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1
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6
s
REPORTS
OF
WM. A. BURT AND BELA HUBBARD, ES(IS.
ON THE
QdOOllAPHir, TOPOGRAPHY ANO OEOI.OGY
OF THE
U. S. SURVEYS OF THE MINERAL REGION
OF THE
SOUTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR, FOR 1845 ;
ACCOMPANIED BY A LIST OF WORKING AND ORGANIZED MINING COM-
PANIES ; A LIST OF MINERAL LOCATIONS ; BY WHOM MADE,
AND A
CORRECT MAP OF THE MINERAL REGION,
DELINEATING THE TOWNSHIP AND SECTION LINES, AND THEIR
CONNECTION WITH THE LOCATION LINES;
AND ALSO, A
CHART OF LAKE SUPERIOR,
REDUCED FROM THE BRITISH ADMIRALTY SURVEY.
BY J. HOUGHTON, Jr. and T. W. BRISTOL.
DETROIT:
RfNTEB BY CHARLES WILLCOX.
1846.
'HI
I !•-'* "
.
Entered according to
BvJ.HocauTON.Jr.andT.W.BRisTO.
ia the Clerk'8 Office of the Diatrict
X^T^Co^g^i" the year 1846,
andT. W.Bristol,
Court for the District of Michigan.
S
(o (o ^ '^
ADVERTISEMENT.
TSK public mind being, at the present time, directed v,ith deep interest
Jlte mi^eral region of LaWe Superior, ^^l^;^;^
II • fow^ation in reeard to that interesting country, by the lequest oi nu
l«=atlonB. «.d bylhe« mean, »».'"''« ""^"'''""^^ ,^.ri„„,, .„d .h™Jd
«hi.h «e have '"'^"f „ J^ *";' "g^j, „h„ Lengaged b, the Briti*
one executed by Lieut. Henry W . i>ayne*u, w" a-o
™: *leut ia U.e year, 1824 and 1825, in n^iog a survey of to W<e,
Ld .he mos. in,pUoit confidence can Wf »* '-"J^-^^ Office, and
The Repom are the same a, .^an^d to Ae ^«'^'^^* ^^.^^ ^^
gl«, a concise and comprehensive descnpaon of the country oye
surveys have been extended. „„„h.r mnv have been over-
In the U.t of Mining Companies, quite a number may .'^«^
list.
The Frontispiece represent, tie junction of the ,uar.. rock with ««
sandrock, as seenbetween Chocolate and Carp nvers.
CONTENTS.
12, 17
79
95
07
lUO
101
102
3
Argillnrx'ouH Slates,
Apostles' Islands,
Albion Co.
Algonquin Co. of Detroit,
Algonquin Co. of Boston,
American Exploring Co.
Algomah Co.
Burt, Wni. A , Report of,
Bohemian Co.
Boston Co.
Baltimore Co.
Boston, New York and Lake Superi
or Co.
Boston and North American Co.
Black River Co.
Boston and Detroit Co.
Conglomerate Rock,
Clay Slate,
Comparison of the veins of Corn-
wall with the veins of'the Lake
Superior country,
Cotemporaneous and true veins.
Copper Rock of Ontonagon River,
Coasting distances around Lake Su-
perior,
Copper Fiills Co.
Chippewa Co,
Charter Oak Co.
Carp River Co. of Boston,
Carp River Gold & Silver Min'g Co.
Columbian Co.
Copper Rock Co.
Cuyahoga Co.
Drift,
Eagle Harbor Co.
Franklin Co. of Vermont,
Forsyth Co.
Franklin Co. of Boston,
Glossary of Technical Terms,
Globe Co.
Great Western & Lake Superior Co
Green Mountain & L. Superior Co.
Hubbard, Bel a, Report of,
Hays' Co.
Isle Royale,
Isle Royale Co. '
Jackson Co.
Keewenaw Point,
Keewenaw Co.
Lake Superior Co.
Lake Shore Co.
Lac La Belle Co.
List of Locations,
Metamorphic Rocks,
Mixed Conglomerate and Sandrock, 31
Mineral Veins, " 34, 40, 43
Minerals oftho Primary Rocks, 40j
Minerals of th<; Metamorphic Rocks, 40!
93
93
95
97]
99
101
102
14, 30
27
6P
77
90
92
100
100
100
101
101
102
102
19
rAOK.
41
Minerals of the Trap Rocks,
iMinerals of the Conglomerate mi.\-
I ed and red Sandrock,
[Mackinac and Lake Superior Co.
Manhattan Co.
iMineral Creek Co.
; Massachusetts Co.
Michigan Co.
Marshall and Boston Lake Superior
Co.
North American Co.
New York and Lake Superior Co.
Northwest Co.
Northwestern Co. of Detroit,
New York and Michigan Co.
National Co.
New England and Michigan Co.
New England Co.
Northwestern Co. of Flint,
Ontonagon Co.
Organized Companies,
Old Settlers' Co.
Ohio Co.
Porcupine Mountains,
Primary Rocks,
Presque Isle,
Pigeon River and the country west,
Pittsburgh & Boston Cop. Harb. Co.
Peninsula Co.
Porcupine Mountain Co.
Pittsburgh and Chippewa Co.
Portage Co.
Red and variegated Sandstone,
Red Sandstone,
92| Streams, Lake coast and Harbors,
96| Section illustrative of the super-po-
99 sitlon of rocks upon the upper pen-
lOOj insula of Michigan,
e2| Stanard's Rock,
96| Superior Co.
90i.Ste Marie Falls Co.
Silver and Copper Co. of Ontonagon
Rapids,
St. Croix Co.
Trap Range of Keewenaw Point,
Trap Rocks,
Trap Dykes,
Table showing the average annual
produce of the copper mines of
Cornwall from 1771 to 1822, 67
United States Co. 95
Union Co. ' 102
Veins and Veinstones, 15
Vein of black osid at Cop. Harbor, 58
Walker & Douglass, Letter of, to
Hon. Lucius I^yon, l
i Working Companies, 02
102
21
98
60, 79
94
98
27
102
92
99
101
103
24
42
06
97
99
101
101
102
!)3
93
94
9.5
05
08
98
100
100
94
t^
97
109
8,18
11,22
01
80
}J2
96
07
101
102
13
18, 27, 34
5.7
39
81
94
99
99
100
5,14
28
32
*.• ;
Sii
der <
quire^
bordf
this
death
pape
amin
Hubl
Dr. :
ofthi
State
prepi
from
with
The
not li
relat
in d(
Hou
inves
how(
advo
with
zeal(
41
mix-
42
0. })6
97
101
101
lerior
102
1)3
'0. 93
94
95
05
98
98
100
m
07
loa
8,18
11,22
61
•est, 80
Co. 92
96
97
101
102
13
18,27,34
3, 5, 7
-po-
pen-
39
81
04
99
tgon
99
100
t, 5,14
28
32
67
95
102
15
58
Detiioit, Feb. 10, IS IG.
.02
Sir,
By contmct with the Commissioner of the General Land Office, un-
der date of June 25, 1344, the late Du. Douglass Houghton was re-
quired to make both a linear and geological survey of a section of country
bordering on the south shoi'e of Lake Superior. He waa engaged iu
this work, which was nearly completed, at the time of his lamented
death. As administrators of his estate, we have caused the field iictcs and
papers connected with the survey, as far as completed, to be cmvfully ex-
amined, and the accompanying reports of Mr. Wm. A. Burt, and Mr. B.
Hubbard, to be prepared. Mr. Burt, who was the principal assistant of
Dr. Houghton in the field, reports in full as to the geology and topography
of that portion of the country surveyed by him; and Mr. Hubbard, Assistant
State Geologist of this State, and whom we employed for that purpose, has
prepared a like full report upon the remainder of the surveyed territory,
from the field notes of the survey and the specimens collected. We here-
with submit these reports to you, with the field notes and other papers, &(.-.
The linear survey, as far tjie work has progressed, is complete. It t.-ould
not have been expected that the information, contained in the reports, in
relation to the geology of the country, would bo as complete and as accurate
in detail, as it would have been, could they have been prepared by Dr.
Houghton himself, who had, for many years, been zealously engaged in the
investigation and study of the peculiar formations of this region. Enough,
however, will appear, to enable the Government to appreciate, both the
advantages, and the perfect feasibility, of the plan of connecting geological
with the linear surveys of government lands, as originally proposed and
zealously advocated by Dr. Houghton.
Respectfully, yours,
[signed.] henry N. walker,
SAM'L T. DOUGLASS.
To Hon. Lucius Lyon,
Surveyor General, ^c.
i\r
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGl
OF THE
SURVEY
or A
DISTRICT OF TOWNSHIP LINES
SOUTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR,
1845.
-' ?
This survey embraces Keewenaw Point, and a narrow
tract of land bordering the south coast of Lake Superior,
from the south boundary of township 48 north, ranges 2/3
and 26 west, near Chocolate river, to the mouth of Carp
river on the northwest side of the Porcupine mountains
in township 51 north, range 44 west. (See the accompa-
nying map, to which reference will be frequently made,
in the course of these remarks.) Upon this map are de-
lineated the boundaries of the survey, together with the
principal streams and small lakes. The straight lines are
the boundaries of townships with their numbers and
ranges, and the irregular and dotted lines represent the
boundaries of the different rock formations, with their cha-
racteristic names, on the side which they occupy.
The topography of this district may be divided into two
parts, the hilly or mountainous, and the undulating or
rolling lands.
4
Ot'tho hilly or mountainous Land, three tracts of con-
isider!il)lc areas, are found widely separated by undulating
or rolling land.
Tliat part of the district between Huron Bay and the
south boundary of township 48 north, ranges 25 and 2G
west, and denominated primary range on the map, is
made up principally of numerous rocky knobs and irregu-
lar hills, with intervening valleys of arable lands ; most of
these valleys have small streams meandering through them,
with rapid or quick currents of pure water. Between
some of these knobs and bills, however, cedar, tamarack,
or spruce awamps are found, and less frequently small
lakes.
The highest elevations on this range, probably attain
an altitude of 800 or 900 feet above the water of Lake
Superior, and present to the spectator a very rugged and
In-oken appearance, and frequently along the southeas-
terly slope of these knobs and hills, which is generally the
most precipitous, high cliffs or sloping ledges are seen ;
but along the south boundary of the survey, the hills arc
more regular in outline and have a westerly direction.
The land upon this part of the district not occupied by
the primary range, is undulating and rolling except where
furrowed with deep ravines or inteiTupted by the valleys
of streams. These lands lie between the primary range
and the Lake coast, and are in many places considerably
elevated, forming bluffs on the Lake coast, from 20 to 80
feet in height.
SOIL AND TIMBER,
The soil on this part of the survey is generally a sandy
loam, but in some places it is decidedly a sandy soil, and
sustains a heavy growth of timber, of sugar maple, hem-
I
'
lock, birch, pine, codar, fir. lynn, elm, a«h, spruce, tama.
rack, &c.
STREAMS AND HARBORS.
The largest streams (rivers tliey are called here,) on this
part of the district, are not above the size of ordmary
mill streams, f.^r which pm-pose they would answer well,
having generally falls or rapids within one or two miles
of the Lake coast. Some of these strca«is at their mouths
form convenient harbors for small boats, and may be as-
cended with them to the first falls or rapids, for which
purpose the Huron, Pine, Yellow Dog and Riviere Du
Mort or Nekomenon river, are the best.
The only harbors for vessels are at Presque Isle, 1.4b
N R 25 \V., and to the south of a point of land on the
;a8t side of Huron Bay, T. 52 N., R. 31 W. (See map.)
TRAP RANGE OF KEEWENAW POINT, &c.
This second hilly range commences at the northeast
end of Keewenaw Point, and has a course a little to the
south of west, for about eighteen miles, where it gradu-
ally bends to the southward mitil its general course is
southwest, to the south boundary of the survey.
This rano-e is from two to six or seven miles wide, and
about eighty miles in length upon this district, and, from
the east end of Keewenaw Point, to a little west of the
east boundary of range 29, these hills occupy nearly its
entire breadth. Here the southeast side of this range
recedes from the Lake coast, and stretching inland south-
westerly, passes aloug the northwest side of a small lake
in township 55 north, ranges 32 and 33 west; from
thence generally in a southwest direction, to the corner of
sections 31 and 32, on south boundary of 1. 51 JN., K.
ill
.-v-j TIT
oi VV.
The northwest boundary of this range leaves the Lake
1*
.6
. •}
m
1^'
c(,a,rt m township 58 north, range 32 weM, and stretch-
ing a httle mland, crosses Portage Lake, in township 6r,
..orth, range 34 west, thence generally in a southwest
duoction, to near the corner of sections 33 and 34, on the
«outh boundary of township 51 north, range 38, west
Ihr : .ghest elevations upon this hilly rang^, are supposed
to he, from five to eight hundred feet above Lake Supe-
wor, and, as in th6 hillsof the primary range already de-
»cnbed, their southeasterly sides are generally the most
l>'-ecipito„s; and it should be farther remarked that these
...lis are not destitute of interest in an agricultural point
<■! vow. Considerable tracts of tillable land are found
upon them, v-ith a good soil, and well timbered with s',-
gar maple, birch, lynn, ironwood, red oak, &c., and, on
Iveewenaw Point, better adapted to cultivation than mosl
<>i the land upon its coast. To the east of this hillv
.■ange, (south of Portage Lake,) to Huron Bay, and wesl
..t It to the Porcupine mountains, with the exception of a
iew moderately elevated hills, the country is undulatin..or
volhng ; there arc, however, many deep ravines, and val-
leys of streams on this part, also tracts of level land.
Iheso lands are generally susceptible of cultivation,
and, so far as they have been proved at the Mission^
neav the head of Keewenaw Bay, and at the Onton-
agon and Iron rivers, have been found to yield abun-
dantly, 111 produce suitable for culture in this climate
rhe chmate, modifiedby this inland sea, has been found
to be more mild than heretofore supposed, and no doubt
HOW exists, but the agriculturist may be rewarded, on
these lands, for his labor.
Over this entire tract, except where occupied bv swamn.s
or in some places on the Lake coast west of Keewenaw
Pomt, the soil is generally a sandy loam, and the most
loamy parts are in the valleys of the Sturgeon and On-
tonagon rivers.
These lands are extensive and generally support a heavy
growth of timber of sugar maple, birch, hemlock, pine, fir,
cedar, lynn, ash, elm, spruce, &c. And it may be worthy
of remark, that scattering pines of an excellent quality,
may be found southeast of the hilly range of Keewenaw
Point, and northeast of Portage Lake to the south bomi-
dary of township ,37 north, range 30 west.
LAKE COAST AND HARI30RS.
The Lake coast is generally bold and rocky, and though
very irregular in its course, has few indentations of°a
character to form good harbors for vessels. The best and
most convenient, are Copper, Agate and Eagle Harbors,
situated on the north side of Keewenaw Point. (Sec map.)
Also, a lea can generally be made south of a point on tlie
east side Keewenaw Bay, T. 51 X., R. 3,2 W., and a ves-
sel drawing J 1-2 feet of water mjiy enter the Ontonao-oi,
river, T. o2 N., R. 40 "W. ' •
RIVERS.
L'pon this part of the district, there are three rivers
navigable for small crafts, for a considerable distance into
the country ; they are the Portage, Sturgeon and Ontona-
gon rivers. .
. Sturgeon river has its source to the south of the head
of Keewenaw Bay, in the hilly country, and runs north-
erly, nearly parallel to the west coast of this bay, and
enters Portage Lake on section 33, T. 54 N., R. 33 W.,
and may be ascended with small boats into T. 52 N., R.
33 W. section 7 ; here its navigation i« interrupted by
drift wood which fills the channel for about 25 or 30
chains. This passed, which may be done by a good port-
i
^v]
8
age, the river may be ascended into T. 51 N., R. 34 W ; —
but on account of a strong current in this part of the
stream, setting poles or the best oarsmen are necessary, to
effect an ascent to this point.
Portage river is about four -miles in length, and the out-
let of Portage Lake. It is a stream of considerable depth
and breadth, and after passing the bar at its mouth, may
be ascended with vessels drawling eight feet of water into
Portage Lake, and thence to the head of this Lake near
the south boundary of T. 5G N., ll. 34 W., about 20 miles
from the entrance at the mouth of Portage river. From
the head of Portage Lake light boats ascend a small stream
about one mile, and from thence by a portage of another
mile over nearly level land enter Lake Superior.
Doubtless, at some future day, these two miles will be
canaled, for the passage of larger crafts through this
channel into Lake Superior.
The Ontonagon river is the largest stream on the south
side of Lake Superior. This stream is navigable for
batteaux in an ordinary stage of water, to the rapids,
near the south boundary of T. 51 N., R. 39 W.
Near the mouth of this river, on the right bank, is an
eligible site for a town, and when this harbor is improved,
as it deserves to be, will probably become a place of con-
siderable importance. There are other small streams on
this part of the sui-vey, the most important of which are,
Eagle, Elm, Misery, Sleeping, Fire Steel and L'on ri-
vers. These streams cannot be ascended far, even with
canoes, on account of rapids or drift wood, but most of
them form convenient harbors for small boats on the Lake
coast.
PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS.
The third hilly range embraces the northerly portion
may
of the Porcupine mountains, the easterly boundary of
which commences on the coask of Lake Superior, three
or four miles west of the mouth of Iron river, in T. 51
N., R. 42 W., thence runs nearly south to corner of sec-
tions 33 and 34, on south boundary of said township.
Westward, tliese knobby mountains spread over the re-
maining part of the survey to the coast of Lake Superior,
the highest elevations of which have an altitude probably
of 950 feet, and the easterly hills have a more regular out-
line, than those of the westerly part, the latter in some
places presenting cliffs and sloping ledges of great height.
These mountains, and the valleys between them, except
near the Lake coast, or where occupied by rocks, have a
good soil of sandy loam, v. hich supports a heavy growth
of timber of sugar maple, birch, lynn, hemlock, fir, elm,
&c.
The Lake coast bordering these mountains is generally
rocky, and affords no good harbors for small boats, except
at Carp river. This stream runs W. S. W., nearly par-
allel to the coast of the Lake, for about ten miles, and at
the distance of about two miles from the coast, it then
bends to the northwest, and after passing falls and rapids
near its mouth, enters Lake Superior on section 33,
township 51 north, range 44 west.
GEOLOGY.
Within the boundaries of this survey there are five
principal groups of rocks, which occupy large areas.
They are, primary, trap, conglomerate, sandstone, and
slates.
That group of rocks which may be denominated pri-
mary, and including the metamorphic roclis on the south,
are found generally a little inland (except in the vicinity
of Presque Isle Harbor,) from the coast of Lake Supe-
•'■VI
'^^
1^
rior ,- and from the south boundary of township 48 north,
ranges 2o and 26 west, into township 51 north, range 32
west, about three miles S. S. W. of the head of Huron
Bay. (See map.)
These rocks make up a series of knobs and high coni-
cal hills, forming a broken range which has a course as
near as could be determined W. S. W.
These elevations are of various heights, probably from
75 to 900 feet above Lake Superior, and, generally, the
elevating force appears to have acted mostly upon their
southeasterly sides, as this side generally presents cliffs and
bold ledges, while their northwesterly sides slope away
more gradually.
The metamorphic rocks alluded to, flank the primary
rocks on the south, where the two become so much blend-
ed with each other as to make it difficult to define a line
of junction between them. It may, however, be approxi-
mately drawn, commencing at the lower falls of Riviere
Du Mort, or Nekomenon river, about one mile S. S. W. of
Presque Isle Harbor, thence running W. N. W. to comer
of sections 31 and 32, on south boundary of T. 49 N. R.
25 W., and curving a little westerly crosses the east
boundary of T. 49 N., R. 27 W., near the comer of sec-
tions 25 and 36.
The principal rocks which compose the metamorphic
group are quartz, compact, and granular, imperfect tal-
cose slates, which are in some instances slightly argil-
laceous, and slaty hornblende. These rocks are more or
less stratified and imperfectly jointed, and dip gen-
erally N. N. E.— In two instances, however, they were
seen to dip S. S. W. A few veins of quartz were seen
traversinp- thpsp mrl-c h^^*^ t,o. ^«^ i ■•
_ — , ,j^t^ ^^^ Qjj^ ^Yj^^y observea to
be metalliferous. I have, however, seen specimens of
11
specular iron ore said to have been obtained in township
48 north, range 26 west.
Within the boundaries of the metamorphic rocks upon
the survey, several knobs of syenitic granite, and also
dykes of greenstone were seen.
PRIMARY ROCKS.
That portion of this range which may be denominated
primary rock, and, lying to the north of the metamorphic
rocks already described, is generally composed of granular
quartz, feldspar, and hornblende, constituting a compact
syenite. In some places slight traces of mica are obser-
vable, giving rise to a syenitic granite.
These minerals predominate in diiferent proportion in
different places, and not unfrequently in different parts of
the same ledge or hill.
In some places it is mostly a hornblende rock, and in
others the leading minerals are feldspar and hornblende,
giving rise to a syenitic greenstone, and less frequently a
well formed gianite is found. In several instances a
compact greenstone was found, intruded among these
rocks in various forms. And when in veins or dykes, these
do not appear to have any particular magnetic bearing.
One of these veins may be found of about one foot in
thickness, traversing a ledge of syenite W. S. W., at 45
chains and 60 links in going west on south side of section
36, south boundary of T. 51 N., R. 28 W.
Throughout this entire group of rocks, quartz and feld-
spar veins are often found, and, in many instances, both
are seen traversing the same rocks, and crossing each other
at various angles. These veins are from a line to a foot
or more in width, and •'-ere observed to be more fre-
quent and of a larger size in townships 51 and 52 north,
ranges 28 and 29 west, than in any other part of the pri-
$
18
mary range. Also a few Teins containing calcareous
spar were seen near the junction of the primary and se-
dimentary rocks.
In regard to the metalliferous character of any of the
veins traversing the primary rocks, -n this portion of the
mineral region (so called,) it may be sufficient to say that
no vein indicating a workable quantity of metal of any kind
was observed, but it should not be inferred from this that
they do not exist here. '
My observations were mostly confined to township lines,
which do not always pass over the most favorable places for
examination, and afforded no opportunity of tracing up
veins, that have some metalliferous indications, until
their characters were developed.
