee be enclosed ; and that when called from home specially to any particular case, whatever travelling expences are necessarily incurred should be paid, with i reasonable allowance for loss of time. " It has also been suggested that tny service:, may be made useful i49 to the dillercnt parts of ihc IVoviiicc. by visiting occusionally oi periodically, (at times lo be tnutually arranged and previously inti- mated,) tbe diflerent local Agricnltural Societies, or otlier centres of population. In any sclieme of this kind I shall hold myself entirely at the disposal of the Agricultural Societies or other influential parties in the Province ; and any practice done in this way 1 would charge Cor at the same rate only as if done at home in St. John, provided those who requested my services out guaranteed my travelling and other necessary expenses, or an amount of practice equal tliereto. As the idea of perambulating the Province in this way is to me altogether new, without some stipulation of this kind, 1 could hardly undertake commencing it. at the risk, it may be, of the loss of home practice, time and expense. Without reference, however, to* the above, I purpose, if it be desired, in the season for castrating colts, to make a tour of the Province, for the performance of this operation, regulating my charges as far as possible by the number of cases, that offer ; and should like to arrange previously about collecting them into parties, here and there, as localities may suit, when they could be operated upon both better and cheaper than if gone to separately. " Another way in which my profession may be made useful to the owners of animals in the Province, and that connects itself naturally with the idea of visiting from time to time the different parts of it, is the establishing in suitable localities depots for the sale of horse and cattle medicines, in forms prepared to meet the various diseases that inost commonly occur, and made up in quantities and with suitable directions for the different kinds of animal. In every country district, and especially in a scattered population like that of New Brunswick,' cases are of daily occurrence where the owners of animals have to trust to their own experience and common sense for the treatment of diseases among their stock. In such cases, even although the indica- tions of the diseare are the most plain, yet difficulties often exist lo know what and how much to give to. fulfil the end desired, and doubts as to the purity and even identity of the articles to be got. Both these doubts and difficulties may be obviated by having within reach a supply of the articles included in the following list, viz : For Horses. " Physic balls, in two sizes, suitable for larger or smaller animals. These made of the best selected aloes, and so combined with aromatics as to counteract the tendency to griping and sickness, are the only safe purgative a horse can get. " Diuretic, or urine balls. Useful in cases of grease, swelled legs, sheaths, and all diseases connected with plethora. " Cordial, tonic, or stimulating balls. The best restorative in all f-ases of debility or weakness of the stomach, especially after physicing 450 or over hard work. Highly useful in spring and autumn, when horses are shedding their coats, and iieble to sweating, faintish- ncss, &c. " Fever balls. Recommended in inflammation of the lungs, bowels or other internal organs, also in cases of feverishness from severe external injuries, when the horse will not bear purging. " Colic balls. Suitable for all cases of colic or gripes, where Inflammation does not exist. " Ball for mitigating broken wind or heaves. " Cough ball. To be given in cases of protracted colds or coughs, where there is a profuse discharge from the nostrils or lungs ; also in incipient farcy or glanders. " Astringent ball, for cases of diarrhoea, dysentery, superpurga- tion, &ic. " Condition Powders. The best alterative in all cases of unthrifti- ness of the skin, dryness of hair, and want of appetite and condition. " Cough Powders. Suitable for chronic coughs, colds and thickness of wind, where there is no profuse discharge from the throat or nostrils. " Worm powders, with full directions for the extirpation of these parasites. ' " Blistering ointment. For severe sprains, spavins, ringbones, splints, &c. " Healing ointment, for sores ; ointment for mange or itch ; oint- ment for chaps, cracks, and other injuries about the feet of horses in the winter. " Sweating liniment, for strains, windgalls, &tc. "Sweating oil, for coughs, sore throats, influenza, strangles, Uc. For Cattle. " Purgative powders, in three sizes, for small, medium, and large sized cattle. Suitable in cases of constipation, indigestion, hoven, hide-bound, and all derangements of the stomach, liver and bowels, where physic is indicated. These powders are a combination of saline and vegetable physic, and contain medicines never before used on this side the Atlantic, being only of recent introduction at the Veterinary Colleges. They are the only purgative for cattle yet introduced in Britain that can be depended on for safety and efficiency. "Tonic powders, for cattle. Highly useful in cases of debility or want of appetite, consequent on severe purging, change of food, over travel, or the like. " Sweating liniment, for strains in the limbs of cattle — a different composition from the horse liniment. For Horses or Cattle. " Powder for making wash for killing vermin. " Caustic powder, for taking off proud flesh. 461 " Whitewash powders, for sore backs, shoulders, and wounds and bruises uf all kinds. " Foot-rot powder, for thrushes in the feet of horses, * foul of the foot' in cattle, and ' foot-rot' in sheep. " Fever powders, for horses or cattle. Recommended in inflam- mation of the lungs, bowels, &:c., also in cases of severe external injuries, when the patient has had physic given. " Astringent powder, for purging, diarrhoea and dysentery in cattle and sheep. " Each of these preparations is accompanied with plain printed directions as to the kind of cases in which it is applicable, and the mode in which it is to be used ; and the whole are made up on formulae tested by my own experience ; and by selecting the drugs of the best quality, and making them up in quantities, 1 cannot only with confidence recommend them for their efficiency, but can sell them at as cheap a rate as preparations of a far inferior kind are sold. The extent to which quack horse medicines are sold, however value- less they may be, and however absurd their pretensions, shows the nature of the wants of the country ; and the