laH «f*srosity of: Legislature du Quibec QuMmc Ths imagss appsaring hsro ars tha bast quality possibis consldsring ths condition and Isglbility of ths originsi copy and in kasping with tha filming contract spacif icationa. Original copiss in printsd paper covsrs srs filmsd bsginning with tha front covsr and ending on the last page with a printed or iliustrated imprea- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first pegs with s printsd or illustrated impree- sion, snd snding on ths last page with a printed or illustrAtsd imprsssion. L'sxsmplaire film* fut reproduit grAce A ia ginirnsit* ds: L4giilature du Quebec Quebec Lss Images suK/antea ont itt reproduitcs svsc Is plus grsnd soin, compts tsnu ds la condition at ds ia nsttst* ds i'exsmpiaire filmA, et en conf ormKA avac las conditions du contrat da filmage. Las exemplairea originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimis sont fiimis sn commsnpant par Is premier pMt et en terminant soit par la demiire pegs qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou dlilustration, soit par la sscond plat, sslon Is cas. Tous lss sutrss sxsmplairss originaux sont filmte en commsn^snt par la premiire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlArs page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last rscordsd frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (moaning "END"), whichsvsr sppiiss. Un dee symboles suivants apparattra sur is dsmlArs image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifis "FIN". IVIaps. plates, charts, stc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Thoss too Isrgs to be sntirsiy includsd in ons snposurs sre filmed beginning m the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames aa required. The following diagrams illustrats ths msthod: Lss cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmte A dee taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsqus Is documsnt sst trop grsnd pour Atrs rsproduit sn un ssul cliche, 11 sst film* A partir de I'angle sup4risur gauchs, de gauche A droite. et de haut en baa, sn prsnsnt le nombre d'images nAcsssairs. Las diagrammss suivants illustrent Is methods. rrata o )elure. I d 3 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^n Canabian jpvess Hssociation Constitution and By-laws JOURNALo' PROCEEDINGS AT Annual Meeting, 1888 And First Winter Session, 1889 Xist of ©tficets ant) /IRembers ACTON ; H. P. MOORE, FREE PRESS OFFICE i: frUr t in one'^season. or tf the th"rc\gVi;Tn%r seVor ^^^-^ completely, but you can do it pretty intP^Hon 'V^^^^" °5 J^^^''* '^^'^'^ "^a*^^ a" announcement of your change of nnr'^^'v' I'^f^ ,^"^ ^^^^^ ^"^ ^^ate your reasons for^he and valid hS/S"''^''^^ '^ ""^^ ?"*' '"'^^ ^^ recognized as very sensible fll r, V^u large majority of your subscribers. Having advertised the proposed rhanap fill,, -^nrloc- - -,,K- • •• 'i , ""'& '*'^vci iii,eu pnvplnnA in" In^C°" •.'"■^ '.^"V^"" ** ^"Dbcripuon olank and addressed envelope in each subscriber's paper before December ist, with an 18 X^anadian Press Association, accompanying invitation to use them properly. If you wish to make rapid progress in your work, ofter a useful and attractive premium— a picture, a book, or one of the thousand appropriate things that can be had in bulk for a small cost, to those paying up all arrears and in advance for the next year, and to all new subscribers paying in advance before the New Year. You will be surprised at the way money will roll in, provided you have done plenty of advertising. About the ist of January extend the time for giving the premiums for a month and again advertise well. At the end of January withdraw your premium offer. Teach your subscribers their first lesson— that they must com- ply with the terms if they would receive any extra benefit — as the premiums may be regarded. Then go over your lists. Mark off one or two old dead heads at each post-office who have been getting the paper for years and probably boasting about their neighbourhood that *' they never have to pay for the Times." Cut off a few of these at each office, and every other name you know will never realize you anything. This will make talk in each small locality, and will further educate your subscribers. Then for a time take in as many dollars as you can, and be satisfied. During the year fail not to remind slow subscribers that by delay they are incurring the extra rate. The next fall begin early your campaign. Offer all in arrears the $i rate provided they pay up and for a year in advance before the New Year. Again use a premium as an inducement on the same terms as before, thoroughly advertising it— covering specially well the township fairs. Issue special editions of your paper and mail to people all over your district as sample copies, enclosing subscription blanks, addressed envelopes and neat circulars, using late voters' lists as a directory. Conduct an active energetic campaign. Boom for all you are worth. Hundreds of new- subscribers will come in. Renew the premium offer for January as before if you like, but shut down then firm and fast. Then go over your list, notify every subscriber who is in arrears over one year that he must pay up before March ist or be sued for the extra rate, and on that date strike off all such and sue for the extra rate of $1.50. Do not be mealy mouthed about the matter at all. Your new subscribers will • balance any losses by the striking off of slow-paying ones, and two- thirds of these will square up at once on receiving notice of suit and will pay for another year as well. They did not mean to beat you, but for years they had paid as they pleased, and nothing short of an earth- quake or notice of suit being entered could arouse them to full'under- standing that you meant business. They like the paper and they will pay for it in advance ever after. The other third you can well afford to get rid of and get their arrears by process of law. Thus in two seasons you can very well clear up your subscription list, and by being firm, yet withal courteous and explanatory, you can bring your sub- scribers to tim*^, and each year can well expect to have cash in hand by March ist at least two-thirds of the face value of your list. On that date strike off the slow names and sue for arrears. In two or three years you will have a subscription list that is as valuable actually as it looks, and your subscribers will set greater store by your paper than they ever did before. i ; > Winter Session. 19 i ; > CLUBBING. This matter was given me to deal with as a rider to the main subject My opmion is briefly expressed in one word— don't. Throw all the allurmg clubbmg offers from city weeklies, story papers, farmer's journals, and magazines right into your waste paper basket. The very fact of your advertising another publication as being furnished with yours at a reduced rate cheapens and depreciates the value of your paper in the eyes of your own subscribers. All these offers are based on the idea of getting from you good advertising for nothing If you are going to push and hustle, do so for your own paper and let others do the same if they want to invade your territory. A case in point will show the matter in its true light. Some years ago the publishers of one of the best and most widely circulated city weeklies in Ontario offered to club with the writer's paper at a rate which, from enquiry IS believed to be the lowest ever offered any country weekly, in fact so low that no cut in price was necessary on the home paper in order to make an unheard of combination offer. In a foolish moment the bait was swallowed and the deal was made. The clubbing offer was well advertised and canvassed. The result was the procuring of about a-io subscribers for the city weekly, of which number just about thirty were new subscribers to the local paper, and to get these fully twice the amount received in new subscriptions was expended by the home paper in advertising, book-keeping and general bother and worry. And next year when taking advantage of this expensive lesson, all clubbing offers were declined with thanks, it was necessary to spend about thirty minutes of valuable time in explaining to about 250 infuriated sub- cribers why and wherefore the city weekly would not be supplied with the home paper at the reduced rate, and as a matter of fact fully thirty of these subscribers were so hard to convince and so indignant that they stopped the home paper in order to get square, and thus nullified the meagre advantage gained the year before. This deal can be figured' out by any country publisher, and he will see just how profitable it is to club with any other publication. By all means leave clubbing alone. If your paper is worthy of suc- cess in Its field It will go far better on its own merits than if vou turn It into a booming agency for a city weekly and your office into a branch office of some other man's paper. Don't club any thing except the slow pay subscriber and don't spare that medicine on him At the conclusion of above paper the question was spoken to by several members, and the respective methods followed by each stated. THE QUESTION DRAWER. On motion, Messrs. C. D. Barr, J. C. Jamieson, and J. B. Trayes were appointed a committee to take ch.arge of the Question Drawer. At 12.30 the procepHings were, on motion, adjourned till 2 p.m. 20 Canadian Press Association. AFTERNOON SESSION. Business was resumed at 2 p.m.. President Dewart in the chair. Mr. Jackson being now present introduced the subject first named on the programme with the following paper : — r APPRENTICESHIP. By L. G.Jackson, of the "Newmarket Era.' Gentlemen of the Press : The subject assigned me to bring briefly before your notice is a very important one, when cheapness rather than proficiency seems to be the growing tendency. A good foundation is the most essential part of a building, if the structure is expected to weather the storms of time ; and a thorough and systematic apprenticeship is the beginning of suc- cess in any trade or profession ; but in no calling is this more apparent than in the Art Preservative. It should be the aim of the Canadian Press Association to adopt such a system of apprenticeship that its effect would be to turn out qualified workmen— workmen who would be an honor to themselves, their profession and their country, and whose employment would be a source of pride and profit, thereby supplanting a practice which is deluging the country with professional botches. Webster defines an apprentice as one wno is bound by indentures to serve a mechanic or other person for a certain time with a view to learn his art, mystery or occupation, in which his master is bound to instruct him. What is an indenture? It is a mutual agreement in writing between two or more parties, whereof each party has obligations to perform. Now we cannot imagine any system of apprenticeship where mutual responsibilities are unrecognized. While most printers do not lose sight of the deplorable fact that there are to-day, professing to be well schooled in the art of printing, a vast multitude of incompetent workmen, thev daily manifest an utter disregard for the future welfare of the apprentices who may be placed in their charge. It is quite true that a large number of our youth who set out to learn not only the printing art but other branches of industry appear to have been born without ambition, and a boy of this stamp is certainly in a wrong latitude in a printing office. We have no sym- pathy for indolent, lazy and indifferent apprentices, and if, after a reasonable time a boy manifests no particular desire to learn, he should be dismissed without further preliminary. Quite a common course pursued is, to hire a boy when there is a rush of work, paying very little regard to the mental or educational equipment required of the future printer, and to put him at, and keep him for an indefinite time at whatever he can do with the least teaching This is pernicious. T r i t Winter Session. 21 T Earnest, conscientious, faithful work on the part of the emnlnv^H and a corresponding desire on the part of the^emp^oyer to ?e?hfs man an ttie trades unions ever organized ,u^?V °^^"Pation is an art. but this truth is not learned until late in the hfe of most printers. How many boys, on the comoletion of tL r apprenticeship, are fitted to discharge thJdut?e of a f^rem^^ Echo staTed^-'Tr'^no.^- ""7 ^^|\ *'^. '""^^^« ^' unskiUed labof be stayed ? cr in other words, " How long does it take to teach the arf of printing in a general and efficient manner ? " The rule adoDted in he Mother Country is 7 years; in the United StLL it is alnaoLl o .Te^r ' VhrT= "'''^ i" ^^""^^ '' ^^^'"^ ^° be anywhere ?rom ^ T. ^Zu ■ T^ Typographical Union, of Toronto, recognizes 'i years as the basis of journeyman labor. Now, with this diversity of Dedods of apprenticeship to the one trade is it any wonder that there Should be friction constantly arising among the growing apprentices ' \f^er he'can'"sti"ck "ner, °" ''^ 'T '°^ ^ ^°"P^^ «' yea'rs he Thinks th" ne can stick nearly as much type as a " iour " and rnnlM rr,^b^ more money for himself somewhere else ; carri«l away with this Tdea he scans the daily papers and sees that every once in a while there ?s an opening for just that kind of compositor_or it may be tha he cnmp. down to the city and finds that " improvers" or '^wo^third 'Cen Xn tha XV n"?f"^' T^ '^^' '^''^^^ ^>-^y« ^ demand n T^-onL for that class of labor. Any city office will tell you that the aDDrenhce.hin Sr"a"nd 'thurf^ee'r"^^ 1'°^^ T ^° ^^^^^'^ go S^onToffi^et diiutner, ana tnus tree themselves of aDDrenticeshin rpcfroir^f t* • therefore, qui.e apparent that this state XEmgt?sPdeTrime„,al to lh» honest apprentice and exercises a pernicious influence uZ, he trade As an .Association we should have a regulation to Eovern this imnZf,^, ZTcZr. '"rhltT/fi"'^^' ^^^'^^ T""' «e'„°tfa;r;;revail'Zough' r^i-d^nTfrt th?™Vnt*r Tn^tL KTo e't'h'o hat Ltj^^th^' "^ "'"'" rise into prominence while running their chances anwT^he arT'l printers upon the American continent. * " "'">^ °' From my own experience there is nothin" so sati.,fa.-.„r., ,„ ployee as the "Binding • business. The more^narp^nticeTs shoved" rnX'^-nKfhfaT^^nSe^^ much of the business under those circumstanrp^ ^^,^^^ '^"S^ too idea strikes the boy that he is noradvancTnrand'l^'trils to m'fkThim' self obnoxious in order to get the " sack " ^^^' the^;,Lf;¥:jrrr'?5;?'i;ei7^;i"fXrZ^^^^^ breezv youth with the remark • •■ Ti,rK„ '"'^""P'^d by a somewhat enough lo Pick up the rT'dV,-, ^I„^= -fin°',v"'i" i':?''""