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 1 
 
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 1 
 
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 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 e 
 
I 
 
I 
 
ai 
 
 J 
 
 3 
 
 k, 
 O 
 
 Ul 
 
 J 
 
 « 
 
 I'- 
 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD ; 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY, BOTH ANCIENT AND MODERN, 
 
 OF 
 
 ALL THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF THE GLOBE, 
 
 THEIE EI8E. PEOGEE88, AND PEE8ENT CONDITION. 
 
 BY SAMUEL MAUNDER, 
 
 BUBRACINO A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF 
 
 THE LATE EXJSSIANAND ITALIAN WARS, 
 
 AND 
 
 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE 
 
 PRESENT TIME. 
 
 INOLUDDTO 
 
 EDITED BY JOHN INMAN, ESQ. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMEa 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 (•ou. oniT BT ran puBLiiniR'g i)«TniD»Two aorkw.) 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 PUBLISHED BY HENRY BIlJ^ 
 
 1861. 
 

 altered according to Act of Oongresa, in the j«ar 1860. 
 
 By HiNUT Bill, 
 
 Jn the Clerk's Office of tl.e Dlstrirt Cotirt for the district of Comiecticut. 
 
 C. A. ALVonO, P«mTM. 
 
CONTENTS OF VOL. I. 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 B..T3«.0AL, Ch MlCAL,A»oG.OO«A,H,CAt. . . . .„ 
 
 Tim DiTiBiuNi or t»i ,«t . . 
 
 G.NIR4I. Hhtort or MoDiRN EOROPR ** 
 
 * * * • • 91 
 
 CKRONOLOOr . . ' 
 
 ... 98 
 
 r«00RAPHIC4I, SkktOH Or TBI WoRLD . . 
 
 DiviaioNi or thb Eartb 
 
 30 
 
 .NTRODUCTORV OUTLINE «CETCH OP GENERAL 
 
 ****** 3M 
 
 CHAPTER IX.-fran, the first Cnuado, to the D«,th of 8.1«li« ' „ 
 
 CHAPTER X.-Fro™ th. Death of Saladin. to the .^ of the Cn,.«,o. ' " « 
 
 CHAPTER Xr.-From the time of Genghi. «.„, to that of T.m.rl.«, 54 
 
 CHAPTER Xn.~Fron. .he time of Tamerlane, to the Sixteenth Centurr .5 
 
 ^""::^1'^::-^^^- ----- P'"- Of event. .^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
ri 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 CHAPTER XIV— F 
 
 tl^e Peace ^oi-^ZZ^""''"'''''-' "^ '^^ « -t««th Cen.^. , 
 CHAPTER XV._F«,m the Civil War in'r„ ,' / ' ' ' ■ 53 
 
 CHAPTER XVI.-Co..e.ee.e2 : .^ h " '"' "'''' '' "^"^'^^ ' «' 
 ofi;.™.ht . . "~**"*''='e''^'>*Centur,. to the Peace 
 
 CHAPTER XVin.-The AfT { r - ' " * * * * • • 6« 
 CHAPTER XX —p^.^ r '■•'•. 7<j 
 
 CHAPTER XXn— F.Y.m A '*'••••. 79 
 
 CIUPTER XXni— p """"■W State, . 
 
 «» .l~l. of Hol,:^,:^ •»»»"-mom of a,, p^j .^^ ^ 
 
 CHAPTER XXVn.-F™m the 1^^- ' / ' " *' ' "' ' ' ' • »« 
 
 toration of the Bourboii r""" "' «""'» ''^ *« French, to the re. 
 CHAPTER XXVm -Fm«. .i. '**••••. 90 
 
 .- r«=. ";• 'r" *• T" :' ':•"-"' "»» ■=»-. - ^. «». 
 
 61 
 
 95 
 
 «UR0PE-A8IA-AFR,CA-AMERI~ 
 
 • • , 
 
 A SERIES OP SEPARATE HISTORIES. 
 
 THE HISTOKy OF ENGIAND. 
 
 CHAPTER ir._The H-nt. I" ' " * " * " ""'• 
 
 . 10 
 
 l« 
 
59 
 CI 
 
 e-j 
 
 6» 
 
 I V 
 
 CONTENia. 
 CHAPTER III.-The Heptarchy (continoed) 
 CHAI'TER IV.-The Heptarchy (concluded) 
 
 rn 
 US 
 
 z^xImt' 
 
 AKOLO-IAXON XIJIOS. 
 
 CHAPTER V.-Tho Anglo^axonn after the Diwolutioa of the Heptanjhy-^ 
 Reigns of Egbert, Eihelwolf, and Elhelbald . / ' i'"^?-" 
 
 CHAPTER VI._The reigns of Ethelbert and Elhelred 
 
 CHAPTER VII._The reign of Alft-ed the Great . 
 
 CHAPTER Virr.-„is.ory of the Anglo-Saxons, from the Death of Alfrei 
 the Great to the reign of Edward the Martyr . . ^ 
 
 '^''''''IZ!^"'""" "^^ """"" "' '''^•^ "^^ M*-^^ ^ »he de'athof 
 - , , . . 
 
 CHAPTER X -The reigns of Harold and Hardicanute 
 
 CHAPTER XI.-The reign of Edward the Confes.w 
 
 CHAPTER XIL-The reign of Harold the Second . 
 
 CHAPTER XIV._The reign of William I. (continned)' ' ' * * 
 CHAPTER Xr._The reign of VVUliam II. . . . . * * ' 
 CHAPTER XVI.-The reign ot Henry r. . .' ' ' ' ' ' 
 CHAPTER XVn.-The reign of Stephen .....,' 
 
 CHAPTER XIX-The reign of Henry II. (continued) 
 CHAPTER XX.-The reign of Henry II. (concluded) 
 CHAPTER XXI.-The reign of Richard L . . . 
 CHAPTER XXII.-The reign of John. . 
 CHAPTER XXni.-The reign of Henry III. .' 
 CHAPTER XXlV.-The reign of Edward I. 
 CHAPTER XXV._Ti.e reign of Edward II. .' .' 
 CHAPTER XXVI.-The reign of Edwanl III. . 
 CHAPTER XXVII.-The reign of Ridmrd II. . 
 
 m 
 
 134 
 
 146 
 ISS 
 157 
 163 
 
 167 
 
 185 
 193 
 803 
 
 HOUSB or lAHCAiTim. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII._The r«ign of Henry IV. . 
 CHAPTER XXIX.-The reign of Henry V. 
 CHAPTER XXX.-The reign of Henry VL 
 
 . 209 
 . 219 
 22S 
 231 
 248 
 S6S 
 278 
 VJ9 
 30T 
 3*.*h 
 
 a4il 
 349 
 
 v\ 
 
 \^ 
 
<Rkl 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 ^.. BOVSk or roar 
 
 'IHAPTER XXXm.-Th. „i^ of Edwa./rv 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV.-The reign of fidwardV. " " ' 
 <:HAPTEB XXXV.-The reign of Richard- ill 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 BovBK or Taoom. 
 XXXVI.— The reign of Henry VII. 
 XXXVII.-The reign of Henr, VH (contiuaedi 
 
 AAAix.— The reign of Henry VHI. . 
 XL-Tho reign of Hen^r VIII. (continued) 
 XLI.-The reign of Hen^ VIII. (concluded) . 
 XLIL— The reign of Edward VI. 
 XLni.-Tho reign of Edward VI. (concluded) 
 XLIV—The reign of Mary 
 
 XLV.-Thert,ign of Mary (concluded) .' 
 XLVI._The reign of Elizabeth . 
 XLVII.-The reign of Elizabeth (concluded) 
 
 cHAmBx.v.„._„.:;":;c;.""- 
 
 CHAPTER l._Th,„ij„„,Ch„l„,. 
 
 CHAPTEH U.-Tk, „,^ „, cb„,„ , („:^„:, ' 
 
 CHAPTER L.i.-n.„,^„rch.„„,.,.„^„4 
 
 CHAPTER m_T^. en::;;"""."": 
 
 CHAPTER UV_™. ^^"7;^,°-"'- 
 
 CHAPTER LV-Tb.„,„ or J.„«„, ' " 
 
 CHAPTER ,.V,-T,„™^ ,„„„„.„,„ 
 
 "'*"«» ""-Tl"™!..,, A-.. , 
 
 t"APTER,ra.-n.L7", „""""••* '•■ 
 
 " — lOe Retga of Oeorao I 
 C'>APTEHU,..TI»^^^^^„ • ; 
 
 870 
 381 
 
 
870 
 381 
 
 CONTBNTa 
 CHAPTER LX — Th- 
 
 ^A.-The reign of George IIL 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV -Th« ^- , ^ ^'^"""-^^ 
 
 CHAPTER Ly V _ti. ■ «*"••.. 
 
 nu . « ^^V— The roign of VVillinn, IV. 
 
 OHAPTEB LXVI —Ti, . '"•..« 
 
 i'AU.-ThoroiHn of Victoria . 
 
 2 • • . 
 
 6^8 
 
 CM 
 7l» 
 710 
 730 
 
 7ns 
 
List of Illustrations. 
 
 VOLUME 1. 
 
 1. Title Paqk, Illustrated. 
 
 2. Landing of Julius C^ar, 
 
 3. BoADicKA Harranouino the Britibh Tmms 
 
 4. Death ok Prince William ...d his Sister, 
 6. Hubert and Prince Arthur, 
 
 6. Death oe Wat Tyler, 
 
 7. Murder of the Princes, 
 
 8. Trial of Queen Catharine, 
 
 9. Trial of Lambert, 
 
 10. Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 11. Surrender ov Marv Queen of Scots, 
 
 12. Charles L and Armor Bearer, . 
 18. CRoMWEi.r, Dissolving Parliament, 
 14. Death of General Wolfe, . 
 Ifi. Napoleon and his Generals, 
 
 16. Napoleon at Lodi, 
 
 ' • • . 
 
 17. Vii:w of Sebastopol at the Final Assault", 
 
 To Faoo Page 
 1 
 
 105 
 
 201 
 
 251 
 
 829 
 
 411 
 
 453 
 
 466 
 
 509 
 
 524 
 
 567 
 
 598 
 
 661 
 
 674 
 
 676 
 
 769 
 
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 HISTORICAL. CHRONOLOGICAL. AND GEOGItAPHiC. t. 
 
 evidence of truth/thrsX-e , f S^^^^^^ f'e failhiS 
 
 of conduct and manner^ Co fiSS wiLu ^^"^^^^^^ '''« '">« 
 
 and country wherein we live and «hn ,n ' i ^^® *'"""'^« "^ '''c »ge 
 •uch branches "f knowLdge as ire Jeiu iL^o'u'; t^"f T ^*^'^'« ''^ 
 own private reflections, we continue m « £!?r" i^ ""'^ the limits of our 
 strangers to the rest of the Sr^nd nrnfm „^f '"'^'"*'*'' ^''*^'' '««^«« "« 
 preceded, or even now surrounds us tt i L''^"''7I''' '*^"" ''^'" ''«" 
 ♦hat make up the lonirest life or wh^. .h«L . ''V'"''" "»mber of years 
 able to progress or tCe over b"limnf^"\''K'^. ''"'''''">' ^'"^'^ 'v« are 
 to the vast regions of the umve^e Ind '^f^^^P^b « Po nt in comp«rison 
 succeeded on^e another sinc^thecVea?io,>«/Z'''"?.?'^^»«'' ''^^^^' have 
 are capable of knowing mus^riiSr.^JiJ'f'''^'"''^^ A'kI yet all we 
 *ve call in the sludyofmslorv t oirl-i . " ""P^.^^P'-l'le point, unless 
 age and everv coLtrvkepL ."»••"''*'!''"'"'''' '^ 
 great men of anti y,^;eL „?! , L „^ ^'"''''^^^^ ^'^''"''' "« «'»• tl e 
 
 tues and faults beff 'our eyes and b^^^^^^ achievements, v.r- 
 
 presents, or gives us fin oSMnntv of^n!LP"'''^"' '""^^'''"^ *' ^i'hcr 
 wise before our time, and is in a > nn/r T^"'^' "*"" •*"»'''^« "« «o bo 
 Ihe greatest mailers • • " uTwJn' 'T'lV" "" ""-' '""""« o( 
 mortality npo„ actions truly ^reat and ««// ''^"'V'T H"* "'*"' "^ "" 
 which no aVier age can ei^er SLll i. !"'"» "'^ '"^"'"y •"' vioeg 
 merit and oppressed viru^ apnea ofhp /" ''^ "iV"''^ "'"' "''"^^ken 
 tfhty, whicLVendersthenuheCLu.itnv! "''"''.''''''''' "■"'"""' "^ P"»- 
 t .e.n, and without respec ' f pCm „ w '"3 r'" """"•'"""" """•'''d 
 •ists no more, conden ns tin- mSt I L r ^''^ " P"'^*''" "'*''»•»' sob- 
 rigour. • •• . • ThusHsmrvS*^ 
 
 «el,ool of morality for ^ m nk id' t nl ,'" ''"" '""'f'"' '"-''"""•- " 
 mask from false virturn L- I. . •'ondemns vice, throws „fr the 
 
 imaginali,,,.. h„,| shew, by « tl. 1 ' ''"t."P '''''''' ''"^zl'-" the 
 
 than all rt.,s.»ning w uulLvn ' i^ ' , .llln ^ '*'"' ""1 """■" "^"""'8 
 but honour and probity." The fl, ioi ^iv^ ?. *"""' ""l' <'""""«'"<l»ble 
 qiient-tts appoLtn as ii i. eomple,/ ^ "oni.um is as Just u, „ i, ^lo. 
 
 every nation to leave boh.nd ll.m " 1^ 1^ r "if o'r. "'''y "«" "'"' 
 ■•••ions and discoveries. In tlm , .Hil-i '"""'J""''' "' "'eir exisi.Mico, 
 
 V'>.«rt«in: .1,.! .nosl iLi uf '.^ 't 'sV'^ S ^"'".^r '*"-r ^"«"" «'•' 
 Joshua h.d the twelve tribes o .ra -f Z, ! « ^Tur?' '''""'• *''-" 
 "Inns manner, he set up twelve si„, , « f»r „ ' "*" .•'"^'•n'». '» ti mirac 
 
 ««rv for trad.tion to exlirthe "!::':;„/:i!LT':!.'!.""«'i '»'' " «■»••-'.-•. 
 
 „^^ TTiutii gave nsr, lo it , H„g 
 
90 
 
 PaKLIMlMAEY OBBEaVATIONB 
 
 ! I 
 
 ^ ^Sf^SgS ^r ^^-i^-'-a" asjc their nether,. „, 
 
 warriirs at the tables of frnr'!5 '° *"« ^arp the piSeB ot JecetS 
 navians, Gauls, and Germans 1Sd,L™l"''5""^ ^Y "«•"": the Sclnd? 
 •c. preserved similar merSK S' ^^'.^^'^ ^nd the savages of Amet 
 
 se MS ^vS^^^— "^^^ »3 
 
 «meTnd"ob'il'i:.rS ^Sll VZ""'- '!^' ^^^ ^-- ^'- ravages ol 
 made soon after the inveSfonet ter« tZ n"! ^' ^""""« ^inTwai 
 m"Jts n7"pl"'"'" observations upon "rlk and fST""" '''^"'•^'"^ »he" 
 
 vej «""ous monument, of whcrareil7'«v. 'T'lr'" '^'P^^'^ tw! 
 ine early history of Greece • in/j thl „ •="?"»' 'e'ters, some records ol 
 "PontheCapitohTiemSesatSil ^^^^ "'^ '''* "«"«»'» feSred 
 of anna,, and historical re^o^iis^'^But S Z.;'''".'«'"'"'^«"-^«n» 
 became more civilized, and the varioLh!' i'"''*',^®*^'"* '"'"es, nations 
 tivatfid, persona employed themsfllv«j ^""'""^^f. "f literature were cu ' 
 contemDorarie«. or th7r anceSTnJ^' ?*''''^'"^ ^^^ a^^ons of t£ 
 proper fi,rm and character ArSth".^"""''^' by degrees assumed its 
 and after repeated essays prodSL h„' ^'""' ™"'''«" "^ »he arUrose' 
 
 phy.red«cedT,;toex^amX»"'He\?"'^K*''' P™««P'» oC \noral philoso. 
 je.,eral are truth of mX .nethoVS^d r;'"' "'^« '"*^'' "HiiSto yt 
 first property is necessary, to kefln n.?. '''?a"'«s« of expression. The 
 nons of falsehood, for h Jtory is « » «r ""^^''s'anding from the imposi 
 ular examples or induction?. ^f?h argument framed from manv nartr« 
 . measures l( life ihich w! ake frm.' T^^^^Z «™ "°t true? t Wose' 
 «n their consequences ThJ .1 T '''^"'' '^'" ^e false, and dec-eive n! 
 method becoShZTic the wonil or'^r""'?"'^ ''" »''« f^rmSr? o l?the 
 then the ideas which we re^e%« °' f '^'''"^."'«'''' of thought be obscure 
 not taught by them w»S In «I^/""'" ^ ""perfect, and if such wn «« 
 require! as tL foundation of tstorv To 'nf'" '"""• '''"''•^' K'efoJe'u 
 
 '^tR:^,; ^;rs-;£^u:vs;.iy? ""' <^'«p-^'io-ndp;^ 
 
 taut consideration To diTlTr '"r ^' •'"^'«'' *« the next imoor 
 ciou, writer on this .ubje" i," f, '"i" ."'^ P^P^r distinction, „y, 'a Sd* 
 
 iioi « of those affairs in the Paifnn world whi^i P'^'I^VP"" ^'e rela- 
 horiMn of tnt (luiiv miiy mmi-j J' , ".' '"'"llniii "rTOiiil. of ili... 
 
 11 
 
and 
 
 HISTORICAL. OHRONOLOGIOAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL. 2, 
 
 imou8, as well as all th^Zytie'^?AT«?^^^''",^^^^ ""'' '« '"^ff"-*"- 
 has ennobled mankind. '^"«'-of all that has debased, and all tba( 
 
 THE DIVISIONS OP HISTORY. 
 
 dia?nr^:::i/r^^^^ -'>J-ts. Hi.tonrn,ay b. 
 
 and Modern. ''arttcular; and with respect to time, into AncieZ 
 
 MoDBBK HisToRv commenceVfrom the ^110?^;'" ^™P""' '" ^''^ ^est 
 the present time. Ancient Hiitlrvi.lL^I 5* ^'"P"*' ""'^ extends to 
 theybW««,and the his^J^L TS^V.BvZt^^^^^ P"'!.' "^ "»««i 
 
 ompires, about 2000 years before the bir?t„f A'L^.^^T ^'^ 'ho first 
 
 years before cTrista,.derm„SSw!t"h^„';! •'''« J^""^'"'''" «f Rome, 753 
 of Rome is chosen for ZcZmen,rmtVt o^^^'''^ '''^« foundation 
 cause at that time the clouds whichTere ^11/ ™Portant division, be- - 
 hefifan to dissipate daily ; and rcau8rfhi.T-^°^"u'^« '"'"«"« Pag« 
 as an era for all the West nmi au,f Tr^''' '" ^^^ e"''. has servid 
 -ents us with the grandesr/eVo Intinn.^!^ T^°^ '^«/«'"' This age p,!^ 
 the entire destrucLn of theTssSn l^Z^'^^^'H ^''^' '" '''«''»"", 
 celebrated monarchies upon its ru J! iK pw'^ the foundation of three 
 the principal republics of Greece the astoniS^^' ^^^ establishment of 
 and .he success'ful cultivation J^ he fineirts ^'E'h" ^'^ '^^f'-'o^O". 
 IWO years. ""® •*"■• ' his division embraces 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE. 
 
 ma^e'mJStt^wJSt-ran'dSinrsrth? ^"'^ '^« ^"" 
 
 the V nl;:S":"" "^ "^""-^ '^•' '"'»»•« '™P«"«« c'rown,a„d 
 ^^5. The elevation of Rudolph oV Hapsbur,',o-the imp;rial 
 
 fl. The fall of the Empire of If,; Kasi .' .' 
 
 7. lhepfw;oofW.,Htphulia . 
 
 8. 1 u- peace of Utrecht . . 
 
 9 1 he French RovoluUon to the pre'sent time ! ! ; 
 . ""ST Picnion. — (47(5 f^oo \ 
 
 this ;i:;^:^cS;;? sn4,;;r;rer" ---'.ics of Eu^pe h«d 
 
 period, brought to the very vS „f £, 'hi ',""• '""""« ''"""• "^-mt that 
 barians from the norll,, whi.X.?r.d in L '" 1"""'!'""''''' ''-.sts of bar- 
 It in the year 47fl. Thn V n ,£ n HTl '/;.'""';.'" '''"^^'h, subdued 
 •drentumrs. These wcm 1, r V' ""'' "'" Aliins, wor«i tho firNi 
 
 of the Ro- 
 it embraces 
 
 A'D. AD. 
 
 476 to 800 
 • 800 " 9C« 
 
 068 " 1074 
 
 1074 '• 1973 
 
 1873 '• 1453 
 1453 '• 1648 
 1648 " 1713 
 1713 " 1789 
 1789 •• 
 
« fRELIMINAav OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 The Angels and the Saxon2 mS^ * "*'''' '""erdoin in Spain. 
 mans and 'f.atives, and formed Te HentarZ"'' "'' ^'•".^'» ''■«'" ''^^ R'>- 
 /rhe Huns established themsHves^n p *' "^ ?'*'''^" ''"'§^^"'n«- 
 the banks of the Danube. T hi Herul af^er'!!^!,'''' T^ "^" ^'«''"«"« on 
 ern empire, founded a state in Itah"Ui.^. '"^ '^^i''''"y«'^ ^''^ West- 
 being driven out bv the OstroJnth! V r'^ contmued but a short time 
 
 goths The greater pan o?1?;;s,;;ra'fS JdT ni'H'""^^"'" '^ "o«"- 
 Lombards, who formed it into a kiSom S "'"^e'' 'he power of the 
 raised, by them, to the empire of S SS" eiWovP^'ft"'" ""^ "^^''"""t 
 The exarchate bein? conouerpH iw pi. . ' ®"J"y«'l " but a short time 
 the Pope, which may be ?ropeHv^stvirdfhr^'''V"'"; ''''^"^' ^V him on 
 rffurof the Roman pontiffH^Vf fl e rearrml '''^ '''" '•'''"f^«'''l gra"" 
 bmation of church and state commencement of the com. 
 
 umed by the Franks, under th^Se 7iS;''''S ' "'"^' "' '«ngth, 
 first monarch; and under Cloves uTriJvpS:^. i^baramond was its 
 Pepm le Bref (tlie Short) exnelled in .hi? considerable eminence. 
 
 Turned '/'""'"""^ (cauid'?he 'm^oI , g'ia ; Tlnr'the'';!'^"'' "^^ '"« 
 sumed the government. His son, CharEiinP ""■''"^' ""^ as- 
 
 h 8 tm.e, retrieved the honour of France dTs?r«ll f '"'."'' ''""'^e «^ 
 
 co^.derabie empire, the Kast, 'ut of the ru.r'of' w/''? '^"""''^'i"" of a 
 greater part of the present existing mol'.Lchrs in'w'sI'en/'A^i^'"^^ '''' 
 
 rop?;'a^^urtt1rjrfi;j;^;- ^^^^^ powerful kingdom of Fu. 
 
 ants of the destroyers of LTcZir 7 "T/' ''^ ""«"'' ^'''^ '^^^^^^^^ 
 formed, were eclipsld by l he ,str3' his Lw" T. "'»"»'<^''ic.8, hardly , 
 fepam was subchied bv thn Sr.;.,,.! ""^ »ew kingdom. ' 
 
 Mcli<,ll„,r,l„i,| w.„B,|,i, bo»,.urnl™m,?v Ll„„„«i,8 anui.ig ,g„,„« 
 
 pire was transferred to the k n« of t," " ' '» fix-c^'ssors. The em- 
 fy civil and foreign warsin Zn •/ u' rn Inl' "''';" r" '"""^'^^d 
 HuriRanans, from Tartary, aimn Up. .1.. ? y- '" ""'>'= ^^''ile the 
 «..bd„od Italy, ^vhichhe,m,en^G rl V Ji^h'l"^^ ^^"'" »''« G""^"* 
 ami shewed u, a barbarous agj le t tS" of iL .'" '^'I^H'^^ "^ '"'P'^^r, 
 great legislator. ** '"'ems ol a hero and the wisdom of a 
 
 ''""»» PKRioD— (9(52—1074.) 
 
 -^.onrHU u. jonied the kingdom of i)ui 
 
HISTORICAL. CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL aj 
 
 gundy to his possessions ; and his son Hpnr« in „-i i i 
 gary. This empire arrived at a hLr lo-rpJ^ * '^^'l^'^ ^ P**" "^ "«» 
 brought into a state of decav bv iL i.?Sf "'^P°5?'?'"; but was soon altei 
 feudal government ^ ^ '*'^ miiuence of its nobles, and by the 
 
 J t sL^Sltata'J^^ between the Visigoth, 
 
 those two rival nations. ^ I France the '«r? '■''"'*'^ "'^ ^'^''''''P °» 
 posed^y the usurpation of Hug^Vcte^S^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 nuS'fhf S^earw^'tta^^ --^-^ "^ it under Ca- 
 
 the Confessor succeeded the Danish nrl.??'' V" '"''J"^^«' ^'^wara 
 Harold II., a virtuous p.uce slain hi C«'h w-.r'"' succeeded by 
 mandy.who madeaconquest of SlnnH if ,^^ ^''^^ "<" ^or- 
 
 e.tablished themselves ?n slJ^I^S^ tt^Z^Z^^^^S^ 
 
 of ISl^^rw^exteX^^^ '« ^"''^^'^^' °"--«^ -•hi"? 
 
 nierce. The other statL of Eurone d^,l nn, f""^ J^^^ extet.ding its com- 
 Heing at this per.od plugged hrrs^urliy'SdrbtuJ^ "'"P"""*' ^^«"^- 
 
 FOURTH PERIOD. — (1074—1173 ) 
 
 deJ'r';?rp'^!:r'trthVerpr;e'!Te«r '''^ P'i-.^r«"-'-d the gran- 
 emperor, fienry IV., agiL;7(4rm,,w r^'"^ ^"^•"' ""der the 
 the nictions of^he SlXa 7 ho nh^h i ''''^/''/'"''^«''^«"'««"'''ries; 
 popes, and the other of the emptor^ t^^^^^^^^ «<" tho 
 other. Frederic I. and FiodeTif. It inT ""'"""toly destroying each 
 of the empire; bu the lo.'se ^r liiZf^'T"^ lo uphold the majesty 
 were despoiled'of their pZeLrons a uH?"'^'"r"' '""?'" y'"''"'''' = they 
 empire was much weaknipd ht^h« i ''!'^''" '^'■"'" ^''^ ''"•one. The 
 
 of Its members tie Sorftv of the''n,H!J«^ "" ''"'^'■^' '^"^ '^'''"'"»» 
 iher aggrandizement. The CruJ^ies cmn^ f.^ f'*"" "'"""? "^ '^eir fur- 
 Syria and Palestine, wer^SnUv wrS a Part of Asia Minor, 
 
 banner of the cross was phued on Momu^ "'" 'f^ i"''''^''*' '"'^ the 
 crusaders established a kifSfin Je^Z L °'V- '" the meantime the 
 tion. It was during the ti.K he cru "£^1.^ (T,"' '^'''' ''"'•"- 
 pod o Its f..,nulation, passed to the Lat ^s M ' h . ' P *i'' *■'"''"■"' '"P* 
 of Nice, retook Consiantinonle 'r 1 p;.„=„ V « '>'«»'"&""' emperor 
 said, that 10 them wmoS ti.,, 1 •"/''''' ""^'b*^^' '» '''J-'Jl. It is 
 orders, and tournamems ^ "'" '"■'^'" "'^ "™»""' hearings, military 
 
 andCZS'^'fre 'k^ngnTSi'?! ?" ''"'--; ^'^^ «"-tian king, 
 tlu.n,.elves by their':onX;;'ov:r tt srSl's' ""' ''''''"' ''^'"''^' 
 
 ti.cc.!;s>;!';rt;h&SiS:ex^^ 
 
 The power of Knglnnd incre' S,l p mL; . '"V^ "' '"'"" *'"' '""""y 
 •ant, and. in com^umi^'^tuwvv^l^l^r^r, "'" '"'1'^ '"'^"•"« P"*«- 
 pnople, the royal author ty became nu e we,k 1 T''"/'''' ''*"8^ "'"' '^^ 
 was given to de.nocra.ical imSnZ ''""''""*"'• «"^ "^ Preponderance 
 
 H<.^^^ff::;^No:n^;K^-^,«'t.s.-?r^' 'rv ^'"«"-'- 
 
 Iho crown till 11<)4 It tli,..,, ,^,» ^i . king; and his family poKscsscd 
 Which house was IpiLoSli '.'^''^lilJt ':;tlZ, '"""' "' ""'--tauiren; 
 
 Of S;£sSr;o 1^'.^;;;;;; .;;:;|;;^ ^:];;'',?- "•. "-.t t,. i„nucnnc 
 
 R"-«ia groancl under tl n y ko .^ « "-/i" ;"''"»T"'' T'"""'; 
 «ons uro Poland. Huhen.ia' andlho islLSTr'^:!! •ll!"..:!:«l'«J:-?/: 
 
»l 
 
 PttELlMINARY OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 ! 1 1 
 
 hi 
 
 SX"" '°'""°' •" "''-^"•"^ • p" o"f r, ssn- Ji?: 
 
 „, FIFTH PERIOD. — (1273—1463 ) 
 
 drive the C^hibelines out of Italy and tfrJunuJfh.''r^ .'"'""'"' ^ff^'^' »« 
 1 he empire of Germany, confined ,„'t» '^e Greeks to the church, 
 changes. Its chaotic gov-ernmenrwa? rl. h""'!! '""''"• underwent some 
 and emperors of different hn,«!- ^ rendered somewhat more clp«r • 
 the deatS of Sigismund? Alberrn ZT.t'^^ °7T'^ '"*' 2ZeZl 
 
 ffiT' ''"^^ P«««e88ed the imperia? crovvn ^' " ^""''y* "^^'^ ««»^ 
 
 £^^r ^^^rS»^:y H^^ ^-t became mo. 
 
 begmning to be understood, which sfrl^" t„ ^rl"^"?" «"^ P^^^e «ero 
 
 the same time thrt kln^strfsont^*"'"'''!!" 2-^ «'« "^^^^^ he hela at 
 
 prowess, to the conditKfrhumhL"- ^'^"'" ^^^^ reduced, by h?, 
 redmd white rose,, (the fi ret as 1^. f. '"PP>'«^"> The faction^ of the 
 of Lancaster, and the latter fLtJ^P'^'T.^'^ ^'^ ^^e title of the ho. se 
 land with the blood o? iacfo h^\\'t'tiye"HoLr/fh'''"^?"? ^^^'^ "^ 
 
 Spam continued to enrich itsHf^i.htif *"/'''"' P""""- 
 notwithstanding the eS of the ^oan 5'/^"'"' "<■ '^e Saracens ; who, 
 southern parts In Portuo-al Ha^ Spaniards, were yet masters of all thp 
 extinct, a'nd an iUeSS prlncf iT^t'''"'"^*^^ ^'" "^"^y bec.^ 
 throne Sicily was taken by fwo?*"! """""^ ''P''''^ ««^^^^^^ f^^e 
 who also held the kingdom of N«n?lM^°"' ""^ ^^^ house of Anjou 
 
 Russia, (hitherto under the vokenf»}.« t . v 
 slavery and obscurity. !„ PolaJd .if/ ^"}^rB) was delivered from 
 manency. I„ Hungary, "he house nf a*?' '''^"''y hegan to have per 
 crown of which, as well as th^f nf u .'^"'"" """'"ted the throne- the 
 house of Austria. "' '^"^ °^ ^ohemui, soon al^er passed to thf 
 
 Othman, sultan of the Tnrira 
 great power under Mohammed 1 1' ^Th f n • '""""':hy. which arrived .o 
 Ptlt an end to the empireTf the EastCn *""'' <^«n«'«ntinople. anS 
 the capture of this fine city, was a rPflnJ^nr iT'"''',"^"''*' resulting from 
 West, which contributed to^J^^^l'Sj^^'J "^'n'rH '^''"" ^^^ «««' to U^ 
 pavng of prints, papermakinir pahiHnn^Tn ? . "^ "'® "'■'^'' Printing, en 
 
 iMr-" -- — ^™- =SJ -srfr ui;^;£i 
 
 apXSTik; H^i,Ti?p^,i^he taUn!£"''r""'^' poH«ossions. Rurop. 
 «imo on a bettor footing ^hJllil^iL^^A^iem'ST/J.Jl"'-''^" ''^'"'f «' ^'i^' 
 
 *i> •' 
 
11 
 
 HJSTOEICAL. CHEONOLOOICAL AND GIOGRAPHICAL 35 
 
 the Imperial Chamber andZlS Po. „Jf^ '""°" T*^^.' Maximilian I.j 
 giou« disputes brough oS a sSeSrif Z?^^^^'?'"*^- ^^e reli- 
 
 1566, and that of Westphalia ^ I'assau, the peace of 
 
 VII? r„7£S'li^ttenjl^^^^^^ ^•";T««' "y Charles 
 
 and those were followed by I'ntes^ZtS^J''"'^ l"?^^*.'!^'' *'»°»* ^^ "^ly 5 
 testants, which v<rerBSiSblthrr^^'''^-^^^}^^«^^^^^^^ 
 expulsion of the ProteSs fn S^pat, ^"tiZ "n^?"?"*"?'. «"f »»»« 
 were un ted. This monarchv fnnS' 1! i- 5?® Chi,at,an kmgdoms 
 Catholic, arrived atltszenUho^'iiZli^v^''^'"'!?^ ^" «"'"*'"«d the 
 lost a part of its splendour uXSj IH and pSSv"' ^^^'^"' ^u " 
 genius, valour or. resources ^ "'^'P ^^' P""««« without 
 
 It shook off in 1640, whenTe house of B.^i--^^'"'*^"^^ ''^'''^ 
 revolution, ascended the throne B^ganza, by an unexpected 
 
 England gained strength under Henrv Vli .n^ k«— 
 ime, more powerful under his succSr- .hi S."^.''®"*"'®? f""*"" ^'me to 
 its commerce, and particularly So durinr'tii 3"**°"; ^^ "" P*"'*=y »»«! 
 After the death of felizabeth James Vl^tfn ""V^S ^^ <»"««» Elizabeth. 
 English throne, and toS the title of jri«.^^i/? Scotland, ascended the 
 neither himself nor his suocesLs n^^^^^^ of Great Britain ; but 
 
 of that celebrated prin^ss * Possessed the genius or the activity 
 
 Italy was divided into many small stntpa t.,«„» « 
 centia, heretofore cities of tiie kiSL if iZ-i^ ^^' • "'i'"* *"'' *"'*• 
 
 nity of dukedoms. The orinces Tfi^.^L '^* ^"^ "^J^^"^ *° 'he dig 
 the arts and sciences by hTours and ewa"rds '"venfof^ the progress I 
 erable for its commerce than formlriJ .k^- ®""'® ^^' '«*» cons d. 
 abling other nations to partake St^A v* discovery of the compass en. 
 from navigation. Grnoa also 7^tlLT^^'''"^.'P ^^^ P™""* «"8*ng 
 . commerce from the same ciSse '^ '"""^ * considerable diminution ol 
 
 yoL^Xbeca":' tee?:i'&h''e"sK'^ ^' '"^^^ '^ '^^ ^P""-" 
 
 ed the hiatre of the nation Gulv „ aT\ ?'' ^^^'^ ''J"^^' "'^'o "•^'^eem. 
 its power by lis valour and S i ?^. ^'^»'{i''"8 added considerably to 
 face Iwan Basilowhz dntn^/K^^^^^ R"ssia also assumed a Sew 
 IwanBasilovWtz re.Ll,1odThe emoirT^'^h'^'";!' '''^ '«>••'"' an yokj! 
 ccnded the throne, and roie„,.pri '^hn.. ^^^ i"""? "'^ Romanof a«. 
 genius and per^eve anco of Kte" tht Gre .t X'"^ h^""""" ^^''''^ »»«' 
 
 tent .nd effeminate prrcerb.mm.^.^LiH'K'' ""","■" '"""I" »' '"* 
 
 wdied P.W., Of theTSrtrrr:JrATS™pi.cr "" "■* 
 
 -TK- .u: , SKVKNTH PERIOD.-(lfl48--1714.) 
 
48 
 
 PftELIMlNARY OBSBttVATlONS. 
 
 very powerful under Louis XIV • h.,» th^ 
 
 against Spain, Holland, and the mSire ^r-":' fTl^ °" ''^ *'»« P^nct. 
 
 Kingdom. '"® empire, exhausted the resources of the 
 
 Mcended .he throne of JwaiBritarn' £?„?"«*' "'"°' »f ""lover, 
 
 tee*,' '-'"'- '"• 'i"-^ eEoTor Bisri! :-So'^ti"r.fe 
 
 hshed again on the throne. James II abX.,S""wf?i:^''y *^«'-« estah. 
 ;of the United Provinces, was elec^rd La tlT ^' ^''l'""'' s'adtholder 
 the house of Hanover at the death of Anne '"'^ ^^^ succession of 
 
 thet^usro'f-SiJValTuSintetS^^^^^ P-- ^^ Utrecht. 
 At the same time the house of Savov nroStino h Tl^ \"''« countries 
 pe^e.^.^reased its possessions S^Z^^ ^i^^^^^X^S 
 
 4tr -S^Thet^^^^^^^^ f?r'- •'^eir indepen- 
 
 which drained them of theiVtreasures wfthn .? l.^"' ^''"^ ""^^^^^ *" ^vars 
 
 The republics of Switzerland and o/ VenirP ^nl^'"'"^'"^.'''^*'" Po^^*-' 
 sequence among the European sLteshJnhlrL'*^/*'''"*^ "» ^« "fless con- 
 tinued to be happy in its mo'untai' s tt laSr tran'nV^'" '^' ^'"^'' ««»' 
 
 Sweden, whose power was prodiVious u S^r ^h*^ ^T"^ *'« l'»'^««- 
 XII., lost much of its grandeur afiPP.hl "'"'^' ^^Ij^rles X. and Charles 
 
 Putowa. Russia becanfe a£t on a su^^ ^'''''' P''''^^ «' 
 
 ow„°a,ar"""" '"-"»« «t a„it,„^et' ;t .he"i;KVi' 
 weak and incapable as thomSehe". ° "'^ nianslor. allogelhe? a« 
 
 _, . EIGHTH PEBIOn (1714—1789) 
 
 ^^p^t:!i^&r:^!iS:^^^ mwa.. The 
 SeV;?tSr;&L;i^S^^ 
 
 reconcile the emperor and tL kr^oftahf ^m^ V ''"'"''' '"^^'^ '' 
 llie htigiish niul Dutch procured thP trcn v nf Vi„ ^ : TOmmenced war. 
 nn end to that calamity; but Tnewu-rr.^ '''""?• '" >731, which put 
 king of Polnnd. France dcchred Ir . ' '""T^"'"''' "" ^''^ ^'«'-lion of" 
 nated b, the peace of vlm, % Si^;;?' ^? ^ ^v^ '' ^^''"'•^ '"'"' 
 
 J '" ?° l"?i.' !''P"'*. "f t»'« elector of BaTr L „»- ^H -?'^'" '''"•«''""-• 
 
 --ra.irs,andti.=,---noftl.^^ 
 
HISTORICAL. CHKONOLOGICAL AND GEOGIIAPHICAL. 
 
 ;•/ 
 
 text for new disaffreemen , uT^ ^^''^^ *"^ *^'"ench soon found pre. 
 
 Pmssia took part ?v7rt2?LSh andTh.r'" ?i'^'^'^- ^Le Co/ 
 
 This war terrSinated mth i" ^tuJ of the En.l^^^^ '^' ^'•^"'''•' 
 
 eluded n 1763. In Ftalv thluL.W^ oi me l!.ngli8h, and peace was con- 
 
 cipal sway Savoy a^ss?sLdbvP-f"^'"« ^"^ ^""rbon had the prin 
 
 island of SardintrwU aS„ iS^„.^'^'^"''^'/"^'"«"'«'^ ''^ power: th» 
 
 came a despot. In Russia thP fm,r nrin„ '""^"^"^s of his people, and be. 
 «ince the de'ath of PeJe ' the G "eat Sere? t^^ ^""^ '^^'^ '^' '"'P'^' 
 pat genius who may be sty^jdft's foumW P ^"^ '""^'^^y "^ '^'^^ 
 
 Brandenburg received he ti^e of krn-^^-^^-'''^'.-^ "'"^^ ''^^ ^'«'''«'- "^ 
 and power tLer thfwt govenme^u of tS'l? h*'^^^'!•^' ""^ ^'•^"'^''"' 
 soplier, Frederic 11. B^'^ernnient ot that celebrated hero and philo 
 
 ae!,Lw"&.i^iV"MSapS'fn^ll^"'-^"S«^ '^'^ -«-" to hi, 
 against the Russians, and susSi fed g eit' oTes'' His'':''' ''' '''' ^^«« 
 IV. put an end to this unfortunate w-ir hv «Z . successor, Achmet 
 great sacrifices. "'"""»ate war by a peace, to gain which he made 
 
 threw^Ky'oJe't'd'dedaiTJr 'T'''' ''^"^ ''^<^ -""'her country 
 
 and Holland, 5a:3l„'Srtvt""': re"" t:?Tf"'- /'T'^ ^^ 
 was terminated by in 1783 bv a np^l' u ? .f ^ ^^'^^ °^ «'&h' years, it 
 
 as an independent^nation! ^ ^ ''"'' ""^^'^^y "'«J^ ^^«r« acknowledged 
 
 Thi- • J '"'''^" i'ERiOD.-( 1789— 1815.) 
 
 hapVerd'[;rXe:S;?o7d" ?AW^'f «' -volutions that eve. 
 despotism, threw off, i^it were in a'momplif t?''''\'^.'*^"^ habituated to 
 and their forefathers' for many ages ThS ^Uf" "X%f "P''" ^^«'^ 
 loined in the effort, but at le luMi VJon. a "'^' ^""'^ -^ VI., apparently 
 sion, prevaricated, and a? emS'tn flu "^ '^'"'""""'^ '^"'" «" "-y"'/^"' occa- 
 condemned and exec , ted lis m.^,' "l^ 7«« ««'==«^!.' ""ied, iniquitously 
 also under the guillotine ' The p^we'r "of FurnJ't, "^. ^ f '".'». «"ffere5 
 and the kin? of Pni««:.i /,/Ji ^ Vf . "^-"^Pe. headed by the emneror 
 spirit of F fnce. S ia 'urSbf 's '' '"^',1^''- '" ''^'^ '''« '-ovoIutTom ry 
 the Pope, and a varieJi nf n/ ' P'""' ""'"^' """'»•«'' Sardinia, Nap es 
 this waS 'added a pow Jfui' C^l ffi^f"' >'"^^»'>e cc.nfede'racjrto 
 war spread far and wide M^17, ^ nterior, and the flames of civil 
 thelaifd; notiiS^;. wl SYh'; cSXnr'^ horror stalked throu h 
 ev.ed numerous armies, a,, rcSmtd ZSd'"! h^''^" m « «°r''*"''^'"' 
 the country west of the Rhino i!„i. ."?!'''""» the Netherlands, and all 
 
 Te^e'f ;^^'""">' -« P-^^^^ to the Gallic repubi/^ 
 
 Several changes took p ace i„ the ffovornmpn. n 
 Kgypt: and. in his abse/.ce, F mcelSst Zat V.,.?"?.'^'"' conquered 
 He returned, and as;u„i„'l'fheaov*lnfltr ..!''.?. .^?."r««t8 in 
 

 28 
 
 PBELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 Buonaoartn was 
 
 eSd'rpt'o?o^ttS ^ — co^^enced. _.. , „„ 
 
 Pu^heTit'J^or^e^cTand '^^^^^^^^^ P^"" '* '''^ '" ^^e confederate war, 
 it made sevSrconquesTrnl^^^^^^^^^ t\«.n extent heretofore unknown 
 obliged their army to rvac;:trFJL»'""p''''''^ ***« ^™"«h "avy, and 
 Bhort duration. War aS cLmJ.fn ^ '^'^°«,"'a8 restored, but was of 
 throughout the nltKnd treSou^ Lffnn?'"^ '^^} ^''^^^^ "««'f 
 petuoflity and British vXirweJpfnr^f"' '^♦^'■® ""f^^' F^nch im- 
 peninsula. Russia was iSedbv an Jf^?', IT'^'J*'"^'^ '» ^^^ «P^"*«h 
 naparte but the invaders were u"er?ySSted'' S' ^^^^'''' «"°- 
 
 ...anticeiro^tsandsacriSSroJall^i?^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 o^rrrn^;^^^^^^^^^^^^ but Of recent 
 
 of giving dates to important even^rw««Ttn.,''°'"5"!.'"° '''"«' «' ^''en 
 vaiue of histoncal wnWs wfs f^^^^^ regarded: nay, after the 
 
 remained imperfect ;the^ most ancient htl!," •''"''^f^' Chronology long 
 periods they record unde^erSedmpnHn"*"' ^T^'"^ ^^^ P^^"^^ 
 and for centuries afterward? thL !l^/""«'"^'- ^nf Herodotus wrote, 
 into such parts as monthf \Sa 1,"k '■^^"'" distribution of time 
 
 clocks,d5a'r,oro?her"^\Vumems b'vrhth?hp^ "T f^ '^^''^^'^ »' 
 was subdivided. The divisions of t LT , i, ■ u^ P«'"Pe'»al current of time 
 
 logy, relate either t^ the dirrentm^fhLJ'^"'^ *" Chrono- 
 
 and years, or the remaSable e JL or /nn..i r '^ computing days, months, 
 its name, and by m^ns of whrch the d.i/n7" ""''''' ^"7 year receives 
 choice of these epochs is for 7lwmc «t Li k"*^ ^"^ ®''^"* '« "xcd, '/'he 
 its most remarkaEfe reSon as Se^/,;^H^"HT''^\'^I!^''^^ preferring 
 measurement of time Thug th/Gr.<fiS*''^ by which to regulate its 
 tion, their siege of Troy, t£ir 'rdval of P ' '^''' ^rgonautic cxpedi- 
 Olympic Games. The Sans LkmS r ^T'T '" Attica, and theii 
 but in their annals tLvX fre'S IT. ?f ^T^^''''''" «^ '''e'r city . 
 pointments and external conqSts Thp mnH '" t^'"" ^^""'^^^ «'^i' »p' 
 Creation; and the Christian" ?rom the mrt^n/n" \r.'''^^^" f''om tile 
 we count our years backward ErrU, .f k -^ "■"' Saviour. From this 
 to the present day. But U was nS till t ^^^Tl^Sof time, and forward 
 troduced; and even then the abl^^ r^L."' ^^^ °2^ '^'^^ *^'« P'^" ^^^ in- 
 his calculations: nor WM his prror1ti,n„r^''r; '"^^ '"''«"t«d i^' erred in 
 afterwards, when it wrjound o Je deTilf /"' "P^""'"'^'' "^ ^''^ ^^"'""cs 
 But as an alteration S a sjstl^n which h^i^'"'^'"*? 
 Europe, would have occasfS in^a cuiablP 1,1" "''"P^"'' ^V "^"^'>' «» 
 ecclesiastical affairs, the. error was hv-«i "conveniences in civu a:!'! 
 main, and we continue To /p, LI f' ^ Scno-nl consent, suffered to /.j. 
 which wants foirT^^^^ <« called the "vulgv.,i> 
 
 It cannot be deniedThaUherP ,rrn./'''^,'i"' p'"-isti«n epoch, 
 a correct Chronoirv- but s ilf thpr« ^^V'''*"^!"'''^ *" 'he way of fixing 
 tory eo,,clusion8"XiVe'\'o?ltl' events Zv'h? f'""" '"'''4 ««*'«f«^ 
 taming whether others occurred ."fore or ^aZ .if ™'^"' ^"^' ^^^ ««««'" 
 arrange the .nost remote transactions «?' 1 1 '^'"' 7® ""^^ *" general 
 the first view might have nppeareXnr ' fc °^ T'l'*"'-^ "'«' «" 
 observations, i^v ^.l,rlyof the ocliMes f.J *^ * '"■^' ^- Astronomical 
 "rith the calcu\tt,-r,j8 of thr years aT^" "' - ."" ' ""'*'"' «"'"''•"«<' 
 " ui ui. years and eras of particular nations. 2 The 
 
BI8T01UCAI,, OHao>.OI,08.0Al AND OEuOHAPHlOAL. j, 
 
 Anclem medal,, coi„,, moramei, "a"rilS.'""w'°h";rT^^ ■* 
 
 OEOORAPHIOAL SKETCH OP^THE WORLD AND ITS 
 
 c rcles. AlUirele, .re Jn.idereTKSib' ',„' aCaudlm'cS 
 -Tf. V ' ?^ "* ?w<irfr«n< (or quarter of a circle) 90o. ' ° 
 
 The £j,;,/.c •• 30 railed, because. dlLLsJrVfh:^..!:'^. ^ , 
 
 . ^ - . .,, ,,.,„j.,, vail 
 

 fi 
 
 * PHKLIMINAttY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 dtcA%%etrTe«;Ii^.XV:^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^ Thi, circle .s 
 
 greater number of problems ^'''' ^^^ Purpose of performing a 
 
 tquator; which is about 23- 3o'from fh^ 1. f'^'''^"' ^'f^""''"« '"'«'" »he 
 the sun is opposite to one of the t op ca JhZ'i^n' ?" T'' '"'*• ^hen 
 the corresponding pole as he trodnT^'/mT.? "P'" '"^^ "'^ ^« '"'»'• f^otn 
 more than twenty-four hours Si Vu t ^^ ^''"'i^'"' """ ''^'^ «"» <"«' 
 to the poles, but never S anv nJf. f .''.^ *^?'^ ^'''^ ^^^'y P"" nearei 
 this peculiaWly, a c.rc e js dSfi on'it'JT L'iT?-. '^'" P^'"^ «"' 
 One of these Polar CtrclelisS^fl^ ? ? "he, 231° from each pole 
 .ufyi.|^,the..M,andtht;vV^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 no/e''t^hot";atVb1 ;'e rhe^ st^rfe '^^f^^^^^^^ ^' girdles) de- 
 Thus between the poerandDXrrH«''P"' ,''''■'"" ''^'""'^ d^«"ibed. 
 tween the two frijrid zones ■mSihJ .rl " ^''^ ''^ *^" ''"J'^*'' z«''es. be- 
 and between the^two t oLs he US -•"' ' " '''" '''''"P'^''"« ^""es, 
 from the temperature of the al.tS2e"^ '^'"''"^' '^'^'^^ appellation; 
 
 by tS Sbt of detre:;: i;^c 'ts i;nf'ir ^^"•-•'"r- ^^ •« ■— -> 
 
 place and the equatoT; and* cilo A' yf »''« '"""'^'^n- between the 
 place is north or\,uth'of the equalor *"" •^""'^' «'-''^«'ding as the 
 
 , ^mrf,an,, or circles of irAe^eo.-^ 
 
 Jay; because, as the earth nZs one. oml. '''''^ ?""' '""•"^"'*' '"■ '"i'^- 
 ax.s in twenty.fourhourreJLrDmo i « LT*''"''"" •""""'' '''' »^^" 
 of that time be directly opnJsUe tS t L «,> 'vf ''''*' '""f* "' ^^^ '^o''^^" 
 point, will appear at its creSst al h.r A -'"^ ^1""' "'«'-'^''"«'-o, at that 
 mid-day or nl>in. greatest altitude, or, m other words, it will bf 
 
 Divisions or the Earth. 
 
 and America. But a morsdnuL Ll hnr' "^ ''"'"P"' ^«'"' ^'"'-ica, 
 adopted : and the chief cmS;i'hviT.ni ft!! '"" r.'!'" ^"" *f""^''-""y 
 thus enumerated: i;«r<7L lT!iV J' ^''^y'^ H " ear h's surface are novi 
 and Polynesxa. Of ih est: Fnm.^ a'«^ T'^ ?""''' f '"■'■"^''' ^"•"'•«/'«. 
 Hemisp(;ere,(«rtho d Wor, '• aT^^^ ^/''VIV '^^"•'" "'•-' l^'sten 
 
 ^vhich. fn.n/ilH „.,t be n J , w Vt^ ,m ^^^^ .? "-'^'r" "•;"'i«Pl'"n., 
 •>entury. ks called the Ncfw World A 1 1 I; i, . ''" .'i'"'*'' "'^ ''"-• '^H, 
 gioM called New-HollHu,!. t, Ji .' will nJw/ "''';' "'f' «"'f"'«ivo re 
 and ''oiyiieHiaconu)reluM.,]8 111 nm«.. .„ ''''r' ",'"' "djn''t''il isles, 
 
 islands {n the Pa-nHc ().„,; ', /Z^ 
 
 and fron. New-C^umea to S c^'asTo/Vnu'lS''' '" '"" '''""''^'"" '«'"""- 
 
 i-odiuK from il n L To ,h ' *^. ' ""' ""' "'"' '" ''"'"« P'"^'^'". ""d n - 
 of m,X.y islnnd;!;;;;;;,; ;„t' . f. 7 J,^7/- y'';"""«d the formation 
 ocean which ha« been amu^rhi ed is hm m r . tf"'"^,''«l '"'Ptliof the 
 i" oslnnaled ..i about aoo at "is N ^ I. '^"'.''''""" "« '"^•'"> <l«'ptl. 
 but the saltness ecms-Jenibly'SSui . ^ l^C'';!;;-;.^- -•«. 
 
 I'bo Pa.^. (,.„„. whic/cov^s^..:;!^ :;:."Li!j :^'r'StS';S: 
 
msTOEiOAi, CBaoKotoaiOAi;, asd oeoobaphioai a, 
 
 between Europe and Africa on the ms n,»i a„ . ^"« ^'[""''c Ocean lies 
 
 progress at the present Sent we kno J th„f H ?^ ocmned, or are in 
 
 who presumes to narraWern XmI T ^""l"^^" ^"'^ "'^«^ery one 
 ''^Th 'S -^'-t'Ce -\a "e^sucSed" "'^ ^^" '^^''^ «"'^— «^ 
 
 wasa;itetrtin?d'':.7d"Tnm^^^^ 
 
 under an impression tFai such was ev'i?^^^ fh^'^r" "'^•" )""« P'""""^^ 
 
 ly. come w.^hin oirprotlnee to «o"ce ' """"''''' ""'^ ^'"'^'' consequent 
 
 we have writte /Z,5i,r/rrJ fi^hT"''^ 1" "''"i'' ^•"•'^«- '''»'• i>'«"i 'c« 
 Imve found it e s3r« w^St";, zl^^^^^ "'^^^'^ orthography ; but wa 
 AAan. The name of AfXml/ nr m€ ""; ^'"^'\' ^^""'' «"J •'"•^Am 
 each has its »<ro"a"LXS\;Lfn^':;:;T"''' " ^"l'"'i ''""' ^vays/and 
 thelattermethod/ S.yXr S ^^o th.nk, is in favour of 
 
 none are so many var • on. ? h„ r *^ ''■ ^ "^"T"' ''*' '"eiUioned j but in 
 also happn. ilmuhlM •« "" '" '^° ^'""«''" """•"''• H mav 
 
 mor,. ful y th u n 'ce hZ in U llu!!.r7'""'^ "'"^ "''i'"" '" ''« 8* voh 
 necessity of avoii,,L ILLrJl '^ an<! r.c. t-cMa. 'I'he 
 
I 
 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 INTROODCTORY OUTIINE SKETCH 
 
 or 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE ANTKDILUVIAII WORLD, 
 
 prejudices, it tends to\rnXn our abhoi«n?/nf v? "^ T'^ '"''"* ''"'^ 
 ournblo ambition for the Snment of tnT^ . ^*°V"*^,.r"*«'« «" ''«"- 
 If considered as a mere 8ou.^« nf ,„h ? e'^<"'*"««« ""^ "olid glory. Nny, 
 found infinitery BupS to X exf mvnZfTr™''^' "'''^'^^y ^"' ««11 £ 
 torted picturoH of fivinJmLnl £ K flT ,°^ ''"•"l"*'^' "' ^^e dis- 
 ever polished their stK m.nint thi t "*'"/."' ?':T' "*'*''«'«'' '•»«^- 
 debilitated and the hea^t to! TCltZi!:r"'''' ""' '"*"""'^* '" '^'''l"^"*'^ 
 
 no^slt w^rAf huS^^^^^^ 2 -•"*- of poetical fable: 
 
 superstition that prevdl Jin romo'^^-- * '"""'"'"• *"' *" "'" »'"•"■"' 
 leeUon for .narvelLs and wl"d nrration ' 'f """ T ^' "'«^'"'" <'''« l'^"<^'- 
 that the first transactionrormen worl bold In 1^''"' ^'*"'^ "•"*'' ^»"«" ""^^ 
 being moro ,o astonish their froVj^reaturoMr H ''''?*^""h;"'''''" ""'''»*'«" 
 and the difficulties they could overeom. l.nnl ^ ""*'"?'"' "*^^''«^^ ''««'»"•. 
 plnn of public utility. overcome, than by any raUonol and extenrivH 
 
 deSt"tKrjiirrn5 ttrw^r.r"'"''"'" '^^'^"'- ^" ^'••'» ^ 
 
 the tin,es in which we lim and which hav«rHl " Tt'T'^ """"^'^Hon with 
 ernment and constitutior;f our countrv if r f "r"® "P"" «'« pv. 
 political intrigue, tlie artifices of .uT. ^" * ."" '/''l" "'<' ««"«* wheef. of 
 Interest whiciT « i V( nnfioll S "'"•,''" ^""r "omplloatlon. of 
 l)oforo us fho oaus^SccSSmrrf' .iV^^ f* the s««,e time It lays 
 
 nmplos whicli come lioine t ?»,?» i . 'i?^^ ""^•"'Z"' "^'''^ "'''fi"'' "« by ex. 
 
 expatiating on tTio rein vrna-S. S „. nf „? T" "f "'" r"«''<'r'» time In 
 that sufHofent hns been «dd tTbducI h n » /'"^ '""•'""' '''"'"^y '• ^"""^"ff 
 
r 
 
 J4 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTORY 
 
 mfah?fc il "T^^'T '^'8^"^' '^*'^« " "°* P™^»*'1« 'f'at its entire oirission 
 ^«*.Hn«®''""'"'^K*^''" unnecessary deviation from an almost universal 
 Sn?' '""""""h as ,1 has been sanctioned by the example of the m"J 
 Ss « ikp", n" ^^""7«"» «"d modern limes. On these and other q"eb 
 tions, ahke uncertam, the most opposite opinions have been promulffateA- 
 and the most irreconcilable hypotheses advanced in their 8^5? we 
 Hhall, however, not stop to inquire into the relative merits of the varioTia 
 
 lttil^r.fri-!'^''T "^^''^ ^^'' '^ '""ff «''^ «« uselessly occupiejr 
 attention of philosophers, naturalists, and theologians. 
 aJv!^ ^^- u "•?^e'"go«ie many violent revolutions, no possible 
 doubt can exist m the mind of any one who has paid even he most sii 
 perficial attention to the discoveries in geological science duriLfSe lasi 
 and present centuries, but the mighty Jrocels by wh"ch ou" flobe was 
 
 dXsf^pS'^'r ""^'"''y 'l"'^" as Snfathoma^ble now as i' ^as inZ 
 
 darkest periods of human existence. Let us, then, be content with tv.., 
 
 sublime exordium of the great Jewish lawgi;erT and^we shal 3 tha 
 
 he account he gives of the creation, though eloquently brief, is nei heral 
 
 legorical nor mystical, but corresponds, in its b3ld outline with 1 phe 
 
 thilT,''- '"^' .« exh bited to us fn the great book of nature I is ^rue 
 
 hat there is nothing in the writings of Moses either calculated or intended 
 
 o satisfy curiosity ; his object was simply to declare that the whoie was 
 
 he work of an Almighty architect, who as the Creator and So™L of 
 
 the Universe, was alone to be worshipped. o"vt,rcign oi 
 
 With regard to the primitive condition of mankind, two very ooDosite 
 
 nS nnK • l? ° • '^'•'^ ^^'^ '"^''■^^'' barbarism. The former of these is found 
 not only m the inspired writings of the Jews, but in the books esteemed 
 sacred ly various oriental nations, as the Chinese, Indians. Persons Ba- 
 ovlon.ans, and Egyptians. The latter began their history 'with dynasties 
 
 hlv^.? d?.H^ ^'''""'' ^^° ^r ''^^ '« »'«^« """""^d iSn ormVand to 
 have dwelt amons men. The golden age of the Hindoos, and their nu 
 
 Zr tfvr'"'?/''*" -^^^I- «'•« fi<=tio»« »f a similar chara^te" as well il 
 
 v« fi. H '■"^''' dynasties descended from the sun and moon, with which 
 
 thP S.r TT^""^? couu-Klence in the traditioi.H of Peru. According to 
 
 i.^.nl„ ?•"",'' Hf ''u '""'I """^^ ^"« '''■'^'"^"y »n ">e lowest state of ' 
 culture ; and gradually, but slowly, attained perfection. It is in vain, how- 
 
 r^nHnn «r h'° m""" •" u*" t™^'"«»»T ^nles of antiquity ; for with the ex- 
 ception of the Mosaic history, as contained in the first six chapters o( 
 Wenesis, wo can find none which does not either abound with thegrossest 
 absurdities, or lead us into absolute darkness. * 
 
 -.,!!^;*""T"*'^'"'"**r "ii^ Anqnetil, "have amplified by their reveries the 
 Himple, natural, and affecting narrative of Moses. That historian has in- 
 IhI „ir;J" « *^,*^,w"f''"' ^''''L' was the origin of various customs and 
 ll«L i\ " ' ?'"'''"^ "\« "»,"'«? «f 'heir inventors. Lamech, the son of Cain, 
 pave the first example of polygamy. Cain himself, built the first city, an. 
 mtrodm-ed weights and measures. One of his grandsons ' was the father 
 S.,.«'T„hMP ."!/""".' »?^ «f.«"9'' «« ''»v« cattle.' Jubal invented 
 n- mil V k''^/''*'"^''"'^^ forging iron, and casting brass;, niid a female 
 named Niiamah, those of spinning and weaving." 
 
 rhat the antediluvians led a pastoral and agricultural life, forming one 
 
 Llli?'.'.'""'""'*^' .""i'''''''^ ""y "•■ "'«"« '"^'«'"'"' "'»" different natitms 
 which have since taken ,)lace, seems fully evident. Hut the most male- 
 rial part of their history is, Hint having once began to transgress the divine 
 roinmands, they followed the allurement, of passion and sensuality, and 
 
 Er'!"^*":";**'"'r.'"^ *"■''•"'»««''' *'"'*t '*'"8''' th« universal cor- 
 niption and impiety of the world had reached its zenith, and the Alinightv 
 Creator revealed to Noah his purpose of destroying ihn whole human racf 
 t'xcppt himself and Ins family, by a general deluge j commanding him to 
 
OUTLINE SKETOU OP GKNKKAL HI8TOKT. , 35 
 
 fmfCingYu^mlS^wd^^^^^^^^ «f the ju.t fro™' the 
 
 ^uio their ieveral "peder '*'*''*""' °*^ •'"™*'« ''««'*'«'l to repro- 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 FROM THK BKLUGE TO THE SETTLEMENT OF THE JEWS IN CANAAK. 
 
 Siad^'SiVKn'^lffS:^^^^^^^ " ''"'"''^•J -d fifty day,. .„d 
 
 dove with an olive bmn^r;. ^Uie l^d SarfT 9«"vinced by the returJ of « 
 this great event took place wa , acVoTdint Jo £'" '"'''^'^' '^^^ ""^^ ^'hen 
 1666ih year of .he world ; tZXoO^e lteVhL«7'"°" •^TP^'""' '" ">« 
 chronoiogists. Many oth^r nations nthS mi "I "'"^T^ ''^ *««■«'«"» 
 nnrrate circumstances attendinff a JasJinunZLn^'*' P"""' ?^ '*'«''" ''''^'"ry. 
 in thoir essential particulars c.frrespoJdwith/h"' °'."!"^r"' ''^'»««' ^hich 
 supposed to owe their origin to i " 'f S" cffielS, I^'^'k ™' *"*=°""t' ""^^ "a 
 in which ail mankind was destroyed excen S.J '"''*°J' l""'^"'*"' «J«J"g«. 
 cording to the traditionary historv of th« K„ t u"""^ .*"*' '"« ''""'"y- Ac 
 all perished by a flood exceTDLcaSn and hV''%'"^^^ of the earth 
 
 doos it is believed U.at a similar catesrr'nnha ^'^^'y^ha. By the Hin- 
 Satynvrata, with seven palr'Ss walTrSrv !f ?"'"'"'1:-''"'' ""*' *«'' king, 
 destruction. Even the AmVr can'ln2n^» h ^'' '"." ?'''P ^"""^ ^^^ ""'venl 
 and a renewal of theJiumaTrTcrfrom rirn'r'r''''''?".?^ "^ "'•»"" 'l«J»ge 
 accounts being uns« ported by h S^ evfrn r.^°"' ''l^^V^'"'^' «"' 'hew 
 occunationof the re&s fim^e to comment .^' L"'""'''^'' "" unprofitable 
 merely observe, that many inMnim.. .hi • ?" "'""'• ^» «*">" therefore 
 distinguished men i..Tho"?Xrurs toTcoi^rr "^'^-^'"^ "'« ""«""°" " 
 phe. The Mosiac account simjly "ells us th-^.h*''" ■^\' ""'versal catastro- 
 opened and the fountains of the Jenn LI' k 1 ^"^ "'"«'ow» of heaven were 
 decreased the waters returned from Sfffu" ^/""^Z 'JP' '""^ ""at a, the flood 
 nothing unnatural in thi" geoloSueience'furn h'' '"'h '^^''^ '^'''i» 
 short, aistinct proofs of the del3 „rp ?i ? r ^ ?^''\'""P'° evidence; in 
 regular strata, and in the phenomer I ^T"^*^ I" the dislocations of the 
 which can only bo attriblSt Z rjenci'^ ll.l''' """''"' *J«P-'ti""«- 
 ing over and disorganizing the surLTJ fhe e«". «^«'y^''«'-e flow 
 
 Japhet, with t1,eir wives ; i„ a ,0 gh' persons ' W? ''°"'''. ^J'*""' ""'"• ""^ 
 arii rested on mount Aramt (in aS iaV h.?» ;„l.Th "v 'u"'^"'''"^^ that the 
 mamod loner i„ ,h,u neighbaurhnoiW be /if . ^'"" ^'^^ "'"' ''^^ ««"« re- 
 learn Ihut the greatest portion ? .L h ' '" conjecture. We morolv 
 
 "sHombled on tf.o pl"in/o 8^ 1 ''^^"LTeV"^''"'"! •'■"« "'^-^•«« 
 
 tive «,Ir.aki;;i; siif™!';; C sr i^^p^Sv 'J" "'°'"' '^■^''-^- 
 
 miracle, for the -nk.Ton in:;.:; ^ ."£ f,'"' "1 "" i'- ''«■-' "^ " 
 «huckford cornea U> the rollowi?rS::,' ^SLt "'l"// Si"'"' P'- 
 
 i 
 
36 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTOftY. 
 
 gradually, and in time greTto suchlhS^t T / ^^^'""*ng«' increasinjj 
 
 ihe face of the earth. When thP«P mJn ^ ' ^"i** ^<'*"«'' mankind ovei 
 
 , hut few; and very DrobaWv i?Jh .1 T" •*'^'?*' ^"* *» Babel, thev were 
 
 oadingmen in each family fnventinff net wnl^^^ from some 
 
 each them to those under tLTdkecLr VsTn a l1?ft t" ^^^^^^ »« 
 
 three famihes from one another Fw the «onJ^ ^fr^V^^i^ 
 novel mventions of a sonof Janhet- th« «««.«? u"*^ ^^S}^^^ affecting the 
 son of Ham ; and the sons of Shem sneaS th^n™ '*'*^^i"» ^h««« ^^ ^ 
 Shem; a confusion would necessarilvSe inS th«7».''°'',^' °^ » ««" of 
 part; the instructors leadinff offlllBlch^!'J^^ the three families would 
 arities of speech. This mifht be he SJs? ste^f.L"'*' -'^^ '" '^eir oeculi- 
 mankind: they might at firft hr^air inf« !l ^ ^^^^^ "* '^e dispersion of 
 this was donefnew^Sifflncls^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 •contmued to divide and subdivide amonfhpmi*^' ®**''? °^ '^« '"^'nilies 
 
 a- their numbers increaseKndLranddfc' ' ™' *"" *'"'«• 
 opportunities offered; until at lenJh?h«ri*"' occasions arose, and 
 
 fi^m each family, severa^atls Sled S^r Z P''*"''.^!" 'he world, 
 whom Moses has given us aSSfaloine Thil T h'^^-^'^u'^'" ?«••««"« «' 
 ^« «"" form of the%onfu8ion and dfvSon of ma. k n'j " ?V"'y ""''«" 
 probable account of their being so dTpersed in^ifi '^' Tif''''' *'"" 8'^« « 
 erally settled accordinjr to their fa m^!P„. i .u ^^^ '*°'"*^' «« to be gen- 
 
 the7aShts3.^?hrS^^^^^ '^'-.-e «" the nations o, 
 
 axad, Lud, and Aram. Elam seu"ed in Pe^r'"'i5""l^l«'^"'-' ^rph- 
 father of that mishtv nation .f},„H»! ^ . ""?' ^^^ he became the 
 and Arphaxad seffl .n Chaldea To thl"'f? ^f^sshar peopled A^syr a 
 aigned Lydia; and Aram is belfevp J^n k ^^•"''y «f LuJ is generally as: 
 Syria, ihe children of Ham were Cush wS^'f ^ in Mesopotamia and 
 The descendants of Cush are sunnosed to 'h^vT'™* '^'l"i' »"^ Canaan, 
 east of Babylonia, afterwards caldKhusestan to "tr*^ ^'T *^« «""'»" 
 Arabia; from whence they by degrees Si»»:i^ /''^5"''^'■" Pa^s ot 
 peopled Egypt, Ethiopia, Lybm, a'fd the resfof th« "i"* .f ""''• '^'^r^'"' 
 same continent. No Mni-ul(irVnn„t;,f . i *"® northern parts of the 
 is believed to have setffe^somewK ;» Arnta ' n''''«"'^ ''^ P'»'»' ^^' 
 "««", i" generally allowed to h^ve seSed t Ph'rTn' • ^""'•. ""' <-'«■ 
 founded tliose nations who inhXt aH i,.^ Phosnicia ; and to have 
 
 subsequently exterZare7b; tt iei "' '"'^ *'™ ''•^'' '»>« "O"* P«r« 
 
 soX^iSili'rtrLttefnJe^^^^ 
 
 but that his^evcn sons werrafterrrdsTB I if n?" T'^'^'T "'' »»»'«'. 
 reason to believe. Their mmeH ZZ n ^x"m^ '"*"""'" "'ere is good 
 bal, Mesliech, and Tlra^ ffmer a^cordSTA t^^^^i' '^"'^"'' •'«^»"^J" 
 of Ihe Gomerites or Celtes viz of aii * *^ fo'ephus, was tlie fathoi 
 northern parts of I-hirope iindef'tlm nn "'« "'^•"'"s who inhabited the 
 *c., and ko also m 2m ' Ju SpaS" wZr''/ i?'"'"' C'"'^"i«n«. Goths, 
 nans. Fmm ^^lgog,^fo8hec aiKi.nT nL '''7,"'f'' « called Celiibo' 
 matians, and TarlarS; from Madii Java^,' LTr'*"^ ! '" ffy'bians, Sar. 
 Greeks, and Thracians. ' ^''"' """^ ^'""'' "'e Medes, lonian« 
 
 NiL^tliTof't'ionnrrfsh t/"!:'"\"' government began early 
 while the rest are su'MK,'ed Air2ntZT^\^"'« otBnltylJn, 
 The .acred historian Vays ''SmrrbWa, nlf?"'' Pk"."" "^ ^'"«^'« 
 ^""'-a mighty hunter before tJ ™d "'^ He . ,Ji"'J*''^""? '" ""> 
 caie.. but wU he be,un hi. reign.'lL- loIVKi^nir^^r^ 
 
 i' 
 
0LTLINJ5 SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTORY 37 
 
 BeTus and he ftfunrt^nf .h^Tl^,^'^ i!"^^'"«^ »'™ ^-^ ^e the san.e wi.h 
 jueius, ann tne lounrter of Ihe Babylonish emp re: others with Nimis tho 
 
 eZt"" "Jis%m'bvA..S!'''T' f^T"^' '^« ?S Of' the'^ZsyV an 
 Reser'aJd rSL?^ «f ♦k''''w''*'^° ^°,""''««' t"'" o'her cities, called 
 Ahmu .ho Rehoboth. of the situation of which we are now ionorant 
 
 oVrar.rol'm a?d"So',Sh: tc'rinlhl'tiro^^^^ 
 
 reasonable to suppose that the natS„rovLrwhLrt4''^LUed S^^^^ fo 
 
 some time existed : for, as the learned and pious Bossuet remarks ^' we 
 
 r;de7;L"'tt;'5o?T.s^^^^^ 
 
 iLn^tJA.:'-^ J Ignorance: experience instructs it -and arts aw 
 
 themselves. Thus oriffinated the int^nlL»/e 1 '^^^ u*"?®* signalized 
 afterwards against thei?Sw creatureJ^V*" "^ ^""•' *»»"''» •"«» »"'"«d 
 
 the^/radit^nSSEXT^^^^^^^^ ^ 'T'' I' '»>^ ™'^™'-» <>' 
 
 This event was attend J^'J^^k ! establishment in the land of Canaan. 
 
 The seTtLeS of"the JewT S t'he'ffl'o? r^-f '"^'^ '' "^^ ^^^P"''™'- 
 happened about 1491 B.O For neariv55ovL?/Lf"/^^^ '*» '"»'^« 
 
 authentic accountof any otiSsThJirtLt^^^^^^^^ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE TABVLOV, A«D HEROIC AOKH, TO THE INSTITUTION Or TH. 
 OLYMPIC GAMES. 
 
 rapidly emCes Lm obscuZ „^H I'er army had been engulfed. Gr^cJ 
 of that%nterpKn7^nd mart iuSSt Z^H^'i^r '"'''^"" "«"' *»•« ''«"««'^« 
 
38 
 
 OVTtXKE SKETCH OiT GENERAL HI8T0EV. 
 
 countrymen into Italy • anrf fm™ ,^. . 
 
 mmmmmm 
 
 temple of God »w?/°"°^^'^' »''»» «t"Pendous anH p-m -^"'^ P^^'^^" 
 
 conquest of the Pelnnnnn ^^^"^ "''""^ ^00 b.c. name v \t -"P^- * ^^'^ 
 cules Of .t^.„ '^'^'"PO'inesup by the Hpran .vi™ J^ "'^ invasion and 
 
 ■Iiorofore, mSoK rem„W' P'?,"' '" H'e body "nhe'^oV" 'P""!! "' 
 
 llyoen.. "=^°"' *«■»■ "--J.™, o, Sp.rirM'^L,Kradr.''.S 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 '"ROM IKE maTITUTION or THK ottm„. 
 
 ♦arm tails Tubulous o'lds, and tl«« 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HfSTOaY. 39 
 
 ftytjir^ame^th^^^^^^^^ /« \?e continuance of 
 
 history, but that of othe^naS • f^ I'^'i"^^^^^^^ ""^^ i^e writing of their 
 vears; the chronology of eve?vimnnrf«ntf'' ?'?'"?•»'' poasisted of four 
 by referring it to i?8^1?mn^a7 ?K?i ''^"'.^'''*'"«!"''"^'^«Wy fixed 
 ligation of the GrecLu Ses andTo tL IT'f ^^ '^''"'^ »" 'he civi- 
 
 arts. At this perioi RomeTwhiSh^^^^^^ ?ne dfv'tJh" h '"'"^ ""^ '^' P^"'^ 
 world, arose : its foundation bS Sd hv Rn^^ ^ V'^ "if ''"^"^ o*" «'« 
 fore the commencement of ?he Christian er^a Portv%^^^ ^^^ ^T'' ^'^ 
 Spartan state was remodelled and rpppiv^f^ -forty-three years after, the 
 
 which alike contributed rthrrenor. of Im^h'^y*'"/^ "»°«« 1««^« 
 observed them. renown of him who made and they who 
 
 cel^: llXfi'S ttf'tL'Slrrr tlV'^r^'''^ '" ^''^ ^«"--« 
 pled, or inhabited by unknown and harh^rn ^ !^"™P® ^^""^ *h*"Jy Peo- 
 or Celtic tribes, had posSon of Fratr«nH"«''°"^ The Gomerians, 
 into a number of pettrstates amonJ»hf„^"l^??'"- ^**'y "^«s divided 
 come formidable, hSVenlar'ffeZhlir Ho^^- •''^ \°""'"« ^'"^ ^''^^dy be- 
 oral cities taken from fherSbSs FnrZ' ^7 '^^ ^^'^'^^'^ "^ ««v- 
 Greece were t^^se of Athens and Sn«rf; ^"•^^'"ost among the states of 
 stitutious of Lycurgus had reiSred^^he i?^'*'"' '■*'*''^'''«' °f 'he in- 
 former were enriching themse ves bv ^vtlt^L^'T '" ^*'" ' ""^'^^ 'he 
 Thebes, Argos, and Arcadia wJrn tL^^l^^*""^ and commerce. Corinth, 
 The sceptreorOabyTon wLs at th?/.im»" «'«'^?/>f «"»«' consideration 
 whom the kingdom Judea was toSlv n ^^ m ^^ Nebuchadnezzar, by 
 toniple burned to the ground ?n The fillowTnrj''"*'"''^' ^^'^ "•^•' ""^^ its 
 inoirshed the city of Tyre desnoried Pavn? ^^""a "f *''° '""'^ and da- 
 conquests both fn the ea^ and Test thK^ 5^'^ ™ade such prodigious 
 the worid wiih awe- till at ipn^h i • • ''*™® °^ '"s victories filled 
 
 Palestine, Syria, BabyloLliedSirP'''^ comprehended PhcBnicfa. 
 
 object of his^ride an^d ambitTo„ Ja^ 'o J^'der hi? "'^ • "f ^ ^^ ^'•«^' 
 ample gorgeous ; nor can wp ^An^^! to render hi* capital bsyond all ex- 
 
 by LrSdolus, at "l? nc "edTble. w e^we^r^^^^ of that cit^, as related 
 resources of his mighty emDire xviTZJ T""^^' '^^^ '^^ strength and 
 
 The next important eveTthar^rr-nr-i?"^'?:'^"^'*" ^^^ Pn'-pose. 
 by the misconduct of Evitme^'«?^"SrH ^^^ "-^rJ^'ion occasioned 
 provocation, wantonly attaXd and be^«n to r^^*"' ' '^"' '''''"' ^''^''o"' 
 country of the Medes. ThisnroSpST- PJ""*^^' «"d 'ay waste the 
 extended over all Media a^^d7ersL'n'«"'M''j'**^ revolt, wtiich quickly 
 and his son Cyaxeres cirove back he intruder and hli Sn^"'' '^^ ^l'W» 
 slaughter; nor docs it appear that the n«hv?nni? '^""'''^T "'"h great 
 warJs able to reduce them to 8ubieptl,„ % "'"^ tnonarch was after- 
 when the brilliant career of Cvrus E-nH ^^^ """^^ ''"'"^ '0 the period 
 ized himself in various wL.mTr a «T^^ ","•'' "°''*''*'- "« had signal- 
 ing been appointed genSs mo o^'Ay'^M^"' grandfather, when, hav- 
 attacked the BabyloS empirrd th^c^^^ k'1 P"."''""' '""'•ces, he 
 
 as victorious arms. Cyrus' ow "ssuS a £rp^ f "''^ ""^ '''*^"' '"''" before 
 Jews, and the rebuilding of tiS Temole ' - ^'* '■"«'°'-«'ion of the 
 he had become master of all tl e Fa« mid fo^ ''"'=«e«8'on of victories 
 fa.rs continued in a state of tm m,il kv ?i . "°"'^ '""« ^''e Asiatic af- 
 place, that the Medes, before u"em7of rZT\T^'l '° ^^serve in this 
 trful people, were eel paj bv tL ».?n„ • ^ "'' ^^offfh a groat and pow- 
 Uuf (5yrus having concucrod their k^^?' ^'r^^' ""^ '''e B,,bylon ans. 
 Medes and Persians, it i Ss ha thl fr!°T' ^^ ^^^ D"*'"'^ '""^^'^ of ti.e 
 founder n.ust have tukenS's name from C uT^ "'^ ^^''h ^e was the 
 >>f the Medes and that of tl.n IWanTxv?«. ""''""» «"° ^''at the empire 
 fonsequenco of the glory of t, wui T . "^ """ *".'' '^e same, though in 
 retained only the l^te^l.^I^ XS.r;7Sln^7 ^' '"'^•'^"''''>' 
 
 ■■V i..a.tcija U3CII 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 «0 
 
 OUILINB SKETCH OF GBNEEAL HISTOEY. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 " '"^SS^LpLrr.Jir^H'L^KTw^ "*= "'VISION o, THB 
 
 about tn'h'r'"^^'- B"tThe g'^rmnV^^^^^^^ 
 
 country, and surrounded on aH bX^ J" ^'■^'='"" «'"««• 'hough in a strani« 
 under Xenophon. whose co.ifoAfsT"''''"^''''^'^ thfir safe retrel? 
 hy anciem and modern writers «« «vVt-f- "'^'^^sion has been extolled both 
 '7n7hV"ra '^"'^"^ «k»l exhibiting a matchless union of prndem 
 
 which t'oorptf bitwe'IS ti^fcT '''"P *° "«"«« the various contests 
 
 however, by assassination left H'"'"^ "'".'^""'J^es' of Asia : his dea^h' 
 his ambitious and wari ke son A "l^''^''' achievement to be attempted Lv 
 No man who ever Kved,'pe;ha„s "If'' '""'."T^^ '^e Great '''''^ ^^ 
 ^IZT'T ""^ 'his mighty prZctTfmn '^^ "««e«''«ry qualities fo, 
 youthful Alexander. Brav> Si \ , ™'""® eminent degree than f h^ 
 
 an the nations to the river HvfZ«i« ' c eutered Ind a and subdupd 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTORY. 4 
 
 '^^''^^rodllTl^^^^ a .o«t unsettled 
 
 other with une^xampled rapMhy.^Ks obE'lhf, «""''1'"^ ^'^'^^ 
 attention is the establishment and rani/^t« fi! !■ ^^*^ ''®'"® ^^'aims our 
 In509B.c. Tarquin,thrSkiSSnf R^nJ™"'*'' °^ ^^^ ^^o^an republic, 
 ment entrustedrtwo mStratf s annu^S^^^^^^ expelled and the g^vert 
 the republic proceeded, thS Sd JeSaH^^^^^ ''"^*^ '^P''^^'^- I'h"^' 
 till It reached its highest pitfh ofLwI^TfjT'^i'^^i contentions, 
 conquest of Italy and her isles SoS^Mrl^'^"^^"'"' ^^ ^^^ successive 
 Syria, Palestinef Gaul, Bri a^^ ;„TEgvS^ itw ^' ^^''^'''Se, Asia Minor, 
 to the greatest danger fror^TmS of nS "f^'^^^'ess, exposed 
 Marius and Sylla, and the conspiracy of CatSi^e '^"h'^' I '^.^ '='^'' ^""« "^ 
 and by the contention arising oSt of the rivSrv of f^^n^ ""^'^ *=«""•« ' 
 pey, It was ultimately overthrown. ^ of Julius Caesar and Pom- 
 
 On the death of Alexander the Grpat iw.,, „ 
 as it were, sprung up. He had left hp'hfn^i,- ^"^ ^T'P""^^ immediately, 
 army, commanded b? generals who? breS in th?,'' ^''^V^"^ victorious 
 ess ambitious of sovereign ruirthan th^ir m«!f ^""^r, ''=^°"'' "^^^e not 
 of Antipater, seized Macedonia and Seece ZTJ.'. ^^««?»der. the son 
 leucus marked out for his share Xhvu^ '^u'^''""^' ^^la Minor; So- 
 Ptolemy, Egypt and the western onS^at^s^^^ P™^'»°«« «nd 
 
 division of Alexander's wide-suread emoire anH^"' '?°" «»cc«eded this 
 advantage of the general confSn sZik ^Itif m '■^^/'■^.^'"''««' ^^^'"S 
 gether. Thus were formed the kingdoms of1^iiH5n'i°"'^V«'^« ^"« 
 Armenia, and CaoDadncia An7:„ ' rontus, Bithyn a, Pereamus 
 
 leucus at^he bauKlpTus, mTc^'lZVf'^''.'' ^"^ killed tyT: 
 nions fell to the lot of the conqueror ' The two^'^"'? P^'* °^ ^'' <^o">*- 
 raanent empires were, in fact/sS founrlpH h?, T,^^ P°«^«'''^"l and Per- 
 Ptolemy Soter. But there waf ffi Hr!^u ^^ ?e'e"cu3, and Egypt by 
 Which demands our notke ¥he PartWans oH ™P',T ^' '''?' "•"« "^^ting 
 who had wandered from their owrconntrt' /. f '"^l'?' ^ '"^^ "f Scythian! 
 bourhood of Hyrcania, and were ?nprp.i»n. * u^^'' '^"^'^^ '" the neigh- 
 Babylonians, Medes and pSLs ThT^ V''"^'''^ '« ^^^ Assyrians, 
 
 obtainedfromthemthename TparSfa r.^^^^^ Y!''^^ theyLtlled 
 Asia, they submitted, with the other dpn^nntn-^^^? Alexander invaded 
 After the death of th^ Macedonian conKorpL^fK"'^ '^« ^^''^'^'^ ^n^P're- 
 Eumenes, then to Antigonus?and Sna^?v ^oZ' l^^^^'V^^^ subject, first to 
 In the reign of AntiocLs K the r^nn.H.l^'"? "^ ^Xriaand Babylon 
 the Syrian governor, roused the snirit 5f E P*^ h"™"' °^ Agathocle,, 
 saces, a man of great military talenf«,thl. Parjluans; and, under Arl 
 laid the foundation of an emSri whiVh ni7 '"^Pf"^'^ their oppressors, and 
 850. The Syrians attemptT,'^ iaJi^to ecS^Shlf '"''' ""''' ^^'« » «' 
 able and vigilant princes, who a88umpHth«.,y.? '' Pjovinco. A race of 
 founder of their kingdom, no onirhaffl«H ^'■^"'l ""^ ^'•'^««f «,, from the 
 •n power, that while they held e"ffhteortihm7 f""'.' ^ut so increased 
 Caspian and Arabian seas, tS even ?or LthlT ^'""Sdoms, between the 
 the empire of the world. ^ ' * *""^ disputed with the Romaiw 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 «.ma„ fore™, „ho.e e„„i™l'«"SS 'T^fH^:' .H'J^J"., 
 
42 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF OENEEAL HISTOttV. 
 
 1 
 
 Haiiguinary contests^ TuUn the Pnrf^^^^ LoMg and doubtful -..en; these 
 into Africa, wch the Roma s had nvS'/a '"^'".'f ""T"' "^^'^ ''^ '^""^'i 
 
 over tfie desperate valour of the be8ieH"^»n/n ** '^"«''' triumphed 
 the sea and llie mos^fTmidable rival of Hn™- ^*'^''"!f ' °"/« '"'«tt«8s of 
 for -- blotted from lh:TisToTinXpende''nrnatiS '''''''^ '"^ ''""''^ *"'' 
 
 their affairrthef we^reventuSl?;^^^^^^^^^ of intermedding "n 
 
 the name of AcLia! TWrrffinff^ f "^ '** * Roman' province, under 
 «84 B.C., and cont'LdformMe f?r mS^ '''^'J'Sun about the year 
 called Prffitors, of whomSnfiL Ph^« '® *^^" ^^"^ y^"«' ""'^e'' officers 
 About this per od w^read of th2 ?Sfi.r"''" ""^'^ ^^^ ">««' renowned, 
 tiochus EpiphSnes Tfter their mJnfliTlT^ °^ V^" *'«"'« ''y An- 
 continued in subjectSn to thP p!.r«;2n. ♦^/f'.f ^^^'y^onish captivity, they 
 subsequently, as the for"une of efther eJv;!' ^JlV'"''^^ Alexander and 
 they were under its dominimi Ontf. ^^k^' or Syria happened to prevail, 
 Cpfphanes, the Jews bSnXat^dwL'Sp^f''''" ^!^Pl' ^^ ^"^"''hus 
 rally, but imprudently, expressed tZ^r ^nl n'^\^"'^ ^^ ^'"'' ^^^V "^tu- 
 death; and it was nof ongTefore the Pni^Lr ''^"'"u^ " report of his 
 vengeance on them He marchpV«. t h» k^^3 monarch took the fiercest 
 Jerusalem bv storm in I7n » . ^f ^^^ ^^^'',°'^ ^ powerful army, took 
 on the in^ab^tams The'r Sion wTfS'f '^.*^' Tf ^'''"^ ''^»^^«« 
 defiled, and every indiffniv offered to th«^f.*^''^,?'''''"^^^^• "'^ir altars 
 could suggest. An iSe of Innifir Ah P*°P'^ '''"' *y*»"7 and hate 
 place anf unclean bi^tf were sTcScS^™^^^^^^^^ '" ^''^ holy 
 
 But the Jews soon rallied and .mH*^rM„?»i- ^ll" °^ b"*""* offerings, 
 restored in most of the cUierofji-^h??^^ """« '"""-^hip was 
 
 Maccabaeus, 165 b c • anrf » w.„ t '-^ V®™P^^ ^^« P""fied by Judas 
 
 Syrians and the j:w;,'i„ which ?he^Iat7er'L^^ T'' '"'■""' between the 
 
 Spain was resolved on ; for alf ?he nosSn„^' u\^T^ subjugation o 
 held in that country had aKdv falffi ST/i'''^ '''? t-arthaginians 
 Romans. They accordSfLSn bv llJi^ ''^".'^' ?'^ '>« victorious 
 this brave peopll under he roSt^rv-*?''.'"^ "'f I^"8''anians ; but 
 
OUTLINB SKETCH OF GENERAL HWTOav 
 _ 48 
 
 enemy. The Romans now, in the wantonn«>8<« nf th„:. „ 
 not to jse the basest and most corruot mp?„« rL 5 ^''^'\ ^cnapled 
 country; and though many Ss b3l S. °^ '■fu''"''"?^ ""^ ^hole 
 
 fo^i Spain ulLa?e7becamer^^^^ 
 
 as Rome had now become, her civil •inHnnii.i^.oi i'-.- "^ a»-Powerfui 
 
 ^ onviable. Her conques™ in Seece aS A^sl hrnlX^ 
 
 general corruption in their train- anHthnfi 5 "^^^"^"'■^' cruelly, and 
 
 tl.e early days^f the rSiiTe' was renowne^^^^^ -' ""^''^ ''' 
 
 ^=:,ir;;sss:a^'.5s^ 
 ■trhStir^'^^^^'-^^^^^ 
 
 tortm^J^n^p^^op^eru^nX^^^^^^ -<^ »-asures. by .il, 
 
 into a Roman province, under the naie W«T p^' '^^^^ '^ converted 
 the conquest of the Balearic Isles ^nnT^an /iS'^- ^'°P^^' Next followed 
 Numidi2 was ioon KwTrdsSuced bLt t& h'"' **'"°''^^ ^''^ '^'5^)- 
 and Getulia was for a time delayed ' «"bjugation of Mauritania 
 
 em^!^';fsTp;r„r^f!;rc?^^^^^^^^ -^-'T of the Synan 
 
 Antiochus Gryphus and AnSus Cv^ p^„. ''^^''" ^^^ *^o brothers, 
 the cities of -//re, Sidon. pSremaTs SlSa'\fTclarfr'^"i'y '""' 
 dence ; while the Jews not onlv rernLr^Ail^ declare their indepen- 
 (heir dominions as far as in the davs Tf s^i'^m^^''*^ l'^^''^' '^"^ extended 
 Tigranes, king of Armenia, l^carae mLl^i T^"* • ^''^"V»''e year 83 b.c., 
 
 ^^»^:^^^l^^^^\^P^r station, feu after the 
 vince about the year 30 b.c Romf m1?,?'n^?^ ^^^""t^^ *« » Roman pro- 
 public; audits change from thrform of ^n '°"^''" ''^ ''"^^^^d ^s a^e- 
 be looked upon as adlant^ous to th?8« nfH^''""'^"^ '° ^" ^'"Pire may 
 the inordinate desire T^naaLtVh^nh hfu^i'^^^ "'"^ still free, for 
 character, for a time seemed to bil^nff''^? ^'^^'''o marked the Roman 
 the tempj'e of Ja^s was"hriJe clo ed ;?1'^""""" '^' ''^*°" "f Augustus 
 of the state, to denote tha^ rwas at^Le'S°'ir°\'' ^'"' ''^^ origin 
 pacific prince died in the 76 h year oV^hfs LTli'T T^^l'^r''^'^- ^Bis 
 reign, a.d. 14; his empire ex end=n° i„ Pn!!' ^^ V^^ ^^'^ J'^ar of his 
 and the Danube; in As a?tf 'he SLfer^^^^^ Rhine 
 
 and the sandy deserts. It was in E ril; "u, '" ^^"""^^ '° Ethiopia 
 Rome 762 that Jesus Christ^vas born «^Hr"^.'''f '^'8"' '« 'he year of 
 was the founder, persecuted and desn U^J'l'i'^ .^'O'y religion of which he 
 spread over the Roman world ^ "'°"^'' '' "^"^ ^t first, gradually 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 OF MOHAMMED. APPEARANCB 
 
 ;vh'ch%^„'gj iJ^asie'i bJt'thTe^earl' e^d';7•"^»!''« ^'''' commenced, 
 their city and nation, after enduring all tb« J?n " '^^ i°'^' destruction o 
 each party with sanguinarrfu^v A^ou ,iv°'''°^"'" carried on by 
 real conquest of Britain wTs S^tPHh?! •" ^i®*" «"" ^^I's event the 
 reached Tts utmost li.nits, and u„de? fh^e iE .H T'^\«"LP''-« ^^^ »ow 
 had reason to rejoice, not raerelv in her^ Pv,rn? T.'^^^ ^™J«»' ^^ome 
 0. tablo administration of her ll^l'/InThnrSte'^iJaS^^^ S £? 
 
14 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HI8T0EY. 
 
 H^Hino ;« ^ "^" succeeded Traian, and followed in his footsteps. The 
 decline of imperial Rome was, however, fast approaching, for althoueh 
 
 thTZT.1 n"fT™'^ '^^ f*°"'' "^'^^^'^ »»»« ^^S^'^ °f his subjects Snd 
 the respect of foreigners, living in peace during the whole of his reiff i 
 
 ?or« Z «'^ had Marcus Aurelius Antoninus succeeded to the thiJneTbe.' 
 hI?/^o il'"™?"'^"^*'* ""i'*^' »» '" *he time of Marius, and poured in 
 form.H^hi5f^ hordes upon taly; and, while they grew more and more 
 1?D 18o!^ °'"^ pestilence ravaged many of the Roman province. 
 
 nf p'",?i« ^^^^ ''^® repeated incursions of hardy adventurers from the north 
 Of Europe, under various names, took place, but though often beaten thev 
 renewed their attempts with a degree of courage and perse vera„cVtha^ 
 required all the energy and superior discipline of the fcman Sns to 
 overcome. From the death of Aurelius to the reign of Dioclesian. many 
 .L?^""!^" ^""P^'?'^ w^re mere sensualists; there were, howeven 
 8>ons «fth«'? «''*'«.P""»«' ""'l by the wariike genius of such ihe Ixcu!: 
 I^aJ ^f" '^"hanans were from time to time arrested. The Romans 
 had also for a long period met with a most powerful adversary in the 
 Dri onT'btt rJi'ti; *" ''^•' "^' «'«P?'^«r Valerian was defeated aiJduken 
 K 1 7 ^^■^■"*' the empire seemed to be hastening to utter and irremc 
 h niwtTr''°"'n>^'"'',^*"'"""^' *''« ««" «f Valerian, and his assJc" e 
 Zfu,rAi ^f' '^''^"'" ^ '{? ^TU7 "^ ««">^' ""onerous claimants of the im- 
 Ph l.u*^ "'y ^^^^ '" '!*« different provinces. These were desiirnated 
 he "thirty tyrants," (though their numbers did not exclTlwenty and 
 It hn'"' "° ^""""^ 'T""" ?' designating them tyrants). Their dom.S 
 S.lrf \f '"r??,"' ""/ ^""8 u^"*"?"""' '""^ «^» "'« ^eath of Gallienus he was 
 fS«lf?^ ^J''"'^'"'' "''?'* '?^ '''« ""''"* «!■ delivering Italy fromihe 
 ,PM rln if'^' 'I'.'" '^«'»« Aurehan. who introduced order into the state! 
 TJJ iZT'v ''«»^"''1»'Y' *"«! defeated his enemies both in Europe and 
 ta\ il"*^? I'acitus, Probus and Carus, the empire was in a measure 
 restored to its former lustre ; but the barbarians sti 1 pressed onwa^dtanJ 
 when he government fell into the hands of DiocleSian, he changed Us 
 
 mSd r;;^ * " TrT^ '^«;i"'^ f^'^ Maximiman, to whom hrcom 
 muted the West, while ho ruled in the East. In this manner was the irov 
 
 ZZTL^'^'"'''''T'^ ''" '^' "^y« "f Constantine. wZTn A ;. 33(f;i. 
 bZ?i^Vo^*?J "??i,^ to Byzantium, which he named Constantinopir 
 t n«« r""""* '" Christianity, and put an end to one of the most v ru 
 Si P^""'«"''«"» against Its professors that ever disgracecj the worid 
 Iho unmediato successors of honstantiiie did little to ilphold the Roman 
 power, and Julian, who ascended the throne in 301, renounced ClrisSu' 
 
 iooSll T^'"''^ '^'r T'";^ ':«"*'°"' •'"' ^' ^^» both ^o poi c J 
 
 oo humane to persecute his Christian subjects. Wo find, however, that 
 ho decline of the empire was everywhere visible. After is doaUi i s ,i- 
 Sl'ul?r" T^ ^'^f "«?» coiUinued to increase ; that strict d soipli,^ 
 which liad formeriy rendered the Homan legions uivincible relaxed ml 
 while corruption and injustice rendered the government odious at home its , 
 fnuitior towiib were attacked and its distant provinces ovom m KeVcJ 
 and uncivilized hordes issuing from the north, east and west. is at IdS 
 
 foT'of r\^" •■'"''l/""^"*"^k;'l« Vi»ig«th.'who plundemd 1 one??^ 
 40!); of (.ongoric, the powerftil king of the VhiuIbIs ; and of Atli la. the 
 Hun, omphatieally termed " the .courge of ()od." In fact, the Scvthia f 
 
 Sfo'l.eatrf' ":'""• 'l"'."' ^'""'""'' "'»' ""'"^ hari,arou. nallo^s^ ^1( a 
 il ocean ons o break into it, and tliough some of the emperori bravely 
 
 which kept pouring in on all sid.'s. At length the Horuli, a pnople who 
 nnf.'iw i1 ,"■'"" .V" "".'"■"' "'■ ""' ""'"''• »"''^'»'' grown formidkblJ as they 
 v«lmnt Odottce-. and being Joined by othei tribe., quickly became Tiastw 
 
 (I 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OF QBNBaAL HI8T0EY ^ 
 
 ontaljj and the city of Rome itself surrendered to their victorious anns. 
 
 stiJ''^:if„:5^^~^^^ jut the ro.h„s 
 
 fact, at this time comorehendPfl nil a« ^ T *ne eastern empire, in 
 
 Greece, but neitheTrfomtt tat'gei^\r'nor"?ts'S}u' '''''' ''"^ 
 gave hopes of a lengthened dominion I Tivnr««ff • '"'''"^7 prowess 
 tion sapped its vitals; contuiuS ^1 wifh ♦h^'n^^™'"*'^^' ^"^ supersti. 
 other barbarous nations, exSed is sl^ en^th ■ ^n";??"' T'^<?"»"«' «"d 
 of the western empire appeared to a^ak ft '^nj? "^ '""'?•■ ^^^^ '« 'h«» 
 Still, as «;e follow the stream of histow we shalf fin7,^/"?^ P""""^" 
 survived the wreck for several centuriesT'nrnt S^. v^ ,^^^K'*' ""^ ^n'y 
 and power worthy of the Roman nam" ' '"*"' ^''P''*>^"'^ "" ^"^'•gj 
 
 wttssZrSi;^^^^ 
 
 by the Goths under /heo(lorir The o ..h, 1 «'Joacer were driven out 
 under their able general BeS^irius bu^whiir*™ ^''P''"^^ ^^ ^^^ ^"fn^n" 
 insurrection in Africa they reSdSeh^Stit and t''"\ ^^^"'"^ ^" 
 sion of Rome. The Franks next iiiShW' "^ ''^fani took posses- 
 masters of the prcvince of Ver"ua bm at last &«'"'' '""1-^ themselves 
 emperor Justinian prevailed and thfifin.i! 8"penor fortune of the 
 
 pro-consul Narses, a d S From thS t?mT Hn^l'^"^ '"^''"^^ ^'y ^i, 
 governed Italy with great prude™™ S.d i^^.!L" ^^^ ^^^ *''^' ^arseo 
 eastern empire, but hiving incuirJd fl.P l^r ^'' .^'' ? Pi-ovinco of tho 
 was appointed to su3 .m "nH If "^""!" ". <^'?Pj«a«"re, Longinus 
 He assumed the title of oxar'andrcstlnlfp'^ "^"^ "^'«^"*« P«^ver. 
 ernnient was called theexarchate of R„l *' Ravenna, whence his gov- 
 city of Italy a jrovernor whn™ T> r ?.'^^''»"«' ""d having pla.iod in each 
 abolished i: Sor^e^ara'ndSnsT'arRn"''* th/tille of duke.^hS 
 establishing this new sovereiffntv » arl ? I- .^,- ^"' while he was 
 the Lombanis. ln7h7irZ^SXl!tZ^T^y^ ^''\ «:»« overrun by 
 nonia, accompanied by a^rmyof sionUf"''''^H'""^ '"''»'" P»»- s 
 
 they became masters of all iKwIrZ^^^^^^^ w^,re not long before 
 and some of the eastern seacoS exception of Rome, Ravenna, 
 
 Lower Hhine, thoyLd Zlo theZSS^^^^^ 'l']!'"'".* '^« ''«"''« "f 'ho 
 of Gaul. A warlike and aLitfm.- , hf„r^ ^'^'■'' f "" •»«'"9i<>orablo part 
 dortook the conquestof thJ wMe co^^^^ "T"^ Clovis.Vi- 
 
 his powerful rival, Alaric, kh i S" the S/hl 1 '"'""«" '^''''^««t«d and killed 
 the countries lying between thflRhn ?n m' ''i" •?»"«"ed himself of all 
 founder of tho knch monarchy in Vs" ^"^' "'"^ "*"" ^•'°'"»« "" 
 
 ere^otoTa'krgS •:. Sp«in'7.nrast..'f "'"'', ''^^ "'1 "«••""• '''^ Visigoth- 
 •ame time that Clov s wr» eitcndin^ i.^ "''''""""'^ eastward, about the 
 Loire was the natural K larv of *. « r"T"", *" "'^ ^V"«'. the river 
 ^Tokeoutl.etwcenthom?wS7nnW^ ^"' » ""»' "oon 
 
 CHAPTER vriT 
 r«OM T„. .,„ or Mo„A«M.„. „. ,„, ;„„„,,,,„,„ „, ^^^ 
 
 CHUIADK*. 
 
 «"rM.Vl^.Ja:"■Lr.2i,';:L^r-2.•.'•? « »."™. .ic „f .h, 
 
 .v...u.;r ui w,B unnsiift,, era. The Hoinuii 
 
wT"^ 
 
 r I r Ill 
 
 46 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF HKNEllAL HISTORY. 
 
 new conquests; the easfer » pmnir» ^ with each other, or n.editaiinj 
 with the Persians on X sL 7'har7.?«.T"h 'T"^ "* V'^ contending 
 «nd other tribes on L norther/, L;^^^^^^^^^ ''""*:^« «/*''« «""» 
 
 ened by religious and politkS Sn«u\^ Vl ^"« ^^'tate-^ ""d weak- 
 ental nations unaccuLK^owSrTJ^^^^ 7^^ Indians and other ori 
 
 success shoud crown his efforts assnm?Hi^'?'.r'''l.' a^^'t^d him i( 
 professed to have received a dS comn,?i'''„* r "^* ?! *' prophet." and 
 founder of a new religion, ad 622 Th ^.fnr^" ^'°"' T'^'f '" '"'<'«'"« the 
 nology.and is designa^ted he Hegfra or FliS t of If'^^f''"^ T^V" «^»'~ 
 endeavoured by the force of his DeJsnnsi Jl^i « Mohammed. He at first 
 Belytes, but fin^ding himself ere Cratth.l.'^H'"?^ ''°"^*° ""^^^ P™' 
 like followers who ackTowled^ed^Lt " .h«ii^'^ ""{ '"""^ thousand war- 
 Mohammed was his pr3 " ho tnS J! ^ '^"'r'^l!' °"« ^«^' «»d that 
 proceeded in the woK conquest With "'^f ''• '^eir enthusiasm, and 
 
 course of time this great emo re Efhi „.», believers," and in the 
 
 declined in importance The ^r^H*., inn l ^^^'^ ""IV^ ^« have notic .ul, 
 poral powerTtho^who pfofef Tt is'bvTl'' «»'" ^'^i"'". «"'! the tern' 
 . While this extraordiimrJ ?evo „ 'n 1"° T„'l"!i'-'«'"ff- 
 
 ""''' "^ "^T^iisE^^^^ East, and the 
 
 pope. From tiie days of Cons an iC L i^ '^"''trines promulgated by the 
 ally extendinptheir^wer temnoS as L^^^^ f'T'f" *"!'' b.eng?adn 
 of which we are now speaffTot nnlv 1. ?/"•"""'• '^"i' ''^ '^e period 
 flrmly established, b,u Er nolit S TntoJ^^ snt-erdotal dominion 
 against those princes of sufround.j , "f "''"'^''. "''"' «.'^en ''xerted for or 
 the church. When, In TaSTlhn „,ll L " 'VT "."''"'^ '^e interests of 
 R..venna, and oxpled thfexVKo m^/„?. i'^^ Lombards, had taken 
 his restoration was aerrdinjlf ^peX^ « ^ "'"V"'" *"'"• ""^ 
 
 Hyzanline emperor, in RoZ wKdli .^^^^^ ""'. ""thoriiy of the 
 the interf..renro of the ponof' ^11,0.!™;^"^ "'"■■" "'"" """""»'' «"•' 
 European monarchle waTCihe m st ohZ^ n .."""V'-'?."'" "'" ''"^« "^''t 
 
 We have seer (hat the re 1 ction if fil ? '^"" ""i '"tolerable kind. 
 Prank, who is styl !d 1^^3^0/11^ rl '^""'1 hy C^Iovis, the 
 dom. it may be olLrved v^rsub^emieX^iv S , ''''*"' '''"»• 
 
 reignties, and while tha nrinoe. wnlt » ^ , '"'"""Voral potty sove. 
 n... noble's increased In pm!^„r|r,?Jr «ther by their contests. 
 
 Khndow of royalty. At CthV , v ^fv„ ' ^'T '""" ""'™ than the 
 lonce »..<1 OMSo, and nbanlo ,e, .rrnTAr "''''''"'''' "•' "» « '"'•' "' ''"J"- 
 nmvors of the p«|,,r" o w ' 'l^^^^^^^ to offlcers called 
 
 anrfhis son P,pin t J iS iT wL ^n "^ '^1^^^^^^^^^^ 
 founder of the C rlovina an or i^?,. ? "'^^''''•'*'^ ""'^ b"'^"'"" the 
 prinrep of th » racrw, «hn I h"*"^" "' ™y?' '«''" "^ franco. Of the 
 
 tnr,.. called Ch7rrnm";tntco;:^ofKVx(e^^ ^"«""-' """^ ^ 
 
 re-toration of the Westell empire/ri l'';;,;X1ft^^^^^^ 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTORY „ 
 
 soon after his accession to the throne thp Snvnn« ,-;,„ u a , 
 tributaries to France, revolted, and S-avellanHT^f' ?? ^^^ ^""K ^"''^" 
 their freedom but th^y werett kst ob£X sS^'t JJ^nf "^ 
 reduction of Pav a, and the oanfnro ^r n;^- !i. , , " '^~^' '*"^'" the 
 
 affamst the Moors in Spain the SaYmi« «nr» h.. ^ V-""*'*'"'''"^ warfare 
 of the eastern emperor in Llv «nHT m '"Germany, the party 
 
 time provinces HaSnl^«..S:J^,"i Normans, who infested his niari. 
 the year'SrfbrrheTurtf a^^^^^ 'X^'''^ ^« K^'"^. *» 
 
 assisting at the eelebraSn of 'mass he po'p?' I To lU^^-^ ^'^''« 
 expectediy crowned him eiiiDprni-nf .h« nV: '^ ' r^ '"•• suddenly and un- 
 
 hoJioured Vith !he te o cKlemaSn^ ^5/^^^^^^^ h'"'? '''""' "f ^''« 
 time of his death, which occurred nsf' hi u il "'! ^'^'''^^- '^' the 
 Spain which lies beTwe"e7the Py^^ [^^^''^ hU that part of 
 
 tlie Alps to the borders of CalaE a.ul'^so addnd , '.'"^?'^ ''"'^ '■™'" 
 Germany south of the Eyder, 3 S onia Thf '" 'm '^"'"'"'""s all 
 once more shared nmongCoXatpoweS' ?hn T""'^ was therefore 
 or Saracens extended from the Gamrp^ fn s.^ • *'"'",'"'' "' *'»« Arabs 
 
 all of Asia and AfSa Xch has Tvfrbeen Tnl'^'^l^p''^'^"'''"^ «•"'««' 
 and Japan excepted. The eastern Hom^n-L" Kuropeans, China 
 
 Asia M^inor, anS the provi„'c1^^,'a jo^Zg , aZ ^A^d thl""''^ '■'' '"'f''^'' 
 west, under Charlemagne, co5S id Y>-,.,1 o ^'"P""^ ""^ ^''« 
 greater part of Italy. The 8oi3d I?.,^!. ?o,?' ""'"a'^y. ""d the 
 r., at whose death the resfoS ^"f ?"/"'P«»'- «f ^Charlemagne was Louis 
 
 an,ong his four sons : Lotl ariiTa^eninornr" ""p" ''f '^''"^■''^^ '" ^^^' 
 Louis II. king of Gern.any 3 S?i^^^^^^^^^^ Pepm ku.g „| Aqnitain; 
 
 France: a division that orolpd L 1;. ^l' ^'"'■""""-'d the Bald, king of 
 
 French retained ZhSpeTa? to u.d-'''^'*^^'''''''''""' .'-•«'"''■"''<>■'«• Tl^e 
 Louis III. the last ki^'f Qe 1^ Jff ,h^^^ '^^^f^F''^. '"l »12. when 
 without male issue, ifis son in iJw ,^ ' f"'"*' "^ Charloinagne, dyina 
 «lec.ed emperor orGemnrTSS .;»'"■«'''. ««'">t of Fn.ngonin, ^va5 
 and became elective, itH e sWr.i « .f .1 ''"'*' P'""!"''.'" ''"^ "'"-'""ns, 
 of cities, who assume/the title of'^eleeiori """'''• '•"'''•'• "'"^ •^"'""**" 
 
 and other king lfm8(7,;,n„Z^f^ "" the shores of Fran.V^ 
 
 called Danc^.'^ther NoXr ' r nS'b.e'cS'r''''' """? '"^^ "'^'•« 
 and, though frenuenlly repulsed irtnn.I^ '" '.' "'""''"• '»'>nnor, 
 
 faction ofsocing mo.WrX S ihL 1.? l f- "^ '""'' 1'"'^ ''ad the satis- 
 Kngland. Tholaxo rmn wL f. " """"" "•'«'"'' "" the throne of 
 of l^dwanl i rlmo I (' . SI rwTr^'"^ '"''' "' ^'^ l«"«'" 
 
 William duke of Normilnd^l^rhi^tvJji'iL"'' l':;" '*""'«• ""T'"'"«" 
 mark, that the predatory trilU of No?i m rn nf J "' '"' "'"yJ""* ''"- 
 •poken, at different times (.iori-ai u.wl Tv I !'""" '"" '"'^" '"''"'"■o 
 nnd a party having ent.Te.1 FWo d?r ^ •'' T" "«"""•'•''' "f Huropr, 
 '^i.nple coded to tLm in%5 ?|^^nL " 'nl^f' v ''""'^'' ^"""' ^'»'"rt<"« lit' 
 Rollo embraced CI rSinn ty , IE hu../ ^".""n"!' "" »''*" ""-''^""i"'' 
 duchy to Normandvl fS; h n r Wil iam't hn r''''"'"'' "'"' !'"" "^ '"' 
 At no period of iL hislorv of th« !..ri « V'""''"''"'" desoun.led. 
 
 and distr'acted state ih r„7lhe J 17. ' w i;;;;" ""' " '"" '""""•""f-'^-l 
 npjMJars, indeed, like one vast S n flli,i "" '"'ve now arrived It 
 
 pr/ncipally attracted t.y L ^rep i "n.u ! j„ , "^ .'.''^ ''"^^f*"^' *• 
 
 their su^^gation ^oUrj^^S "a^Xf ^^L^ ^S^ J!!!: 
 
 5r — n^^«c 
 
48 
 
 OUTLmn SKETCH OF GENERAL H15T0RY. 
 
 of the world, the conauests nnH =nr! ■ ,• ?"'^ of barbarism n one oart 
 Goths and Huns befoJe'n'oUced, ^1^ obhter' J"''.t' "f « '^-^^otTe 
 human science and learning that rema n^H^n h "' l'^ '^^ ^^'"' traces ol 
 sades (though they must evir be dSored ".i U«'' ''^^f "[• /* '^'^^ '''e Cru 
 thusiasm and misguided Z6al)X diWHrJ!..''® wretched offspring of en 
 one particular object, madrtheSf irsome^nil'.f "'"*^^ ""^^ Europeans to 
 of one another, and were the rm.an«^?^ measure suspend the slaughter 
 «tate of political bondage. ^ ^°' °^ extricating Christendom (torn I 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 rnoM THE riRST crusade, to the death or sai,ad.n. 
 
 -Curpa?tie"Jam'e7y^ -divided into two grand 
 
 Holy Land, as an invaluable acquisition S nlh,^' r'^K^^'^y ''''"«'' "»« 
 therefore be attributed to a SHDerstition- v„n ?r'8"lof the crusades may 
 our Saviour had lived and perforS h ' ZZT"" V^^ P^^'^" ^herj 
 vast numbers of nilgrims from alUarfs of c£^^^^^ 
 of Jerusalem, anS those particular 8Do5s in J.c®'^"'" '" ^'''•' "'e city 
 rendered especially menrorable by hTs peadiinr'illJr^ ^^''^ ^^^ beej 
 Although the Saracens, under Omar f hoi. .§' ^V'^^nngs, and death, 
 sa em, and conquered Palestine in Jhl 7 h '"♦ ''" 'P''' '''•^ ^^^^» Jeru 
 gnms to continue to visit therfavointehannl"'^' ''"^ ""'^^'''''^ »''« P" 
 Bute. In 1005, however, the riJ^ wrester ?i„ h" .P''^'"^''* «fa small tri 
 from the Saracens ; and. beinir mnrh m. « ''^ ^"'^ ^'^y- «« 't was styled 
 grims could no longer with iTtvn.lr'^ ferce and barbarous, thTnU 
 resounded with coifp a^^ t ^£M&^^^ ^^^""«";'- «"^ SrZ 
 
 profaned the holy places anTi «rf i^.f ' f assessors of Palestine, who 
 
 WHS at the time Aurof enth,^ LsL w„ '^ ""'"'r' '^' '^^^o'^*"- KurZ 
 l"s to lead them to thi fled oTg£y "aTd ^f' ^^^o wanted but little sS 
 meditated and urged the union ofChJlJ^^ Gregory VII. had alr.;.uh 
 hammed Besides the reT^s moM^n'offein^'y'"' "'f "'^•«'"»«f ^ o. 
 mmion of the Turks, some views of «mhS/ '•"?/.""''*'''"' <"'-«m the do- 
 of Rome to engage in tlUs Set Zr wT T*''''* ''"^^ '"^''"'^ "'e court 
 chief motives, an opportinify ioo n n^ ISt'ir "i'^'l* ^"'^ ^een the 
 avidity A bold entUsiast, named Kfer 1 r'"^- ";'''^h was seized with 
 called the Hermit, having beeiMiT „ pSi?^'" '"« r^«»*« iif« was 
 the oppression of the holy citv a id t^?rlS t" Jerusalem, represented 
 I an- suffered, in terms so aZ'lS o uZn "J^f """Lr'V"^ '''•' ^'^••'■''■ 
 at th„ tnne), that the pontirf iste Jd ,0 hu . •him!'"/'''''' *''" P"P"' "eo 
 Christian states against the Turks n„^ 1 a- "-"""le for uniting all fho 
 
 -; number and pr<?woss !o cli^Se^X e" w«5,rn"'r ^'"'""'"''^^ 
 Holy F,aiid was held in subiection l,f!^^. '''' P'^'P'^ ^V whom the 
 H»mmo.u,d, and a mecti3c'o"y a dZt'vTrj'r'^ •'•''»«'•""'««*' ""- 
 mMghlKnirlu)odofPlacont7,sRt3ch7oooSiil .P'''''*'i"'' "«''' «» 'he 
 were proseiit. Both Peter tholirmi and nlp'"''' '*"'^ ^^'^'^^ »«""'"" 
 tnost vivid colours the din,fnl8i,, 2. TV' ^PT' '•«P«""'»ted in tht- 
 ho indignity <,ff,.rcd to the Si ^ So Ch is?'' 'A ?" S '^' *''"''• «"*' 
 to (he passu,,,, „f t|,oir hearers, ami ^o w .11 -„ f P«echc8 wore suited 
 
 spirit of the times, that a viSont and tm« ""'«",'>"'.' ''y the adventurous 
 forth from all sides, and thrassimW. 1 . " ' '"V"". •'"''''irHtion of war burs? 
 nmy to a service thaf Sey SSSe m 2^^ 
 tho .oalous Peter next Jl.itod i^'^^'SS^^Z;'^;^^:^'^^ 
 
OnruHE SKETCH Of OEHEBAL BI8T0BY. „ 
 
 dition professedlv undertaken nn r«]^i^.r= j express this newexpe- 
 
 tl.e project, the prevaili^ftaste anfoSdi?^^^ Tiowever imprudem 
 
 beh.g aiopled without e?a2to"^ ' iTdeSdenVo? Z fh.?"°"*"^ *'" 
 were absorbed in their love of war ■ th^v S. ^Pi i!. ^ '•• V''^."^ Passion* 
 of adventures, and the braJe w^re at S.TkII?'*?'*'^ *",'' '^° '*'«"8ht8 
 as with the love of Jfo^ WhaT^a/l^^^^^ ^T'. ?^ 8^'" «" ^«" 
 
 af an infinite numbefKarrbrsfiSruilr .h'^Pk"'^'^ ^'""^ '^« ''"'""^ 
 No means were left unempio; d Kwefl £ riSk, '"K rf i*"' f °" ^ 
 the saintly and the criminal were aliki. Pn»f! .« • u * "'^^ ""'^ PO*""* 
 the cause: SovereiffM 8h»redT»nH f.t?* 5 'J*-*''°?' **>«''" devotion (n 
 vassals engagedln t , and the de?^ n^? nn?*1 " '„"'" "°^'"»y "'"»' their 
 pulpit, but taught the pSe to c3dert««L'?t'''^ '*'"","*^ " ''""" '"c 
 No wonder then that thfl nnmL, «f ^ *' "" atonement for their sins, 
 ous. that iheiTle^isgre^^^^ ^''' ^'^^'""^ »« >»'nre;: 
 
 ment should disappoint^tsZrS E« ^ ^^ f ''eatness of the arma- 
 of worldly advanKwhicronr„!A»«?K™® ^-'^ ^'"'^'^ "' ^^e prospect, 
 spective the rich cSwuest i in^f -f« »l V^" ?" '^ey beheld in per- 
 their offences rthetLSt of w^rL'!,'^"?'''?^^^ ^^ »h« expiation o| 
 their incIinationVlhKformhX^^^^ ' '?'/''«y <'°"''' f^tify 
 
 fortune seemed to holSZT^lZnr?/V;u '^*"? »"«ceedecT. theil 
 tyrdom was promised'^ next Vo m^Av ^^ d'ecT. a crown of mar- 
 an insurmountable power- aid rheirrnn^ ''*"'''" ""'""« ^ad almost 
 ous phenomena to fe m" wUh in history """"'' " *""' ""^ "'« "^"' «""' 
 
 led^rty!&^^i'S;.sxrL^ '^--"'^ -". 
 
 tune, called Walter the Z™ v less S„ 'jf "'!i"!l*' "'"^ « ""'*^*»''- °f ^o,' 
 Bulgaria, towards Constant nnS „ i . -^ P^"'*'' *^'""&'' """ffary and 
 •upflv of their wants, tlerZe m" nr S:!!"? T ""Pr""*'"-'-^' a'd At the 
 marrh. Thev were ii. ra\>» „!^ Pfovisi on for subsistence on their 
 
 wretches be7orphir* andTe -^^^ ^"^^ ""^ '""1'"^'"' ""^ P""^ ^^ 
 ed. tt.jt the enragS"nhabi"Jntl nf r ''"!'"' "".^ >i.''»ve been expect- 
 upon and nearly SmihEed thim h f *=»""'""8 wbich they pillagecf fell 
 tl'e place appoh^tSd for thcfrti^rul r/'''^"'"'*^r''''h Constantinople, 
 armies UoZd «-oo7after^SL™.T'"^?"»; ^^« '"o™ <li«HpliEcd 
 Godfrey of BouillonrwS hi. t3r« «!:.'*"''"■ Tif ^^° ^ohlmed 
 duke of Normandy Hugh brothe of pSfir''t '"^ ^T'*'''' ""''«'». 
 earl of Flanders, HaynSd count of ?.'^ ' ^"%°^ ?™'^"' "«»'erl^ 
 commnnders. ThusTd thi« ?»« „f ^ ""'""•«• «nd other exp-rienced 
 
 Hungary, passed olJrS St Iiro/jfi.rr'"" ""'"""■•""' ""'•"' ""y and 
 •ioch and kdessa in 10 8 and .U„ ? P"''.''^"'"'"'''"*''' ^ie^ in 109t, An. 
 Godfrey of Bouillo"vrchlV,k^^^^ '"""» "^ which city 
 
 the Hofy L„„d, and S i ?ISo f. ..'Ilo''" ™^"'"'^ V ^""^ '»'»t ''He in 
 Kurone on the same d !, , atio "f thev ZtZ T^ "^ '''**'*»*»<^ •"«» '«" 
 "•ar..},, and partly by the sword of ilm Kn r i''"*"^"' P"*'^ «" »he 
 iMue of the first crusade fi... ho "'."""",«»"( I'^nnum. Nuch was the 
 
 uot to be so readiy;"o;,tgid J'se'c ,2'?. '"'1 '""'i' """ "=*••'»«'' *" 
 «de. were undertaken dZ'g«i„cce.« J" nf'.'''^' »"d several other cru- 
 *nd .nded .n very similar ai^'T'tZ" ^L'^TJl 'r,» ."""d'"*! T--' 
 I.— « ' -"' »^"T« ui Acre, or i"ioii< 
 
so 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTORy. 
 
 :f I p/rSbV'^t^^^^^^^^^^^ the regal tiu, 
 
 of Syria. ' '^sypii and the Christians were driven out 
 
 'r^;^.:^^ wltSter :rC^^^^^^^ »^« ^^-P^a". and 
 
 from the attacks of the Turks In thiirl^"' '° C^'^'^' t*'^ P^grims 
 . with the profane, that it was Ihonaht 1h/* • 'l^ ''"='"*^ "'^^ «« confounded 
 monk might be united wirh ?he wafhL"iLl![L"'" h"*^ «"«terities of the 
 dier. The new orders, loadS w^th wea^h InH n^""* P?'"'""" °^ '^e sol- 
 short time became gre;dy, lice^t ous aid ins2nt ''"'" • P"^"«&''«. i" « 
 one another, and by their mutual hSedw.nTl^H.iT'"''"""' «"«'"'«« »' 
 ity. What happened before i^iuroJ^w^H^fif"^^ '^^ ^''»"«'' o*" ^^hristian- 
 ord wanted to erect a sovereiVrporer^ nr nSt'*^" '" ^«'«= ^'^^'T 
 into feifs ; discord prevailed, and fhe TnVk« »« ^m "'*' *."« subdivided 
 them, if they had not likew>JhJn%A a *""''' ^°o" '"ive destroyed 
 
 The Christian empire inTho fe f 'y"'*^'^ ."""""J^ themselves. ^ 
 
 ders of Egypt to ArmeniL ; bStKa?^n»'^'^ *' this period from the bor- 
 and its population, though br^U was bv „11''.n'''' ^^ P"^*'''""' «"«>"'«•. 
 Turks had already taken Edes^' Za iJ ° '"^"^"^ considerable. The 
 hensive for the fafe of JeruslS; w^en'Seru?nr ^f^"" '° ^«PP^«- 
 begmnmg of the crusades, was solicited hv^H»l?.!"^' ^^^Vy^^ra after the 
 new them. This time th^ monk St BernLn T i^*" ^'^V^^ ^^^^ »« '«- 
 of its chief advocate. He is reSrp?p„S » ^°^^ ^P'*" ^'™««"" the office 
 
 }hou,rh ignorant of the langurroft^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 low him, and performing numberless mSS' y«' '"«'*"'&'•:- People fol, 
 
 where gained an influence, of wh ch thTrlhiH h "^ accordingly every. 
 
 success could scarcely ke^p p*ce wi h hl,^"!^'^" "^ ?«■•«»«' « y«t his 
 humble habit of a monk Bprnar^ „» i a ^^^^°»» wishes. Under the 
 to the most powSprince he wi7«. "l ^'"^'''' ''fP'"' 'h«" ^«» P«id 
 and obtained an unbouKd .iflSence over tK^'r 'V' ;^«« enthusiastic, 
 emperor Conrad, who first lisS »« l^ the minds of the people. The 
 those dangero,,»;migrSnsS,lpH'^ a resolution to oppose 
 
 could Louis VII., kuf^o TmcTl^l^ T^ *"'"'"'"« '"""'«"'• NeSher 
 people abandoned their habita^Ssfn^L^^ ''^P.""' ""^ ""« "■•»""•• The 
 and laid the price a^his feet " Z ,^.Hv "'^'''n'''^ "^'''^^ ««'J »•'«'•■ lands 
 enrolled among the champSns o cSS^^ ''^ '"«" ««'icited to be 
 
 arn,ies had 70.000 "men a anns S .Zi".^'J^- • !' '» 8?id that each of the 
 
 were heavy armed, and fol ow?d by i m .chTnr'"^ ""^ "'^ "'^''"''y' "'»'« 
 cavalry. The number of nf«n.,.. ^ ^"^" *"^^^ numerous body of liahl 
 was tlJe first tharefou? he was^he Srorr'^'i '^|?« «'"P«'-o^Confad 
 at that time reigning in ConstSii onlo bu,^^ Manuel-Comenus, 
 
 hensive that similar excesserwnniK '. 'w "reeks, it is said, appre- 
 
 the former expedition. ?urrsLdttmwir/"'''';'' ^^ ^''^ ""«"''«" »• *" 
 to their destruction 5 lis amiv was ^r^ If trenclicrous guides, which led 
 fled to Antioch. made a mlSnT« f» t ' """'"'"'"'' « "P"" which he 
 with a mere hanSof fin I?,uis m«["''''^f'"^ '*'r^ '"'""""J '« Kurope 
 lowod the example o Conrad sTtha it.'T^'" '''""'«"• ""'l f"'" 
 
 uXZi S''^ '-' ">« "«'^ L«n^ h/!;^j:ir;;e£ Si:;;xKJ? 
 
 thett'lHiJrd^itSS^'l^^t '!!hS»^ ""'^ - ""i-^" 
 
 them the little difficulty there mmhlT^^^^^^ 
 
 whom thoy chose for thL Se^n Ln ., ' r ''Pf '''"« "'♦""• Noradin, 
 •u..r«ssor. completed .ho wS 'ffiT' " \'/,V'?"'«"' ""^ ^"'»^*"' ^iil 
 trininphed over Uie I'ersiaiis conai ni-«, p ' f'cr having usurped Nyriu, 
 of dominions that extended to Te Oxfl^^'P'; """"^rf' ''*""'«lf '"aatcr' 
 "trip the Europeans of the places hevsim'J, ""'1"'' K^ """• '" «'-''«r to 
 «ul .ere. opened their gatei'^o^ttiX'^r^tS; a&rg i'tT^T; 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTORY g^ 
 
 iHsear. The Christian princes s^uspended their qJa^^^^^^^ 
 of recovering Jerusalem produced a third crusSe ^ a n 1 1 So ml*^®'"* 
 infinitely better planned than the former onesn^aJLl^^' ^'*"' ."'** 
 did hopes. Thre'e princes of d?st,ng™u!shed Lr?t^f^would tv?'""' 
 cited the admiration of any aee. were the Ip/hIV- «f J^^ '^ have ex- 
 Frederic I., surnamed Barbaro?,k. one' of ti^^'^^st di tiLS?;''°°' 
 perors that ever governed Germany, advanced bvI«nHl/f^ 'l^^ f™: 
 150,000 men. Philip-Aueustus SnfvJl^l ? land, at the head of 
 large and well-appointed armv^^^^^^^^^ conducted thither a 
 
 England, the hero'^of thiS Sde, "e't'out'';^S,''n?bre»"iiTh^ *" 
 
 p V— -^^ ^s;^. s:^ =;^i.ES^ r^ 
 
 his rnaS. he obS;; many fignal S^^r^Ts ' L" th/f «^«'-y^t"« ^n 
 ness^of Which hL «fteen httS^^eiVS^ro^rrS^^^^^^^^ 
 
 K^^SiSHHoT^^ 
 
 made himself master oMhe oL?,?n?,' 'T-^'"''"^ P'"''^^^ a"*! having 
 meantime. RicharrJas VdtnTng o^tc^nd'Jhe'e'fforls ot[S; F^" 'i 
 
 leaders. Ph lip. Sous of th« h./ni^ T"^"^^"": "^T' ""'"» «'"""& 'he 
 the fruitless expedSrem^^^^^^^^ "*""• «"d tired of 
 
 by prodigies of valour and miUtnZ .liUfLlJ^A "P'P^™'/ encounters, and 
 of the brave Sala din who U hZ h,^ ' {"/"^'^^'^'o'-y from the standards 
 
 his hopes of future coiinnn«t Ho ;);„.. ' i f"""''" "o hnfl won, and 
 
 w«. m,..r.,ed b, ....in.".,:; Si^z^ti K^sj.' '"g.f.r 'S 
 
OUTLINK SKETCH OF GBNBEAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 »«0M TBI DEATH 01 9ALADW TO THE IND Of THE CmUBADBII. 
 
 njn'nH 'if ^^'""' "•';".« "'"■"'"'^ i™7fr'«.«^d his ".?« s 
 
 his father's empire. Thev accordinfflu in loni '"" '"■ *^® recovery oi 
 
 .equenlly Und th.1 a genenU hl"oi/?r S E„™ ~»S Iri^ S^ '""• 
 more and mare connected with the court of Kom.'n.S k ! hecome. 
 
 rMt^^ShrSE£!S= 
 
 .hout to h. directed .fainat their reUow-chTManr 1^7 '".H": 
 France and elaewhere, L o>tentaliona%mp and SitioJ of th^S °' 
 
 Aftwthii iahumw persecution, carried on under the banners of thf 
 
 X. 
 
OOTLINK 8KKTCH OF GENERAL HISTOttV. 53 
 
 ?^A * V".'!^"^' '""o°ent resumed his project of conquering the Holv 
 Land ; but he could not persuade the emperor to join m the design, be- 
 jause his throne was too much disturbed ; nor the kings of France and 
 England, as they were too deeply engaged in their mutual quarrels. An- 
 drew, kmgof Hungary, and John de Brienne, titular sovereign of Jeru- 
 salem, commanded this crusade, and Cardinal Julien, legate of the pope, 
 accompanied them. As the Christian leaders perceived that Egypt w« 
 the support of the Turks of Palestine, they formed a new plan of attack 
 and directed their first operations against that kingdom. In this thei 
 were successful The enemy, after having sustained several severe d^ 
 feats, abandoned th*. flat country to the Christians, and took refuge in the 
 mountains. The generals, sensible of the great danger of marching in a 
 country to which they were strangers, thought it necessary to secure the 
 heights, and reconnoitre the places through which they were to pass, be- 
 fore they proceeded any farther. The cardinal, consulting only the die 
 tales of impetuous ardour, treated their prudence as timidity, an/declared 
 for pursuing the barbarians immediately. Finding the two kin« onnosed 
 hrn opinion, he assumed the style of a superior, showed theXeK^ 
 nwfJJ".!' ^y -upported by the knights of St. John and the Templws 
 obliged them to pay a blind obedience to his will. The army, thus gov. 
 erned by this ecclesiastic, daily committed new blunders, and at lenitth 
 
 o7e'„e5Telr Tl.S^i*''".''"** ^''''''^''. °'" '^' N"«- ^he Saracens t"h'e„ 
 
 ffoTht .h«m.ii '*'*"V*"'^ '^^^ P™Pa"»? to drown the Christians, whc 
 
 S„ „f f. '"'^'*'*'' *'*P.P? *•» preserve their lives, by supplicating the 
 
 ir^d^'ii"!; dlSgrr* ""' ^'"^ '•"•^"^'^ '"^ "'"■•" '^ ««<>?«'' hough'covt 
 
 whTdi\"endtfth«rH- ."T*"'^'^* ■".""'*' ^°' *»•« ^'"^ misfortunes 
 yrhH.tf.nL •"'^"'f"[**,P^'^'''°"« *•»<* quite extinguished the zeal 
 Sot aC sSvSr* h"'' '^^ f«"'e»t which pervaded all Europe would 
 "Ject ve cZS H5?r''" '"'"^'^* °'' T^'^'^om, to leave their re- 
 
 rios'^s^nr, r« . ""'y ^'''"'^' '*>« '«'»''on ^^ which, although it car- 
 ieneral^ttrl ^'*'"' u ""^ ""t^'"P* »» chronological order in this outline of 
 by the na,„7&'St l''o..f''K" •""' ^""''^ F/ "^ "''»»««• he"er known 
 made a vow to t«!„\hr"' ''*'""? '^9?'"''!.^^ f'"™ a dangerous illness 
 ^r«.?„^ • '».*»''e the cross, and, with all the zeal of one who was de- 
 
 SC o?J!rRlr "'"""f *•" '^''i"f «" '^^' »"'*• heen 8prinkTed^^" the 
 S»h.5 1 ^''^"'^'>i'' '"''■'^^ his people to follow his example, and 
 
 Jort Marit^nT P °^ ^'''''"'"'' ^'J'"* *''« P"^'" «f 'he infidels. Bis con- 
 ■ort, Margaret of Provence, marched at his side, in order to share hii 
 
 ir/bt t!m'''""!J'" ""^ the principal nobility of theEgdl, ac^o™ 
 
 pa led by him. Nor was the French monarch left to contend with the 
 
 enemy sing c-handed. Prince Edward, the valiant son of The k no of 
 
 r^vS'S S""*"'^ ""''K' '"ff« *™'" «f K"Sli«h rhiemen Havira?! 
 
 Z!ir^"r^V""* °' ^Srypt, the army made good their landing and 
 
 marched for Damietta, a. d. 1346. Margaret led the troops in perlon and 
 
 he city was carried by storm. The intrepid conduct of^heCr!' Ind 
 
 he success which had hitherto crowned their arms, seemed to show 'thai 
 
 S Jn^tr^h """"'"' rVl""' *' '•»'"' *hen the subjection of Eg^pt wi 
 
 wnicn raged in the Christian camp, a dearth of provisions and thn im 
 
 prudent ardour of the count of Artoi^, who was .u!rmind«d by the enemT 
 
 and penshed with the flower of the nobility, gave a most unhUpy iS 
 
 ItKEKrhr™?'; ^""'* r' «"««''«'^ near MasSSLl and" 
 noiwiinstandiiig his heroic behaviour, h a army sustained n «iirnn Hi« 
 
 feZlVthl.rV"' '•"".'«'/ ^'" •»«•'« prisoner: A^ d aT SucKi uS 
 fete of the last crusade for (he recovery of Palestine. 
 
u 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF QENKHAL HISTOEV. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Alexander; but thVcrue L h« nn^"'' T^." ''"'"«^ '» ^""''^te 'hoJe o 
 The Moguls, or Mon«S 'over ^hoTlL^^^^^^^^^^^ aHogcther unparalleled 
 ty, were a people of lastem Taru^ H v L?'*"' """""ed »he sovereign 
 
 jarfous petty governments?but S?iS.ri"/-^!h•''^P^^^^^ *»">'' •"'«> 
 «i?n, whom they called Vamr-Khan n^.h/n* » subjection to one sover 
 wards Genghis khan, one of t^he mISor n rinpp^T^^^""' T^-^uJ*". after 
 
 -ventronht'Jh^efs to "b ^hfoS^ln^ri"'^^'' '!!f -'>«4 '"d «-% 
 ter. In ,202 he defeated LdSedVa"! 'S 'if."''^™"« of foiling wa- 
 ropeans by the name of Prester John of T.'i^ o ^""'^''^ (known no Eu- 
 tys vast dominions berainp . »,<.«„ r of Asia); and possessing himself of 
 Aclared kin^ of the MoXald TarS!;^''^'';'"'^''^^' '" ^^OeZZ^l 
 Genghis Kha% or the great Kha^^^^^ "P'*" '?•'" »''« '»Ie ol 
 
 duction of the kinffdoms of Hava ,°n nK- "^".n ^'"'' *'"*« followed by the re- 
 razim, or the kingdom of & Greu ^.'.^^'"^"''n'^''?^' Turkesfan Ka^ 
 d«a; all of which vaS reirS hp ™.. ^h"^' ^•'"'''' ^"'J P^*'' of In- 
 computed that upwa^lsSirtern riffns'of h^^^ twenty-six ye'ars. It is 
 ed by him durinj the last tvTntv^i^ '""^"^''^''"•'''''"Ss were butcher- 
 
 quests extended eighteen hSr/'i'^"''-^ "'*"' ''"'^ '^^* ^'' ^°»- 
 
 and from south toS" He dfed i?.*?!^,'^"' o '^'VV^- *«"'' ""^^ « 'hous 
 dia ; another, after crossina »h„ w!i /^^'- ^"® of •"» sons subdued In- 
 and Bohemi^f^hSe'r uJrd ad^:^:'/"i^^^ ^""''f """S^^- P«'' »d. 
 martime provinces of the Turkish emJiJL rlT^ r"? f ""S4?'«^ *» "^e 
 the power of the Turks in that mVar^^ ^j*® caliphate of Bagdad, and 
 
 den revolution In he meant n^fth«'M'r'''i\"'"y l"''"-«y««J by this'sud- 
 ed by the sultan of CaLTexpE the TnS''"'' * ^^y ^^ "•'"*'« f«r™- 
 throne of Egypt. ' ^^P^"^'^ '"^ Turkish conquerors, and seized tht 
 
 spilt nto a multitude nfsmfii til 2 ^ ^^^i °,"® °f ordinary capacity il 
 legiance to t^e hi .t ofSghi 'ffaTtiH tulT ' b"' ^I^^X «" oSlne? a ' 
 mer ane. The Turk. utihili\r^ i , '"® '""« of Timur Bek, or Ta. 
 
 tars who poured in from th^^^^^^^ '^°/*"f by the inundation of Tar 
 
 ^.Ss^/K? /;!S^ Aft. 
 
 main. The trifcutar; nations fenl 't« ^7»"'«tion of the impe/ial do- 
 shook off the yokT; ^ea" h of them ^k i" Lt^^ ■ ^"^ .""."Sary, ibsolutely 
 venient for them ; freeing the nsTlv^rl* PO'^'^.^'on of wliat lay most con. 
 by which they thotigJrtZitTvt m de7'.!:S;i„T"l^^ -erj; obligation 
 he emperors but their paternal inheritanc^pSm,«rli '*'""* "'*"''"8 ^" 
 the emperor by the imnorial citi « f,.«^ V- ^o^^'C'ly taxes were paid to 
 thems«Wes.bvtnkinrad^'^ntaffeof\hr„™n '''/''' .'^"y endeavoured to fre° 
 and assumed the t,tl/of/rSl, to d?.fi„ "''}^ \^''' P,"'''*"^'^ «' this time, 
 Of imperial cities wiricK;V;rt?e^^^ 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OP GENERAL HISTORY. ft* 
 
 watic league was formed. At length they grew tired of anarchy; and 
 Giegory X. having threatened to name an emperor if they did not thev 
 elected Rodolnh, count of Hapsburg, the descendant of an old count if Al- 
 flaco; from which election, humble as it w.-i8, the lustre of the House of 
 Austria is derived. The new emperor was seated on the throne with noth- 
 ing but an empty title to support the dignity; he h.id neither troops nor 
 money ; he was in subjection to the clergy ; surrounded by vassals more 
 powerful than himself, and m the midst of an enthusiastic people who were 
 ripe for sedition and anarchy. His first care therefore was to conciliate 
 the affections of the people, and by that means he happily appeased the 
 spirit of faction. He also studied how to increase his dominions, so as to 
 make them respectable ; with this view, he artfully blended the idea of 
 glory and the right of the empire with his own interest; and having united 
 the forces of the Germanic body against Oitocar, king of Bohemia, that 
 prince was compelled to yield Austria to the conquerorf who also obtained 
 Suabia; so that he was enabled to leave his son Albert in possession of a 
 rich and powerful state. t^o-x-ooiuu ui a 
 
 From the time of Kodolph of Hapsburg the amazing power of the dodps 
 began to decline. The form of government remained the same inX! 
 many; bu it was materially altered in England and France, where tho 
 middhng dasses of society had obtained a voice in the assemblies of each 
 nation. The manners of the lower classes of society were still rude and 
 barbarous m the extreme ; but those of the nobility exhibited a sinsular mir 
 Zl "/f^^r • 'SH' ^f''''7' and valour, in whiclforiginS the sIverTiJ: 
 ders of knighthood, such as the order of the garter in England and tha 
 golden fleece in Spain, of St. Michael in France! of Christ nPortugar. &c. 
 To this strange combination of religion with war and with love, may £ 
 S J h°T" "judicial combats, jousts and tournaments, and thS 
 spirit of chivalry which pervaded all the upper classes of society. Paint- 
 ing, sculpture, and architecture, arose in Italy through the exertions of the 
 
 thS wori?!"\1.1- J^' ""' °^ P?"''"? •'^"'^ ^"^'^''•"g ^«r« also enlightenin! 
 the world ; and the science of navigation, and consequently eeo-rranhv 
 were much advanced by the discovery of the mariner'2 corapafs ^^ 
 
 CHAPTER XH. 
 
 r»0M THB TIMB OV TAMEBLANB, TO THB 8IXTBBNTH CENTURr. 
 
 gated all the countries to the Euphrates, next poured hirhordesJveth; 
 
 brought an army of 700.000 men against the Turks, under the sulf.n Ba 
 
 KoflrTu'rkiIh'So^?'■ ''?r '"^^^^"^ "^l^ = b^ hendecrinlrto^t;! 
 rouioi tne lurkish host, and the capt v tvof tsleadnr At innnH, ,.,v,:i 
 
 on his way to China, in 1405, the cLqu^es of whS empreC'medi' 
 h« h^r f"""^;'".' '"*' ''"''''"'^ bv asudLndeath. ai .ImcXfthenaTiot 
 fo .'ubtirtr Lrm^nTe^s''^ "^ ^°"^ '« '««^'" ''^" '"^epondencero'S 
 honl!f Xhf n""'^'''"'' ">"' """« «'"""? th« sons of Bajazet revived tl.o 
 tended AnmrarTlTft'^""""* Paleolo.us; but they were ipeedi^ 
 wiiiniiated. Amurath H. after overcoming his competitors, took 'VhJ 
 
«• OUTLINE SKETCH OF GBNEHaL HWTOHT 
 
 Sr,Sn?Jnteri„^^^^^^^^^^^^^ i^-'ration to U.e 
 
 medially resigned the crown in hi. o^ ii u'* ''^^'"g "Stained a truce, iin. 
 ed attack' froniUladSausTiLJH^" Mohammed II., bat an unex^ct 
 field. After ihe bauL of Var5M„"rh!c7tC^^^^^ "«"'" '° '«''^"'« 
 
 c^S^Ae^-J^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 XtS^rM^ot^'r^t?^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 of Constantinopr'K^efince r^^^^^^^ »he -ege 
 
 session of the harbour, by having! ^?h the motlL r .^^'u?* obtained pos- 
 drawn his fleet overland the dSfaiTce of twn?fl»^*''^*.\^«^''''^ perseverance, 
 Md thus an end was put to tS^astern empile"^""'' '^^ ""^ •""^nderedj' 
 
 P^^i>£:^l^]^h^^ of 
 
 force, his troops were routed and S In '. ,'^'li'""''^ .?'"'' «» •'"♦nense 
 His death wa8%oweve7 shoVt1vVfLy/^"''"*>u'*''l'" '^^" '" »*•« """A'ct. 
 metriwitz, who Sjedl^bP frrnS!> '^*'''«"S«d ^y his son. Basilius Del 
 
 *.o. 1450. MuchToSio^n't^^raShirSth^'buTR^"^"' «"'«"'»' 
 from anarchy by John Basilowiir,^h«L « 1 ',• "' '^""'^ "'»» »aved 
 gular boldness ?ende?ed h' m It onc^ th« .n.?""*^ ^^'"'■^^ ^"""«««' ^n^ «"* 
 country. Freed from eve.^ vntP "^® co»g"eror and the deliverer of his 
 
 erful pSnces in thosTreS^he^SdaiSSS^ 
 
 that of cza, which has^sin'S remST:ith^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^ --™««» 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 n« a.roRM*T.o., .«„ pkoob.ss or .v.«t, n„„„o th.«xt„„„ cc^toht. 
 
 qumiyAhe^Stl^s'S^^^^^^^^ 
 
 pressed ; and. accordh"^^^! IXln^^ ^'" ^^^'up- 
 
 opposition to their authority Y^ in a -A^rfy '^ ?** ^^*^on to fear an 
 , . seen event produced a sSlar chaC i^^.hi ^T ''^^^'' ^.•"'»"y ""fo"- 
 *,^>'> of Europe ; this was UinEtSTSff n^ir L'S'^"' ?"*' P'^''''^"' ««e 
 - of Rome, of the liyS^f what^, '^i *° he doctrines of the church 
 The publicity with Sch the s^e of fnri'"'"""'^ '"*"«'' "" R^formatum. 
 sanction of Leo X. excUed thP .nH.„n r '^^"^t! ^'"''•'""ied on under th. 
 tine monk and professor o?Veo,ogvW!t"..°^£^'"'^ £""'«'' «" Augus! 
 ened by the attention which he S,.? ^ "?^/*' '" ?**0"y- ^nil^ld. 
 some of their rulers he nSShAd ?^il ;?' ° • **"'^ f"*™ '^'^ P«opl« but from 
 trine to another, tU? he afleS^^^^^^^ attacks Vm one doS 
 
 the wealth and power of the rhiirlrJ,^ firmest foundations on which 
 finding there waS no Joperof reclaimin7«o 1?**""^E?- ''«°' »''«'«''« '«^ 
 8 sentence of excommuKLn; AD ilaS iJf'I'^''''* " heretic, issuet^ 
 effects by the friendship of the electof of srinnv*"^"'""^"'"' ''^""' •'» 
 Charles V. to the imoerial ihrnn^ nf rl ^^^9^y- On the election of 
 
 Wing a diet at WoZ! toUerre'p^reroftnJh"' *•=•* ^^^ \^« ^"^'^ 
 gress of his arduous work. Luther hWhf^l^?'*'"'*"','''"- '" '''« P™ 
 men, among wl.om were '^ ?, Suus Me lancthon ^'f ''^!.'^^™i '««•'"«'' 
 there was the greatest probab fi y that Z^n^^^^^^ and 
 
 beenovertumel, at least in the north „fK.'^P'u'*'f'^''*-'''y ^°^^^ have 
 
OUTLINE SKEICH OP GENERAL hISTORY. ^7 
 
 date them, Melancthoii drew up the celebrated " CoPfPSKinn nf a»1 k « 
 which, being subscribed by the princes who protested wis dpfiv.rfH,"'^: 
 emperor in the diet assembled in that cUv in iMo F^nr^ delivered o the 
 death of Luther, in 1546. various n2|otiSiiUefeempToyed'i^^^^^^^ 
 proposed under pretence of settlini religious disputS. ^ ^'^ '"''""'' 
 wnile these transactions occupied the nublic attentinn in ««-«,»„, iu 
 
 Invaded the 8ouThm pm™S.' „hi . .»'^ T,h'' "' ""'""'' °'°<''"<"' """. 
 «i«ed hi. towns, ao IhaT af f Iha S^^ Jr r "'"" '^° ™.?""'y' """I f"'" 
 
 duced him to makVcSeL ons to thV «f P«.^"'«n ^S^inst Algiers, in- 
 
 Charles V., To iheCai a8tolZe,Unf"!i p P'^^'^^^ «f this treaty that 
 
 aud Spanish crown^andre^rd^Tr"„!,^'Lfr3^^ 
 
 ... .,jjj ^jjjj ^j jjjp 
 
Sd 
 
 OUTLINE 8KET0H OP GENERAL H18T0HY. 
 
 monastery of St. Just, in Spain, where he died, three yeara after, aped 
 
 OO. A. D. lobb. ^' 
 
 Charles was succeeded by his son Philip, and no monarch ever ascended 
 a throne under greater advHntajres. The Spanish arms were every whc^re 
 successful, and tJ»e rival nations appearing unanimous in their desire for 
 [^S!'*®^ •■ * ^^'.'^cf "f «levastating wars, peace was re-established bo- 
 tween Prance and Spam, which included in it, as allies on the one side ut 
 the other, nearly all the other states of Europe. 
 
 hA\l '""^ J^l'ZHbeth filled the throne of England, and Protestantism 
 StSf.'"^f".f '"? '■f'y ^i""^'^ "'•' ascendency, but it was established as the 
 religion of tl>e state. In France also the reformed religion was makina 
 considerable progress; but its members, who in that country were called 
 Huguenors, met with the fiercest opposition, from the courts of France and 
 Spain, who joined in a "holy league," and a rancorous civil war rajred for 
 m„'',?r\^r''^'","'r"y of 'he French province.. The duke of AnjoS com- 
 rSi A f 1 """/f ' '^l^'oteslmiB were hd by Coligni and the prince 
 of Cond6. At length a hollow truce was made the prelude to one of the 
 most atrocious acts that stain the page of history-the savage and indis 
 criminate massacre of the Huguenots throughout France, on the eve o, 
 
 bv whStnlJnn'' ^^"^^ ^*' '^''^k '^^^ ^•^'-'"""' "^ '^is diabolical dej. 
 by which 60,000 persons met with a treacherous death, was received in 
 Rome and Spain with ecstacy; and public thanksgivings were offered up 
 m their churches for an event, which, it was erroneously supposed, would 
 go far towards the extirpation of a most extensive and formidable heresy. 
 About this period a serious insurrection of the Moors in Spain broke oiit 
 and a most sanguinary war ensued, which raged with great vioionce in tlie 
 southern provinces; but the insurgents were nt length quelled, and public 
 S" "'? restored It was not long, however, befor2 the r^vdlt orihl: 
 l^h JokSjnte' '" ^'"''^ '^""^ emancipation from the Span- 
 
 But of all the preparations that were made for war and conouest. none 
 equalled that of Philip's " invinciblo armada." which he fondlylS would 
 Zt*::; ^^'"'''""•'' ""'^ ""'" *^"''"y "^« «"»' -'"y ^f ProtesLulmn. Bui 
 
 nearl?10norT'"r/'''K""'''^'"^."'".^"«^"^^ ♦^""y "^'M". »""' 
 
 nearly 30,000 ..en, after being partly dispersed, and losinjt several vessels 
 
 during a violent storm, was most signally defeated by the English: and 
 Phihp had the mortification to hear that fiis naval force was nearly annihi- 
 lated. 1 he particulars of this event, so glorious to lOngland aiul so dis- 
 astrous to Spain, will be found in another part of this work; and wa shall 
 here merely observe, that it greatly tended to advance the Protestant cause 
 throughout Eur..pn, and effe.tually destroyed the decisive influence tS 
 Spain had acouired over her neighbours : indeed, from the fatal day which 
 Srfnl 'onTr" I '■™1''" "'"P7'^';f«'i» (»->8«). tho energies of that onJe,K>w. 
 
 h«vi 3 iV"'''*.H''*'"r'^'""l^"""y '■''?"'""»' "'"l''" '"habitants seem to 
 nave sunk into a state of lethargic indolence. 
 
 t«r ImlT^f '"ll'y °^ 'y'^ 'l'**' f" ,"" 'ho states of Kumpe, towards the lat- 
 ter end of this centuiy, a decided tendency t.iwa'rds the concentration o| 
 power m tho hands ol^few individuals was fully percepiible. The reSub 
 il'nn^fn""' '"""' "'""""'•'■"ti'-al. thc monarchies more unlimited, and the 
 despotic giivernments less cautious. The system pursued bv the domi 
 neering court of Philip served more or less a^. aTexTn^ to In. co en^ 
 porary sovereigns ; w^iije the recent and rapid increase in the qnantiiy H 
 the precious metals, and the progress of the' i«dM.tri<ms arts, by priduH. g 
 
OUTLINB 8KBT0H OF OBNKEAL UISTOAV 
 
 Bfi 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 FHOM THE COMMEKOtMEllTOF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTCBT, TO THE PEAPE Or 
 
 WESTPHALIA. 
 
 The seventeenth century, at its commencement, found Spain drained 
 
 ica ' heTarb Jhe tZT ""! ?'"'"*"; '?«'?• '^^' colonizatfon of Amer- 
 II h«H nln A ^^"^ 9«"nt"fi». and the incessant enterprizes of Philip 
 KlitlD ir hTnf-h^f,™'"!?"'/"!"'^ the Dopulation; and his successor^ 
 mV^^."^- V". ""''*'"^''^°'*U"'^'"«'^ thousand Moors, who constituted the 
 most ndustnous portion of the remaining inhabitants. ''""'""'"*** *"" 
 Portuga was now under tlie power of Spain ; and saw as ihn rnn.A 
 quence of her subjection, the greater part of the dfs" overfes and conZIfs" 
 of her better days fall into the hands of strangers. The Du?ch, who were 
 forbidden, as re&els against the authority of pfhilip, to purchase U.Lirbon 
 
 tf mTr"*'"',?'' °i^ "'^^""' ^"'^*«»' ^«"' '« «he lat er cfountrTin seadi o^ 
 them, where ihey found an administration which had been rendpre.rfp«l. « 
 by the influence of the climate, by luxurious and offemfrtr habit and 
 by spintual and temporal tyranny, and while Philip III" after a sS^/e of 
 three years, xvlnch cost him from eighty to a hundVed housand n?e ^..0; 
 possession of Ostend. the Dutch too^ tile isles of Molucca frSfn fsP^r 
 
 lr„ems ;"'! fe^rtlritV Urn*; F;a"""^?f'- '"'i!''! «""""'''• "'«^' 
 reign of Honry Tv socmed L I L n« ' "'''''''' ""*'° '"'''"• P"'^ «f ^''« 
 
 th/;^.dition Jf 'nu^in^j'S^ff s; ^itir ^s^r:!"^^" *" 
 
 fiivonr«hi„ . ; f I. . '""'•"•'''" *'»"» f<»r . oniinion. Thodirli oriirinsllv 
 
 _ ,....„j„y -:;iiriv jrars' war "^ 
 
« OUTLINE SKETCH OP GENKRAL HISTORY 
 
 hemUn P miLtaius dSri'^r'* '° tJu, imperial throne, t" i2 
 
 now turned th«]?mr«?*i,'^ victory, and by the acquisition of treasure. 
 
 Kola ^ah«t Z Prn^L^"^"^^^^ Wluenstein, Tilly/aS 
 
 SriV^jSJg oV DenS i L^e^n'^'r^ t'"""^ » '''»»"« with &hrii: 
 inate a o 1695) but ih« i™\i .• .■"*' '"'' **** fe'U'ration of the palat. 
 
 .nt. we.; coTfilled'to^ueT 't?ce*'Tht**''^'r^ and the PrSteat- 
 •ecret alliance with Gu^alSt AdoK kin^ J^""'?'"*"*"*'^ '^"''"''^ • 
 
 ■uccesg of the Proteatant !!.?« k' "• *?» »«alou8ly anxioua for the 
 deaigna of the en,nero!f -hh" r ' '"' ""''^"^ «'''° '» «*"'c'* "j« Bmbilioui 
 try in wl oh ho nS .Lt f ^""^"'""y aPP«»red, in fact, to ^the coun- 
 cesa Hia tafen / L?h "^ v! P"**';*'"' the greatest prospect of sue. 
 Together wit'ft^oX Chi' S:^^^^^ or.he^igVst order 
 
 in the greatness of h? SlanT h! his genius, which manifested itself 
 minute itailTin the oSaSt:?w,l?.fhT'''"'''* *'':? P"^" of attention to 
 Insight into circumstaEof h« '? "'?>'•?"'' » «»•"» «nd penetrniing 
 the most ahnpleS aj; ihouah'^ih k V,"'"''*7-u- "'' '>"'»"• '^^^ «' 
 i«hed the world, he whs dSS», J"^,",'''!!"" n"*^ ''1" «'"«'•?""«• «"o"- 
 warmest friflml.hin «i!«.; P®"""» 'X «n>W, beneficent, susccpt ble of the 
 
 RiciTeu. tSil SterT F H.^"^""'- ""'* ^"'i "*■ ''•'"'*'"'« ""Providence 
 house of ArtrirsubliSLdS^^^^^^ P«wer of the 
 
 «,000 troops, headed bvth« ""■'»''.'"': »»d Kngland furnished him with 
 kingofSweden bvhisL d«.. J"r"' "^ "»"»"«"• The maynanimoua 
 by Ls irresisUble projri a" H te '" »he empire 
 
 . hi was oppi'sed to ufe ImnSrili ?""y ^^ ^^J* '"^""'y «f !-«*?»*«. ^'here 
 dence of ffe Protestant S^, n ,1"^^ ""''" ''''">• "viveTthe confl- 
 
 himaelf ...ateVrt?e"iKToum rXr^he^Te t<whr'R"^^^ 
 having been reoulsed with ««n-iX-ki i • '- *" the Rhine; but 
 
 intronchments Sf Ihe 7.^^^11.1...'^. '"'"l '" * ^"V?"' «"■«•' «" »h0 
 general. Wall«n«t*in K.S'f i ** N"""nl»'rg, and hearing that their 
 
 Ke^i^i \hlt'r;^;e'*hirb"t'lb ' m Ili''??'"^'^ '"'r- "• p^ 
 
 berod the Swedes Jnd their aU «..«!? ''»P«"»' ■•'•ny Kr««tly outnum- 
 flict was sn»tHine,rwith un.h t«^^^^ f«>md„ybreak till night the con- 
 nobly gaiN«,ibTrh«^!iH«.h,^ vigour; but though the victory was 
 of the & covered w?thm"'*' "^"r"' """« »"»'' f»""" *" 'ho iiddle 
 
 and faithn;i'aord?er;t ad Zr\:S^ilV''V:''T' "^ »•*• ''^^^ 
 of Prance hud been alarmld I't .?! . ^ ^"l^?^ ^V'^"" «"<' 'he court 
 
 many, in the haiTof a ^ler ih?ar.m:!dl'''r *''"'; P*'*'" «^ "«^ 
 *reigni and the efficscv of L «.«.! „ ■ " "^ '^* ^'""* ''^ " «'»iversal .ov. 
 getic genius "fVZZeldl'^t '^'J^'^ "^""""r '*'"""'«* ''V »he «„«^ 
 Sn thiS occasion " "' '*'"' "*"^'' '»""' aminently displayed than 
 
 It MUXZZ Th'e'rrltt''"'""!:""^"'"" ""' '»•• "''^hl o. 
 of Nordli„g«„,T,, rB34 deseS thr""!" n *"";'!; "?"•• ""• '>'»'«' «>»ttle 
 
ODTLINB SKETCH OF QliNKaAL HISTORY. 
 
 Oil 
 
 oand died, and was aucceedad by hia aon. PerdinnnH iii «.i.^ „ j. j 
 
 amonf the confederatea, the great eventa of the war were^flnSS^ •? 
 
 helrfavour. It would be in?oneiatent, ho JevS. wKr«{S"L 
 
 l.ne we are penning, to enter into further detnila o( thia memorabli iit* 
 
 fuae '^wXlH "!!fel?V"' '^'''1 "' ^^ ""'^ "**« beenTeady too di - 
 !ji r »i." V ' *»«r«'"™. pa" at once to the celebrated Peace or wTj,t 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 »KOM THE civil. WAa IN .NfltAIfD, TO THE PEACE OP ariWlCK 
 
 At thifi period England waa convulsed bv civil war niirin» .1.- 
 
 the situatio^in whfch r-tn"i Iff ''•'?" "^ «"lvigour necessary to 
 
 customs and InTodai arbitrary i^ons^n'J'' '"""'' f"' t'P^ "*"••""' «'"' 
 ancient abuses wore exSed w th 1"^^^^^^^^^^^^ pr vii„,fes and 
 
 monanl.v A ll^h * "' f^^i^hy would trample upon the ruins ht 
 followed by the usurpation of T«mw!:'l.*' "^ ]^^^' ■ 'II" •'""''• ^"^ «'»«'" 
 
 « ..urn. aij, faa^rraVL^xa zizi^^^ :^t:£^^i 
 
CB OUTLINE SKETCH OP CENERAL PTSTORY 
 
 IfnlSf ♦I*™*''"*' "/ ^*'"*"'® ^''^ """on, weary of tyranny and hvpocrisv r« 
 
 Pmm ir" ""^ the r murdered sovereign to iL throne; a'I^S' 
 ifJS^a^® P^*''® of Westphalia until the death of Ferdinand III in 
 
 JSedfnZS^et'Z'rr "",t'"^^' ^^^" considerable ferment p«" 
 nf tho i?» . u^' '«»P«c »"» ^^^ election of his successor. The choice 
 Iv c5^^trl?tS ''T''""' *"^TS '■'*"«" °" his son Leopold, he mmediate- 
 ly contracted an alliance with Poland and Denmark, against Sweden aiH 
 a nunierous army of Austrians entered PomeZia.bufailirin their 
 
 i» !kj ' V .• '"y*^d Transylvania, and gave thema sien*l overthrow 
 In this situation of affairs the youthful and ambitious Ss XI V KJi 
 
 15!v^.l P "; *"®r ^""^ <'^""'«' "f Charles II., the reigning monarch 
 Having prepared ample means, the king and Turenne enfprml Fi.nE' 
 and immediately reduced Charleroi, T?.urnay DouS^and Lilir sSch 
 rapid success alarmed the other European powers" who fearei^ihafan^ 
 Sin?« TP**'*" '^•'!;!'** """"^^ ^'"* ™'»«t«r of the Low Counts and a 
 iTiew or;euil"ho"''';?1 »'«'«'««» England. Holland, and SwTdcn, with 
 LaTL ! • "^ bounds to his ambition, and of compelling Spain to ac- 
 t^^tJjT'"'^ prescribed conditions. A treaty was, accordingly nego 
 
 ?he celebrated V«„i«n „„H k*""'"^''- ^>y.«"f»'"i"8: 'heir fortifications to 
 AD. 1668 Vo^ban-and by garrisoning them with his best troops; 
 
 Sntn''»ff„".°"'fK'^!'"\* h'" *'*"''?"« °" the Netherlands could not be carried 
 DrofliJ^e rm!rt°nf Ph" r??"™''"" °'" ^"K'"*"''' »'"» believing that Se 
 ITflf: ul^ "'^ ph"^' ; "• ^•''" "P«n to corruption, he easil? succeed- 
 ed, through the medium of Charles's-sister, Henr etta, the dSess of Or 
 
 aTfleUlnS'.;;!^^'-'* " ,*''• ."^^^^.^^ t''«' Charles should receive f 
 large pension from Louis, and aid him in subduing the United Provinces 
 
 rom the triple alliance, both monarchs, under the most frivolous ore 
 tences, declared war against the States, a. n. Ifi72. Williout the shaK 
 SL«!![1"!"' Louis seized the duchy of Lorraine, and Char es nS b 
 base and uns-^cessful attempt to capture the Dutch Smyrna floe" evel 
 
 V lie the treaty between the two countries existed. Thrpmver ttmtTaS 
 lnLhf„°"f"«'"'f' "''rT'""* """'ind, it was impos.,ible to w thirnii 1 ThS 
 nn^^l i ""*"' ""^ FraiK^e and Kngland amo'mtod to more than 20 sail 
 r«tlr tnV.""? .^f'y "" 'h« frontiers consisted of 120,000 men The 
 of the n. Th""' '"i'""'"' •?'"■« ^"^" "" opposition, but on the mmand 
 of the Dutch army being given to the young prince of Orange, WiHiam 
 
 ment -n.?"?!.-^" ""? """'"'^y "' ^^ "''"»" '«'"^'"'' «"'• ^oth the govern 
 ment and the people were united in th«ir determination, rather than sub- 
 
 t^ I «i?'T'''*''" '"■J"'V,*" ''h'*"''"" their country, ami emigrate ,, i body 
 to their CO on.e» in the Kast Indies. Meanwhile their fleets under Van 
 
 ^mZ^'v^llV'^^'r-'T^''}'^" '•""''""od French and Kngisl. fleet, 
 nnder Prince Rupert, in ifireo hiini-fought but indecisive actions the eii. 
 poror and the elertor of nr«ndei.b,i"g Joined the I uS cause m d 
 Uuirlos II., dis re«ed for want of money, and alarmed by the .hJrontenI 
 tl i'n^'^'Vf '"'*"'..''^' concluded a se^parate peace wiVl oEd, md 
 lrc!S;;;1idin7pHi^^^^^^ '"""''• '""^'"^ "'"•' - rec.iu,iUatio„1V t 
 
 tht^'llWll 'i'""'' "l?"*!.r' '"« nr'nic.- conquered Franche-Oompt* in 
 the next campaign; while Turenne was successful on the aide orQleil. 
 
OUrilKB SKETCH OF OKNEKAL BISTOav « 
 
 another campaign was opened, which proved stiU moTe favrr'able tJ J « 
 French. VaUcennes, fcambray, and St. Omer were taken ma^halD^ 
 Luxembourg defeated the prince of Oranrre, and svverariii „^* 
 vantages were gained by the' French. At lengfh the S Erie Jx 
 
 brated John Sobieski, king of Poland, came to its reUef ^t thp ^pL .^i*' 
 nmneroua army. This revived the confidence of the bes.eled and thlir 
 assailants were repulsed ; while the main body XhTad ie„ ,pH hJ 
 the grand vizier to meet the Poles, were thrmvn i„» "S' 5" '®° P^ 
 first charge of the Polish cuv^lrv «Z aJ ■ .u '"''' disorder at the 
 
 »f »«jrrandize7nem He L?« r,? hl^^^^ »"'' ^var 
 
 Afri<t trampled on the indepef^S^ L^'e of' Genof 1^ "i"'. 'H''^' r""' «^ 
 
 ous peace with Spain, a.id reCri hilSf ol';„S«1o'^thTn"^'r 
 
 by insulting the dignity of the none nTtLhilfi^u?- P'"*'*' *'0"'^ 
 
 ing the fears and rousin J the K;„«Hnl r''^^ '"" '""^•""" "^" «•»«•"». 
 
 errorwhi^KinaSicToiint of K^h °^ tiurope, he committed an 
 
 Bcnrcely be' blinn, .'ugh'^o exol e ' S<wv"lV 'f 'i""''"^^''^ «^"^ 
 
 reigiou, freedom to the French SroesSnts^ a .d' .t-*^ T'?'^r ^,'"''"^ 
 
 whicli scoured it to them was r flHi<r.,TH »« h ' ^ '^.® ^'^"" "^ Nantes 
 
 endeavouring to con trTth^ r o Z wi^ . f""'P«'"?'- ""' «fter vainly 
 
 formally revoked Zeii?t,fK'^^^^ "P'"'*''"^' J^""'« 
 
 with an the injustice a i ,• ,eUv thu I ?.. i r r'"" P""""""""* ""Ejects 
 
 brutality execute. By t s SI ao^h^^^^ ♦^''='«'«' "' 
 
 « million of inhHhitanfs wl trrsferred to n^h"^^^^ """""'y "'^ •>«»' 
 
 indiMiry and tJieir commercial relCLle."''"' ''"^'' "'*"•• -«»"". '^oir 
 
 A.il\n,ri;'t\teon"^;rn,?„ct'';;/«"""'**''''' * '""Jf"" «""' '•"'•med at 
 rro*achmrn,s of the FroS'^.^/ ^"^"'''.r' '" '*"*«' the further en. 
 «wc,den, and DentZrk acSml.,d £',i i • '"" >"»'"' ^P"'"- Holland, 
 J'imes f I. whi h ?! itl-ly Sulci' ,^;rhv''w'^ "mlortaken ,o rostoro 
 Kngland Joined the alhanc.- ''*'V'"""»' »'y Wilham, prince of Oraiigo, 
 
 acetious but ,mnrin,.i ! In. Clmrles lltZK f "?"" "' ''"?'""■ "^ "'^ 
 
 ing had no Just or nonaytntimi.i »»..,. 
 
 «M. .J:^*.4 
 
 ttr ttzviaic IV ;r.t 
 
94 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OP GBNKRAL HISTORY. 
 
 ■I 
 
 II^H''.'!.;'!l'?''".^'"'','^r"-ion jHmes had offended many of the nobles, 
 
 inemseives to the stadtholder, who was h s neohew and succensnr nnH 
 fLZT'IIT''' '"^•'•'** ^f'^ throne. At this^uncS X qjeen Cf 
 K: of ^S^«*,h?' *\*^'"* '^^'*"' produced different effects on the 
 In'^pnmin *^*'h«'"=» »"''^ Protestants. The stadtholder, Jnimovable in 
 oil contingences, was confirmed in his resolution of rescuing Enirland 
 
 i'.Zl^'' -1^'''*""^ ^y. ^'■^'''''^ '' ^"« ""'^ oppressed; bu he kept hU own 
 secret, and preserved his usual character of tranqui liiv. reserve and im 
 penetrability. Many of the English noWlity reSd to the H«oi^' 
 where William lamented their situation ;aXw5f Treat secrecy fiUed 
 out an armament that was to effect the dei.ve^nce of ?he pSh^'nat on 
 from popery and despotism. Though the king of France had sent Jame! 
 information of the proceedings of the princ? of Orange, the infatuated 
 king could not be persuaded of his danger until thre^xVdiLrwaa on 
 he point of sailing. At length the stadtholder lander^n Torbav* aSd 
 the unfortunate monarch, finding the situation of his affih-1 H«.n'««.o 
 hastily quitted the English shorfs, and sougLt an asy um "^^8 A 
 convention was then summoned, the throne declared vacant aSd the 
 prince and princess of Orange, as " King Willianr II and Queen Mary- 
 were proclaimed king and queen of England. This was followed bv7h« 
 Phl"f'7 "'M^" ." B"'«f Rights " and the " Act of ScSe i." by wh Sh 
 the future liberties of the people were secured. ''*'"'^'"^'"' "y *"»«" 
 At the head of the league of Augsburg was the Emneror LeonoM • h..i 
 Louis, not daunted by tlie number of the confedeZes assSed' two 
 
 Tw^xv nSt"' ""1 '"T' "" «pp""e thrsp"ni"3st c'atr 
 
 nia , While a fourth was employed as a barrier on the German frontier 
 and ravaged the palatinate xvith fire and sword; driving tl^^wretcS 
 victims or his barWous policy from their burning houses by thoE^anda 
 to perish with cold and hunger on the frozen ground iTthe S ca nt 
 paign his troops archieved several important'Vi.ioriVs, and the FrS 
 
 heSi /n rrQ-n'^rr^ r^ ^'''' "'■ '^"«'"'«» «"d Holland off Beachy. 
 head, A.D. 1690. Thus the war continued for the three following veara. 
 exhausting the resources of every party engajred in it withm.t L^v ?^ 
 
 eXTSut'"^' ,'f r P'*''^"'- «"y '«c'^«ivenrant"age be n'g gaS 'bv* 
 m her iha was likely to produce a cessation of hostilities. Witl all (ha 
 
 S"i 7so^\7ai'v"antir he^V"'^"'^^'' """ ^^""'l"^^''' ^"^^ "n^rod^uit yj 
 oi any soi d advantage ; her finances were n a sinkinir state • her «ari- 
 
 culture and commerce were languishing ; and the count?y was'threatS 
 
 with the horrors of famine, arising from a faUureTthoronranH thf 
 
 •carcity of hands to cultivate the soil. Al Ja Hies ndeed "^ere „ow 
 
 grown weary of a war in which nothing perminent was effertml «nH s!J 
 
 and a treaty concluded at By4wi^k by wSh I^u^s mkde U^^^ 
 .urns rostorin,^ to Spain thelplicipal Vaces ho l" 3 TresteWom heri 
 bin the rennnoiation of the Spanish succ ossion, which it had been th« m!.n 
 obiect of the war to enforce.' wa. not even alluded to in the triaty 
 
 CHAPTER XVi. 
 
 ooMMCNocMEirr or THi ■lOHTic.iiTH o.NTuaT, TO THi P«Aci or OTiroirr. 
 
 THi dec/ining health of Charles H., king of Snain wh* h»l no nhit 
 dren. .-ngaged tlio attention of the EuroZn powew Id W 
 alert tlioso priuce. who wer« claimant. ^Z^Zll The''?«rd«le; 
 
OUTLINE SKETCii OF GENERAL HI8T0EY. gg 
 
 balance of powerVEuVopeSh^^^^^^^ to preserve the 
 
 he was unable to contend wUh his rivals A .ln£ ?" ^^ ',""«" *»'" 
 
 if ^was therefore signed by France PnS ««:? « n'^^^*'",?**^ "^ partition 
 
 %?reed that SpaiS, AmeK Tnd \he ttSnd"^^^^^^^ »' \«» 
 
 electoral pr mce of Bavaria • iMonil-' oi V ? '. °"'" "^ 8'^en to the 
 
 dauphin, and the duXTiiliWo 'thi'iL^^^^^ '^^ *'""."" «»"'««' »« ^h* 
 duke Charles. This treatv iom5?,„ f «"^Pe«>r's second son, the arch- 
 Spain, he was naturally indLanT hi IV^^ knowledge of the king of 
 poVed of during WsSafflrimmi-'? ?°»""«ons should thus be dis 
 electoral prinfe S well sui^M til*' -^ """"f^ *'» '" fa^o"^ of the 
 but the infentioiiwls scrrcelylaA^^^ "^"^n'J' 
 
 died suddenly, not without sipTcion of TaVin^ h««n ^ ^''^''"^^ P""^' 
 prince's death revived the apprehensions nf pL J* powoned. The 
 they entered into a new treaW pSion Bnf ?hf i,*"*' "r"!!*''''' ""^ 
 queathed thfl. whole of his dominions to hp■rfn?«nf^® 'f'"^ "'^ ®P»'n be- 
 flie dauphin, who was univSlv acknowlil^°/ ^u-*°"' ««''°"'^ sono' 
 death oF Charles, who died irK an7th«^™ ''^ *£? ^^ ""er the 
 under the title of Philip T ' *''® ^"""^ ''•»«^ «■« crowned 
 
 The emperor Leopold being determined to mmnnr* tv, i • 
 ■on, war immediately commenced and an aS^ *''® *''*""■ °^ h« 
 where he met with great success PHn^-^i^ "«"t into Italy, 
 
 French from the MiCse, ^grand a "ian.e Trr '""''"«: «Pe»ed th^e 
 many, England, and Holland Travowed obr/c /ofTf- ''?f^^^^ ««'" 
 "to procure satisfaction to his imnprial ™if! "•'*'? ''"'""''e were 
 Spanish succession; obtain security to hi PnTl^ '"^*^^ ^»«« ^^ the 
 dominions and commerce; Jrevem he un^o? n5 ^l?** Dutch for their 
 France and Spain; and hinder the Frlnnh/ °^ ''*® monarchies of 
 dominions in America." ^'^"^^ '^^^ possessing the Spanish 
 
 on'S27thVs:p?eiltJ;?,of ,t?^^^^^ t1c?efe'd^T«'"'- '3' ^--. 
 bv his son, James III., better knJwn bJ th« »nn„1f1'" •"? ".^"""al titles 
 Wuh more magnanimity thS^ pnXnce^ Lo„1f Yi v "*" ""^ '^^ Pretender. 
 to the throne his father had awSn '^"""•.^IV. j-ecognised his right 
 In any other light than that of J^'?„t'lt to Wm"'^ "°^^.«''"'•'^«'«•' 
 nation i and the pariiament strained every nerv^ n""" ""^ l^^ '^"8''»h 
 offered to the monaroh of their choice -hmh/r '° t""^""^^ "'^ indignity 
 ment of hostilities, William met Srhisdlfh''^ '*"? "*='"''' commence- 
 his horse, a.d. 1709. "'* "^**^' occasioned by a fall from 
 
 ^'r^^rk^^^^^^^^^^ Georpe. prince of 
 
 resolution to adhere to the «2n3 «ll.«n^f*"* "'"""'J and, (fedanng her 
 powers against France o7thei2v''"/t "?"' :^'"^".«^ ^X '"« three 
 Vienna. Her reign proved a Lh«T «f i ^.'n^' I^ondon, the Hague, and 
 resolved to pursue thKmVofhorn? ,""'*'" ''"^ of triumphs.'^ Being 
 mand of the army to the iarl „f mJ. r"''. "''*' entrusted the com? 
 
 successes in Fla^nJe.;; ^h ,e"u^ ^tSSl" P^?l'»'^ considerable 
 captured the galleons, 'lade wi J Ztr',.. *'''?«"'' '*"'''•'• """«» 
 which were lyin? in Viso I Iv... i .w '*'""'■*'■ of Spanish Amoricn 
 Meanwhile, the^ F?^nch ^d t fc "itL tti'i'*'?'?" ""V ^^'""''hZe .' 
 Flanders the genius of M^Jlborough ? iTra Sei't^^ 'U^^J'^'" ''"' '" 
 ued to be an overmatch for the genSra « onnSl?^ dukedom contin- 
 •> B conquests in that country, hfre«olvo7.om„ '? •"."' "a''"'? -ocured 
 •iid of the emperor, who had tT^^?i f " ?"."'' »"*» Germany, to the 
 a. well a. the Lnch and I avaSrs 'hs r.nn" 'J""«^'"-"»" "'•"•■?«"«» 
 and U|eetin| prince Eugene at Mondli.h.^mL'.?*'^/"'""*' ^^^ «»''««'' 
 und efl^cteS with the lU^riLT^li^Si i£T^:^l '^""' ""^ 
 
 
09 
 
 OUTLINE BKBTOH 07 GENBBAL HISTOBT. 
 
 united, they advanced to the Danube. The rival armies each amounted 
 to about 60,000 men. The French and Bavarians were posted on a hill 
 near the village of Blenheim, on the Danube ; but though their position 
 was well chosen, their line was weakened by detachments, which Marl- 
 borough perceiving, he charged through, and a signal victory was the 
 result. The French commander, Talljird, was made prisoner, and 30,000 
 of the French and Bavarian troops were killed, wounded, and taken ; 
 while the loss of the allies amounted to 6,000 killed, and 7,000 wounded : 
 A.D. 1704. By this brilliant victory the emperor was liberated from all 
 danger; the Hungarian insurgents were dispersed; and the discomfited 
 army of France hastily sought shelter within their own frontiers. In 
 Spain and Italy the advantage was on the side of the French ; but the 
 victory of Blenheim not only compensated for other failures, but it 
 greatly raised the English character for military prowess, and animated 
 the courage of the allies. 
 
 Among other great exploits of the war was the capture of Gibraltar by Ad« 
 niiral Sir George Rooke and the prince of Hesse. This fortress, which had 
 hitherto been deemed impregnable, has ever since continued in possession of 
 the English, who have defeated every attempt made by the Spaniards for 
 its recovery. 
 
 In the following year (1706), the emperor Leopold died, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son Joseph- In Italy the French obtained some consider- 
 able advantage' ; while in Spain nearly all Valencia and the province of 
 Catalonia submitted to Charles III. The hopes and fears of the belliger- 
 ants were thus kept alive by the various successes and defeats they 
 experienced. Louis appeared to act with even more than his usual ardour : 
 he sent an army into Germany, who drove the Imperialists before them ; 
 while his Italian army besieged Turin, and Marshal Villeroy was ordered 
 to act on the .offensive in Flanders. This general, with a superior force, 
 gave battle to Mariborough at Ramillies, and was defeated, with a loss of 
 7000 killed, 6000 prisoners, and a vast quantity of artillery and ammunition. 
 All Brabant, and nearly nil Spanish Flanders, submitted to the conquerors. 
 The allies, under Prince Eugene, were also successful in Italy ; while, in 
 Spain, Philip was forced for a time to abandon his capital to the united 
 forces of the English and Portuguese. Louis was so disheartened by 
 these reverses that he proposed peace on verv advantageous terms ; but 
 the allies, instigated bv the duke of MariborougK and Prince Eugene, reject- 
 ed it, although the objects of the grand alliance might at that time have 
 been gained without the further effusion of blood. Thus refused, Louis 
 once more exerted all his energies. His troops having been compelled to 
 evacuate Italy, he sent an additional force into Spain, where the duke of Cer- 
 wick (a natural son of James 1 1.) gained a brilliant arid decisive victory at Al- 
 manza over the confederates, who were commanded by the earl of Galway 
 and the marquis de las Minas ; while the duke i i Orieans reduced Valencia, 
 and the cities of Lerida and Sarasrossa. The victory of Almanza restored 
 the Bourbon cause in Spain ; and Marshal Villars, at the head of the French 
 army in Germany, laid the duchy of Wirtemberg under contriliution 
 
 The general result of the war hitherto had miserably disappointed the 
 English ; Mariborough felt that a more brilliant campaign was necessary 
 to render him and his party popular. He therefore crossed the Scheldt, 
 and came up with the French army, under Vendome, at Oudonarde. They 
 were strongly posted ; bnt the British cavalry broke through the enemy'i 
 lines at the flrst charge ; and though the approach of night favoured the re- 
 treat of the French, they were put to a total rout, and 9000 prisoners fell 
 mto the hands of the English. Shortly after. Lisle was forced to surren- 
 der i and Gliont and Bruges, which had been taken by Vendome, were re- 
 taken. About the same time the islands of Sardinia and Minorca surren 
 dered to the English fleet, and the pope was compelled to a<'knowl«dae tho 
 rohduko Charles as the Uwfbl king of Spain : a. d. 170H 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OP GENERAL HISTOEY. g^ 
 
 tr«TIlfH*hfo"'^ °^ ^°"'^ being greatly exhausted, and his councils dis. 
 tracted, he again expressed his willingness to make every reasonable coni 
 
 the Spanish monarchy to the archduke; but his proffers beinjr rejected 
 except on terms incompatible with national safety or peraoniLjSur the 
 French king, trusting lo the affection and patriotism ofhis iSople cJl ed 
 fTL'"?"" 'a 1??^ •" 1S^«"^« °f 'h« raonarcfiy, and in supportWeir hum- 
 ble and aged king His a 'peal was patriotically responded to EvJSr 
 nerve was strained to raise a large army, and the salvluon of France S 
 confided to Marshal Villars. tL allied army was fo3 on the JlS 
 of Lisle; the French covered Douay and Afras. Euffene and MkrSS! 
 rough invested Mons Villars encamped within a lea|ue of ^2 at MiJ 
 plaquet Elated with past success, the confederates attacked him in hS 
 ntrenchments: the contest was obstinate and bloody: and thouih the a 
 hes remained masters of the field, their loss amounted to about 16 000 
 
 Sent' n'nSf °f '?! ^''''^^' ^'!? l''''^'^^' ^^^ »«» le».?han iX! 
 l&ept. 11, 1709). Louis again sued for peace; and conferences «««. 
 
 opened at Gertruydenburg early in the following spring :Su the allies sS 
 nsisting upon the same conditions, the FrencS monarch agafnrSed 
 them with firmness. The war continued, and with it the succesies of 
 the allies in Flanders and in Spain, wheri the archduke airaiSoht^fn«i ' 
 possession of Madrid. But the nobility remaining fSfulTphUb 3 
 f esh succours arriving from France, the duke ofVendome conipelSdthe 
 S"J° Tu™ ^'''''^'^^ Catalonia, whither they marched in two bodie. 
 The English general. Stanhope, who commanded thrreard vision w,f.* 
 
 mmmmm 
 
88 
 
 OUTLIKB SKBXOH OF GENBRAL HISTQRY. 
 
 ■l!!: I 
 
 i;- I 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 TH« AeS OF CHAEUS XII. OF SWKDEIf, AWD FBTER THE SBBAT OF RUMIA 
 
 THO08H we have confined our attention to the ware which occupied the 
 eouth and west of Europe at the latter end of the 17th century, we must 
 not overlook the events that took place in the north and east, through the 
 
 • ijy. u ambition of two of the most extraordinary characters that ever 
 wielded the weapons of war, or controUed the fate of empires: these men 
 were Charles XII., of Sweden, and Peter the Great, of Russia. 
 
 It IS here necessary to retrace our steps for a few years. In 1661 the 
 people of Dsnjnark, disgusted with the tyranny of their nobles, solemnly 
 surrendered tftt-H.berties to the king; and Frideric. almost without any 
 effort of his own, became an absolute monarch. His successor, Christian 
 V .made war on Charles XL, of Sweden, who defended himself with jrreat 
 priiing ChilS'SSr ' **" ''"''^° *° ^^ ^°"' *^® valiant and enter. 
 i„tn"»ll? ^It'^i'i?^ ^^^*'''* Russia began to emerge from the barbarism 
 ^1?/! ''''*•'* ^^^V P'""8®*' ^y}^^ Mongolian invasion and the civil 
 warsoccasioned by a long course of tyranny on the part of its rulers. His 
 ^^nT^h" °!i® P'"?"^^ *? enlightened policy, reforming the laws encour 
 ffin. ^llVi '".W"u'"8f the manners and customs of more civilized 
 nations. At his death he bequeathed the crown to his younger brother, 
 Peter, m preference to his imbecile brother Ivan, who was several years 
 his senior. Through the mtrigues of their ambitious sister Sophia, a re- 
 J^ IS" 5'lu ® Iiy ' and owing to the incapacity of one brother and the 
 youth of the other, she continued to exercise the whole sovereign power. 
 Being accused, however, of plotting the destruction of her youngest bro- 
 ther, she was immediately arrested and impriaoned ; and Ivan havinir re 
 Ured into private life, Peter became sole and undisputed master of the 
 Kussian empire, which was destined through his efforts, to acquire event 
 HaHy an eminent rank among the leading powers of Europe. 
 
 Endowed with an ardent thirst for knowledge, gifted with the most per- 
 severing courage, and animated by the hope of civilizing his nation, Peter 
 I., deservedly surnamed the Great, exhibited to the world the unusual spec- 
 tacle of a sovereign descending awhile from the throne for the purpose ol 
 Xi™ '!l? '""«'«'f "l?™ worthy of the crown. Having regfjia^ed tti internal 
 ^lunA- '^""^'a'. Peter left Moscow, and visited France, Holland, and 
 SoSff .""'^^•'''i '"^est'gJI^'ng their laws, studying their arts, sciences and 
 manufactures,and everywhere engaging the most skilful artists and me- 
 ehamcs to follow him into Russia. But his desires did not end there, he wish 
 ed also to become a conqueror. He accordingly, in 1700, entered into an 
 
 S ' rhf,i!'*trT'''?l'"^V"f "™"H' ^°' *he purpose of stripping the yoSth" 
 fill Charles XII. of the whole, or of a part oFhis dominions. Nothing dis. 
 mayed, the heroic Swede entered into an alliance with Holland and Enjr^ 
 In-Vr llT ^% ^°P«nhapen and compelled the Danish government to 
 Sft n,.ft peace. The Russians had m the meantime besieged Narva with 
 80.000 men. But Chariea having thus crushed one of his enemies, in the 
 short space of three weeks, immediately marched to the relief of Narva 
 
 Tanm; ""frlyoH'nn^ •"?" ''^ '■"'■^'"^ ^^^ ""««*'»" entrenchments, killed 
 18,000 and took 30.000 prisoners, with all their artillery, baggage: and 
 ammnnition. Peter being prepared for reverses, coolfy observed. «• I 
 
 SInTuer'orVi'n o'TtSm." ""'' '"' ""' '"' ""^ "*" ''"'''' "« »« ^«^»"'« 
 
 PoU?i?5 li^lT^ '^Sif^n'' '" H following year Charles defeated the 
 Poles and Saxons on the Dnna. and overran Livonia, Couriand. and Li- 
 muania. biated with hie sucoeaaes, he formed the project of dethronmit 
 
OUTLINJS SKETCH OP GBNKEAL HISTOaY. gg 
 
 live. Naira, so recemly Ihe scene of his discomaiuw. ho look bj «o?™ 
 and senl an army of 60,000 men into Poland. The SwiiJhki^. & 
 
 of the Swede, towafda Moraw T bSki^^iTn^hn^S. 'H*^'" 
 WMte Ihe .urrounding counlry. Charles aft2?l?£.in. ™3 ' a '"'"'.« 
 .alioDj and beinj ur|ed by ^Ize^hel^^'S; 'of S.'^''^!" T 
 
 resolved to nroce^d At ipn.i t'"?*-^"*^- P«"shing with cold, he madly 
 on the fronSSS of the llkr! L*"^ fc'l "^^^ *<? P""«^^*' « fortified city 
 
 r,i^^.e^o■iltJ»H!;S'F"^^ 
 s^hftrSonSSr^ 
 
 Swedish lines. Notwithstan,fm„ #?.! T '^ ""»''? dreadful havoc in the 
 irretrievable ^in of the SpriL^'P"*'"*-''^'''."'" ^^ '^»« troops, the 
 «000 taken prKe^, and 12 000 fn^?iv.?» '?''*'^' ^^^ ""^'^ billed, 
 banks of the DneS from wfntoWaLf^^^ ^°!^^^^'* surrender on the 
 army was thus Sholineltroved Ch»rri^"V'i^ The Swedish 
 
 men, escaped with much diK.W ".« p^''^''««' ant^ about three hundred 
 rabia, where hrias ho pSv ic^^^^-?^-^^ » Turkish town in Bessl; 
 during several years b!SvPd..n»!h?i *"i? "^^T ^^ re-nained inactive 
 woullespouse h'^^ cause and d?nl«ri,^- ^T *''*' "'« ^"«""an Porte 
 fatal day Charles hadTost the frnh. nf F '"" ^^^ 1"^^' ""^ ""««'*• I" one 
 tered reiimant of that HvmiVvZli^^^^^^ *'*« ^''a*- 
 
 of other countries quailed wp^a »«n!n5 / 1 V'^i!" '''« ^"""^est troopg 
 
 Of tnS,""^^^^^^^^^ -" yet abandoned all hope 
 
 declared against feussia by the PortP Zf\h ■ ^^"^\ '" ^^'*' «'«'• ^as 
 iranced towards the Danube iuheh^ndof^i °^^^T ^^^^"*^^ ad- 
 
 force the Russian army oSeLksoHheTA^fh ""*'"• , %'^" '"""«"»« 
 and reduced to a state of 8tarv;,tfnn aJ .u- '^""'. *?* «'o8ely surrounded 
 Catharine, who iSclpanS lier Lbanl 'Inff "'^ ""'"« 
 
 vizier and prooured a cessat^in of Km.?' ^"* " P"''*'^ message to the 
 Uations, w^hich were Sil! tnUn^tJAu'' preparatory to opening nego- 
 
70 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF GBNEEAL HISTOEY. 
 
 I\l 
 
 censed at this disappointment of his most ardent hopes, and eventuallv 
 procured the dismissal of the vizier. His successor, however, slill less 
 favourable to the views of the royal wamor, persuaded the sultan, Achmet 
 III., to signify his wish that Charles should leave the Ottoman empii-e. But 
 he resolved to remain, and the Porte had recourse to compulsory mea- 
 sures. His house was invested by Turkish troops, and after a fierce de- 
 fence on the part of himself and his few attendants, he was taken and con 
 ve^ed as a prisoner to Adrianople. 
 
 f he enemies of Sweden were, in the mean time, prosecuting their sue 
 cessful career. Stanislaus, whom Charles had placed on the throne of 
 Poland, -had been compelled to yield it to Augustus, and the Swedish 
 frontiers were threatened on every side. General Steinbock, after having 
 gamed a brilliant victory oyer the 6anes and Saxons at Gadebusch. and 
 burnt Altona, was besieged inTonningen, and forced to surrender with the 
 whole of his army. Roused at this intelligence, the king of Sweden 
 left Turkey, and after travorsing Germany without any attendant, arrived 
 safely at Stralsund, the capital of Swedish Pomerania 
 
 At the opening of the next campaign, [a.d. 1715] Stralsund was besieged 
 by the Prussians, Danes aiid Saxons, and though obstinately defended by 
 the king, was forced to capitulate, while he narrowly escaped in a small 
 vessel to his native shores. All Europe now considered that his last effort 
 had been made, when it was suddenly announced that he had invaded 
 Norway. He had found in his new minister. Baron de Goertz, a man who 
 encouraged his most extravagant projects, and who was as bold in the 
 cabinet as his master was undaunted in the field. Taking advantaee of a 
 coolness that existed between Russia and the other enemies of Sweden 
 Goertz prpposed that Peter and Charles should unite in strict amity, and 
 dictate the law to Europe. A part of this daring plan was the restoration 
 of the Stuarts to the throne of England. But while the negotiations were 
 m progress. Charles invaded Norway a second time, and laid siege to 
 Frederickshall, but while there a cannon-ball terminated his eventful life 
 and his sister Ulrica ascended the throne, a.d. 1718. * 
 
 By the peace which Peter signed with Sweden, he obtained the valua- 
 ble provinces of Carelia, Ingrain, Esthovia, and Livonia. On this glorious 
 occasion he exchanged the title of czar for that of emperor and autocrat 
 of all the Russias, which w as recognized by every European power. One 
 year after (a.d. 172'^) this truly extraordinary man died, in the 53d year 
 of his age, and the 43d of a glorious and useful reign. Peter the Great 
 must be considered as the real founder of the power of the Russian em 
 pire, but while history records of him many noble, humane, and generous 
 actions, he is not exempt from the charge of gross barbarity, particulariv 
 in his early jrears. He must not, however, be judged according to the 
 standard of civihzed society, but as an absolute monarch, bent on the 
 exaltation of a people whose manners were rude and barbarous 
 
 Catharine I. who had been crowned empress the preceding vear took 
 quiet possession of the throne, and faithfully pursued the plans of her'illus- 
 trious husband for the unprovenient of Russia; obtaining the love of her 
 subjects by the mildness of her rule and the truly patriotic zeal she evinced 
 for their welfare. She died in the second year of her reign, and left the 
 crown to Peter H., son of the unfortunate Alexis, and the regency to 
 prince Menzicoff, who was afterwards disgraced and banished to Siberia. 
 After a abort and peaceable reign Peter if. died, and with him ended (he 
 male hne of the family of Romanof a d. 1730. 
 