evils which are inflicted in this way can only, I fancy, be met by supplying the public with genuine articles, having no ridiculous pretensions to cure all diseases, but every one of which is simply and truly what it is represented to be. Should my endeavors to meet the wants of the community in this way be accepted, I shall be glad to send samples of the medicines, with list of prices, and all other information to any parties who may be recommended as suitable agents by the St. John or other Agricul- tural Societies. " It was also suggested to me in correspondence, previous to coming here, that I would likely be asked on my arrival, by young men natives of the Province, for instruction in the Veterinary Art; but however desirable such might be for the more populous and distant parts of the Provi'ice, I have as yet heard nothing further on the subject. I may, therefore, be allowed to mention the means that were adopted by those interested in the matter for a diffusion of veterinary knowledge in Scotland, at a time when the art was as new there as it is now here — say thirty years back. " The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland established the Veterinary College of Edinburgh, by giving its patronage to Professor Dick, and by granting him annually a small sum as rent for class and dissecting rooms, and for hospital medicines, so as to enable him to treat gratis the horses and other animals of the poor. By these means an extensive in-door piaclice was raised, and numerous interesting and a wide variety of general cases came under the notice both of the Professor and students that otherwise would never have 452 boon seen. But all ihcso would hnvo taken a long time to difluse ilnoiigh the land veterinary knowledge and sound principles in the treatment of animals to the extent that they now exist, had tlm subject not been taken up by the local Airricultural Societies and leadmg gentle:nt;. uUh: country. Many of these, (the Agricultural Societies,) and .som.Umes spirited proprietors, on their own account sent up young men to the Veterinary College, paying more or 1l-«s of the cost as they could agree, and promising their patronage and employment on their return, conditioning only that they should give then- services in the district that had contributed to their instruction. By this means the usefulness of the profession soon came to be found out, and long since all such adventitious aid has ceased to be needed and there are now as many young men studying for the profession as the wants ol the country require. "Should the Agricultural Societies of New Brunswick at any time entertain a wish to follow in the same track, I shall show both my will and ability to aid them by my earnest endeavors to make the proceeding successful ; as an encouragement, I may mention that in Scotland, within the last thirty years, the loss of animals by disease has decreased by one-half; not so much in consequence of more cures being effected— although that has had a certain share— as from the dissemination of more knowledge, and better systems in the rearing and general management of their stock, many diseases bavins- through this means altogether disappeared. ^ "The only other mode that I shall mention in which the experience of the vetermarian is made extensively available at home, a id which does not seem to be appreciated here, is in examining horses for sale or purchase. Most people who have had Jo sell or buv horses know how much their value is enhanced when they are ' warranted sound ;' and in England, when a man has a horse to sell, Jiowever sound he may think him, it is seldom that he cares to take the responsibility of warranting on himself, when, for the matter of half a sovereign, he can have the more satisfactory evidence of a veterinary examination and certificate; and, on the other hand, if a horse is to be bought, if the seller is not prepared to give the fullest satisfaction, the buyer generally has recourse to veterinary opinion as to his qualifications and capabilities, in preference to any other. During the short time I have been in this country, 1 have not, of course, had time to see much of the way in which horses are bought and sold ; but in the little that I have seen, the amount o{ jockeying' carried on seems excessive, in proportion to the real business done. This tendency to ' smartness' in horse-dealing affairs would be materially kept in check, at it is at home, bv the intei-vontion hotwppn tho uni-^jp" '^'* « thirdsman, no way interested in the price, but speaking only to the soundness and qualifications of the article to be sold. Time, however. W3 «; nnd exporioncc ol it3 iisofiilnoss, ran «!xiensively in these transactions. alono intro( Inco this oleniont "I am, your obed ient servant, i *' St. John, November 24, 18."52." "M. A. CUMING. 1 iS^OM of reBtimom'fllfi. (From Professor Dick, of the Veterinary College, Edinburgh.) \ certify that Mar" A. Cuming attended here the usual course of study, and obtained his diploma, also two medals out of three which were given to the students of his year. And from his unremitting attention to his studies, and the knowledge of his profession which he ac(juired, as \ycll as his uniform good conduct and steadiness, 1 have no hesitation in fully and strongly recommending him to any society or gentlemen who may have occasion for his services as a Veterinary Surgeon. WILLIAM DICK. Edinburgh, Vet. College, 2Tth January, 1848. (From Mr. Barlow, Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Lecturer on Diseases of Cattle, Veterinary College, Edinbiirg/i. I certify that during the time Mr. M. A. Cuming was attending my class on Veterinary Anatomy, he was distinguished for great diligence, and for the highly satisfactory progress which he made in his studies. Mr. Cuming paid particular attention to the diseases of cattle during his stay here ; and since he obtained his diploma, he has written several articles on this branch of veterinary practice, which confer on him great credit, as regards his knowledge of the structure and dis- eases f these animals. JOHN BARLOW. Edinburgh, Vet. ColKge, 27th January, 1848. (From. D. Wilson, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Lecturer on Chemistry, Edinburgh.) I hereby certify that Mr. Mari A. Cuming was for two years a pupil of the Chemistry Class laught by n)e, in connection with the Edinburgh Veterinary Collegi During that period, Mr. Cuming assisted me in examining the class, and displayed i^reat knowledge of 464 chemistry, and inucli sagacity in speculating on its laws, as well as in applying these to the explanation of physiological and pathnlofical phenomena. I also derived nmch help iVoin Mr. Cuming's occasional labors along with mo in conducting experiments and prosecuting researches, and had many opportunities ol" observing his originality of mind, patience, perseverance and accuracy. Mr. Cuming was also the author of several essays on the relation of chemistry to dilTerent important questions of physiology and pathology, which were characterised by great clearness, precision and extent of knowledge. Altogether it hua not often been my lot to meet with one who made a greater impression on me than Mr. Cuming did as to sagacity, capacity, and amount of information. He is the most accomplished veterinarian student whom I ever met with, and likely greatly to distinguish himself. GEORGE WILSON. 