-^,"^ ^™"« haired Englishman afterw^aTd-s pr,va'dr.;afj toThe speaL ■ '^•^Thr." ere chap who talked so loud is Tfair spLimen of theTeUors ;7ho pkk 22 Canadian Press Association. up their trade without instructions. His work is slop work, but if he was set to any other job, or went to a strange establishment, God pit> him. I know what I am talking about for he works with me." Statistics prove that in the United States, positions of superintendents, master-mechanics or foremen, in an overwhelming majority of instances, are filled by mechanics of foreign birth : and they hold these positions not because they are Scotchmen, or Englishmen, or Canadians, but because they are proficients— thoroughly versed in and masters of their profession. I might mention that I find it a good plan to hold out a liberal inducement for punctuality, proficiency, absence of profanity, polite- ness to all, and promptness in obeying orders, to those who complete their full term of apprenticeship. I am well aware that some offices are small— run on a small capital —and cannot give the same general experience on newspaper, book and job printing, press-work, etc., as offices in larger tov/ns and cities, and if their apprentices remained for five years they would not know any more about the trade than they did when the three years were expired ; but what I contend in the latter case is, that such apprentices are not entitled to the title of "jour," and should not be allowed the emolu- ments of "jours" until after serving two years more in another office. The claim that incompetent boys must be accepted and paid for as competent men is a declaration to which we take exception. In order that the introduction of this subject may be of service to the Association I would take great pleasure in moving the following resolution : — " Resolved, — That this Association recognizes the apprenticeship term of 5 years as requisite to qualify for a journeyman, and calls upon all its members to duly observe the same ; also that no member of this Association shall engage an ' improver ' or ' two-thirder ' without a certificate from his former employer to the effect that he has left his employ with consent." Mr. Jackson concluded his paper by moving. That this Association recognizes the apprenticeship term of five years as requisite to qualify for a journeyman, and calls upon all its members to duly observe the same ; also that no member of this Association shall engage an "improver" or "two-thirder" without a certificate from his former employer to the effect that he has left his employ with consent. After some discussion of the question it was moved by Mr. Jackson, seconded by Mr. Barr, That this question be referred to a committe consisting of Messrs. Climie, Triyes, Somerville, Brierly, and mover and seconder, to report at the next annual meeting.— Carried. The third topic for consider?; icA. ** Ad vertising Rates," was intro- duced by Mr. C. D. Barr. This theme elicited considerable discussion on existing advertising methods, including the practices pursued by advertising agencies. •r ♦ » f »• •« Winter' Session, T 23 A desire being expressed for a standard advertising rate per thou- sand of circulation, it was moved by Mr. Harr, seconded by Mr. Jackson, That the question of formulating a scale of rates per i,ooo of circulation be referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Somerville, Jackson, Trayes, Jamie.son, Campbell, Shaimon. Hough, C. B. Robinson, to report at next annual meeting.— Carried. Mr. J. U. Trayes opened the next question with the following com- prehensive and practical paper : — BUSINESS MANAGEMENT. BY MR. J. n. TRAVES, "TIMES," PORT HOPE, ONT. T ■T The part assigned me on the programme embraces to some extent nearly all the features of the other subjects ; but as they will be ably and exhaustively dealt with by the gentlemen who have them in charge, I will endeavour to confine my remarks purely to " business manage- ment," and even with this— as I understand it -I have merely to lay the subject before you in an elementary form, so that each point may be given such prominence as its importance merits, leaving the details to come out in the discussion to follow. What I have seen of the " business management " in many print- ing offices, particularly in the country, is suggestive of the grossest carelessness. In many instances, if books are kept at all, they are flimsy in construction, and of sj little value that, except to the party keeping them, they are as unintelligible as a scrap from the original tea chest. This is what we should endeavour to avoid, and I think I can demonstrate to you that at a small cost the affairs of any printing office can be kept in such a manner that the merest novice can be placed in charge of them, and accuracy assured. ADVERTISING. We will assume, to begin with, we are dealing with an advertiser who desires to make a contract for a quarter column advertisement. The one thing necessary is to have a fixed figure to give him, which should be based on a regular scale. My charge for one year would be J25 ; 6 months, $18 ; 3 months, #12 ; 2 months, $9.50 ; i month, ^7.50. These prices, of course, are for regular advertisers, and would not be accepted for legal or other transient advertising. These figures are reasonably low, and, I presume, not so high as many of you charge • but once my figure is given I rarely deviate from it, except under exceptional circumstances. I append herewith my card of rates, not particularly as being applicable to other papers, but as a basis from W..1C.. .^,ny one can strike a scale of prices, which should, of course, be governed by their larger or smaller circulation. 24 Canadian Press Association. A word of explanation may be necessary in regard to my rates for local notices. I have placed these intentionally high, as I prefer advertising to be done in its proper place in the advertising columns. Seme parties, however, prefer a five line .ocal to a quarter of a column advertisement, and it will be observed I carry my charges for that space very nearly to the quarter of a column rate. On receiving the copy of an advertisement, I either write the terms and the length of time it is to run on the face of it, or fill in the appended contract which 1 require the advertiser to sign. It has struck me forcibly on several occasions that there is some- thing radically wrong about the making of contracts for advertising. I have been frequently called upon by the representatives of large advertisers, who, on asking my rates, ::ave expressed surprise, stating that they were from 25 to 50 per cent, higher than those of papers claim- ing double the circulation of my paper. On gently expressing in- credulity the contracts have been shown me, and as I had already stated I believed these papers possessed a larger circulation than the Times I was placed in rather an awkward position. The man who travels throughout Canada, making advertising contracts, can show you some funny things in prices. I have nevertheless got ^40 for an advertisement that a paper claiming more than twice the cir- culation got only I30 for, simply because I firmly refused to take a lower figure than I first asked, and because I felt convinced that my price was a reasonable one, and that the advertiser could not reach the people of Port Hope and surrounding townships in ?ny othr- way for double the money. Lack of business method is the only reason I can assign for the papers I refer to accepting such low prices. Too many reason that because an advertisement comes from a distance they might as well take it at a low price, as the amount is so much clear gain, forgetting that by standing by their rates they would get a fair price, and that the advertiser would not pay even a very low rate if he did not expect to reap benefit from it. Another feature in this connection is the traveller, who, on his second visit to you to make a renewal of contract, tries to cut down the price, on the ground that sales had J^een too small to warrant paying so much again. Theexperience of other pub- lishers, I presume, is like my own. It is usually patent medicine agents who make this complaint, and they are generally introducing a new article. Investigation has shown me that it is not the fault of the news- paper that sales have been -mall, but that the fault lay with the maker of the article. In the first place, they are ususlly trying to displace some article that has been in use for a long time, and which has an established sale ; and in the second place they do not allow as large a discount as those already in possession of the field, so that the retailer v/ill not bring forward a new article while he can possibly sell his customer the old, from the sale of which he derives a greater profit. Again, many articles placed on the market, which depend for their sale on newspaper advertising, are utterly worthless. People try them— find this out— and buy no more. In some cases the fault is in the advertisement, it is clumsily constructed, unattractive, and after being once read is so much dead matter. In one instance, one of my subscribers came and asked how much I would take and remove a certain advertisement in ( J f » r / ; Winter Session, 25 V t t my paper. Struck with the novelty of the proposition, made to some extent in jest, I pressed him for his reason for making such an offer, when he told me the advertisement annoyed him ; it had stared him in the face for three or four years every time he had opened the paper- it had been unchanged m all that time, and its ugly appearance and phraseology was offensive to him. I had frequently requested the advertiser to change the advertisement, or permit me to do so, but he was just as ugly as the advertisement, and replied as long as it suited him I need not complain or anybody else. When an agent says the advertisement has not done as much as he expected in sales, I generally succeed in making him understand that the fault either lies in the construction of it, in the article itself not being what it is repre- sented, or that those selling it can make more by urging the sale of some other article on which his profit is greater, but I do not come down in my price. A great deal of unfit advertising appears in many of our papers — filthy in construction and debasing in effect— which would not be accepted if presented in any other form. That such advertising can obtain a place at all in a respectable paper I attribute mainly to care- lessness in the business management. This kind of advertising usually comes through an advertising agency, and the only question considered in regard to it is the space it will occupy and the price offered. The contents are not read by those in charge of the paper, and by this means the vilest kind of the most dangerous matter is spread before innocent children and weak-headed young people in each issue of the paper. One of the worst features of this advertising is that the more prominent the proprietor appears in church matters, and the more pretentious he is in his profession of religion, the more of this dirty stuff you will find in his paper. Take up any of the goody-good men's papers and see if I am not right : but I do not accuse them of taking this advertising because they can make monev out of it— no, no, not by any means,— it is simply " bad management " in the business affairs of the office. Make it a point never to insert at any price an advertise- ment you would not read and explain to your own children, and the class of advertising referred to will disappear. T ADVERTISING CONTRACT. (Retained by Office.) Port IIoi'L, i8S., herehy aj^rce to take ii space of column in The Pokt Hope Daily (or weekly, or boJi) Time.s for niontiis, at the rate of • I't'r Paynieiit for same to he made weekly if desired. Matter may be changed Extra space to be given at any time in Daily at same rate, but for no less period than One Week. 26 Canadian Press Association. ADVERTISING CONTRACr, {Given Advertiser.) Port Hope, 188.. I hereby ag^ree to give column space in The Port Hope Daily (or weekly or both) TrMES for months, at the rate of per Payment to be made Matter may be changed weekly, if desired. J. B, Trayes. N. B.— Extra space may be had at any time in Daily, for not less than One Week, at the same rate. J. B. T. * ADVERTISING RATES OF THE PORT HOPE TIMES. PORT HOPE, ONT. One Column,.. . . do do do do Half Column ... do do do do Quarter Column do do do do Eighth Column , do do do do ,one year six mo.nths 245 three " 245 two " 245 one " 24s one year 122 six months 122 three " 122 two " 122 one " 122 one year 61 six mont.JS 61 ttirce " two " one " ,one year • ix uionths three " two " one " 245 lines $So 00 do 50 00 do 30 00 do -iS 00 do 20 GO do 40 CO do 27 O.T do 20 00 do 15 00 do 12 00 do 2:; 00 do I'S 00 61 do 61 do 61 d) •P do .^0 do 30 do 30 do 30 do 12 00 9 50 I 5° iS 00 12 00 8 00 6 00 S 00 ^5 25 lines 25 do do do 20 do 20 do 20 do 20 do 15 do IS do 1 year $16 00 6 months 10 3 " 6 I " A I year ,2 6 inontns 7 3 " 5 3 00 00 50 GO SO OD SO I yc:ir io 00 6 months 6 00 15 lines 3 months $| 15 do I " 2 10 do I year 8 10 do rt luonths s, 10 do 3 " 3 10 do I " I S do I ye ir 5 5 do 6 months 3 5 tlo 3 <' 2 5 do I " I 00 SO 00 00 50 SO 00 50 SO 00 The above are contract rates, and apply onlv to regular business of advertisers, iransient advertisements, Ten Cents a line first insertion, and Three Cents a line each subsetiuent insertion. .1 4< J * The same scale is used for botli Daily and VV^eekly. Winter Session. 