 1: 
 
 M: J! 
 
OUTLISE SKETCH Ci/> OKNBIUL HI8T0EY. 
 
 71 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 ma AFFAIBJ OF KCaOPE, FBOM THE ESTABU8H1IBNT OF THE HANOVXEIAN 
 SDCCE88ION IK ENai.AMD, TO THE TEAR 1740. 
 
 Abritid at a period of comparative repose, we may now take a retwi. 
 
 SZ ^^^^^ "' '*••? f^'l' of Great* Brit'ain. iJllOlVs^tlLTZ 
 England had been united under this appellation, and the act of union in- 
 troduced equal rights, liberties, commercial arrangements, and a pariia- 
 ment common to Both nations. During the life of William III. the pKf 
 tant succession had been decided by act of parliamenttS favour of thn 
 countess palatine Sophia, duchess df Hanover, wU?of he first elector? 
 sovereign of that territory and mother of George I. Th s pSss dTda 
 short time before oueen Anne, and George I.Tupon that evenMook the 
 °*J,*^f«"'=«e««;«"' by which he engaged to observe and maintain the laws 
 and liberties of Britain, not to engage that kingdom even n defensive 
 wars on account of his electorate, and to employ no other than Snlh 
 ministers and privy counsellors in the administration of gove^Jmenf 
 .hf'w?•°'^^'•'l!*^''®^! measure owed his succession to the crown to 
 the Whig party, he openly avowed himself their friend and patron and 
 Uiey were no sooner fn o&ce than they used their power to Srush thSj 
 political adversaries the Tories. One of the first acts of Es refgn waJ 
 t^t2'P'?f'!.'"^/' of the duke of Ormond, and the lords Oxford an JSiZ 
 broke. Oxford was committed to the Tower, but Bolinibroke and o? 
 mond made their escape to the continent. The evident ffiaSl J of ?h« 
 monarch for the Whigs, and their vindictive p?ocSK?ve Sat nm 
 toTe'strrrdv'n'al?;'' rLirrV'"' ''"^"^^ allThl^'erffvouraZ 
 Hi^^^^^^^^^^^^^ alSTplantfs SZ^Zf^^S^^^r^^ 
 
 uiT,u the Pretender, whom they proclaimed undir the i le of SeS 
 
 tSfai.'" ''' ""^ '''''^ ''' '"''''•"^ P'"^'^™^"*^ septSnSf iiiZ 
 haJ^^seTtCfhpltr""?'';r''^P'*'" andothercontinental states. We 
 
 XIlTswedin and Peter/'oTR ""^V"?''' ^J '^' ''''^ "^ ^harlJa 
 
t9 
 
 OUTLINB SKETCH OF QKNERAL HISTORY. 
 
 SkLot'iZ„,f'^FJ''''^^^'^^^y^^^ aftema«l8 concluded between 
 
 "I opHui, A.D. 1739. A small force being sent to the West fnrfi«« imHn, 
 
 tnZ7sllZ?d T i'T'T' '"'y^^ Arto-fleUo was c^VtuJffSh 
 •cale (i .2 of ?., ''^ *'..tfl>«h to send out other annaments upon a larger 
 S«V.„1 "*?'* ""*'*"' f^o'i'ino'lore Anson, sailed to the South Seas 
 
 £...f h ""''°""'7"'» ""'"'■« "'"'■'»«' ''y which his force was m ch d2 
 tl« r.vi. " 1'f''''^'''^ *'"^' coasts of Chili and Peru, and evouual iv caDtuled 
 iitJ, n*""""!l """'":"y ''"""'^ <■'"•" Acapulco to Mani /r 'rtther 
 SS n tr«"'^""'''^'^ against Carthagena. but it proved most drstrius 
 owing to the mismanagement and disputes of the romman.PrsB. Tt! 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 rWM THE ACCMSION OF T,.r .MPRKHg TIIKnrSA, OF AUSTRIA, TO Tni 
 I'KACK or AIX-LA-tllAPKLLE. 
 
OUTLINK SKETCH OF GaNKRAL HIBTOttY. 73 
 
 Who nad just ascended his throne, looking only to the aggrandizempi.t 0^ 
 hj8domm.o.|s joined her enemies in the hope of r'.tainiSf a share o7 he 
 flpoa. At the iiead of a well-appointed army he enterld Silesia took 
 rireslau, its capital, and soon conquered the province, and in ordTr to re- 
 tain his acquisition he offered to support Maria TherUa againsf all hr r 
 enemies, A.D. 1741. This proposal was steadily and indignantly r^ec?^ 
 hy the princess, though she was well aware that the French and Bav? 
 nf*!lL^T °V^® r"i pf invading her territories, for the e> ress purpose 
 ?TnHi7t1?^ ^. Albert, elector of Bavaria, to the in rial dS! 
 Under the command of the prince, assisted by the marshal^ Uellcisle and 
 Jli"*' the "...ted armies entered Upper Austria, took Lintz a7d menaced 
 Vienna. Maria Theresa being compelled to abandon her capital fled to 
 
 ^ll£ her infan son in her arms, and made such an eloquent appeal 
 hat the nobles with one accord swore to defend her cause til Jeath 
 Moriamur pro beoe nostro Maria Theresa." Nor were these nere fdhl 
 Jjords ; her patriotic subjects rushed to arms, and, to the a toni hment S 
 h.n- enemies a large Hungarian army, under the command of Prince 
 Charles of Lorraine, marched to the relief of Vienna, and the elector was 
 obliged o raise the siege. A subsidy was at the same time vSto her 
 by the Krilish parliament, and the war assumed a n favourable aspect 
 The Austrians took Munich, after defeating the Rivarians at MeniCcS' 
 and the prince of Lorraine expelled the Prussianrind Saxons from Mo' 
 E; The«J^«/o'-..however,'^had the gra.ificatiron reS.ngS Bo-" 
 hernia, to take the city of Prague, and having been crowned kL of Bo 
 
 tt,!L'rofS:rv'l\rir^^^^^^^^ '^« -« ^"^-n e'!n';;Vint 
 a separate treaty with the queen of HuiX, Uo cS h Er 
 feiu^ to the court of France, for, thus deprived of if, most Jowrrfu?«»V 
 
 llaSri,l.''"amr7.]?n.ir f " P""'''''"'/" 'h« *»r. ""'J the united British. 
 p!.. I ^ of hngland had arr ved n the allied eaiiin nnrl il.« 
 
 ^ tot'™? k/.:i;ir'i';™ii?i'i!;L"'ji'" «p'«". «i'". «vo*,d h., 
 
 j-..._ . _^^^ j.rca-. uncncc to sevsrsi of iho Oerinoii 
 
74 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF OBNEEAL HI3T0Ky. 
 
 rowrngjle7o?Ais^^r'T'h?F '"^^ ^^^^'^r paUiine, united to check tne 
 
 grounds for the continuance of hostilities C inn h^ *" reasonable 
 claims to the imperial throne, whi?eiS Theresa a3 irmTh-' ^^ 
 possession of his hereditary dominions. ^ P"* **"" '" 
 
 inferior in numbers, marched to ts relief ThH^n. .fV**""*^ ^T^l^ 
 dauphin were in. the French camp, and Ihmr tmnni^ °^ *^!''*"*'^ ''"^ ^^^^ 
 behmd the village of Fontenov ThS Hrilh™?^'."'^ «"•""? ly Posted 
 undaunted valour, carryhnj^rythin/bSp t& '^.1"?^^^^ '"««* 
 
 d.;arde by the FreSch. was ^'Z^i^S^^ ^S\:^.^ 
 
 ward, the young I^^retender, aSinuly landed in £T^ ?''' 
 
 manly person and engaging manners3nth« hill ^fn"'^;":'!''''®. *"" 
 who were everywhere feadv o aivf h^J^ u .^^ °/ *''^ Highlanders, 
 standard. ThKunpo??7 J«in his 
 
 took possession of ulkeli Krt^ Du'Jdera^^^^^^ '^ ^"''' »"« 
 
 claimed his father, he mashed igSst Sir jShn Con? U.e mJi?^ ^''" 
 mander.over whom he obtained a victory a Preston Pm,'- A f?^*^ """J"" 
 .ng some reinforcements he crossed the English boS"^"'' ^^«''' '"'"''*'"'' 
 Lancaster, and marched boldly on to Derb5 n„^ h„i'„^ ^ntlmlo and 
 hi" hopes of ,)owerfm assistaiS^e from the Lah« f«'"g..'^'«"PPf>""«^ in 
 adv... of the'maiority of his XlTs and reSS his'suin?' nu^ '^' 
 
 ling, and defeatnl-g the troSps se t agaS him a"^, F^kTrk t1..:°.:" '" h"''; 
 a larger army, conunandcd by the dukfi .f r„„.. 7 "'" "PP^ach o/ 
 
 the prince to'retreat to the no^ti On ^JchSrSnlli T " "'""^'^H^'' 
 vorness. he resolved to make a stand As 3 Se iShWH'' """/"" 
 
 cisive. Giving up all for losrriirr 1 Vi V, "'"'"'. V'"* P'""''®'' ^c 
 iis,H|rso. and ffocLo\.;ll? 'l. w e "Ld td ^ P«rti,„n. to 
 
 hourly .iread of falling into ti.e hari. of h . ...L'^ . "' "*^ fugitive, in the 
 their victory, with fiend kolarSv UM J"?*".*""' P""""""*. who,HAer 
 •word. aL wanSor g fn^^^S^^^^^^^^ T ?,v'^' f"'""^^ ^^'\^'' «"'' 
 
 Ing numerous proofs of tl n fl^nl „ «? i i ' T^"^"' "«"»»»". '"»'l recoiv- 
 thS reward of Sooo ft r ff Sl'l "/'![r?'"^ «hom 
 
 6-capod to France, a.d. 1740. ' ' ' ""' *^'"f" '" ''«*"y ''i™. he 
 
 In the mean time the French troons unAor M.»i..i a 
 
 pr.ll, niuJlTb "lJi°™l ooiV™,?,^ "^ '" "'";•'' "'" "'"""" "'••' "" 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH 0^ GENBEAL HlflTORY 7g 
 
 roBUtution of all places taken during: the war, and a mutual release of orw. 
 oners. Frederic of Prussia was guranteed in the possession of Silesia and 
 Glatz; the Hanoverian succession to the English throne was recognised 
 and the cauee of the Pretender abandoned. vu^moeu 
 
 i,M^® brought our notice of Russia down to the death of Peter II.. in 1730. 
 VVIien that occurred, a council of the nobles placed on the throne Anne 
 Iwannowa, daug:hter of Ivan. Peter's eldest brother, who soon broke 
 hrough the restrictions imposed upon her at her accession. She restored 
 to Persia the provinces that had beon conquered by Peter the Great- and 
 terminated a glorious war againstTurkey, in conjuction with Austria, bv sur- 
 rendering every place taken durhig the contest . a.d. 1736, She is accused 
 of being attached to male favourites, the principal of whom was a m^nof 
 obscure birth, named John Biren, who was efected duke of Courland 
 and who governed the empire with aU the aespotism of an autocrat. Pre 
 viously to her death, Anne had bequeathed the throne to the infant Ivan 
 ?wl'}PP^"'^'^""*"u*'^^"'• but the latter enjoyed his high dignity only 
 twenty-two days, when he was arrested and sent into exile in Siberia 
 Russia has ever been noted for cabals, intrigues, and revolutions. The soli 
 diery had been induced to espouse the cause of Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Peter the great. Anne was arrested and imprisoned ; the infant emoeror 
 Zll'^^lnT^ V^^ fortress of Schusselburgrand Eliiabetll was fmSi 
 ately proclaimed empress of all the Russias. This princess concluded an 
 
 mZ X°"' P-^'if "^"^ ^'^l^'^i}' ^""^ l«»'her powerful assistance tS 
 
 SJiTLtrproXSt;."' ^'^ •''"* °^ '''""'^' ^- -"- ^'-^^h 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 raooREss or .vents ddriho tub sbvkn tears' war in .uropk, amik- 
 
 ICA, AND THE EAST INDIES. 
 
 DuRiNo the period wo have been describing, in which the west and th« 
 north of Europe resounded with iho cries of d stress or the shZJ of vli! 
 tory, the throne of Hindostan was filled by Mahmoud Shah a Joluntuous 
 
 Sr^^'^-'M^'f^'^ "''"•'^ becoming the St o peVso.u? S 
 confided all pub ic business to the nobles and his ministers : tlim officer, 
 offended or n(|fflectod the subahdar of tlieDeccan. who invi e. Siirsifah 
 
 oi'Z a the he'ld";?"- '" •'•''"'? ^♦"•''""' warriorTnnlrLd tolfi 
 SS^^ u " "" ?'^ :'" ""^y '""•■«'' '0 war and greedy of plunder and 
 defeated with ease the innuniorable but disorderly troops f 117^^1 
 ThJcrown and sceptre of Mahmoud lay at the feet of lis 'om.ueror 
 riolhi, h.s capital, was taken j every individual whoseappearaVe SEed 
 ^t probable that ho was acquainted with concealed treasures wis gnblmlfid 
 to the mo«t horrid tortures J and it is asserted thatTooSo So s w^^^^ 
 
 mil ons s eriing, and oxtencfed the bounds of his oinp re to il e l,a„K 
 i«lLl"''""-. ^f*-- /""""i'ting the most rov.,lti„g , , u of c uelty ho 
 
 A monffothnr stipulations in the treaty of Aix-la-Chanello it win iiirr««,l 
 that hoT:„«,5|.8„uI„mont of Madras, which duriig^^o^^^^^ 
 
 ou. Uupleix, the French governor of Pondjnhcrrv had l<»is -,.>mi,t 
 
 ho remunerated their European allies by frosi 
 
 insH' 
 
 ot 
 
 il rdlioiwuliiiia 
 
79 
 
 OUTLINE 8KET0U OF QENBEAL HI8T0EY. 
 
 afterwards lord Clive) aDDeara^ Sn thi ^1^ •/ , """^ H^** ^'■' ^l'''® 
 
 sequence ; and from thn iVrm nf It 7 .• ^"/°P '^""^ ^^« inevitable con- 
 seven vearsTar " En^rlS.^f- ^ ^""TT " °^'^'"«<1 'he name of <• the 
 the emperor. France rSssS Z^LT^ ^ « '''^ ' ^""^ •*" «»''"'«« »'«'^^«ea 
 eluded" AD 1756 ThP rnmlT^*'"' "'"^ Sa'cony, was immediately con" 
 
 into Bohemian bu. k viclory o"S.n k , ■ n''''J' "'" P»"""«od 
 
 ly expect t.. acquiro'anv furtt,r f . ^!''*^•"V'^^'^'■"'^^ 
 
 he hastened to iWden ^lh«« nM , ? '^ ' ^"'' """j '"« *«c«»K"ned energy, 
 
 his Fren hand (Jtrnnn nZ^^^ "" '''V' "'."' ^'*'' ''">f 'h« »u>"berof 
 
 •n kill.,,!, w<nn.dcul. S p ronori n fi!.r »'"!:'"'^i.*"r'"" »I"»>«"'«'1. 
 .ar more importuni vict.^vV'nSa. /r"e Ztl fcilf """''-'^ '"« 
 
 the very gates of iZvafirBrabm i C ^''' ^^'"^f '' «'«' P""«tratodty 
 dur.dthe'lici.aituaosofKu.Km:;ro?;rrroa^^^^^^^^^ 
 
OUTLINE BKKTCH OF GKNEHAL flISTOEY. 77 
 
 enc in this campaign ; but though he was several times in the most immi. 
 nent peril, he at le-^gth compelled his formidable rival, Marshal Dain to 
 raise the sieges of Dresden and Leipsic.and to retire into Bohemia? whiK 
 Frederic himself entered the former city in triumph """«""«• w»»ie 
 
 It ism crises like these that the destiny of slates is seen to depend less 
 upon the ex ent of their power, than upon the qualification of cS em ' 
 nent individuals, who possess the talent of employing and increas^e 
 theirresources, and of animating national energies. This was "nan es? 
 pecial degi-ee the case of Frederic the Great, fie was engaged wUh the 
 powerful and we 1-disciplined armies of Austria; with the Prfnchr whose 
 int'nf?hlp"P''"*''"y were undisputed: with 'the immovable p^r^ever' 
 ance of the Russians ; with the veterans of Sweden, and with theadmira- 
 
 £n[?Si'"'^'' ° ''^^ «■"?••:«• Jn numerfcal strength they far more 
 han trebled the Prussians; yet he not only kept them constantly on the 
 
 great ^oss *^''' '°™'''"'^ attacks; and often defeated them wUh 
 
 At the opening of the next campaign (1759) the fortune of wnr was mwi,» 
 Hide of the Prussians. . Thev destroyed the feiSSgazinesTn Poland 
 levied contribution, in Bohemia, and kept the Imperial J check 
 Prince Ferdinaiid, m order to protect Hanover, found , necessary to 
 
 ^Z\'^^J'T^ ^"^^ u** ^^"^"' ^''^'^ «"«=''•««« crovned his eflJrts 
 and had It not been for the unaccountable conduct of L 3rd GeZe Sack' 
 ville, who commanded the cavalry, afid disobeyed or SSfrSLrl th»\ 
 "w/ *^?r^7 S' di«comfited /rench, a victoVas JloS ai3 lo^ 
 plele as that of Blenheim would in all probability, bavl been the resuU 
 A decided reverse soon succeeded; the combined AustriaSindKnsS; 
 army of 80,000 men attacked the Prussians at crer"dorf and Ti™ 
 
 Breat nouco. Having relnaialod the nabob o" Arool, h a „m t ^TTt 
 
 .b.c.ea,Cnfte'na&^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 w K''""t."''*''^P°.'^«' »»^ enthusiasm of their emmZv' ZTnZ.^fi 
 Wolfe, who was to have been assisted in his atiark m n..L»! ' ""'' ^e"^™ 
 flndin|that tlio latter m^orJlZulu^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 solve J to atlompt the arduous and hazardous ontSse ati . W^^ 
 tliis view ho landed his troops at nioht under the hni^hT- nf ak )/ 
 
I I 
 
 78 OUTLINE SKETCH OF GSNEOAL HISTORY. 
 
 SS'uUel^S ^/i"^ 1''"°' ^l '^''^^ ^\heM, and with his last breat.n 
 or SofaieSrK ' H« K 5lPPy ' "'"■ V," "*« '^♦"''*' °f Montcalm less noble 
 ajDrised of h^ rf^L'""'.^^\"""''^"y wounded; and he was no sooner 
 Smw fnL- ''^T'" ''^'" "J^ exclaimed, "so much the better: I shall 
 of th« pln^/"*'"'^? »""«»der of Quebec." The complete subjugation 
 JL n««rn "' '^"'x^'''y followed. And, amidst the exploits of his army 
 S^^'S^T^^ "• ^'^P'r^ '"^'^^"'y ^' Kensington, in the 34th year of 
 
 V^TJ p"'' "*" succeeded by his grandson, olorg^ III., a. d. 1760. 
 spiS han bE*" S'"T* ^^^ ^^^^ campaigns were carried on with less 
 JEd thfl n»rtv »hiU *^ "^^^^ were exhausted by their previous efforts, 
 SSrri„Pr,i^J i".'' '^•'' ^l^""*l"' °f P«*<^« endeavoured to avert such oc' 
 currences as might revive^he hopes of the «nemy. A family comoact 
 
 Tnl'nol^nofnr'^-^-''''''' the courts of Versailll; and MaSicf; andEee- 
 n«^« i /"• «'^ ?*"""» *ny colonial advantages over Britian while its 
 K/th fni'/rP'!?"' "." ^k «''««"• 'hey resolved to try th J united 
 St'Sr ™ *'iTP*^'"f *^' 8"b "gation of its ancient ally, Portugal. Tha» 
 foT. ^fh^'n J«'^«"'le'^,T'^''y ''« "^f''-^^* advantages tVan by Us militaAr 
 teof the rS'nn.'K' .?P""''''?''^ ^'^i"^ '•«'"^'^«^ hy the Jserable "27 
 An FntiilK f 'r o^'J^y *he neclect of all provision for their sustenance. 
 An English force of 8000 men, together witfi a large supply of arms and 
 
 ITS^U^nrntT '^ "^^rJ T P«''"&"e««. an5 thoS^gh^seteJdtow;; 
 8LSlpHVl.iJL?*"^^*'^>^^^P*"'"^*' 'he British and native troops 
 S7 ^^"^^^^^^ superiority throughout the campaign, and comoelled 
 ?erdiiaX„To '^' ''"'S'^"'" with co.^idorable loss.*^ A GermanTSe 
 covered the ?i;.'^»r?"f'H'^ ^''■'"''y T '^"^y P'"'^^'''^ "«"»^«r but re- 
 aSm^iippi^H .irniP^V"*^ "I'r'^ ^' 'he same time Frederic experienced 
 d"ed aXpp^t n ^ 'if ^^''f /*"'""^- . '^he empress Elizabeth of Russia 
 nLvJ.T ?! lu'v u^*^ had long admired the heroic king, and who had 
 
 tolhe SSn*!? ?'^"''"'"''^°^ ^•■«^^"'= h^'^ ""P^'^i^^y coiTtSutSd 
 thr?neShrm«H?^''''P^'r?-»'''''*"f"' had no sooner ascended the 
 hHussiaSs Fmm?^"fr*"*lJ"?' """^ """'•^^ «" 'he conquests oi 
 ro«i !?? u . , "" 'ha' time the king was not only enabled to concen. 
 whn .nnH^r'S force against the Austrians, but was supported by Pete" 
 2?000 mi^^^'if " «»""«« with him, and despatched to iSs aid a corps oi 
 Son? .nH n .J^'- '"l?" ''f ^^'«' "^- was, however, of very brief Jura 
 
 SiLrv n?"''""r "•• "."''S:"8^'' "he confirmed the peace/ recdled the 
 auxiliary Russians from the Prussian army "''■oucu ins 
 
 Meamvhile the English wore extending their conquests in the West In- 
 n m,; J.^7 took Havannah and Manilla from the Spaniards, with Mart" 
 nique, St. Lucie, Grenada, and St. Vincent, from the French TirpH nf n 
 war which thre^atened the whole of their c^lonh^s with ru"n, the cabinet^ 
 of France and Spain were glad to find that the British nSter was 3 
 iy anxious to bring the war to a close. Peace, which was now thp^nn " 
 ^mr' P^T °^ ^^'""^ '» "" P""«"' was concluded at Ver8ai?ir» 1 the 
 Jays t;? it hT/hS ""'TV' "'"^t Britain, France, and sS«n5 n^l 
 oays later, at Hubertsburff In Saxony, between Austria and Priissin Thi- 
 
 ^ure of blooJ"«;2'l*^''^' ^''^ '"^"''^.^ ""''»' -' «xtrrriroxpeT.5 
 S. airS Fnl J^ufTrP "*" '" ^ '"''•*' '*•" half of Europe iL b«n in 
 r«!-.' '• u *^'"K'a'"l »'«! Prussia— was cono udcd with scarcolv anv oi 
 teration in the territorial arrangements of Gcrmanv. and wUhoiX nrL^ ' 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OP GENERAL HISTOEY 
 
 70 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 raOM THE OOlfOLOSIOW OF THC SETEN TEARS' WAR TO THE FINAL PARTITIOW OV 
 
 POtAND. 
 
 The "seven years' war," the principal features of which we have iriv. 
 f-n, left most of the contending powers in a state of great exhaustion : but 
 .lone had been more affected by it than France. While that country, how- 
 ever, was declining, Russia, under the Empress Catharine II., was rapidly 
 acquiring a preponderating influence among the nations of Europe; and 
 no opportunity of adding to her already extensive territories were evei 
 neglected. On the death of Augustus III., king of Poland, the diet assem- 
 bled at Warsaw to choose a successor. Catharine espoused the cause of 
 Stanislaus Pomatowsky ; and as the discussions were not conducted with 
 the temper which ought to characterize deliberative assemblies, the oru- 
 dent empress, as a friend and neighbour, sent a body of troops thither to 
 fei ^^ Ef'^.'^P , '^5'l*!?f the desired effect, and Stanislaus ascended the 
 throne. Bui Poland had long been agitated by disputes, both wligious 
 and political, and the new sovereign was unable to control the elements 
 of discord by which hn was surrounded. The animosity which eiciBtfld 
 between the Catholic, and the Dissidents, as the dTsseming sects w?r2 
 ThSi^M/nf " h * ^T " '"*=«"'P?'tible with th0 safety of the kingdom. 
 The Diss dents, who had been much oppressed by the Catholics, claimed 
 anequahty of rights, which being refused, they appealed trfSgn pow- 
 ers for protection ; those of the Greek church to X empress of Russ a 
 and the Lutherans to the kings of Prussia and Denma?k! A ci vil war' 
 now arose in all its horrors, and its miseries •. ,,re greatly aggraded by 
 the insolence and brutality of the Russian troops which cSiarSe hS 
 sent to the aid of the Dissidents. The CathohcnobTes formed a co'fede^ 
 racy for the maintenance of their privileges and their religion ; bSut was 
 useless to contend against the overwhelming forces brouXagainst hem 
 Cracow, where they for a long time held o5t against fSno^ and pesU- 
 
 re^dryrt»aToi;trrr'^^^ '^^ ""'^'^p^' ^"«'^'- -- p- 
 
 fleon^rPort 'llThTir^'^'' ''^«' ^""""'«'' '^ pretence' for wa"t 
 iwecn the Porto and the Russians. It was impossible that Mustaoha III 
 
 ook nS ^S:Tnl".T''"fr *''^ in-^iffe"" 'e the trSnsact^S which 
 
 2£ed but he lh"h m"'^ T "'^ ''^T^'y of his northern province, 
 enaangered, but he felt justly indignant at the v blation of his dominions 
 
 if.rthlJ'hSU";"''"''™''''' "'','• "'« «'"f>"""': -^nd she spec r»y™- 
 phed, that having been requested to send a few troops to the assistnuce 
 of her unhappy neighbour, in order to quell some internal com mSs 
 
 ffc T"'t' Tl '■"^"''•'r-n ?"' " *'"''y "f K""i«"" having arrwaXbtrned 
 the 1 urkish town of Dalta, and put all it, inhabitant, to death, war was 
 
 ar"m,'' "w£ a l"SS r^ ^?"'" ^"'"'"'""- "^ '^' PoS '.ummoS 
 I') arm,, wnile all the officers who were to compose the suite nf ili« 
 
 grand viz.er were preparing at ConHtnntinoph, f..rKr depart.. Ji the mu^ 
 
 ifarious hordes o militia assembled thomsHves .,ut of ATra?«m cnv^rod 
 
 heBosphorusrfnd HolU-spont with numer,.us transports. On he S 
 
 of 11 the Russias, most of wh,.i„ were but a few .icg^^«8 removed from 
 
BO 
 
 OUTLINE cKETCH OF GENERAL HlSTOttY 
 
 SlffH^rJ^"''*'^'*^;""^^^^ ^.*""''« : «"d '" iJie spring of 1769 the Turkish 
 standard was displayed on the frontisrs of Russia, where the Ottoman 
 
 ter ; they, however, suffered a severe defeat at Choczim, and a more de- 
 
 Turklh flir' r:\'"''"K'l'"'''^ ^y ^"« Russians, who tWe defeated the 
 havof^!p,mr'^M''?^'^^rf.'^'''""»«f'h«''- ships of the line in the 
 
 thi'rint.fl n?n "T*1 "'""Y "^^^ *°^^"y overthrown near the Pruth.and 
 the capture of Bender, Isma,!, and other places, quickly followed. 
 
 and Sp fnhS!i^^"'"""^5 I? «»bJ«^'ion. *as but ill-provided with troops 
 rla 5^ f 1 -^"^^ P"'?"^'* their own affairs unmolested ; but when the> 
 received intelligence of the enterprise of the Russians-a Christian peS 
 pie of the Greek church-to deliver the Greeks from the yoke of the bar 
 barians, the love of liberty was rekindled in many of the^rhearts All 
 Laconia, the plains of Argos, Arcadia, and a part of Achaii rose n insur 
 rection, and spared none of their former rulers. The Tur£,Tn the mean. 
 nS wu'S 30 000 mp?T '" ^T'^'^ 1°.?"«''«^« P«'^«' ^"d the pashaof bS;. 
 Se a SSSn^ oiT*'^*^ with httle resistance into the ancient Mes- 
 Z^that fh«ir hnnn f ''''' •''^'^ l^'^'^l^^ "^'*'' S'"«^t loss, and it was evi- 
 Sifi Ind nf ?hT ^^^^ °^ regaining their freedom was a delusive one. At 
 the end of the campaign the pjague broke out at Yassy, and spread to 
 
 JIcTmTdany''' '' ""^"''^ "'^ '''''' P^^^°"«' '' '"^^ '^'^ of neariy loJS 
 
 to Te^treS\nt'o H^mlfi'l^V''" ^"''''"'' ""'^ '^^ S'^""^ ^'^'" ^^«« ^ovced 
 fireTo their c-inm^rhi i'^%*'^"'f '^"^^ rose, put their aga to death, and set 
 thn p„„ • \ ^^? ^?^'® '" ^^^ meantime was delivered from Ali Bey. 
 mf/^?"*" Pf 'i*' y*'° '^^'^ •" ^«"'« »g«"«t his brother-in-law, Moham 
 fe annpar J^^'Jn l^^ ',"''"? 5 T'' "^^'^ ""«'-^«' *« ^is adventures', becauTe 
 iLt^P vf-^ '" be elevated above national prejudices; but his fault con 
 sieted in his manifesting his contempt for those errors too early, and ?n 
 oo decided a manner. The Russians at length crossed the Dam be? and 
 uLiT^T.^^'^TV' T'^'^y ^«^« '^i'^' compelled to aba. doi the 
 Buf a rL« l.fn^V^".'^ "''y l««^\gr«?t P«'t of their artillery near Varna 
 Bu a reverse of fortune was nigh; for not lung after, Hassan Pasha, a 
 man of great courage and intelligence, by birth a Persian, and whVwas 
 high m the favour of the sultan, swore that not a Russian should wssThe 
 L"mh,"stor°*''" the Turkish side of the Danube-afd heVaithfullJ 
 
 HameT^Hl^lV/nf/h *^ 'H ^^^ll ""''^ ^^l'- ^""''eeded by his brother. Abd-uU 
 ecu^e tile Ir fun •>? «""^" "««: h»8 people appeared inclined '.c pros- 
 TeSdof mTnv w«rir\'''*'/'''T V'"^.' *^"»»*'^heff, the Cossack, at the 
 Jfnced cSi.r„ ,ii^ ^'''^^"' broke into open rebellion; and this con- 
 
 UePortc A lr.i ''•'""^ '^*5"*',^ '""" ^^^'''*'^^^ ^°' «"««'« than for 
 itietorto. A treaty was accordingly entered into, bv r^hich the 'ntinr 
 
 a11f,'",r't™^"' P"^''°" of ter?ilory to the empress together v^hh 
 a right to tlie free navigation of the Black Sea. "tr wiin 
 
 We now return to notice the melancholy fate of Poland. An attemol 
 ontheprrHonaliberty of Stanislaus having been made by the turbuS 
 and bigoted nobles, it served as a pretext for tho empress of Russia firs 
 
 Prussia 5 Zlria'^n n^ TT'^ "'? '^'•terward7in conjunctSr w th 
 1 russia and Austria, to plan its dismemberment. Each party to the com- 
 
 Ss h otl.;;;'n;ti: I'^^f p"''"'^ ^'«'""' '•* ^'«' '« ^^'^^^^ of ^hellobbery and 
 as tlioothor nations of hurono were not in a condition to waire war a^'iinst 
 
 m7"T" lit waL-cLl f.rr'^'"'"''' intorforonce would haJfbrn iS£ 
 tv ;.r vn, I ^ ""'"'* " f ""' " •'"'"U'" '0 'he transaction, and a major. 
 
 »ty of votes bemg secured, the armies of the spoilers severally took dos. 
 
 session of the districts which had been previously parcelled oJtSntfuu 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HISTORY. 
 
 81 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 "lOM TH. COMMENCEMENT OF THE AMERICAN WAR, TO THE .ECOONIHON OP 
 THE INDEPENDENCE OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 mo^mentufeJJi^o^fcS^ * limited portion of the 
 
 most brief and cursoiy. AmonTthe e^riiest «««?! ^^ "^iS""'^'^' «'•" »»« 
 were many who emiirratedftomOrLfplf •'*"'*" '" ^"'"^ America, 
 
 ouB of tL smallest eISroien?sofV/irS^''^P"^^^^^ *'"'^ J«al- 
 principles into the mindTof Er chilrirpn uA "^^".'flly instilled those 
 that spirit of resisZS^o Sra^ aSs*^^^^ 
 
 flames of war between ?he moSer SntJl .nd^Sr*''', *^'''^ ''i"^'^'' ^^e 
 the establishment of a poweXl remE ^ Thl ^ co onies, and ended in 
 ican colonies bore the orSial imS Psi ^f ?J« constitution of the Amer- 
 of Great Britain, No?rAKcaTood fn l^a??f' no^r"'''^ '^' P'"^'^'^""" 
 the consciousness of her native strength Jffoi "i* '^'"®'«f" ^^^'n^' and 
 her to feel much apprehens on ey!nof h.f^^^f^^^ """ ^'^^^ '° P«™'' 
 was everywhere free fmm T=L • f • ,^ mother country. Relieioii 
 
 peace an/ order were precteT3„«f 'Ih"''^ "^"« ^^^^ i" honour ^and 
 and lawless men. K peoile lif« hi ^ ^"^"IP*" ^^ ?««'««' and wild 
 to be in the full viXr of vonth JIa *'?""*7 '^"^^ inhabited, appeared 
 astonishing exertion^when a^Zsed bvT^^^^ ''«P«We of 
 
 In 17G5 a 8tamp-dut7orvanon, ^wl?^ "'™"'"« "^ **»« passions, 
 parliament on the colonists bTon thl w«« 'mposed by the British 
 after repealed. SubSSlv a dntv 1 .'"°J''^''"''"^' "'« ««» wa« soon 
 and at Boston the tea ^L" hfown i iKo ief °V'''"^ "''*'' '««'«'«''' 
 then tried, and in 1776 a civil wirh^V ^pe'cive measures were 
 Americans issued their Declwatirnfl^^f"' J" "'« following year the 
 fought, but nothing verVde«i«ivet2olf ni"'''P^Mf ?r^' *'*"y ''attfes were 
 Burgoyne, the British coinnSerxvL"^^^^^ ^'\^^^ ^^''' '^^^^' ^^'h«n «en. 
 " WUh' 7rf''' with"aS'400?me;;'""""'^''^ ''' Saratoga, and com- 
 
 principle8^,is8e%";Sii^ *"" *\« ^'"??«' «f ^'Pou^ing 
 
 that of humbling a powerfn m.^U. ^^ "" °'*'«'" ^'^^^ indeed, than 
 the ally of the AVeriJ^ns 1 sL "'"' f '"'"ff ""^^ «"'«'-«d the li^ts as 
 
 pl«. But EnglanrhmfTuime ue^ThJ'li 'S'i^ 'f''''^ ^"« «"™- 
 hem under the command Sf lords rnrnZ7r "^ 1 o®' l'"''"?'' ""^^ P'aced 
 the Americans, umler VVali„Jon whirAl ""^K^^"' ^"^^ '"'rassed 
 ■uperiority in a naval enj^ageSnt ' Ttl !h^^^ '*.°'^"^X displayed hi, 
 merely the hostility of the French m. vjiif 8pa"'ard8. fiut it w-as not 
 cope with; the jeJlousy of 1^0 ,ominSr.'"^ 'o 
 
 heir entering into an armed noutral iv ? I ^ 7' • isplay.d itself by 
 to resist the right of search wu>hSh.H' r'''''' ."y*"* «<" ^'''''h ^as 
 nonty had tnueht her tn flTBr.- *'"^'»"*' ' Jong-established naval sune- 
 
 tions.^ HollaJJf ilHu^w adderto th' H'^I'' 7'' '''" '"'''^' "^ «"'«" Sai 
 duct of that state hav „! induced the HH.Uh^ """"'"'' ''"^ ^'^'^'l'''"' ^on. 
 ttRamst it, and manv of fh« n...^ *^"M«'' ffovernment to dc-lare war 
 West Indies we^t^akeV'?^S^^;:LP««\r'«"«J" South America a'dX 
 
 weii Aa un its coasts, was "carriBdnn J[f»f"""'" "*""/^«'" '" America, a« 
 1-8 "' ''*'^"«'* "« wuh lucreaaed rigour, the Freiitsh 
 
ss 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH 07 GBNERAL HISTORY. 
 
 exeiting themselves not as mere partisans in the cause, but as principals. 
 It was evident that, although the war might be long protracted, the recov 
 ery of the North American colonies was not likely to be accomplished , 
 and as the English had been several times out-generalled, and the last 
 loss on their part con<'i«^ted o( 6000 men at Yorktown, under Oornwallis, 
 who had been comp )a!'„3 '<< g»?.; v.'.ider to a powerful combined French and 
 American army * >.(tiHan<ii j by Washington, England began to thiok 
 seriously of mak:a.c;: up the quarrel with her rebellious sons 
 
 During the luttnr part of the war, Admiral Rodney gave the French 
 fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse, a memorable defeat in the West 
 Indies, while General Elliot showed the French and Spaniards how futile 
 were their attempts against Gibraltar. In short, great as were the (lis* 
 advantages witii which tlie English had to contend, the energies and re- 
 sources of the nation were still equrj it ihs ta;iiv of successUiUy coping 
 with its enemies in Europe, while m the vast empire of British India 
 fresh laurels were continually gathered, and the French were there dis- 
 possessed of all their settlements. 
 
 On the 20th of January, 1783, the mdependence of the United States 
 was formally acknowledged by England, and George Washington, the 
 man who had led the armies and directed the councils of America, was 
 choBtiin president. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 raUM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE rRGNCH REVOLUTION, TO THE DEATH Or 
 
 ROBESPIERRE. 
 
 The most eventful pcnod of modem history now bursts upon our view 
 In the course of the ages that have passed successively before ua, we 
 have witnessed sudden revolutions, long and sanguinary contests, and 
 the transfer of some province or city from one sovereign to another at 
 the termination of a war. These have been ordinary events. We have 
 also marked the gradual rise and fall of empires, the subjugation of king- 
 doms, and the annihilation of dynasties ; but they bear no comparison to 
 that terrific era of anarchy and blood, designated '• the French Revolu- 
 tion." The history of that frightful period will be elsewhere related ; we 
 •hall not here attempt to describe its causes, or notice the rise of that 
 !>tupendous military despotism which so long threatened to bend the 
 whole civilized world under its iron sceptre. The apologists of the 
 French revolution tell us that it was owing to the excesses of an expen- 
 sive and dissijjated court ; to the existence of an immense standing arn^y 
 in the time of peace ; to the terrors of the Bastilo ; to lettret de cachet {or 
 mandatcH issued for the apprehension of suspected individuals), and to a 
 general system of espionaae, which rendered no ni^n safe. Others as- 
 scribe it partly to the "spirit of freedom" imbibed hv the French soldiers 
 during tha American war; but, still more, to the i iieral diffusion of po- 
 litical philosophical, and infidel writings, wluch, rtiilnte with Barcasm and 
 wit, were levtUed equally at the pulpit and the throne, and thus, by un- 
 settling the minds of the \niop\o, detitroyed the moral bonds and safe- 
 guards of society. 
 
 But, whatever might have been the true causes, certain it is, that vagur 
 ideas of freedom beneath republican institutions had unsettled the mind? 
 of men, not merely in Franco, but tliroughout Europe. It was in tha* 
 rouQtry, however, that public discontent was most stronjrly manifested. 
 The people were ripe for innovation and change ; and Loui« XVI., though 
 amiable as a man, had not the necessary energy or abilities to couateracl 
 nubile feelinir or direct tkn ainrm. 
 
OUTLINI! SKETCH OF QENEHAL HIST ittY. ^ 
 
 In "89, When the puWic income of France was inadequate to the 
 wants of the state, it was thought advisable to convoke the States Geii 
 eral, or representatives of the three orders-nobles, clergy, and tiers^itat 
 or commons. At first some salutary reforms were agreed to; but the 
 commons wished to assume too great a share of the Mwer, and. be nJ 
 the most numerous body in this national assembly, they carried the^ ftu 
 vourite measures m spite of the court and privileged orders. To check 
 the rwmg spirit of turbulence and faction, the king was advised to collect 
 a large body of troops in the environs of Paris, and he a Iso disSsed 
 Necker, his mmister of finance. Both these measures were highlyJrh 
 popular, and the mob, excited by the democrats, committed ireat ex. 
 
 rHfh«;./f'".r*T°'*'r':,**'*" ?^ T'.^^^^ ^^'^y "«"«<» ^^e arms deposited U» 
 the hotel of the Iiivalides, attacked the Bastile, and levelled that anriPr^ 
 fortress with the ground. From thit hour may be dated the fa 1 of the 
 monarchy. The terrified king tried every mole of concessfon ; bSt hi 
 infuriated populace, led by artful and interested demagogues^and now 
 familiar with scenes of blood and tumult, were not to be appewed The 
 capital was divided into sections, and the National GuarS was formed 
 and placed under the command of the Marquis de la Lafayette! whoTad 
 
 «hr«lHnP°P"^T'J^'" ^'i^ ^T"''^^" ^'"- Meanwhile the Assembly 
 abolished the privi egesoi the nobility and clergy, confiscated the oroS 
 
 thV«n.iSnff ' '''''^"^'*'^'''"^^*"" '"'° depaJtments, and subveSTaJ 
 the ancient forms and institutions; a. d. 1790. -uuvcnea au 
 
 A very general emigration of the nobles and clergy took olace and 
 Louis, abandoned even by his own brothers, was virtSllTa prisoner or 
 a mere tool in the hands of his enemies. And now arose thStdTmorrat?^ 
 society afterwards famous in the blood-stained annalT of the reSfon 
 under the name of /««*,„,. From this focus of rXllion issued n«m«r' 
 FrlZT'^'Tfi. ^'•^ fp^nded similar societies, or cluK every olnd 
 France; and thus their contaminating influence spread arounT tm the 
 whole political atmosphere became one cornint m««« Snrr^LV !i 
 every sfde by enemies.^he king aTd?he royaTfamTy at lenLrresolved 
 to seek refuge in one of the frontier towns ;^but they werelscoS'^!. 
 /arennes, and brought back to Paris amid the insults of the rabhieThi 
 '" W J h^."' ^"'''°'''"» i""'''^ ''«'"«"''«<' his death" A? D. 1 791 ^^^ 
 
 at»:rorsr;;x^^^^^ 
 
 m™nly bitcherr' pV""/.' "' ^"'"^ '^'T"''^ ^''h. and they werS^ TnhS- 
 
 yavovwa^Jn^nTr^'L. Ji!.^..^,V"*"^"L^«>*.»^^^ oblipoa to retreat 
 ~s • "J a icpuuj:c«n io.ce, aiiii Ueriuany liivaded. The 
 
m OUTLINE SKETCH OF OBNKaAL HI8T0EY. 
 
 Austrians were signally defeated at Jemappe ; and this was quickly fol- 
 lowed by the reduction of Brussels, Leigre, Namur, and of the whole o( 
 the Netherlands, which were declared free and independent states. 
 
 In December, 1793, the royal captive was led to the bar of the Conven. 
 tion, where, after undergoing a long and insulting examination, he was 
 unanimously declared guilty of conspiring against the national liberty, 
 and sentenced to die by the guillotine. He conducted himself with dig. 
 nity, and heard the decision of his fate with firmness and resignation. 
 Thus perished, in the 39th year of his age and the 19th of his reign, 
 Louis XYI., the amiable and unfortunate descendant of a long line of 
 kings. Soon after this judicial murder, a decree of the national Conven- 
 tion promised assistance to every nation desirous of throwing off the 
 yoke of its rulers. This was naturally regarded as a virtual declaration 
 of war agamst all the kings of Europe ; and England, Holland, and Spain 
 were now added to the list of its enemies. The war for a time assumed 
 a new feature ; a British army, commanded by the duke of York, reduced 
 Valenciennes, and attacked Dunkirk, and the French lost their conquests 
 as rapidly as they had acquired them. But before the close of the year 
 1793, the fortune of war was again in their favour; the duke of York 
 was obliged to raise the siege of Dunkirk, with great loss ; while the 
 Austrians were driven within their own frontiers. 
 I The horrors of civil war now raged in France with unmitigated fury 
 The ferocious Robespierre was at the head of the fiercest Jacobins; and 
 Paris daily witnessed the execution of the most respectable of its citi- 
 aens. Nearly all, indeed, who were remarkable either for rank, property, 
 or talents, were the victims of the reign of terror; and among the num- 
 ber who fell by the axe of the guillotine was the unfortunate queen, 
 Marie Antoinette, who had been for some time immured within the dun 
 geon of the Conciergerie. The royalists in La Vended dared to oppose 
 the revolutionary decrees; but the cities which resisted the regicide 
 authorities, particularly Lyons and Nantes, were visited with the most 
 horrid persecutions. Hundreds of victims were daily shot or guillotined, 
 and the whole country was laid waste with demoniac vengeance. In the 
 meantime extraordinary measures were taken by the convention to in- 
 crease the armies by levies en masse ; and private property was arbitrarily 
 seized to support them. The English took possession of Toulon, but 
 were soon forced to abandon it to the troops of the convention. It l» 
 worthy of remark, that on this occasion the talents of Napoleon Buona- 
 parte were first signally distinguished; this young oflicer having the com- 
 mand of the artillery of the besiegers, the war in the Netherlands was 
 earned on with vigour, victory and defeat alternately chandnB the posi- 
 tion of the allied armies. o & »- 
 
 The progress of the French revolution was naturally watched with 
 feelings of intense interest by the people of England, but with sentiments 
 very opposite in their nature; and it required all the talents and vigour 
 of those who were at the helm of state to uphold the ancient institutions, 
 and direct the national councils with safety. 
 
 During the year 1794 the French armies were pretty generally success- 
 ful. But while they spread terror abroad, the French nation groaned 
 under the sanguinary despotism of Robespierre and his ruthless asso- 
 ciates. The time had at length, however, arrived when this monster was 
 to pay the forfeit of his own wretched life for the outrages he had com- 
 mitted, and the unparalleled misery he had caused. Being publicly ac- 
 cused of treason and tyranny by Tallien, he was arrested, and executed 
 the following day, along with twenty-two of his principal accomplices, 
 amidst the merited maledictions jaf the spectators. In a few days, abovi- 
 seventy members of the commune also shared a similar fate 
 
Ot/TLINB SKETCH OF (iESEJlAL UISTORT. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 eaOH THE K8TABLISHMENT or THB FRENCH DIRECTORY, TO THE PIAOC 
 
 or AMIENS. 
 
 A great naval victory over the French was achieved by lord Howe on 
 Ue ist of June, and several West India islands were taken from them, 
 lae Irench troops were uniformly successful in Holland; the stadt- 
 holder was compelled to seek an asylum in England; and the country 
 under the new name of the Batavian republic, w^, 'incorporated S' 
 France. Soon after this. France received a new constituUon, whch 
 Placed the executive power in the hands of five directors and the lea£ 
 lative council of elders, and a council of " five hundred " ^ 
 
 In 1795 Prussia and Spain made peace with France, which gave ihe 
 republicans an opportunity of bearing with their whole force on the fron! 
 tiers of Germany. The royalists in La Vande6 again rose but wTe 
 speedily reducecf. About the same time .he Cape of Good Hone 3 
 several of the Dutch East India possessiou. were taken bvThe&Uh 
 whdet admirals Bridpor^ Hotham. and CornwallV defeated The FriS 
 
 h.?'!?^ "*7?J^^ "* "^^^^^ '** ^°"«'» "»«■*•"• The late partition of Poland 
 
 had opened the eyes of Europe to the probable future encroachmf>n?««/ 
 
 he courts of Vienna, Petersburgh, and Berlin ; and the Poles awae o 
 
 their impending fate, resolved to oppose the designs of their Intraies bv 
 
 neither age nor sex put to the sword nearly SO^oSi'ai^ThS 
 final partition of the kingdom then took place. inaiviauals. The 
 
 auS^sTeft" oi s rrFT^iLraitrerrtv^?^i;£ 
 
 Kf i!^^ ^^ts szi^EB S 
 
 modtn res.^'^ ™''«* "^'^^'^ "*-'« °^ -»^-^ - l^^e^nTr^^r^t 
 
 the Austrians and Piedmontese atWte N^and MilleSS LT^^^^ 
 pelled the knig of Sardinia to sue for peace Then fo oweThii H, •"' 
 uK V^^f'^^\''{^?^'^ ^"-i his'Leizu^eof BolSu Ferrar^I^a 
 hJli h'« li" 'hM'**' -S"^"*» ^I""^^^^ undisputed mastfi of the n^rth oi 
 
 French expedition sent to invade Ireland, which was diBitr««H h. ^* 
 verse winds; the abandonment of (Corsica by the BSsh.rmlf '''^i''*^* 
 iK5gotiations for peace between England and Frailopi.^ .^™®^ '^'"^^ 
 the cmproas Catharine II. '^'"8»ana and if ranee, and the demise oi 
 
 The papal states were next overrun bv the FrPiuh u„a #1.- 
 part of his territories. BuonaDari« Ih'lf ""eSef t' ^ .^/ '-t* J^«""'?" "' 
 
6e 
 
 OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENEllAL HIdTOUV. 
 
 ti; i, 
 
 states of the emperor ; and the French armies having j;ained oonsidbr* 
 able advantages over their adversaries, the French directiry took advaii> 
 tagc of their position and offered terms of peace, and a definitive treaty 
 vyas eventually signed at Campo Formio. By ibis treat ;r the Venetian 
 states, which had been revolutionized by Buonaparte dun ig the negotia- 
 tions, were ceded to Austria, while the Austrian posseasiciis in the north 
 of Italy and the Netherlands were given to France in exciange. Genoa 
 about the same time was revolutionized, and assumed the name of the 
 Ligurian republic. At the latter end of this year Lord Duncan obtained 
 an important victory over the Dutch fleet off the coast of Holland. 
 
 The French having no other power than Q\ent Britain now to contend 
 with, the year 1798 was usiiered ia with rumours of a speedy invasion; 
 and lar^e bodies of troops, assembled on the opposite shores of France, 
 were said f.o be destined for this grand attack, which was to be under the 
 direction of the victorious general Buonaparte. These preparations were 
 met in a suitable manner by the English, whose effective male population 
 might almost literally be said to be embodied for the defence of the 
 country. At the same time a dangerous and extensive rebellion brok« 
 out in Ireland; but the vigilance of the government defeated the inten- 
 tions of the rebels, and they submitted, though not without the severest 
 measures being adopted, and the consequent effusion of blood. 
 
 A secret naval expedition upon a large scale, with a well-appointed 
 aimy on board, under the command of Buonaparte, had been (or somo 
 time preparing. It at length set sail from Toulon, took possession ol 
 Malta on their way to Egypt, and, having eluded the vigilance of Nelson, 
 8&fely landed near Alexandria, which town they stormed, and massacred 
 the inhabitants. The vetoran troops of France everywhere prevailed 
 over the ill-disciplined Manrielukes, and the whole of Ejypt soon submit- 
 ted to the conqueror. Meanwhile AHmira) Nelson discovered and totally 
 destroyed the French fleet in the bay of Aboukir. While these events 
 were passing in Egypt, the French governmenl prosecuted its revolution- 
 ary principles wherever its emissaries could gain admittance. Rome 
 was taken by them, the nopt imprisoned, and a republic erected. Swit- 
 Jitrland was also invaded, and, notwithstanding the gallant efforts of the 
 SwisH patriots, the country war nnitcid to Franco under the title of the 
 Helvetian republic. Th" teintory of Geneva was also incorporated with 
 France. These uiijustiflahle invasions hIiowou so plainly the aggrandiz- 
 ing policy pursued hy the French directory, that the emperors of lUmsia 
 miti \ustria, the king of Naples, and the Porje united with England to 
 check their ambitious designs. 
 
 The year 17f)!) presotjted a contiiuiod scene* ai active warfare. The 
 Neapolitans, who had invaded the Roman territory, were not only driven 
 hack, hut the whole kingdom of Niiples siibmitte'' to the Frencli, and 
 the king wns compcllod l(» seek refuge in Sici'y. The h'rench armies 
 $|80 (odk possession of Tuscany and Piedmont j but the operations of 
 the idlios were conducted with' vigour and success. The archduke 
 Charles routed the French under Jourdan in the hard-fought balllea of 
 Ostrach and Stockach; and the Auslro- Russian army <)btniied a decisive 
 victory at Cassano, and drove the e.ininy to Milan and Genoa. The 
 arms of the republic! were equally unfortunate in other parts. Turin, 
 Alessandria, and Ma,\tita were taken ; and the French under Jonbert and 
 Moreau, were totally routed at Novi. SwilaiDrlaud afterwards bi-came 
 the principal scene of aclitni •, and there also the army of Suwairof was 
 ■uccessful ; but anotlior Runajan army, ••'Mnmanded by Koraskoff, waa 
 alt'icked and defeated by Massenn, and Zurich taken by storm. In Italy, 
 however, success still attended the allies. The French wore espe'Ieo 
 fyom Naples and Rome, and the papal chair was soon a>"ler occupiod bt 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH QV QKNBaAL HI8T0IIY. 
 
 d7 
 
 While these important military operations were occupying the armios 
 in Europe, Buonaparte had reduced Egypt, and formed the resolution of 
 invading Syria. El-Arish, Gaza, and Jaffa had surrendered ; and with the 
 confidence of certain success, Acre was invested ; but there, as in days of 
 old, a British warrior was its defender. The courage and activity of Sir 
 Sidney Smith resistpd the repeated assaults of the French during a siege 
 of sixty-nine days; and Buonaparte, though at the head of 12,000 veterans 
 was completely foiled in all his attempts, and was obliged to retreat mto 
 Egypt. He was afterwards successful in several encounters with the 
 Turks, particularly at Aboukir ; but, foreseeing that the expedition would 
 ultimately prove disastrous, he confided the command to General Klebor, 
 and secretly returned to France. Buonaparte's invasion of Egypt was con- 
 sidered as preparatory to an attempi on India, where, at the very lime,- 
 the British arms were crowned with great success— Seringapatam having 
 been taken, and our formidable enemy, TippooSaib, being found among the 
 slain. 
 
 Discord and anarchy reigned throughout France, under the weak, yet 
 arbitrary administration of the directory ; and the sudden appearance of 
 Buonaparte was the signal for a new revolution in that ffovernment. At 
 the head of the conspiracy was his l)rother Lucien, president of the coun- 
 cil of five hundred, who was supported by Cambaceres, Talleyrand, 
 Sieyes, Fouche, &c. The directory was speedily overturned, a senate and 
 three consuls were appointed, and Buonaparte was chosen first consul. 
 
 One of his first acts was that of making pacific overtures to England, 
 which were rejected. He then put liimself at the head of the army, cross- 
 ed Mount St. Bernard, and marched from victory to victory, till the mem- 
 orable battle of Marengo decided the fate of Italy. The successes of the 
 French in Germany were of a less decisive nature ; but the defiat of (he 
 allies at Hohoulinden induced Francis 11. to sign the treaty of Luneviile 
 by which he ceded some of his possessions in Germany, and transferred 
 Tuscany to the duke of I'arma. 
 
 At the boKinningof 1801 England was without an ally, and had to con- 
 tend with another formidaolc opponent in Paul F., of Russia, who had in- 
 duced Sweden and Demnark to unite with him in forming an ariiiod neu- 
 trality. To crush this northern confederacy in the bud. a largo fictit was 
 bent to the Baltic, under the command of Sir Hyde I'arker and Lord Nel- 
 won; Cotwnhagen was attacked, and the whole of the Danish ships were 
 either taken oi destroyed. This victory gave a fatal blow to the northerr. 
 confederacy, which was eventually annihilated by the death of l>aul, and 
 the accession of his son Alexander, who immediately released the British 
 vessels detained m his ports, and otherwise showed his inclination to be 
 on amieuble terms with England. 
 
 In Egypt Guaoral Klebcr had been assassinated, and the command of 
 the h m\v.\\ troops devolved on Menmi. An English army, under Sir 
 lialph Ahereromhio had now arrived and a deeisivo victory was gained bv 
 thoni at Alexandria, but they had to lament the loss of their gallaiil com- 
 mandnr. who fell in the action. Grand Cairo, Rosetta, ami Alexandria 
 «(»on after surrendered, and Mie French agreed to > vncnate the country 
 The other avents of the year IHOl wore of minor importance ; mid in the 
 hpring of the f<dlowing year peace was signed at Amiens. Kngland con- 
 sented to surrender all its conquests, with the exception of (Ceylon and 
 Trinidad ; the Ionian islands were to form a repulilic ; and Malta was to bf> 
 refctoretl to its original possessors. 
 
 A now constitution was given to Ernnno in 1803, by which Buonannrto 
 was declared chief consul forlifo ; the whole of the executive authorilv. 
 and even the appointment of his two colluaguoa being vested in him. Now 
 eonstilutions wots also given to 8wit«erlan.l and the Italian repiib- 
 ues About thii period Buonaparto leat a considorablo force to reduce 
 
d8 
 
 OJTIINB bKETCH OF QKNERAL HISTOBY 
 
 negroes submitted. Ld Sisant ii t.^^"/"^'"^ ««»»««. the rebdlioag 
 Prance; but the F;ench wrr^n^a^-^^^^^^^^ -' to 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 rnOM TH. R.CO„„,N0«MENT 0. H08T,UT«8, TO T„. TR.ATr Or T.Lai, 
 
 dJ^^^^^^^^^^^^ truce ., and many 
 
 « Violation of the law of nations, ^0^"^ imm«Jin?f '■^'"'"^'^' '" «P«« 
 rest of ail the English whom busiSoTpSi", !lyr'"'"'"'^«t'''«"- 
 Hanover was invaded iMid plundered anHMM? ^"^ •^ii.^'''" '"^^ France, 
 ed on the French coast, for the avowe/o ,mnU™?'"''u'^?''^ "^^ «o»««t- 
 power : but thi., as before. proZZ'eSvZ^J ' h"S"";,'".^ '^' »"''••» 
 under the control of France, was dra^3 J.rZ' "°"*'i^> being placed 
 colonies. St. Domingo threw off yf/.r^ln ^n ^"' ""'^ "«»" '»•» her 
 Dessalines, the successor of Tou^ssan? ZlLf^^'^''^^ *° ^'•«"««' «nrf 
 UcofHayti. the ancient nameTf the ^»Ta,7 "'^W r '^^^^^ 
 w^e^ry successful n. India, under U^toVerJ^i:/-^ ,t r^uro? 
 
 an unperial diadem. Having p^^SurythPnill' ''"^ «'^^n himself with 
 ghein. and by the basest a f Soss« „Tf. ""* 'T °^"»*^ ^"^e d'En- 
 idea that treasonable pra, t 'es Se Tam^^^ an 
 
 ■enafe, desirous, as thev said of ^nvn-H^ I " "^'"."'t '"m, the s..rviJe 
 Of sovereignty, in order tLi^/CuXlSSbilsM ""l^'" ""*^ 
 claiinud him emperor of the French-la til « ^hf f '' '"1 """'<»niy, pro- 
 mediately by all the sovereigns of Eu une "^' ^'^^^'f^knowledgod .m- 
 itlonocxrepted: A.D 1804 ^-urope, l»re»t Britain and Sweden 
 
 Fra.icis II., who united with En«l«n/!nu^^^» "'"""?? "'« indignation o/ 
 ••fall others wa« most Sat.lirri«r1.^ ^,'" "» «''«"« which 
 
 nnHxampled victory gained by S,l.on?ffT™Vl"^^^^^^ allies, was the 
 billed fleets of France and Spain ^'"" ^^'''' ^^^ '»''" "'« ^om- 
 
 ;he'p"oriUSS«^ar;S^^^^^ «-t loss. At 
 
 tlie Austrian general Mack s irr.Mw . ». hu i , r ^'""'' ' *'«' at U m, 
 "OO men. vlenna waTs^i,, 'S'e ' ^ «^^^^^^^ ««»-i-tin» of 140.: 
 Austrnu.s were complet..ly defeat* atH.^LMi'^l*?'' ?'" *' '''"R"' '''P 
 duced Francis to snu for peace rhH atlT*^ "^ Austorlitz. ll.i, j,,. 
 by which h. coded .. Woe The s?atn. n v^ *"" ^T'^»^"'^ «' ''•^'"''urg, 
 &C.. to the newly -created kl^g of TZIIT''' ""' " '"•'""'^ '"« '^>4 
 
 nr ^ rrtKz'teHif '"^ «f p-^ "-p- 'vom »h. 
 
 Napoleon gave his bj:;!:, 'l"^,^^ ..^^^ 'l^' "'^ "V the I renoh, and 
 
 dom, its legitimate sovon-ign hav i u ,3 .' I * * • T""" "^ "»" •''"g- 
 
 was nl^u erected mto a ki iKn a JlKnnT '"*'''*' '° .***''"y- """«'••' 
 
 these .m\ ollipr iniportan Ea^s f .?n '"" I""''"""" ^•'»"'" Amidst 
 
 li»..napart„ fornunf tlm'' ooH „£, ' fr Zf m"'''*:.":r"' "•■ '"- ^"""'y. 
 
 those smu.s whose rulers n.noi3r» ..".'''''''• V'"' '"""« »'""'» t<> 
 
 eoatimied encroaehment. TfI^^^ , ^ nS I T'."^ "»«-'y''Pi'«' The 
 
 mailed precipitately into a war ).n.i im,l. i .T ^'"V'^'f'tf «' Prussia, who 
 
 chance of one balUe. T 1. w w thel Z . i ''L"'"^/''^ '''" ^""""" "" >he 
 nis w,is the eolehraled batth^ of Jena, whor« 1 10X00 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OF GENERAL HI8T0KV. 
 
 K* 
 
 Prusniani and Saxons contended with 150,000 of the French, and were 
 aefeated and closely pursued. Berlin fell into the hands of the victors, 
 and the Prussian general, Blucher, after a brave resistance, was forced to 
 capitulate. Prince Hohenloe and his army surrendered at Prentzlau 
 Silesia was overrun by the French, who penetrated into Poland, and exci- 
 ted the Poles to assert (heir independence. The Russians, who were now 
 advancing, met and defeated the French at Pultusk ; and, notwithstand- 
 ing the combined efforts of Murat, Lasnes, and Ney, they were also suc- 
 cessful at Golomyn. In the insolence of power, Napoleon, at Berlin, is- 
 sued his famous decrees, prohibiting all commercial intercourse with the 
 British isles, and commanding the confiscation of every article of British 
 manufacture, which scheme of exclusion he dignified with the name of the 
 " continental system." 
 The grand Russian army under Benningsen, encountered a superior 
 fe'ich force near Eylau, where a sanguine but indecisive conflict en- 
 sued. Dantzic surrendered toLefevre; and a complete victory beinjr 
 gained by the French at Friedland, it was rhortly followed by the treaty 
 of lilsit. TheRusfiians and Prussians submitted to all the imperious 
 demands of Napoleon ; but Gustavus, king of Sweden, alone refused to 
 treat with him, or to recognize his imperial dignity. 
 
 The Danes havinj? yielded to the influence of France, an expedition was 
 sent thither by England, for the purpose of preventing the Danish fleet 
 from falling mto the hands of the French, dopenhagen surrendered after 
 a f'^w days' siege, and the ships a.id naval stores were delivered to the En- 
 glish This act of aggression was resented by the emperor of Russia, 
 who declared war against F.-igland. Among other remarkable events of 
 this year, were the departure of the prince regent of Portugal and his 
 court to the Brazils, the conquest of Portugal by the Fren?l and W 
 erection of Saxony into a kingdom. ^ y " rentn, ana inp 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Tn« FRKIfCn INVASION or SPAIW, AND SUBBEmiENT nifirSUlAR WAK. 
 
 What open force could not efl-ect, was carried by intrigue and treaoh- 
 ery. Napoleon having invited Charles IV., king of Snainrto a conference 
 at Uayonno, seized us (loriion, compelled him to abdicate, and transferred the 
 crown () Joseph Bnonupurt(.. whose place at Naples was soon after oc 
 cupied by Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law. Span, was filled with Fre "di 
 troops, and no opposition was dreaded . but us soon as the Spaniards re- 
 covered from their consternation, the people rose in all parts, and pro- 
 claimed J 7 inand Vll. The imtriols began the war with great £1% 
 n.nrper fled from Madrid ; while Pulafox and the brave inlmb.t«nu o iJar! 
 agossa gained i-nmortal honour by thr invincihh courage ih.<y displayed 
 ... defending the.r town ..gnin^t the furious attacks of the French; who 
 were evenlually coinnelled to retreiit. 
 
 The Portuguese fofh.wi-d ih(, ..xninple of the Spaniards ; and a British 
 anny.co,mnandod by S.r ArthurWellcMey. landed and defeated the French 
 general. Junot, at V.miera. But Sir Hugh Dalrymple arriving to ZZm 
 the command, the .•onvontion of (^intra was „n lore 1 into, by which !« 
 
 france. An Knglmh army of 30,()00 m.-n, under Sir John M.H.re. f, n led 
 in Spam, and advanced as fnr as Nalnmanca ; but the French f..r'o ii.i 
 j^untry amounted to 150.000. Ma.lr.d w.„ taken Id trnKigl,, nS 
 being well supported by the Snaniards, were impelled to Sa A 
 » uli'S" '"''"' """'' ^^ '^''"'' *"^ »»^ Jcihn Moore wL- mortaUv 
 
90 
 
 OUTLINB SKETCH OF GENERAL HlSTOttS 
 
 «.;iK .1 *"^ declared war against France, Napoleon entered the Aeld 
 repulsed the Austrians at Eckmuhl. and took possession of Vienna Th- 
 -rchduke Charles gave him battle near EsshW/S was desMrafVl! 
 
 CT^i" FrlSf •' ':i '''"'' ''''''' Auatfi'an^rbut's^olrirr 1^ 
 vyagrani, the French gamed an important victory. The brave Tyrolp,* 
 
 »hom were .wep. of by . pe»Ulo,ui/lever wh"e ,1 BMLS^r.h. 
 
 seated on the throne, and peace was concluded betwee i the Porte miH 
 
 r.l.vera; but , he enemy being reinforced, he Z, SeiZ'.^Jt 
 
 and (/Uidad Rodrigo; while Massena I'ntcrnd P<.r»im..i ... . i »*".';" 
 At B..aco Lord Ellington deS3 him Ida i^'^^ 
 lines of orres Vedras, he took up a strongposition.fron. wl^LlThefirr' 
 asttlrrlfrelt'*' '""' '"'' '^"^^'^"^ -- a^erwanfs 'coTru^VrS' 
 The campaign of 1811 was distinguished by a series of battles in whinh 
 
 mow ...cccful, were llad.J„», Albe" rSf. Krln 'n,ry,.a r' « 1 """^ 
 
 In 181!^ the evonts of the war assumed a new conml xir n a ot„ 
 had taken place in the government of Snain Tnd 31 'rr.* . ''''""^^^ 
 
 Z^uTlt'- ''*"^'"'"«""n»- »n the meantime the put i Tr Is „ iho 
 north of Spam were eminently successful 5 and in he south tl r^'rL 1! 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 PWH THE mVASIOff or KVnn,^ „ TH« .r.„cH to THIt nESTORATIOtr Of 
 
 THK UOHnRONH. 
 
 N-^f "\"^""* "*^f * ™P'*' «•«»"«« of those extraordinary scenea in th« 
 «.U ..no l„. eo„,l,ry injured '^y'Z'';i'^i Jfet/of Ir'-'^JSH'^ 
 
OUTLINB SKETCH OF QjINAaAL HI8T0AT. 
 
 91 
 
 system" which Napoleon had insisted on, and the boundless iinbition of 
 the latter, added to his hatred of all that was English, led him to attempt 
 .he aubjugation of the Russian empire. He concluded an offensive and 
 defensive alliance with Austria, Prussia, and the confedration of the Rhine, 
 whose forces were destined to sw^ll his ranks. The immenue army, 
 amounting to above 475,0C0 men, now marched towards the Russian fron- 
 tiers ; and the Russians gradually retired at the approach of the enemy, 
 who, though checked and harassed in every way possible, pressed onward 
 with amazing rapidity. At length a tremendous battle was fought under 
 the walls of Smolensko, and the city was quickly after evacuated, the 
 Russians retreating on Moscow. Having received daily accessions of 
 troops, among whom were numerous bodies of Cossacks, Kutusoff, the 
 Russian commander, determined on hazarding a grand battle, when a 
 most 8anguir...ry contest ensued, in which the French lost about 40,000 
 and the Russians 30,000 men. But Napoleon beings reinforced, he was 
 enabled to take possession of Moscow ; he had scarcely, however, taken 
 up his head quarters in the Kromlim, before he discovered that the city 
 was set on firain several places, by order of Rostopchin, its patriotic gov- 
 enor, and the pTeatei part of it was soon reduced to a heap of ruins. Thus 
 being in a jTioSent, as it were, deprived of shelter, and feeling the severity 
 of a RussIbi wia^r fast approaching, Napoleon endeavoured to negotiate, 
 but Alexander, wno, at the commencement of the French invasion had 
 declared that "now the sword was drawn he would not nguin slieath it ati 
 long as an enemy remained in his dominions," indignantly rejected every 
 proDOsition. Cut off from ail supplies, and exposed to the incessant at- 
 tacks of the exasperated Russians, among whom were hordes of Cossacks, 
 the wretched troops commenced one of the most disastrous retreats ever 
 recorded in history. Again and again had they to sustain the vigorous 
 attacks of their pursuers, till the whole route was strewed with baggage, 
 artillery, and ammunition, and with the mangled and frozen bodies of men 
 and horess. Of the mighty force tliat invaded Russia, only 30,000 returned 
 to France 5 400,000 nerished or were made prisoiu j s ; while the author of 
 all their unparalleled sufferings basely deserted his arm v, travelled through 
 Poland and Germany in disguise, and reached his capital in safety. 
 
 Tho unexampled nivcrsos of Napoleon were hailed by the nations 011 
 the continent as liie signal for their deliverance from his iron grasp. AU 
 exander concluded an ulliauce with Sweden and Prussia, and llu'v pro- 
 pared for hoHlilities. Some sanguinary hut indecisive battles were fought, 
 and a short armistice was agreed upon, during which time Austria joined 
 tho league, and all parties prepared for tho renewal of the cont('st with 
 iiicreasod vigour. The greatest unanimity prevailed in the couiifils of the 
 allied BovofcigiiH. Their armies made a fttrmidablo attack on Dresden, 
 though they failed in their object of taking the city by a coup-de-main : but 
 the veteran Bluclier defeated the enemy at Katzbach, and thereby deliv- 
 ered Silesia. Vandamme was beaten at Culm, and Ney at Jutterbock 
 It was now resolved that the whole of tho allied armies should make a 
 simultaneous effort to crush tho co'iiiuon enemy. 'I'he forees of Napole- 
 on vums concentrated at Loipslc, and there it whs that the allies attacked 
 and totally defoatud him. The sanguinary b:Htlo raged from dawn of dav 
 till night ; both sides suffered immeiis •< «8, but that of the Fremdi was by 
 far the greatest. (\.u-fW'\n% hit ow ^rsoiial safely, as in his retreat 
 from Russia, Uuon«i>ar*« iv^stily reat 1 Paris ; while tho French garri- 
 •on.i which occupied f'l 8axon auti i-i.isaiAii fortresses were abandoned 
 I tJwir fate. Thv »•( i .»iy of Liepsic aroused every nation yet in alliance 
 ifi France to throw off tho op|)retsor's yoke. Ainong the number was 
 Holland, whose inhabitants expelled tht French, and reciUled the prince 
 of Orange. 1 he Russian campaign and the war that now raged m Ge^ 
 omnv. had proved boncficiiil to lh« Spanish cause, by willidrnwing nHiii> 
 
82 
 
 OUTLINi SKETCH OF GBNEJlAt HI8T0EY. 
 
 ill 
 
 wmy, commanded by MSiSKSuf'v;/'*^® T ^"i* '»»« ^'"""'^ 
 decigive victory, June 21 ^ma Th„ ' f ^'**?"«»' T'^^re he obtained a 
 
 andthedefea»^fShaisouh J whn/""i ^.^It "**«! "^ ^^'^ S«baatian, 
 frontiers of France wa«rnnfi^h ***"u *'^'" **>® ^^^^^ of defending the 
 
 ofthecampaip^anTFrcett^Sa^^^^^^^^^ ""T P™u"''"«"» ^«'«» 
 by the Engljgg a^d SpanS aS nn th« l!f .t"*^"'*l "".^''^ "outh-west 
 
 mies of Ru%«a, Pru8i;a?and ASria **'* ^^ '''" "°'"*''"*'^ "- 
 
 to op^i^t^rt'S^^^^^^^ - 1-y of 300.000 men. 
 
 .he aflies marched steadily oJfbydiffe^^^^^^^^ ^^ P''*^^ • but 
 
 lie city of Paris, which caSlLd oi fhT?Ar'^*''^"/'*'*PP™»«»»«d 
 1814), the empemr of RussSa and the kL^^f S"""'.*"? ^ay (Sfarch 31, 
 their generals and staff, made their tri,.3 ?^ ^™^'"''' accompanied by 
 acclamations of the Kkants X whfr "'-^ '"*° ^""«' «'"'«^«t the 
 air resound with reiterated rS of " V7v« pp"^ """'^'^ Pf "«'' """^^ the 
 ventles Bourbons;- ''A bas l^s tvran "X!,' ^"™Pt^"'■ ^'«a"dre;» "Vi- 
 quis of Wellington had dXtedC.'nf^"^^'^ "^^ 'n«5^'ne the mar- 
 towards the coital Njpoleon findL ?h'w2"^''"*'*'' ""^'' advancing 
 and that the allied powera were'de?fim^„» f ^^f f^nate ha^ei|)sed him, 
 with him as sovereign of Prance Sf.Tl*" ^'"♦^'"•ny treaty 
 tombleau ; and the isfe of L'lbi wTth a s^Kh.l^" "'"'P^^ "''°^" ^* ^on- 
 for his future residence. Ki?s XVIII 41 n/"''r''' T" t'^'«''^^ him 
 ancestors, the other sovereigns who hlli Z '^'"''^^ T l''® ^'^'one of his 
 were restored, and all Eur?pe oncS mnr« h •i''?"''^'' °^ ^^^" dominions 
 ^ We must not omit to nS thaftlS Am ^J'^*^* ^.^"''•••''* P^'^^^' 
 fied with the British ordm n coiniS rlT'"* r"' ^Vu'""? ''««» ^'"^"s- 
 decrees of Napoleon, thoTglu pSer 'in Sa^^n'^''"! **'*' "*""'*" ""^ M''«" 
 laud, and forthwith invadwl r^«ni!ff' .u' ^^ declare war against Eiig. 
 [with considerab e Vr The Ameri;«„*'ir^ "'"?• '^r«^«''' ^"^«" ^ac* 
 the 10th of September 1813 in P«nt" "^ •"■?*''"■"' ^''"V' succeeded, on 
 Fort Erie was also take ibv tK^n^"""^ '^^ ^/'l'^^ <'^«' "» I^al'e E ie. 
 same month were fough sX^mr^l 'nf^ '"ou"*^' ^^^^' ''"'' during the 
 On the nth of Septern or sfr H ^^'^^ *' Chippewa and Bridgewater. 
 attack upon PiatCg,l;tf after J^ever^.'^n^ T^ '*'''' '"«". '"ade an 
 w»th groat loss. The BritSh fleSn.nIr n""'*"' ""*" ''""iP«»«d to retire 
 rnodore M'f)onough, on t",e same daJ t^°1"'*' "'^ '-'"P'""'*'" ^'Y «<>"»- 
 freatv of Ghent, Dec. 12 leu] "**' ^^'^'^'natod by th« 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 T JarclMsT :: "°''*"*^" """ "^"^' ^° ^- •»— «— 
 
 nenl ,>eace, the astomuling nowTnrriv 1 it^ ?m f?"'"'''"?'; "^ " P""""" 
 landed in Franco, with abm isn /^ ^' Napoleon had left Elba, and 
 mentherecfiiv«d t^/t wt on\?! {0^^^"- «,»"'«'*• the enoou ng«^ 
 •t the head of 16 OOO vo "ran " wul S'«''' T"^"'' lf«.uainblea», h. was 
 were advaueing , n every sUletnLlt °''."*''"y '^at i.u.nero^.H .„rp> 
 made tc «rre,t'l,i«7ruJ.Jss buTon Ri. ^^'"."'r'' '''"I'""'"'"- wol^ 
 
OUTLINE SKETCH OP GENERAL HISTOEY. gg 
 
 •olved he should bein.p loned for lifeintte iS^f'irSTn " "u^J" 
 was oassed, from which a f^,wnf\I.^^^ throne. An act of amnesty 
 
 should be garrisoned by the ll e« f.?r fiv! '^'''"*'^' fortresses of France 
 troops, unler the dukeVf WdSton fho.LT' ""^ »hat 160,000 allied 
 dom for the same sr-^e of time %h« tZ^^^ mamtamed in that king, 
 concluded at the conB^Sof^i^n^u J^^^"^"'^ arrangements were also 
 ation of a portibn of^lSxoSv inH J """a 7*' """"''*''' ^y '^e annex- 
 large part of PoVnd £e \?eninn T''"?'^- '^"'"^"" ""««'« '«''«'i''«d a 
 GeWwasassigned t'othe kZnfs^'T*-"^"."'"* S'*'^" »» Austria; 
 restored; while the Unitort &• ^"""^''"a ' »•'« papai dominions were 
 
 into a kingdSm for the See o"^^^^^^^^^ "'^'^ f°r">^d 
 
 some of the colonies shPhwlt^LV,? * , ^"«'''»n'> restored to the Dutch 
 also took niacr A eSmtlo™"/. ^''^"'•^"d various minor changes 
 states of dermany for i„„l drfor„ „ h'"..''"'''*"^'^ '"'" ^^ '^^ «"verelgn 
 and. to crown the whoTe the o.T,2n« "Vl" ^'^^"''^1^1 "^ ''"ernul wtt%, 
 king of Prussia, boS t'lemLlv •« bH .nin'!""'"' ""'^ '^"'"•'*' ^'i**' 'he 
 Alliance, the professed E t of «-fih , '*^?'" <'ompact, called the Holy 
 
 rope, and to maiiUafn S e ,tinc m 1 of r h !•'"*'"""? '^^ P«««« "f «"■ 
 dominions. pnnctplos of Christianity in their respective 
 
 In the Hintories of sViwai.. "n „2I! «'L«f «",<]"«"» events for narration 
 '•ory Irurodu.tion «^K ;rn r «S^hi.r- , '" »»>« brief and cur- 
 rise and fallof empirorthe ov.tL^^^^^ r , * ''"'' '* "'P"' ^'"^ •/ the 
 
 . ountless evils a tendan' bVn «n.« Ir ' ''^"H""" P^'^""' ""^^ »»'"« «>f the 
 bcred that in this shghi sk^ ,-h wt h/ '""'r''y- **""J' '"""' ''e romem- 
 P«>ceed. i. will be o5r a?n more fnUv L"!l'^ P-oneered the way. A. wr 
 'loscTlbetheactionrof thJ^r. ^u? •^''\?'»P« 'he motives, while wf> 
 <lestinios of rtCiVmTuI3""'''i^H '» «'»"»"« hand. iL 
 
 ^s h„ .ani.ot fail ,o 1h , wi fiS^l'^wl, '« ff »•'""». >•««''«,.•. i.ni.rosHo.l. 
 nstnbility of human irrandlr Jl '''? "^*'":"'!'' """'"" i""* and (he 
 admire the oy,rSJJSSo7LtjT"^l^ '"^ '" c«„,nmnl„,e „„,, 
 '»enl ut the world. •^""""'^' «'' "»^"«e Providence in tlio mural govern- 
 
/ 
 
/ 
 
 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE WORLD. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 LuROPK lies almost entirely in the northern temperate zone ; a small 
 part of It at the northern extremity is extended beyond the arctic circle, 
 bui It does not approach nearer to the equater than 35i decrees. On the 
 east and south-east it is bounded by Asia ; on the west, north-west, and 
 south-west, by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the north, by the Frozen Ocean ; 
 and on the south, by the Mediterranean Sea. It is about 3,400 miles in 
 length, from Cape St. Vincent in Portugal, to the Uralian Mountains in 
 Kussia; and 2,600 miles in breadth, from Cape Matapan to «he Nortn 
 Cape m Lapland. 
 
 In proportion to its size, Europe is the most populous of all the great 
 divisions of the globe, and, except in its northern states, it enjoys an 
 agreeable temperature of climate. The soil, though not equal in luxuri- 
 ance to that of the tropics, is well adapted to tillage and pasturage, so 
 that It affords a copious supply of the necessaries of life, while its mines 
 produce the most useful metals, and its seas teem with fi^>h. 
 
 In no part of the world are manHfactHr«?s carried to greater perfection 
 than in several of the European countries, especially m Great Britain, 
 l< ranee, and Germany, and that commercial intercourse which of laie years 
 lias so very greatly increased, is gradually obliterating national prejudices, 
 exciting emulation, rewarding industry, cultivating feelings of mutual 
 esteem, and increasing the comforts, conveniences, and luxuries of all. 
 lo the commerce of Europe, in fact, there appears to be no limits : its 
 ihIZ" M® ** "^^ u '" ^"^^ country, and every sea is filled with its 
 Ships. Moreover, as the seat of art and science, as the region where civi- 
 lization IS m active progress, and where Christianity is extendino its be- 
 nign influence far and wide, Europe indeed maintains a proud eminence, 
 fo„ J ?'"* '^^""I Pu^?^",* appearances, its inhabitants bid fair at no dis- 
 »w« ./„u.-^* '^ ''""'■ ^"T'n'oiS' already vast, by colonizing and givino 
 laws to nations now scarcely emerging from barbarism. » » « 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Thk genoral history of this division of the world carries us back (o the 
 creation. The cradle of our first parents, and the portion of the earth 
 Where the most stupendous acts of divine power and wisdom have been 
 displayed, Asia nresonts a most interesting subject for the contemplative 
 mind. It was hero that the world before the flood, as far as we know 
 was concentered. It was h^rn that the antediluvian patriarchs spttled! 
 5 e »fi«r?if/"H <*"' families of the earth. After the flood, Asia waF 
 
 e heart of ifc, the source of all thai population which has since covered 
 flt^A^ """!il" Syu""**' of "'^'ahitanti. The present race of Asiatics is 
 aeduce£from the Hobrews, the Indians, and the Tartars. It i* forniirn tn 
 ussr pH.,oge iu ruiiow the series of the various tribes of population, which, 
 
M 
 
 PRESaNT CONDITION OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ?"'5 u ^''^^^ fountain, overspread the earth, and especially Europe In 
 deed, the whole of Europe, however elevated in the scale of reason and 
 intelligence above their primitive sources, derived its people and language 
 rrom Asia, while from Asia Minor have flowed arms, arts and learning 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Africa is situated to the south of Europp. and to the west and south- 
 west of Asia. It is separated from the former by the Mediterranean Sea 
 and the Straits of Gibraltar, and from Asia by the Red Sea, at the most 
 northerly extremity of which it is united to Asia by the isthmus of Suez 
 
 The history of this immense peninsula, like several of the kingdoms of 
 which it is composed, is involved in much obscurity. Interesting as are 
 the monuments of former greatness to be found in this part of the world, 
 esnecially in Egypt, there are no memorials on which the eye of science 
 rests with more intensity of attention than upon those tablets which have 
 enshrined the names of the several martyrs, from the time of Pharaoh 
 Necho, to the inhuman murders of many an enterprising European trav- 
 eller. The sun of civilization which once illumined with all its splendour 
 one portion of thia division of the world has been greatly obscured, and 
 of the greater part of it we may say, 
 
 " Shadows cloada, and darkness rest apon it " 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 iHis vast continent, ov xVew World of the Westwr Hemisphere, lies 
 hetween the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the former separating it from 
 Europe and Africa, and the latter from Asia and Australia. Its immense 
 rivers and prodigious mountain chains are quite unequalled in the world, 
 and the bays, lakes, cataracts, and forests, are also of unrivalled extent 
 and grandeur. It is divided into North and South America, and is in 
 length about 0000 miles, possessing, of course, every variety of climate, 
 from the burning heat of the torrid zone to the intense cold of the arctic 
 circle. Since its discovery by Columbus, vast numbers of Europeans 
 have made this continent their home, the generality being attracted hither 
 by the capabilities it seemed to afford them of enriching themselves: 
 Am<irioa has also been an asylum for the victims of political and religious 
 persecution. [Abounding with every production necessary for the com- 
 fort and convenience of man, blessed with all tlie privileges of civil an I 
 religious freedom, this new country, which but three and a half centuries 
 ago was unknown to the Eastern World, has risen to a height of pros- 
 perity almost unexampled in the history of nations, and the colonies of 
 Ihe United States, which, less than a hundred years since, Great Britaiu 
 scarcely considered worthy of her notice, has shaken olf her authority 
 and now proudly fling out their banners side by side with those of the 
 mother country, in every clime, and already threaten to dispute with her 
 the pre-eminence she so justly claims upon the seas. Untrammelled with 
 the wrecks of tottering or fallen dynaHtios, the citizens of this now repub- 
 lic are working out upon an extensive scale the great problem of tielf- 
 guvcrnment.] 
 
A SERIES OF SEPARATE HISTORIES. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 meroeand extensive foreign po.«,.«on., iu naval and military prowess, and the IntTi. 
 
 hgonce, enterprise, and industry of iu inhabitants-fnlly entiZ it to th« h^nTof V,^ 
 
 dence. But .hi. is notaU, the loveof our countr, exie. in u. a lan^abrculini 
 
 . Inqnire into the conduct and condition of our ancestors, and to become aoquaLed w 4 th^ 
 
 :;rot;r::rar;is:7e;a:^^^^^^ 
 
 "ha. no .nowiedge of thoTeWthat 2 tT. I^ ptif^h^^r "^ "•" '""•'" 
 
 ixrirh^rh::rsi^eT^^^^ 
 
 ins BRITISH AI*0 ROHAN 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PERIOD— TO THE SOBJUOATIOtf bf TH», IStAWD 
 Br THE SAXONS. 
 
 iiile hv whinh t»^JKi.l • "'^'""^y' '8 80 reasonable, so obv ouslv the onlv 
 
 verTe'Zte?,%'riS"i;"'" V^' ^"T« ^•^'' '^'"^^ ^« P"" over the 
 cates that course. referred, at once suggests and vindi- 
 
 Pirc'ro' '■fr'Je^Lr; iluI^S' are commomy employed to supply thr 
 tion be admitted to ILSralnH^ disregarded, or if any exce^ 
 
 Grecian fictions, which T™ so mJZ?^'^ ^^ '" ^^'T «f »»»« »"«'«»» 
 ever be the objerts of tZ Jni. ?* ''"^ 
 
 therefore, all tradJHons or r»fhT, ''"""'°" *?f ""^nJ^ind. Ne-lectin» 
 rvof Dri'tain, we sS'on /cons j? ?he'«Zt^ *""•'> hi.to- 
 
 pred to the Romans ortfffnvllfnr/K- "'**'*'^ 
 Wefly run over thVi'mU. wh^hZ^lA a^L^^'' country. We shaU 
 Vol f— 7 '"'"*«"•* ^"'ch attended the conquest made by that 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Photographic; 
 
 ScJences 
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 93 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WIBSTMNY I4SI0 
 
 |716)I79-4S03 
 
 
98 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 hS^.h i ."u^'"? "'°'« '° ^o™*" than to British story. We ghat 
 hasten through the obscure aiid uninteresting period of Saxon annals aSd 
 shall reserve a more full narration for those Uraes when the tmJh.«' hn?h 
 
 .H l^l^wpn «!!r'.''''^ ^^"'' '■ ?^ o"g'naliy inhabited by a tribe of the Celtae, 
 Se desJ^Ltroftupi^'r'^^ ''""°^" ^^''^ «*" •'^ «='h respect to a peS 
 Snd rX n? «ii IIa^' '?"«"«,»«' manners, government (such as it wast 
 and religion, all tend to show ther common origin. But the Britons from 
 
 n^r-'"^!!."'".'""''""''"^*"'^'^ '*•«" f"" n.deneL;ndthe rprimiTve'n r 
 Eo ? ""r''"!"' '°"ff '''^'«'' ^'"^ ^""1«. from their intercourse wh the in 
 hot ™^^ P"*^ °' ''>« ««"^'"''"»' h-^d consideSrimpr'ovrd'in' 
 
 £ and t^o^S/ I7f * despotism, and a terrible one, for boS! 
 King ana penpie~tho despotism of the Druids. The nrni.ii. vuLntHl 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ^«. yjr iiij£ WORLD. • jjj 
 
 Sed'/ni'oveS/Sy SS SeoTl ^^1'."^* barbamus people inva- 
 ed and more ilmn com SanceftT ''"' '^'npo^ry, an/ we foW 
 squalid miseries and thrSl SlkL Pl''"T"l.'^^''''«'ance from the 
 wWe characterized. S piel mav t^l ^^ 'r''''''* «^^"»« life is every! 
 of those primeval ages, '^ ^ '""" '"" harmonious lay to the iSss 
 
 " '^'••"' ^''J '» ^ood. the noble ,.v.ge nu. , 
 
 the prairies of America, or i„ t "» w Fr. ^l,!^ «f barbarism. Whether in 
 ?-vage mvariably miserable and a mil ""'' «f New- Holland, we find the 
 imals in conformation, buralas' Len l""""l'= '"P"'"'' '» 'ho other C 
 than they are. We mav svmnnchi! ""^u" ?"''J^*'' »» '^'''ewe and famSe 
 fSo feels when civilized UHmSM hT- 'h "'". ''""f ^'"«='' 'he poor m 
 to demand that conquestTbe JitJ^Ia ''» haunts, and we have every ridit 
 we still must admit Sit may beco J'"" '^^ ''"«* P°««*ble cruelly ;T{ 
 conquered. ""^^ become a great and enduring mercy to the 
 
 possesS.r'ir ?un!'li"raX" ZIZ "IV"*^ "P^ "'.'""'« conquests and 
 ^bea of mere savages longTfleJ the .nfl;^'^' '''^ ^J^T of numerous 
 
 lriber8hffi'\Stita"!on°^fom'I!i?"*'f' ,?"«'"'ction, most of these 
 necessary fur their cattle b"u some' ri? '" ^'"'''^ "« "«^^ P««'"res became 
 
 ..C"''' "'''''^^' 'hough of tl.rrXstif-t''"'"" stationary and oractised 
 ■istenco. « "' ""- "^"uest k.n4, served to improve their sub- 
 
 his irreJis^Sle VuioimTa'l^i^"?,^?^^ having overrun (Jaul at the head of 
 determined to coS^rr i "an'rit ^'/o 'r "''""'''^ ^^ Britain a. c.sS He 
 our present ,plend?.ur and i'ort?^^ 'hat we primarily owe 
 
 he wars it i, that wo chieflrcfer ve n?.". i*^™"? ''." °'^" history of hiJoal 
 .i'id it is on his authority Lt we Z '^''°":'«Jk° «»' 'he state of Britain 
 fne con(tuestof8ucl.acoun rvr.. T?'''" '" rude a-id poor cond S 
 Suest for^its motive ;bJtt?,"Z ""''' '"'/*' ""'hiiig but tlie love of cS' 
 t'vo was sufficient to c Uo to tr'^-r.""''* ''^"^'' ""' '« « Cw!thai m"." 
 
 ; descent ^ \' rifr'^S/'stll'V"^^" ^' ^->. ■" Kent, Car made 
 fierce recepii,,,, they at fl J ^L ". "?P «l'P«"ranco of the natives and tl.I 
 ror even into the hearts of the v. " ""'"■ "."'"'«"• """^k a teSraJy .0 
 was only momentary a 1. . "7!f" ""hh'Ts of Ro.ne. But th« rhl?.i, 
 
 their Intimate ncqunintnuco i ih 'rhl n''"'"""''J' "'"do of warfare ad 
 ;nM"te of their wantSrsHpli^ e a.unl '' '":'""'>'• ""'''^ 'hem formldal 2 
 the steady per«ev(.runrnMwlT. Hi ? ' ' '.''" '""•'<' "'"ure of their arms Bn! 
 -dvan^', and they g j^i s«h*"^ r" '"'/''^ ""'"""^^ cnaK hem s"il 
 
 «»'' 'h« »-' -nnrn,..'^:.f..;"Lr'^.1'h'hly. He withdrew nc.-Si,?gh' 
 
 and the Hri.on^ g„ S' J.| Ur'^.r'"'^* "" ^'"d^wESlh, 
 i"jr forwanl to distant 'onZu.flr'V:''"'"'^ i.WM.j.a , e o iffi 
 
 ««Kemen'.s nis,,|,odi„„„e\3; "J"' "«/'•«»*'/ '^»""'' '" P«'rA.nn their en. 
 h"v« l.ro<,Iced from a p. J^far ;lnl^'r/.!/;:'i'_"''l^^"*"uId^^ 
 
 '•v< ^n'werlH» ini«? the llrJt 
 
100 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 onR, and Cnsar early in the ''nsuing; summer again made his appeal Anc«s 
 on the coast of Kent. On this occasion he Toutid a more regular and or 
 
 Snized force awaiting him; several powerful tribes having laid asidt 
 air domestic and petty differences, and united themselves under Casii 
 belaunuB, a brave man, and so superior to the majority of the British king* 
 vhat he was possessed of their general respect and confidence. But mert 
 valour could aviil little apainst the soldiery of Rome, inured to hardships 
 rather enjoying thnn feanng danger, thoroughly disciplined, and led bv sc 
 consummate a soldier as Julius CaeHar. The Britons, acordingly, harras* 
 ed him in his march, and disturbed his camp with frequent night-alarms, 
 but whenever they came to actual battle they were ever defeated, and with 
 dreadful loss. This time Cnsar made his way far into the country, cross< 
 ed the Thames in face of the enemy, and in despite of the precaution thev 
 had taken to stake the bed of the tiver, detroyed the capital of CassibeU 
 aunus, and established as king of ilie Triiiobantes a chieftain, or petty king, 
 named Mandubratius, who, chieflv in disgust of sonie ill treatmen*., real or 
 imagined, which he had suffered at the nands of his fellow-countrymen, 
 had allied himself with the Romans. 
 
 But though Caesar was thus far successful, the wild nsiturc of the coun 
 try and the nomadic habits of the people prevented him from achieving 
 anything more than a nominal conquest of the island. He was obliged 
 to content himself, once more, with the promises which the islanders the 
 more readily made him, because they never intended to fulfil them, and 
 he again le/t the island, never to return to it ; for the domestic troubles 
 of Rome, greatly caused by his own ambition and daring genius, left nei* 
 ther him nor the Romaii people any leisure to attend to a poor and re- 
 mote island. His successor, the great Augustus, was wisely of opinion 
 that it rather behoved Rome to preserve order in her already vast empire, 
 than to extend its bounds. Tiberius was of tlie snine opinion ; and Cal- 
 igula, flighty and fickle, if not absolutely mad, though he made a demon 
 Btration of completing the work which Ca'snr had begun, seized no spoiU 
 more valuable than cockle-shells, inflicted onty a fright upon the Ijritons, 
 end gave Rome nothing for the vast expense of his eccentric expedition, 
 save materials for many a merry pasquinade and hearty laugh. 
 
 For nearly a century after the first descent of Caisar, the Britons en- 
 Joyed peace unbroken, save by their own petty disputes. But in the reign 
 or the eni|)eror ("laudius, a. d. 43, the design of conquering the island of 
 Britain was aj^ain revived, and Plaulius, a veteran gencrui, landed and 
 fairly established himself and his legionaries in the country. As soon as 
 he received tidings of the suc^ceBS and position of his general, Claudius 
 himself came over; and the Cantii, the Regni, the Trinobantes, and other 
 tribes of the south-eastern part of the island, made their formal submis^ 
 aion to him, and this time, probably, with something like sincerity, b» 
 they had expcritniccd the power of the Roman arms, and the superiority 
 of the Roman di«r'plino. 
 
 The more inland Hritons, however, were still fiercely determined to 
 maintain their liberty and preserve their territory ; and several tribes of 
 them, united under the command of Caractacus, n man of coiiraffo and 
 of conduct superior to what could be anticipated in a mere barbariiin. 
 made a stout resistance to all attempts of the Romans to extend tbeir 
 progress and power; a. n. M). Iinfignant that mere bnrbarians should 
 even in a slight degree limit the flight of the destroying eaglo, the Ro- 
 mans now s'>nt over n'inforcemeiits under the command of OstoriiiN Sca- 
 pula, whose vigoniua ('ondiii't soon changed the face of affairs. He beat 
 the Uritons farther and further hack nt every encounter, and penetrated 
 into the country of the Siluren (now forming part of South Wales), and 
 here in a yeneral engagement he completely routed them and took a vat* 
 Dumber or pr aoners, among whom wa« the brave Caractacut 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 101 
 
 'I'liis bravo though unfortunate prince was sent to Rome. Arrived in 
 fhat mighiy city, he wa« scarcely more astonished at :he <'s««t w-aUh and 
 grandeur which it contained, tlian at the cupidity of the posiessors of 
 Biich a city, and their strange desire to deprive a people so poor as the 
 Britons of their wild liberty and wattled huts. It is to the ho^ur of the 
 Uunians of that day, thut Caractacus was treated with a generosity which 
 was at once equal to his merits, and in strong contrast with the treat 
 nient which Home usually reserved for defeated kings who had dared to 
 oppose her. And this jtenerosity of the Romans to Caractacus individ- 
 ually, IS the more creditable and the more remarkable, because his can 
 lure by no mieans prevented his compatriots from continuing the strug. 
 ,.^i f ?l**u *'"',*y^ distressed, and often decisively worsted, the Britons 
 still fought bravely on for every acre of their fatherland; and as thev 
 improved in their style of fighting, even in consequence of the defeata 
 they received, Britain was atill considered a battle-field worthy of the 
 presence of the best officers and hardiest veterans of Rome. 
 Pon/UnH rnt ^ co'J'Par'itively slow progress of their arms against so 
 poor and rude a people, the Romans now gave the cWef command ol 
 their troops m Britain to Suetonius Paulinus. a man of equal courage 
 
 2rnness ThII. »«^i'^''*'" amon«r that warlike race for\nwaveri5g 
 sternness. I his genersl perceived the true cause of the British Derti- 
 
 I?Sl«,„fn?""*^,^ l" '^^ '■*r ""^ «» """"y *^««'»'''« d«f«at8 a»d sever* 
 h5v« Inn??, 'k ^i'"' ''''T' ^''^ ''"'y °"'^' probably, which could so long 
 have kept such rude people united and firm under misfortune, was the 
 
 Irmi nf ..i ^^"^ followers than even the warlike pro.- , .« and strange 
 «nunf I. f }""IT' S"«'«'!'"''. '»'«». determined to r -.ke at the very 
 root of British obstinacy ; and as the little isle of Anglosey, then called 
 
 Iv i h' ''" u '". *L'"*^ T?"" «"■ ""^ '^'"''^«' •'« Pr«^«««leJ to utlack it. righU 
 ly judging that by making a terrible example of the chief seat of their 
 religion and their priests. Re should strike more terror into the refractory 
 Bnlons than by deleating them in a hu Ircd desultory battles. His land- 
 hr«vril'i'.°».^f'''"K. '"'''.'""' P"'"'''l"''»''« difficulty J for here the naturally 
 oZts«T,f?n?n "''?"'".[''•' ''«'yey«Vf their powerful and dreadeS 
 r„ r!i 'f ' '' """ *^""'''® '""''''« "f ^«'"'-« lo win their praise, and 
 
 error of incurring an anger which they believed to be potent in the fu- 
 
 wS. uue.amnl«.l f.'"' ^TA^^ """^. """""'erations. thS Britons Sght 
 m- wr 1 1 u 7 ^ '^'^ 1'"' .«l!'t"'n'»''tion, and the priests and priestesses 
 21".lr . i ''''".• ■^'"''•''"Jf straiiffe curses upon the invaders, waviiia 
 thH? ZnTi'f ".h*"'i'*'''*''"'''',H "" ""^^--Ihly and startling an appearance 
 that many of the Roman soldiers, who would have looTtcd coolly upon 
 |ier am death, were struck with . superstitious awe, and half in LB 
 lnL"'7.r'""*' ««^'"" •y/'»««rd in personal warfare with the tutelar T- 
 rtiMist^tnlZ"''?' ^T\ ""^Suetonius was a. disdainful of super. 
 !n^rl 1 • " ?" "*^ '*':'"'^ •!""»"' «'"* ^'" exhortations and example in- 
 
 CBm„rrfli;r ""' *'"* 'p"*^"^ ''"^ ^»>" '"-*""•"» -^ -s*'-'*- 
 
 toThlT,?! r"'"" "^ ^'t** th« Druids were guilty, was that of offering 
 }.v th« ifJ^M .r ""••"«<'«"• Kven in time of peace, victims seleclej 
 i^« 1 '.r"'"" "•.""'"'*' ™"'"'« *" '" '"««' wanton recklessness, fed 
 
 IrSv lu 3 """«• ""* " ^'"' """^ "r«i«Hy in war time that the«« 
 Snt « u i^ •Hcnflces were freauent. aiul the victims numerous. Con- 
 fldent III their l.ope of defeating the Romans by fon^e, and the terrors of 
 their superstition the Druids of M(„,a on this occasion had pron.is "f the r 
 i^m «,«",«?' u I''«"'««"« »•»<•"«««■ 'I'he fire, were prepanul-but they 
 H ITZ ""*' "'^V^'' numslering priests became ll»» vic:imst for 
 
 On. 1 Tm '"■'"'' »""«»•" »ff"""'t wliom he fought, burned the captlvo 
 Wnuds at their own altars. Hitviiig wreaked this crunl ven.r»«n..„. «.. 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 cut clown or burned the dense groves in which the Druids had lor agch 
 jterfornied the dark rites of their mysterious rfi*igion, he left Anglesey 
 an«l returned into Britain, confident that the blow he had thus struck at 
 the most venerated seat of the British faith would so shake the courage 
 and confidence of its votaries, that he would have for the future only a 
 seriel of easy triumphs. But his absence from the main island might 
 have been of more disparagement to his cause than his feats at Muna had 
 been to ils advantage. Profiting by their brief freedom from his pres- 
 ence, the scattered tribes of the Britons had reunited themselves, and un 
 der a leader, who, though a woman, was formidable both by natural char- 
 acter and shameful provocation. 
 
 Boadicea, widow of the king of the Iceni, having offended a Roman 
 tribune by the spirit with which she upheld her own and her subject'i 
 rights, was treated with a shameful brutHlity, amply sufficient to have 
 maddened a far feebler spirit. She herself was scourged in the presence 
 of the Roman soldiers, amid their insulting jeers, and her three daughters, 
 scarcely arrived at the age of womanhood, were subjected to still more 
 brutal outrage. 
 
 Haughty and fierce of spirit even beyond the wont of her race, Boadicea 
 vowed that the outrages to which she had been subjected should be amply 
 avenged in Koman blood ; and the temporary absence of Suetonius from 
 Britain was so well employed by her, that he found on his arrival from 
 Mona that she was at the head of an immense army, which had already 
 reduced to utter ruin several of the Ronmn setileinents. The safety ol 
 London, which was already a place of considerable importance, was his 
 first care; but though he marched thither with all possible rapidity, he 
 was not able to save it from the flames to which Boadicea had doomed it, 
 and alt those of its inhabitants who were not fortunate enough to make 
 a timely escape. Nor was the Roman discomfiture confined to London 
 or Its neighbourhood. Successful in various directions, the Britons were 
 as unsparing as successful ; and it is affirmed— though the number has 
 always appeared to us to lie very greatly exaggerated— that of Romans 
 and the various strangers who had a(!companied or followed them to 
 Britain, no fewer than 70,000 perished in this determined and sanguinary 
 endeavour of the Britons to drive the invaders from their shores. Even 
 allowing somewhat for the error or exaggeration of early historians, it is 
 certain that the loss inflicted upon the Romans and their adherents by 
 Boadicea, was immense. But the return of Suetonius inspired his conn, 
 trymen with new spirit, and the tide of fortune soon left the native island- 
 ers. Flushed with numerous successes, and worked up to a ftenzy of 
 enthusiasm even by the cruel ua« which ihoy hnd made of their success 
 they collected all tlieir forces for one final and mighty effort. Suetonius 
 and Boadicea in person comnuindod their respective forces. The latter 
 harangued her troops with great spirit » the former contented himseli 
 with making his arningenients with consummate art, well knowing that 
 his legionaries required no exhortation to strike hard and home at an 
 enemy that had put the R(.maii eiigle to flight, and make earth drink deeii 
 of the proud RoniHii blood. The battle was obstinate and terrible ; but 
 once again the marvellouH superiority of discipline over mere numbers 
 and courage, however vast the one or enthusiastic the other, was slrikino- 
 ly displayed. The dense masses of the Britons were pierced and broken 
 by the Roman phalanx ; the defeat became a rout— the rout a inuasacre 
 Boadicea escaped from the field by the swiftness of the horses of her 
 own chariot ; but despairing of over again being able to make head againsi 
 the detested invaders of her country, and preferring death l(i falling again 
 into the hands of those who had so mercilessly miiltiealed uotli hersel 
 and her daughters, she swallowed a (jotent poison, and when overtaken l.i 
 the pursuing soldiers, was beyond their niHlicc. boiiig then ia titu agoi lua 
 uf iluath 
 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. Iqj, 
 
 Though Seiitonius had achieved great successps in Rr.t.o« ».» u j j 
 feo oil y at the expense of such evtrnnr^in,-., i ^'"'"»"> '•e "ad done 
 
 Bides, [hal Nero reca led hi from h^^^^^^^^^^ cruelty on both 
 
 m.pre.8ion that his excessive SnSiLTndTvTL^JIJmKd^ hi".^'? '^' 
 x>8t in which It was not merely necesaarv *n tn»!i^k ! "'"? ^^'^ * 
 resisting, but also how to concise the coniuer"d tZ % Jhl^'^.f''* 
 generals were br efly entrustPrt with »h;« ^iirf i. " ^ ^ .? ^' ^"^^^ o'hw 
 
 A consummate soldier, Julius Asricola was nn i«.« „^ 
 civil governor; and while hp IpH hf/lfi^l ■ V • consummate as a 
 
 driving farther'aXfherbaiktndsT^^^^^^ 
 
 Caledonia those who did LtSsh in thplw'"'' ''''^^ «"'^ '^"•*»"» <>' 
 nomage to their conqurol. he showed hiSf°'/''?'*M*°°. ^ '« d« 
 peculiar duties to which he had been aonoi^fp] admirably fitted for the 
 he made kindness and 1 beraSv ?o tL^f.h ? • ^^ ^^l "•"" ^'"' which 
 stern severity to thro who 3 dared to reZ?!),' T **'"'* '" ''^"'^ "'''h 
 followed the more obstinate of the Rrl. m- r "'^ "'""'''" ^'■'"^- "a^"'? 
 their collected force unrrGalffacushrnltSl'^^^^ K '''.P°«^ «"^ ^«f«^»«d 
 of forts between the S of Kwh JIT Hi^ ''^i'^' ^« ^''^^t^d » chain 
 northern retreat of the hostSp rKnn. ? ^^''Ku ^^^^^^ "^"^ *'^"« divided the 
 
 formed a great'ise^tMtm^Zvh^e''' '''"''*^'" P"'"' '^^^ "«- 
 
 cliiedt^Sf;e"rytS;2:tol^^^^^^^^^^ »'»* ""'« '" 
 
 whose warlike prLess hevhnH 11'''.^''^''' all-powerful conquerors, of 
 
 a faint hope of SucSu resisinnl m '"^"^ ^'''?^' '« »'^« '^em even 
 assiduously availed l.imself of Ipf; „J*«'"^"yer Agricola skilfully and 
 them in the Homa.^m Z a veU is ?n'lh!"n '''«I'"«'t'»" '« ^'"truct 
 efforts in this direction i as succe J . .1 5.»T" ^"'"'' '"'^ "'"• "'« 
 down resistance had been • nnH E rS '"s former exertions to put 
 
 •egan to wear a busy a,i3 civih^eS asnm Vh"p Y-7'"''i'''\f?'l'^^' «"«" 
 mans incorporated with theSves «?pn L T^® ''^'" 'T'^'' '^*"<^'' "'« RO" 
 people, when they h^d once bv ,h " r*'^^" '^^ r»'^««t and most intractable 
 ainong them, was to t e fuS a^ni,; nfT'^^''''''.^ P,™"'"" fairly got fooling 
 itself. Tho Homiin« fin^ astonishing and admirable as tlwt prowess 
 
 Sns of 3 "a Jnd^ru/premeriniT"^ '^«. "«"henr".;trfl! 
 
 hordes native to Scotia S^orshpltS^? '"'''"^ 0''?' »''« »"» "'"amed 
 were so fully contenlTwi?hthoir.i?l.i'^' J".!'' **"« "«"»•«•■» «"'on» 
 .wporated with the rconau^^ "" P^'''""«"y "' 
 
 ings. that the onl^ZturbSes we'lld^T/^l'T- "!f'^ habits and V.- 
 of years arose, not from inSer^^^^ ^l ^'"'"? " '""'^ ''^■"«« 
 
 from the turbu cM.ce o7 the Ro5m s, h!?pf« n?/*'^ ^T "^ T "^''""«' '»« 
 Roman governor, who. mad« rJlmi.rh: h n '" '?" "'"^ition of some 
 
 ity in so distant a prov nee. wis inS p,f ,/ jl"''''"^.'i'8^ "'"'« ""^^ «»tf'or- 
 the empire. ^"^"'^e, was induced to assume the purple and claim 
 
 ...Tct"nro?u;;r&nrrs"at^?.tl"h!5.*' ^H?!''''^°" "f B"^-" ^y «he 
 lK.8ts Of the north ™now SrJsifna^.n fl^"^.''' '"5 P""'"'' '^•'« »'«''"»ri'- 
 herself, that tho "ir* rK^rXle ol' thrill"" '''"^^^ "P"" "»'"'" 
 contract the limits of the t mnirn hv X „ , • "'""*!" •"■"»»"• """er to 
 
 «V8. obliged to bo dLgarde" iS St v n'^'u? l" '"'""^ "'"■" i"**"'"^' 
 Jafence of the verv l-ar ),r ,V ""tlymg legions were wanted for the 
 
 {>ointed it out asaeoUiy tXri iestan^^^ withTr '". w««l'»'v "al"r«llv 
 Scarcely h„d the l^.^lan Ii Hnn. r"""iu'' ''?'"*■''■''«"'' af'""<l"''-P'- 
 by th« Lt. and Scou" 'XT.Lte!!'!^'!^" i''« »"«"'"• ^veie assailed 
 
 ,,,, ._., j.„rt:jcni ions was iiirong and ad> 
 
 / 
 
104 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLI>. 
 
 T^^il ^^?^\^f ^^\^^ *?** ^""''^ defenders were no less necessary 
 iDd the Bntons had so long been accu**tomed to look for all niiUtury ser 
 
 mf,Ph «f h^''''^'*"* ""^ ^"^ ^^^^^ *™on« them, that they had lost 
 
 Shol i,*f'" ^"'''^"^ T-^'V"'"' ^"'^ ""^'^ "° ™at«h f»' 'he fierce Lrbarians 
 whose bodies were as little enervated by luxury a» their minds were un 
 tamed by any approach to letters or politeness. "" 
 
 ln.T?n^^K*°"'*™®'^*'"^""'"'«'■^^* '" B"'a'n was not yet wholly 
 ostin the more pressing instincts of self-preservation, was answered bv 
 
 The departure of the Romans was immediately followed by a new incur 
 won; aid was again sent from Rome, and the enemyLain was SS 
 back. But the s luation of the Roman empire wmSwIo crufcal. tS 
 even a single legion could no longer be spared from home defence and 
 the Romans, having put the northern forti/Tcations into repair, exhorted the 
 
 It had been well for the Britons if they had not been in the habit of re 
 jymg so implicitly upon the Romans for defence, pfow hat Rome left 
 them thus suddenly and completely to their own mastenr they were i 
 precisely the worst possible stage of transition to fit them forJ struLle 
 with their more barbarous northern neighbours; they had lost much of the 
 fierce and headlong valour of barbarians, without acquiring the arf ad 
 fSvT. ° «'^'lf ^'l «""ors, and they had just so n^uch of wealth aLd 
 
 Irun/vnnth fe*^ ■?y.^^T' •'"P""'y- ^^'^'^J' "^ 'heir boldest and most v"g. 
 orous youth had either been incorporated in the Roman soldiery, or had 
 fal enin support of Gratian and Conslantine in their ill-fated Sensions 
 to the imperial throne. The northern barbarians, ever on the watch soon 
 became aware that the Roman legion, before which their umrS host" 
 had been compelled to give way, had departed; and they forlhwUh assem 
 bled in vast numbers and a|ain assailed the n'orthern fo tifiSns To 
 men so long unaccustoine J as the Britons were to self-defence the verJ 
 consciousness of having to rely wholly upon their own vafonr S Z? 
 dence, had an appalling and bewildering effect They LdeSiit a feffi 
 and disorderly resistance, were speedily beaten from thei^fons and then 
 fled oinvard in panic, leaving the country as they passed throuflhTt to hS 
 
 ST^^'^'t"'^*^^ '"'"^"'^ "The behaviorof these wasTeciselyw^ 
 might have been expected ; the sword and the torch marked the r 7oof 
 steps, hamlet and town were razed and ruined, and the blackness of deso 
 lation was seen hi the fields which had lately b^en covered wihU.evealSi 
 t^u!\T ■ ^''•'" *' ^I'y P«''" at whicll they attempted to make head 
 ■gainst their enemies, and seeing in the torribfe rage with wldch thSv 
 were pursued and harassed, no prospect but that of utter widirredeemahlJ 
 rum, the unfortunate Britons sent an embassy to Rome to 7mnfZ S 
 once more. Their missive, which was ei.tiS TheZan o/AZo^^ 
 graph cally paints their situation and their feelings. "The £rba S 
 BiuA this missive, "on the one hand, chase us into the sea the sea oi ?h« 
 other hand throws us back upon the barbarians; a«d we lave oidt U.« 
 hard choice left us of ncrishing by the sword othyilwyyj^^- ^ "*" 
 
 But Altila, that terrible Scourge of God, as he Drofanelv hAn.i»^ ».• 
 «lf, was now pushing Rome he'fse/f to Irtal extferarJ^aite 
 been even rich and in.portant, not a legion couldXvV b^n Jruden? l! 
 spared at this crisis for its defence. Being poor and insignmcm t it S 
 aourso could not for an instant claim the ntteuti.., of tl 57 w J' wo?o 
 combating for the safety of the empire, a id who had alreadv Lam in^i!I 
 puir of It. When the ifritons foun'd th'at they wt4 indeelf SnaUv abai. 
 Ooncd by Rome, they lost ail heart, deserted%ven thei! Jlongeif jiaii 
 
I 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 fi, 
 oi 
 ai 
 R 
 It 
 ci 
 in 
 
 er 
 
 Wl 
 
 th 
 qu 
 ex 
 ve 
 lit 
 th< 
 T( 
 (hi 
 isl 
 loi 
 ail 
 as 
 
 cui 
 
 del 
 it I 
 
HISTORY or THE WOKLD. ](), 
 
 oUeleoce, and Jed lo the coiicenlineiit of Iheir bilJa and foreau Igavma 
 their heuaea and property to the mercy of their enemiea tE f, H 
 profuaion and in the wntonneaa of their deatructSn. aoon drew inS™ 
 wh,Ti'v^ 'htT*" "' •«"'«1 .»»»'. «»<! then abaJdoS the Toff" 
 
 ;^s«t"i=ro'Cr'„o»ir''^ •» '^' - 
 
 !ar.=7a'ssss;issr3Ss 
 
 and ro" ''" '"'^ "^' ''"''" '"^' -«- P-f "-We a^V'antrto IheVcU 
 Romans had sb often and so severX frit th«i, ?i- ?• ™®' ^''®" '^« 
 
 ±r,zrt.'«s;aKSr.-t.stin7tS£5 
 
IOC 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 and fertility of the country, and of the weakness and divisions of its own 
 ers, to f«el any incli nation to take their departure; and Hengistand Horsa. 
 foi^L !" ""t'^'ll^ *"y preparation to return home, sent thither for reiii! 
 forcements, which arrived to the number of five thousand men, in sevo . 
 teen-war-ships The Britons, who had been unable to resist the Plots and 
 nf ^^'.r"^ i^ hopelessness of attempting to use force for the expulsion 
 of people as brave and far better organized, and therefore, though not with- 
 out serious fears that those who had been called in as raerceifary sold m 
 would prove a more dangerous enemy than the one they had so fiercely 
 ?wll^''*'*"'''J^ combated, the Britons affected the most unsuspecting 
 fnendship and yielded to every encroachment and to every insolence with 
 the best grace that they could command. But it is no easy matter to con- 
 ciliate men who are anxiously watching for a plausible excuse for quarrel 
 and outrage Some disputes which arose about the allowances 0??^^ 
 810118 for which the Saxon mercenaries had stipulated, furnished this ex- 
 
 against the people whom they had been liberally subsiaTzea to defend 
 .„Sf?f ir*"** the indignation so naturally excited by the treacherous 
 conduct of their quondam allies, roused the Britons to something like the 
 vigour and spirit of their warlike ancestors. Their first step was to de! 
 pose Vortigern, who was before unpopular on account of his vicious life 
 Llr' r"^ "niversally hated on account of the bad consequences of the 
 H^TZi^ A'^i recommended, though, as we have already observed, when 
 he suggested the subsidizing of the Saxons, the Britons were in such a 
 position that It would not have been easy to suggest a better measure. His 
 w»",I"IlTf'\K **°'''*'^ * reputation for both courage and military conduct 
 was raised to the supreme command, and the Britons fought several battles 
 Z„l ^%*, ''2"'**^^ ^''^ perseverance, though with almost invariable ill for 
 K;o?l'^ r^'iii^ S^P^ .advancine; and though Horsa was slain at the 
 battle of Aylesford,Hengist, who tlien had the sole command of the Sax. 
 oils, showed himself fully equal to all the exigencies of his post. Steadi- 
 ly advancing upon the Britons, he at the same time sent over to Germany 
 
 the unfortunate Britons, worsted m every encounter, were successively 
 chased to and from every part of their country. Whether with a desire to 
 make terror do the work of the sword among the survivors, or with a rea° 
 and savage mtent to exterminate the Britons, Horsa made t an invariable 
 rule to give no auarter. Wherever he conquered, man, woman indchid 
 wereputtodeatfis the towns and hamlets were again razed or burned, 
 and again he blackened and arid fields bore testimony to the presencland 
 the unsparing humour of a conqueror. presence ana 
 
 Dreadfully reduced in numbers, and suffering every description of oriva- 
 lon, the unfortunate Britons now lost all hope of combating succeSful- 
 Iv. Some submitted and accepted life on the hard condition of tilling as 
 slaves the land they had owned as freemen ; others took refuge in the moun- 
 ain fastnesses of \Vale8, and a still more considerable number sought «Se 
 In the province of Armorica in Gaul; and the district which was thereat- 
 signed them is still known by the name of Britanny. 
 thiZC '""""b*'* the kingcfom of Kent, which at first comprised not only 
 the county now known by that name, but also those of Essex and Middlesex 
 and a portion of Surrey. Bein« still occasionally distuS by re voUsJl 
 the Bntons, he settled a tribe oT Saxons in Northimbeiland. Other north- 
 ern tribes, learning the success of Hengist and his foUowera, came over 
 The eariiest of these was a tribe of Saxons, who came over in the year 477 
 and, after much fighting with some of the Britons who had parUaUv reco- 
 yercd their spirit, founded the kingdom of Sussex. This TiSm a 
 wh^h the Saxon ^lla was the founder and king, included the prisfntSui 
 tv of Sussex and also that of Surrey. «»i.«n.uuw 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 107 
 
 Though from many causes there is considerable difficulty in ascertain 
 ing the exact dates of the events of the very earliest S^o 1 adveiSs ?n 
 Bntaiu, It IS pretty certain that the victorious and sucteMfnl wiS ^ 
 ioyed the possession of his ill-acquired kifidoiL,itnZvL?!«r'K"' 
 he died at Ca.Uerbur>- which cityle had seSd S his caS '"' "'•*'" 
 
 and wi'sJn Kenric* "^ of Saxons landed under the comSd of Cerd.c 
 ana tu» sun Kenric. He was warmly res sted bv the Rritnna «i,i.« .kii 
 niained attached to their country and in arms for th^K»iJ^ '*''i u** 
 was obliged to seek the assistant of tl^e SaTon^of Kent ^nf i^^ t,! 
 Ge?mL^'"4he^'S" ^^ ^""^ "«»" 'einforcemenKoSaS from 
 
 whom was the brave Nazan Leod himsplf Tht *5°"**"*^ ™«"' among 
 m heroton. ha. C .°o .tr„» 1 1\° "iSrJfe P.™"' •»"l""- »l>«» 
 
 
 their aid, and 
 
 as a mere repetition of fierce inva^h,n on ™f^ Particularly spoken ; but 
 often heroic but alw^ ^suicesZ woS niwi'"'"'^' ^"'* '•««*«'ance, 
 the reader, we at onc'e%as"sr hf trnl^which'^TratThV"'^?^ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 T.H^ H.PTARCHT, OR THE SEVEN KINGDOMS Or TlilE SAXONS IN BRITAIN 
 
 Octahkeliisfather.was amanof mediocre talont, and nnfortunatalv 
 
II 
 
 108 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 •I Su }>v«^in a tira« when his neighbourhood was anything but ran- 
 uuil. The ki.igdom of the East Saxons, newly established, greatly exten- 
 jled Its limits at his expense, and at his death, in 634, he left his kingdom 
 less extensive than he had received it by the whole of Essex and Middle- 
 "*?.•,. To Octa succeed' ' his son Ymrick, who reigned in tolerable tran- 
 quiility during the long period of thirty-two years. Towards the close of 
 rns reign he associated with him in the government his son Ethelbert, 
 who in 566 succeeded him. While the kings of the Heptarchy were aa 
 yet in any danger of disturbance and reprisals on the part of the outraged 
 Britons, the meie instinct of self-preservation had prevented them from 
 having any considerable domestic feuds : but this danger at an end, the 
 Saxon kings speedily found cause of quarrel among themselves. Some- 
 times, as we have seen in the case of Kent, under Octa, one stale was en- 
 croached upon by another; at another time the spirit of jealousy, which is 
 inseparable from petty kings of territories having no natural and efficient 
 boundaries, caused struggles to take place, not so much for territory aa 
 for empty supremacy— mere titular chiefdom. 
 
 Wlien Ethelbert, himself of a very adventurous and ambitious turn, sue- 
 ceeded to his kingdom of Kent, Ceaulin, king of Wessex, was the most 
 potent pnnne of the Heptarchy, and used his power with no niggard or 
 moderate hand. Ethelbert, in the endeavour to aggrandize his own do- 
 niinions, twice gave battle to his formidable rival, and twice suffered do- 
 cisive defeat. But the cupidity and tyrannous temper of Ceaulin, havina 
 induced him to annex the kingdom of Sussex to his own already consid 
 erable posscjsionti, a confederacy of the other princes was formed against 
 him, and the command of the allied force was unanimously voted to Ethel- 
 ??»!:' lu^ P^^'^ '" ^^^^'^^ ^''^ displayed equal courage and ability 
 hthelbert, t.ius strpngt'iiened, once more met his rival in arms, and this 
 tmie with Oettcr success. Ceaulin was put to the rout with great loss, 
 and, dyin^ shorllv after the battle, was succeeded both in his ambition and 
 in his position among the kings of the Heptarchy by Ethelbert, who very 
 speedily gave his late allies abundant reason to regret the confidence and 
 the support they had given him. He by turns reduced each of them to a 
 complete dependence upon him as cliicf, and having overrun the kingdom 
 of Mercia, tlie most extensive of all the kingdoms of the island, he for a 
 time seated himself upon the throne, in utter contempt of the riirht and 
 the reclamations of Webba, the son of Crida, the origina. founder of that 
 kingdom. Out whether from a sense of the injustice of ,.,n conduct, oi 
 from fear that a continued possession of so extensiire a territo y, in addi- 
 tion to that which of right belonged to him, should arm against himself a 
 league as compact and determined as that by the aid of which he 
 had triumphed over his foKmidablo rival Ceaulin, he fluhsoquontly resijrii- 
 ed Mcrcia to Webba, but not -vithout imposing coiulilioiiH as insultina 
 as they were wholly unfomidcd in any right save thiit of the strongest 
 from the injustice which marked this portion of Kthelberl's conduct, 
 it IS p HUHing to have to turn to an important event whicii shed a lustre 
 upon Ills reign— the introduction of Christianity to the Saxon population oi 
 England. ' ' 
 
 Though ihonritons had long been Christians, tho terms upon wlii.ih 
 they lived .v tli the Siixons were ospociully unfuvourahlo to any religious 
 proselytisin botween the two pi-oplo; and, in.leed, the early hisloriana do 
 not scruple to confess that the Britons considered their conquerors to b« 
 unworthy to participate in the blessings of Christian knowlodge and 
 
 Ethelbert, fortunately, was married to a (niristian lady, Bertha, dangh- 
 ter 01 Caribort, khig of Paris, who, ere ho would consent to his daudif ,"•'* 
 marriage with a Pagin, stipulated that the princess should fully an.l trw 
 to retain her own religion. On leaving her native land for England, «?ie 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 100 
 
 fTM attended by a bishop, and both the princess and the prelate exerted 
 their utmost credit and ability to propagate the Christian fnith in the 
 country of their adoption ; and as Berllia was much beloved at the couit 
 0. her husband, she made so much progress towards this good end, that 
 the pope, Gregory the Great, flattered himself with the hope of convert- 
 ing the Saxons of England altogether, a project which even before he be- 
 came pope he had conceived from having accidentally seen some Saxon 
 slaves at Rome, and been much struck with their singular personal beauty, 
 and the intelligence with which they replied to his questions. 
 
 Encouraged by the success which had attended the efforts of Bertha. 
 i^^^PB'.u f.P'*'*'''?*^ Augustin and forty other monks to Britain. They 
 found Lthelbert, by the influence of his queen, well disposed to receive 
 them hospitably and listen to them patiently. Having provided them with 
 a residence in the isle of Thanel, he gave them time to recover from the 
 £fS! u« i'^l'"'' *"n '^®" «PPoi»ted a day for a public interview; but 
 £ . !L .^.® K^\f ^f^^" '?.« *"*'"'^'' »*»« co-religionists of his wife, 
 he could not wholly divest himself of superstitious terrors ; and, les 
 the stranger preacher* should have some evil spells of power, he appo nt 
 ed he meeting to take place in the open air, where, he thought, such 
 spells would be less effective than within the walls of a building. 
 
 rhriSn/tv'^nnf""^ ^^^ ^"'V^^ '"*P'""& ""'^ consoling truths of 
 «nH frnm S" ,„^"*''"";» «?. m'W, so gentle, so free from earthly taint, 
 and from all leaven of ambition and violence, struck strangely, Lt no 
 
 mnviH^'h^'^' "P°" ""^ .?'"' °^ "'« ''"'d Ethelbert. But tLugh much 
 moved he was not wholly convinced ; he could admire, but he could not 
 
 S^.Y/'" u'^^'u f u®*" '° new and so different from those to which 
 iSnn .h?f ^.i?*^r J*^" «««»«t«Td- . But if he could not on the instant 
 auandon the fa.th of his ancestors for the new faith that was now preach- 
 fll? • "' i^ was entirely convinced that the latter faith was, at the 
 
 irA^L"*'?* "^•'"•*"""^'''*l'""P'''' "'« f®P'y. therefore, to the ad 
 dresses of Augustin, was at once marked by tolerance and by caution . 
 by an unwillingness to abandon the faith of his youth, yet b/a perfec 
 IJilhrd cVrUulnUy '""'''" " ^^'' opportunity of judgil.g between tha. 
 
 mlh °!1M!""''^" '"''• y-'"'^ promises," said he, "sound fairly; but inas. 
 Z^« ?.!.£"",""" . 1"P'-o^«n. J cannot entirely yield my conft 
 iluZt M ' ."."^ """'"lo'' the principles so long inuintained by my an 
 SSvon hnv-'^r'^'n ?' y"," '^"y remain here in peace and sulTety.'md 
 Inl \ t% "■''''.1'"°'' '" ^'V *n «'-'^«'-t" benefit us, at least as you sup- 
 vou ^haU ilT fS.r"7"'' «verything necessary for your support, aiid 
 
 w!n 1 II •.'^"J' ''''t^'y '" P''^"*'*' y"""" 'Joclrines to my subjects." 
 connfri,! huH K ^"'"' '"'?'"/"' mankfud if all potentates in all times and 
 rSgKu7." *'«"y '«'"'•"'" «• '»"» P"*-"' Saxon of an early 
 
 The decree of toleration that was thus accorded to Augustin was all 
 
 hin n? i;^"""'"' '' '•'r^'" ^'''^''^"' *•"»' '""' woll.cultivated tSlonts ,7asur«l 
 „«1 . ""'r<'<'«8 ; "'I'l 8o w<!ll and tliligontly did he avail himself of the 
 
 3.?.!!!! " ' ."'i"r' ''" "P«e<lily matle numbers of converts. Every new 
 HU-h- •"„■'"'■*"' i^''"" **'^ "*^ ^''''^ «'«' '"'rvcd him t«, new exertions 
 subleSli uSif *! 'T'.''!'' "'«"?• "'"' **''' """'"'« PPO^"'-"" to which he 
 
 Sid E;vl^fnl^ '•*'^""•'"''•^ "'»» ^''y other mean* 
 li i , «nn„llv^n .i"*^" '"' l'"'««»'ing«, but also predisposed them to be- 
 tZl ^•'"""y '" »ho sincerity of the preiu^her and in the truth of his doo- 
 hri-.nh!" ""Vl"' ""'y "' ""' ?*»"'•♦•«' «'"' "">« ignorant, hut hUo of 
 iiieu converts. Thev cr<iw(liiH tn >,<> Kf.n»i..,.i i ..a i__.._. 
 
110 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 kfna hfmSf K ^^"^ ^^"' ^®^" admitted into the pale of Christianity, the 
 RoL ""^ * ''""''^^ ^"'^ "'"" ^»P'««d, to the great j5y oi 
 
 .hJ^rC" •'"^.fonstanlly impressed upon the king that conversion t» 
 the Christian faith must be the result not of force or threatenings; but of 
 
 Zf.TZiu^'''^^'^^''^'''' °/ ^1?"^' ^-^^ ♦he religion oflZ'and o 
 ffjitu K^ in doctrines set forth in faithful preaching. He had con 
 stantly exhorted the king to allow no worldly Tnotives to weigh in h 9 
 own conversion, and by no means to exeri his authority, or the terror of 
 It, to produce an unwilling assent on the part of any portion of his oeo. 
 
 s^Si?uTth7.^S -i r'"^'^'' '" '^^ »'»h» °f rteLn, and in thSga 
 spiritual, the humblest peasant was as important and as orecicus as the 
 proudest and most powerful monarch. precicus as the 
 
 But Gregory the Great was zealous in the extreme in the cause of 
 proselyiism and by no means backward in availing Smself of temper! 
 fhaTEtfelhl'rt 1"„H '""'"' °f «P'ff"«' «"ds. And af soon is he Zmed 
 that Lthebert and a considerable portion of his subjects had embraced 
 Christianity, he sent to the former at once to congratdate him uljon his 
 wise and happy conversion, and to urge him, by his duty asTmSrch 
 and by his sympathies and faith as a Christian, not any longer To allSw 
 even a part of his subjects to wander on in the darkness^andfrror of K 
 gan.sm To have the kingly power, he argued, implied and included Ihe 
 
 tl {^a\'\ '" ""^ """y* l'^"* «°"^^ ^"''d"^« t« the welfare of his sub- 
 SrZi 1^^^ '""'■^ weighty and tremendous matter could concern 
 
 hem than the possession of that true faith which alone could secure 
 h;,«in;T^lf.^/"/^'1 ''I'^i "^"^ '^eir safety in the world to come E~ 
 mt p^nil >*;"? to blandishment and persuasion, he also exhorted him. 
 
 n the case of Inose means failing with any, to resort to terror and 
 threatening, and even chastisement. So di/ferent was the poliiy of X> 
 
 Gregory at the same time sent his instructions to Augustin. and verv 
 part.euar answers to some singular questions put by the missiw Ji 
 to points of morality which he thought it necessary to enforce u!o7thS 
 understandings and practice of his new and numerous flock; bShwe 
 questions and answers would be out of place here, as they only tend Jo 
 ^ ustrate cither the exceeding ffrossi.ess^f the flock, or the e«e2dinj 
 aimplicity and minute anxiety of their spiritual pastor "ceeaing 
 
 Wol pleased with the zeal of Augustin, and with the success with 
 which It had thus far been crowned, Gregory made h m arSshon o< 
 Canterbury, sent him a nail from Rome, and gave hirn pTennrrRU ho^ritv 
 over all the British churciios that should be erected C tl ^uJ^H 
 tin was thus hiffhly approved and honoured, Gregory, who was shrewdiv 
 actjuainted w.thluiman nature, saw. or »uspected%hat the S mSn 
 ary v :., venr proud of a success which was. Indeed. 1 tte K thT mT 
 raculous, whether its extent or its rRpidity be consi ler,d. " the same 
 time, therefore that he both praisj an.f exalted him. he emr haticauJ 
 warned him against allowing himself to be soducod into aTon ea oS^ 
 t on on account of h.s ^«od work, and. as Augustin Inife.tcd some 
 desire to exert his authorTty over the spiritual concerns of OauL the dom 
 cautioned hmi against any such interference, and express y informed hK! 
 hat he WHS to considtir the bishops of that nountr%lKeTondS 
 fc«"hlvS« K^'"r,'«' J'omradiotions in human reasoui ^nnd SnoU 
 JJ** h"^f."'« ♦""nW« missionary dehorting a newly converted p«cr„ 7 ,m 
 perseoutioni a pope, the visible head of the whole Christian wnH J»a 
 the presumed infallible expounder of (.n.ri.tia; IloS^^^^^^^ I J 
 
 Mpri.ssly exhorting him to it ; and nnoii we have the Jmbi io," SSj dw 
 notic patron of forcible proselytism wisely «„d rtMoTiably Tnten J^^^^^^ 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ms authority and advice to prevent the recently so humble missionarv 
 from makaig shipwreck of his character and usefulness, by an unbecom- 
 ing and unjustifiable indulgence in the soaring ambition so suddenly and 
 strongly awakened by the gift of a little brief authority ! 
 
 It was not only m the influence that Bertha had in the conversion ol 
 the Saxon subjects of her husband to Christianity that sht. was service- 
 able lo them, though compared to that service all others were of comnar 
 
 f'7^ rf '"^'"^V ^"/ ^''.^" •" * '^«'^'<^'y P«"'t of view her marrriage 
 Elhelbert was of real and very important benefit to his subjects. fSt 
 her intimate connection with France fed to an intercourse between that 
 nation and England, winch not merely tended to increase the wealth, in- 
 genuity, and commercial enterprise of the latter, but also to soften a "d 
 polish their as yet rude and semi-barbarous manners. The conversion of 
 the Saxons to Chnsuanity had even a more extensive influence in these 
 resjjects, by bringing the people acquainted with the arts and tile luxurie! 
 
 Stormy at its commencement, the reign of Ethelbert was snbsenuenllv 
 peaceabeand prosperous, and it left traces and seed of good, of SJ 
 he English are even to this day reaping the benefit. Besides the Xre 
 he had in converting his subjects to ehristinnity, and in encouraS 
 them to devote themselves to commerce and the useful arts, he was 5 
 first Saxon monarch who gave his people written laws; ai d thesTfa vs 
 making due allowance for the age and for the condition of the people fo^ 
 whose government they were promulged, show him to have been, evei 
 If regarded only m his civil canacity, an extremely wise man and a love? 
 of peace and justice. After a long and useful reign of fifty years. Etrel 
 bert died in the year C16, and was succeeded by hfs son EmlLld 
 
 History but too frequently shows us the power of worldly passions in 
 perverting religious faith. During the lifetfine of his falhe .^Sdbild had 
 
 I anu returned to the gross errors of pagan sm, because the latter al- 
 lowed the indu genco of an incestuous passion which he ha conceived 
 and which Christianity denounced as horrible and sinful. U is much t^^ 
 bo feared that among the very earliest converts, in the case of tZ con? 
 version of a numerous people, manv, if not even the inajori?y, are guS 
 
 nto the new way rather by fear, policy, mere fashion, or mere i. Iflence 
 
 S nt^ 'for'Sn'rldh' l'.'""; '" "'" ^T'''' """"»''« '^is is lameS ly „^' 
 parent, lor on f.adbald returning to the gross and senseless nractices of 
 his forofathers. the groat body o? his suljlcts. outwaiSly a? iS return 
 edwiih nm. So completely w^re the 4rislian Srib^XnT" I 
 so openly and generally was the Christian faith deridtJl, t Ju^^ 
 TeiTn desnair't;* .""^ ^^fH^^'^^oUy of London, allmi.loned h ; 
 "ceded AuirE; f, th^A^'n '•'" '*'"M'?'"-. ''"^''^entius. who had suc- 
 
 ;i;noi;;y?£:,irch"'"''''« ^"'^ «"«' ^'^''^ '" »>""« ^-t;;;; kSgt:^ 
 
 When excoMivo zeal has to deal with Ignorance and ludeness-and 
 even yet the S«x<.ns were both ignorant rml ru.le-wn are t ujhf 1^ ill 
 history that even the sincerest men, wroug'it upon by exnmsive z. d fir 
 wha they cmi.uler f. be a righteous .ui.riniportftnt\,Mk w | ,h^^^^^^^ 
 
 piousfraud. to accomplish that for whi.-hlho p a n ruiirl hi m.t 
 unifer the nrcumstan.es. sufflco. Lnurentius wusSio exception to lE 
 common rule. Scckmy «„ interview with the king, ho ,Cw off h J 
 upper uarinents. and exTnbited his body covered with wo ndi and brnlsiJ 
 
 o iucTi an extent as denoted the most savage nUummvut The k hT 
 thoi«h evil passion had led him formally to abJurrCh si ainty whs S 
 prepared to we, unmoved, such nroof of hmtniL o.... "l:J„?l_*u?J'."_' 
 
112 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 been shown to the chief teacher of his abandoned creed : and he eagerly 
 and mdignantly demanded who had dared thus to ill-treat a personage so 
 eminent. Laurentius, In reply, assured him that his wounds had been 
 uiflicted not by living hands, but by those of St Peter himself, who had 
 appeared to him in a vision, and had thus chastised him for his intended 
 desertion of a flock upon which his departure would inevitably draw 
 down eternal perdition. The result of this bold and gross invention 
 showed how much more powerful over gross and ignorant minds are the 
 coarsest fables of superstition, than the sublimest truths or the most 
 affectionate urgmgs of genuine religion. To the latter, Eadbald had been 
 rontemptuously deaf; to the former, he on the instant sacrificed his in 
 cestuous passion and the object of it. Divorcing himself from her, he 
 returned to the Christian pale ; and his people, obedient in good as in evil 
 returned with him. The reign of Eadbald, apart from this apostacy and 
 re-conversion, was not remaricablc. The power which his father bad es- 
 tablished, and the prestige of his father's remembered ability and great 
 ness, enabled him to reign peaceably without the exertion, probably witli 
 out the possession, of any very remarkable ability of his own. After a 
 reign of twenty-five years, he died in 640, leaving two sons, Erminfrid 
 and Ercombert. 
 
 Ercombert, though the younger brother, succeeded his father. He 
 reigned for twenty-four years. This reign, too, was on the whole peace- 
 able, though he showed great zeal in rooting out the remains of idolatry 
 from among his people. He was sincerely and zealously attached to the 
 church, and he it was who first of the Saxon monarchs enforced upon his 
 ■ub|ect8 the observance of the fast of Lent. 
 
 Ercombert died in 664, and was succeeded by his son Egbert. Thie 
 prince, sensible that his father had wrongfully obtained the throne, and 
 fearing that factions might be found in favour of the heirs of his father'f 
 elder brother, put those two priucts to death— an act of barbarous policy 
 which would probably have caused his ('haracter to descend to us in much 
 darker and more hateful colours, but that his zeal in enabling Dunnina 
 Ins sister, to found a monastery in the Isle of Ely caused him to find fa 
 vour in the eyes of the monkish historians, who were ev<>r far too readv 
 to allow apparent friendliness to the temjM)ral prosperity of the cliurch I'c 
 outweigh even the most flagrant and hateftjl sins against the doctrines 
 taught by the church. 
 
 It is nevertheless true that, apart from his horrible and mercihss treat- 
 ment of his cousins, this prince displayed a character so mild and thought- 
 fill as makes his commission of that crime doubly remarkable and lamen- 
 tiujle. His rule was moderate, though firm, and during his short reign of 
 only nine years he seems to have embraced every opportunity of en- 
 courairiiig and advancing learning. He died in 673, and was succeeded 
 by hiH brother Lolhairo ; so that his cruel murder of his nephews did not 
 prove 8U(<'e8Bful in securing the throne to his son. 
 
 Lotlmire aspocintod with himself in the government his son Richard, 
 and every thing seemed to promise the usurpers a long and protperous 
 mign. Hilt Ediic, the son of Egbert, iinappalled by tho double iwwer 
 and ability which thus barred him from the thn)nc, took shelter «t the 
 court of Edilwaleh, king of Sussex. That prince heartily espourod his 
 cuiise, and furnished him with troops; and after a reign of eleven years, 
 Lolhairo was slain in battle, a.d. 684, and his son Richard escaped to 
 Italy, where he died In comparative obscurity. 
 
 fcdric did ix.t long enjoy th*^ throne, flft reign, which presents nu 
 thing worthy of record, was barnly two years. He died in 686, and wa« 
 succeeded by his son Widred. 
 
 Tfw violence and usiirpatifm which had recently taken place in the 
 kingdom produced tho >isual offocl, disunior among the uobilitv j and that 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD Hg 
 
 etrerVc'Jdte^^^^^^^^ o. external e„. 
 
 kingdom was invKd by Sdw^K LTf "w *^ **"« throne when hi. 
 Moflo. But though the invaders Sdv^!ti ^*'"**' ""'^ *»*« ^'othet 
 Kent, their apparance had the good effeefof^^^^^^^ '° '^^ '^'"»'*«'" »' 
 disunion, and Widred was able fo assembll , £^"'"S-'!?/"'^ ^° domestit 
 fence of his throne. In a severe h/mlil- k P«*«!rf"» force for the de- 
 vaders, Molio was Blain^and Widre" to «frv „v"^ ^T^^' "^"'""^ 'he in- 
 portunity afforded to him by this event th»t L^ ^^''^^^ ^'""^'f "^ 'he op. 
 ierm of thirty-two years At hlSi *• ^'-?,^®'?" extended to the long 
 his family; bjt at thfdeat'h of W thS .'n^^!!/,^^' l'^'"' '^e kingdom "5 
 all pretence, even, to a legitimate Sr nf -^""■' ^^"^' ^^o died in 794, 
 abandoned. To wish wm o strfve t« »i*"'"'*"'°" '° ""e throne was 
 whether it were a powerful nihi„ «! conquer was to have right; and 
 royal family, eve,^ ^t^ir who c„«H ^' -^l"^^^^^ connection of *he 
 arms seemed to considHTmrelf S «n^^!-^'? hi. claim by force of 
 throne. This anarchical coSition n7,)f« 1''*"^^*° *'"''« f"' 'he vacant 
 and disorder which were necessarilv nmS.o«H k*'''""'u '^^ 'he weakness 
 paved the way to the utter an^SFon of If «S^ '^'^*<"«"* "'^^ ^^^^ 
 
 tttr-Sr^^''" -" accomp£ny%gt;;. Jfnl7rset& 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE HEPTARCHT (cOIfTIWUED). 
 
 r"^^'^^^^^^^^ «^- and 
 
 death of that monarch dSpogSeS and ^vJ^li^.f '*"" °«'"' '^"^ «"he 
 "nited all the country nor.rof the Hml*, '^ '*'' h'« youthful heir, and 
 of which he still farther extendcS bv h.s v n n °"' '''"«f^°'"' 'h« "'"its 
 Scots, and the Britons in WaleR An „i victories over the Picts and 
 which seems to indieate"h« he held^hSTw"'^'' '^'^'^d of this prince 
 Having f„u„d or made occasion to lay^s'et foVL"? "^'7 «"''' ^'P"*"- 
 by the Bntons, who marched n great fofL^n^j^f"*"",' l'? "^•'^ °PP«««J 
 ■eige, and they were accomnanied to L fl«M r?'"'!®^ him to raise the 
 thousand monks from the SSrv of S.fnii*'^ tf^l" ^y "P^ards of a 
 this numerous body of reliff ouS m«^ kJ ^ ''. "u" h«"'g informed that 
 actua ly to fight against Jl'rbut on ylotxCr ttf ' "''''^"^ ''Httle, n.,l 
 stoutly and to pray f«r their aucceis th« -, . *""■" """"'rymen to fight 
 understand the nice distim-iin^ hff ' "® f '""" w«rrior, who could not 
 with thoir arn.s ""d tho eX prayrd'Z fff ^''" ''"«'" "8'^""' ^ 
 ous, "mmodiHtely detached some of W. vi 'hooe arms might be vietorU 
 the monies as hLrtily IrthS thSv h hT ""''' ""!f* '" charge up m 
 diers; and so faithfully was Bs rutlLss .rdnrnh'"'""^ "1"^ »"""'"« «»'• 
 he monks are said to Have escaned fmm ihl ^y'^'^' 'h"' o»ly fifty of 
 {ves In the battle which Sejiely oUowS8"r''^ "''''' ^''h 'heir 
 he Britons w«re completely defea ed and aS^ i u""- '^""""' hutchory 
 ter in triumph, and BtrenglyVarSd U nV» ^'J'*'''"* *""«•••"' ^'hos. 
 «8tory of Bangor, resolvU fhT r-ho l/ n i**'" """:"'h to the mon. 
 «rniv of monks to pr.v for his defeat "*"" "*"'" ""<< »"' ■" 
 
 mark^d^'H X^^^^^ co,.„.ry wer« 
 
 S :?^ "-"I'i!^ HP!i" them. TiHrwr";'„s-"i i'!LT*»L^.»pi»«' 
 
 ~, IV" -- =-« '"'"'Hrter hare to remVrk-YreUnrbuTw'^SS 
 
lU 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 of these countries was there another moniiatery which cauld, for extent 
 at least, bear comparison with that of Bangor. From gate to gate it cov- 
 ered a mile of ground, and it sheltered the enormous number of two 
 thousand monks ; the whole of this vast building was now sacrificed to 
 the resentment of Adelfrid, who completely battered it down. 
 
 But the warlike prowess of Adelfrid was fated to prove insufficient to 
 preserve him in the power which he had >o unrighteously obtained by de- 
 pnvmg a young and helpless orphan of his heritage. That orphan, now 
 
 S«wn to man's estate, ha?' found shelter in the court of Redwaid, king of 
 e East Angles. This monarch's protection of the young Edwin, and 
 that young prince's reputed ability and courage, alarmed Adelfrid for the 
 stability of his ill-acquired greatness ; and he had the ineffable baseness 
 to make offers of large presents to induce Redwaid to deprive the young 
 prince of life, or to deliver him, living, into the power of the usurper ol 
 his throne. For some time Redwaid returned positive and indignant re- 
 fnsals to all propositions of this kind ; but the pertinacity of Adelfrid, 
 who still increased in the magnitude of his offers, began lo shake the con- 
 stancy of Redwaid, when, fortunately for that monarch's character, his 
 queen interposed to save him from the hotrid baseness to whirh he was 
 well nigh ready to consent. Strongly sympathising with Edwin, she felt 
 the more interest for him on account of the magnanimous confidence in 
 her husband's honour which the young prince displayed by tranquilly con- 
 tinuing his residence in East Anglia even after he was aware how strong- 
 ly his protector was sued and tempted to baseness by the usurper Adelfrid 
 Wot contented with having successfully dissuaded her husband from the 
 treachery of yielding up the unfortunate and dispossbssed prince, she 
 farther endeavoured to induce him to exert himself actively on his behalf, 
 and to march against the usurper while he was still in hope of having an 
 affirmative answer to his disgraceful and insulting proposals. The Icino 
 of the East Angles consented to do this, and suddenly marched a power- 
 ful army into Northumberiand. In the sanguinary and decisive battk 
 which ensued, Adelfrid was slain, but not until after he had killed Red 
 wald's son, Regner. 
 
 Edwin, who thus obtained possession of the kingdom of Northumber 
 land, passing at once from the condition of an exiled and dependent fugi 
 tlve to tliat of a powerful monardi, displayed ability equal to the latter lol 
 08 he had displayed firm and dignified resignation in the former. Just, 
 but inflexibly severe in restraining his subjects from wrong-doing, he put 
 such order into the kingdom, which at his accession was noted for its 
 licentiousness and disorder, that of him, as of some other well-governing 
 princes, the old historians relate that he caused valuable property to bo 
 exposed unguarded upon the high roads, and no man dared to appropriate 
 it. A mere figurative and hyperbolical anecdote, no doubt, but one which 
 evidoiu-es the greatness of the truth on which such an exaggeration must 
 1)6 founded. 
 
 Nor was it merely within even the wide limits of his own kingdom that 
 the fine character of Edwin was appreciated ; it procured him admiration 
 and proportionate influence throughout the Heptarchy. His l)enefactor 
 Redwaid, king of the East Angles, being involved in serious disputes with 
 his subjects, was overpowered by them and put to death. The conduct 
 of hdwin, both while a fugitive and a soujourner among them, and in his 
 subsequent prosporily and greatness, caused them to offer him their throne 
 But they were incapable of understanding the whole grt'stness of his spirit" 
 He had too deeu and abiding a sense of gratitude for the favours he owed 
 to Redwaid, and, still more, to the queen of that prince, to see their off- 
 
 spring disinherited, and instead of accepting the throne, ho threatened the 
 hast Angles with chastisement in the event of their reflislng to irive noa- 
 session of i* to the rightful ^wner Earpwold, second heir of in,, murdemd 
 
HISTORY OP THK WOULD. ,,., 
 
 version to ChristianXy. oKh a mmhJi Km '"''* °\^*' ^^«''' ^^^^ 
 her marriage proved herself the wor^^ 5 ' ^'''«"'"l"&a O" the occasion o. 
 done, stipulated for full wd free rxerL^^rl^'"',?^^' «" *"" 'nether had 
 with her to her new realm aTeaShll**^ ^^l '«''»"'"' »"<* 'he also took 
 soon after her marriage. L bS ,n ?n Jf^P* >u "*'"® Pa«"nu8. Very 
 band. Onim and de iberatein nN h ? ,*"^?5P'J.''« conversion of her hus- 
 merely human feelf^ of "o l"Ji/ aljL^''^; ^i'*^!" ^9"^ not allow the 
 vitally important as an enSeSnl !.f '"^T '" decide him in a matter so 
 fectionate importunity could obiay "^^ The most that her af. 
 
 andmostsen'ousatStZ toaii S«»r„ '"' fT''^ •**» ^''^^ »he fullest 
 vour of the new faith that wLoffeLTT?"'" »*'»j 'n*8»>t be urged in fa- 
 only held frequent and lon^!^n.?f ^ *° *"•"' *"^' accordingly, he not 
 
 fore^he f avrSLd t ^M i'^Sl'ilZlnt '"* •'"^>''' "^ 
 urged toTiim by that prelate fl«vim, «n , ! ?" '^^ arguments that were 
 and teachable spirit, he couW not fai^?n hi ^ ''''^" *5^ "T'"^ '" » 'in^eie 
 fallen bright and ful uporhiseniShLni^m""^"*^^'^' *"'*'''« ^-^^h having 
 self a convert to ChrisSaniji ''"i'f »«"«'^ "™«nd, he openly declared him- 
 
 by those of the greater parKf h^s nZ"l?"'r '"»'' ''"P""" "'^''^ f°»««'ed 
 Buaded to this jrreat aiifPtn «?.k P«°PJ«'.wf'o were the more easily per- 
 
 priest, Coifi/JenouLe the di^a^^;^'fl'^'h^*'?''!l '^^ "^^ their^C 
 and propounder, and excel in hf87o„lI^.^''^'^'^^^ .^««» »he chief pillar 
 he had so long minisrered evP . tT.?^. r*' ^^? "u^^'''""^ '^e idols to which • 
 
 The reign of Edwin nroduc^H 111 ^i^'^'^l' ^'l*'"P' P"""""" himsel 
 his activity and indT,8"r?7han bvl « L;^;!f'',' '^L^'" P'?P'«' *'"' '"'^t''*' by 
 teenth vea'rof his S n a baVle SS h ' h« ?"'"?»'«'". '" '^^ ««ven. 
 
 bered.andirinlNaZSrleSr nltnli?^^^^^^^ "«« ^••""«'»- 
 ffeneral. indeed, was the defec fo^ fri,S rK*'".^*''> '"'? paganism. So 
 Elhelburga returned to her na^Kirf^T ^']."«"»n"y. that tfie widowed 
 
 mu'c[;'?e;r;b';n;tr;H^^^^ "ad bee„ tom by 
 
 Oswald, brother of EaMfS'n'J^VnJ^^^^^ «^'^"" '""'«d by 
 
 Mrongly opposed by tie Britons u^drr h« "'"''''" ^^^"■'"'''- Oswald wal 
 walla, but the BritUs were so d "^^^^^^^ warlike Casd- 
 
 made any general or viSrattacKon^hrin"' '•"'* '''f^ "«^«'' «?«'" 
 had re-estallishod the iinity of ihrN,SMmKL "'l?'". ^" ""°" «« he 
 restored the Christian rolLi n to wShT """ "^''.gdom, Oswald also 
 «»■ probably, rather to th s tfian to arTv of his oTfK.r'r""r'y ?"'''"'«'^- " 
 owes tl.o marked favour in which hJ^, ».„,,? ff'u '^"'''' q"«l'i'es, th>it ho 
 who bestow the hijrhest t^ossih n niniJ- ^ ^/- '''^ "'"•'kieh historians, 
 
 who moreover »mfmtT'u^LoViZonZn^ f '^ '"'^ «^"•'y• ""^ 
 miracles. "UTiai remains had the power of working 
 
 h AZh7?n;lryl"f aa^^^^^^ '"t. N"»/^ ^«-- After 
 
 of usurpations, and of al Itho Zra^tronSn^v^.^"'""'' '" "" """"« •"«>«"»• 
 Kgbert, king of Weggex rod„cnH u i„ ^ ''"^'' *"""' "P *« 'he time when 
 t«rchv. to oUo«c7to hii rZ ' •'°"""°° *"" '•>« '^"^ "^ »he Hei? 
 
lie HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 TBI HBPTABOHT (CONTINUED). 
 
 Thb kingdom of East Anglia was founded by Uffa ; but its listoiy af< 
 f?rds no instruction or amusement ; it is, m fact, in the words of an emi- 
 nent historian, only "a long bead-ioll of barbarous names," until we arrive 
 ftt the time of its annexation to the powerful and extensive kingdom ot 
 Mercia, to which we now proceed to direct the reader's attention. 
 
 Mercia, the most extensive of all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, could 
 not fail to be very powerful whenever ruled by a brave or wise king. Sit- 
 uated in the middle of the island, it in some one point. or more touched 
 each of the other six kingdoms. 
 
 Penda, in battle against whom we have already described Oswald o< 
 Northumberland to have lost both throne and life, was the first really pow 
 erful and distinguished king of Mercia ; but he was distinguished chiefly' 
 for personal courage and the tyrannous and violent temper in which he so 
 exerted that quality as to render himself the terror or ^e detestation of 
 all his contemporary English princes. Three kings of East Anglia, Sige- 
 bert, Egric, and Annas, were in succession slain in attempting oppose 
 him, as did Edwin and Oswald, decidedly the most powerful of the kings 
 of Northumberland; and yet this monarch, who wrought such havoc 
 among his fellow-princes, did not ascend his throne until he was more 
 than fifty years of age. Oswy, brother of Oswald, now encountered him, 
 and Penda was slain ; this occurred in the year 655, and the tyrannical 
 and fierce warrior, whom all hated and many feared, was succeeded by 
 his son, Penda, whose wife was a daughter of Oswy. This princess was 
 a Christian, and, like Bertha and Ethelburga, she so successfully exerted 
 her conjugal influence, that she converted her husband and his subjects to 
 her faith. The exact length of this monarch's reign is as uncertain as the 
 manner of his death. As regards the latter, one historian boldly asserts 
 thpt he was treacherously put to death by the order and connivance of his 
 queen ; but this seems but little to tally with her acknowledged and afl%c- 
 tionate zeal in converting him to Christianity ; and as nothing in the shape 
 of proof can be produced to support so improbable a charge, we may pretty 
 safely conclude that either ignorance or malice has given a mistaken turn 
 to some circumstances attending his violent death. He was succeeded by 
 his son Wolfhere, who inherited his father's courage and conduct, and not 
 merely maintained his own extensive kingdom in excellent order, but also 
 reduced Essex and East Anglia to dependence upon it. He was suc> 
 ceeded by his brother, Ethelred, who showed that he inherited his spirit 
 M well as his kingdom. Though a sincere lover of peace, and willing to 
 make all honourable sacrifices to obtain and preserve it, he was also both 
 willing and able to show himself a stout and true soldier when the occa- 
 •ion really demanded that he should do so. Being provoked to invade 
 Kent, he made a very successAil incursion upon that kingdom ; and when 
 his own territory was invaded by KRfrid,king of Northumberland, he fairly 
 drove that monarch back again, and slew Elfwin, Egfrid's brother, in a 
 pitched battle. He reigned creditably and prosperously for thirty years, 
 and then resigning the crown to his nephew, Kendrid, he retired to the 
 monastery of Burdney. Kendrid, in hs turn, becoming wearied uf the 
 cares and toils of royalty, resigned the crown to Ceolred, the son of Ethel- 
 red ; ho then went to Rome, and there passed the remainder of his life in 
 devout preparation for another and a better world. Ceolred was suc- 
 ceeded by Ethelbald, and the latter by Ofl'a, who ascended the throne in 
 the year 756 ; he was an active and warlike prince. Very early In his 
 reign be defeated Lothaire, king of Kent, and Kenwulph, king of WesBez 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ut 
 
 and annexed Oxfordshire and Oloucestershire tn hu airoo^„ i j • 
 ions. But though t,rave, lie wrbothwue^^^^ 
 
 king of the East Angles, had paid his add^sses t^the dZhtef of Off»* 
 and was accepted as her a/ftanced husband, and at leneth invUed to H^m' 
 ford to celebrate the marriaee. But in th« v»r„ .„!jif , .u > • "®™ 
 amusements incident to so im%)rtant Lnd iovfi,7J. iin/'^h*'^ feasting and 
 
 purpose being subsequently le4d u,^„ thVSie of i^^^^^^^^ *^^ '*"'« 
 
 ourof the rdiTif St Alhan ,hi «• ^'''a»«' I" Hertfordshire, to the hon- 
 *l that place '""' *''"''• ''^ ^*'"''''* •»" had found 
 
 2 jM iarvtiQ was aiuf u(ied bv 
 
tl8 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 
 Egbert, in the year 800, This monarch came into possession of it under 
 some peculiar advantages. A great portion of his hfe had been spent at the 
 court of Charlemagne, and he had thus acquired greater polish and know- 
 ledge than usually fell to the lot of Saxon Itings. Moreover, war and the 
 merit attached to unmarried life had so completely extinguished the origi- 
 nal royal families, that Egbert was at this time the sole male royal des- 
 cendant of the original conquerors of Britain, who claimed to be the de. 
 icendants of Woden, the chief deity of their idolatrous ancestors. 
 ^ Immediatelv on ascending the throne, Egbert invaded the Britons in 
 Cornwall, and inflicted some severe defeats upon them. But before he 
 -could completely subdue tlieir country, he was called away from that en- 
 terprise by the necessity of defending his own country, which had been 
 invaded in his absence by Bernulf, king of Mercia. 
 
 Mercia and Wessex were at this time the only two kingdoms of the Hep. 
 tarchy which had any considerable power; and a struggle between Eg- 
 bert and Bernulf was, as each felt and confessed it to be, a struggle for 
 the sole dominion of the whole island. Apparently, at the outset, Mercia 
 was the most advantageously circumstanced for carrying on this struggle, 
 for that kingdom had placed its tributary princes in the kingdoms of Kent 
 and Essex, and had reduced East Angiia to an almost equal state of sub- 
 jection. 
 
 Egbert, on learning the attempt that Bernulf was making upon his king- 
 dom, hastened by forced marches to arrest his progress, and speedily came 
 %o close quarters with him at Elandura in Wilts. A sanguinary and ob- 
 Btinate battle ensued. Both armies fought with spirit, and both were very 
 numerous ; but the fortune of the day was with Egbert, who completely 
 routed the Mercians, Nor was he, after the battle, remiss in following 
 up the great blow he had ttius struck at the only English power that could 
 for an uistant pretend to rivalry with him. He detached a force into Kent 
 under his son Ethelwolf, who easily and speedily expelled Baldred, the 
 tributary king, who was supported there by Mercia, Egbert himself at the 
 same time entering Mercia on the Oxfordshire side. Essex was con- 
 quered almost without an eflfort, and he East Anglians, without waiting 
 for the approach of Egbert, rose agaiint the power of Bernulf, who lost 
 his life in the attemot to reduce them ai^ain to the servitude which his 
 tyranny had rendered intolerable. Luu.^rt.., vh>-; successor of Bernulf, met 
 with the same fate after two years of constant struggle and frequent de- 
 feat, and Egbert now found no difficulty in pemaratmg to the very heart 
 of the Mercian territory, and subduing to his will a people whose spirit was 
 thoroughly broken by a long and constant succession of calamities. In 
 order to reconcile them to their subjection to hi.n. he skilfuly flattered 
 them \yith an empty show of independence, bj allowing their native 
 kmg, Wiglaf, to hold that title of his tributary, liough with the firmest 
 determuiation that the title should not carry with it an iota of real and in- 
 dependent power. 
 
 He was now, by the disturbed and turbulent conoition of Northumber 
 land, invited to turn his arms against that kingdom. But the Northum 
 brians, deeply impressed with his high reputation for valour and success, 
 and probably sincerely desirous of being under the utrong stern govern- 
 ment of one who had both the power and the will to put an end to the an- 
 archy and confusion to which they were a prey, no sooner heard of his 
 nearapproaoh than they rendered all attack on his part wholly unneces- 
 sary, by sending deputies to meet him with an offer of their submission, 
 and with power to take, vicariously, oaths of allegiance to him. Sincerely 
 well pleased at being thus met even more than half way in his wishoa, 
 fcgbeit not only gave their envoys a very gracious reception, but also vol. 
 iintarily aUowed them the power to elect a tributary king of their own 
 choice. To East Angiia he also granted this flaliuriug but hollow aut) 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 119 
 
 valueless privilege, and thus secured to himself tWp ann.\ .„.ii ^r .u 
 
 symptoms of rebellion. The whole of the Hpn?arT„ °^ ^^^ • '^'Shtest 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 TH. ANGLO-SAXONS AFTER THE DISSOLDTION OF THE HEPTARCHT—REIONS 
 OF EGBERT, ETHELWOLF. AND ELTHELBALD. ' 
 
 onli:o:i7!;::^r^l\^^^^^ -ake the sax. 
 
 of the Heptarchy b'eing. ft^m vTrious tuse ;ext^^^^^^^^ '"T"^'' 
 
 makmg his rule welcome and t hn .,«;«„ ^r exunct, still farther aided m 
 
 agreeable. As the SaTons of the v^riZ vLl^ ''"T^f ''*'"« '»'« »"« 
 not from different counS so mucras from Spn^^** ""^'"'^"y «"'"« 
 
 andpur8uitVweresiSr,andfnThe!fLJn^^^^^^ people, their habits 
 
 of union to mankind, thev Siielv dlS^ ' ^^** most important bond 
 inhabitants of Co ."lFand?hSfc!XHr/H T^l"^"*'*''^ ''^^^ »»'« 
 
 wilcf .nd unlettered Saxons werTw lirtoS S h! J^ m tligland the 
 Kmperor Cliarlemagne, instead of Irvn, 1,, V,S hi ^°'' '" °""'™y. >1» 
 into truth, departed so fir from boll 7h"?ieate'i^^^.„S"'' ?"' °' S'«" 
 •rue spirit of Christianity, a, to end ivVrTSe L„,"l fo'SJ ^ '"'' 
 of peace and good-will at the point of tlie sword »„H Sti? f'mm 
 
 not be accurately' ch«rrSe5b7a7y"epta 
 
 brutal. Decimated when goaded into revolt dennvfld of JL- ® ^T"' 
 
 L'luttf rs''6httsr tCS rttS 
 
120 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 by their mere relations of the cruelties of the latter. When the Jet jle and 
 J1*'k .l^^'®ii"y of Charlemagne made the French provinces a fair mark 
 or boWmvaders, the mmgled races of Jutes, Danes, and Saxons, known 
 m trance under the general name of Northmen or Normans, made de 
 •cents upon the maritime countries of France, and then pushed theii 
 devastating enterprises far inland. England, as we have said, from it* 
 mere proximity to France, was viewed by these northern marauders as 
 pcing m some sort the same country ; and its inhabitants, as bcinR eaual- 
 ly Christian with the French, were equally hated, and equally considered 
 fit objects of spoliation and violence. As early as the reign of Brithric in 
 the kingdom of VVessex, in 787, a body of these bold and unscrupulous 
 pirates bnded in that kingdom. That their intention was hostile there 
 cm be little doubt, for, when merely questioned about it, they slew the 
 magistrate and hastily made off. In the year 794 they landea in Nor- 
 thumberland and completely sacked a monastery, but a storm preventinc 
 them from making their escape, they were surrounded by the Northum- 
 brian people, and completely cut to pieces. 
 
 During the first five years of Egbert's supreme reign in England, neither 
 domestic disturbances nor the invasion of foreign foes occurred to ob. 
 struct his measures for promoting the prosperity of his people. But about 
 the end of that time, and while he was still profoundly engaged in promotinff 
 the peaceable pursuits which were so necessary to the wealth and comfon 
 ot the kingdom, a horde of Danes made a sudden descent upon the isle of 
 ^heppy, plundered the inhabitants to a great amount, and made their de- 
 oarxation in safely, and almost without any opposition. Warned by this 
 event of his liability to future visits of the same unwelcome nature, Ea- 
 bert held himself and a competent force in readiness to receive them ; and. 
 • when m the following year (A.n. 832) they landed from thirty-five ships upon 
 the coast of Dorset, they were suddenly encountered by Egbert, near Char- 
 mouth, in that county. An obstinate and severe contest ensued, in which 
 the Danes lost a great number of their force, and were, at length, totally 
 defeated ; but as they were skilfully posted, and had taken care to pre- 
 serve a line of communication with the sea, the survivors contrived to ea. 
 cape to their ships. 
 
 Two years elapsed from the battle of Charmouth before the pirates 
 again made their appearance ; and, as in that battle they had suffered very 
 severely, the English began to hope that they would not again return to 
 molest them. But the Danes, knowing the ancient enmity that existed 
 between the Saxons and the British remnant in Cornwall, entered into an 
 alhance with the latter, and, landing in their country, had an easy open 
 road to Devonshire and the other fertile provinces of the West. But here 
 again the activity and un^lumbering watchfulness of Egbert enabled him 
 to limit their ravages merely to their first furious onset. He came up 
 with them at Heiigesdown, and again they were defeated with a irreat di- 
 minution of their number* bi"*". ui 
 
 This was the last service of brilliant importance that Egbert performed 
 lor hiiigland, and just as there was every appearence that his valour and 
 sagacity would be more than ever necessary to the safety of the country, 
 he died, in the year 838, and was succeeded by his son Etiiclwolf. 
 
 The very first act of EthelwolPs reign was the division of the country 
 which the wisdom and ability of his father, aided by singular good for- 
 tune, had so happily united. Threatened as the kingdom so frequently 
 was from without, its best and chiefest hope obviously rested upon Hh 
 union, and the consequent facility of concentrating its whole fiahtinu 
 force upon any threatened point. But, unable to see " s, or too indolent 
 to boar the whole govern- -^^nt of the country, Eih<; f made over the 
 whole of Kent, Sussex, and t v s, to his son Atht du It was foi 
 tonate that, under such a r /a vho nl the very outset of bis reign could 
 
 fs^i^- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 121 
 
 commit an error go capita!, Enjrland had in mnst «? h^, ^ • • , , 
 magistrates or governors of bravery and abilUy ^ "*' P^**^""' 
 
 Thus Wolfhere, governor of Hamoshirft nut tn th.. 
 
 of the marauders wfiohadlanded atTuthamSton from Zr * "n""^ P*'*^^ 
 «nd-thirty sail ; and, in the same ve°r A?3«hn IT ""'^^^^e//''^" three 
 encountered and defeated anofherpo^erfiK^^ 
 
 edat Portsmouth; though, in this E^e nnfnrn.Lii ''!?* *'l? ^""^ '*"^' 
 or died of his wounds. A ware of the o«rt«S S^ ®'^' *'"' »""''"* »'"'«"'- 
 would be exposed in fightlTiniShed bat ?- i„'*!L^'*"'"^'? *•* ^^^'^^ »''«y 
 Danes, in their subsequenlLdinff took all DOH^hiA"^"^' "''""il'^y- »'*« 
 cesaitv of duinir on Th»i. *' "'' possible care to avo d the no- 
 
 t?r;rpyt'ot7eToastyXdt^^cS'u^vr r'*^'"'?' '.""" T" « "«- 
 
 prudently advance, and re"embark wUh hefr bootv h" r^"** "' '^"^ *'°">'' 
 able force could be -rt together to m,Ji.i.f^ ^^'^^. *"y consider- 
 plundered Hast Angli h J Kt annT.-® ?*"'-^ " ^*''' '"«»"«'• 'hey 
 clistressinf . ^-eca-^The; bv no m«tn2 Ur^-, ^«Pf 'I'*"?"- ^''ere the more 
 usual sense of thr tSbuUarriedTff mTn^'^ themselves to booty in the 
 mto slavery. ' " '^""®° "'^ ""«"' ^omen, and even children 
 
 wkS SCaj;f in i'peJSSS'Zr f*''^« '*"^'=^''' '' '«"^'h, kept the 
 itants of each Jiace fearTnfto haste^toL'i!^/!^ ^"5 ^^"""^ ^^'^ ">hab- 
 place, lest some otLr partv of thi n rl^- •'*.i''® mhabitants of another 
 age and burn their own homes TCiw^ '^e meantime, should rav- 
 
 Ij^y^often showed ^^^sJ^^VS^^S^^^l^'^^iiX 
 
 mo^eteieeTare?^^^^^^^ ^-ty and being, 
 
 Northrtien at lenjrth made tl,« r nnn»u T' °^ ^^^n^e, the Danes or 
 In each succerdffvear thev all^H ™"''^ ^''"^'^ ^"""«"y *" Rn»>and. 
 themselves wi^lrSr Sdacitv- 1^^^ 1^*'"" ""-nbe". and conducted 
 shores in such LK thw U was* aonaJpn^h""' "^'"''^^ /^« "^"^'''h 
 less than the actual conqueat and settLTent of &^^^^ "*'il!'"'» 
 
 ding themselves into distinct bSdies hev 3 ref- «H Th^°'^ ':?"'J"'J'- ^•^'- 
 ferent points; but the Saxonrwei-e Zh.r»n! '^eir attacks upon dif- 
 of most of the important pSs seatardw^i J ''"''''t' *''« governors 
 marked, well fitted for their important tjl and 'th^ v""'" ^l-^''^ ^^'^^^K ^«- 
 altackS-of the Danes had inducSd" "See and m Jf ^ '^^^'^^ «' the 
 
 people themselves which rendered it ?aleL^a8v?v?-h"^^ '^^ 
 
 been to surprise them. At WiiranhnrJi. fhf n ^ " '' i""^ formerly 
 very great loss bv Ceorle ^ovAmn, «f If '''^ J*a"«8 '^'ere defeated with 
 
 the'mlaude,riL^Sttkf7and defea^^^^^ '"•"^'^ """^^ °' 
 
 Sandwich In this case,^,^Tditioftra'^co,fsiderate'lo;slP^^^^^^^^ 
 Danes had nin^ ,f^ thnir vpaa»ia a,..,i, - j ^"'"""''raDie loss m men, the 
 
122 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 
 and tltn whole maichcil from lliti Isle of Thanet inland, burning and tJo- 
 stroyintf wliatcver was not sufflcienlly portnbl« for plunder. Bnclitric, 
 who— so far had Kthclberl allowed the disjunction of the kingdom topio. 
 c«jed--wa8 now governor and titular king of Mcrcia, made a vain attempt 
 to resist thotn, and was utterly routed. Canterbury and London were 
 sacked and burned and the disorderly bands of the victorious enemy 
 spread into the very heart of Surrey. Kthelwolf, though an indolent king, 
 was by no means destitute of a certain princely pride and darint^'. En- 
 raged beyond measure at the audacity of the marauders, and defipiy 
 trieved at the sufferings they inflicted u})on his subjects, h« assembled the 
 West Saxons, whom, accompanied by his second son Fithelbald as his lieu- 
 tenant, he Wd against the most considerable body of the Danes. He en- 
 countered them at Okely, and, although they fought with their usual reck- 
 less and pertinacious courage, the Saxons discomfited and put them to 
 flight. This victory gave the country at least a temporary respite ; for 
 the Danes had suffered so much by it, that they were glad to postpone fur- 
 ther operations, and seek shelter and rest within their intrenchment in the 
 Isle of Thanet. Thither they were followed by Huda and Ealher, the gov 
 en.ors of Surrey and Kent, who bravely attacked them. At the com- 
 mencement of the action the advantage was very considerably on the side 
 of the Saxons: but the fortune of war suddenly changed, the Danes re- 
 covered their lost grounds and the Saxons were totally routed, both 
 their gallant leaders remaininr^ dead upon the field of battle : a.o. 853. 
 
 Desperate as the situation of the country was, and threatening as was 
 the aspect of the Danes, who, after defeatmg Huda and Ealher, removed 
 from the Isle of Thanet to that of Sheppey, which they deemed more con- 
 venient for winter quarters, Ethelwolf, who was extremely superstitious 
 and bigoted, and who, in spite of the occasional flashes ofchiviilric spirit 
 which he exhibited, was far more fit for a monk than foroither a monarcii 
 or a military conuuander, this year resolved upon making a pilgriinngo 
 to Rome. He went and carried with him his fourth son, the subsenuciitly 
 " Great " Alfred, but who was then a child of only six years old. At 
 Rome Ethelwolf remained for one year, passing his time in prayer; earn- 
 ing the flatteries and favour of the monks by liberalities to the church, on 
 which he lavished sun)8 which were too really and terribly needed by his 
 own impoverished an J sufleriiig country. As a specimen of his profusion 
 in this pious squaiKiering, he gave to the papal see, in perpetuity, the year- 
 ly sum of throe hundred maucuses— each maucua weighing, says Hume, 
 about the same as the English half crown--to be applied in three equal 
 portions: first, the providing and maintaining lamps for St. Peter's; sec- 
 ond, for the same to St. Paul's, and thirdly, for the use of the pope him- 
 ■elf. At the end of the year's residence which he had promised himself 
 ho returned home ; hanpily for his subjects, whom his prolonged stay at 
 Rome could not have failed to impoverish 5 his foolish facility in giving, 
 being not a whit more remarkable than the unscrupulous alacrity of the 
 
 fiapal court in taking. On reaching England, he was far more astonished 
 ban gratified at the slate of affairs there. Athelstan, his eldest son, to 
 whom, as we have before mentioned, ho had given Kent, Sussex and Ea- 
 •ex, had been some lime dead ; and Elhelbald, the second son, having, in 
 consequence, assumed ihe regency of the kingdom during his fatlier's ab- 
 sence, had allowed filial ;>ffeetion and the loyalty due to a sovereign to be 
 conquered by ambitio" Many of the warlike nobility held Ethelwolf In 
 contempt, and did not scruple to aflirni that he was far more fit for cowl 
 and cloister than for the warriiir's weu|M)n and the monarch's throne. The 
 young and ambitious prince lent too frtcile an ear to these disloyal deriders 
 and suffered himself to be persuaded to join and iiead a party to lielhrune 
 itin father and set himself up in his place. Hut Ethelwolf, though despised 
 bv the ruder and fiercer nobles, was not without nuiD«rr us and siiiooro 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 123 
 
 well inclined to decide tho co L^ve iv b^wL^ ""fr'"""« '«'"?««• ""^ 
 to be upon the very briJk of SZ If vvrch l^n^!!"''''"^ '?.'"*'' 
 doubt have availed themselves to subject I'i 
 
 Tho division was accordinfflv iimdfi • th«i,i.;„!.i*^.... .'"*'"• 
 
 and nr„rsrjnou',;r rfect'hi^x'? 5!r^ ",'" ^^ "^'^ «^-^''-- 
 
 a more efficiei.t gifardiarof Ihose of h . Zn! "*" u '"''"'i"' ^""'^ P*-"^" 
 had Riven tho papal court an I .hf i '^"P'®' "'" ""es'dence at Home 
 
 of the weaknelL of his , turo inS thff«* r^ "T f ■ ^l!\^""'« «»'«»» 
 wilhhis cash in excl an^ for IkSw «,.?'' '^ '^'"' ^'''^'^ ''^ had parted 
 
 deavour to aggrandize theinselvflf An. .i "*^''^'' '''*"■»>• '» l'"''"- «"- 
 of their judgment; for arhov?;v «^ „ * -^ '''"i"' '!'"''«^ ^^^ «:orreoln(.s« 
 »y with tL Uthes of all th« 1^,!.^=^ ^""® time that he presented the cler- 
 
 JJived/ttoug the cou tXlbee^S ^""^ T'' ^^^ '«- 
 
 CHAPTKR Vr. 
 THK! RRiorra or ethklukrt and etiiklreii. 
 
124 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 I 
 
 heSdl'^^eesTaS^SlL^^^^^^^^^ ^' J"''« -ore than Ave years 
 
 . greatly harras ed by the SaneJ^'^^e^^^ "«' t*^. ^«« 
 
 aided by the East Angles^wL eve^f^nfr f'!r«"'"T'''«^ 
 necessary for their predator^ exoSonth^i'^ them with the horses 
 kingdom of NorthumberIan7anrBS^' ^^ I^'^'^^ ^^^'^ "^^V '"'o the 
 city of York. ^Knd Kicht ^ ?« ^'^'^'^^ and important 
 
 endeavoured to expel therii but we7«rlpfc?P|"*!l^ Northumbrian princes, 
 Flushed with their succi^' th« n.nL ^^'^'^ '"'^ perished in the assault 
 of their terriWrjeS Hubb. an/r '"""'^"''' ''"^^' "'« '=on"nand 
 much carnage and rapTne establlhed Sl"n^"T' '"?" ^e'"'"' ^"^ after 
 «;hich central situatLTZrmeS he f.? "'r "i N°""'&ham, from 
 The Mercians, finding that Klocalauthorffr °^'^ ^''^'^ kingdom, 
 match for desperadoes so numerous and iou? **"• '"f"i ^"'"'''^^ "^^^ "« 
 sengers to Ethelred, imploSghrs oersinl^ letermnied, dospatched mes 
 and the king, accom^ani^S ty\t^\?Xr llfref X""!," T /""'; ^«^"'^^ 
 to display those talents which subSouenUv Ln„ t- ^^'^ ''^'^^^y ^''S'"' 
 fame marched to Nottingham with a p^oSirmvr'n "Syo"'^'"''''^^^ 
 
 ffirytitsuzs;^^^^,?^^^ 
 
 of the East Angles, the^jden^i rthpH /" v''''''^"^'?"^ '« t^^« treachery 
 mund, their tributary prince in IVw^^^ Ta "P"" ^''«'"' butchered Ed- 
 Bive havoc and c^epffion J esDecjaH^^^^ '*>« '""«' «*'en. 
 
 The Danes havini? in sri mfS d^ T" ^^^ ""^''^steries. 
 
 peatly harra'ssSd^'thf ' urm^S'cfuirnhdS"', ?""' • "^^ '^ ^''^^ 
 lodge them. On desirimr the ai,l nfThi \7' ^."'^'^fd determined to dis 
 
 fused, they, unmindfro? tl^ bcJefit 1^hev^I'.?r' *" T^ disloyally re 
 :lesirou8 of getting rid of tLir dpnonrlpLi^ '^'''r^^ '^r^'" '''"'' being 
 separate people asytLlieptrchv^Fv^^^^ ''""'• T^ becoming a 
 
 Mercians could not n ove 7 W from hi.^'' "'"*"'""' '''^"^"'^t "^ 'ho 
 from whom, during Hrwh. retnT reKTfr^ ^''''"' ^^ ^""'■"d. 
 efficient assistance; he raised a S Vnln« nf ^. "'e most zealous and 
 
 West Saxons, and marc-hed aga ,. f uSdhi/ XnJflVr''^''''^ '^e 
 without the town, the Danes retroa ed wi w^i „"^'"'f fiefeatod m an action 
 menced a seige, but war*lrivnn rlf^T r " "'." 8»'''8'a'>d Kthelrod (.-om. 
 well-ooi.duct.fXr the gar «m,'" An"?./'"' ^,""'°, ^y a sudden «"d 
 place at Aston, not far f, m K Z at w hi^ ' " '''"';"y »"""vards took 
 Kives us a strange notion of tl e a^;,?ir« ?^^ I'Kudcnl occurred which 
 English army under Alfred iomZ S .hf \ n^^"' / '"vision of the 
 surrounded by tl.e enemrwhUnS a .iLlil' ' "' ^"^ ''"^ "" ""^^'f^Hy 
 fairly formed in order of bZe ^hl k w««^1^h ""'^''""' P""'*'"" ""'^ »"» 
 of being complttely ruil to nieol.i a fJ!1 '" !''" "'""' nnmiiient dange, 
 brother for aiistaifce bu £ helr^.i wis .an'! .'" ''"^'''' r"""^' «" "'» 
 fused to stir a sl..p until its c SsT.m i,? '?.'""?'' *""' P"'"'ively re- 
 Saxons, Ktludred's con 1hc\ „n 2 «. r,,: '^ "'"/ "y »""" "»f«i"«» tl.o 
 censured oven by the p KtV but « Zn '"""''' f"'"''"^''^ ''uvo be,,,, 
 
 with signal -la.fghter.'^L 5ho L crc^t f th„";,7? '"" '" '''" ■•""•• ""^ 
 p.ely or Ethelred. '^'^" ""^ "'" '"'''"''y was given to the 
 
 «broa<1, and sent out inarau' In. J ^^1!! P 'wj'rful reinforcement fnun 
 COM. Such, indeed. Tri^^^oKIvnn ! f ,'^"''l«« "»« ^itl. great .«," 
 
 ii 
 
 '-k» 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 125 
 
 were stiU farther increased by the impatience of the Merciana and othpr, 
 ITS t!ftH"'V«'"""'* augmented the irritation of a wouXe h ^received 
 M die battie at Basmg, that it terminated his life in the year 871 
 
 CHAPTER VI[ 
 
 THE REION OF ALFRED THE GREAT. 
 
 ntfsPorSSe hi fSu nteSjoln^r ^^"^ ?« '^-- 
 who Ld now seized upon MUton At fhf/ \^ T!?!" ¥i""f* ^^^ «""^'"y' 
 the advantage, but his force was vervwpJk T'^^' A f red had considerably 
 
 i.rrtrelty by whicK'tErbrnH' if "^ 'T'''r« ^"« ^-^r' ""'J «»'eS 
 
 the kingdom. %renab e t^em to do hTfhi?" "''"'^'"j^'" '""/'P^'' ^'^^ 
 
 but on Arriving there ?hec^dreav.^i became LTsTr^^^^^^^ *° ^°"'^''"' 
 •esolutions, and. breakino nfffrn^ oecame too strong for their virtuous 
 
 began to p under TerStiTrJun^ mlnn^T'"'"'' ''"^°'' ""^^ch, they 
 the^ributary princHf Zrc7a of whlh r (*''' T"^ ?"^''- Bunhrecf, 
 it improbabfefafter his 2Sufdet Son of Xd^i'llrnih P"'' ""/"'""S 
 occasion, that Alfred would nowfeennrZri^'ff'^^^u**^^^''"? * f"""™*' 
 with the Danes hv whtVH "P"^'*®' inclined to assist him, made a treaty 
 
 Iney, tl.erag;eeJtoSe fro^r'^'^''^^^^ considerable sum Jf 
 cLmenced heirusui^^ciree^of sr.iw ''^ ^P'«."'*» Derbyshire, they 
 
 of Mcrcin. ° *''""'' """ "'" '»" "'utaf »nd iribumrj king 
 
 thus setlfe. thcSny^ i the J rv ».? . '•''f^Alr"''lV"' '" D»"«t8»'ire. and 
 
 «'u)uld they he impioJs , . L^I to rin hl*J' .."'' '.';•""«•"''"»'"'. «"«l ''ven 
 awful pen j;y w„.r:;tSt i "li^r ^ * r: "..::?•:'«"■ '''«^'"«" 
 
 , , "•' ""I'luuB tilllMIHII lO ( o so. hP IB t 111 
 
 S«tt.7.."'S ;;ifri'„:».;i- ■."■- fI^',L.™„.„„ „„„„ 
 
 -^Tr^sssujr, n,ia neju iti iq vm in uttor con 
 
 them. 
 
126 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 temiit, no sooner found themselves freed from the disadvantageous posi- 
 tion in which Alfred had placed them, than ihey fell without waniinff upon 
 his astounded army, put it completely to flight, and then hastened to take 
 possession of Exeter. Undismayed by even this new proof of the faith- 
 less and indomitable nature of the enemy, Alfred exerted himself so dili- 
 gently, that he got together new forces, and fought no fewer than eight 
 considerable battles within twelve months. This vigour was more effec 
 tual against such a foe than any treaty, however solemn, and they once 
 more found themselves reduced to an extremity which compelled them to 
 Bue for peace. As Alfred's sole wish was to free his subjects from the 
 intolerable evils incident to having their country perpetually made the 
 tlieatre of war, he cheerfully agreed to grant them peace and permission 
 to settle on the coast, on the sole condition that they should live peace- 
 ably with his subjects, and not allow any new invaders to ravage the 
 country. While they were distressed, and in danger, the Danes wre 
 well pleased with these terms, but just as the treaty was concluded a re- 
 inforcement arrived to them from abroad. All thought of peace and treaty 
 was at once laid aside by them ; they hastened, in all directions, to join 
 the new comers, seized upon the important town of Chippenham, and re- 
 commenced their old system of plundering, murdering, and destroying, in 
 every direction, for miles around their quarters. The Saxons, not even 
 excepting the heroic Alfred himself, now gave up all hope of success in 
 the struggle in which they had so long and so bravely been engaged. 
 Many fled to Wales and the continent, while the generality submitted to 
 the invaders, contented to save life and land at the expense of national 
 honour and individual freedom. It was in vain that Alfred reminded the 
 chief men among the Saxons of the sanguinary successes they had 
 achieved in the time past, and endeavoured to persuade them that new 
 successes would attend new efTorts. Men's spirits were now so utterly 
 subdued that the Danes were looked upon as irresistible ; and the heroic 
 and unfortunate Alfred, unable to raise sufficient force to warrant hira 
 in again endeavouring to save his country from the yoke of the foreign 
 foeman, was f.iin to seek safety in concealment, and to console himself in 
 his temporary inactivity with the hope that the oppressions of the Danes 
 would be so unmeasured and intolerable, that even the most peace-loving 
 and Indolent of the Saxons would, at no distant day, be goaded into revolt. 
 Unattended even by a servant, Alfred, discuised in the coarse habit of a 
 peasant, wandered from one obscure hiding-place to another. One of 
 these was the lowly hut of a neatherd, who had in happier days been in 
 his service. The man faithfully obeyed the charge given to him by the 
 king not to reveal his rank even to the good woman of the house. She, 
 unsuspicious of the quality of her guest, was at no pains to conceal hei 
 opmion that so able a man, in full health, and with an extremely vigorous 
 appetite, might find some better employment, bad though the times were 
 than moping about and muttering to himself. On one occasion she stili 
 more strongly gave her opinion of the idleness of her guest. He was 
 seated before the ample wood flro, putting his bow and arrow in order as 
 she put some whenten cakes down to bake, and being called away by 
 some other domestic business, she desired Alfred to mind the cakes, giving 
 him especial charge to turn them frequently lest they should be burned. 
 The king promkcd due obedienro, but scarcely had his imperious hostess 
 len him when he fell into a prof«»und reverie on his own forlorn «nd aban- 
 "»'>ea condition, and the manifold miseries of his country. It is probable 
 that, during that h>ng sad day-dream, more than one thought smrgested 
 Itielf to Alfred, by which F.ngland, at a future day, was to bo greatlv 
 benefited. But, assuredly, his thoughts were, for that time at least, (i( 
 Ittlo benefit to his hostess, who, on hnr reluni to the cottage, found the 
 king deep burled in hia gloomy tlioughts, and her cakes done, indeed, but 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 127 
 
 d(Mie— to a cinder. The good woman's anger now knew no bounds • oaf 
 .uBber, and lazy loon, were the mildest names which she bestowed upon 
 him, as, with minffled anger and vexation, she contrasted his indolence in 
 the nriatter of bakmg, with his alacrity in eating what he found ready 
 baked fur his use. ' 
 
 So successful had Alfred been in destroying all traces of Ins wander 
 mg8,that Hi.bba and other leading Danes, who had at first made search 
 after him with all the activity and eagerness of extreme hate, not un- 
 mingled with fear, at length became persuaded that he had either left 
 the country altogether, or perished miserably ere he could find means and 
 opportunity to do so. Finding that his enemies had discontinued their 
 search after him, Alfred now began to conceive hopes of being able onco 
 'ITfnVJt «°'"? .f'-'«"'l« to l'i« «id«- For this purpose he betook him- 
 self to Somersetshire, to a spot with which he had accidentally become 
 acquainted, which singularly united obscurity and capability of being de- 
 fended. A morass lormed by the overflowing of the rivers Parref and 
 I hame had nearly m its centre about a couple of acres of firm land. 
 1 he morass itself was not safely practicable by any one not well aconain- 
 ted with the concealed paths that led through it to the little terra finna, 
 
 f,Il I'i Z'^vm '^' ^^^"/'"^ ^'""^ *'"''''*' ^'«''"" ''y """'erous other morasses 
 no let3 f)ifli';;,.t and dangerous, while by a dense growth of forest trees 
 It was on every side environed and sheltered. Here he built himself a 
 rude hut, and, having found means to communicate with some of the must 
 ihL 1 1 r P^':?'?""' ^^f'^i'ds, it was not long before he was placed at 
 tJrlr ?i "■ '-'"f " ''"\^» '"f't ''«"<1- S""yi"g from this retreat under the 
 cover of the night, and always, when practicable, reluming again before 
 the morning, he harassed and spoiled tlie Danes to a very great c.vienl- 
 and us attacks were so sudden and so desultory, that his enemies were 
 
 ^^trty'ftSl '" ""'" ■" " '"«"'■ """ -'J"'""-" '"»• 
 
 Even by this warfare, petty and desultory as it was, Alfred was doing 
 good service to his country. For with the spoil which he thus obtained 
 LmiThMr'\ '''m* «»'>s'«'.«'."1 fro'vi time t.. time to increase his followers; 
 and while his attacks, winch could not bo wholly unknown to the Saxon 
 population, gave them vague hopes that armed friends were not wholly 
 lost to thein, they moderated the cruelty and imperiousness of the Danes 
 re^'o'l"orn?e^Saxon8'"* *''^'" "*" ""' P"'^^'''''''y "^ * successful and general 
 For upwards of a year Alfred remained in this secure retreat, in which 
 time ho had gathered together a considerable nninber of followers; and 
 now at lengtli bis perseverance had its reward in an opportunity of once 
 more meeliiig his foes in the formal array of battle. 
 
 Hubba, the most warlike of all the Danish (diiefs, led a largo armv oi 
 his countrymen to besiege ilie castle of Kinwilh, in Devonshire. The 
 earl or that country, a brave and resohite man. d.-eming death in the battle 
 Held far preferable to starving within his fortified walls, or life preserved 
 by submission to the hated Danes, collected the whole of his garrison, 
 am , having inspired them with his own brave determination, made a 
 HiKden sally upon the Danish camp in the darkness of night, killed llubbiu 
 and routed the Danish force with iniinense slaughler, He at .he samo 
 time captured the onchanted lieafr,,, the woven raven which adorned the 
 chief standard of the Danes, and the loss of which their superstitious 
 feelings made more terrible to them than that of their chief and their 
 comrades who had perishe.l. This Hfa/m had been woven into Hubba's 
 standard by his three sisters, who had accompanied their work with cTliiin 
 magical formulie which the Danes firmly believed to have given the re- 
 presented biu. the power of predicting the goo<l or evil stu cess of any 
 
 (lUterurue bv the mntim of iu win^. a..,i ,.„„.i,i^_!.._ .■ ' 
 
 ' — — — r.~- ••'•—; •—"^I'ltrriijjj tjir j;rra; jwwrf 
 
728 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WOKLD. 
 