24, Brown Square, Edinburgh, April 20th, 1847. (From the Vcterinarij Medical Society of Edinburgh.) Mr. Cuming, Sib, — I am requested by the Members of the Veterinary Medical Society to convey to you their sincere thanks for the excellent and valuable papor you were so kind as to send them, on " Poisoning by Lead," so full of practical information and scientific research, which confers great honor on the Society, in having such a distinguished member. I am, sir, your most obedient servant, CHAS. S. ROMANIS, Secretary. Edinburgh, March 9th, 1847. (From Joseph Tait, Esq., Veterinary Surgeon to the Banffshire Farmers' Club.) I hereby testify that I have met the bearer, Mr. Cuming, on several occasions, in way of our business, and always found him very expert in every operation. I consider him a very clever Veterinarian, and will, I am convinced, give every satisfaction to any person who may require his services in the Veterinary art. Portsoy, 28th January, 1848. JOSEPH TAIT. (From Mr. M'Gillavbay, Veterinary Surgeon, Huntly.) The bearer, Mr. M. A. Cuming, Veterinary Surgeon, BanfF, has been personally known to me ever since the commencement of his 466 professional life. I have nuicli pleasure in testifying that I always considered his natural talents to be of a very high order ; and his professional acquirements are such as might bo expected to result from iho abovo circumstance, combined with his indomitable per- severance, when enga lor a period of throe years, and that from all I have seen of him 1 heJieve him fo he a man of i3;ood character and good ahilities, very well informed in hi^ pio- fession, and very succissfnl in his treatment. His mam\ers me mild and i^entlemanly, and 1 donht not his whole eondnct and character will give satisfaction in the discharge of his duties, in whatever <]uar( was subject to be reduced by outstanding claims, in al) 461 amounting to nearly £200, so that the net amount left in hand, after all the expences oj the Exhibition and the Society have been dis- charged, a httle exceeds £100. It affords me great pleasure to ba enabled to maKe this statement because a very different result was at one time apprehended, and it njusgje confessed that a very different and much less agreeable result v/offfd have occurred if it had not been fo&, the great attractions and the amazing success of our Exhibition. But \vhile we have reason for gratitude and encouragement in the fact that this great experiment has not entirely exhausted our exche- quer, it has become evident that the expencesof such Exhibitions are too great to permit the.n to be repeated more frequently than once in three years. The sub-committee appointed to make arrangements for the repre- sentation ol the Province at Dublin and New York, have addressed circulars to all parts of the Province re4uiring specimens for show, and though many of these are yet unanswered, we have reason to believe a creditable exhibition of Provincial grains will at any rate be procured. The Government have acied toward us in this matter with great liberality and promptitude. Immediately on the requisition of the Society it contributed £250 from the public funds towards the expences of these preparations, leaving it to thd Legislature to make further and more competent provision. It is worthy of our consideration to-ni^ht whether the Irish Show IS not the one at which it is most important to our interests to be well represented. It is from Ireland we must expect to drrw our most desirable and valuable element of industrial success— human labor— a.id perhaps no ^one thing would more certainly lead to the sort of emigration we so much desire than to establish for our country a favorable agricultural character at the great Dublin Exhibition. We have nothing to fear in offering samples of our grains. Richibucto has given us wheat weighing 67 lbs. to the bushel t half cleaned oats were put on show at our own Exhibition which weighed aslhey were 49 lbs., and when properly cleaned up 52 to 53. Lists of Provincial materials and products suited to these Shows have been published by our Society. Space has been allotted to us botli at Dublin and New York, and it is to be hoped that the farmers and mechanics of New Brunswick wii' aid us in our exertions to secure a reputation for our country in ?he '^pitals of Ireland and the United States. (The ler.n^-. President then entered into some explanations of the proceedings of the Society in relation to weights and measures, a digest of the County agricultural societifjs reports in this Society's annual general reports; Dr. Cuming, Veterinary Surgeon, and other objects fully detailed in the report.) ^ion. A. «. BoTSFORD in moving isi resolution, said : Mr. President,^! have always taken a deep interest in the success .of this Society, and as I can at best only regard myself as an honorary 462 member, I suppose I may speak in its praise without indelicacy. I have Jong been impressed with a sense of its value to the best interests of our country, I have watched its proceedings with close attention, and am bound to admit that 1 yield it the tribute of my heartiest approbation, and acknowledge tl^ obligations of the Province for its patriotic exertions and success, sir, it deserves a unanimous expres- sion of Provincial gratitude ; the information it has diffused has been invaluable ; I have witnessed the beneficial effects in my own section of the Province, and am authorised to speak with confidence of the benefit and grautude of the farmers of Westmorland. Some years ago, sir, our situation was a very painful and humiliating one, the repeated failures of the potato and other crops, the com- mercial embarrassments and bankruptcies which became so general, disheartened our people ; ppverty and even want became more frequent and distres-iing