27 LIST OK PRICES KOK LOCALS. SI'ACK. 1 line 2 lines 3 lines 4 lines 5 lines 6 lines 7 lines I YEAR. 6 MCS. 3 MOS. $ 5 20 $ 3 00 $ 2 00 10 oo 6 00 4 00 I 14 aD S 00 5 5« i iS 00 10 00 7 00 1 20 00 12 00 8 00 24 00 14 00 y 00 28 00 16 00 10 00 SI'ACE. 8 9 10 15 lines lines lines lines 20 lines 25 lines I YEAR. 6 MOS. $31 SO 34 50 37 00 48 00 58 00 68 00 $ 18 00 20 00 22 00 30 00 35 00 40 00 3 MOS. $ 1 1 00 12 00 13 00 17 50 20 00 25 00 Eiiuh additional 5 lines, »10 per anninn. — . ' Transient locals 10c. a line each insertion. No item inserted for less than 50 cents. The above is measured by a scale of Nonpareil. [JVo deviation from the above to any one.] J. B. Trayes, Editor and Proprietor. JOB PRINTING. It is just as necessary to have a scale for staple classes of Job Work as for advertising, but as prices vary so widely in different localities, according to the competition existing, I will not impose upon you the scale used in my office, but I would urge upon all the necessity of hav- ing, in handy form, the average cost of work generally used, as the basis upon which a reliable figure can be given off-hand, without the danger of loss, no matter what the competition may be ; feeling sure that if any one bids under you he will do so at a loss, for when work is done under cost I presume you would prefer to let the "other fellow " have it. I have found this method invaluable, and as the cost figure can be kept in cypher, it is a protection from possible loss. THE PRINTING OFFICE. The first necessity is a good foreman, with absolute control of the hands, whether they consist of himself and only one other or twenty. This is another matter in which a great many offices are loosely con- ducted. The foreman has no authority, and everyone does as he pleases,— a great deal of time is fooled away when your back is turned, and there is a general scramble to put on a show of doing something when you put in an appearance. Give your employees to under- stand that they have to obey the foreman's orders, and he will be treated with respect, his orders complied with, your work done better, and with but little time wasted. It has been my custom during the past twenty- five years to make my foreman responsible for every thing done in the printing office, with the result that I have been saved a great deal of trouble and annoyance. If a man wishes to get away for a day, and the foreman tells him he cannot spare him, the man knows it would be no use coming to me, as I would merely refer him back to the foreman, whose decision in all such matters is final. The foreman should also have the power to engage and discharge hands, as by his doing so, if the situation is valued, the authority by which it is retained is con- stantly in sight, and the men know that iheir work and actions are at all times under supervision. These are the only conditions upon which the services of a good foreman can be retained. 28 Canadian Press Association. In this connection, it may not be out of place to give an instance sto Th^/f w " '"^ °"" °^^\'" '^' ^^'^'^^' ^^y^ «f 'ny proprietor ship. I had taken a contract which necessitated the emnlovmpnf of wrkVrr^V'hrfo^emfn'f .h "^?^^'^' ■■•^ ^^"'"-^ togethH fiL'foT of workers. 1 he foreman at this time was a young man who had served h.s apprenticeship under me. and whom someSf the men seemed 'o hink hey need not pay very strict attention to. He had come to me several times to complain of one man who systematically dTsobev^d orders given him. though a good workman. I suggested to f he Wmf n that he should discharge the man, which he f^ninydfd hand w' him his time wi h an order for the amount of wages due. and temng Mm h^ would receive h.s money by going into the business office The nian came laughingly to me with the slip, as if it were a good joke and "ok" me he had been discharged. I told h.m I was sorry but asked him nothing of the circumstances ; and when I tendered him the amount g^doTou^'i't^h•''''7 T°"^^>'' "^^'^ don't me?n to have me go do you ? I told him unless he carried out the orders of the foreman al TorfcelnTd" He° t^en'^ t% '''""P'^ 'V"' ««^- ^^^ ^ bad one'fo? concerned He then asked me to put him back in his place and Hp would do as he was told in the future"^ I declined absoliUely io "nter fere, telling him that if he desired to go back to work in mv offire h^ must apply to the foreman, and if he Lw fit to employ himVgSn he was at perfect hberty to do so. He did apply-w^s give^ hfs fram^ m'^rfSlrhand' '°5 ^ '""l T^'^' ''^^'^'''^' ^^ -"^e o'n o^my' most iaithful hands. I have had no trouble in this direction since and T uV^u^ l^"}^ ^°'"^'"^" ^" "^y office at this time. ' Much of the bad management of the practical part of a paper is dn^ o the foreman, who should be looked after in regard to the -make up In folio papers particularly is this necessary, or the paper iSle^to have the same appearance week after week, and yearXr year The advertisements should be changed about frequently broken letlers or7aTpie"'Bv'th"e"rhPT^ ""T ^Yf^* in'appea'rancT aTthfS ! lonai page. By the liberal use of Dold face letter, and avoiding vPrv arge type, a neat appearance can be given to every page elch of which fnd fd vri^m^ntr ^^^- '' ^^^^^^^^^ ^" ^^^^' ^--'^>' '^ -Sin^^mtt^er . The presses should be carefully looked after and kept clean If hXt T' "'V^ °^^ "^^^" °"^^ °^ ^^^'ice a week they can be kept as woSldf^nrgrectd."'"^^^^" ^"' '''■' ^^"- -^^^f-^-- ^han ?he; an J^^ 7^'^^^^' *''°' ^""f ^ ''^^y important factor in the production of fn mT^''''.^^" may have the finest '• lav-out " of type e?c in the world, the best presses, the most capable 'workmen, and use the most exp^nsive inks, but you cannot print a job nicely w^"h poor rolTers Yo reed not necessarily use expensive composition, but^?ou should V ■ \l ^r by the piece than you can by paying them weekly wages. It is of course impossible to pay the same price in a small place as in the cities, where extra hands can be procured in any number at an hour's notice. A country office has to get along with a certain number of hands whether busy or otherwise, and any unusual press of work has to be got out by oyer time^ Plain composition can be more economically done by the piece, and with greater satisfaction to the offlce than on time But a scale of joD rates cannot be made to work, or at least I have never seen one. Job work must necessarily be done on time, and when I have to take the news hands for that purpose they invariably paid by the hour The job type requires careful looking after. Care has to be taken ot many kinds of type both in handling by the compositor and the pressman, as some fonts are easily spoiled by the breaking or bruising of letters. A fixed rule should be observed .o keep spaces out of the foremaT' '' ^^ carefully looked over frequently by the THE BOOKS. The system of book-keeping may be reduced to a very simple pro- cess, and so kept that anyone after a brief examination can understand them without much study. I- TJie yob Book (see A).— The job book contains the name date ledger folio, cost and the charge in properly ruled columns. Keeping the cost of a job IS very little trouble when one gets used to it, and the intormation derived from it is invaluable, saving time and trouble ihe same job in course of years makes its appearance in the office at irregular intervals, and an estimate asked for it. You can turn to your ledger, and getting the job book page you see what the cost was and can give an accurate figure. The customer often claims that a greater number was done on the previous occasion, or that the price was lower but you point out the old entry to him, and there is an end of the dis- cussion on the subject. The cost column being in cypher, you can hand vour book for inspection without making your customer much the wiser beyond giving him unquestionable evidence of what was paid on the previous occasion, and the quantity. For a cypher any word con- taining ten letters of the alphabet may be selected. 2. The Advertising Book (see B and C) can be easily kept and readily referred to. A slight difference will be observed in the headings of .the daily and weekly advertising book, many advertisers preferring in the case of the daily to pay monthly. 6 ^^ 3- The Subscription Book (see D) generally gives the most trouble and the chief difficulty 1 found, until I adopted my present system was to hnd out when a subscriber made his previous payment As an instance, say a subscriber calls to pay his subscription, he is two or three years in arrears, and disputes the accuracy of the date you charge him from, claiming he paid you more than you gave him credit lor. It IS of importance to be able to trace the last payment, which my plan shows without trouble. Over the date to which the snhsrrintion is marked paid I insert the cash book page, which can be turned to^'in a moment, and you get the amount paid on the previous occasion and the 30 Canadian Press Association. date. This must be the correct sum, because your cash balanced on the day the payment was made. The system of entry is so simple that a brief examination of the form marked " D " will be sufficient to enable anyone to correctly understand it. When the first cash book is filled up. the second'one should be marked " B," and so on. For instance, John Jones, paid to January ist, 'go, would have marked over it " C.B C. 125," which means that the amount and the date will be found on page 125 of cash book C. 4. The Cash Book (see E).— The cash book in use in my office is a common blotter or day book, and every cent coming in or going out is shown in it, and for what purpose. The entries on form E are so plain that they require no explanation. 5. The Ledger (see F) shows the whole business. Some years ago I had two men and a boy, who devoted most of their time to keeping my books, and the system was so complicated that I could rarely find time to study up the intricacies of an account to en- able me to make it out myself, and I usually gave it up in disgust, and handed the job over to one of them to do it for me There was an advertising blotter, an advertismg journal, and a job journal ; an adver- tising ledger and a job ledger, and quite a number of other books. Now, everything goes into the one ledger, and direct from the original entry in A, B and C, as will be seen from an examination of F. 6. The Monthly Cash B( ok (see G) is of no material benefit, except that it classifies the business done, and will show you at a glance what cash has been receiveiJ in the different branches of the business in the course of any particular month or year. I am curious enough to want to compare one month with another, and this book shows exactly where any falling oft or increase has taken place. MISCELLANEOUS. The attractive features of a newspaper of course are its editorial and news columns, but the " business end " is decidedly in the advertising, and as I am dealing with my subject, having mainly in view country printing offices, in which the business is too small to permit of its hav- ing separate departments, and is generally managed by one man — in most cases the proprietor — I have tried to be as brief as possible in dealing with the business management, which possesses so many features. The editorials of a local paper should be short, crisp and pointed, — in length from one quarter to half a column ; and only in exceptional cases should this rule be deviated from. If a subject cannot be got through with in that space make two or three separate articles of it, under different headings. Three articles occupying a column and a half will be read by one hundred when a dozen will not look at a single article of that length. The large daily papers so thoroughly write a subject of general importance threadbare before the country weekly press have an opportunity of expressing an opinion, that long articles are not appreciated, owing to the difficulty of finding an original idea to bring forward or to say anything that has not been better said Winter Session. 31 >J "stick-full" of good manager of a paper matters over general the paper. Reports before. The country press have the advantage, however, of the city papers in discussing matters of local interest, and I have followed the rule for years that I would drop a column of editorial any time for a ' live "local." Let people understand that the thoroughly appreciates the imp(5rtance of local subjects, and there is no difficulty in circulating of local meetings, containing everything worth recording, are much more attractive than a long article on a subject that the reader knows little or nothing about. Every paper, no matter how small, has a field of its own for such subjects, and if the paper does its work well, the people will theirs. Skill in the manage- ment of the reading columns will be sure to attract advertisements, for the latter depend upon the attractiveness of the former for their chances of being read. I am afraid I have taken up more of your time than my subject warrants, certainly more than I intended to when I began. I am aware that to many I have said little or nothing that is new,— but my remarks were intended particularly for those lacking experience. My thirty- five years' experience in the business has given me a pretty thorough knowledge of printing in all its branches, and as the first seven years were passed as an indentured apprentice in a daily office, I have been brought face to face with nearly every class of work and a very con- siderable variety of machinery, from the lumbering hand-press and threshing-machine-like " Northrup " to the perfect presses of the pre- sent day, I know I have omitted mi-.ch that would be of service to the younger members of the Association, and that I owe an apology to the older men whose experience and trials must have been similar to my own. "A. PORT HOPE TIMES JOB BOOK. Page 4^8 DATE ISO. DE.SCKIl'TION OF WORK NAME AND ADDRESS KOLIO COST CHARCiE 1S89. Fell. I loo D.D. Posters, " Can- adian Press Association waking up to business." • W. R. Climie, Sec'y C. P. A., Bowinan- ville. 402 a lb $S 00 " 2 too Letter circulars for meeting. ^i C( c ab 2 CO " 4 500 Cards. 20 INS, I yr I STOI'P'd I'KUE, AS aoreem'nt $ 24 00 y.i ADVERTISING BOOK.-Co»hnued. AMOINT $24 00 1 00 FOLIO 402 I'AID TO Mar. I, '89. Paid. PAID TO Apr. I, '89. PAID TO May 1,89, PAID TO June i.'Sy, REMARKS. Render act. nionthlv, -^H 'C ADVERTISING BOOK OF THE PORT HOPE WEEKLY TIMES. DATE OF ISSUE Feb. I NO. AND VOL r)F TIMES. 9 X 2S NAME OF PARTY ADVERTISING. NAME AND DESCRII'TION OF • ADVERTISEMENT W. R. Climie. Robt. Brown. Meeting Canadian Press Association. Dry Goods and Groceries. 51 ADVERTISING HOOK.-Continued. NO. OF LINES NO. OF IN- SERTIONS AMOUNT CHARGED WHEN OUT SPECIAL AGREEMENT IF ANY'. LEDGER FOLIO REMARKS 20 Mcol. 3 I year. $ 3 20 40 00 Feb. 22 Regular Rates. Change monthly. Pay quarterly. 402 32s Send account promptly. vl Winter Session. 33 D. PORT HOPE TIMES SITBSCRIPTION BOOK. COM. Jan. I, 'So Jan. 1,'SS NAME PAID TO C. IJ. A. 2C W.R.CIimieJan. i.'Si Jno. Jones. c.B.C. 135 Jan. i,'90 PAID TO C.B.H. 120 Jan. I 82 J PAID TO C.H.C. 200 m. I, \\] PAID TO c.B.D. 73^an.i,'.S9 'an. I, '84 STOPP D DUE $4 00 REM. Gone west. Page 391, "E." CASH. Ck. 1889 Feb. 10 W. R. Cliniie, Account. Jolm Jones, Job John Jones, Times, P. H. John Smith, Local Robt. Brown, Account . L. 402 J. t 392 W. A, 32s $ 24 ;jO 2 00 I 00 I 00 40 00 Weetl^'k'hf B.Uir-'"^ ''°°'' ' ''•'''''''' ^""'^ • ^-^-I^^^i'.v ^dv. Book ; W. A._ lw W. R. CLIMIE, Secretary Canadian Press Association, Bozvinanville. Feb. I To 100 D.D. Posters. " 100 Circulars *' 500 Cards J 458 " Advt. Meeting-, C.P.A " Advt. Meeting, C, P. A., 4 months, $S 00 2 00 6 00 VV. 2. 