 ?h/^^L f^^T•^?^® ^"•^ untutored minds, it ia very probahle thai 
 tr ? K ?^ his highly valued standard, coinc ding wit? not on v thi 
 defeat, hut also the death, of its hitherto victorious Lner struck «?<'h» 
 pneral fear and doubt into the minds of the Danes as very ffreaUv fended 
 lo dispose them shortly after, to make peace with Alfred^ ^ **' 
 ..r rw^^'V- ^ ^"f ^ r ^^f*^ "f ^^^ »P'"' «"d success with which the earl 
 
 Slill leaving his followen! to conceal llienisolvej in Ihe relreal nf «,l.f„k 
 we have spoken, he dismised himself as a harper VverypoX °L7m« 
 
 Mratiw Ihe very camp of the enemy lo nole their force, and SnositK 
 To soldiers in camp amusement is ever welcome and Mm .lilfMl !!!™?' 
 o Alfred no. merely gratified the common SieVrandinferioIUc"' 
 
 teiffrZ^-S^SLJer 
 
 &f7all"Va^-;fer;eS"r«.rSsTtoS^^ 
 opportunity to depart, and sent messages to all the prhidDa Snlmf^ ™ 
 
 nnns 11 surrounded by a force so numerous andso enthiisittstip n« tn ,riJo 
 h.m just iiopes of being able to attack the Danes wiU sue ess^ K, oS 
 the imnortance of not allowing this enthusiasm to cS, ho Tasled ,o7. mS 
 h^ us (ess delay or vain form, but led them at once to Juthrum's camp of 
 which his recent visit made him acquainted with the n^^^is nraSwp 
 points. Sunkn. apathetic indolence, and thinking of nXig'^ oh Than 
 of seeing a numerous band of English assembled to attack them the 
 Danes were so pan.c-sfruck and surprised that they fou^ wit none of 
 the.r accustomed vigour or obstinacy, and the battle was spemdi conver 
 te.l 1 to a mere rout. (Jreat numbers of the Danes perished in if^isaSuu 
 and though tlio rest, under the orders of (Juthrum, Ked t emservei „' 
 a camp and made preparations for contin.nng tm stmS .^11^6 L, 
 dosely homnied m by Alfre.l, that absolute hunger prred too stron J ft 
 heir resolution, and once more they offered to treaTCr pe-^e Iff £ 
 man whose mercy they had so often abused, and whose laFouV anTlabili t 
 
 ^^"^^^^^ 
 
 '^fc*-- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ' 129 
 
 pose even moderatef; sevfre termT. ftace for h -^h''? '"^""^ '° '"" 
 great Joad-star of all his wishes anrt nf „h »f- ,i^ «»Jbjects was still thr 
 Jeen deceived by the Dan^i h?s real mainanir/''^ '. l"?^ °'''"" «« ^e had 
 even their faithlessness cou d not aK .« "-^^^^ •"" ^"^ *""''* ^^'** 
 dulgence; he therefore not only gaveThem ?h^fr if^'*'"^' ™f ''^ ^"^ '" " 
 mission to settle in his countrv iinnn .hi « their hyes, but also full per 
 Tith his other subjects.^ h3din„ ThLltf ^ T'^'^i^" "'" "'''"^ *» Pe^^e 
 of the country in whose Safety thfv'S '^ -'" *^' '''^'"''' 
 
 iivasion render their assistS necessari n r\f "J"^' "^^"'^ ""y "«"' 
 much more favourable thanXy haran^;..,)?*^^?*^'^ !? °^^«'" '«""» so 
 his followers readily agreed to^tE hZ aT^]? ^"P® ^'"'^ Guthrum and 
 weakness. He, with his usual 8affacitvn£'^'?^!l T'^'y ^"^^ "o ta'nt of 
 the Persevering'hostility of the dIS to'lTrnf ^^at one great cause of 
 of religion. Reflecting^ that such rca^w-^il '^*' ^^^'" ^'^erence 
 cause the Danes to break their neLpIit^. ^* perpetually liable to 
 Guthrum and his peopKoul^giCeviwiTrT^^ ^" demanded that 
 cing the ChristiaiWeligion? tSs alsi w«« JJ^^". !l"'T*y ^^ «'»'"•«- 
 who were all baptizedf Alfred hmsHfhrnn '^^"^f"'®*' «» by the Danes, 
 rum, to whom he gave he honoSe 0^^'"^ ^^^ godfather of Guth- 
 success of this measure UyZtifiedtt«?»^ "f"^ u^ Athelslan. The 
 It to Alfred. The Danes seftlid in Ir.mr ^^^i'^' ^^ ^^'""^ *"*'^ suggested 
 cester, and Derby, were calleX F.Ve S,S.^'"*'°^^^^^^ I^«»- 
 
 ably as any other of Alfred's subk>rt8anH„^''"K' '*"'' 'heyliveS as peace- 
 some years after this sirnal trSh of A,K ^"" '' ''"'^trouble. For 
 land was unmolested by forS'^ .vlilC *^^ prowess and policy, Eng- 
 when a numerous fleet of Ks sEfmih?^^^^^ ""i' *'"« «««^«i«" 
 They committed considerable havoJo'fthdrrn„yTr' ^^^'"'"^ ^°"'^«»- 
 ham they found the countrv so v^^Tii 'outfc.but on arriving at Ful- 
 
 that they made a panic rSt to Thl ?h?f '■'^''? ^""^'^ »« ^««i«' 'hem. 
 as in their haste /fiey were aJle ti sTcuf^' '"'^ ^'P'^^'^ ^'^^ «"«^h «?«» 
 
 .e^s^ JHltV^^^^^^^^^ iiirj^f I P?"'«" °^ »'•- >'^« had 
 
 affairs of the kingdom. He commuted thp ll ""'V '■Se:"lating the civil 
 the government of his br(»?hS Ta - Eth«m T' ^"l^i""" «<" **«''cia to 
 of earl or duke; and in order to rend«r,t?"*' """^ ^^^ ™"'^ »nd titl^ 
 with the Saxons the more compIeTe h« Z '"f"''P"'-«t>on of the Danes 
 footing in every respect. I.Tach 3.\ IS nf&"P? "l" «""•« '"»«' 
 a.mihtia force, and made arraSSs fV,r /i^ ^ ''" established 
 
 given point in the event of a X invasion 'Vn "f "^™*"'n "P"» any 
 iwus towns rJmt had suffered in the Ch?.:., 1" "^'^^ repaired the va- 
 erected fortresses in oommundh.1 si Umfii fn'" "^u^^l '^S^""'. and 
 armed men, and as raUyT.rS7s for t ^.'1 C'"'''!,^,*'''' "" ^'P^^' f"' 
 the country around, in case Ef ied n ,, h "h T^ '7^' "• '»«"'' «' 
 dispositions thus inado by AI red made i cph f^''? «'^"?'''«hlo militar, 
 «iid themselves hollv on'nosod in ,S '^'""' *''"' ""y '"Vaders would 
 .Utack, Alfred wSs IrSSSus to haJo'thS'l^r"'" 'l''^ ""^^' '"«'^« '''«*' 
 wholly unbroken, than to bo "bliSp Im n "'7"°' P'^"'"" "^ '^o country 
 to chastise the disturbers of it ftti'Tm.'' ♦"""'Ph""tly »nd 8urelJ^ 
 the organization of such a LJal for cm ^0.",^ *"■"'«'' •'"'^ ""^"'i"" '« 
 piratical enemy from landing «,„£ sh„rr« h' '"'""I""' ''^ """^P ^^^^ 
 number and slreiigtl. of his sh n i.n^ n„ ' • ^^ S^'itly increased thp 
 
 people in naval tallies to wiTS«it^'"J'';f*'^ "■ '"f P"^''"" "^ hi« 
 kings and people of Ki gland ShZr« hi * *'*"■■ "l'"'"'' "''""tion. ih^ 
 pod effects of this wise JreSum wlro 1'" '"'""''•'^^ i"<Iiff(,ront. Trt. 
 his armed vessels lay at so numv nLTu «..T" i?'"."""''' ' «q""'lron8 of 
 he Danes, thomrh iLl.TnTlVJZ '^L""/'' «'«l'-ehosen rositions. th«t 
 I — » ' -■ " ' "■"" '" ««''»' nuraoeiB, were either wholjv 
 
 i^: r^i 
 
180 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WOBLD. 
 
 prevented from landing, or intercepted when retiring from before the land 
 forces, and deprived of their ill-gotien booty, and tlieir ships either cap- 
 tureo or sunk. In this manner Alfred at length got together a hundred 
 and twenty vessels, a very powerful fleet for that time, and as h:s own 
 subjects were at the outset but indifferent sailors, he supplied that defect 
 by sparing y distributing among them skilful foreign seamen, from whom 
 they 80011 learned all that was known cf naval tactics in that rude age. 
 
 I-or some years Alfred reaped the reward of his admirable policy and 
 untiring industry in the unbroken trancuiUity of the country, which nave 
 his subjects the opportunity of advancing in all the useful arts, and of 
 gradually repairing those evils which the long-continued internal wars 
 had done to both their trade and their agriculture. But a new trial was 
 Ptill in store for both Alfred and his subjects. 
 
 A.D. 893Ha8tingB, a Danish chieftain, who some years before had made 
 a short predatory incursion into England, but who recently had confined 
 his ravages to France, finding that he had reduced that country, so far as 
 he could get access to it, to a condition which rendered it unproductive of 
 farther booty, suddenly appeared this year off the coast of Kent, with m 
 immense horde of his pirates, in upwards of three hundred vessels. Dis- 
 embarking the main body in the Rother, and leaving it to guard the fort 
 of Apuldore, which he surprised and seized, he, with a detachment of nearly 
 a hundred vessels, sailed up the Thames as far as Miltoji, where he estab- 
 lished his head-quarters, whence he sent out his maurading parties in every 
 direction. As soon as tidings of tiiis new incursion reached Alfred, that 
 gallant monarch concentrated an immense force from the armed militia 
 in various parts of tiie country, and marched against the enemy. Settinc 
 down before Milton and Apuldore, Alfred, by his superiority of force, com- 
 pletely hemmed in the main bodies of the pirates, and their detached par- 
 ties were encountered as they returned with their booty, and cut off to a 
 man. Finding that, so far from having any prospect of enriching them 
 selves, they were, in fact, compelled to live in England upon the plunder 
 that they had stized m France, the pirate garrison of Apuldore made a 
 sudden sally with the design of crossing the Thames into Essex. But the 
 vigilant eye of Alfred was too constantly upon them to allow either secrecy 
 or suddenness to give them succe. s in this attempt. Ho arrested their 
 march at Jarnham, utterly routed them, and spoiled them of all their prop- 
 erty, including numbers of valuable horses. The slaughter was very great 
 and those Danes who were so fortunate as to survive the battle, n^ade their 
 way in panic haste to their piratical vessels, and sailed over to Essex 
 where they entrenched themselves at Mersey ; Hastings, with the division 
 under his command, at the same time going also into the county of Essex 
 and entrenching himself at Canvey. 
 
 Guthrum, who from the time of his baptism had been constantly faith- 
 ful to the engagement into which he had Entered with Alfred, was now 
 dead, as also was Guthred, another Dane of rank, who was very faithful 
 jo Alfred, by whom he had been made governor of Northumberland. No 
 longer restrained by the example and authority of those two eminent 
 chiefs, the l-.ust Anglian and Northumbrian Danes now suddenly exhibited 
 their old propensity to strife and rajuiie, got together a fleet of nearly two 
 hundred and fifty vessels, and made their appearance in hostile array be- 
 fore fcxeter. Leaving a sufficient force under comn»-tent command to 
 make head agamst the Danes in Essex, Alfred immediately hastened to 
 t.xeter, and fell so suddenly upon them, that with little loss on his side, 
 they were driven, in complete disorder and with immense loss, to their 
 fleet, I hey made attempts to land in other parts of the country ; but the 
 ijreparations which Alfred had everywhere made of militia and armed 
 ft«emen. whom the recent alarms had kept more than usually on the alert, 
 
 '*fcf..- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ^l 
 
 forced the pirates' entrenKent Jut th^"^^^^^^^^^^ 
 to the sword, and captured the wife anrt J-hn^t^L f?u-^ °^ ^^^ trarnson 
 capture was the mos'! imporS^^^^^^^ This 
 
 terpriso. Alfred had now in his hands hoS«li ^«"-c°"'^"'''®<* ^n- 
 command any terms; but so cLrons w^« hT I'^^^^u^ "'/'*"» *»« ^ould 
 women and o^hildren to lias^iS^r ZnTh^ i^?-"^*^'^' ""** ^e restored the 
 should leave the kingdom immfdiaSv andlfl ll^^'^ """'^•"°" *«* »»« 
 turn to it no more as a foemaTi ^' ^**^®'"" engagement to re- 
 
 There were very numercnfsSeredLrL of th«m \holly.at an end. 
 the leadership of Hastings, nor were wnHnr, °\''*®'"' ?'ho neither owned 
 handed. These united Knelarlefo "of J^TJ^^T^'y ^•"P'y- 
 Shobuiv, at the mouth of the ThaS whnn;„ S fortified themselves at 
 cestorsfiiire, and being re nforcedbv«'«^5fil 'k^^, '""^hed into Glou- 
 tified them'selves ve^ strong S^ BoTZ^n^ ^t^ °^ Welchmen, for- 
 body to deal with, AllVed eSeJed loiprHl u*?*!^'"* "o*'^ «nly this 
 ma/d. and drawing lines of dnZtlZ in . Z^!'^^^ '^^'^^ '*« could com- 
 sat dowt. with the detrrmiim! on of S^ around the p.rates, deliberately 
 held out for some 1^6, sTS heir w'"^^^ '"''' «»'"«i8«ion. They 
 even this miserable TesoSLt .butatlengtS 
 
 peration. The most considerable ?ortioTof?hLff^^ '^t!' i" ""*"" ^^'^ 
 that ensued, but a still formidable C.f n f "* ^f^ '" '^« ^"""^ cont«»t 
 as they passed along were pJr8uedbVl^?r^'^ ">« """"^^ 
 
 shire. 'fiere anoihe^r' Tevere^J S ejfsued an^^^^ '" ^'''^^'^^ 
 
 defeated with great loss. The remnant fm.nH J, i? ^^"u®* V^^ «ff«»n 
 of Sigefort, a Northumbrian DLe?whopSse^^^^^^^ '^^ ^^'' 
 
 very superior to those of the aener^iV^ ^fuf^ ,^^ ^^ * construction 
 sued th s fleet to the coast Mamnihi- - countrymen. The king pur- 
 rates, captured twSnty of their "rp? t d-l'v'^n^^li''^""'"^^' ""^ '^e' pi- 
 
 eno incorrigible Uanerf ire\'rteSSr:,fd' e',°., ''f ";'"■ 
 Ing and enforcing order amon/lii"o»nS!^r°^^^^^^ "" *'?*'' '» «"">'- 
 
MM! 
 
 132 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 cS\ th Jimmi" *^^ °''"?' ^^°V *^** *»«' '^'th admirable geciu8, per- 
 wJhii- 1,""'"®"^®'??°''^""'=®°^ an attention tc. details, and the ease 
 w£h wo.SrhlTn^'*''"''-*'^ ^/°5l' ^"'^ arrangements wiU produce a result 
 
 nr ^ . ^ "^ .'" ''*"* *""®<^ ** ''y any one effort however vast, 
 fh w«n ™*7 -^ *"*H®^ '^® national police estab/ished by Alfred, we take 
 the following firief and condensed, but extremely lucid and gra^iic acJ 
 
 pX™r™/"™'\"?" ^"»"^»'" «^y« "»•"«' "reduced to Se moS 
 nff Th»n"?'^?*'^ ''y ^""^ contmued depredations of the Danes, had shaken 
 hftn^l^h"*^' ^'f g"^«'"n™ent. and those who hac' been plundered to-day. 
 betook themselves on the morrow to the like disorderfy life, and. from 
 despair, jomed the robbers in pillaging and ruir.ing their fellow-ciizen? 
 These were he evils for whicli it wai necessary that tLSance and 
 activity of Alfred should provide a remedy. vigilance and 
 
 J'T'"?,* ^® might render the execution of justi»ie strict and regular hfedi 
 
 j;eds*iH"fh'"h'"?T"""?' '^^'^ «°"""«« he subdivatto hun 
 dreds, and the hundreds again into ti»hings. Every householder wa, 
 answerable for the behaviour of his family and Ms slaves, and even of^J. 
 ?!!.«lh' m'''"^ lived above three days in'^hi.i h.-ise. TerSbour uK 
 householders were formed into one corporation, who, under the name o? 
 a tuhmg decennary, or fribourg. were answerable fo'r each others con 
 duct and over whom one man, called a tithing-rian, headbourg? or bond. 
 
 who hIh n^nt^ '?*^i'° ^\%'^^' ^"^'y ""*" ^«» P»ni«hed as aS outlaw 
 who d d not register himself in some tithing, and no man could changeh s 
 
 .^n<? tn"T Vu°f * '^'',"^"', «'' ««»-tificate from the bondholder of ?hf iVl^ 
 mg to which he formerly belonged. 
 
 HirKh^?"/^ P®"*'"' '" »ny tithing or decennary, was guilty of a crime. 
 1 1 ^K*'''^'^^''. ^^^ 8"n"n«ned to answer for himf and if he were not wil- 
 ling to be surety for his appearance and his clearing himself the crimiiia 
 Mras committed' to prison, and there detained tilffitrfa If h" fleS 
 
 ,'«m/r'w '■^*"'-^"'?" ''"^'5- ""'■^'y' '*»« "ondholder and decennary be 
 came h able to inquiry, and were exposed to the penalties of the law 
 rhirty-one days were allowed them for producing the crimhial and i ' 
 
 wVnX?"P''"l^'^''''°r"' L'^^ir ^'"'^ ^^^' '« «"d him^, the bondholder! with 
 two other members of the decennary, was obliged to appear and to 
 gether with three chief members of tlie three neighbourfnldecennaries' 
 t"v bo^h n?yh '" •"' '" '''"^' '^* *>'« decennary was frKm all p ?v' 
 & f liP'^.i*'^ *'"?'/ con'n»"ed, and of the escape of the criminal. If 
 
 ienc« iS^i'"' "''''^^ "°' ^"^ """h ^ »»•"''«' '« answer for Zr i„no 
 kfn„ : ^^ .^^^'^nnary was compelled by fine to make satisfaction to the 
 king, according to the degree of the offence. By this institution everv 
 man was obliged by his own interest to keep a Watchful eye over Z 
 conduct of his neighbour, and was in a manner surety fo ih^e bZliour 
 of those who were placed under the division to which he^belonged whence 
 these decennaries received the name of frank-pledees. ^'""'^''''' '^"*'"*^* 
 
 men?"in th^ffh^h?*?"''""*'" °^ *!!' P"°P'«' *'"^ «"«»> a strict confine 
 ment in their habi ation, may not be necessary in times when men arp 
 nn.T'^'^ to obejie„ and justice, and it might perhaps be regarded as 
 ?^1.,E?,**^ liberty and commerce in a polished state; but it was well 
 rrSintl^V'''"'.''^'* ''"'■"« «"'* licentious people under theZuUrv 
 rL. fr« h? r ""'l.&oyernment. But Alfred tW care to temper tS 
 IT^L^ ''I-'' 'n«l".»"on<» more favourable to the freedom of the S 
 aens, and nothiiifir could be more popular or liberal than his plan for tlu 
 5f ;^«r„™ Vr °V J"l' ""•• T''^ "holder summoned togethe Sis whl 
 t^nTZ *•* ""T h'n> in deciding any lesser difference^hich ocied 
 among the members of this small community. In affairs of creater im, 
 
 Sbi';.Tdiff« rTJ*'" ''"'''^""T °^ '" controversirarisiSrbetween 
 inembera of different decennaries, the cause was brouffht before thi. hun 
 drcd, which consisted of ten decennaries, or « hundred famiUes of frer 
 
.-•• i-X^ 
 
 HISTORY OP THE W.ORLD. 133 
 
 of that division, to administer rmDartial V.Sf "' ' P'"^?'**'"? magistrate 
 
 tioa of that cause which wa^^SfflJoSirSSon AnTh"'''!?" 
 these monthly meetings of the hundred thpro Lo» , ^"^ ''®^*<^« 
 
 pointed for a^more ge.feral inspect"on of tbr^S o? ZtstnT?^ T 
 inquiry mto crimes, the correction nf nh„ii„ • • '*'^'"«'» for the 
 
 obliging of every person to /how Hi. L*^"^^^ '" magistrates, and the 
 tered. ^The peop^^fn mUation of thpfr of '^ '" '^^'''^ ^« *^«« r«g'«- 
 there in arms-whence Hundred wafL^T'" ancestors, assembled 
 audits courts served both for the sroortTf'S" «*»«d. a wapentake, 
 the administration of civU jStJce ^ "^ discipline, and for 
 
 u hirm^uiiTalLTaftir MicUe/mL'""^ "^^ ^''^ -""^^ -""^^ 
 the freeholders of the coSntv who nnTl« "J^ Enster, and consisted o 
 
 sion of causes. The bS^i'gd'^rSu ^^ '*" .T^^ V'^ '» '^^ d««i- 
 derman, and the proner owfo? nf t h. ^ »^ *''*"['' '"^^'her with the al- 
 
 from th; hundredKd"d:ctlrres^'n^eTc!drn^S^ '' T^^'* 
 sies as arose between men nf Hi«n>r«!n» hZ "^?,"*'"^0' such controver 
 
 man possessed bot^tL Sitary a^d the Sf »!,1f' .rT"^^.*'** ^^^^^ 
 sible that this conjunction of Swers rend«riH th"'"*^Jr^"^ ^^^'^'^' ««» 
 independent, appointed also a sheriff Inlti "*! ""^'^''J' dangerously 
 ordinate authority wilh the former in th«^^H-"/^r' "^^^ «"J«y«'^ « «<>■ 
 also empowered him to guard Zriihu„^f^"d'^'*' '^"".^^T «*» office 
 to levy the fines imposed whthinLf r^^ '"■^"'" '" ">« ^^O'^ty* a»d 
 of the>ublic revenS? • '" ""*' *^^ '^"'"■"^^ "« contemptible part 
 
 ki.;7ht"eS'in couB'.' 'a"nd'aTVe'i"oT' "''^'"•k^" ^^««« ''°"'''' ^o the 
 great talents of Alfred7plSed their oJ^p?^^^^^^ "/• '^« «q»'»y a«d 
 
 overwhelmed with SeS ffrom alllr,. Tv^T^I'' ^',™• ''^ ^^^^^ s""" 
 gable in the dispatch of these cl.^irh,? « ,E"&'«»d. He was iudefati- 
 entirely engrossed by hsbrancS of 'd^S"^ V.^'' 'l""^ »""«' "« 
 convenient by correcting the i™o?L,n« ^' h^ '^^'''''^^ ^"^ "''^''*'« '^e in- 
 magistrates, from whic k a ose^ H« .Lif ''^ *'°'"''"'?"**'"- °^ ^^^ ^"fe'-ior ' 
 insmicted i^ letters and ,e law. he Vhnii ?k'^ '" .''^"^ «" *•'« "ability 
 
 among the men most clbrated ^^probitv aJd^Sowln"'^ '^'''^" K^"" 
 severe y all malversation in offir-fl aKl^ knowledge ; he punished 
 found unequal to the rtrurSaw.nl ,, '^""r^^.u^ ''" ^^^ ^^''^^ ^^om he 
 bydeputy,till thei death Should mak5rn„%"'^ '^^ ™°''^ «'^«''y »« «erve 
 . Without any quallSa ioS of a rian^e ?o?l;i.rr «^""hy.«»«ee««ors." 
 in which he lived, the mil tarv anH i.;! l^re '«»d circumstances 
 
 fred, and their noble and S^tent' levotioT';'.' If" ""'" '•'*i^'"» "^ A'" 
 
 iearn even the very elementB nf ii.i?o;. ^i^^i" °''' ®'^® ''« ''egan to 
 
 yearsof his glorious life he ZiroXn'^V^^^ *^»'' *^,""»? the laUer 
 illness almost a.nouUn^obodi?vSiSv f"^"7.* »»d painful fits of 
 <o exaggerate his n ler ts Go J-it x^S "/' '* '*'?"''^ "" ^e an easy task 
 iul studlnt, as well^ a mi^htrclXh, „ m^'I,'*';.* P^''«"' *"'* '''ought- 
 
134 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ^rp Tn thf^ monarch, as is possible for one of oui fallible and irau 
 h^. aS ^^a f "^^"^ °^ ^'« O"'" »Se fie gave benefits, some of which 
 5rn»a. nf"i?^? ^'1?l'° "^ °"'" e:«"«ratiou ; his renown shines forthl! 
 o tChf^, InJ'^'T ''•? '°™« ^"S**' particular star, a beacon of greatnesJ 
 Pnliinf ^"aJ"^ goodness to private men; and sad will that dly be for 
 H«h^r/w^!:t'^*^ ^" be the English character, when the geSerS^ 
 t.nn »t ^ifi '^ r '•''•"A'^ith 'I lively, a grateful, and a gladly proud enS 
 tion at the mention of him whom their sturdy fathers ffeartfly and iuSlv 
 hailed by the proud name of Alfred the Great. ^ ^ 
 
 CH.4.PTER VIII. 
 
 HI8T0RT or THE ANGLO-SAXONS, FROM THE DEATH OP ALFRED THE GREAT TO 
 THE REIGN OF EDWARD THE MARTYR. 
 
 Alfred the Great, who died in the year 901, had three sons and thrp« 
 daughters by his wife Ethelswitha. the daughter of an eari of Merc's 
 IlconK„'pA*^'^'5""1: ^i"^ ''^'■^'•^ ^™' ^^^ h« ^«« succeeded by h?s 
 
 Though Edward was scarcely, if at all, inferior to his truly ereat father 
 in point of military talents, his reign w'as, upon the wh2, a tirbuem 
 one and one that by no means favoured the growth in the kingdom o 
 
 SI ^'h"''r*'1?*"'y'«''^^'*=^» Alfred had laid the foundations ™oth 
 deep and broad. But the fault was not with Edward ; he had to contend 
 against many very great difficulties, and he contended against them S 
 tf« r.!l„T?^»t ^'"^ prudence. He had scarcely paid the last sadXer o 
 his royal father when his title to the throne was disputed by his cous m 
 hi^'ri^^r- '""] ""J ^'^'^^^Ibert, the elder brother of Alfred. . Had "he hS 
 SrH^n ^"-^"^ *^^'^^"' "" ^^^ "°^" ''^^n '^s y«t strictly settled with a 
 Kl P'^"np^«""»'-e. tl>e claim of Ethelwold would have, undoubted! 
 ly, been a just one. But such was far from being the case ; many cir 
 nrZ^T^'' ^^^ character, or even the infancy of tSe actual he?r "n 'he 
 order of pritnogen.ture, very often inducing the magnates and people as 
 
 1^%T^ ulA^l'^-^ ^'T^^^' '"^ P^«« «^«f h™ who in this point of view 
 Zrr^,! "fhtful heir, m favour of one better qualified, and giving highe^ 
 promise of safety and prosperity to the nation. ^ ^ 
 
 ^-thelwold had a considerable number of partizans, by whose aid he 
 
 ,?nnrt1 h-"'^^ '^"l^ rP"«'"S f'^^^^' »"d f^^^'fi^d himself at Winiborno 
 m Dorsetshire, with the avowed determination of referring his c aim to 
 
 he decision of war. But the military condition in whic llf ti had lef^ 
 the kingdom now rendered his son good service. At the first intimatioi 
 
 hat he received of his cousin's opposition, he on the instant colCd a 
 numerous and well-appointed army and marched towards him, dete* 
 mined no to have the internal peace of the whole kingdom disturbed bv 
 a series of petty struggles, but to hazard life and crown upon the decisioX 
 tion nf".^'' ^'^^^^^''^'- As the king approached, however, the informa" 
 t on of his overwhelming force that was conveyed to Ethelwold so much 
 
 trea to Normandy Here he remained inactive for some time bufi^t 
 
 Sfs'ltnT?" H '^ ^'' "^r*^"^* ""''^'"^'1 ^hat he had finally abandoS 
 nis pretensions, he passed over into Northumberland, where he was well 
 received by the Danes of that district, who were gild of any pretence 
 however sfight, for disavowing their allegiance to the actualSgTf S 
 hr i^nP^ five bu her ^^,,^ ^^^^ ^^ j^^^^ state of rarely 
 
 broken tranquillity also oiiied Ethelwold, and the country had once more 
 the prospect of endless and ruinous internal warfare. E.helwo Id led h'a 
 
 #11 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 135 
 
 rnHibootcis jito Wiltshire, GlouceBtershiro nn/i n^r j v 
 th«.r escape good, with m immense bootv er« ?h/°'^"^"^r• ^"** '""'^^ 
 come up With them. But the S followin' hi« f ^ ^^^^ 1°""^^ "'^"''^ 
 aud fealfuUy retaliated upon that diSrSftl^- ^°^^ '!?'*' ^«"* ^"^"a'. 
 flicted upoa his peaceable s!bie?tsW^^^^^ 'njuries that had been in- 
 oraer to retire, a part of Ws imv ch^Sv kl„u«H*"^ "P?"' i?* ^'^'^^ *»»« 
 They were, consequently, left bSnH in fL'***,™*"' ''•sobeyed him. 
 busily engaged ia adc^ng^o heir alreadv country and, while 
 
 furiously ieF upon by the Danes tIT&^ °°*/' '^^'^ suddenly and 
 .n the e'nd the'oaneVwere v"c ^rio^s S tho-h^^n'''""'' °" bothUs. 
 of the field of battle, they lost then;«v«„t if 1^ they remamed masters 
 original promoter of the war EtTelwoW h/mt-fr"' ^r? ^T"^ ^^^"^ t^*« 
 were now glad to accept thrtern^??fnil^T'^ J^^ ^^^ Anglians 
 and he, having nothing to fLr from ,lf.Tt "^^^l ** *'i^'" ^^ ^^e king; 
 subduing the Danes of nSLShI,^' ^T^'^ l"^ whole attention to 
 fleet, under the impressionthatW^^Irr?^- *?^ accordingly fitted out a 
 would infalUbly Xpel ?hem tJ r^^in^f ^^^ "^f' ^? *'^«'''««'n ««ast he 
 the necessity they wbuld eZrienS of «/™'" Pl""^^""^ his people, by 
 own property. BiUthe coSseauen.P of^^^ ** ''""'^ ^° ^^f«nd their 
 .•ontraVtowLt the king hannynStillnLill' '»?:"'«""« was directly 
 f>e. They judged that the king's flee ciS^^ ^'^''^'"' ^"PP^^^ it woul'd 
 England; and, trusting he safrtlnffh-^ '^® •"*'" ^'""'^'^ strength of 
 andthechapter of acfidems SL U^l""^" property to concealment 
 off their coast than they made a I^nH l^"''' '"''" ""^ '"ey^^ «««' ^PP^ar 
 they, too, had reasoned^vhh more seem ^/^^^^^ T" '''" English. But 
 
 Edward was fully prenared k. Lit thliK^? "?*' correctness, 
 he attacked them at SSu ?n SnJfr ^^ '''"^'^ ^^ "'^^ »« ^y «ea; and ' 
 to the sword, recovered £whofeo?S''"^'P"^^ great number of them 
 subjects, and drove all those of ?hPmit^ ^^°'^^ ^^2^ ^^'^ ''»'^«n f™™ his 
 •nost desolate and poverfrstricken sta^^imfr • ^^^^^ *"" ''^P^^''^' '" » 
 
 During the whoferSindTr of X^X . • 
 
 one party or another of the English DaTes Rnf^L ^1 ^"l- ^i'*^"^?'^ ^■^'" 
 severely in its turn- and bv SHi. ^^^ ''® chastised each party 
 
 fortified Chester. Warwick rS^t '^"^ ^"'^ unsparing liberality, he 
 as to leave them lUt?eTo Lr ?mm ^'■' and many other cities so strongly 
 vering and ranc™%tmTes nSe^^^^^ incursion of their perse^ 
 brians, the East Anglians thpRHHi * -k^ he vanquished the Northum- 
 tiers. and compelled thrScots Jhohif °^.^k'' """'■"^* ^" ^is fron- 
 *o submit to h m. He warmucKfd.H in v^"^'^ ''^^" ^^""y troublesome, 
 Ethelfleda, widow of the Mercian earl Ffh'pihf 1''"^''^^'''' ''^ ^'^ «'«'«' 
 masculine genius as well afma cuUne hSSfand Ve^'erinr^ ' ^""'^" ^'^ 
 
 rioSri; n :itelX"fal£5 atL'^n^atf "V^ '^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ 
 Danes who had long lived in habiS of nl! °"^ ' ^'"" '". '^ '"''"^ "^ those 
 for plundering, and fo 2y batUes fl/hf fn ZT^'^ '"^ "'"'■" °'^ ^^^t" 
 even when he was the most siffnaHv vff^- ^'? **«^n «o»ntry could not, 
 
 ous to both the prosperUy"an"tr,!for" ThTs'peopt""'" ''^" *"^■""■ 
 
 of it occurred now TdTald lift SlT '? '''l^.T- ^""'her instance 
 years far too teS to admit of the r^. 'iHL'*' ^^'ll'^''"".' ^"* '^^^ *«••« «' 
 under any circuSnces ai resieeiLfrr'-"^.^^'.^'"^'"'' °^ government 
 ofEngla/d beingaScinvuVefbylh^K ^f ?' 
 
 nation therefore passed those vouW rhilHrf k The chief people of the 
 Athelstan, an illegitimate so^n^hp £ children by and gave the throne to 
 
136 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Such was the awful Set in XS^h" °^'^ ''^^'' ^'^'*'' '^e pope,- 
 
 was his sanctity supposed to LS ' ^°^^' "^"^ '''''^' ^" ""*''' 
 
 lieved that the fatrSf Anan L In « " T' '^"''l'>' ''"'^ universally be- 
 
 one who fihouM Xe to iroatl^aK^ "'"""''^^^y ''^'"^^^^y 
 
 absurd as it was. had ^In^r ^ofo^SL"^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 sdfa1;dh"e^SKC'relWL^^^^^^^ 
 
 scarcely pronounced th2 words dip?. »h fT"*'^ °^*^°P« -^"f*"' ^ut had 
 8ions. in ivhich he conUnu^d till h s Sh wt '"l ""^ ''" ^f- '"^° ^0"^»1- 
 This story has been Spn nf 1= h ' ^^^^"^^ occurred in three days 
 
 think diffeSy Wmo„k« rlf^ f '"^ ^?"'■^ '"''"'''«'» invention. We 
 but that is no Lson rrassumi'^^^h'eir.^^^ ""^ «^«» '"^««'. 
 
 there is no proof against thir and «fh«/"'"-!!''''.'''^ ''K^ <'''"*'"'^t "^'^ere 
 consequencSto he^Xld saAc^ tv S T^ :!""'?"' attaching the slightest 
 the Jual occurrence K eZTll trXl^Ti::! ^i' ^P'?'" 
 
 confined to the piorandLw.''' !''!?„ r„^« L" "'««« ^J'^Y^ ^) 
 
 i»^ 
 
 asy ...... .„ u„ o„ ,,, jiujj case } st 
 
 no means confined to the ooor anH ir>«ri,r ~ i ' — ■"" ■;■"•'*' ""j" "i 
 
 sense of that word-was the hSJS^'r ignofance-in the scholastic 
 or the trampled and despised clnrll^il'''^/'''.r^''"'^'' ^"°" «« "-e" «- 
 • many a noble wS dS «?I hnS "^ ''"^'J' ^^"'"« "'^ Athelstan ; and 
 merely physfcaT danger would bWhT^^ ^°"'''^, scornfully upon all 
 village lass of a mofe e\iTiStenlT,Sv I'r"''" ^/ ^''^^^ *'"** ">« ^''np'^^f 
 upon record to lead us o beS fuZ m "'Ifr""^ "'" ^'"^''^ '« "othing 
 such matters than the genera tvonnhpl' '"^ iT' "'?'*' '^''^P'''-'^' "^ 
 for life and possesions and n/rJ?i-f'\ ■^^^^'^ ^J « '^^''•'^ »f sa^ty 
 the c.mseque„co8 alleged to aSi^^^ ''»P« "^ ««<=«P« fro"' 
 
 he might be buoyed iTsufflcirnlv'Sn^ "f ''/"' '"'' ^"•«PO''ed to commit, 
 very moment of^coZitUn^ it t/rmr^^^'' '^1 ^^7' «"'' y^'.at the 
 "f a tremendous guU So tJ?/' ^r^^^"'^"'^ of the consciousnost 
 from infancy he ha3 heaPtf pred La ed o? 1^''/'^'*"', ^""^^r^"^^'' ^^"ch 
 unlikely to affect £ braS/ M. n , L m "^^^^ 'f""' ^^'^"''^ «»f«'y ^e not 
 lioldingsome horrible siX nth«r- h» maddened on the instant at be 
 
 ranks of men a most S,nvi„c L Z^ 
 
 doubly guilty, first of (.onsnr,u?„,?I ""' r""'y "''' ^•f''°'' »'ad beer. 
 
 king 'Jn iU^'SuiZZlX mm„"L^r;.7tot »'r /!-'.'!"' 
 was to Mour all AIfr(d'« ,Ii.n,TL, „.T "'t ' ?"''.""»' to dispute his r ght 
 
 took caro to streng £ a, d rfirmU.rfSplin^ u^'^'^'l «""'• T"« kl!.g 
 "f A !fr.„l'8 property, as t Imih h ? dZlf 7 »>y confiscating the wholo 
 tantamount to a judcal sentence tZ ' 'f"' ''"' '•"•.^"'""t'"""^". was 
 
HISTORY OP THE WOELD • ' j^, 
 
 hairi of his OTO^'^r TSta''' B i',*.'""' " "h°'" he\l„ °™r: 
 
 ?ar?„3's~lrEte^^ 
 
 sumption of the vmm^ J^^ * Pleasure. Hiehlv offenA^^ "jiijeking'a 
 to prove a troublesome enemvtrfhP'^'"'"P'"''"« Dane who was so lilr„i 
 
 his subm 8«Ton wem to'l.'"""''"^ «'"^ '•im^^lHS tmarmfn ^"vS'^^'"*"- 
 
 iiiiiiiisiiii 
 
188 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 when he saw a pix)fe88edly poor and wandering minstrel buryuig the 
 king" 8 rich gift. He accordingly warned the liing that his daring enemy 
 had been in his tent. At first the king was very angry that the soldier 
 had not made this discovery while there was yet time to have seized 
 upon the pretended minstrel ; but the soldier nobly replied, that having 
 served under Anlaf, he could not think of betraying him to ruin, any more 
 Jian he now could peril the safety of Athelstan himself by neglecting to 
 warn him of Anlaf 's espionage. To such a mode of reasoning there could 
 be no reply, save that of admiring praise. Having dismissed the soldier, 
 Athelstan pondered on the probable consequences of this stealthy visit 
 paid to his tent by Anlaf; and it having struck him that it was very likely 
 to be followed by a night-attack, he immediately had his tent removed. 
 The bishops of that day were to the full as brave and as fond of war as 
 the laity, and on that very night a bishop arrived with an armed train to 
 the aid of his sovereign. The prelate took up the station which the king 
 had vacated ; and at night the king's suspicion was verified with great 
 exactitude. A sudden attack was made upon the camp, and the enemy, 
 disdaining all meaner prey, rushed straight to the tent which they sup 
 p .sed to be occupied by the king, and the belligerent bishop and his im- 
 mediate attendants were butchered before they had time to prepare foi 
 their defence. 
 
 'i'he decisive battle of Brunanburgh gave Athelstan peace from the 
 Danes, and he devoted the remainder of his reign to wise and active en- 
 deavours to improve the character and condition of his subjects. Several 
 of his laws were well calculated to that end, and there is one which particu- 
 larly entitles him, even without any reference to the barbarism of the age 
 in which he made it, to the character of a profound and sagurious think 
 er. Anxious' to encourage a mercantile spirit among his subjects, he or- 
 dained by this law tliat any mercliant who on his own adventure should 
 make three sea voyages should, as a reward, be promoted to the rank of a 
 thane or gentle. 
 
 After an extremely active and prosperous reign, upon which, however, his 
 endeavour to persuade the Scottish kmg into the commission of an act of the 
 fouUest treachery has left one dark and indelible stain, though the only 
 one, this king died in the year 941, and was succeeded by his half brother 
 fidrnund, the legitimate 8(m of Edward the Elder, 
 
 Stimulated by the accession of a new king, and the unsettled state of 
 things naturally connected with a new reign, the Danes of Northumber- 
 land broke out into rebellion against Edmund as soon as he had ascended 
 the throne. IhU Edmund nmrched so promptly against them, and at the 
 head of so impoBing a force, that they met him with aHsurnnces of the 
 most humble and permanent submission, and even voluntarily offered to 
 prove their sincerity as Gnthrurn and his followers had formerly done to 
 Alfred, by becoming Christians. Edmund accepted their submission, but 
 he wisely judged that the submission t^xtortod by an armed force was not 
 likely to lust much longer than the fear which that force awakened; and 
 he therefore removed the five Fiurgher Dai "s from the Mercian towns in 
 which they had been allowed to settle. A wise precaution, as they had 
 Invariably taken advantage of tlu ir situation to aid rebellious or invading 
 Danes to penetrate into tlie very heart of th»i kingdom. 
 
 Cumberland, in the hands of the Welsh llritoim had been on many uo 
 casions a sore annoyance to the northern portion of the English dominion, 
 nnd Edmund took an op|M)rtunity to wrest ft from the llritons and to bestow 
 it ns u military fief on Scotland, that power accepting it on condition ol 
 protecting the northern part of Englaiiil fruin Danish incursion. 
 
 Edmund's active and useful reign had only endured six years when he 
 WOM murdered under ciroumstances which give us a strange notice of the 
 iluaiestio habttk of royalty at th«t day. Ho was seated at a banqueU a 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ,„ 
 
 ordered the fellow from the room «nrf i^*' "■"''J®'^*' ^he king angri y 
 seized him bv the throat and Sivc^^^Vd trtSt"^-'**™" "'^^^ 
 ruffian had from the first intended^rassaMini^/ih ™^?"^ Whether the 
 king's strength and passion alarmed the rnhh"*'? ^^l^'^S, or whether the 
 ain ; but from whichever cause Leoif -mH^ f°'i"' °'^" ''f^' '« ""cer- 
 k''if d the king on the spot : a d?'946 ^'"'^ '''^"' h'* '^'^SS^' and 
 
 li-dmund was succeeded by his brolh«r va^a 
 regularity in 'he successionf aYEdZind tfr?h'iir'''l'' •"»"»»«« of ir- 
 they were deemed unfit for the thrnno ^ j 1 "h'^'en, but so young that 
 jealousy of the Saxon noWea a^ XrevemeJ 7ult\ "''V^^!^ '^« '"^'""a 
 porary regency, as a means at orce^of nreserv na?h T '*""'''"» «<" « »««'- 
 «on and remedying the nonage of the difecf El i^ ?" '^"^''^ *'*"^«'" ofsucees- 
 had no sooner ascended his throne hantZni^^*''^^^^^ The new king 
 proved how justly AthelstaiihadTdJd of thlj?*"*' ""^ Northumberlana 
 peace to which they had so sSemWpLled t^^^^ ^l ^'^"^"'S the 
 
 vancmg upon them with a numerous armv .h^T"*'.''?- ^"' ^'^'•«d a^l . 
 submissive aspect which had dTsarmedSwmth^n?!'' '"'". ^'''^ ^he same 
 king, however, was so much nrnlrA^A i! .u™*'' °^^^" predecessor. The 
 that he would not allow their Cmt^ t ^^^" ^^'l^ disobedience to him 
 severe punishment upon th^m He a^ccor^T"' f'*" '"'•«"' i"flifting a 
 •word, and plunderecf and bir ned theiS ron^?!^. ^"' """X "'"'^ein to the 
 and then, his wrath appeased, lecoS^^ consfderable extent 
 
 glance and withdrew LtroorSrceivh^"^^^^^^ "^ »"«- 
 
 ever-faithless people again broke out intn^~Lii^® '^''"? "" "'hen these 
 this particular occasion less Cy any merdt nr;>'''''"'''P'' r '"P'«d «" 
 by the real and terrible distress to wlL??K •'?"'""''''"« '^^^hng, than 
 them. This now revolt was'^howevi VeedilJ"f .fr"'^ l'"^ ™'^""«d 
 an Lnghsh governor of NortlSorTanTun, L ^ ' •''^' ""^ ''" "PPointed 
 chief towns to enable himtoH n h . * . ' '''"'^''•' garrisons in all tlie 
 aUo made Malcolm ofSfo'andT^p'ia'rhSr'^' r ^'!''^ "''°'" 'his timj 
 berland. Though Kdrod, as his '^^m ,1. !. r"*^^ ^'^^ '" fi«f "fNorthum 
 strated. was botg a brave am? a, aotiv^'"".- ,!"%*''''''y '" his rngn demon- 
 stmous. He delighted to bo iurrZ.rh^* ^^ •'''''' *'*''"«''''''y »«'P«r- 
 pecial favourite Dunstan, abbot ToZiri.^ P"""V ""^' to lii/ew 
 some of the most influential and imS ant n^!.''" r"?K °"'y """""Htcd 
 to a very ridiculous extent, surreiiEcU I .?.? "^ ^he state, but also 
 sense. Of a haughty temi er S S. i *f""''^""« "'^ his own common 
 der to have tools f,,r^the.SSnnro^r^'"?"'' •'"'' '»°"''' '» » 
 ofselfMiggrandizement.intn.dSin. 'p,?!il '^^ 
 order of monks, the HonX t r Jhi T "«'"'«' « »'««» ""'"ber of a new 
 
 yond that lai.H,y anrf nSorrf^r bi'*^'?'^ '* '^'■''*'' "P'*" <^<'hhacy be! 
 
 KSd^Sffl^ 
 
 more willing and passive selval.fi P''*"'*' "" "^"'"^ "«» f"*" «o bo 
 
 «tan,andlns«|,„„,t,i,,,,H,,y Z^^^^^^^^ ambitious policy „f „uf,. 
 
 afford,.,! full opp,,rtu„ityTr JZcr , -ri ■T"''''""'' """d of K.Jrnd 
 was verv Kreat over2\,e, p , 'a?i':,i „?" '""."rT "^ '>"""»«». indeedi 
 menee.llii!; under oironmCaeswirhu n'L' *'"' •""» ' 'h,.ugh ho com- 
 termiiie,* ambition, «n,l." 113^1 1^^^^^^ have ruined a man ofless Z 
 
 *olf. Of nobl6 birlii. undorv'hI:';lrl!!?l':iPi'„"!'''''hyrcnsy than him 
 
 riiiK ooen oUu. 
 
'0 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 i;ated by his uncle, the accomplished Adhelra. archbishop oi Canterbury, 
 he entered the church early in life, but with so little of real vocation to the 
 sacred profession, that his way of life procured him a most unenviable 
 character ; and King Edmund, in whose reign this famous saint of the 
 Koman calendar commenced his career, looked coldly upon a priest whose 
 debauchery was represented to be such as would disgrace even a layman 
 •enraged at flnduig his ambition thus suddenly checked, he was not the 
 less determined that the check should be but temporary. Affecting to be 
 suddenly stricken with penitence and shame, he secluded himself, at first 
 from the court, and then altogether from society. He had a cell made foi 
 Ills residence, of such scant dimensions, that he could neither stand fully 
 upright in It, nor stretch himself out at full length when sleeping; and ir 
 this miserable dwelling, if dwelling it can be called, he perpetually turned 
 from prayer to manual labour, and from manual labour to prayer, durina 
 all his hours, except the very few which he allowed himself for sleep The 
 austerity of his life imposed upon the imaginations of the superstitious 
 people, who considered austerity the surest of all proofs of sanctity ; and 
 when, whether in mere and unmingled hypocrisy, or in part hyjocrisy 
 and part self-delusion, he pretended to be frequently visited and temptec 
 bjr hatan m person, his tale found greedy listeners and ready believers 
 from one degree of absurdity to another is but an easy step for vulaai 
 credulity. It being once admitted that Satan, provoked or grieved by the 
 immaculate life and fervent piety of the recluse, visited him to tempt him 
 into sin, what difficulty could there be in supposing that the recluse re 
 sisted a long time only with prayer, but at length resorted to physical 
 force, and held the fiend by the nose with a red hot pairof tongs, until he 
 shrieked aloud with agony, and promised to abstain for the future from his 
 unholy importunity ? Such was the tale which Dunstan, the recluse, had 
 the audacity to offer to the public belief and such was the tale to which 
 the public listened with attentive ears, and gave "faith and full credence." 
 When a long seclusion, and carefully circulated rumours of his piety and 
 self-mortificalion, had done away with llio ill impressions which had beet, 
 excited by wilder, but in reality, far less censurable conduct of his earlier 
 (lays, Uunstaii once more made his appearance at court; and. as Edred 
 was deeplv tinged with superstitious feeling, the priest was kindly re- 
 ceived at first, and very soon favoured and promoted above all the othei 
 courtiers. Raised to the direction of the treasury, and being, moreover, 
 the king's private adviser in all important concerns, Dunstan had immense 
 power and uifliienco. which he used to advance the great object of Rome 
 ui sHbstitulir.g the devoted monks for the comparatively independent se- 
 
 lZl'»Zt'^^\v Ai ''V''^*f ^*'""y ^'*'? "^ "Sections, were not sufficiently 
 prostrate or blindlv obedient to suit the papal purpose. During nine yvurn 
 -the length of EdVed's reign-the monks made immense progress in E J! 
 land. They enlisted the feelings of the people on their side by their sS- 
 vere and passionate declamation against the worldly live8,.and espcrially 
 
 «f.l J V^^ "pprobrious name of concubines. And though he seculu 
 clergy, who possessed both talent and wealth, exerted themselves man 
 fully, not only to defend their own lives, but also t(, expose tZhynoS 
 pretended purity, and actual and oven shameful worldiness and semuaitv 
 of heir opponents, the power and credit of Dunstan weighed fearful? 
 against them The death of Edred, which occurred in mf revived heft 
 hopes, and threatened to stop the progress of the monks, and to owej 
 the credit of their patron Dunstan. • ' 
 
 The children of Edred were still in their infancy wh.^n he died and hia 
 nephew hdmund's son Kdwy, who had himself been passed ver in favo I 
 of'Kdn.d 01, the same account, now succeeded to the throne? H^wM a 
 ih« tima of his lucceaiion only about seventeen years of age. ami bleMeJ 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ' ,„ 
 
 the enmily^of .he Sionki" w 'h wk m Klf'!?'' °' "J"' •""» "«e o 1 fmSJ 
 commencomenl of his career """° "» ''»<' »><"iou«quarreUltheveri 
 
 enced to perceive all the ev S tLT Sht^**'^ 1^*^™*' ^" too inexperi! 
 fe.rElg.va from his provoK the fiS^'i^^"' V° ^'^ himself a„cf the 
 monks ; and in despite of antheJvio^'.^T^^^' «"'^ "ow very powerful 
 he espoused her. The coarse a,.dSn/"^ """■"'"»« "^ '^e ecclesiastSH 
 occasion to pass upon the marSLJ^ "'*'®"^"''« "'hich the monks S 
 count of their gloom and 8eSrKlT^''^/''\'^*«"'^« which7onTc 
 whom he took every occasion »^^Ji- ^^^ ^^^ alwaVs felt to the mnnb^ 
 
 ^rl^'T '"■/"J ««""S be"lol1r ^"f endelvours'to ptst',' 
 
 If the kmg had disliked the mZTf 1 "® secular clergy. * ' 
 
 d most hitter hatred Bv hi! T"^"' "V® ""'"'^s now hated thi> Hn,r wk 
 
 by his favours toThe secJlJ El^^S.^^ f-^jl offendeSfhdrWgiSZ^^^^^ 
 
 Str"*' 'l)«^ '•htTtL'^ery ty 'oT'the ""'"^ ^"-^'^ »>«'-<J '« the 
 manife.'-tation of it; the day unon whinLk ^'L« /ozonation for their first 
 ere.gn, at which to outrage h?miV»mi ^''^^^ad sworn fealty to tha sov 
 
 S-a;-.r-.k-Si=i!;ssS2 
 
 The Saxons, like their ancestn ♦»,» 
 
 archbishop of Canterbury. Se nr« '"f'''^"' ^"""t«n. and by Od, 
 '"m in the most severe to ms for all^^!. ""^"''"' churchmen upbraided 
 08t epithets to the alarmed m'cen nX ■T'.T"''''' «PPli«rf thV™ „rs 
 "•«"««"« of riot and drunkSS frmn S h^^>'.!^'"''""8 him backTnTo 
 
 Edwy had not sufficient power Si «'"'''' ''? ^"'^ ^o '«tely escaped 
 fliato and direct revon^e for Z« r« ^ influence in his court t<. take .Vm« 
 
 .•;; ph ho „„ u... aco„„„. p™>.„s,'n?&,i'j r ;;;h'.';^tir 
 
 k'gdom. lV)werfuU«l)„„/,anw" ' 'l ""^ «"'ere<l him to leave "hJ 
 ^ute such an o«leri J,« J.'m u!.^",?' ''.« W'?" "ot yet in a condiiinnl 1. 
 
 --""-"^'Tiniuii III, king, but hedid "nor^ 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 fhiSn Tl^l to rebel agriinst the kingly authority. He went abroad, 
 hercfore, but he left behind, in the person of Odo, the archbishop of Can 
 erbury.one who was both qualified and willing to supphrWrplaceSi 
 
 msolence to the king personally, and in traitorous intrigue against hKyS 
 
 Sv»?'hi ^''V"? A '"''^H ^^'^^^ upon the banishment of DuiS 
 richly as his conduct had merited a severer punishment, as a themP iirw»n 
 which to sound anew the praises of that acEomSed hypocr teSnc^o 
 
 Inf^Zi^n^''T^°^ ***« '''"« *»^ «!»««« '« 'he eyesTf he' people 
 In FJ bigoted and igftorant an age such tactics as these were sure to .faJ 
 ceeu; and having made the king hateful, us well as th?a"««" «hn^ 
 they represented as the wicked and artful Reducer of LrQand'im^^^^ 
 evil conduct, both as a man and sovereign, Odo and his base toiS « 
 tength ventured from whispered calumny and falsehood, to vioLice the 
 most undisguised, and to cruelty the most inhuman and deteatable 
 .hf'T '?^""^ their aversion to Edwy's marriage with his cous n to be 
 he chief cause of his opposition to their interests, Odo and the moiki«h 
 party hated the queen even more bitterly than they did the ki^S him 
 self. Proceeding to the palace with a strong guard, ^J seized unonth; 
 
 S?rr"' "T'^'^ *'"^^**=« *''h hot ifons to 'efface 'hose Srms 
 which had wrought so much evil to the ambitious church m«nonS 
 ried her into Ireland, where it was intended he shouifbrk^ptundT^ 
 strict surveillance for the remainder of her life. Edwy was SturaUv 
 both brave and passionate, but he was nowerlpss in r^« hL^. !>f it ■ ^ 
 monks as a lion'in the toils of the huTrs , he ende^^^^^^^^ 
 happy queen, but he could neither save her from this horrible o^raJp nn." 
 even punish her brutal and unmanly persecutor Nay mo eSbd" 
 
 lo^ln IT^*""!!'"''^ ""^ ^.*''*'^ '''« •!"««"• demanded Ihrshe should he 
 lormally divorced, so much more powerful was the cro»i/r t ho„ l-T 
 
 tre that the unhappy Edwy was obliged "oyfeld ^'*''" '^' '''^P" 
 
 Cruelly as Elgiva had been treated, the brutality of her enemin. fnii 
 ed of Its main object ; though she suffered much from her woSMth«S' 
 singularly enough, left scarcely a scar to dimhiish h^r «,« .' 7' 
 Aware of the tyranny which ha J been pJLised t^^u e Idwv to S^^^^^^^^^ 
 her, and considering herself still his lawful wife in th« «^^hY«f u °* 
 Bhe eluded the vigilance of those who were appoimed to wnSh h^^'^''*"* 
 ments, and made her escape back to Enffr B..t hlfi^ f™*'''?; 
 reach her husband her escape was made ffiwn to Odo «.S^hf ^* ""•''* 
 tercepted on the road by a party of emissarTs bv wKln, 1 ''^ *^"? '"' 
 stringed ; and all surgical aTbe^ng denied Ser she ^H ffj T" ^""1- 
 In the most fearful agSnies, in the city of O louce^^'er So rnmn^. i^^ ^'^^' 
 ridden were the ignorant people, that eve ihTsietest^Wn/ni '^ '"""''; 
 cruelty, whichought to have caused onoSrsa! ou£v ai^iZ ih«""*'"'"''' 
 ants who instigated it, was looked u,)on by tie peopK^e'iT '''" ZTh' 
 
 promoted to the archbishopric of Caiilerburv • llriil[.«i^' . ». i i . ., " 
 
 .pppintad to succeed Odo.^'being foSy JJpelEtTha^'^u S^^^^ ""' 
 
 The consummate curanng of Dun.lan feirfully agJ^^.I^Kevil. of 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Kdwy'a condition, for the wilv r.h„-„K 
 
 cated; a sentence which in tSSl'Jj.'"*" *'*""'^ '^™ *« ^e excommimi 
 
 utter dethronSnUTfil^/S^^^^ «hown by Dunstan th. 
 
 dispens.ble to his purposes hv ^^^^^^^ ^t® '"'^''n^l Peace which waJfn 
 monks, of whose poSe ,S .f^'"^ "*« ^*^«"«- of OunHtmand t^: 
 unfortunate brother Well know^n^rrh """"y P''"^''^ *" ?he case of his 
 
 the valuable sees of Worcester an7w.nil ^'•^^""•es of DunstanThe eavn 
 and especially Duristan, not meJeiv^nnH"'''"' ""'^ he consuUed thein 
 caly concerned the church, bit eve„?„ "*''"'*' '^'^*'" ^vhich more esne* 
 
 even to an untimely gmve. mSv f r I „?' ''''^"'«' «»'' Porsocu ed ffi? 
 irregular, and which a bull frn?nL' '"''"'***' which was at cho wnZ 
 
 amours, he actually nht^jnpd E^„l"'' T''*''y *n*'"l?ed i,, Lmrofu 
 •ufflcientlv striking i„ i sS/ Znr^i'i'^ ^J"*^" ."^ ""'•''l«rl The 5[or J i. 
 jct-'illy /emands to bV so „?aSTa ,S^ '«'H|od *'""'"« '""Rth aid il 
 
144 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 »,. . u' •^''4S'\^«'' an^l heiress of the Earl of Devonshire, was so ex 
 reinely heautiful that it was no wonder the renown of her charms reached 
 Ui« court, and the uiflammable Edgar resolved that if report had not ex- 
 aggeratedtiie beauty of the lady he would make her his wife; the wealth 
 C^'ir^"^ cliaracter of her father forbidding «ven the unscrupulous and 
 lewd Edgar from hopmg to obtain her on any less honourable terms 
 Being anxious not to commit himself by any advances to the parents of 
 the lady until quite sure that she was really as surpassingly beautiful as 
 s^.e was reported to be he sent his favourite and confidant, tfie Earl Athel- 
 ZhiC"" m"" l^^ "^'■^"L?'?^°" «Mf '^y '"^re accident, that he might judge 
 
 Sri A th r '^ M^ffilf f'"^" ?"^^"y "'^'■•^ '"''^ ^« ^«»ld adorn the throne 
 Earl Athelwold fulfilled his mission very faithfully, as regarded the visit 
 but, unhapp ly for himself, he found the charms of Elfridf so much to hfs 
 own taste, that he fc»-got the curiosity of his master, and sued Se lady on 
 his own account. We 1 knowing that with the king for an avowed riva" 
 his suit would have little chance of success, his first care was to lull tl?e 
 rS ''"''S«f l^S^' ^;y «««»""? him that in this, as in most case«! 
 rumour with her thousand tongues had been guilty of the crossest exa^ 
 geration. and that the wealth and rank of Elfrida had caused her ti be rl" 
 nowned for charms so moderate, that in a woman of lower degree they 
 would never be noticed. But though the charms of Elfrida, Earl Athef. 
 wold added, by no means fitted her for the throne, her fortune would make 
 her a very acceptable countess for himself, should the consent aiid re! 
 v.X'J'' •'°" "^u'! ff'"?*«'0"» "^^ster accompany his suit to her parents, 
 tully believing that his favourite really was actuated only by mercel 
 nary views, hdgar cheerfully gave him the permission and recommenda- 
 tion he solicited, and in the quality of a favoured courtier he easily procured 
 he consent of the lady-to whom he had already made himself far frmn 
 mdiflrerent-and of her parents. He had scaireV become possessed of 
 his beautiful bride when he began to reflect upon what would bo the pro- 
 bable coiisequences of a detection by the king of the fraud that had been 
 practised to gam his consent to the marriage. In order to postpono this 
 detection as long as possible, he framed a variety of pretences for keep- 
 ing his lovely bride at a distance from the court ; and as his report of tL 
 homeliness of Elfrida had completely cooled the fancy of the king, Earl 
 Athe wold began to hope that his deceit would never bo discovered But 
 the old adage that "a favourite has no friends" was proved in his' case i 
 enemies desirous of ruining him made his fraud known to the kine and 
 spoke more rapturously than ever of the charms of Elfrida. Enraffei at 
 the deception practised upon him, but carefully dissemblinjr his real 
 motives and purpose, the king told Athelwold that he would pay him a 
 visit a.1.1 be miroduced to his wife. To such an intimation the Gnfortu. 
 nate earl could make no objection which would not wholly and at once 
 betray his perilous secret ; but he obtained permissiaii to precede the kina 
 under pretence of making due preparation to receive him, but in reality to 
 prevail upon Elfrida to disguise her beauty and rusticate her behaviour as 
 far as possible. This she promised, and probably at first intended to do 
 uut, on reflection, she naturally considered herself injured by the decen- 
 tioi, ^ylllch had cost her the throne, and. so far from complying with her 
 unfortunate husband's desire, she called to the aid of her cLrms all the 
 assiata.uie of the most becoming dress, and all the seductions of the most 
 graceful and accomplished behaviour. Fascinated with her beauty. Edgar 
 was beyond all e.xpression enraged at the deceit by which his favourite 
 h«d contrived to cheat him of a wife so lovely; and having enticed the 
 uiifortiinato oarl into a forest on a hunting excursion, he put him to death 
 with his own hand, and soon after married Elfrida, whose perfidy to Iior 
 murdered husband made her, indeed, a very fit spouse for the murderer. 
 1 bough much of this monarch's time was devoted to dissolute pJeaaurGi, 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 this council hpl"/ °' *"® Prelates and heads of Ir"*"' ^"•nraoned 
 
 schemes; you were th?!?- ""^ co«n8elor andTv a/siS-''? ^"?/«"- 
 things obedS "^^h "i^lryt/call^ ''""'I?"- "« y'" I wasH 
 
 SsTadnCo^trrhr^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 your instrucS U° i vo'i.Tu"*' «"^ »he Sgy. D?d I „o?h'''f "'^ 
 
 nothing against this union of Sfn.'^''^^' ^^ ^ ^"dy, could ava f ?h«^' 
 and cheered as that uS wasTv ^r^' "^."^ «P'"'"al auU^orUv biJll^ 
 
 the hS/Ts!' 'in? ^^rf.^' "•«» behi^at 0^4 ^« "7hbounng and 
 
U6 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The useful arts received a great impulse during this reign from the 
 
 ffreat encouragement given by Edgar to ingenious and industrious 
 breigners to settle among his subjects. Another benefit which he con- 
 ferred upon his Kingdom was that of the extirpation of wolves, which at 
 the commencement of his reign were very numerous and mischievous. 
 By giving rewards to those who put these animals to death, they were at 
 length hunted into the mountainous and woody country of Wales, and in 
 order that even there so mischievous a race might find no peace he com* 
 muted the tribute money due from Wales to England to a tribute of three 
 hundred wolves' heads to be sent to him annually, which policy speedily 
 caused their entire destruction. After a busy reign of sixteen years this 
 prince, still in the flower of his age, being only thirty-three, died, and 
 was flucceeded by his son Edward in the year 975. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 PnOH THK A00E8BI0N Of IDWARD THB MARTTR TO THE DEATH OF OAKimi 
 
 Edward II., subseouently surnamed the Martyr, though his death had 
 nothing to do with religion, was the son of Edgar by that prince's first 
 wife, and was only fifteen years of age when he succeeded to the throne. 
 His youth encouraged his step-mother, Elfrida, to endeavour to set aside 
 his succession in favour of her own son and his half-brother, Ethelred, who 
 at this time was only seven years old. This extremely bad woman pre- 
 tended that the marriage of her husband to his first wife was on several 
 accounts invalid, and as her beauty and art had been very successfully 
 exerted in securing favour during the life of Edgar, she would probably 
 have succeeded in Tier iniquitous design had the circumstances been loss 
 favourable to Edward. But though that prince was very young, he was 
 at least much nearer to the age for reigning than his half-brother ; the will 
 of his father expressly gave him the succession ; many of the principal 
 men of the kingdom imagined that the regency of Elfrida would be an 
 extremely tyrannical one ; and Dunstan, who was in the plenitude of his 
 power, and who reckoned upon the favour and docility of young Edward, 
 powerfully supported him, and crowned him at Kingston, before Elfrida 
 could bring her ambitious plans to maturity. 
 
 The prompt and energetic support thus given by Dunstan to the rightful 
 heir would entitle him to our unqualified applause, were there not good 
 and obvious reason to believe that it originated less in a sense of justice 
 than in anxiety for the interests of his own order. In spite of the hea\ y 
 blows and gnmt discour?igement of Edgar, the secular clergy had still 
 many and powerful frie-.ds. Among these was the duke of Mercia, who 
 no sooner ascertaine*^. the death of King Edgar th»n he expelled all the 
 monks from the religious houses in Mercia, and though they were received 
 and protected by the dukes of the East Saxons and the East Anglians, it 
 was clear to both Dunstan and the monks that there was a suflicieut dis- 
 like to the new order of ecclesiastics to render it verv Important that they 
 should have a king entirely favourable to them. And as Dunstan had 
 watched and trained Edward's mind from his early childhood, they well 
 knew that he would prove their fittest instrument. But though they had 
 thus secured the throne to a king as fa/ourable and docile as they could 
 desire, they left no means untried to sain the voices of the multitude. At 
 the occasional synods that were held for the settlement of ecclesiastical 
 diiputas, taey pretended that miracles were worked in their Javonc ; ead 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ' ,4^ 
 
 occasions a voice that seemed to issL frn P^k"'^**' °" «"« of "'ese 
 a.lorned the place of meetinrprocla 'med thrhi*'^!,*'""*' ""»«'«* ^h'«h 
 hshment of the monks opposed the SoJh ^® ^^^oopposed the estab- 
 the floor of the hall fell inSL and mlfl "^^''®" ' °" *"other occasion 
 but that portion which BupStheXZZVd?'"' """^ber of persons" 
 on another occasion, when the votes nfth/ "!.'*" remamed/irm; and 
 agamst him that he was unprovided wUh 1^1 ^"'^'^ r'"*'.«° ""expectedly 
 Stan rose, and, with an inimitSv ar^i • "^".'"''^^ ^°' '^e occasion, Dun- 
 Ihalhe had just been fSed wifhT,' '"P"^^"'^^' «''«""'d the meetina 
 lavourof the monks. So mterlv sSlfirl?"' revelation from Heaven m 
 populace received this impS^S wftV«n ««"«':'»J »"*"". and the 
 hat the party hostile to the monks actuaSv Sli !""*''' '^'"'^n* ^'^^our, 
 the views oAhe question upon which thev h J .^ T '"P^" «»y ^»'^^^' 
 majority! ^ ^ "*'° '"^^ "»d a clear and acknowledged 
 
 or evirmarkeif JtfrTs "n'jacrlS" l"^"^'""' ^^ f-^t event, good 
 the four year^ at it lalted tfe' ^'^'^ '" ^ »'«»« of Pupilage dur^nS 
 bable thafhad htlSved fm'^ture y^Jfs^ woum'^ <^'r¥°"' ''»» P'^ 
 numbmgand deluding influence orthnmirK^'* *'*''® "^^^'^en ofTthe be- 
 year of his reign, and while S was JeTb^Mv ^f''^' ^"' *" ^^e fourth 
 fell a victim to his atrocious itpn m^K , ^'^ nineteen years of age, he 
 withstanding the hosSty 2L ffd ev^^ced ZT^. T'^ ^"'^'««"- ^ot 
 his father, young Edward's niild temper h«H Ir^'^l^'"' ^^ ^^^ «*«a»h 01 
 respect and attention which she was ve/v f^^i" '"''?r*'''" ^? ^^""^ her that 
 resided at Corfe castle, in Dorsetshire -anH TJlf '^''"" Jeserving. She 
 day hunting in that neighbourhood he ^ode n!„ '^^ y**"!!? P""«« ^a^ one 
 wholly unattended, paid her a visi %h« r2 -^ ^'[T *>"' company, and, 
 ous appearance of kindness, buriust as h« h^n""^ ^'"i T"* « treacheS 
 part, a ruffian in her employmen stabbed h^m'".?"*.^'^ ^'« h«"« 'o de. 
 i^»o' prove instantly mortal, but as helint^H ? '*'«,''««k The wound 
 could disengage his feet from the stimiS h?^ f'^'u. '^'' °^ ^'ood ere he 
 onward with him, and he was bruised t' Sllfr^^'iS^ 
 iraced h.m, recovered his body, which thev Mr L^' •^" '?"*"'» having 
 By this surpassing crime of iSiile 2^1.1? ^l^'"'^i'T'^ ^^ Wareham. 
 superstitious age, endeavonred to recover he ^Ii'"' V"'^^' «'^«" '" ">** 
 her crime in public opinion, by ostSn. - P"^'"' '^*''""''' «"d expiate 
 money upon monasteries, Ethelred so„ of f/^"""*!,^"!.?,"^ ^^ l«''i«hinc 
 to the throne. '"eireu. son of tdgar and Elfrida. succeeded 
 
 whl!'m?r:rjr,"had fold'ampl'll^^^ h^- ^"'^ *'^«"r of Edgar, and 
 «ettlements on the noSemSst oTte^' '" conquering and |la^tiSg ' 
 hers had exhausted, were encoura^nd h^.f' * r««o"rce which their nun^ 
 the.r attention once' more towSS^l^Li'' 'V'"''"*/ ^^ ^"'^'^^d to turn 
 ceiving encouragement and a^d fmm^ h„ ' ^''«»-« '^ey felt secure oi tl 
 though long settled amon^fh« p. ru''® ""*" of their own racf . whT 
 rated%vith them In Z £1^981 fhlf/i '""■" ^^ "° '"««"» A-Uy fncoTpS 
 njental descent upon SoSampto ^in L^l^f "'"''^'■"^'y ""^^^ ««pS^ 
 the people completely by TuVDrise tw ''^T'*' '»"d «» they took 
 w'th wh^ich they escaped unhijK and aL„!t'!''^^ considerable plLder, 
 thev repeated in 987, with s S"S surcei o, thrPP?"^' "^his conduc 
 
 This success of these two exn«Hm«nf- ■ ^^^'em coast, 
 he vigour of an Edgar wn^no Ion Je?fnh-T^'^"l^ ^^^ marauders that 
 Uierefore prepared to mTe a deSt udo^/ i^"^'*^ *" ^."*'*"^' «»<» ^he" 
 extensive views. They landed in^lo^P" * '^^ffer scale and with more 
 
 and defeated and slew^at {5^^ Kr'"""^^ '^^ '""' °^ ^"««^ 
 
 oravelv atin„,nfn,i .„ .i J?.. ,.*'"on. Bnthrie, the duke of th«t ^n.,„,., '."' 
 
 ""■"" '^ '^='=' '"='" ^*'"* "'• 'ocai torce; and aftoVVh^i;. vl^ 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ^Z In/.l®''"-,^**.^ *"^ plundered all the neighbouring country. 80 
 S«t P?hlt«^^'"'5',?*'®* ir°P*^ degenerate when neglectid by its rulers 
 iifv« i Ik ^ *« •*'* '?°'''^^ *i°"'<^ «^« no better means of ridding them- 
 S^mfnlV'*®^* ""^^ pirates than that of bribing them to depart.^ Th?y 
 
 » -.Z -J?l^? accordingly, but, as might have been anticipated, so large 
 a sum so easily earned tempted them very speedily to repeat their visit 
 
 and beatmg off the mvaders, but it was prevented from doing the service 
 that was expected from it by the treacheVy of Alfric duke of Mercia Hn 
 
 inl S;h^h'"h"^"''*'f ''"' deprived^of his possetions anSgni"" 
 and though he had now for some time been fiilly restored, the affront 
 rankled m his mind, and he conceived the unnatural des^n of LSi 
 h» own safety and importance by aiding the foreign enemy to keen hif 
 country m a state of disorder and alarm. He was entrusted S onl 
 
 irenZv\n\irlr^^''^^^^^r^ '"L«"'^«^ to surround and destrJ; 
 ine enemy m the harbour m which they had ventured to anchor anH h« 
 
 S^nl^^^h'''^^""'™y'"'■°'•"«"°" '"^"^ to enabTe therL av(Jd the 
 danger by putting out to sea again, and then completed his infamous 
 
 the kmgon this occasion was equally marked by barbarity and weakness 
 
 SlfflSrSy an""/; ''' ?f "'""^ "V"*='' ^« ''^^ ^^at Neman's s"n 
 Allgar seized, and caused his eyes to be put out ; yet. after inflictino- thin 
 
 horrid cruelty uDon the innocent son. he so far su^ccumbed to tSelwer 
 Sd' ifsSrr^ '^"••^y ^^^^«'' - ^«'-»y »° --»^»« him in hisSe 
 
 Eth^lred^f nT^h^/ny "l"*'^ the Danes had acquired of the weakness ot 
 to mSr So **'*'.'l«(encele8s condition of his kingdom, encouraged them 
 maS^ TnT ""'*,^''" T™ formidable descents. Sweyn, king of Do^ 
 
 ret^lavini^rt'«''fnr ^^'^^'^'-''^"^^ "P,^'^^ Humberlith an^ram"ns; 
 anH Vh J,,^ w^^"^ plundering m every direction. Those of the Danes 
 
 3 he rnnJ«f tKL"''V. ^" ^''"y advanced to give battle, anj^ so fierce 
 was the contest that the Danes were already beginning to eive wav whpn 
 the tide of fortune was suddenly turned against the EirhbvthS 
 ^Itn *'^ ^'^"''' ^"'hegist. an/Godwin, three leaders, wCLu^gl of 
 Danish descent, were entrusted with large and importar commfnds 
 
 defe'ateT" ^"**'^™'" ''"'' ^'"°°P'' ''"^ »»»« English 3e in 'consequence 
 The invaders now entered the Thames with a fleet of upwards of ninetv 
 •hips and laid siege to London. Alarmed for their large wSh the dtf 
 ■ens defended themselves with a stoutness strongly c?nt^a8?ed^titl.te 
 pusil animity which had been displayed by both tHe^Wng and the nobles 
 and heir resistance was so obstinate that the p rates aUength save u5 
 
 k^gdom 'IheVdTt ih?ri;'""^'? '""'^ "''r^T' the mSpolif o7th5 
 SoreadSff thZr h«„^ therefore give up their determination to plunder. 
 eE «rL h ?"^K^ *"'l'' ^""^""^ ^"^''«*' and "ants, they not only pro- 
 them to f^tpn^tlf *^T' •*"] " '^ * ""^^nt number of horses to eiiK 
 wS^d that Xr/h'l''„'^KP"'''"*'T'"" '""»"**• I' niight have been sup- 
 ff hiJ nobkfs winH ;l n f^n^P.V^' ^^ ^^e traders of London, the kiij 
 Tuff to the naUrv «nH S.nP^Tr"^*!''^ ''^7 "^ame from evor again resort. 
 Spaders- Eut to 1h«t ZJi^^'f f S^'"^^^ purchasing the absence of the 
 to offer m «nU?«t .? expedient hey did resort. Messeitgers were sent 
 remaiidintSkinJd,rSnr. ''^^r"'^ preserve peace while they 
 in eariv deoarfuS^ t.;« n *° ^^^ ,"''"*'' °" condition of iheir taking 
 an eariy ueparture. The Danes, wily as thev were hardv nrnhnWv 
 •magined that they had now so far exhaJsted the kiSmthaUhe tribute 
 om»r«d to them would be more valuable than the ftlXr^iSu thSJ wo3d 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. " j^j 
 
 ^k'^^^lSirarVotL^^^^^^^^ »he proposed ter.s. They 
 
 peaceably, piave carried h1sS'£anrr"r'^"''"'^ themselves verj 
 Ethelred, at Andover, and receivpT.h« ^-^^ ^° ^"n »» *» Pay a visit to 
 gifts ivere consequently bestowprfn^ I'^^^°'^ confirmation. Many rich 
 and the sum of L.eZ fhoLsand r„"nds"ha^J„*^'''"^ ""^ the pSSj 
 Sweyn, they took their departure OlaJe w\„ n^ '"^" ^^'^ »" »'«™ and 
 was so great a favourite with X ohV.S, u ®T«"«'"'"ned to England. 
 
 ''T.7^' 't"'"ts in tt t^'antlenT^' '^ "^^ '^^ ^ "^^ » 
 
 to P«Jcfc?a^sTcr^ pTat ^rSS^V^iZ^^ °^ ^^' -"-^nes. 
 duced,a8was natural, a new in^asSn if " '^^'i^'' ^fi^^'n^t themfpro! 
 year entered the Severn. WaK^"', A.^afffe fleet of the Danes thSl 
 pirates proceeded to commit si^tiart'??''^*' ^"'' !"»«S' and thence the 
 
 IPh'"'"^." '^'^'^ 0«^°"«hT;i'Thence thf -^"^"^ ""fortunate peopte 
 setshire, then to Hants, then Ken? whp.1 fh^-^'u "V^"' "'«»' ""t trDor. 
 Rochester, but were routed witrterrih?«J^'^^''''^"'« «PPo««d them at 
 country was plundered and dTsolS Min"^^^^'■' ^"'^ '^ ^^ole of tUr 
 braver and wiser among the EnS.- ^ attempts were made bv the 
 would prevail against t1ieenem?t„t«K°""^'**, «»«=h a united defend a5 
 
 nobles paralyzed the best eS^oV thlnnKr*^"^ '^^ king Shi 
 
 old expedient was resorted to a„H ? "°.^'!.*' *P'"t8' and once more he 
 
 now paid as the price of th« nh=t '"^enty-four thousand pounds terf 
 
 naturally becameTirhe/wUhteScrL'i'pH''""^ ^'^"^^ Sands Te^ 
 of the,r being complied with It was nSw ^"'^T''''^ °^ ^^e certain?^ 
 thZ r '"^•'•'°' ««»"«cti«n with These formlLwi'* '°T '^"S"" ^ope tha^ 
 them to respect his dominionrthat PfhJS^^'® northmen woulcf cause 
 this year espoused Emma, s star of RicK^^^ his first wifej 
 
 Long as the domestic Danps h«li l ' ^^^ s®<^ond duke of Normandv 
 were still both a Zinct and a 1,1?^ ''^^" established in EngS the^ 
 accuse them of eSly and toousn'^ J!"' "'^ EnglishTi toriaS 
 iff^ ?f the truth of the JchargSs tSthP n'^**"' ^' 'l'^ '"«'»"«=« as ev"! 
 and bathed once a week wp ma«V • i ^ Danes combed their hair dailv 
 guilt on this head, and concluEhn'/'^ T""^^ ^^1"'' the Danii of aU 
 many respects, they assuSlp.^'''"'^^^ ^'"^ as the race was In 
 intheveryimVtKatSSJ"P7'°'''° ^^^ English Sthrdav 
 personal habitS, be it weT/or 3 foSd t'^T^' ^"' ' ^'^"''^ t2 men% 
 ncreas.ng and perpetuation of SrpAm,^'^^'"^ P""^^*"^"' motive in the 
 that hatred the English deeply feKln^^'^ «pon other feelings and 
 of their settlement among th^emthpiri °/'"'' **" *^^"«"nt of the oriSn 
 the.r great skill i„ maWn/thersdve/ ZT PfT^^ity to gallantry!"* d 
 above all, on account of the^ consent /'f^^'° *? ^^^ English womeS, 
 loimng their invading fellow-coZr "!"''• ^''t^-^^uHy faithless habit of 
 Ethelred,likeallweakardcowardlJ2™'" '" ^^^" "'"'^nce and rapine 
 both cruelty and treachery. ^dhte;Sl'A«?^''•;°"^'y•"«''««dtoS 
 were held by the English^encouragerhTm tl'nlfn'lh"'" '" ^'^"^'' '^e Dane, 
 of the former. Orders were spnr«fi,; a- :*> plan the universal massacr*. 
 chief men of the counTrrto "nak J f '»P*'«hed toallth^ governors and 
 crueUy for which the sa'L 'darNovlEXe nt"h ^ 'k ^«*««'»W« 
 day a festival among the Danes, was anSfpHf IS' ''^u"^ ®'- Brithric's 
 
 The wicked and dastardly ord^reof f£^ i nf ^"^ ^^l *'»"'« kingdom, 
 the temper of the populace On tL V"*^ ^®'"« hut too agreeable to 
 
 unsuspecting Dane's Cre attacked vTuthTr'^ «' '^' -amKur. thj 
 of sex, were alike attacked with inHiJL • ^ '*"'' '*8[«' ^'thout distinction 
 «08t fortunate among the imC '"^^^cnn^nate fury, and thev w ere h2 
 to destroy them tWhey omufflr^?^ ^k^*"^ T^^^^'' wer^so eaier 
 even to read of. So unsparTng waS JL r!"''J''* '.^*"" '« '"•'ture. teJrE 
 to consequences were bo?h & a^ W r.!5^•r_' .^^f'"- and so b/ind 
 
 "■ -"~"s «ic itiiutmea and tem. 
 
a«o 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 poranly tnumphant English, that the princess Gunilda, sister of thfc re- 
 doubtable king of Denmark, was put to death, after seeing her husband 
 and children slaugli'cred, though her personal character wa^ excellent and 
 though she had long been a Christian. As she expired, tliis unfortunate 
 lady, whose murder was chiefly caused by the advice of Edric, earl of 
 Wilts (which advice was shamefully acted upon by the king, who ordered 
 her death), foretold that her death would speedily be avenged by the total 
 ruin of England. In truth, it needed not the spirit of prophecy to foretel 
 that such wholesale slaughter could scarcely fail to call down defeat and 
 ruin upon a people who had so often been glad to purchase the absence ol 
 the Danes when no such cowardly atrocity had excited them to invasion, 
 or justified them in unsparing violence. The prophecy, however, was 
 speedily and fearfully realized. Though the persuasions and example of 
 Clave, and his positive determination to fulfil his part of the agreement 
 made with Ethelred had hitherto saved England from any repetition of 
 the annoyances of Sweyn, king of Denmark, that fierce and warlike 
 monarch had constantly felt a strong desire to renew his attack upon a 
 people who were so much more ready to defend their country with gold 
 than with steel. The cowardly cruelty of Ethelred now furnished the 
 Dane with a most righteous pretext for invasion, and he hastened to avail 
 himself of it. He appeared off the western coast with a strong fleet, and 
 Exeter was delivered up to him without resistance; some historians say 
 by the incapacity or neglect of Earl Hugh, while others say by his treachery. 
 1 his last opinion has some support in the fact that Earl Hugii was him- 
 self a Norman, and, being only connected .vith England by the office to 
 which he had but recently been appointed through tlio interest of the 
 queen, he might, without great breach of charity, be suspected of leaning 
 rather to the piratical race with which he was connected by birth, than to 
 the English. From Exeter, as their head quarters, the Danes traversed 
 the country in all directions, committing all the worst atrocities of a wai 
 of retaliation, and louHly proclaiming their determination to have ample 
 revenge for the slaughter of their fellow-countrymen. Aware, immedi- 
 ately after they had perpetrated their inhuman crime upon the domestic 
 D.:ne8, how little mercy they could ex[)eot at the hands of the countfy. 
 men of their murdered victims, the ''-.iglish had made more than usual 
 preparotions for resistance. A larg"? and well furnished army was ready 
 to maivh against the invaders, but the command of it was committed to 
 that duke of Mercia whose former treason has been mentioned, and he, 
 pretending illncMs, contrived to delay the march of the troops until they 
 were thoroughly dispirited and the lianos had done enormous mischief. 
 He died shortly after and was succeeded by Edric, who, though son-iii- 
 law to the king, i)roved just sib tr('a('hert)us as his predecessor. The con- 
 sequence WHS, that the cuinitry was ravaged to such an extent that the 
 horrors of faniino were soon added to the horrors (»f war, and the degraded 
 English once more sued for peace, and obtained it at the price of thirty 
 thousand pounds. 
 
 A.D. 1007.— Clearly psrceiving that they might now reckon upon Danish 
 invasion us a periodical plague, the English government and people en- 
 deavoured to prepare for their future defence. Troops were raised and dig. 
 cipllned, and a navy of nearly (tight hundred ships was prepared. Hut a 
 quarrel which arose between Edric, duke of Mercia, and Wolfnoth, gov- 
 ernor of SuHsex, caused the latter to desert to the Danes with twenty 
 vessels. He was pursued by Edric's brother Drighlric, with a fleet ol 
 eighty vessels; but this fleet, being dnven ashore by a temiuHt, was at. 
 lacked and burned by Wolfnoth. A hundred vessels were thus lost to the 
 Knglish, dissensions spread among other loading men, and the fleet wliieli. 
 if concentrated and ably directed, might have given safely to the liat!UHi 
 wai dispersed intu various nortg uud reudofud virluslly uanlefi^ 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 151 
 
 oedUtv^onh^Elj^h^ani^f '"''" advantage of the dissensions and im- 
 
 Sand Dresentsl,^^^^ ^'""^ *^'« ^'"^ ">e history of 
 
 c^ngiana presents us with nothing but one melancholv monotoiiv of no. 
 
 sSSS^'or^Kar'tTr' '^^VTt''' ^"'^ "n.ni&"atd Ip ,"."; 
 
 &peSngTLi.^^^^^ -a- aTdri'; 
 
 settled and unanimous plan o/resistance ; but aU was stUl d ssJnsl. 
 and when the utmost wretchedness at length Ideth^ disputants ZeS* 
 
 inousanu, and now, when their rapine had more than ever imDoverished 
 JfhP^nf .T ?^^ demanded, and, to the shame of the Engl.srpe^Se or 
 
 hJ^hLTT^I? T"" ^*f ®''®" wo"e expended than the former sums 
 f^. ^u!jJ'!' '^'"i""*' '^« °*"«« ^^°^ the money, but did not depart 
 On the contrary, they continued their desultory plundering and at th« 
 
 Sersuir ""Ttf 7n"'l,''""^"'f "P?V"^«'» dist'riSs ?or S^e aid spec' 
 neu sums. 1 lius, in the county of Kent they levied the sum of piX 
 thousand pounds; and the archbishop of CantLburrvei.turin?to resis 
 this most iniquitous demand, was coolly murdered VheSefalstlteo 
 liL flS"'" ""'^ "',•' ^T^^'y "'■ '^ personage so emhieSt alarmed the 
 Si;^ ^ P""'T' 'f^^y^ '^^ 'n»r« especially, as many of 7"h chief 
 nobihty, havins lost all confidence in his power to redeem hs kiLdom 
 from rum, were daily transferring Iheir allegiance toVweyn Havi fflrS 
 sent over hisqneen and her two children to her brothcr!Se Duke offi 
 mandy Kihelred himself took an opportunity to escape thithS-, am thuJ 
 
 A nZlT T ""■'"""/ 'l^'^'-ed over to Sweyn and his Danes 
 ,iim„^;i, 'y'.''."'"^"'' *" t''« circumstances, would have found little 
 
 difficulty in causing himself to bo crowned king of EiiBUnd i av it i« v 
 
 Eied at'recSin."'""' ['f'^" "^ ^^^P'^ -""'^ "-«'"-' Sx ^ ' 
 to Xm Z 1 !Tf ** '^L"'"''^ sovereign instead of the fugitive Eihelred, 
 LuZal7 \A^ ^T '^«'^"«'»n«'d to apply the scornful epithet of 
 tie Unready. Hut winlo Sweyn was preparing to take advaiitaje of the 
 ni. gnificont opportunity that offered itnelf to him, lie was suddenfv «L«,^ 
 
 SIX weekH arter the tlight of Ethelred from the kingdom. 
 
 I his circumstanco gave the weak Ethelred yet one more chance of m. 
 enmiig Ills kingly character. The great men of 1 Ih kinSm whe^^^ 
 hey inlormed him of the event which, so auspic mu iy for him, lad occur" 
 
 ri r''"'', *""" ''^ r',""""- 'l'»"'y •'t 'he same li.no plain rinmghfng 
 fnendly and respectful lone. intimat.Ml their hope that ho woul profit bJ 
 
 IS expen.-nco. to av.nd for the future those errors which hXmduced so 
 much evil to both himself ami hit. people. pn^aucea so 
 
 but tt mlvil^Irffii'iri''''' '"""'"''^ f the Invitation to resume his throne, 
 \Z.!u„ »'«»•>'"« "ccompanied that invitation he wholly disregarded 
 
 to 3 wir' '^'"'■'"^ I'roos which he gave of his continued inej Sy 
 to rule wiscdy, ho reinstated Iiih treachorcus son-in-law. Edrlc in all hi. 
 
 Sll •"' '^"'"»"' " '""'^'" ""'""»'« •"■ '»» "''"coiiduct. Two kri'Z 
 
 ; ''J: ,"!"'"' Morenr and Sigebert. had unfortunately giversomeS 
 
 iriliil'l'"'/'.',*''" ';^'-'»'^i|h ''-'d««VMured to persuade tLflin; ,Ti n h y 
 
 were hostilo to his rule ; an.i the eauiiljv cruel and w.,..lr M.Q„ar..i .J. 
 
 OHniy«a «i ihoir murder by ISdnJ, but gave to that 'criiwe » V«««"lei5 
 
152 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 r^n'i".nJ'^*''?"^f''f''''"^ *•** property of the victims as though they had 
 Jeen convicted of treason, and he confined Sigeberl's widow in a convent 
 
 STntriSeS ^rr"'^'"/''">' 1?''' ''^ »^« ''•"g'« «°"' EdmundTwho Sonly 
 r rfoii t'.hT 5"°™ '*•* "'"".r"'' ^"t immediately married her. ^ 
 peice Canute thi'l;^^? T ^"''''"^ ^° ^T^ ^^' '^covered throne in 
 Siona V«th«r «nH ? » V^ ?*®y"' "^.^^ '« ^'^^ f"" as warlike as hia fa- 
 raous father, and se up his claims to the throne with as much grave earn 
 estness as though his father had filled it in right of a loim ancfstral ooi 
 session. He committed dreadful havoc in Kent, Dorset W Its and So^ 
 erset ; aiid, not contented with slaughter in aid Sunder after the baZ 
 lie shockingly mutilated his prisoners, and then gav^ hL 1116^ Hbnrtv i^^^ 
 order that their wretched pli'ght might strike terfor ?n X r fellowS^^^ 
 trymen. So much progress did Canute make, that Ethelred wouW in al 
 probabih y, have been a second time driven from his throne arkin'irdom 
 U for the courage and energy of his son eLI The Jet^^^^^^^^ 
 gre'i'p rTTthe Fn'.Lb""' with forty ships, after'havilig ilSpet/ed^a 
 great part of the English army, and even made an attempt at seizing uoon 
 the person of the brave prince. Undismayed by so inany Sc ultfeh 
 
 tt^khirSrHd Z''"'f '>• ?« «'''''''' '""'«'"P' and d"Lust e To; 
 the king, Ldmund, by great exertions, got together a large force, and ore- 
 pared to give battle to the enemy. But the English had been acc.mtomed 
 to see their kings in the vanguard of the battle ; an^ though Edmund 
 was universally popular, the soldiers loudly demanded that his fSr 
 
 uSiect sfullvl' m;i.f.TT- r^"'f 1!^' ^^^^'^«^' whrsusS^ld hiliw" 
 S onthllZ Tn "^ ''l^t^'^^d the enemy, not merely refused to do 
 
 SuDDlS tha? M « '•'"^'"' ^"' t?- ^TP^'^'^ly '«'■' his heroic son without 
 supplies, that the prince was obliged to a low the northern part of the 
 
 mT'Smnuf m "''f 'ry^^^V"" ^" '''' P""^''- Still drrSedS to su^ 
 m. _ fcdimind marched his discouraged and weakened army to London to 
 make a hna stand against the invaders; but on his arr I'vll he fSd Ihe 
 
 rssv^et:"/^ '" ^^^*""^' "^"''" -'^ -nf;sTi;:'o;raSi'nt''o'i 
 
 fic.ently pitiable and difficult, even had not tlTeZco and warlike Danes 
 been swarming in its northern provinces. The people were dis irited ind 
 disafrecled, and the nobles w.ro far less intent upon repeUmg ffi S^^^^ 
 
 fSuT ."P"," r '■'"""«. ""^*"" '"*" •"'«'^l'i"vo.is and Ve 7q mrreu" and 
 hdmu lid had only too much reason to fear that the example of his readi 
 erous brother-in-law would bo followed by otherlZs '^Rig , i juSJi c" 
 
 2 neZ/e'S Ti^'Tf '^'T^^ ''"'"^y <■"' ^'"' di«eo.m.7einof' S 
 MJm'^.?] ' . . " '""'' »"»f«-'R"'>rd against the treuchory of the nobles. 
 
 a uetai Imient of them, and then marched against Canute in person The 
 pTi'or tlirSlHhe''^^: .^7""""' \" <;'"''-''''«'rshire,V:/i"[Z; caHy 
 pronaoio tin would have a decnaive and crowning victory Hut that ua. 
 lamily of his .-ountry. K.lri.,. having nluin Onnmf^TvL nmoh e em 
 
 a (I (I N|)iay >d to ihn English. A piinic immediately spreail ihroiiuh the 
 
 Z^of I. ,'' air"'" sZ' r''" ^"•■'"'r'"'«^'l '"•»'"« ''i» 'roup, to nnJrl 
 inoin oi nis saioty. "Nave himself who can," was the universal rrvs 
 ami though Edmund at length contrived to leu 1 hi. looiL. fr nn "he fleh 
 
 Liittton hM.'«.i M Zlt ''"'"'«'ir""y •'"'■""^"'l ^''ith «r««' l"'". "l As. 
 S^S^ed o nX n?.« ';«"'"PlHry activity again raised an army and 
 
 |»wpared to niako one more desperate effort tu expel the enemy. Uut llio 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. " 153 
 
 'eadiug men on both sides were bv thi« ii™« 
 
 nage, and a negotiation ens^S wJich iJ'r.n'^T- ^ '''^^ "'"'^ and car. 
 
 Canute taking the northern portS and KHrS. ^*l':'«'«n ?f the Icingdom 
 
 It mic/it have been supposed t£th« S^""*^ the southern. ^ 
 satisfiel with having thu7mahilv aidSd m r.""'.*^^'"^? ^«»'d have been 
 :unate biother in-law of a mSv of hi« k n„/P°'^'"g •"« '^•"^^^ ^^^ unfor 
 Bxistence of a man so cSnrary'Lnd so s^i?w\„^K"' '" f^"^'' '^e ve.^ 
 were mtolarable to him, this arrana^«m»n?W'^ to himself in character 
 when he suborned two o the CXSiamS«?i'""''ly ''««" ™«d« '^ »nonih 
 fortunate master at Oxford ""'"S^ « ^hamberlams, who murdered their un- 
 
 toti,i;'crime. tLfgrh?s"prSLlCt^^'i^K^"r "^«« actually privy 
 person to be be..efited byS death of S?Wh '^' ^'?'' V^^* *>« wa« thJ 
 <ng h.m. And this suspicion is s ill fuSr^ ra^JT'y "" "' «"«P«ct. 
 seizing upon Kdmund's share of the khiid/^^ hjr his immediately 
 
 vwo sons, Edwin and Edward, t is true tZ r*^'' '"*' P""«« '»«d l«ft 
 Koung, but the moat that Canute ouaht f« k ^^''^^ P''"'^^' were very 
 *as theguardianshipoftheSren^n A ''*?"'"'""'' °" that accoum 
 
 ^ r^nd in the .ct t.- &nr ;iS5rsrK!;^StKi«iZ 
 
 tho'Sfr;;;LTpte^^^^ had been, thi. awe, 
 
 dom of which he hacf nisses^ed hScZ Zf P\y^"'y of the king-' 
 
 avert opposition, fte called a council a. th'^r' P"""^'« Precaution 
 
 to affirm tfiat it had been ag eed a^ tf"^''' ?' ^hich he caused witnesses 
 
 BuccecHl Edmund in tl.esoXrnpirtonoftULni?''''''*''''^'''^^ 
 to whom we have alkidcd affirm C he Shm ?H hl'^^T ' ""'' "" ^''« ^"ters 
 protectorate This evidcu.ce, a ,d, Vhaos tror . "'f ^""••'''^"'"hip and 
 nercenessofCanuieshouldagaTdesoIaJfl ;h« if "'' "l° '^«" ^"^^wu 
 council in his favour, and the iis irnor ni„ . ^^'ngdom, determined the 
 
 the despoiled princes* ^ere sem ^8^' Not""""^''' ""■''""""«' *''*^« 
 j'lg their dominion and exilina horn P .n, 1 f^"' ''TP''^ "''th thus seiz- 
 o put them to dcn.th; biU Imt kiS mZ "^''^"'^ ^^^^ ^"'9 ^t Sweden 
 them in safety to the court fVi,'?' I K«"erou8 than his ally, sent 
 win. the «'I.Ior^of tfio p^cLf iSKe^'lTh^^ Tl' «''"'^"»«d^ k3- 
 ry ; a.*' Edward, tho y~r, Sed Aal^^^^^ '''^ ''"'» "^ """Sa- 
 
 mon,..ch, and had hy Lr ifilffk; rtlmmw,* lif *' """'"•"'"-hiw of tho same 
 of,S..otln„d, and Christina. XtctoktKe?^"'"*'''™^' ""hsequently queen 
 
 be.Iand. and to Kdric ha f S'^^ 
 
 ruin to W„,sox. Hut this -omni ^C fr '^^LV .Iv^h^'"* T^ """""«' 
 iKer Jiro ho springs. When ho fom .1 1 m.r^?V / i''" ''rouclimg of thw 
 ai.d rom hi, 'j„,|i!^i„uH as wel a, i „ ZI. / .? "'^ "?""' "'"'" '"» 'hrono, 
 popular anion, his subjects, I, foSa^tr^S ""'""y ''"y '""rn 
 
 Vricofthoir Jukedomi.andtos3 hL ?^^.^^ ''"'i'"""' '''^"••'^"' »'"> 
 «ven while ho had profl od by ih^t a Z, f .' i"' A """."''* "««'" "'at 
 ••mnlniossenourfl, to detest tl r.S for I^Ll^ *'"^ n"^"'7' ''« had 
 »f I H8t Anglia and Northumbtularho\«lLl«™r" .?'"*''''.'? '''" ''"^e. 
 doath. ancj „,„ong them thar^o ", of J, " L^^r^'n" 'r"" ""''J« traitors to 
 hn<l cast into the 'I'liHines " ''*"""' *'''''"*«• wh<mo body he 
 
 oHhe kjnglom. to tax U.«»/"J'.. " -^^^^^ '".? •^"5" "hliged, by the sut. 
 
 , ,,..^ ucavjjy. fToui iue nation at largo ho 
 
164 
 
 DISTORT OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Som'heTitJl)fLSl'''' "''' «um of seventy-two thousand pounds, and 
 irum ine city ot London a separate further sum of eleven thousftml rtnt 
 
 uf.ri .?« ".''''"""■y'"^"' *»« though in the heavy sum lev.od uponLondo 
 LonSoners Ld'f^ ^l^-Sry recoLtion of' tSe Courage the 
 
 wSSnith ta? tT^^t K^il''"! "i'T? *r P*°P'« ^«'« ^'y »hi8 time so 
 nhu. h«..„l. ' u ^"®y '"Jputed his demands to necessity, and orob- 
 abl> thought money better paid for the support of a Danish kinffthaSfo, 
 the temporary absence of an ever-returning Danish enemy ^ 
 
 his'^r'l^LlurrtLrr/'""^'.''^""''^''^'^^ '"<^ «« -o"«r made 
 
 tured to sail to Denmark, which was attacked by his late al?v the^£n^ oi 
 Sweden, agamst whom he felt additional anger on account of his cnl?, 
 ZZl\?l"'-"« *^ P?'. "'« ^*»«d English pfincesto deaff He wascS" 
 
 oronertv whi?.h Lif J*' •'^ pnnces. or make restitution of any of tlie 
 Bf«^„M. ^^x^'^^ unjustly acquired either in Norway or in England 
 
 %'i.i I .„ '^ .u ■'''* S""""' chnractcristic of the Doity. omninotenon 
 
 Malcolm, ti.a thnno of sini who md't S fi^rii T;,'!^'"'"' '"''•"l- 
 Kthelred. on the ground thai he o3 W ' d h 1 ,f "bh , st 1?^^^^ 
 uow r^fuaed to do homage fur Cumber] J.d to Cm u i;? "iViU d o 
 
 prince. To h; 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD 
 
 105 
 
 fpJldVlX'iglut^.To'^^^^^^^^^^^ 'r •»»»-•'--• Bui Canute 
 
 army Malcolm^ suSt ed T^w^s ituteiTsf """'.•°'" '*'^ ?»^"«'' 
 about four years aftei, in the year 1035 exped.uon: he died 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE REIONS OF HAROLD AND HARDIOANtTl. 
 
 daugre7ott''earl ""h^;4SV"^^^^^^^ f'l"'^* -^«. A..w«„ 
 
 Emma, the widow of Ethelred Hardicanute by his second wife, 
 
 tha^hL'dS^SITyt^srild^le^nTS' t' '''""'L'^' ^-"-"^ «^-e,l 
 duke of Normandy^ dfed before cZL^L^^T^\u ^"l*« *■«•• '^'•'''''«', the 
 this agreement, and to leave ILCSillnn^ '"^o'" 
 
 by the first wif;, rather thin enuS wi?h ^^ 'k ^""'f^' ''.'" ««'''«»'^ «o'' 
 theweakliandsof soyounjrSceL-^^^^ abounding difficulties, to 
 By his last will, thereC gaZl^ Inf. L. "'^'''f"".^' '^'^ »"» ^V Emma, 
 and England to HarS his vSlifL^^^^^ «1'J''«' ««". 
 
 ''?h""%''^ - b;tir r/rrh?; ;&Ve!;^iTr ^^^ ' ^"'^ " »- 
 
 ti^t'^htf^vrag^rd^^Vrby^r^^^^^^^^^^^ vwn and 
 
 open force or c'or?uptfon But H^lf '" « ""Pr""'!,"? '"» «^J»"n «i'l'er by 
 general favourite of^ he peopK and o?nnf'«''f""^V':."'"'V'?f''' ^»« *he 
 
 civil strife. cinS. t,vo /id J wh!;o:'^ in«oparable frorj 
 
 princes were dis.;uN,od witlfun .«. ?.l •! '''« J"'"';'"? <^'a"n» "f the two 
 loi.Kth ajrroi.,1 hat ^s IS ■ n "^'"" '"''1 ««l'»'>e88, and it was at 
 
 !— t,...,j3, aitu w aii ins lavuur wiih 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 k^nSnm Jad previously looked upon the expedient of partitioning the 
 KnM ' T^i^ no^v very readily and zealously promised his support to 
 r.^n^u ^'^ "^^ll'^f",.'? ^'^^ •"« brother's possessions to his owi.; and to 
 fnHin5o a"? English princes, whose coming into England seemed to 
 indicate a determination to claim as heirs of Ethelred. Alfred was, 
 
 TLp??^ ?Tf°''';"f''^l,*'°™P"'"^?*«' •"^''«'^ *« court, and had reached 
 QcZnL^.??'^' '!Jf "^'^y; ,r ^'^ way thither, when an assemblage of 
 nrin^ on/^°?^^ suddenly fell upon the retinue of the unsuspecting 
 w^«h^J?PifP."l"P**'"'^* ^'^^i* ^r^'^*^ of them to the sword. Alfred 
 diPd?n^h«LfHf" prisoner-but far happier had been his fate had he 
 .uAiH ♦u"'®'.u H'8.»nhuman enemies caused his eyes to be put out. 
 l^L^^ "^f ^''•^" thrust into .the monastery of Ely, where he perished in 
 ag;ony and misery. H.s brother and Queen Emma readily Judged from 
 £?«fv flSr'^^'ri.'''"' '^^y ^"u"!*^ ^« 'he next victims, aJd they mm^ 
 
 fn .hl^n ?J'''""^-''^''°""i''y' ":''"« ""«ld forthwith added the southern 
 to the northern division of the kingdom. o^uiucru 
 
 Commencing his sole reign over England by an act of such hypocrisy 
 and sangmnary criielty, Harold would probabfy have left fearful traces d» 
 ZT^hJl^A^^ ^'" a lengthened one. Happily, however, it was bu 
 no,r.V«tn'^^""•f^'^"E^'^^^ f'^"'' y«"« after his accession, leaving 
 whinh *V'''^"*y °^ his ''^^'"« ^''^' "''«<1' «av« the one dark deed of 
 which we have spoken. He was remarkable for only one personal qual- 
 
 £ u♦^^*♦®.^'''"^ ?«'^"?J' ^h'ph' according to the almost invariable prac 
 tice at that time adopted of designating persons by some trait of char- 
 acter or physical quahty for which they were remarkable, procured him 
 the appellation of Harold Harefoot. - f uicu jum 
 
 A. D. 1039.— Although Hardioanute had been deemed by his father too 
 young to sway the English sceptre, he himself held a different opinion, 
 and he had occupied himself in his kingdom of Norway in preparing a 
 «( rco with which to invade England and expel his brother. Having com- 
 pleted lus preparations, he collected a fleet under the pretence of visitini/ 
 tiueen Emma, who had taken refuge in Flanders, and was upon the point 
 of sailing when he received intelligence of Harold's death, upon which 
 he immediately sailed for London, where he was received with the warm- 
 est welcome. Ho commenced his reijrn, however, very inauspiciously, 
 by the mean and violent act of having Harold's body disinterred and 
 thrown into the Thames. Being found by some fishermen, the royal 
 Dody was carried to London and again committed to the earth ; but Har 
 dicanute obtaining information of what had occurred, ordered it to be 
 again disinterred and thrown into the river. It was once more found- 
 but this time It was buried so secretly that the king had no opportunity 
 to repeat his unnatural conduct. u^"jiuimjr 
 
 lJ^a '',"'■] n^'°'^ Godwin had taken ii the murder of the unfortunate 
 Alfred, led Prince Edward, who was ••. ited over to the English court by 
 
 SS'"T?i ' ,''* '*''"".? ^A'","'" "' -^e' "^"^l to demand justice at the 
 hands of the king. But Godwin, who had already exerted all the arts of 
 servility to conciliate the king, made him a present of a magnificent gal- 
 ley, manned with sixteen handsome and gorgeously appointed rowers, 
 and the king was so well pleased with the present, that he merely re- 
 quired that Godwin should swear to his own innocence, which that per 
 Boiiage made no scruple of doing. 
 
 The reign of Hardioanuto was short, yet his violent temper and cupid- 
 ity cause-l it to be marked by a revolt. He had the injustice and impru- 
 denco to renew the tax known by the name of DanegAt, and chargecl a 
 yory heavy sum for the fleet which had convoyed ifim from Denmark. 
 • omnlHints and rcsiatanoe arose in many parts, and in WorceHtcr the 
 imople not only refused to pay the tax, but actually put two ol the col- 
 ieclon to death. Uodwui. with Siward, duke of Northumberland, And 
 
HISTOKT OP THE WORLD. 157 
 
 Itatelhem a formal J,S, ^'"«" ""*" "" '=°°'«'. •"'1 he 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 THE RBION OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. 
 
 prise was too ob,'oa??o Xw Ihe Si.K .'^"T""* fr?™ ""'' ""'^ 
 been far too irreat ^r PH^rHl m„' ^"^^ '''* opposiUon would have 
 
 mmmmmi 
 
 hJd8\i7„°i',^ ^"?"'^ °" fl"'''"? the Sovornment onee more in the 
 
 verity unoar'norn" ''^'"'""' ,^''^"'''' boh„ve.Wwi,f, „n SnpSn.l le 
 Mveriiy, unparrtonRtile, even lultniUuiir that ho was riirlit wLnh- »r 
 
 mr,ief r'"*^ '''*" '" 'T'"' '-«'<'r troale.1 by7^ nS ,mn S; K?h2 -' 
 
 lie not 
 
 m!n:ii sue naa neiiiud up, but niso 
 
158 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WOLLD. 
 
 
 
 comnutted her to close custody in a nunnery at Winchester. ;Some 
 writers have gone so far as to say that he accused her of the absurdly 
 13 .V. , t? "'"^^ "^ ^^"l"^ connived at the murder of the prince Alfred, 
 w»lkin J hwt ?T*''^ ^^'^^^^ °i ^^'^ euilt by the marvellous ordeal o 
 whom f-m^f "''''"^ "?'" "'"«.'«d-hot ploughshares; but the monks, to 
 whom Emma was profusely liberal, needed not to have added fable to 
 iwed mothen ^^ unnatural treatment of his twice wid- 
 
 se^K/!^hIIln«Tin!fl""^' «f"^"«nality.the desire of the English to 
 fivriSn hi Jh ? ''"^'^.r y * '"^" ""^ ^^^'' °^" '■»<'« w«8, no doubt, greatly 
 exci ed by their unwiUmgness to see lands and lucrative places beltowed 
 by stranger kings upon stranger courtiers. In this respeSt, however,The 
 accession of Edward was by no means so advantageous to he EngUsh as 
 they had anticipated. Edward had lived so mucS in Normandy that hi 
 Sn«f ?T -'T'^ ^ Frenchman in his tastes and habits, and it was 
 
 S now .hofi'h-^r''"^.'^"""]'""*'" ^^"^ '^« had formed hi^ friendshTps! 
 a^ d now chose his favourites and confidants. In the disposal of civil and 
 
 FnS Zf'^^^T'^^ '^^ king acted with great fairness towards 'he 
 English, but as the Normans who thronged his courts were both more 
 
 Sed oMh« y? '''ri'i* ''^' '*'"°"? them principaTly thS he dTs 
 posed of the ecclesias ical dignities, and from them that he chiefly select- 
 
 Kn^L^"'^^'' ^""^ '"'1'""'^ companions. The favour thus shown to the 
 
 f^f Godwif whr'* ^l"^""'' ^'he Knglish, and especially to the power^ 
 
 Pomn?f • •*** '^^^ ^""9 ¥^^^y °' PO"'" and patronage to look with 
 complacency upon any rivals in the king's good graces 
 
 full ?, """^K^^ "•*"■? offended that the exclusive favour of the king did not 
 fall upon him and his family, because, independent of the k n| havhiB 
 married the earl s daughter Editha. the mere power of Godwhi's own 
 family was so princely as to give him high claims, whicii he was bHS 
 means inclined to underrate. He himself%vas earl of Wessex, to which 
 extensive government the counties of Kent and Sussex were added • 
 S;veyn, his eldest son, had like authority over the counties of Hereford 
 
 o ZTa\: ?*'^"''1'2.'^ "''^^' :i'hile HaroW, his second son, was duke 
 of Last Angha, with Essex added to his government 
 
 nn„,?f «f fh'^"^ such extensive power, still secretly hating Edward on ac 
 count of their open feud about the murder of Prince Alfred, and consid. 
 fhfnL'r^'"- '"' '^"'•l'««'-«»«« «lo»«. or principally, E^rd owed h^ 
 throne, Godwin, who was naturally haughty, was not inclined to hlWr Ihl 
 neglect of the king without showing hi5 sJnse of i t, 3 hfs U-hummu 
 ZZt'' '""^^ d««P a"'^ ">« more bitterly expressed, beca se his dauSe 
 hdilha as well as himself suffered from the king's neglect The kimr 
 had married her, indeed, in compliance with his solemn pr mise but hf 
 ^i?"L^"Tlf'';:^'^''hher. His determination on thirhead was'StJj 
 TiTi u^ ^°^^''} *° his having transferred to the daughter a i rt of 
 he hatred he entertained for the father, though the monSs wUh th^r 
 
 A.D. 1048.— Entertaining strong feelings of both disappointment and di« 
 content, it was not likely that a nobleman of GodwS^ earpower and 
 great Ui-temper too, would fail to find some pretext upon whcrtrbroS 
 out iiuo open quarrel. Politic as he was ill timpered.&odwin seized ZJ 
 the favouritism of the king towards the NormanV as Tcause of nnK 
 upf>n which he was sure to have the svmnXv of th« rnS "'.^"*'^'*' 
 
 "* Whlle"o"or"^^' ''If''''' «' h''"-"Cn.t the'?ore 5n i;."'° '^^'^ 
 
 While Godwin was thus anxious to quarrel with the king whom he had 
 
 done so much to put upon the throne, and only waiting She occuiroiS 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ' igp 
 
 p1rrar™tLTfctL%"^ V^Si"'^ -r-"d -ore entirel, 
 through Dover on his wav back to hUn*"*^' ''''""* "^ Boulogne, passed 
 English court. An atSant upS. the coiln?^^^^^ visit pai/to tS2 
 
 at whose house he was quartereTand ,vnS^?V'"'° * ?'«P^ with a man 
 terfered, and the count's attenS-nt was ,?an? J"" ' ^^t "«*ghbours in. 
 between the count's suite and the townsoeoS^ J.uu'i ^*"''' »''°'^ P»^«« 
 the worst of the affrav. that thfi rnnnf t'? ^ .; u"*^ ^^^ former got so much 
 ing his life by flight. The k,.g was not T-^''^'' '"""' ^'^^''^'y '" '^v 
 ized that for/»g„lrs wh^had uf t nartikin^? h- ''if "^'y'.''"' <"^'» BomdaU 
 roughly used by his subjSJs aL ^e ordererl OnT^^ "« ♦hus 
 
 ha.e said, the government of Kent be^oSS./ .. '',''''""~^° ^*'«'"' »« ^e 
 fair, and to punish the euiltv Rnt o«^^ • ^'? "^"^^ ""J"'^ '"'o the af- 
 currence which furnish! d Tm wUh a nrel';; 7f'^ ^'', ^'^'-^^''^ «» «" ««- 
 for quarrelling with his sov^rlign and so^ f, T^ P''*"''^''' ""^^ P«P"1" 
 punish the Dover men, whom he aflpHrroH.^^ promptly refused to 
 
 by the foreigners. Ed^S^had iSeen awa're 'of" TT'^y, '"'^^^'^'^d 
 of Godwm, but as he was also awarf of th/f»r^f ^ i^" ?"«'"« '"^^Jings 
 power of that noble, he had prudrulv Pnl.? ^ ^''*'** ^"'^ widely-spreld 
 of open disagreement. ButfhUbS r^?.TVl^ *° ^^''''^ ^'1 "ocasion 
 provoked thf king so much that ^ thV^S p '?^ '"'■' '^^ '^''^y I'*' orders 
 of his displeasure^if he dared ti persevere iSh?,''^!?^?'' '^^ <""" ^«'g»»t 
 
 Aware, and probably not sorry that an nni <^''"''«dience. 
 unavoidable, Godwin LseST'a force and m '"^,'^7*" "°"^ ^'^no^ 
 ter, where the king was then residinTwith 1 nT''^'^ ^""V'^^ ^'""^e"- 
 dinary retinue. Edward, on hearing nfh« "'^er guard than his or- 
 of his too potent fatherSrw, aSfed for aid^'^li'"^ '."'^ ^""^"^ ^^""'8 
 powerful dukes of NorthufiaKd and M?rl " ^"^'^ «"d Leofric, th? 
 add to the forces with which they nSeins^lm f^.^^^"""" *""« *« 
 
 opened a negotiation with GodZ. wflv as ,h/p-^^^^^ ^'^ ^'"*' ho 
 
 casion forgot the rebel maxhrv- hkt hllhl } ^^^1 was, he on this oc- 
 sovereign should throw awartho'scabS-d b! 'tun'^T^^^'r' ^is 
 amuse him with messages and nrUsals whil«^L v'^'^f'^/^^ "^'"S '» 
 ra.8mg a force siiffieientlypoweStoassnrP h m « ^"'^\ ^"'''''^^ w«>-^ 
 rel proceed to blows. As the descend«nt nf » r*"®"' '''""''' ^^^ 9»'"' 
 
 and himself a king remarkable for lula^eLV?^. ''"' ""^ '^"^•'«'' '''"&«. 
 a popularity which not even L somewhat ovprl"" ''°"'"*='' '"'''"'"^ had 
 eigners could abate; and when his RnMp^»-."'^J'"I."» P»"'a»''y to for- 
 from the anger and ambUion of God win ?hi h'.'lf *!?! *'l^'*' '" '^'»"««' 
 such numbers that he was able t7summon hL t '''"^^ *" ]"'" defence in 
 able conduct. Both Godwin and his sTswhThln""?"'":"'/"'' his treason- 
 
 professod perfect willinones" to pS jY„l3iri!l'^ '" '^" •;^''^"'«"' 
 conduct, on condition that they should rPP«iv«h? '° ?"'"''*'' f""" their 
 eafety and fair trial. But the^king was now far' T" '^"'' '^^Y P«"""«» 
 any such terms, and Godwin and L 8on« npr,5' ■''° po^^rf"' to grant 
 with the king while he was but slpn Wi?, o.^ J JVt"» '''«' '" negotiating 
 opportunity h wrestiSg t'h? teS^^ ^fl'^"' 'h'o goldeS 
 
 roons and went abroaJ; Oodwinnd hrnnr « ^'*'"'y^"*'*"''«'^ 'heir 
 "ahfw n, earl of Flanders, andT i" Se t wS ons tS'f '!!^ """'T ^''h 
 Having thus for the time tot rid of Lm^i! ""^'"^ "h'^'t^"' •» Ireland. 
 «towed tLir estates andZJenin^^^ iirr'"'^^^'' '^^ ' *"«f he- 
 
 as he no longer thought himself oSed to kX ^'" favourites; and 
 perious father-in-law, he tK Queen Fi^th^-i*"^/"?^ ^"h his nn- 
 Into tt convent at Wherwell ' ^'""" he hhd neverloved, 
 
 «"e.es as would stiS enable 1*^ m o Z^ t hos! '"f!^"'? '"^'^ '""•'^'P' »"'• 
 «^rv,ng him. His ally, the o.-irTof F^^iJIL"'!!..!:'.^"^'.*" oPPortnnity oj 
 
 ~ ~' '^"" "■**' ^no moio iaiereitvd 
 
160 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 in his behalf on account of Godwin's son Tosti having married the earl'a 
 daughter, gave him the use of his harbours in which to assemole a fleet, 
 and assisted hnn to hire and purchase vessels ; and Godwin, having com. 
 pleted his preparations, made an attempt to surprise Sandwich. But Ed 
 ward had constantly been informed of the earl's movements, and had a fat 
 superior force ready to meet him. Godwin, who depended fully as much 
 upon policy as upon force, returned to Flanders, trusting that his seeminff 
 relinquishment of his design would throw Edward off his guard. It turned 
 out precisely as Godwin had anticipated. Ed wait! neglected his fleet and 
 allowed his seamen to disperse, and Godwin, informed of this, suddenly 
 sailed for the Isle of White, where he was joined by an Irish force under 
 Harold. Seizing the vessel* in the southern ports, and summoning all 
 his friends in those parts to aid him in obtaining justice, he was able to 
 enter the Thames and appear before London with an overwhelminff force 
 Edward was undismayed by the power of the rebel earl, and as he was 
 determined to defend himself to the utmost, a civil war of the worst de- 
 Bcription would most probably have ensued but for the interference of the 
 nobles. Many of these were secretly friends of Godwin, and all of them 
 were very desirous to accommodate matters, and the results of their time- 
 y mediation was^ treaty, by which it was stipulated on the one hand that 
 the obnoxious foreigners should be sent from the country, and on the other, 
 that Godwin should give hostages for his future good behaviour. This he 
 did, and Edward sent the hostages over to Normandy, being conscious 
 that he could not safely keep them at his own court. 
 
 Though a civil war was undoubtedly for the present averted by this 
 treaty between the king and Godwin, yet the ill example thus given of the 
 necessities of the king compelling him to treat as upon equal terms with 
 his vassal, would probably have produced farther and more mischievous 
 acts of presumption on the part of Godwin, but for his death, which sud- 
 denly occurred as he was dining with the king shortly after this hollow 
 reconciliation had been patched up between tliem. 
 
 Godwin was succeeded both in his governments and in the very imnor- 
 tant office of steward of the king's household by his son Harold, who had 
 all his father s ambition, together with a self-command and seeminir hu- 
 mility far more dangerous, because more difficult to be guarded asainsL 
 than his father's impetuous violence. Although unavoidably prejudiced 
 against him on account of his parentage, Edward was won by his seeminc 
 humility and anxiety to please. But though Edward could not refuse him 
 his personal esteem, his jealousy was awakened by the anxiety and suc- 
 cess with which Harold endeavoured to make pariizans ; and, in order to 
 curb his ambition, he played off a rival against him in the person of Algar. 
 son of Leofric duke of Mercia, upon whom was conferred Harold's old 
 government of East Anglia. But this notable expedient of the king whol- 
 ly faded. Instead of the power of Algar balancing that of Harold, the 
 disputes between the two rivals proceeded to actual warfare, in which, as 
 usual, tlie unoffending people were the greatest sufferers. The death oi 
 both Algar and his father put an end to this rivalry, or probably the verv 
 means which the king had taken to preserve his authority would have 
 wholly and fatally subverted it. ' 
 
 A.D. 1055.— There was now but one rival from whom Harold could feai 
 any effectua competition; Slward, duke of Northumberland; and his 
 death speedily left Harold without peer and without competitor. Siward 
 had greatly distinguished himself in the only foreign expedition of this 
 reiffn, which was undertaken to restore Malcolm, king of Scotland, who 
 had been chased from that king.lom after the murder of his fallie-. K\m 
 Duncan, by a traitorous noble named Macbeth. In this expedition riiwad 
 was fully successful ; but unfortunately, though he defeated and slew the 
 usuipor, Msclieth, he in the same action lost his eldest son, Osborne, who 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD \q^ 
 
 jad^^iven high pro„,ise of both wiU and po.er to uphold the glory oi hi. 
 
 were all in front ; aSd whefRu the htn ^«i«»':"«d that his wound, 
 his armour cleaned aSd a spear IJed XtnA Hf ? ^'^'^^ ^' had 
 might meet death in a guise worthy of a noW« 5nS ' ^''**'-*' •** ^*'''' he 
 Ow ng to the health of the bini k • ^-"°'"« a"^ a warrior. 
 
 .rhildranfhe gi^w anxiol'^K's;^^^^^^^^ \"^ "» havin. no 
 
 old was sufficiently ambitious to seize unonZ ." u^ "'"' '^''^ "«'"- 
 ry for his elder brother's son Edward Th«/« •"°T'i'® ««»* *» H»n?a. 
 ately after his arrival in Sand- an'rl iL. 'i^yi"''?-^'*^ «'™08' immedi. 
 Atheling would have been fflvn^'J^? though the title of his son Edgai 
 did not.^o the aSus :;/" 'of h^J^'g' seem SC h'^ ''' '"^ '^^".' ^^ 
 a competent authority to curb thrsSKmwfinnnf'i^ 
 see any one rather than Harold seJure in th^ si^.««""?,^'^-, .^'"'"P '« 
 h,s attention to William, duke of NormiSdv E"'?''" ^^^ ^^^ turned 
 son of William, duke of Normandy bvHarL.,'^^' pnnce was the natural 
 of the town of Falaise; but flSuS^^^^^ '^«"«ht«r of a tanner 
 
 He had shown great vieoiir anrt^«n^ •/ •" ^hat age was little regarded 
 
 made to his succSon t^The dukS Jnd"tEm;' i*.'^"^"" "!•« °PP««'"«" 
 
 age when his father died, his conduct Jh'^^^^^^^ 
 
 his subsequent government fullvSfi«H .hi,- u '^'.®?"'t ''"«'s and in 
 
 had induced his fatherTo beqSh^ it 5'f .°P'"'°" °^ him which 
 
 of other branches of the ducal ?amilv Hp h!-^''"''-^ °'^' ^° 'he prejudice 
 
 pined much upon the gS LinTo^of Edwarrt^^ 
 
 known to him his intention of mXna him hT- h'-^^" had actually made 
 
 Hungary for Prince Edward aS his faSy^'' ^'" ""'" ^'^""'^ ^' «««' »« 
 
 him?;^m'^lSL';orsre"diSr?Ll'''«^'"^'« ^««'r« to exclude 
 plan of conciliating the powerful iS r^!^.^'T' «'«?dfastlv pursued hi. 
 and protector of the weaL In thilrest S'lf« ^'""''^ •"'^'"'^ ^' 'he friend 
 but there was an obstacle in the way of his finn?'.''"'"?^'^ successful, 
 anticipated very great difficulty Amnn.K J * '""""Ph f'""'" which ho 
 Karl6odwin, were a S S-agrri^oS 
 , Harold perceived that Duke W lUam to\^m«l ^\ "«bleman ; and when 
 committed, had hopes of being rheir ^o the EnS '^' ^""'l'^'' ''''' 
 iy became anxious about the consearenVpVnf h- '^^'^''^ "aturaj. 
 
 tives so near. To get them oS? of tO^W.'- n^' '"'"""^^^ "^"''"y 'o r^'a- 
 of the king was of the utmoS^ mnnwon ' Pp^^* Previous to the death 
 their release, dwel ing S unoTff ^nn\""»'^ he applied to the kingfor 
 of his conduct, upZwhTh he arLed if 1 Tn °^'^'""''' ""'^ dutifulness 
 flection longer to keep the XSes A^Z '°'"^ '""'^ "" '"J""«"» 'e- 
 to all appearances of unb oken fluliandlindi.i-r''"^,"''* .'^''"j^ had been 
 unable to make any solid reply o his arlmentsT/d^ 
 point and ompowePed Haro d to eo to &«, h f^ ^fngth yielded the 
 hastened to fulfil this veTZrZMl, J/1 ■ "^^ ^?*^ '«^«aso them. Ho 
 arose while he wL 7sea^afXK himTh'.T"' ''"V* ^'^'^''^ '^rnpest 
 count of Ponthieu, who male EnrS.r^^yf"^''" 'he territory of (5ny, 
 large sum from him b7tl?e wav of'^rZ f '" u^ k^,' "f^^^otting a very 
 
 Normandy for Bid?n ti;.i« djle^ilL rer^ini tS t^'i' i^^\^ '"^^ «^ 
 well as his liberty was infrinired hv [hf« • ^ ■ '^^ fluke's honour as- 
 bound to the court oTSZ^L^K^lu^^T^J^r^ «<" « "«hlema,: 
 ngrcabletothe wishes of Sm' wK of ^^'^ *'Y'' i^m^md more 
 than Harold, was no less po ticra^d he at on^'f ^T^ temperament 
 this unexpected incident wou d ir va hi.„ ^hf ^® '^^r'^'^y pen^eived thai 
 only formidable competitor for tKSgrishZr' ffi''"'''''''"? "P«n hi, 
 patched a messenger to demand ZlE:„T^-.J?« "nmecl.ately dis- 
 I.— H *v "' "oruiu; aau ine counj »a 
 
163 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Pi-mthieu complied on the instant, not daring to irritate so warlike ^and 
 powerful a prince as Duke William. Harold then proceeded to William's 
 court at Rouen, where he was received 'with every demonstration of the 
 warmest good will. William professed the greatest willingness to give 
 up the hostages, and at the same time took the opportunity— as if ignorant 
 of Harold's own secret intentions — to beg his aid in his pretensions to the 
 crown of England, assuring him in return of an increase to the grandeur 
 and power already enjoyed by his own family, and offering him a daughter 
 of his own in marriage. Though Harold had the least possible desire to 
 aid in his own defeat, he clearly enough saw that if he were to refuse to 
 
 eromise it he would be made a prisoner in Normandy for the remainder of 
 is life. He agreed, therefore to give William his support. But a mere 
 promise would not serve William's turn, he required an oath, and as oaths 
 sworn upon reliques were in that age deemed of more than usual sanctity, 
 he had some reliques of the most venerated martyrs privately hidden be- 
 neath the altar on which Harold was sworn ; and, to awe him from break- 
 ing his oath, showed them to him at the conclusion of the ceremony. 
 Harold was both surprised and annoyed at the shrewd precaution of the 
 duke, but was too politic to allow his concern to appear. 
 
 Imagining that he had now fully secured the support of iiaroid instead 
 of having to fear his opposition, William allowed him to depart with many 
 expressions of favour and friendship. But Harold had no sooner 
 obtained his own liberty and that of his relatives, than he began to exert 
 ert himself to suggest reasons for breaking the oath which actual though 
 nominal durance had extorted from him, and the accompaniment of which 
 had been brought about by an overt fraud. He shut his eyes upon the 
 fact that, having consented to take the oath, it really mattered little whe- 
 ther he was aware or not of the presence of the reliques ; had they not 
 been there his oath would still be in full force, and he could only act 
 in contravention of it by gross perjury. Determined to have the crown if 
 possible, even at this fearful price, he now redoubled his efforts at gaining 
 public favour, hoping that his superior popularity would deter the king 
 from making any further advances to Duke William, and relying, in the 
 last resort, upon the armed defence of the nation. In pursuance of this 
 plan he headed an expedition against the Welsh, and pressed them to such 
 straits that they beheaded their prince, Griffith, and consented to be gov 
 erned by two noblemen appointed by Fdward. 
 
 The popularity he gained in this expedition was greatly enhanced by his 
 politic and ostentatious display of rigid partiality in a case in which his 
 brother, Tosti, duke of Northumberland, was a principal party. Tosti had 
 conducted himself with such tyrannical violence that the Northumbrians 
 expelled him ; and the deceased Duke Leofric's grandsons, Morcar and 
 Edward, having sided with the people, the former was by them elected to 
 be their duke. The king commissoned Harold to put down this insurrec- 
 tion, which it was naturally supposed that he would be all the more zeal- 
 ous in doing, as the interests of his own brother were concerned. But Mor- 
 car, having demanded a conference with Harold, gave him such proofs 
 of the misconduct of Tosti, and appealed so flatteringly to his own very 
 opposite conduct, that Harold not merely withdrew the army with which 
 he was about to chastise the Northumbrians, but made such a representa- 
 tion of the case as induced the king not only to pardon the Northumbri- 
 ans but also to confirm Morcar in Tosti's government. Tosti fled to the 
 court of Flanders, but subsequently took an opportunity to show the extent 
 of his dissatisfaction with his brother's decision. 
 
 Shortly after this affair Harold married the sister of Morcar, a step 
 which plainly intimated how little he held himself bound to perform ihf 
 Hworn engagements to William of Normandy. In fact he was now ao 
 very popular, that he made no secret of hia pretension to the throne, bui 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLn. 103 
 
 TX^'S'^il^lt:^:^^^^^^ be unfit 
 
 coed Edward; and thoueh theS»- w„~ """i'" ^^e nation to sue- 
 succession directly SSshive^I^^oT^npHnn T'''* °^^^^ '» ""o^'s 
 weak in both mind and boT'tota^a^^^^ Pretension, he was too 
 
 succession of William. ^ energetic steps for securijig the 
 
 app?oSnVe^?a"nte;^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 he could not muster resolS to in?it?^Ti wiir''''^'l*''".°f ""»W, 
 policy, or arms to decide the s "ccesZn at^S^L^h"''*?' u^"^ ^^^^ «^«n«^ 
 sixty-fifth year of his age and Swe„tv fifth nf h t ''^'''^ ^""""^^ >« '^^^^ 
 Godwin and Harold excited his d?sikphr.h- i^'' "■^'?"- T'»o"gh bf«<h 
 him by superior talent SenerffithlnLS l. ""^ I^'i^^ acquired over 
 fact, mainly attributaieTtSReraSdS^^^ '^*"' '" 
 
 te^t^fS^^SS-i^^'ae^ttS^ 
 
 CHAPTER XH. 
 
 THE KEIOW OF HAROLD THE SECOND 
 
 proVakMhirHtiaa^^^^^ had so ,0., been 
 
 mere fact of his being on the soo'hl h-H » ^'^ Preparations, and intbo 
 over his Norman rival " No' Z% werS his oS.^'*^ '"'"*''^«' ^'•'^^"'«*-'« 
 erfulby their wealth and stations thev wLp 1« ' numerous and pow- 
 Neither Duke William nor EdTrAtheTinrwp,^^^^^ compactly organized, 
 was taken for granted that the unanimouf vole nfTh*"^ P'T'*^*^' ''"' '» 
 sented by that of the lav and cleS 31 . ^ "^ ^^^ Pf "P^^ ^^^ '^P^^- 
 without even waiting fo^r the forTnafsaSon^fV"'"^""'''^ ^^™**^ = ^"'i' 
 he was crowned by the archbishop of SoJ.i^ '*"'5 °^ ''i? '''"fi^'^«™' 
 cease of Edward. Nor in fact w.« tho "le very day after the de- 
 
 assumption as it someUmes ts'b^^n ?or h3<?^'''" ""'?°" ^° •"««•« «" 
 lar, and the Normans were as univers'allv ha^In 1T' .""'"e^aHy P0P» 
 on account of their fierce and warhke charactPr ^^ ^""[^'Sn'^r^' and feared 
 was in England, he was not Ion? a IowpH »« i!f' ?"^ ?''P"'^'' ^ Harold 
 His brother Tosti, whrhad reSeS vnS..? '•'^^k^" elevation in peace, 
 of Flanders ever since HaroI^rmemorahrJ^^^^^^ banishment at the court 
 that his time was now arrived t„™aTeSint'''H" ^^^'"«i him, deemed 
 fluence with the earl of Flanders and IITL. "^ ^''"''.^'' ^is utmost in- 
 pise forces, and journeyed pSsonallv to NoJ^w^ '"'" ^""'^^y »» 
 Ham to join hirnLvenUrb^Xlirl^^^^^ ^^^"«^«« D"''^ W.l 
 
 .iaJ/rt"t?oLth'^iterat"&^^^^^^ 
 
 urging. He had already dSmfneSratHaS'-^^^ 'I '"^'^"''"^ ""^ 
 
 to fight for the throne : but as it w!. IZ.-T 1 • '^ou'd at the least have 
 
 a., possible withTe English neonlhr«.1^ ""P^ «»«'«" 
 
 Harold to perform the proS he h»S'm«Hl ?">bassador8 summonuig 
 of an oath.*^ Harold reKa^ some leZh I'i''"' !^ most solemn for.,, 
 of reason to the dukJ^s memV Ts rell Sd "o h^H 0'^.^^'''^"'^^-^^ '^ow 
 been extorted from him under circumsi«nP«Vf°. ^^^^* ^/ '*"'• 'l^atbad 
 bodily terror, and wrconSSy nuTTd^^^^^^ 
 person could not lawfully swear tnf™,^.k '"".^over, he as a private 
 
 M himself, he added,t^enTaised1o thrthm^^^ h^S P'-«'«»'i°"«- He 
 
 of bis nnniiio n«A uJ . • • , . r"^ tnrone by the unanimous vni«» 
 
 ''"""'' ' "" """"' "'"«^a De uuworthy oj- their love aL dtruVj 
 
104 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 were he not prepared to defend the liberties they had entrusted in htsi 
 care. Finally, he said, should the duke attempt by force of arms to dis 
 luro mm and his kirgdom, he would soon learn how great is the power 
 of a united people, led by a prince of its own choice, and one who waa 
 firmly determined that he would only cease to reign when he should cease 
 to live. 
 
 William expected such an answer as this, and even while his messen- 
 gers were travelling between Normandy and the English court he was 
 ousily engaged in preparations for reinforcing his pretensions by arms. 
 Brave, and possessed of a high reputation, he could couat not only upon 
 the zealous aid of his own warlike Normans, who would look on the in- 
 vasion of such a country as England in the light of an absolute godsend, 
 but also of the numerous martial nobles of the continent, who literally 
 made a trade of war, and were ever readv to range themselves and their 
 stalwart men-at-arms under the banner of a bold and famous leader, witl-.- 
 out expressing any troublesome curiosity as to the rightfulness of his 
 cause. Among these unscrupulous sworders iho wealth, feme and a cer 
 tain blunt and hearty hospitality of Willirtm made him extremely popular, 
 and in the idea of conqucriiiff such a kingdom as England there was mu'h to 
 tempt their cupidity as well as to inflame their valour. Fortune, too, fa- 
 voured William by the sudden death of Conan, count cf Brittany. Be- 
 tween this nobleman and William there was an old and very inveterate 
 feud, and Conan no sooner learned Duke William's design upon England, 
 than he endeavoured to embarrass and prevent him by reviving his own 
 claim to the duchy of Normandy, wiiich he required to be settled upon him 
 in the event of the duke suecocdiiig in England. This demand would 
 have caused the duke much inconvenience, but Conan had scarcely mado 
 it when he died, and Count Hoel, his successor, .so far fionl seeking to 
 embarrass William, sent him five thousand men under command of \m 
 ■on Alain. The earl of Flanders and the count of Anjou permitted their 
 subjects to join William's army, and though the regency ot France oslcn- 
 sibly commanded him to lay aside his enterprise, the earl of Flanders, 
 who was at the head of the regency and who was his father- in-lnw, took 
 care to let the French nobility know that no objection wouid lie offered to 
 their enlisting under William. Still more important aid and e..('«)ui'age- 
 menl were atibrded to Willi..m by the emperor Henry IV., who not only 
 assisted him in levying men in his dominion, but also promised to protect 
 the duchy of Normandy durina the duke's absence ; but the most important 
 protector and encouragor of VVilliam in his projected enterprise was Tope 
 Alexander HI., whom the duke, with shrewd Judgment, had completely 
 won to his interests by voluntarily maVing him the mediator between 
 them. The great anxitty of the papal courts to have an influence as well 
 over the temporal as over the spiritual afl'airs of the nation would have 
 rendered this one stroke of William's policy quite decisive of Alexander's 
 conduct, but the pontiff was still farther interested in the duke's success 
 by his belief that should the Normans conquer England, they would sub- 
 lect that nation more completely than it hud yet been to the papal see. 
 
 From the states of his own duchy Willium at firtt met with some ojipo- 
 ■ition, the supplies lu; reciuired being nnpreccdoiilly and onerously larjfd. 
 But Odo, bishop of Bayeux, WillLim Filzowboriie, count of Breteuil and 
 constable of Normandy, with the count of Loii((uevillo and other Nor- 
 man magnates, ao effectually ;;idcd him that this difllculty was got over, 
 and the states agreed to furnish him with all the aid, only under protflst 
 that their comphanco should .tut be drawn into a precedence injurious to 
 uieir posterity. 
 
 Hy iroal activity, perseverance, and aildress, William at IciiKth fouml 
 tiimself itt the head of a magiiifliontly apnoiulcd force of thnse Uiousaml 
 
 reiaela of various rates, and UnwanlH nf nO.nOO mnn • nnA ■« rwinnlar liAil 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. jog 
 
 his force was imposing His ve^ernn »„Th '^■''i^ '^'."^ °^ numbers tFiat 
 led bysomeof thS mS famous chamni?^.» ^f'^'P'"!^^ men-at-arms woro 
 true warriors ; among ^vhom he coSyreckon tZI ""*' '»' °' !f"'8*'^« «"'1 
 William de Waronne, Roger de BeaumoSf H^h h'^-' Tl"^ "^ "»»l«gn«. 
 famed Charles Marrel. "eaumont, Hugh d' ^staples, and the far- 
 
 pro'Tljil^g^tfc^^^^ other gallant loaders by 
 
 (lim, Tosti, the infuriated brSr of hII J^ "^T ^^'^".' '** '=°»1"«'' f^' 
 structions in ravaging he coasts of F^aKln* ""^^ ^''"''^ ^^ William's in- 
 of Harold and his subjects nnthp'-^^-- -5 distracting the attention 
 tions. In conjunction-" w ith iSKa^^^^^^^ ^""'"y'" P^'^P'^^"* 
 
 powerful fleet into the Hunber «m biaa^, ' ^i"^ of Norway, Tosti led a 
 car, duke of Northumberird! and fS H„S«'''?'m ^' ''^""""y- ^^'- 
 «uch forces as time would allow and e.ivn,?, ?^^«'■'='«. g«l together 
 ders, but were put to the rou bv them S^hn "i Vv." ^T "^^^^ '^"' '""»"- 
 men was in itself di8astrous]™cce^s/uM/S^^^^^^ 
 compact force and hasten to nieSt th«^!.S ^^^^ "'"'"''^ '""« 'o raise a 
 at Stanford, in Lincons re a^ i 1h«?1 " V) P""*'"- "« ">«' '^em 
 werecompl^tely defeated and bot.Vo-ti^^ ' '^' *"''"'''' ^^e invaders 
 on the field. Wince 01 ,?o son oHh r*^ ^''r '*^r'» "*■ ^"'"'^y P«"«^^^^ 
 oner, and the whole of eNorweJiifl^!-Tw ^'""^fy' ^"l'"'"'" P"" 
 with great generosity, gave tl^e^l i "^f captured; but Harold, 
 
 "'?,;« 'tf>-»y «f^iP»3 tpa^rt^hf/rn oun'iry'"'"' "'' "^'^"^'^ 
 
 services; andcw. his returni,^ Im «L U M?'''^ ','" '""'" ""^''"'^ t^eir 
 desire to spH.re his people as 3, '- T .'/''""^ ' ''^ "^^^ actuated by a 
 with l)uke Willian X "m uoh diS:i to r '''" »PP«'«««''i»« contest 
 them actually deserted, and the ro«t ™ i''" "'.""■^' '^"" '"''"y °' 
 «urth, apprehending some fata consem.ZL f'**'"'!*"'*''^-.. "*« '^'""'" 
 ble discontent, end.fav,.urec t 'iissuaT Kfi f f '" ""? ."-^o'ly ""reasona- 
 son in the field against W I m i^ , " ^""" "*'^'"» '''» "wn por- 
 
 riskallumnonobattrvdoX^ "^^ would bo unwise to 
 
 depend u ,on ihl lo^^y ZZ&TxiZ'^f T'V \" ^"" ''•""^ 
 could weary out the invaders ,SM7nrli,'''''f''' for abundant supplies 
 and he added, that arHarold id hnL *"''"' '"to.s" bniission or retreat, 
 reliques to supnort insteXVf n?' '>.°"''^.r'" .""fittingly, sworn upon the 
 
 him^o refraTfn. ; talc ig a7;Z"fa t' t" i::'.'? ^""'•' ''"/*' *"'"«'• f«' 
 But Harold would hoo(i mlrZon n.^ ^n^ " "'*' '»PPr«»<-»'inR contest, 
 innied literally to fulfl t „ to ms f l.irrn ' '■r"Il"'!i!'">'<^« = he was detei 
 to cense to refgn o,"ly in ceasing to ,'iv'e '''^ '" '^'"""" " ""'"'"»"»' ■»»<' 
 
 .•.'firiteZt^turini^^t^'s"' ,rt" '"'^''"''•'^^y -'"^•' '" -hieh 
 of Sussex, and the army lanZi at' I.m.s IT.n ""^^ "'''""'""' *"^ ""' ''«»"< 
 n his hurry to leap aslu'r s m , J '7f T '^'l\^ opposition. The duke 
 great presence of nindovcS"^^^ o the ground; but he with 
 
 dent into an evil on' K L.u v I ' i"- '''"'■' 'T interpreting this acci- 
 Hes^ionof the country ^ ^ «=*claimliig that he had now taken pos 
 
 H«!iro^:r';;.';:ui;!ir;.> li.;'::',' ";i "'"y' -«"» • "'""^ t„ Duke w.i. 
 
 «im. William wIk wni oiSur ^ fi'l' ''ry^'"' "^ " ""'" "^ '""'•"y «" 
 
 tfodo?3L;;Sd";c:;:jS;::'t:S:r\^^ 
 
 ■ -T-rr* 
 
 il fc. ■ f. 
 
lee 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The eve of the momentous day of strife was passed by the Normans m 
 prayer, and in confessing their sins to the host of monks by whom they 
 were accompanied ; but the English, more confident or more reckless, irave 
 themselves up to wassail and merriment. 
 
 Early in the morning the Duke addressed the principal leaders. He rep- 
 resented to them that they had come to conquer a fine country from the 
 hands of a usurper whose perjury could not fail to call down destruction 
 upon his head; that if they fought valiantly their success was certain, but 
 that if any, from cowardice or treachery, should retreat, they would infal- 
 libly perish between a furious enemy and the sea towards which he would 
 dnve them. His address finished, the duke formed his immense force into 
 three divisions. His choice and heavy-armed infantry was commanded 
 by Charles Martel, the archers and light-armed infantry by Roger de 
 Montgomery, and the cavalry, which flanked both those divisions, was 
 under his own immediate leading. 
 
 Harold had chosen his situation with great judgment. His force was dls 
 posed upon the slope of a rising ground and the flanks were secured against 
 cavalry, in which he was but weak, by deep trenches. In this position he 
 resolved to await the attack of the enemy, and he placed himself on foot 
 accompanied by his brothers Guf^th and Leofwin, at the head of his infan' 
 try. The first attack of the Normans was fierce, but the steadiness with 
 which they were met and the great difficulty of the ground compelled 
 them to retire, and the Engliah pursued and threw them into a disorder 
 which threatened to degenerate into actual rout. Duke William, who 
 ■aw that all his hopes were at this moment in jeopardy, led on the flower 
 of his cavalry, and speedily compelled the English to relinquish their hard- 
 earned advantage, and retire to their original position. William now or- 
 dered up additional troops to the attack, but finding the English stand firm 
 he made a feint of retreat. With far more bravery than judgment, the 
 fcngiish abandoned their advantageous post to pursue the flying and seem- 
 ingly terrified enemy, when the NorniHii infantry suddenly halted and faced 
 the hnglish, whose flanks were at the same instant furiously charced 
 ^} t ''"'"" '-'^valry. William was admirably obeyed by his troops, 
 and the English fell in vast numbers; but the survivors by great exerliop 
 regained the hill, where the aid and example of Harold enabled them to 
 defend themselves with greater advantage. Extraordinary as it may senm 
 the ardour of the English enabled William to put the same feint into exe- 
 cution a second time, and with equal advantage to himself, though the 
 main lM)dy of Harold's army still remained firmly entrenched upon the 
 hill. But galled by the incessant play of William's archers, whodiscliarir- 
 ed their deadly inisailes over the heads of the advancing heavy-infantry 
 the English were at length broken by the furious yet steady charaes of 
 these latter, and, Harold and both his brothers being slain, they Jlod 
 WM,^'"*'.''"""*'* *'"' '♦"'''•''•I6 slaughter by the victorious Normaiis.- 
 Wilham did not gain thin iinportmit victory without vast loss, the battle 
 liavir.g been continued with almost unabated fury on both sides from 
 morning until evening. The dead body of the ill-fated Harold was found, 
 and, by the ordoM of the duke, restored to his mother j and the Norman* 
 having solemnly returned thanks for their signal triumph, marched on- 
 ward to pursue their advantage. 
 
 Had the English still poHsi-sscd a royal family of the high courage and 
 popiilajity of Harold, Duke William, in «|)it« of his first brilliant suc.oas, 
 might for years have been harassed by tlie neccsMity of continually fight 
 ing small ami inde«Msive battles in every province of the kingdoni. Hut 
 Kdgir Alhnling, llu; only Saxoti heir to iVw crown, had neither the rapaci 
 ly nor Die reputation which would enable him to organiio and direct a ro 
 sistance of this stern and •lHlilH>rn description, But his mere lineagr 
 went for much in the circumtUuces of the kingdom, Kiid the dukes Moron 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. • ,67 
 
 «overe.gn against t^eVormminvy^^^^^ 
 
 were aealouily assisted bv StiifJnf ,mhhi.h '* measure the dukes 
 
 w^alth and inLnce ml'^him'S"g'rUr.e it'tolhS"'"'"^ "'°'^ 
 
 pope's bull in favour of hirenterDrii^it h^t,„ ^f^'"^ *° ^^^ P««Pl« ^ho 
 knew would have ^ffrea^t efS. S, li,! ^'"* a document which he well 
 tudo, and thus disiXe tLm to S?d\t rX« ''''°"r '"in^iof the multj. 
 ers, he marched towards London A L^«k^''® ?^*x"""^ ^y *»»«'' lead- 
 ed to arrest his cour^J, but ?hey wert routed w.^h°^. Lpndo„e«i attempt- 
 about five hundred ho^se of t he Norm»n ^ ^'^'^ '®'"^'e slaughter by 
 together with the littJe^oS^^ and L^hl^'f*^^ and this new disaster, 
 completely dispirited 1)1^06001^ th„, ^"'^'""^sm excited by Edgar, so 
 spoiled of succors aSdretifedKe^^^^ *='*«''» »««' de^ 
 
 submitted ; Southwark aUemoted ^m^rr- »"^^ governments. All Kent 
 and the Normans seeLd s^ wholl?Tr/,?!'hf "'f,' '".^ ■*''" ««' «« fi'« J 
 of Canterbury, Edgrithdin^ and o.hJ^ '."^^ >''*' «l'gand, archbisho,^ 
 tendered William the crown aifd mZn^' '**k'"» '?^" "^ "»« kingdom, 
 degree of hypocrisy! whS the vlt nrln-'r.r' '""'k'T i° **''"• With a 
 great toils he l.ad un ieTS for th^mfrnTf ^^^^ ^n'l 'he 
 
 ridiculous, the dukeretfnTed to havS scTZ at^^^^^^^^ '^^ '"'T" ""^^^ 
 without some more formal consent of .h«'i? r ?"^ accepting the crowr 
 friends, ashamed of hU^uSs .?m, ,'fHn,^'^^^ "»' ^s own 
 
 scruples might give rise to Zn«"fj^"'* '**"'"!: «f'a'd ">at his affected 
 Plaiiiy withhhfilhat his ?eZod rir? '"■■" »f events, remonstrated so 
 were Jiven for the See sarySi^^^^^^ '^V^^' «"d order. 
 
 Stigand, archbishop of Caiiterburv w«L «?/ r ""™«*l».»»e coronation, 
 per person to have crowned WiriiLH„»°?h'"''''lS^ '° eUqaetie, the pro- 
 shown in defending lu's countrv ml?)'- 1 "' "** alacrity that prelate had 
 •lislike. who re 2 "5 be cJiw.md 2v tim "" ".hJ''"',«^ V'« <^^onq„orer's 
 been irregularly obta ned • 3 thl .LiJn'u"? ^^^i'"*/'''*' his pall had 
 aixshbishojofftrk ' ''^ melaucholy office fell upou Aldred. 
 
 THK RKION or VfthUAK I 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 „ ' WSUALIT STTLKD " WltLIAM THK COHQURROR. 
 
 have William for heifkinrimti ^'"',"\" "'"y *«™ w*'""* to 
 
 tions, ho adnon si ed him to unh,. d hV'.r"!:'" ^^ "'"'•mative acclama- 
 l<««tic« with rr "remand the mtii.l'"'""''' '7' J"»ti.:n,and execute 
 Hpplause of .:.e "peaalors of IvUh natfons A "1' '"'' ^''*'' i""*** "'« '«"'' 
 Hurround..,' the abbey, „neaHiu,nhm,.^ '!?"* 'f""'* "^ N<,rma,i8 
 
 K;?: «-; ££;S't^^^^^ far;;;;;: 
 
 ^^^^^nt!:::^ prmnipal Ea. 
 
 able ,,„„,hict of hi« now Zh « r Liirn .^^ ""*^' •*'y'M">'' l'«e peaco. 
 •howed the Jedousr^e feU b?;.rZ?i*.'^ «he stunly Unaonor,, and he 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 I. .*Lf; ^.^6';— H'S jealousy of his new subjects was still further shown bv 
 fh« T''y ^^7™ ^°'^'^°" i!" .^^•^''•"S' '" *^«««*' ^^here he held a court fS 
 2l!nP nfrr fr''?*^^ '^* ^*""*fi^« **f ^'^"''^ English nobles who had no 
 fc!" ^Tn*** «i,ihe coronation. Edric, surnamed the Foresten the 
 brave ^arl Coxo, Edwin and Morcar, who had so zealously though inef 
 lectually endeavoured to prevent him from enslaving their countm and n 
 crowd of nobles of smalfer note waited upon him tLre, made K r Lu^ 
 mission m form, and were confirmed by fiim in their authority and JSg 
 sessions, and though the new reign had commenced in war and usurpaf ioS 
 JuiroiT ' ^'"^ appearance of its being both a just and a tS 
 
 Having received the submission of all his principal English subjects 
 Wi ham now busied himself in distributing rewards amonltl e Norman 
 soldiery to whom he owed his new crownT He was enabfed to behiJS 
 the more hberally towards them, because, in addition to the arge treasSIe 
 of the unfortunate Harold which had fallen into his hands, he wfs enrkfhed 
 by great presents made to him by numerous wealthy EngLTi who were 
 desirous of being among the earliest to worship the risinf sun.l^hrt Thev 
 might enlarge, or at the least preserve their estates. As ^the clergy haS 
 
 llnSl'^Tu^ '"'" ^^ ™"'^« "^^^ P^«««"'« t« them also; and he ottd 
 an abbey to be erected near the site of the late battle, and to be called 
 
 An anecdote is related, in connection with this abbey, that William was 
 informed, after the foundations were laid, that the workmen couS no? 
 find any sprmg of water for the supply of the intended edifice "Le 
 U^em work o„,^' replied William, " let tRem work on, by the blessing o 
 
 .^ EngC." ^ ^" ""^ P^'"''^"^ '" '•'"' ""^^'^ '»»•»" ^«'«' in any Xr 
 William doubtless built this magnificent abbey partly for the sako o» 
 placng there his most zealous friends among :L Nofmm. monkn »nH 
 partly as a splendid and durable monument of his greJtTri^h bit he 
 . ffected to dedicate it chiefly to the saying of masses for ho reoose ot 
 iliat unrortumite prince whom he had deprived of both k^^gdomfri ufe 
 Though William had obtained his throne striniy by coZest and usur 
 pation, he commenced his reign in ., m.uiner the bost^cSS "o recoi ! 
 cile h IS subjects to their change of sovoroigns. The pride of conauJStd 
 
 .h'!,\S«?.'"'" '" ^'r '"'^Ty "f conciiiatton. and wK ho wasTroili i 
 the moHt busy in placing all power and influence in Norman hands hS 
 no opportunity of showing apparent favour to and confllncrin tile lead 
 mg Saxons. Though he confiscated not only the estates of Ha«3d bu 
 also those of many of the leadinp men who had sided with that mfortu 
 mite prince, he in numerous cases availed himself of slen lor "xcus -s foi 
 
 c^lt? Wdirair*' '° •"'"'•/*»['''f»l "^-n^^"- «»ti.fiod that S i, ,£f 
 cllity of hdgar Atheling secured the peaceable behaviour of that Driiu-e 
 he «onfirinea him in the earldom of 6xford with which ho had been hf' 
 vested by the deceased king; and, by th«^ studied kind Sss of h?»H« 
 meanour towards the Saxon nobles 'whS appro.Sd hhiSe "rSvo^J add 
 to thoir grutuudr for th« solid favours he conferred upin thJ n? a fleling 
 
 will ol the people at arge by maintaining among his troops that slrioi dii- 
 dpluie for winch ho had hem ro.narkablo in Nurniaiidy. V ic urs hou ' 
 hey were, and both ordered and encuruged to keep the sLxrioX 
 S 1? i""' ""J"^'"","*^ }" "«' 'H'vv government the /were not an.S to 
 add Insolence to mithority. a.„| the slightest dis.- er or invasio of nro. 
 pertv was pm.nptly and strie.tly puni"hod. His «om,iliS w lufv ex 
 
 Lutti . " '^'r '"rj"'""''- '^''•"t °"y '""d been wSy oS«o^ o^S 
 but Ins anger for the past opposition w.w kept down by a nnidnt eon. 
 wcientlon of the i.n,Mirl««t oart .o powerful 2 city mi,^J[ ut'some f Juli: 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. my 
 
 confirmed ite priXeS 5f thn nmfn?*''' '" ^'/ *'"'". ''^"'^«- ^hile he 
 fortresses in nfany ofthem and^cS Mv''h""'^ ^T^^' '^'''«''' ^^ *>""' 
 commanded all the best niUharvnostHfnrt '^Tu""' "« '^ua 
 
 stantly occupied by h" ™e er7n so Siir, w ^'''^ *^«'" «=«"- 
 
 have anticipated or even vv»hed anH A.« ^^ i »"/''« success he could 
 companionffn h s pfeasle* Amon. h "' """'"'""'^ "P«" '"« «»«'« ""^ 
 
 The complete submission and order to which Willi«m hu,i r^A.. a ix 
 
 exHft hi. H«.»,i„ 1 ' William could upoedily return in nersoii tn 
 
 In K««d AiTl?'^ 2Ltl^.'^»A'."'AV^» ""'n«'l« '«ly Produoin. revolt 
 
1^0 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 to encouragre revoa, not doubting that the English, deprived of their besi 
 Biid most zealous friends aud leaders, who were in close attendance upon 
 hira, would easily be put down by his victorious army, and that he would 
 thus, without any risk to his new conquest, acquire a plausible right to 
 make a vast and sweeping transfer of the property of the kingdom from 
 Saxou to Norman hands ? Or shall we rather suppose that the Saxon pop- 
 ulation willingly remained quiet while the personal presence of the stern 
 and strict conqueror prevented his officers and soldiers from tramplina 
 and oppressing the conquered, and that the Fatter were so ill-treated during 
 his absence as to be driven into an utter recklessness of consequences 1 
 The first supposition, though anything but honourable to William, tallies 
 mdiSerently well with his dark and deep policy; the latter is in the very 
 nature of things highly probable. Perhaps, however, the truth lies be- 
 tween. William's wishes and views would, no doubt, govern the chiel 
 men among the Normans left in England, as to the greater or less degree 
 of severity they should exercise during his absence in keeping the Nor- 
 man soldiery in order; and the latter would bo abundantly ready to avail 
 themselves of any relaxation in the strictness of discipline to which they 
 had been accustomed, without greatly troubling themselves to dive into 
 the politic motives in which that relaxation had its origin. And this view 
 of the case is the more reasonpble, because, while policy obligfjd William 
 to conciliate the Saxons at the ^immencement of his reign, the vastnesa 
 and the number of the Norman claims upon him must have made him 
 much in want of more extended means to satisfy them than his early 
 ostentation of lenity had left him; aul certainly the Norman knights and 
 leaders, who were so sure to profit by ,jew confiscations of Saxon prop- 
 erty, would not be slow to provoke the Saxon population, by every insult 
 and injury in their power, to such conduct as would lead to confiscation. 
 This view of the case, finally, is much strengthened by the improbability 
 that so suspicious and politic a person as William would so early have ex- 
 posed his new conquest to danger, however guarded against by the trusti- 
 ness of those left to rule for him, in mere childish impatience to dazzle 
 the eyes of his ancient subjects with his new splendour, and witliout some 
 deep and important ulterior view. 
 
 From whatever cause, however, it is quite certain that very soon aftei 
 the conqueror's (1< irture from Normandy the English began to exhibit 
 symptoms of impatience under their yoke. Kent, which had been the first 
 to submit to him after the great battle of Hastings, was now also the first 
 to take advantage of his absence and rebel against his authority. Headed 
 by Eustace, count of Boulogne, they not only did much damage in the open 
 country, but even had the boldness to attempt the capture of D()ver castle, 
 and almost at the same time Edric, the Forester, whose possessions lay 
 towards the Welch border, leagued himself with some discontented Welch 
 chioftains, being induced to do so by the wanton insolence with which 
 some of the Norman leaders in the neighbourhood had spoiled his proper- 
 ty, rhese attempts at openly opposing the Normans were too hastily and 
 looMly made to be successful, but they lerved to fan into a flanu! the 
 ■mouldermg fires of discontent which secretly, but no less stoiidily, burned 
 in the hearts of the people. Not merely to revolt against tlie Nurinan rule 
 but to rise on the same day in every village and town in tho nalion ano 
 massacre the Normans to a man, was now made the object of a general 
 conspira(7 "mong thu Saxon population ; and so general and so tlelennined 
 was the frenzied (U'sirn to carry this object into effect, that Karl (Joxo 
 having refused to place himseir at the head of his numerous serfs, was »c 
 tually put to death as an enemy to his country and an ally of the Norman 
 oppressors. 
 
 Information of the rebelliouH state t.f !*is new kingdom wns speedi;; 
 conveyed to Wiiliain, who hastonod ov«j »ti4 applied himself to the tasK 
 
 / 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ' j^j 
 
 of puiiisliiiig tliose who had opeiilv rPvnltpH a»^ «f •*•.,• 
 v^ho, though Biill i„ outward apWance Wl miit h '"*""'?*" ".'^ ?•>««« 
 ^imi ar course. The esr-»tP« Tf ♦»,/ i i*'' ""&"* ^^ coiitemplat na a 
 confiscated ; and WUh?m thus obt!:'"?^'",'^ ""^''^ ^« ^ '»«"«'• otcouL 
 gratify the rapacity of Cmv^raWonsn^Hf.''^* '"''t"^ °^»"^ ™«an« to 
 But while he thus avauSSTelfTn .hp „. 'T'^r '''^'f ^^^^ «"'! ^^elity. 
 confiscation or plunder ^dSthi v«ii™'°°'l ''^^ plausible reason for 
 and oppressed tL Saxon^oole hv rZ ™°™*" k"^***" •** «*«»«« *n«"lted 
 peciaUy onerous and odTou^S them hi w^^h'^?^ *'*" ^^^ "^ ''''"'^'^'' «« «» 
 appearance of moderation and nt^ti. au <'»"8"™mate art preserved an 
 the^estoration to thefr ZLssioL nf s '''^**^''^"^' 1° i"«"<=«' ''^ ordering 
 unjustly dispossessed dS??nah«"h ^ ^^'^^l? ***" ''*** ''««" violently a>.d 
 measure he at S taSt L suboS . "y'^is plausible 
 
 to be done but with his own sanotinf, r'^' ^^f ^^ ""'"'^ *"o«^ "» wrong 
 the Saxons, and Gained a sort 0^;^^°*'^'* * '^^'■'*'" popularity amoni 
 complaints that m.S be made o/huSf''^* f-""'^^ P'«^ "g"'"*' thf 
 should be displayed toward tL..?rf,"'"^^".^"* injustice, even though it 
 A.D. 1068.-l%ractrvitv WR ohf ^ Proprietor, whom he now restored 
 dered the general riJinToAhrSaiS^^^^^^ '"^""*y «/ William rea- 
 
 sire for it had spread tfowidelv to nL-"^ impracticable; but the de- 
 arms, however ill-cierted^andLwi^r -^JT^^ ^^"^^^ ^^"^ »PP«al8 to 
 which had aJvvavs been amnn,? fh J '* » ^^^ '"habitants of Exeter, a city 
 m which grei^^^lffiuence warD^o«5pir,*t''n?v.'^''"" •"''«'^«^. ""d 
 
 Harold, vintured oSlv tThr^v^ ,h„ ^^ P*'*"^' T''^^'" «<■ '^e deceased 
 to admit a Nrma?^^i Lon wi^Ln w/w ««; WiUiam by refusing 
 
 armed in support of tMsdet^rmnM *^k' ' ''"'* '^'?«" '*»« menof Exete? 
 /ast number of Devonshirfan^p""' n ^^ were instantly joined by a 
 
 among their lLers!grealy influoucerno dS* h ^"!«"lf """''' P'"^^'" 
 no sooner heard that WiS w^^^^^^^ 
 
 his disciplined and unsparrtr^SL^Ef J'"* ^**'"" IT"]' ^ ^«^' ^^«dy of 
 induced their followersKnd UiJkinrhn^^^ counselled submission, and 
 But as it is ever far ejsier ?ot^r!f»7if *'°"\^?«« /«>• their good behaviour. 
 «pirit of violence when oilceraS h« T'".'"? ^ ^^ '"''*'" ""*» '« '^y the 
 the delivery of the Tos a jes '£; »n!,'^r"P'^''.'■."''* ?"i ""^^'^ «^«n «ft«r 
 who had little inclinatimuo hah a^,:T" '^""'"^ "'^^o'*'*.^ '° ^« "^'th one 
 up his force ut er S wa Is of h. Ill ™^'"'"k^''* "« immediately drew 
 molted people how lUUe mprovVif/i' ?.' ^"'^ ''^ 'T'^^ ""^ «'"'»'i..g the re. 
 ly caused the ejes of onT!.f T..i P^ l'*'^ to expect from him, he barbarous- 
 Bavage severil^had air he eff«^. ?f "*" T^^r^"' ?"'' '»'''*« «'«"» and 
 ly HuUitted themselves oh'fmen^K^'* ^'T " L*^ P«"P'« '"'taat. 
 ing a strong guuS ii X Ht J mi^' ""^ ''^ contented himself with plac 
 a rich boo 5 Cwi am a, /hi«? '"' "^''""^ *^/'"' ^""''^ ''av« '""'•nished 
 to Flanders wKe whoX of hS r''''' '^'*' fe^'""*"' «"""8^' »» «"cape 
 of Exeter was speed'ly foi owL bvCor'niau' .n^w.T'^^'r''^^ «**'"P'« 
 ly garrisoiKd it, returned wUhhli^ «rmr»n i;^"*^ William, having strong 
 held his ccurt, and bl. g novv Jo Jd by qL^ "" '""" 
 
 vious y Ihouirht it safe to vi.it W .,^ ^i " ,"" ^»tilda, who had not pre- 
 
 to be solenSd w?£ l^h ,ol S.L'm'!: ?'"'n ' '""'"'^ ''^'" coronation 
 presented her husbard whh' tTfr" fotth Inn H " '""'"^L'''^ l^'^ ^"««'» 
 UthennfthisDrince m.l^rt ii7.i I ?lv,^'""'y» ""• three elder 
 remained Tn Norm S 'l^riS"!::': ''"'^ ^i"''""' ^T ^«"> »-'^- -till 
 had quelled the revok in the wfm*^ h 1 I'"" '"'''^^^ *''^ ^^'^^t the king 
 other parts of U.e no m r^''^ lT?ict -uol r/^II* di'turbanoea arising i5 
 
 W..i resistance of .f!"'i''^'lfc.r„l?ei'i'.'f'''''« ^.^if'^ the discontent 
 
 , — ,^,„ „„^^ vrxizny people tnau ihu Saxoiw. 
 
172 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 In the north where, being remote from the kind's immediate authority, the 
 Norman nobles had probably carried their license to an intolerable extent, 
 the people were enraged to so bold a temper, that Edwm and Moroar 
 thought it not impolitic to place themselves at their head ; anticipatinr, it 
 would seem, an effectual opposition to the hated rule of the invader. Their 
 cause seemed the more likely to be successful, because, in addition to the 
 number and resolution of the Saxons in revolt, thoy had the promise ot 
 support from Malcolm, king of Scotland, Blethyn, prince of Wales, who 
 was related to them, and Sweyn, king of Denmark, who had a personal 
 and peculiar interest in the success of the Saxon cause. 
 
 The conduct of Edwin and Morcar on William's first invasion, when 
 they only withdrew their opposition on perceiving that they could no lon< 
 ger rely upon the zealous co-operation of the people, sufficiently attests 
 their smcere love of country. But we must not omit to state that on this 
 occasion of rising in the north the noblemen in question were to a con- 
 siderable extent influenced by private animosity. How seldom, alas! 
 is even the purest patriotism free from all taint of selfish and personal 
 feeling ! 
 
 To nigh-spirited nobles like Edwin and Morcar, the mere mdications of 
 distrust which William could not, with all his policy, wlioUy avoid giving 
 would have been highly offensive in themselves. But as regarded Edwin, 
 the distrust manifested by the king assumed a deeper tint of offence, inas- 
 much as he ir""''""sted it by an arbitrary and capricious refusal to perforin 
 the promise he had made on ascending the throne, to give to that noble- 
 man the hand of his daughter in marriage. This affront, implying so much 
 distrust, and certainly giving the rejected suitor and his brother good reason 
 to infer the foregone determination of still further and more direct proofs 
 of the king's ill-will, undoubtedly had its influence in causing the brothers 
 openly to put themselves at the head of the present revolt. 
 
 However little reason William had to expect a new outbreak so soon 
 ader the example he had made in the west, he was not, in the military 
 sense of the word at least, surprised. His troops were constantly kept ir 
 marching order, and though from their vast number they were distributed 
 over a large space of country, their lines of communication were so ar 
 ranged that a vast number could on the shortest notice be assembled in 
 one compact body. The instunt, therefore, that he was informed of this 
 new revolt, he set out for the north by forced marches, caused Warwick 
 and Nattiiigham castles to be strongly ganisoned under the respective com- 
 mand oflienry do Beaumont and William Peveril, and reached York with 
 such unexpected celerity, that he appeared in front of the astonished in- 
 surgents before they had received any of the foreign aid upon which thoy 
 had so greatly reckoned when forming their plans. Edwin and Morcar. 
 together with another very powerful noble -vho had taken part with them, 
 wisely gave up all thought of making any resistance with their very in- 
 ferior force, and were received into the kmg's peace and pardon. He not 
 only spared them in person, but in their possessions also ; still confisca- 
 tions were too essential a part of his means of consolidating and perpetu- 
 ating his power, to be generally dispensed with. While the leading men 
 were thus allowed to escape impoverishment as well as the more severe 
 
 {lunishment of rebellion, their numbler and, comparatively, unoffending 
 bllowers were mulcted with the most merciless severity, fhe whole 
 ■ccret of his clemency to the three powerful leaders whom we have named 
 ■eems to have been his doubt whether he could just then crush them with- 
 out a ri^k more than proportioned to the gain. 
 
 The failure of this rebellion at the norlfi, and the peace made between 
 William and Malcolm of Scotland, which seemed to cut off all hope of fti- 
 ture aid from that monarch, impressed the whole nation with a hooelesa 
 sense of complete and unfriended subjection. The multitude multorrd the 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ' m 
 
 orice or the Nicy of their ^iant- mi ^h^^ °' '««» oPPrfMlon as the ca- 
 ness of braver anJ more DassSrfi -^ ? f d«'wmine. But the hopeless- 
 able to free their laTfroTZrSeTfthrn °^ * ^*" P^ '^^ '''"<»• "«- 
 philosophy enouffh to abandon it anH «LV r "PPfessor. they at least had 
 whence tl!iey coSid retu?S sSouM J ffri Jh?*^'/°T' '" '"-anger climes. 
 Among those who thus voluntari J len^^ntn'i^ beam upon England.' 
 who, with his sisters MarS 3 ChHsH^l*'^ ^'^^^' Aih«'ing. 
 
 Malcolm not only showed IvervkS?,.; «°"?»-*t P«ace in Scotland 
 married Margaret • ai^d oartlv n„ L^«„ . ? 1° **'® unfortunate eiiles, but 
 with the most mu;tr?ouf otelS kl r" "T^'^'i"" »>« ''»'" ^^'"'^'^ 
 with the politic view of 8trenath.Sn2 hiT''^'' *''°u"«'* '"**"^y' P"haP». 
 to all Saxons, of whatever SkXo^sofaW^^ 
 If many of the Enrfiah JTiL ^.^ ?"^"^ ".'" h'» dominions. 
 
 to free thJi?Uunt7y?notaTw o trCm^n' 'h^ ^"'^''' "^ ''«'"? *'>'« 
 living in a land so ireauentlv Hi-tnrK^J^ ?^"' ^^^^" ^° ^fo* weary of 
 
 felt ttat they we?e sXroJgfc"hatefuT^^^^^^ T""^^' '° ^\}''»'" '^^V 
 sessions would infallibly brforfJifi^ -i! m .u "'^'"^ '■^«« «* ^e" as pos 
 of them even for a ingV^^ 'V* People get the upper hand 
 
 means exclusively cSldt7t'h.,m5i''''®"'"*';i'"0'««v«f' was by no 
 tains, and amonKm fiShreyTeTelio^^ 
 
 quested their dismissal rndnermU-iL *!v \*"^ ^^^^ <*® Gratesmil, re- 
 scarcely refuse coinDUance Kh if, h" *° 'e'"™ home. The king could 
 in the case of airX madeTt MUn. fh'^^T'' ?u"',''« ''«^°'^«'^ his grants 
 must go together. And ?houih«om? ^^ k " "'^ l*""* »"^ '»« defenders 
 these unfrifadlyerl, he Hii^ZLl^ ^f"*'* ^'''i"« '«" him upon 
 ality and ample^means of dispiav r^ hi,ZrVV'^'^^ '.^""' ^""l *"" ''her- 
 venturers, not merely willinXrXeroJni^f'" ^^""u'^''^^ °^ "«^ «'J- 
 
 A. D. 1069.-The d»Dar nrf nf «« lo„ " '** ""''®'" t" haimer. 
 by no means the effeX as ? miZ?ee,X cI^^ZT^ from England had 
 the chances of disturbances "K Inl^nf " ■? ''*''*• °^ d'minishing 
 and their rancour wUh "hem and Cnn^"^ *f''^' e^ied their griefs 
 for England and foes for Sand's NarZ^T'^T'^ iS^ T^'^'S f"«nd«' 
 for a ^Suying point. Wheii Hamld fouT" ^VTV. ^°' ^'^ »hey want 
 ders, his thrle eons, gK F j2m? Lh m''^ ''""''"* S^'*'""* »he inva- 
 land. Tney were well reisWpdTv li,! n >*'*»'»'«' «0"«ht shelter in Ire- 
 country, an^ soon became ^ery p%J ar En'; T.r^^'f °^ '5'^* ^^^^ 
 cause of their exile from EnolLS a„^ T^ ,^- Enraged at the 
 practical lovers of strife as tl.fiH^'., ""^ constantly surrounded by such 
 Began to coSplaJe VdeJceS unonPp"'f f "'.«' ''■"«' »hey naturally 
 they could rely uMnbevoM •».«?-> • u 'J*'?"^',,^"*^ '» calculate what aid 
 -trife-lovinri^JrrcouKrd them n^''"" w ^'H ''^ieftains and 
 certainty depend upon • a id thilTnn .^Vk^'^'u "l^^ *=°"''' "'"'h tolerable 
 would l4 induced "rj/i them whLt?f'/^f^* both Scotland and Wales 
 Encouraged by theso^SnnZt^int 1^*"'^°/^^^^^^ ""'^^ ^"''^y ^e afoot, 
 alderable but Lord "r v A)ree ^S thl^^^^ they landed with accn- 
 
 of finding the KniliBh De^ntT fli«b-^' '''* °^ Devonshire. But instead 
 coming and eaief o io^n in tS. « f'"** "™"'!'^ '•'"'"• P^''«t«'""' '""r their 
 scarcely set fift ,iJon the shoS wS't?"""'^ "'7 u°" '^^ ''""^'"y' had 
 assailea by the trailed LSi^fU J '^"""'^ themsolvea vigorously 
 Brian, son of the count of n »«„„ u Gorman, under the command o'f 
 battleUnd.tlenRtMrovet^.Zh^;i'^''^r'''?'^,'''*^ in several petty 
 to their vc«H«l8 ^ ^^ "'*'" ''"<'''• *'*h much loss and some disgrace^ 
 
 the kingJom tL Non^Sf ""'"*^'' ««P«V'''"y '» »he northern part of 
 «1«wup*w.S; Of';v«'St7":r':LL"l^ O-ham by surprise, and 
 
 ' ~""'"'S ■"fijwin was iu6 gOVeriiur 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Robert de Comyn, to whose negligence the Saxons were said to havf 
 been mainly indebted for their success. From Durham the inclination to 
 revolt spread to York. There the governor, Robert Fitz-Richard, and 
 many of his people were slain ; and the second in command, William 
 Mallet, secured the castle, to which the rebels promptly laid seige. 
 They were aided in this bold attempt by the D=»^f^. ^"ho now landed from 
 three hundred ships, and by the appearani . r osjjt ii .> a of Edgar Athe- 
 ling, who was accompanied by several S , rtn e.sjjcs of rank andsorae in. 
 lluenti&l Scots, who promised the ai(i f iarfje jun; jersof their country. 
 ^®"' .The castle of York was so stro ug and so well garrisoned, that it 
 IS probable it might easily have held oj^t against all the rude and unscien- 
 tific attacks that the revolted Northumbrians and their allies could have 
 made upon it, but for an accident. William Mallet, the gallant defender 
 of the castle, perceiving that some houses were situated so near as to 
 command a portion of the walls, ordered them to be fired lest '^i v ; . ?'ld 
 serve as works for the besiegers. But fire is a servant : uncertain Riid 
 uncontrollable as it is swift. A brisk wind carried the flames beyond the 
 nouses which were specially devoted to their destroying ministry ; every- 
 where the flames found abundant fuel, nearly all the buildings being of 
 wood, and the conflagrafion, defying the inadequate means by which the 
 people tried to stop it, destroyed nearly the whole of the city, which even 
 at that tune was very populous. The alarm and confusion which were 
 caused by this event enabled the rebels to carry the castle by storm ; and 
 scarcely a man of tho garrison, numbering nearly three thousand, was 
 spared alive. Hereward, an East Anglian nobleman, at the same time 
 wrought much confusion and difllculty to the Normans ; 'tutting off their 
 marching parties and retiring with their spoils to the Isle of Ely. Some^ 
 set and Dorset were m arms to a man, and Devon and Cornwall also rose, 
 with the exception of Exeter, which honourably testified its sense of the 
 "^ i" »f1j^- ^^'^'^ ^^own to all its population, save one unfortunate hostage 
 and held its gates closed for the king even against its nearest neighbours 
 n-drio the it oresler, who had many causes of quarrel with the Normans 
 allied himself with a numerous body of Welsh, and not only maintainec 
 himself against the Norman force imder Fitzosbome and Earl Briant. bu 
 also laid seige to the castle of Shrewsbury. 
 
 When to these instances of open and powerful rebellion we add innu. 
 merable petty revolts in other parts and the universal hostility and rest- 
 lessness of the Saxons, it will be admitted that there was enough in the 
 state of the country to have made the boldest of manarchs anxious. And 
 William was anxious, but undismayed. To his eagie eye a single glance 
 revealed where force was absolutely requisite, and where bribery would 
 still more readily succeed. To the Danes, who were headed by Osborne, 
 brother of the kins of Denmark, and by Harold and Canute, sons of that 
 monarch, he well knew that the freedom of the country was a mere pre 
 text, and that their real incentive to strife was desire of gain. These he 
 at once resolved to buy off; and he quickly succeeded in getting them to 
 retire to Denmark, by paying them a sum of money and giving them 
 leave to plunder the coast on their way. Deserted by so considerable an 
 ally the native leaders became alarmed, and William found no difficulty 
 In persuading Waliheof, who had been made governor of Yort by the 
 Saxons on their taking the casile by storm, to submit on promise of fa- 
 vour ; a promise which the king strictly kept. Cospatric followed the 
 example and was made earl of Northumberland ; and Edri-j the Forjstei 
 also submitted and was taken into favour. Edgar Atheling had no course 
 open to him but to hasten back to Scotland, for, while the loss of all his 
 allies rendered any struggle on his part so hopeless that it ^vould have 
 peeii ridiculous, U feared, and with great apparent reason, that his Saxon 
 tilood royal would incite William to put liiin to death. The king of Scof- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 1^5 
 
 ffiSeTira^^^^^ i" -me <Wo owed their 
 
 ed his troops hnl again The Sfure ?i fhTnL'^'''. ^'f^'' "P' '""«h. 
 rebels throughout the kingdom „„h wmi- "°'"^ ?'■""'' ^^"°^ '"to the 
 subject to hi1„,8ave HeZard/wSo 7imZSnf t'-' ^^'^ "PP""*"" 
 fare-notquite exclusively previJffnn^nlhTM'"^'^ ^'^ partizan war 
 .Wing his protection to th^ SZgyTac^^^rrCiV^^^ '^I^^T 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE REION OF WILLIAM I. (oOWTINUKD.) 
 
 wWch-hiS?h;;a"enThim^ WiSlim 'noS^'H^r '"'"Pf' f^ V^« confederacy 
 ever kindness and favouThemiSr^vtl^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^hat what- 
 from genuine good YeeUng or" ,1 deen riH^v"?h"'^"'^ \"^°""' ^'^^'h" 
 pie had no mercy to ho"! from h m ^a^h ^' /k^ ^'^at body of the peo- 
 
 tiallytroublesomVtohS 8oheSrtP^,hof *''?r°';!''*L*'^ ''^^n «V 
 how terrible his wrath cSiHhn uJ ^*'*u P*" ^** ^ "'« ""^ »<> feel 
 
 a vast expansTof S?y Ses of '•"""^-" ^ ^^ "'^" ""'"^^' ^"'^ '^'''' 
 was by his stern oXr\TSy laid "Se'^rrlft? " T' ^^'^""f"' 
 property as could be convevPd ^JluJ'll Vu u*'*"'® ^"<* «"«*» o'her 
 
 soldiery; the houses werSrnedto^fhp!!'"^ 'i" 5°°^^ ''^ *h« Gorman 
 tants left to perish uln their dlnl^frH^'^^"'* ""^"^u^^^ wretched inhabi- 
 food and witLut hopeTrSv vl. n ^"l!'^'' ^i^'l""' »^«''«'-' '^'thout 
 into the lowlands of ScotLn m".„. ' ""mbers of them made their way 
 or were so attached o So Li of tr"^ there were who could not do so, 
 mained in the wSs aid nerfshL -in ^ ''^PP^ ^•""««' ^^at they re- 
 eases produced irex;osnrptolf«i'°'^'^ by hunger or the terrible d is- 
 one act of mere feSsC/rltl nnf ;^«""«!"«- ", *« calculated that by this 
 miserably pSed- ^ " ""*" * ^""^'^^ ^'^^"•^nd Saxona 
 
 m^^t STet^:Tiu7:T!!f'r''''' °"' '««• »»•« ^terminat 
 lowed to escape. 'ZuZ'ee^^^^^^^^^ »!• 
 
 great landholders of the Tt ion a^l 'S,?.! 5 ^ S«''«f P«"ly «" the 
 interested in tiirowinff off S vnk« hn 1 J''/'"" ^^^^ ^^"^S especially 
 either by persZaT appearance in\hr^^ S^^^^^^^ 
 
 Hitherto the king, as r ma ter of Dolcv hf/ ^' ?^ furnishmg supplies, 
 eration and mercy in pmUnTthe w/of i^^f ^"^ somethmg like mod- 
 feet. But now he no lonS nil 7. attamder and ferfeiture into ef- 
 
 their terrible power of thrsworH wf . ^^ Normans in addition to 
 of character, Jven roi.ld sSr[ « s^v '''^""^ "^ '^"'"y- •«> excellence 
 of his possessions' T e ?nor«nnl rT P:;°P"«t«r from being despoiled 
 
 necessSrjr w«T?ts aba emeut a'^^ imnn *"■ kP°P"'" "^« '"«'""*' '^Jmore 
 William's purpose he X hJ^i""P°''^ 'he complaion of 
 
 ed of his Kertv' nn ' ?-«! VfK^!",*"^ *''*'"® *" »h« ^^^oits was m-ilct- 
 
 _.„.sjnttv:: ui jiic noDiu (tini Vvuaithy fifai 
 
176 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 OHS, William's next care was to dispose of the lands of England in sucli 
 wise as to give himself the most absolute power over them ; and here he 
 had no need of any inventive genius; he had merely to apply to England 
 the old feudal law of France and his native Normandy. Having largely 
 added to the already large demesnes of the crown, he divided all the 
 forfeited lands— which might almost without hyperbole be said to be 
 all the lands of England— into baronies, which baronies he conferred 
 upon his bravest and most trusty leaders, not in fee simple, but as 
 fiefs held upon certain payments or services, for the most part military. 
 The individual grants thus made were infinitely too vast to be actually 
 held in use by the individual grantees, who, therefore, parcelled them 
 out to knights and vassals, who held of them by the same suit and 
 service by which they held from their lord paramount, the king. And 
 that the feudal law might universally obtain in England, and that there 
 might be no exception or qualification to the paramount lordship of the 
 king over the whole land, even the few Saxon proprietors who were 
 not directly and by attainder deprived of their lands were compelled to 
 hold them by suit and service from some Norman baron, who in his turn 
 did suit and service for them to the king. 
 
 Considering the superstition of the age, it might have been supposed 
 that the church would have been exempted from William's tyrannous ar- 
 rangement. But though, as we shall presently have an occasion to show, 
 he was anxious to exalt the power of Rome, he was not the less de 
 ♦ermined that even Rome should be second to him in power in his own do- 
 minions. He called upon the bishops and abbots for quit-rents in peace, 
 and for their quota of knights and men-at-arms when he should bo at war, 
 in proportion to their possessions attached to sees or abbeys, as the case 
 might be. It was in vain that the clergy bewailed the tyranny of the 
 king, which, now that it affected themselves, they discovered to be quite 
 intolerable ; and it was equally in vain that the pope, who had so zeal- 
 ously aided and encouraged William in his invasion, remonstrated upon 
 his thus confounding the clergy with the laity. William had the powei 
 of the sword, and wailings and remonstrances were alike ineffectual to 
 work any change upon his iron will. As by compelling the undeprived 
 lay Saxons to hold under Norman lords he so completely subjected thera 
 as to render revolt impracticable, so ho took care that henceforth all 
 ecclesiastical dignities should be exclusively conferred upon Normans, 
 who, indeed were by their great superiority in learning far more fitted 
 for them, as was shown by the great number of Norman compared to 
 Saxon bishops even before the invasion. 
 
 But there was one Saxon, Stigand, the archbishop of Canterbury, 
 whose authority was too great not to be obnoxious to the suspicions and 
 fears of William, the more especially as Stigand had both wealth and 
 
 Eowerful connections in addition to his official dignity, and was a man ol 
 oth talent and courage. These considerations, while they made Wil- 
 liam desirous of ruining the primate, at the same time made him dissemble 
 his Hitentions until he could securely as well as surely carry them into 
 effect. He consequently seemed, by every civility, to endeavour to ef 
 face from the primate's recollection the affront offered to him at the coro- 
 nation ; and a superficial observer, or one unacquainted with the king's 
 wily as well as resolute nature, would for a long time have imagined Sti- 
 gand to have been one of his prime favourites— for a Saxon. But when 
 William had subdued the rest of the nation so completely that ho 
 had no fear of his attempt upon Stigand eliciting any powerful or perilous 
 opposition, the ruin of the primate was at once determined upon and 
 wrought. And circumstances furnished him with an instrument by 
 whose means he was able to accomplish his unjust work with at least 
 Botne appearance of Judicial regularity. 
 
HISTOBY OP THE WOBLD. i„ 
 
 e/w^Uitm'^otVer'iSTn^rrn^^^^^^^^^ and encoun^ement had.ender- 
 fned of .acreasing the ptpal inleTce rfen^Jf*""/ i°i«*^« »° mean, m- 
 iiam'sseemiiiy perfect ffilihmfnt L ^"S'^nd. had onlj' awaited m 
 
 Ermenfroy. aVvo^riLt8toJ^TlTeTate' S henowaentoV'i 
 first legate ever sent to Ensland nnH tivf ^^ ^""^Prelate, who was the 
 admiration. WilliamV by ?eceivfn.r .ht V"^ ^^'""'^ «''**''^ others' ends to 
 riendly feeling of theVaVSrandsecSfeTth"^^ °"'^"' confirmed the 
 ly competent to deal with the primage «n^ of hi 1*'"''"'*'' °^»" *"t'»0"- 
 form, and nominally upon eccI?SS»l al?^f P'"*.^?,'^" '^ ecclesiastical 
 creaking the veng/^nce of th« »i- i^ "*'*' ^''''® '" reality merelv 
 serving Is an insfru-rm^VflheTK „XTdu^^^^ le^'S 
 
 h.8 own power and that of the pope fn the ^vp- 0^^^°'^*' ^^^''^'^ '«»»'» 
 formed a court of bishop and abfciS ^./wi,^*'*' ^' ^^^ people. Having 
 
 John and Peter, he c.3lSgand^^an^w5rt tCf'^' ""^'^f «««1*°^ 
 ingthe bishopric of Winchefter toJetEwith tfc^'''''"^^';;^'^^-*"'" hold- 
 of havmg officiated in the pall of his oreSJ-S! Pnmacy of Canterbury; 
 his own pall from Benedict IX. ? who wZllSl^ fT^ ^^ ^^y'^'S received 
 self into the papacy. The sub^tancfl nf th l J^*,*^ 'u '**''"•? '"U-uder^ him- 
 doubt ess recoffi' ie «« Ihn ^, . ? ^' ^"'^ '^st charge the reader wi 1 
 crowned by sSgand. and allE'.? "P°" which WiUi^am refSed to S 
 tion of them mis? suffidentlJ show fh^"' •'' '°.*"'''*' '^at the mere men 
 Even the most serSs X[L £ of hS"' ? "^^''^ '^^y ^^^ S 
 atively trivial ; the practice ©nlfi. "* * pluralist, was then compar. 
 
 visiteiby anv morfS^vere confeSSV^^^^^^^^ «"• ^"^ ««'" 
 
 sign one of the sees. conaemnation than of being compelled to re. 
 
 upo?tre ruiS'or^'tScrto"^ * ™°""*''' «« William had determined 
 oe the charge or how nconI7 • ''^ V '"^'/«" ''"^ "«I« how Jriviafm Jv 
 from his dig^nitrbX XeatoriSn,''''^T;t' ^"^"^"^ ^«« SS 
 the hands of the l^ina S^not Jff? ^' «"d '^us thrown helpless into 
 but also committed hfra To priTonwher^ confiscated all his poLes.iiS? 
 sufferingand neglect for the rest Jfhislife ''"*""*** '" ""^'^ ""deserved 
 
 SarfpfrXr,;!^thr£rc^^^^ ^^^-^^3^ f-the most importam 
 
 same hard treatment upon bSfi^elrioZTT^*'^ '° ^««'o«^ 'he 
 mally deposed by the obspmS ff » ° '"^ Agelware, who, being for- 
 
 Egelwi,^ bishop of Durham w«- l«fate. were imprisoned by the ting 
 had timely warLg aS escaoed from If 1?"* J"** ""' """^ '^'^' "ut h^e 
 of York, was so grieved thaHn h«2in«''r'"^*^T\ ^'^^«^' archbishop 
 liam's coronationL had even incilnJt^-^'?^^ '^* ceremony of Wif. 
 •ngr an enemy of his brethren of fh« Li ^ *'?*'* 1" '?'''"? "P «» "nspar. 
 produced a niortal dfsS a„d it f^^l'T'i^' '^^V^i' ™«»'al sufferfngs 
 called down Heaven^s venyaSJe Lion WilSm T'^^'" ^y''"« ^'^^'^ ^ 
 and for his especial misconduct toSs^hiohnl^h ^''J^^^'^} 'yanny, 
 of his coronation oath ""*^* towards the church m direct violation ol 
 
 hafrSSTt KiTnletarSa^f. ^s^e l^""''''' ^ °^ ^''« '^-P 
 
 He took care to fill all ecclf8ia8[f, ^i „ii "• «'«»d''y Pursued his course. 
 
 oing their utmost to pJomoKrpapa auThorS'' ^°f '.«?"«". ^ho, wh^ 
 
 land, were at the same tim« Inti^ '^ authority and interests in Eng- 
 
 •■ ■ luid Edwin G SeXX"%:,f„"r".h'°.' .r°i"' '"» •"'" >*<»■ 
 
 iiicso, Utv aituaiiun of 
 Their very linr age 
 
 car and Edwin UTt^i "ignaiiy unsuccessful re 
 longranytemouinfn?""P"'; ?"* »°^ 'hat thi 
 
 .u_* .V '•'mptatlontollVDneiritica! anAr^f.n !ij. 
 
 •-3e^noDie,„en was a truijTperilous aMcJSS 
 
178 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and the popularity they enjoyed among the men of their own race mate 
 ♦hem hateful to the king, who felt that they were constantly looked up to 
 as leaders likely at some period to aid the Saxons in throwing offhis yoke. 
 Their wealth, on the other hand, exposed them to the envy of the needy 
 and grasping among the Norman nobles, who eageriy longed to see them 
 engaged in some enterprise which would lead to their attainder and for^ 
 feiture. Being convinced that their ruin was only deferred and would be com- 
 pleted upon the first plausible occasion that might present itself, they de 
 termined openly to brave the worst, and to fall, if fall they must, in the 
 attempt to deliver both themselves and their country. Edwin, therefore, 
 went to his possessions in the north to prepare his followers for one more 
 struggle against the Norman power ; and Morcar, with such followers as 
 he could immediately command, joined the brave Hereward who still main- 
 tained his position among the almost inaccessible swamps of the Isle of 
 Ely. But William was now at leisure to bring his gigantic power to bear 
 upon this ch-ef shelter of the comparatively few Saxons who still dared to 
 strive against his tyranny. He ( aused a large number of flat-bottomed 
 punts to be constructed, by which be could land upon the island, and by 
 dint of vast labour he macfe a practicable causeway through the morasses, 
 and surrounded the revolted with such an overwhelming force, that a sur- 
 render at discretion was the only course that could be taken. Hereward 
 however, made his way through the enemy, and having gained the sea, 
 lontinuod upcn that element to be so daving and effective an enemy to the 
 Normans, tbui William, who had enough generosity remaining to value 
 even in an enemy a spirit so congenial to his own, voluntarily forgave 
 him all his acts of opposition, and restored him to his estate and to his 
 standing in the country. Karl Morcar, and Egelwin, the bishop of Dur- 
 ham, were taken among ihe revolted, and thrown into prison, where the 
 latter speedily perished, either of grief or of the sevv-irilies inflicted upon him. 
 Euwin, on the new success of Uie king in capturing the fiarrison of the 
 Isle of Ely, set out for Scotland, where lie wbb certain of a warm wel 
 come. But some miscreant who was in the secret of his route, divulged 
 it to a party of Normans, who overtook him teforo he could reach tlie 
 border, ana in the conflict that ensued he was bluin. His gallantry had 
 made him admired even by his enemies, and botl, Normans and Saxons 
 joined in lamenting his untimely end. The king of Scotland, who had 
 lent his aid to the revolted, was compelled to submit to the victorious 
 William ; and Edgar Atheling, no longer able to depend upon safety even 
 in Scotland, throw hiuself upon William's mercy. The Conqueror, who 
 •eems to iiave held the character of that prince in the most entire coiv 
 tempt, not only gave him life and liberty, but allowed him a pension to en- 
 able him to live in comfort as a subject in that land of which he ought to 
 have been the t 'vereign. 
 