in the poor and remote districts than many are aware of to tiiis day. The impression was spreading rapidly that the far west was an easier and more favorable country for the working man, and the man of enterprise ; distrust became almost uni\'ersal in the capabiliti'-'? of our soil and country to return an adequate reward to industry, aaJ many, very many, of our hardy and once hopeful Provincial yeomanry turned their backs upon us, and sought a better fortune in a foreign land. Sir, I allude to these circumstances to justify and give weight to the cheering sentiment of the resolution I am to offer you ; times have indeed improved since then ; good crops have been restored to us, our fields have renewed their fertility, our barns have been filled with the rich abundance of our harvests, the commerce of the world has been improved, and we have participated in the benefits. Increased knowledge of the real resources of our Province has enlarged public confidence. IVIany of those who left us found disappointment rather than success, and some of them have gladly returned and said so — content once again to take the ciiances of Provincial life. Members of the Legislature, magistrates, and men of intelligence and influence generally, in the different districts have turned their attention to the resources of our own soil, and disseminated more con*ect and encouraging information of its true character. Complaints have been made of the severity of our winters, but, sir, if these are cold they inspire men with vigor, and stimulate#them to healthy and profitable exertion. Southern climates enervate man physically and intellectually, and deprive him both of the inclination and ability to work. I hold it to be one of the most fortunate circumstances connected with our position that our climate forces us to be industrious. It is, sir, the hardy sons of northern climates who have given impulse to the enterprise of the world. The native productions of our country compare favorably with those of tlie United States and England. We have aolhiftg to i<»ar in a l^ 463 comparison of soils, of coal fields, of timbers, or of fish. In fact natur*' has given us one of the most highly favored countries on the face ot the earth. The Exhibition of last October, for which all praise is due to the exertions of this Society, has tended greatly to strengthen our confi- dence in our people and country, and has attracted the attention and admiration of our colonial and republican neighbours. The county agricultural societies throughout the Province have not in all cases dealt justly by the literality oi the Legislature, still many of them have encouraged the introduction of improved systems of cultivation, and the employment of improved implements. 1 have long thou<'ht that a general combination, such as is found in this Society ,*would°bo of immense advantage. United effort seems essential to any con- siderable success in all pursuits, and scientific instruction is one of the prime necessities to the farmers of this a^e. With these observations, sir, I beg to propose the resolution, and shall only add in conclusion, that when we obtain a fair admission to the markets of the United States (which is the only stimulus we require,) the rapidity of our progress will surprise the most sanguine,' and produce a degree of success for which we are scarcely prepared. The hon. gentleman then moved the 1st resolution. Resolved, That this meeting rejoices at the manifest change of the public mind, on all hands, evinced in Civor of the natural capabilities and advantages of this Province. D. S. Kerr, Esq., said, I rjse to second the resolution proposed by my honorable friend, Mr. Botsford, and trust I shall be permitted to occupy a little of your time in glancing at the history and achieve- ments of our Society. It may not be known to ali she gentlemen present that the New Brunswick Society was not even organized till the year 1849, and did not commence it? operations until 1850. IVi those years, sir, the habit was all but universal to cry down our Province and 'people. The disposition to emigrate was showing itself in*e very district ; our best men were leaving by scores. One'of the very first efforts of the Society was to array itself against this unpatriotic system of self depreciation, and with what success is told in the great and beneficial changes which have since occurred, for it will not and it cannot be denied that a large share of influence in the production of these good effects is to be credited to the labors and publications of this Society. Among the evidences of an improved feeling of confidence iti the country, I may mention that the grants in the Crown Land Office last year were greater by thirty or forty per cent, than they were in i84b and 1649. A settlement and home is now becoming an object of atnbition to oar young men, who, a few short years ago, cast 464 longing eyes across the border. Our country is well entitled to confidence and praise. We had wheat sent up to the Exhibition in October, weighing 68 lbs. to the bushel, and this, sir, was no solitary instancelrt^ltrtglelmmpte: — ^Five samples weighed 67 lbs. each, and of thirty samples sent, the lightest weighed over 6^Jll§. The jury who sat upon this grain declare it CQuldnoUift-aflfpassedih th? world, and that they were right is easily demonstrated, by a reference to the weight of wheat put on show at the World's Exhibition' in London. Some of our oats weighed 53 lbs., and the dferage weight of this grain was over 50 lbs. Our flour was pronounced superior to the Gennessee. Competent judges from Britain and the United States declared our roots an d ve getables to be the fi ngsLthay had ever seen. Sir, the effects of this Exhibition Tias been to change ihe mind of the country, it has given us a new heart, and inspired courage in us to go to work hopefully, to make New Brunswick the happy and prosperous home of ourselves and families. The country has been demonstrated to be a good country, all we want is will and energy in the people. Before I conclude, Mr. President, I must avail myself bf the occasion to express my personal gratitude to you, for the, zeal and perseverance with which you devoted yourself for many months in the preparations for that great Exhibition, which in the end produced such glorious results. I beg to second the resolution. ^ The resolution was then put and carried unanimously. The Hon. J. Brown, M. L. C, in moving the second resolution, /f spoke as follows : — Mr. President, — It is my duty to speak to this resolution, yet I hardly know what I can add i » that, which