ARGILLACEOUS SLATES.
Flanking the primary rocks already described on the
northwest, in T. 51 N., R. 30, 31 and 32, W. argilla-
ceous slates were found. They seldom crop out, and, on
account of their being generally covered with a con-
siderable depth of earth, their precise limits could not
be defined. They are, however, supposed to occupy a
space from one to two or more miles in breadth, before
they are overlaid with the sandstone. These rocks have,
generally, near their junction with the primary rock, a dip
from 20 to 30 degrees to the N. or N. N. W. and their line
of cleavage dips to the S. or S. E. making an angle with
the line of deposition of about 65 degrees. These slates
are generally of a dark brown color; but a curious vari-
ety was found in both branches of Huron river, on south
boundary of T. 52 N., R. 30 W. section 36. Loose masses
have been brought down these streams in abundance,
— .T..{v.ii ni\j Tciribvt vTiLu iiuiziuiuutr scnpes oi red,
light gray, light and dark brown, &c.
13
RED AND VARIEGATED SANDSTONE.
Flanking the slates already described, and resting upon
them, red and variegated sandstones were found. These
rocks extend north and west in nearly horizontal strata,
passing Huron and Keewenaw Bays, and flank the base
of the trap range of Keewenaw Point, on the southeast,
throughout the survey. This sandstone also flanks the
primary rock before described, on the north and northeast,
to the coast of Lake Superior, except in the vicinity of
Presque Isle. These rocks occupy a larger area on the
survey than all the other rocks ; they are generally lami-
nated, and not unfrequently jointed, and vary considerably
in the fineness of the materials of which they are com-
posed, in different strata ; and the whole are tolerably
compact.
Though the strata of the sand rock may, in general, be
considered horizontal, it has evidently been somewhat
disturbed and contorted, and was observed in the vicinity
of the northern slope of the primary and trap hills, to
have a considerable dip from them.
This rock borders a large proportion of the Lake coast
throughout this part of the survey, and may be seen, for-
ming ledges from a few feet to 70 or 80 feet in height ;
and it should be mentioned, that novaculite, or at least a
very fine grit for whetstones, may be found in a ledge on
the east side of Keewenaw Bay, near its head, on section
35, T. 51 N., R. 33 W.
This ledge is laminated and jointed, and from it may be
obtained whetstones of almost any degree of fineness.
Also, to the S. S. W. of this ledge, on section 2, a good
quality of reddish clay was seen, and at several other
points on the bay coast, in this vicinity.
'■'mi
mi
h
f
2
•*•
14
111
TRAP RANGE OP KEEWENAW POINT.
This range commences at the east end of Keewenaw
Pomt, and has a course generally to the southwest in
a series of trap knobs and irregular hills, from three' to
seven or eight hundred feet in height above Lake Supe-
rior. ^
Tlieir general topographical character and boundary
have been already described. (See map.)
Generally, the middle and southeasterly side of this
range is a compact greenstone, which gradually obtains
an amygdaloidal structure, near the northwest slope ; and,
along this slope, in many places, a decided amygdaloid
IS found, the cavities of which are frequently filled with
quartz, calcareous matter and epidote.
These characters of the trap rock are well sustained
throughout this range on the survey. It has also been
observed, that generally the slope of the trap rock has a
much higher angle on the southeast, than on the northwest
side of this range.
CONGLOMERATE ROCK.
This rock is of a great thickness, and flanks the trap
range on the northwest side, from the east end of Keewe-
naw Point, westward, into township 57 north, range 33
west.
The conglomerate rock is made up of rounded pebbles
and small boulders, principally derived from rocks of the
trap family, and so firmly cemented together, that when
broken, these rounded masses frequently divide through
the middle. This rock does not appear to be very uni-
form m its dip ; it may be estimated, however, to dip N.
N. W., from 20 to 50 degrees.
Resting conformably imon tbfi nr^r^rrlr^ 4. i.
a series of alternating strata of sandstone and conglom-
15
are
erate, embracing between their strata seTeral trap dykes
of considerable extent, which dip with these rocks to the
N. N. W., at an angle of 30 to 40 degrees. The injec-
tion of these dykes has produced great changes in the
rocks, by which they are embraced. The sandstone near
the dyke is converted into an amygdaloid, and the char-
acter of the conglomerate much changed by igneous ac-
tion. This is exemplified on the points of rocks, west of
the entrance of Eagle Harbor, where they are severally
seen.
These trap dykes may be seen at several other places,
from Copper Harbor to a little west of the eait boundary
of T. 57 N., R. 33 west.
The conglomerate rocks above described, were not seen
flanking the northwest side of the trap range of Keewe-
naw Point, southwest of township 57 N., R. 33 W., or
between this and the Lake coast, until they were found on
the northwest side of the Porcupine mountains. They
are supposed to be wanting between these points, or they
have diverged from the trap range, and occupy the bed of
Lake Superior, which latter condition is deemed the most
probable, as this direction best conforms to the strike of
these rocks at both places. «
VEINS AND VEINSTONE.
Between the east end of Keewenaw Point, and Por-
tage Lake, the trap and conglomerate rocks are tra-
versed by many well defined veins, at nearly right angles
with the general course of the trap range, and at the sur-
face of the rocks, these veins are from a mere line, to sev-
eral feet in width.
The veins above alluded to, are generally nearly verti-
cal in the rocks they traverse, and in some instances, they
appear to have been fissures in the rock, and subsequently
i >
■:fi
i
i
:|
10
filled with veinstones, differing much in their character in
different rocks.
In the greenstone and amygdaloid, these veins are
usually made up of trap, more or less associated with
quartz, and on their sides firmly blended with the rock
which they traverse ; but, in the conglomerate rocks, the
veins are almost uniformly of calcarious matter.
Besides the well defined veins, above alluded to, there
are others imperfectly formed, having a more diffusive
character ; also, at several points on the Lake coast, along
the hne of conglomerate rocks, veins of calcareous matter
were seen, apparently embraced between their strata.
These veins have a course nearly at right angles to the
vems before alluded to, and are supposed to be of no very
great extent.
Some of these veins at least are metalliferous through
some portions of their course in the rocks which they tra-
verse, and contain native copper and some of the ores of
copper. Green and blue carbonate, and the black oxide,
are thought to^ be the most abundant of the ores ; and so
far as I have been able to observe these veins, their me-
talliferous character is best developed along the line of
junction of the trap and sedimentary rocks on both sides
of the trap range.
The metalliferous character of these veins above des-
cribed, have been most explored on the northeast side of
Keewenaw Point, where some of them are now being
worked, and much interest is felt by the enterprising pro-
prietors of these works.
Thus far, several of these veins offer increased induce-
ments to prosecute the work, and a few years of labor
will no'<''^1'^'^'> ITS »>-^-~~-» -7 3- - .1 •
\Mn Uv^T^.^pu, m a^iiic ^uuu, uugree, ineir true character.
That portion of the trap range of Keewenaw Point,
17
extending southwest of Portage Lake, to the south boun-
dary of the survey, has generally less width than that
which has already been described, and the trap rocks do
not 80 frequently crop out, consequently, its junction with
the sedimentary rocks, could not often be seen. But the
aberrations of the magnetic needle, (determined by the
Solar Compass,) has always been found to be very great on
or near the trap hills, by which means, it is believed, that its
boundary on the township lines, where no out crop could
he seen, has been very nearly defined. (See map.) But
few veins are seen traversing the rocks on this part of the
trap range, and no one observed to be metalliferous.
Creditable reports, however, say, that copper veins have
been found near the head waters of Elm river.
ARGILLACEOUS SLATES.
Argillaceous slates of a dark brown color, and slaty
.sandstone, are developed on a large scale in the bed and
banks of Iron river, through township 51 north, range
42 west, three or four miles east of the Porcupine moun-
tains. These slates are very variable in the direction
and amount of their dip in different places. They vary
from N. E. to S. E., and dip from 15 to 45 degrees in that
direction. '
These slates were also seen 50 or 60 chains east of
Iron river, near comer of sections 25 and 36, and dipping
E. N. E. about eleven degrees. From these facts it is
reasonable to infer, that the slates dip under the sandstone,
to the east of them, and that they extend west, to the
base of the Porcupine mountains. But these slates, ex-
cept in the streams before mentioned, are generally overlaid
with a considerable depth of earth, and, therefore, their
boundary could not be coiTectly defined.
Argillaceous slaty sandstone, somewhat similar to tfeose
2*
I*
|1
in
in
M
n
,1
i j
aiready described, uro found on the northeast side of the,
trap range of Keevvenaw Point, on the east and sout li'
boundaries of township G3 north, range 36 west, (sec
tions 25 and 33.) Those slaty sandstones seldom crop
out, consequently their limit was not ascertained. These
rocks dip considerably to the northwest.
RED SANDSTONE. , ; .
Between the slates of Iron river and the trap range of
Koewenaw Point, (except as above mentioned,) and south
of the north half of T. 57 N., R. 33 W. and the Lake
coast, to the south boundary of the survey, so far as known,
the country is underlaid with red sandstone.
This rock frequently appears along the Lake coast, and
m the beds and banks of streams and ravines The sand-
stone here is supposed to belong to the same formation
of the red sandstone already described, east of the trap
range of Keewenaw Point. Its general character is the
same, except that in some places it contains more mica.
This sandstone was observed to dip most near the trap
range, in a N. N. W. direction, which dip diminishes to
the coast of Lake Superior. A nicely stratified and joint-
ed form of this rock, may be seen on the Lake coast at
the south boundary of T. 55 N., R. 36 W. . . t....^^
TRAP AND CONGLOMERATE ROCKS OF THE PORCUPINE MOUN.
TAINS.
The remaining part of the survey embraces thr north-
erly portion of the Porcupine Mn^mtains, the homcr^P^
of which have already been described. (Sc ^ip .
These mountains are made up of a somewhat broken
range of trap and conglomerate hills, having an estimated
height from three to nine hundred and fifty feet above
Lake Siip/p.r5c»*
Sputhoi C,;<p river, (which runs nearly parallel to the
19
f
Lake coast,) and the south boundary of the strrvey, also the
west half of T. ni N., R. 42 W., embraces the trap rock
within this part of the survey, which occupies an area of
less than one township.
A large proportion of this trap in very compart, but in
some places it is an amygdaloid, the cells of which are
generally filled with calcareous matter or epidote. This
tmp, also, varies in color from a dark green or gray, to
nearly a {»rick rod.
To the northwest of the trap rock hills, and separated
from them by the valley of Carp river, are two conglom-
erate hills, having a course nearly parallel to the Lake
coast, from six to eight miles, the highest parts of which
are estimated at 400 feet above Lake Superior.
These conglomerate rocks appear to belong to the same
formation with the upper conglomerate of Koewenaw
Point, having, hke the latter, alternating strata of sandstone
and conglomerate rocks, which dip to the N. N. W., at an
angle from 25 to 45 degrees. A few veins of calcareous
spar, were seen in these rocks at the Lake coast, on east
boundary of T. 61 N., R. 43 W.; also, near the lone rock
(so called) in T. 51 N., R. 44 W., but no one observed to
be metaUiferous.
It is, however, creditably reported, that copper veins
have been found on this part of the survey.
DRIFT.
, Numerous erratic boulders and other liner materials, are
found spread over this region of country, apparently deri-
ved from the rocks which abound here, and from the re-
gion north of Lake Superior. Therefore, it is not uncom-
mon to find transported blocks along the Lake coast, or in
valiies of streams which contain copper or other interest-
ing minerals. The relative position of the land and water
%l
II
SfO
1^
1 '5
I
of Lake Superior, at some remote period of time, appears
to have been quite different from their present state, as is
evidenced by the effect of the Lake on the rock, and the
form of the Lake blufli's, in many places some two hundred
feet above its present level.
Thus far, a brief view of the geological condition of
the various rock formations has been taken, leaving to the
reader the pleasure of drawing his own conclusions as to
the causes which have produced these geological effects,
and also as to what may be deemed to be more or less
valuable or interesting in this region of country.
In executing this part of the work, I have been much
assisted by valuable instructions from our late and respect-
ed State Geologist, Dr. Douglass Houghton, who had
this survey in charge, and from whom a critical geological
report was expected.
In conclusion, it may be proper to remark, that in con-
sequence of township lines being confined to distances
of six miles apart, and to north and south and east and west
courses, they frequently pass, for a long distance, over
ground not the most favorable for geological examinations;
also, supplies have to be furnished with packmen, instead
of pack horses, in this region of country, and each man
of a party on township lines, is under the necessity of
performing his duties with a pack upon his back. But,
notwithstanding these difficulties, it is beheved that when
experience shall have perfected this system of linear and
geological surveys, it will be found the cheapest and the
best yet devised for the public interest.
; WILLIAM A. BURT,
Deimtv Surveyor,
SU]
wh:
of, i
1
1
32 ^
sess
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
UPON THE
GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
OP THE DISTRICT
SOUTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR,
SUBDIVIDED IN 1845, UNDER THE DIRECTION OP
DOUGLASS HOUGHTON, Deputy Surveyor.
The subdivisions embrace the following townships
which are fully completed, and the notes and maps there-
of, are herewith returned.
Town 4.6 North, Ranges 24, 25 and 26
" 47
<(
" 48
<(
" 51
<(
" 52
<<
" 53
((
" 54
((
" 55
((
" 56
((
" 57
((
" 58
((
" 59
((
West.
24, 25 and 26
25 and 26
32 and 33
32
32 and 33
32 and 33
31, 32, 33 and 34
30, 31, 32, 33 and 34
29, 30, 31, 32 and 33
26, 27, 28, 30 and 31
27, 28 and 30
The notes and maps of town 58 north, ranges 29 and
32 west, and town 59 north, range 29 west, were in pos-
session of Dr. Houghton, and were lost with him.
«
((
((
((
((
<(
22
m
n :n
For our present purpose, the above named towns may
be arranged in two divisions, which, from their different
geological features, will be separately considered.
In the first, will be included towns 46, 47 and 48 north,
ranges 24, 25 and 26 west. In the second division, the
towns upon the Keewenaw Peninsula. Towns 48, in
ranges 25 and 26, and all those of our second division, are
within the town line survey of the past season, and the
general features of their topography and geology, are ex-
hibited with great perspicuity and accuracy, in the report
of Wm. a. Burt, Esq. accompanying the returns of his
surveys. I shall, therefore, as far as possible, avoid repe-
tition of facts which appear suificiently detailed by him.
PRIMARY AND METAMORPHIC REGION.
Granite Rocks.
The portion of country included in our first division,
which is occupied by these rocks, embraces towns 46 north,
ranges 24, 25 and 26 west, together with most of the lower
tier of sections in the towns adjoining on the north.
Throughout this region, the granite rocks make their
appearance in a succession of rounded knobs, elevated
from 20 to 100 feet above the surrounding country, and
from 300 to 800 feet above the level of Lake Superior,
and having a general range a little south of west, and
north of east.
These rocks vary much in character and composition,
being sometimes hornblendic, and approaching a perfect
syenite, but more commonly feldspathic, or composed of
quartz and feldspar, in which the latter mineral predomi-
nates. In the more southerly portion of the district, the
feldspar is red, and gives a predominant color to the rock.
Occasionally, the granite is traversed by quartz, in irregu-
lar veins. Some portions are massively stratified, the
23
masses dipping to the north, or being nearly vertical. The
knobs are rounded in outline, and are sometimes bare
rock ; but m general, they, in common with the surroundino-
country, are well timbered with spruce, hemlock, fir, birch
sugar maple, white pine and aspen. The soil is, in gen-
eral, sandy, and second or third rate.
Plains of spruce pine occupy the more elevated portions
of the district, embracing about one half or the central
part of town 46, range 25, and, stretching northerly, in-
elude the southwesterly one fourth of town 47, ranrre'ss
This tract is destitute of streams, and the soil is very poor
and sandy. The timber is chiefly an inferior spruce pine
These plains divide the waters flowing into Lake Supe-
rior on the N. and E., and Lake Michigan on the S.
This granite district is intercepted on the east by a belt
of the red sandrock, hereafter alluded to, which occupies
the tract between it and the Lake coast.
A little south of Presque Isle, granitic rocks make their
appearance on the coast of the Lake, and westerly from
Presque Isle, continue to occupy the projecting points for
several miles, the red sandrock occupying the interven-
mg bays. Knobs also of this rock, occupy the portion of
town 48 north, range 25 west, lying north of Riviere Du
Mort.
The granite of this portion of the country is traversed
by large and irregular dykes of greenstone trap, and the
granite itself puts on a trappose character, the two rocks
being sometimes with difficulty distinguishable from each
other. This is the commencement of an apparently very
large extent of granite country, extending westerly into
the region not yet surveyed by section lines.
^ These granites are important in an economical point of
view, bemg so situated as to be easily quarried, and afford-
24
ing a great variety of very durable, as well as ornamen-
tal building stones. When we consider that the vv^hole
vast valley of the Mississippi to the south, is made up of
secondary rocks, it seems probable that these granites
will furnish a valuable article of commerce so soon as a
more easy communication shall have been afforded between
Lake Superior and the lower Lakes.
METAMORPHIC GROUP.
The rocks thus designated, occupy the country lying be-
tween the two gi'anite regions above mentioned. The
several portions of this district vary so much in the char-
acter of the prevailing rocks, as to call for seperate des-
criptions.
The more southerly, which I shall here denominate the
quartzite portion, is composed of white and brown quartz
rocks, talcose, augitic and clay slates, slaty hornblende,
and specular and micaceous oxides of iron, and embraces
the tract between the granites on the south, and a line
bearing north of west from the mouth of Carp river, to
the centre of the west line of T. 48 N., R. 26 W. This
tract is rolling, with frequent ridges, having a direction
nearly east and west, or bearing south of west, and ele-
vated above the surrounding country from 40 to 150 feet.
The greatest elevation above Lake Superior, as determin-
ed by the barometer, is 1001 feet. The timber is chieHy
sugar maple, with some scattering pines, and other ever-
greens and birch.
The central portions of these ridges would seem to be
trap , which is here capped, as well as flanked, by the
metamorphosed rocks. Though no well characterized
trap makes an outcrop, throughout this portion of the
metamorphic region, the altered nature of the rocks plain-
ly indicates the near approach of an igneous rock to the
25
surface, and the dip of the rocks, though mainly north, at
a high angle, exhibits a tendency in all directions from a
central axis.
These rocks are throughout pervaded by the argillace-
ous red and micaceous oxides of iron, sometimes intimate-
ly disseminated, and sometimes in beds or veins. These
are frequently of so great extent as almost to entitle them
to be considered as rocks. The largest extent of iron oro
noticed, is in town 47 north, range 26 west, near the cor-
ner of sections 29, 30, 31, 32. There are here two large
beds or hills of ore, made up almost entirely of granula-
ted, magnetic and specular iron, with small quandties of
spathose and micaceous iron. The more northerly of
these hills extend, in a direction nearly east and west, for
at least one^fourth of a mile, and has a breadth little los.
than 1000 feet, the whole of which forms a single mass of
ore, with occasional thin strata of imperfect chert and jas-
per, and dips north 10 degrees east, about 30 degrees. ' At
its southerly outcrop the ore is exposed in I low cliti;
above which the hill rises to the height of 20 to 30 feet
above the country, on the south. The ore here exhibits u
stratified or laminated structure, and breaks readily into
sub-rhomboidal fragments, in such a manner as will greatly
facilitate the operation of quarrying or mining the'ore.
This bed of iron will compare, favorably, both for ex-
tent and quality, with any known in our country. The
largest of the large ore beds of the state of New York,
is estimated to be but 700 feet in breadth by 1000 in
length.
A more extended and minute examination will proba-
bly determine this portion of the metamorphic group to
contain other ores, less in amount, but which are generally
esteemed more valuable.
"n
W*
m
ii'
Hl^
2G
The northerly portion of the metamorphic group of
rocks, and which may here be denominated the trapposc
portion, embraces the whole remainder of the group north
of the portion last described, except a small tract of coun-
try occupied exclusively by clay slate rock, and whose
extent will be hereafter noticed.
This division of the metamorphic region is characterized
by the frequent occurrence of knobs or uplifts of green-
stone and augitic trap, making their appearance rather
irregularly over the country, and surrounded by altered
sandstones and slates. These uplifts are doubtless dis-
connected from any common centre or focus of eruption ;
but it is evident that rocks of igneous origin, form the
base of all the rocky elevations of the region, and the
surrounding altered and slaty rocks flank their sides and
dip in all directions from them, the trap being protruded
into a series of low knobs. Around the bases of these
arc the metamorphic rocks, consisting mostly of talcose,
chlorite and clay slates. Quartz forms comparatively a
small proportion of these rocks. The prevailing dip is
northerly, about 80 degrees. Several of these knobs, in
T. 46 N., R. 26 W., attain an elevation of 1058 feet above
Lake Superior.
A hill of tolerably well defined granite makes an out-
crop near the centre of this region, and in a low ridge,
bearing in an easterly and westerly direction about two
miles, but the granite is evidently of a trappose character.
The hills of this region are generally timbered to their
summits, and in many of them the rock does not come to
the surface. The country is, in general, moderately roll-
ing and beautiful. The timber is chiefly sugar maple,
yellow birch, fir, hemlock and spruce, and the soil will,
without doubt, prove fertile.
roup of
Irappose
p north
Df" coun-
whose
cterized
■ green-
5 rather
altered
ess dis-
uption ;
)rm the
and the
les and
otruded
Df these
talcose,
,tively a
y dip is
nobs, in
)t above
an out-
V ridge,
out two
aracter.
:o their
come to
ely roll-
maple,
will,
27
CLAY SLATE.
The rocks of the metamorphic group frequently gradu-
ate into clay slate, and it will be perceived, by reference
to the map, that a well defined clay slate occupies a distinct
tract in the region under consideration. This tract is al-
most wholly in T. 48 N., R. 26 W., and occupies an area
of about five sections. The slate appears generally in
low knobs, ^dipping northwesterly, and is highly argillace-
ous. The tract is timbered with a large growth of sugar
maple and hemlock.
RED SANDROCK.
It will be perceived that this rock occupies a small i)or-
tion of the country embraced in our first division. It is
found skirting the primary and metamorphic rocks on all
sides, and almost excluding them from the Lake coast.