356 3 ^o- D.A. 39^ & 00 $24 20 Feb. 10 By Cash. C.B.f 39?. $24 20 $24 20 Discussion on the above subject being continued brought out several useful suggestions on office management. The President being called ravay the chair was taken by Vice- President Somerville. 34 Cdnadian Press Association, Mr. Creighton being absent the fifth topic was dropped from the list, and Mr. H. P. Moore introduced the sixth in the following practical manner : — JOB PRINTING-WHAT IS A FAIR PROFIT? BV H. \\ MOORE, " FREE PRESS," ACTON. The subject allotted to me for this occasion is one so very compre- hensive that \yere I to attempt to launch out into details with the object of covering the many points which are naturally embraced under the subject of Job Printing, the time allowed for both introduction and discussion would be exhausted. I will therefore devote but little attention to the general topic, and confine my remarks more particu- larly to that point definitely named : " What is a fair profit ? " It may, perhaps, be deemed unnecessary to remark that Job Printing is a distinct business of itself and should be conducted upon business principles ; but there exists so much evidence on all sides that it is treated as if it were a boyish amusement, rather than a business requiring careful, practical superintendence, that I make nc excuse for thus referring to it. No man should engage m the printing business without possessing a determination to make it successful. If success is to be attained the first qualification is intelligence, and no job printer can be successful without this essential. Ignorance is nowhere more fatal to success. There must be a thorough knowledge of the business in all its details. It will not suffice either for the knowledge to be confined to the fore- man and employees, for the proprietor himself must be a practical, observant worker, whose well-directed energy and oversight alone can accomplish desired results. (Of course it will be understood that my remarks are intended to refer to the ordinary job printing offices, doing a general business, the object of whose proprietors is to make money and build up a reputation by honest personal toil I have no advice for those moneyed corporations which establish printing businesses with invested capital reaching up into the tens of thousands, whose aim seems to be to corner the best classes of printing, often at ridiculously low prices, and to squeeze out the honest, earnest workers of the country whose businesses are operated in conjunction with local newspapers which endeavour to satisfactorily represent the best Interests of the community from whence these corporations secure their orders. Our Association embraces none of these. I take it that we are all workers.) ^ Method in management is also a very necessary feature. Where an office is systematically conducted the public soon become aware of the fact and a confidence of value to the business is engendered. This applies not only to the internal arrangement and operation of the office in its various departments, but should include attention to the minutest Winter Session. 35 detail of every customer's order. The importance of this should secure for the matter more consideration than is generally accorded it. I' Order is heaven's first law," and vigilant and conscientious oversight is the price of pro'fit and success. To be successful demands also a close study of the wants of the public, and an every-day effort to keep legitimately abreast of the times. The spirit of improvement and advancement should possess all who make their living at printing. We should never hesitate to take a step forward when we are sure of the ground on which we are stepping. This age, however, calls too loudly for practical results to allow of very much for experimenting. Practical forms, rules and appliances must be adopted, and then may be added to as necessity demands, or as knowledge or convenience makes desirable. When some improvement suggests itself to a good workman, after being carefully considered and adopted in practice it is almost sure to be a benefit and addition to real knowledge, and will be well worthy the consideration of his associates and neighbours in the same business. There are but few, even among those who are recognized as first-class workmen, who will' take the chances of obtaining satisfactory results by following their own ideas all the time to the entire exclusion of suggestions from others. There seems no likelihood of arriving at a very speedy end to the chapter of improvement in printing; and, speaking for myself, I am glad that it is thus. It is an evidence of a growing desire on the part of those interested in the business to see it more worthily filling the exalted position for which it was surely destined. Newness, how- ever, should not be the sole idea. A new thing without merit is worse thart an old thing worn thiead-bare. But while advancement is the order of the day universally, the work executed should pay a fair profit, and estimates should in all cases be intelligently made. It matters little how Well-appointed an office may be, there will be no gains in it unless the proprietor, counting the cost carefully, makes sure that every job shall pay a reasonable profit. Some apparently act upon the principle that it is their bounden duty to take work at any price that will keep it from a competitor, no matter whether it pays or not ; with the idea that perhaps they can save something I y giving short numbers, counting in imperfect copies, using very common ink, etc. The style is of no consequence to them. Let others improve the typographical art if they choose, but they must have the work competed for. The Employing Printer of St. Paul, a short-lived, though valuable journal to the craft, advises thus :— No printer should guess at the value of work. Guessing is demoralizing to your customer and to yourself. To your customer because he may think you are as likely to guess a dollar or two higher than value ; to yourself because you are more liable to get below the real value of your work. And if you make one or two guesses daily, losing a dollar or two on each guess, by adding these losses together they may represent three or four hundred dollars in a year. A man's own judgment may he very good as to wh.qt he can do hut it should be borne in mind that he is not always doing all the work himself, and again, if he is giving figures to a customer the customer is 36 Canadian Press Association. not supposed to know the real value of the work and will be better satisfied if a systematic estimate* of th*! value of the job is tendered. 1 suppose every job printer has his own ideas as to what method of estimatrng should be adopted. Mr. CJeorge D. Barnard, of St. Louis, says : — " Many of us have been m the habit of calculating a profit on each item as the figuring is being accomplished. For instance, some of us would say : — The paper in this job is worth $i 25 Composition is worth 50 Press work is worth 50 Total »2 25 which amount would be charged the customer. Now, this is not the correct way, as you will see after you have gone over your books and found the exact per cent, the cost of doing business amounts to. The figures should be about as follows : — Paper, actual cost $0 85 Composition, actual cost 40 Press work, actual cost 35 ^i 60 Cost of doing business, say 25 per cent 40 Total cost ^2 00 Add for profit, say 25 per cent 50 Amount to charge $2 50 By this method there is a gain of 25 cents, which, he says, I believe to be the correct method, and, if adopted, we would find profitable. My own experience convinces me that a reliable estimate for job work may be arrived at as follows : — To the items of paper, presswork, etc., add for rent and expenses and interest on your investment in type, presses, etc., on each job, twenty per cent. This will give you about the actual cost. Now, if you want a profit, and that is what most of us are after, add one-third to the total, and in some cases one-half. In pursuing this course a fair remuneration will be received, but no more than we are justly entitled to. Upon such a basis we will find our selves generally able to give adequate support to employees, replenish worn out machinery and type, meet the tax collector, pay for repairs, insurance, ink, rent, light, fuel, accidents, bad debts and other expenses. All is not profit that we seem to gain on work and there are so many little expenses to be considered that after years of hard work and constant expenditures to keep up the business we may each find our- selves with an office representing a great deal of money, but with material largely worn out and ourselves in the same condition. A printer of long experience says it is claimed the price obtained by the job printer for his work is low. Well, where is the cause for such a £>tatc ul iiiingb .■ xnc huusjIc nca III ma catiiiiaiiii^ luu luw aHu securing inadequate remuneration for labor performed. But, it is Winter Session. 37 .Teml'j U^'^nlr^ T P">-" '^''' ^'^'^^ ^^' ^^' Panting. I s.y. the action 'Phi mis aken in his supposition that he will lose bv succeedlnr *T *^"' P""/^^" ''*" "^^^'^ »he world wholre arfctis om.rT . *'-''" ^'^^^'^ P''"^*^^' ^y P^i-s^nal observation. There timeconsum-cHn curv^nJ^nf ^l^P^^^^ of fancy composition, the combination orders If 'h,' '^''".^"K'"? '•"«« -^"'l ^he manipulation of work giveThem a Dbiin inh !f ^ ° '^^'^ '" •^'^^ ^^''.P^"'*^ "^ ^^is class of thediKic:rdyX'and^ ^"^^ "^' "^^^^' ^^^^ j"^^-^ featur^es'nece^s^r'r.n"'^ '"^ °"'""" ^^'"^^ ^^^^^ ^ '^f^^'^^ ^« «ome of the humble quotas V member "T.r'n^ Job printing, and also to add my effect to ?empr,>:\ ?^ the Canadian Press Association in the ellort to render its sessions of practical benefit and general interest lizin^ Iff ?'"'f " "''''^ '"'"'^^ "" '^^ '-^^"^^ ^"^«*'""- the demora- lizing effect on fair prices throughout the Province arising from the iTeZe^d;^ "^^'"^"' '-' -' 'y ^'y '-- -- -on^y yUESTION DRAWER. thJ^!' ^^''' K°"' '^^ ^o"i«^ittee. gave verbal answers to several of the queries submitted. DUTY ON .PLATE MATTER. 'iJ^lr^'""' V"'" "" P""** "•'"'" '=<""'"8i" fr""- 'he United S.a es wa discussed at considerable length, and i. was moved by Mr. ofiutv otn??' ^^^^ "' "•" "■ "■ '*°^'"^°"' That the question tl,IZ ^T '"^""' ^ '^''""^ '° '"« ''"ecutive Committee, with CarrLd! '"''""' """ '""'"'" '" ''"'^ °" ™"=P^P" P'^'«- THE ANNUAL MEETING. Communications were read from Revs. Manly iSenson and W H Withrow. invmng the Association to hold its next annual meeting at" Grimsby Park .also one from Lewis C. Peake. a similar invitation for the Canadian Chatauqua, Niagara-on-the-Lake. These communications were, on motion, received .nd fil.H .h-^ meedng."" ""' ""'"' ^'''''''' "' '"""' ^° '^ *'^ next'place^'of 38 Canadian Press Association. THE SUMMER TRIP. On motion the Secretary was instructed to endeavour to arrange for an Association trip to British Cohimbia via Canadian Pacific Railway. Adjourned till 7 p.m. EVENING SESSION. Business was resumed at 7 p.m., President Dewart presiding. The seventh subject on the programme was introduced verbally by Mr. A. F. Campbell. The practice followed by some wholesale houses who destroy local trade by retailing throughout the Province at about wholesale rates was unmistakably censured. POSTAGE ON NEWSP.'\PERS. It being reported that the Dominion Government purposed re-im- posing postage on weekly newspapers the matter was discussed and it was moved by Mr. J. B. Trayes, seconded by Mr. W. J. Watson, That this Association desires to call the attention of the Postmaster General to the fact that a number of private publications, of the nature of advertising sheets, are being passed through the mails free of postage, and that it would suggest as a remedy that newspapers, before being entitled to such free postage, be required by the Department to register after the nature of the Copyright Act ; and further, that such publi- cation shall not be entitled to free postage until official recognition has been obtained from the Post Office Department, and the postmaster where such publication is issued has been notified to that effect.— Carried. AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION. Mr. Roy V. Somerville gave notice that he would, at next annual meeting of the Association move to amend the Constitution as/ollows : — " That all applications for membership be hereafter made on a blank focro which shall be prepared and approved by the Executive Committee, the applicant to sign the same, and be recommended by two members of the Association who shall also sign the application, which, with a copy of the applicant's paper, or that with which he is connected, shall be forwarded to the Secretary, who will submit the same to the Executive Committee, upon the approval of which the i I >- tis.'m«*jj!cS+\.-.^. 1 f- 4- 1 Winter Session. 39 Secretary be empowered to issue a certificate of membership No certificate of membership to be issued either to reporters or full members until this procedure shall have been fully carried out " That on and after the date of the annual meeting, or the expiration of the current year, zSSg. (as the Associatl;n may determine), no honorary member be entitled to any of the privileges in regard to reduced railway fares, either regularly during thfyear^or In the annual excursion, it being the sense of this Association that active members only should enjoy these privileges." THE LAW OF LIBEL. Sections of a carefully prepared treatise on the law of libel, as it Mr 11 k"'" J f"^"'^"' °' newspapers, were read by the author. Mr. John King, M.A., Barrister, of Berlin, an honorary member of the Association, and at the urgent request of the meeting the reader selected the following extracts for publication in this connection :- THE AMENDED CRIMINAL LAW OF LIBEL. BY JOHN KING, M.A. mmmMmm a ifbeT whl^ ""^'^r- ""^ ^«. Published without j"s cause ofexcus-'i: a libel, whatever the intention may have hppn Th^ ,,. J excus.,. is necessarily impute disgraceful con'duc.lo fpe Jn iT?s suSdentit they render him contemptible or ridicuioux- am? =;,„„. " scandalous painting or eSgy, will cotttu": a^HbelTuit'; 1"™^ a°s anything prmted or written. As to what is lihpMo.U i„ ,if. , sense it may be said that, wherever an actbnwU he 'wihou-Tv'.W special damage, an indictment will also lie So aUn^h!