has been so well and sd iruly said by the gentlemen who have preceded me. I am bound to support them in all they have said respecting the effects of the disasters and depressions of 1848 and 1849. Men's hearts failed them, and many very many deserted us ; it is a wonder how we bore up against it at all, Mr. President, and we would not if it had not been for the support of our farmers, and perhaps they would not have supported us, only it was impossible lor them to desert. In our extremity we sent for Professor Johnston, he made a reconnoisance of the Province and reported favorably, yet the country said he was sent for to deceive us and the world. His whole report was denounced as a fabrication. Though I travelled with the Professor, I confess I myself could scarcely credit the flattering results obtained by him, until the great Exhibition of last year, congregated all the products of the different portions of the Province, and distanced the eulogies of the Professor. No man could distrust the demonstration of that show. I came up to the show, sir, with my little tribute of a half bushel 466 of wheat. 1 came with many hopes and not without Some appre- hensions, but, sir, 1 came wholly unprepared for the 16000 people 1 ■n>et ill your city ; for the rrch and varied array of such magnificent agricultural productions ; the specimens of mechanical skill so honora- ble to Provincial ingenuity, and 1 came, sir, unprepared to find so many people with so much to make them proud and happy, and (mprepared to find my week in Fredericton, as J confess with joy, I did find it the proudest and happiest -of my life. Sir, it is a proud position to be enabled to boast justly that we can beat the world in wheat. The northern districts of the Province would amaze those who have not visited them ; they amazed me. Our whole country is almost a wilderness even yet, \Ve want more people, more able bodied men to work it. It is not my purpose to suggest any emigration scheme, but I contentjnyselfwiih the remark, we want small capitalist farmers, and we want farm laborers. The task of converting the forest into a farm is not very hard work, Mr/ President, and 1 know all about it and have gone through it all. I cut and piled and burned the ti'ees upon the land, \vhich gave me a right to vote, and afterwards qualified m6 to sit as a member of the -Assembly. All h wants, sir, is a good axe and a good will, the crop is soon got in, and the harvest, though plentiful, is not difficult ; no manure is wanted for the rich virgin soil, a strong hand and a stout heart are your only requisite?. The man who is discontented here must look for the cause in himself, not in the country; labor is no curse, so far from it, sir, it is a great blessmg ; the curse is on him who has nothing to do. I doti't like, I confers, to be over wrought, but just enough is pleasant and profitable. A life of industry is a life of pleasure, for with us a farmer may easily find time to read and to play, as well as to work, and the rude independence he enjoys is just the most valuable element of the truest happiness. California and Australia have nothing to compare with it. Then, sir, we can get up as well as on in the world in New Brunswick as readily as any where else, as 1 have learned in my own experience, and I have come up in this country from the very lowest condition to almost th highest — ** Bliss ii^ the same in subject as in king. Hon. Mr. Brown then moved the second resolution. Resolved, That this society regard's such favorable change of sentiment of vast value, towards the elevation and advancertient of this country, as eminently tending to improve its character, and to introduce emigration and capital from abroad, to stimulate public and private efforts, and promote contentment and hnppiness at home.'' i-frtn iVir l-l a "my nr*/\M> ^i T xxtns* irsfncr^nf tVff** Dn^^trl a.*^- ^s. *U«v am^.'-mI " •' "*" - - '^"*i^-vi vna i r-wj |.'fwc-«jii, ±72.1, X 1 eoiucii t j a I iwo aniiiMii meeting of your Society in February, 1852, when it was resolved to H i! I R 4^6 I ask the Legislature for £500, in aiH of the proposed exhibiiion. Although I seconded th( resolution for that application, I confess my faith was not over strong, and that I did so with imuj ' )ubts. You may well imagine, sir, from these circumstances that 1 looked to the results with great anxiety, and lelt that no small portion of respon- sibility rested upon mystlf, and you will be able to lancy with what delight I haled the juyful information, that in spite oi fears and discouragements the great Provincial Exhibition had been attended with the most signal and compl Esq. — I feel bound, Mr. President, to confirm a}i that has been said in praise of Mr. Jardine. Our whole capital stock Cw-WTV^ ^M„*-pj»y^^|»iT,tij||# • 471 of iuformation at the outset was derived from his valuable reports 10 Ifie Agricultural Society of St. Jo|in. I do not hesitate to declare Mr. Jardme to be one of the most valuable men in New Brunswick Hon. Harris Hatch, M. L. C— I am very much gratified, Mr! rresident, wuh the proceedings of this evening, and havelon^ felt % deep concern in the prosperity of this Society. I consider it pf great imporunce that the Province should be creditably represented at ]\ew York and Dublm, and am pleased to learn of the preparations in which you are engaged. Among the obligations which your Society has conferred upon the locality in which I am more immediately interested, I must not omit to thank you in the name of the people of tcmt Andrews for the delight and information which were afforded to us by a visit from Dr. Cuming, Veterinary Surgeon, whose presence in the Provmce is, I , believe, mainly to be credited to the influence and exertions of this Society. There is, sir, a great lack of self-reliance and self-respect among our farmers. They do not occupy their proper position in the social scale ; they do not sustain each other as they ought, and they do not exhibit that pride in their profession to which it is so well entitled. These evils will never be eradic- d until Our farmers are persuaded to read more, and advise themseives of theii- true value, and the value of their employment to the country. There can be no doubt, sir, among the intelligent, that the ultimate prosperity of the Province depends chiefly ^n the success of our agriculture, and the skill, industry, and enterprise of our agriculturists. If our farmers were but true to themselves and their own interests, the Legislature would not withhold assistance from the public funds for the foundation of district agTicuUural libraries, and