As this rock occupies a larger area in the district of
country, hereafter to be considered, no description of it
will here be given. It may, however, simply be observed,
that this rock is frequently found suiTounding, and in con-
tact with, the uplifted masses of igneous rocks, and is then
invariably much altered both in appearance and texture,
and may, under such circumstances, fairly be considered
as metamorphic.
KEEWENAW POINT.
The- subdivisions of the past season upon this jo art of
the survey, include all that portion of Keewenavv Point
lying north and east of Portage Lake, and this portion of
the work will be separately considered.
Keewcnaw Point may be said to be made up of three
rock formations, trap, trap conglomerate and red sand-
rock. Of these, the first mainly gives its peculiar charac-
ter to the country, giving to it its mountainous aspect and
general configuration, having been protruded by the opera-
*\ ' 'si
I:
k
■ !i
Hi*
28
tionof igneous forces into its present jiosition ; while the
other rocks are sedimentary in their origin, and are found
surrounding and resting against the other.
The accompanying map will exhibit, with much accura-
cy, the positions and extent of these rocks, in reference to
^ each other, and to the town and section lines.
TRAP ROCKS.
It will be seen that throughout nearly the whole of the
jjortion occupied by these rocks, may be traced two dis-
tinct ranges of hills, which, commencing near the easterly
extremity of the Point, run nearly parallel to the bounda-
ry of the trap. The summits of the more northerly range
preserve an almost uniform distance from the northerly
boundary of trap, of about one and a quarter miles, while
those of the southerly range average little more than a
half mile from the southei'ly extension of the trap forma-
tion. These ranges, which are quite continuous from T.
r>7 N., R. 28 W., westerly as far as T. 57 N., R. 32 W., be-
gin here to fall away, becoming also more irregular and
In-oken as they approach the basin of Portage Lake. In
fact, from the latter town, southwesterly, their character,
as distinct ranges, is almost entirely lost, until they reap-
pear at about an equal distance from the Portage Lake,
on the other side of the basin. .The continuity of the
trap rocks, however, is not destroyed, though its bounds
are much narrowed.
The barometer work having been earned no further
\vest from the extremity of the Point, than range 29, does
not enable me to give the elevations of these ranges with
completeness ; but it may be stated that the highest point
found is in the southerly range, in T. 58 N., R. 29 W.,
where the trap rises into a knob having an elevation above
Lake Superior of 876 feet. To this knob has been given
29
the name of Mt. Houghton. The general elevation of the
northerly range of hills is, however, somewhat the greatest,
the knobs rising to from 400 to GOO feet.
These ranges present their steepest escarpments on
their southerly sides, where they rise frequently into clifls
of 100 feet nearly perpendicular, and, in one instance, in
the southerly range, to nearly 400 feet. In general, they
slope much more gently to the north, thus following the
general inclination, or dip, which is common to all the
rocks of the Point.
The portion of the trap district included between these
two ranges, as far westerly as range 30, has a gradual de-
scent into the valley of the Little Montreal river. Beyond
this, westerly, it is more rolling and sometimes broken by
knobs and ridges of trap, with some intervening swamps.
The whole is, in general, covered by a sandy loam, and
is clothed with an abundant growth of sugar maple, birch,
fir, oak and white pine ; the maple greatly predominating,
wherever the soil is of sufficient depth. AVhere this soil
is barely sufficient to conceal the underlying rock, cedar is
the prevailing timber.
It will be observed that the Little Montreal river, above
alluded to, has its course wholly between these two trap
ranges, pursuing its course nearly across ranges 30, 29
and 28. This is the most considerable stream in the dis-
trict under consideration. Though somewhat sluggisli
thrrmgh the first half of its course, which may be said tu
occupy the most elevated part, or plateau, of the trap re-
gion, it becomes more rapid through ranges 20 and 28,
and its course to the Lake shows a very considerable de-
scent, probably of about 300 feet, through the latter range.
The more northerly of these ranges of trap is very uni-
form in chaiacter, and while the rock of both the north-
^'
4 1
80
tJiiy and southorly raiitres may be denominated greenstone,
that of the latter is much the most compact. The rocks
of the former range have a very distinctly chrystalino
Htructure, passing from a very granulated gieonstone to a
rock composed of crystals of augitc, or hornblende, and
feldspar, with considerable intermixture of quartz, some-
times nearly forming an imperfect syenitic granite, and
showing the identity of origin of the trap and granite
rocks. These portions of the trap are extremely hard,
and. break with difficulty under the hammer.
The central portion of the more elevated knobs of the
:<outherly range are frecpiently composed of a very hard
and compact trap of a reddish color, which sometimes
takes on the character of a trap breccia, or aggregate of
small cemented angular pieces of rock, and may perhaps
be denominated a trap porphyry.
Intermediate between these two ranges the trap is
sometimes compact, at others amygdaloidal, and, occasion-
ally granular ; while, on the outer slopes of both ranges, it is
almost uniformly amygdaloidal, and is frequently what
maybedenominatetl a true amygdaloid, having its cells
filled with spar, quartz, epidote, and other minerals.
In an economical point of view, the greenstone of the
trap range iswqrthy of consideration, being well fitted for
use as a building material, from its durability, and the
ease with which, in consequence of its jointed structure, it
may be quarried.
CONGLOMERATE ROCK.
Resting against the trap on its northerly slope, and ex-
tending from the extremity of Keewenaw Point westerly
mto T. 57 N., R. 33 W., will be found a rock formation
which is evidently of sedimentary origin, being composed
of water worn masses, generally of the harder portions
31
of the trap rocks, held together by an exceo(lini,dy hurcl
calcareous and argillaceous cement. It is evident that
this rock was deposited around the base of the trap hills,
beneath the waters, and has been subsequently elevated,
for the whole mass dips northerly, or from the trap hills,
at an angle of about 45 degrees.
At or near its junction with the trap, this rock rises in-
to a very distinct and generally continuous hillv ran^re ;
winch may, in fact, be considered as the outcropping edge
of the formation, i^ing on its northerly side in a steep
escarpment, l)ut sloping more gradually down towards
the Lake, on the north. This ridge varies in elevation,
the highest ascertained point being in T. 58 N., R. 27 W.,
and is 680 feet above Lake Superior. But this is much
above the average elevation, whicli will not be found pro-
bably to exceed 350 feet.
A marked difference is observable in the character of the
country occupied by the trap and conglomerate rocks ;
for, while the former exhibits a series of elevated knobs of
a rugged and broken character, the latter presents a more
uniform and rounded outline, and cedar, fir, and other
evergreens, constitute a larger proportion of its timber.
MIXED CONGLOMERATE AND SANDROCK.
At a short distance northerly from the range last men-
tioned, may be observed another, but less elevated and
continuous ridge, which is the southerly outcrop of the
mixed conglomerate and sandstone formation. This rock
may, in fact, be considered as an upper member merely of
the conglomerate, and differs from it only in being com-
posed of alternating strata of coarse or fine materials,
derived from the same origin. As the finer strata of this
rock have been mistaken by some for the red sandrock,
hereafter described, it is important to observe that a very
■k
. 1
U j ■
.'if '
m
32
marked tlifibrencc exists between the two rocks ; for, while
the latter is mtido up of materials derived from tho several
rock formations of the country, and into which (juartzose
grains enter most largely, the former is wholly derived
from the trap rocks.
This conglomerate and sandrock range probably no-
where exceeds 3.50 feet above the level of the Lake. It
occupies tho northern coast of Keewenaw Point, with
some exceptions occasioned by trap dykes, within the lim-
its alluded to as the extent, easterly ^nd westerly, of the
conglomerate rock formation.
In the hollow between these two ridges of conglome-
rate, and conglomerate and sandrock, lie several long and
narrow lakes, and lines of swampy ground are not an un-
common feature.
The barometer work having been canied over a com-
paratively small portion of the Point, I have not been
able to form any new estimate of the thickness of the con-
glomerate and mixed rocks. Those contained in the re-
port of Dr. Houghton, made to the Legislature of Michi-
gan in 1841, may be considered as sufficiently precise,
which fix the maximum of the latter at 4200 feet, the
former having probably a less thickness on the Point,
though attaining near the Montreal river a thickness of
5260 feet.
TRAP DYKES.
I have already alluded to the fact that the granites of
the more northerly portion of the primary district are tra-
versed by dykes of trap, which have produced great
changes in the rocks of that district, as also to the fact
that the conglomerate and sandrocks are found traversed
by similar dykes. On approaching Keewenaw Point,
from the eastward, trap is seen apparently interstratified
33
with the conglomerate and mixed rocks whicli conHtitutc
the coast, the whole dipping together to the north at an
angle varying from 30 to 4/3 degrees.
A trap <lyke of very unusual size makes its appearance
on the eastern extremity of the Point, in section 10, and
may be traced westerly, following the general cnrvat\iro
of the coast, into range '31 west. It has an avernge breadth
of half a mile. In its westerly prolongation, this dyke first
approaches the coast at Copper Harbor. It has here been
broken across by the waters of the Lake ; so that, while the
conglomerate rocks are found composing the outer points,
as well as the south side of the harbor, the trap is seen at
its two ends and at the projecting points and islands, and
it forms the bar across the entrance.
Continuing westerly, this dyke cuts entirely across the
conglomerates and sandrocks, at Agate Harbor, and from
thence the coast is constituted of this rock, westerly as far
as section 3, in T. o8 N., R. 31 W. Along this portion of
its course it is found gradually thinning out, having at
(rrand Marais and Eagle Harbors a width of a few
rods only, and thinning out entirely, or passing off into
the deep water of the Lake, at the point above named.
The trap composing this dyke is partly compact and
partly of amygdaloidal structure. At Agate Harbor, the
trap is of this latter character, and the cells are filled with
chalcedony, cornelian, jasper, quartz, &c., often forming
agates of great size and beauty. This part of the coast
is lined with islands at a few rods distance from the main
shore, most of which appear to be portions of trap of a
more hard and compact character, and which have resist-
ed the action of the waters that have washed away the in-
termediate portions, thus form-inff a series of narrow and
deep channels
I
'm
34
This dyke dips regularly with the conglomerate and
sandrock in which it is included, to the north and north-
west, at an angle of about 45 degrees.
RED SANDROCK.
This rock, the equivalent of the Potsdam red sandrock
of the New York reports, it will be seen by the map, oc-
cupies the whole remainder of the portion of Keewenaw
Point imder consideration, skirting a large part of the
trap range, on both sides, but having by far its broadest
extension on the south side. It here lies in nearly hori-
zontal strata, though at the coast a slight dip inland is ob-
servable, becoming more apparent as it approaches the
basin of Portage Lake. In its approach to the trap, how-
ever, it is found more or less tilted from its original hori-
zontal position, and is also very much altered by its con-
tact with that igneous rock. The evidences both of the
deposition of this extensive formation, in calm and shal-
low waters, and of the subsequent change induced in it by
the trap rocks, when in a fused or heated state, are very
apparent.
Receding from the trap ranges southward, the surface
of the country underlaid by this rock is, in general, rollinn-,
and timbered with sugar maple, hemlock, birch, spruce,
fir and occasional large pines. The soil is a sandy loam,
and, in general, of good quality. Approaching the Lake
coast, the land falls gradually to a level, where the ever-
greens predominate over the maple, and the country is
much cut up by marshes.
MINERAL VEINS.
In regard to this subject, I have deemed it unnecessary
to enter into details, for the reason that the returns of the
surveys, so far as the geology is concerned, relate rather
to the general character of the region, and that the obser-
35
vations of the past season, so far as can now be determined,
tend to confirm the facta which have been stated with con-
siderable minuteness of detail, in the report made by Dr.
Houghton, in 1841, to the Legislature of the state of Mi-
chigan.
It may, however, be observed, that the courses of many
veins have been fixed with accuracy, and the veins them-
selves traced, in some instances, for several miles across
the conglomerate and sandrocks, and into and across some
portions of the trap. The observations thus made, are
confirmatory of the fact first noted by Dr. Houghton, that
the true veins of the district referred to, pursue a course
nearly at right angles to the line of bearing of the trap
range.
In concluding these brief descriptions, it may be pro-
per to state, that the personal observations of the writer
have been confined almost entirely to a somewhat cursory
exploration, made several years ago, while acting as as-
sistant to Dr. Houghton, in his arduous labors in the ge-
ological commission of Michigan, and that he has been
enabled to devote but a very limited time to the examina-
tion of the specimens collected, and of the notes returned.
It is very probable, that he may have omitted many facts
of importance. It is only by special solicitation, and the
apparent necessity of the case, that he has undertaken to
prepare such general observations as seemed called for
under present circumstances.
In attempting this duty, the undersigned cannot be un-
mindful of the very meagre and imperfect sketch here
presented, when compared with whatever proceeded from
that master mind, whose genius first developed, and whose
indomitable energy tracked through all its difficulties, a
system not only intricate in itself, but novel to science; and
r'
I-
I M"
r*if
36
in a region at that time destitute of all the ordinary f acili-
ties for scientific investigation. To the same active and
philosophic mind, we owe the system of the miion of ge-
ological with the lineal surveys of lands of the United
States, the first experimental results of which are now
returned to this department.
In presenting these, it may not be deemed inappropri-
ate to allude to the general advantages resulting from the
new system, as devised, and thus far successfully prose-
cuted, by Dr. Houghton.
The advantages of thorough geological and topographi-
cal surveys, are now so well appreciated, that they have
been prosecuted to a considerable extent by foreign go-
vernments. Great Britain has already appropriated im-
mense sums towards the accomplishment of a complete
survey of that kingdom, which has as yet advanced but a
comparatively little way. And the geological surveys
made by the United States, have made very fully and ge-
nerally known the advantages of these undertakings. For-
tunately, the system of rectangular surveying, adopted by
the United States government, affords the best possible
opportunity to accomplish, with little additional expense,
what, under other circumstances, could be effected only at
a much more considerable cost. The maps, both geolo-
gical and topographical, herewith returned, will afford
some evidence of the extreme accuracy, as well as extent
and minuteness of the results thus obtained.
In noticing some of the scientific results of the survey
of the past season, the duty would be imperfectly perfor-
med, were I to omit calling attention to the unwonted ac-
curacy with which the lines have been run. This accura-
cy has been attained by the exclusive use, by all the par-
ties, of " Burt's Solar Compass-' an instrument too well
37
known to need more than a bare allusion, but the great
value of which has been more than fully confirmed during
the surveys of the past season. This remark will seem
justified, when it is considered that nearly the whole re-
gion of country traversed by these surveys abounds with
mmeral attractive to the magnet; that the needle has been
almost constantly acted upon by causes which produced
deviations from the time meridian of the earth's magnet-
ism, and often so powerfully as to completely reverse the
direction of its poles. A variation fluctuating from 6° to
20O on either side of the true meridian, was not uncom-
mon, through the length of an entire township ; and it
seems difficult to imagine how the lines could have been
run with the ordinary surveyor's compass. Other impor-
tant advantages have been arrived at, from the use of this
compass, of both a scientific and practical character ; one
of which only, will be here alluded to, viz: the means af-
forded by it of detecting the presence of certain rocks,
over large areas, where no rocks are visible at the surface!
This was particulariy observable in the region of the great
trap ranges, where it was almost uniformly found that the
needle became deflected towards the mass of the trap hills,
even though distant, and was more or less fluctuating,'
when passing over a country whose underlying rock was
trap. The same phenomena were exhibited among the
iron ore rocks of the metamorphic region.
^ Allusion may here be made to the increased importance
given to the work of the past season, by the introduction
of the barometer upon the lines, by means of which, the
elevations of the country are exhibited with a great de-
gree of accuracy ; a complete section being obtained on
every line, and thus furnishing all that was needed to make
a true, complete and minute exhibit of the topography of
fu,t|
1^-
38
the country. In another and more scientific point of view,
the use of this instrument becomes highly important, from
the means it affords of ascertaining the true dip and thick-
ness of rocks ; data, the importance of which are appre-
ciated not merely by the man of science, but, as is well
known, in the practical operations more es{>ecially of the
miner and engineer.
It may be allowed me, further, to allude to the commen-
dable zeal and fidelity which has been exhibited by all
those who have been associated with Dr. Houghton, as
his aids, during these surveys, in furthering the plans
marked out by him, and by their numerous and close ob-
servations, assisting to perfect the knowledge of the ge-
ology of that interesting region.
BELA *HUBBARD.
^'■'if
'CI:
i
■fit'
89
Section illustrative of the or de?- of super -position of the .
Rocks of the Upper JPeninsula.
9.
8.
6.
5.
Tertiary Clays and Sands.
Upper Limerock Group, (embracing as mem-
bers, the Drummond Island and Mackinaw
Limestones.)
Lower Limerock and Shales.
Sandv or Intermediate Limestone.
3.
Upper Grey Sandstone,
Lower or Red Sandrock and Shales,
Mixed Conglomerate and Sandrock,
Conglomerate rock,
MetamoryHic, Trap and Primary rocks.
Thickness in feet.
mean 700 it.
extreme 6,500.
extreme 4,200.
extreme 5,2G0.
!f^
40
MINERALS AND MINERAL VEINS.
iFrom Dr. Houghton's Report of 1841.]
In considering this portion of the subject, I propose to
treat the minerals of the different formations separately,
so far as the same can be done, and although this method
will necessarily cause some repetition, it will enable me
to show, more perfectly than could otherwise be done, the
connection between those minerals that may be regarded
as of practical value, and the rocks to which they belong.
^ As a whole, the rocks of the upper peninsula are defi-
cient in number of minerals, though some few individual
S2)ecies occur abundantly.
MINERALS OP THE PRIMARY ROCKS.
The following list can by no means be regarded as per-
fect, but it will serve, at least, to convey an idea of the
small number of minerals which are found in connection
with the rocks of this group.
Schorl,
Tourmaline,
Hornblende,
Actynolite,
MINERALS OF THE METAMORPHIC GROUP OF ROCKS.
Quartz, common. Iron, scaly red oxid of,
niilky, *« haematite,
greasy, « pyritous,
tabular, Steatite,
Serpentine, common, Novaculite. »
Of the minerals enumerated as occurring in the meta-
morphic rocks, the milky variety of quartz is abundant,
sometimes composing almost entire ranges of hills. The
novacuhte is also abundant, but of a coarse variety. This
last IS associated with the talcose slates. The remaining
minerals appear either disseminated, or forming druses in
Mica,
Feldspar,
((
Quartz.
red.
«
«
(<
41
the quartz rock, though sometimes they occur in thin beds
or veins, in the talcose slate, which beds conform to the Hne
or cleavage of that rock. Although the haematite is
abundantly disseminated through all the rocks of the meta-
morphic group, it does not appear in sufficient quantity, at
any one point that has been examined, to be of practical
importance.
MINERALS OF THE TRAP ROCKS.
Quartz, common,
" smoky,
" milky,
*' greasy,
*' radiated,
" mamillary,
" drusv,
" amethystine,
Chalcedony,
Cornelian,
Jasper,
Agate, common,
" fortification,
Augite,
Actynolite,
Serpentine,
Steatite, common,
Asbestus,
Amianthus,
Calcareous spar.
Copper, native,
" pyritous,
" black.
" red oxid of,
** azure carbonate of,
" green carbonate of
" " " ferruginous.
Lead, sulphuret of,
" carbonate of,
Iron, pyritous,
" red oxid of,
" hydrate of,
" pseudomorphous, " silicate of,
Chlorite, common, Manganese, ferruginous oxid of.
Silver, native, (very rare,)
Stilbite,
Laumonite,
Prehnite.
Since a consideration of the minerals contained in the
trap, w^ill also involve a portion of those embraced in the
conglomerate, the mixed rock, and red sandrock and
4* . /
" earthy,
Analcime,
Harmotome,
Heulandite,
til
V
m
46
1
shales, I will, before referring minutely to those of the
trap rocks, lay before you a list of those which occur most
frequently in the sedimentary rocks last mentioned. The
fact that veins of mineral matter, traversing the trap, are
frequently continued across the several sedimentary rocks,
and that dykes are of frequent occurrence in these latter
rocks, would lead to the inference that there would be a
considerable degree of resemblance in the character of
the minerals embraced in these dykes and veins, in both
the trap and sedimentary rocks, and to a certain extent,
this inference would be true ; but it should be bonie in
mind, as has already been stated, that the veins, in traver-
sing the several upper rocks, undergo very great changes
in mineral. character.
MINERALS OF THE CONGLOMERATE, MIXED ROCK AND RED SANJ»-
ROCK.
Calcarf ^ns spar,
Quartz, common,
*" milky,
** drusy,
Chalcedony,
Cornelian-,*
Jasper,*
*
Agate,*
Copper, nativp.f
pyritous,f
blue carb. of,f
green carb. oft
earthy green carb. of,t
black,t
Zinc, siliceous oxid of,
" carbonate of,
Iron, pyritous,
black oxid of, (cemented iron sand,)
red oxid of,
hydrate of,
silicate of.
((
t(
tt
It
«
<<
((
t(
:¥
^Occasionally occurring among the pebbles constituting the mass of the
conglomerate.
ij .!. „..^v |j.uttiOuo ui luc veius iraversing the conglomerate.
48
MINERAL VEINS OP THE TRAP, CONGLOMERATE, &c.
In ord iv to render the subject of the mineral veins tra-
versing the above rocks, so far intelligible as may be in my
power, I have already been particular to define, as far as
could b3 done without maps and sections, the relation
which the trap rocks, together with the superincumbent
conglomerate, mixed sand and conglomerate and red sand-
rock bear to each other, and it will be necessary, in con-
sidering the mineral contents of these rocks and the veins
traversing them, to keep this relation constantly and clearly
in view.
It will be recollected, that the northwesterly range of
hills, commencing at the extremity of Keewenaw Point,
and stretching from thence in a southwesterly direction
into the interior, were referred to as being more clearly of
trappose origin than either of the other ranges, and that
the rock of the southerly portion of this range is either
compact greenstone or altered syenite; while that of the
northerly flank is almost invariably either an amygdaloid
or a rock approaching to toadstone. .
The several ranges of hills to the south of that last
alluded to, are either well formed, compact greenstones,
altered syenite, or, (as we approach the primary range,)
imperfectly formed granites. So far as the several ranges
of hills, lying south from the northerly range, are concern-
ed, they would appear to be, as a whole, deficient in mine-
rals, and the rocks are not apparently traversed by veins
or dykes of any more recent date than that of the uplift
of the northerly trap hills.