^ ^^ 40 Canadian Press Association. remedy; and, therefore, there are cases in which a HHpI m^., K« indictable though not actionable. At common law A -LMs\he to"nnw'rH'?^'*'"^"^'^"^ ^'■^"^ the statutory law-iTs a misdemeanour to publish defamatory words of a deceased person, if it be alS and proved that this was done to bring contempt on thrdeceased's surviving family and relatives. But an action would not lie in such a defemed "'"' °' " ^'""P^^ ^^"'"^^^ ^'^° ^"'^ ^^^ that i" had been example set so pernicious, that it is desirable thafrbeT should £e may both indict and sue for damages. But although in strict law th« injured party has three modes of^edress, viz by crimiSl info;^. tion indictment and civd action he praciically hL'toTe'ct bet^n =!^.,u 1 "^.^^fre to take both crimina and civil nroceedin?.; simultaneously a judge would stay one or the other St^irtlfirh^ means to take both , he should first proceed crim?nany An ac&on for orTo'nvic^/d" "'I.'^k' "'^^.^ ^ ^^^^"^^"^ had been'either acZued rH,^?n"Y ■ "^^"'"^ ^f ^ hopeless undertaking. And so w2Sd a So'ghf aK^'^succe^fr? '"• ^''T-' r ^'''' "° ^'-^ action can be prougnt alter a successful criminal information. Criminal nrorPPd mgs may be taken either at common law, or under the Dominion Art" magisl at" or^v'^r"!' -^^^^ ^ preliminary inVesUg^dTbeU^a Sef lreon?v^/.n^l7- ' '"^^^'"^t^O" Criminal informations, how- ensue or wherf the l1h3 "'^T' 'T' ^'^"'" ^'^^' P"^^^^ '"'^^t^ief "^^y Clique, or wnere the libel is of such a grave nature as to rail fr,r fV,;e " m\°;'bT?ememr"f " °' *'^ ^^"^ " ^^^ '"^ ^o- G- Brow" alleSlibel fn Z r/A "^^^ Proceeded against in this way for an diiegeaiiDel in the Globe newspaper on Mr. Justice (now ^\r\ A,iom Wilson, but the court being equally divided n^ iSTudgmen^th^oro rBtg?ifw4°herd?h°ar'- .^".^^-*- -- in Min&t'he'guC aronS f • ^ ^^^^ ^ Criminal information for libel will not be fespect^TZU" case of a libel on a person in authorhy and in respect ot duties pertaining to his office. Where therefore a lihii X.h'-''"^ against M., who was at the time ITorneytSeLal^^ tTtl?^lZir%Tr '" ""%' ^^l^" ^.^ was a judg'e. an'info^m^! isL^f is h?«f^^vH.T''-u /'°^^^^'"g ^y information, in the first ^eXe of\he Ir/rf^ • ^"^ ^' ''extraordinary," because it supersedes i-^rtSi? J3iL^^- ^-j:^^--^=^ — c .11.4, .ne oncHce ia Lij^uinst the Slate rather than Winter Session. 41 this, that he must take the fconseauenc^^^^^^^^ m"^*''^''' '!^^J""* °"^y ^^ Hcation defamatory This Tsvvhl. °"^u ^ J^''^ ^^^"^ ^'^ P"b- Press." In the famous Dean of sf f ""^^"^ ^^ " '^^ liberty of^he fined this libertv^s consisdni • in n ^^ ' case. Lord Mansfield de- license subject to tLco'equLces^o r'r' '"^ p^^^j^"^ hsh judge defined it as the Uhert^Jv "^"^^her eminent Eng- which twelve of his countrvmen tMnf- ^' ""^u, *° " P"^^^^^ anything erty which is practlally SfrnTted fo/' "°\blameable." It is a lib- Libel Act. 32 Geo n ^hao 60 V°V"7. T""^ ^^e passing of Fox's the Greater Britain beyond ?heselsh Pf^^f - ^nd the press of Under the criminal law of rVnon' ^^" ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^" ^^e world, lishes a defamatory Hbei is gStvo?' a mi^d^"' "^° nialiciously pub- hne not exceeding^wo hun^dred doltarTortn^^^ exceeding one year or to both Tf hi uv u *° imprisonment not to be false." the fine mav not " a P^^^'.^hes a libel, " knowing it imprisonment not to exce^edtwoT/. ^°"' ^""^'"^ dollars, and the penalty, as in the otL case A^Ur ' °' ^^i^'^ .^^y be the double Hcation without Wul excus^ "^nd ?T. P"^^^'?'^°" ^^ ^^"^P^^ ^ P^^" printer and publisher are\^LTand\' l\^iab,eTo% ^L^u'^^lon ^'^ "^^^^^• the^eL'm^tm^ttrif t^rt^ ^a^n^f tL^'^^^' ^" '^ ^^^^^^ P^ead that benefit. This is called a ni;/nf?V* '""-^^ published for the public the truth of the maUers charged V^fn'^TV'^"- ^"^' ^^^^^^^^ ^^'^ P'^^. such a plea, the d^fSt is conv,r?.H ?t ^' '"^"f''^^ ^"^°- ^^^ ^^^er may consider whetrerthe gum o the H ?V' ^" P^'^'^^ ^^"^^"^^• mitigated by the evidence dven on fh 1 ^^^^"^^"^ is aggravated or that the publication was made w^^h^^^ ^''^^^ ^ -^^ ^^'° ^ ^"""^ '^^^^"''^ sent, or knowledge Tnd Zt it d,H .^^ defendant's authority, con-- and caution on his part ThP H f "S* ^''"^ ^"^"^ ^^"^ ^^ ^ue care alleged libel was pvfleged by reaso^^^^^^^^ may also show that the and, unless the privilejf be absol"^^ I """"k^'^'u °^ '^^ Publication, of malice precisely asfn civilclses Th ^^ ^^ 'vf''""^^ ^^^ ^^^^^"'^^ up in criminal prosecution^ u J^*"'^ ^""^ ^^^ "^ual defences set an indictments,Tthe ns ance ^f'^a f?^'''''^ '^^'' ^" ^^^ '^'^ -^ awarded; th.se usually foHowth S ""^^ Prosecutor, costs may be and are given to th'lIfccSul^ pa^t^^'^hTcort Trrta^'d^ "^7 ''' be recovered by warrant of rUcfrotl u . ^^^ taxed, and may debt. All these consfdemtions Ls tA^th^ ^" ^"^ °" ^' ^°' ^" ^'^^"^''y criminal prosecutions for 1 be" will nlrh^'' and practice generally in ciate the latest amendments ^ ^^' ^"^^^^ "' ^^"^' toappre- -:^4^.t^^^is^:^s:t iir ti;: ^a^^ij;;^ i ^s^ r^ 57)- except that the words "or r.fh^t ■ I . * ^^- ^- ^' chap. tne ufaugnisman in usine tht^ \x,r,r-rj >. *u '"• .: . * ' - '^V^'^^ pcnna: or in .h,s definition, ha" Zady been notod'in JSf.''' °' ""■ereon,' au_y uceii noticed in the comments on the 42 Canadiaji Press Association. ^T^lit2r'^"lu f}''- T^\^«'«^* °f this amendment is that the term anv A?t of P.H T^" ":^^^- '^ '^^'^ ^'^'^^ wherever it occurs in f»l ^^"fi-^jl^ament containing any provision relating to criminal Z\ . defimtion, therefore, applies to the word " nlw spaper " fn Prn.t5 'T?*''!^ ^'^^^' \^^^" ^' ^" those sections of the cVimina" Procedure Act relating to this offence. The second amendment enacts that section 140 of the Criminal m'^H "'h fl^' 'I- ^"'""^f.i ^^ ^^-^'"g to the list of offences th^ein iXd in *^^ °"'"'^' °* '^^^^- "^^^^ ^PP^^^^ t° ^» libels whether pub hshed in a newspaper or not. It was first adopted in England in the Newspaper Libel and Registration Act. iSs/^ and is an important to rSou 'h'nnr- ^^' r ''°r °^ '^^ ^"^^^^^ procedure Act referred fY;.. T ^n ^ P^/t of an Act. is usually described as the " Vexa- tious Indictments Act.' It provides that, in the case of certain SfllThal b''?i?d">f?'^-'"^ ''^-^ ^^' "°" b^«" ^^d^d t° these-ino Hmin.r ' before a grand jury unless some one of certain pre- irTbr LVv'lhLTi? "'' ^'' been complied with. These requirements Drosecitp- thP n^ "^ \ '^'' ^^^ P5«se<^"tor must be bound over to prosecute the offence, or to give evidence before the party accused • nr h. .^^''''"k^'* "!,"'* h^^^ ^^^"^ committed to or detained in custody', or have been bound over to appear and answer to the charge • vd the SenerTof ?h"' P^"''" ^''" P^^^^^^^^ ^^ '^^ ^^^^^tion of the kt't^orney! General of the Province, or by the direction, - r- with the consent of o'brXct'.T?' T^^f ^" '" ^'%^"^^- ^h^^«^°-' °f - person sough mus^be f? fin/7 T^f^-; '^""^ '"'l! °^ '^^'^ requirements or conditions Siancp ihh in " '\ '1''°'- ^^- ^^""°t be indicted at all. A com- SuTbe^at lea^tVnT °' ^'^ -q— "ts will be sufficient, but there The direct and immediate result of this change in the law is that ceed nTS P^^'^^.^dings for libel by a private individual, except pro- of ?hip ^ c"'?^"^! mformation, must be initiated before a justice w, 1 L . ^' 7^"" ^^^^}^^g point will be there, and the mode of s arting will be a complaint under oath by the prosecutor before the magistrate or^Cll ^^^ prosecutor alone may then be given, in the presence S aint or JnH ;h^"'^ *^'^ magistrate may then either dismiss the com- C ?, Lh ^^j?}u^ ^^^V^ed ^°- trial to the Assizes where alone he can rpn, [rfn . i ^ magistrate dismisses the complaint, he is bound, if llTnl i° u- ^° ^y ^^.^ prosecutor, to take the prosecutor's recogni- er^nd T,";^, i'k ^ ^P^'^'^' °^ bond-to prosecute the charge before the t^nn or h ^ ■ u P^°^ec"tor must then either go on with the prosecu- Jho e? . . -r^ recognizances forfeited, as it would defeat the object of in nt w • A ^f T'"^ ^"^T^ to have his recognizances discharged, or. If th. .''°''^',' ^'^ ^^ ^'%^^ ^'""^ ^'^ ^^'^ i^P^sed liability to prosecute i rin^Tl^"^ f "°^ discharged, but is sent for trial to the Assizes. rnmnlirH ^ 'l ^^?I '"""^ ^.^^^ °^ the requirements mentioned has been complied with. If none of the requirements are complied with the t^fcondition?f T,^«n^/^^^^^ ^^^°"^- If.howev^er.someoneof coun<,P? . T 1 ^''^^"^^' ^^^ "^'^t step will be for the prosecutor's erand inrl ThlT^' to prepare an indictment and lay it before the the nrnl7\- .i'^'^^' ^'K*^^ magistrate, hear only the evidence for tne prosecution— the accused person not being represented before them 2 Winter Sessiott. 43 —and if they are satisfied with it. they find a true bill ; if not. no bill I hegrand jury is composed of twenty three men chosen from the " body of the county," as it is called—?, e., promiscuously from the inhabitants ot the county— and twelve of them must be agreed before a true bill can be found. If they return the indictment into court marked '' no bill," that ends the whole prosecution. If. however, a true bill is found, the case then comes on for trial before a petit jury of twelve " good men and true " in the Assize court. The defendant may there make full answer and defence in person, or by counsel, to the charge, and the jury decide the whole question of libel or no libel, on the evidence offered by both the prosecution and the defence. The result as a whole of this amendment of the law, which secures a triple investigation of the matter, is to throw a greater protection than formerly around any person charged with this offence. Before this change in the law the proceedings might have been commenced betore the grand jury in the first instance. Any person was then at liberty to prefer a bill of indictment for libel against another, before a grand jury, without any previous enquiry before a justice of the peace into the truth of the accusation This right was liable to abuse, and often was abused, because, as the grand jury only hear the evidence tor the prosecution, and the accused is totally unrepresented before them, It frequently happened that a person wholly innocent of the charge made against him, and who had no notice that any proceed- ings were about to be instituted, found that a grand jury had been induced to find a true bill against him, and so to injure his char- acter, and put him to great expense and inconvenience in defending himself against a groundless accusation. It was to remedy this old state of the law, in libel prosecutic is, that the amendment was passed, and It IS certainly both a material and beneficial change. As to the several requirements referred to, it may be observed that ' when the indictment is preferred by the direction or consent of a judge. It IS for the judge, to whom the application is made for that purpose, to decide what materials ought to be before him, but it is not necessary to summon the party accused or to bring him before the judge. The "consent of the court" is not a mere formality, and if the court grants such a consent without having before it materials on which It may exercise a proper discretion, the indictment preferred in pursuance of such consent, may be quashed. The English Act requires that the direction orconsent of the court or judge to prefer the indictment must be " in writing." This is not expressly required under our Act, but there is no doubt that mere verbal proof of such a direc- tion or consent would be insufficient, and that it should be in writing Any judge of any court having jurisdiction to try the offence may give the direction or consent required by the Act, and the full court will not interfere with the exercise of the judge's discretion. In the case of the Attorney General the direction to prosecute must be by him alone A direction by a Queen's Counsel, acting as Crown prosecutor for and in the name of the Attorney General, is not sufficient. It has been Prli nfr^i^^''^"" prosecuting^ under this section, 140 of the Criminal - rocediire ,.ct, has no right to be represented by any other counsel than the representative of the Attorney General. In practice this decision 44 Canadian Press Association. li private prosecutors at the eTpense of f Hp r Prosecutions for libel bv retain his own counsel, and conduct heL. ''";• ^^^ P^^^ecutor must There may be separate cZtsfoseSel/Z"' '/.' °"" ^''P^"^^' ment, provided the vexatious indictm^nfl c ■ r" ^^^ '^^"^^ '"dict- complied with as to each separate lil^^rf^K-^'l^^ *^^ ^^^^ ^^^ been to any one libel, the c mnrcontSn nf :, L^u ^^' T ^^^" ^^"^ ^^ leave of the trial judge be ZainpH^on ^ ^^ quashed, unless the stand in the indictmenf So too " 1"". 'fn^rK"/ "^^^"^'^'^ '^ ^^' 't counts for other misdemeanour; in Z 1/ ^^"^ T-^^' '^'^ ^^'"^^ ^^^"^^ Pract.ee. this is seldom !f eve' done Hp."'^ '"'^'^^ ' ^"t. in inconvenience to the prosecutfon W „p "'^ '\'^ '^^ with prosecuting criminally will hardlv be^inr^T^' '^^^ ^' -^ ^^ ^^^'•'Ji for other misdemeanours, but S afwav hTn?^'" T^"^^^ ^°""t« separate indictment. If bv anv rLnJ! ^ "?'''''' *^^ ^"bject of a amongst other counts for ot^roinces^n^h'^""/ ^"^ ^?^^ ''^' ^"^'"^^d the court would no doubt compeTth^^ between the libel count and the conn' ^f--"^" Prosecutor to elect proceed to trial either on tr:^o^T:^:'^,Z'.^^;- ^^ ^ rnel^'lPZT: ^^^f^ ^S^^^^ Tf^ ,-P--nt amend- '• every proprietor, publishef. eTtor or oth- " ^^^ '"^'''' '^^' publication in a newspaper of an vdeV^m^. Person charged with the indicted, tried and pimi^s^eS i^tL Prv?nc7in ^t"'^i' ^' ^^^^' ^^^h, which such newspaper is printed •' ^"^""^'"^^ '" ^^'^ich he resides, or in thegeo^^^^hiral c"o^n'di^[otX^^^ T^^^' ^"^^-^- ^—e have supposed that common iusticetnn! "''^""y- ^"e would have made it just as unnec^ssarv here *° "^^^P^P^r publishers would newspapers are confine rprindpalW to fZ '^^"^^'^.^^ ^^r provincial published, and the good or harm whir k P^^°^''"^e in which these are influence which thSy exert [sd^ni ^^^ newspapers dn, and the constituency. There are ex^enlnn.''"'^ ^-"^"^^^ "^^inly 'n such a publicationJare concerned on^iTouM thinrthaf' " ^° ''' '^ ^^^^"^^ hereby, and really desirou.^ of rirhtint hil * ^""^ P^'"'^'^ aggrieved in the forums of "^those among fvhom the uZf' ^°"^^ '""'^ '^ ^° ^° largely circulated. A citizen of VaT I'^ellous matter was most Toronto journal, coi^d sustain liTttor"''^'/' ^"^^^^' '^^elled by a domicile unless the libel we Je r>!lu^u TJ^"^^^^ '" ^is own local would have a full and effect uafrei^l/ '^^- '' ^"^ '" ^^at case he The real mischief would have bee^do^ne^^'';^' '^" ^°"^^ publisher, original publication, and common jusd^^^^^^^^^ the constituency of the T^\^A°^ common sense-woSid sLem t" J^''^ ^1^^^^ should be sought, and his gooZaL re estahlf.h"7!u'^^' his remedy else. This seems to have beeTth^^^'^'J^^'"^ ^"d nowhere o d law. because when shortlv after . 