 Upon this occasion, as upon all others, William's policy made clemency 
 and severity go hand in hand. Wiiile to the leading men of the revoltetl 
 he showed either comparative or positive lenity, he visited the common 
 Ijerd with the most frightful rigour, putting out the eyes and culUng ofl 
 the hands of many ofthem, and sending them forth in this horrible con 
 dition an a warning to their fellow-countrymen. 
 
 A.I). 1073.— From England William was obliged to turn his attention lo 
 France. The province of Maine in tliot country had been willed lo iiim 
 before he became king of Engliind, by t:;ouiil Herbert, tteceiilly the peo- 
 ple, encouraged by Wiliiani'H residence in England, and rendered discon- 
 tented by the voxalioun opppr.tssion of the Noniians, to whom he had eit- 
 trusted the government, rose and expelled them; to which d clBivp 
 t'ourse they were encouraged by Fulke, count of Anjou, who, but for ('ounl 
 Herbert's will, would have suceetuled to the province. The ooinplele 
 
 ■ stjii^ (he j.tL- 
 
 
 .1 I /. i_i I 
 
 ;!a:iu sus:i:3::tnj 
 
 rrjtii ic:: 
 
 .*M *«« 
 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 179 
 
 pie o( Maine, and he accordinirlv went nv^r i»i>h „ 1 
 composed of English from the d siZ^- m«- "^ * ''*'^® ^'"''«=«' «hiefly 
 troopV, who exerted IhemTelves Sj rthi"i°"^ '°/«"°"- ^ith thesj 
 of a monarch whose poww thev^ad io on^L^'^P** °^ "^'""'"^ *''« '■'»^"' 
 and with a sufficient number of na?Pvi«^fM''"y ™^J'"'' ^^^ «''«'^in« «ff. 
 against any treachery oSepaJtorthrpl.r^r?''"^^ to insure him 
 compel'^d the submission of tWnmvin.«^fin'' ''^ r"*^':^^ **«'»«' «"*! 
 earl of Anjou of all pretensions 10^7'"*=*' "'"^ ^''' rehnquishraent by the 
 
 favourite NormLs. ObEt to th^ei^leade nTe'S^M" »!'^%'''"«'« «*" 
 rons were accustomed in civil life oHp^lfk . ''®'''' *^® Norman ba- 
 dent; and these feudal chiefs havlnafnfi ^''*'"'*'''^''P^''^«^-*'y " 
 er. even to the inflSno? death u^oinoZn?"" '"""""'"y '•'^«"'"'« P«^v- 
 brook without reluctance U.eSraTwafh,w5i..rwn°° ''°'^'«'»" *° 
 tomed to issue and enforce hisonlerZ ^pL '' ^'"'«™ was accus- 
 
 eral, though hitherto a secret H^^nn,;.,/^^ consequence was a very gen- 
 England. S'hclo[/g;rou?deV?,r^^^^ ^J!''"^ baron! Sf 
 
 arbitrary interference of the SL^in ho^ *"' '!•*'• ^i^'.^^''^ '» "«ht by the 
 his favourite Fitzo bornL iS^Jfr whohadT^^ affairs of Roper, ,ln of 
 wished to give his sister i^ mSje^o nSnh Hrr.''^'"'^ ^"l of Hereford, 
 and, rather as a respectfu SrmS th«n S .h Guader, earl of Norfolk 
 would interpose any obiacle ha 1 Jj"- »^^ expec ation that the king 
 arbitrarily a^d witLutassig^urrg a reason ^rets^'^E ^^"h" ^j"'''™ 
 more nidignant at the king's refusal both •».« „ , ®"'^P'".'»«'J. and still 
 marriage should proceed LtS.standiT^.„v' determined that the 
 the friends of their respective houses ,^^^^^ „»T1^^ accordingly assenibled 
 the ceremony they opSfaS wSv !» '^e banquet which followed 
 the king, and especiSllv a^«i„u u.? ^' '"^^'»^«d ag«'nst the caprice of 
 feemed^so much SeuSneS^t^^^ '^' ""'.''"'•''y ^'>i-l' "« 
 
 antry heowed the rich st nf r*. "^^^f^ "o over those nobles to whoso gal- 
 linctLs. 'Zco^^p^^^^^^^^^^^ proudest of hio £ 
 
 Bnd to men warmed with wine anv a.vn n" ."''T' 'i"'« ^runk deeply ; 
 certainly many .,f thoTrgumems wL//wI"'"'' '"'' T'"" *="««"'• And 
 the most powcrfid of tff Nom/a.r nobil? SL"" h T"^ '^ "'^T^ ""•"« "^ 
 3"ired all the aid of wine .u.Twas,?i 1 .hif i**' "'^"""^ '*'" ^"'K re 
 foreeven the most superri 1 iX, mm^'V «» J'»«8 "'Unter bo- 
 owed ..II that he hatlJ^rZhi^efLrV ?",'?'', '''"'? ^"'•'»»" P"'»f"t 
 rightful Saxon owners 2 ./,,, Hv f\? Z"'^'''''' ""'^ '» »''« ''"'"of the 
 Inveighed agninsrw ^U e morbvU/H '' V"^/r^".'"^« ^^^ «»''»"'' was 
 becH.V Walheof.^a o \.?rX IK, "' '"'* '»"""'""'« '''.nt, merely 
 by birth and wel k.Sv; u, « S wa.aSaxoJ 
 
 favourite of the ki rwh 1^ I?,!* " "V^""*"' """'?'' »'« was a prime 
 Again, the IeS,,;uy^;,7wi I ia n^lS t^ "T" ■"''"''' '" '"""*"«" 
 
 rev.HtingagHln^thiZ Imri V thlih'lSr V'*'"^"P"^ "" " r*-"-- <or 
 not the s1igf„„st bar f" birsu^rnlS. ... . '?".'." 'V y^'y '^•"Idl'ood been 
 
 other., t„ hi,., he b! I be n . ,n «. r„" ; ' '"■"'" *''"'"'^'' W''"«"« was to • 
 
 thr w«. dan;:r:z^"t!;;; ;rL;::riL"=.''_*-' -•'>-«' frie...i, 
 
 
 -«« go ji0Wf>rf.i 
 
 ■JU^M^ 
 

 i l 
 
 4 
 
 180 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and finally, setlit.g aside both personal gratitude and personal fears, was 
 it not probable that in aiding to overthrow William, he would, in fact, be 
 aiding to overthrow a single and not invariably cruel tyrant, only to set 
 up a multitude of despots to spoil and trample the unhappy people 1 Which. 
 «ver way his reflections turned he was perplexed and alarmed ; and hav< 
 ing confidence equally in the affection and in the judgment of his wife 
 he entrusted her with the secret of the conspiracy, and consulted her aa 
 to the course that it would best befit him to take. But Judith, whoso 
 marriage had been brought about with less reference to her inclination 
 than to the king's will, had suffered her affections to be seduced from her 
 husband, and in the abominable hope of ridding herself of him by exposing 
 him to the fatal anger of the king, she sent William all the particulars 
 which she had thus confidently acquired of the conspiracy. Waltheof, in 
 the meantime, growing daily more and more perplexed and alanned, con- 
 fided his secret and his consequent perplexities to Lanfranc, whom, from 
 being an Italian monk, the Conqueror bad raised to the archbishopric of 
 Canterbury, on the degradation and imprisonment of the unfortunate Sti- 
 gand. Lanfranc advised him faithfully and well, pointing out to him how 
 paramount his duty to the king and his own family was to any considera- 
 tion he could have for the conspirators, and how likely it was that even 
 by some one uf them the conspiracy would be revealed to the king, if he 
 did not by speedy information at once secure himself from punishment, 
 and obtain whatever merit William might attach to the earliest informa- 
 tion upon so important a subject. These arguments coincided so exactly 
 with Waltheofs own fuelnigs, that he no ionger hesitated how to act, but 
 at once went over to Normandy and confessed everything to the king. 
 With his usual politic tact, William gave the repentant conspirator a gra- 
 cious reception, and professed to feel greatly obliged by his caro in giving 
 him the iufornmtion ; but knowing it all already by means of VVallTii'of'H 
 treacherous wife, William inwardly determined that Waltheof, especially 
 as he was an Hnglishman, should eventually profit but little by his lardy 
 repentance. 
 
 Meanwhile, WaltheoPs sudden journey to the king In Normandy alarmed 
 the conspirators ; not doubting that they were betrayed, yet unwilling to 
 fall unn.'Misting victims to the Icing's rage, they broke into ojien revolt fai 
 more prematurely than otherwise Ihoy wouUi. From the first dawning 
 of the conspiracy it had been a loading point of their ;igroemont that they 
 should make no open demonNtration of hostility to the king until the ar- 
 rival of a large fleet of flic Danes, with whom they had secretly nllicii 
 themselves, and whoM» aid whs quite indispcnsible to their combHting, 
 with any reasonable chance of success, the great majority of the nobility, 
 who, from real attachment to the king or fiom mon^ selfish motives, woulcl 
 be sure to defeAd their absiMit sovereign. Hut now tliat they wore, as 
 they rightly conjectured, brtrayed by Wallh "of, they could no longer rog- 
 iilato their conduct by the strict maxims of prudence. The earl of Here- 
 ford, as he was the first of the conspirators, so also was the first o|)(Mily 
 to raise his standard agiunst the king. He, however, wnu henuned in, mid 
 
 Ereveiitcd from paHsiihj the Severn to carry rebt'llion into the heart of the 
 ingdom, by the bishop of WoroestJir and the mitred abbot of Eveshuni in 
 that county, aided by Walter de Lacy, a jiowerful Norman baron. The 
 earl of Norfolk was defeated at 'rnigadiis in (-anibridgeshire, by Odo, the 
 kinii** halfbrothrr, who was left as regent of the kingdom, and Uicliiird 
 de Hi'Mifaite and William de Wareiiiio, the Umh justiciaries. The earl of 
 Norfolk was fortunate enouf^h to esc!i;)e to Norfolk, but those of his ronto'l 
 followers who were so unfortunate as to be made prisoners and not slain 
 iitiinndiately after the action, were barbaroualy condemned to lose their 
 .ight feet. When news of this rigour rnaohnd the earl in his Danish ro- 
 iruat. he gave uu all hooe uf bvitiff able, aa It would Bcein ho had still in 
 
HISTORY OP TUE WORLD. j-qv 
 
 ;^3:J^K -^-S^^^-^-„^ England; he the.^re ,„,. 
 
 ..cumii;Ek~n'?uT\l%"pTn%;?^^^^ '^' --Pi-V having 
 
 however, so speedily was ?he nrema 1 «.,h "if "''" '"1 ^'"^1^1 wherel 
 end to, he only arrived in Ume to SZ.« h'""'"^"*^^'' ''"'^"'^'^ P"t an 
 pmiishments which he inflicted nnonttt^^'' T^^V^^r V'""^ "i^™ by the 
 
 of these unhappy wretc;t'a^rie;S7t"o"ut"ijl!m '^T 
 
 prived of their right hands or feet mH ih../^ 5 ' ^ ^"'' ""*'"® '^^''e de- 
 warning against iro,,sing the terr bio »„l^^^^^ perpetual and terrific 
 ford, who was taken SnerSi^Sn^rhl'''^ ^l!"^' ''''»'' "»••' "<" »«'«- 
 revolt and the consequenrmi^erv and s. ff^r^' *'♦ P^'T'^'-y cause of the 
 ipated that the king's ^vrath Sd h„v« ?» i"^' " ?1!^'l' ^"^« b««" ""tic 
 caped far better thali thTwreS^pearit wZ.n^!'^ ^""^'y. ^''^'^^'y' «»■ 
 into ruin. He was deprived of his K^ inH ", '"" ""P'-»'^«"ce had led 
 during the king's pleasu e? But the kin., -v-"* T?^'" ''"P"«o'"nent 
 tion to release thJ prisoner, whoin he in^h«7 '''"'^"' V^^ ^^ =*" '»'«"■ 
 have restored to his' estate ^nd to favour hm t^'-^' '^V^'^ '"""' P^^'^^^iy 
 itl-timed hauteurof the earl ffL^/r„?h V * 'mP"l'tic and peculiarly 
 
 no overt act of treason, and he ha^not ;,S™nte?o ,h ^^"' ^"'i'^ «^ 
 spiracy almost as soon as lie had vommiuZ w^h ! i ^'^i"'*' "^"^^ ^^ «on. 
 the king, who had received his^if™- ' 'u"' '"*'' f'^^tf^'ed to warn 
 ne«8. IJut WaltheJJ'eft oiit of h s JSr I H '""' ^''''' "PP"'"*'"* '"ankful 
 lie forgot to take into conSe atioj Se fS'LTnfr'^K"?'''"'"'""' P«"'» « 
 man. Moreover, he had tl rnlr. ?i?n„ • ' . f* "'^ ^'"' ^""'ff «» Knglish- 
 
 iudith. The iniuencelhfh^r '^^v W;;;Se'Zu^' '^r'r"\''''' 
 have sufficed to save her hiisba.iH nnli»I "'"^'^ ^ou d scarcely, perhaps, 
 
 circumstances ; but it was oS" no wlrfnl^r'"'^!''''' ^'^'''"' ^^ «"'"« «'l>«r 
 the numerous courtiers who SSliM I ^'*''' '^^'^" "''''*"' I" 'hat ot 
 «rty of Waif hcof, to XsTihe S i ea s'^.o S^ T' "P?" "'" «''"' ^'"'^ 
 unhappy Waltheof was trie 1 an exec, ted W.T" "^ '"""'>'• *"'" "'« 
 was condemned ; having S that hnS.,i ^"u'"'''' ""' "*''' ^''^t ho 
 not ho mentioned ; fo Si o whe, ,t kimr wS j"r •^"'"''""'"♦"«'» "<-« 
 Of" 1.0 tried and not ••ondemS ** "'""' '"" •■"'"• ''«"''* '» t'««t 
 
 imeli<,ratio» of their suCWs. 7aH Zlt^l l'"',''' '"''"^ ''"P«'' ^''' «''y 
 «.<tent was the pomilar Lr of f Juried fTl^ ^■^mnnvd; „«y, t„ ,„ch an 
 tlie miperstition'o the ag^ that nsnmii^- T"^' '""' '* '."'*''^' "P «'"h 
 with the pownr of workS , ,? c'les ZZnZ'' 'a'^^T^ '" ''« '""'"«'l 
 "if lestin'iony to his Hanctfiy a to tC n j i off.!''"'"''''' "[ '*""•*' *•«"■ 
 fHMii.u to the regret felt for « 1 d^. 11 i' i ^ "L" ''«"<'»"»"• «'« pro- 
 "fins widow, l^rthat dmes^H i,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''^''•"'' rf"t<"''tHl<on 
 
 of the king's favour aXrwIon IT'i ''"" fl'!:'""r;«'»» "<Jrfod the log. 
 "Hire and unpitied misery '^•""'•"Jt «f her life was 8,m,,u in „b 
 
 nowtsiiS!;;::;;:^.^^;;;;;;;;' ♦^^ lil.^ "[""'"^'' ;■' .•^"«'-"' ^":'^"" 
 
 «"lph de (Jauder. e« I 0X3^^^ "'" P"""""'''""- "' 
 
 P'lrlcl l.y the P..ri of Hn ««,..;„ 1 .1 . '"** ""Wenian was no w(^ll suii- 
 
 j;;rma«ont orlerio,« .rMwilhThi!" ^ .^' ^'At^^'tf ? r"" 1"^ 
 
 hoth tlMt innrinrrli and Ihe eail of Rritti.. v u-i L -L'l 1 / • "j' ^'"''"^ "'"• 
 
 P"rtM!g Kalph de (Jruider at w 1 ILi ^ ^ res.ilutely bent upon sup. 
 
 <«•"<•" with all three « '"«l<'v«>r eon.equencei, he wisely 'made a 
 
 .» o. J07«.-Unff«,H.. rgjiied bv WiJiJ.M to t\u^ .rehbl.)u,„w.. „r/. 
 
 
 ^'M 
 
 s^ 
 
 '|j;.lfci*; 
 
182 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 bury, was at once an ambitious man and a faithful and zealous servant o' 
 the papacy. Though he had been raised to his high station by the favour 
 of the king, to whom iie was really and gratefully attached, he would nut 
 allow the rights of the church to be in any wise infringed upon. On the 
 death of Aldred, by whom it will be remembered that William hi"! chosen 
 to be crowned, Thomas, a Norman monk, was appointed to succeed him 
 in the archbishopric of York. The new archbishop, probably presuming 
 upon the king's favour, pretended that the archiepiscopal see of York had 
 precedence and superiority to that of Canterbury. The fact of Aldred, 
 his predecessor, having been called upon to crown the king, most prob- 
 ably weighed with the prelate of York; iu which case he must have for- 
 gotten or wilfully neglected the circumstances of that case. Lanfranc did 
 neither one nor the other ; and, heedless of what the king migiit think or 
 wish upon the subject, he boldly commenced a procession to liie papal 
 court, which, after the delay for which liome was already proverbial, was 
 terminated must triumphantly for Lanfranc. It will readily be supposed 
 that under such a prelate the people of England were not allowed to lose 
 any portion of their exorbitant respect for the papacy. William, indeed, 
 was not a monarch to allow even the church, potent as it was, to master 
 him. Very early in his reign he expressly forbade his subjects from ac- 
 knowledging any one as pope until authorized to do so by the king ; he 
 required all canons of the synods to be submitted for his approval ; and 
 though even he did not deem it safe to dispute the right of the cliurch to 
 exconununicate evil-doers, he very elfectuiilly curbed that right, as applied 
 to his own subjects, by ruling that no papal bull or letter should be held 
 to be an authoritative or even an authentic document, until it should have 
 received his sanction. It was rather, therefore, in imbuing the minds of 
 the people with a solemn awe and reverence of the pope and the church, 
 that Lanfranc was tiiigaged duringthis reign; and in this he was so suc- 
 cessful, that subsequent inonarclis of less ability and firmness tlian WiU 
 liam were grievously incommoded. 
 
 Gregory VII. probably pushed tiie powerof the papacy over the tempo- 
 ral concerns of the kingdoms of Kuropo further than any previous po|H3. 
 Ho excommunicated Nicophorus, the emperor of the east, and Robert 
 Guiscard, the Norman conqueror of Naples ; he took away from Poland 
 her very rank as a kingdom ; and hn protended to the right of parcelling out 
 Hie territory of Spain among those adventurers wiio should conquer it 
 from the M.uirs. Though he was boldly and ably opposed by the c lupt) 
 ror Henry IV., ho was not a whit deterred in his ambitious course ; and 
 even the warlike, able, and somewhat fierce character of Williuuj did not 
 shield him from being assailed Ijv the extravagant demands ut Rome. 
 Gregory wrote to him to demand tlie payment of Peter's pence, whivli 
 R(»me had converted into a rightful tribute, thiMigh a 8«xon prince had 
 originally given the contribution, so (tailed, merely as r, voluntary dona- 
 lion ; and lie had at the hiuim) nine averred that WiUium had prouiistid to 
 do homage to Rome, for his kingdom of England. William sent the 
 money, but he phunly and somewhat tartly told the pope at the same 
 time, that he had neither pi-oinised nor ever intended to do homagf 
 to Rome. The pope wmely forbore to press the subject; but thougli 
 in addition t(» this plain refusal to comply with an unreasonable de- 
 numd, William still further showed his iiui«|)tiuloncH by forbidding thf 
 Kiiglish to attond n council which (Jngory had siinunoniM!, he had iic 
 MieaiiH, even hud he ^inmelf been more free from su|)erstiti(Ui than he ap 
 p«»»rs to liHv« b«H«n, of provoniing the progicus of the clergy in subject 
 uig the minds «if th« oeopU Tlu) greatfNl nfforts were made to rwiiiln 
 Ihn rehbacy of the riergy general, and to give ihn app»>aranee :»f additioi.a. 
 suiictitiionKiusiiesA to their outward life, in onhfr the more deeply tf 
 inpresstho iwopjo with the notion of the genuine Miielity of the'rcharacH'i 
 
 i 1 m (. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. .183 
 
 Prosperous an William was in his oublip Affairs hi^u^A ^ , ^ 
 trouble. He was obliged to remain fSr«nm»„i' • ^^ '^'"''' domestic 
 as a residence he gre^ P^efeS EnS ^17 h^ATT^^^' ^^l^^^ 
 Purnamed Courthoie, on ancouiu of thf shnrtn?,. «^- 1- ''^f '' "''" ^"^^'^ 
 father fear for the safety of Normandy «>^»^^^^^^ his legs, made his 
 submitted to William, he promised Ih^n^nn 1 ^PTJ '^**. ^''«" ^""^^ 
 should have Robert for tCTrfneeaKih.^t *' ^l^'''""^ 
 England, he, in compliance wRh the Vish of thrPr^^^^ to conquer 
 was just then his especial interest and rf!,?! t^ *-t^^ king, whom i{ 
 as his successor in the LhT S" NormlnHv \«'*"«fy. "amed Robert 
 doing this was his sole meanLf reeSh,/V>»?.«TH^ '*"'"•■" '^^' 
 England, but he had not the slightesUnten mn of n.rfn •" ,?."'«1"«''? » 
 Indeed, when he was subseqS ^S brhis sm^^,.Tf J-' P™"""'' 
 session of Normandy, he ruliri led th« v,.„L to pu him in pos 
 
 by his intrigues, confirS tSe^l'in^' of^FrTnce mS"th'e"rri of Br .^'""^' 
 their support of his rebellious vassal, the eaTof Nor?o?k'^ of Bnttany m 
 
 ammmi 
 
 IU(1 no iliraciiliy ,„ raisuij forces .ulHcieiu lo lliroiv his rather'. lSli«! 
 rydo,„„„oi„ mlo Irouble «ndeo„r„»io„ for several ycnr. 
 So lro„l,le,„,„e did Roller! and l,i, adherents »X,«, beeome Ihu 
 
 tiS* C?.1V'*m" '"•"^"'•"'•iho rcsi^tancn was .bsti.mte in ™," 
 ion. |. r«<,u,rit SHlhns w«r« mad.!, aii.l „„ o„„ of those oo.^asiot » R Ci 
 w iH per^omiily „p,„,„„d i,, f,i, f„,hnr. whom, from the k nff'^ vTHnr S 
 rf wn, h., ,i,rt „o, recognize. The flghl was fierce onbothSdes and R 
 
 rnthor 1 1„. k,„y shouted to one of his oftl. ,. , aid to rn. it «nH 
 Robert ro,;ogn.i!ing his parent', voice, wr. m, ».nirk wi Cr .t ^ .1 
 
 n.msoii upon 'ii* kiiHRH HI,, fnirfnted fnrgiv.',j, .■ s f(.r his miscoiidiict lini 
 - k.Mij w«« too deeply . ,„ded to he r.Lnciled ot ,V . n t to his t^ 
 
 'Win.. I he „ege w»s shortly afterwards raised ; and Queen Wat da mJ 
 
 m-t 
 
 M^M 
 
 ntn^ 
 
 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF THE W6rLD. 
 
 ing succfeded iii briiigiiifir about a rec<)ii(!i!iation, the kin-r no. only al 
 lowed Robert to accompany hiin to England, but also entrusted him with 
 an army to chastise the Scotch for some incursions they had made noon 
 the northern parts of Eneland. The Welsh who, as well as the Scotch 
 had taken advantage of the king's absence to make incursions, were now 
 ilflo chastised and brought into submission. 
 
 A.D. 1081.-— Having both his Norman and English dominions now in a 
 state of profound quiet, William turned his attention to the important ob- 
 Joct of a survey and valuation of the lands of England. Taking for his 
 model the survey which had been made by order of Alfred, and which 
 was deposited at Winchester, he had the extent, tenure, value, and kind 
 or the land m each district carefully noted down, together with the names 
 of the proprietors, and, in some cases, the names of the tenants, with the 
 niimber, age, and sex of the cottagers and slaves. By good arrangement 
 this important work, in despite of its great extent, was completed within 
 SIX years, and, under the name of the Domesday Book, it to this day re- 
 mains to give us the most accurate account of England at that'time, with 
 *?,^,f.'f<'«P''on Of ''»o northern provinces, which the ravages of war and 
 William s own tyranny had reduced to such a wretched condition, that an 
 account of them was not considered worth taking. 
 
 The king's acts were not always of so praiseworthy a character. At 
 tached, like all Normans, to the pleasures of the chase, he allowed that 
 pleasure to seduce him into cruelties more characteristic of a demon than 
 a man. Ihe game in the royal forests was protected by laws far more 
 severe than those that protected the lives of human beings. He who kil- 
 ed a man could aton« to the law by tlie paymoni of a pecuniarv fine ; but 
 he who was so unhappy as to be detected in -killing a deer, a boar, oi 
 even an insignificant hare, in the royal forest, had his eyes put out ' 
 
 A.D. 1087.— The royal forests which William found on comin<r to Ens- 
 land wore very extensive ; but not sufficiently so for his more tlian roffal 
 passion for the chr«;je. His usual residence was at Winchester ; and de- 
 siring to hAvr> a spacious forest in the immediate vicinity, he mercilessly 
 caused no less an extent of country than thirty miles to be laid waste tc 
 form one. Houses, whole villages, churches, nay, even convents, were 
 destroyed for this purpose ; and a multitude of wretched people were 
 thus without any compensation deprived of their homes and property 
 and cast upon the world, in many cases, to perish of want. '''■'■ 
 
 Besides the trouble which William had been caused by the petulance 
 of his son Robert, he towards the end of lis reign had two very jireal 
 irials; the ungrateful conduct of his half brother Odo, bishop of Bayeu.x! ami 
 the death of Queen Matilda, to whom throughout he was most fervently at- 
 tached, riio presumption of Odo had led him not only to aim at the pa- 
 pal throne, but also to attempt to seduce some of William's noblet. from 
 tlu'ir ailogiancn and accompany him to Italy. William oidero-i the proud 
 prelate to bo arrested ; and finding that his offir-urs, deterred by their fear 
 or the church, were afraid to seize the bishop, ho went in person to arrest 
 nim ; and when Odo, inistakingly imagining that the king shared the pop- 
 ular prejudice, pleaded his sacred charactKr, William drily replied, -'I do 
 not arrest the Bishop of Baveiix, but who earl of K«nt"-whi(!h title 
 WiHiain had bestowed upon him. He then sent him to Normandy, and 
 Uore kept liim in confinement. William's end, however now approached. 
 Some incursions made •.ipon Normiuuly by French knights, and a coarse 
 joke ptissed upon ln» corpulence by the French king, so much provoked 
 him, that he proceeded to 1-iy waste the town of Manlos, with Ihn avowed 
 intention of carrying his rage still further. But while he watched thf 
 hurmii| of i^o town his horse started, and the king was so severely 
 bruited tliat no died a few days afterwards at the monastery of Nt. Ger- 
 \M. During hia mortal illness he made great gniiits to chiin-'ies aiu' 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. igg 
 
 length, however, though with a reluctanop thlt AiAvJ .• "® ^' 
 
 ed to release and forgive Odo and h^at t» ^T "*" '''*'^"' *'°"*«"'- 
 the release of Morca? and oSer emfnJnt LTk *'™^ ^''''^ "'•*^«" '""'■ 
 
 Now that we have arr ved at the close of Wiiii/m fK , • 
 
 it may bo as well before we procLd furthp/w h "" ^""'J^'e-'O'- « reign, 
 a short d.gre.8ion relative We geneSic a LThf"h^ r""^^' 
 
 monarchs of England success! vel/cSed the thm, e %h« ^ ''' '^"'"™ 
 quest, as we have seen, introduced are.S chZ; Ifu^u'^^'T' 
 guage, manners,, and customs. Cndand beian tn^^t ''*"'^' i**"" 
 
 ablo figure among the nations of Europe ?han?t h.rt f« * "7'^ *'''•"'"^"■- 
 this important event; and it received a "pw 11 assu'ned previous to 
 either by the male or female EJas cont?nlH,»^ "^ f "yf «'g"«. which 
 
 «Ajs began „ilh William thrSUrS The S'S „"'"l"f' ''''"• 
 Blois. from the m;,rri»ap .f aL r.V^'^l "'^ °" ^ i"'« .'^f '''e house of 
 
 Ujchard II., inclusive. Tiiese were" aftV.Vw-iVH7"',liviHn'r"? "''""".''«'J ^« 
 
 The family 
 
 ™.el,U,ir,l.„i, of .„e aaiJ king Van.l'.S 'i ,"r . ulmf 
 
 mond; and- ended with Oueen EhrnhPth a !^ ^ "tJor, - ,arl of Uich- 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE IIK'ON or WU.HAM II. 
 
 l«ft only his mother's possess,,; ,, buVcZ eU Ium Ir S^ "^'1'"^'"' 
 
 ."far'Jn': r",f '" '"r «"vi '^ ^''' -»'- i'-niwo' ,.r,a''^; 
 ' lar of li,« l.rolhers; and to Willum was l«i\ the moNt nd'. iidi.i nf li hi 
 ttlher's possfssions, the crown of Rngland w hi. thVnnt^n L ' '" 
 I'tiiT wruton on hw ,Jeath-bod, enic-irS I nfr m .rhiJ.?^ ''.''* ".* * 
 b".y. 10 place upon his head. Thi younJiSc NvlIhl^'X-' C '^L 
 
 
 '■•ti^^fi^' 
 
 
 J-' .iifif 
 
 *-i:i^li.'' 
 
k8& 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 f 55 
 
 colour of his hair, was surnamed Rufua, was so anxious lo avail himself 
 of this letter, that he did not even wait at the monastery of St. Gervas 
 long enough to receive his father's last breath, but hastened to England 
 before the danger of the Conqueror was generally known, and obiained 
 possession of the royal treasure at Winchester, amounting to £60,000 
 — a large sum at that time. He also possessed himself of the importHnt 
 fortresses of Pevensey, Hastings, and Dover, which from their situation 
 could not fail to be of great service to him in the event of his right to the 
 crown being disf uted. Such dispute he, in fact, had all possible reason 
 to expect. The manner in which Robert's right of primogeniture was 
 completely set aside by an informal letter written upon a deathbed, when 
 even the strongest minds may reasonably be supposed to be unsettled, 
 was in itself sufficient to lead to some discontent, even had that prince 
 been of a less fiery and fierce temper than his disputes with his father and 
 brothers had already proved him to be. Lanfranc, who had educated the 
 new king and was much attached to him, took the best means to render 
 opposition of no effect. He called together some of the chief nobles and 
 prelates, and performed the ceremony of the coronation in the most im- 
 plicit obedience to the deceased Conqueror's letter. This promptitude had 
 the desired effect. The partizans of Robert, if absence from England 
 had left him any, made not the slightest attempt to urgo his hereditary 
 right ; and he seemed to give his own sanction to the will of his father, 
 by peaceably, and as a matter of course, assuming the government of 
 Maine and Normandy which it conferred upon him. 
 
 But though no opposition was made to the accession of William Rufus 
 at the time when, if ever, such opposition couM reasonably have been 
 made, namely, previous to his coronation, he was not long seated upon 
 his throne before he experienced the opposition of some of the most pow- 
 erful Norman nobles. Hatred of Lanfranc, and envy of his great power, 
 actuated some of them ; and many of them possessing property both in 
 England and Normandy, were anxious that both countries should be uni 
 ted under Robert, foreseeing danger to their property in one or the other 
 country whensoever the separate sovereigns should disagree. They held 
 that Robert as eldest son, was entitled to both England and Normandy ; 
 and they were the more anxious for his success, because his careless 
 and excessively generous temper promised them that freedom from inter- 
 ference upon which they set so high a value, and which the haughty and 
 hard character of William Rufus threatened to deprive them of. Odo, 
 bishop of Bayeux, and Robert, earl of Mortaigne, another half-brother ol 
 the Conqueror, urged these arguments upon some of the most eminent oi 
 the Norman nobility. Eustace, count of Boulogne, Roger Bigod, Hugh 
 de (treatsmil, William, bishop of Durham, Robert de Moubray, and other 
 magnates, joined in the conspiracy to dethrone William ; and they sev- 
 erally put their castles into a state of defence. William felt the full value 
 of promptitude. Even tlui domestic conspirators were powerful enough to 
 warrant considerable alarm and anxiety, but the king's danger would be 
 Increased tenfold by the arrival of reinforcements to Ihem from Nor- 
 mandy. The king therefore rupiflly got together as strongr a force as he 
 could and marched into Kent, where Rochester and Pevensey were seized 
 and garrisoned by his uncles Odo and Robert. He starved the conspira- 
 tors at both places into submission, and he was strongly inclined to put 
 the leaders to death ; but the more humane c(unisol of William do W:ir- 
 enne untl Robert Fitzhammond, who had joined him, prevailed upon him 
 to content himself with (Confiscating the property nl the offenders and ban- 
 tfihintr ihpm from the kingdom. His buccpsh ovnr thn foremost men of 
 the r«<bel [)nrty decided the struggle in his favour. His powerful fieot had 
 l.y this time stationed itnclf upon the const, so that Robert no longer had 
 any opporluniiy to land the reinforcements his indolence had, so fatally 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. • ]87 
 
 tor his cause, delayed. The earl of Shrewsbury, upon wh. .m the ron,ni 
 rators had greatly depended, was skilfully won over bv^ e ki,,a «uH .P- 
 rest of the traders became hopeless of success, and eithef ledhZ Z 
 country or made their submission. Some were MiYrmpri Ifi ^»i 
 
 cTwn'^JlryelrnTangeT '"""' ""* ""'^ ^''«^ ^'^'^ »»»« '^'"8 ^*»'le '"' 
 ear1? Sat^e'n^S S tZnt^JfrtnVo'^rK^^^^^^^ ^" 
 
 sor. Now that he was secure, he not merely failed to mitigate the tT 
 ,W^li"v'i?';h''''''^ ^f'^, P««Rle g'«aned, but hi u.creased U While lin- 
 ira ic lived, the zeal and ability of that prelate, added to the suoers'tition 
 of the age, rendered the property of the church saorpH '"« f "Perstition 
 died soon after the access'ion'of Wliam RuS Xmadehsiwn wm 
 t« A^ilZ ^Z f ^^^^^ «f his subjects, whe'ther lay or c?eriS o" 
 the death of a bishop or abbot he either set the see or abbey up for onen 
 sale, as he would any other kind of property, or he delayed th? aoVS 
 ment of a new bishop or abbot, and so kept the temporSs in K for 
 h.s own use. Such conduct produced much discomeran^J murmuring 
 but the p.»wer of the king was too great, and his cruel and violent temDet' 
 
 ^hf«^»^;'H^" ''"°''"' J° ^""^ *^« S^"«^«J discontent to assUe a more tan 
 gible and dangerous form. So confident, indeed, did the khig fe2? of hi 
 power in England, that he even thought it not unsafe to diWrb the ^ace 
 of his brother Robert in Normandy, where the licentious Sons we?^ al 
 ready ma most disorderly state, owing to the impruden? ind 26^0 and 
 lenity of their generous and facile dule. Availing himseTf of S state 
 
 'T'- ^^""*'" ^"^"^ *^« governors of Albemarie and St Valori, and 
 ".us obtained possession of those important fortresses. 
 
 ♦ho. J•"^^ ° .u*"**"- obtaining possession of Rouen, but was defeated in 
 that object by the singular fidelity of his brother Henry to RoS under 
 
 Henry, though he had inherited only some money out of all the vast 
 possessions of h.s father, had lent Uuke Robert three thousand marks^o 
 aid h.m 1.1 h.8 attempt to wrest the crown of England fmm Wl lilm 
 By way of security f.>r this money, Henry was put in possession of con' 
 siderable erntory in Normandy : yet upon some real S? proSod ml 
 
 K'ZuT'' ""' ''"'?; '^'f "^'^ ]}''"' ''^ "'is, but also threw him in" .prison 
 Though he was we I nware that Robert only at last liberated him in 
 consequence of requiring his aid on the threatened invas ^of EniSnd 
 f. rZ. '?«hHvedm<.8t loyally. Having learnt that Conan, a very SJ: 
 ful md influent.a citizen of Rouen, had traitorously bargained tV Jive 
 up the city to King William, the prince took him to the top of a llZ 
 tower, and with his own hand threw him over the battlements. ^ 
 
 stuin «f IH^ "' l*"'^"' '""''?'' "" nuinerous army in Normandy, and the 
 tt Uu!T T'""^ '•'"**"" ""*' 'hieatening indeed as re^rded t e 
 mn, "'" 'he int.n.ate .connection and mutual interests of tL lead ns 
 men on both sides favouepd him, and a treaty was made, by which h? 
 English king on one hand obtained the territory of Eu. and some other 
 torritorml advantages, whil.s on the other hand, he e,;iraged to restore 
 losebarons who were banished from England for ospmislng the ca se 
 of Roherl in the ate revolt, and to assist his brother agains the people 
 nf Maine who had revolted. It was further agreed, under the witness and 
 
 ^lll;'Sr":f '''"r ?l "'""'"'"' '""■"»''"" nther side, th«t whoever "1 
 the t\vo brothori should survive should inherit th» ..o«s««»!nn- of ibi%..„. 
 
 
 ka. •.,*.» .- 
 
 J:li •' 
 
188 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 In all this treaty not a word was inserted in favour of Prince Henry 
 who naturally felt indignant at being so much neglected by his brother 
 Robert, from whom he certainly had merited better treatment. With 
 drawuig from Rtuen, he fortified himself at S?, Michael's Mount, on the 
 Norman coast, and sent out plundering parties, who greatly annoyed the 
 whole neighbourhood. Robert and William besieged him here, and 
 during the siege an incident occurred which goes to show that Robert's 
 neglect to his brother was owing rather to carelessness than to any real 
 want of generous feeling. Henry and his garrison were so much distres- 
 sed for water that they must have speedily submitted. When this was 
 told to Robert, he not only allowed his brother to supply himself with 
 water but also sent him a considerable quantity of wine. William, who 
 could not sympathize with this chivalrous feeling, nsproached Robert with 
 being imprudent. "What!" replied the generous duke, "should 1 suffsi 
 our brother to die of thirst ? Where shall we find another when he is 
 gone 1 ' But this temporary kindness of Robert did not prevent the un- 
 fortunate Henry from being pressed so severely that he was obliged to 
 capitulate, and was driven forth, with his handful of attendants, almost 
 destitute of money and resources. 
 
 A.D. 1091,— Robert, who was now in strict alliance with the king and 
 brother who had so lately invaded his duchy with the most hostile inten- 
 tions, was entrusted with the chief command of an English army, which 
 was sent over the border to compel Malcolm to do homage to the crown 
 of England. In this enterprise Robert was completely successful. 
 
 A.D. 1093.— But both peace and war were easily and quickly terminated 
 in this age. Scarcely two years had elapsed from Malcolm's submission 
 and withdrawal of the English troops, when he invaded England. Having 
 plundered and wasted a great portion of Northumberland, he laid siege to 
 Alnwick castle, where he was surprised by a party of English under the 
 earl de Moubray, and in the action which followed Malcolm perished. 
 
 A.D. 1094.— William constantly kept his attention fixed upon Normandy 
 The careless and generous temper of his brother Robert, and the licentious 
 ""j"i?r*?f- ^^^' ^^^"^^^ barons, kept that duchy in constant uneasiness 
 and William took up his temporary abode there, to encourage his own 
 partizans and be ready to avail himself of anything that might seem to fa- 
 vour his designs upon his brother's inheritance. While in Normandy the 
 king raised the large sum of ten thousand pounds by a roguish turn of in- 
 genuity. Being, from the nature of the circumstances in which he was 
 placed, far more in want of money than in the want of men, he sent or- 
 ders to his minister. Ralph Flambard, to raise an army of twenty thousand 
 men, and march it to the coast, as if for instant embarkation. It is to be 
 supposed that not a few of these men thus suddenlv levied for foreign 
 service were far more desirous of staying at home ; and when the army 
 reached the coast, these were gratified by the information that on the pay- 
 ment of ten shillings to the king, eaeli man was at liberty to return to his 
 home. With the money thus obtained, William bribed the king ol 
 France and some of those who had hitherto sided with Robert, but before 
 he could gain any decisive advantage from his Machiavelian policy, lie 
 was obliged to hasten over to England to repel the Welsh, who had made 
 an incursion during his absence. 
 
 A.D. 1095.— While WiUiiim had been so discreditably busy in promoting 
 discord in the ducliy of his brotlier, his own kingdom had not been free 
 ™ '""""giies. Robert de Moubray, earl of Northumberland, the Count 
 V ,' iF^'" "*' I^ftJey, and many other powerful barons, who had been 
 deeply offended by the king's haughty and despotic temper, were this 
 ymr detected in a conspiracy which had for its object the dethronement oi 
 favour of Stephen, count of Aumale, and nephew of Willian. 
 
 the king in . 
 I|)0 <^onqueror. 
 
 With his usual promptitude, William, oi gaining inlelli 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ' igg 
 
 gence of the conspiracy, took measures to dpfpit it n^ nr u 
 surprised before he hal completed his preCaraS^LLn^ ^^* "^'^^ 'J'" 
 
 tence upon him was castratJoa and dep^vatltfe?'' '-Ph^hil^ '""- 
 speak of Wi am de Aldcri another of th« twi^i ■ V^ ^ *^"® hislori.ina 
 as having been more sSineaU with • hm 2'fvT' ''^° ^^^s hanged, 
 consider that death was amonrthe most mS pTn.i nV"?.,"""'' P^°P'^ ^""^^^ 
 cruel and semi-barbarous age ' "' °^ '^^ sentences of this 
 
 skLTs";s"ofs^'otLn"f and" Wale"' aSd" NorT^"/^'' *° "'^''^^ ^» »''« 
 mere child's play in comnSonw/iH.'^f'^J' T'^ '° P^^^ as 
 
 _ue c? j.i, nic u. aupcrsiition mat, i.eiievioK himaelt on the 
 
 
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 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
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 WIBSTIR.NY 145S0 
 
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4^ 
 
 
 
190 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 point of death, he was at length induced to fill up the archbithoprie oi 
 Canterbury, which he had kept unfilled Trom the death of Laiiftranc. 
 In terror' of his supposed approaching death he conferred this dignity 
 upon Anselm, a pious and learned Norman abbot. Anselm at first re- 
 fused the promotion, even in tears ; but when he at length accepted it, 
 he abundantly proved that he was not inclined to allow the interests of 
 the church to lack any defence or watchfulness. His severity of demean- 
 our and life, aad his unsparing sternness towards every thing that either 
 reason or superstition pointed out as profane and of evil report were re- 
 markable. He spared not in censure even the king himself, and as William, 
 on recovering from the illness which caused him to promote ■ Anselm, 
 very plainly 'showed that he was not a jot more pious or just than before, 
 disputes very soon grew high between the king and the archbishop whom 
 he had taken po much trouble to persuade into acceptance of dignity and 
 power. Tlie church Was at thl3 time much agitated by a dispute be- 
 tween Urban and Clement. Each maintained himself to be the true, and 
 his opponent the ami- pope. While yet only an abbot in Normandy, An- 
 selm had acknowledged the authority of Urban ; and he now in his higher 
 dignity and wider influence, still espoused his cause, and resolved to 
 esiablish his authority in England. As the law of the Conqueror was 
 still in fonre that no pope should be acknowledged in England until his 
 authority should have received the sanction of the king, William deter- 
 mined to make this disobedience the pretext upon which to endeavour tc 
 deprive the archbishop of his high ecclesiastical dignity. The king ao 
 cordingly summoned a synod at Rockingham, and called upon it to depose 
 Anselm. But the assembled sufi'ragans declined to pass the required sen- 
 tence, declaring that thev knew of no authority by which they could do so 
 without the command of the pope, who clone could release them from the 
 respect and obedience which they owe* to their primate. While the 
 case ivas in this state of incertitude and pause, some circumstances arose 
 which rendered it expedient for William to acknowledge the legitimacy 
 of Urban's election to the papal throne, but the apparent reconciliation 
 which this produced between the king and Anselm was but of short dura- 
 tion. The main cause of grievance, though itself removed by the recon- 
 ciliation of William and the pope, left behind an angry feeling which re- 
 3 Hired only a pretext to burst rorlh, and ihat pretext the liaughty state 
 espolism of William and the nf> less haughty church zeal of Anselm 
 speedily furnished. 
 
 We mentioned among the numerous despotic arrangements of (he Con 
 qucror, his having required from binhoprics and abbeys the same feudal 
 service in the field as from lay baronies of like value. William Rufiis 
 ill this, as in all despotism, followed closely upon the track left by Ins 
 father ; and having resolved upon an expedition into Wales, ho called upon 
 Anselm for his regulated quota of men. Anselm, in common with nil the 
 churchmen, deemed iIiin species of servitude very grievnns and unbecom- 
 ing to chun'hmen ; hut the despotic nature of William, and that feeling ol 
 feudal submission which, next to submission to the church, seems to have 
 been the most powerful and irresJHtible feeling in those days, prevented 
 him IVom giving an absolute refusal. Me therefore took a middle course; 
 he sent his quota of men, indeed, but so insufficiently accoutmf and pro- 
 vided that they were utterly useless Hiid n disgrace to the well-np|Mihiied 
 force of which they were intended to form a part. The king threatened 
 Anselm with a prosecution for this obviously intentional and insultin|i 
 evasion of the spirit of his duty while complying with its mert 'ciier, ana 
 the prelate retorted by a demand for the restoration of tho revenue ol 
 which his see had bfen arbitrarily and unfairly deprived by the king, ap 
 pealing to the p«>|)0 at the asine time for protection and^^a Just decision 
 
 
 MKk.M&« l..ilM.M**l l.a.> *I.A M- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. jji 
 
 Sa^'pIicaU^^^^^^^^^^^ (or his personal safety, 
 
 leave the country, a Mrmiss oS whfoh h^^T^S"*'" ^"^ *^f ?•"«'"»« »" 
 
 at once to rid hiSielf S?„' oppSn^n those'^jS^^^^^^ ^'^ 
 
 Rcter made him both troublesomeanH H^n^iL j*. *". »«I«gtows char- 
 
 temporarily, at the verv least nfthPit^^^^^^u' "^l *** <»'»^«'n Fs-ession 
 8ee Sf Canterbury? uJonSse he sS^i -on'^J "f temporal/tie, of the 
 the papal court looked UDon«««m!w.f *«t""''n«'y. but Anselm. whom 
 with flSch a splSd recSion JtT^^^^^^ '';^ k- "'^."^ the church, met 
 worldly point of view^^ """^ "' '*" '"'" ""»« »<> regret in a 
 
 rtaWe'aJS'uSSMSal'wilul^^^^^^^^ °f »»>e ^ndom- 
 
 pose ; if. indeed, reposeVo^d have ftn a l.i^l even now to enjoy re- 
 pet 80 fierce aAd turbulent ThonShu "^* "^^^"•'"y'"^"* t° «'«"'• 
 him to obtain Normindy and Ma^ne frZ h'^'''7J"''??«"' """^ «»»^'«»d 
 brother, it did not elbThfrn to keen m sub^eJti !"".? "f". T^ P*""^'^' 
 most independent barons onioseSrovlncerT^^^^ '•""''"'«"» ""'J »>■ 
 
 a^rilS;s^vrkirofS'^^^ 
 
 ly small town and terr t^r^irthe ptv^Lceof ho^ '' h'A^ 
 ^^n^^'X'Trtt ^iP^^^ se^erSeTw^-n^ 
 
 constamirretun^d to his'^oM .SrH**^ P"" ^l^ ^°"'"' »«"« «" 
 turned home. William it 1p Ih . \® 'u'f- '""?"'*"' "'« monarch had re- 
 
 lessncss and scorn a88,?rff Lm .1.. i,"*' '"'^^ '^ ffood-humoured reck. 
 
 compelled them to .et snU tZ n^nJ^lll'^A '*""^ "T*" '^™^'^'"'d' ^"^ 
 time to raise tl^ si«D.r,nrM ^ "'• P'ompt'^de ennhlod him to arrive in 
 
 «v.™ a „„.„a ,h.. u „„je„j S „l;X ft him 'S IStun^tln" 
 
 .. r" i:"*" *'"ro«i, planted by the most ininnitnu. e«..i.„ -, ^.-. 
 
 «^nv -v^uijurrur. family , io much w. MVoTeavVV/ UttF* 'reSoTS 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 wonder that, in so Buperstitious an age, ii was deemed that there was a 
 special and retributive fate in tlie royal deaths which occurred there. 
 Kichard, elder brother of King. William Ilufus, was killed there, as was 
 Uiohard, a natural son of Duke Robert of Normandy. William Rufus was 
 now a third royal victim. He was hunting there when an arrow shot by 
 Walcsr Tyrrel, a Norman favourite of the monarch, struck a tree and, glan- 
 cing off, pierced the breast of the king, who died on the spot. The unin- 
 tentional homicide dreading the violent justice which the slayer of a king 
 was likely to experience, no sooner saw the result of his luckless shot, 
 than he galloped off to the sea shore and crossed over to France, whence 
 he with all speed departed for the Holy land. His alarm and flight, 
 though perfectly natural, were, in fact, quite needless. William was little 
 beloved even by bis immediate attendants and courtiers; and his "body 
 when found was hastily and carelessly interred in Winchester, without 
 any of the gorgeous and expensive ceremony which usually marks the 
 obsequies of a powerful monarch. 
 
 London Bridge— taken down only a very few years since, and Westmin- 
 ster Hall, were built by this monarch. For the last-named structure, 
 which has the largest roof in the world unsupported by pillars, he obtain- 
 ed the timber from Ireland, which at that time was very celebrated foi 
 its timber of all kinds, but especially for the very durable and beautiful 
 sort known by the name of bog oak. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE REION OF HENRY I. 
 
 William Roros, who died on the second of August, 1100, in the forti 
 eth year of his age and the thirtieth of liis reign, left no legitimate issue. 
 and was succeeded by his brother Henry, who was of the hunting party a( 
 which the king lost his life. 
 
 Robert, duke of Normandy, who as the elder brother of the deceased 
 king had a preferable claim to that of Henry, was, as has already been 
 related, one of the chief and most ze.ilous leaders of the crusaders. Af- 
 ter slaughter terrible merely to think of, and sufferings from famine and 
 disease such as the pen of even a Thucydides nould but imperfectly de- 
 scribe, the crusaders had obtained po8«ie8sion of Jerusalem. Solyman, 
 the Turkish emperor, was thoroughly deft^ited in two tremendous bat- 
 tles, and Nice, the seat of his government," was captured after an obsti 
 nate siege. The soldan of Kgypt, however, succeeded the Turkish em- 
 peror iu the possession of Jorusiilcm, and he offered to allow free ingress 
 and egress to all Ghrisliun pilgrims who chose to visit tlie holy sepulchre 
 unarmed. But the rcligiuus zeal of the champions of the cross was fat 
 too highly inflamed by their recent triumphs over the crcscfiit to allow 
 of their actcupting this compromise; they haughtily demanded the cession 
 of the city altogether, and, on his refusal, siege was laid to it. For five 
 weeks the soldan defended himself with the utmost coolness and voIohi 
 against the assaults of highly-disciplined and veteran troops, whoso mill 
 tary anlour was now ex(!ited to the utmost by fanaticism. But at the end 
 of that lime the zeal and fury of the Christians prevailed ; Jerusalem whp 
 carrinil by Hssanlt, and a scene of carnage ana suffering ensued whinb 
 might alnu»st l)eHr coniparison with that earlier and dread scene in Ihf 
 same city, of which we !>we the undying narrative to Jospphus. Nor wns 
 the caniHge confined ovrn to the furious and maddened first hours of sue- 
 cess. Long after the streets of the holy city were strewed with carcasses 
 ami upon every hoarth lay the dead (orms of those who had vainly en- 
 deavoured to flufend ihein— long after the pwlses of the warrior had censo«' 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 193 
 
 of both sexes and all a/esrto whoTnn-rf?,''^^^^ 
 reward of submission, wer^reacherouJlv InT t'\ ^If*" P'T*''"^ «« '^e 
 blood by ruffians who soon after SuL^;Jrf„"'''\'^ murdered in cold 
 of him who died, lamb-like, for the Siat ^of «n f " a' ""r I**? fP!!'*"*''* 
 contrast between the Drofessed mnUvl^eT i "," ' ^'*'^"' '"^ee'J. the 
 of the warriors ! P'°'*''«^ ™ot»ve of this holy war and the conduct 
 
 Jd^rh^o?yimam tuTaift^ T'^' T"'"' Previous to 
 
 Boulogne king of TrSem and sett eHn?i;'' ^^V ^''S*^'^ ^"'^'■^y "^ 
 Holy Land, returned to Cope Had RohPrfri''^%'''i? ''"'«'''« '» the 
 tened home direc'.. he prXX would hfvA'i'^t,*' ?^ Normandy, has- 
 pation of England by his vSerbml.r S-^".'*'''* .'°.P™^«"' the usur- 
 terof William RuiXs S^n^rtuSX EaV« hf ''"°'^'''^»«. ''^ the charac- 
 
 home by anxieiy abrutTo!j,a"ndrbJtToLrtTar^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ ?''" 
 as he was brave. Passinir throiiffh Itni Al rlii • , *"®. '"" *" careless 
 a noble lady, Sibylla, daSter of the ^nf If p '"''* '^"^ and married 
 a whole year in her native chmp ^uS'a^ of Conversana, and remained 
 love and that most d?SusS^^^^ ^he delights of 
 
 his natural character, as weU as theTiZi? h" '^"k" '^^ '" England-and 
 made them very numerou^-were in vZ hi ^"' ^^hievments in the east, 
 
 sovereign for beini absent B .t H«„ '"^^^ '"'"'l'^'"' Y^" ^as no less his 
 
 |x.rthim^hreatene^d;op'itDe B4t"uS7o'dea^ ^TT"^ '^ «"P 
 
 aiice to his will, and. hastening to 7n„Hn„-.i '" «"«>np'ecl any resist- 
 
 iudiciouslyprodiffTaiiseT^t^im^-^^^^^^ 'i^^^ "'.^ '"'*"®y' he made so 
 Inclination' Ztl?eeLr"btaLdL;^^^ =*"'' f""" hy 
 
 tic... and he was crowned by £„rcelho„ '"^ 
 days of his brother's sudden and Sent c£E T^Sf^Z) "';^"" '^'"' 
 quite plain that Henry had none H h„ 1 1 '"" ^° 'he throne it is 
 
 judicious bribery had procured him « f.?« 7 "^ >»' possession; »nd as his 
 all the inostpminentand novvflrfi I ha! '" 'east the ostensible support of 
 ou, friends of ThSsent K t were 'SliZ;'t?V"T' ''V"" «"^ ^"«'- 
 rowfully, that his own indoEfiT-T ^ 1 ^*'""'^:?''^' hovv«ver sor- 
 oblniningthelhLrf?omhismnw^^ ''"" "^ ''" P0«8'l'ility of 
 
 «l the feLful exprseTa civU war ' '"'^ ^"te'-pnsing brother, u.Jess 
 
 •«^„"'by^lre'l"rc^tt';.„'J'r/„!;„^'v'!"*' ""'''"^^'^ - »"« "«-« had 
 
 mitsot of his reiin af IP -t h« ""'l^^hfle.l usurpation, he would, at the 
 in ".ere/despSraShis Kh r mSu'Z^^^ 'T,T »7.«""'"Pl» which 
 
 10 remedy many of he jSo - ^..n/ " "^l^"? *"hich was calculated 
 
 m orabb; / dKg thS 'v':n.t"v in.;':;::.:?"" "Vl'"' ^he revenues oVlhe 
 hy the successor L,hHrhrS;u„^^^^^^^^ ^^hole to be reaped 
 
 Iwnoftce, nor dispose of it fcVriT^Sv In ?k'° '^*"" ""y e'^cle-iaMlcHl 
 'Vhose fivour X '.r .„ . HH^^Th.^^^' {hiii concsssion to the chur.h 
 i __jg •• ~* :::ii---«-=ss-^v SO oj ii, ufi |>n>ct)eded i'j eiiumor 
 
lU 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 ate tl'e civil grievances which he purposed to redress. He promised that 
 upon the death of any earl, baron, or military tenant, his heir should be 
 admitted to the possession of his estate on paying a just and lawful relief, 
 without being exposed to such violent exactions as had been usual during 
 the late reigns — M remitted the wardship of minors, and allowed guar- 
 dians to be appointed who should be answerable for the trust — he prom- 
 ified not to dispose of any heiress in marriage but by the advice of all the 
 barons, and if any baron intended to give his daughter, sister, niece, oi 
 other kinswoman in marriage, it should only be necessary for him to con- 
 sult the king, who promised to take no money for his consent, nor even 
 to refuse permission, unless the person to whom it was purposed to marry 
 her should be his enemy. He granted his barons and military tenants the 
 power of bequeathing by will their money cr personal estates, and if they 
 neglected to make a will, he promised that their heirs should succeed to 
 them. He renounced the ri^ht of imposing moneyage and of levying taxes 
 at pleasure on the farms which the barons retained in their own hands, 
 and he made some general professions of moderating fines, offered a par- 
 don for all offences, and remitted all the debts due to the crown. He re- 
 quired that the vassals of the b-arons should enjoy the same privileges 
 which he granted to. his own barons ; and he promised a general confirma- 
 tion and observance of the laws of King Edward. This is the substance 
 uf the chief articles contained in that famous cbarter^^" 
 
 Though, to impress the people with the notion of his great anxiety fo; 
 the full publicity and exact performance of these gracious promises, Henry 
 caused a copy of this charter to be placed in an abbey in every county, 
 his subsequent conduct shows that he never intended it for anything but a 
 lure, by vrhxch to win the support of the barons and people, while that sup- 
 port as yet appeared desirable to his cause. The grievances which he so 
 ostentatiously promised to redress were continued during his whole reign; 
 and as regards the charter itself, so completely neglected was it, that when 
 in their disputes with the tyrant John, the English barons were desirous 
 to make it the standard by which to express their demands, scarcely a 
 copy of it could be found. 
 
 The popularity of the king at the commencement of his reign owed not 
 a little of its warmth to his just and politic dismissul and imprisonment of 
 Ralph Flambard, bishop of Durham, who, as principal minister and favour- 
 ite of William Kufus, had been guilty of great oppression and cruelty, es- 
 pecially in i-aising money. The Dudley and Empson of a later reign were 
 scarcely more detested than this man was, and nothing could tie more 
 sgreeable to the people than his degradation and punishment. But the 
 kmg, apart from nis politic desire to gratify the public resentment against 
 his Drother's chief and most unsrrupuluus instrument of oppression, seeing 
 to have had his own pecuniary advantage chiefly in view. Instead of im- 
 mediately appointing a successor to the bishopric, he kept it vacant for 
 five years, and during all that time he, in open contempt of the positive 
 promise of his charter, applied the revenues of the see to his own use. 
 
 This shameful invasion of the rights of the church, however, did not 
 prevent him from otherwise seeking its favour. Well aware of the high 
 rank which Anselm hold in the affections of both the clergy and the peo- 
 ple, ho strongly invited him to leave Lyons— where ho now livd in greai 
 state— and resume his dignity in Knghmd. But the king accoiipnniiul tliift 
 Invitation with a demand that Anselm should renew to him the hoinnije' 
 ne had formerly paid to his brother. Anselm, however, by his residoncr 
 at Rome, had learned to look with a very different eye now upon that ho- 
 mage which formerly he had considered as so mere and innocuous a furm, 
 ana he reliirncd for anstvor, lliut he not only would not pay homiige liini- 
 solf, but he would not even communicate with any of the clergy who shoulil 
 do so or who would accept of lav invostiture. However much in(»rtifleo 
 
HISTOET OF THE WORLD. 195 
 
 f^eTJJ^^n'SVotfett^^^^^^^^ ^? -' ^00 anxious 
 
 scale for kobett might at some ?anm.^rm '""'^''"'J '^ '"^^'^n ^n^ the 
 upon his own propoS . ^therefore L^r^^Hf J^'^°''"'^^^^ '»«'«» 
 subjects should be referred to Rome ani A nlm *" ^""t'oversy on the 
 'lity, and, undoubtedly, all the mo^P nZl r ?k ^^ ?"*" fesiored to his dig- 
 which led to hl8 exiK hos^hif Hccoin^? ^"iT '^^ ^"^^"^^^nols 
 thority was scarcely re-establfshrr! ^h„r. ?'"P*"'®'' ^'* •"^^"''n- His au- 
 
 lectohhe highest i^terestl^ the ki,^^^^^^^^ "P°» « «""- 
 
 irolrn III., king of Scotland^ niece of SIv .^.^V'^"' laughter of Mal- 
 ted in the nunnery of Ramsav WpIi in ^ Atheling, had been educa- 
 lineage of this lady made heJ 'to «^e EnirL'j"*" ^1^' '**'' '^^^ Saxon 
 espouse her. It is a strikinff instance nf'^Ll f""?' "^""^ Proposed to 
 mind was enslaved by Rome nth?.''J?f*''« *f®'" '«;''»»ch the public 
 princess in a convent^ th?™Vre ^'e^S and education Sf this 
 
 taken or intended to take the vlwa IJIVS t ^'' "^'"1°"' ^"^^ ha'^'ng 
 she could lawfully contract maJrTmonv. So i. TnJ '* ^""'^"""^ "'hethe? 
 emn council of prelates and Sles was 'helH . i ^TTl ^''» ' """i » «ol- 
 point. This council was held so so^n af^iJ uh. .'"'.'" ^«l«'-'nine the 
 hi8 dignity, that we may, witLut great breJhnfV°''^V°" °^ ^""^'n' to 
 desire to secure the support of Ans Jim nnrf„?h- ° ''^*"^^.' ^""P*"' 'hat a 
 one of the motives, if nSt the chS-f m^T l*-^ uV '."^J''*=* «^*» »' least 
 in recalling him. Before this po .l-n ^'1^,7^'''^ ^^^ "'•"S '^a* actuated 
 contemplafed taking tie v^w and fhu sl^'t^o'f '^'*' «!i« ^»^ "«v«' 
 
 was quite connnonl5wornTythfEnXhl5rl^'^^^^^^ ''«''• «' '^ 
 Wolence of the Norman soldierv x.i^t '^ll T^ ^ safeguard from the 
 
 violence even an E.Xh princ&s fea Iv h«7nn ^"ir" '^"^ «?a'n<»t "ucb 
 council determined that thrwearing of tL veilS.tirrS ^'""'^' "'« 
 pledged her to or connected her vi»h on. i ■' Ma ilda had m no wise 
 shewasasfreetomarryasthoul shpTH'**^'^'""" «*«'«''hood, and that 
 Matilda were marriS The P«rpmJ ^''^ T^^ *«■•" ''• Henry and 
 accon,panied wiirg eat and ™oL''r'P''''^"'"™'l[:y ^"««J™' and was 
 than a^y other of hfs HiJcirS^ment^^tTa'ctd 2'v ""fT"' '"»«' 
 '.^reateTrX^X^rrr^^^^^^^^^^^ -ft ^qtt 
 
 .endation.;cou,d d^^ XSZSS.^*'''""' '^^ -- 
 
 forU?yJ?mi;l?'i;.TeVerr"tHnorrnrn."";?'^''^™ '"^'^ b-" '0 
 necessary nor excess! veRoeJtwLf«5'^'!'i' '"*'' ''^"" "^''^er un- 
 returned to Normai,.inbouraSnS «f Lr ,^ ""•«'" 't«ly. 
 
 Henry had given no orders aJdmS ,1 ^'^ '^''^"' ""^ '"« ^'"'^er Rufus 
 resumption ^f the ?ucl y of Normand v %?"T'T ^ ."PP"''^ ""^ert'a 
 and being much endeared otheTHrlL ^"'^'"■^^'d of that point d'appui, 
 ments in the Holy Land Hobert imml r % i'''"'"*" *"""""« »'>' »»*« achiW- 
 invading Englancj; an 1 ^resti g I rb rthStZTfr "'^ Preparations for 
 his brotlier. Nor were the Ses fnr hi.*.../'"'" '^'« '»"rP'"g bands of 
 01.8 who chiofly or whol riimlin NormlH'''^*''^' ^""''"^'d '« those bar- 
 ;^o F«Ht baron's of l-"°glLd d dde^dJJ'S^e.Mlot^^ '"""y »' 
 
 fee H,g the same dislike to holding X?rSl7«h J! '" "®'""y» *"'' 
 
 under two sovereigns which ZK'en so «tmS„' '^'"■'"?" P«"eMion> 
 •ion of William, they seoretiv 1,™! "f7?",«'y "xprossed at the acces- 
 cfs ihnt they would^ohfMm wXS Wils 'r"* "'^'^ ""i' """ «'»'»••'?"- 
 in England. Among thes^ Sbs were R..KLrT "« 'j*' ''"»'''' 'and 
 Shrewsbury. William de Warenne p^H nf ^^ "" .?" Belesrne. earl of 
 Kobert de Mallet, and mhors of Z ve v'^L^."'"''?''' *i"«^^ "« «r«atmesuil. ' 
 in England. The enl ,usii,.n?i.. hi r "^ ^''*'"' ""'' '"""t powerful men 
 "hen llciuy had, wiU greJt e "^^ to the navy aJd 
 
 opiK-e hi. b'rotheV'aln;! :T:Z:::'/JZ'!!!.''lT^t^J^ -acly to 
 
196 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 of the ships, and put themselves and their vessels at the dia^sal of Robeit 
 This incident gave the king great alarm, lest the army, too, shoulo desert 
 him, in which case not only his crown but his life would be in the most 
 imminent danger. Henry, notwithstanding this peril, preserved his cool- 
 ness, and did not allow, as men too frequently do, the greatness of the 
 danger to turn away his attention from the best means of meeting and 
 overcoming it. Well knowing the superstition of the people, he consid- 
 ered nothing lost while he could command the immense influence which 
 A.nselm had over the public mind. Accordingly he redoubled his court to 
 that prelate, and succeeded in making him believe in the sincerity of his 
 professed design and desire to rule justly and mildly. What he himself 
 flrmly believed, Anselm diligently and eloquently inculcated upon the 
 minds of others ; and as his influence and exertions were seconded by 
 those of Roger Bigod, Robert Fitzhammond, the earl of Warwick, and other 
 powerful nobles who remained faithful to Henry, the army was kept in 
 good humour, and marched in good order, and with apparent zeal as well 
 IS cheerfulness, to Portsmouth, where Robert had landed. 
 
 Though the two armies were in face of each other for several days, not 
 a blow was struck ; both sides seeming to feel reluctant to commence a 
 civil war. Anselm and other influential men on either side took advantage 
 of this pause to bring about a treaty between the brothers ; and, after much 
 argument and some delay, it was agreed that Henry should retain the 
 crown of England, and pay an annual pension of three thousand marks to 
 Robert ; that the survivor should succeed to the deceased brother's pos- 
 sessions; that they should mutually abstain from encouraging or harbour- 
 ing each others enemies ; and that the adherents of both in the present 
 quarrel should be undisturbed in their possessions and borne harmless for 
 all that had passed. 
 
 A. o. 1102.— Though Henry agreed with seeming cheerfulness to tliis 
 treaty, which in most points of view was so advantageous to him, he signed 
 it with a full determination to break through at least one of its provisions, 
 The power of his nobles had been too fully manifested to him in their ei.- 
 couragement of Robert to admit of his being otherwise than anxious to 
 break it. The earl of Shrewsbury, as one of tlie most powerful and also 
 the most active of those who had given their adhesion to Robert, was first 
 fixed upon by Henry to bo made an example of the danger of oflfending 
 kings. Spies were set upon his every word and action, and his bold and 
 hauffhty cnaractor left them but little difllculty in finding mutter of offence 
 No fewer than five-and-forty articles were exhibited against him. He was 
 too well aware both of the truth of some of the charges, and of the rigid 
 severity with which he would be judged, to deem it safe to risk a trial. 
 He summoned all the friends and adherents he could command, and threw 
 himself upon the chances of war. But these were unfavourable to him. 
 In the influence which Anselm possessed, and which he zealously exerted 
 on behalf of the king, Henry had a most potent means of defence, and he 
 with little difliculty reduced the earl to such straits, that he was glad to 
 leave the kingdom with his life. All his great possessions were of course 
 confiscated, and they aflbrded the king welcome means of purchasing 
 new friends, and securing the fidelity of those who were his friends al- 
 ready. 
 
 A. D. 1103.— -The niin of the earl of Shrewsbury produced that of his 
 brothers, Roger, earl of Lancaster, and Arnulf do Montgomery. But ihs 
 vengeance or the policy of the king required yet more victims. Robert 
 de Pontefract, Robert de Mallet, and William de Warenne were prose- 
 cuted, and the king's power secured their condemnation ; and William, 
 carl of Cornwall, though son of the king's uncle, was deprived of all his 
 large property in England. The charges against these noblemen were 
 Artfully made, not upon their conduct towards the king in hia dispute with 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. jgy 
 
 \m brother, but upon their miaconduct towards theit vassal* r^ »». • 
 spect, indeed, they wore guilty enoueh as «ll th« m„ u ^ *^'* '®- 
 
 butitwas not this guilt, Xch was emf„ut I «^ ^l',"""* ''"°"« ^^">i 
 firmest and most power J defeXs for ife?***^ "P*'" "'« '''"?'« 
 and ruined. Robert of Normandv wf/h hL u'^^ '^^^ •'^'^''^ prosecuted 
 imprudence, was so indigna^rat t^« nil« *'f'"'''''^lr'l' '^ ff«n«'"«ty and 
 chief crime in the king's lye" he weU k^n/w?fi°'l^^ I"*'"'^'' ^hose 
 
 shown to himself, that he crossed ovLtnV" f^ ^i*® friendship they had 
 his brother with the shamefS aSd Slv.i ^H?"^'**!!** ?"^ «*'"P'y ^^uked 
 their treaty. ConfidentTn his kL !"n^ u ^''^ "^ « principal part of 
 by the just and eloquent reproachfi^o? hTfh* ^^'^ "^A' ^"' ''"'« «ff^«'«d 
 80 clearly gave him to lErst-^^ i^^^^ On the contrary, he 
 
 venturing^ tS EnSaVhaTcomimiLTK'^''" ^" '^P^^ent rashness in 
 glad to get libertAo return to^Cm«li''' ""^l? ^^'^^'y- ^'^^t Robert was 
 Ual rfsignatiJnVf hTs pe".Jion "'^^ *' '^^ '*P«"«« of making a 
 
 .Z t'i:d'a"lre1dTdeTpo"e7of'3,.'rP'r ?« "•'» '' '^^ brother 
 of his inheritance %rim^udenttS ^""^ """'i P''''^'""' P«^"«« 
 not merely affected hircrdS as far a.^ hiT"*''',r^"'^ '^'''^^ °^ ««t^" 
 made him wholly unfit to nde and on^,i^^rh""'^'^'*^ concerned; it 
 the needy and the profl ffate hp a^i;? ^ ^^^ .'^^"^ P«««'We doors to 
 turbulent'^and u^ncipTei barons tTZn'/^r^^^^ '^'■""'ir*' among hiS 
 then ill-treat his unfortunate subiects^Tmn^''"^'" T^" *' '° ™^ *nd 
 careless that his domestic servanKundplnh"*'^ ^^ «° ""«''y 
 
 money which his prodigal haW?slpn>HrK'''/"' "''^ Tr^'^ '''"^he little 
 furniture, was but illfi fed fo oJeservp hi, I^;h'^"\^''?" "^ ^'* <='"*hes and 
 of the most licentious nob ik?Tn all F^rZ-''^ fT ^^e ill-treatment 
 that when the more thouffh2l anrf nhl ^ ♦ ^""^ " ^^^ ^^'^ "atural, 
 trasted the loose government of ul^r, T^\^"l°-V^^ '^°""^»« «»"• 
 of a government at all-wiL ?hes?eadrfil '"''"!? H deserved the name 
 over a much Hro'«ra„^ wun tne steady, firm, and order y ru e of Henrv 
 
 ZlVo rh?'peX.'rhat7v™n 7r;r^ shoul/begin ti tS, 
 
 for the welfare of his alhilll than Tnch ^jLv "f "7' "'^^ ^'•'' '^"" 
 pable, ruler as the good-natured am Sro.iT.I"''''; ^"' """''y '"««' 
 bauched Robert. Disorders at lenJh ?oi«^? ' I"' ?*T»8^^"' a»d de 
 as to give Henrv a nretPvf fnr !."* ^^ '" ^"'^^ ^ '^'^'S^ht in Normandy, 
 the opposing SiPs^birnrL^l"* °''^'"' "r""*"y t« mediate between 
 «ere?S train To Ld,;,u o "h « deJ^iv^fn'rh"''^ to observe how far affair! 
 pethpr sifiiioH ;>. oeprivmg his brother of the duchv altn 
 
 fStil to b be' Tsr^o?; OK Srsodn'f'"^'"? •'"*" the m"eaL";S 
 liavinff returned tVi i<',.^io ,/ ^ 'j • "^y,®?"" formed a strong party : and 
 
 the siege. ^' * ^^ "'"'"» *" ""^ **»« ^'"nt«r compelled him to raise 
 
 No\m"andy aii^^corime^^^^^^^^ "«'''»'«^ "«"ry '"'"".ed to 
 
 the siege of TinchZrwUh a f..r^« »i ''•.?r"'u''«f '''« ca'np«ign with 
 he contemplated notS *hort J thV ».?."^^'^ /^"' ''• *"« ^"''« «^'denl 
 tt required all the success tha Heirv ZT ""'^^^^L'?" •»'" Normandy. 
 Persuasions of his ^wn friends Vo aTn,?»« »' J''.' ?«»"«':«<1. ««'d «il the 
 aalural indolence a.7,e„suftoa,urS,.?o^^^^^^^ ^'"""a "J'' l''''''"-»y «' 
 'he warrior had slumbered ?i£«r?n hi- S ?f® ™'"'®'^' ''« '^'^^^e'' ""»» 
 
198 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 who was inveterately opposed to Henry on account of his treatment ot 
 Mortaigne's son, William, earl of Cornwall, Robert speedily raised a 
 powerful force and marched against his brother, in the hope of putting an 
 end to their controversies in a single battle. Animated at being led by 
 the valiant prince whose feats on the plains of Palestine had struck terror 
 into Pagan hearts, and won the applause of Christian Europe, Robert's 
 troops charged so boldly ai^l so well, that the English were thrown into 
 confusion. Had the Norman success been well followed up by the whole 
 of their force, nothing could have saved the English army from defeat 
 and destruction. But the troops of Roger do Belesme were suddenly and 
 most unaccountably seized with a panic, which communicated itself to 
 the^st of the Normans. Henry and his friends skilfully and promptly 
 availed themselves of this sudden turn in the state of affairs, charged the 
 enemy again and again, and entirely routed them, killing vast numbers and 
 making ten thousand prisoners, among whom was Robert himself. 
 
 This great victory gained by Henry was soon after crowned by the 
 surrender of Rouen and Falaise ; and Henry now became completely 
 master of Normandy, having also got into his power Robert's son, the 
 young prince William, who was unfortunately in Falaise when that im- 
 portant p<ost surrendered. As though there had been nothing of violence 
 or unfairness in his conduct, Henry now convoked the states of Normandy 
 and received their homage as though he had been rightfully their duke ; 
 after which, having dismantled such fortresses as he deemed dangerous 
 to his interests, and revoked the grants which Robert's foolish facility had 
 induced him to make, he returned to England, taking his unfortunate 
 brother with him as a prisoner, and committing young William to the 
 custody of Helie de St. Laen, who had married Robert's natural dangh- 
 ter, and who treated the captive jr\nne with a tenderness and respect 
 which do him the highest honour * Robert himself was committed to the 
 custody of the governor of Cardiff castle in Wales, where for twenty- 
 eight years, the whole remainder of his life, he remained a melancholy 
 spectacle of fallen greatness, and a striking example of the uselessness 
 of courage without conduct, and of the danger of generosity if unregu- 
 lated by prudence. 
 
 At the battle of Tinchebray, so fatal to Duke Robert, his friend Edgai 
 Atheling was taken prisoner. Though on more than one occasion this 
 prince gave signal proofs of bravery, both his friends and his enemies 
 seem to have held his intellect in considerable contempt. The two Wil- 
 liams and Henry I., princes of such different qualities, yet so perfectly 
 agreeing in despotic and jealous tempers, equally held his powers of ex- 
 citing the English to revolt in the utmost scorn. Though his Saxon de- 
 scent could not but endear him to the English people, and though both at 
 home and in the Holy Land he had proved himself to possess very high 
 courage, there was so general and apparently go well founded an opinion 
 of his deficiency in the higher intellectual qualities, that neither did the 
 Saxons look up to him, as otherwise they gladly would have done, as a 
 Q rallying point, nor did the Normans houour him with their suspicious 
 fean Even now when Henry, whose treatment of his own brother suf- 
 ficiently proves how inexorable he could be where he saw cause to fear 
 injury to his interests, had so fair an excuse for committing Edgar to safe 
 custody, he showed his entire disbelief of that prince's capacity, by al- 
 lowing him to enjoy his full liberty in England, and even granting him a 
 pension. 
 
 A. o. 1107. — Henry's politic character and his judgment were both em- 
 hiently displavud in matia^nng his very delicate dispute with the nope on 
 the subject of ecclesiastical investitures. While* showing the moat pro 
 found external respect, and even affection, to both the pope and 4rch 
 ikishup Anseltn, Henry proceeded to fill the vacant sees concerniuR whicb 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 199 
 
 there was dispute. But Anselm, though he had been on many important 
 occasionsastaunch and useful friend to the king, was far too Sod a 
 churchman to brook disobedience to the papal aut^rity, even when that 
 disobedience was veiled by smiles, and couched in gentle and holiday 
 terms. He refused to communicate with, far less to consecrate, the Sops 
 invested by the king; and those prelates saw themselves exposed to so 
 much obloquy by their opposition to so revered a personage as Anselm" 
 that they resigned their dignities into the king's hands. ThrcomDlete 
 defeat of a scheme which he had prosecuted^ith such dexteroTs ani 
 i)ainful art, deprived the king of his usual command of temper, and he let 
 rail such significant threats towards all opponents of his Sthority" thS 
 Anselm became alarmed for his personal safety, and demanded nermis 
 
 ifV^TV" ^"^ '' "°"«"»^, '^' P°P«- Weil' k^owTng the lipSiy 
 of Anselm, Henry xvas very well pleaded to be thus peaclably rid of hiJ 
 presence. Anselm departed, and was attended to the ship L hosts of 
 both clergy and laity, who, by the cordial respect with which they took 
 Uieir leave of him, tacitly, but no less plainly, testified their sense Jf the 
 justice of his quarrel with their sovereign. 
 
 As soon as Anselm had left England the king seized upon all the tem 
 por^ities of his see J and fearful lest the preLnce of Anselm arRome 
 should prejudice him and his kingdom, he sent William de Warelwas" as 
 ambassador extraordinary to Pascal, the pope. In the couVse of the ar 
 gument between the pope and the' king of England'! eZy, VltZ 
 
 7^Xl^S!'Zt'^f-^'' "overeign wUd ratLr part wiT his crown 
 than with the right of investiture ; to which Pascal as warmly reolied 
 
 tt ' r"'? ""'^f^ Pf " ''i'^ ^' ^'""^ »han allow the king to retafn that 
 SL Ti."'?™ '*'^'!^^ 11 ^y**"'' *"<! thence to his old monastery of 
 S!;„vnii '''"S; '•«8/o'-ed hmi the revenues of his sees, and great anxiety 
 Znofwf„"^ffi^ "'1 f ""u'^' ?^ ™"" ^"' his return to EnglaiTd, where Ss 
 the lst?rL« ,n'S^ ^'^ ^^ "^^^ "*"'" "f «" imaginable impiety, and of 
 
 ireen HeCTd tt'^n'''"^ immorality. The disputes, meantime, be- 
 iw), V ^^ ♦u ***® P**P* ^'^"^ warmer and warmer. The emperor, 
 E^ml'i?"^ *^f pope were at feud on the same subject, and the pope 
 being made an actual prisoner, was compelled by a formal treaty to grant 
 the emperor the right of investiture. The king of England was esl ad- 
 vantageous y situated than the emperor. He could not, by gett ng the 
 pope '"to his power, cut the GordiL knot of the controvLTbetweei, 
 t^^tJunZiyl Mellent and other ministers of Henrjrwere already 
 danvivL^? r*^ the pains of excommunication : Henry himself was in 
 
 himLJf Pfni i^^^J'n u ""^*^^"^« ^'•««^f"' »^"'^"«« pronounced on 
 b2„] hi! nnM *f knew that he had numerous and powerful enemies 
 !f k to hm^ Iff .T*"? '^""''* ^°^} ^'''^'y *"^ promptly7vail themselves 
 L V n?«ir "? ""="■ ""^^'y allegiance. He and the pope were mu. 
 MDP h» Hh; TlJ" ,«'*'"?'•«""«« was at length entered into, by which the 
 S'demlii,! l^ °^ ecciosiastical investiture, while Henry had the right 
 m«{n5^^^ "* homage from the prelates for their temporalities. The 
 ?nd H«^S'?« ^ ^i"? • **"' «e"led, minor points presented no difficulties, 
 and Henry now had leisure to turn his attention to Normandy. 
 
 HAnr^*"""""'"? I.'J®'',"^^'''*' ^"" *''' '"« brother Robert to the care of Helie, 
 ac^Jr^nf ^'h P'"°h»Wy desirous to show tiie world, by the unblemished char- 
 veaiiolVthTr °''*lT'l*'?"^':".''^'^'he infant prince, then only six 
 JSTLif m?^ ^® Tul"^ /'^"■'y. hy him. But as the young prince grew up, 
 amif ^ remarkable for talent and gracefulness of person, he acquired 
 2 mir^ '^^*?'' ^^''^ .*° '""•'h uneasiness to Henry, that he ordered 
 kL^^iJll'I"' *"'*' "P ^'^ y?""» w*'''- "«"«• probably doubtful of the • 
 Srt "?"'*'"''•• y^' I*°''V8r himself unable to shdter him should the kin« 
 3pn kp nnr*. »'n™«diately placed young William under the protection 
 01 * ulke, count of Anjou. The protection of this gaUant and eminen* no- 
 
'200 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Me and his own singular graces, enabled William to create great inteiesi 
 on his behalf, and at every court which he visited he was able to excite 
 the greatest indignation against the injustice with which his uncle had treaU 
 ed him. Louis le Gros, king of France, joined with Fulke, count of An- 
 jou, and the count of Flanders, in disturbing Henry in his uniust posses- 
 sion of Normandy, and many skirmishes took place upon tiie fronti«irs. 
 But before the war could produce any decisive results, Henry, with his 
 customary artful policy, detached Fulke from the league by marrying his 
 son William to that prince's daughter. The peace consequent upon this 
 withdrawal of Fulke did not last long. Henry's nephew was again taken 
 in hand by the gallant Baldwin of Flanders, who induced the king ol 
 France to Join in renewing the attack upon Normandy. In the action 
 near Eu Baldwm was slain ; and the king of France, despairing, after the 
 loss of so capital an ally, of libehting Normandy from the power of 
 Henry by force of arms, resolved to try another method, of which, proba- 
 bly, he did not perceive all the remote and possible consequences. 
 
 The papal court had always manifested a more than sufficient inclina- 
 tion to interfere in the temporal concerns of the nations of Christendom ; 
 and Louis now most unwisely gave sanction and force to that ambitious 
 and insidious assumption, by appealing to Rome on behalf of young VH 1- 
 liam. A general council having been assembled by t!ie pope at Rheims, 
 Louis took his proteg6 there, represented the tyranny of Henry's conduct 
 towards both the young prince and his father, and strongly and eloquent- 
 ly dwelt upon the impropriety of the church and the Christian powers al- 
 lowing so trusty and gallant a champion of the cross to linger on in his 
 melancholy irtiprisonment. Whatever might be the personal feelings oi 
 Cahxtus II., the then pope, he showed himself strongly inclined to inter- 
 fere on behalf of both William and his father. But Henry was now, as 
 ever, alert and skilful in the defence of his own interest. The English 
 bishops were allowed by him to attend this council ; but he gave them 
 fair notice at their departure, that whatever might be the demands or de- 
 cisions of the council, he was fully determined to maintain the laws and 
 customs of England and his own prerogative. "Go," said he, as they 
 took leave of him, " salute the pope in my name, and listen to his apostol- 
 ical precepts ; but be mindful that ye bring back none of his new inveii- 
 Uons into my kingdom." But while he thus outwardly manifested his 
 determination to support himself even against the hostility of the church, 
 he took the most effectual means to prevent that hostility from beingex- 
 hibited. The most liberal presents and promises were distributed ; and 
 so effectually did he conciliate the pope, that having shortly afterwards 
 had an interview with Henry, he pronounced him to be beyond compari- 
 son the most eloquent and persuasive man he had ever spoken with. 
 Upon this high eulogy of the sovereign pontiff, Hume, with dry causticity, 
 remarks, that Henrj at this interview "had probably renewed his presents." 
 Louis, finding that he was out-manoeuvred by Henry in the way of in 
 trigue, renewed his attempts upon Normandy in the way of arms. He 
 made an attempt to surprise Noyen, bnt Henry's profuse liberality caused 
 him to be well served by his spies, and he suddenly fell upon the French 
 troops. A severe action ensued, and Prince William, who was present, 
 behaved with great distinction. Henry also was present, and, penetrating 
 with his customary gallantry into the very thickest of the fight was se- 
 verely wounded by Crispin, a Norman officer in the French army. Hen- 
 '^'jT , uP**^^*'*'*^'^ ^'^'^^ personal strength, struck Crispin to the earth. 
 und led his troops onward in a charge so fierce and heavy, that the French 
 were utterly routed, and Louis himselt only escaped with great difficulty 
 from being made prisoner. The result of this action so discourag*;d Louis 
 that he shortly nilerwards entered into a treaty with Henry, in waich tho 
 
Death of Prince William and his Sisteb. 
 
HISTORY OF TUE WORLD. 
 
 201' 
 
 ihTquttl'''""'" ""' ^'""^''"y °'" I^obertwere wLoUy l.ft out of 
 
 leare'd, doomed to suffer; JLry terSe Sort^^ l?^ '° ^^^e been 
 fihty with which he had usurped the S?^n of pL '^*' ^^■ 
 
 Normandy, that similar wrong- as LSseLnfn S '»? '''P ^""^^ °' 
 would surely not have been-rnight easi^v^iP ^nJ}! / ' "'""^'' '^""""S " 
 proper precautions were taken he HPrnmnli?^ '" ^"^ "'^" **"»• ""'ess 
 inandy.and caused hTm to be^ecoSe^f»"S'"^ ^\"""" '° N^"- 
 and to receive in that cha meter the IS^fof J f^*'"^''^'''''" ^^^ '*^« «'>*'«». 
 tantstep being taken The khiffand hTnfinl ''^''''JT '^^'^ '"'P«r- 
 their return tj" England The weather '^a,^^^"''^': '' "»'■''«"'• o« 
 conveyed the kinglndhis imdlate attend fnt^l^rr".? "" ""''''' ^"*''«h 
 something caused the prince trrPmLn^il r "."r ^""^^ •" safety, 
 
 parted; and the captairar'd sailo sTthe ±^^^ ^'^ d« 
 
 sailed, in their anxiety to overtake the kinL^\vm^i''"''T ""o'^i««'«d. 
 ihan skill, that they ran the sSHd on a rnHJ «« mud. more haste 
 
 t;an to sink. WilLm wassafeirgSun thTlol.^'Lif ! 'r.:"1^''^ ^^ 
 (owed some distance from the shio wh^n thn -^? ' "r'l^^"^ ®^'^" ^een 
 ler, t!i8 countess of Perche who fnTh» L, I'^'fl'"' '^'^ •"« ""l"^"' sis- 
 pelled his boat's crlw to elum and endeavT.L^'.'* ''"""J'^' ^,"n'""^' '^"'"- 
 that the boat approached the shiD"8 sHpT? ^"""^ ^^'\ '^''^ '"«'»«» 
 the boat also fl,5ndered and wSl am an3 aU Z ^T""? '"'P^^ '"' '■*'''» 
 fearful loss, therebeinginboard the HI f^ttl ih .^ . '">•'"'»•"« P«'-'«''e^; » 
 and forty English and Nor.nanennpmit, ^ f^^ ""^^'V'^^rt'ian a hunrlred 
 
 ,"i7:„sr -^^^ ^^^^^ =««-'- o-ra 
 
 lb. full cxicM Of the oi „rai V tJ 1.™ '"" "l"^ ''?" '•"'«' ' '"" "!''" 
 -iolem w„, hi, grief" tCRa. IS™ .r'" "',"'!' ''" '"'""■^ ' ""'' '" 
 
 rise to much civil strifn I I*' 'at onal one, m so far ai^ it gave 
 
 been a very severe k'">,^ "'»« VVilliam would have 
 
 :-nmc to tle\fn,rh \t 1 wLrth,^ir7 [•V["-'^»t''" that whenever he 
 riie farly N,,r,nnn rulers? i,^^". - '^ '""" ^"""l" "'" h"r<lo.i. 
 
 Jiii-e ihem to disguise it, tlett: 
 Pnnce William, son of the ,v.„„| 
 
 l'«i.v,lu. i,„w,g„h, >m,kii,Ml cai, i Prine\v I ""'"'1'""" A„. 
 
 « .mod to the ei u,eri.r Mwrv V 2l n 7" 'I'"'*'''™. <»llil 
 
 *iie nobies and cl.rgy of both Noriuamli; and' EiSr^* "'" ''""""^' "*' 
 
 riiel'arly Nornm, ruin's i.fr/. '""■f"«","t« '"oro b<,ast8 of burden. 
 ■'u.-e them to iTg Us MlJte t^d an rsn;nj:H';;'-'' "V,^''V'r''--"'' '"^ '" 
 
 '•..tect,on of the French king, ihougl,' 
 
202 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 In the meantime Prince William of Normandy was greatly sireiigthunea 
 Charles, earl of Flanders, was assassinated, and his dignity and possos< 
 sions were immediately bestowed by the king' of France upon Prince 
 William. But this piece of seeming good fortune, though it undoubtedly 
 gave greater strength to William's party and rendered his recovery o( 
 Normandy more probable, led in the result, to his destruction ; so blind 
 are we in all that relates to our future! The landgrave of Alsace, deeming 
 his own claim upon Flanders superior to that of William, who claimed 
 only from the wife of the Conqueror, and who moreover was illegitimate, 
 attempted to possess himself of it by force of arms, and almost in the first 
 skirmish that took place William was killed. 
 
 Many disputes during all this time had taken place between Henry 
 and the pope ; chiefly upon the right to which the latter pretended of 
 having a legate resident in England. As legates possessed in their re- 
 spective provinces the full powers of the pope, and, in their anxiety td 
 please that great giver and source of their power, were ever disposed to 
 push the papal authority to the utmost, the king constantly showed a great 
 and wise anxiety to prevent this manifestly dangerous encroachment of 
 Rome. After much manoeuvring on both sides, an arrangement was made 
 by which the legate power was conferred upon the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury ; and thus while Rome kept, nominally at least, a control over that 
 power, Henry prevtnted it being committed to any use disagreeable to 
 him, and had, moreover, a security for the legate's moderation in the kingly 
 power over the archbishop's temporalities. 
 
 A perfect peace reigning in all parts of England, Henry spent pan of 
 U31 and 1132 in Normandy with his daughter Matilda, of whom he was 
 oassionately fond. While" he was there Matilda was delivered of a son, 
 who was christened by the name of Henry. In the midst of the rejoicing 
 his event caused to the king, he was summoned to England by an incur- 
 sion made by the Welsh ; and he was just about to return when ho was 
 seized, at St. Dennis le Forment, by a fatal illness, attributed to his 
 having eaten lampreys to excess, and he expired Dec. 1, 113C, in the 
 thirty-fifth year of his reign and sixty-sevenih of his ago. 
 
 Though a usurper, and though somewhat prone to a tyrannous exertion 
 of his usurped authority, Henry at least deserves the praise of having 
 been an able monarch. He preserved the peace of his dominions undei 
 circumstances of great difficulty, and pnitectod its interest against at 
 tempts under which a less firm and politic prince would have been crushed. 
 He had no fewer than thirteen illegitimate children. Other vices he was 
 tolerably free fnmi in his private capacity ; but in protecting his resources 
 for the chase, of which, like all the Norman princes, he was passionately 
 enamoured, he was guilty of every unjustifiable cruelty. In the general 
 administration of justice he was very severe. Coining was punished hy 
 him with death or the most terrible mutilation, and on one occasion fifty 
 persons charged with that offence were subjected to this horrible mode of 
 torture. It was in this reign that wardmotes, common-halls, a court of 
 hustings, the liberty of hunting in Middlesex and Hurrey — a great and 
 honourable privilege at that time— the right to elect its own shorifT and 
 Justiciary, and to hold pleas of the crown, trials by combat, and lodging 
 of the king's retinue, were granted to the oity of London. 
 
 
 H 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Tim REION ur STCPHCN. 
 
 A. 0. 1135.— The will of Henry I. left the kingdom of England and thi» 
 duohy of Normandy to his duughler Matilda. By the orecautions wluob 
 
HISTOKr OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Bnirland bv Henrv r vi'»»f h!^l ' J^. "1 *"** Stephen, were invited to 
 
 .Zrit ttSreTbofh'trr °ud^^ t "' 
 
 enormous landed property in EnXiH Sl^,/ .1 ^u ^"^^ "' '"'f," "^^ 
 her enriched Stephen by confS J um,nt^^^ f*"- 
 
 .f the earl of MojJaigne.^r&aKnd'rf tbrrterC 
 M^ stplh „ /"* ^""^'y .imagined that by thus honourinrand a. J an<^ z- 
 
 He^mLsed himilf Ih^f "^fP-'^ose efforts from the king's knowledge 
 MutfiHl ^ himself the fast friend Pnd ready champion of the orincesa 
 Matilda, and when the baron- were required by the king to do t,mZ ?o 
 m^wit L'berT3;;?/.i' "T'' %?»>«" ^«t»»Hy ^ad TviXeX. 
 
 misBaril f'''"."«'^«teful design, h.> hurried on to London, where he had 
 
 Jcli,.Il''11'''' Sr"'"*^ thus made, ho next busied himself in obtaininir the 
 
 taSt.r.L of'"^" °^ ^^^ "'^'^^y- ^" "'»^'' ^«iKl^t was in h"S age 
 
 Sin£ kolvtT„?';X„? n ""*'""//' ''•'' f»'-«"»tio,l; that he considers 
 
 rnniH .„ f ^ *"?' Matilda would ever be able to dethrone him if hn 
 
 S^mo irw H «lr„i"''"''' '^"^•""'■''•'^ »n f'is important part of his daring 
 •cnemo good service was done to him by his brother Henrv hishon n7 
 W.„,0,e8 or, who caused the bishop of Salisbury to Join hrineZmd. - 
 ThVn m ?!' ,"' •''"'^"'' ""^ C«"t«r''"ry. to give Stephen the roya Sn 
 
 »XKc: to r.a '^r'"'""^7 "" ^^'« ""^-"ty. t«ken^the oati. s 
 
 butC ?e urt^Scl u. In ""^"' "'"» '« '''""Ply with so startling a step, 
 t who hSfh' .'**""""• •*«! «>• awmeti; gave way when RogU 
 Mtl? hIVu ^ ^\immnUim office of steward of the household made 
 xt sThU t.^'""V^"<' ";" «vi..oed hi, .lispleasure wilh MaSdt 
 ti. not^eZ to belirvl'^h!;'! ' •^'^^''T"" "^ ^'"P""" "- ^''' -uccessor 
 
204 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 its authority crowned Stephen. The coronation was but meagrely atter 
 ded by the nobles ; yet, as none of them made any open opposition, Ste* 
 
 f>hen proceeded to exercise the royal authority as coolly as though he 
 lad ascended the throne by the double right of consent of the people and 
 heirship. 
 
 Having seized upon the royal treasure, which amounted to upwards o( 
 a hundred thousand pounds, Stephen was able to surround his usurped 
 throne with an immense number of foreign mercenaries. While he thus 
 provided against open force, he also took the precaution to endeavour, by 
 the apparent justice of his intentions, to obliterate from the general mem< 
 ory, and especially from the minds of the clergy, all thought of the 
 shameful irregularity and ingratitude by which he had outained the throne. 
 He published a charter calculated to interest all ranks of men, promising 
 to abolish Danegelt, generally to restore the laws of King tidward, to cor- 
 rect all abuses of the forest laws, and — with an especial view to concili- 
 ating the clergy---to fill all benefices as they should become vacant, and 
 to levy no rents upon them while vacant. He at the same time applied 
 for the sanction of the pope, who, well knowing what advantage posbes- 
 sion must give Stephen over the absent Matilda, and being, besides, well 
 pleased to be called upon to interfere ii the temporal affairs of England, 
 very readily gave it in a bull, which Stephen took great care to make 
 public throughout England. 
 
 In Normandy the same 8U0Q]$ss attended Stephen, who had his eldest 
 son, Eustace, put in possessioaof tho duchy on doing homage to the king 
 of France ; and Geoffrey, Matilda's husband, found himself reduced to 
 such straits that he was fain to enter into a truce with Stephen, the Intter 
 consenting to pay, during the two years for which it was made, a pen- 
 sion of five thousand marks. Though Stephen was thus far so succesa- 
 ful, there were several circumstances which were calculated to cause 
 him considerable apprehension and perplexity. Robert, a natural son ol 
 the lato ing, by wiiom he had been created earl of Gloucester, possessed 
 considerable ability and influence, and was very much attached to Ma 
 tilda, in whose wrongs he could not fail to take a great interest. This 
 nobleman, who was in Normnndy when Sleplien usurped the tlirone ol 
 England, was looked upon both by the friends and tlie enemies of Stephen 
 as the most likely person to head any open opposition to the usurper. 
 In truth, the earl was placed in a very delicate and trying situation. On 
 the one hand, he was exceedingly zealous in the chusc of Matilda; on the 
 other hand to refuse when required to take the oath of allegiance to Ste- 
 phen, was inevitably to bring ruin upon his fortunes, as far aa Hngiand 
 was concerned. In this perplexing dilemma he resolved to take a middle 
 course, and, by nvoidins an open rupture with Stephen, secure to himself 
 the liberty and means of acting according to the dictates of his conscienoe, 
 should circumstances become more favourable to Matilda. Ho therefore 
 consented to take the oath of iillegiaiice to Stephen, on condition that the 
 king should duly perform all that he had promised, and that he should in 
 no wise curtail or infringe the rights or dignities of the earl. This singu- 
 lar and very unusual reservation clearly enough proved to Stephen that 
 he was to look upon the earl as his good and loyal nubject just so long as 
 there seemed to be no chance of a succcsuful revolt, and no longer; but 
 the earl was so powerful and popular that he did n«>t thuik it safe to re- 
 fuse his oath of fealty, even on these unusual terms. 
 
 Though we correctly call these terms unusual, we do so only with ref- 
 erence to former reigits ; Stephen was obliged to consent to them in still 
 more important cases than that of the earl of Gloucester. The clergy, 
 rinding the king willing to sncriflce to expediency, and well knowing how 
 inexpedient he would find it to quarrel with their powerful body, would 
 only give him their oath of allegiance v«-ith the reservation that thuit 
 
ilSTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 t(n^ 
 
 « legiance should endure so long as the king should support the discipline 
 of the church and defend the ecclesiasiical liberties. To how much dTs^ 
 pute, quibble, and assumption were not those undefined terms capable of 
 leading undei the management of the possessors of nearly all the learning 
 of the age; men, too, especially addicted to and skilled in that subt"? 
 warfare which renciers th» crafty and well-schooled logomachist abso! 
 lutely invulnerable by any other weapon than a precise definUion of terms 
 To he reservations of the earl of Gloucester and the elegy succeeded 
 the still more ominous demands of the barons. In the aSv of Sh«n 
 to procure their submission and sanction to his usurpatirtKroi S 
 an admirable opportunity for aggrandizing their already grearpower 
 at the expense of' the security of both the people and the crSwn 'rhev 
 demanded that each baron should have the right to fortify his castle S 
 put himself in a state of defence ; in other words, that each baron shouW 
 turn his possessions into an imperium in imperio, dangerous to the author- 
 .ty of the crown on occasions of especial dispute, and injurious to the 
 peace and welfare upon all occasions, as making the cha ces of wrona 
 and oppressions more numerous, and making redress, already difficStT? 
 the future My hopeless A legitimate king, confident in Ws S 'and 
 conscientiously mindful of his high trust, would have periled boK own 
 and life ere he would have consented to such terms; but in the case of 
 Stephen, the high heart of the valiant soldier was quel ed and spell-bound 
 by the conscience of the usurper, and to uphold Ls tottering throne ,, 
 present circumsances of difficulty, he was fain to consent to tfrms which 
 
 Tip h".rir"'""y f"? 'P'^^''y '"'"'■■''' '»»««« difflculies tenfold 
 
 The barons were not slow to avail themselves of the consent thus ex- 
 torted from the king. In every direction castles sprang uS or were 
 newly and more strongly fortified. Even those baroKs who ^had at tl^ 
 outset no care for any such privilege, were soon in thej se^-defencl 
 obliged to follow the example of tTioir neighbours. Jealous of each 
 other, the barons now carried their feuds to the extent of absolute pTttv 
 wars; and the inferior gentry and peasantry could on y hope o esSe 
 from being plundered and ill used by one party, at the expefise of siS 
 Srearc^rr* '" '^"'"''' ^'' ''''"^''' «ide of ^;hichVe5'h;d the s^ft 
 The barons having thus fur proceeded in establishing their vuasi sove- 
 roignty and independence of the crown, it is not to bo wondeffat Z 
 tliey soon proceeded still farther, and arrogated to themsdves wUh^ tK 
 
 s:;;fSSnSi^r ''''-'- of act5aisoverei;;^;^:ts,s:;;; 
 
 antic p=.ted that those abuses wouhi issue, h« was by no meaiS^nclS 
 to subuat to the abuses themselves without a trial how fri^ was ire 
 ■cable to take back by his present force what had br"nxtor ;<rfrom7ii« 
 former weakness And thus, as the nobles abused .ht Sges ho had 
 ffanto, ho now by his mercenary force sot himself not rnerefv to anni 
 , nu ^«° .f-'^'o^e*! privileges, luit also to make vo y «cr"ou7e. ?road I 
 meats upon the more ancient and legitimate rights of the suhiect The 
 perpetual contests that thus existed between tho\ing „, the ban n» and 
 
 r^rn ?/„ i*"''y."^''''',P''"f'''' '^'"■« '" consequence 8Ub|oeted, caiwod 
 Kr ^'^ »""»'«'". tl'«l tlifl eurl of Gloucester, deenincr hai tl e 
 
 ^SS^^^^ 1'?'' "' '""«''« "'•■•'veJ for-tho open 
 
 Zl?^u^l .""?". ""^ i^fl'W". "Uddonly departed fmm Kajrland. A* 
 
 nZ " ''f ""''"" '"^^^y "'"■«»<1' h" forwarderl to Stephen a sole n i d« 
 Uance and renunciation of faulty, and reproached him in detail and in ?!«, 
 
206 
 
 HISTOEY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 stroncreflt language, with his breaches of the promises and conditioni> 
 upon which th it fealty had been sworn. 
 
 A. D. 1138.— Just as Stephen was thus doubly perplexed, a new enemy 
 arose to threaton him, in the person of David, king of Scotland, who 
 being uncle to Matilda, now crossed the borders with a larcre army to 
 assert and defend her title. So little was SUephen beloved })y the tur- 
 bulent barons, with not a few of whom he was even then at personal 
 feud, that had David now added a wise policy to his sincere zeal in the 
 cause of his niece, there seems little reason to doubt that Matilda would 
 have ousted Stephen almost without difficulty or bloodshed ; for he had 
 by this time so nearly expended his once large treasure, that the foreign 
 mercenaries, on whom he chiefly depended for defence, actually, for the 
 most part, subsisted by nlunder. But David, unable or unwilling to entei 
 into points of policy and expediency, marked his p-^th from the border to 
 the fertile plains of Yorkshire by such cruel bloodshed and destruction, 
 that all sympathy with his intention was forgotten in disgust and indigna- 
 tion at his conduct. The northern nobles, whom he ml^ht easily have 
 won to his support, were thus aroused and united against him- William 
 Albemarle, Robert de Ferres, William Percy, Robert de Bruce, Rogei 
 de Mowbray, llbtrt Lacy, Walter TEpee, and numerous other nobles 
 in the north of England, joined their large forces into one great army 
 and encountered the Scots at Northallerton. A battle, called the battle 
 of the Standard, from an immense cruciflx which was carried on a 
 car in front of the English army, was fought on the 22d of August, 
 1138, and ended in so total a defeat of the Scottish army that David him- 
 self, together with his son Henry, very nearly fell into the hands of the 
 English. The defeat of the king of Scotland greatly tended to daunt 
 the enemies of Stephen, and to give a hope of stability to hia rule; bu*. 
 he had scarcely escaped the ruin that this one enemy intended for him. 
 when he was engaged in a bitter controversy with an enemy still more 
 zealous and more powerful — the clergy. 
 
 A. n. 1139. — The bishops, as they had been rated for military service in 
 common with the barons, so they added all the state and privileges ot 
 lay barons to those proper to their own character and rank. And when 
 the custom of erecting fortresses and keeping strong garrisons in pay 
 became general among the lay barons, several of the bishops followed 
 their example. The bishops of Salisbury and Lincoln had done so; the 
 former had completed one at Sherborne and another at Devizes, and had 
 even commenced a third at Malmesbury ; and the latter, who was his 
 nephew, had erected an exceedingly strong and stately one at Newark. 
 Unwisely deeming it safer to begni by attacking the fortresses of the 
 clergy than those of the lay barons, Stephen, availing himself of some 
 disturbances at court between the armed followers of the bishop of Sal 
 isbury and those of the earl of Brittany, threw both the bishop of Salis- 
 bury and his nephew of Lincoln into prison, and compelled them, by 
 threats of still wne treatment, to surrender their fortresses into his 
 hands. This act of power called up an opponent to Stephen, in a person 
 from whom, of the whole of the clergy, he had the least reason to fear 
 anv opposition. 
 
 The king's brother, Henry, bishop of Winchester, to whom he owed 
 so much in accomplishing his usurpation of the crown, was at this time 
 armed with the logantine comniissiou in England; and deeming hit duty 
 to the church paramount to the ties of blood, he assembled a synod at 
 Weatminsler, which he opened with a formal complaint of what he termed 
 the impiety of the king. The synod was well inclined to acquiesce in 
 Henry s view of the case, and a formal summons was sent to tne king to 
 Account to the synod for the conduct of which it complained. With a 
 strani;;o neglect of what would have been his true policy — a peremptory 
 
HI8T0RT OP THE WORLD. 
 
 207 
 
 denial of the neht of the synod to sit in judgment upon the sovereian on 
 fl question wh.cl really related, and related only, to the S ?f hi« 
 kintjdom-Stephen virtually put the judgment of hU case Into the hands 
 of a court, that, by the very charge made against l.im by Us head avoweS 
 Itself inimical, partial and prejudiced, by sending AJbevde'vere^o 
 plead his cause. De Vere set out by charging the^two bShops wUh se 
 ditious conduct and treasonable designs • but the svnnHVfnain .-T^ » 
 lain that charge until the fortresses.^^hich t ifobse^td ?hi bisKoos 
 ^'tI :Twnid\'oT ?'^-?«V«.»'«"W be' restored by' Uiekrug"'""' 
 
 llie Clergy did lot fail to make this quarrel the occasion of exasner. 
 atmg the m.nds of the always credulous multitude againsJ^he khi ^So 
 general was the discontent, that the earl of Glouceste?, constantly ?n the 
 watch for an opportunity of advocatinjr the caus^ of Ma» i Jl t. u. 
 that princess to England, ^with a retinue^f a hundred and firt^ VnXl 
 
 itT t^f SesterwS 'z ':^'sjri^'^^r'K^'^ 
 
 powerful barons, who opeTi^^^^^^^^^^^^ rtv'oi;rrand" x^ tS^rrv' 
 
 energy to increase her already considerable force. A civil war sneed^K 
 ragod ine*ery part of the kingdom; both parties were Sv^ofth^ 
 most atro lous excesses, and, Is is usual, or rather unTveml in sulh 
 cases, whichever party was temporarily triumphant' The SanDV neas 
 
 tr7«rel?=X^a""^^^*^^' ''''^ -"^ «^ waUtrWhTh 
 ^'.°'a V,^"•~^^''« 'f'e kingdom was thus torn, and the neonle thus tor 
 
 fu Sett" Of Sienh'e*;r w^^"" "' ^'"'=^'"' h'wevl^remled 'faS' 
 hP ra.il« "I'L i^r\\ '"^'^ ""nieuiately proceeded to lay siege to 
 lie casile. He earl of Gloucester hastened to the supnor' of he b« 
 
 leaguered garrison, and on the 2d of February, IH? T an on took 
 
 uioucester, and though he was at first treated with ereat evtern-il ro^n^..t 
 some real or pretended suspicions of his friends h .S'g for.S a olaH 
 
 10 he nfr'l ff M rl/'"'-'' V'T"^ "" ffreat accession of men oi^^all ranks 
 to the p,irtyof Matdda; and she, under the politic guidance of he e-arl 
 
 ISurwtch inr«T*'" .'''"'■''''/ \^ »f'"" '^« good-will of IcLgt 
 w thout which, 11. the then state of the public mind, there could be but 
 
 l-ttle prospect of permanent prosperity to her cans; jusTas it doubtless* 
 
 ferPm.J"^i'lii"h''"7* ^''^^""^ "f ^''''^hester and papal legate, to a con- 
 S, ^' ^^'"=^ «''«. promised evorythiiig that either his .ndividual am 
 biliot, or his zeal for tlie church could load him to desire ; and is J 1 t?« 
 
 Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, also swore allegiance tier 
 
 ma'l e by 'lie '/v 1 1^^" ""^ f"^'!"^' '"^J"^^"^ '» $I«Sd« in "speech 
 
 Zl'l.'lT^lt'^lT^!!'^^^^^^^^ the chief nL of 
 
 ., _„ „,,u,j„,^.p jjg^gj-jj^. jj,^_yg.j_y_ ^^^^ having 
 
I 
 
 
 i !^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 >08 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 been so powerful an instrument of his brother's usurpation, now spake ol 
 uini as having merely filled the throne in the absence of the rightiul 
 owner, and dwelt witli great force and bilteniess npoii the breach by Ste- 
 phen of the promises he liad made of respect and protection to the church. 
 
 Matilda to a masculine daring added a very harsh and imperious spirit 
 a.id she had scarcely placeo her cause in apparently permanent prosper- 
 ity when she most unwisely disgusted some of those whose favour was 
 the most important to her. 
 
 The Londoners, though circumstances had compelled them to submit to 
 Matilda, were still very partial to Stephen. They joined his wife in pe. 
 titioning that he might he released on condition of retiring to a convent 
 A stern and laconic refusal was Matilda's answer both to this petition and 
 a subsequent one presented by them for the establishment of King Ed 
 ward's laws uistead of those of Henry. An equally harsh, and still moro 
 impolitic refusal was given to the logate who requested that his nephew 
 Eustace, should inherit Boulogne arid the other patrimonial possessioiu 
 of Stephen ; a refusal which gives one as low an opinion of Matilda's 
 Bcnse of justice as of her temper and policy. 
 
 Her mistaken conduct was not long in' producing its appropriate ill 
 effects to her cause. The legate, whose very contradictory conduct at 
 different times can only be satisfactorily explained upon the supposition 
 that to his thoroughly selfish ambition that cause ever seemed the best 
 which promised the greatest immediate advantages to himself or to the 
 ohurch, marked the mischief which Matilda's harshness did to her cause, 
 and promptly availed himself of it to excite the Londoners to revolt 
 against her government. An attempt was made to seize upon her person, 
 and so violent was the rage that was manifested by her enemies, that even 
 her masculine and scornful spirit took alarm, and she fled to Oxford 
 Not conceiving herself safe even there, and being unaware of the under- 
 hand conduct of the crafty legate, she next flew for safety to him at Win- 
 chester. But he, deeming her cause now so far lost as to warrant him in 
 openly declaring his real feelings towards her, joined his forces to the 
 Londoners and other friends of Stephen, and besieged her in the castle of 
 that city. Here, though stoutly supported by her friends and followers, 
 she was unable long lo remain, from lack of provisions. Accompanied 
 by the earl of Gloucester and a handful of friends, she made her escape, 
 but her party was pursued, and the earl of Gloucester, in the skirmish, 
 was taken prisoner. This capture led to the release of Stephen, fo' 
 wh(Mn Matilda was glad to exchange the earl, whose «!ounige and judg 
 .iieiit were the chief support of her hopes and the main bond of her party 
 and v'uii the release o( Stephen came a renewal of the civil war, in all 
 Its viole.Mce and mischief, (a. d. 1143). Sieges, battles, skirmishes, and 
 their (rhastly and revolting accompaniments, followed with varying sui 
 I'oss; but the balance of forinne at length inclined so decidedly to the 
 side of StopluMi, that Msililda, broken in health by such long-continued 
 exertion, both bodily and mental, at lengtfh departed from the kingdom 
 and took refuge in Normandy. 
 
 A.n. 1M7.— The retirement of Matilda and the death of the carlof GIou 
 eester, which occurred about the same time, seemed to give to Stephen 
 Hll the opportunity he could desire firmly to establish himself in the po». 
 session of the kingdom. But he kindled animosities among his nobles by 
 demanding tlie surrender of their fortresses, which he justly deemed dan- 
 perous to both himself and his subjects ; and he offended the pope by re 
 fusing t() allow the Htlendance of five bishops, who had been selected bv 
 the pontiff u. attend a council at Ulieims, llie usual practice being for the 
 Knglish church to elect its own deputies. In revenge for this affront, as 
 he deemed it, the pope laid alliSteplien's party under his interdict ; a meas- 
 ure which he well know could not fail to tell with fearful effect Rgainat 
 
 THE REI6N OF H 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 209 
 
 llprd 'th^ne.'""^^ '''"' "«« '''''' -» -^y "P- a usurped, but also 
 
 the public mind to invade Emlmd He'dT^iZ^'^rS'^ ^'."l*!*? ^^^'« "^ 
 and they again met before Wafiford when a n^Sfe- ^^ M*''°««bury 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 wars between Englaid and Fra„ni « l" ?" *° "'e^ongin of the earlier 
 have rather too confidentlv assumed th^n .•?P°".''*"".^ !" •^"'" historian, 
 era, whom they hav^tZff trread of IpS^* knowledge of their read- 
 processes, and to induKe the r im^^?n«»^ results without acquaintance with 
 rises withou? annata uponX'h^ ^o TuT^ SM''"'' ^^ ^^'""'^^ «"*"" 
 with which those^enterpSSwere undeitalfen '*' ^"""'^ "' '"J"^^'*'^ 
 
 sofe7ei^Sec?ml7.?e1eL\:5rno:S:;^^^ '^"«'-^' ^^ 'ts new 
 
 Up t„ thai perLd EnglanS^s coSnex^o" with'ff '*"' P""*"" "^ ^™"«"- 
 the invasio^ of the Northmen? but wkh Wmilm^^"'" •'"'"'^ ""'y ^"""^ 
 relation sprang up betweenSanda^HH evasion quite a new 
 
 the connections of Normandv Sn ?n h^^ • I'T '^'^ ""o^^n* 
 
 or with any of his pXcTfK.sals P.Sr.H 7''*'^'|«'-T'th the French king 
 England. With ETenrv 11. SronnJ Hnn ^eT^X '"? ^^^ concerns ol 
 the continent was vSy ncrels^^^^^ "^^i" of 
 
 possessed Touraine and Aniou^ in riaJ^n/f. ^ ^.l^ ^'•^^^' "''»' monarch 
 and Normandy ; and in S of h fir r ?""'»'"„*'« Possessed Maine 
 Auvergne, PerigordrA™mol8 anH .Z t •^"''""^' P°j'='»"' Xaintogne, 
 became really, Srhe wafalrMrt; nni•''^^''"''"''"' """^ ^^ subsequently 
 of Britlanv If ihn ^„ V ^ nommally, possessed of the sover^iintv 
 
 L^popSs t r t'oVwhthrralTeJl^rrf ''V"' '"^P *> "^«' -«' 
 thus possessed a thi^ of t and thl ?hfrH r^' ''*' ?"" P^''''^'^^ "'»' "enry 
 /.eft unexplained as this usualTv s bv o ,r hL^' '^''' f'""''^ ^''^ ^»'"«- 
 ihe minds of even reXs not wholfv 1/ '""'"'"'^"S' »''« 'mpression upon 
 the term superficial must -UmcS iLrr'T'"? "^.u''"" ?"^"''« ''"P'i«d in 
 by,and-by Je shall' Cv'lo pel twren ftance^anVF'; T'. "' "'''^" 
 ed m the mere greediness and ambition of kiVffs of thPnM"'''''''\°^^ 
 dissatisfied with their insular nZ^P^inn-T'' ''*"'^'"*'°"'''''y' "'*'«. 
 France; whereas tlTd S coZrTrtS rLT? :i^"'"''^ '"""'"''y "' 
 made use of theii Ens sh ronm Is^^^^^^ the case, and they in these wars 
 by way of rcmlJSrJ.V^^^ '° ™.'""' Possession of, or to extern. 
 nWy.^ Ther,glV France'I^^^^ V faiHy-inherited French tc ! 
 
 history, were nofkh nr/of Fv'Jnnf ;„ !u "^ ^^''^' *' *'"« ^'"•'y P'"-iod of French 
 TheyTad a ni nal ^rathe^ than a"riS f^/l"' ^'^^'I'P'.''^*''" «f t».a. title 
 country: there weri S -„i?!",!!.f5?L^^V*l»^ sjiper.ority over tl,e whole 
 I. — 14 " "■■-''""'="''** i''''*^»«»6''i OoBiueB iho six ia\ 
 
 4-i ui 
 
I 
 
 210 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 peerages of Burgundy, Normandy, Guienne, Flanders, Toulouse, and 
 Champagne. Each of these peerages, though nominally subject to the 
 French crown, was, in reality, an independent sovereignty. If it chanced 
 that the warlike designs of the king coincided with the views and interest 
 of his great vassals, he could lead an immense and splendid force into the 
 field ; but if, as far more frequently happened, any or all of his great vas- 
 sals chanced to be opposed to him, it at once became evident that he was 
 only nominally their master. That in becoming masters of our insular 
 land, the Norman race should sooner or later see their French territory 
 merging itself into that of the French king and adding to his power was 
 inevilable, as we can now perceive; but in the time of our second Henry, 
 the king of France feared—and the aspect of things then warranted his 
 fear— the precisely opposite process. By bearing this brief explanation 
 carefully in mind, the reader will find himself greatly assisted in under 
 standing the feelings and views of the sovereigns of England and France, 
 in those wars which cost each country rivers of its best blood. 
 
 Previous to the death of Stephen Henry married Eleanor, the divorced 
 wife of Louis VII. of France. She had accompanied that monarch to the 
 Holy Land, and lier conduct there partook so much Of the levity and im- 
 morality which marked that of too many of her sex in the same scene, 
 that Louis felt bound in honour to divorce her, and he at the same time 
 restored to her those rich provinces to which we have already alluded as 
 her dower. Undeterred by her reported immorality, Henry, after six 
 weeks' courtship, made her his wife, in defiance of the disparity in their 
 years ; having an eye, probably, to the advantage which her wealth could 
 not fail to give him, should he have to make a struggle to obtain the En- 
 glish crown. , 
 
 A.D. 1165.— So secure, however, was Henry in the succession to hng- 
 land at Stephen's, death that not the slightest attempt was made to set up any 
 counter-claims on the part of Stephen's surviving son, William ; and Henry 
 nimself, being perfectly acquainted with the state of the public mind, did 
 not even hasten to England immediately on receiving news of Stephen's 
 death, but deferred doing so ur.til he had completed the subjection of a 
 castle that he was besiegir.a; on the frontier of Normandy. This done, he 
 proceeded to England, and he was received with the greatest cordiality by 
 all ranks and conditions ol uk u. The popularity that he already enjoyed 
 was greatly increased by the first act of his reign, which was the equally 
 wise and just dismissal of the hordes of foreign mercenaries whom Ste. 
 phen had introduced into England, and who, however serviceable to the 
 usurper in question, had been both in peace and in war a burden and a 
 curse to the English people. Sensible that his popularity was such as to 
 enable him to dispense with these fierce praetorians, who, while mischiev- 
 ous and offensive to the subject under all circumstances, might by pecu- 
 liar circumstances be rendered mischievous and even fatal to the sever 
 eign, he sent them all out of the country, and with them he sent WiUiam 
 of Ypres, their commandor, who was extremely unpopular from having 
 been the friend and adviser of Stephen, many of whose worst measures, 
 perhaps untruly, for Stephen was not of a temper requiring to be prompt- 
 ed to arbitrary courses, wRre attributed to his councils. 
 
 In the necessities caused by civil war, both Stephen and Matilda had 
 made many large grants which— however politic or even inevitable at the 
 time— were extremely injurious to the interests of the crown ; and Henry » 
 great object was to resume these grants, not even excepting those of Ma- 
 wilda herself. 
 
 His next measure was ar, dangerous as it was necessary. The country 
 was in a perfectly dreadful state of demoralization ; the highways and 
 by-ways alike were infested by troops of daring and violent robbers, and 
 these obtained encouragement and opportunity from the wars carried oii 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. gll 
 
 brXtiroi^lVep^^^^^^^^ ,?/ »«!?P or soldiers following tho 
 strong cLtle, bicameTKelt s neerforT«" '^' ''^"•«'n«nt» o^f ht 
 
 banditti of the roads and foresteiraS I Li/^'r".r'"^^ *'«^««^' "»« 
 3een hopeless to have attempted to red.«.« fhi °'^ *"'^' " '^''"W have 
 first dismantling those fortresses to wWchthin ''T^'^ ^"*^«''' ^i^houi 
 A weak or unpopular soveSgn VouW mo« nrnh^M^l"" *»? ™a*nly owing, 
 he made any attempt upon thfs rah"ed TndrSn«f **'''' ^^^^ ^««" ™*n«d had 
 Iho nobles ; and even Henrv von.r fir„, o™f ^ mischievous privilege of 
 siderable rik. The earl of Albema fe fS ^.n^l^.^'P"^"::^**' '' ** »« incon- 
 erful nobles prepared to resist rekfnt. K ^' ^^^^ "'^^^ 
 - and his object was so poMlar wifh fhf ' 1^*"^ ^'"'■''® ^^» «o compact, 
 factious nobles subStXt thrapp'roacKS^ *"■ '*•" P«°P'«' »hat^h2 
 
 A.D. 1156.— Having bv an uTJ^^Xu? ■ °' '"^"^ sovereign, 
 reduced all parfs of ffi d to^omn^^^^ "^ P™''«'«'« ^^^ firmness 
 
 to France to oppose in Knihe Sfimntr>r"1,^"1.'^""'Z' ^^^'Y ^^'^t 
 ing upon the valuable pKcerofS^Sir a' •*''*' ?'*'«"'"«y «^«« "^^' 
 which that prince had already possessThfmltf"^°J|'V°^"**™^ P«'"°«» «' 
 of Henry had the effect of caffi thefnstaS «?.L- ^^^ ""f ? aPPearance 
 and Geoffrey consented to resiS cTair n ^"^^ the disaffected 
 
 pension of a thousand pounds! consideration of a yearly 
 
 pre"e"ntLTfuTurrdi8to?bares if. hrtrtSh''" P'^'^"* ^"'^"o"' ^o' 
 over to England by the tu?buTen conduS o? tL^wrh '''"^^ "jf 7«« ''»"«d 
 to make incursions upon his territory Th2 ^^'sh, who had ventured 
 his arrival ; but he was reso Jed t" S"--^ th--""^*-" '*^^-^" ^^'''^ ^^^"""^ 
 purpose he followed them into their mmmtlinf "" ^^'^^^'' '^"'^ ^^^ 'hat 
 nature of the country waS so unfavonSio k •'^'''"^*'?'- ^he difficult 
 more than once in great danger o^ 1 *° '"^ operations, that he was 
 beset in a rocky pafs that W;«.i?r "® occasion his vanguard was so 
 
 f^m being P«t^o colttf rott?He'rJt 'e T, *^°f IVT^'^'^' 
 office of hereditary standard bearer a^3,rfv, ®J^' "^^^ held the high 
 joined the flying soldiery whose n«n1ph«^^ threw down his standard and 
 that the king wis killed^' The kiKr^hn fn"^^*?^'* ^^ '°"**^y exclaiming 
 loped from postto post, re^ssZ^cil^^ !^'-''''^^fy ^''^ ^n the apot, gd 
 lantly, that he «avedTf J^the S wk Tm'-W' ''''V'^ '' *»" «° ?«'- 
 ened by this foolish and (^sgraceful pa^ ^"^ '* *"' ^'"" * "^^« 'hreat- 
 
 on^JKcaslorw^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Montford, and lists were aipointedfor fhe t?S T? »f ^"^^^^^ ^^'hert de 
 »anquished, and condemnecf to ml thl r«!! ^^ a^ ^^/L'?- ^« Essex was 
 and to forfeit all his property ^ '•emamder of his life in a convent 
 
 pp.'^/aid'-S;^?^^^^^^^^ submission of that 
 
 (lis brother Geoffrey eave un hi« Si • '^ '° 'he continent. When 
 prince took possess^of of the counfv If mT ''^ ^nJou and Maine tha 
 inhabitants, who had chased awarthHrl.^i'l"'""; *"^ '^" <^°"««"' «f i^" 
 «oon after he had nssuS hir^ew di^mfy "^nd T''^' ^^^P^^ ''*-- 
 succeed as heir to the command TnH r^Jl^ ■ "** ^-^l^^X """^ claimed to 
 self owed onlv to the SolmUar^ "bm^s o„ '^7n^''^^^^^^^^ ''•'»- 
 
 ir*«d by cfonan, earl of bKTX assertK?r^W »"'"«™«'«« 
 belonged to his dominions, whence it had a- »f« iT ^^^'^ ^"^^'^^ properly 
 rated by rebellion, and he accSinal J lonk Li *^^*^' "".'^ ''«''» ««^^^ 
 «ecured himself affainst anv inf ^rfilv '"^"^ possession of it. Henry 
 y betrothing his sfn and hej . S^^^^^^^ Pf of Louis of FranS 
 
 (layghter Margaret, who was neariiZnr JIHJ^ ^^^ ^^^^ °'<^' *« Lo"'«'8 
 
 politic stroke rendered it hope"e88 for Connn •n^''"^^*'"- ^*^'"ff hy this 
 Henrv now m^.^h^A :Jl " R^'**' lor Lonan to seek any aid frnm r«.»- 
 
 ■ ' " " """ °""=»ny. ana Uonan. seeing the imno-srhiii',,;": 
 
 '-will I 
 
212 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WOkLD, 
 
 successful resistance, at once agreed to give up Nantes. Soon after, Co 
 nan, anxious to secure the powerful support of Henry, gave his only 
 daughter and heiress to that prince's son Geoffrey. Conan died in a few 
 yesLTt after this betrothal, and Henry immediately took possession of Brit- 
 tany in right of his son and daughter-in-law. 
 
 A. D. 1169.— Henry, through his wife, had a claim upon the country of 
 Toulouse, and he now urged that claim against Raymond, the reigning 
 count, who solicited the protection of the king of France ; and the latter, 
 both as Raymond's feudal superior, and as the prince more than all othei 
 princes interested in putting a check on the vast aggrandizement of Henry 
 immediately granted Raymond his protection, in spite of the startling fact 
 that Louis himself had formerly, while Eleanor was his wife, claimed 
 Toulouse in her right, as Henry now did. So little, alas ! are the plainest 
 principles of honesty and consistency regarded in the strife of politics. 
 
 Henry advanced upon Toulouse with a very considerable army, chiefly 
 of mercenaries. Assisted by Trincaral, count of Nismes, and Berenger, 
 count of Barcelona, he was at the outset very successful, taking Verdun 
 and several other places of lesser note. He then laid siege to the capital 
 of the county, and Louis threw himself into it with a reinforcemenl. 
 Henry was now strongly urged by his friends to take the place by assault, 
 as he probably might nave done, and by thus makmg the French kui^ 
 prisoner, obtain whatever terms he pleased from that prince. But Henry's 
 prudence never forsook him, even amid the excitement of war and the 
 flush of success. Louis was his feudal lord ; to make him prisoner would 
 be to hold out encouragement to his own great and turbulent vassals to 
 break through their feudal bonds, and instead of prosecuting the siego 
 more vigorously, in order to make Louis prisoner, Henry immediately 
 raised it, saying that he couiti not think of fighting against a place that 
 was defended by his superior lord in person, and departed to defend Nor- 
 mandy against the count de Dreux, brother of Louis. 
 
 The chivalrous delicacy which had led Henry to depart from before 
 Toulouse did not immediately terminate the war between him Louis ; but 
 the operations were feebly conducted on both sides, and ended first in a 
 cessation of arms, and then in a formal peace. 
 
 A new cause of bitter feeling now sprung up between them. When 
 Prince Henry, the king's eldest son, was aflSanced to Margaret of France, 
 it was stipulated that part of the princess's dowiy should be the important 
 fortress of Gisors, which was to be delivered into the hands of the king on 
 the celebration of the marriage, and in the meantime to remain in the cus- 
 tody of the knights templars. Henry, as was suspected, bribed the grand 
 master of the templars to deliver the fortress to him, furnishing him with 
 a pretext for so doing by ordering the immediate celebration of the mar- 
 riage, though the aflHanced prince and princess were mere children. Louis 
 was naturally much offended at this sharp practice on the part of Henry, 
 and was on the point of recommencing war again, when Pope Alexander 
 HL, whom the triumph of the anti-pope, Victor IV., compelled to reside 
 in France, successfully interposed his mediation. 
 
 A. D. 1162. — Friendship being, at least nomin.^..; 
 lished between Louis and iienry, the latter monpr^li 
 and devoted his attention to the delicate and <"■*;') 
 the authority of the clergy within reasonable luiiua. 
 more safely and readily do this, he took the opportunity now afforded him 
 by the death of Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, to place that dignity 
 in the hands of a man whom he deemed entirely devoted to himself, bui 
 who, In the result, proved the greatest enemy to the authority of the 
 crown, and the stou' and haughtiest champion of the church, and taugh 
 r/enry the danger oi usting to appearances, by imbittering and perples 
 
 . 1 ittvtirnaily, cstab- 
 
 '!">■ 'd to EnglHiO, 
 
 t.,s jf restraining 
 
 That he might the 
 
 iiig whole year 
 
 hint; made so g 
 
 Born of respt 
 
 h<; was fortuna 
 
 archbishop Th< 
 
 meats of which 
 
 canon law with 
 
 i;ave him the lu 
 
 terbury, and si 
 
 which he acqui 
 
 Henry, the arch 
 
 Henry, finding 1 
 
 courtier, as wel 
 
 high office of cl 
 
 I'lties, nearly a 
 
 de!;!?hi in overv 
 
 once raised abo 
 
 Henry, who pre 
 
 vostsriip of Bevi 
 
 the Tower; mac 
 
 of Eye and Berl 
 
 crown. Becket 
 
 heaped upon hir 
 
 ance paid to his 
 
 of a mere subjec 
 
 their sons in his 
 
 E lished gentlemt 
 is service, and 
 hundred knights 
 twelve hundred 1 
 forty days of th< 
 embassy, he com 
 ance. With all 
 taken only deaco 
 men, or even to 
 quentlythe favoi 
 said that Henry, 
 whose rags shool 
 lined coat and g 
 wag much surprii 
 Living thus in 
 was well acquain 
 and as he had alt 
 possessed of all tl 
 In the struggle, ( 
 patron Th«»bald. 
 Having thus obi 
 at once cast off a 
 the instruments o 
 His first step on 
 sign his char.cellt 
 that his spiritual 
 ittention, to the e 
 «nd equipages he 
 he now assumed a 
 cloth next his skii 
 t*»it he inflicted i 
 okIv beverage was 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 8ia 
 
 Ing whole years of his life. This man, in whose character and temper the 
 Kin? made so grievous a mistake, was the celebrated Thomas h Becket 
 Born of respectable parentage in London, and having a good education, 
 
 '"' iTw tT\^u"«V**u'"'"""' ^^« ^"^»*'«n «"d obtain the favour 5 
 archbishop Theobald who bestowed some offices upon him, the emolu' 
 ments of which enabled h.m to go to Italy, where he studied thecl^TJ^Sd 
 
 '""Tw^Jfhf ^T""^ T""^^^ '**^* «» *"« ••«'»"' archbishop TheobaW 
 pve him the lucrative and important appointment of archdeacon of Ca* 
 terbury and subsequently entrusted him with a mission ?o Rome, S^ 
 which he acquitted himself with his usual ability. On the accession if 
 Henry, the archbishop strongly recommended Becket to his SLe r"nd 
 Henry, finding h.m remarkably rich in the lighter accomplishments of the 
 courtier, as well as in the graver qualities of the statesman, gave him he 
 high office of chancellor, which in that age included, beside! its Siar 
 -. les nearly all those of a modern prime minister. Kings oftertake a 
 de';,.h5 in overwhelming with wealth and honours those whom they have 
 once raised above the struggling herd. It was so even with the p^rudent 
 Henry,who proceeded to confer upon his favourite chancellor the pro 
 TtHVJ Beverley, the deanery of Hastings, and the coiJtableshiHf 
 
 S L>e and'sTrkLr 'T'ki^ ^""''^ """^y* ■^"'^ &«^« ^im the hono^u« 
 of Lye and Berkhara, valuable new baronies which had escheated to the 
 crown Becket's style of living was proportioned to the vast wealth thus 
 ,nTliHP/;."H-""i' •"" «""'Pt"!>usness of style and the numerous attend! 
 ance paid to his levees exceeded all that had ever been seen in the case 
 of a mere subject; the proudest nobles were his guests, and gladlv diS 
 their sons m his house as that in which they would besf become aScom- 
 phshed gentleme^n; he had a great number of knights actually retainedTn 
 his service, and he attended the king in the war of Toulouse with seven 
 hundred knights at his own charge! on another occasion he maintaS 
 welve hundred knights and twelve hundred of their follower8™uring"he 
 forty days of their stipulated service: and when sent to France on ar 
 
 lnl^''^W^lZ?^if^^irT''K^'^r' ^""--^ by his magnificent attend- 
 ance. With all this splendour Becket was a gay companion. Havina 
 taken only deacon's orders, he did not hesitate to join in the sports of liy? 
 men, or even to take his share of warlike adventure. He was eonse 
 Sllu ^'''°»"^? companion of the king in his leisure hours. It is 
 Ihnl Henry "-.ding one day with Becket, and meeting a poor wre ch 
 lTn«H V.T '^r^ '" ^l^^^nid, seized the chancellor's scariet Snd ennhie- 
 
 1"!'* ''"I! ''"'* ^''^ •' '° ^^^ ?««•• ™»". who. It may well be supposed, 
 was much surprised at such a gift. »uiiHi«cu, 
 
 Living thus in both the official and private intimacy of the kins Beckei 
 was well acquainted with all his views and designs towards the church 
 
 '^J'Ja Yulrr^ P'^^'^r*^ ^ ^^'^^ ^■'•^ 'hem, and was inani estly 
 possessed of all the talents and resolution which would make him valuabj 
 
 U^n tKhW. ^^ ™''^' ^•™ archbishop at the death of h^s old 
 
 Having thus obtained the second place in the kingdom, Thomas h Becket 
 
 t once cast off a 1 the gay habits and Hght humour whicKe had made 
 
 rSTn'' " °^'''"'"^ ""^ «/'"« the personal favour of the k"ng! 
 His first step on being consecrated archbishop of Canterbury was to rp 
 «ign his chai;ce lorship into the hands of the king, onXe Sficant plea 
 
 hat his spiritual function would henceforth demand all his e. Ss and 
 attention, to the entire exclusion of all secular affairs In hlsht^sehoW 
 •nd equipages he reta ned all his old magnificence, but in hinwrjersoii 
 he now assumed a rigid austerity befittini an anchori"e. He wore a ha^i 
 
 2 irfnfliit t"'' ^'^'? *"r/r ^-J^ '^^ *''»» 'he merciles7dTsdpfine 
 Sin„ """""'^ "P"*" himself; bread was almost his only diet, and his 
 OKlV beverage was witer. whinh hn rflndnr-d ur5-''>"»"»-'- u./__ "_;.." ""^ 
 
fil4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 disagreeable herbs. He daily had thirteen beggars into his palace ana 
 washed their feet; after which ceremony they were supplied with refiesh- 
 ments, and dismissed with a 'pecuniary present. While thus exciting th« 
 wonder and admiration of the laity, he was no less assiduous in aiming 
 Mt the favour of the clergy, to whom he was studiously accessible ana 
 affable, and whom he still further gratified by his liberal gifts to hospitals 
 and convents ; and all who were admitted to his presence were at once 
 edified and surprised by the grave and devotional aspect and rigid life of 
 one who had but recently been foremost among the gayest and giddiest of 
 the courtiers. Far less penetration than was possessed by Henry might 
 have enabled him to see in all this sudden and sanctimonious austerity a 
 •ure indication that he would find a powerful foe in Becket whenever he 
 should attempt to infringe upon the real or assumed rights of the church, 
 But, in truth, Becket was too eager to show his ecclesiastical zeal, even 
 to wait until the measures of the king should afford him opportunity, and 
 himself commenced the strife between the mitre and the crown by calling 
 upon the earl of Clare to surrender the barony of Tunbridge io the see 
 of Canterbury, to which it had formerly belonged, and from which Becket 
 affirmed that the canons prevented his predecessors from legally separat 
 ing it. The earl of Clare was a noble of great wealth and power, and 
 allied to some of the first families, and his sister was supposed to have 
 gained the affections of the king; and as the barony of Tunbridge had 
 been in his family from the conquest, it senms probable that Becket was 
 induced to select him for this demand of restitution of church property, in 
 order the more emphatically to show his determination to prefer the inter- 
 ests of the church to all personal considerations, whether of fear or favour. 
 William D'Eynsford, one of the military tenants of the crown, was the 
 patron of a living in a manor held of the archbishop of Canterbury. To 
 this living Becket presented an incumbent named Laurence, thereby in- 
 fringing the right of D'Eynsford, who instantly ejected Laurence vi et 
 artiM. Becket forthwith cited D'Eynsford, and, acting at once accuser 
 and jtidge, passed sentence of excommunication upon hin. D'Eynsford 
 applied for the interference of the king, on the ground that it was illegal 
 that such a sentence should be passed on one who held in capite from the 
 crown, without the royal assent first obtained. Henry accordingly, act- 
 ing upon the practice established from the conquest, wrote to Becket, with 
 whom he no longer had any personal intercourse, and desired him to absolve 
 D'Eynsford. It was only reluctantly, and after some delay, that Ilecket 
 complied at all ; and even when he did so he coupled his compliance with 
 a message, to the effect that it was not for the king to instruct him as to 
 whom he should excommunicate and whom absolve ! Though this con- 
 duct abundantly showed Henry tiie sort of opposition ho had to expect 
 from the man whom his kindivsss had furnished with the means of being 
 ungrateful, there were many considenitions, apart from the boldness and 
 decision of the king's temper, which made Henry resolute in not losing 
 any time in endeavouring to put something like a curb upon the licenlioim 
 insolence to which long impunitv and tross superstition of the great body 
 of the people had encouraged t»; clergy . The papacy was just now con 
 fidernbly weakened by its own scliisinatical division, while Henry, wealthy 
 in territory, wasforhmuto in having the kingdom of Enghmd thoroughly in 
 ■uhiniRsion, with the sole oxcepliou of the clerical disorders and asHiimp 
 lions to which h« had now (letenninod t* put n stop. On the other hiind 
 (Jiosc disorders were so scandahius, and those assuiitplions in nmiiy 
 '!HB«!8 were so starliingly unjust, that Henry could could scarcely fail to 
 have the best wishes of liis stibjncts in geuerid for the -juocnss of his 
 projeel. The practice of ordaining the sons of villains liad not merely ■ 
 caused an inordinate increase in the numl)er of the clergy, but had also 
 
 _ ., .•....,_. j.jnii ^v!iTr=j-u«u:::§ uc;triurair>Ji! UI liiv CiCriCtti : 
 
 iuar 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 215 
 
 »er III Kng'and- The incontmence, gluttony, and roysterinff habits, at- 
 tributed to the lower order of the clergy by the writer of I much later 
 day, were light and comparatively venial oflFencee compared to those which 
 seem but.too truly to be attributed to that order in the reien of Henrv II 
 Robbery, adulterous seduction, and even rape and murder, were attribl 
 uted to them; and the returns made to an inquiry which Her.rv ordered 
 showed that, only counting Horn the commencement of his reign . * a 
 period of somewhat less than two years, a hundred murders had been 
 committed by men in holy orders who had never been called to account. 
 Henry resolved to take steps for putting a stop to this impunity of crim- 
 inals whose sacred professions only made their criminality the greater 
 and more detestable. An opportunity of bringing the point of the clerical 
 impunity to issue was afforded by a horrible crime that was just now 
 committed in Worcestershire, where a priest, on being discovered in car- 
 rying on an Illicit intercourse with a gentleman's daughter, put her father 
 to death. The king demanded that the offender should be delivered over 
 to the civil power, but Becket confined the clerkly culprit in the bishon's 
 prison to prevent his being apprehended by the king's officers, and main- 
 tamed that 'he highest punishment that could be inflicted upon the priest 
 was degredation. Fhe king acutely caught at this, and demanded that, 
 after degredation, when he would have become a layman again, the cul- 
 prit should be delivered to the civil power to be further dealt with as it 
 might deem fit; but Becket demurred even to this,' on the plea that it 
 would be unjust to try an accused man a second time upon the same 
 charge. 
 
 Angered by the arrogance of Becket, and yet not wholly sorry to have 
 such a really sound pretext for putting some order into the pretensions of 
 the church, Henry summoned an assembly of the prelates of Kngland for 
 the avowed purpose of putting a termination to the frequent and increasina 
 controversies between the ecclesiastical and the civil jurisdiction. 
 
 Henry iimself commenced the business of the assembly by askine the 
 bishops, plainly and categorically, whether they wore willing or unwillin-r 
 to submit to the ancient laws and customs of the kingdom. To this plain 
 qiiestion, the bishops, m a more Jesuitical spirit, replied that they were 
 willing so to submit, " saving their own order ;" a mental reservation bv 
 which they clearlv meant that they would so submit— until resistance 
 should be safe and easy ! So shallow and palpable an artifice could not 
 impose upon so shrewd a prince as Henry, whom it greatly piovoked. He 
 dRparied from the assembly in an evident rage, and immediately 'sent to 
 require from Becket the surrender of the castles and honours of Eye and 
 Herkham. This demand, and the anger which it indicated, greatly alarm- 
 ed the hishops ; but Becket was undismayed; and it was not without much 
 difflculty, that Phihp, the pope's legato and almoner, prevailed upon him 
 to consont to the retraction of the offensive saving clause, and give an ab- 
 lohite and unqualified promise of submission to the ancient laws. But 
 Henry was now determined to liavo a more precise understanding ; a for- 
 mal iUKl definite decision of the limits of the eeelesiastical and the civil au- 
 thority ; and thus in some measure to destroy the nndiio .iseondaney which, 
 as effectually as msidionslv, the former had for a long time past been ob- 
 taining Ho therefore collated and reduced to writing those ancient ciis- 
 toms of the realm which had heon the most egrogioiisly contravened l.v 
 by the clergy, and having called a great council of the barons and prelates 
 HI tlaroiKlon, ui Berkwtnr.', ho Hubinilted this digest to them in a form at 
 « series of articles, which are known in history under the title of the 
 t^onstuutions of Clarendon ;" which are thus briefly summed up • "It 
 
 Ivowson 
 
 was enacted by these coiiHtitutioim that all suits eoncernhiir the ndvi 
 and presentniio!! of church*;!! eh;!!!!H hs ilntcrin^---" '-. s?,^ -•-." ^ 
 ttwt in future the churches belonging to the king's see Bhouldnorbe grantee 
 
 Ouns 
 
 — - 1 ^1 
 
no 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 in perpeliuty without his consent ; that clerks accused of any crime should 
 lie tried in the civil courts ; that no one, particiihirly no clergyman ol anv 
 rank should depart the kingdom without the king's license ; that exconv. 
 niunicaled persons should not be bound to give security for their continu- 
 ing in their present place of abode : that laics should not be accused in 
 spiritual courts, except by legal and reputable promoters and witnesses- 
 that no chief-tenant of the crown should be excommunicated, nor his 
 lauds be put under an interdict, except with the king's consent ; that all 
 appeals 111 spiritual causes should be carried from the archdeacon to the 
 bishop, from the bishop to the primate, and from the primate to the kina 
 and should proceed no farther but with the king's consent ; that should 
 any law-suit arise between a layman and a clergyman concerning a tenant 
 and It be disputed whether the land be a lay or an ecclesiastical fee it 
 should be first determined by the verdict of twelve lawful men to what 
 c ass It belongt , and if the land be found to be a lay fee, then the cause 
 stiould finally be determined in the civil courts ; that no inhabitant in a 
 lay demesne should be excommunicated for non-appearance in a spiritual 
 court until the chief officer of the place where he resides be consulted 
 tJiat he may compel him by the civil autliority to give satisfaction to the 
 Church ; that the archbishops, birhops and other spiritual dignitaries sliould 
 be regarded as barons of the realm, should possess the privileges and be 
 subjected to the burdens belonging that rank, and should be bound to at 
 tend the king in his great councils, and assist in all trials, till the sentence 
 eitlierof death or of loss of members be given against the criminal: that 
 the revenue of vacant sees should belong to the king, the chapter, or such 
 oi I hem as he ciioosea to summon should sit in the king's chapel till thei 
 made the new election with his consent, and that the bishop elect should 
 do homage to tlie crown; that if any baron or tenant in capite should re- 
 ruse to submit to the spiritual courts, the king should employ his authority 
 in obliging hiin to make such submissions; that if any one threw olf his 
 allegiance to the king, the prelates should assist the king with their ceii 
 Buros in reducing him ; that goods forfeited to the king should not be pro- 
 octed in churches or churchyards ; that the clergy should no longer pre- 
 tend to the right of enforcing payment of debts contracted by oath ot 
 promise, but should leave these law-suits, equally with others, to the de- 
 terimnatioii of the civil (courts ; and that the sons of villians should not be 
 ordained clerks without the consent of their lord." 
 
 The barons present at this great council were all on the king's sid •, either 
 irom actual participation of his sentiments towards the clergy or from awe 
 
 K . '"Ji.P"^"'' "'"I \'""^'*"' • ""'• "'« prelates, perceiving that they had 
 both the king and the lay peerage against them, were fain to consent 
 lo those articles, which accordingly were voted without opposition. But 
 Henry, misdoubting that the bishops, though they found it useless lo 
 oppose the united will of the crown and peerage, would whenevni 
 circumstances should bo favourable to them deny the authority of the 
 conslitntioiiH, as being enacted by an authority in itself incomplete, 
 would iu)t be conlontod with the mere verbial assent of the prelates, 
 but demanded that each of them should set his hand and seal to the 
 coiislitmionN, i,,„l to their solemn promise to observe them. To thi» 
 UomaiKJ, though the rest of the prelates complied with it, lleckot gave 
 a bold and tiat refusal. The earls of Cornwall and Leicester, the most 
 powerlnl men in the lay peerage, strongly urged him, as a matter ol 
 policy as well as obedionoe, to comply with the king's denmn.l. He 
 was so well uwnrt of Henry's drift, and so far from being di-mroiis ol 
 •eeuring the peiii)ai,.;ni ./morvanco of the constiUitions of (^la-ondon, 
 hat no eiitnnuies could induce him to yitdd assent, until Richard de 
 llBStmgs, hnghsli grand nrior of the knights teiuHars, knelt to him, and 
 m tears implored him. if not for his ' ' ■ - 
 
 I own «Akn. llt li'imt fnr ll>« 
 
 iU 
 
HJSTORY OF THE WORLD. 217 
 
 the church, not to continue an opposition which must be unsuccessful 
 and would only excUe the ruinous opposition of a monarch equaliy reso- 
 lute and powerfui. Stern and resolved as Becket had shown liimsell 
 as regarded the importunity of laymen, this evident proof that upon this 
 point, at least, he no longer had the sympathy of even churchmen, 
 caused Becket to give way ; and he therefore, though with evident re- 
 luctance, took an oath " legally, though with good faith, and without 
 fraud or reserve, to observe the constitutions of Clarendon." 
 
 But the king, though he had thus far triumphed even over the firm and* 
 haughty temper of the primate, was by no means so near to complete sue- 
 cess as he deemed himself. Pope Alexander, who still remained in 
 France, and to whom in his contests with the anti-pope Honry liad done 
 no unimportant service, no sooner had the constitutions presented to him 
 for ratification, than he perceived how completely they wore calculated 
 to make the king of England independent of his clergy, and the kingdom 
 Itself of the papacy ; and he was so far from ratifying, that he condemned 
 and annulled them. When Becket found his own former oijposition thus 
 sanctioned by the present feelings and conduct of the pupe, he regretted 
 that he had allowed any considerations to induce him to give his signature 
 and assent. He immediately increased his already great and painful aus- 
 terities of life and severity of discipline, and would not even exercise any 
 of the functions of his dignity until he received the absolution of the pope 
 for what he deemed his offence against the ecclesiastical privileges. Nor 
 did he confine himself to mere verbal repentance or his own personal dis- 
 cipline, but used all his eloquence to induce the English prelates to engage 
 with him in a fixed and firm confederacy to regain and maintain their 
 coininon rights. Henry, hoping to beat Becket at his own weapons, now 
 applied to Alexander to grant the legatine commission to the archbishop 
 of York, whom he obviously only wished to arm with that inordinate and 
 dangerous author-ty, in order that he might make him the instrument of 
 Becket s ruin. But the design was too obvious to escape so keen an ob- 
 server as Alexander, who granted the commission of legate, as desired, 
 but carefully added a clause inhibiting the legate from executing any act 
 to the prejudice of the archbishop of Canterbury. On finding himself thus 
 baffled upon the very point on which alone ho was solicitous, Henry bo 
 completely lost his temper, that he sent back the document by tho very 
 meNsenger who brought it over, thus giving to Alexander the compliment 
 of discerninent, and the natisfaction of having completely balHed his plan. 
 'J'he ani|[er which the king now exhibited threatening extreme measures 
 Becket twice endeavoured to leave the kingdom, but was detained on both 
 oceasionH by contrary winds ; and Henry was thus enabled to canse him 
 great expense and annoyance, by inciting John, mareschal of the ex- 
 chequer, to sue tho ar(!hbishoj) in his own court for some lands Ixilonging 
 to the manor of Pagoham, and thence to appeal to the king's court. When 
 the day arrived for trying tho cause on the appeal, I he nrchbishop did not 
 perBonally appcmr, but sent four knights to apologize for his absonco on 
 the score of illness, and to make certain lechnjcarobjections to the form 
 of .lohn's appeal. Tho king treated tho absence of Hecket lis a wilful and 
 offeiiHive contempt, and the knights who bore his apology narrowly 
 escaped being committed to prison for its alledgod falsehood. Heing re- 
 solved that neither absence nor technicality should save Ueckel from suf- 
 wiiig, the king now summoned a great council of barons and prelates at 
 Nort Immpton. Before this court Itnckct, wi'h an air of great moderation, 
 urged that the nmfesclmrs cause was proceeding in. the archiepiseopal 
 court With all possible regularity, though the testimony of tho sheriff 
 Would show that cause to be iiiiq.iiKnis and unjust ; that he, Uecket, far 
 from showing any contempt of the king's court, had most oxnliciilv no 
 jriwvvitiiigeU and Bubnntiud to his authority bv sending lour of liis knlghta 
 
218 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 
 
 to appear for him; that even if their appearance should not be arrn,... 
 
 tn ?h«??rim! u"'^ ''^ ^'J^ Virtually innocent, yet the penalty atlSd 
 
 .6 wai eS1p7h ^1' * "•"*" *'"u*' ^"'l *« »^« ^«« *» inhJbitant^ o iS 
 he was entitled by law to an abatement even of that • and that hp iJi. 
 now, .n loyal obedience to the king's summons, presenir tie JI^ 
 
 .ZTAT*^ 'w'^. ^^^""'^ '' '« justif/himself aga n?t X ^hargt of S 
 .inareschal. Whatever may be thought of the general arrogance of h! 
 {.rirnate and of his ambition, both as man and churchman uKnossih! 
 not o perceive that his reasonings w6re here very jusTand 1 L Kfn j^ 
 who e conduct was far more indicative of the moLrt^ who v^" Ln?^ 
 crus iinga too powerful subject, than of one who was eKrd?.X^Lh 
 eously Jesirous of " doing justice and loving mercy •" anH S «a allS" 
 Ef 'h""' 'I ^''^ some sympathy with iL haug^h y and comSeouJiw" 
 mate, who, when pressed down by a foe so powerful and so vinSfvV, 
 was aUndoned by the dignitaries of that very chuS for whose s\^^^^^ 
 Sr'L i?,JL'r«' ^rll'"^ «o courageously cLbatted. „ t^e pr en,' 
 SLh .? ■ ^'f ® "^^.^n* constitutions of Clarendon, the bishop^ were 
 o 8^5e wSh f hP t" ^•"' f ^ lay barons, who had from ihe first deXnhied 
 fpn^« k1 ^ ^^ ^"'^' ^"'^ notwithstanding the convincing logic of S dp 
 nilit'fV'f.f pronounced guilty of contempt of the kingVcour and of 
 wl^''* "r«r^ ^^''•'y "''"'^'^ *>« had sworn to his severe |n; and Heurv 
 w^Tnl^eof^irhi'^''' once powerful brother of the lat'e king Step'S,' 
 
 ^::^ ^ 
 
 who on the very next day demanded from Becket the sum of hieeH" 
 Ki?r'^\:t « 'r' ^«?,r-red bv him from the manoJs ofX S 
 tioned I'^hi- ■ '''*"'^"'' ^.^""^^^ replied, that as this suit was not men- 
 rn^wt hat i?rnhu!rf r^'^T"",*^''' *'° ""^^t not bo called upon o 
 unnn Pv« .nH n P "' "'^ f*"^^' ''^ '"^^ expended more than that sum 
 Thi r ""'^ »«rkham castles and the royal palace in London- but tlm^ 
 
 K s^o'v eS,: alffhrm^Sl -""-y ^"""'^ '"a^e -y diSnce' belle 
 vuhiXu^ ,^ h mself, he would at once consent to nav the sum for 
 
 could^'^o^'^fL1^sl'&v^«r'=^^^"y«"^ Even'rh'ist.brs'sio 
 
 markH whi,?h h V i ,'^'"C'' f «t«r'n'nation ; he demanded five hundred 
 wJrhe hi 1?. ?r^'*"" "'^^'' '" ^''« ^'""of Tonlouse-during wh ch 
 «,m f!.l i'?''."^/''? •""« "'"'='' ''^^'ous »»d good service I~and a sSr 
 ir- and the ; « i/7 {''''^t ''"^'. l'« '"^^^ ^'^^ome BecLt's sure ; o a 
 ^!iY„:i ? ' "" i^ '" '®''^*' '"'» without the slightest hope of escane he 
 
 called upon h„n to furnish an account of his administralioTas chanSor 
 ;^1«liiL ^ '"a "11 ''"'*"?« ^"« '"'«•" ^^im on account of a the baron es 
 cTaSr;!!? "'''?r,h^'"?^ ^''^. ^°'"' »'«^«'- »"« rnanagoment dSS 
 anrineini '^'"'''' '^Pli^d, that it was so suddenly 
 
 to conLlt L iw,^ "" tiemanded sureties, and Becket desired leave 
 irnniH 1 . ^"'^'agans upon that point. They agreed with him tlmt it 
 ITlL ""*''y ""possible for him to procurt/saSsfactorv st"' "ritv o 
 ma^o a Zand'St "' ^^0"« '»»'•'». «' which the king Those o^ett 
 bXo of W u.rJlr "',""•' "1 'l" ''^'y ""'"■■" '^« ""«<'rtain, and Henry, 
 
 uncerS 'J?^?. h« 7 WHy<»f payment in full of all demand., certain oi 
 unceriain, i ins he accordmgly offnrnd, but the kina rnfiis«. I it as l.s 
 nug hi have been expected to dof for in the firs placo^hrdr Id nfon v 
 I« n o? two't olS'""' 1"'' 'r V^ 1"'''^''' ""'f "' ^'^ next pla<. sthJ 
 comparison to the sum demanded by the king, and could hgnjly h- «y 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 21f 
 
 peoted to satisfy hini if money reaUy were his object. Some of Becket's 
 suffragans now plainly perceiving that his ruin was the king's object. 
 advised him to resign his see by way of terminating all the king's charged 
 and demands; while others advised that he should plainly submit to the 
 king s mercy. But Becket seemed to gather courage from the very circum. 
 stances which would have plunged men of a more timid spirit into despair, 
 and resolved to brave the utmost that the king could inflict. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE BEIQN OF HKNET 11. (oONTINTIED). 
 
 ?^yi,^<*,fP?°* a ffi^ ^ays in retirement and meditation upon the trylna 
 and difficult circumstances in which he was placed, Becket at length went 
 to church and performed mass; having the communion service com- 
 menced with the words '• -^rmoos sat and spake agninst me," by the 
 selection of which passage he appeared to desire to liken himself to the 
 persecuted and mai^tyred St. Stephen. From church Becket proceeded to 
 the royal palace. On arriving at the gate he took the cross from the hands 
 of the bearer, and, holding it before him, marched to the royal apartments 
 as though in some danger which made the presence of the sacred svmbol 
 necessary for his protection. The king, who from an inner apa/tment 
 perceived the extraordinary demeanour of Becket, sent some of the 
 bishops to reason with him upon its impropriety. They reminded him 
 that he by subscribing to the constitutions of Clarendon, had agreed with 
 them that it was necessary to do so; and they complained that he an- 
 peared to wish to induce them now, by his example, to revolt against the 
 civil power, when it was too late for either of them to do so without the 
 guilt of offending against laws to which they had consented and sworn to 
 support. To this Becket replied, that if he and they had done wrona in 
 swearing to support laws destructive of the ecclesiastical privileges the 
 best atonement they now could make would be to submit themselves to 
 tlie authority of the pope, who had solemnly nullified the constitutions of 
 Clarendon, and had absolved them from the oath taken to secure those 
 constitutions; that, for his own part, the heavy penalty to which he had 
 been condemned lor an offence which would be but slight even had he 
 been guilty of it, which he was not, and the preposterous demands sub- 
 sequent! V made upon hi.n by the king, very clearly showed that it was 
 intended utterly to ruin him, and thus prepare a way for the destruction 
 ot all spiritual immunities ; that to .the pope ho should appeal against what- 
 ever iniquitous sentence should bo passed upon him; and that, terrible as 
 the vengeance ot so powerful a king as Henry most undoubtedly was. It 
 had power only to slay the body, while the Fword of the church could 
 slay the soul. 
 
 In thus speaking of nupealing to the pope, Becket not only opposed tho 
 exproM provision of the constitutions of 'Jlarendon, by whfoh appeals 
 were done away with even in ecolosinstioo'. cases, but opposed even com- 
 mon custom, Huch appeals never having lain in civil oases. Whatever 
 excuse Henry s violence migiit furnish for appealing to Rome, in the eyo 
 pt roaaon, to do so was an offonco both by the letter aud tho spirit of the 
 taw; Bookot, however, waited not for any ftirther proof of the king's vin- 
 fliotlvenoss, but departed secretly for Northami)ton, and after wandering 
 about h)r some time in disguise, and undergoing much difficulty, at length 
 procured a shin and arrived safely at Graveliiies. 
 
 In France the persecuted churchman was sure to find warm friends ii 
 not ftclually from their conviction of his having the right in the quarrel 
 bolwwii hiiiwulf and the king, at least because it was their intorost to ud- 
 
2:0 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ilitf I .h^L^ uH^V a"y^«grp« to check the proud prosperity ol 
 Pi.?/' ^u 'i"^ ''■"'^ ^^^ ^"'S "'^ ^'«"«« *"d his powerful vassal .he earl of 
 Flanders had an interest; and in that particular interest they forgot their 
 infinitely greater concern in the obedience of subjects to their sovereisrn 
 and gave the *elf-ex.led prelate a warm reception, the king of FraS 
 
 tJi4i ^*!!"K. """ ^^^ "^ *" P^y ^'™ » personal visit at Soissons, where hi 
 had fixed he prelate's residence, rfenry sent a magnificent embassy fo 
 
 IZZliVT^^ *"' "°"?"»"^ 'e '^^ P^P^' ^"' he, who was so deepl/in 
 
 terested in the success of Becket, gave the envoys of Henry a very cS 
 
 reception, while upon Becket, who also attended to justif/hfs conduc? 
 
 he lavished his kindness and distinction. The king, doubl/annoyed tha» 
 
 Beckefs person was beyond his power and that he had obtahiedo marked 
 
 a welcome abroad, not only put all the revenues of Canterbury under 
 
 sequestratio.^ but even proceeded to the meanly malignant length of baS 
 
 .shmg the whole of the archbishop's family and depenLts, trtWumbe; 
 
 of four hundred. In order that there might be no doubt that his intent 
 
 m this measure was to embarrass Becket, by throwing upon him he sun 
 
 port of this host of helpless people, a bu;den the mo?e K™ irLZ 
 
 simul aneous sequestration of his revenue, he compelled them before their 
 
 th?s"naTn? l^'""- '^V^'l would immediately jo'in the arSibishTp. In 
 
 ii.n/f «f h'8 vindictive design, however, Henry was defeated by the 
 
 EV'^"'* M '•''''" ^','h^'« ^*''^« ^"'^^'l '" ^''^"ce, Alexander absolved 
 them from their involuntary oath, and distributed them among thecon 
 vents of Flanders and France ; and to Becket himself the cSt of S 
 1/ J?H !"'^" '^°'.* residence, his income being furnished by the re??, 
 of Fr^In^^ Tr"' H^^a very liberal pension allmved to him by the khig 
 forborne yea« ' "' '""''"''^ '" ^'■""' '''''"" ^"'^ magnificencf 
 
 A.D. 1165.— Though far removed from Henry's presence. Thomas h 
 Becket had ost neither the will nor the power to annSy him Both 
 with that end and for the purpose of confirming the favourable opinion o< 
 the pope towards himself, he now resigned into Alexander's hSnds h?8 
 JrZn.^H"/''>r'r '?' """'^^"^ ^™"'"J '»>«' he had been uncanonicaUy 
 F«.i .h„» Vh'' ." ?y '^^ f'"? ' «PPPa'-«^"'Jy q"ite unaware or careless of the 
 fact, that that plea made the whole of his conduct illegal and gratuitous bv 
 o'^r «h°^|"?-, .Alexander well pleased at the deFerencrthus shown 
 to him, accepted his resignation, but immediately reinvested him anrf 
 granted him a bull by which he pretended to free Becket Som the Sememe 
 passed on lu.n at Nortliampton by the great counrul. A^t^r Z" ^11! 
 consistency; this sentence being fully%utkorized as to jurbdfcUo,^y 
 rannical as it was, m fact, by the constitutions of Clarendon, which 
 Becke himself had signed anci sanctioned. But, in truth, fh^s whole 
 quarrel was a series of inconsistencies, absurdity and wilfu Ii Ss bo h 
 7iX^\T 'If' "".^ ?" "'e other. Being unable to oblah an Srview 
 tT,rn ,^R'"'"''^'V ^^^ '^«^«"'-^l''« ^t'lte of whose affairs enabled h in to re 
 turn to Rome, Henry now made earnest and wise preparations for pre- 
 
 aZ'rJH wilh'^lh^'''"" ""' •^j'"*^"" '*™'" 'he worst cons^mlences o the o^pen 
 quarrel with the pope which now seemed to be inevitable He issued the 
 strictest orders to his justicaries neither to forward i? to alLw of Jin 
 appea 8 from their courts either to Becket or the pope or in a mvisr U. 
 appea to or obey their authority. He at the same time made rjuea^ 
 .onablo offence to bring any interdict int.. the kingdom rom ei'l'eol 
 these dignituries. and denouncing upon all such offences the punis nent 
 n case of clerks of castration and deprivation of sight, andT he " a e 
 of laics, of death; while sequestration and banishinent were to bo ?he 
 ffinnVT."H"°^°".'y"'^*" P^r"" ^ho should obey suclHileSict? S 
 Itn orir^'L'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ n"?'° «L? '^e more solemn effect tithes 
 •tern ordorn, he obliged all his subjects to swear obedience to them 
 
 the anti-pope, I 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 221 
 
 Some notion may be formed of the tremendous power Henry possessed, 
 when It IS considered that orders so sweeping as these, which in some 
 aort severed the kingdom from its dependance on the papal court, were 
 made not by the great council of the nation, but by the king's will alone. 
 AS Ueckct still possesed vast influence over the clergy, who in that aee 
 had an almost absolute power over the minds of the great mass of the peo- 
 pie, Henry did not deem himself sufficiently armed by these orders, but 
 entered into a close engagement with the celebrated emperor, Frederic 
 Barbarossa, who was at open war with the pope Alexander ; and sdill far- 
 iher to alarm the pope, Henry showed some inclination to acknowledge 
 the anti-pope, Pascal, HI. * 
 
 AD. 1166.— Nothing daunted by the prudent arrangement of Henry, oi 
 by the effect they undoubtedly had upon the mind of Alexander, Becket 
 now issued a censure which excommunicated the king's chief advisers bv 
 name and generally all persons who should favour or even obey the con- 
 stitutions of Clarendon. Thus placed in the dilemma of being unable to 
 release his friends from the terrible effects of excommunication, without 
 undoing all that he had done, and making a formal and complete acknowl- 
 edgement of the pope's power to absolve and therefore to excommunicate. 
 Henry listened to the advice of John of Oxford, his agent with the pooe! 
 and consented to admit the mediation of the legates Otho and William of 
 Pavia. When these personages proceeded to examine into the aff-air, the 
 king required that all the constitutions of Clarendom should be fully ratified • 
 Becket, on the other hand, insisted that before any such agreement were 
 made, both himself and his adherents should be restored to their poss-s 
 Bions a?nd position. The legate William, who was greatly interested for 
 Henry, took care to protract the negotiation as far as possible, and to rep- 
 restnt Henry s disposition in the most favourable light to the pope. But 
 the pretensions and demands of the opponent parties were far too murh 
 opposed at the very outset to admit of any goocf result and the negotiation 
 soon fell to the gnund; Henry, however, profited by its duration and the 
 partial restoration of the pope's good opinion, to procure a dispensation 
 for the marriage of his third son, Geoff-rey, to the heiress of Brittany, a 
 favour to which he attached all the more importance because it very deen- 
 ly mortified both Becket and the king of France. 
 
 A. D. "67.— The count of Auvergne, a vassal of the Duchy of Guienne, 
 having off^Biided Henry, that monarch entered his vassal's domain- and 
 the count appealmg to the king of France as superior lord, a war ensued 
 between he two Rmgs ; but it was conducted with no vigour on eithei 
 side, and peace was soon made on terms sufficiently unfavourable to 
 Henry to show that his ouarrol with Rome had lost him not a little of that 
 superiority which he had previously enjoyed over the king of France. 
 
 Both the pope and Henry began to tire of their disputes which they at 
 englh perceived to be mutually hurtful, and still more dangerous as to 
 he future than presently injurious. This consideration inclined both par- 
 ties to a reconciliation, but was not sufficient to put an end to their jeal- 
 ousies and suspicions. Several attempts at coming to a good understand- 
 ing were frustrated by petty doubts or petty punctilio on either side ; but 
 at length the nuncios Gratian and Vivian were commissioned by the pope 
 to bring about an accommodation, and for tliat purpose tliey had a meet- 
 ing with Henry in Normandy. After much tedious discussions all diffl. 
 culties seemed happily brought to an end. Henry offered to sign a treaty 
 in he terms proposed by the pope, only with a salvo to his royal dignity 
 But Becket, who, however much wronged at one time seems at length to 
 have learned to love strife for its own sake, took fire nt this limitntion, 
 and the excommunication of the kind's ininislers was immediately renew' 
 eo. No lewer than four more treaties were broken off" by a similar nelli- 
 nesisof temper on eithor side; and it iaq! ■■ " " 
 
 "- ■ -V3X 
 
 
222 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ini Chris?ran^rKt«'i« ^'''''*' 7^0. certainly, whatever other quaut.e. 
 SIss. ^ * ^^ "^"^ endowed with was sadly deficient 3, melt 
 
 rJm\}]^?t'Z^*t^^:.'^^'^ perceived this fault of Becket, did not fail to 
 
 & wiU. L*^!-''"^"''"." 2'^^^'"^ ^'"»«- "There have been," aS 
 Henry, with great force and shrewdness, "many kinffs of EnelanH Jmf 
 
 Warenne and f;pi«oo« V.. ^- .u .^"''^" '"^ P"P« had armed liini. De 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 223 
 
 new violence, the king's iSfat oS it «1 Si« ? Tl "? ''^ ^^''''^''' 
 condescension which Sou d S behave bef„nl«?'^'^"V'^''^y' ^"'^ *»'« 
 pnnce, were thus completelv thrown awavwnT?* ^*'"["* '° ^?rP™"^ » 
 out into the most violent n/ecreluDortlV^rrn'''"'"'^'!?'' "« ^^^^^ 
 Becket. and unfortunately aKe?hin,selnnrPnfJ'f^^"'' '"?,T'it"'Je »' 
 York, who remarked that%eS 4s hope^s" whife L.t m'''''J'?"'P '^^ 
 that it was the want of zeal on tim m.rf nf k; r • a^^} ''^^'^' *" ^^Y 
 had caused him so long to be exposed to 1 tl ^"^''^V"'^ '^'^^^'^^^ that 
 ance. Such words co dd nm hithat Le f»ll ^ '"""l^n/e and annoy- 
 a monarch far less poWrful a d Kss beK^ ^''°'" '^' ^'^^u °' 
 
 lert enemy lo dealh. Thev wero mf3 K, H*'"""" '"^ P? ""'' ""«• 
 
 This high opinion of his value K«^.,f.rf-^*-."®^ *"'' '"^'"lahlo. 
 
 cowardly crime\nKrLX^!,L\rdXarrr^"" "^ their foul and 
 
 likI';&eSol"""con!itV;^"t'n^t"" '"^ "TJ'''^ """« ''«•-« 
 priety of Becker's oond","": he had already cSmZt'eVr '""^ ''"^™; 
 regular punishment of the proud pre a^fLrr.rSfhlK T^'' ""'^ 
 management he could indiipp .hn J^rfi '» """otmg that by dexterous 
 
 that could tend to crease thp LZl ,■ ^r^^ "P"" ""^'^y •'''•cumsiance 
 would not S p bli"rto attrfbn^^^^^^^^^^^ P."^"^'^"' « "**"& '« »«'"«. 
 
224^ 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Iiis solitude and resume the cares of government which now more than 
 ever demanded the fullest possible exertion of his fine talents. 
 
 A. D. 1171— It must be evident that the main difficulty of Henry's situ 
 ation origniated m the unwillingness which the nope would feel to admit 
 even the most cogent reasonings against the king's participation of th#. 
 umlt of Becket's murderers. Men do not easily yield credence to arpii- 
 ments— and Henry could only offer arguments, not proofs— tlfat militatp 
 against their own dear and cherished interests. But this calamity both 
 to the king and kingdom was too terrible and too instant to allow of anv- 
 tlung being left unattempted which promised even the probability of sui- 
 cess, and Henry immediately sent the archbishop of Rouen, together with 
 the bishops of Worcester and Evreux, and five other men of talent and 
 station, to make, m the king's name, the most humble submission to thp 
 pope. There was some difficulty in gaining admission to his holiness 
 who was at the very time that his forbearance was thus abjectly sought hv 
 the potent and proud Henry, almost a prisoner in his own palace; s^osiir 
 rounded and pressed was he by his enemies. It was now nearly EastPr 
 and It was expected that the name of Henry would be included in the list 
 of those who at that season received the solemn and terrible curses of thn 
 church. Happily, however, Richard Barre, one of Henry's envoys and 
 others, contrived so far to mollify the anger of the pope, that his fearfu 
 anathema was bestowed only in general terms upon Bccket's murderers 
 and their instigators or abettors. Two legates were appointed to inquire 
 into the affair; and thus, after all his fears, Henry escaped the worst coii- 
 sequences of a crime of which he seems really to have been innocent biit 
 of which circumstances would as certainly have enabled the pope to sem 
 to think him guilty-if, indeed, it had not been, just then, rather more to 
 the papal interest to obtain a strong hold upon England, by acceptins the 
 king s submission a^d allowing his assertions to pass for piool, than 
 harshly to drive both king and nation to despair. T fius happily dd vered 
 from a peril so imminent, Henry directed his attention to Ireland 
 1 .A- ,»• ^173.— All men's eyes had of late been anxiously turned upon tho 
 king's heir, the young prince Henry. He had given many proofs that he 
 possessed in no ordinary degree the princely qualities of courage, liberal- 
 ity, and a kindly disposition; but those who looked beneath the surface 
 perceived that his very kindness, unless ruled by a severe and uncommon 
 discretion, was likely to give him a fatal facility in listening to the advice 
 of any friends who should unduly minister to his other nhief characteris- 
 tit-an excessive ambition. At the time when, during Becket's absence, 
 he irregularly received the royal unction, he made a remark which was 
 Tr!'^c TT^T,^ "Pr"' ^'^'* "''"''^^ '??"y "^'"^ ««' <■«*' "> interpret into 
 
 r.Tini\ "^''^^J',"'' f P'""f *r"- "'« ''«''i" ^v'lit^'J "P«n hiin at table, 
 and good-humouredly observed that never was king more royally attended 
 upon which the prince renriarkod to one of his favourites, that it surely wa 
 nothing so very remarkable that the son of a count should wait upon the 
 son of a king. ^ 
 
 nf ^wun?' vnl!l"i/™"'''® f^'u^ ^y>**^ ^'"ff ""^ th" P«"od of the return 
 
 of Becket, young Henry and the princess Margaret were now crowne'' 
 
 and anointed by the archbishop of Rouen, and in the subsequent visU which 
 
 m fh',tTh.Pf.':' /" r'"i' f^??>--">-l'»«' "j" thought that the latter persuad'^d 
 
 11 H nf i..^^^ '"' ^'"'"'Scrom^ed during the life-time of his father. 
 
 n r,M.un ^ • "'"^ ^'"•fimony to secure his future succession, gave 
 
 dZh n 1 S'^r* "P""»Pa''t,ifuot upon the whole, of his faiher'n 
 
 domi n Mis, and the prince was unfortunately but too well inclined to give 
 
 rrnd.t o the arguments by which this view of the case was supported. 
 
 I;1Sri « 'rlZV^JT'"^'^ °J .I'l"^^ ^'^ V'^'^^'^^y b"t little understood th^ 
 pains, he formally demanded hat his father should resign either England 
 or Normandy to linn. The king very properly refused to comply with so 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 22fr 
 
 no less remarkable for her jealously bS ^f« , ^fcon^ carriage 
 
 new access of that feeling, herSerwUhMf^"°T ""'^^ » 
 
 unjustifiable length of elcitfna E^i^"®*^ husband led her to the most 
 
 thi hint afforded by the Imaid of pi^^^ ^""'' '''I?'- ^«t'"f "P^" 
 princes Geoffrey and Richard that Lvtnn "en'-y.'he persuaded the 
 used by their father who^S affirmif^n.K* "^"f unkindly and unjustly 
 them pLession of thl portions ?/S^^^ 
 
 ing them aid in the undftS course wM?^^^^^^ '""^"^^ l** ^h^""- O^""- 
 actually disguised hSf in ma?e attTrJ If ^ recommended to them, she 
 for the'^Fre^ch court, there tTcarrv o'n fn*"^^' °" ^^^P*''"* "^ departing 
 alike as wife, mother and suWec? wh«n tff";!^*' ^^r^"/^' ^° ''^ duty 
 her designs, and placed heHnconfi^Pmi*^ ^'^l °'l**'"^'* information of 
 
 anendtoth^miscondSsrehanSvoLnJ^^^^^ "°^ P"» 
 
 who were sufficiently envious of^hlL™^*'!"^' ^"'^ *^"« ^^'^ Ponces 
 lend their aid and coLtenance to thls^^^^^^^^^ prosperity of Henry to 
 their father, and of sub ectraaain,t tLVi L "'* coalition of sons against 
 experience of the terrS TnXreven hP^^^^^^^^ ^."t^ "/ ^^ ^'^ ^^^ 
 thecensure and interdicVof Rome Si^ inTs nlf H- f^'*^"'' ""■'" ^'^^ 
 . did not hesitate to apply to the Done B^, hi h.?, *i ^'^t'^ssing situation 
 papal interdict with all it<,f!.rrn«^f" "' "^ ^^^ '° ^®'»'"" *''»* »o arm the 
 LEe some sti^o^THiSeJ LXVuerttoT"""^ '"^^^ ^'« clergy should 
 
 as ^e^x^o?the ctthTer sr ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 not to exert themselves and the bunsfrirm 5.°"««'-»«'^ 'he clergy cared 
 fulmen. Disappointed and dis^stPd «. fini \l f"*""^ * """"^ *'^'"« 
 for him which was so formiS alaiS t hfry^'^ ^""P? ^ P^^^rlcss 
 the sword ; and, as he had urndPnfil L^ ^' "''"'"y """^ '"'^ recourse to 
 to take into his pay Targe bS otehfn^i^^^^^^^ tte^f^res, he was able 
 the continent swafmyaiid wL w^l .T^'"'"^'''V^ ^'t'' "'horn 
 
 ind bravely too in aTyca"seSia?affnrL^r^', '^""^^ ^""J^^^ zealously 
 plunder, his sons on ?he otl Pr £ ^ '^''^"^*^'' P^^ ^"^ P' o™'«ed large 
 inclination to iS"ate th s D«rt of thS r^T^""^ '"']''""' ''*'-' "'«»"« ^^the 
 barons of Normandy Gasc^ivLSRrS ''''"' •Ji?"^"'^*' ^""^ '"«■''' «f the 
 young princes, X^herkSmui^"*Sy ^'"'"^^y '""'^ P"' ^-i'h the 
 rif?htfui^overeigns; tE^ several terriorp« T""^ i"*^ ".*'""■« ^^«"'»« '^eir 
 tied upon them i7tKsuluSml'M''^^''^!!?S ^ '«^"^y irrevocably set- 
 chivalry, did the LaffectionfoZ^ .^o":' '0 the disgrace of the English 
 several polrfuliSSbaonsnn^^^^ ^'"^.^"^ parent st<,p even fere ; 
 
 judgment, it doubtless aoDearpnA hf " V'.%'^^*''^'' ""^' *» «" human 
 
 iarons bought Sir JC to he aid If tll\'''"'^r^''''Y •"■ ''*•' 
 posable force was an arm,. „? i . ^ °' '"® ^'"Sf' whose ch ef dis- 
 
 mercenar^BTof whom wefust mS \n??'^ *^^f ""'^ «<■ '^ose foreign 
 English whoni he whhdrPw frnm f i""'^'''"^^' ''"u*^ '^™« well-disciplinrd 
 nation was potent Tnd thrl?en?ni lS; ^ ^? "'L"'^''" '^""^ '^e combi 
 wealthy an/ war ike barons 2p„*h^ on 3* ^ '" ^'^l"'**" '° the numerous 
 adhesio^i to the yt^'n^g Se\.iarll^V„r^^ 
 
220 
 
 HIStORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Boulogne, followed their example, and William, king of Scotland, tne 
 uatural enemy of England, gladly joined this most unholy alliance. 
 
 Louis of France summoned the chief vassals of the crown to Paris, and 
 solemnly bound them by oath to adhere with him to the cause, and Prince 
 Henry on his part swore to be faithful to his allies among whom he dis- 
 tributed large gifts of territory — to be conquered from his king and pa- 
 rent—under the seal of state which he treasonably caused to be made for 
 that purpose. 
 
 The counts of Boulogne and Flanders began the unnatural war by lay- 
 mg siege to Aumale on the frontier of Normandy. The Couqt d'Aumale 
 who seems to have been only withheld by some prudential and merely 
 selfish motive from openly and in form allying himself with his master's 
 enemies, made a mere show of defence and then surrendered the place. 
 Being thus apparently a prisoner in the hands of those whose confederate 
 he seems really to have been, he had a specious ground for committing 
 still further treason, without exposing himself to any very deadly peril in 
 the event of the king being ultimately triumphant over the formidable and 
 unscrupulous confederacy against him. 
 
 The king of France, in the meantimej was not idle ; with seven thou- 
 sand knights and their followers and a proportionate force of infantry, he, 
 accompanied by the young Prince Henry, laid seige to Verneuil. The 
 place was bravely defended by Hugh de Beauchamp, but the garrison at 
 the end of a month became so short of provisions, that de Beauchamp was 
 obliged to consent to a surrender should he not be relieved in the course 
 of three days. Ere the expiration of this time King Henry and his army 
 appeared on the neighbouring heights, and the French monarch then de- 
 manded a conference, for the purpose, as he alleged, of putting an end to 
 the differences between Henry and his sons— differences, it should never 
 be forgotten, which Louis had himself done his utmost to fan into a flame. 
 Henry, not for a moment suspecting Louis of any treacherous intention, 
 agreed to this proposal ; and Louis having thus beguiled him into abstain- 
 ing from forcible mterference on behalf of the brave garrison until the 
 'term agreed upon for the truce had completely expired, called upon Beau- 
 champ to make good his promise of surrender, on pain of being held man 
 sworn ; and then, having set fire to Verneuil, set his army on the retreat 
 from before it, and Henry fell upon the rear, which lost many both in 
 killed and prisoners. 
 
 The barons of Brittany, headed by Ralph do Fougeres and the earl ol 
 Chester, were encountered by the king's troops near Dol, and defeated 
 with the loss of fifteen hundred in killed, besides an immense number of 
 wounded and prisoners. The leaders with their diminished forces took 
 shelter in Dol, but Henry besieged the place so vigorously, that they were 
 speedily compelled to surrender. 
 
 Instead of being seduced by his successes into any- inveteracy of pur- 
 pose against his enemies, Henry once more agreed to treat with the chiel 
 of them, Louis of France. A meeting accordingly took place between 
 the twO%ionarch8, the three young princes, to their infinite discredit, prom- 
 inently appearing in the retinue of their father's enemy. As their outra- 
 geous demands were in fact the main cause of dispute between the two 
 monarchs, Henry addressed himself to those demands, and made his sons 
 offers far more liberal than became him to offeror them to accept ; but tho 
 peaceable purpose of this memorable meeting was wholly frustrated by 
 the earl of Liecester, who, probably at the secret instigation of Louis, be- 
 haved with such open insolence to Henry, that the meeting was broken 
 up without any conclusion being arrived at. 
 
 Though Henry had been so successful on the continent in repressing "if 
 enemies and in upholding his authority, it was in ni small danarer in Enp 
 iund ; for, Prince Henry having agreed to resign Dover and the othc 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 227 
 
 strongholds of Kent into the hands nf fho «....! r t^i . . 
 
 little of pure public spirit among the ^Si ir^""'""' '^^'^ ^" «« 
 federacy was formed to aid Tthfs schemf wW 't*^ * TaT ^'^'fnsive con- 
 milder name than that of a naSonal sSrid^ nT"f ** ^^""^ l'**"^'^ "« 
 Henry and his kingdom, while the lav nohl 5"' Jprtunatelv for both 
 thus hostile or indifferentTe was ii^^Lnrt nr"** the.r depen/ants were 
 
 this period, to which. prSablyrheKlvowed"L7^^^^ clergy just at 
 ruined. ^ •'' ™a'niy owed it that he was not utterly 
 
 ta.l!otce^tguS„::'onh"Sm''^^^^^ "'^^ *"« ^'^^^ «"<i >'"Por- 
 
 period,both bvhisloX,ndh&Su^^^^^ disUnguished himself at ?his 
 submission oAhe king of Sind whn L^?VuP^"*''' ^"'^ ^^^'^'n^d the 
 Northumberland; anf inmediS^tpr t • 5'' '^''^^'"'^ ^^"P' 'n'° 
 led his victorious troop ™sZtSfnoni.^^r *^> fi^"^'* ««'^ice. 
 
 ings who had landed on the colt of SnK ^ J" ^^P^^or force of Flem- 
 very heart of the kingdom l^the action wh'."/?! thence marched into the 
 consisting for the most part of hastuTraised and^m!?'^? f-^^T^ '■°'««' 
 were routed almost at the first chSof n- i ,'":^*^?'P''"«<* a«izans, 
 and nearly ten thousand were shin nrm,% ^""^^^ disciplined followers 
 ter himself being among tile Tatter Pnsoners, the earl of Leices- 
 
 heartless sons and their aE. The eari of pJrrPr '"'"S""" ^^ /*»" ''*"g'« 
 friends of the earls of Leicester and Ohll, "^^^ ^'''^ ^^^^i^^ powerful 
 their king; the earls of CkreLfdoS.f.lt' "^""^ ^'P^"'^ '" arms against 
 being prepared to take tlie same ^oS,?''^^;^''!'^ '"^°"8^'y suspected of 
 ly aHowed the term to expire durinrwhVh"hi'lf 5'"^ °^ ^"«"^"^ scarce- 
 peace, ere he invaded thSheriiLSril nfF^' t"S^«8^«d '» keep the 
 eighty thousand men who rommiM^TVi! °^ England with a force of 
 
 spoliation. In thiTs?ate of tSs^Henri^LT' ^"T" ^"^ ^'^'^"^ive 
 ritories into a state of coLarS «P.^f,^; ^T^'"F P"^ *"« continental ter- 
 try the effect upon his eTmTe^Thirpera prlZce '^^ '' ^"^'^"' '' 
 4'l?tT£s%^u%^^ «pon the prin- 
 
 he hastened to the dtrof'Canferbnrv Huf/"" -f '^ ** Southampton than 
 quitted his horse and walkedTarSte^to ,^^^^ 't '^^'' V't' ^"'^'"^ '^^'^^ 
 Thomas k Becket, who in liYe had P^nin k-® "''""^ °'^'''»* now-sainted 
 danger. Havinc nrostraJod himcfif kT'^ 'l'"' '° '""«h annoyance and 
 monies of the K ?o J^asse Sed I'r^!^' '^""'i-l^ "^'^^ ^^"^^'J tHe 
 mitted his bare shoulda-s to the scon rJl' »^^"l^ "'^•^'^ garments, sub- 
 it not give us of that^e to reflecUhafrhi«^ "^ humiliating an idea does 
 haps, the most polite that Henrf could h^v.^T^^^ ".""^"''^ ^^««' P^'' 
 object he then had in view-tKo„ci iati^^^ '? ^'''''^'.^ '^." &^««t 
 
 ranks of his subjects-for amoL aH ranlr„o» ! ^e^lous good-will of all 
 superstition thei had a mySJus and a m VK?''P^'"^ ^'^^ '^'■y '^'S'-est. 
 Pleted all the degrading ceSoni"als that thT'^^.P''^^'*- H^^in^ com: 
 sfintial to the finll andVomp^e rtoSc 1 ation of ,h ^^ '" «°"«ider es- 
 absolution was solemnly ffiven to Hpm- 1 i Z^ 'l*^ ^'"^ '» *''« «aint, 
 News shortly after aTri/ed^of a ire^ vTcIorv Jhil^H 'P'*^'"'^ ^""^ ^«"'^«»' 
 
 hS^rnwiltf t^'iV^^^^^^^^^^^ ^--als. still showod 
 
 wasting the northern provinces of vZllf ^^ ^.f eeaWe employment of 
 diBturbed in its ravenfnrfLasrhi »,iif i"^' """l^ hke a half-gorged vulture 
 ramn =,t 4H "i-i. :!'"?-^ A®""'. "«. 8t"|l lingered near. Havmo fnrmo,! „ 
 -. - Alnv„ .. „, ,,„„nun-.Deriand, he sent out numerous detachment^ 
 
 '>«■* 
 
 r ■ -X 
 
 .r i'l 
 
32^ 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 in q\teBt Sf spoil. However favourable this course might be to he cupid 
 Uy, it greatly 'Weakened liim in a military point of view ; and Glanville, 
 the celebrated lawyer, who at this time was a very principal leader and 
 support of the English army, havii:g obtained exact information of Wil- 
 liam's situation, resolved to make a bold attempt to surprise him. Aftei 
 a fatiguing march to Newcastle, he barely allowed his troops time for hasty 
 refreshment, of vhich both man and horse stood in dire need, and ther 
 set out on a forced night-march to Alnwick, a distance of upwards of thirty 
 miles, where he arrived very early in the morning of the 15th of July, 
 and, fortunately, under cover of a genuine Scotch mist, so dense as to 
 
 [>revent his approach from being observed. Though, after making all al- 
 owance for the detachments which William had sent out, Glanville felt 
 that he was far inferior in force to the Scots, he gallantly gave his troops 
 the order to charge. So completely secure had William felt from any such 
 attack, that it was not until English banners flew and English blades flashed 
 in his very camp, that he dreamed of any hostile foroe being within many 
 miles of him. In the furious scence that ensued he behaved with great 
 personal gallantry, boldly charging upon the serried ranks of the English 
 with only a hundred of his immediate followers. But his negligence as a 
 commander had produced a state of disadvantage which was not to be 
 remedied by any valour, however great. This little band was speedily 
 dispersed, and he, being fairly ridden down, was made prisoner. The news 
 of his capture speedily spread among his troops, whose cunfutiion was 
 thus rendered too complete to allow of their leaders rallying them; and 
 they hastily retreated over the borders, fighting among themselves so fu- 
 riously during their retreat, that they are said to have actually lost more 
 in killed and wounded by Scottish than by English swords. 
 
 This defeat of the Scotch, and the capture of William, upon whom 
 the English rebels had so mainly depended for diversion of their kind's 
 ■trength, as well as for more direct assistance, left these latter no safe 
 course but submission ; and that course, accordingly, w<is speedily followed 
 by all ranks among them. The clergy with their usual self-complacency 
 attributed all this success to the submission which they had induced the 
 king to make to Becket ; and Henrv, well knowing how much more power 
 superstition had over tlie minds of his subjects than any political or even 
 moral consideratiouH, however clear or important, astutely aflfected to be- 
 lieve all that they affirmed, and by every means endeavoured to propagate 
 the like belief among his subjects. 
 
 Meantime the serpent of revolt was on the continent, "scotched not kil- 
 led ;" the young prmce Henry, with a perseverance worthy of a better 
 cause, having in spite of all his father's triumphs persisted in carrying on 
 his rebellious designs lie and the earl of Flanders had assembled a largo 
 army, with which they were preparing to embark nt (Jravolines ; but when 
 they heard of the signal defeat which King Henry's troops had inflicted 
 upon the Flemings they laid aside their intention of invading England, and 
 proceeded to join their force to that of the king of France, who was be- 
 •ieging Houen, in Normandy. 
 
 The people of Rouen, who were much attached to King Ileniy, and 
 proportionally fearful of falling under the ruin of Louis, defended the place 
 with so much courage and succesi^, that Louis deemed it necossiiry to 
 have recourse to a stratiigetn tliut did far more credit to his ingenuity than 
 fo his honour. The festival of St. Laurence occurrinjr just at that time, 
 he proclaimed, under pretence of u pious desire to keep it with due solemn- 
 ity, a cessation of arms. This was agreed to on the part of the uniua- 
 pecting citizens ; and liOuis, hoping to surprise thorn, immediately made 
 preparations for the attack. It (^lianccd that while all in the French camp 
 were in motion, some priests of Itouon had mounted to a steeple to ovoi- 
 
 ... . i '. .. £;■„ ■„•■■ • ' • • -^ - iii' 
 
 dB9S ii| iiiutuiy iiOiti bunw5iiy< oiiuCK Wliii • uvmivS 0« uuiiiC iVtai iCuUU-^' 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 229 
 
 to the renewal of heir attack SifwLn **»'0"^n oP®"' ^"^'^ **>«"» 
 .nc. Henry readily fcll Into ?he .„»i^ .n??' '^"" i'™??'"' ' """f''- 
 
 which h. thS gainei ,r:°.iteK:'y';r&r '■'' ""■ '"'"'"' 
 
 Having thus secured his army, however I n.,i« ZlTi' .u- .■ 
 nearly as anxious as Henry for a termSon nf tC^-^^ *"" '""® ^" 
 a meeting, which accordinJlv took dE n^iV^^^^ ^^freed to 
 
 and peace was concluded on te?mJ^f«r ^Z)^ ""T^ ^^'^ "^ ^o""' 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE BKION or HENR» II. (cONCtUDRD). 
 
 eommo"L*;;rt''rbirg'rdefate L"T™L^^^^^^^ «till further and more un. 
 tions taken nearly a thousand ShtsnKTrs^'nH S' ^"^ '" ^^^«"« *°- 
 without ransom, though the So\T7Z\l n 'l'' '"''^ '''""■'^'«'* 
 contrary conduct without the sKhtn^r PL .^® "^""i'' ^*''*' warranted 
 or his generosity. T^ Wi lam of ^ "^ ^''^«'" ^is honour 
 
 that monarch fuuV warranted ho bel.avrJwl '''" '"'P'*''! ''"'"''y °' 
 of his release William was irdtnnl^l."'T f'^''"'"- ^» ''•^ P"°« 
 tories to Henry, to SaTe t»m 1h« Ui^J ' *^'^u' '"""«»« '"«'■ ^'' ^e*-"- 
 .hould also do^homagefa^n'd ti^at thev sho .hi Z^ ^''r'f ^'^ '^'"^''"'n 
 of England even against Uiern„»il«n.i '"^?'; '" ""^^ «'''f' "•« >«'"? 
 performance of this Zrorm'? ' "" ■ "l^L"" '"«"''''>' <■««• »''« 
 
 namely, Edinburgh Sifrlinr.Vi"n P.^'^^'iP^' ^'^°"'«'» fortresses, 
 be placed i. the h;,So"^Ci^^Tn;v^^ '"'"'''''• T^ "^^'^''"'•g^ «''»"l'i 
 
 agrLmont had been luly cSio "S. by the S^'coioVw '"""'"'."^ '"5 
 no nc ination to roltix fmm hVr „ A, . ^ ^ Scotch, Henry showed 
 
 him so muc'h an'no^t:^ ^7 "he n^tSre^Kity "' P^^^^'" '"^^*"^«" 
 rcqiiir(!d that Horwjrk an.! ttoxhi rJh Jlo .1 """'V' Contrariwise, he now 
 «"! that ho shot, d for J^ive^ Z retai L^.f.'.? " TJl ^T «L'"»''"'«r, 
 llio oageriiess with which W I «« \Zl?u ■ 7,'"" «f KJmbnrgh. Tlius 
 Henr/ended in thr/atrp itj obtum^."'the JJ.Vl"!''»vo''r to crush 
 k.„g/om which was ever ohc'iiS b^air'a sh m" crt "'P' "''' ""^ 
 
 procuU' m-^Sd^n^affi^s'':^^^ '''' ^'^'-'^ "»^ 
 
 111"! til.' most flairranllv bu.r«n.-^ T ' ' ngmmi those crimes which 
 
 k-y, .nd'„:,'!,r"!',r whTnT^;s'f";r.r« :;'".'' i: ""■ '"t 
 
 «lth ,„ V l" "e Vuor Z; Z,'"E,'r,"' '" "''r' ""• I" I"'' '» 'I"" 
 
1 
 
 280 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 others he gave very plain proofs that he possessed both understanding and 
 good feeling far in advance of his age. In the case, for instance, of the 
 absurd trial bv battle, which disgraced the statute-book even so lately as 
 the reign of Gfeorge III., Henry, though the time was not ripe for its com- 
 plete abolition, enacted that either of the parties might phallenge in its 
 etead a trial by a jury of twelve freeholders. 
 