Veins clearly of a date posterior to the uplift of that
portion of the trap rock last mentioned, are of frequent
occurrence, and these veins not only traverse a portion of
the trap range, but also pass into the conglomerate, and
m
a
44
bometimes completely across the three sedimentary rocks,
immediately above the trap, thus having an unbroken
length of several miles. The class of veins to which I
now allude, where they occur in a connected or continuous
portion of the range, rarely vary more than 12° to 15^
from a right angle to the line of bearing of the sedimen-
tary rocks, and in pursuing this course, they necessarily
cut across the dyke^ of trap before alluded to as so fre-
quently appearing between the strata, and conforming to
the dip of the lower sedimentary rocks.
That the veins under consideration belong to a single
epoch, is inferred from the fact, that none have been noti-
ced with other veins crossing them, as also for the reason
that none have ever been noticed with dislocations, heaves
or disturbance of any kind, save what may be referred to
causes connected with their immediate origin.
That these veins must be regarded in the strictest sense
as true veins, cannot be doubted, and that their origin or
source, over the extended district alluded to, has be'en the
same, is inferred from the perfect identity of their mine-
ral contents ; for a description of one of these true veins
may be said to be essentially a description of the whole.
Thus, while the mineral contents of the different portions
of the same vein change as the rock traversed changes,
the con-esponding portions of different veins almost in-
variably bear a striking and close resemblance to each
other.
These veins, as has already been stated, where they tra-
verse connected ranges of the trap, are regular in course
and direction, but when they are connected with a single
uplifted knob of that rock, they are irregular and can
scarcely be defined, appearing, in the latter instance, rath-
##?
45
er as matter injected into the fissures of a shattered mass
of rock, than as connected veins.
The importance of carefully studying the relation whicli
these veins bear to the rocks which they traverse, as also
the relation which they bear to the numerous trap dykes,
together with the few cotemporaneous veins noticed in the
trap, is very much increased by the circumstance, that
these veins are more or less connected with, or rather
contain, metallic materials, which, it may be fairly inferred
will hereafter become of very considerable practical im-
portance. In fact, so far as we may be enabled to judge
from the examinations already made in this district of coun-
try, it is confidently believed that most, if not all the me-
talliferous veins of the upper peninsula belong to veins
of the epoch of those under consideration. It is true that
native metals, more particularly copper, are sometimes
found, in place, occupying the joints or natural septae of
greenstone, but in these instances, the amount of metal is
always comparatively small, and, with one or two ex-
ceptions, I have invariably been able to establish some
connection between the native metal occupying these joints
and the termination of some metalliferous vein that tra-
verses other portions of the rock not far distant, and it is
believed that the metal filling these joints has invariably
resulted from the action of causes precisely analogous to
those which have placed similar metals in the veins to
which I have alluded.
The earliest as well as all travellers, who have visited
the district of country under consideration, have not failed
to make frequent allusion to the loose masses of native
copper that have been occasionally found scattered over
it, nor has any one failed to allude to the largo bowlder or
loose mass of that metal upon the Ontonagon river. Al-
m
^;,.
46
UioHt invariably, the opinion has been expressed, from the
requent occurrence of these masses, that the metal must
be abundant in the country. But, after all. the true sour-
ces from which these masses had their origin, or the rel-i
tion which they held to the rocks of the district, would
appear never to have been understood ; and all, or nearly
all, that was known of their true relations, was left to
conjecture. The result of this has been, that while somo
have excessively magnified every thing connected with a
subject of which, in truth, nothing was known, another
class, equally far from what is really true, have regarded
these masses of native copper as bowlders transported
trom high northern latitudes.*
As far back as 1831 and' 1832, I had occasion to pass
no less than three times, along the south coast of Lake Su-
perior, as also to ascend several of the important tributa-
ries of that Lake, and during these years, I passed by three
diffei^ent routes, widely separated from each other, com-
pletely across to the Mississippi river. It is true that these
journeys, made through a complete wilderness, uninhabi-
ted except by savages, were necessarily made under cir-
cumstances that admitted of only very general observa-
* The vast area of country over which the bowlders of native Conner
ttn"^ W"h "'^""^" consideration, (together with it. .'J^^lS/a-
tion,) have been transported, is worthy of remark. They are not of imfro
quent occurrence in .hesand and gravel of the southern pL'^sJa of Mkt'
n^r 1 ''"'k '^' '^"'^^^<^^r^^^ of the geological survev, many of hese
masses have been met, some of which wei^h from seven'to ei^ht nonnd?
In the v,cmity of Green Bay, a mass was discovered. romftefyLralo
^rst'oTalirr"':' if my memory serves me corS^l-'LS
masses of a similar character, have been met with in various other portions
of Wisconsin as also at various points in Illinois, Indiana and Olfio In
these cases, the^ occurrence of these masses of native copper are no mor
!!!!;iL!!:'.?_l/"?'««?l^""'?^'^^r^ «f Pri'nary bowlders scattered ove. tt
inZ^^T'T"^ °'. ''^^f"S^"' indications of the existence of primary rock
«i place, in the district whefe they are found. pnmaiy rocK
-tk,
47
tions ; but the result of these previous examinations have
proved of immense service to me, in aiding the labors of
the past season. I allude to these jounieys and examina-
tions at this time, in order to show ypu the difHculties by
which a full understanding of the subject under consider-
ation is surrounded, for I became satisfied at that time, not
only that the subject was not understood by the mass of
those who had traversed the country, but that even the
natives of the country had no knowledge of the true
sources from which the transported masses of copper had
their origin.
During the time of the examinations alluded to, a bare
glimmer of light was thrown upon the subject by an exa-
mination of some small masses of copper, found occupy-
ing the joints of the greenstone; as also by the examina-
tion of a single vein in the conglomerate, containing the
ores of copper, which has since been found to be the ter-
mination of a vein that is somewhat obscurely continued
from the trap region. While these examinations were suf-
ficient to enable me to draw the inference that the masses of
native copper came chiefly, if not wholly, from the trap, and
more rarely from those sedimentary rocks resting imme-
diately upon it, it was supposed that this occurrence would
follow the general law, and that it, together with the other
ores of the metal, would occur in greatest abundance near
the line of junction of this rock, with the overlaying sedi-
mentary rocks. Nothing, or at least very little, was known
of the true extent or range of the trap rocks, and the very
great inaccuracies in the published maps of the country,
rendered it almost impossible to apply even the data on
hand to such purpose as to relieve the embarrassment.
AXTifli Q -full Irnrk^xrlorlnpo nf tVi<aa<:» /liflfinnlti<:»fl T dflf-OTmin^fl J^^M
during the past season, to endeavor to surmount them by
i\m
48
so far adding to our geographical knowledge of the coast
of the Lake and its immediate vicinity, as to enable me to
place whatever geological observations of importance
might be made, in such condition that the relations of the
several parts might be understood. Having sufficiently
accomplished this, I proceeded to a very minute examina-
tion of the several rocks overlaying or resting against the
trap, together with a determination of the thickness of the
several members, and their rate of decrease or wedgincr
to the east. With these data, I was enabled, by noting
the dip of the rock upon the coast, to determine, with
sufficient accuracy for the purposes to which the rule was
to be apphed, the line of junction between the trap and
conglomerate rocks. This rule, whenput in practice, ena-
bled me to decide, with a very considerable degree of
certainty, this line of junction, when the rocks were co-
vered wuh a very considerable thickness of detrital mat-
ter; and when so covered, I was enabled, by traversinc.
the country, on the line of bearing of the upper rocks, the
more readily to gain access to such points as would admit
ot examination.
These observations soon showed me that this line of
junction between the trap rock and the south edge of the
conglomerate, instead of pursuing a course parallel to the
coast only continued its parallelism for a few miles wes-
terly from the extremity of Keewenaw Point, after which
tor a long distance, it recedes from the coast rapidly These'
facts serred to explain in part, why the subject of the ori-
gm of the masses of copper had remained a mystery for
the country through which this line passes, is hardly ever
passed over, even by the Indians, and probably large por-
. - - "■"— "=-« ueeu passed over by the whites; but
•n add.t.on to this, the obscure character of the metallife-
49
'g
- rous veins is such, that they would scarcely attract the ob-
servation of the traveller whose attention was not called
especially to the subject; for many of the richest ores are
so far from having the appearance of the pure metal, that
they would be the last suspected to contain it in any form.
That the connection of these ores with the containing
rocks was not understood by the English mining company,
whose attention was turned to this subject at an early day,
is to be inferred from the fact, that they commenced their
operations at Miners' river, where the rock is the upper or
grey sandstone, which has never been observed to contain
mineral veins ; and, also, on Ontonagon river, near the
mass of native copper, at which point a shaft was com-
menced and carried about forty feet through a reddish
clay, at which point the red sandrock was reached. Now,
although the metalliferous veins sometimes pass from the'
trap across the red sandstone, these veins in the red sand-
rock have never been noticed to contain any other ores
than those of zinc and iron, unless it be at the immediate
pomt where the vein crossing comes in contact with a dyke
of trap, which condition does not exist at the point alhi-
ded to, on Ontonagon river. What indications could have
mduced these Quixotic trials at the points where they
were commenced, is more than I have been able to divine,
and as might have been anticipcted, the attempts resulted
m a failure to find the object sought.
Having thus, in a general manner, set forth the obscu-
rity by which the subject of the true source of the trans-
ported masses of native copper has been surrounded, to-
gether with some of the reasons which have served to
prevent its being fairly understood, I wilPnow proceed
to a general sketch of the metalliferous veins of the dis-
trict, so far as the same have been examined; premising,
m
[«i'l''
that our knowledge of them is still deficient in very many
important particulars, which can only be supplied by a
careful and continued examination of the subject, which,
in fact, can only be said to be but just commenced.
I have had occasion to refer to the outer or northerly
range of hills, or those from which the metalliferous veins
may be said to spring, as being composed of trap rock,
and lest what has been said may not be fairly understood,
I will repeat, that the more southerly part of the range is
uniformly composed of compact greenstone, under which
head I not only include true greenstone, but also those
forms of altered granular gneiss and gneissoid granite,
which sometimes are associated with it, while the outer or
northerly portion of the same range is usually composed
of an amygdaloidal form of trap. The cells of the amyg-
daloid are usually filled with the different varieties of
quartz, cornelian, chalcedony and agate, and sometimes,
though more rarely, with native copper, or with calcare-
ous spar, though they are sometimes entirely empty, con-
stituting a perfect toadstone.
The metalliferous veins cross this range of trap, usually
very nearly at right angles to the prolongation of the hills,
and are frequently continued in the same course, across
the upper or sedimentary rocks, thus crossing the latter at
an angle varying but little from their line of bearing. —
While the continuity, of course, of the vein, may remain
perfect in its complete passage from the greenstone across
the several members of the conglomerate, mixed and red
sandstone rocks, the character and mineral contents of the
vein undergoes essential change, and not only does the
vein appear to be influenced in its mineral contents, but
wi/lf-Vj fof Q^g Q. crpneral rule, the width of the
olan ir» if-
" 6 '
vein increases as we proceed northerly, or from the green-
51
stone. Thus, a vein which may appear of only a few inches
in width, or as a bare line in the southerly or greenstone
portion of the range, increases in width rapidly as it ap-
proaches and passes across the amygdaloid, and at or near
the line of junction between the amygdaloid and the sedi-
mentary rocks, it will frequently be found to have attained
a thickness of several feet, while in its passage across the
sedimentary rocks it is usually either still further increased
m width, or becomes so blended with the rock itself, as to
render it difficult to define its boundaries.
These metalliferous veins, like those which occur under
similar circumstances in other portions of the globe, do
not continue uninterruptedly of any given width, for great
distances, nor is their width increased regularly, for they
frequently ramify or branch off in strings, that pursue a
course generally somewhat parallel to the general direc-
tion of the main vein, and which eventually again unite
with It. Sometimes these ramifications or branches de-
stroy, as it were, for a considerable distance, the whole
vein ; but they at length unite again, and the main vein is,
after their junction, as perfectly developed as before.
While traversing the most compact, southerly portion
of the greenstone, the veins are most frequently made up
of a very compact and finely granulated geenstone, some-
times associated with steatitic minerals and silicate of iron,
under which circumstances they usually are destitute of
any other metallic mineral, but occasionally, instead of
the materials above mentioned, their place is supplied by
native copper, without veinstone or matrix, and usually
free from nearly all earthy impurities, but almost invari-
ably incrusted with oxid, or carbonate of the metal. Those
portions of the vein traversing the greenstone, in which
native copper occurs, under the circumstances above men-
m
.■:'rt|
/
52
\
tioned, are invariably thin, rarely exceeding three or four
inches in thickness, and usually considerably less, and they
are liable to very considerable variation in w^idth, from the
divergence caused by the vein traversing the joints of the
rock, where these joints produce the same character of
change as is produced by the ordinary ramification of a
vein.
As these metalliferous veins traverse the northerly por-
tion of the range, or approach the sedimentary rocks, thej
imdergo a gradual change in width as well as in mineral
character, and it has been noticed that where the amygda-
loid is most largely developed, the vein, as a general rule,
has not only a greater width, but also has its mineral con-
tents more perfectly developed; a circumstance which
might fairly have been inferred from the fact that those
points where the amygdaloid occurs most largely, may
be regarded to have been so many centres of intensity of
action, at the time of the original uplift of the range, from
which circumstance they would remain in a softened state,
or in such condition as to admit of the more perfect for-
mation of these cross veins for a longer space of time af-
ter that condition had been passed at other points.
In the outer or amygdaloid portion of the rock, the vein
is almost invariably accompanied by a veinstone of quartz,
iiivolving all the varieties before mentioned, as associated
with the trap rocks, which quartz, though occasionally it
occurs massive, of several feet in width, usually appears
in the shape of a series of irregular ramifying and branch-
ing minor veins, that may be said to constitute the main
vein. These subordinate veins of quartz, which may be
stated as the true veinstone, vary from a mere line to se-
veral inches ill thickness, and in the aggregate they may
be said to constitute from one-third to one-half the total
53
thickness of the vein. In their branches and ramifications,
they sometimes include portions of the rock which they
traverse, at other times they embrace imperfectly formed
steatite, vi^ith silicate, carbonate and red oxid of iron,*
and occasionally, though more rarely, it is associated with
carbonate of lime, usually assuming the form of an opaque
rhombic spar.
As the main vein traverses the conglomerate and over-
laying rocks to, and including the red sandstone, these
veins, as a general rule, undergo still farther changes, for
very soon after entering the conglomerate, the veinstone
changes from its quartzose character, and is made up,
either wholly, of calcareous matter, mostly rhomb spar,
or of this mineral, with occasional ramifications of quartz.
The whole usually including, and sometimes investinrr
fragments of the conglomerate or the pebbles of that rock,
separated.
As the vein is continued still farther in the direction of
and into the red sandstone, these changes are still noticed,
and eventually the vein is found to be composed either en-
tirely or mostly of calcareous spar, and eventually so com-
pletely is its metalliferous character lost, that it would not,
if examined singly, be suspected to be any portion of a
metalliferous vein.
The metalliferous character of these veins is most
largely developed almost directly at or near the line of
junction of the trap and sedimentary rocks, and they rarely
continue, without considerable change, for a greater dis-
tance than one-fourth to one-third of a mile, on either side
of the line, though a few veins were noticed in which, in
the southerly or trap extension, the character of the vein
* The latter closely resembling the Gossan, of the Cornish minew.
5*
54
continued for a distance of over a mile, nearly unchan-
ged, while in its passage through the conglomerate, for
half that distance, its character was also perfectly pre-
served.
The mineral character of the veins is somewhat varied
in those having different degrees of thickness, though it is
difficult, if not impossible, to lay down any rule which
would characterize this change. The different veins vary
very greatly in width, ranging from a mere line to 14 or
15 feet, the greatest observed width of any single vein.
In the descriptions of the veins given above, I only in-
tend to include those which are most perfectly developed ;
for, in addition to these, there are also many which are im-
perfectly formed and short, and in which many of the
above characters are in part or entirely wanting. These
latter are usually of little practical importance, and thus
far have been comparatively little examined.
Of the metallic minerals occurring in those portions of
the true veins which traverse the trap rocks, together with
that portion of the conglomerate immediately resting upon
or against the trap, by far the most important consists of
the several ores of copper, with which iron occurs dis-
seminated in the forms before described, and occasionally,
though very rarely, native silver has been detected, asso-
ciated in the same vein. After as minute an examination
of the subject, as the circumstances will permit, I am led
to the conclusion, that the only ores of the metallic mine-
8, occurring in those portions of the veins, which tra-
verse the rocks last alluded to, which can reasonably be
hoped to be turned to practical account, are those of cop-
per.
In these portions of the veins, the metal referred to,
occurs very frequently in the form of native copper, with
55
which are associated the red oxid, azure carbonate, gi-een
carbonate, and more rarely what may be denominated
copper black, and still more rarely, pyritous copper.
None of these have been noticed in acrystaline form.
It must not be imagined that these several minerals
make up the whole or even any very considerable portion
of the entire length and breadth of the veins, in which
they occur, for they are distributed in bunches, strings,
and comparatively narrow sub-veins, in a manner precise-
ly analogous to that in which these ores are usually dis-
tributed, in similar rocks, in other portions of the globe.
The quartz veinstone, before described, has always so
much of the green tinge communicated by the caibonate
of copper, that it cannot fail to be detected ; but the pre-
sence of disseminated native copper, in this veinstone,
would, at first, hardly be suspected, and it is not until a
fresh fracture has been made, and the mineral closely ex-
amined, that the numerous dark points and minute threads
are discovered to be copper in a native state. Large
portions of this quartz veinstone, (when the included
metal can scarcely be detected by the naked eye,) when
examined with a glass, are found to contain very delicate
threads of native copper, that traverse the quartz in every
possible direction, and so completely is this latter mine-
ral bound together, that it is fractured with difficulty, and
its toughness is very greatly increased.
The specific gravity of this veinstone is very consider-
ably above that of ordinary quartz, and usually, the diifer-
ence is so considerable, even in those masses where the
copper can scarcely be detected by the naked eye, as to
be apparent to even the most careless observer. But in
addition to this finely disseminated condition of the native
copper in the veinstone, it is also disseminated in a similar
5$
manner through the rocky matter embraced by the vein-
stone and in the amygdaloid and conglomerate portions of
the rocks, it sometimes extends, for a distance of from two
to three feet into the rocky matter on either side of the
veins, sometimes completely, or in part, filling the cells of
the amygdaloid rock. .
The conditions above described refer to the main por-
tions of the veins only, while there are other portions in
which the copper appears to be concentrated in larger
masses, constituting bunches and strings, and in which
2)laces the sides or walls of the veins are sometimes
wholly made up of thin plates of native copper. In these
portions of the metalliferous veins where the metal ap-
pears, as it were, to be concentrated, it also occurs, much
in the form before described, except thai, the masses of
metal vary from the merest speck to that of several pounds
weight. In opening one of these veins, at a concentrated
point, the observer, unless he had previously examined
other portions of the vein, would be led to erroneous con-
clusions as to its richness, a source of error which cannot
be too strongly guarded against; for while the vein, for
a short distance, may be found to be exceedingly rich in
mineral, the mineral in another portion of the vein may
either wholly or in part disappear, a condition which is
similar to that observed in those veins of copper that
have been extensively worked and found to be most pro-
ductive, on the continent of Europe and the island of
Great Britain.
The excess of native copper, (compared with the other
ores,) which occurs, in these portions of the veins, is a pe-
culiar feature, for it maybe said, in truth, that other ores
are of rare occuiTence. In those portions of the veins
traversing the trap, and where other ores do occur, it is
57
usually under such circumstances as to favor the pre-
sumption that their origin is chiefly from that which was
previously in a native form; for the carbonates and oxids,
almost invariably appear either investing the native cop-
per, or intimately associated with it, though they some-
times appear in distinct sub-veins. Pyritous copper is
so rare, in connection with the trappean portions of the
veins, as scarcely to deserve notice.
I have already stated that native silver, occasionally,
though very rarely, occurs in the trappean portions of
these veins, intimately associated with the copper, but it
is in so minute quantities as to render it probable that it
will not prove of any practical importance. Other mixed
compounds of this metal occur so rarely as scarcely to de-
serve notice.
Leaving the trap rock, the character of these veins, as
they traverse the conglomerate, undergoes important
changes; for not only does the veinstone become gradual-
ly changed, from quartz to calcareous spar, but the amount
of native copper diminishes, and its place is either sup-
plied wholly or in part by ores of zinc and calcareous spar,
or wholly by this latter mineral. There are, however,
occasional exceptions to this general rule, for occasionally
the place of the native copper in the veins, in their pas-
sage through the conglomerate, is supplied by a variety of
complex compounds of the same metal, which compounds
are of exceeding interest ; but this change would appear
always'to be intimately connected with, or to bear some re-
lation to, the dykes of trap which traverse the conglomer-
ate rock. Several instances of this kind were noticed upon
the northerly side of Keewenaw Point, either directly up-
on or near to the coast, as also at several other places in
the interior, westerly from Keewenaw Point. A vein,
68
which may without doubt be referred to as one of this
character, (though in consequence of intervening bays and
lakes between it and the ranges to the south, its connection
with the main range has not been seen,) will serve to illus-
trate the character referred to.
This vein, which reaches the immediate coast of the
lake, upon the easterly cape of the bay known to the voya-
gers as the Grande Marrais of Keewenaw Point,* ter-
minates, so far as examinations can be made, in the coarse
conglomerate rock. The coast of the lake, for many miles
on either side, is made up of abrupt cliffs of a similar rock,
Es usual, being made up of coarse rolled pebbles of trap,
chiefly cemented with calcareous matter, which is usually
associated, more or less, with the red oxyd of iron. Im-
mediately south of the coast, a heavy dyke of trap tra-
verses the conglomerate, which dyke corresponds in posi-
tion with the line of bearing and dip of the conglomerate
rock.