77 °^. *^^ modifiers of the different provinces wer^ made un^orm 'Jhl 'h^''^?' '^^ ^^^^ ^^ the being dragged from one end of the Domin S^ foThl'n" '"'^'^ ^^^^"^^ the charge, seems never to have enkrid n, J^®'"' *° ^"^^^^ ^o na^e entered their minds. No provision, Winter Session. 45 therefore, was made for such a case ; nor can we wonder that it was not when we consider how utterly unnatural and foreign such a remedy is for such a wrong. The real state of the law was first forced upon public attention when, some four years ago, the publisher of the Toronto News was summoned to Montreal to meet a criminal charge of libel preferred agamst him by a French officer of volunteers in that city. Certain coniments had been made in the news column of the newspaper on the regiment generally as it was passing through Toronto. These formed the subject of the complaint, which- was formulated by the officer as affecting himself individually. The selection of the headquarters of the regiment, nearly four hundred miles distant, as the forum of trial, was a startling revelation to the newspaper public. These and other facts and circumstances of the case were the subject of universal com- ment at the time, and form an interesting chapter in the history of Canadian journalism. They only serve to set forth in bolder relief the glaring injustice of the law which sanctioned a prosecution under conditions so grossly unfair to the defendant. The publisher was not the author of the alleged libel ; he was in the position of one who, under our statutes, might honestly plead that it was published without his authority, consent, or knowledge, and that its publication did not arise from want of due care and caution on his part. There was no malicious or mercenary motive, and the wrong done, if wrong there was, was the result of error arising out of misinformation or misinterpre- tation of facts, into which any newspaper writer might be led by the demands made by the public upon his journal for daily intelligence. There was above all the forced appeal, in a time of great public excite- ment, to a tribunal strongly biassed by racial prejudices. Early intelligence is indispensable in a daily newspaper ; the journal which falls behind is ruinously handicapped by its energetic competitors ; there is too often little time for scrutiny, and none for cross-examin- ation ; whatever is received from an apparently trustworthy source must be published, subject of course, to subsequent correction. It is next to impossible, often absolutely impossible, to discriminate between pleasant intelligence and that which may give annoyance in some quarters. Gross carelessness is culpable, but, apart from this, the motive will generally be found a sufficient criterion. Where there has been no malice, nor any mercenary object to serve, mistakes are not proper subjects for punishment, and if they are punished either the press will be gagged, or a premium will be given to that sort of journalism which, having no character to lose, is ready to run any risks for gain. These remarks apply to the Queen vs. Sheppard, for in that case assuredly the punishment did not fit the crime, or rather alleged crime, lor which the accused journalist was called upon to answer at great personal and professional sacrifices. The only redeeming feature of the whole prosecution was the plucky and chivalrous defence which he made against his adversaries in their self-chosen stronghold, and the ringing protests that went forth from all parts of British Canada .against the unrighteonK law that bore him dov,'n in the struggle. The secoi d case of the kind, which illustrates the old state of the law of procedure in libel prosecutions, was that of the Queen vs. 46 Canadian Press Association. < \ c r s e d b Creighton in which the manager of the Empire uas invited to visit OueLc on urgent criminal business. It was charged that the statements compkinrdof%hich appeared in the columns of thayournal^ the ^character' and reputation of a prominent Pubhc man that he State alone could redress the in ury. The invitation in that case was expended by a French gentleman also, and its politeness was, to say the least, equivocal. This sort of inter-provincial courtesy was evi- dently on the increase, and it was to prevent an embarrassment of of rchesin this respect that the Legislature was ^o«n after invoked leainst its repetition. The amendment of the law which \>e have been discussing was then made. For his courteous readiness to con- sfder the grievances, and. as far as possible, to -eet the wis^^^^^^ journalists and for his prompt action in ^^^J^l'f.'^^ting the rigour of the old law in this respect, the Minister of Justice was very properly tendered the warm thanks of the Association. Although we usually follow English legislation in "Jf^.s^^-^^ °* ,^^;^ reform we have follovved it either afar off. or not at all, in regard to prosecutions for libel. By section 3 of the Newspaper Libe a^^^^^ Registration Act, 1881. no prosecution ^^ ^/^.'^^P^f °'' P"^^^^^^^^^ editor, or any person responsible for the publication of a newspaper could be commenced without the fiat of the Director of Public Prose- cutions in England, or the Attorney-General in Ire and, being first Ob ained These functionaries had the fullest discretion, uncontrolled even by the courts, in granting or refusing their fiats; and they usually exercised this discretion by withholding fiats where civil actions met all the requirements of justice. This was a greater pro^ tectionthan newspaper publishers have ever ^^joyed in Canada and although the law in that respect has been changed by the Libel Amencfment Act. 1888. the change, as will be seen, has increased rather than diminished the immunities of newspapers. By section 4 of the Act of 1881, a magistrate has power, on he hearing of a charge of newspaper libel, to ^^^^^Y^^y^f "^^fj^f *„^ matters charged in the libel being true, and-wher^ the libel is con- tained in a newspaper report-as to the report being fair and accurate, and published without malice, and, in short, as to any ma - t-r which might be given in evidence, by way of defence, by the per- son charged.' If, affer hearing such evidence, the mag-t t - opinion that there is a strong or probable P^f ^mption that the jury on the trial would acquit the person charged he may dj^"^Jf the case. Under this section only such evidence can be received by the magis- trate as would be admitted, under proper pleas, at the trial ot an ndfctment for the same libel. He could not._ .. ^y H^^iTJ^uSTn no the truth of a blasphemous, obscene, or seditious ^bel, because in no case is such evidence admissible. No serious injustice is done by the magistrate's dismissing the case, because the P'^osecutor may carry the mauer further. He may require the magistrate to bind him over to prosecute at the next Assizes, and the magistrate is bound to do so and at the same time to forward the depositions taken before him o the court in which the indictment will be preferred. This '« virtually an appeal against the magistrate's decision and as such is simpler and less expensive than appeals usually are. either in bngland or Canada. Wintei^ Session. 47 • ^^^TZ t^^U;^;^^^;; t^^^ ;o pa, a,, the defend, cnm.nal charge against an innoce^n" person P"^^'"^^'^"^'^ P'-essing a r^^^!^^^^^ -^ there is ...h an intelligent magistrate o/ bench ori^i^^'V"*" "" '^' f>ictJbefo ^ cases, promote a friend y understanding^ h""'"'' '"'^^*- '" '"any honour" to both parties^ In any event '"""'^ " P*^^^« ^i^h cutor before a magistrate wm,M ?k- ^••^" unsuccessful prose- graver risks of failure at Ihe Assizes '"' ^"'" '^^^^^ incurrinrthe mor/;r^^^;ri::s^l;^;;[^his^ec^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ a Canadian magistrate has novvTnde? the Don. ""^\^P^P^^ ^'bel than a pnma facie case being made out h J I dominion Act of 1888. On and any other proof thlt^mfglt be ne7esLt° hPs^H^'f ^'^^ "^ ^^^ ''^el the accused for trial ; in no case h^l I ^^' ^'j- ^^^'^ ^^as to commit dence for the defence. Nor has he nnu J"'"'^^'^^'^" to receive evi- against "the proprietor nnblSl ^1 ?"" ^'''^^Pt ^^hen the charge is or the Publica'tiorrf^rnrwsXe^^^ P-son respo'nffble It was before the Act was parsed Rv i ^^^ ^-^'^^ the rule is as defence is open to the defendam at the v.r ."^"'T ^ ^^'^ "ne of against him. He may show^Lt thi ^ °"^'^^ °^ the proceedings privileged ; that the ma ter comp a nL^!,^ ^'^^ "^ the publication is published for the public good anH h ? ° '^ *''"^' ^"^ that it was probable that a jury woSm con "^/^^'^ any event, it is highly Tm! exercise of what I's c'aired"il sum miry" jirfsdTcd:"'" ^'''^' ^ the not hear and determine in criminS casis Hif 1 '.^ magistrate does th °! ^^'^"^ J^^y- ^ho hea?^ only the evid.nr.f'^ '^ analogous to hen decide whether the accused shall be '"^^ ^^ ''^'''' ^"^ this section, therefore, where there is invrS" "P^ ^'^trial. Under where the question of guilt nr inn!. ^"^ real conflict of evidence or of the witn^esses. i" 'Urj' eem ?o be' n'ron.'T^ ^P^" '^^ credibiii-; dismiss the case, but to sendTt for tri^Uo I v';!^' "magistrate not to the other hand, the evidence of c^Idibfe witn..'^^'' '°"'*- "^^^'^^ «" favour of the accused as to leave no rnnmf^' '° Preponderates in magistrate can scarcely err in^-r^nrSs^SL^r^trat^^^ ^^'^^t^Se^:^^,i^!^^^ ^ -- ^"-^- in the 5 It IS provided that, if upon Keadng of Z '^ '^''\ ^^ ^^^tion IS of opinion that, though the person f hi h ^^^'^^.' *^^ magistrate of a trivial character and may h^^S^n fT"^ '^ ^"'^ty, the libel is vyay, he(themagistrate) ly%it'h%t Set ST""'^ ^" ^ ^"^ "^^y tne case summarily, and may cony ct th?rl °^ the accused, deal with him to pay a fine not exceedTng fiftTponndr'rv ""^^'^^^ ^"^ ^^judge ceding one, only applies to the hearing of f^h ^' '""• ^°"' ^'^^ the prl publisher, erlitor or oth^- "taring ol a charge against a nrnprji^^_ wh.ch we have been co..en.i4T«^^^r p^/ceti.^^'clL'^SLr" 48 Canadiatt Press Association, ordinary individuals, Under this fifth section there must be at least four conditions to give the magistrate summary jurisdiction, viz.: ist, the guilt of the defendant, in publishing the libel, must have been clearly established; 2nd, the libel must be, in the opinion of the magis- trate, of a trivial character; 3d, he must be of opinion that a fine, within the limit named, will be an appropriate remedy ; and 4th, the accused must consent to the magistrate dealing with the offence summar- ily. A 5th condition would seem to be that the defendant does not set up the defence of privilege, or of the truth of the defamatory matter and its publication for the public benefit. The defendant s guilt hav- ing been proved to the satisfaction of the magistrate, and the latter deeming the offence "trivial " and properly punishable by a fine, the defendant's consent is all that is required to have the whole matter finally determined. The law in England has been still further amended, and very ma- terially improved, by the " Law of Libel Amendment Act, 188S," passed on the 24th December of that year. By section 8 of that Act, section 3 of the Newspaper Libel and Registration Act, 1881, which made a fiat of the Director of Public Prosecutions a condition prece- dent of libel prosecutions, is repealed, and instead thereof it is enacted that " no criminal prosecution shall be commenced against any proprietor, publisher, editor, or any person responsible for the pub- lication of a newspaper, for any libel published therein, without the order of a judge at chambers being first had and obtained. Such application shall be made on notice to the person accused, who shall have an opportunity ot being heard against such application." This amendment was not secured without a struggle, the bill containing it having been defeated on one or two occasions in previous sessions of the Imperial Parliament. It is a great boon to newspapers, and aftbrds them about as ample protection as could be desired in all such cases. It substitutes a judge of the High Court, skilled in hearing and weighing conflicting evidence in criminal trials for libel, for tha Director of Public Prosecutions experienced in hearing only one side, and that the most unfavourable for the journalist ; it requires notice to the accused in every instance, and gives him the opportunity of making full answer to the application against him. Under the re- pealed section of the Newspaper Act the accused had no right to notice, and, it may be presumed, received none. The application for the fiat, moreover, was made ex parte — the accused not being repre- sented before the Crown officer — and was based on materials which disclosed only the case for the prosecution, thereby placing the pros- pective defendant at a great disadvantage. This was not even-handed justice, but it was an improvement all the same on the law of Canada which does not afford even that limited measure'of protection to the newspaper press. Another important amendment made in the English law, by the Act of 1888, is that which provides that "every person charged with the offence of libel before any court of criminal jurisdiction, and the husband or wife of the person so charged, shall be competent, but not comr>ellable. witnesses on every hearinc^ at every stao'e of such charge." This applies to ordinary individuals, as well as to persons connected Winter Session, 40 with newspapers, and assimilates, to a great extent, the law of evi- dence in criminal prosecutions and civil actions for libel. For many years past in England, the parties to almost every species of civil action, libel included, and the husbands and wives of such parties, have been both competent ami compellable to give evidence for or against each other. But this rule was not extended to criminal pro- ceedmgs for an indictable offence, or any offence punishable on sum- mary conviction. In such proceedings, the prosecutor was of course a competent and compellable witness, but the person charged was not ; while the husband was not competent or compellable to give evidence fcr or against his wife, or the wife competent or compellable to give evidence for or against her husband. Certain exceptions to this rule were created by a number of special .