the establishment of .hese would shortly lead to a taste for reading and enlarged information on the many interesting and useful subjects connected with the improved husbandry of the age. Although, sir, like yourself, the greater part of my Hfe has been directed to the profession of the law, I am so much of a farmer that I not unfrequently eat bread from my own wheat and always grow my own beef and pork. I know enough of farming and farmers in New Brunswick to stale with confidence that our great agricultural difl5culty exists in the apathy of our agriculturists. ' I trust the success of our first experiment in Exhibitions will induce the Government and Legislature to make liberal provision for another Provincial Show in 1855. I tnust acknowledge, sir, that 1 brought sotte fears with me to ih© last Exhibition ; but, sir, I shared these fears with thousands of others, and they only served to increase our astonishment and satis- faction. The next show, sir, will be -atteaded with no fears ^}'ou have taughi us to rely with confidence on the ability of our country to supply h richly, and you have taught us that we must not distrust *;:S* "77^ ^ mmmm ■* ,1^.^. I at,-^ 472 .• . Joiir sKin ln"ll'irRMnprnentj7" TFie next Show will collect together more spectators than the last — more Contributors, and more varied and valuable' contributions. Many were unprepared at the last Exhibition, and feoine only thought of preparing when the time was past ; take my word for it, sir, that come when i*t will, the farmers and mechanics will_ be prompt enough with their preparations wlren your next Show is announced. My heart is wrapt up in the agricnl- tural prosperity of New Brunswick. It becomes us all, whatever our position, to work with heart and hand to promote it. I beg to propose the resolution. Whereas the beneficial effects of the late Provincial Exhibition have been so fully acknowledged by the Government and Legislature of the country, and whereas such Exhibitions promise to be of increasing importance to the prosperity and welfare of the community, therefore ilcso/tW, That it is expedient that another general Pi'ovincial Show and Fair should be he|d under the auspices of this Society in ' the year 1855, at such time and place as shall hereafter be determined. J. T. WiLMSTON, Esq., M. P. P. — It would seem Mf< President, that England expectst every man to do his duty lo-night, and I suppose 1 must try to do mine, though 1 am no farmer. No man can be insensible to the immense advantages wh'ich have resulted from our Exhibition in October last— wherever two or three are gathered together, the Exhibition is the subject of discourse. The agricultural products which were brought up from the different sections of the Province taught our farmers a new faith in the capd- bilities of the country ; and the comparison of these, one with another, excited a spirit of inquiry which in itself will prove of inestimable advantage. By or before l855 another Show will be demanded, and it is very cheering to be informed, fas we * ^.ve been to-night, that all the expenses have been met, and that } jor Society stands in the enviable condition of possessing a balance in its favor. When I voted for the £500 in aid of your preparations for the Exl|^ibition, I did it in obedience to a sense of duty, but I confess with no anticipa- tion of the great results which have attended it. I think you need entertain no apprehensions that the Legislature will hesitate hereafter to- afford any requisite, assistance from the public funds. It has occurred to me, sir, that your Society might advantageously, in conniection with its other schemes, encourage the manufacture of an improved quality of- domestic cloths. The Province is capable of raising any quantity of sheep and yet we are expending immense ' sums every year for imported dlothing. I think, sir, it would be easy for iw to clothe as well as feed ourselves. A few years ago the lumlleT'ers of Northumb^rfafid imported almost every pound of poitfc they carried to thfe woods, in the cmirse of the present wiriteir the m 473 farmers of that county have pui up over fiftetn hundred barrels of hdtae fed pork for our lumberers. , I believe, Sir, that the disasters of 1847, sad and melancholy as they were at the time, were in the end productive of advantage ; they drove our people from the forest to the farm, and turned our lumberers into farmers. I second the resolution. . Passed unanimously. The following, being the 6th resolution, was moved by J. A. Beckwith, Esq., and seconded by the Rev. Mr. Churchill, * Resolved, That Mr. James Whitman, of New York, be, and hereby. ^ \h, nominated and appointed resident Agent for the Province of New Brunswick at the forthcoming Exhibition of Industry at New York. Rev Mr. Churchill. — I have been entrusted with a resolution, Mr. Prepidenf, from which I could very easily make a speech, and from which I would make one if it were not soi|te in the evening, but that my resolution tells its own tale, ana scarcely requires comment. Resolutions, Sir, when properly prepared are like steps, and to-night we have by six easy and ingenious gradations, approached a landing place, to which it is now my duty to invite the meeting, •i .Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting, the Legislature should make such an appropriation of money as will secure an adequaite representation of the industrial resources and manufactures of the Province at the forthcoming Exhibitions of New York and Dublin. Now if any one present, especially if any of our Legislative friends, should dislike this landing place let them say so openly ; though how they can dislike it, is, I confess to me a mystery ; for both by their speeches and their votes they have been helping us, through all the evening, in our ascent to this — and no other resting place. I think they are fairly caught, and I dare say very willingly. Sir, we have been solicited to contribute to the Shows in New York and Dublin. Wo have engaged to do so — space Jbas been already assigned for our contributions, and the Provincial character cannot fail to be compromised if the Legislature fail to supply the neces- saryfunds. But I will not suffer myself to apprehend any such result. I look confidently for a favorable vote here to-night, and considering the large representation with which, we are honored from both Houses, I shall consider such a vote all but equivalent to one in suji^ly. Dr. RoBB. — ^The Society proposes to limit itself to vegetable and mineral productions for tha Dublin Show ; the selections for New York will include manufactures* I