The vein, which, at its termination upon the immediate
coast of the lake, has an extreme width of about 10 feet,
maybe traced, in the bed of the lake, in a direction north
50 east, for a distance of several rods, after which, in con-
sequence of the depth of water, it is completely lost. This
vein, at the point where it appears upon the coast, may be
said to be in a concentrated state, or in a condition analo-
gous to that before described, where the native copper
occurs in the condition of bunches and strings, though the
condition in which the metallic minerals occur is essentially
different from that in the trap ; for, instead of native cop-
per, we have several mixed forms of the green and blue
carbonates of copper and copper black, more or less inti-
*Copper Harbor, %
69
mately associiated with calcareous spar, and in the adjoin-
ing rock, and in small ramifying veins, occasional small
specks and masses of native copper, weighing from 1 to 3
ounces, occur, but these are by no means abundant. No
quartz occurs as a veinstone, and none of the ores have
been noticed in a crystaline form.
It has already been stated, that these true veins, in tra-
versing the conglomerate, frequently almost lose their
character, and it becomes difficult to define their absolute
width, or in other words, it would appear as if, at the time
of the formation of the veins, the conglomerate had not
been perfectly cemented, the result of which would be,
that the mineral matter, which, under other circumstan-
ces, would constitute a perfect vein, would frequently ap-
pear in only an imperfect one, or the mineral which would
under other circumstances, make up the vein itself, may
have been injected laterally through the interstices of the
rolled masses constituting the conglomerate, in which case
the mineral would, in fact, take the place of the ordinary
cement, thus simply investing the pebbles of the conglom-
erate. Now, although at the point under consideration,
a wide and remarkable distinct vein is developed, the
rock, for many feet on either side, has the interstices be-
tween the pebbles filled wholly, or in part, with various
mixed and irregular forms of the ores, accompanied by
calcareous matter, as before stated, and witli occasional
specks and small masses of native copper.
Those veins traversing the conglomerate take on a simi-
lar character, to a greater or less extent, rather frequently,
but the place of the copper is more usually supplied by
the siliceous oxyd, and more rarely by the carbonate of
zinc, which compounds, sometimes may be seen forming
a perfect or partial cement to the rock, for considerable
CO
distances on cither side of the main vein. These ores of
zinc, like those of copper, are uniformly amorphous, and
almost invariably more or less associated with some form
of carbonate of lime, with which they may, under some
circumstances, unless closely examined, be confounded.
Although these co])per and zinc ores occasionally ap-
pear in considerable quantities, in those portions of the
veins traversing the conglomerate, they usually embrace
or simply incrust portions of the rocky matter; or rather
the rocky matter and those orfes appear to be coarsely and
mechanically mixed. These veins furnish beautiful cabi-
net specimens of the blue and green carbonates of copper,
and more rarely of pyritous copper, together with the
other varieties mentioned.
Having already devoted a larger space to the conside-
ration of these veins than had been intended, I will simply
add, that in pursuing their course northerly, across the
mixed rock and the red sandrock, their mineral character
18 nearly or quite lost, the veins as before stated, beincr
made up either entirely of calcareous spar, or of that ma'^
terial containing very meagre ores or zinc.
The district of country to which these veins have been
referred, thus far, only comprises the ranges of hills south
of Lake Superior, but veins of a very similar character,
and of similar i^ineral contents, also occur upon Isle Roy-
ale. The order and changes in the character of the veins
upon Isle Royale is necessarily reversed, or in other words,
the southerly point of the vein corresponds to that of the
north point in the district south of Lake Superior. The
mineral veins of Isle Royale have not been examined
with sufficient care to enable me to determine with much
certainty, their average width or value. Those examined
were mostly narrow, the widest not exceeding eighteen
01
inches; but in these the mineral contents are essentially
the same as m those upon the south aide of the lake
Native copper, iu very thin plates, was occasionally no-
ticed, occupying irregularly the joints of the compact
greenstone of Isle Royale, but invariably in compara-
tively small quantities. It should, however, be noticed of
Isle Royale, that the veins, so far as examined, are less
perfectly developed in their passage across the conglome-
rate and that they very rarely contain any traces of zinc
Upon the north shore of the Lake, no attention was gi-
ven to the subject of mineral veins, but, from the character
of the geology of that district, it may be inferred that they
will also be found in portions of it, and that, where thev
do occur, they will bo uniformly either directly upon or
not far from the coast of the Lake.
In addition to the regular veins already described irre-
gular venis fre.iuently occur, traversing the whole, or por-
tions of the outliers of trap, or those knobs which appear
to have been elevated singly j and, although these veins
may, without doubt, be referred to the same epoch as the
regular veins before described, they nevertheless fre-
quently differ considerably in mineral contents.
The limits of the present report will not permit a sepa-
rate description of these several distinct trap knobs. I
will, therefore, confine my remarks to that already refer-
red to, as occurring upon the south coast of Lake Superior
immediately northwest from Riviere Du Mort, and which
forms the promontory known as Presque Isle.
In nearly all those portions of this knob, where the trap
conglomerate and sandstone, are exposed in such a man-
ner as to permit examination, each of the rocks are seen
to bo traversed by innumerable irregular ramifying veins
which in the sandstones are made up of quartzose and'
6
62
calcareous matter ; but mapy of which, near th^ junction
of the igneous and- sedimentary rocks, are metalliferous,
and this metalliferous character is more fully developed as
the veins are extended into the trap rocks.
The metalliferous portion of these veins, rarely exceed
three to four inches in vv^idth, and they ramify in such a
manner that the mineral uniformly occupies situations simi-
lar to bunches or strings, at the junction of the ramifica-
tions. The minerals contained in the metalliferous por-
tions of the veins, are sulphuret and carbonate of lead,
earthy green carbonate of copper, pyritous iron, and more
rarely, pyritous copper. Occasionally there is a quartzose,
or mixed quartzose and calcareous veinstone ; but more
usually the several metallic minerals are blended in a base
of rocky matter. The sulphuret of lead is distributed in
the form of small cubic crystals, while the other metallic
minerals are usually distributed either in in-egular masses,
or investing portions of the rocky matter. These associ-
ations are referred to, as showing the character which
these irregular veins assume, rather than from any sup-
posed value which they may possess for practical pur-
poses.
In addition to the minerals referred to, the trap of
Presque Isle occasionally contains asbestus, common ser-
pentine and imperfect agates ; the two former minerals
usually occupying the narrow joints of the rock.
Before referring to the economical considerations con-
nected with the veins which have been described, I will
briefly refer to another situation in which the ores of cop-
per have been observed in intimate connection with the
trap range of rocks.
The southerly side, or greenstone portion of the trap
range, appears to have been elevated in such a manner as
68
the
to have caused but Httle disturbance to the sandrock lying
between that and the range of simply altered rocks lying
still farther to the south ; but near to the junction of the
sandrock and greenstone, there is usually a red slate rest-
ing against the trap, and which may be said to fill up, in
a measure, the irregularities in the ranges of hills. This
slate, which is sometimes seen of 100 to 200 feet in thick-
ness, though usually it appears as a mere band, is traversed
by irregular and imperfect veins, of what may be denomi-
nated a ferruginous steatite, containing placentiform mas-
ses of greasy and milkish quartz, that sometimes contain
more or less of the ores of copper. The earthy carbon-
ates of copper are also sometimes so intimately connected
with these veins of steatitic matter, as at rirst to be scarcely
recognized. More rarely, distinct, very thin veins of green
carbonate of copper occur, well characterized, in this
red slate, though these veins are never of any great length.
The red shale extends, more or less perfectly, along the
whole length of the trap range, skirting that range of hills
upon the south, but I have not yet been enabled to devote
sufficient time to its examination to enable me to de-
termine whether any portions of these veins can be regard-
ed as of practical importance. The examinations which
have been made, would lead me to look unfavorably upon
these veins, and I regard them as having an origin com-
pletely distinct from that of the veins which traverse the
northerly escarpment of the trap rock.
Having thus considered all the general circumstances
under which the several ores of copper, zinc, lead, iron,
manganese and silver have been noticed, in connection
with the trap rock and the sedimentary rocks, immediately
resting upon it, it becomes important to consider how far
inferences may be drawn from these examinations, as to
ff.V
64
tiieir occurrence in such quantities as to be of practical
importance. I have already stated that so far as regards
the ores of lead, iron, manganese and silver, I am lead to
conclude that at none of the points examined do they oc-
cur m veins, or otherwise, sufficiently developed to war-
rant favorable conclusions as to their existence in sufficient
quantities to be made available, and from all that is now
known of the country, I am led to infer that neither of
these, unless it be iron, will be so found *
The examinations which have thus far been made of
those portions of the veins containing ores of zinc, have
not been extended sufficiently to enable me to detennine
with much satisfaction, their extent as a whole. At seve-
ral points in the veins these ores are sufficiently abundant
to admit of being profitably worked, but I would be un-
willing, from an examination of a few points, to attempt
to determine the character of the whole.
In considering the practical value of the copper ores of
the upper peninsula of Michigan, where we are as yet
compelled to judge from our examination, of what may be
said to be the simply superficial portions of the veins, we
can arrive at no safe conclusions, except by comparison of
the district with those districts . similarly situated, which
have been extensively worked in other portions of the
globe. Comparisons of this character, to be really use-
ful, must necessarily be sufficiently minute to enable us to
understand the relations which the ores in the districts
compared, bear to each other, in all respects, which cir-
cumstances render it necessary that a degree of minute
information should be at hand, that is not at all times to
#'^r
These remarks fire intended to apply directly to iho trap rcirion. Beds
ot bog- iron ore occur, etv^t from Cliocolate river, which probablv may at
some fufure day be profitably worked. ^ .Y.'""y a»
65
be obtained. As the information on hand, with respect
to the c^ oper and tin veins of Cornwall, England, is more
mmute an that of any mineral district known, I propose,
ni order to avoid confusion, to confine my comparison to
this district, simply, premising that however closely, the
two districts may resemble each other in character, it does
not follow, as an axiom, that because the district with
which we compare our own has been largely and profita-
bly productive, that of Michigan must necessarily be so
too ; for it will be seen, as the subject is pursued, that
there are not only several points in which it is impossible
with our present knowledge of that of Michigan, to in-
stitute comparisons, but there are also some points on
which there is a considerable degree of discrepancy.
The comparison instituted, in the main, is intended to
refer rather to the character and contents of the mineral
veins of the two districts than to the geology, although
some general reference becomes necessary to the geology
of the districts, to render the comparison perfect. The
topography of the Cornish district bears a close resem-
blance to that of Michigan, both districts being marked bv
their irregular and broken outline, and by the occurrence
of more or less frequent, nearly insulated knobs, rising to
a considerable height above the elevation of the general
ranges.
Although the older rock of Cornwall, or that from which
the metalliferous veins of the district may be said to have
their origin, is more distinctly granitic than that of the me-
talliferous region upon Lake Superior, the elements of
which the rocks are composed, may be regarded as essen-
— 1..J ^--fs — Q a. r^iy ciOov; icsciiiuiuiict; ," a iusemoiance
which, it is conceived, would have been still more perfect
had the granitic rocks of Cornwall been subjected to the
6*
r
I
66
action of secondary causes similar to those of^the region
under consideration. TiiC rocks resting upon or against
the granitic rocks of Coniwall, consist of clay slates,
hornblende rocks, «&c., which bear httle real analogy to the
rocks resting directly upon the trap of Lake Superior,
but it is conceived that the composition of these upper
rocks has little bearing upon the origin of the metalliferous
veins, and may be regarded as in a measure unimportant ;
and however much these rocks may differ, they are tra-
versed alike by the metalliferous veins of the lower rocks
in such a manner, that the close resemblance cannot be
mistaken.
It is a matter of history that the ores of tin have been,
more or less, extensively raised in the mineral district of
Cornwall, from the earliest settlement of the island of
Great Britain, but the working of the veins of copper at
an early day, does not appear to have been carried on to
any very considerable extent. The great importance to
which the produce of copper from the Cornish veins, (in
a district which, compared with the mineral district of our
own state, is of very small dimensions,) has arisen, will
be shown from the accompanying table, which I have re-
duced from the official returns, included in the several
years, and which table, it will be seen, shows for a series
of years, the average annual amount of copper produced
from the ore, the average amount of which it sold, togeth-
er with the amount per cent of copper contained in the
ore, and the average value of the copper, per pound, at
the smelting house. This table, which has been drawn
with great care, from data that can scarcely lead to incor-
rect results, will not only serve to show the large aggre-
gate amount of the metal produced, but it also shows,
from the low average per cent of metal contained in the
67
ores, (if we had no further knowledge upon the subject,)
that much capital must be required for, and a large amount
of labor applied to the raising and smelting of these ores;
a circumstance which should be carefully bonie in mind,
in all that relates to the mineral district of Michigan.
Tabic showing the average annual jrroducc of the Copper
mines of the County of Cornwall, England, from 1771,
to 1822.
Years.
p o
a o
'A ^
o ^5 u
*^ o ^
O Ph >.
o ■- o
I ^^
3
o
s
5-3
O O Ct'
. I— I o
£ J- S
1771 to 1775 — 5 years
177() to 1780 .5 "
1731 to 1780 (') "
179ti to 1802 7 "
I80:i to 1807 5 "
1808 to 1812 5 "
18 1:5 to 1817 5 ''
1818 to 1822 5 "
28,749
27,580
34,354
51,483
70,<;23
70,434
82,610
94,391
o
> 2 cT
3,449
3.309
4,122
5,195
(),1()0
fi,498
7,272
7,757
$810,283
82G,fJ09
902,330
2.125,040
3,174,725
2,880,835
2,878,723
3.111,811
12
12
12
10
o
(>
9
8 8
8 2
6'. m.
10 9
11 1
10 4
18 2
23
12 9
17
17 9
The general resemblance in the mineral contents of the
copper veins of Cornwall and those of Michigan, is for
the most part very great, though in some respects there is
a considerable discrepancy. It should, however, be re-
marked, that some difficulty exists in comparing the mine-
ral veins of Cornwall, where several of them have been
worked to depths varying from 1,000 to 1,500 feet, with
those of Michigan, where the exanrnations are nearly su-
perficial.
In making these deep excavations, not only in the county
of Cornwall, but also in the cotiper districts of Bohemia,
Hungary, Silesia, Transylvania, Saxony, &c. (some of the
veins in the latter districts having been explored to a
68
depth very considerably greater than those of Cornwall,)
an immense mass of facts has been accumulated, with re-
spect to the general formation and mineral character of
veins, or lodes of copper, which facts have led to an under-
standing of many of the contingencies connected with its
associations, so universal, that, when applied to this mine-
ral, they may be regarded as general laws, that may fairly
be inferred to govern, with more or less certainty, all those
lodes or veins which have similar geological relations.
Though a general consideration of those relations of the
veins of other countries, may, perhaps, be regarded as
somewhat foreign to the present report, I deem it more
advisable to refer to these general laws in such a manner
as to leave the reader to judge, by comparison, the condi-
tion in which the oros of Michigan may be fairly inferred
to occur, rather than to draw conclusions directly ; and, in
so doing, it will also become necessary to refer to some of
the characters of mineral veins, or lodes, in general.
Veins are usually divided into two general orders, vi? :
" cd^tempora?icous vei9is, or those which were formed at the
same time as the containing rock, and true veins, whose
formation is supposed to be subsequent to that of the
rocks which are contiguous to them." A true vein may be
defined to be " the mineral contents of a vertical or in-
clined fissure, nearly straight, and of indefinite length and
depth."* The contents of a true vein, as a general rule,
differ widely from the character of the rocks which it in-
tersects, though this does not invariably hold good, and
the vein also, as a general rule, has well defined walls.
The contents of cotemporaneous veins, bear a much
closer resemblance to the rocks which embrace them, and
Caine, on the mineral vein . of Cornwall.
69
as a general rule, they are shorter, more crooked, and less
perfectly defined than true veins.
The metalliferous veins being contained under the head
of true veins, it is to these that the whole of my remarks
will be directed.
Metallic veins are the repositories of most of the metals
excepting iron, manganese and chrome, which occur more
frequently and abundantly in beds than in veins. The
thickness of metallic veins varies from a few inches to
many feet, and the same vein also varies in thickness in
different parts of its course, sometimes contracting to a
narrow string of ore, and then expanding again to a width
of many feet. The deposites of metal in the veins are as
iiTegular as the widths of them, and so much so as to ren-
der the profits of mining proverbially uncertain. Ore is
generally found to occupy certain portions of the veins
only, differing constantly in extent, whether the length or
depth on the course of the vein be considered, or the por-
tion of its width which is filled up by it. No veins occur
which are regularly impregnated with metal to any great
extent, and when ore is found, it is in what the miners
aptly term bunches or shoots, or in interspersed grains and
strings, which are more or less connected with, or embra-
ced in, veinstone, that, according to the rock which the
veins intersect, will be fluor spar, calcareous spar, quartz,
&c. The unproductive parts of veins, even in the most
profitable mines, generally far exceed in extent the pro-
ductive parts, but that mine is considered to be rich which
has either frequent or extensive shoots of ore, and the
great art of the miner consists in tracing and working the
valuable accumulations of the metals, with as little waste
of labor and expense on the poorer portions of tlie veins
as possible. " In the mines of Cornwall, the ores of cop-
%
70
per and tin commonly occur in detached masses, which are
called, bunches of ore; and the other parts of the vein,
being unproductive, are called deads."
The depth to which metalhc veins descend is unknown,
for we believe no instance has occurred of a considerable
vein being worked out in depth, though it may sink too deep
to render the operation of the miner profitable, or it may
branch off in a number of strings which are too much in-
termixed with the rock to be worked to advantage * Some
veins appear to grow wider, while others contract as they
descend.
The superficial part of a vein generally contains the ore
in a decomposing state, and it frequentlyhappens that the
ores in the upper and lower parts of a vein are different ;
thus, '' in Cornwall, blende or sulphuret of zhic often oc-
cupies the uppermost part of the vein, to which succeeds
tmstone, and at a greater depth, copper pyrites." When
a metallic vein, in its descent, passes through different
kinds of rock, it is frequently observed that the products
of the vein vary in each bed, and when it passes through
regularly stratified beds of the same rock, there are par-
ticular strata in which the vein is always found most pro-
ductive. This change in the productiveness of mineral
veins is more particularly noticed at or near to the transition
from unstratified to stratified rocks ; thus, granite, syenite
and those rocks which have a gianiti-form structure, are
frequently noticed to contain metals at or near their junc-
tion with stratified formations. On the other hand, the
veins which traverse stratified rocks are, as* a general law,
more metalhferous near such junctions, than in other por-
tions.!
a
Koenig.
t Lyell. Necker.
71
por-
Wherc a rock is ci'ossed and penetrated by a great num-
ber of small veins in every direction, the whole mass is
sometimes worked as an ore, and is called by the Germans
a *• stockworke.' Where the ore is disseminated in par-
ticles through the rock, such rocks are also worked for the
ore, when its exists in sufficient quantity.
As a general rule, those metals which are oxidable at
ordinary temperatures, or which readily combine with
sulphur, rarely occur in a metallic state, but are ufually
found in combination either with sulphur, oxygen or acids.
The chief ore of copper raised from the mines of Corn-
wall, is the yellow sulphuret, though the blue and green
carbonates and arseniate are more or less distributed ; na-
tive copper and the oxids are also, though more rarely,
found.
By a comparison of what has been said upon the char-
acter and mineral contents of metallic veins in general, I
trust a just view of the real condition in which the ores of
copper are invariably found, will have been conveyed, and
that, by the aid of this, we will be enabled to examine,
without undue expectations, those mineral veins which
occur within the limits of our own state. In the main the
resemblance between the character and contents of the
copper veins of Cornwall and Michigan, so far as can be
determined, is close; the veinstones, (with the exception
of fluor, which I have never observed in the latter,) are
essentially the same; but in instituting this comparison, it
should be borne in mind that the metallic veins of" Corn-
wall have been in jDrogress of exploration for centuries,
and that shafts and galleries have been carried to great
depths, while of those of Michigan, simply superficial ex-
ammations have as yet been made, and these in a wilder-
ness country, under circumstances of the utmost embar-
72
rassment, a„,l attended with the utmoM excessive labor
privation and suffering.
In respect to the character of the ores which occur in
the two districts, there are important differences, for while
pyritous copper is the most important workable ore, not
only ■„ the Cornish mi:.„s. but also in those of other por-
K>ns of our globe, it is co,i.p.ratively of rare occurrence
m the mineral district of Upper Michigan ; for, as I have
already mentioned, the mineral of the trappean portions
of the veins in the latter district, is ess...-: ,lly made up of
strings, specks and hunches of native copper, with which
more or less of the oxids and carbonates are associated ;
while those portions of the veins traversing the conglom'
crate are characterised by the occurrence of the oxids and
carbonates, with occasional metallic and pyritous copper
or the places of all these are suppHed by ores of^in '
associated with more or less calcareous matter. I„ ,hj
thin minera^l veins of Presque Isle, pyritous copper i
more abundant, where it is associated with sulphLet of
lead, as before mentioned.
The occurrence of this native copper in the veins, and
the manner m which it is associated with the veinst;nes
of the other forms of ores, in those veins that have been
extensive^ worked in other portions of the globe; but 1
confess that the preponderance of nativ. to the other
orms of copper, was regarded as an unfavorable indica-
.on, at least until this had been found to be more or less
universal with respect to all the veins. It should, however
be remarked , at in those portions of the veins where
the quart, of the vein and the accompanying rock are
very compact, the native form is much more common tlian
J
73
in those portions where the veinstone and accompanying
rock are more or less cellular and soft. *
The work.,! copper veins of Cornwall, are stated by a
Mr Cai-ne, to average from three to four feet in width
and to have a length as yet undetermined. But few have
been traced for a greater distance than from one to one
andahalf m,les, and but one has been traced for a d^!
tance of three miles.
tricT'of Mri"'"' ' """7 ''"^"'"'"' ■" *^ ■"--«! <!-■
™ned but ^"''T'''''' — g-"f t>>- last men.