\cts, for various pur- poses, but libel never was excepted until the passing of the Libel Amendment Act, i8S8. By that .Vet every person charged with the offence of libel is a competent, but not a compellable, witness, that is, he has the right to tender himself and be examined on his o\ -n behalf for the defence, but cannot be called and examiiied by the Crown as a witness for the prosecution, unless he be willing to testify, because that would be compelling him to testify against himself. But, if examined on his own behalf for the defence, he must, of course, submit to cross- examination by the Crown, like any other witness. The same remarks apply to his wife, or, if the defendiint be a married female, to her husband. She or he, as the case may be, is a competent, but not a compellable, witness, in the sense above indicated. This right is open "on every hearing at every stage" of the prosecution. It may, therefore, be exercised at the preliminary enquiry before the magis- trate, whether he be acting in a summary way or not, and also before the grand jury, and at the trial. The effect of this change in the law is, as far as possible, to abolish the distinction between libel as a crime and a civil injury, in so far as, the evidence is concerned. If the defendant, in a criminal prosecution, and the wife or husband of the. defendant were both competent and compellable witnesses, as in a civil action, the law would be identical in both classes of cases. There are good reasons, however, based on public policy and the marriage relationship, for not compelling a defendant charged with a criminal offence to be a witness against himself, and also for not compelling his wife to testify against him. In Canada the law of evidence on this point in civil suits or actions, as well as in criminal proceedings, has been for many years almost precisely the same as the law of England. In the case of a person tried summarily or otherwise for common assault, or for assault and battery, the defendant is a competent witness for the prosecution, or on his own behalf, and the wife or husband of the defendant is a com- petent witness on behalf of the defendant. In the case of a person charged with refusing or neglecting to provide food, clothing or lodging for his wife or child, the wife is competent to give evidence for or against her husband, and the person charged is also a competent witness on his own behalf. Libel has never been embraced in the category of these exceptions. Our statutes still brand it as a crime, in the most offensive sense of the term, by rigidly excluding the defendant , ! ^^^ ^^l.iiBj'S^HiJl^ J9 50 Canadian Press Association. from the witness b„x. 1 he law makers of KnKland. notwithstandinK the.r strong conservatism m all such matters, have not clone this They seem to reKard the offence of libel as of a quasi-criminal charac- er, anc a-s a more str.nKent mode of enforcing the civil injury than the ordinary remedy of an action for damages. The Legislature of <^anada may well consider whether they should not follow the worthy example thus set them by the Mother Country, by making the defend- ant and his wife competent witnesses, thereby enabling the whole truth to be elicited, and the jury to pass upon it as in civil proceedings 1 hese sections of the English Acts have been commented on because they are in advance of our own law on the subject, and furnish sun- gestive precedents for Canadian amendments on the same lines There IS no need to follow English precedents slavishly. In law making generally we have to take into account the condition and circumstances ot our own people and our own system of government, federal and . provincial but where desirable amendments of existing laws can /"!, to harmonize with these, we should not hesitate to borrow rnmm T/ T '" """Z u^'^" • ^peaking of the criminal law. a learned commentator has said, that " it should be founded upon principles that are permanent, uniform and universal ; and should be always c-onform- ?h 5 1 Ki*^'^\ '^ ""l ^'"^^ ^"^ J"^^''^^- the feelings of humanity and the indelible rights of mankind; though it sometimes (provided there be no transgression of these eternal boundaries) may be modified n? m''''q?\°' l'}^^'^^^' according to the local or occasional necessities o the State which it is meant to govern." Our present law of libel is almost a transcript of the law of England, but it is plain that it is not equally " conformable to the dictates of truth and justice • " we are behind our ancient prototype in modifying and enlarging our law to meet the " necessities of the State which it is meant to govern "One great advantage oi adopting English amendments of the statutory law apart from their own inherent merits, is the assistance derived in their Sh " ^ ^^'"'''^ ^""^ ^^^^ ^'"'■^'^' ""^^ ^^°'"" th^ ^"g'i-^h There may be some difficulties in the way of Canadian journalists securing all or most of tne amendments which we have been discussing ™ Q ^'''f°"^*^u* ^'^ insuperable upon a fair presentation of the case borne few of the questions involved may be arguable, but the weight of argument, to say nothing of the weight of evidence supplied by English experience, is on our side. The provision in the Act of i88i requiring the written fiat of the Director of Public Prosecutions before initiating the prosecution of a newspaper publisher for libel' would hardly suit the necessities of the case in this country The pfssedln r'sHn'^'h if "^^^', P^^^-^^^i^""^ ^^^s created by a special Act. passed in i88o, which regulates its duties. He is a professional man^ fn !l "^"i '•^"'^ h^.^ extensive jurisdiction, under the Attorney-Cieneral offir.r ,^,^??»"'^ir^t'°" of criminal justice generally. There is no law anZl^ Canada vested with the same powers. The Deputy Minister or i"f '«°' ^Y ^^P"*^' Attorney-General of any Province, might grant or refuse fiats for newspaper prosecutions, but the performance of such a duty by him. particularly in the case of an influential party journal would be almost certain to be misconstrued however conscieitiouslv / ^2 >^. Winter Scssinn. 51 / 1* ^ vt Vv really nothing to bt utL-S aAins^^^ [''''''^ mentioned, and there is in Canada. ^ ^^'^'"^' '^^ adoption of a similar enactment statutes' the ^hi:f%mc:ltv^:oa1"rro[r.;r^^"^^^^ '^^ ^"«'-'^ conferred on the Canadil V^^t^t^.^f/^'UT; Is' i" ^^e powers to be importance, and one in reL/arrl ^1 {• u .u ^ '^ question of some opinion. I involves consfrr.r ^^'■''^ ^^^^^ ^^'" *^« fHversity of ok^nce itself. Lnd the in^^i^^^^^^^^^^^ arising out of the nature of^he of our courts of sumrarvTuri^!,^/,^^ law affecting it. the constitution the powers with wS the Ir^ n . 'J '^^ ''.'J*"^'"^"' I'rovinces and of the persons who would Vcalleduol ? ''" "'• '^" 'l"^''"^-^i«n« amended form. Libel is an nSnJ ^ ^" administer the law in its nature-a moral and e timent rvv?'" '"■''^'''/- u^' '.« intellectual in its from all other delinqui; ci^ wh ch con's7srin nh"'"^"?' '''' ^''«"^^^"^ against persons or property. Desoite alMhJ^ physical acts operating sionand authority, there s still mnrh learning of judicial deci- it. In the determinaln of ,e^if„;^f^^^^^^^^^ and difficult points are cons anfll .r,v Pf'^'^^ge. malice, etc.. vexed of refinemenf m the who"e law^nn /if^'' '\^'^ ''' '" f^^'' ^ «"«d ^^^l other reasons, libel cases both r?vilV"^'^^'' /""' ^^ese amongst tried in the higher courts of IZL f oriminal, have always been Courts and GeneVseLionsS t^h"e'pete'"'hiciT'" • '^^e County many matters of great import Lr^ uT' "^"'P" have jurisdiction in powers given to EngHsh maSLfrnf!' iV'T '" ^'^^^' The enlarged ^bel as Lrime. is"a'^L^ov1 ^ n ,ht spe^et^ ?LT' '" ''''''''' an experiment which has never been hS ^ Vu '^' *° ^ ^reat extent, the expediency of trying it ever ^--" -^ -^ ''^ country. Nor has liament. although thlTcisclrt-llT^^^^ '"J^^ P'^^' ^' i" Par- against an amendment of the Hw L .^ '"^ '?■ ^"^ '^'^ ^^^h for and the same extent, indfcated L the EnglishVcr' '""' '' ""' ^^^^^'^ ^« magistr^a^tor'onw: jSceL^lh^e" oe^^^t °f ^^^^^ ^ ^^'P-^'-y in any particular case So that ekherTn r^"" ^^°"" "^" ^^^'"^'^^ them lary magistrate, presiding alone can hearTnd'H T^^'"'^'^ °' ."^ ^^'P^"^- already stated, any case within '^Sf-/^*^.™'"^- ^" the manner of i88z • but two Snary ustices of"tht'"^ ' °^ '^'. Newspaper ^ct hear such a case in order to Livp/h ^T-^ '-'^"'^ be required to have police and stipe'dlLy "mIgiLates'Tnd S^'^^i""- ^^' ^°°' with power to do alone such arts ;,! Ifl ' ,7 °*^'^'' °*^*^^^ ^^ "stice two or more justices oHhe peace t,-'-^'^'^"-'^'^ '° ^' '^^"^ ^^ English magistracy was less^ob^ctio^fhl " ^'^^^"^ Jurisdiction given the generally acknowledged fitness to "xercfse^^ '^Th' ^^' ''^''^ °' *^^^^ a whole a most capable bodv nf a^J^ i, , ^^ ^''^ ^^id to be as less professionallyTalned^esped^^^ ^"^ "^°^« °^ where the magisterial Sffice is hifd I '" *^^ ^"^^ ^'ties and towns position. Thif can hard^ besaid and k^n^n H°'* ^°"^Pftent for the be, of the great body of Lttce.nf:iilll^^^ can not however, in the large centres nfrT^C,.; i \P""^'' '," Canada. There are for .ha. .a«. i„ S^^^^^l^l^S^ S^!^!,!^;:^^ /, 52 Canadian Press Association. criminal offence/^'v.noLst our inr.T n ^^^"'^^ties of libel as a also to be found men of ^nSo magistrates everywhere are types of thrruroTclassrhotryTbd ^ probably be able to metlnn/e ""^ '^?^'^^^°"^^s- who would Action/ At aneventsTnd^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ""^^^^"^ satis the right, which alirusiicesof the D^^^^^ '^'''' ' i'^ ^°"^^ ^^'^ to lay the evidence before their S^^^^ investigations, to act on his advice in the wTole m.HPr f '^ .l''^""*^ attorney, and turn might, when he ihnLZl matter, and the county attorney in ProvincfalAltSrney General^ ^'°P''" '°"'"^' ^'' ^"P^^^°^ officer,^;!;" Po^er:^t^Pi^;[Z,^:,^:^^^^^^ the peace has IS not a libel. He is considered nnf.! ' *° determine what is or particular publication contans T^r^Z^^'"''' ''^ ^^^^^ ^^"^^^^ ^"^ complainan^hecommiss°oiTfacrfm^n^^^^^ \"'P"'^"^ *« ^^^ It may have the effect of excluding hTm P""''^^!^^.^ ^y law, or whether or hurting his tradror livelihooH ^nr ^ """• '°^,!?*y' °" ^^ impairing contempt^r ridicule in an v of ; v i! ^^P*^^'"^ ^^^ to public hatred If a sinRl^ iustirp of ;>! ^ *'!*'^ ^''^"^^ a^ indictment will lie why Sd rXe or sS-^^^ ^" '"^'^>' ^"^^"^'^'^ ^^^h thfs duty.- acting when ne^cessar? under ^hl^X magistrate, or a bench of justices be hlld incompe?S7tn rPpV^^ '^^^ published in7Telll'^^^^^^^^ Sth"'' ^'\^-\-^^tory matters charged in the libeTbein^rtrue as t't P"^^'" benefit, as to what is accurate and published Vurourmalic^Tn^d 'a's%7ril^ ^ deciding that the nrosecnfnr\ il^ k^ ^P'l'^'j^''^^''' ^"^ 'hereafter of have thfs powlr uX the EnSsh Ac"of ^^,f"''f^,L ""t«'^'"'es has since been amended thr^cl!,,.. hi! ■ ' ?"''■ although the Act after eight years^explrieterl'^ l^ft fntlr te^C^anifd ""°" ""' trates so far behind th^Jr K,.lfV, mtact. Are Canadian magis- discernment tha they should bT ^IT '^V^ ^" intelligence and similar way upon cases of t hi =t ^^^a^ed from pronouncing in a a police magistrate or two or i^^^^^^^^ Why, too, should guilt of pSblication befng imdoubLd h" ^"''''? ^^^^-^ peace-the deciding whether a lih^ nnhK i? J^ • ~^ considered incapable of character.'- and that i?m?vh..'H '" t f^^^Paper is of a ''trivial thereafter with the cons?n?of th. n'^?'^^^ P"^''^^^ ^^ ^ «"«• and whole matter summarT conlin^.h'^ '^?"^' ^^/^^Img with the a money penaltv wS If ^^.^^^^"'^^"t^'^d mulcting him in what ha^s Ten Inffor inorrthfn ' •^'.'J^'"^ ""^°""^ ' ^^^^his 1" these Lla^od 1^^^ nt^^S^irb^ :^S^S i Winter Session. 53 may be in the objection as to the average rural justice of the peace, there can be httle, if any, in the case of police, district or stipendiary magistrates, professionally trained an(' experienced. Under " An Act respecting the Summary Administration of Criminal Justice" (Chap. 176, Revised Criminal Law of Canada, 1887), magistrates of the class last named have large powers and authority which they may exercise summarily, with the consent of the party charged in some of the provinces, and without his consent in others, in regard to certain offences. These offences include simple larceny, larceny from the person, embezzlement, obtaining money or property by false pretences, feloniously receiving stolen property, aggravated assaults with or with- out weapons, including malicious wounding, assaults on females or children, or on magistrates, peace officers, etc. The accused in such cases may make full defence to the charge against him. The Juvenile Offender's Act (Chap. 177 of the Revised Criminal Law) confers like powers on magistrates, including two or more justices of the peace, in the case of youthful culprits charged with larceny. It is impjssible within the limits of a paper to discuss this point further but there is this at least to be said that, in the present state of our criminal law and the procedure for administering it, cogent reasons may be found to justify the extension to magistrates in Canada of the enlarged juris- diction, in regard to the offence of libel, which ii at present possessed by magistrates in the Mother Country. It may seem strange that, of these English amendments of the criminal law of libel, more have not been embodied in our own statute books. But the truth is, no very united and sustained effort has been made to this end by those more immediately interested. A change has occasionally been made when some crying injustice has been done, as in the cases of the Queen vs. Sheppard and the Queen vs. Creighton, but why wait for a glaring wrong to arouse the Legislature to a sense of its duty in the premises? It is quite likely that the politicians "in Parliament assembled " think the press is " free " enough already, but the politicians, whatever be their infirmities, are not insensible to the influence as well as to the benefits of respectable and legitimate journalism. They can hardly have failed to notice that this species of journalism rules the great body of the press, local as well as metro- politan ; that it has enlisted in its service a large amount of capital, enterprise and intellectual ability ; that the disposition to discuss all sorts of questions on their merits is stronger than ever it was ; that this spirit of fairness has extended into every department of newspaper intelligence; that the tone of discussion has immensely improved; and that the libeller, pure and simple, is a sort of literary monstrosity in the ranks of n^vspaper writers. Apart from other consider- ations, not the least of which is their great public usefulness, these of themselves are surely good reasons why newspapers should be protected by every fair and reasonable safeguard that the Legislature can devise. 