 To make the administration of justice more certain, with a view both to 
 repressing crime and to protect the community against the oppressions ot 
 the nobles, Henry divided England into four great circuits, to be traversed 
 by itinerant justices selected from among those prelates and lay nobles 
 most remarkable for learning and their love of justice. He also made 
 some very useful regulations with a view to a defence of the kingdom, 
 each man being; obliged to arm himself according to his rank. 
 
 While the king was thus wisely employing his leisure, his sons were 
 meditating further annoyance to him. Prince Henry renewed his demand 
 for the complete resignation of Normandy, and on receiving a refusal pro- 
 ceeded to the court of France with his queen with the evident design of 
 renewing his hostilities against his too indulgent father. But Philip, who 
 had just succeeded to Louis on the throne of France, was not just now 
 prepared for war against so powerful a king as Henry, and the young 
 prince was therefore once more obliged to make his submission to his 
 muCh-enduring sovereign and parent. Prince Henry and Geofl'rey now 
 became engaged in a feudal strife with their brother, Prince Richard. 
 The king, with his usual anxiety for the welfare of these most turbulent 
 and undutiful princes, interfered to restore peace among tiiem, but hiid 
 prarcely succeeded in doing so when he once more found Prince Henry 
 arrayed against him. 
 
 A. D. 1183.— To what end the shameful conspiracies of this incorrigible 
 and ungrateful prince would at length have arrived it is difficult to judge, 
 though we may but too reasonably presume that his real aim was tlio 
 actual deposition of his father. But fhe career of the prince now drew to 
 an end. He had retired to the castle of Martel, near Turenne, to mature 
 his schemes, and was there seized vvith a fever. Finding himself in 
 danger, he seat to entreat that his father would visit him and personally 
 iissure him of forgiveness. But the king, though not less aff"ectionate 
 tliim of yore, had received so many proofs of his son's perHiy, that he 
 fesircd to trust himself in his hands. The prince died on tim Htn of Juur; 
 and the king, who fainted on hearing the news, bitterly, but surely most 
 unjustly, reproached himself with hardheartedncss in having refused i.t 
 visit him. 
 
 Prince Henry, who died in the twenty-eighth year of his ago, tliou|{n 
 married, left no children. The Prince Richard, therefore, now lilled liip 
 important situation of heir to the Knglish throne ; and the king prunoscd 
 that, in this altered state of things. Prince John, who was his fa- 
 vourite son, should inherit (Juienne. But Richard, unmindful of the griof 
 which his father was already (Muluring, not merely refused to consent to 
 this arrangement, but proceedod to put ilnit duchy into a condition to 
 make war a^fninsthis brother (JeofTrey, who was in possession of Brittany, 
 and to resist, if needful, the king himself. Well knownig how much nioro 
 influence KIcanor had over their sons than he had, the king sent for her, 
 and «s she was the actual heiress of (iuienne, Richard, so inulutiful to- 
 wards his father, at once delivered the duchy up to her. 
 
 A. n. 1185. — Sfarcely had Richard become reconciled to liis father, 
 when Oeoirrey, being refuged Anju-j, of which he had demanded the an- 
 nexation to his duchy of Brittany, levied troops and declared war againil 
 his father; but before this unnatiral pri.ice could do aiiy considerable 
 portion of the mischief which hi' ol^vioiisly intended, he wan slain ncci. 
 dentally by one of hit opponent^* at a touriunncnt. His pusthnmuut sou 
 
HISTOKif OP THE WORLD. - 231 
 
 who was christened Arthur, was invested with the duchy of Brittanv bv 
 Kinsf Henry, who also constituted himself ffuardian nf »h« u . .hr .1 "^ ^ 
 T^^ attention of both Henry and Ms rSvT pt p i 'prCe wa^^^^^^^ 
 called from their personal diffeiences to a new crusadk win" h RomeTaS 
 now anxious that the European sovereigns should engagT in SaSdin ^ 
 gallant and generous-spirited prince, but no less a determined opnonen? of 
 the cross, having seated himself on the throne of Egypt/boldlJBer^ook 
 ihe task of expelhng the Christians from the Holy Land HisVbiect was 
 greatly favoured bv the folly of the Christian leaders who inSd of 
 uniting to oppose the Infidels, were perpetually at Stv amon!- rhlm 
 selves To this general folly trea8on\vas afi and t Jl c^ouiTof^lS" 
 who had the command of the Christian forces on the fronS perfidioSslv 
 allowed Saladm to advance, and deserted to him at Sriad whe e thJ 
 soldan was completely victorious, the long tottering kinS' ?%?»«« 
 lem being comp ete^y overturned, and theLly city itsXaSured ThJ 
 
 p'ilt'^d^'i.f the" HoirLtVn'fr' ' "'' "'""'»"'» theXSnsrad 
 possBBsea in ine Moly Land nothing now remained tn fhom hi.f « i-„.. 
 
 petty towns upon the coast. So 80o?i and so ea ily was that territorv 
 
 ost which It had cost the warrior-hosts of Chriatendorso much b 00/ 
 
 treasure and t.me to conquer from the infidels of an earHer geTieratiS ^' 
 
 A. D. 1188.— Ihe intelligence of this triumph of the crescent nrod .cerl « 
 
 general and profound grief in Europe. Pope Urban III ac'ujy s Sed 
 
 and died from sorrow at the calamity, and his successor, Greiorv VIH 
 
 bestowed nearly all his attention during his short reign upon the neces 
 
 sary ^preparations for attempting, at tL least, the rlcoI!q"uest of Z 
 
 Henry of England and Philip of France, as by far the most nnw«rfn 
 monarchs m Europe, wv.re naturally appea ed to by Rome an 1 wml™ 
 archbishop of Tyro, caused them to haSe a n^eting^u S^s"'^ ^ ' £ 
 cnption of the sufferings of the Christians in the East, and L eliJueni 
 appeal to the love of military glory, which after siinnrs itimV l^if 
 most powerful passion of botf Liihs Lnd private En tmta«e so 
 wrought upon both princes, that they at once assumed tl cross and rom 
 menced tlie necessary nreparations. "'"" 
 
 MA.t ^]^^-~A^ ^^^ ^^f'^y^ notwithstanding the zeal of the papal court 
 did not show their usual alacrity in aiding the new enterprise eitiierwilh 
 money or e oquence some delay and difficulty wore exp^r oSced b^ b^ h 
 k ngs m obtaining the necessary supphes, and in the mJanth e new quir 
 rnls sprang up between them. Philip, always jealous of II" nrv's «^ ne 
 rionty. found that king's son, Prince Richard fuMv -is ;.rn!l.S ... T 
 nrono to .iisloyal and u^.Iutifui conduct ai I si.SedhSroi,rvhJ^^ 
 
 Zl'li'i'Tln w^'.f'^ "" r*l?'""''y '? P«""»ding him that ho warnoroT^uor 
 ested in the welfare of Frnnce than in that of the kiiiKdom over w i, lu, 
 was one day to rule In a few words, Hinhard Ts^.Z Snb 1 a d 
 hot-headed dupe, and Philip the resolved and wily dec "iver Ph I n dn 
 ».rous <.f a cause for .juarrol with Henry, and yet u mi hfi to 1' he 
 rtmgraco which could not but attach to one crnaader wIsUi.w thorn 
 strong provocation make war up(.n another while Idlest ne yet ^S 
 .eneath hoyokoof the proud aiid bigoted pagaiVporsr/hHrRiS 
 
 As I hi ip had foreseen, Raymon.l, count of Toulouse, anpoalcd to I im fm 
 Rupport as super or lord ; and with as much gravitJ i , lg| h. , ' h^, 
 rtrst heard of Richard's achiovoinent, PhiliJ cmplunie.! to tie k „i n 
 !^g „„d of h.s son's infringement npoi. the rights and propr v 'a JIJ, 
 
 It Tr\?^ '*'■'?"'•"■ "'" "'"'•"'•'J' if >vicke,l or tlu, JKs enSh 
 to „ , nrtuko the evil mensuros against his own sovereign an riMiowal 
 not prii.lent en. Mgh to keep his own counsel; and if.Mirv wiV al I. ?o 
 reply to the hypocriUca! cympifli,.* af Phjjip. .i^y, "" ' '" IVy. ^"". >*'''« to 
 
 tj_i. 
 
 i is: 
 
 • tit^iiaiu MOU iHMt* 
 
 ■Lmni>-. 
 
98t 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 fessed to the archbishop of Dublin that it was at the extiress desire anj 
 personal suggestion of Philip himself that he had made his uiprovoked 
 attack upon the county of Toulouse. Far from being either asnamed or 
 dismayed by this discovery of his treacherous designs, Philip, on receiv- 
 ing Henry's reply, immediately invaded Berri and Auvergne, and did so 
 under the pretence of retaliating the injury to the count of Toulouse, which 
 It was so well known that he had himself caused to be done. Henry 
 now thoroughly provoked as Philip himself could have desired him to be! 
 crossed the French frontier, and, besides doing much other damaae 
 burned the town and fortress of Dreux. After much mutual injury and a 
 futile attempt at treaty, the two kings were at length induced once more 
 but in vain, to attempt to come to terms ; chiefly, however, as far as 
 Philip was concerned, by the refusal of some of his most powerful vassals 
 to serve any longer against Henry, whom, as well as their own sovereign 
 they desired to see combating for the redemption of Palestine. On 
 Henry's side the feeling was as much more sincere as it was less com- 
 pulsory ; but the terms proposed by Philip were so insidiously calculated 
 to work future evil to England, that Henry had no choice but to refuse 
 them. For, well aware as he was of the mischief which had accrued to 
 Henry in consequence of his having consented to the coronation of his 
 former heir, he demanded that the same honour should now be bestowed 
 upon Richard, and with this aggravation, that whereas Richard in the very 
 act which had produced this war had shown how ready he was to do 
 aught that would injure and annoy his father, Philip demanded hii, being 
 |)Uv ujto immediate possession of all the French possessions of his father, 
 and that his nuptials should forthwith be celebrated with Alice, Philip's 
 sister. In full expectation, as it sliould seem, that Henry's good sense 
 would dictate this refusal, Philip had caused Richard to agree that on re- 
 ceiving such a refusal he would immediately disclaim further uUegianre, 
 and do lioniage to Philip for all the Anglo-French possessions, as thoiieh 
 he had already and lawfully been invested with them. 
 
 The war accordingly recommenced as furiously as ever between the 
 two kings ; and Cardinal Aibano, the Pope's legate, despairing of ever 
 seeing the two powerful monarchs arrayed side by side against the In- 
 fidels while these quarrels existed between them, and looking upon tlie 
 unnatural conduct of Richard as a ciiief cause of them, pronounced sen- 
 tence of excommunication against him. The sentence foil innocuously 
 on his head, owing lo the lukewarmness of the clergy, and Richard hav- 
 ing formally received from Philip the investiture of Guier.ne, Normandy, 
 and Anjou, the nobles of those provinces sided with him in spite of the 
 declared will of Rome, and overran the territories of all who still main- 
 tained the cause of the king of England. 
 
 At Henry's reauesi. Cardinal Adagni, who had succeeded Aibano at 
 legate, threatened Philip with an interdict upon his dominions ; but Pliilip 
 Bcornfnlly replied, that it was no part of the papal duty to interfere in 
 the temporal quarrels of princes ; and Richard, who was present at tlie 
 interview, wont so far as to draw his sword upon the cardinal, and was 
 not without difficulty withheld from proceeding to still more outrageous 
 ind criminal lengths. 
 
 Mans, Ainboise, Chateau de Loire, and several other places were sue 
 cessivoiy taken by I'liilip and Richard, or treacherously delivered to them 
 by their governors. In this state of the war, when everything sreincd 
 (o threaten Henry with ruin, the archbishop of Rheims, the duke ol 
 Hurgundy, and the earl of Flanders stepped forwanl as mediators. In- 
 lolligcnce at the same time reached Henry that Tours, long menaced, 
 was at length taken; and, hard as were tho terms profwsed, he 
 ■aw nothing left for him but to agree to them. And hard those terms 
 .ndeed wore to a prince who hitherto had been ao much accustomed to 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 233. 
 
 enamoured of that prmceBs-md Sd^TJffll "'^* "^ 7^^ .'*™««'f 
 only for the Anglo-French dLintns t^S^S'SKS'i ^^ f^' Zl 
 the king of France should receive twenty thousand mfibLtoHfr ' k** 
 expenses in this war; that the baron7o PnaSl^ i^ k ^° '^^^'^^ ^^^ 
 I.Ten.7'« due performance o his rmrJin hi! t?ia^v and lhn.!if '"^"'^^ '^"^ 
 to join their forces with those of Ilidld th^kfn,? n?^'*^ ""^^^ 
 event of his breaking liia en™ men t and that «l?„n^^ ^^ frmce m the 
 who had sided with L sonSid b"e'hdd ha^mfei,'"' '""''^ '^" ^^««^^« 
 
 H. .ickened on Ihs in...„T.nd K°„° ru^Tn his S^alli ttXt 
 chadren a solemn cn„e, »hi„h no entreaHa of ,hoTi«.d. who w^S 
 
 il ihT '"^Jf^"^ ^ '.V '" ^'"- "'hen he fain would rave Sen aToeice hi 
 
 att oZdraSc?:,,!;"' .^ 
 
 with actual murder, were overy-.lay occurrentil ^ Hn «larv Tas^ thi^ 
 
 " "r ^""t"!^ "* *^'f '^"'•'^'"""' «'"> ''^^"'•ity o he , fghl-hou bu^ 
 
 1 ''" r!?'"!'"? ^'''"^r"' ""'"«^ »'""•• «''»P» ^^re situ "ted n the Inos 
 
 tarkPd L 7k n, ^T M " '"''.'="" ""^ •'""«'" «"'' '='•■?" wealth was at- 
 
 iwon i, Ln?. ; * ?"'■'' '" " »"f"»i«"tial stone wall. Just as. 
 
 Ts 8«,v mt. ' "'"y.^f* '""•^V'f 8""^' "'«'•• enlranco, the citisten led on 
 
 ll b, r.l H r*""" "•«™' «»<» «» "'""tly defended his premises that hi. 
 
234 
 
 HI8T0RZ OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 ins rijlit hand cut off. This mini was subsequently taken prisjnor, nr.ii 
 as the loss he hud sustained rendered all denial of liis identity perfccllv 
 idle, he agreed, in order to save his own life, to give full information ol 
 uU who were concerned with him. Among the Bccom|)lices thus iianiDd 
 was a very wealthy citizen, who up to that time had been looked upon m 
 a person of the greatest probity. Denying the charge, he was tried bv 
 the ordeal and convicted. He then offered the large sum of five hundred 
 marks in commutation of his offence; but the king, rightly judging that 
 the rank and wealth of the offender only made the offence the more 
 shameful and unpardonable, sternly refused the money and ordered th(< 
 citizen felon to be hanged. 
 
 Unlike the other Norman princes, Menry II. was not so attached to 
 his game as to hold the lives of his subjects in utter contempt on its ac- 
 count. He greatly moderated the forest laws, whicli under his predeces. 
 Bors had been so fruitful a source of misery to the people, and puni.siied 
 infrnigemonts upon them, not by death or mutilation, but by fine or im- 
 pnsonment. 
 
 Thoutfh generally of a grave and dignified habit, this king was not des. 
 lUute of a certain dry humour. Thus Giraldus Cambrensis relates that 
 the prior and monks ol the monastery of St. Swithin made grievous com- 
 plaint to Henry of the rigour with which, as they alledged, thoy had 
 bo_Pii treated b^ the bishop of Winchester in the ordering of their diet 
 " Wo have but ten dishes allowed us now !" they exclaimed. " Hut ten '" 
 ■aid the king, " I have but three ! 'Tis the fitter number, rely upon ii 
 and I desire ihut you be confined to it henceforth." 
 
 Henry was survived by two legilimato sons, Richard and Jolin, and 
 three legitimate daughl«!rs, Maud, Eleanor, and Joan. He also left two 
 illegitimate sons, Uichiird, surnamed Longsword, and (Jeoffrey, who be 
 came archbishop of Y(»rk. Tlicse sons were born to him by UosHinond 
 daughter of Lord Clifford. Of all that romance, whether in its own 
 guise or in that of history, has said of this lady, nothing seems to be true 
 save that she was both fair and frail. Her bower at Woodstock, and the 
 pleasant choice offered to her by the Jealous Queen Eleanor, between the 
 nagger and the poisoned chalice, are mere inventions. 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE REION or RICHARD I. 
 
 k. D. 1189.— Thb partiality with which, even down to the present time 
 the character of Richard I. has been looked upon, is a striking proof how 
 far men can go in dispensing with other good qualities, in favour of iiiiii 
 who is abundantly endowed with the mere animal quality of courage. 
 The shameful ingratitude, amounting to actual barbarity, with wliich this 
 prince treated his only too-indulgeiit father, and even the hot-headed self- 
 ishness with which he preferred warring abroad to bcnelicially and usefully 
 ruling at home, and made his realm a mere dejiAt for the men and inuiu- 
 lions requisite to the prosecution of iiis sirhemes of military ambition, arc 
 overlooked in consideration of his reckless daring and great exploits in 
 the battle-field. Until men are much better taught than they iiave e.wi 
 yet been as to the real value of courage and the precise limits within wliich 
 Its exercise is deserving of the homage now so indiscriminately paid to it, 
 grave and thoughtful writers will, we fear, labour but vainly towards 
 causing the loality of Richard's charaijter to Income visible tlmnigh llie 
 false but gorgeous halo with which the error of long centuries hassur. 
 rounded it. With this brief caution against too implicit a faith in the c» 
 existence of virtue and courage, we proceed to the roii^n of the most war- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD 28b 
 
 .hem witli marked disfavour, and contrariwise retainfl,! i^. .Lin ? *^° 
 ments those ministors who lad been lie Sf,,l S 1 "'^'r employ- 
 his father. He released his mother! QSeenEleaiorfro»?t&?.n^ "f 
 in which she remained at the death of Ilnnrv<mri» 
 of England to her till 1. X.ufd tfv" ^g'o e .Tt T 'S^^^^^ 'Ifh'iJ 
 brother John, too, ho showed the bt-ffim.iiin- »«■ 7h„. V person, lo his 
 tinue<l to him throughouMiis reiuif i of L f^roi"- which he con- 
 flagrantly proved his unworthinesi Th , .vn m K°^" «°»l'""«l'y ""d 
 m/rked l%n event whiclIsCd tlietttll^l? tf'tte aT ?o^rfr 
 
 and of course a prosperous and we luTyliyo ^^«^^^,J1^'''^"«''^ 
 
 the charge of caricaturing in hi? Trr biy gS ic Eac f ^^'sirvlo^^^^ 
 The necessities that ever wait minn nnti.rir. ,.. i . "'"^'**''^'^ "', »liylock. 
 
 born ami the powerfSr rLrsSnali^aeoS "tV '''"'"«''■ 
 
 should on no Account mike 2 J a ea i ice 7. n" '="'T"I'"" "'''y 
 
 
 1^'.,»' 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 rather to perish in the tortures of the flames than in those which tht) 
 knew would be adjudged to them by their enraged and bigoted enemies 
 As though this horrible tragedy had not sufficiently disgraced the nation 
 the gentry of York, most of whom were deeply indebted to the unhappj 
 Jews, added a characteristic trait of sordid dishonesty to the general horror, 
 by making before the altar of the cathedral a solemn burnt sacrifice of the 
 bonds in which they were confessed debtors. The detestation with which 
 we are inspired by this whole affair almost makes us add without regret 
 or pity, that long after the Jews were all either massacred or escaped, the 
 plundering of the rabble went on with equal zeal in the houses of men 
 who were not Jews, and who indignantly impressed that fact upon the 
 minds of the plunderers. Though the known hatred which the king bore 
 to the Jews was doubtless influential in encouraging the rabble to excess 
 on this occasion, it is certain that he gave no direct orders or encour* 
 agement to them. On the contrary, as soon as actual force had restored 
 comparative order in the country, Richard commissioned his chief justi- 
 ciary, the celebrated Glanville, to make the necessary inquiries and tc 
 punish as many as could be discovered of the original instigators of these 
 detestable enormities. But even partial inquiry showed that the rabble 
 were, with all their violence and grossness, by no means the most blame- 
 worthy party upon this occasion, and so many powerful and wealthy men 
 were found to be deeply implicated, that, after the punishment of a very 
 few persons, to vindicate the laws from the reproach of complete ineffi- 
 ciency, the inquiry was wholly laid aside. 
 
 Scarcely had Richard finished the ceremony of his coronation ere he 
 commenced his preparations for an expedition to Palestine. The distance 
 of that country made it impossible for him to rely upon England to furnish 
 him from time to time with the requisite supplies; his first care, therefore, 
 was to provide himself with such an amount of money as would place 
 him above any danger from want of means to provision his followers. 
 His father had left him above a hundred thousand marks— a very large 
 sum in that age — and, to add to that important treasure, the kin? 'esorted 
 to the sale not only of the manors and revenues of the crown, but even Oi 
 many offices, the nature of which rendered it especially important that 
 they should be held by pure hands. The office of sheriff, which con- 
 cerned bitth the administration of justice and the crown revenue, was thus 
 •old, as was the scarce less important office of forester; and at length, as 
 if to show that all considerations were trivial, in his judgment, when 
 compared to that of forwarding his favourite scheme, Richard openly and 
 shamefully sold the high office of chief justiciary— that office upon which 
 the liberties and properties of the whole nation were to a very considerable 
 extent dependant, to Hugh de Puzas, bishop of Durham, for a thousand 
 marks, this prelate being also, " for a consideration, invested for his own 
 life with the earldom of Northumberland." Completely reckless how he 
 obtained money, and really seeming to have no single thought to bestow 
 upon his country, except as a source of money, he next sold back to the 
 kmg Sf Scotland the Scottish fortresses which his wiser father had so 
 carefully guarded, and released William from all sign of vassalage beyond 
 the ordinary homaffe for lands held by him in England, the price of all 
 this advantage on the one side and disgraceful sacrifice on the other being 
 ten thousand marks. 
 
 Besides selling in this reckless way much in which he justly and le- 
 
 I rally held only a tfiere life-interest, he wearied all ranks of his subjects 
 or loans or gifts ; the distinction in words being, it will easily be believed, 
 the only distinction between the two ways of parting with their money 1 
 Th<> utmost having been done to raise money in these discreditable wsyoi 
 Richard next applied himself to selling pennission to n main at home to 
 Uiose who, after having taken the cross had, from whatever cause, bfr 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 237 
 
 jome lets enamoured of the task of combating the Infidels To dwell no 
 longev aon this disgraceful passage in our history, Richard, in bis anxiety 
 to raise money to aid hira m bis merely selfish pursuit of fame, showed 
 himself so reckless a salesman that his ministers ventured to remonstrate 
 OTthhim, and he, shamelessly exulting in his own want of principle and 
 
 ^™ M^K u' TflP !f '^' ^^^K^^ '''^^^^^ e^^'^y ««" his good citv of London, 
 could he but find a purchaser. ' ' 
 
 Wlrle Richard was thus making such great sacrifices. nominally for the 
 sake of the Christian cause m Palestine, but really for the sake of his 
 own .fierce vanity, of that peculiar quality to, which men have slavishly 
 agreed to give tne more sounding name of love of glory, his life and con- 
 versation were by ^o means of the most Christian pattern, and gave great 
 offence to those crusaders whose piety was sincere and practical, though 
 occasionally carried to the extreme of bigotry in feeling and of grimace 
 in manifestation. Fulke of NeuiUy, a zealous and eloquent preacher of 
 the crusade, preaching before Richard, boldly assured him that he had 
 three favour! e most dangerous daughters of whom it behoved him speedily 
 to od himself, namely, pride, avarice, and voluptuousness. "You are 
 quite right," replied Richard, " and I hereby give the first of them to the 
 Templars, the second to the Benedictines, and the third to my prelates." 
 
 Previous to departing for the east, Richard committed the administra- 
 tion of the government in England to Hugh, bishop of Durham, and Long- 
 champ, bishop of Ely ; but though he at first swore both his brother Prince 
 John and his natural brother GeoflTrey, archbishop of York, not even to 
 enter the kingdom during his absence, he subsequently withdrew thai 
 politic prohibition. Longchamp, the bishop of Ely, though of mean birth, 
 was a man of considerable talent and energy; and the better to enable 
 him to govern with effect, Richard, who had already made him chancelloi 
 of the kingdom, also procured him to be invested with the authority of 
 papal legate. ^ 
 
 While Richard and Philip had been engaged in preparing for the.r 
 eastern expedition, the Emperor Frederic had already led from Germany 
 and the neighbouring countries of the north, an army of 160,000 men, and 
 though the force of the Infidels ahd the intrigues of the court of the east- 
 em eaipire-which feared the western Christians nearly as much as it 
 did the Infidels themselves-caused him both great delay and a consider- 
 abe loss of men, he had already reached the frontiers of Syria, when, 
 bathing in the Cydnus, he was caused so violent an illness by the exces- 
 sive coldness of the water, that he very shortly afterwards died. His son 
 tonrad assumed the. command of the army, which, however, reached 
 Palestine reduced to about eight thousand men, and even of these many 
 were in a slate of pitiable weakness from the diseases incident to the di- 
 raate and season under which so many of their comrades had perished. 
 
 Pnuip and Henry perceiving how much mischief accrued from the 
 cutting off of such immense bodies of men from all chance of succoui 
 from hurope, resolved to equip fleets, not only for the purpose of carrying 
 over tncir armies and such stores of provisions as would inevitably be re- 
 qiiisi e, but also to form, as it were, a line of communication witii Europe 
 whether for supply or retreat. ^ 
 
 A.D. 1190 —And, indeed, when the forces of Richard and Philip met on 
 the plains of yezelav, on the frontiers of Burgundy, men the least aan- 
 K? '"[•■"»'".'»? to ""man prowess might have been i)ardoned for deem- 
 ingiiat that mighty host must be invim-ible by any power that the Infidels- 
 coi d muster against it. After all the necessary and cautious weeding by 
 wmt I the minor leaders had taken care, as far as possible, to have none 
 w(.iied among their troops save those who were strong of body and 
 masters of their weapons, this force amounted to more thuti a hundred 
 "»=«* -csi artnca, aDunaanuy proviaea lor, uiid uiiinaicd to tne 
 
 
 —nil III— III 
 
 nnpifrisflai 
 
 
 ^^^■BiBfc JIHilN 
 
 HmHwHIE^ ^^i 
 
 
 ^ffiinffll^ 
 
 BraralHMK^v ^^H 
 
 
 BJJHK'^ '^^SMSrolBfeK 
 
 Si ffi^BS^ f ^^1 
 
288 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 highest possible pitch of zeal by the double feeling of religious ardour and 
 military ambition. Richard and Philip pledged both themselves and the 
 other leaders of this mighty host to mutual faith and friendship in the 
 field ; and the two monarchs engaged thmr barons and prelates who re- 
 mamed at home, on oath, to refrain from any infringement of the respec- 
 tive kingdoms, and called down interdict and excommunication upon who- 
 soever should break this solemn engagement. This done, Philip marched 
 towards Genoa, and Richard towards Marseilles, where, respectively, they 
 had rendezvoused their fleets. Though they sailed from different ports, 
 they wei:e both, and nearly at the same time, tempest-driven into the 
 harbour of Messina, in which port they were detained during the whole 
 remainder of the year. 
 
 The adage which represents a long confinement on board ship as a pe 
 culiar test of temper^and touchstone of friendship, applies equally to all 
 cases of very close companionship. Brought thus long into daily con- 
 tact, these young princes, who were so well fitted to have been friends 
 under almost any other circumstances, were the more certain to disagree, 
 from their mutual possession, in a very high degree, of a haughty deter- 
 mination, ambition, courage, and obstinacy ; and as Philip was as cool 
 and reserved as Richard was passionate to the verge of frenzy, and can- 
 did to the verge of absolute folly, their disagreements were pretty sure to 
 tend chiefly to the advantage of Philip. 
 
 While residing at Messina, and settling some difference which both 
 kings, in some sort, had with Tancred, the reigning usurper of Sicily, 
 Richard, extremely jealous of the intentions of both prince and people, 
 established himself in a fort which commanded the harbour. A quarrel 
 was the consequence, and Richard's troops having chastised the Mossinese 
 for an attack which he rather guessed than had any proof that they medi- 
 tated, Richard had the English flag displayed in triumph on the walls ot 
 the city. Philip, who had previously done all that he could to accommo- 
 date matters, justly enough considered this display as being insulting to 
 him, and gave orders to some of his people to pull the standard down. 
 Richard, on the other hand, chose to treat this order as a personal insult 
 to him, and immediately sent word to PITilip that he had no objection to 
 lemovin^ the standard himself, but that no one else should toucli it, save 
 at mortal risk. Philip, who was too anxious for the aid of Richard when 
 they should arrive in the Holy Land to be willing to drive him to extrem- 
 ities, accepted the proposal with some cordiality ; but the quarrel, petty as 
 it was, left the seeds of dislike in the hearts of both princes. 
 
 A. D. 1191. — Tancred, the Sicilian usurper, deeming tiiat his own safety 
 would be promoted by whatever sowed discord between these two power- 
 ful princes, was guilty of a deception which in their mutual temper of 
 suspicion might have led even to fatal consequences. He showed to 
 Richard a letter which he stated he had received from the hands of the 
 duke of Burgundy. This letter, which purported to be written by Philip, 
 required Tancred to cause his troops suddenly to fall upon the English 
 troops, and promised that the French should aid him in the destruction of 
 the common enemy. Richard, with his usual fiery and unreflecting tem- 
 per, believed this clumsy fiction without examination, and being wholly 
 unable to dissemble his feelings, he at once told Philip what ha was 
 (sharged withal. Philip flatly denied the charge, branded the SicMian 
 usurper with his falsehood, and challenged him to support the atrocious 
 charge he had made ; and as Tancred was, of course, wholly unable to do 
 «o, Richard professed to be completely satisfied. As this attempt of Tan 
 cred and its near approach to success had warned each Philip and Richard 
 of the danger to which their friendship, so important to both their king- 
 doms and to the great cause in which they wer-* each engaged, was per- 
 petually liable from the arts of the enemies of eitht:'. they agreed to have a 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 $ 239 
 
 very much concerned in the matter ""'^ ^°"°"'" °'"P^'"P «^a« 
 
 RiclrrrhadTor/nlJ? Ixtl^ttt^f"^ opposition to his father, 
 permission to espouse Alfcrd^thtpr "}'"?«' .Possible anxiety fo/ 
 France, and the sister of thS PhUin wh« ^°""' ^^if '^'« l'*"? of 
 crusader. Alice, who long reside fi eZZT """^ '^l^^'^'^ ^^"o^v. 
 perhaps only scandalously rrnoSTn hi" k^^ was confidentlv, though 
 'mour' with Richard's oS father and rH^T ^TF"^ '" a'^criminal 
 ent report on that head, was fa? Indeed fmm h '• '^*'" .^"'ring the cur- 
 i8 a sure means of anuoyrng his ^1^^^^^ 
 
 mauding. Now that he wJs kino- iJ i^? ' ¥ ^^.^ "^"« perpetually de- 
 tionofLrryingAuLTbrhaJ !n fact mS^^'* ""^ ^r^' «»y '"'««- 
 Berengaria. "daughter of the king o? Na™Se ^aff w t ^"'' '^''.''«»i«f 
 princess to follow him under the protection of hUmn»h^^r^^''P^'=V!:^ *''** 
 Philip, probably suspecting or rnowlnrthl nt ^^'■' *^"^«" ^'«*"'>'-- 
 quired that RicLrd shoulfespouse Al cf low tS fh '"''"• ^°™^"y '^■ 
 any hostile father to oppose him m,f 'r?T ^ ^^^l^ ^^^ "" longer 
 proof that he was not actuated mpr^K K-^'"'* *"" '^'^ °'^^'*«*«" gave 
 bringing forward proof so Hear thSifrL^L*''' «on«l't"'ional levity, by 
 willing mind of Philip thu aTipp hVi »f1? conviction even to the uu 
 father: the late king of Eng atid To snA 1^ ^""^ ? ""^^^ '° ^'^^ard's 
 engagement no valid rep?y^ could be n ade «nnir'' 5''"'''*'"^ ""^ ^'»« 
 Holy Land, while Richard remaiLff Tm.' -^ ,^^'''P d^Parted for tho 
 
 S^aSa^^^^licftt^^SS^-^^^^ "^- "= 
 tyrannous bearing of an emperor tew S e wr^7'!l^ '" '"^^ «'^'« »"^ 
 instead of hospitably admSerhiff trrhP^l^?''^'' .""'^^ into prison, 
 barbarity so far as to preveiu th« 1 lill wants, and even carried his 
 sheltered in his pou of Esso Rm fhlf ' """"u^H" P^"'' ''•'«'" being 
 tyrant was only brief RS^rrwh^lnn^-'i'^'^P''- °V'l'« i"-conditioned 
 beat the tyrant before SissoIooVT.fnf'' '"'''Z^"^' '^"'^•^'^ his troops, 
 himself into prison, and e™ablis Prlni,f ^'^"^^ ^^ ''«'''"' ""-"w Isaac 
 places of the island.' A s^S^r Lour waf i^T miV\ "'/ '!"' P""'^'P'»' 
 conferred by Richard upon tie Hpfp.t«7i"^ '?'''^^' "'^''"^ severity 
 complained utterly of tKe^adalion of hp?„^ 7^'^?']%^ *y«"»- !«««« 
 efactor, with chains of ro^^ (Us seL of Sp/Jh^ r""^' 'l''^ ^ ^"'^^ '""•- 
 inaitedto the material of hiVfe Lrs and „ot !vfp"H°" ^^"l^ apparently 
 being fettered at all. Wit an in.Wor h,hu, ^'''f"^'"^ ^o 'he fact of l,is 
 onlyadmitted the justice o the cSSS b„?'^^^ "'''"''^ ""' 
 
 substantial silver fitters madelor Ss esp " iai'"so I' "'^ '" ''' "^ ''^'"^ 
 
 Ihem^Isaac^^S Ker. abLS wo nan 'T''^' ^'*'^«'""'' '^^ingS 
 conquest of Richard', hp^rt 1 "^,"'"^"' ^''ho was reported to have made 
 
 newVma^iedSbv nr"npn'f'"""^'"''rP'»"'«»'« ^^ given to his 
 
 old/^ighthood^iI^'Jsp^.^ y*' bTund^'lS/'on'T' *^''"^'"' '"''^"'"^^ «' 
 
 !SSSj;^S £r --^^-- An ii-tinS jirrK 
 
240 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD: 
 
 trenches and mounting to the assault of the place. But this good itelinf 
 between the two princes would probably not have endured very lone 
 even had there been no other cause for their disagreements but the warlike 
 superiority of Richard, whose headlong courage and great personal sfreneth 
 made him conspicuous in every attack. But to this latent and ever-rank- 
 Img cause of quarrel others were speedily added. 
 
 The first dispute that arose between the two kings to call into open 
 ight the real feelings which policy or courtesy had previously enabled 
 them to veil, originated in the claims of Guy de Lusignan, and Conrade 
 marquis of Montferrat, to the more showy than profitable title of king of 
 Jerusalem. De Lusignan sought and obtained the advocacy of Richard 
 and Philip ipso facto was induced to give the most strenuous support t( Con' 
 rade. Nor did the evil rest with giving the two monarchs a causeof open 
 and zealous opposition to each other. Their example was naturally fo|. 
 lowed by the other Christian leaders. The knights of the hospital of St 
 John, the Pisans, and Flemings, gave their voices and support to the side 
 embraced by Richard, while the Templars, the Germans, and the Genoese, 
 gave theirs to Philip ; and thus, while every circumstance of interest and 
 duty demanded the most cordial and unwavering unanimity among the 
 Christian princes and leaders, their camp was divided into two fierce parties, 
 almost as ready to turn their arm^ upon each other as upon the infidels 
 
 1 he distressed condition to which the infidels were already reduced 
 nowever, did not allow of their profiting, as they otherwise might have done! 
 by the Christian dissensions ; and they surrendered the long-contestet' 
 city, stipulating for the sparing of their lives, and agreeing, in return, tc 
 give up all the Christian prisoners, and the true Cross. The joy of the 
 Christian powers of Europe at this long-desired triumph was so raplurouc 
 as to make them unmindful of the fact, that, setting almost incaku. 
 lable treasure wholly out of consideration, this result had in the course 
 of a few years cost Christendom at least three hundred thousand of her 
 bravest lives. 
 
 After the surrender of Acre, Philip, disgusted probably at finding him- 
 self cast so much in the shade in a scene in which, and in which only 
 Richard was so well calculated to outshine him, departed for Eyrope on 
 the ground that the safely of his doniinions would not allow of his remain- 
 ing to take a part in what promised to be the very slow and difficult re- 
 capture of Jerusalem, which it was only reasonable to suppose would be 
 still more obstinately defended and more dearly purchased than Acre had 
 >een. But though on the plea that the weal of his kingdom and the state 
 of his own health would not allow of his own longer presence, ho guarded 
 nimself against the imputation of being wholly indiflerent to the Christian 
 cause, by leaving ten thousand of his best treops tp Richard, under the 
 command of the duke of Burgundy. And in order to allay the very natural 
 suspicions of Richard, lest he should make use of his presence in Europe 
 to do any wrong to the English power, h& solemnly made oath that he 
 would, on no pretence, make any attempt on the English dominions during 
 Richard's absence. But, so lightly were oaths held even by the hir'sly 
 born and the enlightened of that day, that scarcely had Philp landed in 
 Italy ere he had the mingled hardihood and meanness to apply to Pope 
 Celestine V. t(» absolve him from his oath. The pope, more just, refused 
 t» ?«■'*"«■ 't; but though Philip was thus prevented from the open hostility 
 which he had most dishonourably planned, he did not hesitate to avail him- 
 self to the utmost of every means to work evil to Richard, and oppor- 
 tunity was abundantly afforded him by the conduct of the ungrateful and 
 disloyal John, and the discord that reigned among the English nobility, 
 almost without an exception of any note. 
 
 It has already been mentioned that Richard on his departure for the 
 Holy Land had delegated the chief authority in England to Hugh, bishop 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ' 241 
 
 of Durham and earl of Northumhprlnn/i o.,j ? _ i. 
 The latter was not only fa"8unerfo to hf« l^u"^'''''''"P' '^'^'^^P »' Ely. 
 and experience in the am of' nSe but l,?'!"*"^ '" P°'"* °^ capacity 
 cious and violent spirit little bee oSa f hi 1 1"° possessed of an anda- 
 long left England ere he domSeeSsnfriJnfT^''"''"*: '^^^ ''*"« ^ad not 
 ifest itself, not only towards the nibfl''^^" " Longchamp begat, to man- 
 milder colleague in the gove nmenl H^vin^r^''''!,?"' ^'"" ^""^^ds his 
 ofcivil authority, the leeathieJSwprthnn"^' *" *'^''""'» '» his equality 
 10 be resisted ev^n bj^YpoweffTanri Ji-f'l- ^'y. '^V^^^'^^ous as not eas ly 
 Longchamp could no^ enTre o treatX meeVe"r ^hf T" ^T' P"^'«"' 
 anytl. ng more than his first suWect it fir^t h« m.n'f'°P "{..Durham as 
 superiority by petty means, whthwefe rather aro'^.'^tH ^'' '"''""« «' 
 hostile or mjurious; but finding himself unresisS^^^ ""*" positively 
 more violent, and at length went to the <HnSi • ' ^* ^'^^ '"'*'■« and 
 throwing his colleague in the government in.n5^^« "''''""'*«"' '«"«'h of 
 in^of him the surrenderof theSdo^ of K.f"'',"^'?^"'' ^"'^ demand- 
 paid for in solid cash. Th is toorpi^^^^^ ^hichhe had 
 lilarseilles on his way to the east -and thonahf ''•"ghad departed from 
 hearing of the dissension be^wee.Ahe two nr!j„ ^'^^'^'^'^'^u °» "'"hard 
 and perfect accord he so ma nirrpended for thl'^ "P''" ^''"^^ wisdom 
 dominions, he sent perempto /orSs for the eJrl E^ '"^ ^^'""'^ ""^ ^*« 
 champ had the consummate aLurance to efuSt ibe?^^ ^°"^- 
 mand, assuring the astounded nobles that he knew ?&..*'^ ,H'."«i« com- 
 wishes were directly opposed to his public orders? "'^ ^''"^ « ««"«' 
 
 ff/^nSS::^.^^ towards the 
 
 Richard, that he appointed rniLerSi nn fn^? /" consequence made to 
 concurrence LongSamp ?or trSre Ts « jct v" fo n! "''''""' ^^ose 
 any important public business. But his vast aSit?«-T".''' '?"«^'^"» 
 his daring and peremptory temoer HVtPr«.Vi l.f .i '^ *" ^^^^*«'' ^'Wed to 
 cillors from venturing to prorc7;hei^Srsl''T\""™ «« '"'' ««"" 
 U€d to display the magni/:^cer,ce and to eSse ?hP nn'''™' ?'' *'" *=«"'"'- 
 sovereign of the realm, exercise the power of an absolute 
 
 devoured their revenue for yaars to con e the hh^h h "^'^ f '^ ^ residence 
 complKined of the more tH^u, kingirhLeur of n,^^ i'''"'!'"^'"''^^''°™n« 
 whole nation, in short, was discontented bS /hi « Z""''^"''" "'«" ' the 
 opposition was made by one whose SSon^li.. ^?' •°''^" «"^ ^^^^^''t 
 not too great courage^ho prinSe JoE^ "'' '^^'"''''^''^^ ^vas certainly 
 
 •"oved Jofln, but he cSuld ToTeSdure th it A- ?..' T"^,^. T' « J«' have 
 8 ade and contempt by this overbearing "jrl-lt^^^^^^^^ thrown i^to 
 
 of policy strangely at variance with hif nn i i . ^ ® J.?.*'®'"' ^nh a want 
 a lowed himself to be gu Uv of DersonHlIv h-"^'?'^ •^'""'y' ""Prudently 
 
 hat affront, conceived a.fmfgnLtfoiwhi^^L^illSH^'"^ i"^"' "•''°' "P°« 
 his brother, and all the ininrl nfli^.Vi . ■ ^ disobedience shown to 
 
 faithful subjecrs, a?SeS^ iiffice^ brother's best and mos 
 
 "1 of prelates and nobles to m"e him 1. K T' «« «""'nioned a com.. 
 p>ngcl.amp to appear SrarcLKi?«f'''',^' 1" «/'^'^«''irc, and cited 
 '00 late of the danger's eieiS hi tnHn/""^";'^^ ^"'"« ^''en it was 
 of his authority, the preL^e "'^'ad nf Lr'"'''^^? *''« "'»nton abuse 
 
 had wielded his authority had Inff him o-? r' "1, *^^ manner .n which lit- 
 hat he soon found that he wa« 1 ?f ^^'^ •"''.'"^•^ lukewarm friends! 
 O-'SUiaing himseff irfcmale anDarel h/''""/" ''!!'^ ''''""S ^^'-'ress, and 
 *here he was sure S i^r»l"5?„Y -"-•"—*"'• ^ ■''' ««""P« '« *>«" " 
 i-ifl '""^ .-vcjjijuu ai ;ne naadii of Philip. He 
 
 il 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 was now in form deprived of the high civil oflSces which by his flight he 
 had virtually surrendered; and the archbishop of Rouen, who had a high 
 reputation for both talent and prudence, was made chancellor and justicia- 
 ry in his stead. As Longchamp, however, held the legatine power, ol 
 which no civil authorities could deprive him, he still had abundant means, 
 which he lost no opportunity of using, to aid the insidious endeavours of 
 Philip to disturb the peace of England and mjure the absent Richard. 
 
 A. D. 1192.— Philip's neighbourhood to Richard's French dominions .held 
 out an opportunity far too templing to be resisted for invading them, 
 which he was on the point of openly doing when he found himself prp. 
 vented in his treacherous schemes by the almost general refusal of hjp 
 nobles to aid him in so unjust an enterprise against the territories of 8 
 prince who was gloriously— though anything but prudently— periling life 
 and limb in the distant wars of the cross. Philip was discouraged, more' 
 over, in this part of his dishonorable plan by the pope, who, especially 
 constituting nimself the gnardian of the rights of all princes engaged in 
 the crusade, threatened Pnilip with the terrors of an interdict, should he 
 venture to persist in attacking the territority of hia far worthier brother, 
 sovereign and fellow crusader. 
 
 But though obstacles so formidable rendered it impossible for him to 
 
 Eersist in this open course of injustice, save at the hazard of destruction to 
 imself, he resolved to work secretly to the same end. Thoroughly un- 
 derstanding the dishonourable character of John, he made overtures lo ll.u 
 base and weak prince ; offered him in marriage that princess Alice whoHe 
 blotted character had caused her to be refused by the usually imprudent 
 and facile Richard, and gave him assurance of investiture in all the French 
 possessions of Richard, upon condition of his taking the risk of invading 
 them. John, whose whole conduct through life showed him to be des- 
 titute of all feelings of faith or gratitude, was in no wise startled by the 
 atrocity that was proposed to him, and was in the act of commencing 
 preparations for putting it into execution when Queen Kleauor, more jeal- 
 ous of the kingly ri^g^hts of her absent son than she had formerly showed 
 herself of those of her husband, interposed her own authority, and caused 
 the council and nobies of England to interpose theirs, so eflectually, thai 
 John's fears overcame even his cupidity, and he abandoned a project whicli 
 nr -.e hut a wholly debased mind would ever have entertained. 
 
 While those thmgs were passing in Europe, the high-spirited but unwise 
 Richard was gathering laurels in Asia, and unconsciously arcumi>lutini> 
 upon hia head a terrible load of future suflcring ; and an occurence 
 which just now took place in that distant scene was, with an oxocra- 
 ble ingenuity, seized upon by Pliilip to calumniate in Europe tlie absent 
 rival, each new exploit of whom added to the pangs of iiisever-ui;liinK envy. 
 There was in Asia a mountain prince, known to Europeans by the title 
 of the "Old Man of the Mountain," who had ohtuiufd so absolute a power 
 over the excessively suporHtitiuus minds of his subjects, that, at a word oi 
 R sign from him, any one of them would put himself to death with the 
 unmurmuring and even cheerful compliance of a man in the porfurmancH 
 of some high and indefensible religious duty. To die at the order "flheii 
 despotic prmce was, in the belief of iliese unlettered and credulous beings. 
 to aecure a cenain and instant introduction to the ineffable delights ot 
 paradise ; and to die thus was consequently not shunned or dreaded as nn 
 evil, but courted as the supremest possible good fortune. It will readily 
 be uiiderRlood that a race of men educated to commit suicide at the word 
 of command, W(»uld be found no h^sa docile lo their despot's orders in the 
 miller of murder. The euro with which they were instructed in the iiri 
 of disguising tiieir designs, and the contemnt in which they held the 
 mortal oonsequencea of their being diacovercd, rendered it certain death 
 iw i|iv« i'ucn oiieriCu to thin if'riiolf poi^ntfitc of & potty tsniioiy bs iuigm 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 243 
 
 mfluce him to ^»patch his emissaries upon their sanguinary errand Con 
 rad, marquis of Montferrat, who seems to have posseiseZa Sderab - 
 genius for quarrelhng, was unfortunate enough to eivedeeD offflnrl toTh: 
 Old Man of the Mountain, who immediatel/fssue? agaS hfm hTs Sfor 
 
 Sect ^kr^n Tv'Zrr!,?' ^^^^^^ ^ ofthfiiS'is de'voS 
 suDjecis, K"own Dy the name of assassins— whch name their oracticp* 
 > have caused to be applied to murderers-rushed upon Conrad wlfleLur 
 njuiKied by his guards, and mortally wounded him. 
 
 to put the cause of Conrad's death beyond alUeemiSHossibiliW of mT. 
 take, the two assassins, who were aai7«H pnH «;.;♦§ possibility of mis- 
 cruel tortures, boasted ^^ur^ng"^ei^iyiflg"';UiU 'thaTlhV;'"^^^ 
 performance of their duty to their DrnicP Rn/^L^- '"«/ ''•e^ '» 'he 
 
 Lded wholly to disregU ilMhrSumi^^^^^^ 
 trumpet-tongued to the truth, and loudly protested his bo ief n the tt 
 murder of Conrad having been committed by order of Richard the forme 
 opponent of the marquis ; and affecting to imagine tharhis perscn waTin 
 danger pf at ack by assassins, this accomplishid hypocri e ostentatSJ, Iv 
 surrounded hiinse f w th a bodv-ffuard Thi« «u . j,„., osientiuously 
 .. bo believed by any o«, "ZTl eLTiotlZ'L'mJ:: TZZ 
 
 The valour and conduct of Richard and the other Christian leadt-rs vant 
 
 H^l ? t ™/i'Zm'''^'""'' ""' counterbalance thSensron?;hich 
 sprang up among them. An immense host of Infidels under Sala.lin «,»« 
 
 ly anu obstinately declared his intention of mmediatelv rfitm-nin,r L V" . 
 rope; the German and Italian companies foired the ov rraZle ihu"; ' 
 
 il Li '.u V '*"""*' *"" ^' ""stmn pi gr ms were to nrocpp.l in 
 
 rK,^stEzK^c:^rrb:3i 3i 
 
 ^i.oove,«i ., piiM through; ft;:nua;;v:="i;ri';enm;t':,7^uirSci'',i^^ ''s; 
 
244 
 
 HISTORY OF THE TiTORLD. 
 
 HOtne suspicions of tiie governor of Istria, he was so impruaeutly lavish nt 
 his money during his short 8ta> at Vienna that his real rank was discov. 
 ered, and he was thrown into prison by Leopold, duke of Austria, who had 
 served under and been grievously aflfrontea by him at the siege of Acre. 
 The emperor Henry VI.. whom Richard by his friendship with Tancred 
 of Sicily had also made his enemy, not only approved of Richard's arrejt 
 but required the charge of his person, and offered the duke of Austria a 
 considerable sum of money as a reward for it. 
 
 A.D. 1196. — The gref of Richard's friends and the triumph of his enemies 
 were alike excited when the news of his capture reached England ; the 
 possible consequencs beinjpr obvious to both parties. Queen Eleanor spir. 
 itedly demanded the interierence of the pope, whose duty she very justly 
 averred it to be to wield the thunders of the church in protection of the 
 church's bravest and most zealous champion. The pope, probably influ- 
 enced by some occult and crafty motive of policy, snowed himself any. 
 thing rather than eager to meet the urgent wishes of Queen Eleanor; but 
 as foes are usually far more zealous than friends, so Philip seized upon 
 this as a favourable opportunity to exert his utmost power against the fal- 
 len but still formidable Richard, and he exerted himself to this end with 
 an activity worthy of a better cause. To those of his own barons who 
 had formerly refused to join him in attacking the territories of the absent 
 Richard, he now urged the alledged atrocity of that prince in causing the 
 assassination of the marquis of Montferrat ; to the emperor Henry VI., Iit> 
 made large offers either for yielding up Richard to French custoay, or for 
 solemnly engaging for his perpetual imprisonment ; and having made a 
 matrimonial allianco with Denmark, he applied for permission and a fleet 
 to enforce the Danish claim to the English crown. Nor did Philip fail to 
 apply himself to Prince John, whom ho well knew for the most willing 
 and eager of all the enemies of his absent brother, .lohn had an interview 
 with the king of France, at which, on condition of being invested with his 
 brother's French territory, he consented to yield a great portion of Nor- 
 mandy to Philip ; and it is with no little appearance of probability aflinnecl, 
 that he even did homnffo to Philip for the English crown. Thus much is 
 certain, Philip invaded Normandy and was well served by John, whosp 
 orders enabled him to take Neufchatel, Gisors, and several other forts, 
 without striking a blow. The counties of Ku ijind Aumale were speedily 
 overrun by Philip, and he then marched against Rouen, loudly threatening 
 that he would put the inhabitants to the sword witliout mercy, in the event 
 of his experiencing any resistance. l)ut h(Te Philip was at length ikn- 
 tined to receive a dieck. The earl of Leicester, who had shared Richard's 
 perils and toils in Palestine, was fortunately at Rout<n, and he took the 
 command of the garrison, to whom his example and his renown gave new 
 courage { and thoy fought so steadily and so well, that Philip, after many 
 severe repulses, consented to a truce; the English regency engaging to 
 pay him twenty marks, and placing four fortresses in his hands byway of 
 security. 
 
 While Philip was exerting himself in Normandy John was trying liie 
 effect of a most audacious falsehood in England. Well knowing that few 
 indeed among the barons would for his sake consent to set aside tlie li^u 
 of Palestine, John boldly tried how far their credulity would go, ami, urc 
 tending that ho had recoived un(l<mbted news of the death of his hrother, 
 demanded the crown as his heir. He poMsessed hinisnlf of the important 
 castles of Windsor und Wallingford ; but the lords Justiciaries were bo 
 well conviticnd illal Richard ntill lived, that tliiiy aliil the baroiin liy whom 
 ihcy were siijiported opfM)srd the would-be usurper so gallantly and so of* 
 feotually. that he was lain to sue fur a truce, niio Ixtfore the t«rm of it had 
 expired he look refuge at the court of Philip of FruncA. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 246 
 
 royal prisoner. His own brother olotlinff srainet h.^ . .1,- , 
 
 iubwarm in his cause, if not even wssef sef hv . !^,u ' ^^^ PT^ ''*'"" 
 
 10 offer the higher rLsom for his Release Philt^ T"^ '"u *"" ''*•» 
 toreuoutice all protection tcRirhlrH-« ^.'^'''P raised his ambassadors 
 hoped that the captive'sZrtwaL^Jpllt^?^/^^^^^ '^".^ ^^en it was 
 he was produced before the mSaYdie ^a^ thp?it^' ? w'"""'^ '"■""«»«• 
 accused by the emperor of haJ^Sg made allianrP Sh T ^'"T'J'"^ "'"« 
 of Sicily; of having at CypruTtlrTied the ^ms S r ""' ^ '^ "'"':P"' 
 a Christian prince, those anim which wpLL™ ■ n"*" '"^"^aders against 
 to the chastisement and quelling of The ?..K"*"^f 1" '^ '"'"'y. '^^^"'^'^ 
 wronged and insulted LeVold" duke of K a "» i•«^^? ^"^'"'^'^y 
 fighting for the cross before Acre ; of havinrhvhi«' \*"*' P.""u*=° ^*" 
 of France injured the Christian cause in Ih/F^^? '*;'i"''"'''^ '^'l*' '^'^ ^'"'« 
 caused the murder of Conmd mSaSfs of MnlV ' ?^ '"^V"/ P'""""'' ""'^ 
 ing concluded a truce wi h the infi3c sl^,„ 'i" V""^ ^'^^^y^ «<■ ^-v- 
 hmids. If Richard's erraiescaeSe^li left Jerusalem in his 
 his spirit, th.y were 8oonTd.^e^vei 1/C ''*"*"8 "^'"^^ 
 
 was his spirit high. His sSh ^ summpH ^fn h n"«' "^-^'^ "*'"«'•«' ««> 
 that best kind of eloquencerwhil^h sSUrS n ^ """»«•'• .« model of 
 clothed in the brief Jnd bft nTsentenn f ofTpn l?/\°^ 't^' ^""^ •' 
 
 indignation by the u.ust ungSo 1 am? mhL^P"""'' '"'^ P^'voked his 
 
 appeared by tho event whoth.-r th., Lm^ ? p ' "\ '' '""^ sufficiently 
 «eHlou«f,/theconm,Tofth^HL ll *^?'""' "■■ '"' *«■■« »''« '""'^ 
 
 lJ'row„rto a d Loo. "^ "'.'""' '" '»» »*" «"U'»«ry. b^ 
 
 •Mh.u,Bh ^"wZh 'ul loc m?dV''''; '?"".*• '•" '";"«?' '"P'""^ '""«^"-« 
 nf.uj^.\% u.---" __''""J'"^\"1'" " «"iil«^fHclor. and. what hu atill mnre «. 
 
 - - - trrcreu;- provsriioc froin making proparaUoiui for a nev'i-rusn/lc 
 
 >.lM'^-' ■* 
 
246 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 which he had projected, after the expiration of the truce, and from redeem, 
 mg the sepulchre of Christ which had so long been profaned by the dt> 
 minion of the Infidels." 
 
 The force of Richard's reasoning and the obvious justica of his coin 
 plaints won nearly all present to his side ; the German princes themselvfis 
 cried shame upon the conduct of the emperor, whom the pope even threat- 
 ened with excommunication. The emperor, therefore, perceived that it 
 would be impossible for him to complete his ineffaoly base purpose 0/ gly. 
 ing up to PhUip of France and the false and cruel Prince John the person 
 of Kichard in exchange for sordid gold ; and as it seemed unsafe even lo 
 continue to confine him, the emperor consented to his relief at a ransom 
 of 150,000 marks ; two-thirds to be paid previous to Richard's release, and 
 sixty-seven hostages to be at the same time delivered to secure the faith- 
 ful payment of the remainder. Henry at the same time made over to 
 Richard certain old but ill-ascertained claims of the empire upon the king- 
 dom of Aries, including Provence, Dauphiny, Narbonne, and some other 
 territory. 
 
 A hundred thousand marks, equivalent to above two hundred thousand 
 pounds of our money, was a sum to raise which required no small exer- 
 tion on the part of Richard's friends. The king's ransom was one of the 
 cases for which the feudal law made express provision. But as it was 
 found that the sum of twenty shillings which was levied upon each 
 knight's fee did not make up the money with the rapidity which friendly 
 and patriotic zeal required, great individual exertions were made, the 
 clergy and nobility giving large sums beyond what could have fairly been 
 demanded of them, and the churches and religious lioiiscs actually melt- 
 ing down their plate to the amount of 30,000 mark?!. As soon as the 
 money by these extraordinary exertions was got together, Queen Klemior, 
 accompanied by the archbishop of Rouen, went to Mentz and there paid 
 it to the rjinperor, to whom she at the same time delivered the hostagoB 
 for the pay.nent of the remainder. There was something perfectly prov- 
 idential in the haste made by the friends of Richard ; for had there been 
 the least delay, he would have been sacrificed to the treacherous policy 
 of the emperor, who, anxious to obtain the support of the king of Vnmce 
 against the threatening discontent of the German princes, was induced to 
 dele^rmino upon perpetuating the captivity of Richard, evru after the re- 
 lease of that prince on the payment of the money and the delivery of the 
 ■pecified number of hostages. The emperor had so fully determined 
 U(>on this flagitious breach of faith, that he actually sent inesBengcrs to 
 arrest Richard, who, however, had sailed and was out of sight of land 
 ere they reached Antwerp. Richard was received most rapiiironsly by 
 his faithful subjects, and, as if anxious to wipe away the stain of incar- 
 ceration, ho revived the custom which his father had allowed to full into 
 neglect, of renewing the ceromrmy of coronation. " Take i are of vour- 
 •olf," wrote Philip to John, "the devil has bntkeii Ioori-." The barons 
 in council assembled, however, \v(!re far more terrible to the iingratofnl 
 John than his fiery yet phu^able brother, for they confiscated the whole of 
 John's Knglish properly, and took posjession of all the fortresses that 
 were in the hands of his > irtiians, 
 
 Having made some slay in England to rest himself after his many 
 fatigues, and having foiiiKl his popularity proof even against the some- 
 what perilous lest lo which he put it by an arbitrary resumption of all 
 the grants of land which, previous to going to the Kast, he had made with 
 an improvidence as remarkHble nn his present want of honesty, Hii'hard 
 now turned his attention to punishing the, wanton and persevering enmity 
 nf Philip of France. A war ensued, but it was weakly c<nulucied on 
 both sides, and n truce was at length made between them for a y.mr. At 
 the commencement of ihis war John was on ilio nido of l»hllin; huLaa 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 247 
 
 if mcapeble of being faithful even in wickedness, he took an opportunity 
 to desert, and having secured the powerful intercession of Queen Elea- 
 nor, he ventured to throw himself at the feet of Richard and entreat his 
 pardon, • May I as easily forget his injuries as ho will my forgiveness " 
 was the shrewd remark 01 Ricliard on forgiving his unnatural frothor. " 
 The truce between England and France being at an end, the emperoi 
 of Germany solicited Richard's offensive alliance against France and 
 though circumstances occurred to prevent the treaty with the emperor 
 from being ratified, the mere praposal sufficed to renew the war between 
 Richard and Philip; but on this occasion, as before, the operations were 
 conducted most weakly and on a very insignificant scale, (a. d. 1196 ) 
 After some petty losses on each side a peace was made; but the kings 
 were too inimical to each other to remain long at rest, and in about two 
 months hostilities were recommenced. 
 
 On this occasion Hichard was joined by the counts of Flanders, Bou- 
 logne, Champagne, and roulouse, and by some other of his fellow-vassals 
 of 'he crown of France; but the alliance was thus productive of far less 
 benefit than Richard had anticipated. 
 
 The prelates of that day were more frequently than became them 
 found on the battle-field. On one occasion during this war the bishop of 
 Beauvais, a rclJitive of the French king, was taken prisoner in battle, and 
 Richard loaded him wjih irons and threw him into prison, as though he 
 had been the vilest of malefactors. The pope, at the instance of the 
 king of F ranee, demanded the release of the valiant bishop, of whom he 
 spoke as being "his son." Richard, with a dry and bitter humour, of 
 which he se^ms to have possessed no inconsiderable share, sent to the 
 .jope the blood-stained armour which^the prelate had worn in the battle 
 and quoted the words of Jacob's sons, "this have we found; know now 
 whether it be thy son's coat or no." How long the alternation of weak 
 war and lU-kept peace would have continued it is impossible to judge, for 
 the great cruelty which both kings exercised upon their prisoners indi- 
 cated a feeling of malignity too deep to be destroyed by the efforts of 
 negotiators; but while such efforts were being made by the cardinal St 
 Manr, tiie pope's legate, Richard, who had escaped in so many furious 
 conflicts both m the East and Europe, perished from the effect of a 
 wound received in a petty quarrel. 
 
 A. D. 1199.— Vidomar, viscount of Limoges, who was a vassal of Ri- 
 chard 8, found some treasure and sent a considerable share as a present 
 to him; Richard demanded that all should be given up to him as superior 
 lord, and, on receiving a refusal, led some troops to the siege of the casUe 
 of Cha us, in which the viscount was staying. On the approach of 
 Richard at the head of a numerous force of Brabangons, the garrison 
 offered to surrender on terms, but Richard cruelly replied that he would 
 nrst take the place and then hang up every man of the garrison. After 
 making this renly, which, niihappily. was only too characteristic of his 
 tempf-r, Richard, attended by one of his captains, approached the walls to 
 reconnoitre, and had an arrow lodged in his shoulder by an archer named 
 bertrand de Gourdon. Almost at the same moment Richard gave the 
 order for the assault, and on the place being taken he literally put his 
 Ihri it into execution upon the garrison, with the sole exception of de 
 Uourdon, who was only tcMuporarily spared that he might have the crui-l 
 distinction of a slower and more painful death. Richard was so much 
 miingled by the awkwar.lnnss with which the barbed arrow was drawn 
 mm hia wound, that mortification rapidly set in, and the monarch fell 
 that his last hour a|,,)roa(rhed. Causing de Gourdon to be brought into 
 niB presence, ho demanded how he had ever injured him. " With yoi.r 
 own hand," firmly replied the prisoner, "von slew mv father unrl n.v tur. 
 i»roUi«i». »ou niao threatenod to hang me in common with mv fellow 
 
 if.' if 
 
248 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 soldiers. 1 am now in your power, but I simll be consoled under the 
 worst tortures that you can cause to be inflicted upon mo while I can re 
 Hect that I have been able to rid the earth of such a nuisance." Richard 
 softened by pain and the near approach of death, ordered that the bold 
 archer should be set at liberty and presented with a considerable sum o» 
 money ; but Marcadee, the leader of the Brabaiisons in whose company 
 Kichard was wounded, brutally had de Gourdoa flayed alive and then 
 hanged. Richard's wound defied the rude science of his surgeons, and 
 after considerable suffering he died on the 6th of April, 1199, in the fortv- 
 second year of his age and the tenth of his reign— a reign very briiliani 
 as regards his warlike feats, but in all the high and really admirable qual- 
 ities of a monarch very sadly deficient. His conduct was in some par- 
 ticular cases not merely oppressive, as regarded his ways of raisina 
 money, but absolutely dishonest. As, for instance, he twice in his rejgn 
 gave orders that all charters should be resealed. the parties in each case 
 having, of course, to pay the fees ; and in many cases taxes were inflicted 
 upon particular parties without any other authority than the king's mere 
 will. But It was chiefly in the re-enactment of all the worst parts of the 
 lorest laws, those parts which inflicted the most cruel and disgusting mu- 
 tilations upon the offenders. But while this particular branch of law was 
 shaniefuUy severe, the police of London and other great towns was in an 
 equally lax stale. Robbery and violence in the •treets were very com- 
 mon ; and at one time, in 1196, a lawyer named Fitzosbert, surnamed 
 Longbeard, had acquired a vast and dangerous power over the worst rab- 
 ble of London, numbering neariy fifty thousand, who under his orders for 
 some time set the ill-consolidated authorities at defiance. When called 
 upon by the chief justiciary to give an account of his conduct, he attend- 
 ed with so numerous a rabble, that the justiciary deemed it unsafe to do 
 more with him at that time than merely call upon him to give hostages 
 for his future good behaviour. But the justiciary took measures for keep- 
 ing a watchful eye upon Fitzosbert, and at length attempted to take him 
 into custody, on which he, with his concubine and some attendants, took 
 reluge m Bow Church, where he defended himself very resolutely, but 
 was at leiiffth taken and hanged. So infatuated were the populace, how- 
 ever, that the very gibbet upon which this man was executed was stolen, 
 and It was pretended that pieces of it could work miracles in curing the 
 diseased. Though so flery in temper, and so excessively addicted tc 
 bloodshed, Richard was by no means destitute of a certain vein of ten- 
 derness and romance. He prided himself pretty nearly as much upon his 
 skill as a troubadour as upon his feats as a warrior, and there are even 
 some of his compositions extant. On the whole, however, we fear that 
 the popularity of Richard does little credit either to his contemporaries 
 or his posterity as far as good judgment is concerned. Brilliant qualities 
 he undo'btedly had ; but his cruelty and his dogged self-will throw a 
 bleraw*^ .)ver them all. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE RBION or JOHN. 
 
 A. D. 1199.— When Richard went to Palestine he by a formal will am 
 Mide the claim of John to be his successor, in favour of Arthur of Hrit- 
 lany, the son of their brother GpnttVoy. But during Richard's absence 
 John caused the prelates and nobles to swear fealty to him iii despite ol 
 that deed ; and Richard, on his return to England, so far from showing 
 any desire to disturb that arrangement, actually in his last will consti 
 tuted John his successor, in direct contradiction to his own former -nd 
 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORJ.D, 249 
 
 lormal deed. But though John was thus authoritatively nnnied as his 
 brother's successoi many of the barons of Normandy thought the right 
 of young Arthur wholly indefensible by even the will of his uncle ; Ind 
 Philip, who was glad of any opportunity to injure the peace of the En- 
 ghsh territories m France, cheerfully agreed to aid them in the support 
 of the young prince, whom he sent to Paris to be educated with his own 
 son. John acted with umisual alertness and good judgment on this occa- 
 8ion. Sending his mother, Eleanor, to secure the provinces of Guienne 
 and Poictou, where she was greatly beloved, he himself proceeded to 
 Rouen, and having made all the arrangements necessary to keep peace in 
 Normandy, he proceeded thence to England. Here he found iitlTe or no 
 difficulty in causing his claim to be preferred to that of a mere boy ; and 
 having received the homage of all the most powerful barons, he hastened 
 to France to prepare the necessary opposition to whatever exerlious 
 Phihp might make on behalf of young Arthur, 
 i. D. 1200.-The actions between John and Philip were of but little imnor- 
 ance ; and the latter having inspired young Arthur's mother with thTC 
 lon that he sought to benefit himself rather than her son, seized an oppor- 
 unity to withdraw Arthur from the French court, and placed him under 
 the protection of John. Finding their mutual want of poSer to obSin any 
 great and permanent advantage by war, the two kings now made a trea v 
 in which the limits of their several territories were laid down with grea^ 
 exactitude; nine barons of each nation swore respectively to maintain the 
 treaty m good faith, even should it be necessary to make war upon their 
 own sovereign, and still farther to insure its due and faithMobse Vance 
 ohn gave his niece, Blanche of Castile, with certain fiefs o herTower! 
 to Prince Louis, eldest son of the French king. Being thus relieved from 
 all apparent danger on the side of France, John, though he had a w^fr 
 living, determined to gratify his passion for Isabella, heiress of the count ' 
 of Anjouleme, though she was already married to the Count de la March" 
 SJ" M^°"* ?fu'"f '"■^^"i^ prevented the consummation of the union 
 John, reckless of the double difficulty, persuaded Isabella's father to give 
 
 5i?ced hisTawfuT'wTfS?™ '"^''''""^ ""''" ^''""S unceremoniously^i. 
 
 •hitfl* ^^°V~I'?® Count de la Marche, in the highest degree provoked at 
 th 8 flagrant and insolent wrong that thus was done him, foun.1 it no diffi- 
 cult task to excite commotion in Poictou and Normandy; the barons there 
 as elsewhere in John's dominion, being already offended and disgusted by 
 the mixture of weakness and insolence in w.-iich, probably, John Tias never 
 £!lf'^r"'"'* /'^'■"'^d »«. wfU as enraged by the disobedience of hii^ 
 Frencli barons, John determined to punish them ; but on summoning the 
 chivalry of England to cross the sea with him for that purpose.TewaS 
 met with a demand that, before they crossed over to restore his authority 
 n his transmarine dominions, they should have their privileges restored 
 and placed upon a secure fooling. Their demand was not atleiided to on 
 the present occasion, but this union of the barons led, as wo shall hereafter 
 ^ntr[lS^'"u^' important consequences. On the present occasion John 
 contrived to break up the coalition of the barons, some of whom agreed to 
 TTn^- 'Vl" T •"''«*P'^^*ti«'>' while the rest were mulcted two marks 
 oil each knight's fee as a substitute for their personal attendance. 
 
 mainlfi f '.Kr". ''J ^u'^ ^^^''t '"' ''""^'^ '"''«"' ^'Aiglmd to that which re- 
 mamed fai hful to him m Normandy gave John an ascendancy which, 
 r ght y used, might have spared him many h subsequent hour bf care. 
 Uut It was contrary to John's nature to make a right use of powei ; and 
 he inomeiit ho found himself safe from the inflictfon of injustice Tie wat 
 2fui ^■' Ti ""5"v'"''»a''l" ^leHiro to indict it upon others. Ho advanced 
 2S""" *!"?.''. ''•L'*"«)'f.'*i^'' «nJ"?t;.Hnda8 disputes of the feudal kind 
 -— lu uu 3CIUCU ny ;n6 auei, ne CoUslually kf 
 
 mpt aorut mm skil 
 
 »'"£ 
 
 ,.iLM 
 
 
260 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 ful and desperate bravos whose business it was to act as his championa 
 m cases of appeal of duel. The Count de la Maruhe and other Ingh 
 spirited barons complained of the indignity oflTered to them in thus opposing 
 to them, as fitting antagonists, men whose low birth and infamous char- 
 acter made them unworthy of the notice of warriors of good birth and 
 gentle breeding, appealed to Philip as their superior lord, and called upon 
 him to protect them against the wantonness of- John's tyranny. Piiiljp, 
 who saw all the advantages which might possibly accrue to himself, af' 
 fdcted the part of a just lord ; and John, who could not disavow Philip's 
 authority without at the same time striking at his own, promised that by 
 granting his barons an equitable judgment in his own court he would de- 
 prive them both of the right and the necessity of appealing to the superior 
 court of Philip. Again and again his promises were renewed, but only to 
 be broken ; Philip, finding that his sense of honour alone was no security, 
 demanded that the castle of Boutavant and Tilleries should be placed in 
 his hands as security for justice being done to the barons. John was too 
 weak to resist this demand ; but he was also too faithless to keep his 
 promise, which was broken just as it would have been had he given no se- 
 curity whatever. 
 
 A. D. 1203.-— Young Arthur of Brittany, who was now springinginto man- 
 hood and who had a very decided taste for warfare, had by this time seen 
 enough of the cruel and tyrannous character of his uncle to feel that he 
 was not in safety while living with him ; he therefore made his escape to 
 Philip, who received him with the utmost distinction, knighted him, gave 
 him las daughter Mary in marriage, and invested him not only in his he- 
 reditary Brittany, but also with Anjou and Maine. The French army was 
 for a time successful in every attempt ; Tilleries and Boutavant, Mortiraar 
 and Lyons, were taken almost without difficulty ; and Gournay, complete- 
 ly flooded by a stratagem of Philip, was abandoned to him by the as- 
 ' tounded jarrison. At each new loss, John, timid in adversity as he was 
 despotic and unsparing in prosperity, made new endeavours to oblain 
 peace ; but the sole condition upon which Philip would now consent to 
 even listen to his proposals, was his full resignation of all his territory on 
 the continent to Prince Arthur. An accident at length occurred which 
 changed the prospects of that young prince, with fearful rapidity, from the 
 utmost success to the most complete ruin. Well knowing how much his 
 grandmother. Queen Eleanor, had ever been opposed to his welfare, and 
 hearing that she was in the fortress of Mirabeau, in Poicliers, and but 
 slenderiy attended, it occurred to him that if he could obtain possession o( 
 her person he would obt;iiu the means of exercising considerable influence 
 upon his uncle's mind, and he accordingly sat down to besiege the place, 
 the fortification of which promised no very long resistance. John, though 
 at some distance when informed of his mother's danger, hastened to her 
 assistance with a speed very unusual for him, surprized young Arthur's 
 camp, dispersed his forces, and toe'-. Arthur, together with Count de la 
 Marche and other distinguished leaders of the revolted barons, prisoners. 
 Most of the prisoners wen; for greater security shipped off to England; 
 but Arthur was confined in the castle of Falaise, where he was speedily 
 admitted to tlie dangerous honour of an intereiew with his uncle. John 
 reproached Arthur less with the injustice of his cause in general, than with 
 the folly of his expecting to derive any permanent advantage from the 
 French alliance, which would keep him at variance with his own family, 
 merely to make him a tool ; a view of the case which was none the less 
 correct beuaiigo taken by a prince of whose general character a just man 
 finds it impossible to approve. Arthur, brave and sanguine, asserted that 
 his claim was superior to that of his uncle, and that not only as re uarded 
 the French territories, but as regarded England also; and he called upon 
 John to li«iten to the voice of Justice and restore him to hia rights. 
 
llUBUT Ar.B 1'bimuk Aetuuh. 
 
 1 
 
 i.t- i j ' .1 . .. i 
 
 1 j .!_ 
 
 , : . .. .' i -J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Historians di 
 
 petitor whose e 
 
 trouble. We h 
 
 for the timidity 
 
 unatniable char 
 
 terribly serious 
 
 known with ciri 
 
 All that seen 
 
 after a stormy i 
 
 for some time. 
 
 been unfairly d( 
 
 king, it is affirn 
 
 prince to death, 
 
 sassin or a han{ 
 
 sent to the cast! 
 
 the governor of 
 
 what was necea 
 
 ing a report of t 
 
 funeral. But w 
 
 ly asserted, the 
 
 pointed at as the 
 
 v'ould break out 
 
 ised. John nc 
 
 than he ordered 
 
 De Burgh, and 1; 
 
 Arthur in the de 
 
 knelt to him am 
 
 That John wa 
 
 too much reasor 
 
 held by his conti 
 
 Arthur perished 
 
 luicle, we would 
 
 particularity of t 
 
 tween the natun 
 
 represents him 
 
 somewhat more i 
 
 genius it would I 
 
 be loth to pin ou 
 
 But though it i 
 
 allow the details 
 
 world, and thoug 
 
 undertaken with 
 
 high-hearted you 
 
 the universal beli 
 
 own hand or not, 
 
 cry of the people 
 
 cruel uncle was 
 
 John, who kept \ 
 
 lo do anything ra 
 
 for their soverei^ 
 
 husband, Quy de 
 
 duchy as guardia 
 
 Philip H5 superio 
 
 who was feud ate 
 
 him, and, in defai 
 
 to forfeit all seigi 
 
 No one who hi 
 
 shrewd, graspintr 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 251 
 
 I 
 
 Histonans differ as to the way in which John freed himself horn a com- 
 petitor whose early boldness promised at no distant day to give him much 
 trouble. We have always doubted the exact accuracy of all the accounts. 
 for the timidity and distrust which formed so principal a part of John's 
 unamiable character would surely never have deserted him so far on so 
 terribly serious an occasion, as would be implied by his proceeding beina 
 known with circumstantial accuracy. ■> r e » 
 
 All that seems to us to be certain upon the very painful subject is, that 
 after a stormy interview with his uncle young Arthur was seen no more 
 lor some time. A report got into very general circulation that he had 
 been unfairly dealt with. Such, it seems, was not the case as yet. The 
 lung, It 18 affirmed, had applied to William de la Bray to put the youns 
 prince to death, but he nobly replied that he was a gentleman, not an as" 
 sassin or a hangman. A less scrupulous person was at length found and 
 sent to the castle of Falaise ; but he was sent away by Hubert de Durffh. 
 the governor of the fortress, with the assurance that he would himself do 
 what was necessary ;— which humane deception he followed up by spread- 
 ing a report of the prince's death, and even going through the form of his 
 funeral. But when the deaiti of the young prince was thus authoritative- 
 ly asserted, the general ill character of John caused him to be univ rsally 
 pointed at as the murderer ; and Hubert de Burgh, fearing that all Brittany 
 v'ould break out into revolt confessed the innocent deception he had prac 
 ised. John no sooner learned that his unfortunate nephew still lived 
 ihan he ordered his removal from the custody of the faithful and humane 
 De Burgh, and had him taken to the castle of Rouen. Here John visited 
 Arthur m the dead of night, and, though the young prince is said to have 
 knelt to him and prayed for his life, stabbed him with his own hand. 
 
 That John was capable of this extreme atrocity we have unfortunately 
 too niuch reason to gather from the universal detestation in which he was 
 held by his contemporaries. But though there is little reason to doubt that 
 Arthur perished by the order, at least, if not by the very hand, of his 
 uncle, we would again direct the attention of the reader to the too great 
 particularity of this account, in the first place, and to a discrepancy be- 
 tween the natural character of Arthur and that part of the story which 
 represents him as kneeling in terror to his uncle. The story savours 
 somewhat more than it should of a scene from Shakspeare, whose dramatic 
 pnius it would be idle to question, but whose historic authority we should 
 be loth to pin our faith upon. 
 
 Hut though it is scarcely probable that so wily a person as John would 
 allow the details of his tyrannous cruelly to be' thus brought before the 
 world, and though his personal timidity rendered him as unlikely to have 
 undertaken with his own hand the murder of Arthur, as it was that this 
 mgh-hearted young prince would show any terror, even in the death hour, 
 the universal belief of John's contemporaries was that he, whether with his 
 own hand or not, caused Arthur's death ; and loud and terrible was the out 
 cry of the people of Brittany, to whom Arthur was as dear as his wily and 
 cruel uncle was hateful. Eleanor, Arthur's sister, was in the power of 
 John, who kept her closely confined in England ; but the Breons, resolved 
 todo anything rather than willingly acknowledge the sway of John, chose 
 for their sovereign young Alice the daughter of Constance by her second 
 husband, Guy de Thouars, to whom they committed the aflTairs of the 
 duchy as guardian of hia daubhter, and they at the same time appealed to 
 fhilip as superior lord to do justice upon John for his violence to Arthur, 
 who was feudatory to France.. Philip summoned John to appear before 
 nun, and, in default of his doing bo, he was declared a felon and sentenced 
 to lorfeit all seignory and fief in France to his superior lord, Philip. 
 
 No one who has accurately read what has already been related of the 
 Hhrewd, KrasDinir. and soincwh.it ciinniniT i>>.;irn«t<«i-nr Pi.iii.. ...>., .i»..i.. 
 
 mmm 
 
252 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 that, from the first, he took up the causeof young Arthur less with a view 
 to the benefit of that young prince, than m the hope that the chapter of ac 
 cidents would enable him. sooner or later, to deprive the English crown 
 of some portion, if riot all, of its French appanages. And the appeal ol 
 his Bretons to his justice, the unwise advantage afforded to him by John's 
 default of appearance, and the unanimous sentence of the French peers 
 now seemed to give him something like a substantial and judicial riirht a« 
 against John. * 
 
 The exertions and sagacious policy of Henry would have evoked Frencft 
 opposition to any such attempt ; that skilful politician would have found 
 but little difficulty in leading the French barons to abstain from endeavour- 
 ing to add to the authority of their superior lord, lest in so doing Ihev 
 should insure their own ruin. Neither would it have been safe to trv 
 such a plan while the lion-hearted Richard lived to shout his fierce battle 
 cry in that popular voice which would have been heard in hall and tower 
 and which would nowhere have been unheeded where chivalry still abode' 
 But John, destitute alike of courage, popularity, and of true policy, was 
 little likely to unravel or defeat a dexterous policy or long to withstand 
 actual force, hated as he was even by his own barons. The opportuniiv 
 was the more tempting to Philip, because those of his great vassals who 
 would have been the most likely to oppose his aggrandizement were either 
 absent or so much enraged against John, that their desire to annoy him 
 and abridge the power he had so shamefully abused, overcame in their 
 minds all tendency to a cooler and more selfish style of reasoning. 
 
 Philip took several of the fortresses situated beyond the Loire, some of 
 which he garrisoned for himself, while others he wholly destroyed • and 
 his early successes were followed up by the surrender to him, by the count 
 d'Alengon, of all the places which he had been entrusted to hold for John. 
 Elated by this success, and desirous to rest his troops, Philip disembodied 
 them for the season. John, enraged by all that had passed in this brief 
 campaign, took advantage of this too-confident movement of I'hilip, and 
 sat down before Alengon with a strong army. But if Philip was capable 
 of committing a military error, he was equally capable of jseizintr upon 
 the readiest means of repairing it. To delay while he wa/re-coUecting 
 his scattered troops would be to expose the count to the whole force, and, 
 m the case of defeat, to the whole vengeance, too, of John. But it fortu 
 nately happened that the most eminent nobles, not only of France but 
 also of Italy and Germany, were at this very time assembled at a splendid 
 tournament at Moret. Hither Philip directed his course, gave a vivid 
 desc-iption of the evil character of John, of his own disinterested desire 
 to punish the craven felonry of that prince, and of the danger in which 
 the count de'Aleneon was placed by his devotion to truth and chivalry, 
 which had led him to dare the vengeance of one who was well known to 
 be unsparing after the stricken field, as craven while the tide of battle stUl 
 rolled ; and he called upon the assembled chivalry, as they valued their 
 noble and ancient names, to follow him to the worthy task of aiding a 
 gallant and honourable noble against a dastardly and adjudged felon. 
 Such an appeal, made to such hearts, could receive but one answer. Like 
 one man, the assembled knights followed Philip to th« plains of Alengon, 
 resolved, at whatever cost, to raise the siege But John saved them all 
 trouble on that score. His conscience told him that there were men in 
 that brave host who, if he should chance to be made prisoner, would be 
 likely to take fearful vengeance for the untimely death of i'oung Arthur; 
 and he would not even await their apporach, but raised the siege in suet 
 haste that he actually left all his tents and baggage of every description 
 behind to be captured by the enemy. 
 
 For some time John kept his court at Rouen, showing ix other feeling 
 than a most ludicrous confidence in his own resources whenever hf should 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 determine to make use of them. When information was brou<Tht to him 
 Df some new success on the part of the French, he would reply "Ah ' )«i 
 them go on ; by and by I will just retake in a single day what they hp ve 
 
 Spdlv yCarS In IclKlIlg* 
 
 Such conduct naturally disgusted the brave barons of England and the 
 English provinces, and weakened their desire to combat for a prince who 
 seemed so obstinately bent upon their disgrs'-e and his own ruin. But 
 though he had neglected those means of defence of which his brother 
 would have been even too eager to avail himrelf, there was one resource 
 of which John had not neglected to avail himself; he had humbly and 
 pressingly appealed to Rome. Such appeals were always gladly received 
 at that ambitious court, and Philip received » peremptory command to 
 make peace with John and abstain from trenching any farther upon his 
 territory. But Philip had inspired his barons with a hatred equal to that 
 which he himself felt for John; and, regardless of any possible injury 
 which their own authority might suffer from the undue aggrandizemeiU 
 oftheir king, they loudly assured him that he should have their cordia 
 support against all foes whosoever, and as loudly denied the right of the 
 pope to the temporal authority which he thus took upon himself to exer- 
 cise. Encouraged by this disposition of his barons, Philip, instead oi 
 complying with the orders of the pope, proceeded to lay siege to the 
 chateau Gaillard, which was the most important fortress that was now 
 left to defend the Norman frontier. 
 
 A. D. 1204.-This place was admirably strong both by nature and by art. 
 Built partly upon an islet of the Seine and partly upon an opposite crag, 
 neither labour nor expense had been spared upon it, and at this very time 
 It was held by a numerous garrison commanded by Roger de Lacy, con- 
 stable of Chester, a leader of determined courage as well as of great skill 
 Philip, thinking It more facile to take such a place, so rarrisoned by 
 famine than by mam force, threw a bridge across the Seine, where he 
 posted a part of his force, and he himself at the head of the remainder 
 undertook its blockade by land. The earl of Pembroke, by far the ablest 
 person whom John then had about him, assembled a force of four thou- 
 sand foot and three thousand horse, with which he purposed to attack 
 Phihp s camp, while a fleet of seventy flat-bottomed craft, numerously 
 manned, was simultaneously to sail up the Seine and attack the bridge, 
 and thus throw relief into the fortress. The earl was exact in performins 
 hi^ part of the attack, and even at the outset obtained some considerable 
 advantage over Philip ; but the weather chancing to retard the fleet on its 
 passage, its assistance arrived too late for the support of the earl, who 
 was already defeated. Had the attack been made simultaneously and by 
 night, according to the earl's plan, it had most probably been successful i 
 as It was, Phihp was enabled to deal with his assailants in detail, and beat 
 Iheni both off with very considerable loss. John, who was easily depres- 
 sed by defeat, was so much discouraged by the ill success of the earirthat 
 16 could not be induced to make any farther attempt to relieve this impor- 
 tent fortress, though ample opportunity and inducements were offered to 
 him to do so by the gallant conduct of De Lacy, who for a whole year con- 
 tinued to defend himself, m spite of great suffering from want of provi- 
 sion. He was at length overpowered in a night-altack, and he and his 
 whole garrison made prisoners. To the credit of Philip, he showed his 
 sense of the courage and fidelity with which De Lacy had continued to 
 serve his master even after he had been abandoned by him, by givinff him 
 for his place of confinement the whole extent of the city of Paris. 
 
 It 11 difficult fully to understand the indolence and incapacity which 
 could induce John to neglect the relief of chateau Gailliard, upon which the 
 •afetv of his whole Norman terriiory depended. Tiiis dependance he 
 UK ,^.....p,,,,.,,, ^,j., ,1 „„_ raj;,u,j,. ;ij,„ pcriccuy iiiustraieu bv the 
 
 
2S4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 successes which Philip obtmned after its capture. Falaise, Then, Con 
 stance, Evreux, Bayeux, and other fortresses successively fell into his 
 hands ; Lupicaire, a Brabangon leader, to whom Join: had entrusted the 
 iefence of the first-named place, deserted with all his men to the standaro 
 of Philip, and while the lower division of Normandy was thus overrun by 
 the French under Philip, Upper Normandy was entered by the Bretons 
 under Guy de Thouars, who took Avranches, Mont St. Michel, and the 
 other strong-holds of that part. Pressed thus by an active prince, whc 
 was served by men of conduct and courage, and abandoned by John, 
 whose hasty and secret departure for England might almost be . cal 
 led a flight, the Normans h"d no resource but to submit to Philip, much as 
 they disliked the idea of subjection to the French government. 
 
 A. D. 1205. — As there was still a portion of the Normans who, though 
 abandoned by the king of England, determined to defer, if not wholly to 
 avoid, their submission to Philip, Itouen, Argues, and Verneuil confedera- 
 ted for this purpose. Philip immediately advanced his troops against the 
 first- nanjed city, the inhabitants of which signalized their hatred of France 
 by forthwith putting to death every man of that nation who was living 
 among therr^ The cruel are rarely brave; and. the defence of Rouen by 
 no means answered to the promise of desperation given by this treacher 
 ous butchery. Scarcely had the besiegers commenced ojieratioiis when 
 the besieged lost heart, and merely demanded •* truce of thirty days to 
 enable them to obtain succour from their prince. Philip, who well under- 
 stood the character of John, and therefore felt sure that ho who had aban- 
 doned chat<-!au Gailliard'was little likely t<> show more courage in the less 
 hopeful case of Rouen, complied with this demand. As Philip had fore- 
 seen, no supplies or aid arrived, and the city was yielded. All the rest o' 
 the province equally submitted to Philip, who thus had the credit— mucl- 
 abated, though, by the character of his opponent — of reuniting to Francf 
 this important portion of its proper territory three centuries after Charles 
 the Simple had alienated it by cession to the first duke, the valiant Hollo 
 From Normandy, Philip easily extended his victorious arms- to Aiijou. 
 Maine, Touraine, and a portion of Poictou ; John, the while, instead oi 
 endeavouring to arrest the progress of his enemy, was railing against his 
 barons for, what he called, their desertion of him, and adding to the imtionai 
 evils created by his indolem o, the mischief which he still had the 
 power to do ; mulcting his barons in the seventh portion of all their move- 
 able property as a punishment for this pretended ofTence. 
 
 Not content with even this impudent and excessive extortion, John 
 next demanded a scutage of two and a half marks upon each knight's fee 
 to enable him to conduct an expedition into Normandy ; but the money 
 once received, the expedition was no longer thought of! Subsequently 
 he collected a fleet, as if fully determined to make an attempt to leeovei 
 his transmarine possessions; but on some objections being made, he iiban- 
 doned this design, too, on the plea that ho was deserted and betrayed by 
 his barons ; and at length mustered courage enough to put to sen, bul 
 •peedily returned to port without aught being done or attem|)te(l. Con- 
 sidering the fiery temper and warlike habits of !tio barons, it is perfectly 
 astonisning that they so long endured the insults of a king whose verv 
 style of insulting was so charactttristic of his weakness. 
 
 A. D. laofi. — An ally was at length presented to John in a person from 
 whom he had but little right to expect aid or encouragement, (Juy de 
 Thouars, to whom, in right of his daughter Alice, the Bretons had com 
 mitted their government. This noble, perci'iving the immense stride'* 
 made by Philip, became alarmed for the safety of HriUany, and theroforr 
 made a proposition to John for their Junction ngairst Philip, and John 
 accordingly left England with a considjjrablo force and landed in safety al 
 Rochelle. whence ne marched to Anirors which ho cnntiirnd mid Iniriicil 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 255 
 
 Philip now rapidly approached, ar.d John, botoming alanned .r,i„ed i>.nP 
 by makmg proposals for peace, ar.d then covertly fled ba k to'-K 1 , "' 
 safe, indeed, in person, but loaded with dlsffrapfi uml nnn^J; . f 
 any one less debased in sentiment would Ee bee" Lri^|e;r^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 death Itself. Thus all the vast sums which John had eStid from ,i« 
 barons under pretence of recovering his lost fooLg in PVaiu-e were ex 
 ^ W have Kv ni?u' aT ^".' '" '''"'^ '"«^^^«« and'lisgu t to it 
 
 the feudal tenure gave in rLltUan7.hr«nr "'*'"'*' ' ' '^'^ ""^"'« «' 
 in idea, to the Norman so veS'T^u^^'^V^''''^^ p.>wer which it gave 
 this great power wielded .fif^h., > V ^ ^""^''^^red, however, that 
 
 ecclesiastical rnveniies for the relief of l^lestin • • Ji .^ „. V n ' 
 
 popedom oyer the eorlosiasiies, the same collectors were author/. I .. 
 
 cl. rcirOan;er£v''l "! .V'""*""''""-*:' '.'^'"^f "'1205. the monks of Christ- 
 kZ i.,V " y; '"'i' \'"' '■"^''" "1^ •■'"'■•'<"'- siil'i'H-t to the ,.on-,eiit of ho 
 
 k ig: but a minority of them, consisting, to ,, ainost wifhc 1 1 ox Vr I . 
 of the juniors, assembled on the very night ..f H n'^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 nKu.arpnxecdiiijj: of the junior monks of Canlerlmiv was fiillv •.Imi-..,) i,» 
 
 .t . s fnhn eS^^^ iho election of their primate. Intho hands o " 
 .noiiKs John loft the new election, on y rccominendinff Ihit fh..v «h,. ,i 
 
 ES« or Phi- f , ' " '^'""" ^" P''"'*''" "ff"'""' 'N while the king and 
 .lie ""t .;.l^!'_?i^■'^"^•! ""jt, twelve of that or.ler to support il. 1^ 
 
 ^'^ll 
 
 -.^c -.rr.i cirany ihrown into the hands of the 
 
 F)opM, for 
 

 I 
 
 256 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 while each of the three disputing partios opposed the pretensions of thp 
 other two, all three agreed in acicnowledgiiig the pope's authority to de- 
 cide the question; and Innocent III. was not llie man to allow that ad 
 vantage to escape his notice. That the election of Reginald had been 
 irregular and furtive, none but himself and his immediate friends could 
 well deny ; and the authority of the papal court easily overruled the pre. 
 tensions of the suffragan hisnops, which, to say the truth, were stroiielv 
 opposed to the papal maxims and usages. These two points being decided 
 It would at first sight have seemed clear that the decision must be in fa 
 vour of the bishop of Norwich ; but the pope decided that the first election 
 beuig disputed as irregular, the decision of the pope upon that elei lioii 
 should have preceded any attempt at a new one ; that as it had not done 
 so, such second election was uncanonical and null, and that, as a corollary 
 henceforth the appointment to the primacy must remain in the hands of 
 the pope. Following up this decision by action, he commanded the monks 
 who had been deputed to defend the election of the bishop of Norwich im- 
 mediately to elect the cardinal Lungion, a man of great talent, Eiifflisli 
 by birth, but infinitely more attached to the interests of Rome than to 
 those of his native land. All the monks objected to this course, that ihev 
 should, even looking only to the pone's own recent decision, be commit 
 ting a new irregularity, having neither the king's writ nor the authority 
 of their convent to warrant them ; hut, with llu; single exception of Elias 
 de Brantefield, they succumbed to the pope's authority, and the election was 
 made aiicordingly. 
 
 Innocent now followed up his arbitrary proceedings by wjint our histo 
 nans call a mollifying letter and present to John; but what v/ould certain- 
 ly be called an addition of mockery to injury in the case of any clearer. 
 minded and higher-hearted princ^e, for by way of consoling John for the 
 precedent thus set of transferring to the i>apal court one of the most valued 
 and. 111 many respects, important prerogativra of the Knglish crown, Inno- 
 cent sent him him four gold rings set with i)rccious stones, and an explan- 
 atory letter of no less precious coiireits. «' Ilo begged him," says Ilmiiri 
 m his condensed nc(;ount of this admirably ^rrave papal jest, "to consider 
 seriously, the form of the rings, their iiuinlier, their matter, and their col 
 our. rheir form, being round, shadowed out eternity, which had neither 
 beginning nor ending; and he ought thence to learn his duty of aspirinij 
 from earthly objects to heavenly, from things temporal to things elernal. 
 I he number, four, being a siiiiare, denoted steadiness of mind, not to be 
 snbvtTted either by adversity or by niosperity, fixed forever on the firm 
 basis of the four cardinal virtues. (3old, which is the matter, being the 
 most precious of metals, signified wisdom, which is the most valuable o! 
 nil accomplishments, and justly preferred by Solomon to riches, power, 
 and all exterior allainmenls. The blue colour of the sapphire rcpresnnted 
 iHith ; the green of the emerald, hone ; the redness of the ruby, charity i 
 and the splendour of the topaz, good works." 
 
 Never, surely, were mystical conceits vended at a higher price ! Kven 
 Toliii weak and tame as was his spirit, did not consider four rings and n 
 hniidle of conceits q-nte an adequate consideration for the more preeion 
 and substantial Jewel of which the popp had so uncerenioniously deiiri- .'d 
 him, and his wrnili was tremenduous. As the monks of Cnnte.onrv 
 sliowed themselves willing to altido by the election which their fe'lowH nl 
 Koine liad made in obedience to the pope, the first efTeels of his .mger fell 
 upon tiM'in. He despatched Henry de Oornhule and Kuike d» (^aiiielupe 
 two resolute knights ol his riHinue, to expel llie prior and rnOika of Chriit- 
 I'linrch not only from their convent, but "also from the ki.igdom, a duty 
 wliieli the knights performed quite literally nt the point of the sword; n 
 piece «ir vndence at once narllal and childish, which Innocent noticed onlv 
 by a new lelier. i" which lie earnesHy advised the king no longer to oppoii 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 257 
 
 lutnaelf to God and the church, nor longer to uphold that b iriffhteous causp 
 which had cos the martyr St. Thomas%f Canterbury hi!, hfe, but at Jhe 
 same time exa ted him to an equality with the highest saints n heaven- 
 avery plain allusion to the possibility of Beckets being easily found to 
 maintain the cause of Rome against a prince so much meaner than hn to 
 whom "the martyr" Becket had done so much eviP ' ^^'*" ^^ ^° 
 
 As this significant hint had not as much effect as the pope had antici- 
 pated m reducing John to submission, Innocent now commissioned the 
 bishops of London, Worcester, and Ely to assure him that should he per^ 
 gevere in his disobedience to the Holy See an interdict should be laid uSon 
 his kingdom ; and both these and. their brother prelates actually St to 
 him, and with tears besought him to avert a result so fearful, by consent^ 
 ing to receive archbishop Langton and restoring the monks of Chris church 
 to their.convent and revenue. But John, though well aware how Stle he 
 could depend upon the love of his states, whom he did not even da e w 
 assemble to support him m an open struggle, was encouraged by the very 
 huaiility of the posture assumed by the prelates not merely to refuse com^ 
 . phance with their advice, but to couch his refusal In terms fully asT- 
 Wultohnnas they could be offensive to those to whom hey were 
 Sddressed. Not contented with personally insulting the prehtes, he de 
 Glared his defiance of the pope himself; swearing "by dod's teeth" that 
 should the pope lay an interdict upon his kingdom, lie would send the 
 whole of the £ndish clergy to Rome for support and talTe "heir estates 
 and revenues toTiis own use; and that if thenceforth any Rom^us ven 
 tured into his dominions they should lose their eyes and noses? nat a 1 
 who looked upon them might know them from otSer and be"ler me^J I„ 
 nocen was not U be deceived by this vague and vulgar abuseT le we I 
 knew the real weakness of John's position, and findinlthHt half measures 
 and manageme.it would not suffice to reduce him to ob^dien^f he a leS" 
 issued the terrible sentence of interdict. As this sentence frequontiv oc 
 curs ,n our history and as it is essential that readers shoiUdXa y^and 
 in detail understand the muuro of ilie decree by which Rome conld for .ffe, 
 send terror into the hearts of the .nighliest nations hiChSiomia 
 terror from which neither rank, sex, nor scarcely any stage of Ife was 
 exempted-we pause here, in the regular march of our history to qiSJ 
 he brief but clear description of it which we find succinctly given in iC^^^ 
 from the accounts scattered in many nagos of more prolix writ" i' 
 The sentence of interdict was at that time the great instrument of ven- 
 (feance aiui nolicy employed by the curt of R„„,e "was denounced aia^ng 
 sovereigns U the lightest offences; an.l made tlm guilt of Ze 0^ in- 
 volve he rum of iniifionH, even in their spiritual aiuleterna welfare The 
 execution of it was ealculatml to strike .he senses in the hiRhest deirree 
 ami to operate with irresistible force on the siipcrsliiious mi lof t lo pe ,. 
 Plo. 1 lie nation was suddenly deprived of all exterior exercise of its re- • 
 .B|on; the altars were .lespoiled of their ornaments; tlu cr^.ls (h^ 
 
 tef ;hV'''''^:''Sr'"' '''"'""^ Hainls. were laid on lie ground* 
 
 and, as if the nir itself were prof;.nod and might nolhiio ihein bv its con 
 tact, the priests carefully covered .lion. up. ..ve.i from their wn a .'r<S 
 and veneration. The use of the hells eni'rely ceaser? i „ tTe S is 
 the be I.s ihoinselves were rem..v(Hl fro... ihc ^wv.uIoh, ... d a lo i L 
 Rround with the other sacred utensils ; ...uhh was oe el n t ] w t. clolod 
 ao.)rs and .lo.io but the priest, were a.l.nitted t., that lu.ly nsl I. io,, ; he 
 la tv partook of no religious rile, exc.,pi I,api,g,„ to newly-bor i ifa « 
 nmfthe eom.tiun.on to the dyin^,; the dead Jure not i..l«rred 1,^.4, secrl! 
 led ground; they were thrown ?nto du.hc«. .,r buried i.i . 0.. mon fie d« 
 o^id their obsequies wero not att.mded with prayers, or any ha owed con 
 
 »cE'[.Vi?*"''''T:\^"' celebrated in the ch,,n-liy.:rds; a^nd? hrtovm 
 Botion^f hfo miKht bear the markf of ihjg drottdfui aifj-tion- the wSr 
 
 -mM 
 
 f'^fl 
 
 M'fS; 
 
 ili 
 
268 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 were prohibited th« use of meat as in Lent ; and, as in times of the highest 
 penance, were debarred from all pleasures and entertainments, and were 
 forbidden even to salute each other, or so much as to shave their beards 
 and give any decent attention to their person and apparel. Every circum- 
 stance earned symptoms of the deepest distress, and of the most imme- 
 diate apprehension of divine indignation and vengeance." 
 
 Unwarned by even :i.e commencement of this state of things in his 
 kingdom, and obstinately closing his eyes against the contempt in which 
 he was held by those lay barons upon whom he must depend for what- 
 ever support he might need against the spiritual power, John now turned 
 his vengeance especially against those r^f the clergy who ventured to pay 
 attention to the interdict, and generally against the adherentB of Arch- 
 bishop Langton. The prelates of these classes he sent into exile, and 
 the monks he confined to their convent with the barest possible allowance 
 for their temporal necessities, aQd in both cases he made himself the re- 
 cipient of their revenues. Concubinage being a common vice of the 
 clergy, he seized upon that point to annoy them by throwing their concu- 
 bines into prison, whence he would only release them upon payment of 
 high fine? ; conduct which was the more egregriously tyrannical, because 
 he well knew that, in most cases, those who were called the concubineS 
 of the clergy lived with all the decency and fidelity of wives, and only 
 were not wives in consequence of the cruel, unnatural, and odious exer- 
 else of tho power of Rome to compel the celibacy of the clergy. 
 
 Meantime the quarrel between John (uid the pope continued its invet 
 eracy on both sides, and la&ted for some years ; the people, who had no 
 part in the quarrel, being thus exposed to all the evils and vexations which 
 we have described, e,-'!epling in the comparatiyily few cases where the 
 threats or persuasions of John were powerful enough to induce tlie clergy 
 to disregard the interdict. With these exceptions, upon which even the 
 laity, much as they were injured by tho interdict, looked with dislike and 
 contempt, all the clergy remaining in England were the enemies of John. 
 But he, affecting the utmost contempt for public opinion, clerical as lay, 
 loaded all classes of his people with heavy imposts to defray the expeuHcs 
 of Scotch, Welsh, and Irish expeditions, m which success itself produced 
 him no glory, ;is it proceeded rather from the weakness of those to whom 
 he WHS opposed than from his own valour or conduct. As if desirous to 
 irritate his subjects to the utmost, he made the very diversions of his 
 leisure hours either insulting or injurious to them. His licentiousness in- 
 sulted tlieir families wherever he made his apnearanco ; and he added to 
 the odious character of his forest laws by prohibiting his siiMjecfs from 
 
 ftursuing feathered game, and by the purely spiteful act of causing the 
 orest fences to be renioveH, so that the cultivated fields in tho neighbour- 
 hood wore trampled and fed upon by the vast herds of deer which tho in- 
 jured husbandman dared not destroy. 
 
 A. D. 1208. — A constant continuance in a course like this could not fail 
 to excite against the king tho hatred even of those among his suhjert-s 
 who had taken little or no interest in hia original (junrrel with Rome, iind 
 a coiiMciousnesH of this hatred, so far from causing him to retrace his 
 •tops, only aroused him to grosser and more detcrmnuMl tyranny, and \w 
 domaiuhul from all of his nobility whom he honoured with his suspicions 
 that thoy should placo their nearest relatives in his hands as hostages. 
 Among those of whom this insulting dunnind was made was Williuui dn 
 Bravuse, whose lady, a woman of determined spirit and [dnin speech, told 
 the king's moRgoiigcr, that for her part she would never consent to entrust 
 her son in Iht, '• nds of tho man who had notoriously murdered his own 
 nephew. The oaron, though both wealthy and powerful, was sensibk 
 that there was no safety for him after such a reply had been returned to 
 tho Itnig, ui*d he sought shelter, with his wife and child, in ■ remote siliiB 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 260 
 
 lion in Ireland. But John, like most.tvrants was onlv tnn. r<.iihf.,u. • 
 
 by his spies; the unfortunate baron was discovered aXS^^^^^^ 
 
 Sirs II s:r ^0^^ ^^^^^^sii^t^^z 
 
 when he was aware that such hatred cou d aS aKoment Le bLn T," 
 lowed by Rome to break out into open rebellion. *'* 
 
 niclioii, which, aa John wjll knew nni ,i*?iT'",?'"P %" eicomma- 
 anillMnvahaiidair.in.ihimfkJ. '"^ V"' '" alleiiaffco, and would 
 
 MiU hdd'out agLat 2 ^^ SS'^«comm,mi™rn''w'° "°7"".''' 
 fall wilh anch peculiar seveX Voon him .3J T ".""'u""""'" '" 
 pronounce il , Ld h"ex?ne?S^uZklZut T°''5 ^'V?"'' '" 
 
 J^rx: t'^i^nrcrrfl^fd'ss atr ',7''=''' 
 "™£ HSES sSr- =fKS!! 
 
 
 sutaiTT, ffrn 
 
 snouiii Ihwv choio to nltow 
 
 
 ltd 
 
 k,..,, till 
 
260 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 some nodetation in dealing with him as to the past ; now, in a won] 
 whpn he no longer had it in his power to negotiate to advantage, John 
 commenced a negotiation with the hitherto exiled and despised Lan^ton. 
 K meeting accordingly took place between them at Dover, and John of. 
 fered to submit himself to the pope, to receive Langton as primate, to re 
 instate the whole of the exiled clergy, and to pay a cei^tain sum in com 
 
 Sensation of the rents which he had confiscated. But these terms, which 
 obn might have commanded at the outset of the dispute, and at which, 
 in fact, he had then manifested such childish and unbecoming rage, were 
 far toe favourable to be allowed him now that Rome had at once his terroi 
 and his helplessness to urge her to severity. Langton demanded thai, 
 instead of a certain sum in the way of compensation for the wrong done 
 to the clergy,^ohn should pay all that he had unjustly received, and, still 
 further, that he should make full and complete satisfaction for all injuries 
 suffered by the clergy in consequence of their exile and the confiscation 
 of their revenues. It was less, now, from unwillingness to make peace 
 with Rome, on even the hardest terms, than from sheer terror at the 
 thought of having to collect again all the vast sums he had wantonly dis- 
 sipated, and of having still further to find money for damages which those 
 who had suffered them were, of all men, the least likely to undervalue, 
 that John pronounced it impossible for him to comply with Langton's 
 demands. 
 
 A. D. 1212. — The pope, who most probably did not fully appreciate the 
 extent of the pecuniary difficulties which caused John to shrink from 
 Langton's proposal, now solemnly absolved John's subjects from their 
 allef/imce to him, and denounced excommunication upon all who should 
 venliut to have any commerce with him, at the council board or in the 
 festive hall, in private or in public, as a monarch or even as an individual. 
 As even this terrible severity, by which the most powerful men could be 
 in an hour deprived of all support and of all demonstration of affection, 
 and made — so much more powerful were superstitious fears than the 
 urgings of either duty or affection— desolate and shunned as the pariah o( 
 the desert or the Hebrew leper, did not instantly force John to submission, 
 Innocent followed it up by a solemn sentence of deposition. 
 
 The pontiffs in that superstitious age were wiser in their generation 
 than the lay princes witli whom they had to deal, and they well knew 
 how to make those princes each tlie instrument of the other's subjection. 
 Accordingly, on this occasion, the pope, who well understood the ambi- 
 tious character of the king of France, and the animosity that mutually ex 
 Isted between John and Philip, promised the latter not only remission of 
 sins, but also the sovereignty, as a vassal of the popedom, of John's king- 
 dom of England, as the reward of his invading it and subduing Jolui. 
 
 Philip readily consented to comply with the pope's wishes, and havnig 
 Uwieda.vast force and summoniul all his military vassals to attend iinil 
 aid him, he assembled a fleet of sevcntoon hundred sail on the coast of 
 Normandy and Picardy, and prepared for «he immediate and effectual in- 
 vasion of England. 
 
 But the papal court, as usual, was playing a double and an interested 
 game, and was by no means sincere in desiring to replace on the throne , 
 of England a despised and incapable monarch, like John, by a pomiliir, 
 warlike, and politic one like Philip, unless, indeed, the terror of the latter 
 should, as was by no means probable, fail to reduce the former to 
 submission. 
 
 In this decidedly the most serious of all his onrils from without, John 
 displayed something i:\o a flash of the high an : '.uing spirit of his Nor- 
 man race. Issuing orders not only for the ass' r7,'';iing of^all his military 
 vassals at D(»vcr, but iilao for the arming an(? •"reparation of every man 
 able to b,. . urma throughout the kingdoui, h>i buemed dotcrmiaed eithei 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 261 
 
 10 preserve his Crown of to die in defence of it. But this temporary .rieam 
 uf martial feeling came too late, and was too strongly opposed by his 
 craven conduct on former occasions to obtain him any general sympathy 
 among his people. His excommunication and his general unpopularity 
 threw a damp on the spirits of even the bravest of his subjects, and the 
 most zealous among the very few friends whom his vices had left him 
 trembled for the issue. Nevertheless, patriotic feeling in some and habits 
 of feudal obedience in others caused his orders to be obeyed by an im- 
 mense number, from whom he selected for immediate service the larse 
 force of sixty thousand. * 
 
 Philip, in the meantime, though anxious immediately to striice the blow 
 which promised to give him so vast a prize, was, as a vassal to the pope, 
 Bnd directly and specially engaged in supporting the papal authority, 
 Dbhgcd to be observant of the directions of l»andolf, the papal legate, to 
 whom the whole conduct of the expedition was committed. Pandolf. well 
 acquainted with the real and occult views of Innocent, required no more 
 of Phihp s aid after that prince had prepared and displayed his force. 
 That done, Pandolf summoned John to a conference at Dover. Pointing 
 on the one hand, to the immense power and inteiested zeal of Philip, and 
 on the other, to those peculiar drawbacks upon the efficient action of the 
 Liidish force, of which John was already but too sensible, the legale 
 with wily and emphatic elocjyeime, urged John, by a speedy and complete 
 submission to the pope, to embrace the only means of safety that now re- 
 mained open to him ; excommunicated by the nope, on the eve of beina 
 attacked by his mighty and vindictive rival of France, and secretly hated 
 oy his own vassals, who were not at all unlikely openly to desert him 
 upon the day of battle. The statements of the legate were true, and John, 
 who knew them to be so, passed in an instant from the extreme of bra- 
 vado and obstinacy to an equally extreme and far more disgusting humil- 
 :ty and obedience. John now promised the most entire submission to 
 the pope ; the acknowledgement of Langton as archbislioi) of Canterbury; 
 the restoration of all, whether clergy or laymen, whom he had banished 
 an account of this long and unfortunate dispute ; restitution of all goods 
 and revenues that had been confiscated, and full payment of all damages 
 done by the confiscation; and an immediate payment of eight thousand 
 pounds on account, together with an immediate acceptance to his grace 
 and favour of all who had suflfercd in them for adhering to the pope. To 
 a I tht;so terms the king swore agreement, and four of his great barons 
 also swore to cause his faithful compliance. From tlic instant that Pan- 
 dolf got the king to agree to these degrading conditions, the whole right 
 and merit of the quarrel was substiintially and uiiiillorably assigned to 
 Home by the king's own Bolcmn confession; and this point Pandolf was, 
 for obvious reasons, anxious to secure prior to running the risk of stinging 
 and startling even John's dastard spirit into desperation. But having thus 
 made the king virtually confess that his share in the quarrel was such as 
 to disentitle him to the support of his friends and subjects, Pandolf wholly 
 UiiGwoflr the mask, and showed John how much more of the bitter draught 
 of degradation he still had to swallow. 
 
 John had sworn humble and complete obedience to the* pope ; he was 
 now required, as the first convincing proof of that obedience, to resign his 
 Kingdom to the church ; an act of obedience wliicli ho was assured was 
 nis most efl'cctual mc«de of protecting his kingdom against Philip, who 
 would not dare to attack i». whoa placed under the immediato gtiardianship 
 and r.uHtody of Rome. John had now gone too far to rceede from thai 
 dcffradation which made him forever the mere temporal as well as spiritud 
 vamd of haughty and overrea(diing Rome, Ho therefore subscribed a 
 -imle.T, in which, professing to be under no restraint, he solemnly rj 
 
 „- - -auvciii aiSa ms .'ipusiuiic buC' 
 
 miUnCAd Knalanii 
 
 <» D 
 
 t:iM 
 
 li 
 
 itLI 
 
 ^■1 
 
 :/;'■■■» U 
 
S63 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 cessors, and agreed thenceforth to hold them at the annual rent of a thou. 
 sand marks, as feudatory of the papal throne ; binding his successors as 
 well as himself to the due performance of this condition, on pain of abso- 
 lute forfeiture in the event of impenitent disobedience. Even the signing 
 of this degrading agreement was not allowed to terminate John's deep 
 humiliation. He was compelled, in open court, to do homage in the usual 
 feudal form to Pand f as the representative of the pope, and at the same 
 time to pay in advance a portion of the tribute, upon which the le?-ate 
 trampled in open scorn. And, so much had John's misconduct degraded 
 his brave subjects as well as himself, that, with the single exception of 
 the archbishop of Dublin, no one pres*nt had the spirit to resent Pandolf 's 
 rude and impolitic behaviour. 
 
 After John had submitted to all this ignominy, he was still compelled 
 to feel himself dependent upon the very doubtful generosity of Rome ; for 
 Pandolf refused to remove the interdict and excommunication till the 
 damages of the clergy should be both estimated and paid. Yet even in 
 this terrible and galling state of his fortunes John relaxed not from his 
 tyranny to his subjects. An enthusiast or impostor,- named Peter of 
 Pomfret, a hermit, had in one of his rhapsodies prophesied that the king 
 would this year lose his crown, a prophecy which had been likely enough 
 to be accomplished in any one of many preceding years. This man, and 
 his son as his accomplice or abettor, were tried as impostors ; and though 
 the hermit stoutly maintained that the kfsig's surrender to Rome, and the 
 vassalage in which he had now consented to hold his formerly indeoen 
 dent crown, verified the prophecy, they were both dragged at horses' heels 
 to the gallows and there hanged. 
 
 John, the baseness of whose temper made him callous to many reflec 
 tions which would have stung a prouder and more honourable man al- 
 most to madness, was, amid all his degradation, less to be pitied just now 
 than the duped and baffled Philip. His rage on learning that his expen 
 sive display of force had only served the purpose of drivmg John into tlie 
 
 Erotection of the pope, could scarcely be kept within either safe or decent 
 ounds. He bitterly complained of the insincere offers and promises by 
 which he had been gulled into an outlay of sixty thousand pounds ; and, 
 his indignation being shared by his barons, he went so far as to declare 
 that not even the pope's protection should save England from him. i: 
 indeed seemed probable, that he would at all risks have invaded England 
 but for the influence and intrigue of the earl of Flanders, who, being in a 
 secret confederacy with John, loudly protested against the impiety ol 
 attacking a state that was now become a part of St. Peter's patrimony. 
 Shrewdly judging that the earl would follow up his WunIs by correspond- 
 ing deeds, Philip resolved to chastise him ; but while he was engaged in 
 so doing, his fleet was attacked by John's natural brother, the earl of Salis- 
 bury, so that Philip deemed it the wisest plan to lay aside his meditated 
 attack upon England, at least for the present. 
 
 John, as easily elated as depressed, was so pjjffed up by his novel safety 
 Bccompanied though it was by so much ignominy, that he boasted his in- 
 tention to invade France. Hut he was met on the part of his barons with 
 cold and contelnpiuous refusal to take part in his enterprise ; and when, 
 in the hope of shaming them into joining him, he sailed with only his 
 personal followers as far as the island ol Jersey, he had the mortification 
 of being compelled to return, not one of the barons having so far relented 
 as to follow him. On his retnrn he threatened to chastise them for tiieii 
 want of obedience ; but here ho was met by the archbishop liangton, who 
 reminded him that he was but the vassal of Rome, and threatened him 
 with the most signal punishment if he ventired to levy war upon any ol 
 Dis subjects. 
 
 Home removed the infliction upon John and his kingdom to the full as 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 263 
 
 gradually as she had laid them on ; but in the end the pope himself inter- 
 fered to protect him against the extortion of the clergy, and commanded 
 ',''u'"u°i*''i ^°5^y thousand marks instead of a hundred thousand, which 
 John had oflFered, and instead of the infamously excessive sum beyond that 
 which they had rated their losses at. 
 
 In the end, the king's submissive behaviour and his disbursement of 
 jirge sums of money procured the interdict to be removed from his kins- 
 dom ; and the prelates and superior clergy having received their damages, 
 the mfenor clergy were left to console themselves as they best mifflit 
 without any repayment at all; Nicholas, bishop of Frescati, who was 
 now legate m England mstead of Fandolf, showing himself more favour- 
 able to John than his predecessors had been. 
 
 A. D 1214.— Not deterred by the evident dislike of his barons, and their 
 determination never to assist him when they could make any valid excuse, 
 Tohn now proceeded to Poictou, and his authority being still held in re- 
 spect there, he was enabled to carry the war into Philip's territory. But 
 before John had well commenced his depredations he was routed bv 
 Philip s son, young Prince Louis, and fled in terror to England, to enffaffe 
 once more in his congenial task of oppressing his subjects. For this 
 amiable pursuit he deemed that his submission to Rome had furnished 
 him with full immunity ; but mortifications of the most severe description 
 were still in store for him. The barons, shocked out of even their feudal 
 notions of submission, became clamorous for the practical and formal 
 establishment of the liberties and privileges which had been promised to 
 them by both Henry I. and Henry II. In their demands they were much 
 backed and aided by Archbishop Langton ; less, it would seem pretty 
 clear, from any genuine patriotism on his part, than from old detestation 
 of John, exacerbated and festered by the obstinacy with which he had 
 resisted Laneton's admission to the primacy. At a private meeting of 
 the most zealous of the barons, Langton not only encouraged them by his 
 own eloquent advice, but also produced a copy of the charter of Henry I. 
 which he had rummaged out of some monastic crypt, and urged them to 
 make that the guide and basis of their demands, and to persevere until 
 those demands were both fully and securely conceded to them. Perceiv- 
 ing the effect of this conduct, he repeated it at another and more numerous 
 meeting of the baions at St. Edmund's Bury in Suffolk ; and the charter, 
 supported by its own vivid eloquence, so wrought upon the barons, that 
 ere they separated they solemnly swore to be true to each other, and 
 never to cease to make war upon their faithless and tyrannical king until 
 he should grant their just demands. This done they separated, after 
 hxing upon a day for their reunion to commence their open and, if need 
 be, armed advocacy of their cause. 
 
 A. D. 1216.— On the given day they punctually mot, and demanded then 
 rights, as promised by his own oath and as laid down in the charter 
 of Henry I. Alarmed at their union, John promised that they should be 
 answered on the following Easter; and the primate witli the bishop of Ely 
 and the earl of Pembroke becoming surety for the performance of the 
 Kings words the barons contentedly retired to their castles. 
 
 But John li id sought delay, not for the purpose of oonsid'eriiig the nature 
 and propriety of the demands, but for that of finding, if possible, some 
 means by which at once to baulk the barons and to be avenged of them 
 •laving experienced to his cost the power of Rome, he thought his hest 
 way to baffle his nobles was to conciliate the church, to which lie vohiii 
 tarily made many concessions and compliments ; one of the former beiii" 
 Ills voluntary relinquishment of that right to investiture which the pre" 
 vioui Norman kings had so stoutly battled for, and one of the latter, jih 
 equally voluntary proffer and promise to lead an army against the infidels 
 in tlie Holv Land' "id 'o ui<'i>iru hi^ .»«(;«»• -; -•'— 4>-:- i_-.^ -_■ . 
 
 
284 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 <ie at once assumed the Cross. Both from John's urgency for his proteo 
 lion and from the counter and no less urgent instances of the barons, the 
 pope was excited to much alarm about England, for the peace and pros- 
 perity of whish he had, since John basely became his vassal, conceived a 
 sort of paternal interest. Knowing full well how much more difficult il 
 would be to deal with the power of England under the bold barons than 
 under a despiserl ?ni ^veak prince like John, it was obviously to the in- 
 terest of Innnt-eni m ephold the latter as faras possible against the former, 
 and he thriv^OT*, t'««o«3 a bull, in which he characterised the proceedings 
 of the iaronis Sf? uk^gal and treasonable; forbade them, under pain ol 
 excommunication, from persisting in their demands ; and enjoined John 
 under the same penaltjr, not to comply with them. 
 
 The primate, being in favour of the barons, refused to give formal 
 publicity to this bull ; and though he was suspended for his conduct in 
 this respect, the failure of the bull was not the less insured ; and thus a 
 new proof was afforded how m\Kh *^X' lope's power depended upon ihe 
 extent and cordiality of th" .;o-opfciaiiori of the rest of the church. But 
 though the pope and the king thus exerted themselves to defeat the barons, 
 the latter succeeded in wresting from the king that well known declara' 
 Hon of rights and definition of prerogative knqvvn as Magna CAarla, or the 
 Great Charter— a document which we need not insert here, on account ol 
 Its general notoriety. But no charter or agreement could bind the king- 
 he introduced foreign mercenaries, besieged and took Rochester castle 
 and barbarously put all but the very highest of the garrison to death, and 
 then carried fire and sword into the towns and viHages throughout Eng- 
 land. The barons, chiefly from some faults or omissions on their own 
 part, were reduced to such straits, that they ventured in the unpatriotic 
 and dangerous expedient of offering the crown of England to Prince Louis. 
 son of Philip of France. 
 
 A. D. 1216.— The prince accordingly landed in England with a large 
 force, m spite of the menaces and orders of the pope ; John was deserted 
 by the foreigners upon whom he chiefly depended, and who. though wil- 
 ling enough to slaughter his English subjects, were naturally unwilling to 
 fight against their own native prince. Most of the English nobility who 
 had heretofore sided with John, now deserted him; town after town, and 
 castle after castle, fell into the hands of his enemies ; and everything 
 seemed to threaten him, when a report, true or false, got currency, that 
 Louis merely used the English nobles as his tools, and would execute 
 them as traitors whenever his success should be complete. This report 
 had visibly turned the scale once more in favour of John. Several 
 nobles retumq^ to thoir allegiance, and he was rapidly collecting power- 
 ful forUes to combat for his kingdom, when a heavy loss of treasure and 
 l)aggage, which occured as he was passing towards Lincoln, so much ag 
 gravated an illness nnder which he already laboured, that he expired at 
 Newark, on the 17th of October, 1216, in the forty ninth year of his age, 
 and in the eighteenth of his agitated, mischievous, and inglorious reign. 
 It was in this reign that the citizens of Lomlon first were privileged an- 
 nually and froni their own body to choose tin m- mayor and common roun- 
 eil, and to elect and discharge their sheriFs at pleasure Of the king's 
 character no summary is needed ; both as .nan and as sovereign he is 
 out too forcibly depicted in the evenia of which we have given a brief but 
 complete and impartial account. 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 265 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 THE RElOIf OF HENRT III 
 
 was both able and willing to prevent hiT^nfaL/T"*' l"*^ ^""'^'^" "^^^ 
 vantage to him ; and Louis of tace. who eSted to H^.' -^ ""^ ^'""^ 
 
 ne"lpn ^he^alfoft^rg ^?4°/ ^^hX^-^ ^^IJ 
 
 the people, on the one hL and Se 8™ nf R """^ the enthusiasm of 
 farther to increase the SarUy of the ^^n?^^^^^^ °" '?' ?'^''- ^'^ 
 now regularly authorized wth the ttl«»^,r^»".^' '^® ^^'"^ "'^ Pembroke 
 redupol him by a greTco?ncil issued in f^^^^^^^^ "^ ^'^^ r^^''"' ^o-'f^r- 
 founded on that which John had erased and h^t ^ "^ ''^'f '^'■' ^^efly 
 «equently he added severTsKSeXular artSs t h ^^^ ?"' ^"•'■ 
 .much of the vast quantity of land whiph haH Lk-. -i L "' o'saforesung 
 Richard and John, and Us iS.re fil «n/ S^''^''^^ ^^^" /"^'°««d by 
 
 %ruel punishments which SherSfforebepn ^^^Tj'?'^".* ^""^ ^^« ™<»-« 
 While active in taking these generrmeasl.!^^^^^^^ ' ^""^''^ °'^""''^»' 
 cf the people, the earl did not oSto exert hS'' •f^'l''^'''^ affections 
 tachthe barons who had sided with Tm-I^ ^'^'"^'^'dual influence to de 
 ble tact, the vast difference betweeS tZL ^l^-^T^^ «"'' ^'th admira 
 years who had wronged and ?.Sed!hPm".,?H'"''i- '"'^'^^SnotmMme 
 prince of the race of tLlr ancient monar^hsti T.^'"^ l^^'T ^" •»'''»"» 
 of the French king; he dwelt inonT«S' ^^* "P '" *"« P'«ce the eon 
 been effected by the goveSenfof lie fitTif "'"Vu*''"'' ^^^ already 
 lake the favourable opportuStfnow ^ "»em to 
 
 Louis, which was unjS?t n tse?f TnaH^.S,?^ f k"''?u""« ^*»« ««"8e o' 
 hitherto been as singuCyunfSa^e as it wninh ^^ '^ PpPe. and had 
 character of Pembroke Was so hPI. tot . ^ °'''''°"*^y ""^^'essed. The 
 
 effect on those tVwhL Jiefwefe adjr^^^^^^^^ had a great 
 
 abandoned Louis, and carrS^o^er t£ stre.f.th^n'Jj: ^'^'''''^ ^°"^^^'^^ 
 and many more, though not vet Senrpnrr^^^^^^ he.r nnt.ve prince; 
 
 ed into a correspondence wit^h Pembroke wht^ *".'\^* '^"«"^' ^"'er- 
 way. Louis added to this leaninTbv the^-nnniv"'""'^ their leaning that 
 he evinced his distrust o the Sish K,^rrf Fh.T'i""'' ^'^ ^^'^"^^ 
 ful noble under whom all the bSs of England h J fh^ P''^"' 
 
 grace to range themselves when they conSnc^H^i r^*"', " "? '^'«- 
 tyrant John, applied to Louis for theSvernmPnf nf .h ^'•'"ffg'A^'ith the 
 and was refused, although he had anp"l'^r/ f ''^^^'^ of Hertford, 
 With such an exampe before thefrpv.f^^' claim upon the fortress 
 ingthat he was, inffid^ ntkh.g'm^r^toolS oT iu7T' ''™"' ''^'P ^^«'- 
 
 their turn hei ..led in and besietred thp Fn.rii=K V"""' /'"-che, who in 
 A sally from the castle wasTadf a th^?s,^m«i""''*'^*''^ ^""^°'" «»«"«• 
 his troops mounted to the asTauU of the town ™"T'" ^'^'^ Pembroke and 
 luccess of il,e English on throccasiintCtL?^^ so complete was the 
 ^Jfid to have depended on the issue ' ^^' '^^ ^"'^ ""^'^^ ^'"S^^'« "'«y 
 
 norr"as^i:?thtrwa^"a"'abK\r^^^ advantage Louis was besieging 
 
 • . 
 
266 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD 
 
 Slfnnh flf /"k^I"' '" "t"^^ *"'^"<'*^ ^"'n «f tJ'e defeat and dispers.on ol a 
 French fleet which was bringing him over reinforcements. ^ 
 
 hrnt« t^^? 7®"i^ r^"^^*^ "?"' ^esertions of the English barons to Pern 
 broke; and instead of entertaining farther hope of winning the EnS 
 crown, Louis now thought only of securing a safe and spefdy departS 
 rom a kingdom in which he had met with so many misLtuLsYhe ^ 
 • £n"fhL'^f.f '° ^^"'"^*« *^« '''"^''°™ f^rthwfih, upon the Vole eSS: 
 hinil^^/'l^'" '"P^'Perty nor in liberties should those barons 2 
 had adhered to his cause be made to suffer for that adherence 
 
 rhe protector readily agreed to so easy a condition ; and the civil »», 
 being thus happily terminated, Pembroke, as regarded he lay barons who 
 had supported Louis, fully performed his part of the agreement not Ilv 
 Tnw Z/th"" f ^^^" possessions, but also taking evIrrStun t?t 
 show tha their former conduct was not allowed to have the sliKt vIpU? 
 '^JIuT"^ favour or preferment from reaching them Fofthe cSa 
 
 .;?wn ^'^'^^'■*I'^"'^ Z^' '"«*"'«• As faras regarded the merely dv' 
 portions of their offence Pembroke molested none of them ; buTSo he 
 pope's legate, dealt somewhat more sternly for the contempt and disobedi- 
 
 S'ln^^ '*?'"'' I" 'P'*^ °^">" •"^^^'Ji^' ^n<i excommunTation, they had 
 dared to continue to support Louis. In so numerous a body of men U was 
 obviously impossible but that there should be degrees of guirjnSac 
 cordmgly, while some where deposed, others were onlv 8n9npnfip/.Ll * 
 wer« banished, but all, whatever^heir ^ee of guilt?L^adTpay a 'fine"o 
 
 nrn^W' ^^ '*'''"" ^^'^ wholesale chastisement of the effi derk" 
 produced an immense sum. cnmg uerics 
 
 cnl'^fff*''?^^®'"!""*^''^' *** *•'<"" th« peace was so greatly owin<r died 
 Krf hI u ''rl"''^"' ^"".^ '^^ protectorate passed into the fcs of 
 ?wl ''^rS""^^:''!-^ justiciary, and Peter des Roches, bishop of Win 
 w« L ^* T^^'^'A^^^ '^"''T"' ^'^o took the chief part in the governmen 
 was a great and able man, he had not that personal reputation 2^1?; 
 barons which had been enjoyed by the earl of Pembroke and tw^ £ 
 
 SS^fo^"f!moti,2^r4" '? T^ thetilXtsition^^t 'n'ow 
 eJSr^where nfli^nl ^in " activity, insulting the royal authority, and 
 
 became so notorious and so miscCu; Jj t HubSe LrS 
 SrlfZTr'Zl^^Arr'' ^S^'"«^ '""''^ powerful n» who 
 
 DoV.^^ir u ° '^'ely extinguished flames of civil war. FortunPtPlv 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD. h7 
 
 foUowed in the discreditable capacUvofTmnSL^ n'"^i°''"' *''*"" *»« 
 the conduct and manners of h?sSni 8^SSoS•^l' "^f f"""*^ 
 which he had attained, and was amoJi th« m««f . v.^.'^^.®'" ^i""'""^ ^° 
 ageableof all the barons. ^ ^''^ "*'*^* turbulent and unman 
 
 poJststtVel'wirf' htm Kl^ t^H^?^^ ^^« "«1'''»' --^^' «nd take 
 Pbberies c^f this%:i'a'^rd'wriera e t^^^^ 
 
 ar^r^eTb^rff p?^^^^^ 
 
 of his ataunchest disorderlies' tWcLrt o7Tu'£thicrwtle?l^ 
 
 ting, seized upon his bench the judge who had ventnrflH tn h^^: i • 
 
 so potent an offender, and actuallv imnrLnin 1 . ■ j ° ^,®'V.'^® against 
 
 BeLrd castle. Ha^inTgoneSthiSSit F,i5f ' ^"'''Jil^i '^^^^'^^''^ '» 
 
 compunction about goin/stSl farther an^^h^^^^ 
 
 war?.pon the king. VhJlllfiLw ^ne tS'thT utlength of 'SS 
 
 he WKS opposed so vigorously that lis followers were soon nnt^nthJ 
 
 rouund he, bein^g taken prisoner, was punished b^ Ss^aXid W 
 
 ^^ ;^^^JJle'Si/'^.S Z£ ™^£, Si; 
 
 "awt^d^BSr"' ''' '^"''^ ^'°"" ^^ ^'^ desperateTuStieris 
 
 Jri°*n^fh^ n^' "!'!,5air, which was much complained of as being ron 
 trary to the Great Charter, Hubert procured a b ill frnm »^ ?. ^ 
 
 London n..fLf,K'" ^'^^ P^pared to march in hostile array upon 
 civ?i«;,hJSKT!,-''^^^"''*™« *« commence this actual levying of 
 
 com SwT&wir'^"'"'' ^'^^'^Ijdo'i^^l their design, and appeared at 
 (hn ml, r :.y ^7®™ summoned to answer for their conduct Bm 
 
 b iut^vrunnf,' ?^ P™'^'"''^' ^'*«y ^^'^ '«''l ^^''^^ the cSesfgn of levy""g 
 "UBoiuw war upon their sovweian. tii«i7 ir.«,io ..,. — r ;r„ _V. _ / .» 
 
 - -IT-' — J- ■••• i'lvitrosiuu uj n;jR:m. 
 
 
268 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ?r?®'. 9u *u? contrary, while they eagerly disavowed any personal kos 
 tility to the king himself, they equally admitted that they were hostile to 
 Hubert, and that they were still as determined as ever to insist upon hiM 
 removal from his power and authority. They were too numerous and 
 potent to be subjected to the punishment which their insolent sedition 
 merited ; and probably it was their perception of that as the real cause oi 
 their being suffered to retire unscathed from court after so open a deck. 
 ration of their hostility to Hubert, that encouraged them very shortlv 
 afterwards to hold another armed meeting at Leicester. Here a jain lUev 
 determined that the king, then resident at Northampton, was too strong 
 and too well prepared to allow of their seizing upon his person, which 
 despite their former disclaimer, it was all along their desire to do Bu' 
 as If watching for some relaxation of the vigilance of the justiciary or 
 some diminution of the royal forces, tliey kept together under the nre- 
 tence of cel.brating Christmas. As it was evident that mischief would 
 speedily occur to both king and people, unless these bold bad men were 
 stopped before they had encouraged each other too far, the archbishon and 
 the prelates sternly remonstrated with them, and threatened them with 
 immediate excommunication as the penalty of their longer delayinff their 
 submission to the king and the disbanding of their hostile arriiy ^JE 
 ol the castles were, upon this threat, given up to the king, and we mav 
 judge how necessary a step Hubert had taken on behalf of his youn? 
 sovereign, when we read that there were in England at that lime no less 
 than eleven hundred and fifteen of these castles. When Hubert's jn^t and 
 wise design was fulfilled, the king restored to that faithful subiec't and 
 servant the fortresses he had surrcHdered, and this restoration was bitterly 
 complained of by the factious barons, who chose not to perceive the iin. 
 mense difference between fortresses held for the king and fortresses held 
 against him. 
 
 Parliament having granted the king a fifteenth, he was obliged to employ 
 It in carrying on war against France, in spite of the disaffected state of 
 80 many of his most powerful subjects. For Henry having demanded 
 the resl.tution of his ancestral Normandy, Louis VIM. was so fur from 
 making that restitution, that he made a sudden attack upoli Poictoii, be- 
 8iege,(l and took Rochelle, and showed an evident determination to d(!nrive 
 the Lnghsh of 'heir very small remaining continental territory The 
 king sent over, a.^ his lieutenants, his brotlier tho earl of Cornwall, and 
 Ills undo tho earl of Salisbury, who succeeded in preveiitino any farther 
 progress on the part of Louis, and in keeping the vassals of (lascony 
 and oictou m obedience ; and, after two years' stay in France, duriiia 
 which tne military operations amounted to nothing higher than what mod- 
 em generals would term a skirmish, the carl of Cornwall returned to 
 England. 
 
 A. D. 1227.--Thnugh Richard, earl of Cornwall, scorns to have cared 
 -Ittle enough for tho ordinnry ends of ambition, lio had a greediness ol 
 gain wi.ich answered all the piir|)ooe8 of ambition in arraying him against 
 his brother and king; and a petty diH|nito which arose (mt of the earl's 
 
 nrrnnM iiiwl liia ■■■linai <.r...__.. r.r ~ i.e..: :^ . ■ k ... 
 
 greed and his unjust course of'gratifving'jt, iioi'onl'y pr'oilucfadlemUmong 
 
 ligh involved tlio whole nation in a civil war, 
 
 the brother.s, but had well ni, „ „ .,..„.„ „.„.„,. „. „ ,„„ „„„ 
 
 and certainly would have done so but for the v't>ak and yielding chnraclei 
 of lleiiry, whoso irresolution even thus early bucame manifest to both 
 nia friends and his enemies. 
 
 Taking advantage of a dispute which had occurred between Hi'iard 
 Hnd one of the baron*, relative to the possession of a certain manor, a 
 pf.werfnl confederacy of discontented nobles was foi ined against the king, 
 who at length yielded the point through fear, and made conco.winns as 
 Innwlitic as they wore inglorious to him as a sovereign. No voak and 
 pliant, in fact, waa tho character of Henrv. that It mav be doubted wLelhcr 
 
 tuary, drawn the 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 260 
 
 he would ever have reigned at all h;id ihe care of his minorily fallen into 
 the hands of a less able and upright man than Hubert de Burgh. And 
 it was no small proof of his weakness ihat after a.1 the important and 
 steadfast services which he had received from De Burgh, that minister 
 was diHmissed his office, deprived of his property, driven to take sanc- 
 tuary, drawn thence and committed to close custody in the castle of De- 
 vizes, for no other reason than that he had been faithful .to the king. 
 Other rea/ charge than this there was none; though several pretences 
 were urged against him, such as the frivolous ones of his having gained 
 the kings favour and affection by acts of enchantment, and of purloining 
 from the royal treasure a gem which had the virtue of rendering its 
 wearer invulnerable ! Hubert was at length driven into exile ; but re- 
 called and taken into favour with just as little apparent reason as there 
 had been for his persecution. He seems in his adversity to have at least 
 earned the valuable lesson of the danger of counselling wisely a weak 
 king; for, though he was now personally as much a favourite as ever, he 
 never afterwards showed any desire to resume his perilous authority, 
 winch was bestowed at his overthrow upon Peter, bishop of Winchester, 
 a native of Poictou, arbitrary and violent, but without any of Hubert de 
 Burghs talent or courage, and so little fitted for the almost sovereign 
 authority that was entrusted to him, that it wis mainly owing to his mis- 
 conduct and tyranny as judiciary, and regent of the kingdom during an 
 absence of King John in Franco, that the barons had been stung into 
 that memorable combination which resulted in the great charter, the foun- 
 dation of constitutional liberty in England. 
 
 A. D. 1231.— Like all weak persons, Henry, while he felt his own iiica 
 pacity for governing, was unwilling to abide by the advice of those who 
 were worthy of his confidence ; and feeling that his true nature was 
 shrewdly understood by his own subjects, lie invited over a groat number 
 of Poictevins, in whom ho rightly supposed that he would find more 
 pliancy ami less restraint. Upon these foreign sycophants he conferred 
 various offices of trust an<l power which he feared to bestow upon his 
 hiiglish subjects. Confident in the protection of the king, inflated by the 
 stream of good fortune which so suddenly flowed in upon thein, andeitinjr 
 igiiornnt or heedless of the halo and jealousy of w\w\\ they were the ob 
 ji'cts, these foreign favourites, by their insolence, added to the rancour of 
 10 powerful eneiniea by whom the mere favour and profuse liberality of 
 ho king were of themselves sufficient to surround them. The barons, on 
 he other hand, findui'!; all indirect tokens of their displeasure uiiattonded 
 to, at length refused to attend ilujr parliainenlury duties, uiuier pretence 
 of fearing the power of the foroigners; and when the king remonstrated 
 mid plainly coininaiided their attendance, they replied that they would 
 attend no more until the king should have dismissed the Poictovins, and 
 inat If ho did not speedily diamiMs those men. Loth they and ho should be 
 rtriven from the kingdom. At length, however, the barons, altering their 
 plan, did proceed to parliament, but in so warlike a guise, that it was evi- 
 dent tuey intended to overawe the king, and make their own will serve 
 lor law both to him and to the kingdom. And this they doubtless would 
 •peedily have done with the strong hand, had the; been opposed by no 
 8h er antagonist than liio king, hut the justiciary, Peter d.-s Koches, so 
 BWy employed their interval of inoiolution, that ho detached fioiu them 
 not only .he earls of Chester and Lincoln, but also the earl of Cornwall, 
 no king 8 brother, and thus so inuci: weakened the confederacy, that it 
 jf^ 1 !!" "'' ."'"* '^*' '«»*'«'»''' exposed to the vengeance of the king 
 Kichnnl, the earl marshal, fled into Wales and thence to Irelmid, whore 
 lie was assaBsmated; others of the barons were fortunate enough to 
 eiciipo, but their estates were conflmMitod, and, with thit king's umml folly 
 and linfusion, dmtr.bul.jd amonir Ih^ u!«>ady w$^rtHh-=,-ifg«l furrigiiorl 
 
 11 
 
 !•?! f 1 
 
 N'ii 
 
 Ik -J 
 
 l»-'il 
 
 'n 
 
270 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and llie justiciary publicly said that the barons of England must leam tn 
 know themselves as inferior to those of France ! 
 
 To what extent of insolent tyranny he who uttered such a speech mijht 
 have proceeded it is not easy to guess ; but his pride met with a sudden 
 check, and that from a quarter whence he might reasonably have leasj 
 anticipated it. The church became alarmed for its own interests ; several 
 of the prelates, well knowing the general discontent that was sprendiiis 
 among the people m consequence of the insolent and tyrannical coiidiict 
 of the justiciary, attended the archbishop of Canterbury to court, where hp 
 Btfongly represented to Henry the impolicy as well as injustice of the 
 course he had pursued himself and allowed the justiciary to pursue in his 
 name; and, attributing all the evil to the justiciary, demanded his dis. 
 missal on pain of an instant sentence of excommunication affiiinst the 
 king himself. Timid by nature, though well enough inclined towards 
 despotism while it could be practised safely, Henry was struck with 
 alarm at the threat of excommunication, which he rightly judged would 
 be satisfactory to the oppressed people as well as to the barons, and he 
 consented to the dismissal of Peter des ll*iches. The primate succeeded 
 hiin in the task of ordering state affairs ; and being a man of promptilude 
 as well as of good sense, he speedily restored content by banisiiins the 
 detested foreigners and reinstating the English magnates in the offices 
 troin which they had, as insultingly as unjustly, been banished. 
 
 A.n. 123C — The inclinations of a weak prince, however, are usually too 
 strong for the advice of the most prudent minister, and the complaints of 
 the king s preference of foreigners soon became louder than ever. 
 
 Having married Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, Honry 
 surrounded himself with her countrymen and those of her maternal uiicie 
 the bishop of Valence, who was of the house of Savoy. The Provenoais 
 and Savoyards now tasted of the king's indiscriminate bounty as larijelv 
 as the Poictevins had. The bisiiop of Valence became as potent a per- 
 Bonage as Peter dee Roches had been; another member of the family ol 
 Peter was presented with the manor of Richmond and the great wardship 
 of the earl of Waronne, and IJoniface, also of Savoy, was made archbishop 
 of (Canterbury. Nor were tiio men alone thus fortunate ; to the ladies of 
 Savoy the king gave in marriage the young and wealthy nobles who were 
 nis wanls. Profusion like this soon exhausted even the monarch's ample 
 moans, and an attempt was inado to put the kiHg in possession of fiiiuls 
 for farther liberalities, by obtaining an absolution for him from Homt 
 from the oath which he had taken to sufjport his former grants to his Kiig. 
 lish Hubjects. In truth, it soon Imm-hu'c necessary oitlier that iho king 
 should obtain new fumls, or that ho should abandon his system of profit- 
 Bion ; lor a new claim, which had some show of reason, was now madi! upon 
 him. t will bo remomhored that Henry's mother, Isabella, had l)een by 
 the violencr of King John taken from her lawful himband, the count m la 
 Marche ; and to him, as soon after John's death as decen(7 wouid aiiow, 
 she had given her hand in second marriage. Hy this second niiirringc 
 «ho had f(nir sons, (Juy, William, (JeoTrey, and Aylmnr, whom she sent 
 over to visit Honry. Their being foroigners w»tuld pciliaps have been quite 
 ■ufflclent to pro(!ure for them a cordial recejition ; but having the ndilitioiial 
 recomincndaiion of being his half brotliens ihoy wore rapturously re. 
 oeivod by him, and !ic lieaped wealth anil dignities upon them, with a 
 moBl entire unconcern as to hin own means and as to the feelniKS and 
 claims of his subjects. In church as in state, foroigners wore coiistmit;/ 
 preferred to natives, and while Henry was lavishing waalth and civil 
 hoiiours upon the I oictovinii, Savoyards, and (hisi^ons, the overwhelming 
 mfluenco of Home flilod the richest church bonoflces of Enghuul wiir, 
 nameless Italian raoiiks, and it wan tit one time proved to drmonstriition 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. g'/l 
 
 that thefctalian iiUrude-s into the church werp in fiio ,r^„ i 
 
 menus considerably larger than that of the S.^'tjif?'"'^ '"^'^^'P' "^ ^ 
 
 Under such circumstances it was natural th,, \h ■,■ 
 show some unwillingness to grant sunSifn -IC ^^'^ P"''«'"ent should 
 10 use his fund«, or that men of airranksshnnh.'"^ ''''° '" '" "^"^^ ^ow 
 50 entinily destitute of patriot^ feeS atd^ .« """' ^^'''"'' ^ ^*»8 
 was thus lavishtoforeiUrswhie fteriv 1! '"?''^/'P''^'^''y' «« hi 
 with that martial enterprise whTch then ai^ln.ri^ ''^ '''""' ^'"'^ ''^"?"«»^ 
 as a-nple covering for many defects nprJ""? ^^i^"' T?? '"«"^«'^ by iT,e,n 
 he demanded supplies T warSS ff^d^nifi'r^ .r'"'""'- ^heneve, 
 violence done to his faithful suS of thlS " ^'" ?°'"P'**"ts of the 
 those of the highest rar.ks/of thraSual v f^f 'V"'^T"f ' ^"'"'-^ "P«» 
 supplied, his person decoratoVand S s rdliiti '^^ ''^l'^ ^'? ''"^'« ^«» 
 
 A.D. 1253.-TO all the complaints of h^-."'"'?i''''^'' "''•^'""ed. 
 impatience, and replied wi?h7gue anaUner r -n ^:^'"V''''''''^ ^'^^ 
 at length, in 1253, having exhm sted fhp nil P'^'^'^'s^^ »f amendment, 
 subjects, he hit up'on a nfw moT of obtai£ S.H^/f'^'' '""^-"^"••ing 
 liciting a supply to aid him in the nions mS r^^ ^''^"", ""''"' ^V «"- 
 Infidels. But he had now so of en been tri«7 „', r'* 'T'"^^ '■^«^''"'«' "le 
 parliament could not put fakh in his ine C^.l ^T"^ "'*"^*"*?' "'^^ ^^e 
 too who rightly deemed their Vuefel^^eX hTi^e'irrluiaS" ^''T^' 
 of he king, were as much opposed to him s m^i..; f, ""''\"i'«'> conduct 
 archbishop of Canterbury, a. d the b Ihr nl nf w u^' "'"' '^"y ^^»^ «he 
 Carlisle, to remonstrate wi hi upo h s t'n^rHI'oT'' «"'*«»>" "-y.""'! 
 as upon the irregular manner i iwCi. . h„? ' fxtravagance, as well 
 Upon this occasion He"; sp yed ore itT.i:'''' "^'^'•""=^' ''i'^"'"««- 
 himself of the fact .Imt L i.ad gr i rAv ', r. ,1"'"''' 'P"""' '^''"'"J' 
 he replied " It is tiue, I Uav. beo^ ,^rr o " , nZ 17^ P'Tsonage;, 
 motioiiH; I obtruded you, mv lord of ■.,;«? P " "^ iii'prop(3r pro- 
 
 obliged to employ bolh 'hreLitirt V^r S^^^^^^^^ ' "vaa 
 
 to have you elected; and irre-nilar in.lf n .11' ^ "^ Winchester, 
 
 Salisbur; and Carlisle, w lie, Sm yo t loX T^ '"''^'^ °f 
 
 your present dignities." Therrw.s m ,-l tn i^. f .^'"''J 'T""'^ y"» '« 
 apology; and the prelates I owTlf; , i d t .V^"' ^"} '^'''" '''' "» 
 errors past, but of the avoidancro/futurn mor" '''" ^'"'•""" ''"' ""' «f 
 
 astical and civil almses, that the SiiTl.n.f ".'''"" "'^ '''*"' "*''='<'«*- 
 him a tenth of the erc.;si,. i, Ji^C: S ^Tl^'^'Tr^ '" ^"'"» 
 
 upon each knight's fee, on C()n 11 , rf hiJ , «"•' t«tf« of three marks 
 cUrtor, while, with tu c em v '' be 11.,?'' '''"'\'y '"' ^'"1^ •''« »«'"» 
 whoever should henceforth ",'et The ki ^'i" "."'""'' '""y ^"'"'^J 
 audibly „„d emplialirally agree In io aJnn , ?J""""l"'/''" '•«™'n""y, 
 l«linn of his oaih-and imme 1 ntolv rf.n!^. " '"^"'"'^ "P'>'i my vio. 
 
 «ce.is thou«h;,oth?;;j;;z;Kiytir^^^^^^ to ,.. .uiW 
 
 f»r, that he detenn m d ^J i '^ ' ' ^ r.'S'l',?"" ""•' ''"••*"« ""Wh .2 
 l;roved himnelf so unworthy rfllH .V w h r r*"" {'''"' " ■**'"? ^^''0 
 de Montford, a Hon of the Jrln wJrr nr .r , '. '''*"''': '"' '"»'"""■• «'•""" 
 f''ro«.i. mheVited la. go 3e; y^r ;X .^" >"'!'"' ^'"""^'' ''"^" 
 
 'Pr, and in the year 12:18 miVre.Un .low I' '"'"''"l'':' «'""' "^ ''"*'--p»- 
 
 to the king, thn V«rl I III il ''"waKercounleHs of I»eml.r.ike, Nistcr 
 
 M signal? diTO^^^^^ •^'•"""y fHv,>„red, smn^tTmog 
 
 of ftvour with the klnu- o L . "f r" '''•""• """• whether in or om 
 
 !:i» forrign birth. "^ "'">'' «'"" »>tt<l Imtod and railed agni,„t him lot 
 
 •^f| 
 
 
 ''^i^.» 
 
 flf 
 
 im 
 
2T2 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Pereeiviiig how inveterately the king was addicted to his fyraunies anJ 
 follies, this artful and able nobleman determined to put l)imself at tlip 
 head of the popular — or, more properly spcaliiiig, the baronial and church 
 —party, believing that Henry would so far provoi<e his enemies as to lose 
 his throne, in which case Leicester trusted to his own talents and influence 
 to enable him to succeed to it. Accordingly he took up the cry, now 
 become as general as it was just, against the king's oppression of the 
 
 f)eople, and his preference of foreigners — Leicester conveniently over* 
 ooking his own foreign birth! — and sought every occasion of putting 
 himself forward as the advocate of the native barons and the prelates. 
 When by persevering efforts in this way he had, as he considered, suffii 
 ciently strengthened his own hands and inflamed the general resentments 
 against the king, he took occasion of a quarrel with Henry's half-brother 
 and favourite, William de Vulence, to bring matters to a crisis. Calling 
 a meeting of the most incensed and powerful of the barons, he represented 
 to them all those violations of the charter to which we have already al- 
 luded, and demanded whether they had so far degenerated from the hij,' 
 feelings of the barons who had wrested the charter frqm John, that they 
 were prepared, without even a struggle, to see it a mere dead letter in the 
 hand of Henry, whose most solemn promises of reformation tliey had so 
 often experienced to be unworthy of l)olirf. 
 
 There was so much of truth in Leicester's harangue, that the position 
 which he had occupied as a favoured foreigner was overlooked, his recom- 
 mendations were made the rule of the barons' conduct, and they agreed 
 forthwith to take the government of public affairs into their own hands. 
 They were just then summoned to meet the king for the old purpose, 
 namely, to grant him supplies, and to his astonishment he found thcni all 
 in complete armour. Alarmed at so unubual a sight and at the solemn si 
 lenco with which he was received, he demanded whether he was to look 
 upon them as his enemies and himself as their prisoner; to which Roger 
 Bigod, as spokesman, replied, that they looked upon him not as their pri- 
 soner, but as their sovereign; that tbey had met him there in the most 
 dutiful desire to aid him with supplies that he might, as he wished, fix his 
 son upon the throne of Sicily ; but they at llio same time desired certain 
 reforms which the experience of the past plainly showed that ho could 
 not make in his own person, and that they therefore were under the ncces 
 Bity of requiring him to confer authority upon those who would stronuons 
 ly use it for the national benefit. The evident determination of the barons 
 and the great and instant need which he had of supplies, left the king no 
 choice ; ho therefore assured them that he would shortly summon luioihei 
 parliament for the election oi' persons to wield the authority spoken of 
 and also to settle and define th.il authority within precise limits. 
 
 A parliament was accordingly called, at which the l)aronH made ihoii 
 appearance with so formidable an arnuui attendance, that it was quite 
 clear that, whatever they might propose, the king had no power to r<^hi.st 
 thorn. 
 
 Twelve barons were selected by the king and twehe by the parliament, 
 and to the body thus formed an unlimited reforming power was given, the 
 king himself swearing to agree lo and maintain whatever they shouKl deem 
 fit to order. Their instant orders were most reasonable ; that three limes 
 in each year the parliament slumld meet ; that oa the next meeting of pur- 
 liament each shire or ctounty stiouid send four kniglits to that parlianiei.l, 
 that no the especial wants and i^rievances of overy part of the kuigdom 
 might be known; that the sheriffs, ofllcem of great power and iiifliiein'e' 
 •huuld thenceforth be annually elected by the couniivs, and Bhould nc 
 .onipr havfl the power lo flne barons for not altendini^ their courts orllit 
 luoticiuries' circuits; that no castles should \w eornntitted to the custi-ly 
 uad no heirs to tho wardships of foroigners, liiat no now forests or »ar 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 2l3 
 
 ,ens should be made ; and that the revenues of counties or hundreds shoula 
 no longer be farmed out. "° »«ouia 
 
 Thus far the barons proceeded most equitably. But hnrp pnn.ttr ^„a ,».„ 
 good of the people diJ not include all tLt the^barol wantSd ^1- thn 
 ,!.a.neful profusion of the king had heaped wealth upon foScrs so the 
 destruction of these foreigners would yield an abundanrSest' to the 
 native barons. Accordmgly, when the king, having acquiesced n h^ 
 regulations abovf^-mentioned looked for the promised an3 much-needed 
 supplies, he was met by loud outcries againstVoreigners in generaf and 
 agams his half-brothers .n particular. So loud was the clamour aa'ai^isi 
 these atter, that even the Lng's presence seemed insufficient to sec re 
 Iheir hvefi, and hey took to flight. Being hotly pursued by sSme of "he 
 jnore violent of the barons they took refuge in the palace of Wkichestor 
 to which see Aylmer had been promoted. Even here they were surround- 
 ed and threatened, and the king, as the sole mo,'., of savinrthom from 
 destrucfon, agreed to banish them. Having thus nearly at ark^dthpS 
 in the persons of those who had some reasonable SLtural claim uo^ 
 h.8 favour, the birons next proceeded to dismiss the justSyrtreasSer 
 and otiier chief ministers; and having filled these important posts with 
 persons upon whom they could implicitly rely, they next proceeded tnthr 
 virtual usurpation of the throne, by administering aVoath to alHhe ifei^ 
 to oboy and execute all the regulations of the tSenty-feur barons, unde 
 pain being declared public enemies; and such was the power w£ch 
 under the pretence of the purest patriotism, these barons had usurped that ' 
 even the powerful earl Warenne and Prince Edward, the he ftii the 
 throne, were not exempt from the obligation to take this oath. 
 A.D.1261.--bo arrogantly did the barons use their extensive andusurn 
 d authority, that the earl of Gloucester, from being a chief in their coS 
 federacy. separated from it to side with the king f and Prince Edwarj 
 encouraged t,y 1,0 general murmurs of the peoplethat the baros wore 
 £»'"'"» '»7« ^y.™'."""^ l.h^n ,.ven a king could be. threatened th.SaToi^s 
 
 The spirit of the prince Edward rallied so wiiich favour to the side of 
 ho crown, hat Henry thmight that he might safely venture to endeavour 
 to put a curb upon the exorbitant power of the twenty-four I.aroi s bu al 
 1^'^Zr'" ^■^"■!"'^''='^1 '« '"« •'"^•r.st, it would L to l.ale t'in fe 
 power of his enemies to accuse him of perjury, he in the first place aoDlpd 
 10 Rome for absolution from the oath lie had made to support t^o barons 
 in teir autl,ority-«a a >«ol,iti,.n which he readily receive'^ both becnue 
 
 fi with the hndish clergy for having sliown a greater tendency towards 
 
 independei^e than squ^m^d with eillier" the' p^al"i;;e;;«;V';^'the3 
 
 ri i.n "'"■" ^•'^'""''^ ^•"'"'^' '•' """" '"""^If «veii of this absolutfon 
 iinti the outrageous misconduct of the barons compelled him to do so 
 and lie scrupuiou, fl,lclity with which ho thus kept toL engagemo'ii which 
 
 rmSv r/"'"'"''''- "'""' '"■'"/"'L"'^ ^j'" " (f«"'^'-'^l Hdmiration Ihich suC 
 f|uuntiy was very importantly beneficial to him. 
 
 from Hamf T^' ""?" "' '7""y "'■"''""' "'« nb'^liHion he had solicited 
 fron Homo, he issued a proclamulirn, in which ho bitterly, iitul. for h- 
 mo.t part, truly painted the personal and H.Oflsh views wtliXch hf 
 jvenly. our bamns had bolt, sougl - .,d .mod their author tyTauhlclaJS 
 t lal m duty o hi:.,...l! .-uid his ye . he shouhl from that lime forth ii«e 
 .h.S..Ti"""l 'J^*i,*"' "» '/"'" *'"" "' P..rti,.ip„ti„n by nlyZ Z 
 Ji«fftl«t'i!' '"''''" "'^ •uaeandof his o^n household, as ,|"„ 
 ^IS ' Vl f ' <'0'""»«'» a»d governors of castles. Having thus fa, 
 wued him.oH h.s summoned a parliament, which mot on thtT twenty 
 
 H,a 
 
 I'i 
 
 ■I'll 
 
 .JfPl 
 
 ^\i 
 
274 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 third of April in this year, and which, with but five dissenting^ votes, con 
 (irmed his resumption of his authority. 
 
 But the snake of disaffection was only " scotched, not killed;" many ol 
 the barons still corresponded with Leicester, and that haughty noble, 
 though resident in France, was busily employed in fomenting evil for Eng- 
 land, which he now the more confidently hoped to reign over, because his 
 powerful rival Gloucester was dead, and Gilbert, that nobleman's son and 
 successor, had.given his adhesion to Leicester. 
 
 While Leicester and his adherents were busily preparing to attack the 
 power of the king, the Welsh suddenly made an irruption over the border, 
 probably prompted by Leicester. The prince Edward, however, repulsed 
 Llewellyn and his ill-disciplined troops, and then returned to aid his father, 
 against whom Leicester was now openly and in great force arrayed. 
 
 Leicester directed his attacks chiefly against the king's demesnes, and 
 excited the zeal of his followers to perfect fury bv encouraging them to 
 spoil and plunder to their utmost. The bishops of Hereford and Norwich 
 were seized and imprisoned, and in spite of the determined and able con- 
 duct of Prince Edward, the king's cause began to wear an unpromising 
 aspect. The rabble of the great towns were the zealous adherents of 
 Leicester, whose cause and liberty to plunder they coupled ; and in Lon- 
 don, especially, the very dregs of the population were up in arms, headed 
 and encouraged by the mayor, a violent and ill-principled man named 
 Fitz-Richard, by whom large gangs of desperadoes were encouraged to 
 oillage the wealthy and assail the peaceable. The season of Easter was 
 especially marked by these outrages in the metropolis. A cry was at first 
 raised against the Jews; from attacking them the mobproceedeil toattack 
 the Lombards, then the chief bankers and money lenders ; and, as usual 
 in such cases, the violence speedily proceeded to be directed indisi'rimi- 
 nateiv against all who had or were suspected of having any thing to be 
 plundered of. To such a height did the fury of the mob proceed, that the 
 queen, who was then lodging in the Tower, became so seriously alarmed, 
 that she left it by water with the intention of seeking safety at Windsor. 
 Uut as her barge approached liondon Bridge the rabble assailed lier, not 
 only with the coarsest abuse, but also with voUies of filth and stones, so 
 hat she was obliged to return to the Tower. 
 
 Prince Edward was unfortunately made prisoner during a parley at Ox- 
 ford, and that event so much weakened the king's party, that Henry, find- 
 ing Leicester's party triumphant and insolent all over the kingdom, was 
 fam to trea* for peace. Aware that thoy had the upper hand, llu; rebels 
 would allow of no terms short of the full power formerly given to the 
 twenty-four barons being again entrusted to a like number, of whom ti 
 list was given to the king; and as Prince Edward had shown great taUmt 
 and daring, Leicester stipulated that the treaty now made should rmain 
 in force during the life of the prince as well as that of the king. Henry 
 nad no choice but to submit ; the barons restored their own creatures to 
 office ui the fortresses, the counties, the state, and tlie king's household, 
 and tlien summoned a parliament to me«!t them nt Westminster, and deter- 
 mine upftn future measiirefl for the government of the country. 
 
 Prince Edward l)eing restored to liberty by this treaty, lost no tune ni 
 exerting himself to prepare for a new struggle asjainst the insolent preten- 
 sions oi Leicester; but though many powerful barons gave liim tlioir adhe- 
 sions, including the lords of the Scotch and Welsh marches, liPicester'i 
 party was still too strong to give the young prince hopes of success ; and 
 the people clamouring loudly for peace, the prinre and king proposed thai 
 the disjuito between them and ihe barons should !)« referred to the arbitra- 
 tion o(^ the king of France. That upright prince, on exanunaiion of the 
 ulTair. decided that the king sh(»uld be fully restored to his power and pre- 
 rogativs on the one haml; and that, on the other hand, the people wnr<* 
 csiiitlcu iu siL ihc bcncnii of iho gUsmi cbsner* Unfortunatciy, thditgi: 
 
 I 
 
 mott considerable 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 275 
 
 tms decision was just, it only left the contending parties precisely where 
 .hey were at the commencement of the quarrel, and slated in form "t 
 which was perfectly notorious before, namely, that the king had oveJ 
 stretched the power to which he was entitled, and that the barons had 
 assumed a power to which they were not entitled. Leicester, to whose 
 personal views peace was utterly destructive, represented to his party 
 that the award of the French king was wholly and unjustly on the side o 
 Henry ; he caused seventeen other barons to join him in a compact wiS 
 the discontented Londoners, by which they mutually bound thSelves 
 hever to make peace with the king but with the full and open Concur- 
 rence of both these con ractmg parties; and while some of Leicester's 
 riends rekindled the civil war m the provinces, he and Fitz-Richard did 
 t,.e like in London ; so that the whole country once more bristled with 
 arms and resounded with cries of war. "noncu wun 
 
 Finding civil war inevitable, the king and his brave son promptly made 
 their preparations. In addition to their mihtary vassals, whom they Turn! 
 moned from all quarters they were joined by forces under Baliol, loSHf 
 Galloway, Brus, lord of Annandale, John Comyn, and other nor hem Lad 
 crs of power With this array they commenced their proceedings by liv- 
 ing siege to Northampton, in which was a strong garrison commanded by 
 ome of the principal Lrons. This place being speedily taken by assaulL 
 
 I ^ir°if'"J'> "''"■'■''rM '^T'' ^TT^' «"'' Nottinglmm. which opened 
 their gates. I'rince Edward now led a detachment against the property 
 of he earl of Derby, whose lands were laid waste as a punishment of Ss 
 dislcya Ity. Leicester, in the meanwhile, taking care to keep up a com 
 inunication with Loiuioii, upon the support of which he greatfy Jepended 
 
 h'^/'^^f "i?'"^^»'r''"" u'"'H^' *'"•='* ^^« <he only strong-hold in Ke„ 
 that still held out for the king, and which was ably defended by Ear 
 VVarenne. its governor. The royal army, flushed with its succesS else 
 where now marched mall haste to relieve this important fortress; and ■ 
 Leicester, hearing of their approach, and fearing toW outnumbered in a 
 
 isadvaiitageous posit.ou, hastily raised the siege and fell back upon 
 London. From London, Leicester sent proposals lo Henry, but ofT 
 «rrogant and exorbitant a character, that he must have been awae the! 
 would not be listened to; and, on a stem answer being returned by he 
 king, Leicester publicly renounced his allegiance and marched the whole 
 
 L L '''■^ ''I!'''*''!?'' ^"Y,"'^«»'« --^l^^l^ H formal and general abso- 
 liaion,!!!!.! assuring them that all who should fall in fightinl acainst the 
 king would undoubtedly go to heaven. "8"i'"g against tne 
 
 ninT'^r* "'"".^^ ** shameful rebel, was a skilfnl general, and on this 
 Sr^'r"'''^ conducted his march, thi.t he almost Surprised the 
 royalists in their quarters; but tiie short time that elapsed between ho 
 
 ward to tnarch the army to the field in good order; one division beinir led 
 
 U'oTth 'Ron'*"'' '^rr""*'' \f ^''""^•" '•« v;ience, n'sTcoi'd bT ho 
 King of the Romans and his son Henry, and the third formine a reserve 
 
 is t"; lirrr^ '"'"™^"'' °' ^''^ "^'"f ^'">''^"'- ->''"' ™ ^^ h • d? 
 
 vision against the enemy's vanguard, which was composed of the Lon- 
 doners, who fled at the very first charge. Forgetting that hi aJsLaZ 
 
 erned entirely h> his heiidlon^ 'age against these inveteratelv disloval 
 men and pursued them, with great slaughter, for nearly five ."IleVfrom 
 h.. field of battle. This imptu..Hity of the prince lost his father The dav 
 
 tiZT:: r"''"'^. "'"""'K '''"""«'f «*■ ""- prince's absences charged' 
 w» liotly upon the remaining two div s ons of the royalists that thnv w»r« 
 
 fh^I^Vl.:::'.^''..'!:-']',!'-". ?"'» ^-^^ »»•« ki„g a«d irbmthertttirT/of 
 
 _„., ","• ~-~ ia.-;r« pnSonurs; ag Wefo Hrus, t;omvn. and nil ihn 
 
 mo.t considerable leaders on the king's side. Earl WaS.' Hiijh U'god! 
 
 
 h¥ 
 
 ,4- 
 
 IF 
 
 III, 
 
 Am 
 
 mmim- 
 
2T6 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 *"n y*^^'*™ ^^ Valence escaped beyond sea ; but Prince Edward, unap. 
 Pj J J ^^ *^® consequences of his own imprudence, kept his force together 
 added to it as many as could be rallied of the defeated divisions, and pre. 
 sented so bold a front, that Leicester thought it iftore prudent to amuse him 
 with pretended desire to treat, than to urge him to a desperate ajtack 
 The earl accordingly proposed terms ; and though they were severe, and 
 such as under other circumstances the prince would have laughed fo scorn 
 a little examination of the royal resources showed so hopeless a state of 
 things, that Edward, despite his pride, was obliged to agree. These terms 
 were, that Prince Edward and Henry d'Allmaine, son of the king of the 
 Romans, should surrender themselves prisoners in exchange for their 
 fathers ; that six arbiters should be named by the king of France, that these 
 SIX should choose two others, also French, and that one Englishman should 
 be nanned by these last ; the council thus named to have power definitely 
 to decide upon all matters in dispute between Henry and his barons In 
 compliance with these terms, Edward and his cousin yielded themselves 
 and were sent prisoners to Dover castle ; but Leicester, though he norai-' 
 nally gave the king his liberty, took care to keep him completely in his 
 power, and made use of the royal name to forward his own designs. Thus 
 the most loyal governors readily yielded up their important fortresses in 
 the king's name ; and when commanded by the king to disarm and disband 
 no loyal soldier could longer venture to keep the field. Leicester made' 
 in fact, precisely what alterations and regulations he pleased, taking care 
 to make them all in the king's name ; and so evidently considered himself 
 virtually in possession of the throne at which he had so daringly aimed 
 that he even ventured to treat with insolent injustice the very barons to 
 whose participation of his disloyal labour he owed so much of its success. 
 Having confiscated the large possessions of some eighteen of the royalisl 
 barons, and received the ransom of a host of prisoners, he applied the 
 whole spoil to his own use, and when his confederates demanded to share 
 with him, he coolly told them that they already had a sufficiency in being 
 safe from the attainders and forfeitures to which they w( 'ild have been 
 exposed but for his victory. 
 
 As for the reference to parties to be named by the king of France and 
 his nominees, ihougfi the earl, in order to hoodwink Prince Edward, laid 
 so much stress upon it during their negotiation, he now took not the 
 slightest notice of it, but summoned a parliament, so selected that he well 
 knew that his wishes would be law to them. And, accordingly, this ser- 
 vile senate enacted that all acts of sovereignty should require the sanction 
 of a council of nine, which council could be wholly or in part changed at 
 the will of the earls of Leicester and Gloucester, and the bishop of Chi- 
 chester, or a majority of these three. Now the bishop of Chichester being 
 ibo mere convenient tool of Leicester, the earl was in reality in ful! power 
 over the council— in other words, he was a despotic monarch in every 
 thing but name. The queen, secretly assisted by Louis of France, col- 
 lected a force together, with an intention of invading England on behalf 
 of her husband, in whose name the coast of England was lined with forces 
 to oppose her; but the queen's expedition was first delayed and ilinn bro- 
 ken up altogether by contrary winds. The papal court issued a bull against 
 Leicester, but h« threatened to put the legato to death if he appeareil with 
 I*' ^'Ir '^r" ^^''"" ''"' '"Ki'te himself became popo under the title of Ur- 
 ban IV., Leicester still ventured to bravo hirti, so confidently did he rely 
 upon the dislike to Rome that was entertained, not only by the people in 
 general, but aldo by the great liocly of the English clergy. 
 
 A.D. 1265.— Still desirous to govern with a show of leHality, Loicestor 
 summoned a now parliament, which more nearly resembled the existing 
 form of that assembly than any which had preceded it. Before tiiis p>ir- 
 iiament t'le earl of Derby— ii, the kinir's iiaine— was accused and cojiiiuit- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 277 
 
 ted ; and the earl of Gloucester was intended for the same or a worse fate 
 by his powerful and unscrupulous colleague, but avoided all present collis- 
 .(in with him by retiring from parliament and the council. This obvious 
 quarrel between the earl* gave great encouragement to the king's friends 
 and the general voice now began loudly to demand the release of the brave 
 prince Edward who had remained a close prisoner ever since the battle of 
 Lewes. Leicester consented on conditions to release the prince, but he 
 took care to keep both hmi and the king within his reach ; and they were 
 obliged to accompany him on his march against the earl of Gloucester, 
 who had retired to his estates on the borders of Wales. While Leices 
 terlay at Hereford, threatening the earl of Gloucester, the latter nobleman 
 continued to communicate with Prince Edward, and so to arrange matters 
 that the young prince escaped from the "attendance," as it was called, 
 but really the confinement, in which he had been kept, and was speedily 
 at the head of a gallant army, which daily received accession, when the 
 glad news of his real liberty became generally known. Simon de Mont- 
 fort, Leicester s son, hastened from London with an army to the assist- 
 ance of his father. Prince Edward, having broken down the bridges o( 
 the Severn, turned away from the earl's position, and fell suddenly upon 
 Simon de Montfort, who was carelessly encamped at Kenilworth, put his 
 force utterly to the rout, and took the earl of Oxford and several other 
 barons prisoners. Leicester, ignorant of this, had in the meantime man 
 aged to get his army across the Severn in boats, and halted at Evesham, 
 in Worcestershire, in daily expectation of the arrival of that force which 
 had already been put to the rout. Prince Edward, vigilant himself and 
 well served by his scouts, dexterously availed himself of the earl's miP 
 apprehension of the state of affairs, and hn^vng sent part of his army on 
 Its march towards the earl, bearing De Montfort's banners and otherwise 
 provided for representing his routed force, he with the main body of his 
 army took another route, so as to fall upon the earl in a different quarter- 
 and 80 completely was the deception successful, that when Leicester al 
 length discovered the real state of the case, he exclaimed, "Now have I 
 taught them to war to some purpose ! May the Lord have mercy on oui 
 Bouls, for our bodies belong to Prince Edward !" But there was not much 
 time for reflection; Edward led his troops to the attack vigorously and in 
 excellent order; Leicester's troops, on the other hand, were dispirited by 
 their bad position and suffering much from sickness ; and victory speedily 
 declared for the prince. In the heat of the battle Leicester was struck 
 down and immediately dispatched though he demanded quarter, and hii 
 whole force was routed, upwards of a hundred of the principal leaders and 
 knights being taken prisoners. The king himself was on the point of los- 
 ing his life. The enrl had cruelly placed him in the very front of the bat- 
 Ue, and a knight who had already wounded him was about to repeat his 
 blow, when Henrv saved himself by exclaiming, " I am Henry of Win- 
 chester, your king." 
 
 The victorj' of Evesham re-established the king's 3"»hority; and to the 
 great credit of the royal party, no blood disgraced t victory Not n 
 Bingle capital punishment tO(,k place ; the family of l^icesler aione was 
 attain ed to full effect; for though many other rebellious families were 
 orimijiy attainted, their sentences were reversed on payment of '•uma. 
 triflii.g indeed when the heinousuess of the offence they had committed is 
 (jonsidered. 
 
 The kingdom being thus restored to peace and released from all damrer 
 from the turbulent Leicester, Prince Edward departed for the Holy Land, 
 where ho so greatly distinguished himself, that the Infidels at length ein^ 
 (♦loj'Rd an assiissiii to destroy him ; but though severely and • en danffer- 
 9u.ily woun.liHl. the prince fortunately escaped with life, and Iiis sflwilaiu 
 <ras iHii to deutu on the anoL 
 
 ..'^i >■ 
 
 i ^■..sxiKmw--'ii^i>Fitmm ■n.-^M 
 
 lift ^ ■ ,. 
 
 I. -f.l 
 
 
278 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 A.D. 1272.— Lest Gloucester should imitate his late rival m rebellion 
 Edward took that powerful nobleman with him to the East; but his owli 
 absence was very injurious to the public peace in England. No one ore 
 sumptuous and even powerful baron, indeed, dared to dispute the crown 
 with hia royal master, but there was a general tendency to disorder amono 
 both car&iis and people ; and the rabble of the great towns, and especiallv 
 of London, became daily more openly violent and licentious. Henry was 
 little able to contend against such a state of things. Naturally irresolute 
 he vi^as now worn out with years, and with infirmities even beyond those 
 incident to age. Perhaps, too, the disorder of his kingdom aggravated hid 
 sufferings; he perpetually expressed his wish for the return of his son 
 and lamented his own helplessness, and at length breathed his last on the 
 16th of November, 1272, aged sixty-four ; having reigned fifty years with 
 little ease and with little credit, being obviously, from his youth upwards 
 rather fitted for a private than lor a public station. ' 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE REIGN OF EDWARD I. 
 
 A. D. 1273 —Prince Edward was already as far as Sicily on his wav 
 liume when ho received tidings of the death of his father. He at the same 
 lime heard of the death of his own infant son John; and when it wasob- 
 served to him that the former loss seemed to affect him the most painfully 
 he replied that the loss of his son might be supplied, but that of his fathei 
 was final and irreparable. 
 
 Hearing that all was peaceable in England he did not hasten home, but 
 passed nearly twelve months in France. Being at Chalons, in Burgundy 
 he and some of his knights engaged in a tournament with the Burgundian 
 chivalry, and so fierce was the spirit of rivalry that the sport became 
 changed intoearnest ; blood was spilt on both sides, and so much damaife 
 was done beiore the fray could be terminated, that the engagement of this 
 day, ihough commenced merely in sport and good faith, was seriously 
 termed the little battle of Chalons. ' 
 
 A.D. 1274.— After visiting Paris, where he did homage to Philip the 
 Hardy, then king of France, for tlie territory which he held in that king- 
 riom, he went to Guienne to pfit an end to some disorders that existed 
 there, and at length arrived in London, where he was joyfully received 
 by his people. He was crowned at Westminster, and immediately turned 
 his attention to the regulating of his kingdom, with an especial view to 
 avoiding those disputes which had caused so much evil during the life of 
 his father, and to putiiiig an end to the bold practices of malefactors by 
 M^ ^"6 country was at once much injured and dis'^raced. 
 Making the great charter the standard of his own duty towards, itie 
 baronn, he insisted upon tiie same standard of conduct towards their vas- 
 sals and inferiors, a course to which they were by no means inclined. 
 ioik'V.^^^^"~i**^'"^ summoned a parliament to meet him in February, 
 1-76, he caused several valuable laws to be passed, weeded the magistracy 
 01 t»iose who lay under the imputation of either negligence or corruption, 
 and took measures for putting a check alike upon the robberies committed 
 tjy the great, under the colour of justice and authority, and upon th^se 
 virhich, in the ooso state into which the kingdom had fallen during the 
 close of the late reign, were so openly and daringly committed c;i the 
 iHghways, that men of substance could only safely travel under escort oi 
 III groat companies. For the suppression of this latter class of crimej tlie 
 king showed a fiercn and d.-termined spirit, which might almost be judged 
 lo have been over severe if wo did not take into consideration the des- 
 
HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 2T9 
 
 perate extent to which the evil had arrived. The ordinary judges were 
 mtinudated, the ordinary pohce was weak and ill organized, and the kins 
 therefore established a commission which was appointed to traverse the 
 country, taking cognizance of eveiy description of evil doing, from the 
 pettiest to the most heinous, and inflicting condign and prompt punish- 
 ment upon the oflFendera. The old Saxon mode of commuting other punish- 
 ments for a pecuniary fine was applied by this commission to minor of- 
 fenres. and a large sum was thus raised, of which the king's treasury stood 
 much in need. But the zeal of this commission-and perhaps some con 
 sideration of the state of the royal tre.-Voury-caused the fines to be ter- 
 nbly severe in proportion to the offences. There was, also, too great a 
 readiness to commit upon slight testimony ; the prisons were filled, but 
 not with the guilty alone ; the ruffian bands, who had so long and so mis^ 
 chievously infested the kingdom, were broken up, indeed, but peaceable 
 subjects and honest men were much harrassed and wronged at the same 
 time. The king himself was so satisfied of the danger of entrusting such 
 extensive powers to subjects, that when this commifsion had finished its 
 labours it was annulled, and never afterwards called into activity. 
 
 Though Edward showed a real and creditable desire to preserve his 
 subjects, of all ranks, from being preyed upon by each other, truth com- 
 pels us confe.ss that he laid no similar restraint upon himself. Having 
 made what profit he could by putting down the thieves and other offenders 
 m general, Edward now turned for a fresh supply to that thrifty but perse- 
 euted people, the Jews. The counterfeiting of coin had recently been 
 carried on to a most injurious extent, and the Jews being chiefly engaged 
 111 trafficking in money, this mischievous adulteration was very positively, 
 though rather hastily, laid to their charge. A general persecution of the 
 unhappy people commenced, of the fierceness and extent of which some 
 judgment may be formed from the fact, that two hundred and eighty oJ 
 them were hanged m London alone. While death was inflicted upon many 
 in all parts of the kingdom, the houses and lands of still more were seized 
 upon and sold The king, indeed, with a delicacy which did not always 
 characterise him in money matters, seized in the first instance only upon 
 !'L,H f "f^^i^^^ P''«ceeds of these confiscations, tho other being set apart as 
 A fund for the Jews who should deem fit to be converted to Christianity: 
 f. °/w.u^"'r^^^^''^'^ themselves of the temptation thus held out to 
 them, that the fund was in reahty as muc|i in the king's possession as 
 though no such provision had been made. It had been well for Kdward's 
 character If this severity had been exercised against the Jews only for the 
 crime with which they were charged; but, urged probably still more by 
 MS want of money than by the bigoted hatred to this race which he had 
 d from Ins earliest youth, Edward shortly after commenced a persecu- 
 tion agamst the whole of the Jews in England; not as coiners or as men 
 
 tatsn^L Z .1"^ ""^^^^ ^"'"^1' l'»'/''"Ply =is being Jews. The constant 
 axes paid by these people, and the frequent arbitrary levies of large sums 
 ujHin them, made them in reality one of the most valuable classes of Ed- 
 wards subjects ; for whether their superior wealth was obtained by great- 
 er industry and frugality than others possessed, or by greater in.renuity 
 tkh thtil "°^ • '" ^''i'"'"?:"' <i«'-tain it is that it was very largely'shared 
 lS\^^Z^vV'K ""' """ '•''^^ P™"'"*" «f ^^'l^^Ses and f.Irced loans 
 Z hi ■ f^-Jwani's purposes or wants ; and he suddenly issued an order 
 he simultaneous banishment of the whole of the obnoxious race, and 
 onS ''^P"^^''"'^ «.f the whole of their property, with the exception of 
 -0 much as was requsite to carry them abroacT. Upwards of fifteen ftioii- 
 S,ilT r*"" "' ''"^^ '""P"^ V'^ plundered, under this most inexcusably 
 yraniious decree ; and as the plundered victims left the country, many o( 
 B« o.!nL';''^^rV'' the sea-ports of tho miserable pittance which the 
 il the sea '^'^'^ ^P'^'"'''* '''-^-'«* ^^ »'»"« were murdered and thrown 
 
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280 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 While takintf this cruel and dishonest means of replenishine his trea 
 aurv, Edward had at least the negative merit of frugally expendina whS 
 n« had unfairly acquired. 
 
 Aided by parliament with a grant of the fifteenth of all moveables by 
 the pope with a tenth of the church revenues for three years, and by the 
 merchants with an export tax of half a mark on each sack of wool and a 
 whole mark on every three hundred skins, he still was cramped in means- 
 and as he was conscious that durinff the latt long and weak reign many 
 encroachments had been unfairly made upon the royal demesnes, iie issued 
 a commission to inquire into all such encroachments, and also to devise 
 and seek the best and most speedy ways of improving the various branches 
 of the revenue. The commission, not always able to draw the line between 
 doubtful acquisitions and hereditary possessions of undoubted rightfulness 
 pushed their inquiries so far that they gave great offence to some of the 
 nobility. Among others they applied to the Earl Warenne, who so brave- 
 ly supported the crown against the ambition of Leicester during the late 
 reign, for the title deeds of his possessions ; but the indignant earl drew 
 his sword and said, that as his ancestors had acquired it by the sword so 
 he would keep it, and that he held it by the same right that Edward heM 
 his crown. This incident and the general discokitent of the nobles deter- 
 rained the king to limit the commission for the future to cases of undoubt- 
 ed trespass and encroachment. 
 
 A.D. 1276.— Not even pecuniary necessities and the exertion necessary 
 to supply them could prevent Edward's active and warlike spirit from 
 seeking employment in the field. Against Llewellyn, prince of Wales, 
 Edward had great cause of anger. He had been a zealous partizan o.' 
 Leicester; and though he had been pardoned, in common with the olhei 
 barons, yet there had always been something of jealousy towards him in 
 the mind of Edward, which jealousy was now fanned into a flame by 
 Llewellyn refusing to trust himself in England to do homage to Edward, 
 unless the king's eldest son and some nobles were putinto the hands of the 
 Welsli as hostages, and unless Llewellyn's bride, a daughter of the earl ol 
 Leicester, who had been captured on her way to Wales and was detained 
 at Edward's court, were released. 
 
 A. D. 1277.— Edward was not sorry to hear demands, his refusal to com- 
 tJlv with which would give him the excuse he wished for, to march into 
 \yales. He accordingly gave Llewellyn no other answer than a renewa. 
 of his order to him to come and do homage, and an offer of u personal safe 
 conduct. 
 
 Edward was both aided and urged into his invasion of Wales by David 
 and Roderick, brothers of Llewellyn, who having been despoiled of their 
 inheritance by that prince, had now sought shelter and taken service with 
 his most formidable enemy. 
 
 When the English approached Wales, Llewellyn and his people retired 
 to the mountain fastnesses of Snowdown, ludging that he could maintain 
 against Edward that desultory warfare which had harrassed and tired out 
 the Saxon and Norman invaders of an earlier day. Hut instead of expos- 
 ing his forces to being harrassed and beaten in detail, Edward guarded 
 every pass which led to the inaccessable retreats of the enemy, and then 
 coolly waited until sheer hunger should dispose them either to treat or to 
 Mht. Nor was it long in occurring; brave as Llewellyn was, he saw 
 himself so comploiolv hemmed in that he was unable Jo strike a Mow, 
 and Iji' was compelled to submit to the terms diiitated to him by Kdwsrd. 
 And severe those .terms were j Llewellyn was to pay 60,000/ by way of 
 expenses of the war ; to do homage to the king : to allow nil ttin Iwfoui 
 of Wales, save four of those nearest to 8nowdown, to swenr fealiy to Ed- 
 ward ; to yield to the English crown the whole of the country between 
 iho river Conwav and the county of Cheshire ; to settle a thousaiiJ mark* 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 281 
 
 per year on his brother Roderick and half >».-» 
 
 g.v6 ton hostages for his future gSd Jnd oeaLS IT P"^''^' «"d to 
 articles having been duly performed whh fjfj'fWe behaviour. All the 
 of fifty thousand poundsf E^d ward forg^i^e that .^nf''°" ?/ '^« ^^'^e sum 
 love of money, or rather his- great nied o^t' "- ''""^'^ering h.s great 
 8"^^ "P 1« 'arge a sum only because the navm« » J^-^^ ^"PP«8« ^^It he 
 
 possible by the excessive povert^f he SSr^*"'^'^ "^^^ rendered Im. 
 But the imperfect subjection of a L . V'J^^J^' 
 
 w"h peace. \he WeShHrnXous pS'i^f.^^^^ ''""^ "ot co-exist 
 the noble and obstinate defences thdVTand h^A ?°"'^»fO"«. remembered 
 glish, on the other hand, referred n tones of inii**""^''^. '"»^« ' 'he En- 
 bloodless and undisputed conquest thflv^."^^ '"^"'®"«« ^^^ taunting to the 
 raarehes, too, connived at or encm rZJ"'^ "''"'• '"*^«- The lords of the 
 aeeneral spirit prevailed among "he ?^Pir7"'"^i« «"^ depredation!! 
 iJf to the insults they had to endure SS.-^'"-P''^'^'"«'* destruction i': 
 set his personal wrongs, and to join hand »^ H T"^ "^""^^^ ^^^^'d to for- 
 opposing the EnflTlish.* The WeUh flew . '"* ^^"^ ^''li '''» brother n, 
 
 heircountrywit^ an army which seemLt-^""''^-'' ^'^"'"^ ^"'^"'J 
 .^"t«J^« T'"*^' ''°'"™»nding a de?acSt of P^' '^T ^"' ""'^ hope, 
 tacked as he passed the Menai. and hTs E,*?^ Edward's troops, was at- 
 most extravagant hopes ; but Llewelyn wl i"«P"'«''/he Welsh with the 
 by Mortimer, defeated, and killedTn Xn ^^ ^^ortly afterwards surprised 
 two thousand of his m^n David who „n"'"°"' '"i'^'^er with upwS oi 
 e.«nty, exerted himself, but in vain to rnT,'"r««'^1!' '« »he Welsh sove^ 
 nmnerous to allow of his fac^^Edward'^n'S«""'''''''■«^'';"y sufficiently 
 been struck into the inmost hpnrt ^rfi " '"® °P^" Ae d. Terror had 
 of Llewellyn. David S a few folX^rP^' ^!^« '^'^''' »nd death 
 among the most difficult fastiiesse- oS ■ "^^f •'^liged to seek shelter 
 betrayed to Kdw^rH „.,h ._ .^^''.'' »' his native h lis. and h« «..„- „.i ':":. 
 
 -J -.^ .'..giiDii peers, and condemnnH ♦« k„ ---"-"ui v, wnore ue was tped 
 as a tra.tor-a sentence so digrSJuo KH '"^?' r^^"' ""^ 1"arterS, 
 of a brighter and nobler character can wLhnVn' '^*^ '"'' ^''^"his deeds 
 
 The death of Llewellyn and David n^f °^^^'^ «'«'" »f '»• 
 opnosition on the part of the wl «h ^k 'V.?"^ *» »» hope of successful 
 and English offlcefs were perSentlv « ^i fuly submitted , English faw« 
 ^e prmc pal- y upon his elSSuur ^.^ ^n 'tt'n' '^"^ ^,'i-«rd'conferre. 
 born at Caer.,arvon. "fviving son, the prince Kdward. who wab 
 
 isted bctwe'en the^lwo peVnle" ilirw''l*L""'"« ''"'ional rancours stiller 
 dued. ,|,at Edward founS fie If a't Et T""" "^^ ^° <=0'"pl^te y .". 
 d (Terences which had aris™, Mwoen IV."^" "^'■°*'' ^ 
 Pl';l'P ho Fair, of France, who ]7srtertfh'"r'''.^'"* "'" Arragon. and 
 Kdward was engaged in sPttljl E h the kingdom of Sicily.* Whi e 
 nearly three vears, his absence from Pni''''".'^ ^hich occupied him for 
 disorders and mischiefs Th« n,i ^-ngland had given rise to nHineroii* 
 "•y lawless bands ; ai d rohbelres hTh"*"""''"" ""^ J"'''''^« ^«» ope" 'y d3 
 were bofVire the sevem «amK m dertSh"""^'^ "' ^i."'""" "» »h«y 
 
 The disputes which existed i„ 5,"nfi . hegmning of hia reign, 
 
 dom gave kdward an oppiSitv o wk"'^^'" 'he crown of tiTa kinir 
 wif. to interfere in thiTfi of ?l „T^"^ ''^ '*""" ""' »'"«' to ava I huX 
 Je mmle hirger and more ot oiis -U m|"'ot7o'.»f ""^ "' T'T ""«rforen?e 
 but to Its actual sovereignty. ' ""' '" 'he mere fealty of its king 
 
 w/s "!^r.lTllmi'Edra;V';& «'"«' "aliol and nruce It 
 
 of N(!ot,:,„d .vrrfi n.If i . . "'.'' "''hitrate betwonn them ai, .h, . " 
 
 J-ho. Kdwird'stt int'eSonrti '''',"? ''r-'"' "i"- wou d go'tj 
 •»""'» Scotland to his ow« r ,u h • T '.k'"1" h« was fully bent i p«5 sub 
 " tl'ough he meant "oZ^tli.t Tih^Mr'' "f«" '^'^ 'r»«^^ot ng. 
 
 J"«"y, in the following question to ih *' 
 
 Inn ««£«r 
 
282 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 hisVudirfu^Jrot^Tp^^^^^^^^^ Edward as 
 
 ortresMs of the kingdom.*^ But L??nTthTfar Ictei i^hh'"''*'"* *"'* '»'« 
 faith. Edward now began to exerSL feudal an hih ■ *PP"«"tgood 
 a manner, that it was quite ewXnt that h! IILh . fL*^ '" '° vexatious 
 to throw up his sovereign y iV S«,8t or to t.™f ,'^^? ^f '='*"''« Baiiol 
 flood of mutiny," such is woild bf The ?«. Han.?» "^ '"'" l'""^ ^"''den 
 of his fief. He gave every eSrwimeit^^^^^^ ^'^^ '■°''"«''"^« 
 
 continue to endure such insults irtH«!^-£. .° * ^"'' '"'*'''«' ^''a" 
 aged by a dispute in which Edward wislwSeTn ^LT '"'^""'• 
 It will rea<fily be understood that hi an Z Twhich roht " '^T'' 
 lence were so common on land, piracy a d vTol«nr« ^^^''^ "'"^ ^''^ 
 upon the sea;, and both Frengh Snd i'illsh iaSs^w^^^^ """""?" 
 
 to engage in contests, without care as tTtSeDossiblerorin.."* ''''! ''u"''^ 
 respect ve countries. It chanrfld ih.,t « >P° consequences to their 
 
 met off Bayonne aid ioihZ^na^^^ "" *'»«'[«'' ^«»«el 
 
 quarrelled at the spring FrZ worH» ?h»! ^ ''^'*/".'' '""}?' '*•« P"''e8 
 of the Normans hSving drawTa knife an VnS'^^'* '". ^'"^ ^' ^"^ °"« 
 both fell, and the Norman died on the «i,ot . Thf i?. T'i ''\?''f- ^'''' '"'» ' 
 wjoidentally fell upon his own knife thSriLJ^f '^''f.'' ^"^''^"•ff 'hat he 
 was stabbeJ. ThS NorlTs c5mp a ned to kZ Phil J w"l"T^ "'.l^ "" 
 avenge themselves without troublfn^K S*^„„yiP';nf ^ .^^^ ',''«"' 
 were taken in all seriousness; the rKmians sebLr.non IS'H Tl'"' 
 
 they had. owsatisfactoJ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 thoj ;:s.iit'd"u;sx^rva^ "^. "r ^'"•^^ p-^* 
 
 Joining the French 4t l«,mih f.. i r"^"''^* 'he Genoese and Flemish 
 I imKirforEdwaill a, Fph?n '"""'?" '" *'"' '*"«"'" *" '«»dored 
 
 for a caraS of w ne S Id to p1?' ***" '"'".'''"'"^ ^«''''"'''' """"d southward 
 
 pow^er^KsSmtv^r^^^^^^^^ 
 
 and hanired the snumitn %;. .* ^ *' T**' *""'' P'"'"'ered the Boods, 
 
 ^ tli?LilSh JwiS no miiir'?. ^"'^ "'«"•'?' ''^"*^'"1 with milit.iry. 
 •uu wx AugMsn giving no quarter, it was asserted that the Norman low 
 
BISTORT OP THE WORLD. 288 
 
 was not lees than fifteen thousand men; an enorrooiw loss at any time, 
 but eipecially so ii. an age when battles which altered the desUnies of em- 
 piret were frequently decided at a far less expense of life. 
 