^oned, but the imperfect examinations which have been
I have traced no one vein for a further distance than one
n.e and usually for distances considerably less. Itwal
no , however, supposed that these veins tenninated atX
rerabTrdr'^^T'^"' '•""•'•' ^""'"- --^-"
,T^I ^ ' " """^ P'''"'^' '" consequence of physi-
cal d.ftcult,es connected with the present condition of Z
The native copper is frequently free from all foreign
matter, and ,s as completely malleable as the most perfect
particles of earthy minerals, chiefly quartz. I have not
SLtcr^'^"*^^"-"^ --'''--'. ^-^"
The fatigues and exposures of the past season, have s„
analyze as caref,- .y, as could have been wished, the seve
;al ores furnished by the mineral veins of the Jpperpen-
nsula, but suffici^ „t has bee done to show sat'Lto'rily
that the copper ores are not onlv of suoerior n „...«,. .,...
r duced' *0? T'^lr ^™ ™'^'' =^ toVender ihJm ^Isll";
.educed. Of those which have been examined, embracing
■4ii
74
nearly the whole, (and not inclurling' the native copper,)
the per cent of pure metal, ranges from 9.5 to />1 . 72, and
the average maybe stated at 21.10. Associated with
some of these ores, 1 have detected a metal, the character of
which remains, as yet, undetermined.
Were the analysis of the several ores of copper stiffi-
cicntly perfected, I should deem it unnecessary to lay them
before you at this time, for with what is now known of the
district, it is conceived, the result would lead to erroneous
rather than correct conclusions. The analysis of separate
masses of ore, no matter how much care may be taken to
select the poor as well as the richer ores, for the examina-
tions, will be usually far from giving the average per
cent of what would be the product when reduced to prac-
tice. I have, in order to arrive at safe conclusions, not
cmly analyzed, but also assayed many of them, but when
we come to consider what constitutes the true value of a
vein of copper ore, we will perceive why it is unsafe to
judge of the whole by the analysis of small portions.
IBy reference to the previous statistical table of the pro-
duct of the copper mines of Cornwall, it will be seen,
that the average produce of the ores since 1771, has
never exceeded 12 per cent of the metal, and that, from
1818 to 1822, it was only 8 . 2. This shows the aggregate,
and it was well known that while many of the productive
veins are considerably below this, the largest average per
cent of any single vein, in that district, it is believed, has
never been over 20 per cent, and it should be borne in mind
that this average is taken after the ores have been carefully
freed from all the rocky and other impurities, which can
be separated by breaking and picking.
The value of a vein may be said to depend upon tho
abundance of the ore, and the ease with which it can
76
bo raised and smelted, rather than upon its purity or ricli-
ness. Upon this point, with respect to our own mineral
region, public opinion would peihaps be mor.e in error
than upon any other, and most certainly wo could hurdly
look for a mineral district where the character of the
ores were more liable to disseminate and keep alive such
errors. The occurrence of masses of native metal, either
transported or in place, are liable to excite, with those
who have not reflected upon the subject, expectations
which can never be reahzed, for while, in truth, the former
show nothing but their own bare existence, the latter may
be, as is frequently the case, simply imbedded masses,
perfectly separated from all other minerals, or they may
be associated in a vein where every comparison would
lead to unfavorable conclusions, as to the existence of
copper, in any considerable quantities. I have frequent-
ly noticed very considerable masses of native copper,
occupying the joints of compact greenstone, under such
circumstances as I conceive, might readily excite in many
minds, high expectations, but a little reflection would sat-
isfy the most careless observer of the uselessness of ex-
ploring these joints, under the expectation or hope of
finding them a valuable repository of the metal. Again,
not only native, but also the other ores of copper occur
in veins, either so narrow as to render it useless to pursue
them, or so associated as to render it probable that ex-
ploration would not be attended with success.
While I am fully satisfied that the mineral district of
our state will prove a source of eventual and steadily in-
creasing wealth to our people, I cannot fail to have before
me the fear that it may prove the ruin of hundreds of ad-
venturers, who will visit it with expectations never to be
reajized. The true resources have as yet been but little
^
76
examined or developed, and even under the most favord-
ble circumstances, we cannot expect to see this done but by
the most judicious and economical expenditure of capital,
at those points where the prospects of success are most
favorable. It has been said of the Cornish district, in re-
spect to the supposed large aggregate profits, that " a fair
estimate of the expenditure and the return from all the
mines that have been working for the last twenty or thirty
years, if the necessary documents could be obtained from
those who are interested in withholding them, would dis-
pel the delusion which prevails on this subject, as well as
check that ruinous spirit of gambling adventure which
has been productive of so much misery."* And if these
remarks will apply to a comparatively small district, which
has been explored and extensively worked for centuries,
with how much more force must they apply to the mineral
district of our own state, I would by no means desire to
throw obstacles in the way of those who might wish to en-
gage in the business of mining this ore, at such time as our
government may see fit to permit it, but I would simply
caution those persons who would engage in this business
in the hope of accumulating wealth suddenly and without
patient industry and capital, to look closely before the step
is taken, which will most certainly end in disappointment
and ruin.
The extreme length of what I have denominated the
mineral district, (within the limits of Michigan,) may be
estimated at a fraction over 135 miles, and it has a width
varying from one to six miles; but it must not be imagined
that mineml veins occur equally through all portions of it,
for sometimes, for many milea together, none have been
*Hawkini on the tin of Cornwall.
"77
noticed, and the situation of the country is such as to ren
der .t probable they never will be. The range a,Td ecu Te'
of the m,neral district has been so far definelas to rend
" ""necessary to say n,ore „p„„ this subject to enabl
«uch persons as ™ay wish to examine, to pass dfreSv
along Its complete length. airectly
mass'of'nt" '""■ "'"'"'"' r '""''' particularly to the large
mass of native copper, which has been so long known to
exts .n the bed of Ontonagon river, lest, perhapsTth
.so lated mass might be confounded with the products
o the vems of the mineral district. That this mass h
once occupied a place in some of these veins is quite cer-
tam but .t .s now perfectly separated from its original con-
^.ectton, and appears simply as a loose transported bowl
The attention of the earliest travelle,-s was called to
nd Th" f ""'"" -PP-% the natives of the countr;
vid it" Th" •"^"'"^•^'^/'--•'ed by those who hav"^^
o,k of the Ontonagon nver, at a distance which may be es-.
tmiated at twenty-six miles, by the stream, from its mouth.
rately visited; m proof of which I may state, that upon
whete I had left them on a previous visit, nine years be^
fore, and even a mass of the copper, which at that time
had been partially detached, but which, for the want of
sufficient implements, I was compelled to abandon, was
n whU ?r^t "'T? • '" P-^'^-'y^e «-e situation
m which It had been left.
The copper in this bowlder, is associated with rockv
with that metal m some portions of the veins before de-
7*
78
m
4^
scribed, the rocky matter being bound together by innu-
merable strings of metal ; but a very considerable portion
of the whole is copper, in a state of purity. The weight
of copper is estimated at from three to four tons.*
While the mass of native copper upon Ontonagon river
cannot fail to excite much interest, from its great size and
purity, it must be borne in mind, that it is a perfectly iso-
lated mass, having no connection whatever with any other,
nor does the character of the country lead to the inference
that veins of the metal occur in the immediate vicinity,
though, as before stated, the mineral district crosses the
country at a distance of but a few miles.
The occurrence of cornelian, chalcedony, agate and ame-
thystine quartz, in the amygdaloidal portion of the trap,
has already been noticed, and these minerals are consi-
derably abundant. They frequently possess very great
Ixaiity and perfection, and when ground and polished,
they may be used for all the purposes to which those mine-
rals are usually applied. ,
By tho ^n admitting Michigan as a state into the con-
fedeiciiy, and in which her boundaries are defined, it does
not appear to have been the intention to include within
her limits any portion of territory lying upon the north
shore of Lake Superior, but in consequence of the pecu-
liar shape of the coast at that point where the national
boundary line " last touches Lake Superior," at the mouth
of Pigeon river, a direct line to the mouth of Montreal
river, if followed literally, would throw within the state
of Michigan, several small rocky islands, together with a
few miles of the south cape of Pigeon bay, situate upon
* This mass of copper was removed by Julius Eldred, and after consider-
able masses 'had been cut from it, was weighed in New York, November,
1843, and found to weigh 3708 pounds, net avoirdupois.
79
the north coast. This boundary leaves in Wisconsin the
whole of the Apostles' group of islands, near to the south
coast, while it includes within Michigan, Isle Royale, situ-
ate near to the north coast of the Lake.
'Isle Royale is a little less than an Island of rock, rising
abruptly from the lowest depth of the Lake, in irregular
hills, to a height varying from 100 to 450 feet above° the
level of the Lake. The island has a length of a fraction
over 45 miles from northeast to southwest, and a breadth
varying from 3 1-2 to 8 miles. The most northerly point
of the island is very nearly in latitude 48° 12' 30" north,
and the parallel of longitude 89° west from Greenwich,'
crosses the island a little east from its centre. Its nearest
approach to the main land is noar its northwesterly end,
where it is separated from a point of the north coast, a'
few miles east from Pigeon river, by a distance of a fric-
tion less than thirteen miles. Isle Royale is separated
from Keewenaw point, of the south coast, by a distance
of forty-four miles, and the elevated hills of this point may
be distinctly seen from Isle Royale, when the atmosphere
is clear.
Nearly the whole of the northwesterly side of Isle
Royale is a continuous, elevated^ rocky clift; which will
•scarcely admit of a landing; but the southeasterly side,
together with the easterly and westerly ends, are deeply
mdented with bays, which form secure harbors. The
northeasterly end is made up of a series of elevated, rocky
spits, with intervening bays. These spits of rock continue
for a length varying from ten to twelve miles, with a width
scarcely exceeding half a mile, and altogether, they may
not inaptly be compared to the hand with the fingers half
spread. The bays have a sufficient depth of water to ad-
80
Kf,
. 'ji
mit vessels of the largest class to enter nearly one-third
the whole length of the island.
Much of Isle Royale is absolutely destitute of soil and
the island has a most desolate appearance ; but notwith-
standing this, it is of immense value for its fisheries, which
are yet scarcely appreciated.
Though not within the limits of our state, I will brieflv
refer to the general character of a portion of the counti;
west from Pigeon river, on the north coast. That district
of country upon the immediate coast, extending from our
national boundary, at Pigeon river, to Fond du Lac is
more decidedly and abruptly mountainous than any por-
tion of the south coast of the lake. The hills rise in
broad and somewhat knobby steppes or plateaus, to
heights varying from 400 to 1,200 feet above the lake
and the summits of these hills are usually not farther in-
land than from ten to twenty miles. The rocks of the
hills are very frequently bare over considerable areas, and
the valleys containing arable soil, are few and very nar-
row. "^
The route of the fur trade to the northwest, ,na Rainy
Lakes, Lake of the Woods, and Lake Winnipec, wa's
formerly wholly carried on by passing over these hills
from a point a few miles west from the mouth of Pigeon
river. The trail or portage path passes over a low por-
tion of the range, and finally falls upo.. Pigeon river
which IS ascended to its source, from which, by a series of
portages, the sources of the streams flowing northwester-
ly are reached. The hilly portion of the country, though
of exceeding interest in a geological point of view, is the
most desolate that could be conceived.
SI
STANARD'S ROCK.
Was discovered by Capt. Charles C.'stanarf, at fouv
o clock, p. M. August 26, 1833.
Mamtou Island .s twenty-sevon miles S. E. half E., and
fi^m Pent Abbaye, forty-five miles E. by N. 3-4 N lat
470 8' north, long. 87° 24' west from Greenwich. '
On both of my visit, to the rock, the sea was too rough
to allow me to land on it, but from the mast head of tL
vessel ,t appeared to be about twelve or thirteen feet
long, by hve or s.x feet broad, and rising above the sur-
face about three feet. On the south, southeast, east and
northeast s>des the water is deep. On the w^st, sou",
west, and northwest sides, the water is quite shoal fc
some distance out; and from the rock abo,„ N N W
runs a reef to the distance of about eighty or ninety rods!
ThecomposU.on of the rock is the same as the trap
of Pomt Keewenaw. This I learned from Mr. Mendenhall
I also saw a piece of the rock brought away by one of
the sailors of the Algonquin."_C«^^ B. A. Stanard
\ ■
It f
GLOSSARY.
INCLUDING THE TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.
Alluvicn or Alluvium. Recent deposites of earth, sand,
gravel, mud, stones, peat, shell banks, shell marl, drift
sand, &c:, resulting from causes now in action. This term
is generally applied to those deposites in which water is the
principal agent.
Amorplwus. Bodies devoid of regular form.
Amygdaloid, A trap rock which is porous and spongy,
with rounded cavities scattered throughout its mass.
Agates and simple minerals are often contained in these
cavities.
Anticlinal. An anticlinal ridge or axis is where the
Strata along a line dip contrariwise, like the sides of the
roof of a house.
Arenaceous^. Sandy.
Argillaceous. Clayey.
Augitc. A simple mineral of variable color, from
black through green and gray to white. It is a constitu-
ent of many volcanic and trappean rocks, and is also
found in scire of the granitic rocks.
Bamlt. One of the common trap rocks. It is compo-
sed of augite and feldspar, is hard, compact, and dark
green or black, and has often a regular columnar form.
The Palisades of the Hudson show the columnar aspect
of trap rocks. The giant's causeway is cited as an ex-
ample of basaltic rocks, and the columnar structure is
there very strikingly displayed.
Blende. Sulphate of zinc. A common shining zinc
ore.
Blufs. High banks of earth or rock with a steep front.
83
The ten
L-ally applied to high
s generi
boundaries of a river or river alluvions.
Bog Iron Ore, Ochre. A variety of ore of iron which
,has been deposited by water. Chiefly in low, wet o-round
Botryoidal. Resembling a bunch of grapes in form.
Bowlders. Erractic group. Lost rocJcs. Rocks which
have been transported from a distance, and more or less
rounded by attrition or the action of the weather. They
he upon the surface or loose in the soil, and generally differ
from the imderlying rock in the neighborhood.
Breccia. A rock composed of angular fragments ce-
mented together by lime and other substances.
Calcareous rochs. A term synonymous with limestone.
Calcareous spar. Crystalized carbonate of lime.
Carbonates. Chemical compounds containing carbon-
ic acid, which'is composed of oxygen and carbon.
Chalyleatc. Impregnated with iron.
Chert. A siliceous mineral, approaching to chalcedo-
ny, flint and hornstone. It is usually found in limestone.
Chlorite. A soft green scaly mineral, slightly unctious.
Chlorite slate. Slate containing chlorite.
Clinkstone. A slaty feldspathic or basaltic rock, which
is soiprous when struck.
Cleavage. The separation of the laminae of rocks and
minerals in certain constant directions. They are not al-
ways parallel to the planes of stratification, but are often
mistaken for them.
Conformable. When strata are arranged parallel with
each other, Hke the leaves of a book, they are said to be
conformable. Other strata lying across the edges of these
may be conformable among themselves, but unconformable
to the first set of strata.
Conglomerate, Crag or JPuddingstone. Rocks composed
l->
Si
"f rounded masses, pebbles and g.avol cemented together
by a s.hceous, calcareous, or aigillaceous cement
Cretaceous. Belonging to the chalk formation.
Crop out and out crop. Terms employed by geologists
and mmmg engmeers, to express the emergence of rock
m place on the surface of the earth at the locality where'
It IS said to crop out. ^
GrystaUne An assemblage of imperfectly defined crys-
tals, hke loaf sugar and common white marble
usf f 'fil, ^ ^^^ "^ '"" intersecting the strata, and
usually filled w.th some unstratified igneous rock, such as
;?ramte, trap or lava. These materials are supposed to
have been injected-in a melted state into great rents or
fissures m the rocks.
Z)fe,«^ or Dilution. Deposites of bowlders, pebbles
and gravel, winch many geologists have supposed were
produced by a diluvial wave or deluge sweeping over the
surface of the earth.
Dip. Where strata are not horizontal, the direction in
vvhich their planes sink or plunge, is called the direction
of the dip, and the angle of inclination, the angle of dip
Dolmmte. A magnesian limestone belonging to the pri-
Setxture'. ' "^^"^ «™""'^"- '" ^'^ ^^ ^^ "' »
entt^f^riv^eT ""^ ''''"''" '^^'^'"^ '"•'"'" ^
.Eocene. The strata deposited during the oldest of th e
tertiary epochs, as, for example, the Paris basin.
Estuane.. Inlets of sea into the land. The tides and
fresh water streams mingle and flow into them. They in
elude not only the portion of the sea adjacent to the'
m uths of rivers, but extend to the limit of tide water on
85
or
e
I'aull. A dislocation of strata, at which the layers on
6ne s>de of a dyke or fissure have slid past the coLpI
d.ng ones on the other. These dislocations are often ac
oompantedby a dyke. They vary from , few hne., to
.several hundred feet.
Feldspar. One of the simpl. minerals, and next to
quartz, one of the most abundant in nature.
Femigmous. Containing iron.
Galm^. An ore of lead composed of lead and s„l-
pnur.
Garnet A simple mineral, which is usually red and
crystahzed. It is abundant in most primitive rocks.
Gneiss. A stratified primary rock, composed of the
.ame materials as granite, but the mica is distributed in
patalle layers, wh.ch will give it a striped aspect.
Geode Ceodiferous. Geodes are small cavities in rock
generally hned with quartzose or calcareous crystals
.H.^TT'l'l'*^^ ,eferstothe applications of Geolo-
hied S' ' ""'"'"'"''"'^ "^ ""^ ™*'*""1 P-'-po^es of civi.
Granite An unstratified rock, composed generally of
quartz, feldspar and mica, and it is usually associated with
the oldest of the stratified rocks.
Gray,vacke Grauwacke. A group of strata in th. ,
transition rocks ; but the term has been so indefinitely a,.-
piled, that other names will probably be substituted.
Greenst<^e. A trap rock composed of hornblende and
leldspar.
Gnt. A coarse-gi-ained sandstone.
HornMendc. A mineral of a dark green or black color,
and which IS a constituent part of greenstone.
Hormtme. A siliceous mineral apDros-.v^in- - fl- "
its character. "" ' appioa..mg .u flinc m
8
86
In situ. In place. In their original position where they
were formed.
Laminae. The thin layers into wh^ch strata are divi-
ded, but to which th y are not always parallel.
Line of bearing, is the direction of the intersection of
the planes of the strata with the plane of the horizon.
Lineal' survey. A plan of surveying adopted by the
United States government, by which the public lands are
divided into rectangles, by straight lines.
Loam. A mixture of sand and clay.
Magnetic Meridian. A great circle passing through or
by the magnetic poles of the earth ; to which the conquiss
needle, if not otherwise hindered, conforms itself. This
" line of no variation," is not stationary, but shifts east-
ward or westward of the true meridian, during a term of
years.
Mural Escarpment. A rocky cliff with a face nearly
vertical liko a wall.
Mammillary. A surface studded with smooth small
segments of spheres like the swell of the breasts.
Matrix. The mineral mass in which a simple mineral is
imbeded, is called its matrix or gangue.
Mechanical origin, Rocks of Rocks composed of sand,
pebbles or fragments, are so called, to distinguish them
from those of a uniform crystaline texture, ^ hich are of
chemical origin.
Mcta?norphic Rocks. Stratified division of primary
rocks, such as gneiss, mica slate, hornblende slate, quartz
rocli, &c., and which may probably be regarded as altered
sedimentary rocks.
Metalliferous. Containing metals or metallic ores.
Mica. A simple mineral, having a shining silvery sur-
face, and capable of being split into very thin elastic
87
leaves or scales. The brilliant scales in granite and gneiss
are mica.
Micaceous. In part composed of scales of mica.
Mica Slate. One of the stratified rocks belonging to
the primary class. It is generally fissile, and is character-
ized by being composed of mica and quartz, of which the
former either predominates, or is deposited in layers, so
that its flat surfaces give it the appearauce of predomina-
ting.
Native Metals. Those portions of metals found in
nature in a metallic, or uncombined state, are called na-
tive.
Neiv Red Sandst.me. " A series of sandy and argilla-
ceous, and often calcareous strata, the prevailing color of
which is brick-red, but containing portions which are
greenish grey. These occur often in spots and stripes, so
that the series has sometimes been called the variegated
sandstone. The European, so called, lies in a geological
position immediately above the coal measures."
Nodule. A rounded, irregular shaped lump or mass.
Ochre. See bog iron.
Old Red Sandstone. "A stratified rock, belonging to
the carboniferous group of Europe."
Out-crojy. See Crop out. n
Oxid. A combination of oxygen with another body.
The term is usually limited to such combinations as do
not pres .it active acid or alkaline properties.
'Porphyry. A term applied to every species of unstra-
tified rock, in which detached crystals of feldspar are dif-
fused through a compact base of other mineral composi-
tion.
Primary tgcJcs. Those rocks which lie below all the
stratified rocks and exhibit no marks of sedimentary ori-
fei
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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(716) 872-4503
88
gin. They contain no fossils, and are the oldest rocks
known. Granite, hornblende,-quartz and some slates be-
long to this division.
Pudding Stone. See Conglomerate.
Pyrites A mineral, composed of sulphur and iron
It IS usually of a brass yellow, brilliant, often crystalized'
and frequently mistaken for gold.
Quartz. A simple mineral, composed of silex. Rock
crystal is an example of this mineral.
Rock. All mineral beds, whether of sand, clay, or firm-
ly aggregated masses, are called rocks.
J^^^^stone. A rock composed of aggregated grains of
Schist. Slate.
Sedijnentary rocks. All .ho.e which have been formed
by their materials having been thrown down from a state
ot suspension or solution in water.
Septaria. Flattened balls of stone, which have been
more or less cracked in different directions, and cemented
together by mmeral matter which fills the fissures
dlitnt: ^ y'"'\--P°-l principally of hydrated
sihcate of magnesia. It ,s generally an unstratified rock.
*Aafe An mdurated clay, which is very fissile
shotitd co!;: '""^ "^"'^■"^™ ^™^^' ^--^ p''^"- -
thet^;of^fl'r"" °^ »"« of *« pore earths which is
the base of flmt quartz, and most sands and sandstones.
bihatms. Containing silex
a.^i7kt-t^:rrri5.-^"^K
substance. Rocks are crenerallv no.„^.«„...
simple minerals cemented together.
several
89
Slate. A rock dividing into thin layers.
Stratification. An arrangement of rocks in strata.
Strata. Layers of rock parallel to each other.
Stratum. A layer of rocks ; one of the strata.
Strike. The direction in which the edges of strata crop
out. It is synonymous with line of hearing.