am very sure that we possess ample material in the Province to make such a character for us as our best friends would desire, and we certainly should not lose this oppor-^ tunity to exhibit ourselves advantageously. Some doubts have becm - ^iuggested on the subject, but I am fully persuaded that agricultupwr products are admissable at the New York Exhibition, Hesolution passed unanirnoiisl}-. ' n wmm mmm 474 •. • The following, being the 8th resolution, was moved by David S. Kerr, Esquire, seconded b;^ Dr Kobb, and passed wilhouii remaric, ' Resolved, That Robert Gowan and D. S. Kerr, Esquires, be a special committee to inquire and report to this Society at the annual meeting in Jiuuiary next, as to any alteration and improvement that can be made in the Constitution of this Society, with a view to the more efficient working of it in the different Counties and localities of the Province ; and notii^e is hereby givim that sucli suggested alter- ations, if approved of by two-iliirds of the meeting, shall be adopted agreeably to the powers given by the Constitution for that purpose. The Hon. A. E. Botsford having been c your htter of the S!2d ult., I altented the meelinjr called hy trie SeirciHry of dio York County Agri- cultural Society, in pursuance of tho sujf^eslions contnined in Dr. Robb's Circular of the 30th iVIiiy last, and acted na df legale for the Northumberland Society, and have now irrent pU'iisnre in reporting to you the favorable result of that meetinjf. Robfrt Jardine. Esquiro. thf President of the St. John Agricul- tural Society, and niso oneof Ihe Vic<' Presidents oftho New Brunswick Socle.y, was in attendance on behalf of St. John: ond rendered very esnentin! service, as did also several practical faiiner9, and others who ottended on behalf of York. The Counties represented at the meelinji were Fredericton, Saint John, Northumberland, Westmorland, and Gloucester. It wns , iBt, Rtsolved, Tliat Mr. M. A. Cuming, Voferiuary Surgeon, wtio, a short time since arrived from Scotland, niid is now reHiHent in St. John, in the practice oftiis prof«ssioD, should 1)6 employed to proceed to Brlinin, there to select and tiring out 8ucb horeefl as might b« required hy such of the Agricultural SocicliHR as were willing to avail themielves of |he hberal grant of the Legislature, and ofMr. Cuming'd experience. Jl^nd, That the New Rrunswick Society should he requested to act on behalf of the aiso- flpted Agricultural Societies, and carry into effect their wishes. 8rd, That, as the Executive Government had declined advancinf; any money, it would be ■eceMary for such Sooieties te^depoiit £175 Sterling in the Central Bauk at the outset. 476 • The Executive Committee of that Society affreod to comply with that requni on condition that tho auni named ahoiilU be made pnyablo to their order. Telt-' graphic commnnicniions were foriihviih sent lo oilier Conntioa, whereupon Kent. Albert, and Ohorlone agreed lo joi.i and provide tho neccNary funds. Mr. Cuming woa next communicated wiih, and arrived here laai evc-ning, when h« waa put in poasession ol 8pociol inalructions from the several Socielida.and of bif general inairuciiona from the Now Urunawick Society, which were in eubalanea na follows:— i That ho wai to proceed lo Tti iinin in ihe ntpnmer from irnlifav on Thurnflny next, and procure upon ihe bc«f tormH n lior^o for cituli nmuciiitud Counly, conllninff liiniicir itrioltv 10 Uie (peniitl indriictinnii of »ur Miriiini«;hi,iiiiiiuiiiiliioopportuniiy •lioiild lie found. Ihat proper ■iall« vyeie lo Im lined up betwwn deck*, nrnr tliu|pain hntch,fo a* to aflbrd a» inucli liRit and iiir n« poiiible. Eiirh liurto to bo well and iuniciemly »lun|r, and provided Willi Fuiiablo riotliiMg, and food and water for CO le(rranhed tc Mr.Korr !l!!.<3 mornin;^ in srdsrths*' yo.ur" Society might avail itself of the opportunity it wished, to do so iikewis" 1 476 To r9iDor« tor objection! that miy be raiMd in tha event of iIm Sheep beiog Uoiled at St. John, &nd the difficulty of getting them over, I have arraoged, if ao desired, that they may remain with those for York till the winter, when tUey can b« aent over on aleds. Should you not decide in time to conimuiUcate with Mr Cominsr Mon be leaves Halifax, 1 presume tou wiJi be in time to do so by the next ateamer. He lea us to-day, and will leave St. John, for Halifax, on Monday night, to take passage in the ateamer on Thursday, ao as to be in Britain )D time for the Agricultural Sbowa which take place in the course of this month. The New Brunswick Society have furnished Mr. Coming with a number of copret of Professor Johnston's Report on the Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick, and likewise with the Reports of tbe Society, and inetructed him to nse his influence to inluoe intending emigrants to make this fertile, healthy, free and happy Province, their adopted coptry ; and, aa far as time and circurostaneea' would permit, to carry out the views contemplated by Mr. Kerr in hia resolution offered to the House 4]f Aisembly at their laat session. He was particularly requeated to use his best endeavors to induce a number of ploughmen and grooms to come out, and to assure them of immediate employment. We Tvere not advised at tho meeting what King's and Queen's Counties had done, or intended doing, but it was stated that Victoria and Carleton had each determined to send to Canada for a horse, that Sunbury had sent to Vermont, and that Resrigouche spoke of importing a Normandy horse. Should these horses, together with those sent for by Mr. Cuming, arrive safely in tbii Province, we may expect ina few years to become exportera inatead of import- ers of horsee, aa we heretofore have been. I conOdently believe at all eveqts that the large and powerful aniipals to be imported, as above, will impress, for many years to come, a greatly improved character upon the horses of the Province. I have the honor to 1)e, gentlemen, your ob'dt servant, r. - . V , ^ ., WILUAM CARMAN. GEaROK KxRR, Jahki Caik, Michael Skarl, Committee qf the Northumberland Agricultural Society. Weight§ and IVIeasurcs. Oorio^ last Session a committee of the Society resumed the consideration of the Provincial Weights and Meaaures, (v. p. 349,) and submitted a draft of a Bill to the Government, which finally passed the Legislature on the 3d of May. 185a It is entitled 'Mn Ad regulating WeigMs and Meaauns,*' and consist of 19 sections, the titles of which are subjoined for reference :-> 1. Uniformity in Weight* and Measuraa to be Mcured. * 2. All articleB to be sold by aToirdupoia weight, except certain articlei which are to be sold by trov weight. 