 Philip now demanded redress from Edward, who coldly replied that the 
 English courts w«re open to any Frenchman who had complaint.^ to make ; 
 and then he offered to refer the whole quarrel to the pope, or to any cardi- 
 nals whom himself and Philip misht agree upon. But the parlies most 
 concerned m the quarrel were by this time too much enraged to hold their 
 hands on account of negotiations ; and Philip, finding that the violence was 
 m no wise discountenanced by Edward, summoned him, as duke of Qui- 
 ^nneand vassal of France, to appear in his liege lord's court at Paris and 
 answer lor the offences his subjects had committed. 
 
 A. D. 1294.— The king instructed John St. John to put Guienne into a 
 state of defence, and at the same time endeavoured to ward off attack from 
 'iPy sending his brother, the earl of Lancaster, to Paris to mediate with 
 Philip. The earl of Lancaster having married the queen of Navarre 
 mother of Jane, the^queen of Fiance, the latter offered liim her aid in 
 accommodating the dispute ; and the queen-dowager of France joined her 
 in all apparent good faith. But the two princesses were actinjr most 
 insidiously. They assured the earl that if Edward would give Philio 
 tmm or possession of Guienne, to heal the wound his honour had receiv^ 
 ed from his sub- vassals of that province, Philip would at once be satisfied 
 and immediately restore it. To this Edward agreed, and gave up the 
 province as soon as his citation to Paris was withdrawn ; but the moment 
 he had done so, he was again cited, and, on his non-appearance, con- 
 demned to forfeit Guienne. The trick thus played by Phihp was so ore- 
 cisely similar to thni which Edward had himaelf planned fo.- Scotland, 
 f ."A' 1' f"'y wonderful how so astute a prince could evrr t ave fallen 
 blindfold into such an uncovered pit. 
 
 A. D. 1295.— Edward sent an army to Guienne, under the command of 
 his nephew, John de Bretaane, eari of Richmond, together wit i John St 
 John, and other officers of known courage and ability; and as Us projectc 
 upon beotlaiid did not enable him to spare so many regular poldiers as 
 were needed, ho on this occasion opeiie all the gaols of E/igland and 
 added the most desiderate of their tenants to the force he sent over to Franc© 
 
 While a variety of petty actions were carried on in France, Philip en^ 
 
 -i?rj«? « rTf'''^'''.".''"",'"!"'' '■*''°"- by entering into an alliance 
 with John Bahol, king of Scotland ; and he, smarting under the insults of 
 Mward and longing for revenge, eageriy entered into this alliance, and 
 strengthened It bv stipulating a marriage between his own son and the 
 daughter of Charles de Valois. 
 
 A. D. 1296.— Conscious how deep was the offence he had given to Baliol. 
 Edward had too carefully watched him to be unaware of his alliance with 
 f ranee; and having now obtained considerable supplies from his pariia- 
 roent, which was more popularly composed than heretofore, he prepared 
 to chastise Scotland on the slightest occasion. In the hope, therefore, ol 
 creating one, he sent a haughty message desmng Baliol, as his vassal, to 
 
 iw .h."!.?n""' *?n "^ ^"V 'S '"'f ""■■ ^''*' *''■«"««• "« "e«t demanded 
 ttat the castles of Berwick. Roxburgh, and Jedburgh should be placed in 
 nis hands dnring the French war, as security for the Scottish fidelity ; and 
 Jben summoned Ikliol to appear before the English pariiament at New 
 
 ™.H. '«.•. J* nu^ '"'*''^"* ^?. '!'■ "*^" purpose and to the treaty that he had 
 made with Philip, complied with none of these demands ; and Edward 
 n^lI'^H r.'T*"?t.*' •*"* osifiusiblfi offence which he desired, advanced 
 up^ Scotland with an army of thirty thousand foot and four thousand 
 
 Th« military skill of Baliol being held in no very high eitnem in 
 Gotland, a council of n^ulvu of the most smineut uobloa was appoiijifit' 
 
284 
 
 HISTOET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 to advise and assist him~in other words to act, for the time, at least » 
 " viceroys over him." ^ *' 
 
 Under tlie management of this council vigorous preparations were maHn 
 to oppose Edward. An army of forty thousand foot and about five hund 
 red horse marched, after a vain and not very wisely planned attempt uoon 
 Uarlisle, to defend the southeastern provinces threatened with Edward's 
 first attacks. Already, however, divisions began to appear in the Scottish 
 councils ; and the Bruces, the earls of March and Angus, and other eminent 
 Scots, saw so much danger to their country from such a divided host au 
 tempting to defend it againat so powerful a monarch, that they took thp 
 opportunity to make an early submisson to him. Edward had crossed the 
 «^eed at Coldstream without experiencing any opposition of either word 
 or deed ; but here he received a magniloquent letter from Baliol, who hav 
 ing obtained from Pope Celestine an absolution of both himself and his na 
 l."*1 '^f ^"® oath they had taken, now solemnly renounced the homaire 
 . he had done, and defied Edward. '"'""Hse 
 
 Little regarding mere words, Edward had from the first moment of com 
 inencing his enterprise been intent upon deeds. Berwick had been taken 
 by assault, seven thousand of the garrison put to the sword, and Sir Wil 
 nam Douglas, the governor, made prisoner ; and now twelve thousand men 
 under the command of the veteran earl Warenne, were despatched agains 
 Dunbar, which was garrisoned by the very best of Scotland's nobiliiv and 
 gentry. Alarmed lest Dunbar should be taken, and their whole couutrv 
 thus be laid open to the English, the Scots marched an immense army to 
 the relief of that place; but the eari Warenne, though his numbers were 
 so inferior, attacked them so vigorously that they fled with a loss of twenty 
 inousand men ; and Edward with his main army coming up on the follow. 
 ing day, the garrison perceived that further resistance was hopeless, and 
 surrendered at discretion. The castles of Roxburgh, Edinburgh, and Stir- 
 liQg now surrendered to Edward in rapid succession; and all the southern 
 &*r ,*u ' T*',*?^'?'.'^ ^^"^S subdued. Edward sent detachments of Irish and 
 Welsh, skilled in mountain warfare, to follow the fugitives to their recei 
 ses amidst the mountains and islets of the north. 
 
 But the rapid successes which already attended the arms of Edward had 
 completely astounded the Scots, and put them into a state of depression 
 proportioned to the confidence they had formeriy felt of seeing the inva- 
 der beaten back. Their hesivy losses and the dissensions among then 
 leaders rendered it inipossible for them to get together anything like an 
 im^osmg force ; and Baliol himself put the crowning stroke to iiis coun 
 try s calamity by hastening, ere the resources of his people could be fully 
 ascertained, to make his submission once more to that invader to whom 
 lie had but lately sent so loud and so gratuitous a defiance. He nol 
 merely apologized in the most humble terms for his breach of fealty tohig 
 liege lord, but made a solqrnn and final surrender of his ciowii ; arid Ed- 
 ward, having received the hoinnge of the king, marched northward only 
 to be received with like humility by the people, not n man of whom ap- 
 proached him but to pay him homage or tender him service. Havinff thuii, 
 to all outward appearance, at least, reduced Scotland to the most perfect 
 obedience, Edward marched his army south and returned to England car- 
 nring with him the celebrated inauguration-stone of the Scots, to which 
 there was a superstition attached, that wherever this stone should be, there 
 should be the government of Scotland. Considering the great power 
 which such legends had at that time, Edward was not to blame, perhaps, 
 for this capture ; but the same cannot be said of his wanton order for the 
 destruction of the national records. 
 
 Baliol, thougli his weak character must have very effectually placed him 
 beyond the fear or suspicion of Edward, was confined in the Tower ol 
 Londoa for two years, at the end of which time he was aUowed to retire 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. , 286 
 
 » Frame, where he remained during the rest of his life in that oriratfl 
 station for which his hmited talents and his timid temoer iZt fitLS i!^ 
 The government of Scotland was entrusted to EarlXJeS. "ho & 
 
 ea;ro?=sSl?afi=oSi„^rsr a"SSs'. tt'tt' "'^ 
 the earl of Lincoln, who succeeded to SomS £.'not ihi?^^'^^''!*' 
 anyprogress. Edward's success in WaLrS'scSdhal^h^^^^^^^^ 
 made hun more than ever impatient of failure; and he nowproiectedS 
 a confederacy against the king of France as, he imagined ?ould not fan 
 
 t'Sr^rpSnTerEitioSXTa^rSja^^^^^^^ 
 .Maie^topayto.Guy.e'ariofK^^ 
 
 giving up Guienne. As a large sum of money was requSto c"?rv oa^ 
 the k..ig'8 uesigns he applied to parliament, who granTed h m-the £Z 
 and lunghts-a twelfth of all moveables, and the boroughs reighUi Bui 
 niS^'n'* ^" ""'^"'J proportion of his charges u^ the Kughs he 
 
 .Thtf tt!rrjei'bt''^^"o;^^Bti?a'c3^^^^^ 
 throne had issued a bull forbiddins the DrinrP« of «nV^^!c?^ ^ ^^^- P*P*' 
 tax the clergy without the ei^tf ct ^tTf Itf aX^uaCS^^ 
 d ng the clergy to pay any tax unless so sanctioned • and thp VnS 
 clergy gladly sheltered themselves under tharbuirnow thSfthe kinS^ii^J 
 
 wi puyineni oi rent to tnem. Having given thus much intimniinn nf hi. 
 
 erSSruoT!?''' •" Ms demanUe apJntoTa n^w^nrto co^*- 
 ler With him upon its reasonableness; but Robert de WincheUftvarnh 
 
 ishoDof Canterbury, who had suggested to Bon face SbuU o?wh?cl 
 the clergy were now availing themselves, plainly told the S that hi 
 it^ir.^i^^^^'T'^ '"^ ^'''^ » temporal' a% a sjSr Uual sover^.S, aSd 
 »lnce wifhTa't whl 'h "'" ''^™" r"}'^ ^'^' "° comparing o ?m- 
 JSimDorlli^hlf «*''*' '^"f/"'' •*» *^« '«"*"■ »"<^ that consequently it 
 
 ^s ^;^^ 's^t^^-^s: tre^^^rtfe^tVajrtt, 
 
 Pdil/n "'"^ ."""'^e.^sr' to obtain a relaxation of his bull on he o"her 
 
 oouTd nm SY "'P'"^ '^".^ "'"y ^^'^ *o»W "«t support he civil pow/; 
 could not fairjy expect to be protected by it. He acSingly gav" Kr. 
 
 He nfJ^. •'"''**' '° l*"*"'*^" '*'« «»"8y a» wholly out of hlsTotection 
 cleA [h! nl'"'.**" °''^y«** *" '*'« '«"«^- If a»y o"« had a suitTgSra* 
 o^Je fher'^rHJr'"? T "^ »"'=««•"'. whatever the merits of hi cJie" 
 hand o 1h ''f'^^"^'"" "O"- h'8 witness could he heard; on the other 
 nm J„ ?V"!l''T «'"««ly * «'erk might have been wronged in matteri 
 ho 3Sl?L'''rr'«»'''"''*'"' ^e"''"' »" ••«'1'«'"' was TeftisSd h!m aT 
 
 ier?wTe^ot"5Ifw°iV''"'^r.?® P*?P'*' *''«»''>' .tufficiently prone to plm,. 
 intdlZ ?„.„H^ *° *'''"• themselves ; and to be a clerk and to be phi - 
 <J«red and insiUted were pretHy nearly one and the same thin... Vh- ^i i 
 
im 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 both In money and m kind were cut off from the convents; and If um 
 monks, in peril of being starved at home, rode forth in seach of subs? 
 tence robbers, emboldened by the kingr'^ rule, if not act,aally prompted bv 
 his secret orders, robbed them pitilessly of money, apparel andTolJ 
 and sent them back to their convents still poorer and in a worse dK 
 than they had left them. The archbishop offianterbury issuS^i a VneS 
 excommunication against all who took part in these shameful proceSn 
 but it was little attended to, and had no effect in checking the sSifi 
 nl it»!""*^:KT"7''l?.'' *•'«.'''"» looked with the utmost indiflference 
 or, rather, with the double satisfaction arising from feeling that the iS 
 of the clergy would at length induce them to submit, even in dean ?e n? 
 their veneration for the papal commands, and that the people were thus 
 gradually accustoming themselves to look with less awe^ upon The pan. 
 S^nillf ^K-"'^"""' •" ^•'*''"« 'he latter consummation, Edward wffi 
 wisely for his successors we need not now stay to discuss ; in anticipatiS 
 •the former consummation he most assuredly was quite correct for h! 
 clergy socn began to grow weary of a passive struggle in which they were 
 m»rfvi^n^'^^^'■''P^i!''y ancf incessantly, without either the S'Soi 
 martyrdom or the hope of its reward. The northern province of YorkLd 
 from the first paid the fifth demanded by the king, not in any preference 
 
 ^«in"i'''''"r'^?'''^°^*'?« pope, nor, certainly with any peS and 
 persona predilection for being taxed beyond their ability, but because the! 
 
 5f th. k L'^J S^""*'''^!*^^ '»>«'" a fearful personal interest in the abJitv 
 of the king to have sufficient force at his command. The bishops of sll 
 
 l!//'^.^"i- ^L^' ^u*^ ^•""® **^''*"' "«"' *'»'"« '" an<l oflfered not indeed ht 
 rfpSi Jl^- ?^ ''" P°P-® *'y P''J''"S^ ^^"^ ^^^^ ''•^'^t'y to Edward, but to 
 ?Zn h^^»r*J^'".'"'"1/" ««"a'" appointed places whence they could be 
 Snnpv ?oi .k"""^*' collectors. Those who could not command ready 
 money for this sort of commutution of the king's demand privily entered 
 
 rSr-U^nr^'f "'?f '^°' '5' Pf^"'*'"' ** "^ f"»"'« 'i™«. '^"d th US either ^ 
 nS Th! i,-"'^.""^''*'yV^^'''^'^'y °'' immediately, the whole of the clergy 
 paid the king's exorbitant demand, though reason warranted them in a S 
 sistance which had the formal sanction, nay the express command, of SiSr 
 KriS7^r«- '" !^'' ^« ''' « memorable instance of the same 
 wlu Tnffi °'''"^'''^"^"'^"' ^^^ power that would have crushed the 
 weak Jo in, however just his cause, was now, with a bold and triumphant 
 
 Zi7h&1f 'h"""8^' ^Y^'L" '"""^P'^ «"^ P"»t'<= Edward, thougl? it op- 
 
 ITni^tZJ" ^'"'"f"'- "^ "^'h "^^^ '"*''' «*»«'"«'"l '" '»8 extent and illegS 
 even in the manner of its imposition. 
 
 felfSr'^lw 'i/h' '*«»*'''«"^«' the supplies which Edward obtained still 
 mlk^ nn .h A^J"'" necessities, and the manner in which he contrived to 
 S ar«^t hin» .'5^"^"^ T^" "^'^'-^cterized by the injustice which was the 
 Thof.Lh hi 1 f^ I? '^I'^'l T"*^ otiierwise have been a truly glorious reign, 
 now ?rf.J r«rrfi!''i'*'i^''?.?V''*'^" «'■«''' willingness to assist him.lie 
 Eh « H^r Jf f*''? ^ I'T,!' '° ^^^ exportation of wool, and as arbitrarily 
 Lyhln J^.Jf,I1'^°^''''!h'M"^^?J'.T'^«^^^^ ""ore thai 
 
 fl.« I«.f «f ^""r "^"L"^.' ^""I ^'1 •'''' '"J"«t'^e stop here ; this, indeed, wa« 
 m«i„«H n L Vf"' r^ '"""^'J'^'ely afterwards seized all the wool that re 
 LfiT ih« il H'i!»<Jo™. and "» the leather, and sold them for his own ben- 
 fi,«:,.„!.^ . "/ ^^^^ ''"""ty were empowered to seize for him two 
 •Sn^S-t'^H^" •"^7'^^^ ""•^ ^^'^ thousand of oats. Cattle and other 
 nSlhnZuT '^'"'^ "' 'h® "*•"« wholesale and unceremonious fashion 
 n!?„r.n^^Urf r mI^"T "'^" ""'*'« ""^^ P^mwe to pay. the sufferers 
 ^nLLiLLP /* u''® "^'"^"•"^ "P"*^ ""'^h P'o'n^e made under such cir 
 fr-Tifi «.1n • •" ':^''™'ting of his army Edwarxl acted quite as arbi- 
 h«iLT«'^^-«f?"'"^ "• eoinpelling every proprietor ohand to pay 
 itn^fh^ n S ?^ 7""^^ P*"'".!'"' either to serve in penon or find a pn^xy 
 even though his land were not held by military tenure. Notwithstandinjf 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 287 
 
 rt,e great popularity of Edward, and the terror of his oower hfl ™«,w ««. 
 under bucH cirtjunjstances of provocation prevent the rSSe7«^^m?.? "°* 
 
 completed his preparatbns. He divided hi> «V>r^. {„;« ♦ i ""^ 
 
 .ending to assail France on he "3e of Flanderl iuh n„« n^.^i.^^'^'i'" 
 .end the other to assail it on the «.de ofXX trwSen^^^^^^^ 
 was ready and the troops actually assembled on the sea ro^t R^dt^-T? 
 3arl of Norfolk and marshal of £irfand and Bohnn P»ri f.f 5^^/ .8^°? 
 constable of England to whom hSrd'to^^JSsrthe^^^^^^^ 
 of his expedition, refused to take charee of it on th« ni«a thu?V 5u •" 
 offices thev were only bound to attendX^n his Derion'^dnrin.r Vi/ *i*" 
 Little used to be thwarted, the kinswas ffreativ ?^r!t«H » i- ^^^ ^*"- 
 and in the hi^h words .hatVassedu^TShlS^sirif^^^^ 
 earl of Hereford, '• By God, Sir Earl, you shall either go or haSta wh rh 
 Herefordcoollyrepied, "Bv God Sir Kinir i «, m n-wiL ^' la which 
 and he in,med.itel^eft\theLpeditioM'^^^^^^ 
 
 powerful barons and their numerous followers. ^ *"*" 
 
 Finding himself thus considerably weakened in actual numbers «n.i 
 still more so by the mor«l effect this dispute had upon men's mSS P^ 
 ward now gave up the Gascon portion of his exnedSion • but Z nn'J?^" 
 Uon was not yet at an end, for tlie two earls now reCed^ooetformffpl; 
 duty on the ground that their ancestors had n^v^r served ^nFknde™ 
 Not knowing how far the same spirit might have anrPBd phLw} r i 
 to proceed to V^xtremities, aggravated and* anno^fnff'^^th.X/nlJ^L*^ 
 Zi'H°l!'rf '^'"'^^•f ^ith appoint^ G^^Sfej de (^^yi'evm^^^^^^^ 
 Thomas de Berkeley to act for the recusant officers on the oresent ooJL 
 ».on ; for as the offices of marshal and constable were hSar^ ho" 
 «ouldonly have deprived the offenders of therS^he extreme Su™ 
 
 proposed to take, and how impossible it was to take tSfiSeTsures wi^h 
 out money; he at the same time protested, that should he ever rJ^nrnh-* 
 tlSw?-' '"'' '^^'''t^ T"" ^'^^"'d ^' reimbursed, i^idtJa w lereveJ 
 e same time Zfhl'nJ'H ^'H^^'"" that wrong should be rXs^ed At 
 ne same time that he made these promises and assured his hearer* tW 
 a7rH!'"ir'y,"'^'^*''' fulfilment^f them, he stroSyTrged them to 
 
 ntihX ^*'* ^*" something extremely touching in the politic plcadliiu 
 hL Irhl"/' *'"""]'« "u 'i ^'^ *™'" « »"»" "8«ally so fiercrand resoluS* 
 
 m^l.JA'f\^'''''T"" P^'hetic, winning him back the friendshio of hiS 
 whih ffiefj^d a'nS NoSTh"'?'"*^ 'J' Winchelsea, a remrst^iS 
 linmes nrnHn ih« r !u *^'^^. f™'"®'' ^^^s P'^sented to him in theii 
 Sn«i2 i 'u""® "^ ^*''" considerable barons. In this remonstrarice 
 hrrSIn^"^^ courteously worded, complaint was geneSrSe of 
 11/.',*^."'^'" of ffovernmeiit, and esWially ofliis DerMtunl «nH 
 
 •uMhisarbitrari taxation and seizures, and they denlanded redriw of 
 
£88 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 these jjreat and manifest grievances. The circumstances under which 
 u- V^t'"""''^ "^^" delivered to the king furnished him with an excuse o< 
 which he was by no means sorry to avail himself, seeing tiiat he could 
 neither deny the grievances nor find the means of redressing them • and 
 he bciefly replied, that he could not decide upon matters of such hieh im 
 poriance while at a distance from his council and in all the bustle of em 
 
 But the two earls and their partizans were resolved that the king's era 
 
 ? wf ',"*" *''°"'^ '■*'^®'' "^'^^ *''^" '"J"*"® ^^^" <=*"se ; and when the prince 
 of Wales and the government summoned them to meet in parliament thev 
 did so with a perfect army of attendants, horse and foot, and would not 
 even enter the city until the guardianship of the gates was given up to 
 them. The council hesitated to trust so much to men who had assumed 
 so hostile an attitude ; but the archbishop of Canterbury, who sided with 
 the earls, overruled all objections and argued away all doubts ; the gates 
 were given into the custody oX the malcontents, and thus both the prince 
 and the parliament were virtually put into their power. 
 
 That power, however, they used with an honourable moderation, de- 
 manding only that the two charters should be solemnly confirmed by the 
 
 Ji^/ ^y observed for the time to come; that a clause should b« 
 added to the great charter, securing the people from being taxed without 
 the consent of parliament; and that they who had refused to attend the 
 king to Flanders should be held harmless on that account and received 
 into the king's favour. Both the prince of Wales and his council airreed 
 to these really just and moderate terms ; but when they were submitted 
 to Ji-dward, m Flanders, he at first objected to agree to them, and even 
 after three days' deliberation he was only with difficulty" persuaded tfl 
 
 '^^^ ^arious impediments which the king had met with in England 
 caused him to reach Flanders too late in the season for any operations <ii 
 importance; and enabled Philip to enter the Low Countries before hit 
 arrival, and make himself master, in succession, of Lisle, St. Omers, 
 Courtrai, and Ypres. The appearance of Edward with an English army 
 of fifty thousand men put an end to this march of prosperity ; and Philir 
 not only was compelled to retreat on France, but had every reason to feai 
 that he should be early invaded there. Edward, however, besides being 
 anxious for England, exposed as it was to the hostilities of the Scots, was 
 disapi!ointed of a considerable force for the aid of which he had paid a 
 high price to Adolph, king of the Romans ; and both monarchs being 
 thus disposed to at least temporary peace, they agreed to a truce of two 
 years, and to submit their quarrel to the judgment of the pope. 
 
 A. D. 1298.— Though both Edward and Philip expressly maintained 
 that they referred their quarrel to the pope, not as admitting the papal 
 right to interfere in the temporal affairs of nations, but as respectmg his 
 personal wisdom and justice, he was too anxious to be seen by the world 
 in the character of mediator between two such powerful princes, to make 
 any exception to the terms upon which his mediation was accepted. He 
 xamined their differences, and proposed that a permanent peace should 
 be made by them on the following terms, viz.: that Edward, who was 
 now a widower, should espouse Margaret, sister of Philip, and that the 
 prince of Wales should espouse Isabella, daughter of Philip, and that 
 Uuienne should be restored to England. Phflip wished to include the 
 Scots in his peace with Edward, buf the latter was too inveterate against 
 Scotland to listen to that proposal, and after some discussion the peace 
 was made— Philip abandoning the Scots, and Edward in turn abandoning 
 the Hemings. So careless of their allies are even the greatest monarchs 
 when their own interests call for the sacrifice of those allies! 
 
 U is but seldom that projects of conquest will bear scrutiiiv ; still more 
 
HISTORY OF THE TVORLD. 289 
 
 lefdom tliat they merit oraisp Rn* — . • • , 
 
 mphical relatio^ns of eEK and sS&'!i°^'"fi^ "^T^y »» the geo. 
 the latter seems intended by nature to h2i^„ '! ""Possible to deny that 
 any considerable progress should be maH«ln^ ■?■ ^^^ '"°''™er whenever 
 •hould long and fien-lly struSfor SdeL^H^"''''''*^''*"- That Scotland 
 cites our admiration and sympathy -but n„t"''^- "^^^ "^'"'^'' *"** «*- 
 -eason, we cannot but approve of t>i« p!, r i, !?'""'"8^ ^'^°'^ sentiment to 
 
 Wends and fellow-subjeffi peo2 so coS'l 1^^^^^ »« ««"« as 
 
 Aierons and costly as eneSf U f °"""andingly situated to be mis- 
 
 lever have made a^ struggle after th« tn^™^'^'® "'^^ '^coHand w"uld 
 Baliol, had the English rule bS i^- .^ P'"''*"^ submission of Joh„ 
 «.asobliged by failfng heaUh ?r^t7r;'&«?' .^"f-^"' W"«""" 
 land; and Ormesby and Cressinffhim Jh^ "^ ^1^^^ climate of Scot- 
 of full authority, used, or rathTrCd u^nTifo^" ^'^' '" P^'^^^'O" 
 hate and mdignatipn all high-spirited Scots S liTT ** '° "°"«« 'o 
 whatever moderation in their formflr »-™ ' / whatever rank, and of 
 shameful and perpetual oppressfS L f^f ' ^'^^^'^^ England. The?/ 
 
 which his countrymen bestow uoon him ^^« m "'^u enthusiastic praise 
 lcnown,and without one paS-Totystr^lTh.'^Sr ^I^^^^V ^ave died un 
 to patriotic efforts-a private quarrel^^^fevtl "^It^^f ^*'''^'» °f'«" l««ds 
 ow-countiymen, been grossly insulted hv»n^'p''^*"i** '"""y of ^i* fel- 
 killed him on the spot. Under so tviLl^ *" ^"^flish officer, Wallace 
 S,S««"and such a deedVefUhrd^er of ulSt mSf *'''' °^ ^'^^ ^"S 
 Walace betook himself to the wooria JLi J "'® ?'®'"^y to hope; and 
 forfeit ,0 the law. to sell it as dearlv is oo^fhi'"' ^j' '''"« ^«« akeady 
 whatever ob oquy miffht attach VTL^ I Possible, and to do awav with 
 for the future h^^oS^^fcLsf^th that o/h l%"n "^. ''°^T« ^^ ""^"st 
 aa well as mental powers, anT Lvinl a n^rf^^.""''"''- • ^^ «'n?"lar bodily 
 morass and mountain nath L „..^/ perfect acquaintance with everv 
 
 the small band ofTuUaSfs't'afiTsttS^ Wallice,"^^ 
 
 English oppressors, and the invariahlP Ei? ?^ ^""' ^^^^ "Pon the 
 made good his retreat, soon made Tm ookej ;;'^t„''h'^''^ with wEich he 
 for the deliverance of their country anrlr-S "P/? ^y '"^" who longed 
 '0 a hand guilty of deliberate murder Thf fT "^ ^^^l ""^^^ *» «?en 
 peedily became more and morrnumerors .rS /"'^"""u*"^ ^'^''^^e thus 
 band grew at length to the patriotWmv ™ '^^ ""<"•« """^w'a 
 
 lOBtamp his exertions with a nJtiona oh«r«n^ and consequence sufficient 
 *M at length removed from h^s oath ^T''^^'- .»"» this ^reat difficulty 
 he prepared, his followers to attadcScon^wh'r''^ ""[ ?/"«' ''"'^<^«'""i 
 Enriish justiciary. Ormosbv; and th»?T; ^'*'^. '""^ held by the hated 
 by Tiis spies of^he deadly^Ue,uimls o? W« r' ?«"«" being informed 
 alarmed, that he precioitatPlv H«n„?r ^ • ^""ace towards him, was so 
 »a. closelv foIlowWy all tLfm^'^^l '^J"?'*"^ and hi, 'exampK 
 oradty and tyranny. 'mmediate accomplices and tools of hit 
 
 geaKdJa^i^^^^^^^^^^ the effect which the cou^ 
 
 eWcountrymen ; and e/en the 1^«7 Pf^'^^'^t'^ "Pon the minds of hit 
 
 ^-t^lo keep aloof from £70^ «erh°.!; tr.^^^^-i'JLP- 
 
 ^— j-wtiiT 5SISJ cona 
 
i90 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 dence. Sir William Douglas openly joined hirn, and Robert Bruce secrotly 
 encouraged him ; the smaller gentry and the people at large gave him 
 the full confidence and support of which the efforts he had already made 
 proved him capable of pronting; and so general was the Scottish move- 
 ment, that in a short time the Lnglish government was virtually at an end 
 in Scotland. The more sanguine among the Scots already began to hope 
 that their country's independence was completely re-established, but the 
 wiser and more experienced judged that England would not thus easily 
 part with a conquest so desirable and, perhaps, even essential to her own 
 national safety ; and their judgment was soon justified by the appearance 
 of Earl Wurcnne at Irvine, in Annandale, with an army of upwards of forty 
 thousand men ; a force which, if prudently used under the existing cir- 
 cumstances, must on the instant have undone all that Wallace had tis ye* 
 done for the enfranchisement of his country. For the mere appearance ol 
 80 vast and well appointed an army, under the conunandof a leader of the 
 known valour and ability of Warenne, struck such terror into many ofthp 
 Scottish nobles who had joined Wallace, that Ihey hastened to submit to 
 Warenne, and to save their persons and property by renewing the oath oj 
 fealty to Edward ; wh s many who were secretly in correspondence with 
 Wallace, and among lis most zealous friends, were compelled, though 
 sorely against their w 11, to join the English. Wallace, being then thus 
 weakened, a prudent jse of the vast English force was all that was re- 
 quired to have insured success ; and had Warenne acted solely upon his 
 own judgment, success most certainly would have been his. But Cres- 
 singham, the treasurer, whose oppressions had only been second to those 
 of Ormesby, was so transported by personal rage, and had so much influ- 
 ence over Warenne, as to mislead even that veteran commander into an 
 error as glaring as in its couHequence it was mischievous. 
 
 Urged by Cressingham, Warenne, who had advanced to Cambusken- 
 neth, on the hanks of the Forth, resolved to assail Wallace, who had most 
 skilfully and strongly posted himself on the opposite bank. Sir Richard 
 Lundy, a native Scotchman, but sincerely and zealously attached to the 
 English cause, in vain pointed out to Warenne the disadvantages under 
 which he was about to make the attack. The order was given, and the 
 English began their march over the bridge which crossed the river at thai 
 point. Wallace allowed the leading divisions to reach his side of the river, 
 but before they could fully form in order of battle he gave the word, his 
 troops rushed upon the English in overwhelming force, and in an incredi- 
 bly short time the battle became a mere rout, the English flying in every 
 direction, and thousands of them being put to the sword or drowned in 
 their vain endeavours to escape from their enraged enemies. Cressing 
 ham, who behaved with much gallantry during the short but murderous 
 conflict, was among the number of the English slain ; and so inveterate 
 and merciless was the hatred with which his tyranny had Inspired the 
 Scots, that they actually flayed his corpse and had his skin tanned and con- 
 verted into girths and belts. The great loss sustained by the English 
 upon the field, and the complete panic into which the survivors were 
 thrown, left Warenne no alternative but to retreat into England. The 
 castles of Berwick and Roxburgh were speedily taken, and Scotland was 
 herself free once more, and loudly hailed Wallace as her deliverer. The 
 title of regent was bestowed upon him by acclamation ; and both from 
 oeing elated by his almost marvellous success, and from the absolute fam- 
 ine which prevailed in Scotland, ho was now induced to carry the war 
 into England. He accordingly m'irched his troups across the border, and 
 •preading them over the northern counties, plundered and destroyed with- 
 out mercy, till at length having penetra-ted as far as the bishoprick of Dur- 
 ham, he obtained enormous booty, witA which he returned in triumph to 
 Hootland. 
 
HISTORY OP THE WOKLl). 20i 
 
 FlJ^d^wVeUtat^^^^^^^ Edward While .u 
 
 He was thus at liberty to t^^tenX^tXf ^i'""^ "^'"^ *"""««• 
 tholoss of his most valued conquest^ sfSAt^hlf*"?'' »« >-«tri«ve 
 greatly offended as well as alarmed his Znie of whn-fV *'°"'*".=i ^"'^ 
 zeal ho now stood in so much need his W /«» '*°"® '""'°'" '"^ ««^ 
 to regain his lost populariVy Cthe citiz?^^^^^^ .«'«'y »'«• 
 
 by restoring to them the privelege of dect?n^ iii?"''"" ^*' P*'.'' '''•«o"rt 
 which his Father had deprived thVm • and h^^Li " ?'"? P^S^fates, o( 
 for exact inquiry to be'^made a8To\he vaLrnf °'*^"'*^^^^^^ 
 
 commodities; which a shoTtiL before he had orHp?/^;T'''' ^"'^ «'»'«' 
 leading the more sanguine amonVthe suffflrpr- V^^f^ *** be seized ; thus 
 others, that he intended to pay for theloocf^th.,, ""^ '*''^' ^'l*" Pe""ading 
 the nobles he equally endeavo^u ed to rfcom' "f/^" 'Z "^''^^jned. ^5 
 fessions of his detcrmiuation to observe the chlf«™''^ ''J k°'^™" P~* 
 ingratiated himself with all orders of men h« m!^" *"^ ''?'''"« t*»"8 
 preparations for the re-conauest of Spnfia'„5 "*'^* extensive levies and 
 eUled to march with an ar^y of "ea^ SuXT/hlT^'^ ^^» '"O" 
 
 The magnitude and excellenll equipSt of Edwardfe^^^^ .. 
 
 only advantages ; dissensions were rife and fiercramonaT«^ "°* "!.'" 
 very moment when it was obvious that not Ek^.u^ ^'^^ ^•^°"» *' ^he 
 an/disinterestedzeal could Jive them ev^n»n^h »h« "•o'' "nanimous 
 lace had 'done wonders in raiSnrhis^onntrvf^^^^ Wal- 
 
 tion and despair in which hnaTfounrher^bu^Thi^„^w^^^^^ '^^«"'^^- 
 the son of a Drivate gentlemanrand his elevaiil' to'th.T^"*? ''''' ""'^ 
 regent gave (feep offence to the proud nobmtvri^r TP^'i'^"' PO"* »' 
 self more worthy than theother Peiv^iv il\„.^^^^ deemed him- 
 
 ger of the divided spirit/Wallace showed h^^»2? *•*, ««"«? «nd the dan- 
 dlBinterestedly resig'ning 1 "Sor tyhl haTs'f well'j^r^L'" T'^-^y 
 only the command of his immediate foIl<m«rB Z^h^ ,f\l *'"^ retaming 
 other commander ; and the chief author tvw.-H^''- T'Tl'* ^"""^ «^«yed no 
 •fBadenochand the steward of BadLnoch^ Jhl '"'''*/ ^^^^'^'^'^ Cummin 
 the Scottish forces at Falkirk there to a'JTutf^'^^.'^ '? concentrating all 
 Each of the Scottish commanderslnVhipf hJ ! ''"*'''' ?^ "'« English, 
 army, while a third diviS"iwa8,,nd«r.l^ ^''''«'«" "^ 'heir 
 
 lace himself. The pikS formed tL?rn["/"'r'''^'Vr'"^^'i «f Wal- 
 intervals between th^thTee wte occuoU bv ^'vision, and the 
 
 and as the English had a vart suner^nPitv ;,7 ?^ ^^'^'^^ °^ archers ; 
 the Scottish position was protected as wp^l'"''*''^'L^ '.^« ^''"'^ ^on' of 
 secured to each other by ropes ' ^ "'''" ''^ ''*''«' ''^«"&'y 
 
 menced the attack, and s^JaC Ihe^ ScotTuh S'''^"' '" !^' ^f'^' «=»'"- 
 seized with a panic and fled from th^ t^T ^ru'''7"^^P' *''=^' '''ey were 
 Rnglish bolts and arrows was now uLtt' ^l^^ ^^'*'"'^"' shower of the 
 the charge of the S Ih Sm«n InA^ "f" tne Scottish pikemen, and 
 
 |h«. obtLed. Thett,sl^™h^^rave t^iZwen'S Z '^' ''''''''''''' 
 the English, in discipline and equipmems as i^l «- V 
 
 Gvtt?d:sfKf#'^^^ 
 
 laiaUonSteTash^iraVfiV^^^^^^^^ -"• ''"^ -hich the%opula; 
 
 »ed trkreXTviiS'i\m5;^ke;,"rn5"fT ir^ «-'«"^'''"' WaUacecontri. 
 river Carr?n,li„irh; San^of haUite 7n^ i /h*"?'* **'"''«' ^^'''"'J »"« 
 "tack of the Engliil, hiRhlv ner louS if nnt u ,^"f "?""' "^ *° '"^''^ef "'« 
 An interview here took ni«oI i?.. ' " "^^ »ft"aUy impracticable. 
 
 •Jnpite his ow^ high K id not wS liS*"' """^/"r^ «'•«''«. *»•«. 
 
 waa tl^n serving in EdvraS! ?ri7 ^i, '*"" "P°" ^^^ 'Scottish royalty 
 
 ng m fcdward a army The account given by th*. sJnjA 
 
 
S93 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 historiana of this interview is so precise as to be somewhat suspicious, 
 especially as authors quite as credible affirm that Bruco was nut then with 
 the English army, or even in that part of the couniiy- Ifi however, the 
 interview took place, the subsequent conduct of Bruce shows, that, so fai 
 from succeeding !r. his endeavour to induce Wallace to struggle no longei 
 tor his country's independence, he was himself converted by the great 
 hero into a nobler way of thinking. 
 
 A. D. 1299. — Wiiile Wallace still remamed unconquered and in sooif 
 force, Edward felt that his triumph was not complete ; but after having 
 Mubfected the south of Scotland, Edward was obliged, by sheer want of 
 provisions, to inarch his troops back into England and to leave the north 
 of Scotland still unconquered. 
 
 A. D. 1300. — The Scotch having in vain applied for aid to Philip ol 
 France, now betook themselves to the mediation of Rome ; and Boniface 
 wrote on their behalf a long and justly-argued letter to Edward, in which 
 he strongly put forward all the solid nrgu nents that existed against his 
 equally unjust and arrogant claim to Scotland. But as the ambition of 
 Boniface was fully equal to his ability, he weakened the justice of his 
 opposition to the arrogant claim of Kdward, by putting forward an equally 
 arrogant and unfounded one on the part of Rome, to which he asserted 
 ScoMand to have by right appertained from the most remote antiquity. 
 
 The real claim of Edward was plainly founded upon the right of the 
 strongest; his only justification was to be found in the geographical con- 
 nection of Scotlancf and England. But, in replying to the letter of the 
 pope, Edward advanced arguments which were ouite as remarkable for 
 grave and absurd assurance as even the claim of the pope himself. Com- 
 mencing with Brutus the Trojan, Edward cited and assumed historical 
 sayings and doings down to the time of Henry II. in support of his claim; 
 but carefully leaving out everything that told for Scotland, though he 
 commenced his elaborate document by a solemn appeal to the Almighty 
 to witness his sincerity and good faith ! It is still more extraordinary that 
 Edward's pretensions were backed by no fewer than a hundred and four 
 barons, who, to his defence of his claims, added, that though they had 
 condescended to justify them to Boniface, they by no means acknowl- 
 edged his right to judge, and that if their sovereign were willing to give 
 up the prerogatives which they were determined at all hazards and all 
 sacrifices to uphold, they for their parts would in no wise allow him to 
 do so. 
 
 A. D. 1303. — While Edward was thus endeavouring to give to a politic 
 and tempting nr urpntion the character of a just and ancient claim, the 
 Scots, relieved from his immediate and fatal activity, were exerting th'-m 
 selves for another effort in behalf of their national independence. John 
 Cummin was made regent, and he did not content himself with keeping 
 a force together in the nortli, but made frequent incursions upon the sub- 
 dued southern provinces. John de Segrave, whom Edward had left as 
 his representative in Scotland, at length led out his army to oppose th€ 
 Hcotcfi, and a long and sanguinary action took place at Roslin, m^ar Edin- 
 burgh, in which the Eiifflish were completely defeated, and the. whole o( 
 the southern provinces freed from them by the regent. 
 
 Edward, to his infinite indignation, now perceived that ho had not to 
 r.ompleto, merely, but actually recommence the conquest of this brave peo- 
 ple, and he made preparation for so doing with his accustomed vigour and 
 activity. Assembling naval as well as military forces, ho entered Scot- 
 land with a large anny, whicli his navy, sailing along the const, put out ol 
 all danger as regarded want of provisions. The superiority which this 
 arrangement gave to Edward rendered the resistance of tin Scotch u 
 hopeless as it was gallant. Place after place was taken, the chieftains in 
 
 ■llrCAuinn vtnhlnit in Haannir ami niimmin himanlf anrt hia mOlt ICVl* 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 393 
 
 om inends at lengtn submitted. Bui though Edward '..ad marched trium 
 phantly from one end of the countrjr to the other, and had Sedth<' 
 submission of thP ablest and the bravest his pminii«» !«o» iiiij ■ . "' 
 
 .or Wallace was yet at liberty J^Z'^iTaSieT '''" ""'°™P'«'«' 
 A.D. 304-6 -Edward on many occasions during his busy reign disnlnv 
 Bd great talents, but his really clear jNgment was usually vanqufshedwhJn 
 It became opposed by his ove of arbitrary rule ft« h?)! I a 
 enough todispky his power, and his true^po^cTwould have bSSn'^tor 
 deavour to reconcile the existing generation of Scots "o their loss of rS 
 independence by flattering them with as much as possible if the anneaJ 
 ance of it, by governing them bv their own tnur. ,VnH k,. • i ■ • ^PP®**'' 
 in their natio'nll custom's, until%Sard"tiTu%"rn?[niue^^^^^^^ 
 propensity of imi ation, which is everywhere so stro J, Lv sLJ^S 
 gradually Msimilate themselves in those respects to thefrconq Srs B .1 
 this glow though sure process did not armrH wif !,».;» ^ conquerors, but 
 
 ticm; and he n'ot only Lde BwTepin^^iSiSn'' e'^^c^ursh lat'bu'; 
 mil more deep y wounded the national nri/i*. K,r \Ll "V"""*" '^^s, but 
 
 Monleilh, an intimate and confidential friend of W«11roo Th^^f ^„1L i " 
 
 inldeS on nf wL'i •'^1'"'! for courage, the almost romantic bravery 
 
 admira2r?t JJ^*''"*"« ""»'" l.'«yo been expected to have excited hii 
 
 -ever made submission, was publicly behea.led on Towerhiir 
 holiif'^'^^P'^'^ ^y '^'r "h«"H'ful severity to put aXd to the Scottish 
 
 •he supTeiil^v i? wXcl'now' ±eJ h^.fenh^^'hfTT'"' "I T''"'' 
 "a mind wan nm l..i,V .i.„ „ J"«"«^a in depjornijj; hiM fate, and the gon- 
 
 •ndsurorMotronnL .h.,.? /'* ^y^":""'''" ft" to for insuring welcome 
 "i"..elf'ln'thl"p;:';:f RoV.IIKmi:"''''''"'"''"'' '""*' ■«*'" ^«'""'«' 
 
 •..Au". j^flS'-llobcrt l)rU<!P, graiuisoiiof thn nnnnn«n« nf li-Il^l .„ 
 
 - »« =cc«aie of bo.h his grandfaihcf tnd fa.&.'tli^" inhorilo; ofrit'llTe 
 
 ti;.!!!- 
 
 
 ife'l 
 
•294 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 least, a plausible claim lo the Scottish crown, and had therefore a Den 
 Bonal lis well as a patriotic motive for opposing the tyramiy of Edward 
 Though he was himself personally well treated, though, indeed, he wm 
 viewed less as a prisoner at large than a favoured native noble, Bruce 
 could not but feel disgust and indignation at the numerous cruelties of Ed 
 ward, crowned as they were by the damning injustice of the murder of 
 Wallace ; and after iving long pondered the subject, he determined to 
 succeed to that hero ui his task, even at the risk of succeeding also tohig 
 violent end. This determination Bruce confided to his intimate friend 
 John Cummin who approved of his design and encouraged him in it 
 Whether Cummin from the first listened only to betray, or whether he af 
 first entered sincerely into the views of Bruce, and only betrayed them 
 from horror at the magnitude of Uie danger, does not clearly appear Bu 
 certain it is that, from whatever motives, he did reveal the sontinients an. 
 intentions of Bruce lo the king. '^"iimemsana 
 
 Edward, tliough little prone to sparing, knew how to dissemble • and 
 being desirous of getting inio his power the three brothers of Bruce who 
 were slill at liberty in Scotland, and fearing to alarm them ere he could do 
 80, should he lake uiiv decisive measure against Robert, he for tlie ores 
 ent contented himself with putting his every act and word under Ihe inos/ 
 severe surveillance of persons practised in that most contemptible gnecies 
 of employment. This policy, iiucndod lo make the ruin of Kobnt Bruce 
 more certain and complete, proved iiis safely ; for an Kiiglitih nobleman 
 who was privy to Edward's design put Biuce on his guard in lime. The 
 Iriondly nobleman m.iuestion, being aware liow closely Bruce was watched 
 could not venture to warn him personally and in plain terms of the daiiocr 
 M'hich besel him, but sent him by a sure hand a pair of spurs ami a uurse 
 01 inoney. Tlw sagacity of Bruce rightly interpreted the meaning of thin 
 double present and he instantly sot off for Annandale, and arrived there 
 Biifely ; having taken the precaulioino iiave his horse shod backward, go 
 that even had a pursuit been commenced, the pursuers would speedily have 
 been thrown out Kc.ijriici.« 
 
 High as Bruce ranked in the Scottish nobility, he had hitherto been 
 looked upon as wholly lost to Scotland; as the mere minion of the En. 
 glish king; less anxious about the land to which he owed his birth than to thai 
 « which he lived a life of splendid slavery. It was, therefore, with no lit- 
 tle surprise, and perhaps in some cases even with suspicion, that the Scot- 
 tish nobility Ihey assembled at Dumfries saw him suddenly apneax before 
 Ihem. With the avowed determination of following up the mighty cflortsoi 
 Wallace, and of liberating his trampled country or nobly perishing in the 
 Btlempt. The eloquence and spirit with which Bruce dccjured his iiiteu- 
 IjoiiB and exhorted ihe assembled nobles to join him in his efforts, rouml 
 their spirits to the highest eiilhusiusm, and they at once declared ihcir in 
 tention to follow the noble Bruce even to d.-alh. To this cnthnsiiisiu and 
 Bssenl there whs but (Mie exception :— Cummin, who had nlirudv betrayed 
 llie ikmitjns of Bnico lo the king, now endeavtmied to introduce digconl 
 into Uio €<mncil, by dwelling with great earneslneHs upon tliv little prutm- 
 bilily that existed of their being successful against tfic trtMiicndouN power 
 01 KiiKiand, and upon iho still smaller probability of Edward sliowiiigmiy 
 mercy lo iher should Ihey fall into hit hands afler insulting him by s iiev» 
 breach of iheir oath and fealty. 
 
 The discourse of Cummin had the greater weight be(;ause he was hold 
 to be y tru(M>alriol ( and Bruce clearly perceive<l Ihnl ihi.s mun. who liml 
 ho nearly betrayed him lo certain impriHoiiment andvrrv piobable ex- 
 ecution, liiid m. strong a hold on the minds of the nobles, that llicv would 
 |i\oRt lilu'ly follow Ms advice, until the arrival of Edwani with nii over- 
 nliclninw power would render exertion useless. Enraged at such an »]'■ 
 l..i6U>(m bumg addud to the treachery of which he Wi»s uwurn thai <.«uv 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 995 
 
 mm had already been guilty, Bruce, when the mpntin« r.f .k- ui 
 adjourned to another day, followed Cummr>.^fu,^ ^.f""* "°*''^^ '^"^ 
 ,l,i Grey Friars, in the cli stir of whichh™ went un u h" ' "'^''^'7 ot 
 through the body. Bruce imagined that heT^ad iful^ .h "*. *• "^ '"''u" *•'"» 
 oeiag asked by a friend and 3dant n morf pr.,n« ^i^® 1™'^°''' ^"' O" 
 done%o. he replied, "I believe so"'* " SellevP '^S''' ""S"^^"'' '^^ *»*'* 
 "and is that a thing to leave to chance t T wMU J.'''''t''"'',1, '"'Izpatrick, 
 the fierce knight went back to the "no whe^i pl"^^ ^T^ So saving 
 him through the heart. Tiiis brmal vb ence wSh?^'" '''^' ""^ ^'""^^^^ 
 enedday we cannot even ead TwithS ho^^n^^^ h"' '"?''^ '""^h^" 
 deemed a matter not of shame but ^f triuLh «nH k?^*^"^"''j V^ ♦'>«" 
 derer Fitzpatrick actually took for his^rZ - h ''^^'^"^:,*"1 '^« "'"f" 
 a„d .ae wLs "I will sec'u^e^tm'!'' for E^otto!"' "^"^ ''"'"' '^^^"^ 
 
 pecially, no choice as to Sr fulure ^rrt^ . m'' "''^'^'' *".l*^'""°« «»- 
 off the power of Edward, or nerX hZ„.h' v7 "'T ^'^^^' ^^''''^^ 
 geance. *^Bruce in this eSrgencvDn'vedhl-.t^'^^'^'",'^ ','''■''"«'''* ^«n- 
 lofty and perilous inissiorto^ Sh^ h.d rvl,T'h' *"'«,P'«y«'' '^e 
 from one part of the country to the othpr.lr,? J? ' '"^?*'"^- "« ^^^^ 
 tisans, and sending then^^Xa.st the most Ell'''. ?'""^ '''"''"^ ?*«- 
 that ventured to hold o,u fKdward- and h^t^f "'r'T"^ *"^ "'*«"«'' 
 obtained strong-holds in every dlrectJo^i^utoro.n^^ ^" ""' °"'y 
 
 a force so considerable, that he was S oH^.d a'>d concentrated 
 and to have himself crowned as her kt b n he aS,. v of ^""^ mdep.ndent, 
 bishop of St. Andrew's offi,.iatf.,g B nee thonS h^n.h r"*'' 'K^ '''°^- 
 lion led him to be crowned ddnorsnffi'rml?! ''"^'^ Po'!7 ""'l ambi 
 much of the time for which he hn, ho S. '° <'eremoniaI to occupy 
 buaily pursued the En;l!sl^ISiUh y'v ' 1 d^ru'CHll^"^*!; ''"' 
 
 ningements, he sent forward a farg^ advance force under s^.^'/ T" T 
 
 not quite nnjustlv bestowed in .. L v, ''''•Kli''h Ju8tini,in wan 
 
 eo.nn,.,ul to n"S-iulel «x n^^i^^ '".arrogance, and from ins 
 
 of arrogance h^^^ZKXl'Z ^'.ILUV'.'l.l^r'l'^'l^P?""'"- Wuh /es, 
 
 ' -^"' "^"'^ » '«'««^r Kiiig, Vol, aiich i* 
 
 11 
 
sm 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 the temper of all uncultivated people, the tyrannies of this splendid and 
 warlike 13 at were patiently, almost affectionately, borne by the latioii 
 who revolted at the far less extensive and daring tyrannies of John 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE REION OP EDWARD II. 
 
 A. D. 1307.-The dying commands of Edward I. to his son and succes 
 
 flor were, that he should follow up the enterprise against Scotland and 
 never desist until that nation should be completely subdued. An abun 
 dantly sufficient force was ready for the young king Edward II. ; and m 
 
 Bruce had by this time rallied forces round him, and inflicted a rathS 
 importan defeat upon Sir Aylnierde Valence, the English people, too fond 
 of glory to pay any scrupuloua attention to the justice of tlie cause in 
 which It was to be acquired, hoped to see Edward II., at the very com 
 raencemeiit of his reign, imitating the vigorous conduct of his martial 
 father ; and they were not a little disgusted when Edward, after march n^ 
 some short distance over the border, gave up the enterprise, not from anv 
 consideration of Its injustice, but in sheer indolence, and returned inib 
 England and disbanded that army upon the formation of which his father 
 had bestowed so much exertion and care. Hitherto the character of thif 
 prince had been held in esteem by the English people, who, with their 
 accustomed generosity, took the absence of any positive vice as an indi- 
 ca ion of virtue and talent, which only needed opportunity to manifest them- 
 selves. But this first act of his reign, while it disgusted the people in ge"- 
 eral, at the same time convinced the turbulent and bold nobles that thev 
 might now with safety nut forward even unjust claims upon a king wiio 
 bade fair to sacrifice all other considerations to a low and contemptible 
 love of his personal ease. The barons, who had not been wholly keol 
 froni showing their pride even by the stern and determined hand of Ed- 
 ward I., were not like y to remain quiet under a weaker rule; and the 
 prenosterous folly of the new king was not long ere it furnished them 
 with sufTiciently reasonable cause of complaint. 
 
 The weak intellect of Edward II. caused him to lean witli a child-like 
 dependency upon favourites : but with this difference, that the dependency 
 which 18 touching and beautiful in a child, is contemptible in a man, and 
 must to the rough and warlike barons have been especially disiruslinif 
 Ihe first favourite upon whom Edward bestowed his unmeasured conB 
 rtenco and favour was Piors Gaveston, a (Jascon, whose father's knielitly 
 service in the wars of the late king had introduced the son to the estab- 
 iishment of the present kiHg while prince of Wales. The elecant though 
 frivo ous uc(;ompli8hinent8 of which Gaveston was master, and the pains 
 which he look to display and employ them in the amusement of the weak- 
 minded young prince whom he served, obtained for Gaveston, even during 
 the lifetime of Edward I., so alarming an influence over the mind of the 
 heir-apparnnt, that the stern monarch, who had little taste for childish pu^ 
 suits, bamshod Gaveston not only from the court, but from the realm alto- 
 gather, and exuded the most positive promise from the prince never on 
 any account to recall him. 
 
 His own interests and his promi»e to his deceased father were utterly 
 forgotten by the young Edward in his anxiety again to enjoy the company 
 onus accomplished favourite, and having astouiidod his riiggod baroimby 
 flisbandiiig Ins urmy, lio complied their wondering indigiialioii hy Imstily 
 sending for (.aveston. Before the favourite could oven reach Kngland 
 the young king conforiod upon him the rich earldom of Cornwall, which 
 aaa lately escheated to tiie crown by the death of Edmond, son of the kiiii; 
 
HISTORY O; THE WORLD. 
 
 297 
 
 ol the Romans. In thus bfistowinfr upon an obsrure favourite the rich 
 possessions and I'eje t.tie that had so recently sufficed a prince of tho 
 &ood royal, Edward had only commenced his career of libera ily; weaUh 
 and honours flowed m upon the fortunate younff man whom P^ Jai,i 1. 
 length allied to the throne itself by giving i ftfr Ss wiFe^hTs owu nelce 
 the sister of the earl of Gloucester. 
 
 The folly of the king wag in nowise excused or kept in the back around 
 by the favourite. nstead of endeavouring to disarm the anger and envy 
 of the barons by at least an affectation of humility, Gaveston receive? 
 each new favour as though U were merely the guerdon and the due of his 
 eminent mentjm equipage he surpassed the highest men in ?he realri 
 and he took delight m showing the wisest and most powerful that h™' 
 relying only upon the king's personal favour, had in reality a power and 
 influence superior to a that could be won by wisdom in the council Sr 
 valour in the field. Wi ty he made the nobles his butt in the cour" con- 
 versauon ; accomphshed, he took every opportunity to mortify them bv 
 some dexterous sl.glit in the tilt yard or at the tourney ; and the insoSnce 
 
 firJt aroused! "' """"^^'''^ '^' ^''''^ ""^''^ "'« foiirof the kfi^haS 
 
 Soon after his accession to the throne Edward had to visit France in 
 
 order to do homage to Philip for Guienne. and also to csruse tha? moi" 
 
 arch;8 daughter Isabella, to whom he had a long time been betrothed -and 
 
 i\Sn„'l^n^r ^ '^"^ P'""°''"f h'« '»'«t»«'«d affection for Gav. 
 es ton, by not only prefernng him to all the English nobles for the honour 
 able an(f important office of guardian of the reHlm, but also giving h"mTn 
 tha capacity more than usually extensive powers. ^ 
 
 e«l to"lf;r7nH &^* ^'' y"""^ *!"""" '« ^"g'»"d he introduced Gav 
 eston toher, and showed so anxious an interest in the favourite's welfare 
 hat Isabella, who was both shrewd in observation and imper oiis h, tern ' 
 per, instantly conceived a mortal hatred for tho man who evSentlv dos 
 sessed so much power over a mind which she deemed that she atneffi 
 a right to beguile or to rule. Gaveston, though too quick of perceDtron ^o 
 be unaware of the queen's feeling, was not wise eZgh to aim at Soncil? 
 atmgher but aggravated her already deadly emnity^bv affvSnts Sh 
 were doubly injurious as being offered to a queen by the mere creitlre 
 and niinion of her husband ; a prosperous and*influted Sventurei whom 
 .breath had made and whom a brea'th could just as easilj destic^! "'^°'" 
 onn'firTnn . ^^f*^ that such a person should both share her husband's 
 
 confidence and openly deride or defy her owiiMnfluence Isabella J«vf 
 every encouragement to the nobles whom shTperS to be in^^^ 
 Gaveston , and it was with her san,;tion, if nof actually li her suZa 
 on, thu a confederacy was formed for the express purpose of exSia' 
 L«. r'r' f'''""''''^ ^'^°"' ♦'^^ ^•«"'''- At the head of this confSerac; 
 thS bill il! ' "^^" """^'"' ''•h"'""^. earl of Lancaster. Fir«t pr n co o^ 
 he blood, he was also possessed of both greater wealth and area (.rDow« 
 
 1h rio,?Jf""~' 'l^'^^'r' '" '^' «•«"''"' »»J i' ^^"« probably iSssfmrnZ 
 patnotic feeling than from vexation at seeing his private influoilce wit? 
 the king surpassed by that of an upstart favoSrite, tl.at he i ow rsllu 
 ous^y opposed him. This powerful noblo asseinb ed arounlMm^il those 
 barons who were inimical to Gaveston, and they entered into an alroe 
 
 er cv miin ni''"V"'''r"'f?'^> ''" '''^' "«^«^ '° break up t "eir c^K 
 mZJuit ^*%«'"«» «hp"ld be expelle.l from the kingdom. Frojn th , 
 .„H .h. """'"'^"PP""'^*"" ""»»y opendisturbances arose in the kh Sdom 
 At llt.r""" 'V^'''' "ynptoms of a near approach to ac Unrciv f wa? 
 U,. Sr " P^.'''""»«".' «""• «««>n>noned to meet at Westminster! whidi 
 ab e i Hi .t?,J ^.'i" ^'•«"'^'"^« «"«»<»•"' >^itb 'o g .-eat a force, that hey wore 
 
 iMiiisneu, ueiiiir at the same timn awnm n«»o. «„ ~.. j .». \ *'' 
 
 T— irrtuuj, aitu inc proiaioi 
 
 m : w 
 
 ...|iir.//' 
 
208 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 threatening liim with excommunication should he venture to do gn 
 Though Kdward conld not prevent this sentence being paased upon hi* 
 minion, he contrived to deprive it of its sting Instead of sending Gaves 
 Ion home to his own country, he conferred upon him the office of lord 
 leutenant of Ireland, went with him on his way thither as far as Bristol 
 and made him a parting gift of some valuable lands. ' 
 
 During his residence in Ireland, Gaveston displayed both courage and 
 conduct in putting down rebellion, and probably was far happier in his 
 post than while mingling in the inane gaities of the English court fiui 
 Edward was absolutely wretched at the loss of his favourite. Compara 
 tive peace was rest >red by that person's absence, but peace itseK lo the 
 weak king seemed valueless until Gaveston should return to grace it in 
 order to pave the way for the restoration for which he was so anxious 
 the king endeavoured to gratify the most powerful of the barons. The 
 office of hereditary high steward was given to Lancastar, and gifts and 
 grants were profusely lavished upon the earls Warenne and Lincoln 
 When by these means Edward had, as he thought, sufficiently mollified 
 Qaveston's enemies, he applied to the pope for a dispensation for the 
 favourite, recalled him from Ireland, and hastened to Chester to meet him 
 at his landing. As the absence of Gaveston had in a great measure caused 
 his insolence to be forgotten, the barons, willing to oblige the kini/ con 
 sented to the favourite's re-establishment at court. 
 
 Had Gaveston been taught by the past to enjoy his good fortune unob- 
 trusively and inoffensively, all might now have been well with him. But 
 the doting folly of his master was fully equalled by his own incurable 
 insolence and presumption, and he had not long been restored to his for- 
 mer station, ere his misconduct aroused the barons to even more than their 
 former hate and indignation. 
 
 At first they silently indicated their anger by refraining from their atten- 
 dance m parliament ; but perceiving that no alteration was made in the 
 profusion of the king or the insolence of Gaveston, they attended parlia- 
 ment, indeed, but did so, in contempt of an especial law to the contrary 
 with a force powerful enough to enable them once more to dictate to the 
 king, to whom, in the form of a petition, they presented their demand 
 that he should delegate his authority to certain barons and prelates, wlio, 
 until the following Michaelmas, should have power to regulate both the 
 kingdom and the king's household ; that the regulations thus made should 
 become perpetual law ; and that the barons and prelates in question should 
 further be empowered t<f form associations for securing the observance of 
 those rejfulatlons. In brief terms, this petition did really create an impe- 
 rtumtn tmperto ; and the degradation of the royal authority was not a jot 
 the less complete because the petitioners professed to receive the vast 
 powers they demanded solely from the free grace of the king, and prom- 
 lied that this concession should not be drawn into a precedent, and that 
 the powers demanded should determine at the appointed time. 
 
 A.D. l**!!.— Many of the ' regulations made under the extraordinary 
 powers thus usurped by the barons deserve all praise, inasmuch as they 
 tended to provide for the security of the people at large and the regular 
 administration of justice. But the main object of the barons was to rid 
 themselves of Gaveston, who was accordingly again banished, and it was 
 It the same time ordained that should he ever again return he should be 
 considered and treated as a public enemy. 
 
 To all other alterations Edward was wholly indifferent; but the banish- 
 ment of Gaveston filled him with rage and grief. He therefore retired to 
 York, and, gathering forces about him, openly invited Gaveston back 
 from Flanders, while he declared that he had been tyrnmiously and ille- 
 -ally biniBhed, and re-established him in all his former pomp and power, 
 he insolent and haughty nature of Gaveston was now so well known to 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ^ 29U 
 
 (he btroiw, that they felt they must either wholly crush hiin or prepare to 
 be crushed byhmi; Lancaster accordingly summoned around Eira a for 
 midable confederacy, at tJie head of which were Gny. earl of Warw ?k 
 
 ^5"";/''S7°^"r^'^"''^' ?"'' ^y"'" d« Valence, e Jl of Pe^^Eroke* 
 Robert de Winche sea, archbishop of Canterbury, brought thf whole «' 
 the clergy to the aid of this mighty confederacyrand so geierarwi the 
 disgust caused by the kmg's absurd and ruinous filly, that EariWar^me 
 80 long faitljful, now openly declared against him. warenne, 
 
 Lancaster led the army of the confederacy to York, but the kinir 
 
 IS Her"), h. 1 Jr'TT"'^' ^^^""l^ ^e embarked for Scarborough 
 castle. Here he left the favourite, while he himself returned to York 
 
 In the meantime Gaveston was far less secure than Edward had sun- 
 posed. The castle of Scarborough was very strong, but ifwas insuT 
 .lently gamsoned, and still more insufficiently provisioned ; andTpembroke 
 
 «ing sent to besiege it, Gaveston found himself compelled to capUulate 
 He lid so on condition that he should remain in the cuKy of Pembroke 
 during two months, which time should be employed in endeavours tTbrin J 
 about an accommodation between the king and the barons rthatsho"l3 
 such endeavours fail, the castle should be restored unimpaired to Gave. 
 B on; and that Henry Piercy and the earl of Pembroke Eld wiOiaU 
 their lands guarantee the due performance of these articles 
 
 On the surrender of Gaveston, the earl of Pembroke treated his prisoner 
 with all civih ty, and conducted him to Dedington castle, near 3anburv 
 where, on pretext of business, he left him wit^ only a very weak guard! 
 Scarcely had Pembroke departed, when Guy, e^rl of Warwick wh? had 
 from the first exhibited a most furious zeaf agains Gaveston mtncked 
 the castle which was readily surrendered to him by the feSe and nrobl 
 b ly tutored garrison. Gaveston was now hurried IwTy o Warwick cas- 
 lie, Where Warwick Hereford, Arundel, and Lancaster, afteravTrysiim 
 mary ceremony, ordered him to be beheaded, in con enipt alike of the 
 terms granted to him by Pembroke, and of the general laws of theLd 
 
 When Edvvard first heard of the death of his favourite, ll rage seemed 
 unappeasable and his grief inconsolable. But he was too welkSed 
 to be dangerous ; and even while he was threatening the utter extermina- 
 
 l'I,v i^' 'Tf""' '*'"y '^«'^«»«i'«d themselves to him by the polite a„d 
 empty orm of feigning to regret the deed that was irrevocable, and pS 
 fering to asK upon their knees pardon for the offence. The quWK 
 tween the king and the barons was, for the present at least, p2tclS up^ 
 and the people hoped from this reunion of such powerful mterestTsoi^ 
 signal vindication of the national honour, especial y as regarded BcotS 
 
 inhLtTf 'or M ■■ rr •''"« ^''^ ^^'^ bravely Ld sufce8s?uS eSrU 
 ing 1 mseir. Of the hi 1 country he had made himself entirely mSter 
 and thence he had carried destruction upon the Cummins infheTor,h 
 lowlands. Seconded by his brother Edward Hruce and by the relwnid 
 Sir James Douglas, Robert was continually achieving some^newc^nrest- 
 and he nu.nificenc« with which he bestowed upon The nobility the sS 
 he took, grcatlv tended to secure him thul confidence lor waht of wE 
 .lone the murcfored Wallace had failed in hi. patriotic effons WiU. Se 
 B-r^H^V'^..^'^'^ fortresses he had subdue.! the whole kingdom and 
 tnt. ?Jhi ^i ' n ^"'''•»«"«"« «f Kn8'»nd. had been forced to SseTi to a 
 tru-e, xyhich Hruce wisely employed in consolidating his power and in 
 employ. Mg.t to the reformation o/^the numerous .buses wCwJ? and 
 license had necessarily introduced. "^° ' 
 
 «.D. 1314.— The truce, ill observed from the ..eginning, at lenirth uam« 
 ti an end, and Edward now assembled a vast armv with the dSn of i 
 ._-, — . _„._.y„.„ ...jjj jiiiijjuysij wntin Daa jjiveu 
 
 UQoe orushing Bruiji 
 
800 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 TO much trouble to his politic and warlike father. Besides assembhne all 
 the military force of England, he called over some of his powerful yassS 
 
 of Gascony, and to the mighty army thus formed he'adcTedVhurJdigOT 
 1 Welsh, eager for plunder and peculiarly well fitted 
 
 derly force of Irish and „ .„.., .„g^. .„. ^.„„„, 
 
 for the irregular warfare of a mountain land. With' this variou's"foI^ 
 *T"u ^!?*»° ** ^®*.*l" hundred thousand men, he marched into Scoiland 
 Kobert Bruce, with an army of only thirty thousand mep, awaited Z 
 approach of his enemies at Bannockburn, near Stirling. On his riS! 
 flank rose a hiU, on his left stretched a morass, and in his front was a r S 
 let, along the bank of which he caused sharpened stakes to be set in niu 
 which were then lightly covered with turfs. ^ 
 
 Towards evening the English appeared in sight, and their advanced 
 guard of cavalry was fiercely charged by a similir body of Scots led bv 
 Bruce in person. The fight was short but sanguinary, and the EnriisS 
 were put to flight upon their main body; one of their bravest genUeSen 
 Henry de Bohun, being cleft to the chin by the battle-axe of Bmce 
 
 1 he combat proceeded no further that night, but very early on the fol 
 .owing morning the English army was led on by Edward. The left winJ 
 VA^^J'''"'^'^^,'^^ entrusted to the command of the earl of Glouceste? 
 Edward's nephew, whose youthful ardour led to a terrible calamitv 
 Disdaining all caution, he led on his force at full charge, and rider and 
 horse were speedily plunging among the staked pits which Bruce had Dre- 
 pared for just such an emergency. The young earl himself was slain at the 
 very outset, the greater number of his men were utterly disordered and 
 helpless, and before they could recover and form in a line of battle thev 
 were so fiercely charged by the Scottish cavalry, under Sir James Douir. 
 las, that they were fairly driven off tlie field. As the hopes of Edward 
 
 f„"H.u?T'^ °^ ^'"i'''! ^^^ ""^'^^y '■^^^"•^^ ^o ^^^ English superiority 
 m cavalry, this event had a proportionate effect upon the spirits of both 
 armies ; and the alarm of the fenglish was now changed into a perfect 
 panic by the success of the following simple stratagem. Just as the Euff- 
 lish cavalry were in full retreat from the field, the heights on the left 
 were thronged with what seemed to be a second Scotch army, but what 
 really was a mere mob of peasants whom Bruce had caused to apDear 
 m,T J!' J '""*"' P'll'."^ *"'* banners flying. At sight of this new^e- 
 ray as this mere rablile was deemed— the Englisli on the instant lost all 
 heart, threw down their arms, and betook themselves from the field in the 
 utmost disorder. Ihe Scots pursued them, and the road all the way to 
 berwick, upwards of ninety miles, was covered with the dead aitd dyin« 
 Besides an immense booty which was taken on the field and durinff the 
 pursuit, the victors were enriched with the ransoms of upwards of four 
 hundred gentlemen of note, who were taken, in addition to a perfect host 
 of meaner prisoners, to all of whom Bruce behaved with the humanity 
 and courtesy of a true hero. ' 
 
 Detea-miuod to follow up his success, Robert Bruce, as soon as he could 
 recall his troops from the pursuit and slaughter, led them over the border 
 and plundered the north of England without opposition; and still farther 
 to annoy the English government, he sent his brother Edward to Ireland 
 with four thousand troops. 
 
 Lancaster and the malcontent barons who had declined to accompany 
 e.dward upon his Scottish expedition, no sooner beheld him return beaten 
 and dejected, than they took advantage of his situation to renew their 
 Old demand for the establishment of their ordinances. The king was in 
 no situation to resist such formilable domestic enemies ; a perfectly n«w 
 ministry was formed with Lancaster at its head, and great preparations 
 were made to resist the thicatened hostilities of the now once more inde- 
 pendent Scotland. But though Lancaster showed much apparent zeal 
 agttiust the Scots, and was actually at the head of the army doiUned 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. g^j 
 
 to oppose them, it was strongly suspected that he was secretly favourable 
 to them and actually held a private correspondence with Bruce SSf 
 that while the kingdom was thus threatened frorwXut he cotfh! 
 more easily govern the king. '" '"'' 
 
 In the meantime Edward, truly incapable of self reliance, had select. 
 ed a successor to Gaveston in the splendid but dangerous honour of ht, 
 favour and confidence. This person was Hugh le Despenser, more com 
 mon ly called Spenser, who to all the eloquent accomplishment^Snd SS 
 ,onal graces of Gaveston, added no small portion of tW presumption Sid 
 .nsolence which had consigned that adventurer to an unti3y ^av" 
 The elder Spenser was also very high in the king's favour? and whfws 
 Bessed great moderation as well as great experience and ability he m??ht 
 probably have saved both his son and the Icing from Lny misfortSs 
 y they not been self-doomed beyond the reacS of advice or warnS' 
 . /'A ?K 7"^"^ favourite of the king would, ipso facto, Yi^vThe^ndxs- 
 Uked by the barons ; but the insolence of youn/snenser snPPHiiv m«^« 
 him the object of as deadly a hate as that wTch^arubed fflon ' 
 
 To insolence Spenser added cupidity. He had married a niece of the 
 Itmg. who was also a co-heiress o/^the young earl of Gloucester wh«> fell 
 
 fvrh"^^^''"''"'^^"^ ^""^ *'»"' ^«*l"'"d considerable proSy on th 
 Welsh borders, which he was so anxious to extend that hrb/came h 
 rolved n, hot dispute with two neighbouring barons, Aubrey and Ammo" 
 
 ™sion '""""°" ''P"'* '"'^" ^"^ 8""'^^ ^'^ «'««» dishonesTyTnd 
 
 .A-'"' f^^K "«'8hbourhood he got into a still more serious dispute re. 
 
 pectmg the barony of Gower. This barony came, by inhLSe into 
 
 he possession of John de Mowbray, who imprudent y L S imon'iM^ 
 
 ession without complying with the feudal duty of taking seizin and liverv 
 
 from t^ie crown. Spenser being very desirous to possess this Topertv 
 
 persuaded the king to take advantage of De Mowbray'a merely feXSl 
 
 lathes declare he barony escheatel, and then bestow it upon film This 
 
 vas done, and the flagrant injustice of the case excited suchVeneral and 
 
 ively indignation, that the chief nobility, including the ear s„f Lancaster 
 
 S?.H?.r K ' ^""^i^^' '^"""''"' ^«g«r de Mortimer, Roger deCuS 
 
 hil?^ barons had long been nursing a sullen and deep discontent, they 
 hd already made preparations; they accordingly appeared at the B 
 of a powerful force, and sent a message to EdwSrd,<reman5inethe inst-nt 
 dismissal of Spencer, and threatening, should that be refused to take hii 
 
 EZftr n '"'" ""^""..T" ^}''^'' fi"'h the Spensers were absent'on the 
 kings business, and Edward replied to the message of his barons that 
 
 conS £ th?ahTo„'r ' ^'"^' '^l!' ™'"**^''«' ^'«««»» °f his SoroSn'oath 
 made. ' ^ '^*''""' •""'"^"V"' there was no formal charge 
 
 ».Tf''^ 1*"™"* probably expected some such answer-; and tliey scarcelv 
 deidthpTr* 't «■! 't^y "'"'^hed their forces, devastatyandpS 
 tenlJred t„ h '" '• '^ ' -^".''"■'' '"** ^^'" P">c««ded to London and 
 Snsf hSh f .?"''^"!f"'' "'hich was then sitting, a complicated charge 
 BinAlS« ""Jr"- ^h" parliament, without obtaining orT 
 manding a single one of the many artic es of this charge, sentenced both 
 
 ThP/r " \^ ''«"fi«««tm" of foods and to perpetSSlTxile " ^'^ 
 rJJ^ I ,""' 'h®y "'®"' through the mockery of solicitinji and obtainino 
 from the king an indemnity for their proceedings, Sich "Lv thus S? 
 
 «.nl! ;•.'" "*"8hty confidence of security from any attemnt at ven- 
 *^S w« V**^ part of tlie weak king, each to his own estate ^ 
 »«' weaK and mdolent was thn nninrct „f i.Mu>».j tu-. i* .•_ _ -i-ii, 
 
8M 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 that he would have left the barons to the undisturbf d enjoyment O! thnr 
 triumph, but for an insult which had been offered to his queen. Her ma. 
 jesty being belated in the neighbourhood of Leeds castle, was denied a 
 night's shelter there by the lord Badlesmere, to whom it belonged, and op 
 Her attendants remonstrating, a fray arose, hi which several of them w«<re 
 wounded and two or three killed. 
 
 In addition to the fact that the refusal of a night's lodging was chur> 
 lish, and in the case of a lady doubly so, the queen had ever conducted 
 hnrself so as to win the respect of the baronage, especially in her sympa- 
 thy w|th their hatred of both Gaveston and the younger Spenser; and 
 every one, therefore, agreed in blaming the uncivil conduct of Lord Bad- 
 esmere. Taking advantage of this temper, which promised him an easv 
 victory, Edward assembled an army and took vengeance on Badlesmere 
 without any one interfering to save the offender. 
 
 Thus far successful, the king now communicated with his friends in all 
 parts of the country, and instead of disbanding his force on the accom. 
 
 Klishment of the object for which alone he had ostensibly assembled it 
 e issued a manifesto recalling the two Spensers, and devlaring their sen- 
 tence unjust and contrary to the laws of the land. 
 
 A. D. 1322.— This open declaration he instantly followed up by marchino 
 his troops to the Welsh marches, where the possessions of his most con" 
 oiderable enemies were situated. As his apprcJach was sudden and unex- 
 pected he met with no resistance ; and several of the barons were seized 
 and their castles taken possession of by the king. But Lancaster, the 
 very life and soul of the king's opponents, was still at liberty ; and, assem- 
 bling an army, he threw off the mask he had so long worn, and avowed 
 his long-suspected connection with Scotland. Being joined by the earl 
 of Hereford, and having the promise of a reinforcement from Scotland 
 under the command of Sir James Douglas and the earl of Murray, Lan- 
 caster marched against the king, who had so well employed his time that 
 he was now at the head of an army of thirty thousand men. The hos- 
 tile forces met at Burton and Trent, and Lancaster, who had no great rail- 
 itafy genius, and who was even suspected of being but indifferently en- 
 dowed with personal courage, failing in his attempts at defending the pas- 
 sages of the river retreated northward, in the hope of being joined and 
 supported by the promised reinforcements from Scotland. Thoughjiotly 
 pursued by the royal forces, he retreated in safety and in perfect order as 
 far as Boroughbridge, where his farther progress was opposed by a division 
 of the royal army, under Sir Andrew Harclay. Lancaster attempted tc 
 cut his way through this force, but was so stoutly opposed that his troops 
 were throwminto the utmost disorder; the earl of Hereford was slain, and 
 Lancaster himself was taken prisoner and dragged to the presence of his 
 offended sovereign. The weak-minded are usually vindictive ; and even 
 had Edward not been so, the temper of the times would have madeil 
 unlikely that a king so offended should show any mercy But there was 
 a petty malignity in Edward's treatment of Lancaster highly disgraceful 
 to his own character. The recently powerful noble was mounted i.pon a 
 sorry hack, without saddle or bridle, his head was covered with a hood, 
 and in this plight he was carried to his own castle of Pontefract and there 
 beheaded. 
 
 Badlesmere and upwards of twenty more of the leaders of this revolt 
 were legally tried and executed ; a great number were condemned to the 
 minor penalties of forfeiture and imprisonment ; and a still greater num- 
 oer were fortunate enough to make th^ir escape beyond seas. Sir Andrew 
 Harclay, to whom the king's success was mainly owing, was raised to 
 to the earldom of Carlisle, and received a goodly share of the numerous 
 forfeited estates which the kin^ had to distribute among his friends. Had 
 this distribution been made with anything like judgment, it had tifTorded 
 
HISTOBY OP THE WORLD 
 
 SOS 
 
 die king a splendid opportunity of increasing the number of his friends 
 and of qmckenmg and confirming their zeal. But the king and his favour- 
 ite were untaught by the past ; and to the younger Spenser fell the lion's 
 share of these rich forfeitures; a partiality which naturally disgusted the 
 true friends of the crown. ® 
 
 To the enemies whom Spenser's cupidity thus made even among his 
 own party, other and scarcely less formidable ones were added in the 
 persons of the relations of the attainted owners of the property he thus 
 grasped at; and his insolence of demeanour, which fully kept pace with 
 liis increase m wealth, formed a widely-spread, though as yet concealed 
 party that was passionately and determinedly bent upon his destruction. 
 
 A fruitless attempt which Edward now made to recover his lost power 
 ni Scotland convinced even him that, in the existing temper of his p^ple. 
 success in that quarter would be unattainable; and after making an in- 
 glorious retreat he signed a truce for thirteen years. 
 
 A. D. 1324.-If this truce was seasonable to King Robert Bruce— for king 
 he was, though not formally acknowledged as such by England-it wai 
 no less so to Edward; for, in addition to the discontent that existed 
 among his own subjects, he was just now engaged in a dispute of no small 
 importance with the king of France. Charles the Fair found or feiffned 
 some reason to complain of the conduct of Edward's ministers in Guienne 
 and showed a determination to avenge himself by the confiscation of all 
 Edward's foreign territory ; and an embassy sent by Edward, with Ids 
 
 Franc" ^^ ''* **^'*'^' ^^'^ ^^''^'^ to pacify the king of 
 
 Edward's queen, Isabella, had long learned to hold him in contemot 
 but on the present ^ccasion she seemed to sympathize with his vexation 
 and perplexity, and offered to go personallv to the court of France and 
 endeavour to arrange all matters in dispute 
 
 In this voluntary office of mediation Isabella made some progress ■ but 
 when all the main points in the dispute were disposed of, Charles, qute in 
 accordance with feudal law, demanded that Edward in person should ap. 
 pear at Pans and do homage for his French possessions. Had he alone 
 been concerned, this requisition could not have caused him an hour's de 
 ay or a minute s perplexity ; not so, bound up as his interests were with 
 those of Spenser. That insolent minion well knew that he had given tho 
 deepest offence to the pride of Isabella; he well knew her to be both 
 bold and ma ignant, and he feared that if he ventured to attend the king to 
 Fans Isabella would exert her power there to his destruction; while on 
 the other hand, should he remain behind he would be scarcely able to de- 
 lend hinise f m the king's absence, while his influence over that weak 
 pnnce would most probably be won away by some new favourite. Isabel 
 la, who probably penetrated the caustf that delayed her husband's ioui 
 ney, now proposed that, instead of Edward proceeding to France in oer- 
 son, he should send his son, young Edward, at that time thirteen years of 
 age, to do homage for Guienne, and resign that dominion to him. Both 
 ^penser and the king gladly embraced this expedient; the young prince 
 ZV.TT'1° •"••*»«« 5 and Isabella, having now obtained the custody 
 nf S»„c ** i^u"^'""'' ^^-^^"^ ^«*^« all disguise, declaring her detestation 
 of Spenser and her determination to have him banished from the presence 
 and influence he had so perniciously abused ; a declaration which mado 
 Isabella very popular in England, where the hatred to Spenser grew dfeeo- 
 
 Bnf«H.,!?''/%'"'"'®".* ^"•'7 '^^y- ^ 8reat number of the adherents of the 
 unfortunate Lancaster, who had escaped from England when their leader 
 
 aZ .u^ ^"u f"* ^° ^^""^^^ ^^''^ »' this time in France; and as 
 3 Tj'^ '^"" '?® *51"®*"' <^«'^»'«<* Spenser, their services were nau 
 SUn ™*^ *2 ^^\l Foremost among them was Roger Mortimer. 
 II1I8 young man had been a oowerful and wealthv hamn in ti.« w.»ijsi. 
 
804 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 mwches, but haying been condemned for high treason, his life was «»»»j 
 
 TJaTT °^'''t 'TVr^ ^ P"«°"«^ <■««•'"■« '» "he Tower of Loff 
 Aided bv friends, he had been fortunate enough to escape to Praise i.?; 
 having ». the first instance been I'ntroduced to Isabella only in the cht 
 ac ter ot a political partizan, his handsome person, accomplishments anH 
 
 bus fallen away from her duty to her husband, she was easily inducpd^^ 
 mclude him in the enmity she had hitherto professed to confine 5ohS 
 3 M* J^ ''"^'i'* henceforth lived in the most unconcealed intimacv 
 Sin K '' "v^ ? ^^^^ '""*""' correspondence with the most Ssa? 
 
 fected barons in England was made known to the king, he becam«al«rm 
 ed, and sent a peremptory message requiring her not onlv tn T^..^! ?' 
 England but also to 6rin^heyoJngprLeh^ome whh he"^ To tSme" 
 sage Isabella as peremptorily replied, that neither she nor her so lonM 
 ever^agam set foot in England until Spenser should be definirelTS^ 
 
 Edward's situation was now truly terrible. At hnmB bp..™* „«„ • 
 cies were formed against him ; abrL a force was rapidly peSfS; 
 nvade him; the minion for whom he had encountered so manT2' 
 30uld do but little to aid him , and his own wKid child, ThZl near S 
 uecious connexions upon whom he ought to have been able to Jefy^tS 
 worst of circumstances, were at the very head of the array that threaten 
 
 thA'«„"'*T;i,'^"°' •"' P^'r^: '^he king of France enter^ed warm v mo 
 he cause of the queen ; and Edward's own brother, the earl of Kent be! 2 
 
 A. D. 1326.— -With all these elements prepared for the destruction nf 
 the unhappy Edward, it was clear that nothing was warned Swarthe 
 commencement of a civil war but the appearance of the qneen at te 
 m«ll h? '""^•^'^^i '^"'''=^- ^^'' appearance Isabella was veVwilliL S 
 make; but some delay was causeJ^ by the decent unwillingness ""^6 
 king of France to have an expedition, headed by the wife and son saj- 
 from any of his ports against the husband and^ather DeterS^d in* 
 her purpose, Isabella removed this obstacle to its accomplishment b! 
 
 iSd ?^i!S""&avit^tl\',?'L'PH^ ',r^^*^^ «f t^eZS of'^nl 
 ana Hamaull. Having thus allied herself w th this prince, Isabella was 
 
 speedily enabled to collect a force of upwards of three tSusand men ■ S 
 With this force she sailed from Dort, and landed safe y and u^oddosS 
 upon the coast of Suffolk. Here she was joined by he ea Is of Eolk 
 Xf7f!!; ^l^'^' ^''^T °^*^lr' ^''^^^'^^ andWncoTn who broug 
 down to Snff. lie !r.r'f "j ^l?'^ ^"''''■' ^'^ WatteviUe, who was sent 
 down to Suffolk at the head of a force to oppose her, actually deserted 
 
 B^ill'LnhiV't^ir^ ^'^ 'r^t ^« «he'p^rogressed her Ks we 
 BtiU farther increased, men of substance, thinking that they ran no risk 
 
 bv iSi Lni?/^' ^"'■ '" *^^ r"''"'"' '♦"'^ 'he common sort being ^1 "" 
 by the general professions of justice and love of liberty, of whiu I - 
 
 inVorPPFHllrH ^If T^^l ^^^ ^^"^^'^ *"^ "'^^ advancing agai' ■ 
 in force, Edward's first endeavour was to raise the Londoners in ms uc- 
 fence rightly judging that if he could do that, he would stiU have a ihai^e 
 eitrSe«T/'„.'r '''^' '"iT'- ^"^^•« *"«'»P' ">«» «'"h no success hi 
 departed to nake a similar attempt in the west. 
 
 don wS ^T!J;Z\''^'' *^' "*^"''' * »«"«"» insurrection in Lon- 
 •hi'ph thL I:,.. :,?'!'* *"^'*r 'W • "'as the chief crime againsf 
 which the ivu^^oM popiJace levelled u rage; the next heinou. crime 
 
HISTOBT OP THE TOBLD. j„, 
 
 oppue .he design, and deeire. of tKeen °"" *^ '° 
 
 dish lid HoUander»rtriat.er comSIA b^ E"! «.■ ^' "'. 1"' 
 Ibmier, torriiil, diclu, by the kiort oin hr„.L; .S ° ""inauli, and the 
 
 riteda. Briawl, the !infortunaKnr»M d?«SnSnM 'i/'^k''''°h ■*'; 
 
 1.J »«om, wiihout even the niMkerv of , .ri.i hi "" 3°'°"? ?"•«»"». 
 l(e bnitaliiy of hi. enemia end ev/n h.^ " h' ° """ "'"P'i- "or did 
 Wi. taken Trom the Sbbel md h1« h«5f, \ *" "'? """"'y dead ere bo 
 h» head h.i„. .4 "^r ""»"■' °'f■bi"d"?o^t'?„3^ '"^ ""'■ 
 A'S^i TSt'S!^. IZXt"" ,•» Stffiiient force 
 
 lZrf:.rhi?f»^erinS «^^^^ 
 
 malice could Sge nothinfaS^ii,f J^'"^'" P\"y' though the utmost 
 
 ^Xi^:^^^^^]^ well as the 
 
 power and temper of the rnnHnnm^;, ! ^}^^ *''''™"^' ^e" knowing the 
 of Hereford's Talace n Londo? A , 'h!?K '^'^ T'^^PP^ ™^" *« '''^ bishop 
 was overpowefed an 1 aftpr ?; i, i u*'' been foreseen, his slender guard 
 be was thrown into Newa.i Y ^l'" '^""^ maltreated by the\.ob 
 wounds or of poS.^^''^"'"' "^^^'^ ^« «'^<''"y afterwards died of his 
 
 db;nd;iun\7mSn"^of^fhe^fLe "^^ T'' ,^^ '"«?^' ^'^'^ ''«-"«l ^eeds, giver. 
 '0 oppose her nSsSres Isabel ? "^""'^ ^'^f '^°«^ ^''° should dare 
 r. Ctminste /^d a iotm and forir'r''"''^ ' parliament to meet her 
 li-e king. Though the il w/fiu^^'!,^ "^l" presented to it against 
 and obviously Sredbvth?Lrf.''''T'^ "'™"^» ingenuity, 
 
 to end contain a E2 n™,^^ P*^^ malignity, it did not from beginninf 
 
 could justly have Sn DuSerhoP"" '"'*?•'' t^? '"«'*"««» ^^ ^Is subject! 
 son. The worst that w'Lsallpdap/-^' ^l^^^^^' ^'^^^' '" P»"« <>'?"• 
 of talent, unless indeeT wi m«^v ''!,'*'"'* ^"" ^'^^ * '""^^ P'^^ble wanl 
 charge against ^ sovereign that^ £«'tf '"^ '■ "^'i*^" ^f*'.* ™°«* ««'««8« 
 prelates who had been rnnvintfi r f'**^ "nP"8oned sundry barons and 
 Uhave.been'ralJcrnotlL^^i'^:. 1^. .•":?- .«.^«-<l. charge it 
 I.— 30 " ' ~ "ttniv, uui SI auvii s, cnarge ii^ 
 
30» 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 been presented to that scandalous parliament, the unhappy kinir wom^ 
 still have been pronounced guilty, for thev who sat in judgment ufonZ! 
 could only confess his innocence by confessing their own treason and i^ 
 justice. " "'• 
 
 At the very commencement of these disgraceful proceedings, the vonno 
 pnnce of Wales had been named as regent; he was now pTonounJed tS 
 be king m the room of his father, whose deposition was declared in tjS 
 sama breath. But, as if to show more fully how conscious thev were „ 
 the injustice and illegality of their conduct, these malignant and seVviffl 
 nobles sent a deputation to Edward, in his dungeon, to demand his "? 
 nahon after they had pronounced him justly deposed. ^" 
 
 Entirely helpless in the hands of his enemies, whose past conduct auf 
 ficiently warned hini against trusting to their justice or compassion th« 
 unhappy king gave the resignation required; and IsabellaTw wi^Jj! 
 triumphant l,ved,in the most open and shameless adultery with her ac 
 complice, Mortimer. ^ ' ^*^* 
 
 The part which Leicester had taken in this most disgustinir revolutinn 
 had procured him the earldom of Lancaster; but not eve 7th.s valued 
 and coveted title could reconcile him, conspirator and traitor tliouah £ 
 
 under which his royal captive was already suffering. The honourable 
 J?,?uf fihirr'^r^* *^''** Lancaster bestowed upoS the kinrfifi the 
 guilty Isabella and her paramour with fears lest the earl should at lenS 
 
 thJ^rnli *° '"""^ •"°'"' ^'''''^^ manifestation of his good feeling JS 
 iu^o/v orfT/ TVr ''if'^ '■''^"^ Kenilworth, and%ommitted^o 
 
 ^^u"*^ Lord Berkeley, Maltravers, and Gournay, each of whom 
 guarded h.m an alternate month. The Lord Berkeley, ifke the ea oT 
 Lancaster, had too much of true nobility to add to the miseries of hi 
 his prisoner but when he passed to the Imnds of the Xrtvvo state iai 
 ers they added personal ill-treatment to his other woes. E Trytl i. g h 
 could irritate Hrst and then finally prostrate the spirit of thV3am)v 
 king was put in practice; and when at length they despaired of b«akE 
 
 tte7brIeXo2'".n ^'!" '''^''T '''P'^^''^ "^Z ^'^^ '« indirect meai 
 tney broke through all restraint and put him to death. We shall not de 
 
 Zan^iS'^ "'" minuteness of some of our historians the ba ba mis „d 
 tlfZ ^^!T'\\y '"'""'J ^''^ '■"'^'*» '^««P«" perpetrated their diab," 
 mi To h wl'nf ".f ""l' "''' ' 'Z^-^"' '■•"'' ''^'l ^'^«" f«'-'^ibly introduced 
 roiUwftnrlrw/if*'""f"PPy?^^^^^ and though the body exhibited 
 ffuardl «n?nT„ 1 . . V'^T^' '''* ^"'"'^ '^'''^ ''"''^ discovered to all the 
 fhe castle '*"*^"'^''"''' ^^ "^^ ^"^''"'^ ^''^ ^vhich the agonized king filled 
 
 fe/oHons wrl'./.L'''''"^^'^ what be.>ame of these most detestable and 
 tharevn„r£ n' ^^^ ,P"^''" ""J'?'"**'"" was so strong against them, 
 hvr Inri^r, 7 "'° ""P/"^«»* ««•" of Isabella caused her downfall, their 
 
 Toml nf ih • "^ beheaded on the way. probably at the suggoslion of 
 d?v, lc« i£?r '^''"''" ""^ '"?/"«5»"ly crime, who feared Inst he shonld 
 finfl, f Vn.r . ? "T* '" ' • Maltravers lived for some years on tlu. con- 
 Inr" i ;r„l- "**.''• "V "'* ^'r^-m^i of some services to his victim's son 
 fh^ «i«r?,!i n ' ^""t"'^l;'Vr "P'',"-,"'"''' »'i'» Hiid sue for pardon, which, to 
 the eternal disgrace of EdwanI III., was granted. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 807 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 THE REIGN Ot EDWARD III. 
 
 A. D. 1327.— When Isabella and her paramour had consummated their 
 nideous guilt by the murder of the unoffending Edward II., the earl of 
 Lancaster was appointed guardian of the person of the young king, and 
 the general government of the kingdom was committed to a council of 
 regnncy, consistmg of the primate and the archbishop of York, the 
 bishops of Worcester, Winchester, and Hereford, the earls of Norfolk, 
 Kent, and Surrey, and the lords Wake, Ingham, Piercy, and Ross. 
 
 The first care of the dominant party was to procure a formal parlia- 
 mentary indemnity for their violent proceedings ; their next, to remove 
 all stigma from the leaders and head of the Lancastrian party, and to 
 heap ail possible odium and disqualification upon the adherents of the 
 Spensers. 
 
 Disgusted as tlie people were by the gross misconduct of Isabella, her 
 power was as yd too formidable to be opposed, and the first disturbance 
 of the young king's reign came from the Scots. Though Robert Bruce 
 by his advanced age and feeble health, was no longer able to take an ac- 
 tive personal part in the field, as had been his wont, his brave and saga- 
 cious spirit still animated and instructed the councils of his people. 
 Feehng certain that England would never give him peace should its do- 
 mestic affairs be so completely and calmly settled as to enable it advan- 
 tageously to make war upon him, he resolved to anticipate its hostility 
 while It was labouring under the disadvantages which are ever insep- 
 arable from the minority of a king and the plurality of the regency. Hav- 
 iiig made an unsuccessful attempt upon Durham castle, he gave the com 
 niand of twenty-five thousand men to Lord Douglas and the earl of Mur- 
 ray, with orders to cross the border and devastate as well as plunder tlie 
 northern English counties. The English regency, sincerely desirous of 
 avoiding war, at least for that time, with so difficult and "obstinate aa 
 enemy as Scotland, made some attempts at maintaining peace, but, find- 
 ing those attempts unsuccessful, assembled nn army of sixty thousand 
 men, exclusive of a strong body of highly-disciplined foreign cavalry 
 under John de Hainault ; and the young prince himself led this formida- 
 ble force to Durham in searcli of the invaders. But the difficulty of find- 
 ing 80 active and desultory an enemy was only inferior to that of con- 
 quering him when found. Lightly armed, mounted on small, swift horses, 
 so hardy that every common supplied them with abundant food, and easily 
 lubsisled themselves, these northern soldiers passed with incredible celer- 
 ity from place to place, plundering, destroying, and disappearing with iin- 
 puralleled rapidity, and suddenly reappearing in some dii-ection quite dif- 
 lerent to that in which they had been seen to take their departure. 
 
 On 110 occasion was their desultory activity more remarkable or more 
 annoying than on present. Kdward folh.wed them from place to place, 
 now harrassing his troops with a forced march by difflcnlt roads to the 
 north, and now still morn dispiriting them by leading them to retrace their 
 Bteps aifain ; but though he everywhere found that the Scots had b^m in 
 ihcphices where he sought them, and had loft fearful marks of their tern- 
 porary sHiy, ho everywhere found that they had made good their retreat j 
 Hiidtothis htirniJismg and annoying waste of activity he was for rioino 
 nine exposod, in spite of his having offered the then very splendid reward 
 Df a hundred pounds per milium for hfe to any one who would give him 
 such infoimation as would enable him to come up with the enemy, i^i 
 ifinjjth ho received information of the exact localitv of iIim enemv. and »•&!• 
 fimr.io.i to come up with Ihoin, or rather to bo tantalized with tiie wttht of 
 
 £1^. *« 
 
 
 r* 
 
 ^'Biii 
 
 Lil^tU*.^- 
 
908 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 II 
 
 Ihem ; for they had taken up 80 strong a position on the soUliern bank m 
 .he met Wear, that Vven Edward, young as he was and burning for thj 
 jombat, was obhged to confess that it would be a wanton exposure of hi! 
 orave troops to certani destruction wer« lie to attempt to cross the tZl 
 while the foe maintained so admirably chosen a position. Naturally bravp 
 Edward was doubly annoyed at this new difficulty on account of hig Z' 
 irious vain reseavches; and m the excess of his eiiihu^iasm he sent a for' 
 mal challenge to the Scots, to abandon their extraneous advantaaes anrf 
 meet his army, man to man and foot to foot, in the open field. rheoT 
 erous absurdities of chivalry rendered this challenge less irreffular S 
 laughable than it would now be ; and Lord Douglas, himself of a most fie!v 
 and chivalric spirit, would fain have taken Edward at his word bS 
 he was restrained by the graver though not less courageous earl of Mur 
 rav, who drily assured EJward ihat he was the very last person from 
 whom the Scots would like to i ke advice as to their Operations 
 
 rhe Scots and Edward maintained their resj^ective positions for several 
 lays ; and when he former at length moved higher up the river, tiievdid so 
 «J![ h° r""**]?^'*"^ ?'l'' 'T^^ ** movement, that they were again securely li 
 ea before Edward had any chance of attacking them. Tiie high cXZ 
 of the youthful monarch led him to desire to attack tiio enemy, no niattfr 
 at what risk or disadvantage ; but as often as he proposed to do so he was 
 overruled by Mortimer, who assumed an almos' despotic authority ovj 
 him. While both armies thus lay in grim and watchful, thouuh iiiadive 
 
 5?P. 'I'nd" "rnV?!'"" Pi'"' ^'r^.h'^d well nigh changed the fortui Jof 
 or England. Lord Douglas, audacious and enterprising, had not merelv 
 continued to take an accurate survey of every portion of Edward's en 
 campmont, but also to obtain the password and countersign ; and in thi 
 dead of night ho suddenly led two hundred of his most resolu e follower 
 nto the very heart of the English camp. His intention was cither to c^d 
 ture or slay the king, and he advanced immediately to the royal tent. Ed- 
 ward s chamberlain and his chaplain gallantly devoted theinselves to tl.e 
 ■afety of their royal master, who after fighting hand to hand with his as- 
 sailants, succeeded in escaping. The chamberlain and the chaplain were 
 both unfortunately killed ; but the stout resistance they made not only eii«. 
 bled Edward o escape, but also aroused so general an alarm, that Lord 
 Douglas, baulked in Ins mam design, was happy to bo able to fight his way 
 back to lis own camp, in doing which he lost nearly the whole of his de- 
 terminedhtlle band. The Scots now hastily broke up their camp and 
 retreated in good order to their own country ; and when Edward, no ion- 
 ger to bo restrained by Mortimer, reached the spot which the Scots had 
 occupied, l»o found no human being there save .-six EngliHli prisoners, 
 whose legs the Scots had broken to prevent them from carrying any in- 
 telligP^nce to the English camp. Though ilie high spirit and warlike tem- 
 per which Edward had displayed during this brief and bootless cauipaiifii 
 made him very popular, the public mind was justly very dissatisfied witli 
 the absolute nullity of result from so extensive and costly an expediiioii; 
 «nd .Mortimer, to whom all the errors committed were naturally uttrihu- 
 ted, became daily more and more disliked. So puffed up and insoiciit m» 
 nf rendered by his disgraceful connection with Isabella, that his ueneral 
 want or popularity seemed to give him neither annoyance nor alarm, Yel 
 was there a circumstance in his position which a wise man would have 
 •iriveii to alter. Though he had usurped an even more than royal power,aiid 
 •(Billed the most important public affairs without deigning to consult eiihei 
 tho yoiiiitf king or any of the blood royal ; though he by his mere word had 
 gone Bc fur as lo settle upon the adulterous Isabella nearly the whole ol 
 the royal revenue ; yet in forming tho council of the regency he had re- 
 IM so much on his power that ho reserved no office or seat therein for 
 Ulmaelf Fhia was a ginye error. He a>uat hav» its«$> 
 
 !«"•"•»: ""---• 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 800 
 
 if ho Imagined that the mere absence of nominal power would procure a 
 charftcter for moderation for a man whose authority actually superwded 
 that of the whole council. 
 
 A. D. 1328.— To all the other offences committed by Mortimer he now 
 added the very serious one of wounding the pride of the nation. War 
 upon Scotland, and the most strenuous attempts to reduce that nation 
 (mce more to the condition of a conquered province, were universally 
 popular objects in England. But Mortimer, aware that he was daily be- 
 coming more and more hated, concluded a peace with Robert Bruce, fear- 
 ing that the continuance of a foreign war would put it out of his power 
 to keep his domestic enemies la check. He stipulated that David, son 
 tnd heir of Robert Bruce, should marry the princess Jane, sister of the 
 young king Ldward ; that England sliould give up all claim to the hom- 
 age of Scotland, and recognise that country as being wholly independent, 
 and that, in return, Robert Bruce should pay 30,000 marks, by way of ex- 
 penses. 
 
 This treaty was excessively unpopular; and Mortimer, conscious of this, 
 now began to fear that the close friendship and unanimity that existed 
 among the three royal princes, Kent, Norfolk, and Lancaster, boded him no 
 good. He accordingly, when summoning them to attend parliament, took 
 upon himself to forbid them, in the king's name, from being attended by an 
 armed force. Whatever had been their previous intentions, the three 
 princes paid implicit obedience to this order ; but, to their astonishment, 
 they, on reaching Salisbury, where the parliament was to meet, found that 
 Mortimer and his friends were attended by an armed force. Naturally 
 alarmed at this, the earls retreated and raised a force strong enough to 
 chase Mortimer from the kingdom. They advanced for the purpose of 
 doing so, but unfortunately the earls who had hitherto been so closely 
 united now quarrelled, Kent and Norfolk declined to follow up the enter- 
 prise, and Lancaster, too weak to carry it out by himself, was compelled 
 to make liis submission to the insolent Mortimer. 
 
 A.D. 1329.— But though, at tlio intercession of the prelates, Mortimer 
 consented to overlook the past, and boro himself towards the princes as 
 ihoughthe whole quarrel were, forgotten as well as forgiven, he deter 
 mined to make a victim of one of them, in order to strike terror into the 
 survivors. Accordingly, his emmissaries were instructed to deceive the 
 
 into tlin >ii>lif>rtli!ir If iim Tt^^Uimr/l II li.,.i ..^> i... »... ... j-...i. 
 
 eiirl of Kent into tlio belief that King Edward H. had not been put to death, 
 but was Rtill secretly imprisoned. Tluicaii, who had suffered much from 
 remorseful remembrance of the part he had taken against his unhappy 
 brother, eagerly fell into the snare, uud entered into an undertaking for 
 setting the imprisoned king at liberty, and replacing him upon the throne. 
 I he deception was kept up until the earl had committed himself sufficient- 
 ly for the purpose of his ruthless enemy, when he was seized, accused 
 before parliaiiiciil, and coiidoiiiiied to death and forfeiture; while Morti- 
 mer and the execralde Isabella hastened his execution, so that the younff 
 hdwnrd had no opjuirlunity to interpose. 
 
 A. n. 1330.— Though the corrupt and debased parliament so readily lent 
 Itself to the designs of Mortimer, the feeling of the commonality was very 
 ihfr«!rent indeed, and it was quite evening before any one could be found 
 to behead the betrayed and unfortunate prince, who during the day which 
 mtervened between his sontonco and execution must have been tortured 
 mdeed withthoutthtsofthei.nholy zeal with which he had served the royal 
 adultercHs. to wliose rage, as much as to that of her paramour lu5 wa« 
 now Hflcriflced. ' 
 
 Pf rceiyiiig that the sympathy of the people was less courageous than 
 depji and lender, Mortimer now threw Lancaster and numerous other 
 l!../''J'lF'?""'."„"*K9harge of having been concerned in the conspi- 
 :--v«j skvni. .Any evidejito, however siight, sutfieod 10 jiwuro couvjc. 
 
 
810 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 nhl'A f ^^ forfeiture was invariably a part of the sentence, Mortimer h,/. 
 
 ;S!"i '»«T°[^""''^''?«'^''"««ff «"'^ '»» adherents; and how liuu 
 jcrup e he made about availing himself of this opportunity may bSTnlS 
 from the fact, that the whole of the large possessions of the eLlort^^J 
 were se.zed for Geoffrey, younger son Sf Mortime Thoug uhL t?er rnT 
 weairn?'.h'f "''T'^y in possession of the greater poftion « the K , 
 wealth of the two Spensers and their adherents. The cupidi y aL ?„ 
 solence of Mortimer at length produced their natural conseqVe ce Jh!: 
 estation so general and so fierce, that nothing warwanUngo his dt 
 truction but for some one to be bold enough to make the first att«PWnn« 
 h.m ; and fortunately, that person was found i.? the j-^ung khSLsS 
 
 JJnlL^^'" h "?'" " f^^'f^l ^"^ »^^' Mortimer, in his insoll.S^and nnd. 
 of place, had overlooked the necessity of so treating the king while K 
 
 Ss ml^rorily.'"'"' ^'' '^''""^ '"^ ""PP°" "''«" "« ''^""I'i atCglhaS. 
 
 »;«« l?'"'^7''^*'^ ^." *T ^S^ ^"'^ generous a nature to have been other 
 
 Zn h m h '^,S'^ . -^""8^ ^y ^^ P'^^y '"«"»l« »»d galling restraintsTniposed 
 upon h m by Mortimer; and now that he was in his Eighteen h vp^r h« 
 
 fo'r »h 'r k' 'i '^' ''?"'' '° -"^"^^ «" '^^'^ «' obtain ng the i,SepJ,Se„ 
 £ tlTp °nrH 'm ''^. 80 long sighed ; he therefore communicated hfsS 
 to the Lord Montacute, who engaffed his friends thp r,nr<i« r> w J. 
 Mohns Sir John Nevil Sir Edw'ar^ BohuS oS rs'TJ^^^ffi"' 
 Md ^attempt at delivering both king and people from the tyraimyof Mor^ 
 
 Queen Isabella and her paramour Mortimer at this time resided in Nnt 
 t.ngham cas le ; and so jealously did they guard themselves that eleni^^ 
 fh!!? "'"V/'^y.^'Jovvod to have a few attendants S IW n when heSS 
 there, and the keys of the outward gales were delivered to traueenfpr 
 self every evenfng. Lord Montacute, however, armed wh KkiS 
 
 KS'S ^""^ "° '''^•'■"J^y. "' r'"''"'S the concirrTnS, Tf Sir VViS 
 fcland, the governor, who let tlie king's party enter by a subterraZ « 
 
 SSfetlfwiL"!' *"*M,""» ^r '■"••Fatten a/id cLked up^wi'h riS S 
 ELro.T"'"*'!"*^ '^''".•'; *'"" ^'"' '"•'"«'l "1^" reached the queeni 
 apartment and seized upon Mortimer before he could prepare to mako 
 resistance. Isabella implored them to "spare her centleZrlimer^C 
 
 luerTT"n?r£'" ^ '''''' I'yT'''^' powe^'o/'hSSieet 
 alter It. A parliament was mimodiate y summoned, and was found ..s 
 supple and acile an instrument A.r his ruin as it iS b n for Sh 
 pleasure. He was accused of having usurped rcjral power of fiavi .i nri 
 cured the death of King Kdward II.. of having ^^813 "the royaufn. 
 
 Z%0^mJ:TJ "'/r^t ''"?^'','^"* r^'''^' secreting twSds 0^ 
 o ir- ' tL h P",'f ^y «?»'"'"'; »nd a variety of similar misdenioan. 
 eSlnn. i.J^r"»'''y .'"'"'" .P'*''''"'"^"^ '» »'■ eagerness to condemn 
 was no? .X^io ""'"■' ?'"' ''"' T'' """-agt^ous criminal. Kvidonce 
 
 Clir^- .^"^f' ' ''?\"'"'^ w.lncNscs, but this parliament conviried 
 Mortimer and seiilenced hnn to the gibbet and forfeiture, not unoii testi 
 
 1^.1. frict justice, scarcely twcnity years had passed ere his illegally 
 " r.rVr'' ''"" "'.'"••••ed to his son. upon ,ho right and honourable Jr J 
 o/ H .^ «, M " r" '••"r^«^'" ?'".' '"'^vcvcr morally undeniable th. 'guill 
 of the elder Mortimer, us conviction had been the result not of evidence, 
 nf .h- ™'"' "'T'lr »»•' »?""'"l"'"»- «iinon de Beresfonl and some others 
 
 ,rfnll.?-!i"'i'. "''''' /'^'^V.*"'""''' ^'•^'■" ""rcutcl. and the vilest crimiuHl 
 oi oil. the adultorosft Isabella, was confined lar liio wimuindflr af l.«r iju. 
 
BISTORT OF THE WORLD. 
 
 SU 
 
 to her castle of Risings. The king allowed her four hundred a year for 
 her support, and he paid her one or two formal visits every year • but hav- 
 ing once deprived her of the influence of which she had made so bad and 
 base a use, he took care that she should never again have an oDoortunitv 
 of regaining It. ^ t-i j 
 
 As soon as Edward had wrested from the usurping hands of Mortimei 
 the royal power, he showed himself well worthy of it by the manner in 
 which he used it. He not only exhorted his judges and other great offi. 
 cers to execute justice, and to put a stop to the open depredations and 
 armed bands of robbers by which the country was now more than ever 
 infested and disgraced, but he personally exerted himself in that cood 
 work, and showed both courage and conduct in that important task. 
 
 A. D. 1332.--Soon after the completion of the treaty between Ensland 
 and Scotland, as related under the head of the year 1328, the sreat Robert 
 Brace, worn out even more by infirmities and toil than by years, termina- 
 ted his life; and his son and heir, David Bruce, being as yet a minor, the 
 regency was left to Randolph, earl of Murray, the constant sharer of Rob- 
 ertsperils. In this treaty it was agreed, that all Scots who inherited 
 property in England, and uU Englishmen who inherited property in Scot- 
 land, should be restored to possession as free and secure as though no 
 war had taken p ace between the two countries. This part of the treaty 
 had been faithfully performed by England; but Robert Bruce, and, subse- 
 quenlly, the regent Murray had contrived to refuse the restoration of con- 
 siderable properties in Scotland, either from actual difficulty of wresting 
 them from the Scottish holders, or from a politic doubt of the expediency 
 of 80 far strengthening an enemy— which they judged Kiiffland must 
 always in reality be— by admitting so many Englishmen to wealth and 
 consequent power in the very Jieart of the kingdom. Whatever the mo- 
 tive by which Bruce and Murray were actuated in this matter, their denial 
 or delay of the stipulated restoration gave great oflTfiiice to the numerous 
 hnglish of high rank who had a personal interest in it. Many who were 
 thus situated were men of great wealth and influence; and their power 
 became more than ever formidable when they were able to command the 
 alliance of Edward Baiiol. He was the son ot that .Tohn Baliol who had 
 briefly worn the Scottish crown; and he, like his father, settled in France, 
 with the determination of leading a private life rather than risk all comfort 
 for the mere chance of grasping a precarious and anxious power. This 
 resolution, though consonant with the soundest philosophy, was not cal- 
 culated to procure him much worldly estimation; and his really stronc 
 claim to the Scottish royalty procured him so little consideration in Franci-, 
 that for some infraction of the law he was thrown into gaol, as though 
 he had been the meanest private person. In this situation he was discov 
 ered by Lord Beaumont, an English baron, who laid claim to the Scotch 
 earldom of Buclian. Beaumcmt without loss of time procured Buliol's re- 
 lease and carried him over to England, where he placed him, nominally 
 at least, at the head of the confederation which already had meditated the 
 invasion of Scotland. 
 
 King Kdward secretly aided Baliol and the English barons in prepariiiB 
 lor their enterprise, though he would not be nersiiaded to give tliern any 
 open encouragement, as he. had bound liimsolf to pay 20,000 nouiids to the 
 pope, should he, Edward, commit any hostilities upon Scotland within a 
 certain period which had not yet expired ; moreover, the young king Da- 
 vid, still a minor, was aetiiully married to Edward's sister Jane, though 
 nemariiage was not yet consummated j and the world would scarcely fail 
 to censure hdwart! should he, under such circumstances, eauso a renewal 
 or war between the two countries. Under these circumstances, eaocr as 
 Kdward might be to aid his nobles in their enmity to Scotland, h« detei- 
 
 Qinea to COnnno hiinafllf tn nanrnt nmnamAinifm »« ik.:. K..u-ir. ■ .■ 
 
 1. '--J •••5- "t- rismi r_-trsin:: ; titixi, iiius 
 
 fv. ; I I 
 
312 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 aided, their nominal leader, Baliol, was soeedilv at thp li«n^ «f „ r 
 two thousand five hundred men. comlfdS b^y the Lr?BeaumoJf^°^ 
 fore mentioned, UmfreviUe, earl of Angus, the lords T^t, MoSh 
 other eminent baions interested in the Idventure. As such a foTrlJ \i 
 not be so secretly raised as wholly to have escaped fhe notice if the S.^ 
 tish regent, who would naturally expect to be attacked bv the P„„r°t 
 border, Bahol and his friends embarked at RavenspS and^ lanHpH fi''-'' 
 force on the coast of Fife. The former regent, Mumvw J Hp»h ^^''l 
 his successor, Donald, earl of Mar, was far hifer o7to hfmTn »=rf t' '""^ 
 
 gl.ng over some broken and difficult groundra'fd soTmn 1 t»?fif" 
 
 a cSSrXr^mnifVnn '"r"' '"'">"f'"-« openly, and having obtained 
 B considerable grant from parliament for that purDose— which ffmnt w«ii 
 
 ilCal tr.s"-.ripH » InTJ ""Tf""" ""^ ""* grieve his subjects ^vill, 
 iu«gai fiix» 8 —He led a considerable army to Berwick whflm n iii.w.»fftil 
 
 s^hTeaieTrwr vCaT K ', j^'^ i^i!""'" Keiirr'So'iro re'C 
 
 e Ihiw e .lZ^tK.^'„^^^^^ Bhould obstinately defend Berwick, and whik- 
 ue thus eiiaaged the attention of Edward. Douglas shoulH lead a numerous 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 813 
 
 enemy over the border, and carry the horrors and losses of war into the 
 enemy's own country. But Edward's army was so well discS'ned and 
 80 well provided, hat before Douglas could march into Northumberland 
 his plan of operations was changed, by the information of Sir WH liani 
 Keith being reduced to such extremity, that he had engageu to surrender 
 Berwick should no relief reach him within a few days. DoiVlas marehed 
 to the relief o that important place, and in a general action thftenS the 
 Scots were latterly defeated, with a loss of nearly thirty thousand men 
 The English loss was certainly very trifling ; yet we cannot without ™m" 
 Biderable hesitation adopt the accounts which concur in assuring us ^hat 
 he total English loss amounted to thirteen soldiers, one esqui e,^nd one 
 knight ; a oss which can only be imagined by considering that ba tie to 
 have been lit le better than a disorderly flight on the one nart and a mnr 
 derous pursuit on the other. ^ ^ *"" ^ *""'" 
 
 As the result of this battle Scotland was again apparently submissive 
 Baliol. He was acknow edged as king by tie Scottish parliamem and 
 he and many of the Scottish nobles did homage to EdwarrwhTlhen re 
 turned to England, leaving a detachment to support Baliol As W S 
 this detachment remained Baliol was most submissively, not to say fer! 
 vilely obeyed by the Scots, even when he stung their na ional pHde ful 
 deeply by ceding in perpetuity to England, Berwick, Dunbar, RoxbSrch 
 Edinburgh, and the whole of the south-eastern counties of Scotland, ffi 
 as soon as Baliol, considering himself safe, and perhaps being seriouslv 
 mconvenienced by the expense of keeping them^ent away his eSS 
 mercenaries, the Scots again rose against him, and after a variety o 
 Btruggles between him and Sir Andrew Murray, who acted as reffpni fn 
 oehalf of the absent David Bruce. Baliol was o^^^crmoJe chased from aU 
 Enjiaiid ^ ^ ""'^'"'"^ ''' '^"^ permanently conquered foj hiS or 
 A.D. 1335.-Edward again marched to chastise and subject the Scots 
 H^ho abandoned or destroyed their homes and sought shelter in their 
 mmintam fastnesses, but only to return again the inomei t S ho had 
 retired. In this obstinately patriotic course the Scots we egrealv en 
 couraged bv Edward's position with regard to France. He had for vea^s 
 laid an unfounded claim to the sovereiirntv of that r-mmtrv "!« j^.i?^ u 
 r'^M^"." r •^r^^'"" '"^"^^ '"osrSSn'^.t terms rc"cogJisedS^^ 
 
 2t of RobTt d^Art'^' '"".^[T ^""^ ^''' '^'^^^ '^''^ held!?hnt;u ale! 
 ment of Kobert d Artois and the concurrence of Edward's father in l-fw 
 
 and everal o her sovereign princes, had induced Edward to persevere in 
 H ivTi« n"'' ^»« opposed to common sense, and plainly '^contrad'Jt" 
 cd by h 8 own deliberate act and deed, and thus laid the LuidSnoi 
 a nnitual hatred which has only completely subsided wi fin Zmemorv 
 r iTi" ""t ''W "'■'' ^u"' y«»"8- "o P'-«te"ded thaThe ougnt to suc^ 
 S f i' ''^ ^1 !?'J'^ Isabella, though Isabella horsdfTis egX 
 Z,;'™""/f f^l»Jed from succeeding; he was thus guilty of t'e spS 
 
 li Id nS '£±"?'"«^ ^^ r^'"''\ (^"'" ^ *"'"'>» '^ ''™^^» «o whic a woman 
 rJpnpSr • f"''.?^ he could only support that special absurdity upon 
 
 thee h kZ iLiL1?'i'"' 'T^^'T' ''"''J" '^^' ^««« ^"'^I'of the 
 Zi„ ,j . ?^ "*" '®" slaughters whoso r ght upon that Hcneral nrin. 
 
 walm'.'i'in"^'.'*:.'' ""^""^u? "' '''•■'' "-eally ridiculous as well as unjust claim, 
 a rel^SSLnf ':f f"r" K^^T^ demagogue James d'Are eve d^' 
 ^Zl^''j;i^l!^^::^I}^^^^'^^P-'^ 'V Po-er over his.fel 
 ■ """ " "'^'" '" junwws r.-siBtance agauist Uim 
 
 msi fi'itwir,. ^ 
 
814 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 II 
 
 legitimnt© sovereigns, he himself could fill all the other towns of Fland.,™ 
 nnln. I' "^^'"'l.t"^ Unprincipled spies, and could put down all ch ule J 
 opposiuon m Ghent itself by the simple process of ordering the opponem 
 to be butchered-and he was butchered without remorse or delavS 
 this demagogue Edward had no difficulty in recommending himself- hr 
 with the servility that ever accompanies the ambition of such men ihp 
 demagogue, who detested his natural superiors, was in a perfect Rmerol 
 gratified vanity at being solicited by a powerful foreign monarch aiHin 
 vited Edward to make the Low Countries his 'vantage S'aiai S 
 France ; suggesting to him that, to prevent the FlemingB from havinIS 
 scruple about aiding him, he should claim their aid, as righiful kfnS 
 France, in dethroning the usurper, Philip of Valois ; that ^^ J. 
 
 a'L'S'o^n^d'fJaTyT'"^ ''"^ '^ "" '"""'' ^""'" ''''^ '^^^^'^ ^'^^^^^^ 
 The king of France was greatly aided by the influence of t(,e pope who 
 at tins time resided at Avignon, and was to a considerable extent Hp 
 pendent upon Philip , the king of Navarre, the duke of Brittany, the k£ 
 of Bohemia, the bishop of Liege, and numerous other powerful allies 
 tendered their aid to Philip, as being really interested for him ; while 5 
 ward's allies, boking only to what they could get of the large sunis he had 
 irtirelrs™"™ ^^°^'^ ^'"' *^'' ""J"«^'fi»''l« enterprise, were slow and coid 
 A. D. 1339.— After much difficulty in keeping his hopeful allies even an. 
 parently to their faith, and after having his pretensions to tlie c7own o^ 
 France very acouraiely pronounced upon by two of those allies, the count 
 of Namur and the count of Hainault-who succeeded his father and Ed- 
 ward s father-in-law in the interval between the old count joiniiiif in 
 hdward s scheme and the actual comme.icement of operations-the two 
 counts m question abandoning Edward solely on the plea that Philip was 
 tlieir Itege lord, against whom they as vassals could not fight, Edward en- 
 camped near Capelle with an army of nearly 50,000, the majority of whom 
 were foreign mercenaries. Philip advanced towards the same spot with 
 ^f^lJu ^!i!"^'f thousand of his own subjects; but, after simply gazing 
 at each other for a few days, these mighty armies separated without a 
 blow. Edward marching his mercenaries back into Flanders and there 
 disbanding them. In this hitherto bloodless and unproductive contest Ed- 
 ward had not only expended all the large sum granted by his people, and 
 pawned fiverything of value that he could pawn, even to the jewels of his 
 queen, but he had also contracted debts to the frightful amount of .£300,000. 
 and probably It was the very vastness of the sacrifice he had made that 
 determined him to persevere in a demand, of the injustice of which he 
 must have been conscious from the very outset. Aware that he had un- 
 mercifully pressed upon the means of his subjects, and finding that they 
 were daily growing more and more impatient of his demands, Edward 
 MOW returned to England and offered his parliament a full and new con- 
 nrmation of the two charters and of the privileges of boroughs, a pardon 
 orold debts and trespasses, and a reform of certain abuses in the common 
 aw. I he first of these the king ought to have been ashamed to confess 
 to be necessary. But public spirit and the control of parliament over the 
 royal expenditure were as yet only in their infancy, and the whole con- 
 cessions were deemed so valuable, that the parliament in return granted 
 inc king— from the barons and knights, the ninth sheep, fleece, and lamb 
 irom their estates for two years ; from the burgesses, a ninth of the.' 
 whole moveab es at their real value ; and from the whole parliament, h 
 duty of forty shillings on, Isi., each three hundred wool fells, and 2d., 
 each last of leather, also for two years It was expressly stated that this 
 grant was not to be drawn into a precedent ; but as the king's nercssities 
 were great, it was additionally determined that twenty thousand sacks ol 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 81ft 
 
 wow should immediately be put at his disposal, the va.ue to be deducted 
 tVom the nmths wh.rh would of necessity come in m.,re slowly WWl? 
 the parliament of hngland acted thus liberally in forwardin^^Edward's 
 desm. upon France, they made a formal declaration that they aided him 
 38 king of England, and not as king of France, and that in the even S 
 h,sconauenng the latter country the former must ever remaJn whoilv 
 distuict from and mdependent of the latter. But had Edward hefn-.n 
 cessfulit certainly would not have been this bare and iile protest S 
 wou d have prrvonted so resolute and self-willed a monar.?h ffon remo? 
 
 l^Li^Vdte^I uT"""' ° ^"""' '"' '"^''•"^ ^"^''^"'^ ' '-- p- 
 
 ^•"l^^^Si"7'^^'''?!^®P' t ^vatchful eye upon the English movements 
 and when Edward at length sailed with a fleet of two fiundred aS?fo ?v' 
 vessels, he was encountered off Sluys by a French fleet of nearly.four huS 
 dred vessels, carrymg forty thousand men. The inferior force of the 
 English was at the very outset fully compensated for by the skill of heir 
 naval commanders, who got the weather-gage of the enemv anrf thl ,T 
 vantage of fighting with the sun to their ba?ksT whUeth^actiSf, t^kiuJ 
 p ace so near Flandors, the Flemings hastened outTo oin the ESsh, m^^ 
 the result of the ob.stinate and sanguinary action was the total defmol 
 he trench, with the loss of two hundred and thirty vessels and thirty 
 thousand men, jncluding two of their admirals. ^ 
 
 Edward, whose loss had been comparatively trifling, now marchcA tn 
 :he frontiers of France with an army a hundred tSsud Ttrong hS 
 recent triumph having caused a host of foreigners to joi . hii i o,, Sknd 
 mg Robert d'Artois, in the hope of corroborating thi success of Edward 
 mid.siegetoSt.Omers But though his force numbered 5o!ooOmrnt' 
 was chiefly composed of a mere rabble of artificers, so little expeSed 
 m war or m love with its perils, that a sally of the earrison nnt iW,lh«^- 
 
 Si;!: ^zair '° "*'• •" "-" «'"' -■^anro^rraii^Vaa 
 
 Edward's subsequent operations were by no means so sucnp^ful %Ju 
 greatly distressed Tournay, indeed, and he suffere^no very great advJ^ 
 tage even 1.1 the way of manoeuvre to be gained by the S-h • Im eveJl 
 day brought some new proof that his very allies were at hear loitUe K 
 his purpose, and only supported him in their own greediness of car while 
 on the other hand, supplies arrived so slowly from E^and that 11^^ 
 utterly unable to meet the clamorous demands of his c e&rs A Ions 
 truce, therefore, was very gladly agreed to by him and he Kiv -VnH h5 
 absolute stealth returned to En/la,fd. Annoyed a't his wa u o ^8.*^ess^ 
 nd attributing it chiefly to the slowness wilh^vhieh sup^es had reaSd 
 h.m,Ldward no sooner arrived in England than he begaS to vei fh s a nier 
 rTrin.if'""P'''r''^'^''?' =""' *'« with great impolicy show" I espeS 
 
 To e U.rdy/uU L':^^"'^; "'^'"'•^^P °^ Cante'rburJ, upoTi whnrhad 
 !L .!j u fi ^''"^'" ' and not very pleasant task of realisini/ the taxfs 
 granted by he parlianient. It was in vain to urge trEdward that the 
 
 1 tedtuh— ^I'l'''''^''''^^ """'»^» taxes? wore neceisa ycoU 
 wa dHSm^H T*' «'T"^»« ! he was enraged at his own ill success, and 
 
 the prW 3 Sir°Tohn if"P"" ^'' ""r^r"'' ^'' •^"''» ^t. Paul, keep;?"' 
 ne prin seal, hir John Stoner, chief justice, the Mayor of London and 
 
 OiebishoDs of Chichester and Litchfield, were imprisoned VaXhe arch 
 mhop 0^ Canterbury only escaped the' like indE by chanc nff tS te 
 absent from London on Edward's arrival ^ ^ caancing lo oc 
 
 A. D. 1341.— Archbishop Stratford, who really seems onlv to have fail..fi 
 « his duty from the novel and difficult nature of it/was Lt of rtemier 
 
 i c"ct''Era5'3'i"'?^" r'} ""'r P»-erf,r;nTVass?;^S" 
 S'tuf -.^-"'"f'.""^ O" •e»''n'"g to what lengths tl.o kin^ Iwid anno 
 -Jtfc the uwicr grcai omcers ur»tui,e. the archbislfop issued a gonurarse;," 
 
 IkU 
 
 ffi 
 
316 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 
 tence of excommumcation against all who should asaail the clerjrv r ith« 
 m person or property, infringe the privileges secured to them by ih, 
 eccle8ia8t.cal canons and by the great charter, or accuse a preEJe S 
 ZTV-A ^u ^ny, other crime to bring him under the Icing's displeasure 
 Nor did the bold and somewhat arrogant archbishop stop even heS" 
 After having thus generally aimed at the king's conduct, anclafter haviS 
 irJn" T^i° emp oy the clergy in painting that conduct in the dark? 
 colours to the people, Stratford personally addressed a letter to the kina 
 m wh.ch he asserted the superiority of the clerical to the civil pow^' 
 reminded him that the priesthood were answerable at the divine tribZl 
 
 fnr^l'/°^^'^«^^'. ^^^ 'V^j'"'«' ^"^ "^^'^t^e spiritual fathers of ie 
 former as of the latter, and were therefore manifestly and fuUv en iS 
 both to direct them to right conduct and to censure tliem for traS ' 
 sions Th.8 bold and unlimited assertion of superiority was in noS 
 calculated to soothe Edward's irritation, and he marked his sense of C 
 ford s conduct by sending him no summons to attend the parliament. £ 
 the archbishop. attendeJ by a numerous and imposing train of peers 
 spiritual and temporal, presented himself, crosier in hand and in ful Mn 
 tificals, and demanded admission. For two days the king refused to aCi 
 him; but at length, fearing the consequences of too complete a breach 
 with the ecclesiastical power, he not only permitted him to take his seat 
 in parliament, but also restored him to his former high office 
 ♦KoVl? '"*^"" "f ^^% English parliament seems at that time to imve been 
 that the necessity of the king should be made the advantage of the sub 
 ^ct. liie close restrictions which had been laid upon Henry III and 
 Edward 11 were now, as far as was deemed safe, made tlie basis of the 
 parliament's demands upon Edward III. for concessions to be eranted br 
 him m return for a grant of twenty thousand sacks of wool. Edwird waa 
 BO pressed by his creditors, that he was obli{red to comply with the terms 
 hard as they were; but as soon as his necessities ber-amo somewhat 
 mitigated he revoked all that he deemed offensive, alledfiinir that he was 
 advised to do so by ,^me of his barons, and that in originally inakiniVuch 
 concessions ho had dissembled and had made them with a .ecr/ pEt 
 A most dishonest plea in itself, and one which, it is obvious, would, if 
 and moJke^rier '""^^ ^*''^'"" ^"''''^ engagements mere deceptions 
 
 „.„t r"v?^~"r?'®^®'^^'°"*u'" Brittany led to a state of affairs which re- 
 viyed Edward's expiring hope of conquering France. He accordingly 
 sent a strong fleet and army thither to the aid of the countess of Mount- 
 fort, who was besieged by Charles of Blois. Robert d'Artois, who cora- 
 manded this force, fought a successful action with the French, and landed 
 his troops III Brittany. He laid siege to Vannes and took it, but shortly 
 afterwards died of a wound received at the retaking of that place by a 
 party of Breton nobles of the faction of Charles. Deprived of tlie services 
 01 Kobert, upon whose ability and valour Edward had great reliance, he 
 now determined to proceed in person to the aid of the countess. The 
 truce between England and France had expired, and the war was openly 
 and avowedly to be carried on between these two powers, which for some 
 time had really been breaking their truce in the character of partisans to 
 the respective competitors for the duchy of Brittany. HaviiiR landed 
 near Vannes with an army of twelve thousand men, Edward, anxious to 
 make some important impression, and greatly over-rating his means of 
 doing so, simultaneously commenced three sieges ; of Vannes, of Ren- 
 nes, and of Nantes. As might have been expected, but little proRress was 
 made by a small force thus divided. Even the chief siege, of Vannes, 
 that was conducted by Edward in person, was a failure ; and Edward was 
 at lengh obliged to concentrate all his troops in ttjat neighbourhood, ou 
 account of the approach of Philip's eldest son, the duke of Normaiiuv 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 817 
 
 ffith an army of thirty thousand foot and four thoMsnn,i hnr— pj 
 strongly entrenched himself; but he 80.m bScamrso Ifrcssed foJ?r? 
 visions, while his antagonists, both of the fortress anH.h»o. P'°' 
 well and fully supplied, that he was dad to entfr into « »t *""y; r'** 
 years, and consent to Vannes remafninff in the h?Jds S *'""*'*' 
 
 who negotiated the truce, and all the Zer 8 rnnSw ""rV • P^ ' '^«*'*-'' 
 main in the hands of ihosrwho then &^^^ 
 
 England, and though he had made a t'uee for the7ong^erTn of three"vl *" 
 it is quite clear from his conduct that he merSv dTso n pI ! II ^l-"' 
 self and his followers from actual caDture Hp m.H„ !.? f^}'"^^^f him- 
 tual breach of the treaty by the puSrent oUenlTo^Zt'^ 
 were partisans of England: and thp nn^-iia^^r. j .• . ®' "^"'^ 
 granted him a fifteenth fro n hrcountles^ a^^^ ti;fh'^?P^'''?u'*V' ^'"T' 
 for two years, to which the c ergradded a tenth fo Srl?v '^' ''T"«^"' 
 earl of berby, son of the earl rLancas^e "^3 tusin o'^th^l- """"^ 
 now sent with a force into Guienne and ?,=«;„. ^ f ^L^^,^ '^'"^' ^''^^ 
 from that province, he XweTthe count of LTsf.thl'p"'^ f ^^^^il^ntn 
 Bergerac beat him from his eniJeSemt td' took^^^^^^^^^^ 
 afterwards subjected a great oart of Ppri<rnr,> 7 ^^a *t P'ace. He 
 
 b.lng r..colle'cted mi SeinfoS hi, Tr^ a, eid\„'™"'„?' ^'l''- 
 
 Ihecanitfll wnniVi - T supply his army, while the very proximitv to 
 
 Mrta nee Th , Z"!^^' ?"y ""P'-e^ion made there of proportiomte in" 
 
 C withTou thou'sSK T^^ ^''i'''''^ speedily'dis'embark at La 
 
 ~ ^'i^^unaHu iiisii uifaiurv, Wlia 
 
318 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 if not very important in actual line of battle, were admirably aJanteil m 
 quality, of foragers and scouts, to be serviceable to their own 'ore« .«S 
 most mischievous to the enemy. "" 
 
 Having destroyed the shippmg in La Hogue, Cherbourg, and Barfleur 
 Edward, who on landing had knighted his son Edward and some of the 
 young nobility, dispersed alt his lighter and more disorderly trooos an 
 over the country, with orders to plunder and destroy, without other res! 
 tnction than that they should return to their camp by night. The effect 
 of this order was to spread the utmost consternation not only all over thn 
 province, but even to Paris itself; and as Caen seemed most likely to bs 
 the next object of Edward's enterprise, the Count d'Eu, constable of Franc* 
 and the count of Tancarviile were dispatched with an army to its defenM 
 As had been foreseen, Edward could not resist the temptation to attack 
 so rich a place ; and the inhabitants, encouraged by the presence of rear 
 alar troops, joined them in advancing against the English. But the zeal 
 jf these civilians gave way at the very first shock of battle, the trooDs 
 were swept along with them, both the counts were taken prisoners and 
 the conquering troops entered and plundered the city with every circum 
 stance of rage and violence. The unhappy people sought to procrasti! 
 nate their doom by barricading their houses and assailing tiie English wiih 
 missiles from the windows and house-tops, and the soldiers, enraired at 
 this more insulting than injurious opposition, set fire to two or three 
 houses in various parts of the town. But Edward, alarmed lest the spoil 
 should thus be lost, stopped ths violence of his troops, and, havin«r made 
 the inhabitants give up their vain resistance, allowed his soldiers To plun- 
 der the place in an orderly and deliberate way for three days, reservini 
 to himself all jewels, plate, silk, and fine linen and woolen cloths. These 
 together with three hundred of the most considerable citizens of Caen 
 he sent over to England. ' 
 
 Edward now marched towards Rouen, where he expected to have a 
 similar profitable triumph ; but finding the bridge over the Seine broken 
 down, and the king of France in person awaiting him with an armv.he 
 marched towards Pans, plundering and committing the most watitoiide- 
 struction on the road. He had intended to pass the Seine at Poissy, but 
 found the opposite bank of the river lined with the French troops, and 
 that and all the neighbouring bridges broken down. By a skilful ma- 
 noeuvre he drew the French from Poissy, returned thiiher, repaired the 
 bridge with wonderful rapidity, passed over with his whole army, and 
 naving thus disengaged himself from danger, set out by hasty marches 
 from !< landers. His vanguard cut to pieces the citizens of Amiens, who 
 attempted to arrest their march ; but when the English reached the 
 homme they found themselves as ill situated as ever, all the bridges be- 
 ing either broken down or closely guarded. Guided by a peasant, Edward 
 found a ford at Abbeville, led his army over sword in hand, and put to 
 flight the opposing French under Godemar de Faye, the main body of the 
 French, under their king, being only prevented from following Edward 
 across the ford by the rising of the tide. 
 
 After this narrow escape, Edward, unwilling to expose himself to the 
 enemy s superior cavalry force in the open plains of Pieardv, halted upon 
 a gentle ascent near the village of Crescy, in a position very favourable 
 for his awaiting the approach of the French. Having disposed his army 
 in three lines, he intrenched his flanks, and there being a wood in iiis rear, 
 in that he placed his baegage. His first and second lines he committed 
 to the young prince of Wales, with the earls of Warwick, Oxford, Arun. 
 del, and Northampton, and the lords Chandos, Holland, Willoughby, Ross 
 and other eminent leaders ; while the third line, under his own immediate 
 command, he kept back a -x corps dt reierve, either to support the formef 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 819 
 
 IJoVKemJ?"''' *"' ^ ""''"''^ *"^ impression that they might make 
 In addition to the care with which Edward had secured his flanks and 
 rear, he placed in his front some cannon, then newly invented and never 
 before used to any extent m actual battle. His opponent, though he also 
 possessed cannon, had ,t should seem, left theni behind in his hasfv and 
 turious march from Abbeville. - 
 
 Philip's army amounted to a hundred and twenty thousand men; but 
 the superiority of the English archers, and the inefficiency of The bow- 
 strings of the archers on the French side, from their not having been si 
 cured agamst rain, caused the very first charge to be injurious to this vaS 
 and tumultuous host. Young Edward no soLer percS"he confusion 
 that took place in the crowded ranks of his enemy, than he led h is 1 nS 
 steadily into the mel6e, and so furious was the coSbat, that the ear of 
 Warwick, alarmed lest the gallant young prince should be overpowered 
 sen to the king, who surveyed the battle from a neighbouring hXand in- 
 treated hnn to send a reinforcement. Learning thft the prince was not 
 ■vounded, the king said in reply to Warwick's message, "Return to mv 
 «>n, and tell him that I reserve the honour of the day to him ; I am co"£ 
 dent tha he will show himself worthy of the honour of knighthoo?wh"ch 
 
 r '^t "!!."! of ^'rance, far from inactive, did his utmost to sustain the first 
 me by that which was under his own command. But the first disadvan- 
 
 pZin"hl3 It^', 'Tf''^' t""^ '^? «'^"^h^«^ momentaril^ecame grS. 
 Phihp had already had one horse killed under him, and, being re-mounted 
 wasagain rushing into the thickest of the fight, when John of Ha "ault 
 seized the bridle and literally dragged him from the field. The b"t1L Ta, 
 uow changed into a complete rout, and the vanquished French were pursued 
 and iaughtered until nightfall. When the king received his gallant son. 
 hnnnlhl '''''' ^" ^'T^ exclaiming, "My brave son. persLvfre in you; 
 
 ^ Theloss to hf F^^'"/*'" "i-"" "*"^" yourself worth/of empire." 
 knSs HOoVp^fH! '.nL^*"'" '""'' ^^^^^ «^°*^'°n amounted to 1200 
 rinrr.nl, 2 P"'T^"^'*?°^"»^"-^*-^™«' 2"^ ^bout 30,000 men of infe- 
 and Bourbo.fr"" 'f 'S «f/»P«^i«r rank, were the dukes of Lorraine 
 nf \S • ^/ ^^'}^ "f Flanders, Blois, and Vaudemont, and the kings 
 of Majorca and Bohemia. The latter king, though very old and qu"fe 
 ad hi SSrr «f ^T.^'^'u f'-«'"/^'^i"? - personal part L the bat?le?bit 
 oJrn orHpr ir 1m "^^'^k'' u^°'^ °^ '"'^ attendants, and was thus, by his 
 
 S T !; "^^iJ'l^ motto were a triple ostrich plume and the words IcA 
 
 b2e bv^r'hl?"^ ^""^ '•^^P'^'' ^y "'« P""«« "<■ ^Vales, and have been 
 
 Of thi« hlni successors, in memory of this most decisive battle, 
 beenririit "^^ ""^y ""emark as of a former one, that it seems to have 
 ai a n ,mh5''%™']f^^''«"'^y/«"«^^«'^ »P' for ^vhile the French lost so 
 mleZ^fl ""^ *" ranks the English lost only three knights, one 
 esquire, and a few common soldiers 
 
 manv eirmimi''''*'"'''' '''''*°'*^ T"^'*'*' dearly perceived that for the present 
 
 SarJthnT m"?',)^'^"'^'' *'''" *° !""'* his ambition to capturing soine 
 
 cor Slv Sif '»"/'"?«« ^^7^ •l*'" ^ ^'^^y entrance iiUo^-'ranfe and 
 
 soil • «"„ t' 7'^""^^''ll'?''* "f Burgundy, commanded this important garri- 
 H^Z we r/uonlS w'ir'' '" '"%^Yy '"?h reputation anS eipeS. 
 nni«!it L. PuPPl'ea with means of defence ; and Edward at the ven; 
 
 ,^n, ric aut-urujr.j{iy mtrencnea tiio wiioie city and 
 
320 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 f 
 
 formed his camp, causing his soldiers to raise thatched huts for their pro. 
 tection fium the severity of the weather during the wiiitnr. De Vieiine 
 judging wlmt was Edward's design, sent all the superfluous hands out of 
 the city, and, to the honour of Edward be it said, he not only let the belt), 
 less people pass through his lines, but even supplied them with money U) 
 aid them in seeking some other place of refuge. 
 
 During twelve montlis Edward was engaged in the siege of Calais and 
 the earl of Derby was during that period carrying on war in Guienne 
 Poicters, and the southern provinces of France. Charles of Blois at the 
 same time invaded Brittany, and laid siege to the castle of Rochelle de 
 Rien, where he was attacked and taken prisoner by the countess of Mom 
 fort. Wiiile she and her rival and antagonist, the wife of Charles de Blois 
 were displaying their courage and talents in France, King Edward's queen 
 Philippa, was still more importantly exerting herself in England. The 
 Scots had a few years before recalled their king, David Bruce, and though 
 they could not greatly rely upon his talent or prowess, they were ciicoiir 
 aged by the engagement of Edward in France to make an irruption into the 
 northern English counties, to which they were strongly urged by the kino 
 of France, who in all his truces with Edward had siiown groat regard for 
 the safety and welfare of Scotland. With an army of 50,000 men David 
 Bruce broke into Northumberland, and ravaged and devastated the couii. 
 try as far south as the city of Durham. I'hilippa, doubly indignant th»t 
 such an outrage should be committed during llin absence of h(;r husband 
 got together an army of only about 12,000 men, which she placed under 
 the command of Lord Piercy, and accompanied it and him to Neville's 
 cross, near Durham. Here she addressed tlie troojjs in a very spirited 
 speech, and could scarcely bo persuaded to retire even when the haltle 
 actually commenced. The result was proportionate to the gallantry ol 
 the attempt. The Scots were completely routed, with a loss of from fifinci: 
 to twenty thousand killed, among whom were Keith, the earl inarBlial, and 
 Sir Thomas Charteris, the chancellor; and among a vast number of pris- 
 oners were David Bruce himself, the earls of Fife, Sutherland, Monteilh 
 and Carricik, the lord Douglas, and many nobles of less note. 
 
 Queen Philippa, after lodging her important prisoners in tlie Tower ol 
 London, was herself the bearer of the news to Edward, who was still be- 
 fore Calais, where she was received with all the applau.ie and admiration 
 due to her gallant and more than womanly devotion under circuinstancei 
 so dillicult. 
 
 A. I). 1347.— John de Vienne in his defence of Calais had well justified 
 nis sovereign's choice of him. But as Philip had in vain endeavoured to 
 relievo him, and a<;tual famine hitd begun its dreadful work upon the 
 garrison, De Viuiine now offered to surrender, on condition that the live* 
 and liberties of his brave fellows should be spared. But Kdward was so 
 irritated by the very gallantrv which, as Do Vienne very pertinently ar 
 gued.hn would have expected from any one of his own knights under sim- 
 ilar ciroutiistances, that he at first would hear of nothing short of the 
 whole garrison surrendering at discretion ; but he was at length persiia 
 ded to alter his terms, though even then he required that the keys of the 
 place should be delivered to him by six of the principal citizens, biirehomlod, 
 and with ropes upon their necks, and that, as the price of the safely of 
 the Harrison, these six men should bo at his absolute disposal for either 
 life or death. 
 
 'I'o NtMul six mull to what seemed certain destruction could not fail to Ik? 
 a lorrifying proposition. Tho whole garrison was in dismay ; but Kuslice 
 St. Pierre nobly volunteered ; his example was followed by five oilier m 
 triots, and the six brave men appeared in the prescribed form before Ed 
 ward, who only spared their lives— even after this touching proof of tlieit 
 
 Philippa. * ' 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Mt 
 
 Oil taking possession of Calais, Edward adopted a plan far more politic 
 than any inhuman execution of brave men could have l,een; for. cSid. 
 ering that everv I- renchman must needs be an enemy to hii, ho cleared 
 this important key to France of all its native inhabitants, and made it ! 
 complete English colony. " 
 
 A. D. 1349.— Even this politic measure, and a truce which now exister! 
 between trance and England, had well nigh failed to preserve to Edward 
 this only valuable ftruit of aU his expense of blood and treasure He en- 
 trusted the governorship of Calais to a native of Paris, who had the reou- 
 fation of bravery, but wfio was utterly unrestrained by any feelinirof fl<fe|. 
 ity; and this man volunteered to deliver his important trust to Geoffrev 
 deCharni.the commander of the nearest French troops, on pavment ol 
 twenty thousand crowns. The traitor was himself betrayed by his secre- 
 tary, who despatched tidings of the intended treachery in time to enahli. 
 Edward with Sir Walter Manny and the prince of wifei? to riach Cala s 
 with a thousand men. The governor was secured and taxed with h « 
 crime; and easily consented as the price of his pardon, to lead the French 
 into the ambush prepared for thein by Edward. The French appeared 
 and were attacked and coiufuered. Edward himself fought as a mere Dri- 
 vate gentlemen, and was twice felled to the earth by his gallant antagonist, 
 Sir Kiistace de Hibaumont, who at length suriendered to him. Those of 
 the French officers who were captured were treated with much distinc- 
 tion by hdward and his heroic son ; and the king not only gave Eustace 
 de Ribaumoiit his liberty without ransom, but also presented him with a 
 handsome cliap et of pearls, which he desired him to wear in memory of 
 having proved t!ie stoutest knight with whom the king of England had ever 
 been personally engaged. «"c»Dr 
 
 Edward, partly in commemoration of his toils in France and partly to 
 elevate the warlike spirit among his nobles, shortly afterwards established 
 he order of the Garter; an order which, being to this very day limited 
 to twenty-five persons beside the sovereign, is one of the proudest and 
 most envied rewards of eminent merit. 
 
 A.D. 1349.— This year deserves especial remark from the awful posti- 
 ence which, arising iii the Rust, swept with fierce and destroying power 
 hrough Kngland, as throiifri, „ii the rest of Europe, carrying off on an ave 
 rage a lull tlurd of the population of evciry country in which it made its 
 
 Ja'v \^^^xT'^}'^^ miseries inflicted by the pestilence upon both France 
 and Lngiand tended to prolong the cessation of arms between them ; but 
 tharles, king of Navarre, surnamed, very appropriately, the Had, caused 
 much bloodshed and disturbance in France ; and Edward, at length wea- 
 ned with peace, allied himself with the French malcontents, and sent an 
 armv under the heroic prince of Wales— who was now generally known 
 hy the title of the Black Prince, from the colour of his armour-to make 
 an incursion on the side of OuicMine, while he himself broke in on the aide 
 01 ivBlais. 
 
 Each of these incursions was productive of great loss to the French. 
 
 Sana 01 numerous prisoners and much spoil to the English, but led to no 
 -neralor decisive engngoment ; and before any such could bo brought on. 
 dward was ca led over to England to prepare for a threatened invasion 
 ,J.i , . ? ?• *''° ''."'^ Hurprised Herwick, and had gathered an army mere 
 ready to fall upon the north of England. Hut at Edwanl's approach flioy 
 ^ircii to the mouiilaiiiH, and ho marched without encountering an eneniv 
 TZ txVi^ to Edinburgh, plundering and burnin« at every step. Baliol 
 a ended Edward on this occasion, and was either so disgusted with thi. 
 win which ho saw inflicted, or so utterly hopeless of ever establishin.^ 
 
 "on 01 his nreteiisioiis, la exchange for a pension of two thousand poun.U 
 
 m' 
 
 ^im^iii 
 
822 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 A. D. 1356. — The prince of Wales in the meantime iiad penetrated into 
 the very heart of France, and committed incredible havoc. Having only 
 an army of 12,000 men, most of whom were foreign mercenaries, lie was 
 anxious to march into Normandy, and form a junction with the king of Na- 
 varre and the English force that was assisting that monarch, under the 
 command of the earl of Lancaster ; but every bridge being broken down 
 and every jjass guarded, he next directed his march towards Guienne. 
 John, king of France, who had succeeded Philip of Valoia, though a mild 
 and just prince was a very brave man; and, being enraged by the destrup 
 tion wrought bv the young prince, he got together an army of nearly 
 60,000 men, with which he overtook the Black Prince at Maupertuis, near 
 Poitiers; and the prince having done all that hiy in his power to prevent 
 himself from being compelled to fight at a disadvantage, now exerted him- 
 self no less to avoid defeat even while so fighting. 
 
 With so great a superiority of force, the French king, by merely sur- 
 rounding the English, might without any risk have starved them into 
 submission ; but both John and his principal nobles were so eager to close 
 with and totally destroy so daring and mischievous an enemy, that they 
 overlooked all the cooler suggestions of prudence. Even this hot haste 
 would perhaps have proved fatal to the English ; but, fortunately for them, 
 though John had no patience to surround Tiis enemy and starve him into 
 submission, lie did allow his impetuosity to be just sufficiently checked 
 to afford that enemy time to make the very best of his situation, bad as it 
 really was. 
 
 The French had already drawn up in order of battle, and were prepar- 
 ing for that furious and instant onset which, next to patient hemming in of 
 the English, would have been their most certain means of success, when 
 King John suffered himsef to be delayed to enable the cardinal of Peri- 
 gora to endeavour to bring the English to terms without fartiier blood- 
 shed. The humane endeavour of the cardinal was not ill received by the 
 Black Prince, who was fully sensible of the disadvantageous position 
 which he occupied, and who frankly confessed his willingness to muke 
 any terms not inconsistent with honuor ; and offered to purchase nn uiiiis- 
 sailed retreat by, Ist, the cession of all the conquests he iiad made during 
 this and the preceding campaign, and 2dly, pledging himself not to serve 
 against France for seven years from that date. Happy would it have 
 been for John had ho been contented with those prof!ored advantages. 
 But he imagined that the fate of the English was now absolutely at his 
 disposal, and he demanded the surrender of Calais, together with Prince 
 Edward and a hundred of his knights as prisoners ; IcrniH which Kdward 
 indignantly refused. 
 
 By the time that the negotiation was terminated the day was too far 
 spent to allow the commencement of action, and Edward thus gained the 
 inestimable advantage of having the whole night at his disposal to strength- 
 en his post and alter the disposition of his forces. Besides greatly adding 
 to the cxt(>nt and stn-ngth of his intrcnchments, he caused the ciiptal de 
 Buoho, with three hundred archers and the like number of men-nt-arms, 
 to make a circuit and lie In junbush ready to seize the first favourable o[h 
 poitmiity of falling suddenly on the Hank or roar of the encniy. The 
 main body of hia troops the prnice had under his own connnand ; the van 
 ho entrusted to the earl of Warwick ; the roar to the curls of Salisbury and 
 Suffolk ; Hi^d even the chief subdivisions were headed, for the most part, 
 by warriors of scarcely inferior fame and experience. 
 
 The king of France also drew nnt his army in three divisions; thn fir^t 
 of which was commanded by his orothcr the duke of Orleans, the smmd 
 by the dauphin and two of John's younger sons, and the third by John him- 
 •«lf, who was nccompanic'l by his fourth son, Philip, then only f(>orte<'n 
 yMn uld 
 
HIST.ORY OF THE WuRLD. 
 
 823 
 
 The compaiatjve weakness of the English army was compensated bv 
 ,18 position, which only allowed of the enemy approaching it along a nar- 
 row lane flanked by thick hedges. A strong advanced guard of the 
 French, led by marshals Clermont and Andreheu, commenced the engage- 
 ment by marching along this lane to open a passage for the main armv 
 This detachment was dreadfully gallecfand thinned by the English arch- 
 ers, who from behind the hedges poured in their deadly arrows with- 
 out being exposed to the risk of retaliation. But, in spite of the terrible 
 slaughter, this gallant advanced guard pushed steadily forward, and the 
 survivors arrived at the end of the lane and bravely charged upon a strons 
 body of the English which awaited them under the command of the princi 
 in person. But the contest was short as it was furious; the head of this 
 brave and devoted column was crushed even before its rear could fairly 
 emerge from the lane. Of the two marshals, one was taken prisoner an5 
 the olher slam on the spot, and the rear of the beaten column retreated in 
 disorder upon its own armv, galled at every step by the ambushed arch- 
 ers. At the very instant that the hurried return of their beaten friends 
 threw Ifie French army into confusion, ll* captal de Buche and his de- 
 tachment made a well-timed and desperate charge upon the French 
 flank, so close to the dauphin, that the nobles who had the charjre of that 
 young prince became alarmed for his safety, and hurried him from the 
 
 The flight of the dauphin and his immediate attendants was a signal for 
 that ofthe whole division; the duke of Orleans and his division followed 
 the example; and the vigilant and gallant Lord Chandos seized upon the 
 important instant, and called to Prince Kdward to charge with all his 
 chivalry upon the only remaining division of the French, which was under 
 tf.Tlff ^ command of John himself. Feeling that all depended upon 
 h.8 one eff-ort, John fought nobly. The three generals who commanSed 
 the German auxiliaries of his army fell within sight of him ; young Philip. 
 itZTl^, T?H ^J^>'^\^.^*'»' « hero's spirit in defence of hj; father, wa^s 
 
 iTvS? •■ V!"-^ <""« ^""''^^'^ ^"« "^^^f"' '''n«8 «">y 8«ved from death 
 by the desire of his immediate assailants to make him prisoner; yet still 
 
 J!„i? ?k'''^ ^''T'^'"^ and brandished his blade as brntely as though his 
 hHil^f ?J?^ triumphant. Even when ho was sinking with fatigue 
 Iptfr^^ l^f the prince in person should receive his sword; but at 
 S 'nfff 'I''!'"®"^ I'y numbers, and being informed tliat the prince was 
 n^ ..a n °.^k''"^'" '" '''" "P*"' h« threw down his gauntlet, and he 
 2 iJ „f^f""^ ^7 were taken prisoners by Sir Dennis do Morbec, a 
 Sder ' ^'"°'" his country on being charged with 
 
 h J'f! *^r""i ^^"11 ^\'''^h John had displayed ought to have protected 
 trhnri«i"''^'';u' ''"' '°'"« ^'"Kh«h -'I'liors rescued him from de 
 Jon. „;. Tf °[ h"'"K rewarded as his actual captor. ; and some Gas- 
 S. lu''? the same motives, endeavoured to wrest him from the 
 thSlni/1.^ '.'"'^?''*'v':'*" 'I'® '^'■P'''*'' *hat some on botli sides loudly 
 nent, whlf ^'T '".""^ ^"" "'.'»"/" P"" ^"h him living to their oppi 
 ELL nir^ fortunately, the earl of Warwick, dispatched Ey the priiu^ of 
 wales, arrived up<)n the s,K)t and conducted him in safety to the rdyal tent. 
 Bbin rhi,,, .r'"" .," *=°»f«8" n"J «'>nrf"''t i" Iho field wore not more credit- 
 hennas .,".'""' ""•''*'!'«>"'' perfectly unafTecled humanity with which 
 due ?H h 111 '''' ^»"4""'.h«'l enemy, llerocoived him at histent. and con- 
 uuciea nimseir as an Inferior waiting upon a superior ; onrnestlv and trulv 
 
 Sm i?"' prisoner's chair during the banquet witli which ho was 
 
 l.rilon;r.wiL"!^^P'^"^''J'' P"""'" **" foUowrdbyhisarmy; an the 
 IIl°ir;"„*f.^"."!""?.'''^' ?"'l_»t ^ '«h modurato ransoms as did not press 
 dlfTB wotlthy'"^'""*"^* '"""•'*' ^"""^ '^reat number made the Englkh i«o' 
 
324 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Ldward now made a truce with the French for two years and conducu 
 ed John to to London, treating him not as a captive but as a monan-h. 
 taking care himself to appear, alike as to horse and attire, as a neS 
 of inferior station. ' "" 
 
 King Edward showed his approval of his son's modest and delicate con 
 duct by closely imitating it; advancing to Southwark to meet John on 
 his landing there, and in every sense treating him not as a captive but »« 
 a monarch and voluntary visitor. ^ ^ 
 
 Edward had now two kings his prisoners in London. But the contin 
 ued captivitv of David Bruce had proved less injurious to Scotland than 
 fcdward had apticipated, the power of that country being ably and imle 
 fatigably directed by David's heir and nephew, Robert Stuart. Edwari 
 therefore restored David to liberty at a ransom of 100,000 marks forth), 
 payment of which the sons of his principal nobles became hostages 
 
 A. D. 1358.— Though the very virtues of John, king of France, werecal- 
 culated to encourage disobedience to him in so turbulent and ill-regulated 
 an age, and m a country so often convulsed as France was by beini made 
 the theatre of war, yet his absence was early and visibly productive ofin- 
 Jury and disturbance to his kingdom. If his goodness had been some- 
 times imposed upon and his kindness still more frequently abused vet 
 as It was well known that he had both wisdom and courage, his nres. 
 ence had kept the ill-disposed within certain bounds. The dauphin, upon 
 whom the difficult task now lay of ruling during the imprisonment of h^s 
 fa her, was brave and of good capacity ; but heliad one fatal defect, in it- 
 self sufficient to incapacitate him for fully supplying his father's place : he 
 was only eighteen years of age. How far that circumstance weakened 
 his authority appeared on the very first occasion of his assembling tht 
 Btates. Though his father was now made captive in defending the kingdom 
 the young dauphin no sooner demanded the supplies which his father's cap 
 tivity and the situation of the kingdom rendered so necessary, than he waf 
 met not by a generous vote of sympathy, confidence, and assistance, bm 
 by a harsh and eager demand for the limitation of the royal authoritv, foi 
 redress of certain alledged grievances, and for the liberation of the kingo) 
 JNavarre, who had been so mischievous to France even while John was ai 
 liberty to oppose him, and whose liberation now might rationally be ex 
 pected to be productive of the very worst consequences. This ungener 
 ous conduct of the states did not lack imitators. Marcel, provost of th.< 
 merchants, the first and most influential magistrate of Paris, instead oi 
 using the weight of his authority to aid the dauphin, actually constituted 
 himself the ringleader of the rabble, and encouraged them in the most in- 
 solent and unlawful conduct. The dauphin, tlitiH situated, found that he 
 was less the ruler than the prisoner of these ungrateful men, who carried 
 their brutal disrespect so far as to murder in his presence the marshals 
 de Clermont and do Conflans. As usual, the indulgence of ili-dispoai 
 tions increased their strength; all the other friends and ministers of the 
 dauphin were threatened with the fate of the murdered marshals, and he 
 at length seized an opportunity to escape. The frantic demngogues of 
 Fans now openly levied war against the dnupliin, and it is scarcely iieces- 
 aary to add that their example was speedily followed by every large town 
 in the kingdom. Those of the nobles who deemed it time to exert ihm- 
 selves in support of tho royal authority wt-ro taunted with their flight from 
 the oattle^of Maupertuis, or as it was generally termed, of Poitiers ; the 
 yj ^*^"^'* «"" liberated from prison by aid of the disafl^ccted. 
 and the whole kingdom was the prey of the most horrible disorders. 
 
 The dauphin, rather by his judgment than by his military tnlenis, re- 
 duced the country at length to something like order. Edward in the 
 meantime had practised so Buccossfully. and, we may add, so ungen- 
 flrOUlly. UDOn the raotivc John. «« to i>id>>'*'> >>■ — 'o ■>"•• - ••■oiu> vJhinh 
 
HISTOBY OP THE WORLD. 325^ 
 
 wia 80 manilestly and unfairly injurious to France, that the dauphin re. 
 fused to be bound by it. (a. d. 1359-60.) War consequently was te- 
 commenced by Edward ; but though the English armies traversed France 
 from end to end, and committed the most disgraceful ravages, Edward's 
 success was so disproportionate, and his advantages constantly proved so 
 fleeting, that even the duke of Lancaster, his own near relative and zeal- 
 ous as well as able general, remonstrated with him upon his absurd obsti- 
 nacy m insisting upon terms so extreme, that they were calculated rather 
 to induce desperation than to incline to submission. 
 
 These remonstrances, backed as they were by the whole circumstances 
 of the case, at length led Edward to incline to more reasonable terms 
 By way of salvo to his dignity, or pride, he professed to have made si 
 vow during an awful tempest which threatened the destruction of his 
 armv, and in obedience to this his alledged vow he now concluded peace 
 on the following footing, viz.: that King John should be restored to lib- 
 erty at a ransom of three millions of golden crowns ; that Edward should 
 for himself and his successors renounce all claim to the crown of France, 
 and to his ancestral provinces, Anjou, Touraine, Maine, and Normandy: 
 and should in exchange receive other specified districts in that direction, 
 with Calais, Guisnes, Montreuil, and Ponthieu, on the other side of France 
 in full and independent sovereignty ; together with sundry other stipula-' 
 tions John was accordingly restored to liberty; and as he had been per- 
 gonally well treated in England, and, besides, was at all times greatly in- 
 dined to sincerity, he seems to have exerted himself to the utmost to 
 cause the treaty to be duly fulfilled. But the people in the neighborhood 
 of Guienne were obstinately bent against living under the English do- 
 minion ; and some other difficulties arose which induced John to return 
 
 '" ",^i5S« '" "'® ^°P® °^ adjusting matters, when he sickened and died. 
 A. D. 1363. 
 
 A. D. 1364.— Charles the dauphin, who succeeded to the throne ot 
 France, devoted his first efforts to settling all disturbances in his owrt 
 realm, and ridding it ol the numerous "free companions,'' who, soldiers in 
 Ume ol war and robbers in time of peace, were one of the principal 
 causes of all the disorder that reigned; and he was prudent enough to 
 cause them to flock to that Spanish war in which the Black Prince most 
 imprudently took part. 
 
 Having got rid of this dangerous set of men, and having with secret 
 gladness boheld the Black PriiicQ ruining himself alike in health and for- 
 Uine in the same war which drafted so many desperate ruffians from 
 Prance, (.liailes, in the very face of his father's treaty, assunuul a feudal 
 power to which he had no just claim. Edward recommenced war; but 
 inough b ranee once more was extensively ravaged, a truce was at length 
 ■ped upon, when the varied events of war, consisting rather of the 
 iKirmishes of freebooters than of the great strife of armies, had left Ed- 
 ward scarce a foot of ground in France, save Calaia, Bourdeaux, and 
 
 A. D. 1376.-Ed ward the Black Prince, feeble in health, had for some 
 limo past been visibly hastening to the grave. His warlike prowess and 
 n I unsullied virtuo-unsullied save by that warlike fury which all man- 
 ma are prone to rate as virtue— made his condition the source of a verv 
 leep and universal interest in England, which was greatly heightened bv 
 he unpopularity of the duke of Lancaster, who, it wai feared, would 
 PriL . " ^^" "f '''^ minority of Richard, son and heir of the Black 
 
 and pa mful, and the Black Prince, amid the sorrow of the wliole nation. 
 cf,5L "" mu ?'*' ^^ •'""«• '" *''« very prime of manhood, aged only 
 fonviix. The king, who was visibly affected by the !»»• of his -isi^ 
 
326 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 
 I 
 
 lived only a year longer, dying on the 2l8t of June, 1377 in the su» „ 
 of his reign, and in the 65th of his age. ^'*' y*^ 
 
 The sense of power is usually more influential on men's iiifl„m» . 
 Uian the sense of right; and though his wars both with ScoST] 
 Ht«?l''?"''VjL^'"''*^'^ '" tyrannous self-will, the splendour of hU^w? 
 m^L?h"\'*"'* th«vigour of his character made him belLd S '. 
 
 love to linger over his re gn. His verv iniustifP tr. fnr«^„„ 1 "'^""sn 
 sedition and its fearful evifs afar t^mlCrLbj/ctr-^^^^^^^^^ 
 himself but too burdensome In the way of taxauiriie at lea tt?' 
 
 irS t\l^^\^^- '^^ P^°P'^ «* ^^'Se to be unmolested in the?r privSS' 
 
 Tended ir%\hL'"-T''\' l^""''^''^^ «"d 'heir reasonable demands I' 
 It^hil It has, indeed, been generally admitted that he was on/ri 
 
 ^nd th» T^ /"n' '""«'"«»« »^ing« that ever sat on the EnglTsh tlimne 
 and that his faults were great v outweiffhed hv his h*...^;!. I,: V '"™"^' 
 amiable qualities. On theVholJ, the Td|„ of fiLird IlT as if wa« ? 
 of the longest, so was it also one of the brightest in EnglaJiA WsTory ' 
 
 CHAPTER XXVn. 
 
 THE REIQN OF RICHARD II. 
 
 Di*" ,'*•*?''''— Edward HI. was succeeded by Richard H son nf th^ 
 
 hit hp^v."^?,- ^^' ""r l'"^ ^«« ^"' l"t'« '""'•« ban ele";;! '"ears ol5 
 but he had three uncles, the dukes of Lancaster, York and CMmirpCf; 
 whose authority aided by the habits of obedience wh ch Jhe RmruRl 
 S^mSif;'"''^''"'^''^^" '° P"-"-'- ^' ^he lea'st'^'tdi:' 
 
 haJl:i::5^^"='3s:5tK^r^ 
 
 tL^ nh """"'".f "^" ""'^ J'* ''^^P ^"« order and gravUy n the iebTs 
 fe luot' Pker I'T V*'""'^'' ''"' little gratitude^ to tL late ling fS 
 msiUon tf^he iLL kil*"'"' " •"?" ''*^^^'*'^ distinguished himself by op- 
 C^t Xou If V^ "iims ters, and had been imprisoned for u vio- 
 ent attack on Alice Pierce or Perrers.) who, as the king's mistress had 
 
 to Ce .r "'.'P"''"'"'" '" '^""fq^'^^ "^ the^nfluence sUwas s po 
 
 tentiroVtL'n"!^" °f i^'' P""'"" '■"'■ ^P"'"*" ^•'^ "«' '"dicate any in 
 KhVI P«r]. "f the commons towiirds too submissive a conduct 
 
 irnment h^t 'I^!^fi^ ' f "'°T "">^ ^^^""^ ""^'"'^ to interfere in the gov 
 of S rnmnnS f''. "'?"^«'y«« to petitioning the lords that a council 
 to CO duct Z nnh.,"^*"''''''''"'^^,""^ ^'""""^ '"''"• »h«"ld be appointed 
 if t^ vo ,ni k^l H -"'T'' ""^ " superintcn ! the life and education 
 wa« an«w»r£i h,*.i "'"'^ "f '»'»"".ty: ^he former part of the petition 
 SaUHh irv thi J ' «PP»'>'tinent 01 the bishops of London, Carli le. and 
 
 He .rv !«' iorn^nV ^^'^^ ""'^ ^'"f"''^' »'"' «'" "*^hard de Stafford, 
 Henry le Scropc, John Devcreux, and Hugh SeHciavo, who were em- 
 
 t^hTSt'r r'^'^V 'i' P"^"?^ •^"•''''"'" foroneySan 'wiih re.^c to 
 
 riuMomM l" ''[^^? P'""°"' ^^"^ '"'"^'•' ^'"'hned interfering with it, 
 
 .mToH r ""i*^ "?•' ^'^ '".*"'''^''''' '» the young prince's private life 
 
 ^n«rth ..,'"' ","''*'" ''." '■"y*' ""<='«« P«'ved careless or inimical, would 
 oe neither dcluNite nor just. 
 
 Of the tkreeuuclus. the duko of l.!ii,,.uui<., ..... . „....i..i.. k.. «... a.. 
 
HISTOKY OF THE WOKLD. ,27 
 
 ablest, and probably not the least anrjbitious; and ihojgn thei-e was no 
 one to whom any authority was ostensibly or formally given to control 
 (he council, Lancaster seems to have been the actual regent who for some 
 years not only governed, but, by his irresistible though secret influencT 
 even appointed the council. muucuoc 
 
 As is usual with popular and numerous assemblies, the commons, ou 
 finding their interference complied with instead of being resented/be- 
 came anxious and somewhat impatient to push it still farther. Scarcely 
 had the greater, and also the most important part, of their first petUioJ 
 been acted upon ere they presented another, in ^hich they prayed he 
 king and his council to take measures to prevent the barons from confed- 
 erating together to uphold each other and their follow^rfn vTle.U an^ 
 unlawful deeds. A civil answer was given to this petition ; but though 
 the answer was couched m those general terms which really bind tSe 
 parties using them to no particular course, it speedily called forth another 
 petition of a far more ambitious nature, and calculated to add at one step 
 most prodigiously to the influence of the commons, who now prayed that 
 during the minority of the king all the great officers should be appoinuTd 
 lff'fhT„".'7' rS^ T'"""e that the mere appointment by thSo 3s 
 iinn, Tr'"'*' .V "^"*? ^^"'^''y »">^«« •» were confirmed by the 
 commons. Phis petition did not meet with so favourable a reception; 
 
 il°J?f 'i' r'^'Tl''' themselves the power of appointing to the grea 
 ScquiSnce"' ^'^ '''^'"'""" '"^'^ P"' •" ^^« apVintm'ents onfy by' 
 
 ^JlTn'r Ihi*" ^^'^ parliament being dissolved the commons gave another 
 proof of their consciousness of their own growing importance, by repre- 
 S'"/n?hv"'"'''7 '' >vell as propriety of their^being annua ly^assem. 
 
 £n.h, nLT'*''l''".l'^*'u"fu'^^''" """'^"^r '° receive and disburse two- 
 fifteenths and two-tentlis which had been voted to the king. 
 
 t\t°\n3rrT^^' ^\^ "'^"' '^'"^ ^'■a"<=« broke forth from time to 
 
 S R„?% ' *5^ "J"'"*'/ operations were not such as to demand de- 
 StinSj ""productive of glory or territory, the war was not the less 
 destructive of treasure; and on the parliament meeting in 1380, it was 
 
 leceiiS'oMh '" °''^''' ''^ ^''''''^' ^°'- 'h« P'«««'"& and indispensaWe 
 necessuies of the government, to impose a poll-tax of three groats upon 
 svery person, male and female, who was more than fifteen yetrs of a^ 
 There was no foreign country with which England had so dose and 
 
 Fni.l for if ""'"■"r'"'? T ^*"' ^^'^"''«"' ^'''«^' greatly depended Sn 
 England for its supply of the wool necessary for its manufactures. The 
 
 «pllifip"n Pfi^^h""? '?' had arisen among the Flemish peasants, us 
 lTAJf^•^^''"'*'''i'l^'"''Mh«yhad committed upon their nat-" 
 h« .,1?„ , f^ ' ■""'""' "/'^.^•^^ servility with which they had submitted to 
 ttlf to h. 1^""^ ".' '^" t""1' «f "» ^r^^^**'- ""^^ b«8a" to communicate 
 he e Ita H ' "'■^'''" '" ^"«''*"^' '^*^«"' »« '" '■"'• "'"'■e modern times, 
 SinTo demagogues who sought to recommend themselves to the 
 
 eauHl tv uS • '"'t^"", P'u^ HP"" "'«•" ^y 'he loud inculcation of an 
 T. S ^ fnankind, which no man, not decidedly inferior to all the 
 ;i i "'''!u" ^l'^ ''""•'^y *'f intelligence, can fail to see is but par- 
 SuZl I.'J at.'«"-'"'t. and wholly false by force of circumstanceH 
 aTJr,l ^ "',"**' "levitable and perfectly independent of the form of 
 EiT i"*"'' """"' "'^ '•'« K"'"! o' had administration of the laws, 
 rn !. 1 dcnagogues who just at this period raised their voices to de- 
 bill S '. ""^•'''' ""■ "'"'i''"de, was one John Ball, a degraded priest, 
 ?in , nfT ^ ','" T'"'^ destitute of ability. To such a man the imposi- 
 Znr n , Vi'! '''''"'"'' '''"' ^''*'' excessive and cruel in the then state of 
 is lit !? ""'*^'" ''""' " P'^'^f'"'' godsend; and the opportunity it af. 
 "'■ rT'VJ!!-^ vent to excitinA and piauaibie deciuiimiioii, waa aot 
 
928 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 diminished by the bitter and impolitic mockery of a recommendation fron. 
 the council, that when this new poll-tax should be found to press too se 
 verely on the poor, the wealthy should relieve them by increasine thpil 
 own contribution. ^ "^" 
 
 It is not easy to imagine any circumstances under which so excessive 
 a demand upon a suffering population could have failed to cause discon 
 tent and sedition ; but when to the excess of the tax the excited temper ol 
 the people and the activity of their deluders, the demagogues, was added 
 an insolent brutality on the part of the collectors, there could be little 
 doubt of the occurrence of great and extended mischief. 
 
 The tax in question was farmed out to the tax-gatherers of the various 
 districts, who thus had a personal interest in the performance of their in- 
 vidious duty, which was certainly not likely to make them less urgent or 
 less msolent Every where the tax raised complaints both loud and deep 
 and every poor man was anxious to avail himself of any possible misreo- 
 resentation as to the age of the children for whom he was charged Tl^ 
 blacksmith of a village m Essex having paid for the rest of his familv. 
 relused to do so for a daughter whom, whether truly or falsely does no 
 appear, he stoutly averred to be under the prescribed age; and the tax- 
 gatherer, a low brutal fellow, offered a violent indecency to the eirl in 
 proof of his right to the demand. The father, poor, irritated at the loss of 
 the money he had already paid, and doubly indignant at tlie outrage thus 
 Offered to his child, raised the ponderous hammer he had just been usine 
 in his business, and dashed the ruffian's brains out on the spot. Under a 
 state of less violent excitement the bystanders would probably have been 
 shocked at the smith's fatal violence ; but as it was, the murder acted like 
 a talisman upon the hitherto suppressed rage of the people, and in a few 
 hours a vast multitude, armed with every description of rude weapon, was 
 gathered together, with the avowed intention of taking vengeance on their 
 tyrants and of putting an end to their oppression. From Essex the flame 
 spread to all the adjoining counties ; and so sudden and so rapid was the 
 gathering, that before the astounded government could even determine on 
 what course to follow, upwards of a hundred thousand desperate men had 
 assembled on Blackheath, under the command of Wat Tyler, the blacit- 
 smith, and several other ringleaders who bore the assumed names of Hob 
 Carter, Jack Straw, and the like. The king's mother, the widow of the 
 neroic Black Prince, in returning from a pilgrimiige to Canterbury, had 
 to pass through this desperate and dissolute multitude; and such was their in- 
 aiscriminate rage, that she, to whom they owed so much respect, was taken 
 irom her vehicle, insulted with the familiar salutes of drunken clowns, and 
 her attendants were treated with equal insult and still greater violence 
 At length, probably at the intercession of some of the least debased of the 
 loaders, she was allowed toproc^ied on her journey. 
 
 The king in the meantime had been conducted for safety to the Towei 
 of London, and the rebels now sent to demand a conference with him. 
 He sailed down the river in a barge to comply with their request, but as 
 tie approached the shore the mob showed such evident inclination to brute 
 violence, that he was compelled to return to the fortress. 
 
 In London the disorder was by this time at its height. The low rabble 
 or the city, always in that age ripe for mischief, had joined the rioters from 
 the countiy ; ware-houses and private houses were broken open, and not 
 merely pillaged, but the contents burned or otherwise destroyed when they 
 could not be carried away ; and the Savoy palace, the property of the duke 
 of Lancaster, which had so long been the abode of the king of France, was 
 m wanton mischief completely reduced to ashes. Ascribing their sutfer. 
 ings to the richer and bettci- instructed classes, the mob not merely mal 
 treated, but in very many cases even miirdored, such gentlemen as new 
 
1 
 
 
 ll 
 
 H 
 
 
 mil 
 
 f 
 
 WM 
 
 P9HBH ni 
 
unfortunate c 
 
 treated withe 
 
 The king i 
 
 End, where c 
 
 surrounded h 
 
 earned in the 
 
 tolls and imp 
 
 holdings, Inst 
 
 condition to ( 
 
 the above we 
 
 was thus sent 
 
 But the dar 
 
 rebels, headec 
 
 meantime brc 
 
 cellor and arc 
 
 with some otl 
 
 smg through I 
 
 place. The k 
 
 now only sixt 
 
 viouslyleft hii 
 
 whole of the i 
 
 Flushed with 
 
 such menacin( 
 
 the then mayo 
 
 that he struck 
 
 A fierce yell 
 
 leader; but be 
 
 rode steadily 
 
 command whic 
 
 exclaimed, " M 
 
 that ye have Ic 
 
 be my people's 
 
 surprise his co 
 
 them, the king 
 
 loined by an ai 
 
 ert and his oth( 
 
 to urge them ii 
 
 this band as p( 
 
 Mile End, and I 
 
 While the kii 
 
 try in all parts 
 
 their retainers i 
 
 of 40,000 men; 
 
 and the charter 
 
 unfit for the sta 
 
 of execution, w 
 
 as having been 
 
 had banded togi 
 
 quinary and sw 
 
 sovereign so yi 
 
 Richard did on 
 
 the bright prom 
 
 A. D. 1385.—! 
 
 when the attitut 
 
 tise and check ; 
 
 lered Scotland 
 
 body of French 
 
 in thn ™ 4-T 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 329 
 
 The king at length left the Tower and proceeded to a field near Mile 
 End, where one of the mam bodies of the rioters had assembled They 
 surrounded him with peremptory demands for a general pardon for all con- 
 cerned mthe msurrection, the instant abolition of all villeinaee andof 
 tolls and imposts in all markets, together with aVxed money enlVkn^^^ 
 holdings, instead of personal service. The government waJas vet in no 
 condition to proceed to forcible measures ; and, conieSSly cCsiJ 
 the above were hastily drawn out and delivered, and tliis bddy of rioters 
 was thus sent peaceably away. ^ noiera 
 
 But the ganger was as yet only partially past. A larger body of the 
 rebels, headed by Wat Tyler and other leading insurrectionists; had hi £ 
 meantime broken into the Tower and put to death Simon SudCy, char^ 
 ce lor and archbishop of Canterbury, and Sir Robert Hales the treasurer 
 with some other persons of high rank, though of less note ; and were nae: 
 sing through Smithfield just as the king and his attendants enreredthJ 
 plact'. The king wi h a sp rit and temper far beyond his years! for he was 
 now only sixteen, entered into conference with Wat Tyler, who had we! 
 Tiously left his band with an order to rush on at a given signal, murShe 
 whole of the royal retinue, and make the young monarch their Sorter 
 Flushed with his brutal and hitherto unchecked triumph, Wat Tyfe S 
 such menacing gestures as he spoke to the king, that Wi liam Walsworth 
 the then mayor of London, was so provoked out of all sense of the dZer! 
 that he struck the ruffian to the ground, and he was speedily dUpSched 
 i Jpr'^hf f "h ^f *"" ?' '^^'}^ proclaimed their rage at the loss Kel^ 
 leader but befere they could rush upon the royal party, young Richard 
 rode steadily up to them, and in that calm tone of hi|h confident aid 
 command which has so great an influence over even the most violent men 
 exclaimed, " My good people ! WTiat means this disorder ? Are ye aJl^ 
 Jatye have los your leader? I am your king ! follow me ! I m/self S 
 be my people's leader !" Without giving them time to recover from The 
 
 hTfhe ki„'rL"f t?"^ '^' "^'^'4 °f '^•^ «>'«"^ appearance had cSiaed 
 Sfn^Hh ^ ^^i9^ "^^y '"^0 'he neighbouring Helds, where he was 
 iomed by an armed force under Sir Robert KnollesT Cautioning Sir Rob! 
 
 to u Se them inro'llS' '° """V '*'•"/ «^°'' "^ '^e most ^^tafneces^ty • 
 urge them into violence, the king after a short conference, dismissed 
 
 Mi'leEnd ^^'''^^'"^r '^.^ .^«\«^"««^^ ^» "^^ ^^^ the former oieat 
 
 wh .K 1 • ^y ^^.^".^ "^^ &'^'"? *'i^"" Similar charters. 
 .rJ!n in n® ^'"^Al** '•'"^ ^''■^'■""y ''^^n temporising, the nobility and gen- 
 try m all parts of the country had been actively assemblino- and anJiiw 
 
 f So 'men •' the'r-n^ 'T "'i'^*^",'^ ^''^ ^"'^ *" ^^"^^ ^^-^ field at theTaS 
 »L »r K ' "^® F'P*^" dared no longer to appear openly and in forc.i- 
 
 execution wl«f^^ country at that time, but actually impractioablJ 
 
 01 execution, were formally revoked, not only upon that ground, but also 
 
 d brffedrJtr'i^'^ ^'il^ ^M H!"1"^« ""•^^^ constrai' o" Vei who 
 2nSv ,nV ^ ^^■'" *° '""""l^" *" ^^^ higher ranks and bring aboufa san- 
 sTeSllTf'"^- '«^°»""°"- , It " ««"cely possible to imagine a 
 Richarddirl ^rr® ^T""^ "^"'^ clear proof of courage and ability than 
 £ brlt nr? •*''M^** ° ••'*"'?" V^ut his later years by no rfieans fulfilled 
 ""gft promise thus given by his boyhood. 
 
 when"'th« nf.'iTlJf "?f/ Z"^ peace restored after this alarming revolt^ 
 Sill . .'"^u ""^ 'ha Scots rendered it absolutely necessary to chas! 
 i ScotS ?'« ^'^^ordingly the king with a^numerous^a my et 
 tered Scotland by Berwick. But the Scots, who had a stronff auxUiarv 
 H-° ~^'"^"?' "^^^'.^y.' ^"^^ ^''^^dy secured all their moTabfe oronerS 
 «i m. muuiuams, ana, leaving iheir houses to be burned, they" enterea 
 
S30 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 England, dispersed themselves in large marauding parlies lliroughout Cum 
 berland Westmoreland, and Lancashire, and relumed laden wUhbo!!^ 
 without having met with any show of resistanee. ^ 
 
 The English army under Richard had in the meantime marched unon 
 posed to Ldinburgh, burning all the towns and villages on their wav 
 Perth, Dundee, and a vast number of other places in the Lowlands wer* 
 treated in the same manner. But when news reached the armv of til 
 successful inroad of the Scots upon the northern counties of En-rland Z 
 true nature of Richard, his frivolity, and his determined prefWe rS 
 pleasure to action, only too clearly appeared ; for he positively refused to 
 make any attempt at cutting off the retreat of the spoU-laden enemv a. d 
 immediately led his army home. ^' *'"' 
 
 A. D. 1386.— The French had aided the Scots chiefly, if not solelv with 
 a view to annoy the English; and Flanders being now at peace with 
 France, a large fleet and army assembled in the Flemish port of Slavs fo 
 the invasion of England. The fleet actually sailed, but was scarcefy ow 
 of port when it encountered a terrible storm, which dispersed it and dp 
 stroyed many of the largest ships. The English men-of-war attacked and 
 took the remainder, and thus, for the present at least, this new danger was 
 
 But though this expedition had completely failed, it turned the attention 
 of the nation, as well as the king and council, towards those circimistan. 
 ces which made it only too certain that a similar attempt would be mado 
 at no great distance of time. The disturbances which had so recentlv 
 agitated England from one end to the other could not fail to act as an in- 
 vitation to foreign enemies ; and, to make the matter still worse, the best 
 of the Lnghsh soldiery, to a very great uumber, were at this time in Spain, 
 supporting the duke of Lancaster in the claim he had long laid to the 
 crown of Castile. Perhaps the alarm which called attention to these cir 
 cumstances mainly served to avert the danger; at all events, it speedilv 
 appeared that the peace of England was in greater danger from Enaiish 
 men than from foreigners. '-"e""" 
 
 We have already had occasion, under the reign of Edward II., to poini 
 out the propensity of weak-minded princes to the adoption of favourites 
 to whose interests they delight in sacrificing all other considerations, in- 
 eluding their own dignity and even their own personal safety. Richard. 
 wftu had shown so much frivolity in his Scotch expedition, now gave 8 
 new proof of his weakness of mind by adopting a successor to the S pen- 
 sers and the Gavestons of an earlier day. 
 
 Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, of noble birth, agreeable manners, and 
 great accomplishments, but extremely dissolute and no less vain and am- 
 bitious, made his company so agreeable to Richard, that the young mon- 
 arch seemed scarcely able to exist but in his presence. In proof of his 
 attachment to him, the king made him marquis of Dublin— the title being 
 then first used in England— created him by patent vice-king of Ireland for 
 life, and evinced his preference for him by various other marks of royal 
 favour. ^ 
 
 As is uniformly the case with such favouritism, the favourite's rapacity 
 and insolence kept full pace with the king's folly ; the marquis of Dublin 
 became the virtual king ; all favours were obtainable through his interest 
 justice Itself scarcely obtainable without it; and the marquis and his sat- 
 elhtes became at once the plague and the detestation of the whole nobility, 
 but more especially of the king's uncles, who saw the influence which 
 they ought to have possessed, and much that ought to have been refused 
 oven to them, transferred to a man of comparative obscurity. The min- 
 isters, though they, it is quite clear, could have little power to corref« 
 their master's peculiar folly, shared the sovereign's disgrace, and tlw 
 wbo.e kingdom aoon rang with complaints and threatenings. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 331 
 
 '"^M'n^L'ofllf t*''p'?"^"'""f"'J"J 1®™P««^ «''o«^«'l ''»«lf '" a fierce attack 
 Ojion M chae de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the chancellor. 'I'hough he was 
 onginally only the son of a merchant, he had won a high and well deservecl 
 celebrity by his valour and conduct during the wars of the late king, and 
 nad since shown very splendid civil ability. He was supposed to Be the 
 chiefconfidential friend of the kin* and of De Vere, who was nnw^from 
 the marquisate of Dublin raised to the dukedom of Ireland ; and the duke 
 of Gloucester consequently singled him out for persecution. Gloucester! 
 who was both able and ambitious, had secured a most potent sway over 
 
 '""fnf'J.Si,'h"1-''''T°?''^"'^''« now induced thelattSr to impeach the 
 earl of Suffolk before the former: a power and mode of proceeding which 
 
 SVdTaTd III P"*"'''**^ themselves of towards the close of the reign 
 
 The impeachment of the most eminent of his ministers naturally alarmed 
 the king for himself and his favouiite; and he retired to the royal pakce 
 at Eitham to be out of immediate danger, and to deliberate upon his Sure 
 course. Rightly judging that while the king was thus comparatively 
 removed from danger and annoyance they would have little chance of 
 bnngmg him to compliance with their wishes, the parUament sent to in- 
 form him that unless he immediately returned they would dissolve with- 
 ont making an a tempt at preparation for the French invasion with which 
 henation was at that time threatened. And lest this threat should faU 
 to compel the king to compliance, they called for the production of the 
 parliamentary record of the deposition of Edward II. This hint was too 
 mtelligible to be disregarded, and the king atonce consented to return, on 
 the sole condi ion that, beyond the impeachment already commenced 
 agains the earl of Suffolk, no attack should be made upon his ministers • 
 
 J^^tTe dtfof reir ^'^^' ^« ^''•^^^ -^« -'»» ^ -- ^« '»»« 
 The charges against Suffolk were directed almost wholly against his 
 
 dfJT""'rT'- "^ r*? ^""««^' f«r ''"t«"c«. of hav'ng ex! 
 »S/ wiZhfb "*^ ^"Tt^^ V*'^* A« had fairly inherited, for lands of equal 
 S™ J the king; of having purchased a forfeited crown annuity ot 
 fifty pounds and induced the king to recognise it as being valid; aiH 
 haymg obtained a grant of 500/. per annum to support hii dignity on his 
 being created earl of Suffolk. The first of these charges, it is dS, could 
 
 ^l Sll'^f" '"'f.u ^ ""'" ""^^ *"« ««J'y ^t « !««« for some vv'eapon 
 with which to assail their enemy; the second was ill-supported ; and the 
 
 SthT^fs.tiiT"'' ' '"'^ '^^-^'l'' '■'•°'» Gloucester, who, though as 
 rin^K ^"'^«'V'^8 poor, was himself in receipt of just double the 
 amoual by way of pension! When to this we add that: as to the first 
 S n/f' positively proved that Suffolk had made no sort of purchase. 
 
 reader wnnW hi"''' 1";°'" '^' •'•■°7" .'^"""^ '»« enjoyment of office, the 
 i.nH?i in^ &;?«''y surprised at learning that he was convicted and 
 tTced^Se evpitf Jh- "*"*=«-"^'' r'% P°^«'^'« f«' ihe reader to have no! 
 Irfiil m„„ h? ^i"*^ "i'^'^u^ ^i:*" ^''"^ ^^^f "^''hout learning that when pow- 
 ZtZZ ^"'^ '^f P'J^' ^^^y ^'^ "«' ••^^"•'•e either very important charges 
 orrery clear evidence to induce them to convict the Jarty hated. ^ 
 higher nnLTJ" ^u^^^ anti-favourite party emboldened them to fly at a 
 mSde nSmLr ^,^%^^P^ '^e letter of their agreement with the king, and 
 This own n^f.v.n-f'^'V^P"" *"' '"""8'«'-s; but atonce proceeded .0 strike 
 stereiZ «nt&^ by appointing a council of fourteen, to which the 
 ScSrn^wSr» '"* '*,' f«"sfe"ed for a year, the council in aues- 
 DersS? fS» "V^® ?'"^'^ exception of the archbishop of York, ol the 
 ffil whn«« hn"h ^Tl^'T ""^ '^^ ^"''^ °^ Gloucester-: and thu^ Rich- 
 es at '1^^^!,°^''''",'^ ^'^"^ promised so vigorous and splendid a reign, 
 rH\ttcr -^."?'-"^^''*'."*.y-«^^ virtually deposed, and a mere p«p?el 
 ""*■ ''^^ ^" '"^ "^""3 or nis enermea. No ciiance n{ present resisu 
 
832 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 ance offered itself, and the unfortunate and weak king signed the comm.c 
 woa which in reality uncrowned him, increasing rather than dimiSE 
 the pleasure and triumph of his enemies by an impotent protest w ich h2 
 made at the end of the session of parliament, to the effect that ,otS t 
 
 onhe I^rowT" ^' ''*** ''^'^ """' '".''* ^^^^ '•* '""P*'' ^^' preroS; 
 
 A. D. 1387.— The pampered favourite and his supporters, as thev hadsn 
 
 greatly profited by the king's weak misuse of his power, d d not fail to dJ 
 
 their utmost to stimulate his anger and to induce him to make some effort 
 
 TntedZn he wal.""^ ^°"'^' '" "'^'"^' '" '''"^' '^'^ ^"'^ ^^' '»"'*«'«" 
 Estranged as the lords seemed, he resolved to endeavour to infln 
 ence the sheriffs to return a commons' house calculated for his purDose- 
 .w iu'^i^ ^T^ himself completely anticipated by the fact that'^mSst of 
 LAh"^' ''"^ magistrates were the partizans of Gloucester, aud actually 
 owed their appointments to his favour. di-iuiuiy 
 
 fh^r^fU'i!? '^^is quarter, he now tried what use he could make of theau. 
 if thiVilLl^ ^^^T ?*""^ T\' I' Nottingham, Tresilian, chief just ce 
 nL ^ l^ * ^®"''^ *"** "«''«•■*' •'f ^^^ °'her most eminent judges, he uZ 
 posed to them certain queries, to whicii, in substance, they replied "C 
 !nH^.r.T^'"" was derogatory to the prerogative and royalty of the kint 
 and that those who urged it or advised the royal compliance with it S 
 punishable with death ; that those who compelled h.m^ere guilty of rre^ 
 son; that all who persevered in maintaining it were no less guilty ; that 
 the king had the right to dissolve the parliament at his pleasure ; that he 
 parliament while sitting must give its first attention to the business of the 
 king; and that ^ylthout the king's consent the parliament had noriirhtto 
 impeach his ministers or judges. " '' 
 
 Richard did not consider when he took this step that even the fa 
 vourable opinions of judges, are only opinions, and of little weight when 
 opposed to usurped power, armed force, and an iron energy. Moreover. 
 he could scarcely hope to keep his conference and the opinions of the 
 ludjes a secret ; and if lie could do so of what avail could be the latter! 
 And would not this step sharpen the uctivity of his enemies by leading 
 them to fear that It was but the prelude and foundation of a farmore deci. 
 ded step] It actually had that effect; for as soon as the king returned to 
 lrf)n(Ion, Woucester ^ party appeared with an overwlielming force at Hiuh. 
 gate, whence they sent a deputation to demand that those wiio had given 
 hiin false and perilous counsel should be delivered up to them as traitor* 
 alike to the king and kingdom ; and they speodily followed up tliis message 
 by appearing armed and attended in his presence, and accusing of havin.' 
 given such counsel the archbishop of York, the dnkeof Ireland, the earl 
 or Suttoik, Sir Robert Tresilian, an<l Sir Nicholas Brctmbre, as public ene- 
 mies. 1 his accusation the lords offered to maintain by duel, and in token 
 
 °'m, ",T "?'."'^^ ^° ''" ^" ^^^'y 'it^tu'illy llii-ew down their gauntlets. 
 