Syenite and Sienite. A granite rock, in which hornblende
replaces the mica.
Synclinal line and Synclinal axis. When the strata dip
downward, in opposite directions, like the sides of a gut-
ter.
Transition Rocks. A series of rocks which He below
the secondary and next above the primary, and aie so
called because they seem to have been formed at a period
when the earth was passing from an uninhabited tc a
habitable condition. They contain numbers of charac-
teristic fossils.
Trap — Trappcan Rocks. Ancient volcanic rocks, com-
posed of feldspar, hornblende and augite. Basalt, green-
stone, amygdaloid and dolomite, are trap rocks.
Tuff or Tufa. " An Italian name for a volcanic rock
of an earthy lextjre."
Unconformahle. See conformable.
Veins. Cracks and fissures in rocks filled with stony or
metallic matter. Most of the ores are obtained from me-
tallic veins.
Veinstone. That mineral matter with which the ores or
metallic contents of a vein are associated.
8»
90
COASTING DISTANCES ABOUND LAKE SUPERIOR.
^'
V,e»ta*^^^^p„.„^^ ^^^ ^.,^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^
From Saut ^e Ste Marie
To Pointe Aux Pins,
Parisean Island,
White Fish Point,
P^rom Saut de Ste Marie
To Point Iroquois,
Tonquamenon River,
White Fish Point,
Two Hearted River,
Grand Marais Harb.
Hurricane River
Miners' River,
Williams' Landing on
Grand Island,
Riviere Aux Train,
Laughing Fish River, I
Chocolate River, '
Riviere Du Mort,
Presque Isle River,
Garlic River,
Little Iron River,
Yellow Dog River,
Pine River,
Huron River,
Point Abbaye,
Methodist Mission,
Catholic Mission,
From Point Abbaye
To Portage River. 1 4
South end of Portage, J22
137
147
163
174
180
s w by w,
w by s
w n w
west
n n w
1881 n w
196(n w by n
205 n n w
REMARKS.
Good landing.
N and W sides of island rocky,
dangerous landing. E and
o sides good landing.
Good landing.
Boat harbor.
Good landing.
Boat harbor.
Vessel harbor.
Sand beach— shoal water.
rictured Rocks.
Vessel harbor.
Bont harbor.
n
II
212
218
226
233
248
253
24?
269J
n w by w
w n w
w 1-2 n
n w by w
8 w by w
3 w by w
west
n n w
Harbor for large boats.
<JOod landing.
u
it
<(
l(
n
Boat harbor.
Good landing.
<<
It
Five feet on the bar.
Vessels can come within I 1-2
miles of this.
91
R.
IsJe.
rocky,
E and
Across the Portage,
From Point Abbaye
To Traverse Island,
Tobacco River,
I Little Montreal River,
Copper Harbor,
Agate Harbor,
Grand Marais Harb.
Eagle Harbor,
Cat Harbor,
Eagle River,
Portage,
Little Trout River,
Elm River,
Misery River,
Sleeping River,
Fire Steel River,
Flint " "
Ontonagon "
Iron "
Carp "
Montreal "
La Pointe, (Madeline
Island,)
St. Louis River,
By way of north coast.
Two Island River,
Grand I'ortage,
Fort William,
Thunder Cape,
S W end of Isle St.
Ignace, 51
Slate Island, 50
Pic River, 38
Otter Cove, 36
Michipicoten River, 58
Montreal River, 58
Sandy Islands, 30
Gros Cap, 21
Pointe Aux Pins, 8
10
16
17
18
9
4
2
2
5
20
8
11
5
4
8
1
6
12
16
25
20
72
75
65
40
14
to 3
^^
270
243
259
276
294
303
307
309
311
316
336
344
355
360
364
372
373
379
391
407
432
452
524
Course.
552
477
412
372
358
307
257
219
183
125
67
37
16
8
n n w
n \v
n n e hf e
n e by n
n by w
west
w by s
w by s
w by 3
w s w hf s
s w hf w
s w by w
s w
3 w
w by s
w s w
8 w
3 vv by w
w by s
w by s
s w by vv
n \. hf w
west
REMARKS.
Bad landing.
Boat Harbor. [oast.
Good landing a little to the
Vessel harbor.
Boat "
Vessel '•
Boat "
Good landing
u
a
a
n
Six feet 'T sandbar.
Boat Harbor.
n e
e n e
n e by n
e 8 e
n e by e
east
e hf 8
s by e hf e
e by 8
8 by e
south
8 by e
8 eby 6
Eight feet over the bar.
Good landing.
Vessel harbor.
Vessel harbor.
Boat harbor.
Being 1076 miles aroUnd Lake
Superior.
1-2
i
92
WORKING COMPANIES.
LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY-1200 sharks.
Trustees— David Henshaw, Boston, Mass.; Lemuel
Williams, do.; C. C. Douglass, Acting Superintendent.
This is the pioneer company of this region, and is suc-
cessfully at work on lease No. 2, on Eagle River. They
have in operation, carried by water power, a stampino^
and crushing mill, and also a saw mill, improvements
which no other company has, and which they have made
only under great disadvantages and with much perseve-
rance.
PITTSBURGH AND BOSTON COPPER HARBOR COMPANY.
6000 SHARES.
Trustees— Curtis G. Hussey ; Charles Avery, Pittsburgh,
Pa.; Thomas M. Howe, do.; William Pettit, do.; Thom-
as Jones, Boston, Mass.; Charles Sc^dder,' do.; Dr. Wm.
Pettit, Superintendent.
Leases Nos. 4. at Copper Harbor, 5, Eagle river, and
6 and 12, between Eagle river and the Portage. On No.
5 they have opened a vein most wonderfully rich in native
silver.
COPPER FALLS COMPANY-3000 shares.
Trustees— Kenry Crocker, Boston, Mass.; Charles
Henshaw, do.; George L. Ward, Chicago, 111.; Joshua
Childs, Superintendent.
Lease No. 9, between Eagle Harbor and Eagle river.
They are now taking from the vein on this location a mass
of native copper much larger than the famous " Copper
rock of the Ontonagon."
EAGLE HARBOR COMPANY-2000 shares'
Trustees— Samuel A. Hastings, Detroit, Mich. ; Samuel
93
Barstow,do.; Samuel Coit, do. ; Lewis Hall, do. ; Thom-
as Sprague, Superintendent.
Lease No. 3, at Eagle Harbor.
NORTH AMERICAN COMPANY— 3000 shares.
Boardof Directors — President, Gurdon Williams, De-
troit, Mich.; Secretary, Henry J. Buckley, do.; Treasurer,
Gurdon Williams, ex officio, do.; Charles Howard, do.;
Nelson P. Stewart, Pontiac, Mich.; Alfred Williams, do.;
Horace C. Thurber, do.; Charles G. Hascall, Flint, Mich.;
Thomas Richmond, Cleveland, Ohio ; John Bacon, Super-
intendent.
No. 7, Eagle river. The officers of this company are
elected annually, on the second Monday in October.
BOHEMIAN COMPANY— 2500 shares.
Board of Trustees — President, Ramsay Crooks, New
York; Edward Curtis, do.; William B. Maclay, do.;
Zepheniah Piatt, do.; John Owen, Detroit, Mich.; Simon
Mendlebourn, Superintendent.
Nos. 32, 17 and 35, on Little Montreal river, Point
Keewenaw.
BOSTON COMPANY— 1700 shares.
Trustees — William Ward, Boston, Mass.; Dr. Thomas
Jones, do.; Joab Bernard, Baltimoi-e, Md.; Joseph L.
Hempstead, Superintendent.
No. 15, between Copper and Agate Harbors. From
the " White Dog Vein" on this location, they have raised
a large mass of native copper, weighing about 900 lbs.
NEW YORK AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY— 6000 shares.
President — Edward Lamed, Watervliet, N. Y.; Trus-
tees, Talcott ; Samuel Goveneur ; Kimball,
Boston, Mass.; C. G. Lamed, Superintendent.
Nos. 20 and 21, on Riviere Du Mort, 18, at Agate
94
Harbor, 31, Point Keewenaw, 19, 22, 23, 24, and 25 on
Montreal river. They are at work on Noa. 20, 18 'and
•>1.
ONTONAGON COMPANY~2000 bhahes.
IVustecs^John H. Kinzie, Chicago, 111.; George C
Bates, Detroit, Mich.; Cogswell K. Green, Niles, Mich •
Juhan Magill, Superintendent.
No. 98, on Ontonagon river. Nos. 68, 69, 70, 71, 72
and 73, at the head waters of the Elm and Misery rivers.
They are at work on No. 70.
ISLE ROYALE COMPANY-2000 shares.
Trustees-T)T. Thomas Jones, Boston, Mass.; Charles
Scudder, do.; George C. Bates, Detroit, Mich.; Cyrus
Mendenhall, Superintendent.
Nos. 16 and 27, Copper Harbor. Nos. 28 and 29, Black
river.
SUPERIOR COMPANY--3000 shares.
Fresident^James D. P. Ogden, New York City Trm-
tee,, Jacob LeRoy, do.; J. Townsend, do.; George N.
kSaunders, Superintendent.
Lease No. 1, west of Copper Harbor.
NORTHWEST COMPANY-2500 shares.
Trustees^ChaT}es A. Secor, New York City; Horace
Greely do.; E. B. Hart, do.; Mr. Bailey, Superintendent.
Mr. Bailey has erected his buildings at Grand Marais
Harbor, and is at work this winter immediately south in
the bluffs. The tract which this company claims is in dis-
pute, and the case is before the Commissioners.
95
ORGANIZED COMPANIES.
NORTHWESTERN COMPANY OF DETROIT— 3000 shares.
Board of Trustees — President, Zina Pitcher, Detroit,
Mich.; Israel Coe, do.; Wesley Truesdail, do.; Samuel
T. Douglass, do.
No. 8, Eagle River.
UNITED STATES COMPANY— 3000 shares.
Trustees — Randall S. Rice, Detroit, Mich.; Morgan
Bates, do.; Robert E. Roberts, do.; Managers, Andrew
Harvie, do.; John Winder, do.
Nos. 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 218, Ontonagon river.
ALBION COMPANY— 3500 sharks.
Trustees — S. Draper, Jr. New York; S. Jaudon, do.;
Chauncey Bush, do.; Secretary, C. Livingi5ton, do.
No. 10, Point Keewenaw.
BALTIMORE COMPANY— 3000 shares.
Board of Directors — President, Jonas H. Titus, Jack-
son, Mich.; Secretary, Walter Budington ; Treasurer,
Smith Titus; Andrew T. McReynolds, Detroit, Mich.;
.Tohn McReynolds, do.
Nos. 133, 134, 135 and 136, on Ontonagon river.
NEW YORK AND MICHIGAN COMPANY— 5000 snAREW.
Board of Trustees — President, Henry Ledyard, Detroit,
Mich.; Secretary, William A. Richmond, do.; Treasurer,
Levi S. Humphrey, do.; Charles G. H,ammond do.; Lu-
cius Lyon, do.;
Nos. 181, 251, 252 and 253, in T. 47 N., Rs. 26 and
27 W. No. 61, on Point Keewenaw, Nos. 42, 299, 300
301, 302 and 303, on the Porcupine mountains. Nos. 57,
58, 304 and 305, on Montreal river. The extensive iron
ore bed referred to by Mr. Hubbard, in his report, page
25, is included in the locations of this company, as will
appear by reference to the map.
96
GLOBE COMPANY-4000Mu,a.
, l""^- f 'L™""^^-^^«»i<J«'«. A. H. Newbould, De-
W ll«,m P. Randolph, do, Pie„e Teller, do, E. F. Ran
Uolph, do, JamoB A. Van Dyke, do
No8. 447 and 448, on Ontonagon river. The officers
of FlZr' "' ''"''' """"'' " "^^ ""' """"'"^
PENINSULA COMPANY-3300 «,*,„.
Trustees-Henry P. Tallmadge, New York, Theophi-
lusPeck,do, James S. Hunt, do, Secretaiy, C. H. Amer-
1x13,11.
Nos. C, 7, 8,-9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, on the
Ontonagon nver The officers of this company are elect-
ed annually, on the first Monday in November.
FRANKLIN COMPANY OF VERMONT wnn
nlZt 1 ^™'-^-P>-i<lent, Francis E. Phelps, De-
cion. Mich., Secretary, Warren Currier, Windsor, Vf
Treasurer, Israel Coe, Detroit, Mich, Joseph D Hatch"
Nos. 45, 46, 47, 48. 49, and 56, on Huron river
CHEAT WESTERN AND I-AKE SUPEHIO« COMPANV-^O. „.,..
Trustee- Wilham W. Johnson, Detroit, Mich
Nos. 444, 445, and 446, on the Ontonagon river. The
ttt;:2r"^°^*'''^-"^-^~^^"oneor
MACKINAC AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY-4500 .„,»..
Trustees-Ramsay Crooks, New York ; Michael Douse-
man Samuel Abbot, and Samuel K. Raring, MacJnTc
Mich, Justm Rice, St. Clair, Mich wckinac.
97
or
«5,
ALGONaum COMPANY OF DETROIT.-.3000 shahes.
Board of Trustees— President, Josiah R. Dorr, De-
troit, Mich.; Secretary, Daniel P. Bushnell ; Treasurer,
Benjamin L. Webb, Detroit, Mich.; Curtis Emerson, and
Michael E. Van Buren, Detroit, Mich.; Levi Allen, Buffalo,
N. Y.; Charles Whittlesey, Cleveland, Ohio.
Four locations on Sleeping river. The officers of this
company are elected annually on the seccmd Monday of
July. ^
BOSTON, NEW YORK AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY~:]000 siURf>.
Board of Trustees— President, Charles Noble, Mon-
roe, Mich.; Secretary, Benjamin F. Fificld, do.; Treasm-er,
Daniel S. Bacon, do.; Dan B. Miller, do.
Nos. 44 and 411, on the Porcupine mountains.
MANHATTAN COMPANY-3500siures.
President, E. Smith Lee, Detroit, Mich.; Secretary,
Daniel Dunning; Treasurer, Theodore Williams, Detroit,
Mich.; Trustees, Oliver M. Hyde, Thomas Palmer, Benja-
min F. H. Witherell, and Richard J. Connor, Detroit, Mich.
Nos. 381, 382 and 383, on the Porcupine mountains.
The officers of this company are elected annually on the
tirst Monday of Septejnber.
PORCUPINE MOUNTAIN COMPANY-^COO shares.
President, Benjamin F. H. Witherell, Detroit, Mich.;
Secretary, Samuel G. Watson, do.; Treasurer, Israel Coe,
do.; Trustees, Thomas Palmer, Oliver M. Hyde, Alpheus S.
Williams, and Mason Palmer, Detroit, Mich.; Henry Stan-
ley ; Arunna W. Hyde, Detroit, Mich.
No. 412, on the Porcupine mountains.
OLD SETTLERS' COMPANY— lOOO shares.
Board of Directors— President, John R. Williams, De-
troit, Mich.; Secretary, Charles Peltier, do.; Treasurer,
James Abbott, do.; James A. Vandyke, Peter Desnoyers,
98
Francis Cicotte, and Philip Aspinall, do.; Frederick S. Lit-
tlejohn, Cleveland, Ohio ; John 13. Waring, do.
Nos. 346 and 347, on Elm river, 350, 351 and 354, on
Iron river, 349, 352 and 353, on Carp river. The officers
of this company are elected annually on the second Mon-
day of October.
NATIONAL COMPANY-3000 Shares.
Board of Directors — President, James B. Hunt ; Secre-
tary, William S. Fish; Treasurer, James A. Weeks; Phi-
neas Davis, H. C. Knight, Danforth Petty, and Jeremiah
Clark, Pontiac, Mich.
Four locations on Point Keew^enaw^, and three on Elm
river. The officers of this company are elected annually,
on the first Monday of January.
HAYS' COMPANY— 3000 Shares.
Board of Directors — President, John Hays, Pittsburgh,
Pa.; Vice President and Secretary, Andrew T. McRey-
nolds; Treasurer, John McReynolds; Dr. Thomas B.
Clark, and John H. Sinclair, Detroit, Mich.
The officers of this company are elected annually, on
the second Monday of October.
JACKSON COMPANY— 3100 Shares.
Board of Trustees — President, Abram V. Berry ; Sec-
retary, Frederick W. Kirtland; Treasurer, Philo M. Ever-
ett ; George W. Carr, and William A. Ernst, Jackson,
Mich.
No. 593, somewhere in T. 46 N., R. 27 or 28 W. The
officers of this company are elected annually, on the first
Tuesday of June.
NEW ENGLAND AND MICHIGAN COMPANY-3000 Shares.
Board of Trustees — President, David A. Noble; Secre-
tary, Stephen G. Clark; Treasurer, Horace L. Skinner;
James DaiTah, and Walter P. Clark, Monroe, Mich.
Nos. 246, 247, 248 and 249, on Portage Lake.
99
MINERAL CREEK COMPANY-MOO Bharei.
Board of Trustees— President, Isaac E. Crary; Secre-
tary, George C. Gibbs ; Treasurer, Digby V. Bell; Jarvis
Hurd, and George Ketchum, Marshall, Mich.
Nos. 357 and 358, on the Porcupine mountains.
BOSTON AND NORTH AMERICAN COMPANY-5000 8liare«.
Board of Trustees— President, George L. Oakes, Bos-
ton, Mass.; Secretary, Henry R. Williams ; Treasurer,
DeWitt C. Lawrence ; William B. Grenell, and Benjamin'
Smith, Grand Rapids.
Two locations somewhere in the vicinity of Iron river.
LAKE SHORE COMPANY-3000 Shares.
Trustees— Aaron Clark, S. W. Anderson, Nathaniel
Weed, A. B. Hays, and Marshall O. Roberts, New York
city.
Location No. 2, between Eagle river and the Portage.
STE MARIE FALLS COMPANY-4300 shares.
Trustees— Samuel Ashman, Saut do Ste Marie ; Peter
B. Barbeau, do.; Stephen R. Wood, do.; John P. Rich-
ardson, do.; Philetus A. Church, do.
This company has secured four islands in the falls of
Riviere de Ste Marie, as desirable " locations" for erect-
ing stamping mills, &c., and it is their humble opinion
that, at these points, sufficient water power may be ob-
tained for propelling a large amount of machinery.
FORSYTH COMPANY-3000 shares.
Trustees— John A. Kennedy, Charles A. Secor, and
William P. Schmdt, New York city.
No. 36 1-2, on Point Keewenaw.
SILVER AND COPPER COMPANY OF ONTONAGON RAPlDS-2500 share...
Trustees— J. L. Graham, J. L. O'SuUivan, New York
city, and one other unknown.
Four locations on the Ontonagon river.
100
CHIPPEWA COMPANY-1200 shares.
Trustees— Edward Curtis, New York city; Joseph
Bell, and Francis Crowningshield, Boston, Mass.
Twenty-one locations on Black and Ontonagon rivers.
CHARTER OAK COMPANY— 5000 shares.
Trustee. -Elisha Tyler, Detroit, Mich.; Silas H.
Holmes, do.; Jacob M. Howard, do.
FRANKLIN COMPANY OF BOSTON— 3000 shares.
Trustees— S. F. Coolidge, Boston, Mass.; Samuel Hunt,
do.; T. J. Lobden, do.
Nos. 186, 187, 188 and 292, on Carp river, near Choco-
]p«o river.
• ALGONQUIN COMPANY OF BOSTON-ISOO shares.
astees — H. A. S. Dearborn, Boston, Mass.; John
N.Barbour, do. and one other unknown ; Treasurer, John
N. Barbour. Ten locations.
NEW ENGLAND COMPANY-5000 shares.
Trustees — E. A. Raymond, Boston, Mass.; David Kim-
ball, do.; E. W. Stone, do.; Clement Willis, do.; John
Rayner, do.; J. B. Smith, do.; George Wheelright, do.
Nos. 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 395,
396, 397, and 415, on Point Keewenaw.
ST. CROIX COMPANY.
Trustees— Rufus Choate, Boston, Mass.; Robert Ran-
toul, Jr. do.; Caleb Cushing, Newburyport, Mass.
One location, on St. Croix river, and several on Lake
Superior.
CARP RIVER COMPANY OF BOSTON-6500 shares.
Board of Trustees— President, Charles Henshaw, Bos-
ton, Mass.; Treasurer, Joseph M. Brown, do.; John T.
Heard, do.
NORTHWESTERN COMPANY OF FLINT-3000 shares.
i iv...-.viv.!xi — iv. j^. xjttuiuuu, x'iiiii, iviich.; secretary,
Felix B. Higgins, do.; Treasurer, Grant Decker, do.;
Trustees, E. Vandeventer, do.; A, T. Crosby, do.
101
N08.311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318 and 319, on
Portage Lake, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330 and 331, on the
I'orcupine mountains, and three others.
CARP RIVER GOLD AND SILVER MINING COMPANY-3000 sharks.
President— Michael Douseman, Mackinac, Mich.j Sec-
retary, John Prentiss, Detroit, Mich.; Trustee, H. T
±>acku8, do.
Several locations on Carp river, near Chocolate river.
MASSACHUSETTS COMPANY.
Trustees— William P reeman, Boston, Mass.; John T.
Heard, do.; and one other unknown.
Nos. 13 and 14, on Point Keewenaw.
LAC LA BELLE COMPANY— 2500 shares.
Trustees— S. Starkweather, James Brooks, ani "Wil-
ham W. Campbell, New York city.
No. 350, and two others on Lac La Belle.
AMERICAN EXPLORING COMPANY-5000 shares—Incorporated by ti«
Legislature OF Vermont-Capital «100.C00-CoMPAi«'rOmcESjoHS^
BURY, Vermont.
President— Francis E. Phelps, Detroit, Mich.; Secreta-
ry Horace Paddock, St. Johnsbury, Vt.; Treasurer, Sam-
uel Coit, Detroit, Mich.; Samuel Peck, Saut de Ste Marie,
agent for Michigan.
The funds and property of this company are vested in
a board of nine Trustees.
COLUMBIAN COMPANY-3C00 shares.