3. The English lineafyard: to be the unit of length. 4. The measure of liquids to be the old English wine gallon. 6. The measure of dry capacity to Jbe the Windiester bushel. 6. Complete sets ofweiphtsand measures to be procured by Lieutenant GoTcrnor. 7. Such weiehts& measures to be deposited in the Office of the Provincinl Secretary. 8. Clerks of the Peace to procure duplicates. 9. Clerks of Markeu aud Town Clerks to , keep Mts of weights and measures, diily proved and stamped, as standards. 10> TnMfl officers mav enter nlacsa af kuai. ness, and ships and vessels, to examine. 11. Weights of soft metals disallowed; 12. Imperfect weights and measures, and weighing instruments, to bo seized; penalties declared. 13. Officers appointed by Common Council of St. John to have same powers as Market Clerks and Town derks. 14. Use of the heaped measure abolished. 16. The standard bushels of grains, seeds and roots, to be of certain weights respectively. 16. Coals to be sold by the ton of two thou- sand two hundred and forty ponnda avoirdupois. 17. Recovery of penalties. 18. Repeal of former Acts and parts of AcU. 19. Time when this Act shall come int* operation. AlMtract of (he Treatiirer't Acconntt. Tke New Braniwiek Society In Aeeount with Joupii Giynor, Tniinm. 1853. Dr. Jaouiry. For Contiogenoiei of Executive Coromillee, fiOO 7 7 ForSalary of Correspondiog Secretary, ('51 and '53.) 135 For Printing, 147 lo 9 For Bounties and Granta to Agricultural Societies, 20 SXJPtNCi;8 ATTENBIIfO TBK KXHIBITIOI*. The Building, and fitting up Province Building, &c., Hire of Temperance Hall, together with amount paid for planing floor, Freight and Trackage, Attendnnce, Miacellaneous Expencei, Prizes, Sports, Balance, * £333 18 4 603 6 10 10 -30 9 58 7 82 19 417 19 40 342 8 3 8 3 £1924 11 10 1853. To this sum paid John T. Lawrence, Paid Mr. Kerr for adver. Exhibition in Halifax papers^ Paid Nathan Rideout for beat Hemp Seed, Paid William Dayton for native Dye Stuffs, Balance, Cr. £54 14 3 3 15 15 339 6 6 3 £397 8 3 £?55 1 3 January 7. By balance in hand at this date, January. Subscriptions during the ptiat year, 371 ]7 q Treasury Warrants for 1851 and 1852, 8^ 7 6 Exhibition Tickets, with the proceeds of Building, , » »> II )> tt V II l> II Jl ABSTOACTS OF PROCEEDINGS fP MCETINQS, &IC. Preliminary proceedings in August, 1849, - - 7 Proceedings of first General Meeting in January, 1850, - 16 General Meeting in March, 1850, - 87 ., » April, 1850, - - 90 Second Annual Meeting, 1351, - . - 97 General Meeting in March, 1851, - 111 II 11 April, 1851, - - 133 Third Annual Meeting, 1852, - - 201 General Meeting in Eebruary, 1852, - -218 • II .1 * April, 1852, - - 219 Fourth Annual Meoiing, 1853, - - 342 General Meeting in April, 1853, - - 460 Constitution of the SocijBty, - - - - 10 Act of Febryary 56, 1850, to Incorporate the Society, - 338 Act of March 28, 1851, to ameiid Act of Incorporation, - 340 Act of February 18, 1852, to continue former Acts, - 341 REPORTS OF SELECT COMMITTEES. Upon Manures, - - - . _ 20 „ Root Crops, - . , - - 43 Seed growing and Saving, - - . - 50 Fattening Cattle and Hogs, - - . 54 Cash Markets for Beef and Pork, - - qq Provincial Manufactures, - - - - 74 Dissemination of Agricultural Information, - - 84 •'' i> ;». „ „ (2d Report) 158 Bye-Laws for Farmer's Clubs, - - - 161 Immigration, - „ . - 141 Means of encouraging New Settlers, - - 144 Draining, - - . - - 164 Barns, - - - - , . lyo Culture and management of Flajf, - - - , 183 Principles of breeding Domestic Stock, - - 274 Breiding and management of Pigs, - - - 277 Agricultural Warehouses and Agencies, - - 286 The Agricultural Statistics of the Province, - - 289 The Exhibition held at St. Johnin 1851, - - 303 „ Weights and Measures, - - . . 349 I) i» II i> - >; 'J.,; it II II II II Jl II *t 479 PIUZC ESSAYS. On Orchards, by W. Watts, Sr., " " C. L. Hatheway, Esq., On Turnips as food for Stock, by J. G. Layton, „ „ „ by C. L. Hatheway, Report of Committee on Prize Essays, - Questions on Management of Farms, Answers to Questions by Dr. G. Peters, - R. Javdine, C, L. Hatheway, ^ •* >f If PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION OF 1853. Preliminary Report on proposed Exhibition, , v; • • President's Address and Circular, - ' - Proceedings of York County Cbmmirtee, Premium List and Hulos of Competition, - Secretary's Report of the Exhibition, Judge Wilmot's Lecture, - .- "^ List of Juries, - " - Award of Juries, _ . - . Report en Issue and Sale of Tickets, Extract from Report of Jury on Grains," - Root Crops, » )) it it ' n )) n » » » ». » * >J » Leather, Hose Cart, Clocks and Watches Musical Instruuents, Flour, - - . Hone Stone, Surgeon's Truss, - Astronomical Instruments, Philosophical Machines, • Articles overlooked. Sports, - - - Letter concerning Exhibition of Agricultural Produce from Mari A. Cuming, EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF EXHIBITORS. On Cultivation of Corn by H. E. Dibblee, v , - Wheat by R. Stevenson, J. Pallen, - - ». J. ^Tweedie, - - W. Saunders, H. E. Dibblee, j> )} jj )) J> )) » >» rA«i. 3S8 240 245 248 227 250 253 260 265 194 222 224 316 357 375 390 393 415 418 420 423 423 424 424 425 425 425 425 426 427 428 445 4# 429 429 430 430 430 ^ , I I A m 48a }) » }» On Cuftivatioii oi' Oats by H. E. Dibblee, - - 430 „ W. S. Caie, - - j- 431 Glover hy h. Donaldson, * - 433 Apples by F. P. Sharp, - - 433 Ofl Management of Pigs, &c., hy C. Carson, - - 432 » ■ ,^.; W. Stocktoa, - - ^3g On weight of Grain in York County in 1852, - - 433 On an Improved Churn by A. Willard, - - - - 436 » „ R. McKenzie, - - 436 On an Improved Fanning Machine by R. McKenzie, - 437 ' On an Improved Bee Hive by F. P.Sharp, - - 439 On Preserved Fish by W. J. Fraser, - - - 45j On Rope Manufaeture in New Bruns. by J. & R. Jarvis, - 43g( On New B"unswick* Ships, - - ^ * ^ 440 On Furs of Messrs. Lockhart, . • - *- . 44^ On Pianos of Kennay & Scribner, - - - 442 On an Astronomical Clock by J. McCausland, - - 443 Gh L'Etang Lime by B. Randall, - - - 445 ! MISCr.LLANEOUS. Gorrespondence with London Society of Arts, - - ♦ 328 Latter from M. A. Cuming, '^ S., to R. Jardine, Esq., - 448 Testimonials of M. A. Cuming, V. S.j - - - 453 Circular concerning Horses to be Imported, - - 460 HiGfrer from W. Carman concerning ditto, - - 474 ' Beads of uew Act conceraing Weights and Measures, - 476 FINANCE. Subscriptions for 1850, - - - . - 197 Atldit Report for 1850, - » - . » 333 Atidit Report for lb5l, - - - - - 335 •Rupert of Appropriations for 1851, - . . I34 Ajidit Report for 1852, - - - - * 477 END OF VOLUME I. i 'b m * li jy