 1 he (luke of Ireland, at the first appearance of this now and urgent dan- 
 ger, retired into Cheshire to levy troops to aid the king; but ho was met 
 hy Uloutrester, as he hastened to join Richard, and totally defeated. Thi« 
 defeat deprived him of all chance of being of use to his friend and maslor 
 and he escaped to the Low Countries, where he ronminod in exile and 
 compa.ative obscurity until his death, which occurred not many yean 
 afterwards. ' 
 
 A. D. 1388.— -Rendered bolder and more eager than ever by this defeal 
 Of the duke of Ireland, the lords now eutered London at the head of an 
 army of 40,000 men •, and the king being entirely in their power, wui 
 obUgeu to Buminon <t parliament which ho well knew would be a mere 
 passive instrument in tlie hands of his rebellious U)rd». Heloro this pucked 
 aud lltivish DarliamonLau accuaatiun u/ng nnai mnji" •"^'•"•t ih<> n«s 'ts*- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 333 
 
 jonages wlio had already beon denoiiii(;ed ; and this accusation xvas bud- 
 ported by five of the most powerful men in England, viz., the duke of Glou- 
 cester, uncle to the king whom he whs endeavouring to ruin, the earl of 
 Derby, son of the duke of Lancaster, the earl of Arundel, the earl of War- 
 wick, and the earl of Nottingham, marshal of England. 
 
 As if the combined and formidable power of these great nobles had 
 been insufficient to crush the accused, the servile parliament, though judir- 
 Min he case, actually pledged themselves at the outset of the p.oceeS- 
 iDgs "to live and die with the lords appellant, and to defend them against 
 all opposition with their lives and fortunes !" Sir Nicholas Brembre was 
 tiieonly one of the five accused persons who was present t« hear the 
 u^'TT ^^""^^^ made agamst him and the other four persons accused. 
 He had the mockery, and but the mockery, of a trial; the others beinir 
 absent were not even noticed m the way of evidence ; but that did not pre- 
 
 Z q r" R„&r?Tr!!"fi '^"""f ^'^^^ "^ ^'^^ *••«»««»• ^ir Nicholas and 
 also Sir Robert TresiTian, avIio was apprehended after the trial, were ex- 
 
 S .n^^^K, " '^™'S^' ^'^^^ ^^^" supposed that even these rancorous 
 lords and their parliamentary tools would have halted in their career ot 
 chicane and violence ; but far other was their actual conduct. All the 
 other judges who had agreed to the opinions given at Nottingham were 
 condemned to death, but afterwards banished to Ireland; and Lord Beau- 
 champ of Holt, Sir James Berners, Sir Simon Burley. and Sir John Salis- 
 bury were condemned, and, with the exception of the last-named, executed. 
 I he execution, or to speak more truly, the murder of Sir Simon Burlev. 
 mode a very great and painful sensation even among the enemies of the 
 king; for he was highly and almost unfversally popular, both on account 
 of his personal character and from his having from the earliest infancy oj 
 thelamented Black Prince been the constant attendant of that hero, who, 
 88 well as hdward III., had concurred in appointing him governor of the 
 present king during his youth. But the gallantry which had procured him 
 he honour of the garter, and the imperishable tnme of a laudatory men- 
 ion in the glowing pages of Froissart, the beggarly nature of the charges 
 against him and the very insufficient evidence by which even those char- 
 ges were supported, and the singularity of his case from the circumstances 
 Which would have excused a far more imnlicit devotion to the king whose 
 S "in I '• watched, were all as nolliing when opposed to the fieice 
 ihl t,^T r "'^ •?" '""^- '"* sovereign's implacable enemies. Nay more, 
 ■nnJ ^V'"^.,''''*?^ V'"''^ had obtained her from the people the affir- 
 nntll ^^ '•'' ^"""^ ^"^*'" ^""*'' "«'"''"y f«" "P«n her knees before 
 Sf .f ' Tr' '"/'"v* P°'i"'*' '■°'" *'"■"« ''"»■'« l>«^8ought, and vainly be- 
 sought, the ifc of the unfortunate Burley. The stern enemies of his 
 
 cordiSdy " '"'''"''""' '""^*'' *° '^'^' ■*'"' *'" *"''' executed ac 
 
 Arl^^A '"^ f onscious of their enormous villany, and already beginning lo 
 dread relribution, the parliament concluded this memorably evil session 
 oy an Hc , providing for a general oath to uphold and maintain all the acts 
 lesS '' "' nttainder which had previously been passed during the 
 
 ihfl .ll'ol^?'."'^'!*' '''?l*'"ee with which the king had been treated, and 
 itm degradation to which he had been reduced, seemed lo threaten not 
 
 Hit »i!.?r'"r'"*"^''y''""8^''''' ""thority, but even his aotnal destruction, 
 amoni h„ ''■ , "' "''"i"" ^v^'af'ne"" "f their striig^lts from disBgreemonIs 
 r* 1. 1"""'"^"''"' ^"'^ "^'"'^ '^'"'"' »f "'« interfrrrncc of the rommoiiH, 
 tir.3 *'"/"'»'»» !"<"•" powerful and more ready to use their power 
 Rirhal .1° . . n'!*lcontontB were so little able or inclined to oppose 
 
 open council that he had fully arrived at an aifo to Bovern fnt him.nir «,„l 
 ««;nonceii>iiriho would g'x'era both the Kingdom and his uwu houBf 
 
 
 I Ml 
 
 i»i)»t>/ 
 
334 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 hold; and no one of all his lately fierce and overbearing: opponents ven. 
 lured to gainsay him. The ease with which the king regained his au. 
 thority can only be accounted for, as it seems to us, by supposing thai 
 circumstances, no account of which has come down to us, rendered the 
 king's enemies afraid of opposing him. 
 
 From whatever cause, however, it is certain that the king suddenly re 
 gained his lost power. His first act was to remove Fitzallan, archbishoo 
 of Canterbury, from the office of chancellor, and to replace him by the 
 celebrated William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester. Proceedinff in 
 the obviously wise policy of substituting friends for foes in the hi^h of 
 fices of state, the king dismissed the bishop of Hereford from leinu 
 treasurer, and the earl of Arundel from being admiral. The earl of War* 
 wick and the duke of Gloucester were removed from the council ; and 
 even this evident sign of the king's determmation to deprive his enemies 
 of the power to injure him called forth little complaint and no opposition 
 
 To the policy of what he did, the king in what he left undone added a 
 still higher wisdom, which his former infatuation gave but little promise 
 of. He did not show the slightest desire to recall the duke of Ireland- 
 and while he took care to purge the high offices of state, he did not by 
 any part of his demeanour leave any room to doubt thai he was heartily 
 and completely reconciled to the still powerful uncles who had caused 
 him 80 much misery. Nay, more, as if determined to remove all dangei 
 of the revival of past animosities, he of his own motion issued a procla- 
 mation confirming the parliamentary pardon of all offences, and, still more 
 eompletely to ingratiate himself with the tax-burdened people, he volun- 
 tarily declined levying some subsidies which had been granted to iiim by 
 the parliament. 
 
 Partly as a consequence of these really wise and luimane measures 
 and partly, perhaps, owing to the return from Spain of the duke of Lan- 
 caster, Richard's ffoveriiment for llie next eight years went on so smoothly 
 and so prosperously, that not a single dispute occurred of consequence 
 enough to he related. Lancaster, between whom and Ricliard tiiere had 
 never been any quarrel— unless we may interpret the past condnct of the 
 duke's son as the indication of one— was powerful enough to keep his 
 brothers in check, and was at the same time of a more inihi and peace- 
 loving temper. And, accordingly, the duke was extremely useful to 
 Richard, who in turn took every opportuiiity of favouring and gratifying 
 nis uncle, to whom at one time he oven ceded Guienne, though, from the 
 discontent and annoyance expressed by the Gascons, Richard was shortly 
 afterwards obliged to revoke his grant. The king still more strongly 
 testified his preference of Lancaster on occasion of a diflorriico which 
 •prang up between the duke and his two brothers. On the dialh of the 
 Spanish princess, on atrcount of whom Lancaster had entertained such 
 high but vain hopes, and expended so much time and money, the duke 
 married Catharine Swainford, by whom he had |)revi()U9ly liml children, 
 and who was the daughter of a private Hainault knight of no gronl wealth. 
 Lancaster's two brothers loudly exclaimed against this inntch, which 
 they, not wholly without reason, declared to bo derogalorv to the honour 
 of the royal family. Uut Richard stepped in to the support of his uncle. 
 and caused the parliament to pass an act legitimatizing the lady's ehildreii 
 born before marriage, and ho at the same time created the eldest of them 
 earl of Somerset. 
 
 While these domestic events wore passing, occasional wai had itill 
 bflon g»iug nn hnth with France and Scotland ; hut in each inHlanco thf 
 actual (Ighiiiig was both feeble and unfreciuent. This was especially thf 
 case as to Franco ; while the most important battle on the Scottish iid« 
 was tli;it of Otterhourrie, in which the young Piercy, surnamed Miirr) 
 Hotspur, from his impetuous teinoer, was taken Drisonor. and Ooualw 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Ii3& 
 
 arising 
 
 kiUed, but tins really was less a national battle than a comba 
 out of a private quarrel and individual animosity. 
 
 A. D. 1396.-The insurrections of the Irish having become so frequent 
 88 to excite some fear for the safety of that conquest, the king wen 
 hither III person; and the courage and conduct he displayed in reducing 
 the rebels to obedience did much towards redeeming his character in h5 
 ludgment of his people A still farther hope was raised of the tranquiUitv 
 and respectability of the remainder of this reign by a truce of twenuJ 
 five years which was now made between France and England. To ren- 
 der thi8 truce he more solid, Richard, who ere this had buried the "GoSd 
 Queen Anne," was affianced to Isabella, the daughter of the V-V^ 
 France, then only seven years old. It seems probable that KichardVstm 
 feeling insecure in the peacefuliiess of his uncles and the barons «en 
 eraly, sought by this alliance not only to strengthen the truce between 
 the two na ions, but also l^ obtain from it additional security against an" 
 domestic attacks upon his authority. -k««'"3i an. 
 
 But though he thus far gave proofs of judgment, there were other parts 
 his conduct whicii were altogether as impolitic and degrading uf.sS 
 ble inconsistent, wildly extravagant, and openly dissolutl, the k ur c ffet 
 lually preven ed his popularity from becomiiig Jonfir.ned. Havi Zhown 
 HO much wisdom in refraining from recalling the duke oflreKd-and 
 perhaps even that arose less from wisdom than from satieiy of h's former 
 mimoi.-he now selected as his favourites, to almost an equal yoSve 
 extent, his hr, ^ brothers the earls of Kent and HuntingdoS, to whom he 
 80 completely committed the patronage of the kingdom as o reiTdSim! 
 elf, in hat respect at least, little more than their mere tool. Th.V wiTh 
 h 3 indolence, excessive extravagance, indulgence at the table and o7h u 
 issolute pleasures, not only presented his growing popuarity from eJe 
 
 A. n. 1397.— AVhat rendered this impolitic conduct the more surelv nnH 
 entirely destructive to Richard, was the profoundly arlM mam.er hi wh^ch 
 
 ftn ""In^'ttd' oftrn''" '"''"^' "'^ ''"'^^ pf|;ioucesTe'r? avLiod hin- 
 seii 01 it. instead of endeavouring to vie w th Richard's favourites and 
 
 invite a share of his partiality, the duke almost retired from tl^co *r 
 
 app|n,ng there only on the public occasions which wouhrimvo caused 
 
 hi« absence to have been ill remarked on, and devoting all he rest of his 
 
 Who T;il!S't7"i?"'T'''"""^ ^'■'"'^'y "'•' "f wlllch liJ wis"[n ! 
 h« m„« nJ f ^ ^° offer his opinion in council, ho took care to give 
 
 Sid with rr,.?^*' ^^ ."'® """''®. ""•' "'"""••« w'"'''' I^'«l'ard had con- 
 t ufled with I ranee were almost universally unpopular. (Jlouccster to I 
 orHers of men who h.ul approach to him, airectccl ih u mosrporso m sor 
 o«r and patriotic indignati.m that Richard had so ...mpTe o yTcfs aZi 
 Hi ly dcpnorated from the high anti-(Jallican spirit of I is ?nZned am 
 
 K tVand'S '"'V," "'"" '''^^>«'-hasti;e^Xa7'?ols'o 
 
 S rvn. ' '^'^«"^««» '0 t'-easure- house of Kngland's high-horn 
 mn isU-^liT/y y^r""- '° '^?" '» '^'"' '"'« intore.sled opinioni 
 
 Si r iiZr,l hP"''''^''*' .*r"y '**"''"»"• "'"'"• f"''^'"-: »"<l the' more H- 
 popiil'ir Richard became, the more openly and eariicstiv did the ne.., « 
 
 i!"tZ :r?i""y '."« '"""^y' ''«"'»••" that the link?., Glouc' St X^ 
 
 ?vX:t.:.a^!:r *""' "''''^^"'' '"^ '« woiruSrSrarilunr [er^ 
 
 d«»mll'/iS«r'n '?' *, '.'"'» •''"« '"»'' harboured the most treasonable 
 !!""{l!!u"»'i""' ^)«)'«"-d IS quite certain from even his own cnnf.."" .. 
 --•. ..:-.:i;jru, lugca Dy iii« advice not oniv of hiii favourites, but also bv 
 
R3({ 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the king of France, suddenly catiscd Gloucester to be arrested and con 
 veyed to Calais, while nt the same time his friends the earls of Arundel 
 and Warwick were seized and thrown into prison. As both the dukes o 
 Lancaster and York and their eldest sons approved of and supported the 
 king's suddenly adopted course, the friends of the imprisoned nobles saw 
 that resistnnce would only serve to involve themselves in ruin. The 
 king, too, by influencing the sheriffs, caused a parliament to be assem. 
 bled, which was so completely subservient to his wishes, that it not only 
 annulled the commission which had so extensively trenched upon the 
 royal authority, and declared it high treason to attempt the renewal of a 
 like commission, but even went so far as to revoke the general pardon 
 that Richard had voluntarily confirmed after he regained his authority and 
 to revoke it, in the face of that fact, upon the ground of its having beei 
 extorted by force and never freely ratified by the king ! 
 
 The duke of Gloucester, the earls of Arundel and Warwick, and tht 
 archbishop of Canterbury were now impeached by the commons. Aran- 
 del was executed, Warwick banished for life to the Isle of Man, and the 
 archbishop was deprived of his temporalities and banished the kingdom 
 That they all really were cognizant of and concerned in Gloucester's more 
 recent treasonable projects there can be no moral doubt ; and yet, legally 
 these men were all unjustly condemned, for they were condemned not 
 for any recent treason, but for that old rebellion which the king had par 
 don^ d voluntarily and while under no restraint. The chief partizans of 
 Gloucester being thus disposed of, the governor of Calais was ordered to 
 bring the duke himself over for trial; but to this order he returned word 
 that the duke had suddenly died of apoplexy. When it is considered thai 
 this sudden death of the duke happened so conveniently for releasing tht 
 king from the unpleasant, practical dilemma of either setting at liberty a 
 powerful and most implacable foe, or incurring the odium which could 
 not but attach to the act of putting to death so near a relation, it is diffi- 
 cult to withhold belief from the popular rumour which was very rife at 
 the time, and still more so during the next king's reign, that the duke was, 
 in fact, smothered in his bed, in obedience to a secret order of his kint 
 and nephew. 
 
 Ere the parliament was dismissed, very extensive creations and pro. 
 motions took place in the peerage, of course among those who had been 
 most useful and zeulons in aiding the recent royal severity; and at the 
 very close of this busy and discreditable session the king gave a singu- 
 larly striking, though practically unimportant, proof of his inconsistency; 
 he exacted an oath from tho parliament perpctuiilly to maintain the acts 
 they had pB8se(i— one of those very acts being in 'lircci and .-^lianiefiil vio 
 lation of a prerisoly similar oath which had been subsequently snnctioneJ 
 by tho king's free and solemn ratification ! 
 
 A. D. 1.3!)^!.— When the parliament met at Shrewsbury, in January, 1398, 
 the king again manifested his anxiety for tho security of the recent acts, 
 by causing both the lords and commons to swear, npon the cross of Can- 
 terbury, tliat they would maintain them. Still ill at ease on this point, 
 he shortly afterwards obtained the additional security, as he deemed it, 
 of a inill from the pope, ordaining the pt manenco of these acts. At the 
 same timo, as if to show the folly of swearing to the perpetuation of acti, 
 the parliament reversed the attainders, not only of Tresilian and the oilier 
 Judges, for the secret opinions they had given to the king at Nottingham, 
 out also of the Spensers, father and son, who were attainted in the reim 
 of Edward II. 
 
 Though the enmity towards Gloucester of the nobles who had so zeal 
 OUsly aided in the destruction of that prince hsd united them in apparently 
 ♦ndlssolulilu friendship while the dnko lived, animosities and hearthuriiingsi 
 ■OOP sprang up among them when this common bond of union was rr 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 037 
 
 '^^"flu ?t f\?^ r"n™C*'l*' 'P •"» P^»''« in parliament solemnly ac 
 cused the duke of Norfolk of having slandered tL king, by imputing to 
 bim the intention of destroymg some of the highest of the nobility ; Nor- 
 folk gave Hereford the he, and demanded the trial by duel. The challenop 
 was allowed and accepted; and as the parliament was now separating 
 and legislative authority might yet be rendered necessary by the result S 
 this duel, a singular and somewhat hazardous expedient was resorted to • 
 Ihatof delegating the full powers of the parliament to a committee of 
 twelve lords and six of the commons. ">»int5c oi 
 
 The lists for the duel were fixed at Coventry, the king in person was 
 to witness the combat, and the whole chivalry of England w^^spht TiZ 
 two parties, sidmg with the respective champions. ^But on the day of 
 
 Hmf5?d friife ''^' '''"'''''"» ^°'^''^^ f"*" *''" y««r8 and 
 
 The great inconsistency of Richard makes it difficult to write his reign 
 By the act we have just recorded he showed sound and humane pS 
 yet ,n the very next year we find him committing a most waniSn and 
 despotic wrong; as though he would balance the prudence of mlZefn 
 end to one source of striTe among his nobles by taking the earliest nossT 
 ble opportunity to open another ! ^ earnest possi- 
 
 i. D. 1399.-The duke of Lancaster dying, his son applied to be put 
 into possession of the estate and authority of his father, as secured by the 
 king's own patent. But Richard, jealous of that succession, caused he 
 committee to which the authority of parliament had been so strangely dl 
 epted, to authorize him to revoke that patent, and to try and cWemn 
 Uncaster's own attorney for having done his duty to his employer 'Thi! 
 monstrous tyranny was not carrie3 to the length of actually butting the 
 at ornev to death, in pursuance to the sentence, but that extreme Sou? 
 »"88 only commuted to banishment ! c*ironio rigour 
 
 The tyranny of this strange act was indisputable and detestable • but 
 y no means niore strnnge and unaccountable than its singular impolicv 
 It would have been impossible to name a noble tiien living who wm more 
 generally and universally popular than Henry, the new diL of La"a7e ' 
 Ffe had served with great credit against the Infi.lols in Lithuania! hrias 
 closely connected by blood with many of the most powerful o the noS 
 ity, and by friendship with still more ; and his own popularitv and the 
 oetestation into whicfi the king had now fallen, cau J"d Z g ?at malor tv 
 
 'lone to the duke, but also to hope that the vastness of his wfonffs would 
 mduce him to become the avenger of tiicirs. ^ '^ 
 
 Notwithstaiiding the mere irritating and driving out of the ronnfrv « 
 inw J^"; ""\" ^y^^''^' popularity, and talei ts^ ^a, so well ca^clTed 
 "nrny'"*''?J'''"u'*l' '°l'«""f'' "'™n«' 'h« infa uated Richard now left 
 lome attempt likely to consummate h s probable ruin ' His roimin nnS 
 
 S^BSr «r-^- :^^^iSs 
 
 in YorkrhS. Vni rj ","'y "i^'y '" ""'"^'«^' '''« «'"ko landed at Ravonsm" 
 ISd Who nr •I"""'** '•>:"'" «'"••» "f Northumberland and West- 
 Wihnnnfp .^r prcsencc of these two potent nobles, and of the arch 
 
 dS Lh 5tr^"'-V'\^""^' 'r '"'«''• ""P^'"^' '^^ young earl n Aru,.- 
 
 inly ,„1d S tilt?? 5'" r"'P1"'''"\f^"'" NaSles. the dX 
 DurnZ tUn I » V '"'* *'"''"'' returned to the country with no other 
 Sid mm hi [?''7«""» hia duchy that had been »o (vrarmica y 
 Wthrw?„i'"<L.„'}5!i"^^^ "'« '«"» -""ans to appease .h' 
 
 l—il " " "" "'-""'• =«« "' ««c numerous iOvern of peai-e whom 
 
338 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the dread of a civil war, as a consequence ol his aiming at the throne 
 would otherwise have rendered hostile to him, the duke invited not onlv 
 all his own friends, but all in England who were true lovers of justice, to 
 aid and uphold him in this incontestably just and reasonable design; and 
 his appeal, partly from personal aiTection to him, but chiefly from general 
 and intense detestation of the absent king, was so eagerly and speedily 
 answered, that, in a very few days, he who had so lately left Nantes with 
 a slender retinue of only sixty persons was at the head pf an army of as 
 many thousands, zealous in his cause, and beyond expression anxious to 
 take signal vengeance for the numerous tyrannies of Richard. 
 
 On leaving England for the purpose of chastising the Irish rebels, Rich 
 ard gave the important oflice of guardian of the realm to the duke ol 
 York. This prince did not possess the talents requisite in the dangerous 
 crisis which had now arisen ; moreover, he was too closely connected 
 with the duke of Lancaster to allow of his exertmg the sincere and ex 
 •leme rigour by which alone the advances of that injured but no less am- 
 bitious noble could be kept in check ; and those friends of the king whose 
 power and zeal might have kept York to his fidelity, and supplied his 
 want of ability, had accompanied Richard to Ireland. Everything, there- 
 fore, seemed to favour the duke of Lancaster, should ambition lead him 
 to attempt something beyond the mere recovery of his duchy. 
 
 The duke of York, however, did not at the outset show any want ol 
 will to defend the king's rights. He ordered all the forces that could be 
 collected to meet him at St. Alban's ; but after all exertion had been made, 
 he found himself at the head of no more than forty thousand men ; ana 
 these far from zealous in the royal cause. Just as he made this discovery 
 of his twofold weakness, he received a message in which the duke of Lan 
 caster begged him not to oppose his recovery of his inheritance, to which 
 he still with consummate hypocrisy affected to limit his demands and 
 wishes. York confessed that he could not think of opposing his nephew 
 in so reasonable and just a design, and York's declaration was received 
 with a joy and applause which augured but ill for the interests of the ab- 
 sent king. Lancaster, still pretending to desire only the fecovery of his 
 right, now hastened to Bristol, where some of the ministers had talcen re- 
 fuge, and, having speedily made himself master of the place, gave the lie 
 to all his professions of moderation by sending to instant execution the 
 earl of Wiltshire, Sir John Bussy, and Sir He»iry Green. 
 
 Intelligence of Lancaster's proceedings had by this time reached Rich- 
 ard, who hastened from Ireland with an army of 20,000 men, and landec 
 at Milford Haven. Against the force by which Lancaster had by this 
 lime surrounded himself, the whole of Richard's army would have availed 
 but little ; but before he could attempt anything, above two-thirds of even 
 that small army had deserted him, and ho found himself compelled to 
 steal away from the "lithful remnant of his force and take shelter in thu 
 Isle of Anglesey- > aence he probably intended to embark for France, 
 there to await . .ik change of affairs which might enable him to exert 
 himself with at least some hope of succesH. 
 
 Lancaster, as politic as he was ambitious, saw at a glance how much 
 mischief and disturbance might possibly accrue to him from Hiciliard ob 
 taining the support and sheltLM of France or even of Ireland, nnd deter- 
 mined to possess himself of the unhappy king's person previous to wholly 
 throwing off the thin mask he still wore of moderation and loyalty. He, 
 therefore, sent the carl of Northumberland to Richard, ostensibly for the 
 purpose of assuring him of Lancaster's loyal feeling and niudoratc aim{ 
 and Northumberland, as instructed, took the opportunity to 8(Mze npon 
 Richard, whom ho conveyed to Flint castle, wl ere Lancaster anxiously 
 awaited his precious prize. The unfortunate R chard was nowconveyc<i 
 10 London, nominally under the protection, but roallv as the prisoner of 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 dSO 
 
 Lancaster, who throughout the journey was every where received nrifh 
 the submission and acclamations that o'f right beLgedTo his sovereTin 
 The Londoners, especially showed unbounded affecUon to the duke- and 
 
 foTu't SaJdToSeS'"' Sn' '^'^^ 1^ '^'" ••«^«^'^«'-' »d^i««d Lancaste; 
 to put Kichard to death. However atrocious this advice, the spirit of that 
 age was such as by no means to make it impossible that it was giveS 
 But Lancaster had deeper thoughts, and had no intention of lettin? hi^ 
 whole designs be visibe, or at least declared, until ho could do so with 
 oerfect safety from having the chief authorities of the nation compromTsed 
 
 fnfhTLde"u8e V'thf r' ?'''°'^"''y P""'"^ an endrtheTa™ ve 
 King, ne made use of the royal name to sanction his own measures 
 Richard, helpless and a prisoner, was compelled to summon a pa^Uamen?. 
 
 ;; insf the kiig 'tosTof' th'iK'"^ r'''^' «/ acc^i^foS wna"[d' 
 againsi ine King. Most of the nobles who were fr endlv to Richard hail 
 secured their own safety by flight ; and as Lancaster 3at once powerful 
 and popular, we may fairly believe that Richard was as S provided^wiSi 
 friends m the commons as in the lords. But the bishop of CaSe in the 
 latter house, nob y redeemed the national character Ey the abmi and 
 firmness with which he showed, at once, the insufficiency of the cLJes 
 made against Richard, and the unconstitutional and irreguUr nature of ?hl 
 treatment bestowed upon him. He argued, that even those of Se charges 
 pfl"nnA'f"'^'^r''"=^ •"'^^^ ^^"^7 ^« *^^i"ed to be true! were ra he? 
 evidence of youth and want of judgment than of tyranny Tnd that thl 
 deposition of Edward H., besides that it was no otherwise a precedent 
 n thif.„' 7h' ^ ^"'''^^^^'■"l T' of violence, was still further no S ecedeS 
 nWokte his son"bPi„?n^' ^^''^'^^l «f P^'a'd 'he succession'^^^aslej 
 Sr whom rJiJ^ P''*''^'^ "P°i' "'^ ^'^™»« ' while the duke of LaS- 
 m„.S.S?^ ^^^ now proposed to substitute for Richard, could only 
 rthiVh?^ '''""r'. •''^," ?"«■■ I^ichard's deposition, by violating the riffi 
 whnrfE'''"'" ""^ t"/^'''"'' '^^'" brother, Lionel, duke of cffence, upon 
 
 The s^uSTn^'' ^r"" ^^'"'""ly ^''"''^'^ ^y »he parliament • ^ 
 m h?l!Sf . i r*^ ••"'' •=""''"<=* °^ ^he able prelate, however honourable 
 
 cterTom' t^e chZTof r^'""'. "^1 ^ '«'"'' '•^^^"'"S '^' nationaTcfar 
 .prvLl ?^.u . "^^^ "X^®""^ ""^'■•y '«*' to all sense of right, was of no 
 
 8 thoui^S hP S'^Py "'? ^"■^- ^^' ^'«'««P w»« heard by tL pS amen^ 
 ?U8 iceMhech«r.!r" """"""r to something of incredible folly and in- 
 El nf I f^*^* ^^""^ ^*"^^ '" he proven against Richard ; and the 
 
 SJcoJi arrS^'-r "^ r*'""^ ^"""'Ph' »t, immldiately had the bishop of 
 « mnri^^.K '^ ^"'^ ^^"' pnsoner to St. Alban's abbey, there to acquire 
 
 EarS^bein'irTn S-l.^^''^''"^ V^t P^^^'P'^^ ^^ constitutionallaw 
 
 rerflntlv ma^ ^ .u^.'L® ^""l"^ deposed, the duke of Lancaster, who had so 
 
 Sh f uf °^'h hat he sought only the recovery of hi^ ducliy-^f 
 
 mni p1„ ^y°"i ''" 'l"^'"''" 'hat he had been most Wrongfully deri^ 
 
 8 niirS/vnTn"^' 'T''!! *''."''•'"■ '" 'he forehead and breast with mmh 
 
 Holv ?'1.1. T h' """^ V^' '" ^^^ "^"'^ «f 'he Father, the Son, and he 
 
 thSrSS and »frZ°^ Lancaster, challenge this realm of England; and 
 
 ended b^^iiilninfTh^'M"''/"'^ appurle.iances also, thati am des- 
 
 ThiH uLT^ '"1" ^J *he blood, coming from the good king Henry the 
 
 heEf kin »nH n7^ 'r"' "i^*" •^«' ««d "f his gracf hath sent me7w Jh 
 
 of beiL inHon« L^J ["^if'l *" '"'"'" " ' 'h« '^hich realm was on po nt 
 
 ThK,. . u-^r?"'.' ""^ governance and undoing of the good laws." 
 
 JbuHt " '^'^'S'' '•;" ''"'*« «*■ Lancaster hero pretends requires a few. 
 
 Irv ice v^h' Z"^" ". «TP'""""°"' " There was," says Hume, •• asil^; 
 
 Sr 8„i o? h"""* h' '4ir5* "^ "'" ^"'K'^'-' 'h»' Edmond, ear of Lan- 
 
 bl that bi reLnn n7 "'^ ^^'J^' ^"'' ''•"'"y 'h« '"«'• hrother of Edward ; 
 
 in he s„cL' i^ ». I't!"" ''«f"'''"\'y '" his person he had been postponed 
 
 Dload Ai .h„ ' ' ^^ his younger brother imposed upon the na ion in hia 
 
 lu'au. AS the present dukn of Lancastpc isihi-ritpH 
 
 r-.._. L'.i 1 1 _ • 1 , 
 
 !ii':ix rjtniiuiili, t;y lll'i 
 
 ■m ■•> f I 
 
 1^. ml 
 
 IffiJ irtfj^ 
 Mi 
 
340 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 11 
 
 i i 
 
 It ,'i 
 
 mother, this grenealogy made him the true heir of the monarchy, ar.d n U 
 therefore insinuated in his speech, but the absurdity was too gross to be 
 openly avowed either by him or the parliament." 
 
 But if too gross for formal parliamentary use, it could scarcely be too 
 gross for imposing upon the changeful, ignorant, and turbulent rabble and 
 Henry of Lancaster was far too accomplished a demagogue to overlook 
 the usefulness of a falsehood on account of its grossness. 
 
 The deposition of Kichard rendered it necessary that the parliameni 
 should be dissolved ; but in six days after that took place a new parliament 
 was called by his usurping tiuccessor. This parliament gave a new prool 
 of the absurdity of swearing the parliament and people to the perpetuity 
 of laws ; all the laws of Richard's former parliament, which had not only 
 been sworn to but also confirmed by a papal bull, being now abrogated at 
 one fell swoop ! And to make the lesson still more striking and still more 
 disgusting, all the acts of Gloucester's parliament which had been so sol- 
 emnly abrogated, were now as solemnly confirmed ! For accusing Glou- 
 cester, Warwick, and Arundel, many peers had been promoted; they were 
 now on that account degraded ! The recent practice had made appeals in 
 parliament the rightful and solemn way of bringing high offenders to jus- 
 tice ; such appeals were now abolished in favour of common law indict- 
 ments. How could peaceable and steady conduct be expected from a peo- 
 ple whose laws were thus perpetually subjected to chance and change, to 
 the rise of this or to the fall of that party? 
 
 Henry of Lancaster, by due course of violence and fraud, of hyprocrisy 
 and of perjury, havir;, usurped the crown, the disposal of the person of 
 the late king naturally became a question of some interest ; t nd the earl 
 of Northumberland, who had acted so treacherous a part, was deputed io 
 ask the advice of the peers upon that point, and to inform them that the 
 king had resolved to spare Richard's life. The peers were unanimously 
 of opinion that Richard should be confined in some secure fortress, and 
 prevented from having any communication with his friends. Pontefract 
 castle was accordingly fixed upon as the deposed king's prison, and here 
 he speedily died at the early age of thirty-four. That he was murdered 
 no historian denies ; but while some say that he was openly attacked by 
 assassins who were admitted to his apartments, and thai before he was 
 dispatched he killed one of his assailants and nearly overpowered the rest- 
 others say, that he was starved to death, and that his strong constitution 
 inflicted upon him the unspeakable misery of living for a fortnight after 
 his inhuman gaolers hsd ceased to supply him with any food ; and this 
 latter account is more likely to be the correct one, as his body, when 
 exposed to public view, exhibited no marks of violence upon it. Whatevei 
 his fault, it is impossible to deny that he was most unjustly treated by the 
 usurper Henry, and very basely abandoned by both houses and parliament; 
 and his fate furnishes a new proof that the smallest tyrannies of a weak 
 sovereign, in a nide and unlettered age, will provoke the most sanguinary 
 vengeance at the hands of the very same men who will patiently and 
 basely put up with the greatest and most insulting tyrannies at the hands 
 of a king who has either wisdom or courage. 
 
 Apart from the sedition and violence of which we have already givini 
 a detailed account, the reign of the deposed and murdered Richard had 
 out one circumstance worthy of especial remark ; the commencement in 
 England of the reform of the church. John Wickiifle, a secular priest of 
 Oxford, and subsequently rector of Lutterworth, in Leicestershire, beinff 
 a man of great learning and piety, and being unable by the most carefiii 
 study of the scriptures to find any justification of the doctrine of the real 
 presence, the supremacy of Rome, or the merit of vows of celibacy, fell 
 himself bound to make public his opinion on these points, and to maintain 
 •'that the scriptures wor*" «•'«• sole rule of faith; that the chuich was de 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 341 
 
 (j«ndant on the state and should be reformed by it; that the cleijrv ouirht 
 to possess no estates; that the begging friars were a nuisance and ought 
 not to be supported; that the numerous ceremonies of the church were 
 hurtful to true piety ; that oaths were unJawful, that dominion was found- 
 ed in grace, that everything was subject to fate and destiny and that all 
 men were predestined to eternal salvation or reprobation." 
 
 It will be perceived from this summary that Wickliffe in some particu- 
 lars went beyond the reformers of the sixteenth century; but drawinff 
 his opinions from the scriptures and the writings of the fathers, he, in the 
 main, agrees with the more modern reformers who also soujrht truth in 
 
 wvifitril".^ fh"'"'- /°P' ^'^?°'y *'• '^^"^'l * *>"» .for th« trial of 
 Wickliffe as to the soundness of his opinions. The duke of Lancaster, 
 
 who then, m consequence of Richard's minority, governed the kinsJom 
 
 r.°?^E??h« n'"''"?' but appeared in coJrt with him. and orderS 
 that he should be allowed to sit while being examined b^ Courtcnav, 
 bishop of London, to whom the pope's bull was directed. The populace 
 at this ime were much against Wickliffe, and would probably have pro! 
 
 ff? f . ho ''■T'f ^*""^' TL^"':^ "P°» ^«'^ •'"" and ks great protector 
 but for the interference of the bishop. But Wickliffe's Opinions being, 
 for he most part, true, and being maintained by an extremely earnest as 
 well as learned and pious man, soon made so much progress, th^.t the uni- 
 versity of Oxford neglected to act upon a second bull which the pope 
 directed against the intrepid reformer; and even (he populace learned to 
 hirn'"«vnnr»';f "^l' .1" ^l^ arguiiients. that when he was summoned 
 before a synod at Lambeth, they broke into the palace and so alarmed the 
 prelates who- were opposed to him, that he was dismissed without censure. 
 On subsequent occasions he was troubled for his opinions, but though he 
 
 t^ZfuT w i^"" "'":;" e"*^ ^^^'^'""g^ ''°»'-'^8« of Luther in a late? age; 
 he did hat which paved the way for it ; being sufficiently tinctured with 
 hat enthusiasm necessary to unmask imposture, lie gained the approba- 
 tonof honest men ; while he so skilfully explained anitemporized, tLt he 
 hved prosperously and died in peace at his rectory, in the year 1385 ; hav- 
 
 K .S ^ZT^"" ^^ "^-^^P *"f "^^' '*""'^*"8^ "P»» the important subjects 
 of elig on, but leaving it to a later generation to withstand the tyrannous 
 assumptions of Rome even to tiie stake and the axe, the torture and the 
 maddening gloom of the dungeon. The impunity of Wickliffe and his 
 contemporary disciples must not, however, be wholly set down to the ac- 
 fnT\i A *"'^n"!u" P'"'^^"' temporizing and skilful explanation. These. 
 SSv f«n«7,^"H'^' circumstances greatly served them, but would have 
 utterly failed to do so but that as yet there was no law by which the se- 
 cular arm could be made to punish the heterodox ; and Rome, partly from 
 her own schisms and partly from the state of England, was just at thS 
 » me in no condition to take those sweeping and stern measures which 
 
 11'.!^^^"^"' ^'■.'t'"' ¥,"' ^"^^ ^^^ 8^«*'«' f"^^""*- «f the civil mSr 
 she would have proved herself abundantly willing to take. That the power 
 
 fo"!!'"""'"!^'^''^*^'; ""*" ^^.% ^'"' *«'« ^^a"*"'? on 'he part of Rome 
 to suppress the Lolards-as Wickliffe's disciples were called-rests not 
 merely upon spep-ilation. Proof of that fact is afforded by an act wh"ch 
 J^J^u FT ^^l""^ *''* ^^^^^ «f W'^'^"""" the clergy surreptitiouily 
 EanThi^lj- '•'•'"^''^i' "7*"^ ^^'^ the consent of the commons, by which 
 lb ttor« Th 7™ ho""d to apprehend all preachers of heresy and their 
 T^:Z% . tr""'^ **" discovered and complained of in the commong 
 &di.t« I!:f J7h'- " ' ""'^ the clergy were thus deterred from mak?nj 
 
 to nil .hi f '^ **?" "^^, '"i'^ !" "'^•1"''"«^ PO'^^"-' though they contrive3 
 » prevent the formal repaal of the siauggled act. 
 
 
 »» T'fg 
 
342 
 
 HISTORY OF tup: 
 / 
 
 WORLD 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 THE REION OF HENRY IT. 
 
 A.D. 1399 — However Henry IV. might gloss over the matter to the servile 
 commons or to the profoundly ignorant rabble, he could not but be perfect 
 ly awaro that he had no hereditary right ; that his " ri^ht," in fact, waa 
 merely the right of a usurper who had paved the way to the throne by the 
 grossest hypocrisy. And he must have constantly been tortured with 
 doubts and anxieties, lest the ambition of some new usurper should be 
 sanctioned as his own had been, by what artful demagogues facetiously 
 call the " voice of the people," or lest some combination of the barons 
 should pluck the stolen diadem from his brow, to place it on that of the 
 heir of the house of Mortimer, whom parliament had formerly declared 
 the heir to the crown. But Henry could lessen these cares and fears by 
 reflecting that he had possession, and that possession was not so easily to 
 be wrested from him by a future usurper, as it had been by himself from 
 the weak and unskilled arm of Richard ; while, even should the parlia- 
 mentary decision in favour of the true heir be brought into play, it was not 
 80 difficult or uncommon a thing to alter the most solemn acts, even when 
 passed amid oaths and supported by a bull ! Moreover, as to the difficulty 
 that might arise from the true heir, Henry probably placed his chief reli- 
 ance here — that heir, then only seven years old, and his younger brother, 
 were in Henry's own custody in the royal castle of Windsor. 
 
 A.D. 1400. — Had Henry been previously ignorant of the tu»bulent char- 
 acter of his barons, his very first parliament had furnished him with abun- 
 dant information upon that score. Scarcely had the peers assembled 
 when disputes ran so high among them, that not only was very " unpar- 
 liamentary" language bandied about among them, even to the extent of 
 giving each other the lie direct.'and as directly charging each other with 
 treason, but this language was supported by the throwing down, upon the 
 floor of the house, of no fewer than fortjr gauntlets in token of their 
 owners readiness to maintain their words in mortal combat. For the 
 present the king had influence enough atnong those doughty peers to pre- 
 vent them from coming into actual personal collision. But he was not 
 able to prevent their quarrel from still rankling in their hearts, still less 
 was he able to overpower the strong feeling of hatred which some of 
 them cherished against his own power and person. 
 
 We spoke, a little while since, of the degredation by Henry's parliament 
 of certain peers who had been raised by Richard's parliament, on account ol 
 Ihe part they took at the time of the rebellion of the dnke of Gloucester 
 The earls of Rutland, Kent, and Huntingdon, and the Lord Spencer, who 
 were thus degraded, respectively from the titles of Albemarle, Surrey, 
 Exeter, and Gloucester, the tiiree first being dukedoms and the fourth an 
 earldom, now entered into a conspiracy to seize the king at Windsor; and 
 his deposition, if not his death, must infalliby have followed had they suc- 
 ceeded in the first part of their design. The earl of Salisbury and the 
 Lord Lumley joined iu this conspiracy, and the measures were so well 
 taken that Henry's ruin would have been morally certain, but that Rut- 
 land, from compunction or some less creditable motive, gave the king 
 timely notice and he suddenly withdrew from Windsor, where he was 
 living comparatively unprotected, and reached London in private just aa 
 tho conspirators arrived at Windsor with a parly of five hundred cavalry. 
 Before the baffltnl conspirators could recover from their surprise the king 
 posted himself at Kingston-on-Thames, with cavalry and infantry, chiefly 
 supplied by the city of LondDii, to the nuinl)cr of twenty thousand. Tho 
 .-•auapiralors had s-j euliraly tiepeiided upaii the atTe.i'.i of surpriaiug the 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 n43 
 
 bag aad making use of the possession of his person that they now saw 
 that they had lost all m losing him, and they betook themselves to their 
 respective counties to raise their friends and dependants. But the kino 
 had now all the advantage of being already in force, and strong detach- 
 meats of his friends pursued the fugitives so hotly that they had not the 
 chance of making any combined resistance. The earls of Kent and Salis- 
 bury were seized at Cirencester, in Gloucestershire, by the inhabitants of 
 that place, and were beheaded on the following day ; Spencer and Lumley 
 were siiiiilarly disposed of by the men of Bristol; and the earls of Hunt- 
 ingdon, bir Thomas Blount, Sir Benedict Sn!y. and several others who 
 were made prisoners were subsequently put to death by Henry's own or- 
 der. It gives us a positive loathing for the morality of that age when we 
 read that on the quartered bodies of these persons being brought to Lon- 
 don, the mangled and senseless remains were insulted by the loud and 
 disgusting joy, not only of immense numbers of the rabble of the turbu- 
 lent metropolis, but also by thirty-two mitred abbots and eighteen bishops, 
 who thus set an example whioh-can we doubt it 1— was only too faith- 
 fully followed by the inferior clergy. But the most disgusting as well a» 
 the most horrible part of this sad story still remains to be told. In this 
 truly degrading procession the earl of Rutland made a conspicuous figure, 
 not merely as being son and heirof thedukeof York,as having aide4 in the 
 murder of his uncle, the duke of Gloucester, as having deserted from Rich- 
 ard to Henry, and having conspired against the latter and betrayed to him 
 the wretched men whose remains were now being brutally paraded before 
 the eyes of the rabble ; these distinctions were not enough foi his evil 
 ambition, and lest he should be overlooked in the bloody procession, he 
 carried upon a pole the ghastly head of one of those victims whom lie had 
 first seduced and conspired with, and then betrayed— and that victim was 
 the Lord Spencer, his own brother-in-law ! Surely this man had succ^s 
 fully aimed at the sublimity of infamy ! 
 
 A.D. 1401.— Politic in everything, and resolute to make everything as 
 far as possible subservient to his safety and interest, Henry, who m 
 his youth and while as yet a subject had been, as his father had, a Aivour- 
 erot the Lollards, now aided in their oppression, in order to conciliate the 
 established clergy. And to all the other evil characteristics of this reisn 
 IS to be added that of the originating in England of civil penal laws 
 against the undefinable crime of heresy. 
 
 LoUardism, appealing to the simple common sense of the multitude, had 
 by this tune become very widely disseminated in England; and the clerffv. 
 to oppose the leading arguments of the detested heretics, and unpossessed 
 01 the power to silence those whom they could not confute, loudly 
 demanded the aid of the civil power. Anxious to serve a vast and pow- 
 erlul body of men who in any great emergency would be so well able to 
 serve urn, Henry engaged the parliament to pass a bill, which provided 
 wiat all relapsed heretics who should refuse to abjure their errors of faith 
 When summoned before the bishop and his commissioners, should be de- 
 yered over to the civil authorities, who should publicly commit them to 
 the flames. An atrocious use of the king's power; but every way worthy 
 acquired hypocrisy and violence by which that power had been . 
 
 aZJfi? ""^ 'fl^^^^r P*^f^,^ "^'''^ *•' 'ho due forms, the clergy speedily 
 wn rS rf ^^"^ 1''"^ ^"^ ""' '"^«'«' t« *»«^^ i' '« remain a dead letter', 
 mu am hautre, a clergyman of London, was condemned as a relapsed 
 .i«J;'r 7 flu ''O'.'^ocation of Canterbury, and being committed to the chas- 
 EX , 1 . J^'^'ILp"')^'''"' the king issued his writ, and the wretched man 
 was ourned to death. Great as all the other crimes of Henry were, they 
 tail Mito comparative insignificance in comparison of this : that he was 
 -~rr^„ since i.-ic aar/i and cruel supefslitiunor ihe Drmds, who disgusted and 
 
344 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I I 
 
 horrified the inhabitants of England with the awful sight of a fellowereatttrt 
 fielding up his breath amid the ineffable tortures of the sacrificial flames. 
 
 While Henry, conscious of the badness of his title, was thus endeavour 
 ing, by the most atrocious sacrifices to expediency, to strengthen him- 
 self in England, he, as far as possible, avoided the necessity of maicine 
 »ny consideiable exertion elsewhere. But even bis consummate art could 
 not wholly preserve him from the cares of war. 
 
 The king of France had too many causes of anxiety in his own kinn- 
 dom to admit of his making, as both he and his friends were anxious to 
 make, a descent upon England, and he was obliged to content himself with 
 getting his daughter safely out of the hands of Henry. But the Gascons 
 among whom Richard was born, and who, in spite of his numerous and' 
 glaring faults, were passionately attached to his memory, refused to 
 swear allegiance to his murderer ; and had the king of France been able 
 to send an army to their support, they would, beyond all doubt, have made 
 an obstinate resistance. But Charles's own situation rendering him un- 
 able to assist them, the earl of Worcester, at the head of an English 
 army, found no difficulty jn bringing them to obedience ; and they were 
 the less inclined to make any new attempt at shaking off Henry's yoke 
 because he was in communion with the pope of Rome, whose zealous par- 
 tizans they were ; while France was in communion with the anti-pope 
 then resident of Avignon. 
 
 A sturdier and more formidable opponent of the usurper was found near 
 home. Owain Glendwyr, the powerful chieftain of Wales, a lineal de- 
 Bcendant of the ancient princes of that country, and greatly beloved on that 
 account as well as for his remarkable personal courage, gave deep of- 
 fence to Henry by the firm attachment which he displayed to the memory 
 of the murdered Richard. Lord Gray, of Ruthyn, a confidential and un- 
 scrupulous friend of Henry, had a large possession in the Welsh march- 
 es ; and well knowing that he should please Henry— perhaps even pei*. 
 sonally instigated by him— he forcibly entered Glendwyr's territory, and 
 expellf.d him and his followers. The personal fame and the antique de- 
 scent of Glendwyr enabled him easily and speedily to collect a sufficient 
 force to oust the intruders, and Henry, as probably had been ngreed, 
 sent assistance to Lord Gray, whence a long and sanguinary war ensued. 
 
 The Welsh chieftain no longer combated merely his personal enemy, 
 but made war without distinction upon all the English subjects in his 
 neighbourhood, and an-ong them upon the earl of Marche. Sir Kdmund 
 Mortimer, uncle of that nobleman, assembled the family retainers and en- 
 deavoured to make head against Glendwyr, but was defeated, and both he 
 and the young earl, who, though only a youth, would go to the field, were 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 Detesting the family of Mortimer in all its branches, Henry not only 
 took no steps towards obtaining the release of the young earl, but even 
 refused to grant the earnest intreaties of the earl of Northumberland to be 
 permitted to do so, although the earl had so mainly contributed to Henry's 
 own elevation, and was, besides, very nearly related to the young captive. 
 But in point of ingratitude, as m point of hypocrisy, Henry stopped at no 
 , half measures ; and having thus shown his sense of the earl's past service 
 he very shortly afterwards made a new service the actual ground of new 
 and even more directly insulting ingratitude. 
 
 The Scots, tempted by the occasion of so recent and flagrant an usur- 
 pation of the crown, made incursions into the northern counties of Eng- 
 land, and Henry, attended by the most warlike of his noblei marched 
 in such force to Edinburgh, that the Scots, unable at that moment prudent- 
 ly to give him battle, retired to the mountains, as was ever their custom 
 when thov could not fight, yet would not resist. In this dilemma, with 3 
 fos which he could neither provoke into the field or tArrify into a forfflol ao^ 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 345 
 
 Insincere submission, Henry issued a formal and pompons summons to 
 Robeitlll.tpcoraetohmi and do homage for his crown, and marched 
 home and disbanded his army. marenea 
 
 A. D. 1402.— Delivered from the immediate preseiice of their enemv f Hp 
 Scots exerted themselves so well that Lord DouglasVas LHwe "o^^^^^^^ 
 army of welve thousand men, officered by all the heads of the nSitv 
 ■nto England, where the usual devastation^nd plunder marked their pres-' 
 ence. The earl of Northumberland and his giUant son collected a force 
 
 "ISv i'tlfp'h' nf "° T^«". «« they were returning home laden 
 with booty. In the battle which ensued the Scots weie complete Iv rou? 
 ed, vast numbers of them were slain or iaken DrisonPrs nn/anfnL m 
 latter were Lord Douglas himself, the eX Fife rnof\he duke "o? AU 
 
 ?;>d oSr ^"^ ^'°'^""'^' '"^ '^' '''^' °' Angus MuJ: 
 
 In that age the ransom of prisoners was a most important part of the 
 profit of the warrior, whether officer or private. The Soble wEo went to 
 war for his sovereign not only ran the ordinary risks of the fiah> hn* LiV 
 if taken prisoner, had to purchase his owSase, oSef at atm so vasi 
 astoenta.1 comparative poverty upon hia family for generations Undor 
 «uch circumstances to interfere with him as to the ransom of hi s prison' 
 ers, when he was favoured by the fortune of war. was as scandaKs a 
 breach of faith as any other and more obvious invasion of his popenv 
 and this breach of faith, with the added infamy of extreme in/raS id^e' 
 did Henry now commit, by sending a perempto^ messaged" hf Pe ciej 
 ..ot to ransom their pnsoners on any terms f the desire 5f the poS v- 
 n.nt being to make the continued imprisonment of those noWemea ^a 
 means of procuring advantageous terms from the kingdom of which they 
 ivere the pride and ornament. wmon iney 
 
 ..r" «; M^Ti:""?®"i''y ^^^ probably reckoned on the continued faith of the 
 ean of Northumberland under any circumstances of provocation, from the 
 .niprmcipled absence of all scruple which that nobleman had shownTaid' 
 mghis usurpation. But the earl, besides that he himself smarTedSude 
 I Tt^ '"'"" and injury was still farther prompted to vengeance bv 
 h son the younger Percy, better known as rfarry Hotspur, and it was 
 determined between them that an attempt should be made to hurl the 7n 
 
 r^i e hTm"'^E„S iSt?^ '"^ ''^'^^ '^'^ ^'-"^ «° mainly conttSu?"d 
 raise him. En ering into a correspondence with Glendwyr, they aereed 
 
 L^m«pilr '" ^T °PP««'"«" '« Henry, and, still farther to 8?rmmhe,. 
 themse ves, gave Lord Douglas his liberty, and ensaired that warlike V.; 
 We join tLm with all the Scottish folrce that ?S?rcould co^^^^^^^^^^ 
 Their own military retainers and friends were not a weak army -and so 
 
 nEnW'^' ^°''" °J '^^ "l--''^ '■^'""y- «"«J' «« »>•« same STi so im? 
 phcit and undying was the attachment of its followers, that the very men 
 who had formerly foilovved the earl for the purpose of placing Henry on 
 the throne, now followed for the purpose of (lep^sine nini. ^ 
 
 Au tiie preparations being mane, the earl's army was ready for action 
 
 leZSZ^:iT''^Vl' ^'^^'V'y a «udden Illness SdisaTeS 
 
 mnn« „ ^^ ""''^'"^- ■ ^utyoung Henry Percy had the confidence of his 
 
 3r" ^i'u^'"*'® "°> *?^^""'" *° '^'''^ >" which it was enjoyed by the earl 
 
 trSdwyr "'""''* '''''"^' Shrewsbury, where he was toVjoined 
 
 Xrp';:?«\Vffcr''°^ slirewHburybJ^fore Glendw^jJSd 
 It was obviously the king's true policy to force Percy to an eneaeemen 
 ^ ore his expected allies could arWve, and the fierce Jnd impalfe^l Sr? 
 per of Henry Hotspur ndmiraily geoonded the king's -^^^sh. 
 
 Sj lit 
 
346 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 , As if fearful lest any motive should induce t!ie king to decline the instaiii 
 trial of their strength, Hotspur issued a manifesto, in which he urged 
 every topic that was calculated to goad the king's conscience, or to wound 
 lis pride and lower his character. In the words of Hume, " He renouii- 
 ced liis allegiance, set him at defiance, and in the name of his father nnd 
 uncle as well as in his own, he enumerated all the grievances of wliich he 
 pretended the nation had reason to complain. He upbraided him with 
 the perjury of which he had been guilty, when, on landing at Ravenspnr, 
 he had sworn upon the gospels, before the earl of Northumberland, that 
 .le had no other intention than to recover the dnchy of Lancaster, and tliHi 
 he would ever remain a faithful subject to King Richard. He aggravated 
 his guilt in first dethroning and then murdering that prince, and in usurp. 
 ing the title of the house of Mortimer; to whom, both by lineal sue- 
 cession and by declarations of parliament, the throne, when vacant hy 
 Richard's demise, did of right belong. He complained of his cruel politV 
 in allowing the young earl of Marche, whom he ought to regard as hi» 
 sovereign, to remain a captive in the hands of his enemies, and in even 
 refusing to all his friends permission to treat for his ransom. He chaigeil 
 him again with perjury in loading the nation with heavy taxes, after liav- 
 ing sworn that, without the- utmost necessity, he would never lay any im- 
 positions upon them ; and he reproached him with tho arts employed in 
 procuring tavourable elections into parliament ; arts which he himself had 
 before imputed as a crime to Richard, and which he had made one chief 
 reason of that prince's arraignment and deposition." 
 
 The truths here collected tell very heavily against th?. cliaracter of 
 Henry; but the reader must not omit to notice that in mosi of tlie crimps 
 here laid to his charge the earl of Northumberland had been his zealous 
 accomplice, and by his overgrown power had mainly enabled him to do those 
 very things which he now charged against him as crimes, and which he 
 so charged only because of their bitter personal feud. So rarely, so very 
 rarely, do even the most patriotic enterprises take their rise solely in pa 
 triotic and pure feelings. 
 
 On the following morning the embattled hosts attacked each other, and 
 rarely upon English ground lias so aiinguinary an action taken place. 
 Douglas and young Percy, who had so often and so bravely opposed each 
 other, now that they fouglit in tlie same raiiVs seemed to strive to outvie 
 each other in deeds of daring and self exposure. Henry, on his side, with 
 whom was tlie young prince of Wales, who now «' fleshed his maiden 
 sword," proved himself worthy of the usurped crown as far as valour and 
 conduct were concerned. Yet, though he repeatedly charged where ihfl 
 battle was the fiercest and the slaughter the most terrible, ho even on this 
 occasion showed that he never allowed courage to leave policy nltogriher 
 behind. Feeling sure that the hostile leaders would not fail to direct their 
 especial exertions to slaying him or making him prisoner, he caused sev- 
 eral of his officerH to be dressed and armed in the royal guise; and this 
 policy at once proved the correctness of his judgment, and, in all human 
 probability, saved his life, for several of the seeming kings paid with their 
 lives for their temporary disguise ; the fierce Douglas roaming tlirongh the 
 field, and slaying each tliat !v>ro the royal semblanco who had the niisfor- 
 tune to come within the sweep of his trenchant and unsparing blade. Tho 
 slaughter was trenuMidous; but the victory whs on the side of the king, 
 the tro(f ps of Percy falling into complete and irnnnediable disorder through 
 that gallant, though too impetuous leader being slain by some uiidislin- 
 guiihed hand. About four thousand Boldiers paiished on tho side of Per 
 w7, and al)ovo half that number on the side of the king, while, ineludinB 
 the loss of both arniios, considerably morn than two thousand nobles and 
 gflntlomen wore slain. The oarls or Worcester and Douglas were tiiken' 
 the latter was treutoil with til the resoect >>nd kindness due toailistjiv 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 347 
 
 guished prisoner of war, but the former, together with Sir Richard Vernon 
 was beheaded at Shrewsbury. 
 The earl of Northumberland, who by this lime had recovered from his 
 llness, had raised a small force and was advancing to the aid of his gallant 
 son, when he was shocked and astounded by the disastrous tidings from 
 Shrewsbury. Perceiving the impossibility, with all the force he could then 
 command, of at that time making head against the king, he dismissed all 
 his followers, except the retinue usual to men of his rank, proceeded to 
 York, and presented himself to the king, to whom he boldly affirmed that 
 bis sole intention was to endeavour, by mediating between his son and 
 the king, to prevent the effusion of blood which now unhappily had takei 
 Dlace. Henry, whose policy it was to evade war by every means in his 
 power, pretended to be deceived, and a formal pardon was given to the earl. 
 A. D. 1405.— But the earl of Northumberland knew mankind in general, 
 and Henry in particular, far too well to suppose that there was any reality 
 in this very facile forgiveness ; and he was confirmed in his own enmity 
 not only by the loss of his brave son, but also by the conviction that he had 
 been too iniquitously useful, and was too dangerously powerful, to allow of 
 his ever being safe from Henry, should circumstances allow of that prince 
 acting upon his real feelings. He now did what, had he done it previous to 
 the battle of Shrewsbury, would most probably have given him acomplp«,e 
 and comparatively easy victory over Henry. The earl of Nottingham, 
 son of the duke of NorfoLc, and the archbishop of York, brollr i)f that 
 earl of W:».tshire whom Henry, while still duke of Lancaster, had ueheaded 
 at Bristol, had never ceased to hate Henry. Whether from their own 
 baclcwardness or from some unaccountable oversight on the part of the 
 Percies, tliese two powerful personages hadlakenno part against the king 
 at Shrewsbury, but they now ver> readily agreed to join with Northum- 
 berland in a new attempt to dethrone the usurper; but, as though the want 
 of judgment on the part of the foes of Henry were always to stand him in 
 88 much stead as even his own profoundly artful policy, Nottingiiam and 
 the archbishop took up arms before Nortliumbcrland had completed his 
 prepar itioiis for Joining them. Tiiey issued a manifesto, in which they 
 descanted, though in temperate terms, upon Henry's usurpations, and de- 
 manded not only that sundry public gnovances should be redressed, but 
 also that the right line of succession should be rcsloiod. The earl of 
 Westmoreland, who commanded the king's forces in llu'irneighbourhood, 
 finding himself too weak to allow of his prudently ongiiy:ing thorn, had re- 
 course to a stratagem so obvious that he could only have resorted to it on 
 the assumption that he had to do with very simple persons, and one that 
 in proving successful showed that assumption to be very correct. 
 
 Weslmdreliuid dcbired a conference with Nottingham and the arclibish 
 op,li8tPn(d with admirable gravity to all the complaints they hud to make, 
 begged thcini to suggest remedies, cordially assented to the propriety of 
 all that they proposed, and closed the conference, by undertaking on the 
 part of tho knig, that every thiii^ should be arranged to their entire satii- 
 faction. It might be supposed that men of their rank, men, loo, who had 
 entered upon so perilous an undertaking, would have had their suspicions 
 aroused by the very facility of tho assent to their terms ; and it is difficult, 
 even with tho wcll-auvhenticatcd account before us, to believe that so far 
 from that being the case, ihey actually suspected nothing when Wosl- 
 morelnnd projioscd tliat, as all their terms had been agreed to, and there 
 was no longer any feud between them and his royal master, both ariniea 
 •houlcl he dishnnded, that the country might be relieved from tho very 
 jfrfBt burthen of having two such large and expensive bodies to suppttrl. 
 oiH the earl and the archbishop, like the doomed men told of in tales of 
 witchcraft, rushed upon Irinir ruin with closed eves. T!>«jv disbHiidfld thsir 
 «rmy. nud Westmoreland pretended to disband his • but" the instant Hut 
 
 w i,' ^ u 1 
 
348 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 his opponents were utterly powerless, Westmoreland's secret orders call 
 ed his forces together again as if by magic, and Nottingham and the arch 
 bishop were made prisoners, and sent to the king, who was at thatinoi 
 raent making forced marches towards them, in the expectation of havinB 
 to oppose them in the field. The earl of Nottingham and the archbishoo 
 were both condemned and both executed ; a new proof, as regards the 
 archbishop, of the very limited extent to which Rome could at this time 
 exert its formerly great power in England. 
 
 The earl of Northumberland, on learning this new calamity, which was 
 chiefly attributable to the double folly of his friends in revolting before he 
 could join them, and in listening to deceptions by which even children 
 ought not to have been imposed upon, escaped into Scotland, accompanied 
 by lord Bardolph ; and Henry revenged himself upon them by seizing and 
 dismantling all their fortresses. This done, Henry marched aminsl 
 Glendwyr, over whom the prince of Wales had obtained some advan- 
 tages ; but though Glendwyr was not in force to meet liis enemies in the 
 field, his mountain fastnesses and the incorruptible fidelity of his friends 
 enabled him to escape from being captured. 
 
 A. D. 1407.— The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolph, more in 
 veterate than ever against Henry, since he had dismantled their castles 
 entered the north of England with but a slender retinue, in the hope that 
 sympathy with them and hatred of the king would cause the people to 
 flock to their standard. But if Henry's crimes had made him hated, his 
 success had made liim feared ; the attempt was unsuccessful, and' the 
 sheriff of York, Sir Thomas Rokeby, having got together a force, sud- 
 denly attacked the outlaM'ed nobles, both of whom perished in the battle. 
 To complete Henry's good fortune and wholly free him from his domestic 
 enemies, the formidable Glendwyr soon after died. 
 
 Fortune served Henry in Scotland as it already had served him in Eng 
 land. Robert III., a mild and incapable sovereign, allowed his brother, 
 the duke of Albany, completely to usurp his authority ; Albany, tyrannical 
 and ambitious, threw his elder nephew, David, the heir apparent to the 
 throne, into prison, where he was starved to death. Robert's youngest 
 son, James, who alone now stood between Albany and that throne for 
 which he had already committed so awful a crime, was sent by his alarm- 
 ed father for safety to France , but the vessel in which he sailed was cap. 
 tui-ed by the English, and the prince was carried to London. There was 
 at the tune a truce between England and Scotland, notwithstanding which 
 Henry would not part with his young prisoner; and this virtnitl loss ol 
 his only remaining child completely broke the heart of the unfortunate 
 Robert, who shortly aflerwarcls died. Henry now had a most strinjfont 
 power over Albany, who Koverned Scotland as regent ; for he could con- 
 tinue the duke in tliat high office by detaining yoinig James, while, upon 
 the slightest breach of peace on the duke's side, Henry could at once 
 ruin him and gain the friendship of the Scots by restoring tlicm their 
 r^htful king. 
 
 In the wars which occurred among the French factions during the latter 
 part of this reign Menry took but little part, and nothing that bis troops 
 did in tliat country was of sufficient importartco to merit any detailed 
 mention. 
 
 It must not be supposed that the king, though outwardly thus pro»pe^ 
 ous, enjoyed his usurped dignity without any drawbacks. Wis mental 
 ■ufl«ring« are described to have been treniflndouH ; the greatest succeii 
 could not fortify his mind against a harrowing drcnd of future misfortune, 
 ai>'l even while he was preparing for new (rrinu^s by which to support his 
 throne, he was haunted by remorse for tlie old ones by which !io hat 
 toquired it. This perpetual misery at length wholly deprived him of hit 
 r^ison, and hr ilvu the victim of crime and rcmOrsc. a Worn out man. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 S49 
 
 while yet as to age only in the very prime of life, on thp aofh nf \r,^i. 
 1413, in the thirteenth year of his reign and in tl^^ forty-sixth of h^ «^5' 
 
 Of this reign little need be said in the way of suSrT lU acarS 
 M was Henry's authority, he showed himse/so able to widd it tha nd 
 he been a legitimate sovereign his reign would undoubtedly have been one 
 of the most glorious in our history. ^ " °"® 
 
 The parli^ament, profilinff by the defect of the king's title, made con- 
 siderable advances in authority in this reign; but though H™nrv was 
 po ,tic enough to yield in matters of little moment, he alsS knew how Jo 
 «,fugewhei} refusal was necessary to prevent encroachment from ZnJ 
 urther. Thus on one occasion he dismissed four persons from Ss hS 
 hold including his confessor, at the demand of t'he commons "while on 
 another, he replied to the demand of the commons for great'; len tvtS 
 ihe Lollards, by ordering a Lollard to be burned before VecLe of the 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THE BEION OF HENRT V. 
 
 A. D. 1413.-TH0UGH the bad title of Henry IV., and the care with which 
 his father's jealous suspicions during the latte; years of his eUrrhad 
 caused him to exclude h.s son from any share in the civil govefnment 
 Memed to give the young prince but little opportunity of easilfascenTni 
 the throne he had the very groat advantage of being popular Thf 
 courage and conduct which he !iad shown in military allies, so far as his 
 fatherhHd allowed him to act in their, and a certain chivalric and fantLtic 
 generosity had not only caused the people to set at least rfulaTue 
 upmiwhat he did of good, but also to excuse, as the mere "flash and 
 oulbreak of a fiery mind," irregularities which would have excifed h "i? 
 jmost mdignation against a prince of a more sullen and loss^nerouS 
 
 Looked upon with jealousy by his father, and discouraired. or rather 
 
 ejented. from mixing with the statesmen of the day and Rini in the 
 
 re of government, the mercurial temper of the young princSVaused 
 
 hnn to seek pleasure and companionship out of his oroner nuhiZ I^aT 
 
 make himself talked of among'his futur"^ sublets formanyTroS which 
 
 m32""PM"""/'"l''^* '"»^f ^"':' '''^''^ «« crimes ^o no cmlTnarJ 
 mjmlude. He no only rioteil and drank with men of bad repute aJd 
 roken fortune, but it is oven sai<l that on more than one occas on he 
 i^"l,i''V"^'"^ the wealthy passenger unde. contrUiSnTt le 
 higuvav. S>ak8pcare, who in this as in many other cases has naintl^ 
 fail fnlfy, -nakes E«Ifitaflr exclaim to this youn^ prince-" Hob mltl^J 
 2tvT' k': •' •";,'/''" P""""' 'f hi«t<'ria.Ts ZlkZ truth? to"k tie 
 tP- In'""'' "'" snhject ere his coin could find fts way to the excl eauer 
 
 upo , wMi(.h Henry V. now ascended the throno, or to aive them bono thM 
 .ni"""""'!''' ^" ^«" »'>'ni"i«tcred under hi government iKlni 
 1 E Ln »»vv, young as he still was, the wisdom and propriety o( £ 
 7n on . n/.r" '^'"' '■''"''"" *" '^'""^ \ume(»\\y of him as il eir king. 
 DaniorL I '•".'"'.'">; ".*'*'"'""'"' "' ^'"'''' »'^"'^" "•'"'•y's turbulent fom 
 hHr mii^t {''" "'"''f f''«-P»'''*« !>««'•«. ""t''i» "f th.-.n were indi" ed for 
 ofKiEK^^^ Henry atlend.Kl thnr trial in the cou 
 
 not n«L ■ '• Psf'^'viff that the lord chipf-Juslice. Gascoiirne. was 
 no overawe,, bv the prnsonce of the heir apparent, P ince e, ry was 
 
 CmL"L'"r«.. I"/'::!?*!:'-"' ^Vr ^'"•^". »''". '^»!i«' Mustic, «t once or'Il.^nM 
 -t r-.- piisOts. il mav no noiiniiHl wlieUier somo jf ihr 
 
 iii^l 
 
 pfl 
 
 ■'>i -. 
 
350 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 i 
 
 
 •* courage and " uprightnesB" which historians so emphalicallv atLHhi.t« 
 to the lord chief-justice, on account of this affair, did not originate in thl 
 knowledge that the king would be rather pleased than angry at anv mnr 
 tification inflicted upon the popular heir apparent. At all events how 
 ever, we must admit that Gascoigne at least showed that he did not cal' 
 culato, as many more eminent men have done, the future conseaupnr« 
 of his present performance of his >My. h^^h^vh 
 
 On the accession of Henry V., Gascoigne waited upon him withpvpw 
 expectation of receiving the plainest discouragement ; but the kinj Z 
 far from showing himself offended at the past, made it the especial «„>! 
 ject of his commendation, and exhorted the chief-justice to continnp «im 
 to administer the laws faithfully and fearlessly, without refert'iiee to thp 
 rank of the offender. To the grave and wise ministers who Imd ab v 
 served his father the young king gave a like gracious reception' an^ 
 Bending for the former companions of his dissolute youth, he made them 
 liberal presents, assured them of his intention wholly to reform his wav 
 of life, and forbade their ever again approaching his presence, until thev 
 should have followed his present example, as they had particioated Ja 
 encouraged his former vice. ^ 
 
 Most men were greatly surprised at this wise conduct, and all were 
 gladdened by it ; and probably noun were more completely in either ol 
 ihese categories than the ministers who, at the very time that thev 
 .magmed they were earning the prince's bitter enmitv by their discour 
 ^gement of his youthful levities, were, in fact, secniuig both his esteem 
 and his confidence. 
 
 Henry's prudence and justice wore no> manifested merely in thus male- 
 ing amends for his own early follies. Deeply conscious thlit liis father 
 had wrongfully acquired that throne which he himself had loo niiirh am- 
 bition to givo up, he endeavoured, in ail but giving it up, to do ail that he 
 could towards repairing the wrongs cominiltcd by his father. He caused 
 the memory of the murdered Richard to be honoured witii the nios' 
 solemn and splendid obsequies that could have been bestowed upon a 
 
 Solent sovereign newly deceased, and he set at liberty the yoiin? carl oi 
 larche, of whom his father had been so extremely jealous, and sliowed 
 him every kindness. Tim young earl, who was of an extremely mild 
 temper and who seemed to have had no parti(de of ambition, appeared 
 fully sensible of Henry's kindness, and not only would never make any 
 i'lttempt to disturb his government, but showed himself stroiifriy and sin- 
 cerely attached to his person. As if anxious to leave no token pxisliiig 
 of the sad tumults of the last reign, Henry also restored the I'ercy family 
 to their honours and property ; and by this and numerous other acts indi- 
 cative ol his determination to forget all party distinctions, ciuiscd all 
 parties to he too much delighted with his use of power to have eithei 
 leisure or inclination to inquire how he became possessed of if. 
 
 But parly spirit could not be wholly eradicated from the popular hear" 
 «von by the personal exhortations and example of the king himself The 
 horrible punishments which in the recent reign were for the first time in 
 England inflicted upon heretics, though it might have awed mmiy who 
 would otherwise have continued to bo Lollards, far more eorlninly made 
 many nich, who, but for this terribh advertisement, would have gone to 
 their graves in ignorance of the very existence of Lollardism. The pub- 
 lie attention was roused and fixed by these brutal oxeciitionfl ; discussion 
 and inquiry followed, and by degrees the country becamn divided into two 
 parties, the friends of Rome and the Lollards; and if the latter were by 
 lar inferior to the formei - number, they were already siifllcienlly nuni 
 erous to cause great annoyance to the clergy and iomo anxieiv rvcn lo 
 the civil power. 
 Bv fn - (he most eminent man among the LoUnrilH ni thi'^ time H-a« hiti 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 85] 
 
 O'obham, who, both under that title and as Sir John Oldcastle, had done 
 (POod service to the nation, and had been honoured with the notice and 
 approbation of both the late and the present king. The very excellence 
 of his character and the extent of his abilities made his sectarianism the 
 more offensive to the church ; and as it was deemed that the increasina 
 number of the Lollards required to be checked by some especially striking 
 example, Lord Cobham was selected as the victim, and the archbishop ol 
 Canterbury, Arundel, applied to Henry for permission to indict Cobham. 
 Henry, who seems to have been jjdtter aware than the bigoted arch- 
 bishop of the real effects of persecution in matters of faith, was extremely 
 unwilling to consent to a prosecution which, he judged, would but too 
 surely end m Cobham's destruction ; and the archbisiiop was forbidden to 
 take any steps until Henry himself should have endeavoured, by force of 
 argument alone, to lead Cobham back to the church from wliich he had 
 departed. Henry accordingly sent for Lord Cobham to court, and en- 
 (ieavoured to convmce him of his error , but Cobham was fully equal to 
 Henry m the use of intellectual weapons, and was not, upon so important 
 a topic, at all inclined to sacrifice truth to complaisance and etiquette. 
 Finding it m vain to endeavour to convert this unfortunate nobleman 
 Henry, with seemingly sincere regret, was oblfged to give the clergy their 
 required permission to indict him. The archbisiiop, assisted by the iiishops 
 of London, Winchester, and St. David's, proceeded against liiin, ^ind he 
 was condemned to bo burned. Ho was sent to tiio Tower, and a Jay was 
 appointed for his execution, but before that day arrived he managed to 
 escape from his gaolers. Naturally of a fierce and somewhat hauthty 
 spirit, the treatment lie had received and the danger from which he hau 
 w narrowly escaped excited him to so high a piii'h of anger and resolu 
 lion, that he determined to aim at a general ivvolution of llie kingdom. 
 And accordingly, from the obscure retreat in which he found shelter, he 
 issued orders to tlie Lollards upon whom he could most depend, to join 
 him upon a certain day, lliat tlioy might in tlie first place seize upon the 
 person of the king, who was at that time lodging in the palace of Eliham, 
 m Kent, and then take summary vengeance upon the chiefs of their per- 
 secutors. ^ 
 
 A. D. 1414.— As Cobham was very highly esteemed among the Lollards 
 and as they were not only very numerous but also included a great num. 
 ber of wealthy and respectable persons, the king, who was informed ot 
 wiiat was m contemplation, deemed it necessary not only to guard him- 
 self against the intended surprise, but also to propaic to resist open insur- 
 rection, Ho accordingly removed to the palace at Westiniiisier, and pre- 
 pared himself for whatever force Cobham might bo able to brin-r Kven 
 now Cobham had ample opportunity to abandon his design, wiiicfi became 
 hopeless from the moment it became known, and to escape from the king- 
 dom. Dut ho seems to have been of a temper winch difiiculiy and danger 
 might enrago but could not intimidate, and lie assembled all the forces he 
 could raise in the fields of St. Giles. Heing made acquainted with the 
 appointed lime as well as place of meeting, the king caused the gates of 
 the cily to bo closed, to nrevent the dise.jiiteiited from getting an increase 
 to their numbers from that quarter ; he tlien went, well attended, lo St 
 Uies, and seized those of the leaders who had already arrived, while the 
 military, skilfully stationed, arrested all who were found hastening to thb 
 spot. It appeared that, as is usual in such cases, the greater number of 
 he prisoners knew little or nothing of the real designs of their leaders, 
 wougli of the criminal and treaBonalile designs of the latter there remained 
 no shadow of doubt. Those who were proved to have treasonable do- 
 •inns were executed, but by far the greater number were pardoned He 
 Whom the clergy were the most anxious lo punish, anil who, indeed, waa 
 
 Ul 
 
 now not mijeh Inaa nhniiviniia lu the iiivil 'hv 
 
 cCCicsiastIc;:: niiiho 
 
 >*# ■« 
 
 ill! 
 
852 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 rity, the Lord Cobnam himself, was fortunate enougli to escape. But 
 sentence was pronounced against him, par contumace, as a traitor and a 
 relapsed and incorrigible heretic; and being apprehended about four years 
 afterwards, he was hanged for his participation in treason against tile 
 king, and his body was burned in pursuance of the sentence passed against 
 him for heresy. 
 
 The severity with which the leaders in this crude and ill-planned revolt 
 were treated, and the advantage which the circumstances of it gave the 
 clergy, in being able to connect heresy and treason as offences coupled by 
 necessity and naturally springing the one from the other, had a very sen- 
 sible effect in chching the progress of Loliardy ; but not so much on ac- 
 count of the terror attached to the punishment, as the disgrace and con- 
 tempt which seemed everywhere to attach to the crime. Very wisely 
 the clergy and the civil authorities appeared at this time to treat tlie Lol- 
 lards, associated as they had confessedly been with the civil disturbances 
 of Cobham, not so much as heretics as partly heretics and partly loose 
 follows who were desirous of causing public disturbance for the better 
 accomplishment of their own private ends ; a mode of treating the case 
 the best possible for making it intolerable in the eyes of all decent people, 
 and for depriving such people of all curiosity as to its doctrinal peculiar- 
 ities. Happy had it been for mankind if ridicule had ever been the sub- 
 stitute for persecution ! Truth, indeed, would overcome the former as it 
 has the lattei ; but what pangs would have been spared to some of the 
 combatants— what dark and undying infamy to others! Nor was it 
 merely among the unreflecting multitude, and those who, simply with re- 
 ference to their worldly possessions, were unwilling to countenance those 
 whose opinions aui! rvactioes were likely to disturb the public peace and 
 
 fiut wealth in peril, that the exploded plot of Cobham caused a distaste 
 or LoUardism. The parliament met just after the dispersion of Cobham's 
 adherents, and one of its first acts was levelled against heretics. This 
 act provided that all persons who were convicted of Loliardy should not 
 only be capitally punished, as was provided for by the former act, but 
 should also forfeit all their lands and goods whatever to the king; and 
 that the chancellor, treasurer, the justices of the peace, and chief magis- 
 trates of all cities and boroughs, should be sworn to use their utmost 
 pains and diligence in the extirpation of heresy. 
 
 That the Lollards were feared and detested, less on account of their 
 religious heresy than as civil disturbers, appears from the contrast between 
 the act thus providing, and the subsequent coolness with which the same 
 parliament, on the king demanding a supply, begged him, instead of putting 
 them to the task of imposing a tax upon the people, to take possession o( 
 the ecclesiastical revenues and convert them to the use of the crown. 
 The renewal of this proposition, which had formerly been made to Henry's 
 father, threw the clergy into alarm. To turn the king's attention from the 
 proposed wholesale spoliation of the church, they endeavoured at once to 
 supply his more pressing and immediate wants, and to conciliate his per- 
 sonal favour, by voluntarily conferring upon him the valuable .i.ien priories 
 whi(;h were dependent upon chief abbeys in Normandy, and had i)een be- 
 quenthed to those abbeys while England and Norunindy were still united 
 nnder the crown of Kngland. Still furllior to turn the attention of the 
 king from a proposal which was so, regnant with alarm and danger to the 
 clergy, (Jhichely, the then archbishop of Canterbury, endeavoured to en- 
 gage the king in a war with France. 
 
 A. n. 1415.— In this design of the archbishop— » design, be it parenthO" 
 tically said, which was much more politic than either humane or fihristian 
 —ho was considerably aided by the dying injunctions of Henry !V., who 
 had warned his son, if ho could at all plausibly engage the Kr. ' - h Moplc 
 *n war. never to allow »hom to remam at peace, which wc ' 1 inlHUiblv 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 85.1 
 
 turn Iheir inclinations towards domestic dissensions. The kinffdom oj 
 France had now for a long time been plunged in the utmost contusion and 
 discord, and the various parties had been guilty of cruelties and outrages 
 disgraceful not merely to themselves but even to our common nature 
 The state of that kingdom was consequently at this time such as to hold 
 out advantages to Henry, which were well calculated to give force to the 
 advice of Chichely and the dying request of Henry IV. But just as 
 Henry, who did not want for either ambition or a warlike spirit, was pre- 
 parnig and meditating an attack upon the neighbouring and rival kinedora, 
 ' bis attention was for the moment arrested by the discovery of a dangerous 
 and extensive conspiracy at home. s "" 
 
 As we have already said, the young earl of Marche was so sensible of 
 the kindness shown to him by the present king at the commencement of 
 his reign, that he seemed to have no desire ever to give any disturbance 
 to his government. But the earl's sister was married to the earl of Cam- 
 bridge, second son to the deceased duke of YoA, and he thus, not unna- 
 uraly, became anxiously concerned for the rights and interests of a 
 family wi h which he had himself become so intimately connected.— 
 Deeming it possible to recover the crown for that family, he took pains to 
 acQUire partizans, and addressed himself, among others, to Lord Scrope 
 of Masham, and to Sir Thomas Grey of Heaton. Whether from treachery 
 or from want of sufficient caution on the part of the earl of Cambridge 
 the conspiracy became known to the king before it had gone beyond the 
 mere preliminaries ; but the conspirators upon being seized made such 
 ample disclosures of their ultimate designs, as both enabled the king to 
 order their trial, and fully warranted him in so doing. They were in the 
 first instance tried by a jury of commoners, and condemned upon the tes- 
 titnony of the constable of Southampton castle, who swore that the pris- 
 oners hadronfessed their guilt to him ; but they afterwards pleaded, and 
 were allowed their privilege as peers. But though Henry had hitherto 
 shown so much inclination to moderation, he on this occasion evinced 
 no desire to depart from the arbitrary practices of the kings of that age 
 A court of eighteen barons was summoned and presided over by the duke 
 of Clarence; before this court the single testimony that had been given 
 before the common jury was read, and without further evidence or nearer 
 approach to even the form of a trial, tliese two prisoners, one of them a 
 pniice of the blood, were condemned to death without being heard in 
 their own defence, cr even being produced in court, and were executed 
 accordingly ! 
 
 This ill-digested and unsuccessful attempt of his brother-'n-law put the 
 young carl ol Marche in considerable peril. As it was, nominally, on his 
 account that the war was to have been levied against the king^hewas 
 actised of having at least consented to the conspiracy; but the constant 
 attachment ho had shown to Henry had probably gained him a slrong 
 
 o^,m"?^'r.i' ^"i? '^"' '"°""^*'^'' ^^''« ^"^^^ '»"'<■'•"" -ill further 3 
 on account of this affair l)y giving him a general pardon for all offences 
 
 «hl! no"" V "^ «'x««femeut consequent upon this conspiracy had some- 
 wnat passeri away, Henry again turned his attention towards France. 
 hlttnirll ""'■«""^y' ^''" '"i*^ ''««'» expelled from France by a com- 
 r Slo I ^''^ "8.»»llv Jainng powers of that country, had been in such 
 rrespondonce with Ronry, that the latter prince felt quite secure of th" 
 
 ndS wif^n ,^ '""'""^- '"'J' P'*"""" arrangements with the duke, and 
 in the 4 h nf a"""" r"'"'".»- *" ""y P''''^'^^ HKrcement with him, Henry, 
 
 Sm Ind-S' ^"'♦'fy-f^'"- thousand infantry, chiefly consisting of 
 ircners, and six thousand men-at-arms. " 
 
 '.arucur^imd^or Us governor D'Estouteville, under whose comraar. 
 
 1 la 
 
 
«I54 
 
 HISTORY OF TAB WORLD. 
 
 were De Guttri, De Gaucourt, and other eminent French soldiers. Henry 
 laid immediate siege to the place, but was so stoutly and successfully re. 
 sisted, that, between the excessive fatigue and the more than usual heat 
 of the weather, his men suffered dreadfully, and were alarmingly thinned 
 by fever and other sicknesses. But, in spite of all losses and discourage, 
 ments, Henry gallantly persevered ; and the French were so much strait- 
 ened, that they were obliged to promise that if no relief were afforded 
 thorn by the 18th of September, they would evacuate the place. No signs 
 of relief appearing on that day, the English were admitted ; but so much 
 was the army thinned, and in so sickly a condition were the majority of 
 the survivors, that Henry, far from having any enoouragcment to follow 
 iip this success by some new enterprise, was advised by all about him to 
 turn his attention to getting the skeleton of his army in safety back to 
 England. Even this was no easy or safe matter. On his first landing he 
 had so little anticipated the havoc which fatigue and sickness had made 
 in his army, that he had incautiously dismissed his transports ; and he 
 now lay under the necessity of marching by land to Calais, ere he could 
 place his troops out of danger, and that, too, in the face of an army of 
 fourteen thousand men-at-arms and forty thousand foot, assembled in 
 Normandy under the command of the constable D'Albret. The French 
 force so tremendously outnumbering that of Henry, he very prudently 
 offered to sacrifice his recent conquest of Harfleur, at the price of being 
 allowed to pass unmolested to Calais ; but the French, confident in their 
 superiority, rejected his proposal. Henry, therefore, in order equally to 
 avoid discouragement to his own troops and encouragement to the French, 
 retreated by easy marches to itie Somme, where he hoped to pass the 
 ford at Blanquetagne, as Edward had escaped from Philip de Valois under 
 very similar circumstances ; but he found that the French had taken the 
 precaution to render the ford impassable, besides lining the opposite bank 
 with a strong body of troops, and he was obliged to seek a passage highei 
 up the river. Scarcely anything could exceed the distress of Henry's 
 present situation. His troops were fast perishing with continual fatigue 
 and the prevalent sickness ; no could procure no provisions, owing to the 
 activity of the French; and everywhere he found himself confronted by 
 numerous enemies, ready to fall upon him the instant he should cross the 
 river. But under all these circumstances Henry preserved his courage 
 and presence of mind ; and a ford near St. Quentin being but slenderly 
 guarded, he surprised the enemy there, and led his army over in safety. 
 
 Henry now hastened towards Calais, but in passing tiie little river ot 
 Ternois, at Blangi, he had the mortification to perceive the main body ol 
 the French drawn up and awaiting him in the extensive plains of 'gin- 
 court. To reach Calais without an action was now evidently impossible, 
 the French were to the English as four to one, besides bemg free from 
 sickness, and abundantly supplied with provisions; in a word, Henry was 
 now in fully as dangerous a position as that of Edward at Cressy, or the 
 heroic Black Prince at Poitiers. Situated as they had been, he resolved 
 to imitate their plan of battle, and he awaited the attack of the enemy on 
 a narrow land closely flanked by a wood on either side. With their ad- 
 vantage in numbers and facilities of obtaining provisions, the French 
 ought flearl) to have remained obstiuulely on the defensive, until the 
 English should by absolute famine be obliged to advance from their favour- 
 able position ; a position which, to a very great extent, gave the advan- 
 tage to the side having the smaller number of men lo manoeuvre. But 
 their very superiority in numbers deprived the French of all prudence, 
 %nd they pressed forward as if to crush the English by their mere weight. 
 The mounted archers and men-at-arms rushed in crowded ranks upon the 
 English, who, defended by palisadoes, and free from the crowding wliicli 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 85a 
 
 tJiem with a doadly and incessan'. shower of shafts and bolts. The heavv 
 land, rendered still more difficult and tenacious by recent rain, was hSv 
 disadvantageous to the French cavalry, who wefe soon S ' Seffi 
 comnioded "'.Jeir movements by the innumerable dead and dying men 
 and horses with which the English archers strewed the narrow gfo™nd 
 When the disorder of the enemy was at its height, Henry gaveTrders 
 to the Lngl.sh to advance with their pikes and battle-axes ;a5d tlie me" 
 at-arms following them, the confused and pent-up multitude feUm 
 crowds, without even the possibility of resistance/ The panic of thS 
 enerny speedily led to a general rout, with the sole «cepUon Cf he 
 French rear-guard, which still maintained itself in linrof battle inon 
 the open plain. This also was speedily cut to piec»^ a,^ jist a" the^lc" 
 uonclosed completely ,n favour of the Engl^h, an inddent occurred 
 which caused he loss of the French to be far more numerous in kill«H 
 than .t otherwise would have been. A mob of Tfew "rsaTs led on Sj 
 some gentlemen m Picardy, had fallen upon the unarmed followers o^ 
 . e English camp with the design of seizing upon the baggage S^ 
 alarm and outcry, thus caused leading Henry to imagine that his nuiner 
 ous prisoners were dangerous, he hastily gave orders for them to be nn 
 to the sword ; upon which a terrible slaughter of these unTaJjy nf", 
 took place before he discovered his mistake, and revoked anTrde^sS 
 sanguinary and so contrary to the laws of war. 
 
 Ill this short but most decisive action the French lost ten thousand 
 killed, of whom eight thousand were cavalry, and fourteen thoSsS 
 prisoners; the former included the constable d^lbret, the count of Nev- 
 ers, the duke of Brabant the duke of Alengon, the duke of Barre the 
 count of Vaudemont, and the count of Marie; whil« among the prisoner^ 
 were the duke of Bourbon, the duke of Orleans, the mareschal sSucicauU 
 and the counts d'Eu, Vendome, and Richemont. The English losMhoS 
 considerable, was small compared to that of the enemy and the 3 
 Englishman of note that was slain was the duke of York. As if fnlTv 
 satisfied with his victory, and intent only on regain ngS native land 
 Henry immediately continued his march to Calais, whence hrembarked 
 with his prisoners for England; and he even granted the French a truce 
 tti^p^rt^''"' ""*''""' '"^'^""^ "P°" any corresponding concession oS 
 
 n.L'^r "^^--Tlie intestine disputes of France still continued to raee 
 
 mos furiously; not only were the duke of Burgundy and the French 
 
 0. rt fiercely warring upon each other, but continued feuds, scarceiriess 
 
 £ iv • 'ThiT J^t^oMh'''^*'^ "'"""^ '^« ^"'°"« "'«'"''«^s of the^roja 
 lamiiy. ihis state of ihiiigs encouraged Henry to make a new an, 
 
 stronger attempt upon F.^nce; and he landed inVorm^ndy at he heSd 
 
 tr„o2io, '^''«"-r"r,!^'?"^""\!?^«"' ^'^"«"' encoumerlJg he slight 
 est opposi ion. He took Falaise ; Evreux and Caen immediatelv surrpn 
 
 £vii?uSue"d'lll To '' i;^'^'" guicklylfterward'sTpeneTifs'g fes. 
 navmg subdued all Lower Normandy, and received from KmrlanH « ^= 
 
 wh tHp^Yn "'" '•'"f l"^''«^'^ 'i« was visited by the cardinal (fesufsins 
 Z . L 1 • "^ P?""*'^'' •"'" ''^ ^"■"••'^ « 'Chance of peace to Franco bv 3' 
 
 tS khiffrrr^ .?"* """'•?' ^u^"' "P«" '•''«'"'"? the "oveTeignty 
 from L T V""'^ well aware of the advantage he derived, not o V 
 
 Slvi^Io,? «n "*'**' ''"' "'«° '■'•°'" 'he dissensions of the Fench 
 Snt; H°" y^" ""' P^'""^'"^ "'"t ««'! has led me as by the 
 di- ev/rvhfni'h'' ""• "?''*^'«'8"; ' have just pretensions to that king 
 Siiirme AnTi." '" 'he utmost confusion, and no ore thinKf 
 reimiing me. Can I have a more sensible proof that the Beino who ilJ«. 
 poses of empires has determiuBa tn nyt .J.! „-!.._" -;»-"ri"8''"° "'»- 
 
 uiMiir '" "~ *" "' • ti_»TTii vt riaixrc upon mv 
 
SS9 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 But while Henry expressed this confidence, and made every effort and 
 preparation to carry his designs into execution by force, he at the s<tme 
 time carried on negotiations for a peaceful settlement, on the one hand 
 with the queen and duke of Burgundy — who hnd the semblance, at least 
 of the only legal authority in the kingdom, inasmuch as they had the 
 custody of the king's person— and with the dauphin, on the other hand, 
 who had all the popular fnvv.isv ?; , :,;i?, ?ide, and was, besides, the undoubt- 
 ed heir to the monarchy 
 
 It is unnecessary 1; (>j, hiLit ^u ' :/ould be out of place, to do more than 
 merely to allud^ to tUe distractions of which France was now and for a 
 long time had been the prey. Suffice it to say, that the disputes of the 
 rival parties were so wholly and intensely seliish, that either of them, but 
 especially the queen's party, seems to have considered the interests of 
 the nation as nothing in comparison with even temporary personal emolu- 
 ments. Taking advantage of this temper of the anf^gonist parties, Henry 
 offered to make peace with them on the ' ou.l:u>,*i. „i their giving him the 
 princess Catharine in marriage, and wuh her, in full sovereignty, Nor- 
 mandy. and all the provinces which were ceded to Edward 111. by the 
 treaty of Bretigni ; and these terms, so obviously injurious to the power 
 of Franca, were agreed to. 
 
 A. D. 1419. — While Henry was attendingHo some minor circumstances, 
 the adjustment of which alone was waited for ere the treaty above de- 
 scribed should be carried into effect, the duke of Burgundy, who had 
 been carrying on a secret negotiation with the dauphin, formed a treaty 
 with that prince, by which it was agreed between them that they should 
 divide the royal authority as long as King Charles should survive, and 
 that they should join their efforts to expel all intruders from the kingdom 
 An interview was appointed to take place between them ; but as the duke 
 of Burgundy had, bv his own avowal, been the assassin of the late duke 
 of Orleans, and had thus by his own act sanctioned any treacherous at- 
 tempt that might be made upon his life, and had at the same time given 
 everyone reason to refuse to put any confidence in his honour, the moii; 
 minute precautions were taken to guard against treachery on either side. 
 But all these precautions were taken ih vain. Several of the retainers ol 
 the dauphin, who had also been attached to the late duke of Orleans, sud- 
 denly attacked Burgundy with their drawn swords, and despatched him 
 before any of his friends could interfere to save him. 
 
 This murder created so much rage and confusion in France, and all 
 parties, though from widely diflTerent motives, were so much ercited bj 
 It, that all thought or care for preserving the nation from foreign domi 
 nation was lost sight of; the views of Henry wore thus most importantlv 
 forwarded, through an accident arising out of that very interview by whicn 
 It was intended wholly to destroy his chances of success. 
 
 Besides the advantage which Henry derived from the new state of con 
 fusion and turmoil into which Trance was thrown by this event, he gained 
 from it an extremely powerful ally in the person of the now duke of Bur. 
 ffundy, who, stipulating only for vengeance upon the ii.uiderers of his 
 father, and the marriage of his sister with the duke of Bedford, agreed to 
 iend Henry whatever aid he might require, without in juiry or care as to 
 the evil it might eventually entail upon the nauon. litfury had already 
 made immense pi ogress in arms. Rouen, though most gallantly defended 
 by a garrison of four thousand men, who were zealously aided by fifteen 
 thousand of the citizens, had at length been taken, as had Pontoise and 
 Gisors with less difficulty ; and so "closely did he threaten Paris itself, 
 tliat the court had removed in alarm to Troyes. 
 
 A. D. 1420.— When the negotiations b< iween the Duke of Burgundy 
 and Henry had arrved at this point, Henry, accompanied by his brothers, 
 thd i>uk6 01 UiarciiCe auu uiouccBitir, proc6€uou io i royes io iiiiwu '«" 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 35"} 
 
 treaty, nominally with Charles, but in reality with the duke of Burgfundy ; 
 for the unhappy Charles was in so completely imbecile a condition, that 
 lie was at best but a mere puppet in the hands or whoever had for the 
 time the charge of his person. 
 
 The chief provisions of this treaty, in which the honour and interests 
 if the nation were accounted as nothing, were as follows : Henry was to 
 marry the princess Catharine ; Charles was to enjoy the title and dignity 
 of king during his life, but Henry was to be his heir, and was also to be 
 entrusted with the immediate administration of the affairs of the kingdom, 
 which was to pass to his heirs in common with England, with which king- 
 dom it was to be united under him, 'hough each kingdom should internally 
 retain its own customs, privileges, and usages; all the French princes, 
 peers, communities, and vassals were to swear to obey Henry as regent, 
 and in due time adhere to his succession as king ; Henry was to unite 
 with Charles and the duke of Burgundy in chasing the dauphin from the 
 Kingdom ; and no one of the members of this tripartite league was to make 
 peace with him, except with the consent of the other two. A treaty more 
 scandalous to all parties it would be difficult to imagine. Even as re- 
 garded England, Henry was king only by succession to an usurper ; and 
 his claim to France, even on that ground alone would have been scouted 
 by the duke of Burgundy, had patriotism not been entirely banished from 
 his breast by passion and pergonal interest. 
 
 But interest, and interest alone, was attended to by the parties concerned 
 in this very singular treaty, which was drawn, signed, and ratified with as 
 little scruple on the side of Burgundy, as though there had been no otiier 
 object in view than the mere gratification and aggrandizement of Henry. 
 A few days after the signing of the treaty, this prince espoused the prin- 
 cess Catharine, and with her and her father proceeded to Paris. Possess- 
 ed of the capital, he had but little difficulty in procuring from the parliament 
 and the three estates a full and formal ratification of that treaty, in every 
 line of which their degradation was visibly written. 
 
 The dauphin now assumed the style of regent of the kingdom, appealed to 
 God to witness the justice of his cause, and prepared to defend it in arms, 
 and Henry proceeded to oppose him. He first laid siege to Sens, which 
 after a very slight resistance surrendered to him, and M ontereau was sub- 
 dued with no less ease. Henry now proceeded to Melun, but here he met 
 with a stouter resistance, the governor, Barbasan, repelling every effort 
 he could make for above four months ; and even at the end of that time 
 the brave governor was only induced to treat for surrrender by the abso- 
 lute state of famine to which the garrison was reduced. Henry was now 
 obliged to visit England for the purpose of obtaining both men and money, 
 and during his absence he left his uacle the duke of Exeter in the post of 
 governor of Paris 
 
 By this time the English, however much they were dazzled and flat- 
 tered by the talents and success of their king, seem to have begun to take 
 something like a correct view of the possible ultimate consequence to them 
 and to their posterity, of the proposed union of the two crowns ; and the 
 oarliament voted him a subsidy of only a fifteenth, which would have been 
 quite inadequate to his nemssities, but that the French territory he haa 
 conquered served for the t inlenance of his troops. Having got together, 
 with the subsidy thus voti i to him, a new army of twenty-four thousand 
 archers, and four thousand cavalry, he embarked at Dover and safely 
 reached Paris, where everything had remained in perfect tranquillity undei 
 the gnvprnment of his uncle. 
 
 But during the absence of Henry the English had received a very se- 
 vere clieck in Anjou. A Scotch brigjide of seven thousand men had long 
 been in the dauphin's service, sent thither by the regent of Scotland. Hen- 
 rv had taken the youne kinar of Scotland, who hod so lonir been in canti vitv 
 
 ^m 
 
 ^•Uli,, 
 
zw 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 to Prance, and caused him to issue orders for all Scots to leave the dau- 
 phin's service. But the earl of Buchan, who commanded the Scots «• 
 plied, that his king while in captivity could not issue orders— at ail events 
 could not I xpect him to obey them. This gallant and well-disciplined 
 body of troops now encountered the English detachment under the cora- 
 tnand of the duka of Clarence. Thai prince was slain in the action by a 
 Scottish knight name i Allan Swintbn ; the earls of Somerset, Himliiigdon 
 and Dorset were taken prisoners, and the English were completely routed' 
 to the great joy of the dauphin, who rewarded the earl of Buchan with the' 
 office of constable. 
 
 Henry's return, however, soon damped the new-born joy of the dau- 
 phin, who was besieging Chartres, whither Henry marched, and compd- 
 leu "lim to raise the siege without a struggle. From Chartres Henry 
 marched to Dreux, which also surrendered without resistance, and then 
 proceeded to lay siege to Meaux, tie garrison of which had greatly an- 
 noyed the Parisians. Here the English were resisted with great skill 
 and courage for eight months, by the governor Vaurus. At the end of that 
 time the place was taken and it wba probably in reality on account of the 
 obstinate resistance that he had met with, but professedly for the cruelty 
 which Vaurus had undoubtedly shown to his prisoners, English as well as 
 Burgundian, that Henry ordered him to be hanged upon the same gibbet 
 upon which '.e had caused so many brave men to be executed. 
 
 The capture of Meaux led to the surrender of other places in the 
 neighbourhood that until then had obstinately held out ; and the dauphin, 
 unable to resist the .united power of the English and Burgundians, was 
 driven beyond the Loire, and compelled to abandon nearly all the north- 
 ern provinces ; while the son of whom Henry's queen was just now de- 
 livered was as enthusiastically hailed at Paris as at London, as the future 
 king of both nations. 
 
 Singularly handsome and vigorous in person, and having not yet nearly 
 reached middle age, Henry might have been expected to have very many 
 years of glory'and triumph yet before him. But he was afflicted with a 
 fistula, a disease with which the rude surgery of that age knew not how 
 to deal ; and he, the powerful and ambitious, the envied and successful, 
 king found liimself hurrying to the grave by the rapid progress of a dis 
 ease, from which in our own time the poorest peasant would be relieved 
 
 Conscious of his approaching end, he gave a new proof of " the ruling 
 passion strong in death." Sending for his brother, the duke of Bedford, 
 the earl of Warwick, and some other noblemen who stood high in his 
 esteem, he with great calmness delivered to them his last will as it 
 affected both the kingdom and his family. Professing to view his ap- 
 proaching death without any other regret than that which arose from his 
 leaving his great object incomplete, he assured them that they could not 
 fail of success by the exertion of their known prudence and valour. He 
 appointed Bedford regent of France, his younger brother, the duke of Glou 
 cester, regent of England, and to the earl of Warwick he committed the 
 government and protection of his infant son. He at the same time most 
 urgently enjoined these friends on no consideration to give freedom to 
 the French princes taken at Agincourt, until his boh should be of an age lo 
 govern for himself; carefully to preserve the friendship of the duke ol 
 Burgundy ; to exert every means to secure the throne of France to Ihtfir 
 infant king; and, failing success in that particular, never to makepeace 
 with France unless on condition of the permanent annexation of Norman- 
 dy to the crown of England. 
 
 Apart from his, ambition, and the violent injustice which necessarily re- 
 sulted from it, this prince was in very many respects deserving of the high 
 popularity which throughout his life he enjoyed in England, and which he 
 oo leas onjoved in France subsecjueul to his nmrriage with the princess 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 so» 
 
 Catharine. His civil rule was firm and productive of excellent oider 
 without being harshly severe ; and in the unifurin kindness and confidence 
 which he bestowed upon the earl of Maruhe, wiio beyond all question had 
 the preferable title to the crown, betokened no common magnanimity. 
 Henry, who died in 1422, aged only thirty-four, left but one child, youiig 
 Henry, then only nine months old ; and the queen Catharine, rather soon- 
 er after the death of her hubband than was strictly becoining, gave her 
 hand in second marriage to Sir Owen Tudor, a private gentloqian, who, 
 however, claimed to be descended from the ancient Welsh princt^s; to 
 him she bore two sons, the elder of whonr. wis created earl of Richmond, 
 the younger earl of Pembroke ; and the e:.il of Richmond subsequcntiv 
 became king of England, as we shall hereafter have to relate. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 THE REION OV IIGNRV TI. 
 
 A. D. 1422. — We had occasion to remark, under the head of Henry IV., 
 that the usurpation of that prince g?,ve a great and manifest impetus to the 
 power of the parliamtnit. A new proof was now afforded of the extent 
 tc which that power had increased. Scarcely any aiiention was paid to 
 the instructions givcjn by Henry V. on his death bed; and the parlian>ent 
 proceeded to make arrangements in accordance rather wiih its own views 
 than with those of the deceased monarch, with respect to both the king 
 dom and the young king. 
 
 They altogether set aside, as to the former, the title of regent, and ap 
 pointed the duke of Bedford, and, during any absence of his, the duke of 
 Gloucester, to act as protector or guardian of the kingdom ; evidently 
 placing a peculiar value on this distinction of terms, though to all practi- 
 cal purposes it necessarily was a mere distinction without a difference. 
 They showed, however, a more practical judgment in preventing, or, 
 at the least, in anticipating, any undue stretch of authority on the part of 
 either of the royal personages, by appointing a council wliose advice and 
 approbation were necessary to the legalising of all important measures. 
 
 They next proceeded to show an equal disregard to the wishes of the 
 deceased monarch, as related to the custody and government of his infant 
 son, when they committed him to the care of Henry Beauf&rt, bishop of 
 Winchester, a natural but legitimate son of John of Guant, duke of Lan- 
 caster; an arrangement which at least had this recommendation, that the 
 prelate in question could set up no family pretension to the crown, and 
 liad, therefore, no inducement to act unfairly by his infant charge. 
 
 The duke of Bedford, long renowned for equal prudence and valour, 
 immediately turned his attention to France, without making the slightest 
 attempt to alter the determination of parliament, which a less disinterest- 
 ed and noble-spirited man would very probably have interpreted as a per- 
 sonal affront. 
 
 Charles, the late dauphin, had now assumed, as he was justly entitled 
 to, the title of king of France; and, being shut out by the English 
 from Rheims, the ancient and especial place of coronation of the kings of 
 France, he caused himself to be crowned at Poitiers. This prince, though 
 only twenty years of age, was very popular with multitudes of the French 
 as well for the many virtues of his private character, as for the great and 
 precocious abilities ho had shown in most difficult phases of his public 
 affairs. 
 
 No one knew better than the duke of Bedford that, excluded though the 
 dauphin was from his rightful succession, by the unnatural and unpatriotic 
 act of his imbecile father, his own abilities would be strongly aided bv 
 
 f$^ a^' 
 
I«0 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 
 a natural ana inevitable revulsion of feeling: on the part of those Frencnmer 
 who had hitherto shown themselves fast friends to England. He them 
 fore strictly obeyed the dying injunction of Henry as to a sedulous culti 
 vation of the friendship of the duke of Burgundy, whose personal quarrel 
 with (Jharles had so mainly aided the success of the English cause thug 
 far, and whose support would henceforth be so vitally important to their 
 maintaining their ground in Fraiwe. Bedford, therefore, hastened to ful 
 fil his part in the treaty of Troyes, by espousing Philip's sister, the prini 
 cess of Arras ; and he even offered his new brother-in-law the recency 
 of France, which Philip, for not very obvious reasons, declined, thoueh 
 as he was far from being unambitious, he could scarcely have overlook- 
 ed that the regency, during the minority of young Henry and the continu- 
 ed success of the English, would be nearly equivalent to the actual sov 
 ereignty, and might by some very slight circumstance, actually lead to it 
 The duke of Bedford next turned his attention to securing the friend 
 rfiip of the duke of Brittany, who, whether as friend or foe, was next in 
 importance, as regarded the English power, to Burgundy himself. The 
 duke of Brittany liad already given in his adhesion to the treaty of Troyeg- 
 but as Bedford knew how much that prince was governed by his brother' 
 the count of Richemont, he skilfully sought to fix the friendship ol 
 that haughty and not very strictly honourable person. Richemont was 
 among the high personages who were made prisoners at Agineourt, but 
 hr.d been treated with great kindness in England, and even allowed by 
 Henry V. to visit Brittany, on his parole of honour, to return al a given 
 time. Before the »iiije arrived the deatli of Henry occurred, and Riche- 
 mont, contrary to all tne usages anJ maxims of chivalry, affected to be- 
 lieve that as his parole had been given personally to Henry V.,his honour 
 was in nowise engaged to maintain it towards that prince's successor. 
 His plea was as irregular as it was meanly false ; but as Bedford hiid ob- 
 viously no means of compelling Iticliemont to a more honourr.ole course 
 of conduct, without involving iiiniself in a very mischievous disagreement 
 with the duke of ilriitaiiy, lie very wisely made a virtue of necessity, and 
 not only overlooked the count's misconduct, but even obtained for him tiie 
 hand of the widow of tiie deceased dauphin Louis, the sister of Philip of 
 Burgundy. 
 
 Having thus both politically apd personally allied himself with the po 
 tent dukes of Burgundy and Brittany, Bedford now directed his attention 
 to Scotland. The duke of Albany, who, as regent of Scotland, iiad so 
 c jusiderably aided the dauphin, now King Charles, by sondini? him large 
 bodies of veteran Scotch troojMj, was (fead, and his office and power 
 had benn assumed by his son Murdac. This nobleman had neither the lal- 
 ents nor the energy of his father, and he was quite unable to limit, as the 
 duke of Albany had done, any enterprises tn wlrch the turbulent nobles 
 of Scotland might think proiier to turn their attention. Tiiis instantly 
 became evident from the snddun and vast increase of the number of Scot- 
 tish nobles who hastened to itffbr their swords to Charles of France; and 
 the pier'Mug gliince of Bedford discerned t!in strong probability of the 
 Scots, at no distant day, doing ("harles the Btill more efliiciual service of 
 distracting the attention and dividing the force of his Knglisli enemies, by 
 making formidable and frequent incuraioiis up</n the northern i^ounlies of 
 England. 
 
 As the tendlest and surest way of meeting this portion of his difUcuItiea, 
 Bedford induced the English government to rostoro to liberty the Scottish 
 king, young .lames, on the payment of u ransom of forty thousand pfiunds. 
 This y(Ming prince who had resided in England from his early boyhood, 
 and had lliore receivod the very best education which the scliolaBlir mIhIo 
 of that ago would ufl"ord even to princes, had imbibed much of the KngUtih 
 fetiliiiirH and ttiste! and rluriMir the whole of his short rei"U— (*><< wa* <nur 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 8«1 
 
 dpreJ in 1437 by the earl of Athol)— whatever might be the extetit of the 
 leaning he was alledged to have towards France, he naver once gave the 
 English cause to regret their genercsify or to throw blame on the policy 
 if Bedford, to which the young kir.g owed his freedom and the enjoymenl 
 of his throne. 
 
 Even while engaged in these wise political precautions, the duke ol 
 Bedford strenuously exerted himself in those military movements and op. 
 erations which were indispensable to the ultimate succesa of the measures 
 he contemplated. 
 
 King Charles in person, and all the forces under his own immediate 
 leading, had long since been driven into the southern provinces beyond 
 the Loire. But there were many of his attached partizans still possessed 
 of fortresses in the northern provinces, and even in the neigiibourhoo'' ui 
 Paris. Against these fortresses, therefore, the duke of Bedford deemed 
 it necessaiT to exert himself, before proceeding to deal with the main 
 gtVength of Charles. Dorsay, Noyelle, and Rue in Picardy, were be 
 sieged and taken ; and Pont sur Seine, Vertus, and Montaigne, soon after 
 fell into the English power. These successes were followed up by still 
 more brilliant a»d important ones ; till at lei:gth the constable of Scotland, 
 with many of tho French nobles, were taken prisoners, and Bedford's 
 army occupied La Charite and other towns upon the Loire. 
 
 Every new success of the Englisli by which they were brought nearer 
 to his southern provinces, made Charles the more painfully anxious for 
 the preservation of the few strongholds which he still held in ttiose of the 
 north, wiiere they could so greatly annoy and impede their inimical neigh- 
 hours. One of these, Yvri m Normandy, had for three months held out 
 aaainst the utmost eflbrts of its besiegers, under the personal command 
 oflk'ilford himself; but the gallant governor at length found himself re- 
 dufed to juch straits that he agreed to surrender unless relief should 
 reach Iniii by a certain day. Information of this threatened loss of Yvri 
 no sooner reached Charles than he sent a detachment of fourteen thousand 
 men to its relief, one half of the detachment being Scots and tho other 
 half Frencii. The chief command of this detachment was given to tho 
 earl of Buchan, tho titular constable of France, who made the utmost efforts 
 to perforin Ms mission succensfully, but had the ujortification to find that 
 the place had been already surrendered ere he could arrive. Resolved not 
 to return from so long a march without having at least attpmf)t«'(l some 
 important enterprise, and, turning to the left, ho marched rapidly to Ver- 
 neiiil and prepared to besiege that place, which was delivered up to him 
 by the citizens, in spite of all the opposition that could bo macle by the 
 garrison. 
 
 It had been well had Buchan contented himself with this success. But, 
 eneourapd by it, he called a i ouncil of war to consult wbotlmr he should 
 now inako good his retreat, with the glory he iiad so easil) and cheaply 
 acqiiircil, or await^tho coming up of the duke of Bedford. Though tho for 
 mcr plan was strongly and well urged by the graver and nioit! politic of 
 Ills officers, the latter one was so ngreealdo to Bnchan's ow.i (h-sire to en- 
 gage the enemy at any risk, that he finally adopted it, and it was not long 
 ere ins army was (•oiifronUHt with that of Bedford. Tho number were 
 tolerably emial ; and Buchan drawing up his men in excelle-it order under 
 he walls of VoriKuiil, determined in that advantageous position to await 
 the cimrge of the enemy. This prudent prefaulion, in n situation which 
 greater prudence would wholly have preserved hini from, was defeated by 
 the impetuous rashiu'ss of the viscount of Narbonno, who led his men so 
 lurmusly to the chafge, that lor an instant the English urohors were beaten 
 mmi the Im,) of palisadcjcH, behind which, according lo Ihoir usual cus- 
 i"!"'......"'^' ''i"!. »'»''""«••. Ihfuuelves. Quickly rerovernig themsolveH, 
 
 •vrrVcf, aiid funriiiig bi'hiiid and uniuug iliuir baggage, liiey poured ihoir 
 
 
862 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 arrows so tliickly and with such deadly precision, that Narbonne's r.en 
 fell fast around him and were soon thrown into confusion. The main 
 Lody of the constable's army, animated out of all sense of steady dmci- 
 
 Sline by the dasiiing but most imprudent charge of this division, rushed to 
 larbonne's support, and necessarily partook with his men the slauTliter 
 and the panic caused by the English archers; while the duke of BetFford 
 perceiving the confusion of the enemy, seized upon the favourable moment 
 and charged them at the head of the main body of his men-at-arms. The 
 French ranks quickly broke under this vigorous attack, and the rout in a 
 few minutes became general. Though Bedford's victory was complete 
 it was as ho considered, so dearly purchased by the loss of sixteen hun- 
 dred of the English to about two thousand of the French, that he would 
 not sllow any rejoicings for a victory which had cost the Enghsh a loss 
 •o nearly proportioned to that of the enemy. But the loss of Uie French 
 could not fairly be estimated by a mere statement of numbers. It was 
 unusually great among the leaders; Buchan himself, the earl of Douglas 
 and his son, the counts D'Aumale, De Tonnere, and De Ventadour, with 
 many other nobles, were amcDg the slain ; and the duke D'Aleneon, the 
 marshal de la Fayette, and the lords Gaucourt and Mortemar among the 
 prisoners. On the following day Verneuil, having no hope of relief, sur 
 rendered to Bedford. 
 
 Nothing could appear more desperate than the case of the French king. 
 He had in this fatal battle lost the bravest of his leaders; his partizans 
 had no longer even a chance of making any head against the Kiighsh in 
 the provinces north of tlie Loire; and he was so far from possossmij the 
 necessary means of recruiting his army and enticing other gallant nuinto 
 embrace his desperate cause, that he actuiilly had not even the means of 
 paying for the support of his reiinue, thougli he carefully abstained from 
 indulging many ol the frivolous and expensive shadows of royalty, while 
 he was still uncertain of the issue of his contest for its substance, but 
 |U8t as ho himself, as well as both hie friends and ins foes, began to doein 
 his cause nearly lost, a most unexpected incident occurred to save h m. 
 
 .lacqueline, countess of Holland and Hainanlt, had, from the politic mo- 
 tives which so generally determined princely marriages, espoused the 
 duke of Burgundy's consin-german, John, duke of Urabaiit. The bride 
 groom was a mere boy of fifteen ; the lady was muc-h older, and of a msis- 
 cuiine and ardent temper. The sickly and weak-minded boy-husband 
 ■oon became the detestation of his vigorous and high-spirited wife, 
 and she applied to Kome to annul the unequal and unsuitable marriiifffl. 
 Being well aware that, venal as Rome was, nniirh diflidilty awaited from 
 the powerful opposition which would bo made to her design by the dnke 
 of Burgundy, and being fearful that ho would even go to the extieme of 
 putting her under permonal restraint, she made her esimpe to Kngl;ind,iind 
 lolicited the aid and protectiun of the duke of (Jloucesler. The perHiniHl 
 beauty of the countess Jacqueline, together with the temptation of her in* 
 herited wealth and sovereigntj', stimulated the love and ambition of (Hou- 
 cealer bo far, that, without even waiting the result of an applicniion to 
 Rome, he made a contract of marriage with her, and commenced an at- 
 tempt to wrest her territories from the dukn of Brabant. 
 
 Tlio duke of Burgundy was doubly aniioyi'd and uiagusfed by (iiis pro- 
 eeoding of (Jloucester; tor while it very serioimly trenched upon his lain- 
 ily power and wealtli, it gave but an unpromising earnetit of ihe conduct 
 to be exiiccted from the Knglish, when, liavingfiillv established tli(;in»elve« 
 In Frunci!, they should no longer, from not neeiling the duke's nllianca 
 and support, have nn interested motive for putfinyany Hinils to their 
 personal ambition or cupidity. Actuated by these feelingH, he not only 
 oounselled hit coiiiiii to resitilanco, but exerted himself to induce (M 
 
 J i 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD 
 
 863 
 
 more powerful of Josephine's subjects to oppose her, and marclied himself 
 with a considerable body of his troops to support them in doing so. 
 
 Too exclusively engaged with his personal designs to give their due 
 weight to political considerations, Gloucester would not be diverted from 
 his purpose ; and a quarrel at once political and personal thus engaged 
 him and the duke of Burgundy in war in the Low Countries. 
 
 Gloucester, in the course of the angry correspondence which accom- 
 panied the warlike contest between him and the duke of Burgundy, impu- 
 ted falsehood to Philip, in terms so insultingly direct, that Philip insisted 
 upon a retraction, and personal challenge! now passed between them. ' 
 
 The grave and politic Bedford was vexed to the soul at the consequences 
 of Gloucester's imprudence ; consequences as disastrous and threatening 
 to the English power in France, as they were fortunate and hopeful to the 
 cause of the rightful king of France. For, in the first place, Gloucester 
 employed in his own quarrel the troops which Beford had been so anx 
 ionsly expecting from England, and, in the next place, this occurrence 
 could not but weaken, if it did not wholly alienate, the friendship of the 
 duke of Burgundy, to which the Enslish cause was so much indebted. 
 Having endeavoured, but in vain, to mediate between the angry dukes, Bed^ 
 ford now saw himself obliged to abstain from following up his signal vic- 
 tory at Veriieuil, and to hasten to England, to endeavour oy his presence 
 there to repair the already very miscnievous consequences of his brother's 
 headstrong temper and personal ambition. 
 
 Nor was it on account of Gloucester's folly alone that the presence of 
 Bedford was at this juncture much needed in England. The bishop of 
 Winchester, as we mentioned before, had been selected by parliament as 
 ciBlos of the young king's person not only on account of hia ^'reat abili- 
 lies, but also because his family had no claim to the throne that could in- 
 duce him to behave unfairly to his young charge. But this prelate had 
 great personal ambition. Ho was of an arbitrary and peremptory temper 
 and required from the council a far greater share of authority in the state 
 than his office of custos of the king's person could warrant liiin in de 
 manding, or the council in granting. 
 
 Between the prelate, tb.us peremptory and ambitious, and the equally 
 ambitious and fiery Gloucester, it was inevitable that an open qiinrre. 
 should liike place unrh'r suc^h circumstances; and as each of tliem had his 
 partizaiis in the iiiiiiislry, it was not without some diflicully that even the 
 great autliority of Bedford composed the existing differences ; nor did ho 
 wholly succeed in po d(»iiig until he had invoked the authority of parlia- 
 ment, before which assembly the two disputants wore conipellod to come 
 to an apparent reconciliation, and to promise that thenceforth all their 
 differoiiccs should be buried in oblivion. 
 
 While Hcilford had been busy in adjusting this untoward and unseemly 
 quarrel, the duke of Burgundy had so well employed his credit at Home, 
 as to have procured a hull which not only annulled the marriage contract 
 between the countess Jactjueline Mid the duke of GlouccHtcr, but also for- 
 bade their marriage oven in the event of the duke of BrHlmnt being re- 
 moved by death. The duke of Gloucester, who had all along been actu- 
 aliHl in his iidventurous suit far more by ambition and cupidity than by 
 love, finding so insuperable an obstacle inlerposed between him and even 
 his fuUire succoss, very soon consoled himself for his disaiipointmenl by 
 pving his liiiiid to a lady who had for a considerable time been known as 
 m mi.<itre89. 
 
 Soon lifter, the duke of Bniimnl died ; and his widow in order to recover 
 hor territory, was obliged to declare the duke of Burgundy her heir should 
 «lip die without issue, and to engage not to Uko a second husband union 
 with the duke's consent. 
 
 —-"r'sitttfii -J! titc aiiatf prcTcir.cu itic iuiriicuiuio nustiiny 
 
 upuii 
 
U64 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 H'' 
 
 I 
 
 'i. i 
 
 II 
 
 the part of Burgundy, of which Bedford at first had been very justly an. 
 prehensive ; but all the circumstances of the quarrel were calculated greatly 
 to weaken the duke of Burgundy in his attachment to the English, fiom 
 whom he could no longer expect, in the event of their complete success 
 to receive much better treatment than that which on the part of Kino 
 Charles had aroused the duke to such fierce enmity ; and ultimately this 
 quarrel did alienate the duke from his unnatural and, on the whole, very 
 impolitic alliance with jhe English. 
 
 The duke of Brittany, whose alliance Bedford valued only second to that 
 of Burgundy, was very effectually detached from the English side by the 
 gift to his brother, the count of Kichemont, of the oflice of constable ol 
 France, vacant by the death of Buchan; and this loss must have been the 
 more mortifying to Bedford, because he could not be unaware that it was 
 mainly owing to the impolitic pertinacity with which he had refused tc 
 gratify the passion of the count of Richemont for military command. Bu' 
 the loss, however caused or however much lamented, was wholly irre. 
 trievable ; for whatever there was of personal and selfish in tlie duke's 
 motive for changing his party, the change was permanent, and he ever af- 
 ter remained faithful to King Charles. 
 
 The cooled zeal of one ally and tiie total loss of another, and the favour 
 able moral effect which these things and eight months of comparative quiet 
 nad produced upon the partizans of king Charles, were sufficient to cause 
 anxiety to the sagacious duke of Bedford when he returned to France. 
 
 The FVench garrison of Montargis was besieged by the earl of Warwick 
 and an army of three thousand men, and was so reduced as to be on the 
 very poiiit of surrendering, when the Bastard of Orleans, afterwards so 
 famous under his title of duke of Dunois, marched with only sixteen hun- 
 dred men to Montargis, and compelled Warwick, in spite of his superior 
 numbers, to raise tiie seige. 
 
 The first aim of the duke of Bedford was to bring back to his alliance 
 the duke of Brittany. Sensible that that prince had chiefly been guided 
 in his change of alliance by the count of Richemont, and would, therefore, 
 most probably allow his own obvious interest to induce him to change 
 sides oiu-o more, Bedford secretly concentrated several detachments of 
 Knglisli upon the frontiers of Brittany, and invaded that province so sud 
 denly, tiiat the duke had no chance of resistance, but saw himself oblijjed 
 to consent to give up the French alliance and adiiere to the Irenlyol 
 Troycs, to acknowlecigc tiio duke of lledford as regent of France and to 
 pledge himself to do homage to the young king Henry for his duchy. 
 
 Having tiuis freed himself from a dangerous enemy in iiis rear, Uedford 
 prepared for an enterprise, the success of which would pretty conspietoly 
 insure the entire success of the English cause— the siege ol the city of 
 Orleans, which was so situated between the northern and southern prov- 
 mces as to open a way to the enti.nice of either by its possessor. As 
 Bedford, having been so successful in expelling diaries from the northern 
 provinces, was alxnit to attack him in tlie soulii, the possession of Orleans 
 was evidently of tlio greatest importance to him. 
 
 The conduct of the attack upon Orleans was entrusted to ilio earl of 
 Salisbury, a distinguished soldier, who had just brought a reinforcement 
 of six tlioiisanil men from Knghind. The curl, quite rightly, no doubt, 
 confined iiimscif to the task of taking several p'icno ji, dm vicinity of Or- 
 'eans, which, thougli tliey were but small, migiit prove of very scrioui in- 
 conveiiipiicc to him wher.i engiiged in the contemplated siege. These 
 preliininary mrnRur'!" of the ourl, however conforinabio to the rules of 
 war, and however iiidisponsabln under the particular circumslaiici's, wfire 
 n( the least thus far unfortunate, that they at once disclosed to Km^ 
 tharioH the main design of the Knglisli, and gave him lime and opportnni. 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 365 
 
 xy to throw in such stores of provisions and reinforcements of men as 
 might enable the garrison to maiie an effectual resistance. 
 
 The lord of Gaucour, an officer of equal conduct, valour, and experience, 
 was made governor, and many other veteran officers threw Ihomselves 
 into the place to aid him in its defence ; the troops they bad to command 
 *ore veterans in every sense of the word, and even the very citizens, in- 
 stead of being likely to disturb their defenders by idle fears, were now so 
 accustomed to war that they promised to be of very important service 
 
 Having completed his preliminary operations, the earl of Salisbury ap- 
 proached Orleans with an army of ten thousand men, and all Europe 
 looked with anxiety for the result of a siege which was likely to be so 
 completely decisive as to the future fate of France, and where, conse- 
 quently, it behoved Charles to make his utmost and final effort. 
 
 Having too small a force for the complete investment of a city which, 
 apart from its §[reat extent, had tiie advantage of a bridge over the Loire, 
 "e earl of Salisbury proceeded to attack tlie southern side, towards So- 
 logne ; but as he was attacking the fortifications which defended the bridge, 
 he was killed by a cannon shot while in the very act of reconnoitering the 
 enemy. The command of the English now fell upon the eari of Suffolk, 
 and he, receiving at the same time a large reinforcement of both English 
 and Burgundians, departed from Salisbury's plan of partial operations, led 
 his main fori o across the river, and thus invested the city on the other 
 side. The wi-tter having now commenced, the severity of the weather 
 rendered it impracticable to throw up intrenchments completely around ; 
 but by constructing redoubts at convenient distances, Suffolk was at once 
 able to lodge his soldiers safely, and to distress the enemy by preventing 
 anv supplies bcin|r conveyed to them ; leaving the task of connecting the 
 redoubts by a scries of trenches until the arrival of spring. It thus ap- 
 pears that Suffolk trnsted rather to famine than to force ; to confining tlie 
 enemy strictly within their walls, than to hazarding his cause by splendid 
 storming feats, which were certain to cost him many of his bravest men, 
 and were not likely to "be soon successful ; for though he had a train of 
 Rrtillery, the engineering art was as yet far too imperfect to uUow of its 
 making any speedy impression upon so strong a fortress. The attempts 
 if the friends of the besieged to throw in supplies, and of the Entjlish to 
 prevent them, gave rise to ma.iy splendid but partiid engagenuiuts, in 
 which both parties disnlayod great gallantry and enterprise. So persever- 
 ing, indeed, wore the Froncli, that upon some occasions they succeeded 
 in throwing in supplies, in defiance of all the vigilance and courage by 
 which they were opposed ; but the coiivoyg that were thus fortunate could 
 hut in a very inconsiderable dogrefl assist a garrison so numerous, and it 
 was evident to all military observers that Suffolk's cautious policy bado 
 fair to be siKu-essfnl, and that, however slowly, the English were steadily 
 and constantly advancing nearer to the ancomplishmont of their important 
 designs, 
 
 *. D. 142!).— While Suffolk was thus engaged in starving the enemy 
 within the walls, he was himself in no small danger of being pi tend in the 
 same predicament. Tliere were, it is true, neifher intrenchments nor 
 f™oubtH behind him, but tliore were numerous and indefatigable parties 
 of French ravugs^rs, who completely denuded of provisions all the neigh- 
 bouring districts from which ho might otherwise h«ve nrocv.red supplies; 
 and from his small force ho coiil,' mt, withoii! ■ at danger to his main 
 design, detach any coiisidnralM- !,H'.>l?«r to ker. is French ruvagers in 
 i-neck. Just !•• Suffolk's ineo uwirRi-, to be iftriot y distressed for provi- 
 sions, a very «rr«at convoy of ito^.. of every description arrived to Ihcii 
 fciief, under thn command of Sit John Fustolffe, with an escort of two 
 'houaimid flv„ hundred men ; but pro it could r«'a<'h Suffolk's camp it was 
 •;iaut,i,iy tiiidckcd bv iwiriy double that nuinher oi rrencji and Scotch 
 
 -• L 
 
86ft 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 V 
 
 nnder the command of Dunois and the count of Clermopt. Fustolffe ei> 
 deavoured to counterbalance his inferiority in men by drawing them up 
 behind the wagons, but the enemy brought a small battery of cannon to 
 bear upon him, which very effectually dislodged and disordered the En. 
 glish. The affair now seemed to be secure on the French side, as a steady 
 perseverance but for a few minutes in their first proceedings would have 
 made it. But the fierce and undisciplined impetuosity of a part of the 
 Scotch troops caused them to break their line and rush in upon the Kn> 
 glish ; a general action ensued, and ended in the retreat of the French 
 who lost five hundred in killed, besides a great number of wounded, and 
 among the latter was Dunois himself. The convoy that was thus saved 
 to the English was of immense importance, and owing to a part of it be* 
 ing herrings for the food of the soldiers during Lent, the affair commonly 
 went by the name of the " Battle of the Herrings." 
 
 The relief thus afforded to the English enabled them daily to press mo/e 
 closely upon t^ie important city ; and Charles, now wholly despairing of 
 rescuing it by force of arms, caused the duke of Orleans, who was stul a 
 prisoner in England, to propose to Gloucester and the council, that this 
 city and all its territory should be allowed to remain neutral during the 
 whole remainder of the war, and, as the best security for neutrality, be 
 placed in the keeping of the duke of Burgundy. That prince readily 
 grasped at the proposal, and went to Paris to urge it upon the duke of 
 Bedford, who, however, roplie(l, that lie ii<id no potion of beating tlie 
 bushes that others might secure the game ; and Burgundy, deeply offended 
 both at the refusal and the manner in which it was made, immediately 
 ieparted and withdrew all those of his men who were concerned in the 
 investment of Orleans. Foiled as well in negotiation as in arms, Cliarlea 
 how wholly despaired of rescuing Orleans, when an incident occurred to 
 save it and to give new hopes to his cause, so marvellous, that it reads 
 more like the invention of a romancer's fancy than the sober relation ol 
 the matter-of-fact historian. 
 
 Long as Orleans had been invested, and intimately connected as its fate 
 ?- dmed with that of the whole nation, it is not to be wondered at that the 
 siege was talked of in all parts of France, and speculated upon even by 
 persons little cognizant of public affairs. Among the thousands whose 
 minds were strongly agitated by the frequent and various new.s from 
 Orleans, was Joan d'Arc, the maid servant of a country inn at Domremi, 
 near Vaucouleurs. Though of the lowest order of menial servants, ihia 
 yoimg woman, now twenty-seven years of age, was of blameless life ami 
 manners. Well formed and active, her simple living and her hard work 
 preserved her naturally healthy constitution; and as she was accustomed 
 to ^ido her master's horses to their watering place, and to do other work 
 which in most households would fall to the share of men, she was unusu- 
 ally haoly and of n somewhat masculine habit, though, as has been naid 
 of perfectly blameless life and unmarked by any occentricity of mannei 
 or conduct. 
 
 This young woman paid so much attention to what she heard respect- 
 ing: the siege of Orleans and tlie distress and peril of her rightful sov 
 eroign, that by degrees she accustomed herself to make them the aolt 
 subjects of her thouKhts ; and her sanguine and untutored mind at |en)(lh 
 became so much inflamed by sympathy with the king, and by a pasfuonalfi 
 desire to aid him, that her rcveritm and aspirations seemed to assume the 
 aspect of actual visions from above, and she imagined herself audibly 
 called upon by some supernatural power to exert herself in her sovfireign's 
 behalf. This delusion became claily stronger, and at length, naturally 
 coyrageous, and rendered still more so by her imagined visions, she over 
 lodkeiT till the vast diRicnlti^s which must tave been evident to even hci 
 'nexpenenced mind, nixd presf'nted hcisoif to Handricourt, the governor o 
 
 inuul itn^ifl. U- 
 
nrSTORT OP THE WORLD. 
 
 S91 
 
 ^Taucouleura, related to him all her fancied experiences, and besought hiin 
 lo listen to the voice of heaven and to aid her in fulfilling its decrees. 
 
 After some hesitation, the governor, whether really believing all that Joau 
 affirmed of her visions, or only considering her a visiqnary of whose de 
 lusions a profitable use might be made by tiie king's friends, furnished 
 her with some attendants and sent her to Chinon, where Charles and his 
 scanty court then resided. 
 
 Where so much is undeniably true in a tale of which so much must of 
 necessity be false, it is no easy matter to separate the true from the wholly 
 false or the greatly exaggerated. We, therefore, shall simply relate what 
 passed and is said to have passed, contenting ourselves with this single 
 caution to the reader — to conceive that, from very many motives, ev«a 
 the best men then living about the French king's court wore liable to be 
 seduced into credulity on the one hand and exaggeration on the other, and 
 that, consequently, the wise ^lan in reading what follows will be to reject 
 altogether all that assumes to be miraculous, and to credit only what, how- 
 ever extraordinary, is perfectly natural, and especially under the extraor- 
 dinary state of affairs at that time. 
 
 When Joan was introduced lo the king she at once singled him out from 
 among the courtiers by whom he was surrounded, although it was at- 
 tempted to baffle heron this point by the king's assumption of a plain dress, 
 totally destitute of all marks or ornaments tliat could discover his rank to 
 her. Repealing to him what she had already told to Baudricourt, she 
 assured him, in the name of heaven, that she would compel tiie Knglish 
 to raise the siege of Orleans, and would safely (ionduct him to Riieims 
 that, like his ancestors, he might be crowned there. The king expressed 
 some doubts of the genuineness of her mission, and, very pertinently, de- 
 manded some unequivocal and convincing proof of her supernal inspira- 
 tion; upon which, all the attendants save the king's confidential friends 
 beiny withdrawn, she told him a secret wiiicli, from its very nature, he 
 had every reason to believe that by natural means no one in the world 
 could kno'v ; and she, at tiie same t''ue, described and demanded to be 
 armed with a certain sword wiiich was deposited in the church of St. 
 Catharine of Fierbois, and of which, though it was certain that she nevei 
 could have seen it, she described the various marks with great exactness. 
 Though greatly staggered, the king was even yet unconvinced ; and a con- 
 clave of doctors ami theologians was assembled, to inquire into and report 
 upon Joan's alledged mission. The report of these learned persons was 
 decidedly in favour of the damsel's truth, and si.,? was tlieii closely inter- 
 rogaled by the pafliament which was sitting at Poitiers, and here' again i' 
 was decided tliat her mission was genuine. 
 
 !f the king and his advisers first simulated doubt and scrupulosity, only 
 to increase tlie effect upon the vulgar of tlieir siihs.quenl and seemingly 
 reluctant belief, the device had all the success tliey could have desired. 
 t'Ver prone to belief in the marvellous, the people who had lately been in 
 the deepest despair now spoke in accents not merely of hope but of con 
 viction, that heaven had miracnlously inspired a maiden-champion, by 
 whose instructions the king would bo enabled to triumph over all his difn 
 culties and to expel nil his enemios. 
 
 But it was not merely as an adviser that .loan believed hersolf instructed 
 to aid her king. In her former scrvilo oceupaiion she had l.iarned to 
 mnimge a horse with ease, and she was now mounted on a war-steed, 
 armed, " cap ?i pie," and paraded before the people. H«'r animated eouu- 
 teiiance. Iter youth, ^nd, above all, her graceful and fearless equitation, 
 Which seoined so marvellous and yet might have ')een so »ni8ily aeeonntod 
 •H-, ciuifirined all the favourable impressionB which hftd been formed of 
 iipr; and the multitude loudly avered that any enterprise headed by her 
 *-**" '"" -u?;'cc335Ui. ^T*;** iiivSv ioiiu ^rupunvvsriiOlis iii iiur faviMU 
 
368 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 I 
 
 she set out for Blois to head the escort of a convoy abou to be sent to 
 the relief of Orleans. 
 
 The escort in question consisted of an anny of ten thousand men under 
 the command of St. Severe, who now haa orders to consider himself 
 second in command to Joan d'Arc ; though probably with a secret reser^ 
 vation not to allow her supematiiral fancies to militate against any of the 
 precautions commanded by the laws of mortal warfare. Joan ordered 
 every man in the army to confess himself before marching, and all women 
 of bad life and character to be prohibited from following the army, which 
 last order had at least the recommendation of removing a nuisance which 
 sadly militated against good discipline. At the head of the troops, car- 
 rying in her hand a consecrated banner, upon which was embroidered a 
 representation of the Supreme Being grasping the earth, Joan led the way 
 to Orleans, and on approaching it she demanded that Orleans should be 
 entered on the side of the Beausse ; but Dunois, who well knew that the 
 English were strongest there, so far interfered with her prophetic power 
 as to cause the other side of the river to be taken where the English were 
 weaker. The garrison made a sally on the side of tiie Beausse, and the 
 convoy was safely taken across the river in boats, and was accompanied 
 by the Maid of Orleans, whose appearance, under such circumstances, 
 arrayed in kni<|htly garb and solemnly waving her consecrated banner, 
 caused the soldiers and citizens to welcome her as being indeed an in- 
 spired and glorious prophetess, under whose orders they could not fail ot 
 success ; and as another convoy shortly afterwards arrived, even Dunois 
 was so far converted to the general belief, as to allow it, in obedience to 
 Joan's orders, to approach by the side of the Beausse. This convoy 
 too, entered safely, together with its escort, not even an attempt bein/; 
 made on the part of the besiegers to cut it off. 
 
 Yet a few days before Joan's first arrival at Orleans, when she had sent 
 a letter to Bedford, threatening him with the divine anger should he ven- 
 ture to resist the cause which she was sent to aid, the veter^vn duke treated 
 the matter as the ravings of a maniac, or as a most shallow trick, the mere 
 resorting to which was suflUcient to show the complete desperation to 
 which Charles was driven. But the age was superstitious, and the natural 
 success which had merely accompanied the pretensions of Joan was by 
 the ignorant soldiers and by their (as to superstition) scarcely less igno- 
 rant officers, taken to have been caused by it, and to be, therefore, a sure 
 pioof of her supernatural mission and an infallible augury of its success. 
 (iloom and terror were in the hearts and upon the countenances of the 
 Knglish soldiery, and Suffolk most unwisely allowed those feelings full 
 leisure to exert themselves by having his men unemployed in any military 
 attempt ; their inactivity thus serving to augment their despondency, while 
 it increased the confidence and exultation of tlie garrison. 
 
 Whether nioroly obeying the promptings of a naturally brave and active 
 npirit, worked into a state of high enthusiasm by the events in which she 
 had taken so conspicuous a part, or from the politic promptings of Dunois 
 and the other French commanders, Joan now exclaimed that the garrison 
 ought i\o longer to he kept on the defensive ; that the brave men who had 
 been so long compulsorily idle and pent up within their beleagurcd walls 
 should be led forth to attack the redoubts of the enemy, and that she was 
 ctinunissioned by Heaven to promise them certain success. An attack 
 was accordingly made upon a redoubt and was completely successful, the 
 defenders being killed or taken prisoners to a man. TliiB success gave 
 new animation to the French, and the forts on the other side of the river 
 A-ere next attacked. On one occasion the French were repulsed, and 
 Joan received an arrow in her neck ; but she led back the French to the 
 charge, ami they overcame the fort from wh'ch for a moment thev had 
 nua, and inc heroine — for such she Was. ^ipart ffom hcf BuDerUatura: r'- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ■ 369 
 
 ttjsions— plucked the arrow from the wound with her own hands, and 
 scarcely stayed to have the wound dressed ere she returned to the self- 
 imposed duty into which she so zealously entered. 
 
 Such was the effect of Joan's deeds and pretensions, that the Enjrlish 
 lost redoubt after redoubt, besides having upwards of six thousand men 
 either killed or wounded m these most desperate though only partial con- 
 tests. It was in vain that the English commanders, finding it completely 
 useless to endeavour to convince their men that Joan's deeds were naturaL 
 laboured to persuade them that she was aided not' by Heaven, but by the 
 powers of darkness ; for it was impossible to persuade the men that those 
 powers were not, for the time at least, too strong to be combated with 
 any possibihty of success. Fearing, therefore, that the most extensive 
 disaster, even a total destruction of his army, might result from his keeo- 
 inj men so thoroughly and incurably disheartened, before a place defended 
 by men whose natural courage was indescribably heightened by their be- 
 lief that they were supernaturally assisted, the earl of Suffolk prudently, 
 but most reluctantly, resolved to raise the siege, and he commenced his 
 retrtat from before Orleans with all the deliberate calmness which the 
 deep-seated terror of his men would allow him to exhibit. He himself 
 withthe principal part of his army retired to Jergeau, whither Joan fol- 
 :owed him at the head of an army six thousand strong. For ten davs the 
 place was gallantly attacked and as gallantly defended. At the end of 
 that time orders for the assault were given, and Joan herself descended 
 into the foss6 and led the attack. Here she was struck to the ground by 
 a stone, but almost immediately recovered herself, and fought with her 
 accustomed courage until the assault was completely successful. Suffolk 
 jvas himself taken prisoner by a French officer named Renaud, and on this 
 occasion a singular specimen was given of the nice punctilios of chivalry 
 When buffolk, completely overpowered, was about to give Lp his sword 
 he demanded whether his successful opponent were a knight. Reaaud 
 was obliged to confess that he had not yet attained to that distinction, 
 Sft /r'i ^°*^* ""J ^*'"^ =* gentleman. Then I knight you, said 
 Suffolk, and he bestowed upon Renaud the knightly accolade with the 
 very sword which an instant afterwards was delivered to him as the captor 
 of the man to whom he owed his knighthood ! 
 
 While these things were passing at Jergeau, the remainder of the En- 
 ttJlT T'^^f f«8tolffe, Talbot, and Scales, was making a somewhat 
 d soberly retreat before a strong body of French ; and the vanguard of 
 the latter overtook the rear of the former near the village of Patav. So 
 
 rtfo'^u'T^y®'' "'^'■® ^^« ^'"g''«*'' '^"d 80 confident the French, that 
 mLl ? • "0 8«"»er commencod than it became converted into a 
 mere rout, m which upwards of two thousand of the English were killed, 
 and a vast mimber, including both Scales and Talbot, takfn prisoners So 
 Clffl \ "'"versa! was the panic of the English at this period, that 
 
 war S;,«Tlv''«*'Al °"'" ^'f" ^m"- '" 'h« '""^t disastrous scenes o 
 aubsVnninn^ ' ''',? 7?'"^^ '^ "j^ht to his astounded troops, and , 
 
 a?XU"T?''^ "' " ^l being degnHed from the o'rder of u.e 
 E'lS r^ n^^I' bestowed upon him as the appropriate reward of 
 
 ven^mon ^if,*^'"""^ ^""'''^T,' ^" ^''s'lling a power has superstition 
 SerencoT '*'''" ^'^''^ "•*"■''' ""'^ *^"8'^^*' ^''"Sers with 
 
 of war"tClTf King Charles had kept remote from the actual theatre 
 
 DS/al7.J.i- '"'i-^*'''r'y «"'' «ffi<^iently busied himself in furnishinp 
 tPfield 1 f „n"*,?";^?^'°"! '!! '^' '**''""' commanders of his troops iS 
 toih« roi.- "r°^ ""'.^ •^*'"" ^^^^ «" completely redeemed her pledge a^ 
 8»t. rj* ""^ ''^ ?'T ""^ ^'■'«*'>''' «"d now that the prestige of hn 
 S^'il"'«! n"»«!onhal80 completely gained the ascenLicv ovor th!, 
 ••=••= VI ;wi j^onauiOiiB of me-1, he felt neither surprise nor reluctan«*» 
 
 'Ml 
 
 1 
 
 
 
\ii 
 
 I. 
 
 W' 
 
 370 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 when she urgently solicited him to set out for Rheitns, and confidently re. 
 peated her assurances that he should without delay be crowned in that 
 city. True it was that Rheims could only be reached by a very long 
 march through a country in, which the enemy was in great force, and in 
 which, of course, every advantageous position was carefully occupied by 
 them. But the army was confident of success so long as Joan raarclied 
 at its head; and Charles could not refuse to accompany the heroine, 
 without tacitly confessing that he had less faith in her mission, or was 
 himself possessed of less personal courage, than the lowest pilienian in 
 his army. Either of these suppositions would necessarily be fatal to his 
 cause ; and he accordingly set out for Rheims, accompanied by Joan and 
 an army of twelve thousand men. 
 
 Instead of meeting with the opposition he had anticipated, Charles 
 marched as peacefully along as though no enemy had been in the neigh 
 bourhood. Troyes and Chalons successively opened their gates to him ; 
 «nd before he reached Rheims, where he might reasonably have expected 
 that the English would muster their utmost force to prevent a coronation, 
 of which they could not but judge the probable influence on the minds of 
 the French, he was met by a peaceable and humble deputation which pre- 
 sented him with the keys. 
 
 And in Rheims, in the especial and antique coronation-place of his 
 fathers, Charles was crowned, as the maid of Orleans had prophesied that 
 he would be ; and he was anointed with the holy oil which was said to 
 have been brought from Heaven by a pigeon at the coronation of Clovig; 
 and the lately obscure and menial of the village mn waved over his head 
 the consecrated banner before which his foes had so often fled ; and while 
 the glad multitude shouted in triumphant joy, she to whom so much ol 
 this triumph was owing fell at his feet and bathed them with tears of joy. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE BKIGN OF HENRY VI. (CONTINUED.) 
 
 The coronation of Charles in the city of Rheims was doubly calculated 
 to raise the spirits and quicken the loyal attachment of his subjects. For 
 while, as the established coronation-place of the kings of France, Rheims 
 alone seemed to them to be capable of giving sanctity and effect to the 
 solemnity, the truly surprising difllculties that had been surmounted by 
 him in obtaining possession of that city, under the auspices of the Maid of 
 Orleans, seemed to all ranks of men, in that superstitious age, to be 80 
 many clear and undeniable evidences that the cause of Charles was in- 
 deed miraculously espoused by heaven. On turning his attention to ob- 
 taining possession of the neighbouring garrisons, Charles reaped the full 
 ben(!fit of this popular judgment ; Laon, Soissons, Chateau-Thiery, Pro- 
 vrs, and numerous other towns opening their gates to him at the first 
 summons. This feeling spread far and wide, and Charles, who so lately 
 saw himself upon the very point of being wholly expelled from his countir, 
 had now the satisfaction of seeing the favour of tlie whole nation rapidly 
 and warmly inclining to his cause. 
 
 Bedford m this difficult crisis showed himself calm, provident, and reso- 
 lute as ever he had been during the greatest prosperity of the hnglisn 
 arms. Perceiving that the French, and especially the fickle and turbu- 
 lent populace of Paris, were wavering, he judiciously mixed curbing ana 
 indulgence, at once impressing them with a painful sense of ."'e aanR" 
 of insurrection, and diminishing as far as kindness could diminish, tneir 
 evidently strong desire for one. Conscious, too, that Ijurgundy wa^ 
 leepiv oiienaen, ana inai Sus open cmimy wuusu j«c« st v»- ,\ 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 871 
 
 ibsolutely fatal to the English cause, Bedford skilfully endeavoured to 
 win him back to good humour and to confirm him in his alliance 
 
 But there was in Bedford's situation another element of trouble, against 
 which he found It still more difficult to contend. The conquest of Fwnw 
 had lost mudh of its popularity m the judgment of the English. As re- 
 garded the mere multitude, this probably arose simply from its having 
 lost Its novelty ; but thinking men both in and out of parliament had beguS 
 to count the cost against the profit ; and not a few of them had even belun 
 to anticipate not profit but actual injury to England from the conquest of 
 France. These feelings were so general and so strong, that while the 
 parliament steadily refused supplies of money to Bedford, a corresponding 
 disinclination was shown by nien to enlist in the reinforcements which hi 
 80 much needed. Brave as they were, the English soldiers of that day 
 desired gold as we 1 as glory ; and they got a notion that neither the one 
 nor the other was to be obtained by warring against the king of France, 
 who, even by the statements of the English commanders themselves 
 
 ?.l M T^'r /^'^i ^'^ ""^u®"* ^"^ marvellous successes .o the hellish arts 
 of the Maid of Orleans than to mortal skill and prowess. 
 
 Just as the duke of Bedford was in the utmost want of reinforcements. 
 It most opportunely chanced that the bishop (now cardinal) of WinchesS 
 landed at Calais on his way to Bohemia, whither he was leading an army 
 of five thousand men to combat against the Hussites. This force the car- 
 dinal was induced to yield to the more pressing need of Bedford, who was 
 hus eiiabled to follow the footsteps and thwart the designs of Charles 
 though no to hazard a general action. But in spite of this aid to Bedford 
 and in spite of all the skill and firmness of that general, Charles made 
 himself master of Compeigne, Beauvais, Senlis. Sens, Laval, St. Denis. 
 and numerous places in the neigiibourhood of Paris. To this amount of 
 success, however, the Fabian policy ol Bedford confined the king o 
 France, whose forces being chiefly volunteers, fighting at their own ex- 
 pense, were now obliged to be disbanded, and Charles himself retired to 
 ijourges. 
 
 A. D. 1430.— Attributing the advantage which Charles ad evidently de- 
 nved from his coronation rather to the splendour of the ceremony than 
 the real cause of ,ts locality Bedford now determined that his own 
 ?^l!IlP!i'"p «^°"'^^'^« crowned king of France, and he was accordingly 
 brought to Pans, and crowned and anointed there with all the pomp and 
 splendour that could be commanded. The splendid ceremony was much 
 admired by the Parisian populace, and all the crown vassals who lived 
 nj H iT """^ !"*' u ''^ actually in the hands of the English duly appeared 
 and did homage to the young king ; but to an observant eye it was very 
 JhJ!l». 5 this ceremony created none of the passionate enthusiasm 
 which had marked that of Charles at Rheims. 
 
 Hitherto we have seen the maid of Orleans only in one long brilliant 
 SS?h" «'''"«er of prosperity ; but the time now approached for that 
 i^ hi .1. • '^"l^^i '^'"''^' "'"'^' f"""™ *he very first, have been anticipa- 
 lea oy all men who had sense enough to discredit alike the representation 
 01 her miraculous support that was given by her friends, and of her dia- 
 
 show Tl!'^'^''® 9^^^ '""^^ ^'''^" ^y ^^^ enemies. It would seem that 
 8nc nerseir began to have misgivings as to the nature of her inspiration : 
 as It was quite natural that she should have as the novelties of military 
 E??n'J[f''''. 'i*« '"^ ^" 7^' *"^ her judgment became more and moii 
 irLmSV^K' d''«'^"lt'es of the military achievements which must be 
 performed by her royal master, before he could become king of France in 
 Cna „!!„ "r^ ''^}t ^''"" ^""^ misgivings it probably arose that, 
 Sm! ^» performed her two great and at first discredited promises, of 
 rawing the siege of Orleans and of causing Charles to be nmwnflil\t 
 ^v..oim3,6ne uow urgently desired to be allowed to return to her original 
 
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 obscurity, and to the occupations and apparel of her sex. But Dunois va*) 
 too well aware of the influence of her supposed sanctity upon the soldierfi, 
 not to be very anxious to keep her among them ; and he so strongly urged 
 ner to remain, and aid in the crowning of her prophetic and great carect 
 by the total expulsion of the enemies of her sovereign, that she, in a most 
 evil hour for herself, was worked upon to consent. As the best service 
 that it was at the instant in her power to do, she threw herself into C'cni. 
 peigne, which the duke of Burgundy and the earls of Arundel and Suffolk 
 were at that time hotly besieging. Her appearance waa hailed by the be> 
 sieged with a perfect rapture of joy ; she had proved her miraculous 
 powar by such spiendid and unbroken success, that every man among 
 them now believed himself invincible and the victory secure ; and the 
 news of her arrival undoubtedly imbued with very opposite feelings not a 
 few of the brave hearts in the Efnglish camp. But the joy of the one party 
 and the gloom of the other were alike shci t-lived and unfounded. On the 
 very day after that on which she arrived in the earrison she led forth a 
 sally, and twice drove the Burgundians, under John of Luxembourg, from 
 their intrenchments. But the Burgundians were so quickly and so numer- 
 ously reinforced, that Joan ordered a retreat, and in the disorder she was 
 separated from her party and taken prisoner, after having defended her- 
 self with a valour and address which would have done no discredit to the 
 bravest knight among her Burgundian captors. 
 
 Thin event was so unexpected, that the popular humour of the times 
 attributed it to the treachery of the French officers, who, said the rumour, 
 were so weary of hearing themselves depreciated by the attributing of 
 every success to Joan, that they purposely abandoned her to the enemy. 
 But besides that there is nut a shadow of proof of this charge of treach- 
 ery, which several historians have somewhat too hastily adopted, the fair 
 presumption is entirely againut it. On the one hand, wc cannot imagine 
 that the private envy of the French officers would thus outweigh alike 
 their ardour for the cause in which they fought and their sense of their 
 own safety, which depended so mainly upon that triumph which the in- 
 spiring efl^ct of Joan's presence among their nten was more than anything 
 else iiKcly to insure. On the other hand, what more likely, than that a 
 woman, in spite of the best efibrls of her friends, should bo taken prisoner 
 in such a scene of confusion t How many thousands of men had been, 
 ill that very war, taken prisoners in similar scenes, without any surmise 
 of treachery. 
 
 A. n. 1431. — It is always painful to have to speak of some one enormous 
 and indelible stain upon a character otherwise fair and admirable. The 
 historian irresistibly and almost unconsciously flnds his sympathies 
 awakened en bohall of the great characters whose deeds he describes. It 
 is impossible to write about Uie wise and valorous course of the great 
 duke of Bedford without a fee ling of intense admiration; proportionally 
 
 S sinful it needs must be to have to describe him as btMug guilty of most 
 abased and brutal cruelty. Aware how much the succeBS of Joan had 
 tended to throw disaster and discredit upon his arms, lledford iniiigined 
 that to have her in his power was to secure his future success, and he paid 
 a considerable sum for her to John of Luxembourg. 
 
 It is difficult in our age, when superstition is so completely deprived M 
 its delusive but terrible power, to imagine that such a man as Bedford 
 could seriously and in good faith give any credit to the absurd stories that 
 were relatud of the demoniac nature of Joan's powers. But it would be 
 rash to dony the possibility of that belief, howovor absurd ; for few indo*? 
 were the iiuii who in that age were free from the stupefying and degrad- 
 ing influence of suporstition. Apart from her allodgeil dealings with tho 
 rrtuoe of t;\o powers of darknoss, then was nothing in the career of loan 
 
 ' .■^•. J V, I..J-J I / .1 _.:»ii „^-„- " '- 
 
 TtU^.- « #«*W** 
 
 
 ics :rv:t: 
 
 .hla 
 
 : 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 873 
 
 oner. In her interference in the deadly business of war she, it is true, de- 
 IMrted from the ordinary usages of her sex ; but, except in wearing armour 
 md in daring the actual dangers of the fight, she even in this respect only 
 followed the example left to her bv the countess of Mountfort and by Phi- 
 tippa, queen of King Edward of England. The gallant and tender feeling 
 towards the sex, which chivalry made so much boast of, ought to have led 
 Bedford on this account to have treated her with even more indulgence than 
 hf would have shown to an equally celebrated prisoner of the other sex; 
 and the mo'e attentively we notice all the rest of Bedford's conduct, the 
 more difficult shall we find it to believe that he could have been guilty of 
 the baseness and cruelty of which we have to speak, unless under the in- 
 liaence of a degrading and most powerful impression of superstition. It 
 is, we repeat, very difficult for un, living in an age not only free from so* 
 perstition but tending very strongly and very perilously towards the con- 
 trary extreme, to imagine such a man as Bedford so much deluded ; but 
 still more difficult is it to suppose that any less poweriful influeyce could 
 have made so honourable a man guilty of a vile and dastardly cruelty. 
 
 Joan, being delivered into the power of Bedford, was loaded with chains 
 and thrown into a dungeon ; and the bishop of Beativais, on the plea that 
 fhe was captured within his diocese, petitioned Bedford that she might be 
 delivered over to the ecclesiastical power, to be tried on the charges of 
 impiety, sorcery, idolatry and magic ; and his petition was seconded by the 
 university of Paris. To the eternal infamy of Bedford, this petition wai 
 complied with ; and, loaded with irons, the high-hearted and admirable, 
 however deluded, woman was taken before her judges at Rouen, only one 
 of them, the cardinal of Winchester, being au Englishman. She defended 
 herself with courage and with a cogency of reply equal to what might be 
 expected from a men who, to good early training, should add the practice 
 and experience of a loufl life. She boldly avowed the great aim and end 
 of all her public acts had been to rid her country of its enemies, the En- 
 jflish. When taunted with having endeavoured to escape by throwing 
 herself from a tower, she frankly confessed that she would repeat that at< 
 tempi if she had the opportunity; and when asked why she put trust in a 
 standard whici; had been consecrated by magicul incantations, and why 
 ■he carried it at the coronation of Charles, she replied that she trustea 
 not in the standard but in the Supreme Being whose image it bore, and 
 that the person who had shared the danger of Charles's enterprise had 
 a just right also to share its glory. The horrors of solitary confinement, 
 and repeated exposure to the Uiunts and insults of her persecutors, at 
 length broke down even the fine proud spirit of Joan ; and, in order to put 
 •n end to so much torture, she at length confessed that what she had been 
 in the habit of mistaking for visions from heaven, must needs be mere 
 illusions, as they were condemned by the church ; and she promised that 
 she would no longer allow them to influence her mind. This confession 
 tflroporarily saved her just as she was about to be delivered over to the 
 secular arm ; and, instead of being forthwith sentenced to the stake, she 
 was sentenced to the comparatively mild, though still shamefully unjust, 
 punishment of perpetual imprisonment, with no other diet than bread and 
 water. 
 
 Here, at all events, one might have sunutsed that the cruel rage of 
 Joan's nnetnins would have stopped ; for whilo her imprisonment render«J 
 it impoMiblfl that she should personally do any farther damage to the En- 
 |lish cause, her very detention and confession naturally tended to dii- 
 Muss her ivarmsst partizans of all further belief in her ailedgec' suparnat 
 oral inspiration. But even now that she was a captive, and wholly now 
 erleis to injure them, her enemies were not aatiated. Judging, with a 
 maliRnant ingenuity, that the ordinary habiliments of her sex, to which 
 met; her capture she had oonatanllv haen cunfliidd. wmmi !«■■ nirrM«iiihlii 
 
»u 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 to her than the mtle and martial attire in which she had achieved so mv 
 ny wonders and extorted so much homage, they caused a suit of male 
 attire and appropriate armour to be placed within her reach. As bad been 
 anticipated, so many associations were awakened in her mind by this 
 dress, that the temptation to put it on was quite irresistible. As soon as 
 ■he had donned the dress her enemies rushed in upon her; this mere and 
 very harmless vanity was interpreted into a relapse into heresy, and she 
 was delivered over to the flames in the market-^ace of Rouen, thouirh 
 the solo crime she had committed was that she had loved her countrv and 
 termed it. , •" 
 
 A. 0. 1432.— The brutal injustice inflicted uppn Joan whom the nobler 
 delusions of Greece and Rome would have deified and worshipped, by no 
 means produced the striking; benefit to the English cause that had been 
 anticipated. The cause of Charles was from rational reflections daily 
 becoming more popular, and the cruelty of the English served rather to 
 confirm than to diminish that tendency ; while a series of successes on 
 the part of the French followed as a natter of course. 
 
 The death of the duchess of Bedford very much weakened the attach- 
 ment of hir brother, the duke of Burgundy, both to Bedford personally 
 and in general lo the English cause ; and the coolness which followed this 
 event was still farther increased when Bedford very shortly afterwards 
 espoused Jacqueline of Luxembourg. Philip, not without reason, com- 
 plained that there was a want of decent regard to his sister's memory ex- 
 bibited in so hasty a contract of a new marriage, and that a personal 
 affront was oflered to himself by this matrimonial alliance without any 
 intimation of it being given to him. 
 
 Sensible how serious an injury the continued coolness between these 
 princes rnust inflict upon the English cause, the cardinal of Winchester 
 Ofliered himself as a mediator between them, and a meeting was appointed 
 at St. Omer's. Both Bedford and Burgundy went to that town, which was 
 m the dominions of the latter ; and Bedford expected that, as he had thus 
 far waved etiquette, the duke of Burgundy would pay him the first visit. 
 Philip declined doing so, and upon this idle piece of mere ceremony they 
 both, without a single inrerview, left n town to which they both professed 
 to have gone with the sole intent of meeting and becoming reconciled. 
 Sogreat is the effect of idle custom upon even the wise and the powerful! 
 
 This new cause of discontent to the duke of Burgundy happened the 
 more untowardly, because it Kreatly tended to confirm him iii his inclina- 
 tion to a reconciliation with King Charles. That prince and his friends 
 baa made all possible apology to the duke on account of the murder of the 
 late duke his father ; and as a desire for the revenge of that murder had 
 been Philip's chief reason for allying himsolf with Kngland, the more that 
 reason became diminished, the more Burgundy inclined to reflect upon 
 the impolicy of his aiding to place foes and foreigners upon the throne 
 whkh, failing in the elder French branches, might descend to his own pos- 
 terity. 
 
 A. h. 1435 — These reflections, and the constant urging of the most emi 
 nent men in Europe, including his brother-in-law, the duke of Bourbon 
 and the count de Richemont, so fur prevailed with Burgundy, that he con- 
 tented to attend a congress appointed to meet at Arras, at which it was 
 proDosed that dopiitios from the pope and the council of Balsn should 
 mediate between King Charles and the English. The duke of Burgundy, 
 the duke of Bourbon, the count of Kichemont, the cardinal of Winches- 
 ter, the bishops of Norwich and St. David's, and the earls of Suffolk and 
 Huntingdon, with several other eminent persons, met accordingly at 
 Arras and had conferences in the abbey of St. Vaast. On the part of 
 France the arabasuadors offered llie cession of Guienne and Norman" 
 ii', not in free sovereignly, but only as feudal fiefs j on the part of Knit 
 
BISTORT OP THU WORLD. 
 
 375 
 
 laBdt whoso pnox claim was upon the whole of France as nghtfol po8< 
 MMion and free sovereignty, this offer seemed so small as to be wholly 
 nnworthy of any detailed counter-offer; and though the mediators de- 
 elared the original claim of England preposterously unjust, the carxlinal 
 (^ Winchester and the other English authorities departed without any de> 
 tailed explanation of their wishes, but obviously dissa^sfied and inclined to 
 perMf ere in their original design. The negotiation as between France 
 and England being thus abruptly brought to an end, the reconciliation of 
 Charles and the duke of Burgundy alone remained to be attempted by the 
 mdiators. As the provocation originally given to Burgundy was very 
 
 Kat, and as the present importance of his friendship to Charles was con> 
 ledly of great value, so were his demands numerous and weighty. 
 Besides several other considerable territories, Charles ceded all the 
 towns 9f Picardy situated between the Low Countries and the Somme, 
 all of which, as well as the proper dominions of the duke, were to be hdd 
 
 Sr him during his life, without his either doing homage or swearing fealty to 
 harles, who, in pledgee of his sincerity in the making of this treaty, solemn- 
 ly released his subjects from all allegiance to him should he ever violate it. 
 
 Willing to break with England with all due regard to the externals of 
 civility, the duke of Burgundy sent a herald to London to notify and 
 apologize for this treaty, which was directly opposed to that of Troyes, 
 of which he had so long been the zealous and powerful defender. His 
 messenger was very coldly listened to by the English council, and point- 
 ^ly insulted by having lodgings assigned to him in the house of a mean 
 tradesman. The populace, too, were encouraged to insult the subjects 
 of Philip who chanced to be visiting or resident in London ; and, witn the 
 usual cruel willingness of the mob to show their hatred of foreigners, they 
 in some cases carried their violence to the extent of mi' *>• r. 
 
 This conduct was as impolitic as it was disgraceful, .or it not only 
 sharpened Philip's new zeal for France, but also furnished him with that 
 plea which he needed, not only for the world but also for his own con- 
 science, for his sudden and complete abandonment of his alliance with the 
 English. Almost at the same time that England was deprived of the powerful 
 support of Burgundy, she experienced t\* o other very heavy losses, the duke 
 af Bedford dying of disease a few days after he had tidings of the treaty 
 of Arras, and the earl of Arundel dying of wounds received in a battle 
 where he, with three thousand men, was totally defeated by Xaintrailles at 
 the bead of only six hundred. 
 
 A. D. 1436. — As in private so in publin affairs, misfortunes ever come in 
 shoals. Just as England required the most active and most disinterested 
 exertions on the part of those to wir.>m Uodford's death had left tiie direc- 
 tion of affairs, the dissensions which ha^i long existed between the cardinal 
 of Winchester and the duke of Gloucester grew so violent, that in their 
 personal quarrel tli« foreign interests of the king and kingdom seemed 
 to be for the time, at least, entirely lost sight of. A regent of France was 
 appointed, indeed, as suceesMor to Bedford, in the person of the dul;e oi 
 York, son of that earl of Cambridge who was executed early in the pre- 
 ceding rnign ; but owing to the disseuHious above-mentioned, his coiumlN- 
 sion was left unsealed for seven months after his appointment, and the 
 English in France were, of course, during that long and critical period 
 virtually left without a governor. The consequence, as might have buun 
 anticipated, was, that wnen he at length was enabled to proceed to his post, 
 Paris was lost; the inhabitants, who had all along, oven by Bedford, oeen 
 only with dini";ulty prevenlnd fnim rising in favour of Charlen, havintt 
 seiied this favourable opportunity to tlo so ; and Ijord Willoiigliby, with 
 fifteen hundred men, after a bravo attempt first to preserve the city and 
 then to mniiitaiii themselves in the Bastile, was at length reduced to such 
 distress, that he was glad to capitulate on permission to withdraw hlu 
 
376 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 Resolvod that his enmity to England should not long be without m, 
 ward demonstrations, the duke of Burgundy raised an immense butheteio. 
 peneous and ill-disciplined army in the Low Countries, and proceeded tc 
 invest Calais, which was now the most important territory the Envliih 
 had in France. The duke of Gloucester, as soon as the tidings reached 
 England, raised an army and sent a personal defiance to the duke of Bur* 
 gundy, whom he challenged to remain bofore Calais until the weathw 
 would permit the English to face him there. 
 
 Partly from tlie evident terror which Gloucester's high tone struck into 
 the Flemings, and partly from the decided ill success which attended two 
 or three partial attempts which Burgundy had already made upon Calaii, 
 that prince, instead of waiting for Gloucester's arrival, raised the sieve 
 tind retreated. 
 
 A. p. 1440. — For five years the war was confined to petty enterprises oi 
 surprising convoys and taking and re-taking towns. But though these 
 enterprises had none of tho brilliancy of more regular and sustained war 
 they were to the utmost degree mischievous to both the contending par' 
 ties and the unfortunate inhabitants. More blood was shed in these name 
 less and indecisive rencontres than would have sufficed for a Creasy or an 
 Agincourt ; and the continual presence of numerous and ruthless spoilers 
 rendered the husbandman botii unable and unwilling to sow for that har. 
 vest which it was so improbable that he would ever be permitked lo reap. 
 To such a warfare both the contending parlies at length showed them* 
 selves willing to put an end, and a treaty was commenced for that pur. 
 pose. France, as before, offered to cede Normandy, Guienne, and Calais 
 to England as feudal fiefs ; England, on the other hand, demanded the 
 cession of all the provinces which had once been annexed to England, in- 
 cluding the final cession of Calais, without any feudal burden or observ- 
 ances whatever. The treaty was conssquentfy broken off, and the war 
 was still carried on in the same petty but destructive manner; (hough a 
 truce was made as between England and the duke of Burgundy. 
 
 For a longtime after the battl« of Agincourt, England had pdisessed a 
 great advantage in all afl'airs with France, from the captivity of the royal 
 
 Crinces, five in number, wiio were made prisoners at that battle. Death 
 ad now very materially diminished this advantage ; only the duke of Or- 
 leans surviving out of the whole five. This prince now offered the large 
 ransom of fifty-four thousand nobles, and his propobal — like all public ques- 
 tions at this period— wan made matter of lactious dispute between the 
 partizans of the cardinal of Winchester and those of the duke of Glouces- 
 ter. The latter urged the rejection of the proposal of Orleans, on the 
 ground that the late king had on his death-bed advised that no one of the 
 French princes should on any account be released, until his son should be 
 of age to govern the kingdom in his own peiaon. The cardinal, on the 
 other hand, expatiated on the largeness of the offerefl ransom, and drew 
 the attention ot the council to the remarkable and unquestionable fact, 
 that the sum offered was, in truth, very nearly equal to two-lhirds of all 
 the extraordinary supplies which the parliament had granted for the pub- 
 lic service during the current seven years. To this solid argument of pe- 
 cuniary matter-of-fact he added the plausible argument or speculation, 
 that the liberation of Orleans, far from being advantageous to the French 
 oan^e, would be of direct and signal injury to it, by giving to the French 
 malcontents, whom Charles alreadv had much diflUculty in keeping down, 
 an ambitious and prominent as well as capable leader. 
 
 The arguments of the cardinal certainly seem to deserve more weight 
 than the wishes of a deceased king, who, however politic, could when 
 giving his advice have formed no notion of the numerous changes of cir- 
 cumstances which had since taken place, and which, most probably 
 would have c.iused him ver}' considerably to modify his opinion. It was 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 S11 
 
 liowevoi, owing Iabs to ihe superiority of his advice than of his influence, 
 that Ihe cardinal gained his point, and tliat the duke of Orleans was re. 
 leaied after |t captivity of flve-and-twenty years, the duke of Burjfundy 
 generously assisting him in the payment of his very heavy ransom. 
 
 i.D. 1444.--However acquired, the influence of the cardinal was un- 
 questionably well and wisely exerted in the affair above described ; and 
 he now, though with less perfect success, exerted it to a still more impor> 
 tuntend. He had long encouraged every attempt at peace-making be- 
 Iween France and England, and he now urged upon the council the 
 impoisibility of a complete conquest of France, and the great diflUcuIty of 
 even maintaining the existing English power there while Normandy was 
 in disorder, the French king daily gaining some advantage, the English 
 parliament so inqurably reluctant to grant supplies. He urged that it 
 would be far better to make peace now than when some new advantage 
 ihould make the French king still more unyielding and exigeant in his 
 humour; and his arguments, based alike upon humane motives and facts 
 which lay upon the very surface, prevailed with the council. The duke 
 of Gloucester, indeed, accustomed to consider France the natural battle- 
 pound and certain conquest of England, opposed the pacific views of the 
 cardinal with all the violence arising from such haughty prepossessions 
 increased by his fixed liatred of witnessing the triumph of any proposal 
 made by the cardinal. The latter, however, was too completely in the 
 ascendant to allow Gloucester's opposition to be of any avail, and the earl 
 of Suffolk was sent to Tours with proposals for peace. The pretensions 
 of the two parties were still too wide asunder to admit of a permanent 
 peace being concluded ; but as the earl of Suffolk was in earnest, and as 
 the dreadful stale to which most of Charles's territories were reduced by 
 the long-continued war made some respite of great importance to his sub" 
 jettH, as well as to his more personal interests, it was easily agreed that 
 » trace should take place for twenty-two months, each party as to terri- 
 torv remaining as it then was. 
 
 As Henry of England had now reached the mature age of twenty-three, 
 this truce afforded the English ministers opportunity and leisure to look 
 around among the neighbouring princesses for a suitable queen for him. 
 To all the usual difilculties of such cases a serious one was added by the 
 extremely simple, weak, and passive nature of Henry. Witiiout talent 
 and without energy, it was clear to every one that this prince would reign 
 well or ill, exactly as he fell under the influence of a princess of good or 
 bad disposition. Easily attached^ he was as easily governed through his 
 attachments; and each faction was consequently possessed with the 
 double anxiety of marrying him well, as to itself in the first place and as 
 to the nation in the next. The first princess proposed was a daughter of 
 the count de Armagnac ; but as she was proposed by the duke of Glou- 
 cester, the predominant faction of the cardinal at once rejected her, and 
 proposed IVlargaret of Ar.jou, daughter of Regnier, the titular king of Sicily, 
 Naples, and Jerusalem, whose real worldly possessions, however, ytert in 
 exactly inverse ratio to his magnificent and sounding titles. 
 
 Margaret of Anjou, notwithstanding her poverty, had personal qualities, 
 inuependent of mere beauty, though she excelled even in that, which made 
 "" '''"eed a promising queen for a prince who, liko the weak nnd almost 
 childish Henry, requirecl not a burden but a support in the person « f his 
 wife. She had great and, for that age, very highly cultivated talenlH, and 
 jier courage, sagacitv, and love of enterprise were such as are seldom found 
 m tlieir highest perfection even in the other sex. Her own high qualities 
 and the stroiig advocacy of the cardinal caused Margaret to be selected, in 
 spite of all opposition on tiie part of the duke of Gloucester; and Suffolk 
 was entrusted with the important business of negotiating the marriage 
 In this important negotiation Suffolk proved that his party had by no moans 
 
878 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 overrated either his tact or hia zeal. Notwithstanding the high persoiiM 
 qualities of Margaret, it could not be concealed that she was the daughtet 
 otti house far too poor to offer any dowry to such a monarch as the king 
 of England; and yet Saffblk, desirous to prepossess thu future queen to 
 the utmost in fkvour of himself and his party, Overlooking altogether the 
 poverty from which the princess was to be raised by her marriage, con. 
 sented to the insertion of a secret article in the treaty, by which the prov. 
 ince of Maine was ceded to her uncle, Charles of Anjou, prime minister 
 and favourite of the king of France, who had previously made Charles the 
 grant of that province— only the grant was conditional upon the wresting 
 of the province from tho English who at present possessed it. 
 
 Had any member of the Gloucester faction been guilty of this impu- 
 dently politic and dexterous sacrifice of his country's interest, he would 
 undoubtedly have been impeached and ruined for his pains ; but it is most 
 probable that Suffolk had m secret the concurrence of the cardinal, for the 
 treaty was received in England and ratified as though it had secured some 
 vast territorial advantage ; and Suffolk was not only created first a mar- 
 quia and then a duke, but also honoured with the formal thanks of pariia* 
 ment for the ability he had displayed. 
 
 As the cardinal and his party had calculated, Margaret as soon as she 
 oame to England fell into close and cordial connection with them, and gave 
 so much increase and solid support to the already overgrown, though hith- 
 erto well exerted, authority of Winchester himself, that he now deemed 
 it safe to attempt what he had long desired, the final ruin of the duke of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 A. D. 1447. — The malignity with which the cardinars party hated the 
 duke of Gloucester abundantly shows itself in the treatment which, to 
 wound him in his tenderest affections, they had already bestowed upon his 
 duchess. She was accused of the impossible, but at that time universally 
 credited, crime of witchcraft, and of having, in conjunction with Sir Roger 
 Bolingbroke and Margery Jordan, melted a figure of the king before a slow 
 fire, with magical incantations intended to cause his natural body to con 
 tume away simultaneously with his waxen effigy. Upon this preposter- 
 oua charge the duchess and her alledged confederates were found guilty; 
 and she was condemned publicly to do penance, her less illustrious tellow- 
 sufferers being executed. 
 
 The duke of Gloucester, though noted for his hast^ temper and some- 
 what misproud sentiments, was yet very popular on account of his candour 
 and general humanity ; and this shameful treatment of his duchess, though 
 committed upon what we may term the popular charge of witchcraft, was 
 very ill taken by the people, who plainly avowed their sympathy with the 
 Nufferer and their indignation against her persecutors. 
 
 The popular feeling for once was well founded as well as humane; but 
 as the cardinal's party feared thai the bympalhy that was expressed might 
 soon shape itself into deeds, it was now resolved to put the unfortunate 
 duke beyond the power of doing or causing mischief. A parliament was 
 accordingly summoned to meet ; and, lest the popularity of the duke m 
 London should cause any obstruction to the fell designs of his enemies, 
 the place of meeting was St. Edmund's Bury. The duke arrived there 
 without any suspicion of the mischief that was in store for him, and was 
 immediately accused before the parliament of high treason. Upon this 
 charge he was committed to prison, and shortly afterwards was found 
 there dead in his bed. It is true that his body was publicly exposed, and 
 that no roarka of violence could be detected ; but the same thing had oc- 
 curred in the eases of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, Richard 
 (he Second, and Edward the Second, yet does any reader of sane mind 
 doobt that they were murdered 1 Or can any such reader doubt that this 
 unfortunate prince was murdered, too. kit enemies fearing that his Diibiio 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 379 
 
 Bxecntion, though the senrility of the parliament would hairo surely sttne* 
 tiooed it, might be dangerous to their own interests ? The death of the 
 dokedid not piuvent certain of his suite, who were accused of being ac. 
 complices of his Pledged treasons, from being tried, condemned, and par- 
 U^y executed We say partially executed, because these unfortunate 
 men, who wete ordered to be hanged and quartered, were actually hanged, 
 preparatory to the more brutal part of the sentence being executed ; but 
 just as they were «ut down and the executioners preparing to perform their 
 more reroltmg task, orders arrived for that part of the j*>ntence to be re- 
 nutted, and surgical means to be taken for the resuscitation of the victims. 
 And this was actually done. 
 
 The unhappy prince who thus fell a victiAi to the raging ambition of the 
 cardinars party was a scholar and a man of intellect, far superior to the 
 rode age in which he lived. Sir Thomas More gives a striking thouirh 
 whimsical instance of his acuteness of judgment. The duke while riding 
 out one day chanced upon a crowd which had gathered round an impostor 
 who alledged that he, having been blind from his birth, had just then ob- 
 tained his sight by touching the then famous shrine of St. Albans. The 
 duke, whoso learning enabled him to see through and to despise the monk, 
 iah impostures which found such ready acceptance with the multitude, 
 high as well as low, condescended to ask this vagrant several questions, 
 and, by way of testing his story, desired him to name the colours of the 
 cloaks of the bystanders. Not perceiving the trap that was laid for him, 
 the fellow answered with all the readiness of a clothier commending hie 
 wares, when the duke replied, "You are a very knave, man; had you 
 been born blind, though a miracle had given you sight, it could not thus 
 early have taught you accurately to distinguish between colours," and, rid- 
 ing away, he gave orders that the flagrant impostor should be set in the 
 nearest stocks as an example. 
 
 It was generally considered that the queen, whose masculine nature bad 
 abeady given her great weight in the dominant party, had at least tacitly 
 consented to the murder of tlie unfortunate Gloucester. This probable 
 supposition had caused her considerable unpopularity, and a circumstance 
 now occurred by which the ill opinion of the people was much aggravated. 
 It would seem that that article of Margaret's marriajje settlement which 
 ceded Maine to her uncle was kept secret during the life of the duke of 
 (iloucester, to whose opposition to the cardinal's party it would of neces- 
 sity have given additional weight. But the court of France now became 
 •0 urgent for its immediate performance, that King Henry was induced 
 ty Margaret and the ministers to despatch an autograph order to the gov- 
 ernor of Mans, tl»e capital of that province, to give up that place to Charles 
 of Anjoii. The governor, Sir Francis Surienne, strongly interested in 
 keeping his post, and probably forming a shrewd judgment of the manner 
 m which the king had been induced to make such an order, flativ refbsedl 
 to obey It, and a French army was forthwith led to the siege of the place 
 ^ the celebrated Dunois. Even then Surienne ventured to hold out, but 
 bemg wholly left without succour from Normandy, where the duke of 
 somerset had forces, he was at length obliged to capitulate, and to give 
 ap not only Mans but the whole province, which thus ingloriously wai 
 transferred from England to Charles of Anjou. 
 
 A.D. 1448.— The ill effects of the disgraceful secret article did not stop 
 ners. Surienne, on being sufltered to depart from Mans, had two thousand 
 nve Hundred men with him, whom he led into Normandy, naturally ex- 
 pwting to be attached to the force of the duke of Somerset. But the duke, 
 Wwtened in means, and therefore unwilling to have so large an addition 
 wiBe multitude that already depended upon him, and being, besides, of 
 we eawinal's faction, and therefore angry at the disobedience of Surienno 
 •0 Mifl orders of the king, would not receive him. Thus suddenly and en- 
 
380 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 tinly thrown upon his own resources, Surienne, acting on the maxaan 
 common to the loldieiy of his time, resolved to make war upon bis own 
 account ; and as either the king of England or the kins of France would 
 be too potent and dangerous a foe, he resolved to attack the duke of Brit- 
 tany. He accordingly marched his daring and destitute band into itini 
 country, ravaged it in every direction, possessed himself of Uie town of 
 Fouge/es, and repaired, for his defence, the dilapidated fortresses of Poa. 
 torson and St. Jacques de Beavron. The duke of Brittany naturally ap. 
 pealed for redress to his liege lord, the king of France ; and Charles, glad 
 of an opportunity to fasten a plausible quarrel upon England, paid no at> 
 tention to Somerset's disavowal alike of connection with the adventurer 
 Surienne and control over his actions, but demanded compensation for 
 the duke of Brittany, and put the granting of that compensation wholly out 
 of the question by fixing it at the preposterously large amount o( one roil. 
 lion six hundred crowns. 
 
 A. D. 1449. — Payment of this sum was, m truth, the very last thing that 
 Charles would have desired. He had most ably employed himself during 
 the truce for a renewal of war at its expiration, or sooner, should fortune 
 favour him with an advantageous opening. While he had been thus em< 
 ployed, England had been daily growing weaker ; faction dividing thi 
 court and {government, and poverty and suffering rendering the people morp 
 and more indifferent to foreign wars and conquests, however brilliant. 
 Under such circumstances Charles gladly seized upon the wrong dune to 
 the duke of Brittany by a private adventurer as an excuse for invading 
 Normandy, which he suddenly entered on four different points with a.s 
 many well-appointed armies, under the command, respectively, of Charles 
 in person, the duke of Brittany, the duke of Alengon, and the count of 
 Dunois. So sudden was the irruption of Charles, and so connpletely un< 
 prepared were the Norman garrisons to resist him, that the French had 
 only to appear before a place to cause its surrender; and they at once, 
 and at the mere expense of marching, obtained possession of Verneuil, 
 Noyent, Chateau Gaillard, Ponteau de Mer, Gisors, Nantes, Vernon, Ar- 
 gentau, Lisieux, Fecamp, Coutances, Belesine,- and Peurt de L'Archc, an 
 extent of territory which had cost the English incalculable expense ol 
 both blood and treasure. 
 
 Thus suddenly and formidably beset, the duke of Somerset, governor 
 of Normandy, found it utterly useless to endeavour to check the enemy 
 in the field ; so far from being able to raise even one numerous army foi 
 that purpose, his force was too scanty even to supply sufficient garrisons, 
 and yet, scanty as it was, far too numerous for Ins still more Hmited 
 means of subsisting it. He consequently threw himself with such force 
 as he could immediately command into BLouen, hoping that he might 
 maintain himself there until assistance could be serft to him from Eng- 
 land. But Charles allowed no time for the arrival of such aid, but present- 
 ed himself with an army of fifty thousand men at the very gates of Rouen. 
 The inhabitants, already disaffected to the English, now became driven 
 to desperation by their dread of the severities of the French, and tumul- 
 tuously demanded that Somerset should instantly capitulate in order to 
 save them. Thus assailed within as well as from without, Somerset led 
 his troops into the castle, but finding it untenuble he was at length obliged 
 to yield it, and to purchase permission to retire to Harfleur by surrender- 
 ing Aiques, Tancarville, Honfleur, and several other places in higher 
 Normandy, agreeing to pay the sum of fifty-six thousand crowns, and de- 
 livering hostages for the faithful performance of the articles. Among 
 the hostages was the earl of Shrewsbury, the nhlest English general in 
 France, who was now condemned to detention and inactivity at the very 
 nomen. when his services were the most needed, by the positivi; refusal 
 of the governor of Honfleur to give up that place at the order of Som> 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 881 
 
 fnet. Monfleur also gave a refusal, but, after a smart defence by Sit 
 Thomas Curson, was at length compelled to open Its gates to the French 
 nnder Dunois. 
 
 Succour at length arrived from England, but only to the very insufficient 
 number of four thousand men, who soon after they landed were com- 
 pletely defeated at Fourmigni by the count of Clermont. Somerset, who 
 liad retired to Caen in hope of aid, had now no choice but to surrender. 
 Falaise was given up in exchange for the liberty of the earl of Shrews- 
 taiy; and just one year after Charles's first irruption into Normandy, the 
 very last possesbicn of the English in that province, the important town 
 of Cherbourg was surrendered. 
 
 In Guienne the like rapid progress was made by the French under Du- 
 noia, who encountered but little difficulty even from the strongest towns, 
 nil artillenr being of a very superior description. Bourdeaux and Ba- 
 yonne made a brave attempt at holding out, but no assistance being sent 
 to them from England, they also were compelled to submit; and the 
 whole province of Guienne was thus reunited to France after it had been 
 held and battled for by the English for three hundred years. A faint 
 effort was subseauently made, indeed, to recover Guienne, but it was so 
 faint that it utterly failed, and war between England and France ceased 
 as if by mutual consent, and without any formal treaty of peace or even 
 •nice. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 TBI RBioN or HKRHT VI. (coneltided.) 
 
 *.D. 1450.--THE affairs of England were as threatening at home as 
 Ihey were disastrous abroad. The court and the ministerial factious 
 pve rise to a thousand disorders among the people, besides habituating 
 them to the complacent anticipation of disorders still more extreme and 
 general; and It was now only too well known that the king, by whom 
 both factions might otherwise have been kepi in awe, was the mere and 
 unresisting tool of those by whom he chanced to be surrounded. To 
 add to the general distress, the cessation of the war in France, or, to 
 speak more plainly, the ignominious expulsion of the English from that 
 country, had filled England with hordes of able and needy men, accus- 
 tomed to war, and ready, for the mere sake of plunder, to follow any ban- 
 ner and support any cause. A cause for the civil war which Ijhese needy 
 desperadoes so ardently desired soon appeared in the pretensions to the 
 crown put forward by Richard, duke of York. Descended by his mother 
 rroni the only daughter of the duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III., 
 
 fc- ^"1""^*,"?^^ *** "**"^ ^^^°^^ K'"? Henry, who was descended from 
 we duke of Lancaster, the third son of Edward III. His claim being 
 tnus cogent, and he being a brave and capable man, immensely rich and 
 ^.T'^ii .u^.'*^11?'"^"'"' 1}°^^^ families, including the most potent of 
 Hiemall, that of the earl of Westmoreland, whose daughter heliad mar- 
 iZ: "J,<'0"',«.not fail to be a most formidable opponent to so weak and 
 incapable a king as Henry ; and the daily increasing disorders, sufferings 
 ana discontents of the nation, promised ere long to afford him aU the 
 opportunity he could require of pressing his claim with advantage. 
 
 «»Jir^V .u""I®?' ^^^ ^^^ P®°P^*» at large ^ere unwilling to make any 
 sacrifices for the defence of the foreign interests of the nation, and could 
 nft.^ „"'""''' "°J understand that much more exertion and expense are 
 ihVL.*-^'*"^^*** preserve than to make conquests, they were not a Jol 
 
 mJtiTin /if'*'* *• ^^^ '?'A«" '" ^"»"*'«'' ^'''«''> t»'«"?h tf««y mainly orig 
 mated m the cession of Maine to Charles of Anjou, were consunimated 
 
882 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 tliirough the rigid parsimony which withheld dupplie* and rCiilorceuMmte 
 when they were actually indispensable. The cession of Maine to Gltariei 
 of Anjou, coupled with his fast friendship to the king of France and his 
 active exertions in that prince's interest, persuaded the English people 
 that their qtieen was their enemy at heart, and that her influence in the 
 English council was a chief cause of their disgrace and loss. Already 
 the partisans of the duke of York busied themselves in preparing to kin. 
 dlea civil war ; and already the murder of Gloucester began to be avenged 
 upon its authors, not merely in the bitterness which it gave to the hatt«d 
 of the people, but by the loss of the courageous authority of the ranr- 
 dered duke, now so much needed successfully to oppose York and hi$ 
 seditious partizans. 
 
 As the favourite minister of the unpopular Margaret, as the dexteroujlT 
 unpatriotic ambassador, who, to oblige her had robbed England of Main& 
 and as the man most strongly suspected of having brought about the 
 murder of Gloucester, Suffolk would under any circumstances have been 
 detested; but this detestation was lasbed into something very like in* 
 sanity by the consideration which was constantly recurring, that this 
 noble, SQ> powerful that he could aid in murdering the nation's favourite 
 ruler, and rob the nation to conciliate the favour of a princess who so 
 lately was a stranger to it, was only a noble of yesterday ; the great 
 grandson, merely, of a veritable trader ! It was this consideration that 
 gave added bitterness to every charge that was truly made against him, 
 and also caused not a few things to be charged to him of which he was 
 wholly innocent. 
 
 Suffolk's wealth, always increasine, as well-managed wealth needs 
 must be, was contrasted with the daily increasing penury of the crown, 
 which caused the people to be subjected to a thousand extortions. While 
 he was continually growing more and more dazzling in his prosperity, 
 the crown, indebted to the enorfnous extent of £372,000 was virtually 
 bankriipt, and the very provisions for the royal household were obtained 
 by arbitrary purveyance — so arbitrary, that it fell little short of open rob- 
 bery with violence. 
 
 Aware of the general detestation in which he was held. Suffolk, who, 
 apart from all the mere exaggerations of the mob, was a " bold, bad man," 
 endeavoured to forestal any formal attack by the commons' house of par- 
 liament, by rising in his place in the lords and loudly complaining of the 
 calumnies that were permitted to be uttered against nim, after he had lost 
 his father and three brothers in the public service, and had himself lived 
 seventeen years wholly in service abroad, served the crown in just double 
 that number of campaigns, been made prisoner, and paid his own heavy 
 ransom to the enemy. It was scandalous,' he contended, that any one 
 should dare to charge him with treachery and collusion with foreign en- 
 emies, adfv he had thus long and faithfully served the crown, and been 
 rewarded by high honours and important ofnces. 
 
 Though Suffolk's apology for his conduct was professedly a reply only 
 to the rumours that were current against him among the vulgar, the house 
 of commons well understood his real object in making it to be a desire 
 to prevent them from originating a formal charge against him; and feel- 
 ing themselves in some sort challenged and bound to do so, they sent up 
 to the peers a charge of high treason against Suffolk. Of this charge, 
 which was very long and divided into a great number of clauses, Hume 
 thus gives a summary : " They insisted that he had persuaded the French 
 king to invade England with an armed force, iii oraer to depose the king 
 Henry, and to place on the throne his own son, John de Lakole, whom 
 he intended to marry to Margaret, the only daughter of the late duke uf 
 Somerset, and for whom, he imagined, he would by that means acquire a 
 title to the en wn, that he had contributed to the release of the duke oi 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 38S 
 
 Orieans, in the hop© that that prince would assist Kin? Charles in expel- 
 ling the English from France and recovering full possession of bis king- 
 dom; that he had afterwards encouraged that monarch to make open war 
 on Normandy and Guienne, and had promoted his conquests by betraying 
 the secrets of England, and obstructing the succours intended to be tent 
 to those provinces ; and that he had, without any powers or permission, 
 promised by treaty to cede the province of Maine to Charles of Anion, 
 Md had ceded It accf»rdinBly, which proved in the issue the chief cause 
 of the loss of Normandy." 
 
 These charges were easily refuted by a resolute and self-possessed man 
 like Suffolk. As regards the cession of Maine, he justly enough said, that 
 he had the concurrence of others of the council ; but he took care not to 
 add, that though that was an excellent reason why be should not be alone 
 in bearing the punishment, it was no reason why he should escape punish- 
 ment altogether. With respect to his alledged intentions as to his son and 
 Margaret of Somerset,'he more completely answered that charge by point- 
 ing out that no title to the throne could possibly be derived from Margaret 
 who was herself not included in the parliamentary act of succession, and 
 by confidently appealing to many peers present to bear witness that he 
 had intended to marry his son to one of the earl of Warwick's co-heir- 
 essea, and had only been prevented from doing so by the death of that 
 lady. As if they were themselves conscious that the particulars of their ' 
 first charge were too vague and wild to be successful, the commons sent up 
 to the lords a second accusation, in wliich, among many other evil doings, 
 Suffolk was charged with improperly obtaining excessive grants from the 
 erown, with embezzling the public money, and with conferring offices 
 upon unworthy persons, and improperly using his influence to defeat the 
 due execution of the laws. 
 
 The court now became alarmed at the evident determination of the 
 commons to follow up the proceedings against Suffolk with rigour, and 
 an extraordinary expedient was adopted for the purpose of saving him 
 from the worst. The peers, both spiritual and temporal, were summoned 
 to the king's presence, and Suffolk being then produced denied the charges 
 made against him, but submitted to the king's mercy ; when the king pro- 
 nounced that the first charge was untrue, and that as to the second, Suf- 
 folk having submitted to mercy, should be banished for five years. This 
 expedient was far too transparent to deceive the enemies of Suffolk, who 
 clearly saw that it was merely intended to send him out of the way until 
 the danger was past, and then to recall him and restore him to authority. 
 Bui their hatred was too intense to allow of their being thus easily baffled 
 in their purpose ; and they hired the captain of a vessel and some of his 
 fellows, who surprised Suffolk near Dover, as he was making for France. 
 beheaded him, and threw his body into the sea. 
 