54 Canadian Press Association. MISCELLANEOUS. Moved by Mr. Shannon, seconded by Mr. Moyer. That the Execu. tive Commutee be instructed to prepare a report of this meeting or publication and distribution throughout Ontario to publishers. Carried Moved by Mr. Watson, seconded by Mr. Bell, That the thanks of this Association are due, and are hereby tendered, to the members who have read "papers "here to-day. Carried th.frt.v T ""■ '^°°'''' '''°"^'^ ^y J°^" ^^''^' That the heartiest thanks of this Association are due to the Toronto Press Club for their courtesy and kindness in extending to us the use of their rooms'for this winter meeting, and that Messrs. McLean and Somerville be and are hereby appointed a committee to present to the Press Club our tnanks. Carried. Moved by Mr. James, seconded by Mr. Barr. That the sum of five dollars be given to the caretaker of Toronto Press Club rooms for his services connected with the meeting. Carried Moved by Mr. McLean, seconded by Mr. Jamieson. That the Executive Committee be instructed, in the event of any move being made to impose postal rates on weekly newspapers, to take such action as may be deemed necessary in the interest of members of this Asso- ciation. Carried. On motion the meeting adjourned, "^^ "^ '^"MIE, E. H DEWART Secretary. _ . ' •^ President. » Winter Session. 55 ATTENDANCE ROLL. JJ'^rl^^Z-' ^ '''' °' "^"'^^^ ^"^°"^^ ^^ ^" ^"-^-- ^^ the W^^.^^^:::^-^--i;;^Si^^-dian Toronto, J. B. Trayes Timp= BowmanviUe. R. L. Mortimer Pree Press Streetsville. W. E. Smallfield . . . . ! . '. '. " " MercuTv Bowmanville. jYc^X::;; ^>-^--:::;;;.::;:;;.;Sr- L. G. Jackson ■"'.'*■ .'Era Toronto. C. H. Mortimer j Miliing News and Can '/ ^^"^""^'^^t- J. B. McLean LviT''""' ^ ^""^"'- ^ ^°'°"*°' C. D. Barr.... P<^F Toronto. T. T Bell t- j"/";^' Lindsay. U.hc.^e::::::-':::'^^:^^^^^^^^^ BrocJne. John H Thompson . . ' Post * ' ' * -gf Overton. Rev. W W Smith n ^" ' * VJ Thorold. w. J. waYs^n'"^:'; : : : : : : : : 2:z':^s '"'^^^"'^"^ ^--^- tred J.Prior News A.J. Matheson FxnnQJf or T?r,„ \T c „ c,xpositor Dundas. .Toronto. Royv.somerv.iie-:::::;;:-Sa;;ner p^^*5- W.F.Maclepn WoHd Dundas Jas. S. Briefly ' ' " " ournal Toronto, H. J. Snelgrove World St. Thomas. John Motz Tournai Cobourg. J.W.Bengough /gZ ?^^^^"- J. E. Atkinson Globe Toronto. Jno. Cameron Glohp Toronto. H. Hough onf*^ Toronto. F. T. Jewell Pr,/ " '• Toronto. A. i.k™pbei,- :;:;:;:::;:: S^ra^or; : g?f-r ■ C. W. Lawton World Brampton. George Young "" Courier Beeton. C, Blackett Robinson. [ .' .' '. [ [ Canada P;esb;;;rVan :::;:: llTonZ.. 56 Canadian Press Associati on. OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION, Prel'lrsoriLtrr.htot" '." ""^ --"^^O-nt of the Canadian annually members of the Fourth E„!l '■ ^ *:""«'"« '°8'''>«='- differences should be forgotten and socill ' """'°" "''"^ P^'^' thereby tend to check thn acquaintanceships formed, • were apparen i„ f a tu Zn'^ ""^"^ ""'-'""ately ,00 often far as possible the b tte ness of ton/^ . ''r'''""^' ^"^ ^^"'^^ - press. The first mee nlin ./ ''' characterized the public held in the city ofT^^^ 0^5^:11;^ Z Td"^' '™ T S Z:^Z:l^TT^-^ '^'-'' —onTaTbt' Up to 186, the ,ttendrn ^ '"'""'"' *'"" ''■="^«='='' «^"ltS wi'h .his pe od n excursiri""""'""^ "=^«'^' ^■" ~"— i„g added as an attendant on, he , ''°"" ""^ P°'"'' =>' '"'-<'^' "as attending the IZtTvZt::^! T"""'' ^^ "-" P™"^«^ "^ members. Thenceforward the ^ ^""""""''^ '° ""= '^-dies of .0 w.th increasedTntrest at^d the"? f f "'"^ ™^ '°°''^'' f— ^ important sections of o ^ o knowledge particularly of the more Tips, has proved a v:ruab,raid1„"'d''' f ' '"""« '"^^^ ^^^'^ public questions. SuWoTned win b. T'J P'^"'='''^^"'' ""h many of each annual meetin^r t^'oLXt^edTLt' '"^ '°"'^°" J 'L 1859. Meeting for Organization at Kingston, September 27th W. Gillespy... ^ J. G. Brown ." President. Josiah Blackburn .".* ^^* Vice-President. Thomas Sellar . . ^"^ Vice-President D. McDougall ...!.* Secretary and Treasurer George Sheppard Honorary Secretary. James Seymour ) James Somerville [ Thomas Mcintosh .....[ f ^^^cutive Committee. John Jacques ." 1' >VTrinw.Mei M?iU^. a i; '1 ( i \ V Officers, i860. 67 Second Annual Meeting at Toronto, September ^gtk. W. Gillespy .... D. Wylie ,' President. D. McDougall' .'.'."" • • ' • ^st Vice-President. Thomas Sellar. . 2nd Vice-President J. E. P. Doyle. . '..'.'.'//, Secretary and Treasurer. <-• J. Hynes Honorary Secretary A. McLachlan ." .' ') James Somerville | Josiah Blackburn f Executive Committee w. G. cuiioden ...'.".".'.■.■.'.;;;.' 1861. Third Annual Meeting at London in September. W. Gillespy D. McDougall ..*].' President. Rufus Stephenson ' ' ' ^^* Vice-President. Thomas Sellar. . . 2nd Vice-President J- E. P. Doyle Secretary. J. G. Brown Honorary Secretary. D. Wylie . . ] M. Cold well. '.;].■'* f A. McLachlan " Executive Committee J. W. McLean .. 1 '> 1862. Fonrth Annual Meeting at Toronto, September .,r, D. McDougall .... D. Wylie President. Thomas White. . .' .' ^^t Vice-President Thomas Sellar. . . 2nd Vice-President M. Bovvell Secretary. W. Gillespy . . .V. Honorary Secretary J- Young ] J. A. Campbell. . ' w. T. Cox. :: R. E. O'Connor.. ■ Executive Committee. 58 Canadian Press Association. 1863. Fifth Annual Meeting at Toronto, November 20th. D. Wylie . . . . , President. Thomas White 1st Vice-President. M^ Bowel).. 2nd Vice-President. 1 homas Sellar Secretary. J • '\- Campbell Honorary Secretary. A. McLachlan \ ^ James Seymour W. Wallace •. j. Executive Committee. George McMullen \\\ T. Johnson li-r ill' 1864. Sixth Annual Meeting at Belleville, November 24M. Thomas White President. M. Bowell ist Vice-President. Thomas Sellar 2nd Vice-President. w^ r ^^'"P^®" Secretary and Treasurer. Ty\xV y-^ Honorary Secretary. D. Wylie .\ T. Messenger J- ^^'Il^^^i."^ •...[• Executive Committee. A. J. Belch J- Laing .......'.'. 1865. Seventh Annual Meeting at Brockville, September 6th. M Bowell President. Thomas Sellar ist Vice-President. J. A Campbell 2nd Vice-President. „/ i" T?^ •, Secretary and Treasurer. W. Buckingham Honorary Secretary. T, White \ D. Wylie [l ','.'. '.'.'.'.'. John Siddons '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'/.I Executive Committee. J. Somerville W. M. Nicholson L. Officers. j.g 1866. EigM Annual Meeting at Montnal. Aug,., ..„rf. Thomas Sellar James A. Campbell President. W. T. Cox 1st Vice-President W. Buckingham 2nd Vice-President. J- V JP"^^ .' ." .' .' Secretary and Treasurer. i;: Jackson Honorary Secretary ^. M. Nicholson ' ^* A. J. Belch ; C. B. Robinson ...[[ ' f Executive Committee. iv. Romaine, , r; tj 1867. Ninth Annuel Meeting at Qoderich. August yth. ' ]• A. Campbell. . . W. T. Cox.... President. Robert Boyle. ....*.'.".' . ist Vice-President. E- Jackson 2nd Vice-President w •^;>r^?''^ .'.'.'.'!.'."*.' Secretary and Treasurer Vy. M. Nicholson • Assistant Secretary ^- H. Hull .... \ J. McLagan \ J- Hogg ; ; • • • y Executive Committee. J- Cameron I Essayist,~]ohn King, Berlin! ' * * P.V/ -David w r t. /-0£>r.— David Wyhe, Brockville. 1868. Tenth Annual Meetin, at CoUing.oo,, July xoM. Wm. Buckingham.... Robert Boyle. . President. W. M. Nicholson '.'.\'.\ ^^t Vice-President. E. Jackson 2nd Vice-President ^- ^ough .'.'.'.;.■.'; Secretary and Treasurer R. Mathison ... Assistant Secretary A. McLean .'.':.■.■;;: ) f • K. Mason W ( I. Camprnn " ExecuHvo (^(\^ — -•^^- r" r> "r.~"i — ' i -"-IV., '--oia^iiiiiitje. ^' B. Robinson ... 60 Canadian Press Association. 1869. Eleventh Annual Meeting at Cohourg, July 20th. D. Wylie President. J. Cameron ist Vice-President. A. J. Belch 2nd Vice-President. E. Jackson Secretary and Treasurer. J . Somerville Assistant Secretary. R. Mathison W. Gillespy [ ' W. Halley [ Executive Committee. W. Buckingham J. S. Gurnett , 1870. Twelfth Annual Meeting at Brantford, July igth. E. Jackson . President. James Somerville ist Vice-President. A. McLean 2nd Vice-President. W. Buckingham Secretary and Treasurer. A. J. Belch Assistant Secretary. R. Mathison \ ^ W. R. Climie .' R. Maihieson I Executive Committee. . J. Parnell W. Gillespy .'.'.*.'..'.'] 1871. Thirteenth Annual Meeting at Toronto, jftily i8th. James Somerville President. Rev. W. F. Clarke ist Vice-President. E. Miles 2nd Vice-President. R. Mathison Secretary and Treasurer. H. Hough Assistant Secretary. W. Gillespy \ ^ E. 1 ackson '. , | A. McLachlan i Executive Committee. M. Bowell J. Smith [■ I t '^ Officers. 61 ,H| 1, ; wk 4 1872. Fourteenth Annual Meeting at Bracebrid^c, July loth. John Cameron President. J. innes ist Vice-President. W. R. Cliniie. .. 2nd Vice-President. H. Hough Secretary and Treasurer. J. G. Buchanan Assistant Secretary. Rev. \V. F. Clarke \ J. Smith T. Messenger \ Executive Committee. W. H. Hacking j E. Jackson / 1873. Fifteenth Annual Meeting at London, September 24th. Rev. W. F. Clarke President. H. Hough ist Vice-President. A. Mathieson 2nd Vice-President, J. G. Buchanan Secretary and Treasurer. John McLean Assistant Secretary. James Somerville \ E.Jackson | . _ . P. Burke r Executive Committee. John Cameron 1 M. Bowell, M.P ; 1874. Sixteenth Annual Meeting at Toronto, July 21st. H. Hough President. A. Mathieson ist Vice-President. John Smith 2nd Vice-President. T G. Buchanan Secretary and Treasurer. John McLean Assistant Secretary. W. R. Climie ] James Innes . ^ John Cameron \ Executive Committee. E. Jackson j F. J. Gissing • • / 62 Canadian Press Association. Seventeenth Annual Meeting at Hamilton, July 20th. John Cameron President. n A/i.r^^.u "u ^s* Vice-President. ?' G R.^rhTn^. n ^'^^ Vice-President. ]oh^- McLean ^^^^^^^^ ^"^ Treasurer. riackson .• ".v.v.v.v.v.v.-.v.v.v.v; • V ^''''^^"^ ^^^^^^^^y- A. Matheson {J^R cTm"""":-:::::::::::::::;.':-^ ''-"=""^= *^°""'"- Goldwin Smith 1876. Eighteenth Annual Meeting at Toronto, yune 30th. n ^nr^u"u President. ? G Buchaf.n •• ''' Vice-President. W R Se and Vice-President. F T Gissina Secretary and Treasurer. H. H?uTh !v;;.;;;;;;;.v;;;.v;;;;;;.v; ^'''^^^"* secretary. A. Matheson feTac 'Z.":"": : ; ; : : . ; ; ; ; ; ::'::::'':■■ ^ '^-™«- committee. James Shannon 1877. Nineteenth Annual Meeting at Toronto, August 13M. fc«Q?."^' President. James Shannon rcf vj^« r> -j . A. Matheson onnXj- o^'^^.^"*' W R.Climie. 2nd Vice-President. F T Gissine Secretary and Treasurer. H. Hough .^.V.V. ■.•.•.•.:.•.'.'.•.:.:.•.•.:.:.•;.;• '^"' secretary. John Cameron ].'.*"( J.' SonJer^Te .' .*.■.'.■.■.';;:::;::::::: ■ Executive committee. E. Jackson "[ \i Officers, 63 1878. Twentieth Annual Met ting at Guelph, July gth. James Shannon President. Goldwin Smith ist Vice-President. J B. Trayes and Vice-President. W. R. Climie Secretary and Treasurer. C. B. Robinson Assistant Secretary. H. Hough N. King A. Matheson ^, ^. „ E. Jackson ^ Executive Committee. C. D. Barr James Innes 1879. Twenty-first Annual Meeting at Kingston, July 22nd. A. Matheson President. J. B. Trayes ist Vice-President. E. J . B. Pense 2nd Vice-President. \V. R. Climie Secretary and Treasurer. George Tye Assistant Secretary. C. D. Barr \ H. Hough E. Jackson J ames Innes C. B. Robinson James Shannon ' Executive Committee. 1880. Twenty-second Annual Meeting at Toronto, August ^th. J, B. Trayes President. E. J. B. Pense. ist Vice-President. George Tye 2nd Vice-President. VV. R. Climie Secretary and Treasurer. A. J. Matheson Assistant Secretary . C. D. Barr H. Hough E. Jackson James Innes )■ Executive Committee. C. B. Robinson James Somerville A. Matheson 64 Canafiinn Press Association. V 1881. Twenty-third Annual Meeting at Port Hope, August 2nd. E. J. B. Pense President. George Tye 1st Vice-President. A. Blue 2nd Vice-President. W. R. Climie Secretary and Treasurer. A. J. Matheson Assistant Secretary. C. D. Barr H. I lough E. Jackson James Innes y Executive Committee. C. B. Robinson James Sonierville J. B. Trayes 1882. Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting at Toronto, August 22nd. George Tye President. C. B. Robinson ist Vice-President. G. R. Pattullo 2nd Vice-President. W. R. Climie Secretary and Treasurer. J. B. Trayes Assistant Secretary. C. D. Barr H. Hough E. Jackson James Innes y Executive Committee. H . Smallpiece W. Watt E. J. B. Pense > 1883. Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting at Montreal, August yth. C. B. Robinson President. G. R. Pattullo ist Vice-President. J. A. Davidson 2nd Vice-President. W. R. Climie Secretary and Treasurer. J. B. Trayes Assistant Secretary. George Tye E. J. B. Pense C. D. Barr H. Hough y Executive Committee. W. Watt H. E. Smallpiece James Somerville OJficers. C5 ;/ > 1884. Twenty. sixth Annnnl Meeting at Toronto, Angust /.it. T V r» -J I resident. Iv.' wa,- ::"T. ; ; : •'', X;"-':--^?"'- W R rii.nil 2n(l Vice-President J. i>. 1 r.iyes Aoq e»ir.f c » lyes George Tye E. J. B. Pense.. C. 1) Harr H. Hough H. E. Smallpiece James Sotnerville C. 15, Robinson . , Treasurer. Assistant Secretary. Executive Committee 1.S85. Twenty. seventh Annual Meeting at Toronto, An,oii ■' ist Vice-President. W R cTlr"'^ -'" ^"^ Vice-President. T B Trivi^s Secretary and Treasurer. George Tye .V * V. •^""•'^^^"^ Secretary. E. J. li. Pense .' . . | C. D. Barr '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.['. H. Hough ! r' i.- ^-1 James Somerville. ! ! ! ." .' ! ! .' ' ! T I'-xecutive Committee. C. B. Robinson G. R. Pattullo. II I 1886. Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting at Toronto, August sth. William Watt, Jr President."" Vp^^^:'::::::: ^ndX^T^^^'-'r W R m,-,.,:^ ^"" Vice-President. I B Trales Secretary and Treasurer. E. E. Slfe'ifpa^d* • ".■. ^''•^^""' Secretarv. H. P. xMoore W. R. Davis .!!...... C. D. Barr [ . . Executive Committee. H. Hough i J. A. Davidson . . ) ~1~ /V -'■'TS?^~=?'T^ 66 Canadian Press Association. i 1887. Twenty-ninth Annual Meetin{r at Toronto, August 2nd, J. J. Crabbe •. . . President. A. Pattullo ist Vice-President E. H. Devvart, D D 2nd Vice-President. W. R. Climie Secretary and Treasurejr. I B. Trayes Assistant Secretary. John Cameron . \ H. P. Moore H. Hough C. B. Robinson Roy V. Somerville William Watt, Jr ^- Executive Committee. 18SS. Thirtieth Annual Meeting at Toronto, July 315/. E. H. Dewart, D.D President. D. Creighton, M.P.P •.... ist Vice-President Roy V. Somerville 2nd Vice-President. W, R. Climie ' Secretary and Treasurfer. J. B. Trayes Assistant Secretary. H. P Moore v A Pattullo I Lyman G. Jackson J. S. Brierley - Executive Committee. J. B. McLean J. C. Janjieson J. J. Crabbe X^: ' 1 aie^PCfJ