Board of Directors— President, David Smart ; John
Drew, Theodore Williams, Selah Reeve, and Elias C
Cromwell, Detroit, Mich.; Florence Mahoney, and Daniel
C. Hyde, New York city.
Nos. 132, on Ontonagon river, and 398, 399, 400, 401
402 and 403, on Misery river. '
BLACK RIVER COMPANY-30«» shares-Incorporated by the Legislature
OP Maryland— Capital ®30,000.
President— John S. Smith, Baltimore, Md.
One three-mile location on Black river.
PITTSBURGEI AND CHIPPEWA COMPANY-3000 Shares.
President— James May, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Five or six locations in the vicinity of Lac La Belle.
MICHIGAIi COMPANY— 3000 shares.
Board of Directors— President, Origen D. Richardson,
Secretary, DonC. Buckland; Treasurer, Abraham B. Mat-
9*
102
thews; Gideon O. Whittemore, Alfred J. Boss, Ephraim
S. Wiihams, and Moses Wisner, Pontiac, Mich
Nos. 221, 222, 223, 259, 268, 467, 468 and 469, on the
Montreal river. The officers of this company are elected
annually, on the first Monday of January.
BOSTON AND DETROIT COMPANY-SOOO SharcB.
Trustees— Charles Scudder, Dr. Thomas Jones, Charles
L. Bartlett, and William Underwood, Boston, Mass.;
George C. Bates, Detroit, Mich. This company has three
three-mile locations on Point Keewenaw.
MARSHALL AND BOSTON LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY-5000 Shares.
Board of Trustees— President, Henry "W. Taylor; Sec-
'^??^7' ?r^^^.^ ^- ^""'S^^ ; Treasurer, Charles C. Gorham;
Dighf¥. Bell, and Robert Cross, Marshall, Mich.
Nos. 217, on Carp river, near Chocolate river, 355 on
Iron river, 464, Ontonagon river, 465 and 466, and two
others.
UNION COMPANY.
Trustees— John J. Palmer, Robert Hyslop, Ramsay
Crooks, and Daniel S. Miller, New York city.; Charles W
Borup, La Pointe, Lake Superior.
COPPER ROCK COMPANY-3C00 Shares.
Trustees— Theodore Olcott and Thaddeus Joy, Alba-
ny, N. 1.; Lucius Tuckerman, Chicago, 111.
Nos. 113, on Ontonagon river, 530, Black river, 539,
'>40 and 541, on Tobacco river, Point Keewenaw.
GREEN MOUNTAIN AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY-3.500 Shares
President— A. S. Williams; Secretary, E. Smith Lee;
Ireasurer, Alex. W. Buel; Trustees, Oliver M. Hyde
and Edward Doyle, Detroit, Mich.; James K. Hyde, Sud-
bury, Vt.; Edward Jackson, Brandon, Vt.; Henry Stan-
iy, W-est Poultney, Vt.; Pitt W. Hyde, Castleton, Vt.;
Russell Gage, Detroit, Mich.
No. 413, on the Torcupine mountains.
Keewenaw Company of Boston, 2500 shares.'^
Algomah Company of Boston, eight locations.
Portage Company of New York, 3000 shares.
Cuyahoga Copper Smelting Company of Cleveland.
Incorporated by the Legislature of Ohio.'
Ohio Copper and Silver Smelting Company, of Cleve-
land. Incorporated by the Legislature of Ohio.
LIST OF LOCATIONS,
Made on the south shore of Lake Superior, upon Permits issued from the
War Department at Washington, and applications to the Mineral Agcncv
lit Copper Harbor, from August, 1844, to November, 1845.
No.
Name.
Wm Pettit
Joseph Pettit
N D Miniclier
Dan'l Ruggles
Wm Ruggles
W J Welles
T B Biddle
F Norvell
D A Phojnix
C Bestor
J A Smith
J V Watson
James Higgins
R R Richards
A Morell
C Bush
S W Tucker
T Titus
M Coryell
S W Bickley
C Payne
A Stewart
6
7
8
!)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
231 G Decker
24 J HiiTgins
25 H Whitney
26 J Chiids
27 R D Cutts
28 G Kemble
.29 H Morris
30 Wm Kemble
31 G W Morris
32 J Blunt
33 A H Ward
34 W H Hudson
35 L Waterbury
36 J M Waterbury
37 C Douglass
33 J Henshaw
39 Tho'8 Cowles
Residence,
Pittsburgh
Ohio
Cop. Harbor
Unknown
Detroit
New York
Washington
Detroit
New York
Philadelphia
Detroit
Boston
Wisconsin
Washington
Cold Springs
New York
<<
<(
u
II
tl
<(
<(
Wisconsin
Mass.
Connecticut J
No.
~Io
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
Name.
Residence.
Wm Ward
R Adams
Lucius Lyon
Wm Robinson,. Tr
C M Humphrey
Sam'l Peck
A Sherman
R Chapman
'-T F Randolph
Alba .Tones
C Wickware
R S Rice
Jno Winder
M Bates
A Harvie
R E Roberts
POrd
C Colton
•I E Skinner
C C Douglass
C Comstock
Li S Humphrey
J Stryker
J Wilkinson
J Roy
D B Jewett
E C Litchfield
A H Gei.s.se
J H Kinzie
Geo C Bates
A H Hanscom
C K Green
fohn Norvell
f Howard
f L Helfenstein
G Campbell
A W MagiH
J Maeiil"
T L Wharton
Mass.
Virginia
Detroit
Alleghany
Michigan
St Jo Island
Mackinac
<(
Detroit
Unknown
Detroit
«
Ste Marie
Michigan
Eagle River
Michigan
<(
Rome N Y
Syracuse NY
Watervliet
West Troy
Watervliet
Detroit
Chicago
Detroit
Pontiac
Niles
Detroit
tl
Chicago
(1
((
«t
Philadelphia
104
79
80
81
82
83
84
W G Alexander
T Edwards
W Hadding
•T B Campbell
L Richardiion
T R Moorehcad
Residenck.
85 W B EnghuMt
86 J B Moorehead
87 B Ford
88 L W Tappan
89 J May
90 P McCorinick
91 J B Murray
92 T Scott
93 L Tibbatts
94 H Higgins
95 G H Hazleton
96 E H Thompson
07 D H Holcomb
98 J L Hempstead
99 H E Davis
100 H Edwards
101 C Stoddard'
102 John Tappan
103 C Tappan
104 T Myers
105 T Myers
106 C Painter
107 N Vorthey
108 G C Warner
109 E Griffin
110 J E Berry
111 .. Clark
112 A Mayhew
113 J Paul
114 J J Boyd
115 Ed Hinker
116 J A Swartz
117 T De Riivter
118 A H Mickle
119 Vr Dougherty
120 W Chamberlain
121 M X Harmony
122 G Hopkins
123 W Carell
124 \V Hall
125
Philadelphia
Ste Marie
Cop. Harbor
ti
Pittsburgh
Boston
Pittsburgh
Newport Ky
Detroit
Flint
u
j Chicago
Agate Harb.
New York
Boston
Pittsburgh
«
Cop. Harbor
Ontonagon
New York
«
<<
«
«
Albany
G K Lyster |New York
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
]40
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
A Jones
T K Kottel
E Chandler
W Warder
A T Hall
J Burgess
C Y Richmond
D Conger
M Titus
P S Titus
J H Titus
T Chapin
G R Griswold
E J Roberts
K Dygert
C Richmond
J Marsh
J Campbell
G Moran
S MoCulley
B H Brewster
A Gouin
W J Craus
A S Hall
E Larned
C G Larned
J Hitchcock
S W Caulkins
K Hayford
155 p Thornton
156!S Mavnai-d
157 C B Wheclock
158 D Hamilton
159 C Kenyon
160 T Williams
161 J Eights
162 A Fuller
163 H Atwood
164 \ Ashley
165 R Miller
166 J J Roberts
167 J Brown
168 E Prentiss
169 R S Cox
170 'C Bradley
171 M St C Clark
172
C J Mourse
New York
u
«
Springfield
Detroit
Ripley N Y
Cleveland
Jackson
Buffalo
Detroit
Aurora N Y
Philadelphia
Detroit
Philadelphia
<(
Detroit
Glastonbury
Watervliet
<<
u
West Troy
Watervliet
West Troy
Richmond Va
Green Bay
Watervliet
Newburgh
Albany
Washington
Mt Clemens
Philadelphia
Richmond Va
Newburgh
Detroit
<<
Washington
105
V
\
iNo.
Name.
Residence.
173 G Lambly
174 P Quinn
17.0 W H Howe
17fi .J Chester
^77 T Picket
178 ,[ Gorneo
179 J Darrah
180 J M Sterling
181 .J G Clark
182 .J Sahl
183 .T Adams
184 S B Borneau
183 H B Sweeney
186 J J Peavey
187 C Boyle
188 Geo Sweeney
189 H Knollman
190 F Wallner
191 K Muller
192 J Snyder
193 .T Mymner
194 C Bourassan
195 L Cantaim
196 D Millett
197 W Cameron
198 P La Riviere
199 F Webster
200 F Marsh
201 W A Cheever
202 H Qui.m
203 C W Marsh
204 D A Hall
205 T Tyler
206 .1 Myrne
207 T Donoho
208 A Crawford
209 N Bowdoin
210 W O'Brien
211 P Deitzer
212 L C Forsyth
213 A Olds
214 C Babe
215 D Monger
216 C T Gorham
ri v\ luylor
H Jacobs
G Whittemore
217
218
219
Cop. Harbor
Pittsburgh
Detroit
Cop, Harbor
Ste Marie
Monroe
Unknown
u
Cop. Harbor
Washington
a
(I
Maine
Washington
ti
Cop. Harbor
<(
ti
II
ti
Mackinac
Ste Marie
Mackinac
Ste Marie
Mackinac
Boston
New York
Boston
Washington
Boston
Washington
ti
Baltimore
Washington
Cop. Harbor
Green Bay
Cop. Harbor
Detroit
St Joseph
Detroit
Marshall
Michigan
Ponti.ac
No.
N
A ME.
220 J Buttertield
221 H Park
222 E B Wales
223 C C Park
224 A Clark
225 W Schlatter
226 W M Ord
227 C Mendenhall
228 J Smith
229 J Bartlett
230 F Bartlett
231 H Coffin
232 C H Ladd
233 J D Symes
234 J Cutter
235 L Odell
236 S Gookin
237 G Jaffrey
238 R C Cutter
239 C W Brewster
240 Geo Pareon
241 Sam'l Bee
242 A H Ladd
243 J W Emmons
244 W C Rollins
245 C T Tappan
246 W C Steriing
247 W P Clark
248 W W Prentice
249 H L Skinner
250fWP Clark Jr
251 C G Hammond
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
2C1
26L
R Gilleit
H Ledyard
J R Grout
G Williams
A Williams
N P Stewart
H C Thurber
S Stevens
J Herrick
J F Webb
Lnowles
Residence.
Ponliac
Detroit
Pontiac
Unknown
Chicago
Ste Marie
La Point
Portsmouth
li
ti
II
(I
(1
li
<(
Ch'lest'n Ms
Portsmouth
ti
It
ti
tt
Monroe
Detroit
It
It
ii
II
It
Pontiac
It
ti
263,ki'arks
264
265
266
Isaac Gage
S L Harris
N Sargent
Maine
Washington
'Maine
Wisconsin
Augusta
Maine
Philadelphia
106
No.
Name.
Residence.
267 H J Buckley
2«8 O D Richardson
2tf9 J M Williams
270 W Weber
271 H Falley
272 J ErwiH
273 J Col beck '
274 F Bergman
275 C Kiindert
276 C Hoffman
277 CHenshaw
278 R Choate
27fl J H Adams
280 C Scudder
281 C W Painter
282 J Painter
283 J Graham
284 Robert Swan
285 A B Haine
286 J A Constant
287 J Tuckerman
288 J Ward
289 J Davis
290 3 Bartiett
291 J Davis
292 F W Davis
P (S) Sheldon
Tho's Dixon
J Hanna
V Saunders
E P Gieason
W Bennett
J S Farraiid
W A Richmond
Wm Hale
FA Harding
E Brooks
J R Brnadhead
A Livingston
Names not
294
29.5
296
297
298
299
3(10
301
302
303
304
.305
.306
3071
308!
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
.T25
326
327
registered
HSHay
J J Rinchard
3 Green
J Anderson
Ed Moran
F La Clair
J Brinkinan
P Lemming
W Miller
N Updrgraph
J Painter
J W Webb
G A Barstow
W Cutter
W H Moreli
J A Trumbull
C E Dewey
Detroit
Pontiac
Cop. Harbor
.4
<t
H
<i
Boston
«
Pittsburgh
«
<t
New York
<i
Ontonagon
Boston
n
Pittsburgh
Kentucky
Cop. Harbor
Detroit
New York
Unknown
«
<i
Detroit
Utica, N Y
Detroit
«i
<<
«
Sidney, Ohio
Pittsburgh
New York
lioston
Portsmouth
New York
Flint, Mich.
No.
Name.
328
320
330
331
332
33:-i
334
3;?j
33e
337
33e
336
340
341
342
343
344
Elias Williams
E Vandewater
W Moon
D D Dewey
W Richards
J Beris
W H Longridge
H N Howard
P Hogan
A Merryweather
W H Mercer
E Trufont
I) Burt
J Wylde
N Wyckoffe
J Raymond
A D 'I'erbush
345 c E Sht'pard
346
347
34&
349
350
a51
a52
353
354
355
356
357
356
359
360
361
302
363
304
365
366
367
368
J L Cuyler
J B Dumont
D C Littlejohn
G F Littlejohn
J B Waring
F J Littlejohn
P S Littlejohn
E Willis
CC Willis
T Jones
S Dickey
D V Bell
B Humphrey
G 8 Wright
L Hanna
J Glenn
W C Glenn
E T Ellicott
A Ellicott
B Ellicott
E Chaising
L De Milham
£ Ellicott
369 J p Murphy
371
371
372
373
J Da via
T Perry
H Sturdy
E C Raum
3/4wWSpaHlding
37
37<.
377
376
379
380
381
382
J Carl
C Lewis
R Jennings
C Cheney
D Kendall
M Wallace
H N Munson
J B Watson
Residence.
383 T Palmer
384
385
386
387
388
RHall
J Lilly
Asa f'isk
D Kimball
N Waterman
Flint, Mich.
Cop Harbor
.'Pontiac
u
<l
it
Mt Qemens
<>
«i
a
Detroit
t(
Aurora, N Y
11
Allegan
.1
tt
i<
11
II
Boston
Penn.
Marshall
New Lisbon, O
Baltimore
11
i<
II
II
ti
Pittsburgh
Cop. Harbor
Ontonagon
Cop. Harbor
Cleveland
Pittsburgh
Plattsburgh
Cop. Harbor
St. Clair
Detroit
ti
Boston
11
107
No.
Name.
ilDENCE.
Mich.
Harbor
ic
smens
t
i,NY
n
Residence.
Ill
iisbon, O
ore
rgh
arbor
gon
irbor
nd
rgh
rbor
r
389 E W Stone
:](M) A Randall
30t S Curtis
tm J II Sears
<m V Brown
394 G £ Davis
395 A W Benton
396 E A Raymond
397iM Kimball
:»8 S O Watts
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
413
413
E F Gleason
JO Williams
M Sayer
L Southbird
L Shawen
W H Boyer
W R Gormley
W W Dallas
G R White
PLibbey
R Homer
T Ten Eyck
T Palmer
E Doyle
O M Hyde
414 O Chamberlain
415 J Alexander
416 N G Kartright
417 H H Hale
418 C H Ta'cott
419 J L Rosvvell
420 JPCunningliam
421 IVI Matthews
422 J Blanvelt
423 W A Cheevcr
424 D A Hall
425 E Harriman
426 E Curtis
427 W G Snethen
428 W Cameron
429 p La Riviere
430 D Millett
431 L Cantaim
432 C Bourassan
4*3 C Merritt
434 J E Hyde
43.) J McCabe
430 Z B Knight
43^ T J Hunt
438 H Hubbard
439 T H Perden
440 J F Gleason
441 C B Marvin
442 M P Marvin
443 T H Hawley
444 A Godard
445 O Holmes
446 W W Johnson
447 J A Vandyke
448 J p Teller
449 P Hussey
Boston
II
Cop. Harbor
Reading, Pa.
Pittsburgh
ti
11
Bos:on
11
ii
Detroit
Pontiac
Boston
New Y'ork
Connecticut
Hartford
New York
Carthage, N Y
Albion, Mich
Boston
Washington
Tennessee
New York
Washinfrton
Ste Marie
Mackinac
Ste Marie
Mackinac
Battle Creek
Pontiac
11
i<
i<
Chicago
Virginia
Maine
Monroe
Detroit
Ohio
No.
Name.
Residence.
450 DD Davis
4.)!
43S
450
m
45.-
4.>6
457
4.58
459
46C
461
462
463
464
•65
46(i
467
469
470
471
472
473
474
47.':
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
E Jones
M Mason
D O'Connor
U Sweeney
Wm White
C Kidder
Wm Robinson
Geo Crosby
Jas S Allen
S Chamberlain
M Paisons
H ATillotson
A L Hayes
A C Parrnelee
C P Kellogg
Rob'i Cross
A L Leiand
L Bacon
W J Nelson
A B Matthews
BO Williams
OFWisner
J C Smith
J Almy
J Richmond
S K Haring
A W Spies
B Banks
Milo Soiile
H H Sylvester
R C Weightman
(iC Thomas
James Adams
S B Boarman
4e5:HB Sweeney
486 WW Rowe
487 Chas O Record
488 Vl s Palmer
489 EBowen
4911 w W Hudson
491 B Miles or R Niles
49:J J M Oakley
493 J Otis
494 A H Howard
495 E S Lee
49G R H Page
497 H M Smith
498 M B Mac lay
499 R W Morrison
500 J G Thurber
501 A E Wing
.502 C Noble
.103 J a Adams
504 H Smith
505 E Jewctt
506 T W Patchin i
507 R D Hubbard I
•ivr I jL,nfnb
509 W H Simpson
510 Henry Swift
Cop. Harbor
Independence
Rome, N Y
Huron, O.
Pittsburgh
Baltimore
Pontiac
Marshall
Hastings, aMich.
Marshall
Pontiac
Grand Rapids
Aurora. NY
Mackinac
New York
Marshall
II
Washington
Bangor, Me.
II
II
.«
11
It
Detroit
II
Monroe
Unknown
^
108
511
51'i
.513
314
515
516
517
518
J Stickncy
Rob't Bc.'ll
H (T or 8) Titus
W McConnell
Haye8
52U
521
522
52!j
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
i)31
532
53*3
5^4
535
5.36
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
J H Cowder
» A Lee
J M Erwin •
519 fi W Guthrie
A {} Benson
(G or S) A Dwight
Chas King
E Kinginfiii
H B Loornis
(S or J) P Lyman
W H Morell
H T Raymond
J D Olmstt.'ad
T (S) Snowden
Ffiichrnond
P Morey
H or (.' bimstoad
(» R Ilazovvell
J E Chiiinan
B H < human
W lla\v<.<s
(' Murdock
T Olcott
Unknown
J Day
L Day
O T Chamberlain
C C Cnshman
J Robinson
a H Wintney
H LOhphant
A Sht'pard
PA Elliot
HT Backus
OE Harbaugh
WD Wilson
J Robinson, Jr
^e\v York
Unknown
Adrian, Mich
Michigan
Unknown
ISpringwells
[Detroit
iMilwaukie
! Detroit
5521J R Bowman
5,->;j J H Sinclair
5.').| John McRcynolds
5.-).- \ T McReynulds
551 Wllollia
5)7 J M II a I ley
5.> P Van Dewort
5511 W M Clark
5fi(i M Jarvis
501 J T Coddin?ton
5!>v R C Wctmore
503 VI Kimball
564 J Walter
565 II M Child,-!
566 II II 11,1 1 1
567 II Talcott
50? J PCunniniiham
500 J D Constant
57(1 J 'J'uckcrman
571 J L Boswell
572IP WOysburgh
573 R Benson
Residence.
Unknown
•t
Detroit
It
Unknown
44
4<
44
44
44
44
574
57.)
57(i
577
578
57!)
58(
581
5»2
583
584
E Blunt
AUVod Douglass
•I A Scrim
P a Kartwright
W J Staples
H B Toy
J C Ay res
H Walbridrte
HORislcv
C W Bojesti
.585lC110akes
580 Thomas Card
587 P P Sandford
5B8|WM Thnfnpson
589 Geo Mendenhall
590
59 ij
592, Sam'l Brooks
New York
Albany
Unknown
44
44
4 4
44
44
La Pointe
Unknown
REMARKS.
. Nos. 194, 19o, 196, 197 and 198, have been withdrawn
and re-located as Nos. 428, 429, 430, 431 and 432.
No. 201 has been v^^ithdra^^n and re-located as No. 423.
No. 204 has been withdravi^n and re-located as No. 424.
No. 297 has been withdrawn and re-located as No. 399.
109
ADDENDA.
HOPE COMPANY-5000 HtiAHm.
Board of Trustees — President, E. B. Bostwick, Grand
Rapids, Mich.; Secretary, John Almy, Detroit, Mich.;
Treasurer, Wm. A. Richmond, do.; Benjamin Merritt,
New York city ; A. N. Hart, Lapeer, Mich.
Nos. 299, 300, 301, 302 and 303, on the Porcupine
mountains, near the Lake, and 57, 58 and 304, on Montreal
river, and three others. It will be seen by reference to
page 95, that the valuable locations of this company are
taken from among those which are there enumerated as
belonging to the New York and Michigan Company. This
division is prudent. The concentrating of so much wealth
in one company has a tendency to create a monopoly.
iETNA COMPANY— 3000 Shares,
Board of DzVec^or^— President, J. L. Whiting, Detroit,
Mich.; Secretary, Wm. M. Snow, do.; Treasurer, Samuel
Coit, do.; Frederick Wetmore, do.; H. D. Ganison, do.;
Trustees — Zina Pitcher and Theodore Williams, Detroit,
Mich.
No. 546, on Salmon Trout river, a line location, and
one other on Ontonagon river.
ERRATA.
Page 16, line 26, for " northeast^'' read " northwest."
Page IS, line 1, for ^^ riurtheast," read *' northwest."
Page 92, line 2, after " WiUimm" insert and read " D.
G. Jones, Detroit, Mich."
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