 So great a favourite as Suffolk had been of Queen Margaret, it was, 
 however, not doen<ed expedient to take any steps to bring his murderers 
 to justice, lest in the inquiry more should be discovered than would con- 
 aist with the possibility of the queen and the house of commons keeping 
 up any longer even the simulation of civility and good feeling. 
 
 Though the duke of York was in Ireland during the whole of the pro- 
 ceedings against Suffolk, and therefore could not be directly connected 
 with them, Margaret and her friends did not the less suspect him of evil 
 oesigns against them, and were by no means blind to his aspiring views 
 to the crown ; nor did they fail to connect him with an insurrection which 
 |u« now broke out under the direction of one Cade. This man, who was 
 a native of Ireland, but whose crimes had obliged him for a considerable 
 nme to find shelter in France, possessed great resolution and no small 
 «»re of a rude but showv ability, well calculated to impose upon the raiil- 
 luie. lletuming to England just as the popular discontent was at i ts high- 
 
984 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 est, he took the name of John Mortimer, wishing hrmseir to be taken 
 or a son of Sir John Mortimer, who early in the present reign bad 
 icen sentenced to death by parliament, upon an iiulictment of high 
 reason, wholly unsupported, and most iniquitously, on the part of 
 Gloucester a;. I Bedford, allowed to be executed. Taking up the poiv 
 ular outcry against the queen and minister, this Cade set himself up 
 as a redresser of grievances ; and partly from his own plausible talents 
 but chiefly from uie charm of the very popular name he had assumed 
 he speedily found himself at the head of upwards of twenty thoua- 
 and men. Imagining that a very small force would suffice to put dr ,-d 
 what was considered but a vulgar riot, the court sent Sir Humphrey Staf 
 ford with a mere handful of men upon that errand ; but Sir Humphrey was 
 attacked by Cade near Sevenoaks, his little force cut up or scatterred, and 
 himself slain. FJmboldened by this success. Cade now marched his dis- 
 orderly band towards London and encamped upon Blackheath, whence ho 
 sent a list of obvious grievances of which he demanded the correction, 
 but solemnly protested that he and his followers would lay down theiJ 
 arms and disperse, the moment those grievances should be remedied, and 
 Lord Say, the treasurer, and Cromer, the sheriff of Kent, against both of 
 v'hom he had a malignant feeling, should be condignly punished for sun- 
 dry malversations with which he strongly charged them. Confining his 
 demands within these bounds, and taking care to prevent his fellows from 
 plundering London, whence he regularly withdrew them at nightfall, ho 
 was looked upon with no animosity, at least, by the generality of men, 
 who knew many of the grievances he spoke of really to exist. But when 
 the council, seeing that there was at least a passive feeling in favour ot 
 Cade, withdrew with the king to Kenil worth, in Warwickshire, Cade so 
 far lost sight of his professed moderation as to put Lord Say and Cromer 
 to death without even the form of a trial. As soou as he had thus set the 
 example of illegal violence he lost all his prnvions control over the mob, 
 who now conducted themselves so infamously towards the citizens of 
 London, that they, aided by a party of soldiers sent by Lord Scales, gov. 
 ernor of the Tower, resisted them, and the rebels were completely defeated 
 with very great slaughter. This severe repulse so far lowered the spirits 
 of the Kentish mob, that thoy gladly retired to their homes on receivjnff 
 a pardon from the archbishop of Canterbury, who also filled the office of 
 chancellor. As soon as it could safely be done, this pardon was pro> 
 nounced to be null and void, upon the ground that it had been exturtoa by 
 violence ; m?.ny of the rebels were seized and executed, and Cade himself, 
 upon whose head a reward was set, was killed by a gentleman named Ar- 
 den, while endeavouring to conceal himself in Sussex. 
 
 Many circumstances concurred to lead the court to suspect lliat thin 
 revolt had been privately sot on foot by the duke of York, to facilitate his 
 own designs on the crown ; and as he was now returning from Ireland thoy 
 imagined that he was about to follow up the experiment, and accordingly 
 .Bsued an order in the name of the imliecile Henry, to oppose his return to 
 Kngland. But the duke, who was far too wary to hasten his measures in the 
 way his enemies anticipated, converted all their fears and precdutiuns into 
 ridicule, by coolly landing with no other attendants than his ordinary re- 
 tinue. But as the fears of his enemies had caused them to betray their 
 real f«olings towards him, he now resolved to proceed at least one slnp 
 towards his ultimate designs. Hitherto his title had been spoken of by 
 his friends only i" whis^iera among themselves, but he now authorized 
 them openly to urge it at all times and in all places. 
 
 The partizans ot the reigning king and of the aspiring duke of York, 
 respectfully, had each very plausible arguments ; ana though men's mindi 
 were pretty ciiually divided as to their respective claims, the supcriurity 
 
 ^v» 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 885 
 
 man counterbalanced by the poaseasion, by the royal party, not only of all 
 authority of the laws, but also of that •• tower of strength," «' the kinff's 
 name " On the side of the crown, besides the advantages to which we 
 have already alluded, there were ranged the earl of Northumberland and 
 the earl of Westmoreland, and these two nobles carried with them all the 
 power and influence of the northern counties of England ; and besides 
 these two great men, the ctoj/rn could reckon upon the duke of Somerset 
 and his brother the duke of Exeter, the duke of Buckingham, the earl of 
 Shrewsbury, the lords Clifford, Scales, governor of the Tower, Audlev 
 and a long list of nobles of less note. 
 
 A. 0. 1451.— The party of the duke of York was scarcely less strong • 
 but so far had arts and literature begun to show their civilizing effects 
 that instead of instanUy and fiercely flying to arms, the hostile parties 
 seemed inclined to struggle rather by art than force. The duke of York 
 was the more inclined to this Plan, because he imagined that he had 
 power enough m the parliament to deprive the weak Henry of the pres- 
 enre and support of his friends ; in which case he would have but little 
 difficulty in causing the succession to be altered by law, or even in indue- 
 iiig Henry to abdicate a throne which he was obviously and lamentably 
 unfit to fill. ^ 
 
 Nor did the parliament which now met fail to confirm York's hopes • 
 the first step taken ')y the house of commons was to petition the king to 
 dismiss from about his person the duke of Somerset, the duchess of Suf- 
 folk, the bishop of Chester, Lord Dudley, and Sir John Sutton; and to for- 
 bid them on any pretence to approach within twelve miles of the court. 
 The king ?.greed to banish all named, save the lords, for a whole year 
 unless, as the answer written for him very significantly said, he should' 
 need their services in the suppression of rebellion. Still farther to show 
 his sonae of the temper of the lower house, the king— or rather his 
 tnoiids— relused to consent to a bill of attainder against the late duke of 
 buffolk, though It had passed through all the parliamentary stages. 
 
 A. D. 1452.— The mere demonstrations thus made by the house of com- 
 mons, even though it had proved but partially successful, was sufficient to 
 encourage the duke to more open advances, and ho issued a proclamation 
 leinanding a thorough reform of the government, and especially a removal 
 of the duke of Somerset from all oflice and authority; and ho then march- 
 cd upon London with an army of ten thousand men. Greatly popular as 
 he knew himself to be in London, where he counted upon an affectionate 
 welcome and a considernble addition to his force, ho was astounded to find 
 llie gates fast closed against him. Scarcely knowing how to act under 
 surh unexpected and untoward circumstances, he retreated into Kent 
 whither he was closely pursued by the king at the head of a far superior 
 army. In the king's suite were Salisbury, Warwick, and many more fast 
 iriemis of the duke of York, who probably thus attended the king in hope 
 or serving York as mediators, or even, should an action take idacc, turniiitf 
 lie fortune of the day by suddenly loading their lorcea to his ude. A par' 
 ey ensued, and Somerset was ordered into arrest to await a parliamen- 
 m' trial, and York, whom the court did not as yet dare to assail, was 
 lodh '" ''""""^ himself to his secluded house at Wigmore in fleie- 
 
 Cool and circumspect an ho was resoliUe, the duke of York lived ntu- 
 W in this retirement for some linio, but was at length calltid from it -by 
 ine torrfint of [M)p»|.Hr indignation against the ministers, which followed ii 
 new and abortive attempt to re<-onuuor Gusconyj in which attempt, bo- 
 tmnti vast number of men, the English lost their deservedly beloved geii- 
 em, the earl of Shrewsbury, who fell in battle at the age of more than 
 eiffniy years. 1 his event, and the queeu givina birth la a -on whi.-!! Ois'; 
 <w«y with liie hope great numbers had ent~ortuined that York might wai 
 
386 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 and succeed to Henry quietly and as next heir, urged the Yorkists beyond 
 al' farther power of tneir chief to control them ; and Henry being, by an 
 illness, now rendered too completely imbecile even to appear to rute, the 
 queen and her council were obliged to yield to the torrent of popular feel 
 ing, and they consented to send Somerset to the Tower— he being now 
 hated even more than Suffolk had formerly been— ^and to appoint theduice 
 of York lieutenant of the kingdom. The friends of the duke of York 
 might, naturally enough, desire to see him in a situation so favourable to 
 him and tl.eir ultimate views ; but the duke's conduct wholly disappointed 
 any expectations they might have formed of decisive measures on his part, 
 as he fairly and moderately exerted the proper authority of his office, and 
 no more. 
 
 A. D. 1455.— Margaret and her friends, however well pleased to profit by 
 the duke's moderation, showed no intention of imitating it. On the con- 
 trary, the king recovering sufficiently to be again put forward in public as 
 if anting from his own free will, was made to annul the appointment of 
 York, and to release Somerset from the Tower, and give liim back all his 
 former power. Even the moderation of York was no longer able to avoid 
 open extremities, as it was clear from the hasty annulling of his commis- 
 •lion, that he was not safe from being, by some artful device, brought into 
 difHculty for having even consoiiied to accept it. But even now, though 
 he called his forces about him and placed himself at their head, he made 
 no claim to the crown, but limited his demands to a reformation of the 
 government and dismissal of the obnoxious ministry. 
 
 The hostile forces met near St Alban's, and in the battle which ensued 
 th» Yorkists gained the victory, their enemies losing 6000 men, including 
 the detested Somerset, StafTord, eldest son of the duke of Buckingham, the 
 lord Clifford, and many other leading men of the party. The prisoners, 
 too, were numerous, and, chief of ail, the king was among them. His 
 own utter imbecility and the mild temper of the duke of York saved the 
 unfortunate Henry from all annoyance. The duke showed him every 
 possible respect and tenderness ; and though he availed himself of his 
 
 K)od fortune to exert all the kingly authority, while still leaving unclaimed 
 e empty title of king, Henry was little inclined to quarrel with an ar- 
 rangement which saved him from what he most of all detested, exertion 
 and trouble. 
 
 The moderate or timid policy of the duke of York, and the spirit and 
 ability with which Margaret kept together her weakened party,. preventeo 
 farther bloodshed for a time, even after this battle had commenced the 
 dread war of " the roses ;" in which, besides innumerable skirmishna, 
 twelve pitched battles were fought upon English ground, and which for 
 thirty long years divided families, desolated the land, and caused n joss 
 of life of which some notion may be formed from the simple fad that 
 among the slain were no fewer than eighty princes of the blood ! The 
 parliament, seeing the disinclination of the duke of York to grasp the 
 sceptre which teemed so nearly within his reach, shaped its proceedings 
 accordingly; and while, by granting an indemnity to the Yorkists and re- 
 storing ' e duke to his (»(fic;e of lieutenant or protector of the kingdom, 
 they renewed their oaths of allegiance to the unconscious and imbecile 
 king, and limited York's appointment t(j the time when tlie king's son, 
 who WHS now made prince of Wales, should attain his majority. This 
 oarliament also did good service by revoking nil the impolitic and exten- 
 sive grants which had been made since the death of the late king, and 
 which were so extensive that thev had mainly caused the excessive pov 
 erty into which the crown had fallen. 
 
 A. D. 1450.- Margaret was of too stern and eager a nature to neglect any 
 of the opportunities of stronf^thening her party which were "'''"f*'*'')^^^ 
 
 ilM SiniJuiMr iiiOuttrWiOn or iuuoCiaiOn Oi TwiKi mz SiSiit ••••r::-^ = ■•--^~ 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 887 
 
 porary lucid interval -for his real disease wm a jort of Idlotcy-slie took 
 advantage of the duke's absence to parade her unfortunate and passivo 
 husband before he parliament, and to make hhti declare his intention of 
 resuming his authority. Lnexpecied as this proposal was, York's friends 
 were wholly unprepared with any reasonable argument against it; and, 
 indeed, many of them, being sufferers from the recent resumption of thf 
 jirowii grants, were greatly disgusted with their leader on that account. 
 ihe king was accordingly pronounced in possession of his proper author- 
 ity; and York, constniit to his moderate or temporising polity, laid down 
 his office without a struggle or even a complaint ^ ^ 
 
 A. D. 1457.— The king, or rather Margaret, being thus ag-ain in Aill pog- 
 jession of power, the court went to pass a season at Coventry, wtere 
 York and the earls of Warwick and Salisbury were invited to vJflit the 
 king. They ^vere so unsuspicious of the real motive of this invitation, 
 that they readily accepted it, and were actually on the road when thev 
 were informed of Margaret's iiUontion certainly to seize aoon their oer- 
 gons, and, not improbably, to put them to death. On tecc.ving this start- 
 ling intelligence the friends separated, to prepare for their defence 
 against the open violence which, it seemed probable, Margaret would 
 resort to on finding her treachery discovered and disappointed • York re- 
 tiring to Wigmore, Sahsbiiry to his noble place at Middleham in York- 
 shire, and Warwick to Calais, of which he had been made governor after 
 the battle of St. Alban's, and whirh was especially valuable to the York- 
 ist cause, iiiasinuch as it containei' the only regular mihtary body which 
 England then supported. Even now York was not inclined to proceed to 
 extreniuiej- ; and as Mprgaret on her part was doubtful as to the sufficien- 
 cy ot her military strength, and well aware of the very great extent to 
 which the popular sympathies were enlisted on the side of York, a pause 
 ensued, of which Bourohier, archbishop of York, and some other sincere 
 lovm of their country, availed tiiemselves, to attempt a mediation by 
 which the people might be spared the ruinous and revolting horrors of 
 civil war. * 
 
 A. n. 1458.— The humane endeavour of these personages so far succeed- 
 ed, that the loaders of both parties agreed to meet in London for a solemn 
 and public reconciliation : but the very manner of their meeting, notwith- 
 standing the avowed purpose of it, was sufficient to have convinced all 
 accurate observers of the little reliance that could be placed upon the 
 rnendly fee ings of either party. Both came numerously attended, and 
 noth kept their attendants near them, and in the same close watch and 
 serried distribution as would be observed in hostile armies encamped upon 
 the same ground at evening, preparatory for the bloodshed and the struir 
 gle of the morrow. 
 
 Though this mutual jealousy and dread augured but ill for the perma- 
 nence of a friendship declared under such circumstances, the terms be- 
 tween the opposing parties were arranged without much difficulty and 
 Wholly without strife ; and the hollow peace having been fully arranged, 
 the parties went in solemn procession to 8t. Paul's, that their union mi»ht 
 oe evuleiit to the people ; York gallantly leading by the hand his truculent 
 and imp acable enemy Margaret, an I each of the couples who followed 
 ineni in the procession being composv'd of a leading man of the opposina 
 parties respectively. 1 1 b 
 
 .h„*; "■ .^l'*^'— The peace thus patched up was of exactly the frail tenure 
 that might havo been anticipated. The trivial accident of a retainer of 
 H»,! .V y "/«;'«'* heing insulted led to a general brawl, swords were 
 m?!^"' I'm '^ f' became serious, and the royal party being the more nu- 
 morous, Warwick only saved his own life by (lying to Calais. This ori 
 ginaiiy petty iifTair put an end to Deaco: both piirtiAg innk qA their maak- 
 ' ♦crvwiiore i;ie diii of preparation was heard, and it became evident even 
 
 m 
 
388 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 to those who most desired peace for their country, that a civil war wui 
 now wholly inevitable. 
 
 The earl of Salisbury having raised a considerable force was niakin<> 
 hasty marches to form a junction with the duke of York, when he was 
 overtaken at Blore heath, in Staffordshire, by a much larger party of the 
 royalists under the lord Audley. Salisbury's numerical inferiority was 
 fully compensated by his superiority of judgment. To reach him the 
 royalists had to descend a steep bank and cross a stream. Salisbury 
 caused his men to retreat, as if alarmed at their enemies' number; and 
 Audley, falling into the snare, gave his vanguard the word to charge and 
 led them in full pursuit. As the vanguard reached the side of the riv- 
 ulet, Salisbury suddenly faced about, and having only to deal with a body 
 inferior to his own, put it completely to the rout, the remaining body of 
 the royalists, instead of hastening over to support their comrades, be- 
 taking themselves to flight in good earnest. 
 
 York's post was at Ludlow, in Shropshire, and thither Salisbury now 
 inarched his troops, whose spirits were heightened and confirmed by their 
 victory. Soon after his arrival York received a new accession to his 
 numbers, the earl of Warwick joining him with a body of veterans from 
 the garrison of Calais. York was naturally delighted with this accession 
 of disciplined men, who, under ordinary circumstances, must necessarily 
 have been of immense importance ; but their commander. Sir Andrew 
 Trollope, turned their presence into a calamity instead of an advantage 
 to the duke's cause. The royal army arrived in sight of the Yorkists, 
 and a general action was to take place on the morrow, when Sir Andrew, 
 under cover of the night, basely led his veterans over to the king. The 
 mere loss of a large and disciplined body of men was the least mischief 
 this treachery did to York. It spread a perfect panic of suspicion and 
 dismay through the camp ; the very leaders could no longer rely upon 
 each other's good faiih; hope and confidence fled, and the Yorkists deter- 
 mined to separate and await some more favourable state of things ere put- 
 ting their cause to the hazard of a pitched battle. The duke of York re 
 tired to Ireland, where he was universally beloved, and Warwick returned 
 to Calais, were he was from time to time joined by large reinforcement?; 
 York's friends who remained in England continuinff to recruit for him as 
 zealously as though his cause had sustained no check from the recent 
 treason. 
 
 A. D. 1460. — Having completed his own preparutions, and being satisfied 
 (torn the advices of his friends in England that he might rely upon a con- 
 siderable rising of the people in his favour, Warwick now sailed from 
 Calais with a large and well-equipped army, and, after capturing some of 
 the roval vessels at sea, landed in safety on the coast of Kent, accom> 
 panied by the earl of Marche, the oldest son of the duke of York, and 
 ihe earl of Salisbury ; and on his road to London he was joined by the 
 aichbishop of Canterbury, Lord Cobham, and other powerful nobles and 
 gentlemen. 
 The city of London eagerly opened its jfates to Warwick, whose numbers 
 daily increased so much, that ne was able with confidence to advance to 
 Northampton to meet the royal army. The battle commenced furiously 
 on both sides, but was speedily decided. The royalists who had lately 
 been benefilod by treason were now surterers from it ; the lord Grey of 
 Ruthin, who had the command of its vanguard, leading the whole of hit 
 troops over to tlie Yorkists. A universal panic spread thnMigh the royal 
 ists by this base treachery, and the battle became a rout. IMie sliiuffhlot 
 among the nobility was tremendous, and ini'luded the duke of Ducking- 
 ham, the earl of Shrewsbury, Urn) Egromout, Sir William Lucie, and 
 many other gallant officers. The loss of the common soldiery on the 
 Tuysi si38 WS5 compariiiiVoiy iriiiifig ^ iuB «<tn Oi vVifwicK iud fuicoi- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. HBO 
 
 leagues directingr the Yorkists, both in the battle and the chase, to snam 
 the soldiery, but to give no quarter among the leaders. 
 
 The unhappy Henry, who was far more fit for the quiet seclusion ol 
 some well-ordered coun ry abode, was by the compulsion of his imoeri- 
 ous wife a spectator of this battle, and was taken prisoner; but both poUcv 
 and good feeling led the Yorkist leaders to show every respect and kH 
 less to one whose greatest misfortune was being a king, and whose great- 
 jst fault was a disease of the brain ; whose patient and simple befrina 
 moreover, had won him the tender pity of his people 
 
 Warwick marched with his royal captive to London, where the duke of 
 York shortly afterwards arrived from Ireland, and a parliament was sum- 
 moned m the king's name to meet at Westminster on the 7th of October 
 The real or affected scruples of York were now wholly at an end? and 
 he had determined to bring forward for the first time an open and positive 
 claim to the throne. But even now he v/ould only do so throSgh the 
 medium of a farce which one cannot read of without feeling somethina 
 hkecontenipt for h.m, ,n spite of the remarkable ability of^his ge3 
 conduct Though the archbishop of Canterbury knew the intentions of 
 York fully as well as the duke himself knew them, tiiat prelate on seeinir 
 him enter the house of lords and advance towards the throne, asked hm! 
 ma low tone, whether he had as yet paid his respects to the king; and 
 York answered-as the prelate well knew that he was to answer-fhat he 
 knew of no one to whom he owed the respect due to that title. How two 
 grave men could unblush.ngly perform this scene of needless mockery, or 
 how they could perform it unchecked by the indignant and contemptJouJ 
 laughter of their fellow-peers, it really is not easy to imagine. *^'"P*"°"* 
 Having by this ridiculous scene made all the preparations that he could 
 desire the duke placed himself close to the throne, and addressed aTonJ 
 speech to the peers in advocacy of his right to the throne, and in com? 
 meat upon the treason and cruelty by which the house of Lancaster had 
 usurped and kept possession of it. So unnecessary was the farce wUh 
 which he duke had thought fit to preface the statement-so we I preprred 
 were at least the majority of the peers present to hear it, that tWnr^ 
 ceeded to take the subject into consideration as coolly as their descK 
 anis of ihfe present day would resolve themselves into a committee for Sio 
 consideration of a turnpike bill. The duke probably was no very weH 
 pleased with the excess of this coolness; fortho 8p6t upon which L lad 
 placed hirnself and h.s bearing throughout the scene go to show, that he 
 
 were made to it, g, „u„ded on former parlianioiuarv setUeme, tg of Le iuc 
 cession and upon the fact that the dke. who had always Some the arm. 
 of York, now da med through the house of Clarence; b^t to both the« 
 Ob eclions the duke's friends replied by alledging the prevailing power and 
 pat tyranny of tho Lancastrians ; and the peers, wftoni this rSv saf L- 
 Jed-HS, no doubt, had been duly agreed upon lonV before tlL met in h« 
 house-proceeded to determine' that the title «7the d. ke o7 Yo^ w^J 
 beyond doubt iust and indefeasible, but that in consideration of HenJJ 
 Wing worn ilie crown ihirty-eight years, ho should con inue to do I?^ 
 for the remainder of his life, the duke acting durng that 1176 «ire,enC 
 The lord, further deten^ined that the duke Ihould iueeeVdTo «"'e?hmnt 
 at Henry's decease ; that any attemnts upon his life should be emmil J 
 iZT] ^'^'» »"«'"Pf on the life ol' the king; ai d tha" li. new S 
 
 lll^^ ^''!i ""*" •''""'•» ^« «""'• a'"i «hrogate and a uml lh« 
 Wtlement made previously. The duke was well ,.o„i«„Vl,. J.""' .11! 
 
 -..^ciac sciuoiiiuui of tiie qucauon ; tlu' weak-iaijirted »ivd""capiiv« kiii 
 
390 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 liad of rourae no power to oppose it, and this transfer of the settlement was 
 agreed to by thtj whole parliament with less excitement than a trivial party 
 question has often caused since. 
 
 Invested with the regenc]^, and also having the king's person in his 
 power, York was now king in all but name ; but he too well understood 
 the audacious and able spirit of Queen Margaret, to deem himself perma- 
 nently in possession as long as she remained in. the kingdom at liberty. 
 Anxious to get her into his power, that he might either ii»prisonor banish 
 her, he sent h^r, in the name of her husband, a summons to join him in 
 London. But Margaret, who was busy raising forces in Scotland and the 
 north of England, by promising to the bravest and most turbulent men in 
 those parts the spoiling of all the country north of the Trent, instead ol 
 complying with this summons, unfurled the royal standard, and showed 
 herself at the head of twenty thousand men, and prepared to fight vet an- 
 other battle against York in despite of disadvantageous fortune. Whether 
 from some unaccountable want of judgment on the part of the duke, oi 
 from the exceeding popularity of Margaret among the inhabitants of the 
 north, causing him to be wantonly misled as to her resources, the duke 
 with only five thousand men rt.arched against Margaret's army, as though 
 he had merely to put down an ordinary revolt of an undisciplined handful 
 of men. A fatal mistake, from whatever cause it arose ! The duke had 
 already led his little army as far as Wakefield, in Yorkshire, ere he dis- 
 covered his error just in time to throw himself in Sandal Casll«, in that 
 neighbourhood ; and even now he might have been safe had he not beea 
 guilty of a second error, for which no one but liiinself could possibly be 
 blamed. He was urged by the earl of Salisbury and the rest or the friends 
 who accompanied him, to keep close within the castle until his son, the 
 earl of March, could arrive from the borders of Wales, where he was levy. 
 ing troops, and thus, when he had something like an equality as to num. 
 bers, to descend into the plain and give the queen battle. This prudent 
 counsel the duke with unconceivable folly rejected, upon the ridiculous 
 plea that he should be forever disgraced as a soldier were he to remain 
 shut up within a fortress because threatened by a woman. Now tlie duke 
 rliust full well have known, that, spirited and sanguinary as Margaret 
 undoubtedly was, she was in merely the nominal command of her army 
 that she was aided by commanders of whose talents it would be no dis- 
 
 ffrace to him to show his respect ; and that finally, her force outnumbered 
 lis in the overwhelming proportion of four to one. But the truth was, 
 that the duke had more courage as a knight than judgment as a com- 
 mander ; and, in spile of all that could be said by his real and judicious 
 friends, he obstinately persisted in descending to the neighbouring plain 
 and giving battle to the queen. As might have been anticipated, the royal- 
 ists availed themselves of their vast numerical superiority, and at liie 
 commencement of the action detached a considerable body to fall upon the 
 rear of the duke's force. This manoeuvre hastened the event, which was 
 not doubtful even from the commencement ; the duke's armv was com- 
 pletely routed and he himself was among tlie number of the slain. 
 
 That Margaret should cbase to resist the prince was natural, even apart 
 from anv doubt she might have felt as to the superiority of his claim to 
 that of her husband; but her conduct after the battle showed a depraved 
 and virulent feeling, which was at once unwomanly and of evil augury to 
 the pf'opU) in the event of her ever being firmly fixed in power. The body 
 of her illustrious opponent, whose triumph would have been sucuro som«J 
 years before had ho chosen to push his power to extremity, was foui.J 
 among the slain ; and this disgustingly unfoniinine queen had the head 
 •truck off and affixed to the gate of York castle, a paper crown being nrsi 
 placed upon the ghastly head, in bitter and cruel mockery of the dukes 
 
 ' r^r.t -..T ._. u .«■ —....I inmnor BonmB In have in 
 
 UnSUCCCSSUUi CUUCaTUurs. lua-.jjaict a vjtfc! ivt!?i— • — — 
 
HISTOBT OP THE WORLD. 391 
 
 Juenced her friends. The youngr earl of Rutland, son of the duke ol York, 
 and then only seventeen years old, being taken prisoner and led into the 
 presence of Lord Clifford, was by that nobleman's own hand put to death. 
 This dastardly butchery of a naere boy is accounted for by the historians 
 on the ground of Clifford's own father having perished in the battle of St 
 Aiban's ! As though that could have been any justification of his rresent 
 butchery of a young prince who at the time of that battle was barelv 
 twelve years old ! Another illustrious victim was the earl of SahBourv, 
 who being severely wounded was taken prisoner, carried to Pontefract! 
 ind there beheaded. 
 
 This battle was a terrible loss to the Yorkists, upwards of three thousand 
 af whom perished, besides the duke. That prince was only fifty years of 
 age when he fell, and was reasonably looked upon by his party as being 
 likely to be their support and ornament for many years. He was succeeded 
 in his title and pretensions by his eldest son, Edward ; besides whom he 
 left two other sons, George and Richard^and three daughters, Anne. Eliza- 
 beth, and Margaret. 
 
 A. D. 1461.— Immediately after this action the able and active, though 
 most hatefully cruel Margaret, marched with the main body of her army 
 arainst the earl of Warwick, who was left in command of the main body 
 of the Yorkists at London, while she sent a detachment under Jasper Tu- 
 dor, earl of Pembroke, and half-brother to her unfortunate husband, affainst 
 Edward, the new duke of York, who was still on the Welsh border. The 
 earl of Pembroke and the duke of York met at Mortimer's Cross, in Here- 
 fordshire, when the earl was completely routed with the loss of nearly 
 four thousand men ; the remainder of his force being scattered in all di- 
 rections, and he himself having no small difliculty in making good his re- 
 treat. His father. Sir Owen Tudor, who accompanied him to iliis disas- 
 trous battle, was still less fortunate ; being taken prisoner and led into the 
 presence of the duke of York, that prince instantly ordered him to be bo 
 headed. 
 
 Margaret was more fortunate than Pembroke. She encountered War 
 wick at St. Aiban's, whither he had marched from London to meet her 
 Warwick s own force was large, and he was strongly reinforced by volun 
 tcers, the Londoners being for the most part staunch Yorkists. At the 
 commencement of the battle Warwick even had the advantage, but ho 
 was sudden y deserted by Lovelace, who commanded under him, and who 
 led the whole of his men over to the enemy. The consequence was the 
 complete rout of the Yorkists, two thousand three hundred of whom per- 
 ished oil the field. Many Yorkists also were taken prisoners, as was the 
 unhappy king, who had been taken to the battle by Warwick, and who, in 
 lalling again into the power of his queen, could scarcely so properly be 
 said to be rescued as to be taken prisoner. Unhappy prince ! Into whose 
 Hands soever he might pass, the weakness of his mind rendered him but 
 he mere tool and pretext of his possessors, who hurried him hither and 
 milher, now vexing his dull intellect with thu subtle schemes of parly, and 
 now stariliiig his tame and timorous spirit with the bloody s^^enes and rude 
 alarms of the tented field. Unhappy, thrice unhappy priiico ! 
 
 Margaret here gave a new proof of her sanguinary temper. Lord Bon. 
 VII e, who had been entrusted with the care of the king's person during the 
 oauie, was rather agreeable to the weak prince, who, on the defeat of the 
 lorkiais, begged this nobleman to remain, and assured him of pardon and 
 proieciion. But Margaret, as soon as the confusion of battle allowed lier 
 ointcrrere, ordered him to be beheaded ; and a similar doom was InHictcd 
 upon bir I homas Kyriel, who had greatly distinguished himself duriua 
 we wars in France. * 
 
 Before Margaret could turn the victory she thus abused to any practical 
 -- J — s "M'tT- -ri 1 vir. sai-tuijT ajjpruafiicu iicT} aan 05 snu 
 
802 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 was sensible of hor disadvaulagea in being between his arn y and London, 
 where he was so popular, she hastily retreated northward ; while Edward 
 whom she but narrowly avoided, and whose army was far more numerous 
 than hers, entered London m triumph, and to the great delight of his party. 
 Finding his cause so numerously supported by the Londoners, and greatly 
 elated by the cordial gratulations which they bestowed upon him, which 
 he doubtless owed fully as much to his youth, the elegance of his person 
 and his kindly though courtly address, he determined to cast aside all the 
 hdsitation and delay which had proved so fatal to his father, to assume the 
 throne in despite of Henry's existence, and to maintain his assumption 
 by treating as traitors and rebels all who should venture to oppose it. As, 
 however, he was desirous of having at least the appearance of the national 
 consent to his claims, and as the appealing to parliament would be infin- 
 itely too tedious for his impatience, and might even give time for some 
 fatal bar to arise to his success, he assembled his army and a great mul- 
 titude of the Londoners m St. John's Fields, where an artful and yet pas- 
 sionate harangue was pronounced in vituperation of the other faction, and 
 in support of the claims and in praise of the high qualities of Edward him- 
 self. Such an harangue as this, delivered before a meeting composed 
 exclusively of the friends and partizans of Edward, could not fail to elicit 
 applause; and when it was followed up by the question "which king they 
 would have, Henry of Lancaster or Edward of York 1" who can be in doubt 
 as to the reply with which the multitude made the very welkin ring. Ed- 
 ward duke of York having thus been hailed by " the people" as their kinf^ 
 under the style of Edward IV., certain peers, prelates, and other influen- 
 tial personages were next assembled at Baynard's castle, who confirmed 
 what they obstinately affected to call " the people's decision ;" and Edward 
 IV. was duly proclaimed king on the 6th of March, thus putting a formal 
 end to the reign of the unfortunate Henry, whose infancy was graced witii 
 two crowns, and hailed by the loyal shouts of two nations, and whose 
 manhood had been only one long series of servitude in the hands of 
 avowed enemies, or of friends whose yoke was quite as heavy, and per 
 haps even more painful. 
 
 Ill 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 THE REIGN Of EDWARD IV. 
 
 Thouoh Edward was now only in his twentieth year, he had already 
 given proofs of activity, courage and a very determined purpose; to which 
 we must add, that almost the very first act of his reign sfiowcd that if he 
 were more prompt and resolute than his father, he was also by far more 
 Tiolciit and sanguinary. A citizen of London had the sign of the crown 
 above his shop, and jocularly said that his son should be "heir to the 
 crown." Anything more harmless than this jocular speech, or more ob- 
 vious than the tradesman's real meaning, it would not be easy to Imagine 
 But Edward, jealous of his title and feeling himself insecure upon the 
 throne, gave a treasonable interpretation to a merry Joke, insisted that it 
 had a derisive allusion to himself, and actually had the unfortunate man 
 condemned for treason — and executed ! 
 
 This brutal murder was a fitting prelude to the scenes of slaughter with 
 which tlie kingdom was soon filled ; and plainly proclaimed that Margaret 
 had now to deal with an rppotient to the full as truculent and unsparlnft 
 as herself. The nation was divided into Lancastrians and Yorkists, the 
 former bearing the symbol of the red, the latter of the white rose ; and m 
 though the blood shed in actual fight were insiifllclent to allay the tlgor- 
 ike desire of the principal opponents, the scaffolds were dyed deeply wiih 
 the blood of the prisoners taken by either partv. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 803 
 
 Margaret's popularity in the northern counties had enabled her to get 
 together an army of sixty thousand men, with which she took post in 
 Yorkshire, whither Edward and the earl of Warwick hastened to meet 
 herj On arrivinj; at Pontefract, Edward despatched Lord Fitzwalter with 
 a detachment to secure the passage over the river Ayre, at Ferrybridge. 
 Fitzwalter obtained possession of the important post in question, but was 
 speedily attacked there by very superior numbers of the Lancastrians un- 
 der Lord Clifford, who drove the Yorkists from their position with great 
 slaughter, Fitzwalter himself being among the slain. When the remains 
 of the beaten detachment carried these disastrous tidings to the earl of 
 Warwick, that nobleman, fearing that the misfortune would destroy the 
 spirits of his troops, had his horse brought to him, stabbed it to the heart 
 in presence of the whole army, and solemnly swore that he would share 
 the fatigues and the fate of the meanest of his soldiers. He at the same 
 time caused public proclamation to be made, giving permission to any sol- 
 dier who feared the approaching struggle immediately to depart from the 
 army; and in a similar spirit denounced the most severe punishment upon 
 any who on the actual day of battle should show any symptoms of cow- 
 ardice while before the enemy. As the post which had been so disas- 
 trously lost by Fitzwalter was of great importance. Lord Falconberg was 
 sent with a new detachment to recover it ; and, crossing the river at some 
 miles above Ferrybridge, he fell suddenly upon Lord Clifford's detachment 
 and routed it, Clifford himself being among the very considerable number 
 of the killed. a 6 j 
 
 The opposing armies at length met at Towton. The Yorkists charged 
 under favour of a severe snow-storm which the wind drove into the faces 
 of the enemy, whose half blinded condition was still further turned to ad- 
 vantage by Lord Falconberg, who caused a party of his archers, while yet 
 at more than ordinary arrow-shot from the opposite army, to discharge a 
 volley of the light, far flying, but nearly harmless arrows called flight ar- 
 rows, and immediately to shift their position. The Lancastrians, quite 
 , unsuspicious of the stratagem, and prevented by the snow from noticing 
 iiitir opponents' change of position, sent volley after volley of their arrows 
 ill the du-ection whence they had been assailed, and when they had thus 
 bootiessly emptied their quivers the main body of the Yorkists, led on by 
 Edward himself, made a grand and terribly destructive charge; the bow 
 was laid aside on both sides for the sword and battle-axe, and the Lancas- 
 trians were routed and pursued all the way to Tadcaster by their enemy. 
 The Lancastrian loss, in the battle and the scarcely less murderof.s pur- 
 suit, was calculated at six and thirty thousand men ; among whom were 
 Ihe earl of Westmoreland and his brother Sir .lohn Nevil, the earl of Nor- 
 ihuraberland, the lords Dacres and Welles, and Sir Andrew Trollope, 
 whose treachery had formerly been so disastrous to the cause of the York- 
 ists. The eirl of Devonshire, who was among the prisoners, was carried 
 before Edward, who sternly ordered him to be beheaded and his head to 
 be stuck upon the gatt of York castle ; whence the heads of the late duke 
 of York and the earl of Salisbury were now taken down. Margaret and 
 her unhappy husband were fortunate enough to escape to Scotland, whither 
 they were accompanied by the duke of Somerset and by the duke of Exe- ' 
 'or, who had sided against Edward, although he had married his sister. 
 Scotland was so much torn by faction that the Scottish council afforded 
 but little encouragement to Margaret to even hope for assistance, until she 
 promised to give up Berwick and to contract for a marriage of her son 
 and the sister of Kmg James. Even then the friendship of the Scots did 
 not assume an aspect very threatening to Edward, who tranquilly returned 
 10 London and lummoiied a parliament. 
 
 Ldward's success rendered this parliament very rcvidy to recognise his 
 litio to the throne b> descent from the family of Mor^mflr, it expressed 
 
 ¥■••■1 
 
n94 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 if 
 
 the utmost detegtation of what it now called the intrusion of Henry IV 
 annulled all grants made by the Lancastrians, and declared Edward'c fathol 
 rightly seized of the crown, and himself the rightful king from the very 
 day that he was hailed so by acclamation of the soldiery and rabble, which 
 It complacently termed *' the people." 
 
 A. D. 1462. — Though Edwara found his parliament thus accommodatine 
 he soon perceived that he had very great difficulties to contend against ere 
 he could consider himself secure in his possession of the crown. Not 
 only were there numerous disorders at home, the necessary result of civij 
 war, but there were enemies abroad. France, especially, seemed to 
 threaten Edward with annoyance and injury. The throne of that country 
 was now filled by Louis XL, a wily, resolute, and unsparing despot. For- 
 tunately for Edward, however, the tortuous policy of Louis had placed him 
 in circumstances which rendered his power to injure the reigning king of 
 England very unequal indeed to his will to do so. He at first sent oiiij 
 a very small body to the assistance of Margaret, and even when that queen 
 subsequently paid him a personal visit to solicit a more decided and effi- 
 cient aid, his own quarrels with the independent vassals of France only 
 allowed him to spare her two thousand men-at-arms, a considerable 
 force, no doubt, but very unequal to the task of opposing such a prince 
 as Edward. 
 
 With this force, augmented by numerous Scottish adventurers. Margaret 
 made an irruption into the northern counties of England, but she was de- 
 feated by Lord Montague, warder of the eastern marches between Eng- 
 land and Scotland, first at Hedgeley Inver, and then at Hexham. In the 
 latter action Margaret's force was completely destroyed. Among the 
 prisoners were Sir Humphrey Neville, the duke of Somerset, and the 
 lords Hungerford and De Roos, all of whom, with many gentleman of less 
 note, were summarily executed as traitors. Henry, who had been as 
 usual, forced to the battle-field, was for a time concealed by some of his 
 friends in Lancashire, but at the end of about a year was given up to Ed 
 ward, who held him in too much contempt to injure him beyond commit* 
 ting him to close custody in the Tower of London. 
 
 Margaret after her escape from the fatal field of Hexham went through 
 adventures which read almost like the inventions of romance. She was 
 passing through a forest with her son when she was attacked by robbers, 
 who, treating with contempt her royal rank, robbed her of her vaiuablt 
 jewels and also personally ill treated her. The division of their rich bootj 
 caused a general quarrel, which so much engaged their attention that Mar- 
 
 !|;aret and her son were enabled to escape. She was again stopped in the 
 orest by a single robber, to whom — deriving fearlessness from the very 
 desperation of her circumstances — she courageously said, "Here, my 
 friend, is the son of your king ; to your honour I entrust his safety." The 
 bold demeanour of the queen chanced to chime in with the robber's hu 
 niour ; he vowed himself to her service, and protected her through the 
 forest to the sea coast, whence she escaped to her father's court, where 
 for several years she lived in a slate of ease and quietude strangely in 
 contrast with the stormy life she so long had been accustomed fo lead. 
 
 Margaret powerless, Henry imprisoned, and Louis of France fully en. 
 gaged with quarrels nearer home, Edward now thought himself suffi- 
 ciently secured upon his throne to be warranted in indulging in the gay- 
 eties and amours which were so well suited to his youth and temper- 
 ament. But though his gallantries were by no means ill taken by his 
 good citizens of London, and perhaps even made him more popular than 
 a prince of graver life would have been at that time, his susceptibility to 
 the charms of the fair at length involved him in a serious quarrel. 
 
 The earl of Warwick and other powerful friends of Edward advised 
 iiim to marry, and thus, by his matrimonial alliance, still fcrther strengthen 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 395 
 
 018 throne. The advice tallied well with Edward's own judgment, and 
 the earl of Warwick was dispatched to Paris to treat for the hand of 
 Bona of Savoy, sister of the queen of France, and Warwick succeeded 
 so well that he returned to England with the whole affair ready for for- 
 mal ratification. But during Warwick's absence his fickle and amorous 
 master had been engaged in rendering the earl's mission not merely use- 
 less, but as mischievous as anything could be that was calculated to ex- 
 cite the hatred and rage of such a prince as Louis XL 
 
 The lady Elizabeth, widow of Sir John Grey, of Groby, who was killed 
 at the second battle of St. Albans, was, by the confiscation of her hus- 
 band's estates, for his siding with the Lancastrians, so reduced in her 
 worldly circumstances, that she and her children were dependant on her 
 father, in whose house, at Grafton in Northamptonshire, they all resided. 
 She was still young, and her remarkable beauty was little impaired by 
 the sorrows she had endured; and the king, while hunting, chancing to 
 visit Grafton, the lady Elizabeth took the opportunity to throw herself at 
 his feet and entreat the restoration of her husband's estates, for the sake 
 uf her unfortunate children. At sight of her beauty, heightened by her 
 suppliant attitude, the inflammable king fell suddenly and deeply in love 
 with her. He in his turn became a suitor, and as her prudence or her 
 virtue would not allow her to listen to dishonourable proposals, the in- 
 fatuated monarch privately married her. 
 
 When Warwick returned from France with the consent of I«ouis to the 
 marriage with Bona of Savoy, the imprudent marriage of the king, hith- 
 erto kept quite secret, was of necessity divulged ; and Warwick, indig- 
 nant and disgusted with the ridiculous part he had been made to play in 
 wooing a bride for a prince who was already married, left the court with 
 no amicable feelings towards his wayward master. 
 
 A. D. 1465. — The mischief of Edward's hasty and inconsiderate al- 
 liance did not end here. Like all persons who are raised much above 
 their original rank, the queen was exceedingly presuming, and the chief 
 business of her life was to use her influence over her still enamoured 
 husband to heap titles and wealth upon her family and friends, and to 
 ruin those who were, or were suspected to be, hostile to her grasping and 
 ambitious views. Her father, a mere private gentleman, was created 
 earl of Rivers, made treasurer in the room of the lord Mountjoy, and con 
 stable for life, with succession to his son, who, marrying the daughter of 
 Lord Scales, had the title as well as the vast estates of that nobleman 
 conferred upon him. The queen's sisters were provided with proportion- 
 ally splendid marriages, and the queen's son by her first marriage, young 
 Sir Thomas Grey, was contracted to the heiress of the duke of Exeter, 
 u niece of the kiTig, whose hand had been promised to Lord Montague, 
 who, with the whole powerful Neville family, was consequently very 
 deeply offended. 
 
 The exorbitant and insatiable craving of the queen's family disgusted 
 every one ; but to no one did it give such bitter feelings as to the earl of 
 Warwick, who, though from his favour with the crown he had made up 
 his fortune to the enorniou6 amount of eighty thousand crowns per an- 
 num, as we learn from Philip de Comines, was himself of so grasping a 
 nature that ho was still greedy for more gain, and, perhaps, still more dis- 
 inclined to see others in possession of the favour and influence which he 
 formerly had almost exclusively enjoyed. This powerful noble, having 
 vexations of this kind to imbitter his anger at the way in which he had 
 been treated as regarded the marriage, was urged to wishos and projects 
 most hoQtile to Edward's throne ; and as many of the nobility were much 
 disBi'sted with Edward on account of his resumption of grants, Warwick 
 Imd no difficulty in finding sympathy in his anger and association in his 
 
896 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 liii. 
 
 Among all the high personages of the kingdom to whom Edward'3 im 
 P'-udent marriage and uxorious folly gave offence; none felt more deeplv 
 perhaps none more reasonably, offended than Edward's second brotlier 
 the duke of Clarence. From his near relationship to the king he had 
 every right to expect the most liberal treatment at his hands ; but so fai 
 was he from receiving it, that while the queen and her recently obscure 
 relations were overwhelmed with favours of the most costly kind his 
 fortunes were still left precarious and scanty. Warwick, a shrewd judge 
 of men's tempers, easily descried the wounded and indignant feelings ol 
 Clarence, and offered him the hand of his eldest daughter, who, Beina 
 Warwick's co-heiress, could bring the duke a much larger fortune than 
 the king could bestow upon him, even had he been better inclined than 
 he hffd hitherto appeared, to mend the slender fortunes of his brotlier 
 Having thus united the influence of the duke of Clarence to his own 
 and engaged him inextricably in his projects, Warwick had no difficulty 
 in forming an extensive and very powerful confederacy against the king. 
 A. D. 1469. — The unsettled and turbulent temper of the kingdom, and 
 the preparatory measures of such a confederacy, so headed, could not 
 fail to produce a state of things in which the slightest accidental occur 
 fence might lead to the most extensive and dangerous public disorders 
 especially as in spite of all Edward's success, and the stern severity with 
 which he had used it, there was still remaining througliout the country a 
 strong though a concealed attachment to the ruined house of Lancaster. 
 A grievance which at first sight appeared little connected with state 
 quarrels, and of a nature to be easily settled by so arbitrary a monarch 
 as Edward, caused the brooding discontents to burst forth into open vio- 
 lence. 
 
 St. Leonard's hospital, in Yorkshire, like many similar establishments, 
 had from a very early age possessed the right of receiving a thrave ol 
 corn from every ploughland in the district ; and the poor complained, 
 most likely with great reason, that this tax, which was instituted for theif 
 relief, was altogether, or nearly so, perverted to the personal emolument 
 of tl 9 managers of the charity. From complaints, wholly treated with 
 contempt or neglect, the peasantrjr in tlie neighbourhood proceeded to re- 
 fusal to pay the tax; and when their goods and persons were molested for 
 their contumacy, they fairly took up arms, and having put to death the 
 whole of the hospital officials, they marched, full fifteen thousand strong, 
 to the gates of the city of York. Here they were opposed by some 
 troops unde. »he lord Montague, and he having taken prisoner their leader, 
 by name Robert Hulderne, instantly caused him to be executed, after the 
 common and disgraceful practice of those violent times. 
 
 The loss of their leader did not in the least intimidate the rebels; they 
 still kept in arms, and were now joined and headed by friends of the earl 
 of Warwick, who saw in this revolt of the peasantry a favourable oppor- 
 tunity for aiding their own more extensive and ambitious views. 
 
 Sir Henry Neville and Sir John Conyers having placed tlipn selves at 
 the head of the rebels, drew them off from their merely loca. ■ 1 isnly 
 contrived plans and marched them si uJiward, their number^ hn jaasiiit^ 
 80 greatly during their progress as to cause great and by > ',:;n; i; > 
 founded alarm to the government. Herbert, who had obt4.i.ie.; t.ie earl- 
 dom of Pembroke on the forfeiture of Jasper Tudor, was ordered to 
 march against the rebels at the head of a body of Welshmen, reinforced 
 by five thousand well-appointed archers commanded by Stafford, earl ol 
 Devons'iiire, who had obtained that title on the forfeiture of the great 
 Courtney family. Scarcely had ^e two noblemen, however, joined 
 their foiciiH ".v'^'n a quarrel broki ut between them upon some trivial 
 question \i -i,!, priority of right to quarters, and so utterly forgetful did 
 the ang i o- . ev »i ihire render hira of the great and important objecl oi 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 897 
 
 li.i> (.ommand, that he sullenly drew off his valuable force of archers, and 
 left die earl of Pembroke lo stand the brunt of the approacliing encounter 
 with ihe rebels with his own unaided and inferior force. 
 
 Undismayed by this defection of his colleague, Pembroke continued to 
 approach the rebels, when the hostile forces met near Banbury At the 
 first encounter Pembroke gained the advantage, and Sir Henry Neville 
 being among his prisoners, he had that popular gentleman immediately 
 executed. It this severity was intended to strike terror into the rebels 
 it wholly failed of its purpose. The rebels, so far from being intimidated, 
 were incited by their rage to a carnage more desperate than, probably 
 any other means could have inspired them with, and they attacked the 
 Welsh so furiously that the latter were completely routed, and vast num- 
 bers perished in the pursuit, the Welsh sternly refusing quarter. Pem- 
 broke beiiiR uiifortunately taken prisoner by the rebels, was by them con- 
 sifiii d to the s;.n?e late which he had inflicted upon their leader The 
 kiiig .vas very naturally excited to the utmost indignation by the fatal 
 recults of Ihe obstinacy and insubordination of the earl of Devonshire, 
 whom he caused to be executed. 
 
 Even here the cold butcheries which either party dignified with the 
 name of executions did not terminate. Some of the rebels, dispatched 
 to Grafton by Sir John Conyers, succeeded in capturing the queen's 
 mother, the earl of Rivers, and his son, Sir John Grey ; and, their sole 
 crime being that they were related to the queen and that they were not 
 Dhiiosophers enough to refuse to profit by that relationship, they, too, 
 were " executed" by the rebels. 
 
 Though there is no reasonable ground for doubting that the earl of 
 Warwick, and his son-in-law, the duke of Clarence, were the real direct- 
 ors of the revolt, they .deemed it politic to leave its public management 
 to Neville and Conyers— doubtless to be tolerably sure of the result be- 
 fore they would too far commit their personal safety. Accordingly all 
 the while that so mucli bloodshed had been going on in England, Warwick 
 and Clarence lived in great apparent unconcern at Calais, of which the 
 former was governor, and, still farther to conceal their ultimate intentions 
 from the king, Warwick's brother, the lord Montague, was among the 
 bravest and most active of the opponents of the rebels. So confident 
 was Warwick that the suspicions of the king could not fall upon him, 
 though the murder of the earl Rivers was surely a circumstance to have 
 pointed to the guilt of that nobleman's bitterest rival, that he and Clar- 
 ence, when the languid rate at which the rebellion progressed seemed to 
 promise a disastrous issue to it, came over to England, and were entrust- 
 ed by Edward with very considerable commands, which, probably from 
 want of opportunity, they made no ill use of. The rebellion having 
 been already very considerably quelled, Warwick, probably anxious to 
 save as many malcontents as possible for a future and more favourable 
 opportunity, persuaded Edward to grant a general pardon, which had the 
 ettect of completely dispersing the already wearied and discouraged rebels, 
 itiougu Warwick and Montague gave so much outward show of loy- 
 alty, and though the king heaped favours and honours upon the family, he 
 yet seems to have been by no means unaware of the secret feelings of both 
 iiese restless noblemen ; for on one occasion when he accompanied them 
 10 a banquet given by their brother, the archbishop of York, he was so 
 impressed with the feeling that he intended to take that opportunity of 
 flispatching him by poison or otherwise, that he suddenly rushed from the 
 Danqueting room and hastily returned to his palace. 
 
 A. p. 1470.— A new rebellion now broke out. At the outset there wore 
 
 no signs to connect either Clarence or the earl of Warwick with it ; vet 
 
 as we know how invcteraiely disloyal both the duke and the earl were 
 
 ,„ j,.jj.t xauTra:u uiiimcu, anu aiso ina; HS soon as Uieyhac' 
 
 P-'i^M 
 
898 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 an opportunity, and had reason to believe that the rebellion would oosuc 
 cessful, they prepared, aa will be seen, to add open revolt to the foule-.! 
 treachery. This rebellion commenced in Lincolnshire, and in a very 
 short time the leader of it, Sir Robert Welles, was at the head of not fewer 
 than thirty thousand men. Sir Robert's father, the Lord Welles, not only 
 took no part in the proceedings of his son, but showed his sense of both 
 their danger and impropriety by taking shelter in a sanctuary. But this 
 prudent conduct did not save him from the vengeance of the king. The 
 unfortunate nobleman was by plausible arguments allured from the sanc- 
 tuary, and, in company of Sir Thomas Dymoke, beheaded by the kmj^'s 
 orders. Edward soon after gave battle to the rebels and defeated them, 
 and Sir Robert Welles and Sir Thomas Launde being taken prisoners, 
 were immediately beheaded. So little did the king suspect Clarence and 
 Warwick of any concealed influence in these disturbances, that he gave 
 them commissions of array to raise troops to oppose the rebels. The op- 
 portunity thus afforded them of forwarding their treasonable views was 
 too tempting to be resisted, and they at once removed all doubts as to their 
 real feelings by levying forces against the king, and issuing remonstrances 
 against the public measures and the king's ministers. The defeat of Sir 
 Robert Welles was a sad discouragement to them, but they had now pro- 
 ceeded too far to be able to withdrav.-, and they marched their army into 
 Lancashire. Here they fully expected the countenance and aid of Sir 
 Thomas Stanley, who was the earl of Warwick's brother-in-law, but find- 
 ing that neither that nobleman nor the lord Montague would join them, 
 tliey dismissed their arrny and hastened to Calais (the government ol 
 Warwick) where they confidently calculated upon finding a sure and safe 
 refuge. Here again, however, they were doomed to be disappointed. On 
 leaving Calais the last time, Warwick had left there, as his deputy gov 
 emor, a Gascon named Vaucler. This gentleman, who was no stran- 
 ger to Warwick's disloyalty, readily judged by the forlorn and iil-altended 
 style in which that nobleman and tlie duke of Clarence now made iheir 
 appearance before Calais, that they had been unsuccessfully engagfcd in 
 some illegal proceeding ; he therefore refused them admittance, and would 
 not even allow the duchess of Clarence to land, though siie had been de- 
 iivered of a child while at sea, and was in a most pitiable state of ill health. 
 As, however, he by no means wished to break irremediably with men 
 whom some chance might speedily render as powerful as ever, Vaudcr 
 sent wine and other stores for the use of the duchess, and secretly assured 
 Warwick that he only seemed to side against him, in order tliat he might, 
 by gaining the confidence of tlie king, be able to give the fortress up to 
 the earl at the first opportunity ; and he dilated upon those circumstances 
 of the place whii-.h rendered it very improbable that the garrison and in- 
 habitants would just at that time suffer it to be hold by Wiirwick againsl 
 the established government of England. Whatever might be Warwick't 
 real opinion of the sincerity of Vaucler, he feigned to be quite sjitisfied 
 with hi? conduct, and having seized some Flemish vessels which lay off 
 the coast, ho forthwith departed to 'ry his fortune at the court of Framt!. 
 Here he was well received, for the French king had formerly held a close 
 correspondence with the earl, and was just now exceedingly hostile to 
 Edward on account of the friendship which existed between tfirtt monarch 
 urn' »he most turbulent as well as the most powerful vassal of France, 
 the duke of Burgundy. Though the earl of Warwick had so much reason 
 to hate the house of Laniraster, the king so urgently pressed him to a re- 
 conciliation, and to attempt to restore that house to tl.o throne <'"'';'"•?■ 
 land, that at an interview with Queen Margaret the earl consented to ii 
 reconciliation, and to doing his utmost to restore Henry to his throne on 
 ---<-:„ :T>;>.i!!t!nn=. The chisf of th<>.-s conditions wef9-. that the e;iri oi 
 Warwick and the duke of Clarence should a4miui«ter in England 'M>t\i 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ' 399 
 
 (ho whole minority of Prince Edward, son and heir of Henry ; that thai 
 young prince should marry the lady Anne, Warwick'e second dauffliter. 
 aiid that, failing issue to them, the crown should be entailed on the duke 
 of Clarence, to the absolute exclusion of the issue of the reigning kinn. 
 By way of showing the sincerity of this unnatural confederacy, >rince 
 Edward and the lady Anne were married immediately. 
 
 Edward, who well knew the innate and ineradicable hostility of War- 
 wick s real feehngs towards the house of Lancaster, caused a lady of 
 great talent to avail herself of her situation about the person of the duke 
 of Clarence, to influence the duke's mind, especialy with a view to makiuff 
 him doubtful of the sincerity of Warwick, and of the probability of his 
 long continuing faithful to this new alliance ; and so well did the fair envoy 
 exert her powers, that the duke, on a solemn assurance of Edward's for- 
 giveness and future favour, consented to take the earliest favourable od- 
 portuiiity to desert his father-in-law. But while Edward was intent upon 
 detaching the duke of Clarence from Warwick, this latter nobleman was 
 no less successful in gaining over to his side his brother, the marquis of 
 Montiigue, whose adhes-on to Warwick was the more dangerous to Ed- 
 ward because Montague was entirely in his confidence. 
 
 When Warwick had completed his preparations, Louis supplied him 
 with men, money, and a fleet; while the duke of Burgundy, on the other 
 hand, closely united with Edward, and having a personal quarrel with 
 Warwick, cruised in the channel in the hope of intercepting that nobleman 
 ore he could land 111 England The duke of Burgundy, while thus actively 
 oxerling himself for Edward's safety, also sent him the most urgent and 
 wise advice ; but Edward was so over confident in his own strength, that 
 ne professed to wish that Warwick might make good his landing 
 
 In this respect his wish was soon granted. A violent storm dispersed 
 lie duke of Burgundy's fleet, and Warwick was thus enabled to land with- 
 out opposition on thi; coast of Devon, accompanied by tlie duke of Cla- 
 rence and the carls of Oxford and Pembroke. The king was at this time 
 in the north of England engaged in putting down a revolt caused by War- 
 wick s brother-in-law, the lord Fitzliugli ; and Warwick's popularity bcine 
 thus left unopposed, he, who had landed with a force far too small for his 
 thousa'd""*^ himself in a very few days at the head of upwards of sixty 
 
 The king on hearing of Warwick's landing hastened southward to meet 
 
 mm, and the two armies came in sight of each other at Nottingham An 
 
 ■ action was almost hourly expected, and Edward was still confident in his 
 
 good fortune; but he was now to feel the ill efl-pcts of the ovorweeiiina 
 
 Son. .S P"'. '" ^'!^ ""''■'l^'f °^ Montague. That nobleman suddenly 
 got his adherents under arms during the darkness of the night hours, and 
 nf thVh^"". r^ ^" the quarter occupied by the king, shouting the war-cry 
 of the hostile army. I'ldward, who was awakened by this sudden tumult 
 
 ihrm . ^ fl'Kht while there was still time for him to do so. So well had 
 haJv t?^"."'^ Montague timed his treacherous measure, that Edward lia.l 
 loSrnn hnl",r'.'''' ''"f^'-ir,";' •'"'"'«''>"'•»' to Lynn, in Norfolk, where 
 enKdS'''"P ?'' ¥l'^ rom England, leaving Warwick so sud- 
 C«Lc«hT,%l"*'!rr'" "'^r""'. '^'T''^'"' "'"' "'" »i«kl"'.nd hesitating 
 and whini? "?l '"•'' '!'"'' ^*"" '•'« •='"'"8« »f "''ie" ''o had roiitomplatei 
 and which would now have been fatal to him. ' 
 
 ne InHoM m„'?T'i »'''^^^»'-'»'« /'"•««'! <HmUn^ from his kingdom, that 
 
 nd when nC "''^«,'"'>"«y. •'^vels, or any other valuables with him, 
 
 wi hTmu'p f narrowl^r escaping from the (laiise K.wns, then at war 
 
 "uuiing with winch to reoomDiuiae thn mu«t«r«f iho -i.i„ .„„.. .. - .u- -!-ui_ 
 
 — J. — ,.^3 ji/uc riviiiy 
 
 
 'MV 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 lined with sable fur, which he accompanied with assurances of a raoto 
 substantial recompense should more prosperous times return. 
 
 The duke of Burgundy was greatly alinoyed at the misfortune of Ed. 
 ward. Personally and in sincerity the duke really preferred the Lancas- 
 trian to the Yorkist house ; he had allied hiir.seif with the latter solely 
 from the politic motive of being allied to the reigning house of England 
 and row that the Lancastrians were so triumphant that even the cautious 
 Vaucler, who had been confirmed by Edward in his government of Calais, 
 did not scruple to give that important place up to Warwick— a pretty 
 certain proof that the Lancastrians were secure for some time at least— 
 the duke was greatly perplexed by the necessity he was under of invid- 
 iously giving a cold reception to a near connection who was suffering 
 from misfortune, or of hi ng at the exponse and discredit of supporting a 
 penniless fugitive whose very misfortunes were in no slight degree attri- 
 Dutable to his own want of judgment. 
 
 The flight of Edward from the kingdom was the signal for Warwick to 
 pive liberty to the unhappy Henry, whose confinement in the Tower had 
 been chiefly the earl's own work. Henry was once more proclaimed king 
 with all due solemnity, and a parliament was summoned to meet him at 
 Westminster, whose votes were, of course, the mere echoes of the in- 
 sructions of the more dominant faction of Warwick. As had formerly 
 been agreed between Warwick and Queen Margaret, it was now enacted 
 by the parliament that Henry was the rightful and only king of f]ngland, 
 but that his imbecility of mind rendered it requisite to have a regency, the 
 powers of which were placed in the hands of the duke of Clarence and the 
 earl of Warwick during the minority of Prince Edward, and the duke ol 
 Clarence was declared heir to the throne failing the issue of that yonng 
 prince. As usual, very much of the time of the parliament was occupied 
 m reversing the attainders which had been passed against Lancastrinnfi 
 during the prosperity of the house of York. In one respect, however, this 
 parliament and its dictator Warwick deserve considerable praise— their 
 power was used without that wholesale and unsparing resort to bloodshed 
 by which such triumphs are but too generally disgraced. Many of tlir 
 leading Yorkists, it is true, fled beyond the sea, hut still more of then 
 were allowed to remain undisturbed in the sanctuaries in which they tool 
 refuge; and among these was even Edward's queen, who was deliverct 
 of a son whom she had christened by the name of his absent father. 
 
 A. n. 1471. — Queen Margaret, who was perhaps, somewhat loss active 
 than she had been in earlier life, was just preparing to return to England • 
 with Prince Edward and the duke of Somerset, sun to the duke of that 
 title who was beheaded after the battle of Hcxlmnt. when their journey 
 WHS rendered useless by a new turn in the affairs of England ; a turn most 
 InmentHble to those Lancastrians who, as Phdip de ('oinines li'lls us o( 
 the dukes of Somerset and Exeter, were reduced to absoliKe beggary. 
 The turn of affairs to which we allude was mainly caused by the impru- 
 dence of the carl of Warwick, who acted towards the duke of Unrgundy 
 in such wise as to compel that prince in sheer self-defence to aid the 
 exiled Edward. The duke's personal predilections being really on the 
 side (»f the Lancastrians, it required only a timely and prudent policy oa 
 the part of the earl of Warwick to have secured, at the least, the duke's 
 neutrality. Hut the earl, laying too much stress upon the relationshiit he- 
 Iween Edward and Unrgundy, took U for granted that the latter must he a 
 dotermin«d enemv to the Lancastrians, and caused him to hi'come so hy 
 «endnig a body of four thousand men to Calais, whence they made very 
 mischievous irruptions into the Low Countries. Burgundy, fearing the 
 3onaequflnce!< of b(!ing attacked at once jy Franco and by England, de- 
 Icnnined to divert the attention and power of tho latter by assisiing nir. 
 orother-in-luw. Bui while deirrniined so to uid Kdward a* to enaHe iwu 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 401 
 
 to give NVarwjck's party abundant anxiety and trouble, tK<5 uuke was not 
 the less careful to do so with the utmost attention to the preservation of 
 friendly appearances towards the English government. With this view 
 he furnished Edward with eighteen vessels, large and small, together with 
 a Slim of money ; but he hired the vessels in the name of some merchants 
 and sti 1 further to mislead Warwick, or to give him a plausible reason foi 
 pretending to be misled, no sooner had Edward sailed than the duke pub- 
 hcly forbade his subjects from affording any aid or countenance to thai 
 prince either by land or water, 
 
 Edward in the meantime, with a force of two thousand men, attempted 
 to land upon the coast of Norfolk, but was driven off, and he then landed 
 at Raveiispur, in Yorkshire. Perceiving that here, too, from the caro 
 which Warwick had taken to fill the magistracy with his own partizans 
 the Lancastrian party was far the most popular and powerful, Edward 
 adopted the pohcv which had formerly so well served the duke of Lan- 
 caster, and issued a proclamation in which he solemnly averred that he had 
 landed without any intention of challenging the crown or of disturbing the 
 national peace, but had come solely for tlie purpose of demanding ht' 
 fanuly possessions of the house of York, to which he was inconteftibly 
 entitled. Ihis afrected moderation caused great numbers to join his 
 standard who would not have done so had he openly avowed his intention 
 of endeavouring to recover the crown ; and he speedily found himself 
 possessed of the city of York and at the head of an army sufficiently 
 numerous to promise him success in all his designs ; while his chance 
 of success was still further increased by the unaccountable apathy of the 
 marquis of Montague, who had the command of all the forces in the 
 nor-h, but took no steps to check the movements of Edward, though he 
 gu«^ly could not have been unaware how important and dangerous tliev 
 were. Warwick was more alert, and having assembled a force at Lei- 
 cester ho prepared to give battle to Ed^vard, who, ho ever contrived to 
 pass him and to make his way to London. Had Edward been refused ad- 
 mitaiioe here, nothing could have saved his cause from complete ruin ; 
 but he had not taken so bold a step without carefully and, as it proved, 
 correctly calculating all his chances. In the first place, the sanctuarieJ 
 Of London were filled with his friends, who ho well knew would join him 
 111 he next place he was extremely popular with the ladies of London' 
 and indebted to their husbands for sums of money which they could novel 
 n-Ti'^iT'"® "">88 he should succeed in recovering the crown ; and in 
 the third place, Warwick's brother, the archbishop of York, to whom th« 
 government of the city was entrusted, gave a new instance of the facile 
 and shameless treachery which disgraced that -mo, by entering into a 
 correspoiidenco with Edward, and agreeing to betray his own brother 
 
 Being admitted into the city of London, Edward made himself master 
 
 frnrn^T"" ""^.ih^ ""'■"'•tunate Henry, who was thus once more passed 
 irom tlie throne to the dungeon. ^ 
 
 wfi?f '""?y <-inMitn8t«nces gave advantage to Edward, the earl ol 
 
 and h vi J'l' 1^ ?'V" M "r '1-"''""".' *" y'^''' ^''''""' » f«i'->y ""cken field, 
 n.l„ S *"' ' u''*"'' "".^*"' '^"'■'=° •'" •'""I'J '•"''»« ho stationed himself at 
 S'.Kn?" ^I-.*'!" '^°T*'^ 't' '*'*' '^"^P mortification of fully expori 
 ZX. '"f"'""''*^, ""d treachery of d'laroncc, who siuideiily brokft 
 from his quarters during the night, and made his way ov,.r to Edward 
 to h 2L"t"""r"^"' Warwick's boHt troops. Ha.lVarwick listS 
 L;!fr !i' " IT"''P"«« »'o would now have closed with the offers <.f n 
 K ,„..'"'"""' 7'"'"'' Y:""" ""*•'" '*• '»'" ^y both E<«ward and Cla. 
 pTall'potnn..r.'' ^»'«'-«"Kl'ly.nroused and enraged, and ho resolvi-d to 
 
 "n«ry v.aour.^^ A mere accident gave a decisive turn to the long imter 
 
402 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 tain foriiine of the day. The cognizance of the king was a sun, that oi 
 Waiwick a star with rays diverging from it ; and in the dense mist which 
 prevailed during the battle the earl of Oxford was mistaken for a YorkiBh 
 eader, and he and his troops were beaten from the field vjith very area* 
 slauBhter by his own Mends. This disaster was followed by the death 
 of Warwick, who was slain while fighting on foot, as was h>8 brother 
 MontBBue. The Lancastrians were now completely routed, and Ldward 
 Bivinff orders to deny quarter, a vast number were slain in the pursuit as 
 well as in the battle. Nor was the victory wholly without cost to the 
 conquerors, who lost upwards of fifteen hundred men of all ranks. 
 
 As Warwick had determined not to make terms with Edward, his best 
 Dolicv would have been to await the arrival of Queen Margaret, who was 
 daily expected from France, and whose influence would have united all 
 Lancastrians and probably have ensured victory. But Warwick, unsus- 
 nicious of Clarence's treachery, felt so confident of victory, tiiat he whs 
 kbove all things anxious that Margaret should not arrive m time to share 
 his antioinated fflorv ; but though he had on that account hurried on the 
 Sition Saret and'her son. attended by a small body of French landed 
 in Dorsetshire on the very day after the fatal battle of Barnet. Here as 
 soon as she landed she learned Warwick's defeat and death, and the new 
 caDtivitv of her inveterately unfortunate husband; and she was so much 
 depressed by the information that she took sanctuary at Beauheu abbey. 
 She was here visited and encouraged by Tudor, earl of Pembroke, Cour- 
 tenay, earl of Devonshire, and other men of rank and influence, and in- 
 duced to make a progress through Devon, Somerset, and Gloucestershire. 
 In this neighbourhood her cause appeared to be exceedingly popular, for 
 every day'i march made a considerable addition to her force. She was 
 at leJgth overtaken at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, by Edward s army, 
 and in the battle which ensued she was completely defeated, wUh the loss 
 of about three thousand men, among whom were the earl of De^vonshire 
 nnd Lord Wenlock, who were killed in the field, and the duke of Somerset 
 and about a score more persons of distinction who, having taken sanctuary 
 in a church, were dragged out and beheaded. 
 
 Among the prisoners were Queen Margaret and her son. They were 
 taken info theVesonce of Edward, who sternly denianded of the young 
 prince on what groand he had ventured to invade England. The high- 
 Spirited boy, regarding rather the fortune to which he was born than the 
 SwerlesB and periloui situation in which the adverse fortune of war ha 
 Ere7him? bolSly and imprudently replied that he had come toj^'ig 
 for the riffhtful purpose of c a ming his just inheritance. 1 his answer so 
 mu h e7r;ged'iZBrd,that he, Lgetful alike of deconcT am' "[^^ 
 struck the youth in the. face with his gaunticted hand. As hough ih.j 
 violent act had been a preconcerted signal, the dukes of t.loi tester ..nu 
 cieic:; wUh Lord nist.ngs and Sir Thoma* (Jray, dragged U^^^^^^^^^^ 
 prince into an adjoining roo.n and there disoatched him with « da^ge s. 
 h'he unhappy Margaret was committed to cV)so «7«»«;"«" ''''?,„ S^o 
 in which sad orison Henry had expired a few days after the bntiie oi 
 Tewkesbury As "lenry's health had loiiff been infirm, .1 seems qu.te 
 S that his deah was natural, but as tf.e temper of ttf t""^'« "• ^ 
 violoncfl ut the least probable. Edward caused the body to be exposed to 
 public view, and it certainly showed no signs of "»["''•"»''»"?• ■ „, 
 ^ The cause of the Lancastrians was now «'';'"8»'" '«}•. „^'''' P""eUhe 
 that house were dead, the best and moHl devoted of its f"enn"J«;« «2' 
 
 fugitive or dead, and Tudor, rarl ^r 1'^ '''"''"' "* iS t Sv w 
 fofces in Wales, now disbanded them n despair, and ;o"KJ^,,^f^ f' 3 
 his nephew, the earl of Richmond, in Brittany. The last «ff'> ' ^ " "j"'; 
 IIIrtL ha-tird ol Falconberg. who levied forces and advan.cd to London 
 but iie WM deserted by his troops, i»ken prisoner, ana «xgcu.cu 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 403 
 
 Edward, now wholly triumphant, sHmmoned a parliament, which com- 
 pliantly sanctioned his deeds; and all dangers being now at an end, he 
 resumed the jovial and dissipated life to which he owed no small portion 
 of that popularity which would, most probably, have been refused to a 
 
 Ciince of a higher cast of character and of more manly end dignified 
 earing. 
 
 Edward, however, was soon recalled from his indulgence in pleasure, 
 by the necessity for attending to his foreign interests. He was by no 
 means unconscious of the cold and constrained reception that had been 
 given to him in his adversity by the duke of Burgundy ; but considerations 
 of interest now led Kdward to make a league with the duke against the 
 king of France. By this league it was provided that Edward should cross 
 ihe sea with not fewer than ten thousand men for the invasion of France. 
 in which he was to be joined by the duke of Burgundy with all the force 
 he could command. The objects proposed by the allies were to acquire 
 for England the provinces of Normandy and Guienne, at least, and if poa- 
 sible the crown of France, to which Edward was formally to challenge 
 the right; while the duke of Burgundy was to obtain Champagne,' with 
 some further territory, and the freedom for his hereditary territories from 
 all feudal superiority on the part of France. Their league seemed the 
 more likely to be successful, because they had good reason to hope for 
 the co-operation of the duke of Brittany, and they had the secret assur- 
 ance of the count of St. Pol, who was constable of France, and held St. 
 Quentin and other important places on the Somme, that he would join 
 them when they should enter France. 
 
 A French war was always sure to excite the pecuniary liberality of the 
 English parliament, which now granted the king two shillings in the 
 pound on all rents, and a fifteenth and three quarters of a fifteenth; but 
 this money was to be kept in religious houses, and returned to the con- 
 mbutors in the event of the expedition against Prance not taking place. 
 From this stringent care of the money we may perceive how much the 
 commons of England had increased, both in power and in the knowledge 
 how to make efficient and prudent use of it. 
 
 A. D. 1475.— So popular was the king's project against France, that all 
 the powerful nobles of England offered him their aid and attendance ; and 
 inotead of the stipulated ten thousand men, he was enabled to land at 
 telais with fifteen thousand archers and fifteen hundred men-at-arms. 
 But to Edward's great annoyance, when he entered France he was disap 
 pomted by the count of St. TPol, who refused to open his gates to him, and 
 by the duke of Burgundy, who, instead of joining Edward with all hie 
 forces, had employed them against the duke of Lorraine and on the frontiers 
 J![ ^j"'n"»ny. This circumstance, so fatal to Edward's views, arose out of 
 the fiery temper of Burgundy, who personally apologized, but at the same 
 lime confessed that it would be impossible for him to make his troops 
 available to Edward for that campaign. Louis XL, that profound politi- 
 cian who thought nothing mean or degrading whitjh could aid him in his 
 vipwg no sooner learned the disappointmeut which had befallen Edward, 
 than he sent him proposals of peace; and a truce was easily concluded 
 Delwpcn them, Louis paying seventy-five thousand crowns down, and 
 Hgrecing to pay two-thirds of that sum annually for their joint lives, and 
 to marry the dauphin, when of age, to Edward's daughter. The two 
 moimrcJis met at Pecquigin to ratify this treaty; and the precautione 
 Which were taken to prevont the possibiliiy of assassination on either 
 «nie give us but a low notion of the honour by whioh either prince was ac 
 mated himself or supposed the other to be. 
 
 There was one clause of this treaty— otherwise so disgiaceful to Louis 
 7-whicn WHN hi0hlv crsditHhls tn ths PrKssrh tsR^- P.i.- •:* Hs -»-:-,-.-.!=ii^« 
 tor Ihe safe release of the unfortunate Margaret, for whose ransonrLoiiii 
 
404 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 
 consented to pay fifty thousand crowns. She vas reloas^ accordingly 
 and until )ier death, which occurred in 1482, she lived in complete seclu. 
 sion from that world in which she had formerly played so conspicuous 
 and so unfortunate a part. 
 
 There was in the character of Edward a certain cold and stubborn 
 severity which made it no easy matter to recover his favour after he had 
 once been offended. His brother Clarence, much as he had done in the 
 way of treachery towards his unfortunate fatl^er-in-law, was far enough 
 from beinff really restored to Edward's confidence and favour. The 
 brooding dislike of the king was the more fatal to Clarence from that un- 
 fortunate prince having imprudently given deep offence to the queen and 
 to his brother the duke of Gloster, a prince who knew not much of truth 
 or of remorse when he had any scheme of ambition or violence to carry. 
 Well knowing the rash and open temper of Clarence, his formidable 
 enemies determined to act upon it by attacking his friends, which they 
 rightly judged would be sure to sting him into language that would ruin 
 him vjrith his already suspicious and offended king and brother. 
 
 It chanced that as the king was hunting at Airrow, in Warwickshire, 
 he killed a white buck which was a great favourite of the owner, a wealthy 
 gentleman named Burdett. Provoked by the loss of his favourite, the 
 gentleman passionately exclaimed that he wished the buck's horns were 
 stuck in the belly of whoever advised the king to kill it. In our settled 
 and reasonable times it really is no easy matter to understand how— even 
 had the speech related, as it did not, to the king himself— such a speech 
 could bv the utmost torturing of language be called treason. But so it 
 was. Burdett had the misfortune to be on terms of familiar fricndsliip 
 with the duke of Clarence : and he was tried, condemned, and beheaded 
 at Tyburn for no alledged offence beyond these few idle and intemperate 
 words. That Clarence might have no shadow of doubt that ho was him- 
 self aimed at in the persons of his friends, this infamous murder was fol- 
 lowed by that of another friend of th«j duke, a clergyman named Stacey 
 He was" a learned man, and far more proficient than was common in 
 that half barbarous age in astronomy and mathematical studies in gen- 
 eral. The rabble, got a notion that such learning "must needs imply sor- 
 cery ; the popular rumour was adopted by Clarence's enemies, and the 
 unfortunate Stacey was tried, tortured, and executed, some of the most 
 eminent peers not scrupling to sanction these atrocious proceedings by 
 their presence. As the enemies of Clarence had anticipated, the perse- 
 cution of his friends aroused him to an imprudent though generous indite- 
 nation. Instead of endeavouring to secure himself by a close reserve, he 
 loudly and boldly inveighed against the injustice ol which his friends iiad 
 been the victims, and bore testimony to tiieir innocence and honour. 
 This was precisely what the enemies of the duke desired; the kmg wa» 
 insidiously urged to deem the complaints of Clarence insulting and in- 
 jurious to liiin, as implying his participation in the alledged injustice doi.< 
 
 to the duke's friends. .... . ., . , 
 
 A. D. 1478.— The unfortunate duke was now fairly tn the to-.s whicl 
 had been set for him by his enemies. He was committed tu the Towti, 
 and a parliament was 8|M;cially summoned to try him for treason I i" 
 treasons alledged against him, even had tliey been proved by iln' 
 most trustworthy evidence, were less treasons than mere p<;tulai;i 
 speeches. Not a single overt act was even alledged, far less proved 
 against him But thn king in person prosecuted him, and the shivisli 
 parhament shamelessly pronounced him guilty; the commons adding to 
 their vilencRs bv both petitioning for the diike's execution and pafs'iig n 
 bill of attaindei'against him. The dreadfully severe temper of MwanJ 
 required no such vile prompting. There was little daiigor of hi* »l>o>)^n8 
 merov even to a brother whom hf imd oaoe faUiy iesuiea to naic: 11 = 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD, 
 
 405 
 
 Hole favour that he would grant the unhappy duke was that of being allow- 
 ed to choose the mode of his death ; and he made choice of the strange 
 and unheard-of one of being drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine, which 
 whimsically tragic death was accordingly inflicted upon him in the Tower 
 of London. 
 
 A. D. 1462. — Louis XI. of France having broken his agreement to marry 
 the dauphin to the daughter of Edward, this king contemplated the inva* 
 Biou of France for the purpose of avenging the affront. But while he was 
 busily engaged with the necessary preparations he was suddenly seized 
 with a mortal sickness, of which he expired in the twenty-third year of 
 his reign and the forty-second of his age. 
 
 Though undoubtedly possessed of both abilities and courage, Edward 
 was disgracefully sensual and hatefully cruel. His vigour and courage 
 might earn him admiration in times of difficulty, but his love of effeminate 
 pleasures must always preclude him from receiving the approbation of the 
 wise, as his unsparing cruelty must always insure him the abhorrence of 
 the good. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 THE REIGN Of EDWARD V. 
 
 4.D. 1483.— From the time of the marriage of Edward IV. with the lady 
 Elizabeth Gray the court had been divided into two fierce factions, which 
 were none the less dangerous now because during the life of Edward the 
 stern character of that king had compelled the concealment of their enmi- 
 ties from him. The queen herself, with her brother the earl of Rivers and 
 her son the marquis of Dorset, were at the head of the one faction, while 
 the other iiurluded nearly the whole of the ancient and powerful nobility 
 of the kin|r(iiim, who naturally were indienant at the sudden rise and ex- 
 ceeding ambition of the queen's family. The duke of Buckingham, though 
 he had married the queen's sister, was at the head of the party opposed 
 lo her family influence, and he was zealously and strongly supported by 
 the lords Hastings, Stanley, and Howard. 
 
 When Edward IV. felt that his end was approaching he sent for these 
 noblemen and entreated them to support the authority of his youthful son ; 
 but no sooner was Edward dead than the leaders of both factions en- 
 deavoured to secure the chief interest with the heartless and ambitious 
 duke of Gluster, whom Edward IV. most fatally had named regent during 
 the minority of Edward the Fifth. 
 
 Though Gloster was entrusted with the regency of the kingdom, lh« 
 care of the young prince was conflded to his uncle the earl oi Rivers, a 
 nobleman remarkable in that rude age for his literary taste and talents. 
 The queen, who was very anxious to preserve over her son the same 
 great influence she had exerted over his father, advised Rivers to levy troops 
 to escort the king to London to be crowned, and to protect him from any 
 undue coercion on the part of (he enemies of his family. To this step, 
 however, Lord Hastings and his friends made the strongest and mcmt 
 open opposition ; Hastings even going so far as to declare that if such a 
 force were levied he should think it high time to depart for his govern- 
 ment of Caliiis, and his friends adding that the levying such a force would 
 be the actual recommencement of a civil war. Gloster, who had deeper 
 motives than any of the other of the parties concerned, affected to think 
 such force needless at least, and his artful professions of determination 
 lo utftird (lu) young king all needful protection so completely deceived th« 
 quoeii, that she altc lod lier opinion and requested her brother to acconm- 
 f'-iy 'tta iu-pitrw iu London with oaiv such equipage as was beiiitinff 
 iuH (jjifh rwik. 
 
40e 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 When the young king was understood to be on his road, Oloster set out 
 with a numerous retinue, under pretence of desiring to escort him lium 
 ourably to London, and was joined at Northampton by Lord Hastings, 
 who also had a numerous retinue. Rivers, fancying that his own retinae 
 added to the numerous company already assembled at Northampton would 
 cause a want of accommodation, sent Edward to Stony Stratford, and 
 went himself to pay his respects to the regent Gloster at Northampton. 
 Rivers was cordially received by the duke of Gloster, with whom and 
 Buckingham he spent the whole evening. Not a word passed whence he 
 could infer enmity or danger, yet on the following morning as he was enter- 
 ing Stony Stratford to join his royal ward, he was arrested by order of 
 the duke of Gloster. Sir Richard Gray, a son of the queen by her first 
 marriage, and Sir Thomas Vaughan, were at the same time arrested, and 
 dl three were immediately sent under a strong escort to Pontefruct castle. 
 
 Having thus deprived the young king of his wisest and most zealous 
 protector, Gloster waited upon him with every outward show of kindness 
 and respect, but could not with all his art quiet the jregrets and fears 
 excited in the prince's mind by the sudden and ominous arrest of his kind 
 and good relative. The queen was still more alarmed. In the arrest of 
 her brother she saw but the first step made towards the ruin of herself 
 and her whole family ; and she immediately retired to the sanctuary ol 
 Westminster, together with the young duke of York and the five prin- 
 cesses, trusting that Gloster would scarcely dare to violate the sanctuary 
 which had proved her efficient defence againbt all the fury of the Lan- 
 castrian faction during the worst times of her husband's misfortunes. Her 
 confidence in the shelter she had chosen was naturally increased by the 
 consideration, that whereas formerly even a family opposed to hers by 
 the most deadly and immitigable hostility was not tempted to violate tiie 
 sanctuary, she had now to dread only her own brother-in-law, while hei 
 aon, fast approaching the years which would enable him to terminate his 
 luicle's protectorate, was the king. 
 
 But m reasoning thus the queen wholly overlooked the deep and dan- 
 gerous nature of her brother-in-law, whose dark mind was darino[ enough 
 for the most desperate deeds, and subtle enough to suggest excuses fit lo 
 impose even upon the shrewdest and most cautions. Gloster saw that 
 the continuance of his nephew in sanctuary would oppose an insurmount- 
 ablo obstacle to his abominable designs ; and he at once devoted his 
 powers of subtlety to the task of getting the young prince from that se- 
 cure shelter without allowing the true motive to appear. Making full al- 
 lowance for the power of the church, he represented to the archbishops 
 of Canterbury and York, that the queen in some sort insulted the church 
 by abusing:, to the protection of herself and children against the dangers 
 which exirtted only in her imagination, a privilege which was intended 
 only for persons of mature years having reason to fear grievous injury on 
 account of either crime or debt. Now, he argued, could a mere child 
 like the brother of their young king be in anywise obnoxious to the 
 king, of dangers for which alone the riy^ht of sanctuary was instituted 1 
 Was not the church as well as the government concerned in putting a 
 stop, even by force if necessary, to a course of conduct on the part of 
 the queen which was calculated to possess mankind with tho most horri- 
 ble suspicions of those persons who were the most concerned in the king's 
 happiness and safety 1 The prelates, ignorant of the dark designs of 
 Olpster, and even of his real nature, which hitherto he had carefully and 
 most dexterously disguised, could scarcely fail to agree with him as to 
 ihe folly of the queen's conduct, and its entire needlessness for securinB 
 her son's safety. Bi:t, careful of the privileges of the church, they would 
 not hear of tlie sanctuary being forcibly assailed, but readily agreed to 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 407 
 
 use their personal influence with the queen to induce her voluntarily to 
 abandon alike her retreat and her fears. 
 
 The prelates had much difficulty in inducing^ the queen to allow the 
 yoang duke of York to leave her and the protection of the sanctuary. 
 His oontimiance there she again and again affirmed to be important, not 
 only to his own safety, but to that of the young king, against whose life 
 it would appear to be both useless and unsafe to striiie while his brother 
 and successor remained in safety. In reply to this, the prelates, sin- 
 cerely though most mistakenly, assured her that she did but deceive her- 
 self in her fears for either of the royal brothers. But perhaps their 
 strongest argument was their frank declaration that the seclusion of the 
 young prince was so offensive both to the duke of York and the council, 
 that it was more than possible that even force might be resorted to should 
 the queen refuse to yield the point. Dreading lest further opposition 
 should but accelerate the evil that she wished to avert, the unhappy queen 
 at length, with abundance of tears and with lamentations which were but 
 too prophetic, delivered the young prince up, bidding him, as she did so, 
 farewell for ever. 
 
 Possessed of the protectorate, which the council, on account of his 
 near relation to the throne, had at once conferred upon him without wait- 
 ing for the consent of parliament, and now possessed of the persons of 
 the young princes, Gloster seems to have deemed all obstacles removed 
 to his bloody and treacherous purpose, though to any less uncomprom- 
 ising and daring schemer there might have seemed to be a formidable one 
 in the existence of numerous other children of Edward, and two of the 
 duke of Clarence. 
 
 The first step of Gloster in his infamous course was to cause Sir Ri.. 
 ehard Ratcliffe, a tool well worthy of so heartless and unsparing an em- 
 ployer, to put to death the earl of Rivers and the other prisoners whom 
 lie had sent to Pontefract castle, as before named ; and to this measure 
 the tyrant liad the art to obtain the sanction of the duke of Buckingham 
 and Lord Hastings, whom subsequently he most fittingly repaid for their 
 participation in this monstrous guilt. 
 
 Oloster now quite literally imitated the great enemy of mankind — he 
 made this first crime of Buckingham's, this participation in one murder 
 the cause and the justification of farther crime. He pointed out to Buck- 
 insham that the death — however justifiably inflicted, as he affected to con- 
 sider it— at their suggestion and command, of the queen's brother and son, 
 was an offence which a woman of her temper would by no means for- 
 get ; and that however impotent she might be during the minority of her 
 son, the years would soon pass by which would bring his majority ; she 
 would then have both access to and influence over him ; and would not 
 that influence be most surely used to their destruction 1 Would it not be 
 safer for Buckingham, aye, and better for all the real and antique nubilitv 
 of the kingdom, that the offspring of the comparatively plebeian Elizabeth 
 Gray should be excluded from the throne, and that the sceptre should 
 pass into the hands of Gloster himself— he, who was so indissolubly the 
 friend of Buckingham, and bo well affected to the true nobility of the 
 kingdom? Safety from the consequences of a crime already committed 
 and irrevocable, with great and glowing prospect of rich benefits to arise 
 from being the personal friend, the very right hand of the king, albeit a 
 usurping king, were arguments precisely adapted to the comprehension 
 and favour of Buckingham, who with but small hesitation agreed to lend 
 his aid and sanction to the measures necessary to convert the duke of 
 Gloster into King Richard III. 
 
 Having thus secured Buckingham, Gloster now turned his attention to 
 Lord Hastings, whose influence was so extensive as to be of vast impor- 
 tiViCt. Through the medium of Catesby, a lawyer much empioyca bv 
 
 
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408 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 O oster when chicane seemed the preferable weapon to actual violence 
 G oster sounded Hastings ; but that nobleman, weak and wicked as hr 
 had pioved himself, was far too sincerely attached to the children of his 
 late sovereign and friend to consent to their ii^ury. He not only refused 
 to aid in the transfer of the crown from them, but so refused as to leave 
 but little room for doubt that he would be active in his opposition. The 
 mere suspicion was sufficient to produce his ruin, which Gloster set about 
 instantly and almost without the trouble of disguise. 
 
 A council was summoned to meet Gloster at the Tower; and Hastinn 
 attended with as little fear or suspicion as any other member. Gloster 
 whose mood seems ever to have been the most dangerous when his bear* 
 ing was the most jocund, chatted familiarly with the members of the 
 council as they assembled. Not a frown darkened his terrible brow, not 
 a word fell from his lips thftf. could excite doubt or fear ; who could have 
 supposed that he was about to commit a foul murder who was sufficiently 
 at ease to compliment Bishop Morton upon the size and earliness of the 
 strawberries in his garden at Holborn, and to beg that a dish of them 
 might be sent to him 1 Yet it was in the midst of such light talk that he 
 left the council-board to ascertain that all his villainous arrangements 
 were exactly made. This done, he entered the room again with a die 
 turbed and angry countenance, and startled all present by sternly and ab- 
 ruptly demanding what punishment was deserved by those who should 
 dare to plot against the life of the uncle of the king and the appointed 
 protector of the realm. Hastings, really attached to Gloster, though still 
 more so to the royal children, warmly replied that whoever should do so 
 would merit the punishment of traitors. 
 
 " Traitors, aye traitors !" said the duke, " and those traitors are the 
 sorceress, my brother's widow, and his mistress, Jane Sliore, and others 
 who are associated with them." And then laying bare his arm, which all 
 present knew to have been shriveled and deformed from his earliest 
 years, he continued, " See to what a condition they have reduced me by 
 their abominable withcraft and incantations !" 
 
 The mention of Jane Shore excited the first suspicion or fear in the 
 mind of Hastings, who, subsequent to the death of the late king, had been 
 intimate with the beautiful though guilty woman of that name. 
 
 " If," said Hastings, doubtfully, " they have done this, my lord, they de- 
 serve the severest punishment." 
 
 " If!" shouted Gloster, " and do you prate to me of your t/s and andt? 
 You are the chief abettor of the sorceress Shore ; you are a traitor, and 
 by St. Paul I swear that I will not dine until your head shall be brought 
 •o me." 
 
 Thus speaking, he struck the table with his hand, and in an instant the 
 room was filled with armed men who had already received his orders 
 how to act; Hastings was dragged from the room and beheaded on a log 
 of wood which chanced to be lying in the court-yard of the Tower. In 
 two hours after this savage murder, a proclamation was made to the cit- 
 izens of London, apologising for the sudden execution of Hastings on the 
 score of the equally sudden discovery of numerous offences which the 
 
 firoclamation charged upon him. Though Gloster had but little reason to 
 ear any actual outbreak in the city, the lord Hastings was very popular 
 there ; and not a few of the citizens, even including those who were the 
 most favourable to Gloster, seemed to agree with a merchant who, notic 
 ing the elaborate composition of the fairly written proclamation, and con 
 trasting it with the shortness of the time which had elapsed from IIustin|<!> 
 murder, shrewdly remarked that "the proclamation might safely be relied 
 on, for it was qutte plain that it had been drawn by the spirit of prophecy. 
 
 1 hough the 3xtreme violence of Gloster was for the present confined to 
 llaatinirs. as if in relrihiitiv(> iimtiRA iinim his crimn tnwnrrfa thf> victinifioi 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 400 
 
 Pontefract, the other councillors were by no means allowed to escape scot 
 free. Lord Stanley was actually wounded by the poll-axe of one of the 
 wldiers summoned by the treaclierous protector, and only, perhaps, es- 
 caped being murdered in the very presence of that tyrant by the more 
 dexterous than dignified expedient of falling under the table, and remain- 
 ine there till the confusion attendant upon the arrest of Hastings had sub- 
 Bided. He was then, together with the archbishop of York, the bishop of 
 Ely, and some other councillors whom Gloster hated for their sincere at- 
 tachment to the family of the late king, conveyed from the council room 
 of the Tower to its too ominous dungeons. 
 
 A new and a meaner victim was now essential to the dark and unspar- 
 ing purposes of the protector. His connection of the murdered Hastings 
 with the alledged sorceries of the late king's mistress, Jane Shore, render. 
 ed it necessary that he should appear to be fully convinced that she was 
 guiltv of the crimes which he had laid to her charge. The charge of 
 witchcraft, that upon which he laid the most stress, was so wholly unsup- 
 ported by evidence, that even the ignorance of the age and the power of 
 Gloster could not get her tionvicted upon it ; but as it was notorious that 
 she, a married woman, had lived in a doubly adulterous intercourse with 
 the late king, the spiritual court was easily induced to sentence her to do 
 penance publicly, and aitiredi n a white sheet, at St. Paul's. Her subse- 
 quent fate was just what might be expected from her former life. Though 
 in her guilty prosperity she showed many signs of a humane and kindly 
 temper, liberally succouring the distressed and disinterestedly using her 
 influence with the king for the benefit of deserving but friendly court suit 
 ors, she passed unheeded and unaided from her public degradation to a 
 privacy of miserable indigence. 
 
 Gloster's impunity thus far very naturally increased both his propen- 
 sion to crime and his audacity in its commission, and he now no longer 
 made a secret of his desire to exclude the present king and his brother 
 from the throne. Reckless of woman's fame as of man's life, Gloster 
 took advantage of the known luxuriousness of the late king's life to affirm, 
 that previous to that prince marrying the lady Elizabeth Gray he had 
 ^en married to the lady Eleanor Talbot, the daughter of the earl of 
 Shrewsbury ; that this marriage, though secret, was legal and binding, 
 and had been solemnized by Millington, bishop of Bath; and that, con- 
 sequently and necessarily, Edward's children by the lady Elizabeth Gray 
 were illegitimate. The children of Edward being thus pronounced ille- 
 gitimate, Gloster, by his partisans, maintained that the attainder of. the 
 duice of Clarence necessarily dispossessed his children of all right. But 
 as assertion in the former case could hardly pass for proof, and as attaint 
 had never been ruled to exclude from the crown as from mere private suc- 
 cession, Gloster soared to a higher and more damning pitch of infamy ; 
 hitherto he had impugned the chastity of his sister-in-law— now he passed 
 beyond all the ordinary villany of the world and imputed frequent and 
 familiar harlotry to his own mother! To make his right to the throne 
 wholly independent either of the alledged secret marriage of the late king 
 to the lady Eleanor, or of the effect upon Clarence's cliildren of the at- 
 tainder of their father, Gloster now taught his numerous and zealous tools 
 to maintain that his mother, the duchess of York, who was-still alive, had 
 been repeatedly false to her marriage vows, that both Edward IV. and the 
 duke of Clarence had been illegitimate and the sons of different fathers, 
 und that the duke of Gloster was alone the legitimate son of the duke and 
 duchess of York. 
 
 As if this liorrible charge of a son against his mother, who had lived 
 and was still living in the highest credit of the most irreproachable virtue, 
 wore not sufRciently revolting to all good and manly feelings, the subject 
 las firs! brou<rht fonvard m ckarrh ; or. (he occasion of Dr. Shaw prcacMn^ 
 
 
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410 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 a Merman before the protector. The preacher, well worthy of the pation. 
 took the significant text, " Bastard slips shall not thrive ;" upon which the 
 
 Ereacher enlarged with great zeal in the endeavour to throw the stain o 
 astardy upon Edward IV. and his brother Clarence. Though Gloster 
 was far too free from shamefacedness, as well as from everything in the 
 Hhape of " compunctious visiting," to have any objection to being1)re8eiu 
 during the delivery of the whole of the tirade against his own mother's 
 chastity, yet from a politic motive it was arranged that he should noi 
 enter the church until the preacher should finish pronouncing the follow 
 ing passage. Contrasting the duke of Gloster with the alledged illegiti 
 mate sons of his mother, the preacher exclaimed, " Behold this excellent 
 prince, the express image of his noble father, the genuine descendant ol 
 the house of York ; bearing, no less in the virtues of his mind than in the 
 f^^atures of his countenance the character of the gallant Richard, once your 
 hero and favourite. He alone is entitled to your allegiance ; he must de- 
 livcv you from the dominion of all intruders ; be alone can restore the lost 
 glory and honour of the nation." 
 
 It was intended that this glowing panegj'ric on the duke of Glostei 
 should be pronounced at the very mo"mentof the object of it making his 
 appearance in the church, in the hope that, taken by surprise and urged 
 into enthusiastic feeling, the congregation might be induced to hail the 
 wily and heartless tyrant with the cry of " God save King Richard." But 
 3y one of those mistakes which very often occur to throw ridicule upon 
 ine deepest schemes, the duke did not make his appearance until the 
 Whole of this precious passage had already been delivered. Rather than 
 his eloquence and the chance of its success should be lost by this accident, 
 the preacher actually repeated it; but the audience, either from the repe- 
 tition seeming ridiculous, or its impressing them the more strongly with 
 the falsehood and villany of the charges insinuated against the duchess of 
 Vork, witnessed the performance of the disgusting farce with an indiffer- 
 ence which probably was more severely felt by Gloster than any other 
 punishment would have been. 
 
 The preaching of Dr. Shaw having thus failed to effect the purpose of 
 Gloster, recourse was now had to the management of Dr. Shaw's brother, 
 who at this time was mayor of London. He called a meeting of the citi- 
 TCUB, to whom he introduced the duke of Buckingham, who exerted to the 
 utmost his powers of eloquence upon the subject of Gloster's great and 
 numerous virtues, and upon the superiority oi his unquestionable claim 
 to the throne. Though Buckingham was as earnest as he was eloquent, 
 he could by no means communicate his own feelings to the bosoms of the 
 good citizens, who, with most unmoved countenances and lack lustre 
 eyes heard him in all gravity, and heard the very conclusion of his address 
 with all silence. At once annoyed by this repulsive silence, and as much 
 abashed by it as so experienced a courtier well could be by anything, the 
 duke angrily demanded of the mayor what the silence of the citizens 
 might mean. The mayor replied, that probably the citizens had not fully 
 understood the duke, who then repeated the former speech, but still failed 
 to elicit any reply from his auditors. The mayor, in his desire to gratify 
 the duke, pretended that the citizens, who were always accustomed to be 
 harangued by their own recorder, could only comprehend the duke's speech 
 if delivered to ihem through the medium of that officer. 
 
 The recorder, Fitzwilliam, was accordingly desired to repeat thf luke's 
 •peech, which, being no friend to Gloster's projects, he took care to do in 
 such wi.<ie that the people could by no means take the words, though de- 
 livered by him, to leave any echo in his wishes ; and he, like the duke, 
 was hoard to the very last word without any one giving him a word ol 
 reply. 
 
 The duke now became too much enraged to refrain from speaking f>ut 
 

 ' ' 
 
 t 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 411 
 
 and he said, ' This is wonderful obstinacy ; express your meaning, my 
 iriends, in one way or the other. When we apply to you on this occa- 
 sion it is merft y from the regard which we bear to you. The lords and 
 commons have sufBcient authority without your consent to appoint a king; 
 but I require you here to declare, in plain terms, whether or not you will 
 have the duke of Gloster for your sovereign 1" The earnestness and 
 anger of the duke, and the example set by some of his and the duke of 
 Gloster's servants, caused this address, more fortunate than the former 
 ones, to he received with a cnr of God save King Richard! The cry was 
 feeble, and raised by people lew in numbers and of the humblest rank ; 
 but it served the purpose of Buckingham, who now, as had been con- 
 certed, hurried off to Baynard's castle to inform Gloster that the voice of 
 " the people" called him to the throne ! 
 
 BuGkingham was attended to Baynard's castle by the mayor and a con- 
 siderable number of citizens ; and though the wily protector was most 
 anxiously expecting this visit, he affected to be surprised and even alarm- 
 ed at 80 many persons in company demanding to speak to him ; which 
 pretended surprise and alarm of the protector, Buckingham took care to 
 point out to the especial notice of the thick-witted citizens. When the 
 protector at length suffered himself to be persuaded to speak to the duke 
 of Buckingham and the citizens, he affected astonishment on hearing that 
 he was desired to be king, and roundly declared his own intention of re- 
 maining loyal to Edward V., a course of conduct which he also recora 
 mended to Buckingham and his other auditors. Buckingham now affected 
 to take a higher tone with the protector. That prince, argued Bucking- 
 ham, could undoubtedly refuse to accept the crown, but he could not 
 compel (he people to endure their present sovereign. A new one they 
 would have, and if the duke of Gloster would not comply with their lov- 
 ing wishes on his belialf, it would only behove them to offer the crown 
 elsewhere. Having now sufficiently kept up the disgusting farce of re- 
 fusing that crown for the sake of which he had already waded through so 
 much innocent blood, and was so perfectly prepared and determined to 
 :ommit even more startling crimes still, Gloster now gave a seemingly ,' 
 reluctant consent to accept it ; and without waiting for further repetition 
 of this ofirer from " the people," he thenceforth threw aside even the af- 
 fectation of acting on behalf of any other sovereign than his own will 
 and pleasure. 
 
 The farcical portion of the usurpation, however, was but too soon after- 
 ward followed by a most tragical completion of Richard's vile crime. 
 Tortured by the true bane of tyrants, suspicion and fear, Richard felt that 
 so long as his young nephews survived, his usurped crown would ever 
 be insecure, as an opponent would always be at hand lo be set up against 
 him by any noble to whom he might chance to give offence. This con- 
 •ideraiion was quite enough to insure the death of the unfortunate young 
 princes, and Richard sent orders for their murder to the constable of the 
 Tower, Sir Robert Brackenbury. But this gentleman was a man of 
 honour, and he with a man of honour's spirit and feeling refused to have 
 aught to do with a design so atrocious. The tyrant was, however, not to 
 be bafflini by the refusal of one g^ood man to bend to his infamous designs, 
 and having found a more compliant tool in Uie |)or8on of Sir James Tyrrel, 
 it was ordered that for one night Brackenbury should surrender to that 
 person the keys of the Tower. On that fatal night three wretches, named 
 Slater, Dighton, and Forrest, were introduced to the chamber in which the 
 two young princes were buried in sinless and peacreful sleep. In that 
 ileep the young victims were smotliercd by the three a.-tRHssins just named, 
 Tyrrel waiting outside the door while the horrid deed was being perpe- 
 trated, hikI, on its completion, ordering the burial of the bodies at the fool 
 ui iho Btaircase leading to the cjiamber. 
 
 / I t' 
 
 i4l 
 
 
412 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 It may not be quite nnnecessary to mention here that doubts, from 
 which man's ingenuity allows few truths, however plain, wholly to escaoe 
 have been thrown upon this portion of Richard's guilt; but the most m' 
 genious reasonine and the utmost felicity at guessing are but idle when 
 opposed to plain (act, as in the present case ; something more is requisite 
 in opposition to the actual confession made by the murderers themselve* 
 iu the following reign. 
 
 ill 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 THE REION or RICHARD III. 
 
 A. D. 1483.— Having not only grasped the crown, but also put to death 
 the two claimants from whom he had the most reason to fear future an 
 noyance, Richard now turned his attention to securing as stroiiffabodv 
 of 8up[iorter8 as he could, by the distribution of favours. And ho anxious 
 was he upon this point, so ready to forget all other considerations in the 
 present usefulness of those of whose services he stood in need, that he 
 cast his shrewd eye upon powerful enemies to be conciliated as well as 
 devoted friends to be rewarded for the past and retained for the future 
 
 Among those whom Richard the most carefully sought to keep firm to 
 his interests was the duke of Buckingham. Descended from Thomas ol 
 Woodatook, duke of Gloster, and uncle of Richard II. this nobleman was 
 allied to the royal family, and from the same cause he had a claim upon 
 a moiety of the vast property of Bohun, earl of Hereford, which moiety 
 had long been held by the crown under escheat. Buckingham, though 
 hw wealth and honours were already enormous, deemed that the sn vices 
 he had recently rendered to Richard gave him good ground to claim this 
 property, and also the office of constable of England, which liad long been 
 hereditary in the Hereford family. In the first exultation caused by his 
 own success, so much of which was owing to Buckingham, Richard 
 granted nil that nobleman asked. But on cooler reflection Richard seems 
 to have imagined that Buckingliam was already as wealthy and powerful 
 us a subject could be consistently with the safety of the crown, and though 
 he virtually made a formal grant of the Hereford property, he took care 
 to oppose insuperable difficulties to its actual fulfilment. Buckingham 
 was far loo shrewd to fail to perceive the real cause of the properly being 
 withheld from him ; and he who had so unscrupulously exerted himsclj 
 to set up the usurper, now felt fully as anxious and resolute to aid in pwl- 
 Img him down. The flagrancy of Richard's usurpation was such as to 
 promise every facility to an attempt to dethrone him, if that aitempl were 
 but headed by a man of adequate jMiwer and consequence. In truth, the 
 very success of his usurpation was scarcely more attributable to his own 
 daring and unprincipled wickedness than to the abnonce of any powerful 
 opponent. Kven the lowest and meanest citizens of London had riilhet 
 beer, coerced into a fUHsive admission of his right to the crown than into 
 an active support of it j and now that the duke of Buckingham was con- 
 verted into an enemy of the usurper, the long dormant claims of the Lan 
 castnans were pressed upon his attention, and not unfavourably looked 
 upon by him. Morion, bishop of Kly, whom Richard committPd to the 
 Tower on the day of Lord Hastings' murder, had recently been committed 
 to the less rigorous custody of the duke of Buckingham, and, perceiving 
 th« duke 8 disruiitent, turned his attention to a fitting rival to oppose Ihe 
 tyrant, in the person of Henry, the young earl f Ridunond. Through hii 
 mother the young earl was heir of the elder branch of the houso of Som 
 rfBOt; and though that claim to the crown would formerly have been look- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 418 
 
 o( Lancastet now gave it considerable importance in the eyes of the adhe> 
 rents of that house. Even Edward IV. Iiad been so jealous of the earl of 
 Richmond's claim upon the throne, that after vainly endeavouring to get 
 him into his power, he had agreed to pay a considerable yearly sum to the 
 duke of Brittany to keep the dangerous young noble at his court, nomi- 
 nally as a guest, but really as a prisoner. The very jealousy thus shown 
 towards the young earl naturally increased the attention and favour of the 
 Lancastrians ; and it now occurred to the bishop Morton, and, from his rea- 
 <fi)iiings to the duke of Buckingham, that Richard might be dethroned in 
 favour of young Henry. But as the long depression of the house of Lan- 
 caster had diminished both the zeal and the number of its adherents, Moi 
 ton, with profound policy suggested the wisdom of strengthening the bonds 
 of Henry, and at the same time weakening those of Richard, by the mar- 
 riage of the former to King Edward's eldest daughter, the princess Eliz- 
 abeth, and thus uniting the party claims of both families asainst the mere 
 personal usurpation of Richard, who was deeply detested by the nation 
 for his cruelty, and would consequently meet with no hearty support 
 should he be openly opposed with even a probability of success. 
 
 Young Henry's mother, the countess of Richmond, was informed by 
 Morton and Buckingham of their views in favour of her son ; and the hon- 
 our intended for him was too great to allow of any hesitation on her part. 
 Dr. Lewis, a physician who had, professionally, the means of communi- 
 cating with the queen dowager, who still found shelter in the sanctuary 
 of Westminster, knew that whatever might have been her former prein- 
 dices against the Lancastrians, they instantly yielded to the hate and dis- 
 giisi with which she thought of the successful usurper who had murdered 
 her brother and three sons. She not only gave her consent to the pro- 
 
 Kised marriage, but also borrowed a sum of money which she sent to aid 
 enry in raising troops, and she at the same time required him to swear 
 to marry her daughter as soon as he could safely reach England. 
 
 Morton and Buekiiigliam having thus far met with success, began to 
 pxert themselves among their influential friends in the various countien, 
 to prepare them for a general and simultaneons rising in favour of the earl 
 of Richmond when he should land ; and in this respect, too, their efforts 
 met with an uncommon success, the tyranny of Richard becoming every 
 day more hateful to all orders of his trampled subjects. 
 
 But guilt such as that of Richard is ever suspicious, even where there 
 is no real cause for suspicion ; and the sudden activity of various men of 
 influence could neither escape the sharpened observation of the tyrant, 
 nor seem explicable to him on any other ground than that of treason 
 Kgainst him. Well knowing thqt Buckingham was greatly addicted to 
 pohtical plotting, Richard with many friendly expressions invited the duke 
 to court, where for some time ho had been a stranger. Whethev the king 
 really sought a reconciliation with the duke or merely wished to obtain 
 possossion of his person does not clearly appear. The duke, however, 
 who well knew with whouj he had to deal, interpreted the king's message 
 in the latter senso, and only replied to it by unmrling the standard of re. 
 Volt in Wales at the momeut when Richard waa levying troops in the 
 north. 
 
 It happened most unfortunately for Buckingham, that just as he had 
 marched his troops to the Severn, that river was so swollen in conse- 
 quence of rains of almost unexampled copiousness and duration, as to be 
 quite impassable. This unlooke<l-for check east a damp up<m thw spirita 
 m Buckingham's followers, who were still farther di!4)irited by great dis- 
 trass from want of pnivisions. Desertions among them daily became 
 more numerous, and Bud Ingham at length finding himself wholly aban- 
 wnod, disguised himself in a mean habit and made his way to the houM 
 "t uj; wiu sviTsni oi nz5 ictmiiyi r«vGn in inio unsiurfi n'ltjuii m«*w«*v'6F 
 
 m fr .. 
 
 %:m 
 
41 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 he was discovered and carried as a prisoner to the king, who wag then 
 posted at Salisbury. All the former services rendered Ijy the duke were 
 forgotten in the fact of his more recent appearance in arms as the avowed 
 enemy of the king, and he was immediately sent to execution. Several 
 other though less eminent prisoners fell into the hands of Richard, and 
 were by him transferred to the executioner ; and one of these, a gentle- 
 man named CoUingbourne, is said to have suffered not for his direct and 
 open opposition to Richard, but for some miserable doggrel in which he 
 made it a cdmolalnt that 
 
 " The est, the rat, and Loyel the dog, 
 Rule all England ander the hog." 
 
 Stupid as this doggrel production was, its stupidity and the heinous ol- 
 lience of playing upon the names of Catesby and RatcUffe, upoa that of 
 Lovel and upon the cognizance of the king, seem to have merited a some- 
 what less severe punishment than death ! The bishop of Ely and the 
 marquis of Dorset, to neither of whom would Richard have shown any 
 mercy, were fortunate enough to escape from the kingdom. In the mean- 
 time the young earl of Richmond with a levy of five thousand men had 
 •ailed from St. Maloes, in igiior^ince of the misfortune that had occurred 
 to his cause in England; and on arriving there he found that, for the pres- 
 ent at least, all hope was at an end, ana he sailed back to Brittany. 
 
 A. D. 1484. — The politic Richard easily saw that the recent attempt to de- 
 throne him had, by its ill success, and the severity with which he had pun- 
 ished some of the chief actors in it, very considerably tended to slrengthen 
 his cause not in the affections, indeed, but in the terrors of the people. 
 Hitherto, beinp; sensible of the flagrant impudence as well as deep guilt 
 of his usurpation, he had be^n well content to rest his right to the throne 
 uijon the tyrant's right, superior strength. But he judged that he now 
 might safely call a parliament without any doubt of its recognising his 
 title. His anticipation proved to be quite correct ; the parliament acted 
 just as he wished, echoed his words, granted him the usual tonnage and 
 poundage for life, and passed a few popular laws. With the same purpose 
 in view he now addressed himself to the seemingly difficult task of cim- 
 verting the queen dowager from a foe into a friend. He saw that tlie chief 
 ■ource of Richmond's popularity was his projected espousal of the prin- 
 cess Elizabeth, and he knew enough of human nature to feel sure that a 
 woman of the queen dowager's temper would be far from unlikely to prefer 
 the union of her daughter with a king in fact, to her union with an earl 
 who might never bo a king at all. True it was that the princess Elizabeth 
 was solemnly betrothed to his rival and foe, the earl of Richmond, and was 
 related to Richard within the prohibited degrees ; but then Rome could grant 
 a dispensation, and Rome was venal. Thus reasonings Richard applied 
 himself to the (jueen dowager, and met with all the success he had anti- 
 cipated Wearied with her long seclusion from all pleasure and all au- 
 thority, she at onc«' consented to give her daughter to the wretch who had 
 deprived her of three sor.s and a brother, and was so completoly converted 
 to liis interests that she wrote to her son, the marquis of Dorset, and all 
 the rest of her connections to withdraw from supporting Richmond, a 
 piece of complaisance for which she paid full dearly in the next reign. 
 
 Flattering himself that no material danger could asHail his throne during 
 the interval necessary for procuring the dispensation from Rome, Richard 
 now bi'i^aii to (UMislder himself Heourely sBttled on the throne. But dan- 
 ger accrued to him even out of the very measure on which he mainlj 
 rested for safety. The friends of the earl of Richmond now more thau 
 ever pressed him to try his fortune in invading Enitliiiul, lest the dispen 
 
 ■at inn fVnm |)Qm0 should fiR^hlA 9if*.h!irfi *j£t P.€iiti'*\fiist h'S CfOifiCl of !!l$t 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 415 
 
 rviiig tl»6 princess Elizabeth, which marriage would do so much to injure 
 jil the future hopes of the earl, as far as the sympathies of the people were 
 connerned, in a union of the houses of York and Lancaster. Henry ac- 
 cordingly escaped from Brittany, where he deemed himself in danger from 
 tho treachery of the duke's confidential minister, and proceeded to the 
 court of France. Here he was greatly aided by Charles VIIL, who had 
 succeeded the >yranl Louis XL, and here, too, he was joined by the earl 
 of Oxford, who had escaped from the gaol into which Richard's suspicions 
 had thrown him, and who now brought Henry most flattering accounts of 
 the excellent chance he had from the popular disposition in England. 
 
 Richard in the meantime, unconscious or careless of the effect produ 
 ced on the conduct of Richmond by the expectation of the dispensation 
 which was to allow Richard to deprive him of his promised bride, tri- 
 umphed in his fortune of having become a widower at only a short time 
 before by the sudden death— so sudden that poison was suspected, but 
 rather from the suddenness and from the general cliaracter of Richard 
 than from anything like proof— of his wife Anne, widow of that Edward, 
 prince of Wales, of whom Richard was the murderer. His actual and his 
 proximate marriage must, in truth, have led him to believe that the murder 
 of a lady's male relatives was anything rather than a bar to her favour! 
 
 A. D. 1485.— But while Richard was exulting in triumph as to the past 
 and in hope as to the future, Richmond with an army of two thousand 
 men had sailed from the Norman port of Harflcur, and landed, without 
 experiencing opposition, at Milford Haven, ir. Wales. Here, as he ex- 
 pected, the zealous though unfortunate exertions of the duke of Bucking- 
 ham had preposse&icd the people in his favour, and his little army was 
 increased by volunteers at every mile he marched. Among those who 
 joined him was Sir Rice ap Thomas with a force with which he had been 
 entrusted by Richard; and even the other commander of the tyrant. Sir 
 Walter Herbert, made but a faint and inefficient show of defence for 
 Richard. T[.us suengthened by actual volunteers, and encouraged by 
 the evident lukewarmuess of Richard's partizans, Richmond marched to 
 Shrewsbury, where he was joined by the whole strength of the great . 
 Shrewsbury family under Sir Gilbert Talbot, and by another numerous 
 reinforcement under Sir Thomas Bourchier and Sir Walter Hungerford. 
 
 Richard, who had taken post at Nottingham, as being so central as to ad 
 mit of his hastening to whichever part of the kingdom miglit earliest need 
 his aid, was not nearly so much annoyed by the utmost force of his known 
 enemies as he was perplexed about the real extent lo which he could 
 depend upon the good faith of his seeming friends. The duke of Norfolk 
 Richard had reason to believe that he could securely rely upon; but Lord 
 and Sir William Stanley, who had vast power and influenco in the north, 
 were closely connected with Richmond's family. Vet while the usurper 
 felt the danger of trusting to their professions of friendship and good 
 faith, he dared not break with them. Compelled by his situsition to au- 
 thorize them to raise forces on his behalf in Cheshire and Lancashire, h« 
 endeavoured to deter them from arrityiiig those forces against him, by 
 detaining as a hostage Lord Stanley's son, Lord Strange. 
 
 Thouffh in his heart Lord Stanley was devoted to the cause of Rchmond, 
 the peril in which his son Lord Strange was |»iaco(l induced him to forbeai 
 from declaring himself, and he posted his numerous levies at Atherstone, 
 so situated that ho could at will join either party. RichanI in this con- 
 duct of Lord Stanley saw a convincing proof that the husiility of that no- 
 lileman whs only kept in check by the situation of his son ; and judging 
 thai the destruction of the young man would be u spell of very differenl 
 effect from his continued peril, the politic tyrart for once refused to shed 
 blood when _advi8ed to do so by those of his friends who discerned the 
 
 sf that Lord Siniiicy's hesitaiion 
 
 mnaniii j; nt { ^>^ Ul • 
 
 i ittsuz; 
 
 
 T— T- ; , 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 
416 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 would last long enough to allow of the royal troops dealing only \vith tli. 
 eail of Riclimond, Richard approached the army of the latter nobleman 
 at Bosworth, in Leicestershire. The army of Riohmtfnd was only sii 
 thousand, that of Richard double the number. Both Richard and the earl 
 fought in the main guards of their respective arnrles, which had scarcely 
 charged each other ere Lord Stanley led up his forces to the aid of Rich, 
 mond. The effect of this demonstration was tremendous, both in en. 
 couraging the soldiers of the earl and of striking dismay into the already 
 dispirited troops of Richard. Murderous and tyrannous usurper as he was 
 Richard was as brave as a lion in the field. Perceiving that such power 
 ful aid had declared for his rival, nothing but the death of that rival could 
 give him any hope of safety for life or throne ; Richard intrepidly rushed 
 towards the spot where Richmond was ordering his troops, and en*av. 
 cured to engage with him in personal combat, but while fighting with 
 nnurderous vigour he was slain, after having dismounted Sir John Cheyn* 
 and killed Sir William Brandon, Richmond's standard bearer. 
 
 The battle ended with the life of Richard, of whom it may with the 
 utmost truth be said, that "nothing in his life became him like the leaving 
 of it." Even while under his dreaded eye his soldiers had fought with 
 no good will ; and when he fell they immediately took to flight. On the 
 side of Richard, besides the tyrant himself, there fell about four thousand, 
 including the duke of Norfolk, the lord Ferrars of Chartley, Sir Richard 
 Ratcliflie, Sir Robert Piercy, and Sir Robert Brackenbury; and Catesby, 
 the chief confidant and most willing tool of Richard's crimes, being taken 
 prisoner, was, with some minor accomplices, beheaded at Leicester. 
 
 The body of Richard being found upon the field, was thrown across a 
 miserable horse, and carried, amid the hooting and jeers of the people 
 who so lately trembled at him, to the Grey Friar's church at Leicester, 
 where it was interred. 
 
 The courage and ability of this prince were unquestionable ; but all his 
 courage and ability, misdirected as they were, served only to render him 
 a new proof, if such were needed, of the inferiority of the most brilliant 
 gifts of intellect without honour and religion, to comparatively inferior 
 talents with them. Low in stature, deformed, and of a harsh countenance, 
 Richard might yet have commanded admiration by his talents, but for his 
 excessive and ineradicable propensity to the wicked as regards projects 
 and the bloody as regnrds action. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVL 
 
 THE REION or IIENRT TU. 
 
 A.o. 1485. — The joy of Richmond's troops at the defeat of Richard was 
 proportioned to the hatred with which that tyrant had contrived to inspire 
 every bosom. Lone livt King Henry the Seventh ! wan the exulting cry 
 which now everywhere saluted the lately exiled and distressed earl of 
 Richmond ; and his victorious brow was bound with a plain gold coronal 
 whi(;h had been worn by Richard, and had beetf torn from the tyrant's 
 forfhcad by Sir William Stanley in personal combat with him when he fell. 
 
 Thdugh Henry, late earl of Richmond, and now, bv possession, King 
 Henry VII., had more than one ground upon which to rest his claim, 
 there was not one of those grounds which was not open to objection. 
 The Lancastrian claim had never been clearly established by Henry IV., 
 and if the parliament had often supported the house of Lancaster, so the 
 parliament had not less frequently — and with just as much apparent sin- 
 Lrrity— paid a like compliment to the house of York. Then again, allow- 
 
 vxTiiitt r^.• 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 4*tt 
 
 from the illegitimate branch of Somerset; and again, it in reality waa 
 now vested not in him but in his still living mother, the countess or Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 On the other hand, it was open to Henry to fix upon himself, bj' virtue 
 Df his marriage with the princess Elizabetls, the superior and more popu- 
 Itr title of the house of York; but in this, so far as the York title was 
 concerned Henry could look upon himself only as a king consort, with 
 the loss of his authority should his queen die without issue 
 
 The right of conquest he could scarcely claim, seeing that conquest 
 was achieved by Englishmen. On the whole review of liis case, there- 
 fore, Henry s obvious policy was to set forward no one of his grounds of 
 claim with such distinctiveness as to challenge scrutiny and provoke op- 
 position, but to rely chiefly upon the strongest of all rights, that of pos- 
 segsion, strengthened still farther by his concurrent circumstances of rieht 
 and maintained by a judicious policy at once firm and popular, watchful 
 yet seemingly undoubting. In heart Henry was not the less a Lancas- 
 trian from his determination to link himself to the house of York and 
 strengthen himself by its means in the popular love. Of the Yorkish 
 support he was sure while connected with the house of York by marriaire 
 but this far-sighted and suspicious temper taught him to provide against 
 his possible disconnection from that house, and to give every " coicn of 
 'vantage" to the Lancastrians, whose friendship was, so to speak, more 
 germane to his identity. 
 
 Only two days after the victory of Bosworth field Henry gave a proof 
 of the feelings we have thus attributed to him, by sending Sir Robert 
 Willoughby to convey the young earl of Warwick from Sheriff Watton. 
 in Yorkshire, where Richard had detained him in honourable and easy 
 captivity, to the close custody of the Tower of London. Yet this un- 
 fortunate son of the duke of Clarence, inasmuch as his title, however 
 superior to that of Richard, was not hostile to the succession of either 
 Henry or his destined bride, might have reasonably expected a more in. 
 dulgent treatment. '^ 
 
 Having thus made every arrangement, present and prospective, which 
 even his jealous policy could suggest, Henry gave orders for the princess 
 blizabeth being conveyed to London preparatory to her marriage He 
 himsell at the same time approached the metropolis by easy journies. 
 bverywhere he was received with the most rapturous applause ; which 
 was the more sincere and hearty, because while his personal triumph was 
 shared by the Lancastrians, his approaching marriage to Elizabeth gave 
 a share of that triumph to the Yorkists, and seemed to put an end for 
 ever to those contests between the rival houses which had cost them both 
 80 much suffering during so long a time. But even amidst all the excite- 
 ment attendant upon the joy with which men of all ranks hailed their new 
 sovereign, the cold, stern, and suspicious temper of Henry displayed itself 
 at onre offensively and unnecessarily. On his arrival at London the mayor 
 ana the civic companies met him in public procession; but as though he 
 oisdaiiied their gratulations,br suspected thoir sincerity, he passed through 
 inem 111 a close carnage, and without showing the slightest symDathv 
 with their evident Joy. j v j 
 
 Though Henry well knew the importance which a great portion of his 
 people attached to his union with the princess Elizabeth, and, with his 
 customary politic carefulness, hastened to assure them of his unaltered 
 fn.^liT'"'*'" ^" complete that marriage, .r,nd to contradict a report^ 
 ounded upon an artful hint dropped by himself while he was yet uncer- 
 win of the issue of his contest with Richard— of his having promised iu- 
 «r " t Pr'UfiPss Anne, the heiress of Brittany, yet he delayed his 
 wnage for the present; being anxious, tacitly at the least, to affirm his 
 -•-=» ctasKs IB ine ciowii by Ziavinf his coronation performed ppevioHs lo 
 
 ■ 
 
4W 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD, 
 
 niB marriage. Even the former ceremony, huwever, was for a time de. 
 ferred by the raging of an awful plague, long afterwards spoken of with 
 shuddering, under the name of the sweating sickness. The sickness in 
 quefltion, was endemic, and so swift in its operation, that the person at- 
 tacked almost invariably died or became convalescent within four-and< 
 twenty hours. Either by the skill of the medical men or by some sana- 
 tory alteration in tba condition of the atmosphere, this very terrible visi> 
 tation at length ceased, and Henry was crowned with the utmost pomp 
 Twelve knights banneret were made on occasion of this ceremony; the 
 king's uncle^ J&sptfr, earl of Pembroke, was created duke of Bedfoid* 
 Lord Stanley, the king's father-in-law, earl of Derby ; and Edward Cour- 
 (enay, earl of Devonshire. The ceremony was performed by Cardinal 
 Bourchier, archbishop of Canterbury, who had been so much aiding in 
 Henry's good fortune. 
 
 Even in the matter of his coronation Henry could not refrain from cvi- 
 dencing that constant and haunting suspicion which contrasted so 
 strangely with his unquestionable personal courage, by creating a body- 
 guard of fifty-five men, under the title of yeomen of the guard. Bat lest 
 the duty of this guard, that of personal watch and ward over the sover- 
 eign, should imidy any of the suspicion he really felt, Henry affected to 
 contradict any such motive by publicly and pointedly declaring this guard 
 a permanent and not a personal or temporaiy appointment. 
 
 Henry now summoned a parliament, and nis partizans so well exerted 
 themselves that a majority of the members were decided Lancastrians. 
 Some of them, indeed, had been outlawed and attainted while the house ol 
 York was in the ascendant, and a question was raised whether persons 
 who had been thus situated could rightfully claim to sit in parliament. 
 The Judges who were consulted upon this point had but little difficulty; it 
 was easily to be dealt with as a simple matter of expediency. Accord- 
 ingly they recommended that the elected members who were thus situated 
 should not be allowed to take their seats until their former sentence; 
 should be reversed by parliament, and there was of course neither difli< 
 culty nor delay experienced in passing a short act to that especial effect 
 
 This doubt as to the members of parliament, however, led to a still more 
 important one. Henry had been himself attainted. But the judges ver) 
 soon solved this difficulty by a decision, evidently founded upon a limita 
 tion of the power of a court of judicature from interfering with the sue 
 cession ; a power which, if such court possessed it, might so often be 
 shamefully perverted by a bad king to the injury of an obnoxious heir to 
 the throne. The judges therefore put end to this question by deciding 
 ** that the crown takes away all defects and stops in blood ; and that from 
 the time that the king assumed the royal authority, the fountain was clear 
 ed, and all attaints and corruptions of bluod did cease." A decision, be it 
 remarked, far more remarkable for its particular justice than for its logical 
 Qorrectness. 
 
 Finding the parliament so dutifully inclined to obey his will, the king 
 iti his opening speech insisted upon both his hereditary right and upon his 
 •victory over his enemies." The entail and the crown was drawn in 
 equal accordance with the king's anxiety to avoid such special assertion 
 on any one of his grounds of claim as should be calculated to breed dispu- 
 tation ; no mention was made of the princess Elizabeth, and the crown 
 was settled absolutely and in general terms upon the king and the heirs o) 
 bis body. 
 
 It forms a remarkable contrast to the general reserve and astuteness of 
 (he king, that he, as if not content with all the sanctions by which he had 
 already fortified his possession of the crown, now applied to the po|)e for 
 a confirming bull. This application, besides being liable to objection asan 
 impolitic concession to the miachievouA and undying anxietv of RomA tu 
 
 Purtniiuu «!.» 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 419 
 
 interfereiii the 1 mporal affaira of nations, was still farther impolitic oa 
 showuig, what H.nry ought of all thinp the most cautiously to have co^ 
 cealed, h.s own m.sgmngs as to his title. Innocent Vlll./the iK pop^ 
 was delighted to graufy ftenry and to interfere in his tem^ral concS 
 and he immediately obliged him with a bull in which all Henry's tUles £ 
 he crown were enumerated and sanctioned, and in which excominunfcS 
 
 It consisted at once with justice and with sound policy that Hfnrv should 
 reverse the numerous a tainders which had been passed against the LIS 
 
 nans. But he went st.ll farther, and caused his ohseSuirs pawSmeS 
 topass altamders against the deceased Richard, theduSe of NCJfXthe 
 earl of Surrey the viscount Lovel, the lords Ferrard of Chartle, and vZ 
 T^Y^uT,'^ °^^^' gentlemen of note. There was a somethinrof £ 
 absurd added to very much of the tyrannical in these sweeping attafnden? 
 Richard, usurper though he was, nevertheless was king rfe S and S 
 against whom these attainders were passed thus foufht f^ttkm^^M 
 agains the earl of Richmond, who had not then assumed Se title oTkina 
 The attainders were farther impolitic because they irreatlv tended to 
 weaken the confidence of the people in the total obhvioTCthJ quarreS 
 of the roses; to which confidence Henry ought to have been mind^fil tSj 
 he owed no small portion of security and popularity. 
 
 Though Henry did not deem it expedient to add to the numerous de- 
 mands he had so successfully made upon this obsequious Sment U 
 1° 1" h A"''"^- """^^ "P°" *•'■" ^^^ perpetuity of toSnage affioundagi 
 which had been just as complacently conferred upon the deceased lUchaS 
 
 ?/. lf.'''T"'?""r" ^^' •i'^^ ^Pi'^f"' severity with which he had treat 
 ed he leading friends of the deceased king, Henry now proclaimed irace 
 am! pardon to a 1 who should by a certain day takJ the oaths ofTealtf and 
 alegiaiice to him. But when the earl of Lrrey, among the multulde 
 SZ^f P'-««''""'»ti«n ''^e w from their sanctuaries, pVesented h?mie f S 
 
 d tttow?; '"S?Hf ""'"^ '.''''"^'^ ^° grace, iLediately comm£. 
 atinlrKnS-Tf'n m'"^*' rewarding his immediate supporter by cic 
 S aJs!rRL/i"S*'*l°'^ ^'"'^-^ S'"" Giles Daubeny, Lord Da^ 
 thednklnf nLJ ^[.' ^^«lloughby Lord Broke; the king bestowed uponi 
 
 ause a «orf ^?'', nf.'ir'"' '"^'^ "° '^^"''">' ^ ^""««»f ^ad embraced Henry's 
 cause, a sort of posthumous reward in making restitution of the familv 
 
 Morro;"?vE7""'?i '° ^^^^^J^ «'^«"'^^^' ^^« <J»''«'« «'de«t son '"""'^ ] 
 his fSmlih n?n H "'^ "'''y ^"^ """^^^ »»'='' P""«"« circumstances proved 
 n 8 friendship to Henry, was restored to the bishopric of Klv. and he and 
 
 ri H?nri"; ^°h"' ^^^}^r^-^^^op of Ex'eter, wer7the miSfste™ 
 
 referSJ^o nV .^ ^•'"'^'"f -^'^^ confidence. Hume thinks that Henry's 
 
 mZZjZ'^'r '° l**""' I' ^'" "onfi'Jenti^l advisers, arose from Jis 
 
 1,?, u^ ^ '''°."''*''['S^ '"•■"' ^^^" promotion from poorer to richer hish- 
 
 emu lvTo\:?n;r,*lf •"«""« °f«ti"'"««tin« and rewarding their zeal less 
 
 But HnL '"'"''«'f 'han could have been the case with laymen of rank. 
 
 rv' JonZrr' S""" ^""J""'^ '"''^ " somewhat undue weight upon Hen 
 
 S sfcZ h""*''*^!:' ""1"" *° have mistaken his motives to aJarticuUr 
 
 S hrnr«f "'■^:,^'J.''"^'' personally brave, was emphatically i lover of 
 
 Sord' ^'„f ^^''"11 the conquest of the intellect to the conquest of the 
 
 hHearn" . Zf ,t""'f ^ '"', ^ ^P*^''' i»t«"e<=tually of a clerical mould 
 
 8esRi m nf ,f *! ^^"^ intellectual mastery of the day were chiefly in po»I 
 
 Jofh^nr'ir^y ' '"J T ""^^ ^""^^ "« ^eepe?than that fa^t X^ 
 
 wS hn^. u^Pf'i?"''.* "f *^''"'' *•"»' fa^'t sufficiently proving that thcv 
 
 «1.°„ .u_''-r;"*"^y!?.«'".Phatic declaration of his unaltered inteniinn M 
 ._ ,,,^ psj;iv,-c55 .%iix,aueiii did not whoUv quiet the apprehensions of 
 
42(y 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the people upon that head. The parliament, even when showing its tnisi 
 fulnesr. of mm and its ^eal for his pleasure in granting him the tonnage 
 and poundage, expressed strong wishes upon the subject ; and though thej 
 concealed their real motives under a general declaration of their desire 
 that ihey should have heirs to succeed him, his own comparative youth 
 must have sufficed to convince so astute a person that the parliament had 
 other and stronger reasons for its anxiety. This very conviction, how. 
 ever, was but an additional reason for his hastening to comply ; and the 
 nuptials were now celebrated with a pomp and luxury surpassing ever. 
 those which had marked his coronation. The joy of the people was con 
 spicuousiy greater in the former than it had been in the latter case ; and to 
 the brooding and anxiously suspicious mind of Henry this new and plain in- 
 dication of the warmth of affection with which the house of York was still 
 looked upon by a great portion of his subjects, was to the highest degree 
 
 Eainful and offensive. Publicly his policy prevented this from appearing, 
 ut in his domestic life it caused him to treat the queen with a harshness 
 and coldness which her amiable temper and the extreme submissiveness 
 of her bearing towards her husband by no means appear to have deserved 
 Soon after his marriage Henry determined to make a progress through 
 the northern counties, in the view of awing some and conciliating the rest 
 of the partizans of the late king and his house, who were more numerous 
 in that part of the kingdom than elsewhere. He had already reached Not- 
 tingham when he received information that Sir Humphrey Stafford, his 
 brother, and the viscount Lovel had left the sanctuary at Colch«ster, in 
 which they had found shelter since the battle of Bosworth field. Unheed- 
 ing, or at any rate not fearing the consequences of this movement, he con- 
 tinued his progress to York, where he learned that Viscount Lovel, with a 
 force three or four thousand strong, was marching to York, while anolhei 
 army, under Sir Humphrey Stafford and his brother, was hastening to b« 
 siege Worcester. The uprising of such enemies , at the very momei" 
 when he was in the centre of precisely that part of England which was 
 the most disaffected to him might have paralysed an ordinary mind ; but 
 the resources of Henry's intellect and courage rose in accordance with 
 the demands on them. The mere retinue with which he travelled formed 
 no mean nucleus of an army, and he actively and successfully engaged 
 himself in adding to their numbers. The force thus raised was of neces 
 sity ill found in either arms or the munitions of war ; and Henry therefore 
 charged the duke Bedford, to whom he entrusted the chief command, to 
 avoid any instant general engagement, and to devote his chief exertions 
 to weakening Lovel by seducing his adherents by promises of pardon. 
 This policy was even more successful than Henry could have anticipated. 
 Conscious of the great effect which the king's offers were likely to pro. 
 duce upon rude minds, already by no means zealous in the cause which 
 they had embraced, Lovel was so terrified with the thought of beuig aban- 
 doned, and perhaps even made prisoner by his motley levy, that he fairly 
 ran away from his troops, and after some difficulty escaped to Flanders, 
 where he was sheltered by the duchess of Burgundy. Abandoned by tht'.r 
 leader, Lovel's troops gladly submitted to the king in accordance with his 
 offers of mercy ; and the utter failure of this branch of the revolt so terri- 
 fied the revolted who were before Worcester, that they hastily raised Hit 
 kiege of that place and dispersed. The Staffords, thus deserted by their 
 troops and unable to find instant means of escaping beyond sea, took shel- 
 ter in the church of Colnham, near Abingdon. It turned out, however, 
 that this church was one which did not possess the right of sanctuary, and 
 the unfortunate Staffords were dragged forth. The elder was executed 
 as a traitor and rebel at Tyburn ; the younger was pardoned on the ground 
 of his having been misled by his elder brother, who was presumed toii.ivr 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 421 
 
 JV'the^?Xenttf H^ ry' t^rw fd Jet tl'^ ^T! T^*^ '^^^'^ 
 of the queeu of a son and heir o„"ZmwL5?n£r«HlH''^ '^^ ^"'^^'^ 
 thur, both in compliment to the infant's nrh^Hn!?^7«r*'',® "*•"« °^ ^' 
 sion to the preten^ded descend Vft^' TUCKS' tS^TaSm^^d' ^"S 
 
 chSr=h%lSpacuf ;"f E^^^^^^^^^ revolt had arisen 
 
 take; and there was still nronnndLairrPntonnVT'"'*'^ '" ""'*«'" 
 , king, to which he was dai y? fhS nS, „ ^ ^''^' • ^ ^ 
 ' strength. To the vexation SsedbvHpn^rvi 1^'^ unconsc.ously, adding 
 as manifested by his severi^es S men Sf^tL^ 'J^ ^''"*'^''"''" ^^^^ 
 daily by his stern and harsh treatment of 5hln„pPP"'''^ kP"*^' «n^ "P«- 
 was caused by the sufferines of manv nrin^vLfv "^™"";'' '""'^ vexation 
 tian by the crown of all aran?, m,Z ^ " '?** ^'''■'^''^* ^""^ 'he resump- 
 This Lumpt?o7was ma^de by nttvlITT."^ ^^^ '"'"«« «f ^^'^' 
 been the just plea that Twas absoSvT..^''^* fPP^.f' '*^"y '« ^ave 
 great and' mischievous LprveriSSment^f Se "rJw'i'' %I^Z'' ^' '^^ 
 the more appearance of sincerity from the S thTt h^* tJ ^ P'®* •*"'. ^" 
 all the grants made during the later years of Henrv' v?* "^^'^ """"^ 'T 
 » resumption which injured not VorE i?l i ^ Y'- ^^'■® resumed; 
 men are rarely reasoiable men • and afthp h i ^*»'=*»t''ian8. But losing 
 est on the side of the YorkTs's 'thej sai f„ fiu "^ ""^ '"^"7 ^^« •'«*^'- 
 castrian prejudice of Henrv whiih^if.J ^i' u"®"' proof of the Lan. 
 lius' bloody tower " in thP^v' Jv nio k*"'*^- ''•'" *° ""Prison in " Ju- 
 been butchLedrth; youSgVarl ^f ^^^J J^fV^^r '"^^^^^ "^T I" ''««* 
 
 ssrtE:~^S=S^^ 
 
 princess of the house of York whl^ ,Z f ' V^ *^® '*l"'' "?«"«« o^ 'he 
 
 ♦j conjure wUh as thkt o^Ui'^tJ^l^"','*^ ^ '."«'•«'' ^ ^al6 oe a-, gooj 
 
 points o the or vite h?«iorv nf .h.^^'Tr^' ■fPP*'" *« *»« »P«n «ertaia 
 
 l!a»e come wRhin Si nhlZof ^^ T^''* i^'^''^' ""*' ''«"'d by no mean. 
 
 (im shrewd -"l!'!l[!?l°!!!T*.'l°"^ »? '^bscure priest like his instructor! 
 
 _..„..,.,,.._ _^._ cjKcnauiaa inai certain of the royal lamiiv 01" 
 
422 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 York must themselves have aided in preparing the youth for hi» mission 
 of imposture. The queen dowager was among the personages thus sus- 
 pected. She and her daughter were both very unkmdly treated by Henry, 
 and the dowager was precisely of that busy and aspiring turn of mind 
 which would render neglect and forced inaction sufficiently offensive to 
 prompt the utmost anger and injury; and she. might safely promote the 
 views of the impostor in the first place, in the full confidence of being able 
 to crush him whensoever he should Uve sufficiently served the views o) 
 
 herself and of her party. , ^ ^ . , .u . • j . 
 
 Aware that, after all the pains he had taken to prepare the apt mmd of 
 his promising young pupil, many chances of discovery would exist in Eng. 
 land which would be avoided by commencing their nefarious proceedings 
 at a distance, Simon determined to lay the opening scene of his fraudulent 
 drama in Ireland. In that island Warwick's father, the late duke of Clar- 
 ence, was remembered with the utmost affection on account of his per- 
 sonal character, as well as of his many public acts of justice and wisdom 
 while he had been governor. The same public officers now held their sit- 
 uations there who had done so under Clarence, and under so many favour- 
 able circumstances Simon, probably, could not better have chosen the 
 scene of the first act of his elaborate and very impudent imposture. 
 
 Henry, on getting the alarming intelligence from Dublin, consulted with 
 his ministers, and among the first measures taken was that of seizing upon 
 all the property of the queen dowager, and closely confining her m the 
 nunnery of Bermondsey. This rigorous treatment of the queen dowager, 
 occurring, too, at this particular time, seems to leave no doubt that she 
 had been discovered to have materially aided the imposture of Simon and 
 Simnel. The alledged reason of the king for thus severely dealing with 
 one with whom he was so closely connected, was her having shown so 
 much favour to the deceased tyrant Richard, as to place herself and hei 
 daughters in his power when she was safe within her sanctuary, and to 
 consent to his marriage with the princess Elizabeth. But it was quite 
 dear to every man of discernment, that the king's subsequent marriage to 
 the princess was a complete condonation of all that had previously passed 
 between him and the dowager which could materially offend hirn; nor 
 was he of a temper so long to have suffered his avarice and his vengeance 
 to remain in abeyance, had that really been the ground of bis offence. 
 That he disliked, not to say hated, his mother-in-law, had long been cer- 
 tain; and it seems no less so, from his present proceeding with respect 
 to her, that he now had discovered reason to fear her, as being imporlanl- 
 .y aiding and abetting in an imposture, which had been eminently success- 
 ful in Ireland, and which he was by no means sure would not be equally 
 so in England. Having securely guarded against any future mischief from 
 the queen dowager, by thus consigning her to a poverty and seclusion 
 which terminated only with her life, the king now gave his English sub- 
 fects the very best possible proof of the imprudence and falsehood ol !>im- 
 nel's assumption of the title and character of the earl of Warwick, by pro- 
 ducing that unfortunate young liobleman himself at St. Pavl s, and caus- 
 ing many persons of rank who had intimately known him to have tree 
 conversation with him ; and thus not only demonstrate that the preten- 
 sions of Simnel were false, but also that they were even founded upon » 
 false report, the earl's escape from the Tower, which Simon and his aoei- 
 tors had too hastily believed on the strength of popular rumour, never nav- 
 ing actually taken place. 
 
 In London and in England generally this judicious measure was com- 
 pletely decisive of the popular belief; and all who were acquainted wiin 
 the king's tortuous mind, easily understood that he himself liad caused thf 
 runkour of the young ear 'a escape, for the purpose of saving himseit iroa 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 tm 
 
 heing importuned to release him, and also to prevent any plots beine 
 formed for that purpose. ' "^ ^ 
 
 Henry's bold tenriper would probably have prompted him to go over to 
 Ireland, carrymg with him the real Warwick. But, in the first place, he 
 knew that the consummate assurance of Simon and his friends had led 
 them, even after the imposture liad become a mere mockery in England 
 to protest that the real Warwick was the youth in their company, and that 
 the Warwick whom Henry had so ostentatiously produced was the only 
 impostor. And, in the next place, Henry from day to day bad information 
 which made it quite certain that too many powerful people in Enaland 
 were his enemies, and inclined to aid the impostor, io render it safe for 
 him to be absent from the kingdom for even a brief space of time. He 
 therefore resolved to await the farther proceedings of the impostor, and 
 contented himself with levyiug troops, which he placed under the com- 
 mand of the duke of Bedford and the earl of Oxford, and throwinir into 
 confinement the marquis of Dorset, not on account of any actual overt act 
 but lest he should be inclined to treason by the hard measure which had 
 been dealt out to his mother, the queen dowager. 
 
 Having pretty nearly worn out their welcome in Ireland, and havin?. be^ 
 sides numerous Irish adventurers, been supplied by the dowager duchess 
 of Burgundy with about two thousand veteran Germans headed by a vet- 
 eran commander, Martin Schwartz, Simon and Simnel made a landinjr at 
 Foudrey, m Lancashire, not doubting that the Yorkists, whom thev knew 
 10 be 80 numerous in the northern counties, would join them in great nura- 
 bers. In this respect they were grievously disappointed. The well kii' ^ 
 courage and conduct of the king, the general impression even amon^ ti,e 
 Yorkists of England that Simnel was a mere impostor, and the excellent 
 military arrangements and large military force of the king, caused the in- 
 habitants of the northern counties either to look on passively or to inanir 
 rest their loyalty by joining or supplying the royal army. 
 
 John, earl of Lincoln, son of John de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, and ol 
 Khzabeth, eldest sister of Edward IV., had for some time past been resid- 
 ing With the king s bitter enemy, the dowager duchess of Burifundv : and 
 he now appeared at the head of the mingled crew of impostorsfrcbels, and 
 their foreign and hireling mercenaries. This nobleman perceiving that 
 nothing was to be hoped from an general rising of the people in favour 
 of the pseudo earl of Warwick, resolved to put the fate of the cause upon 
 the issue of a general action. The king was equally ready to give battle, 
 and he hostile forces at length met at Stoke, in Nottinghamshire. The 
 rebels, conscious that they fought with halters around their necks, foujrht 
 with proportionate desperation. The action was long and sanyuinary: 
 and though it at length terminated in favour of the king, his loss' was far 
 more extensive than could have been expected, considering his advantage 
 of numbers and the ability of his officers. The loss on the side of the re^ 
 els, also was very great. The earl of Lincoln, Broughton, and the Qer- 
 man, Schwartz, were among four thousand slain on that side ; and as the 
 viscouti Lovel, the runaway of the former and less sanguinary revolt, who 
 also took a part in this, was miswing and never afterwards heard of, it was 
 IX^i ! J?^' t-JO, was among the slain. Both the impostor Simnel 
 and his tutor Simon fell into the hands of the king. The priest owed his 
 •lie to his clerical character, but was sentenced to pass the whole remain- 
 H. In. '" 'confinement; and Henry, both mercifully and wisely, signified 
 
 Si.* ."'^""capacity, better suited to his origin than the part the 
 Ei."^:?'*"^^i*"^'y..'*"8:ht him to play, Simnel conducted himself so 
 Mnnnl """^ 8a'«8factorily, that he was afterwards advanced to the rank of 
 
 mIZL^I!""^ "h *''m ''I!'® """"y ^" '''8*»«' ^'^'^n ^O"''! ordinarily bo aU 
 lainea oy one so humbly horn. 
 
HISTOBY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Havini? freed himself from a danger which had at one time been not a 
 little alarming, Henry now turned his attention towaris making U^^^^^ 
 loved to make everything, a source of profit. Few perisnea on me scaf- 
 fold for this revolt, but vast numbers were heavily fined for having taken 
 part n i And lest the mulcture of actual comba ants sliould not suffi. 
 dently enrich the royal treasury. Henry caused al to be fined who were 
 nroveS To have given circulation to a rumour, which had somehow got 
 Euo circulation before the battle of Stoke, that the rebels were victorious, 
 Lnd that Henry himself, after seeing his friends cut to pieces, had only 
 secured his safety by flight. To our modern notions, the mere crediting 
 IndJeporing of such a statement seems to be somewhat severely pun- 
 Shed by heavy pecuniary fine; but Henry perhaps, thought that in most 
 of the Lses "tfie wish was father to the thought," and that many who 
 had given circulation to the report wouW not have been violently grieved 
 had It turned out to be "prophetic, though not true. ...,,. 
 
 Warned by much that ha^ reached his ears during the absurd and mis- 
 chievous career of Simnel, Henry now determined to remove at least one 
 cause Sf dissatisfaction, by having the queen crowned. This was accord- 
 ineW done ; and to render the ceremony the more acceptable to the peo- 
 SI in gene;al, but especially to the Yorkists, Henry graced it by g.vinR 
 Fibertv to the young marquis of Dorset, sou of the queen dowager. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVH. 
 
 THE RtlON or HBNBV VII. (CONTINUED.) 
 
 n 1188.— Henry's steadfast style of administering the affairs of hib 
 kinJom. and the courage, conduct, and facility with wh'ch he had de- 
 Kn mself from the dangerous plots and revolts by which he had been 
 Ihreatcnedacnuiredhim much consideration, out of his own dominions 
 M welTas n tLm. Of this f-.cl ho was well aware, and internal peace 
 "w seeming to^e permanently secured to him, he prepared to exert h.s 
 
 '"Kg^ogrTpWcal circumstances ofScotland rendered *» inevitable^ t^^^^ 
 so long as that kingdom remained politically independent of I'^"8la"d »he 
 ffVmer must always remain either an open and troublesome enemy, or an 
 is. beciuse^Ysincere, friend to the' latter. The <Ji"»«;«[.«^.X«; 
 III who now filled the Scottish throne, was precisely of ">t<M»yand 
 Indol^n? cast which, while it encouraged a turbulent nobility lo waste 
 Sf country and vex thl peo,)lo. would have encouraged a king of Knglan 
 iddic3 to war and con( uost merely for their own sake, to prosecute wat 
 with Scotland ?n the assurwl trust of making a final and oomp)«te conques . 
 But Henrv though he could look with unl)lenched cheek upon the most 
 Mng"na y'b-Sfleld,w«s profoundly sensible of the bles.ingsofpoac • 
 HMhSre now sent ambamdors to Scotland to ProP««« « P™^ 
 and ho. . Hbto peace between the two countr.es. J«/"«-X J' .ff v"e«i 
 "avo well likod to conclude such a peace, but his nob. l.ty b«d othc v,ew^ 
 . nd all that came of this e,nba«sy was a somewha •""«" ^/T^-'^iJ";,; 
 ^even- year's truce; but it must have been evident to a far i«"jV!" °„ 
 -^Iver than Henry, that even that truce would be very l.kcly to ^e b »k«n. 
 S ,«W trbroach be invited by any peculiarly "»f«'"«'f ^ i;'^;^' S 
 m the situation of England. Will. i\m truce, ho-*cver «"1»«" «"^^ 
 cere a. the Scottish te'mper very evidently ^«-' "^"/y ^i-jS 'Jva^^^^^^ 
 tent himself: and from Scotland he now turned » "";"''""^,'^; \lZg for 
 I,oui8 XI. was some time dead, and h.s «o'V«'"l heir was t y»"^ 8 
 
 SSucr'&m Ihe Ui^uience and umbhiou of powerful vassal-. - 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 425 
 
 Louis, a profound judge of human dispositions and talents, had well provided 
 for the juvenile incapacity of his son, by committing the care of the king- 
 dom, during his minority, to his daughter Anne, lady of Beaujeu, a prin- 
 cess of masculine talents and courage. This lady became involved in 
 many and serious disputes with Brittany, which disputes were greatly 
 fomented by the duke of Orleans, and so far involved France with other 
 provinces, that at this time the lady of Beaujeu felt that the issue of the 
 struggle in which she was engaged, greatly, almost entirely, depended 
 upon the part which might be taken by the powerful, prosperous, and sa- 
 gacious king of England. The subjection of Brittany by France seemed 
 quite certain did not England interfere ; and Anne of Beaujeu sent am- 
 SiiBsadors to England, ostensibly with the chief purpose of congratulat- 
 ing Henry on his success over Siinnel and the partizans of that misguid- 
 ed youth. The real purpose of this embassy was, in fact, to engage 
 Henry to look on without interfering, while his benefactor, the duke of 
 Brittany, should be plundered of his territory. Henry, who well under- 
 stood that, and who really wished to serve the duke of Brittany, but who 
 mortally hated the expense of war, endeavoured by polity and mediation 
 to put an end to the strife. As will be seen in the history of France, both 
 mediation and warfare were tried in vain until the year 1491, when tho 
 voung duchess of Renncs being besieged in Reniies by the French, was 
 rompelled to surrender, and restored the duchy to peace by giving her 
 hand to the Frenth monarch. 
 
 This termination of an affair in which he had lost the benefit of much 
 thought and money, by not being more liberal both of money and vigour, 
 vexed Henry exceedingly ; but, with a most philosophic creed, he resolv- 
 ed to turn even his failure to profit. The loss of independence to Brit- 
 tany really affected Henry very deeply, and the more so as he had been 
 in some sort out-generalled by Charles VIII. of France. But it was 
 Henry's care to appear more deeply hurt than he really was, and he loud- 
 ly and passionately declared his intention to go to war. He well knew 
 that the acquisition of Brittany to France was to the last degree offensive 
 to the people of England, and a war with France proportionally popular, 
 and he took his measures accordingly. He issued a commission for the 
 raismg of a benevolence, which species of tax had, however, been formal- 
 ly and positively abolished by a law of tho tyrant Richard, though now 
 so coolly laid on by a king who wolud have deemed it strangn had he 
 I. en called a tyrant. Of the extent of the extortion— for it was no bet- 
 ter— practised upon this occasion, some notion may be formed from the 
 faut, that London alone contributed upwards of 10,000/. Morton, the 
 chancellor, and now archbishop of Canterbury, was disgracefully pleasant 
 upon the occasion, directing tho commissioners to take no excuse ; if men 
 lived liaiulsomely and at expense it was on'v fair to conclude that they 
 must be wealthy, and if they lived after a mean and miserable fashion, it 
 was equally sure that their means must be hounhid ! The dilemma is not 
 ijlwiiys a figure of logic even for a chancellor ; the archbishop's dilomniA 
 had one horn very faulty, for it is quite certain that badness of trade and 
 oppressiveness of taxation might make many ti man live meanly, from 
 sheer necessity, who, nevertheless, would far rather have furnished his 
 table with viands than his strong box with gold. Having raised all that 
 ae could by way of benovoleiice, that is to say, by a violence expressly 
 lorbidtieii by a law inado even during tho reign of a bad king, Henry now 
 procet'(l«d to summon his parhainont togolhur, for the purpose of aoeing 
 how much more rnonoy could bo extracted in a more regular way. Still 
 Meping in view the warlike character of his jmjo .!«, and their recent and 
 fleep vexation with Franco, Henry now appealed to the naiiomil feelings 
 in a s|)eeoh to parllamfliit. whioh is io curiuus a aoficiiiieii a( tUt-. s.ri:t( 
 i»eing eloquently insincere, that we tranicrilw Huine'a nummary of the 
 
426 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 speech. He told them that " France, eliittd with her late successes, had 
 oven proceeded to a contempt to England, and had refused to pay the 
 tribute whic'< Louis XI. had stipulated to Edward IV. ; that it jet-ame m 
 warlike a nation as the English to be roused by this indignity, and not to 
 limit their pretensions merely to repelling the present injury. That for 
 his part, he was determined to lay claim to the crown itself of France, 
 and to maintain by force of arms so just a title transmitted to him by his gal- 
 lant ancestors. That Cressy, Poitiers, and Agincourt were sufficient to in- 
 struct tbem in their superiority over the enemy, nor did he despair of ad 
 ding new names to the glorious catailogue. That a king of France had 
 been prisoner in London, and a king of England had been crowned in 
 Paris; events which • hould animate them to an emulation of like glory 
 with that which hat' *' len enjoyed by their forefathers. That ihe domes- 
 tic dissensions of EnfUnd had been the sole cause of her losing these 
 foreign dominions, and i*mt her present internal uiion would be the effec- 
 tnal means of recovering ti^om ; that where such lasting honour was in 
 view, and such an important acquisition, it became not brave men to re- 
 pine at the advance of a little treasure ; and that, for his part, he was 
 determined to make the war maintain itself, and hoped by the invasion ol 
 so opulent a kingdom as France, to increase rather than to diminish the 
 riches of the nation." 
 
 How profoundly Henry seems to have known human nature ! How 
 skilfully does he appeal to the vanity, the fierceness, the high 
 courage, and the cupidity so inherent in man's heart! "Warlike na- 
 tion," "just title," "gallant ancestors," "Cressy, Poitiers, and Agin- 
 court," "lasting honour," and "important acquisition," how adminibly are 
 they all pressed into service, in the precise places where best calcuhiled to 
 act at once upon the good and the evil feelings of those whom he aiidres- 
 ses ! And then, with what a sublime contempt of all filthy lucre does he 
 not dehort " brave men " from caring about " the advance of a lilllt 
 reasure !" , , 
 
 If all men were gifted with the far sight of La Roehefoucault into th< 
 iiuman heart, perhaps such a speech as this of Henry would defeat itself 
 by the very excess and exquisitness of its art. But all men are not so 
 gifted, and never was man better aware of that fact than Henry was. He 
 knew the instruments he had to work with, and he worked accordingly. 
 Though there were many circumstances in the state of Europe which 
 ought to have made the parliament chary of advancing hard cash for a 
 war with France; tliough that country was strengthened by the very feu- 
 dal fiefs which had so fatally weakened it when iho gallant ancestors ol 
 Henry had deeply dyed with French blood those fatal fields, to which 
 Henry so proudly and so effectually alluded ; though even on the very 
 edge of England, to wit, in Scotland, a new and warlike inonurch, James 
 IV. had succeeded to the indolent James HI. and was so much attached 
 to the interests of France, that he was nearly sure to evince his attach- 
 ment by making war on England whenever Henry should load the flower 
 of England's forces to the shores of France, the parliament hailed Ht-nry's 
 boastful promises with delight. Two fifteenths wore readily voted to 
 him, and an a(!t was passed to enable the nobility to sell their estnleN; by 
 which Henry accomplished the double purposeof having wealthy voluiitfer« 
 defray many unavoidable expenses, and of greatly diininishing tliat biiro- 
 nial power which even yet trod closely upon the kibes of English rovally- 
 
 *. o. 1498.— As Henry had antici|)Bted, many powerful nobles, inlliiinert 
 with a desire of making in France rich territorial acquisitions, such w 
 their Norman an-oslois had maiio in England, availed themselves of m» 
 pohlu! act, and srdd or pawnrd their broad lands to raise troops for the in- 
 vasion of the tJallio Dorado. 80 well, in short, were Henri's well-fci^iioU 
 desires SBCondoi' thai oii the OlUof UuivKJsrin this ycuf, ttc wssenH-r— 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 427 
 
 to land at Calais, with a splendidly equipped army of twenty-five thousand 
 .nfanlry and sixteen hundred cavalry, the whole conriinanded, under the 
 king himself, by the earl of Oxford and the duke of Bedford, and officered 
 by some of the very first men in England. Many a bright vision of 
 avarice and of nobler ambition was dreamed among that mighty host ; but 
 like other splendid dreams, thev were as fallacious and short lived 
 as they were brilliant. The truth is, that, nobly as the king had de- 
 nounced wrath to France and promised wealth to England, he had from 
 the very first not the slightest intention of firing a gun or drawing a 
 iword. His object was, snnply, to obtain money ; the only sincere part 
 of his speech was that in which he professed his hope of making the war 
 maintain itself; and he so mai.aged the affair, with both friend and foe, that 
 he really did make the war not only pay its own expenses, but contribute 
 a very handsome surplus to the roy^l treasury. 
 
 It was whispered among shrewd men, that October was a singular sea- 
 son at which to invade France, if a real war of oonquest was intended. 
 Henry heard or guessed this rumour, and he hastened to contradict it, by 
 professing his conviction that to conquer the whole of France would not 
 cost him a whole summer, and that as he had Calais for winter-quarters 
 the season of his arrival was a matter of perfect indifference. 
 
 Yet at tiie very time that Henry made this boast, which would have 
 been marvellously silly and vain-glorious had it not been entirely insincere, 
 and made only for an especial and temporary purpose, a secret correspon 
 dence fof a peace had for some time been carried on by Henry and the 
 king of France. The landing of Henry in France, with a numerous and 
 well-appointed army, had, as he had foreseen, greatly strengthened the 
 desire for peace on the part of the king of France, and commissionerf 
 were now very speedily appointed to sutlle the terms. 
 
 Any other man but Henry would have been much puziled for even 
 plausible reasons by which to account to his subjects for so ejirly and sud- 
 denly agreeing to treat for peace, after making such magnificent promises 
 of a war of actual conouest ; promises, too, which had caused so many of 
 his subjects very largely to invest their fortunes in his service. But to 
 Henry this was no difficult matter. He had represented himself as sure 
 nf larpe aid from the Low Countries ; he now caused Maximilian, king of 
 the llomuus, to send to inform him that such aid could not then be fur- 
 nished. Spain, too, was at war with France, and Spain suddenly received 
 the counties of Rousillon and Cordagne.and concluded peace with France! 
 These alteraliona in the slate of affairs would naltirally suggest some al- 
 teration in the proceedings and hopes of Henry! He gave full time for 
 the circulation of the news through his camp, and then he caused »lie mar- 
 quis of Dorset, and numerous other nobles in his confidence!, to petition 
 him to do precisely what he had from the first iigondod to do— to make a 
 treaty with France! Strangely enough, too, they were made to allodge 
 in their petition, that very lateness of the season which the king had so 
 recently affected to be entirely without importance, and the difficulties 
 attendant upon the seige of Boulogne, which he had only just commenced, 
 and which no one with a particile of common-sense could ever have hujk 
 posed to be an undcrtakniur without its difUculties ! Henry, with well- 
 reigned reluctance, suffered himself to be persuaded ; and France bouglil 
 peace by tim puymont of seven hundred and forty-five thousand crovns 
 down, and a pension of twtnty-five thousand cr«)wns yearly. Well indeed 
 might the money-loving Henry consider, now, that between the contribu- 
 tions of his subjects and those of France, the war had indifferently well 
 maintained itself. 
 
 Scarcely had Henry concluded this singularly cool and as singularly suo- 
 ocssful endeavour to convert a glaring iKjUical blunder into a moans ol 
 
428 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 raisinif a large sum of money, than he was once more called upon to do- 
 fend his throne arainst a darmg and impudent pretender. 
 
 The duchess of Burgundy, whose hatred or Henry was by no means 
 decreased by the ease and perfect success with which he had baffled the 
 designs of Simnel, once more endeavoured to disturb Henrv's throne. 
 8he caused it to be given out, that Richard, the young duke ot York, es* 
 caped from the Tower when his young brother and sovereign was mur- 
 dered by Richard, duke of Gloster, who afterwards usurped the thron'i. 
 Improbable as it was that the younger of the two brothers should have 
 escaped from the monstrous and unsparing murderer of the elder, the tale 
 was eagerly and credulously listened to by the people, who seem to have 
 received no warning from the former impudent imposture of Simcel. 
 Perceiving thai the fund of public credulity was far from being exhausted, 
 the duchess eagerly looked around her for some youth qualified to sustain 
 the part of that young duke, of whose approaching re-appearance emissa- 
 ries were now instructed to hold out expectations. The youth she desired 
 soon presented himself in the person of Perkin Warbeck, the son of a 
 christianized Jew. -Young Perkin was born during the reign of the amor- 
 ous monarch, Edward IV., who was a frequent visitor to the house of the 
 wealth}' Jew. This circumstance, and the singular likeness of young 
 Perkin to the king, had occasioned not a little scandalous remark as to the 
 actual parentflffe of the boy. The youth, who had removed with bis father 
 to Tournay, the native country of the latter, was subsequently thrown 
 upon his own resources, and caused by the change of fortune to visit a 
 variety of places ; and travel had thus added its benefits to those of nature 
 and the advantages of a good education. The youth was naturally very 
 
 ?uick-witted and of graceful manners, and the singular likeness he bore to 
 idward lY. was thus rendered the more remaixable, especially when, 
 having been introduced to the duchess of Burgundy, and by her instructed 
 in the part it was desired that he should play, he designedly made the ut< 
 most display of those (]ualities which hitherto he had enjoyed almost un- 
 consciously. The rapidity and completeness with which he mastered all 
 that it was deemed necessary to teach him delighted the duchess, who, 
 however, in order to give time to the reports of her emissaries to spread 
 among the populace in England, sent the pseudo duke of York to Portu- 
 gal under the care of Lady Brampton. FromPortugal he was recalled on 
 the breaking out of what Henry had called the " war" with France; and, 
 as his predecessor in imposture had formerly been, he was sent to make 
 the first public essay of his powers of impudence in Ireland. His success 
 there whs sufficient to cause a great interest and curiosity not only in 
 England but also in France, to which country he was invited by Charles 
 Vlfl., who received him with all the honours duo to distressed royiilty, 
 assigning him splendid apartments, and giving him a personal guard ot 
 honour, of which the lord Congresal was made the captain. 
 
 The personal resemblance of young Warbeck to Edward IV., his (frace 
 ful exterior and really remarkable accomplishments, added to tiie air of 
 entire sincerity which Charles — w'»h the politic design of embarrassing 
 Henry — affected in his trenttnnnt oi the impostor as the genuine duke of 
 York, rendered the imposition so far successful, that upwards of a hun- 
 dred gentlemen, some of them (as Sirfleorgo Ncvil and Sir John Taylor), 
 of considerable eminence, actually travelled from England to Paris to olTei 
 their swords and purses to the duke of York. 
 
 in the midst of a tide of good success, which must have astonished 
 himself more than any one else, Warbeck met with an unexpected cheek 
 in consequence of the peace that was so suddenlv concluded between 
 France and England. Henry, indeed, on this occasion tried to induce the 
 king of France to give Warlmck up to him ; hut Charles, with a degree ol 
 kpirit which did him grea' honour, replied, that no matter what was iiio 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 429 
 
 nal character of the young man, he ought to go free Trom France, to which 
 Charles had himself invited him. Wnrbeek accordingly, to the great vex- 
 atiou of his friends, was dismissed from the court and kingdom of Charles ; 
 and he now made his first public appearance before the duchess of Bur- 
 gundy, whose instructions he had hitherto so well obeyed. With a gravity 
 which did infinite credit to her talents as an actress, the duchess, anecting 
 to have been but too well instructed by Simnel's affair ever to give credit 
 again to mere plausible stories, received Warbeck with a coolness which 
 would speedily have terminated his suit hud ho been other than an impos- 
 tor, and not quite as well aware as the duchess herself was of its motive. 
 Well knowing that her ultimate countenance of his pretensions would be 
 valuable precisely in proportion to her seeming unwillingness, at the out- 
 set, to grant it, the duchess publicly and with much seeming severity ques- 
 tioned Warbeck upon his pretensions to the title of York. As question 
 after question was answered with a correctness far beypud the power of 
 any mere impostor — of any impostor unless assisted, as Warbeck was, 
 by the duchess or some other member of the royal family — the duchess, 
 by admirably regulated gradations, passed from scornful doubt and indig- 
 nation to wonder, and from wonder to conviction and a rapture of delight, 
 as, all her doubts removed, she embraced him as the marvellously pre- 
 served son of Edward, the true scion of the Plantagenets, the only right- 
 ful heir to the throne of England, her own long lost and miraculously re- 
 stored nephew ! The scene, in short, was excellently performed, and was 
 as pathetic to those who were not in the secret, as it assuredly must have 
 been wearisome to those who were. 
 
 The duchess of Burgundy, having thus with difficulty and reluctance 
 satisfied herself of the trutn of her soi disant nephew's pretensions, as- 
 signed him a guard of honour, and not only intimated her desire that he 
 should be treated with the utmost respect by all her court, but herself set 
 the example, never mentioning him but with the honourable and endear- 
 ing title of the white rose of England. 
 
 A. D. 1493.— The English of high rank were not behind the Flemish 
 populace in giving credence to Warbeck's pretensions. Men easily be- 
 lieve that which they have learned to desire ; and the firm rule of Henry, 
 and the great and obvious pains he took to depress the nobility, and to 
 elevate, at their expense, the middle and trading classes, disposed very 
 many men of power and consequence to assut Warbeck in the struggle 
 he meditated for the English throne. Even Sir William Stanley who had * 
 done so much to secure Henry's elevation, now began to lo<>k with 
 complacency upon his possible dethronement by tht pseudo duke of Ybrk* 
 and Sir Robert Clifford actually went to Flanders to join the pretender, 
 and wrote thence that he could personally vouch that the youth in ques- 
 tion was really that Richard, duke of York, who had so long bnen sup- 
 posed to have been murdered by his uncle, the late king. The high rank 
 and respectable character of Clifford made this assurance of his exten- 
 sively and mischievously influential; causing many, who would have dis- 
 dained to assail Henry's throne for the sake of an impostor, to join in the 
 wide-spreading conspiracy in favour of the supposed duke of York. 
 
 In these ''rcumstances the king's best safeguard was his own politiu 
 and vigilant lemper. Well served by his nimierous spies, both in Englano 
 and on the continent, ho was thoroughly informud of every important sle[ 
 that was taken J>y his enemies. Being morally certain that the duke of 
 York had Iwon murdered by the late king, he took the necessary steps for 
 making that fact appear from the sialenuMit of those who were still livioj^ 
 who had personal cognizance of it. These persons wore two in number ; 
 Sir James Tyrrel, who had superintended tnc mnrdcr and seen the dead 
 iwdies of the murdered youths, and Dightoii, who had been one of the 
 sc:s3! sauracreri i both of wiiora biai«ii'in« iiiuiJuf lu riuV« biwu uOiu* 
 
480 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 mitted on both the princes ; and their separate statements agreed with tbe 
 utmost accuracy in every particular. 
 
 The next point that Henry was anxious to clear up, was the identity of 
 tlie pretended duke of York. That he was an impostor was beyond all 
 doubt 5 but it was very important that Henry should be able to say, not 
 only who he was not, but who he was and whence he had sprung, to aim, 
 by a daring imposture, at the English throne. With this view he sent 
 spies into Flanders, and instructed some of them to pretend the utmosi 
 zeal against him, and to join the opposite party. By this plan he became 
 aware of the number and rank of Warbeck's adherents ; and upon these 
 new spies were set, until Henry, by slow degrees, and through the instru- 
 mentality of men against whom he feigned the most ungovernable indigo 
 nation, possessed himself of every passage in the history of young War- 
 beck from his very childhood. The tidings thus obtained Henry took 
 great pains to circulate throughout England ; and the clearness with which 
 every step in the impostor's career was traced greatly tended to diminish 
 the popularity of his cause, and to weaken the zeal of his partizans, upon 
 whom Henry determined to take ample vengeance at his own leisure and 
 
 convenience. ' ,:..,•, 
 
 A. D. 1494.— Having taken all prudent measures for disabusnig the 
 minds of his own subjects as to the real history of the pretended duke ol 
 York, Henry made a formal complaint to the archduke Philip of the en- 
 couragement and shelter which so notorious an impostor as Warbeck had 
 met with in Flanders ; and as Philip, at the instigation of the duchess 
 dowager of Burgundy, coldly replied that he had no authority over the 
 demesne of that princess, Henry banished all Flemings from England, and 
 recalled all his own subjects from the Low Countries ; feeling satisfied 
 that the injury thus done to the trade of so commercial a people as tiie 
 Flemings, would soon urge them into such revolt as would abundantly 
 revenge him upon their sovereign. , •, .. 
 
 In the meantime Henry suddenly and simultaneously seized upon those 
 of his own subjects who had been the most zealous in conspiring against 
 him, and some were speedily tried and executed. Others, among whom 
 was William Worsely, the dean of St. Paid's, escaped with short impris- 
 onment. But a more important victim was yet to be sacrificed. Stanley 
 the lord chamberlain, was accused by Clifford, who was directed to come 
 to England, kneel to the king for pardon, and accuse Stanley. The im- 
 mense wealth of the latter, who had forty thousand marks in ready money 
 and valuables, and a yearly revenue of three thousand pounds, by no 
 means tended to diminish the king's desire to convict him. But Henry 
 feigned the utmost astonishment and incredulity, expatiated upon the very 
 great improbability that Stanley, connected with Henry and holdin? ths 
 important office ■ i chamberlain, should be guilty of treason, and even sol- 
 emnly exh'-- ' Clifford to beware that he did not wrongfully accuse an 
 innocent man. Clifford, in apite of all this pretended anxiety on the part 
 of the king, persisted in his statements of Stanley's guilt, and the accused 
 was confronted with him. Either from a high sense of honour which 
 deemed every suffering and danger prtiferable to the baseness of falsehood, 
 or from a weak notion that his great services to the king in former daya 
 would prove his safeguard now, Stanley did not affect to deny nis guilt. 
 A. D. 1495.— Even now, though Henry could not have a doubt of Staiv 
 ley's guilt, and was fully resolved not to spare him. six ^jeeks were suf- 
 fered to elapse before the prisoner was brought to trial ; a delay by which 
 U probably was intended to give the public a notion, thai the king was 
 unwilling to proceed to extremities against a man who had formerly berii 
 MO serviceable to him. At length he was tried, and the part of his conduct 
 whit h ffave the most offence was his having said to Clifford, that if tie 
 
 WPVv iiUUC aUrC liiSi iiic juung man ttiii.- vitrrts. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 m 
 
 (t»]ly was 80, he never would bear arms against him. This speech, as show- 
 ing a preference to the house of York, was far more unpardonable, in the 
 liulgment of Henry, than the offence of siding with a mere nameless pre- 
 tender, and probably was more conclusive against Stanley than the actual 
 assistance which he gave to Warbeck in the way of money and advice. 
 As he did not even attempt to show himself innocent, a verdict was of 
 course returned against him ; and the king, who previous to the trial had 
 pretended so much reluctance to believe aught against him, did not allow 
 much time to elapse between the sentence and execution, being chiefly 
 influenced, it would seem, by the large forfeiture which accrued to the 
 crown. , 
 
 The execution of Stanley, high in rank, holding an important office, and 
 having until so late a date enjoyed so large a share of the king's favour 
 and confidence, naturally struck terror into the confederates of Warbeck, 
 B8 Henry intended that it should. And not only did this expectation warn 
 them that mercy was out of the question, should any be convicted, but 
 the mere appearance of Clifford as the king's informer was well calculated 
 to strike terror into the guilty, who must now be aware that they had 
 no longer any secrets from the cold-blooded and resolved king, against 
 whom they had plotted so much mischief. Each of the conspirators now 
 learned to look with dread and suspicion upon his neighbour. Many were 
 thus impelled into withdrawing from the support of tlie pretender while 
 tiiey still tiad an opportunity to do so ; and though rumors and libels still 
 continued to dismay the king, a very general and wholesome opinion was 
 formed of the great extent of the king's secret information, and of his 
 resolute determination to crush the guilty. 
 
 Even while punishing conspiratops, the king seemed far more bent upon 
 aicreasing his wealth, by whatever arts and schemes of extortion, than 
 jpoii conciliating the affections of his people, and thus arraying them in 
 defence of his throne agaiiiNt the arts and efforts of open pretenders or 
 lecret conspirators. His extortions were perpetual, shameless, and mer- 
 ciless ; the very laws which ought to have been the safeguard of the peo- 
 jle, were made the means of extorting money from the wealthy. Sir 
 Williatn Capel, a London alderman, had information laid against him 
 which involved him in penalties to the enormous amount of two thousand 
 seven hundred and forty-three pounds, and he actually had to pay near 
 two ihonsand by way of compromise. The lawyers were encouraged to 
 lay infoimations against wealthy men, and the guilt or innocence of the 
 partieH seems to have been far less considered than their willingness and 
 abihty to enrich the king, by compounding with him for their offences, real 
 or imaginary. Aided by his financial agents, Kmpson and Dudley, to 
 whose unscrupulous misconduct we shall by and by have to recur, ileiiry 
 in this way fleeced the great and the wealthy of enormous sums, and thus 
 forwarded his double design of depressing the somewhat dangerous power 
 of the great, and of increasing his own vast treasure. 
 
 Though the king oppressed the wealthy beyoiid measure, the main body 
 01 the people had but little cause to complain of him, for it might most 
 truly be said of him that he would allow no oppressor in his kingdom 
 except himself. In spile, therefore, of numerous acts of particular op- 
 pression, the king's authority was daily more and more respected by the 
 people ill largo ; and Warbeck, fearing that a longer delay would but in- 
 creas.Mho dimcultios of his desjgn, at length determined to make a descent 
 opon England. Having collected an army of somewhat less than a thou- 
 Mtirt men consisting chiefly of iiren equally bankrupt in character and in 
 means, Warbeck took advantage of the abscneo of the king, who was 
 m«KMig a state progress through the north of England, and made his an- 
 pearanM off the coast of Kent. But the care with which the kina had 
 r.«p08ou the reiil chsr&etsr ztal connsstlnss n' ur.._k. i. ^„ j .< " r.. 
 
 W. »-. '-^i 
 
 3!t.trvn.j 3!IU I SC 3.-t5 laiC 
 
432 
 
 HISTORT OP THE WORLD. 
 
 of Sii William Stanley, caused the Kentish gentry to be on the alert, not 
 to join the impostor, but to oppose him. Wishing, however, to make him 
 prisoner, they told the messenger whom he sent ashore that they were 
 aetua.ly in arms for him, and invited him lo land and place himself al 
 their head. Warbeck was too suspicious to fall into the snare ; and the 
 Kentish men finding that they could not induce him to trust himself ashore, 
 fell upon those of his retainers who had landed, and took a hundred and 
 fifty prisoners, besides putting a considerable number to death. This ao 
 tion drove Warbeck from the coast; and the king, who was thoroughly 
 determined to put down the revolt with a strong and unsparing hand, or 
 dered the hundred and fifty prisoners to be put to death, without an ex 
 
 ception! ^ ^ 
 
 A singular and very important law was just novv enacted, by which it 
 was provided that no man should be attainted for aiding the king de facto, 
 whether by arms or otherwise. Henry probably instituted this law for the 
 purpose of giving increased confidence and zeal to his own partizans, by 
 making it impossible that even his fall could involve them in ruin. As tbe 
 first and most important end of all law.-j is to secure the peace of the com- 
 munity, and as the defenders of the de facto king are usually such by their 
 attachment to public orde^r, the law was a very proper one in spirit ; but it 
 was one which in the case of any violent revolution was but little likely 
 to be respected in practice, especially as nothing could be easier than for 
 the dominant party to cause it to be repealed. 
 
 Of the invasi .A of Italy by France, and the league formed to check the 
 French king's ambitious schemes, we need only barely mske mention here 
 for though Henry was a member of that league, he was a mere honorary 
 member of it, neither the expenses nor the trouble of warfare on so dis 
 tant a scene suiting with his peace-loving and rigidly economical tempei 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVni. 
 
 THE BKioN or HENRY vii. {concluded) 
 
 A. n. 1495.— Warbeck, on perceiving the treatment that was bestowed 
 by the Kentish people upon those of his adherents who had been so unfor- 
 tunate as to land, sincerely congratulated himself upon the suspicion 
 which had arisen in his mind at the regular and disciplined appearance oi 
 the men who pretended to be newly levied, and with an especial view to 
 his service. He had, however, gone too far to recede, mul was, besides, 
 without the funds necessary to support his numerous followers in idleness. 
 Ireland had ever been ready to war against the king of England on any or 
 on no pretext, and to Ireland he accordingly steered his course. But, as 
 we have more particularly mentioned under t»»e history of that country 
 Poyning's law and other good measures had bj far strengthened the royal 
 authority, that even in the usually turbulent Ireland the adventurer could 
 obtain no support. Certain hospitalities, indeed, he experienced at the 
 hands of some of the chieftains, hut their coarse fare and rude habits virore 
 but little to his taste, and he left them to try his fortune m Scotland. 1 lie 
 fcinsr of rniiice, in revenge for the junction of Henry with the other op- 
 ponents of Iho ambitious schemes of France, and the king of the Roinans. 
 Ill revenKO for Henry's prohibition of all commerce with the Low i>oun 
 tries, secretly furnished Warbeck with strong recommendations to the 
 king of Scotland, Junios IV. That chivalric prince seems at first to ha^e 
 Biwoected the truth .)f Warhock's story; for while he received h.m other 
 w.se kindly, he somewhat pointedly told him that be whoever or w atev«' 
 he might he should never repent having trusted to a king of Si^o™ » 
 reman; w^nicu w; wuutu z^aivrsy i-.--- •—• — — — — " — 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 433 
 
 that he was really the duke of York. But the king's suspicions did not 
 king hold out against the fascinating manners and nunaerous acromplish* 
 roents of the young adventurer. So completely did James become the 
 dupe, and so far was that kind-hearted monarch interested in tl e welfare 
 of the young impostor who practised upon his credulity, that he actually 
 me him in marriage the lady Catherine Gordon, daughter of the earl of 
 Huntley, and not very distantly related to the king himself. 
 
 A. D. 1496.— That James of Scotland really did give credence to the ela- 
 borate falsehoods which were told him by young Warbeck seems certain, 
 or he would scarcely have given him, in marriage, a young and beautiful 
 lady of a noble family and even related to the crown. But policy had, 
 probably, still more to do in producing James' kindness to the adventurer, 
 than any considerations of a merely humane and personal nature. Injury 
 to England, at any rate and under any circumstances, seems to have been 
 the invariable maxim of the Scottish kings and of the Scottish people ; and 
 James, deeming it probable that the people of the northern counties of 
 England would rise in favour of Warbeck, led him thither at the head of a 
 strong and well appointed army. As soon as they had crossed the border, 
 Warbeck issued a proclamation in which he formally stated himself to be 
 that duke of York who had so long been supposed dead, claimed to be the 
 rightful sovereign of England, and called upon all his good aad loyal sub- 
 jects to rise and aid him in expelling the usurper who laid heavy burdens 
 upon them, and whose oppressions of men of all ranks, and especially his 
 studied degradation of the nobility, had, said the proclamation, justly 
 caused him to be odious to all ineo. Bui besides that the men of the north 
 of England were but little likely to look upon a Scottish army as a re- 
 commendation of the new comer, there were two circumstances which 
 prevented this proclamation from being much attended to ; every day taught 
 men to look with increased dread upon the calm, unsparing and unfaltering 
 temper of the king; and Warbeck's Scottish friends, by their taste for 
 plunder, made it somewhat more than difficult for the English borderers 
 to look upon them in any other light than that of plundering foemen. 
 Warbeck was conscious how greatly this practice of the Scots tended to 
 injure his cause among the English, and he remonstrated with James upon 
 Uie subject. But James, who now clearly saw the little chance there wab 
 of any rising in favour of Warbeck, plainly told him that all his sympathy 
 was thrown away upon enemies, and all his anxiety for the preservation 
 of the country equally wasted, inasmuch as it seemed but too certain thai 
 that country would never own his sway. In fact, but for their plundering, 
 the Scots would literally have crossed the border to no earthly purpose, 
 scarcely an Englishman being by their coming induced to join the stand 
 ard of Warbeck. Henry was so confident that the marauding propensi 
 ties of the Scots would make Warbeck's cause unpopular in tlie northern 
 counties rather than the contrary, that he was by no means sorry for the 
 Scottish irruption. Nevertheless, true to his constant maxim of making 
 a profit of everything, he affected to be very indignant at this violation of 
 his lemtor}', and he summoned a pariiamont to listen to his complaints 
 on this head, and to aid him in obtaining redress for so great and affront- 
 ing an injury. The pathetic style in which Henry so well knew how to 
 couch his complaints, so far prevailed with the pariiament as to induce 
 nem to vote him a subsidy of a hundred and twenty thousand pounds, and 
 they were then dismissed. 
 
 A. D. 1497,— The people, always shrewd judges of character, had by this 
 ime learned to understand that of Hemy. Comparing the frequency and 
 ine largeness of the grants made to him oy the parliament with his own 
 regal economy and personal stinginess, they easily calculated tliat he had 
 
 IwT "ilT,""™."' ■"*°A®"*5*f?"'5 ?P»f« his subjects this new impo- 
 — !•- It !u:ju-.Tca mat, inougu ihe (i&iUaiu«iii hitU su wiiiiiigiy grauteii 
 
 V OL* l»— — ,*o 
 
434 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 .he subsidy in the mass the ^ ^533^^6^""^^^^^^ 
 
 it to the tax collectors m detail. Th« was m^^^ the people of that 
 
 Cornwall. Far removed from any mroad^^ .^ ^ p ^ F^ ^^ 
 
 part could not or wo«W "°» "Jvlr seen TheVpular discontent in Com- 
 an enemy whom they ha'J "^^J' » two demSogues, Joseph and Flam, 
 wall was still ff'ther increased by two ae SB ^^^^^ 
 mock. The latter especmlly, who ^a* * wwy ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^ y^^^ 
 populace, whom he afs^f J^at tt,e lax i^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 U was wholly illegal, 'n««;j»f i'Sro^^^^ them against all 
 
 held their lands on the express jonoigd the people promptly and firmly, 
 inroads of the ^''^ts ^and that it l^hove^^^^^ pe p p i^ y^^^ ^^^^y. 
 
 but peaceably, to Pf 'tjon aga'^^^^^^^^^ J^^^ely worth while to in- 
 
 bade fair to Become ^^''IJo^ubbv^^k sincere in their exhortations to 
 
 ^"'■^ IrJL^n- the evSshowed how.much easier it is to set a mal- 
 
 peaceable agitation , the event 8i.ow«ui country people hav- 
 
 titude in n»ot.on.than to contro lit aft^^^^^ ^^ the tax confirmed 
 
 ing their own opmions of the » legahty ana j 
 
 by men of whose alents a"^ »nf»'"'«*'°" ^fjjem being armid with the 
 
 gathered together m g/eat ""^^^^'^/J^n'^^^^^^ tumultuous gather- 
 
 implements of their ruraUauour. J^^'J^^^Xs, and passing from Com 
 
 ing chose Flammock and J^f JP^/^J.^^^S; n Somersetshire, where 
 
 wall through Devonshire, hey reacneaiauni, 
 
 they killed one of the ee^ectors of the subsidy^ w^^ ,^ ^ 
 
 haps, severity had given them m"^J <><fi^^ a distinguished le/der in the 
 
 to Veils, in the same e°»"ty, where they got a am g 
 
 person of the lord Audley, a nobleman of anc^^^^ 
 
 to popularity-hunting. Headed by this «'"[ J0'» J™ ^^j i ^,^,,^,^^„ „! 
 
 towards London breathing vengean^^^^^^ wrong or vi- 
 
 the king, though upon the whole tolerawyinno Rentiah-raen 
 
 olence during the latter part of their march i noug ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 had so lately shown by the t^Tnvolve^hemselves in a quarrel with the 
 how little they were '"''^'"^iJ" 'f ,^ij^iJ th^thly were sure to be joined 
 
 king, F^r'".^?*''^P/ W^^tsfJa te had^^^^^^^ maintained their !ib- 
 by the Kentish Peopjej^6«o«« th^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^^^^^ 
 
 ofty even agamst the Norman »™"^^,^^'^-f „uch importance, for into 
 nereeived by the muU.tude or not j;"/»^„7«^„,f,™X<^eT^ took up their 
 Kent they marched in ^'^"^"''f^S^r. from London. So far was 
 position on a hill at Eltham, * veiT few miles from i.ona 
 
 Se advice of Flammock frombeng 7«"j3g^*if^Xm where the Jebels 
 
 not at that moment a single spot in he whole kingaom. 
 
 were less likely to meet with '"PP^'J th«n m Ke»L^ arS out of the eV 
 
 out the kingdom there was ??"f ?'f ^^^,^;!Xre S »»«" "^ ^reat 
 tortionate measures of the king, ^"f eve^wnere in ^.^nsiderable 
 
 respect for the king s PO^'' to which was added n«, ^_^^^ ^^^^^ 
 kinSly feeling springing out of .the favour an^consiu ^^^^ 
 
 ho had acknowledged the service done to him wnen ^a^° F^ 
 off the coast. Of this feeling the earl ^^ Ken , Loj^ Abergave^^ 
 Lord Cobham so well availed themse ves, that, tnoug ^^^ 
 
 every peaceful endeavour to recruit their r^nks, none oi 
 would join them. , :„« noni-wnhnwed himself equal 
 
 On tills, as i"<l««dj>r" t?tre?rro?S^ ^rU 
 
 to the occasion. He detached the eari oiJ>""*'A. ri„„„e'8 fields at the 
 
 back the Scots: ^^^^^'^^sn'^^iXltel^^^^^^ 
 head of one body of troops, he despatched the earU o^ ux ^^.^^ ^ ^^^.^ 
 Essex, at the head of a»«ther, to take the rebels in tne re . ^^ ^^^^, ^ 
 under Lord Daubeny charged them in f^"'f„iij7,ead a report that he 
 t.W/. ihfl rfihela bv surprise, Henry had careiuiiy spre _ ^^^ v^^^ ^^^^^ 
 (attack them Ibr soverai uays i noraia sw rit^ «- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 435 
 
 wny's division to advance until so ate an hour in the day that the rebels 
 could have no idea of being attacked. They had a small advance at Dept- 
 ford bridge, which Daubeny easily. put to flight, and pursued them so 
 closely that he charged upon their main body at the same time that they re- 
 joined it. Daubeny charged the rebels gallantly, but allowed his contempt 
 of iheir want of discipline to cause him to undervalue their number, in 
 which respect they were far from despicable, being above sixteen thous- 
 and. The rash gallantry of Daubeny actually caused him to be for a few 
 moments taken prisoner, but he was speedily rescued by his troops, whose 
 discipline soon prevailed over the raw numbers of the rebels, and the lat- 
 ter were put to flight with the loss of two thousand killed, and many 
 thousands prisoners j the first division of the king's troops having aided 
 Daubeny so that the rebels were completely surrounded, but a compara- 
 tively small number of them succeeded in cutting their way through. 
 
 Among the numerous prisoners, were the lord Audley, Flammock, and 
 Joseph, all of whom the king sent to immediate execution. Joseph actu- 
 ally exulted in his fate, which, he said, would insure him a place in the 
 Iiistory of his country. To the other prisoners the king gave their liber- 
 ty ; partly, perhaps, because he deemed them to have been mere dupes in 
 the hands of their leaders, and partly because, however much they had 
 exclaimed against the oppressions of his ministers, they had in nowise 
 throughout the whole revolt called in question his title, or showed any dis- 
 position to mix up with their own causes of complaint the pretensions of 
 the pseudo duke of York. Lord Surrey and the king of Scotland, mean- 
 while, had made some few and ineflicient demonstrations which led to no 
 important result, and Henry took an early opportunity to get Hialas, the 
 
 S)ani8h ambassador, to propose himself— as if without the knowledge of 
 enry— to mediate between the two kings. When Hialas was agreed 
 to as mediator, the first and most important demand of Henry was that 
 Warbeck should be delivered up to him, a demand to which, to his eternal 
 honour, James IV. replied that he could not pretend to decide upon the 
 young man's pretensions ; but that having received him and promised him 
 his protection, no imaginable consideration should ever induce him to be- 
 tray him. Subsequently a truce of a few months having been agreed to 
 oetween England and Scotland, James privately begged Warbeck to seek 
 some safe asylum, as it was very evident that while he remained in Scot- 
 land Henry would never allow that country to have any permanent peace 
 The measures of Henry, meantime, as regarded the Flemings had pro- 
 duced exactly the result which he expected from them ; the Flemish mer- 
 chants and artificers had suffered so much from his system of non-inter- 
 course, that they had in a manner forced their archduke to make a treaty 
 by which all English rebels were excluded from tlie Low Countries, and 
 the demesnes of the dowager duchess of Burgundy were especially and 
 pointedly included in this treaty. Warbeck, therefore, on being requested 
 10 leave Scotland, found himself by this treaty completely shut out of the 
 Low Countries, too, and he was fain once more to take refuge among tie 
 bogs and mountains of Ireland. 
 
 Even here, such were the known vigilance, art, and power of Henry, 
 the unfortunate impostor did not feel himself secure. His fear on that 
 head, and his dislike of the rude ways and scanty fare of his entertainers, 
 induced him to follow the advice of three needy and desperate adherents, 
 Astley, Heme, and Skelton ; and he landed in Cornwall, where he endea. 
 youred to profit by the still prevalent disposition to discontent and riot 
 in that neighbourhood of hardy, turbulent, and ignortint men. On his 
 andmg at Bodmin, Warbeck was joined by upwards of three thousand 
 men; and so much was he encouraged by even this equivocal appearance 
 ofpopu anty, that he now, for the first time, assumed the title of kinir of 
 
 •c " "J ""• "oiiiv !/i jiiviiaif IT. tic ticrxi marciica nis courageou.'i 
 
436 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 but wholly undisciplined men to Exeter, where the inhabitants wisely, «« 
 well as loyally, shut their gates asainsthim, dispatched messengers to ihc 
 king, and made all preparations for sustaining such a siege rs Warbtcit, 
 destitute of artillery and even of ammunition, might be expected to carry 
 
 on against them. . , .... , , , 
 
 Henry rejoiced to hoar that the pretender who had so long eluded and 
 amazed him, had, at length, resolved to take the field. The lords Daube. 
 ny and Broke, with the earl of Devonshire, the duke of Buckmghara, and 
 many other considerable nobles, hastily raised troops and marched against 
 the rebels ; the king, at the same time, actively preparing to follow with 
 a numerous army. , . , 
 
 Warbeck had shown himself unfit for rule, by the mere elation of spirit 
 Into which he was betrayed by the adhesion of three thousand ill-armed 
 and undisciplined men ; he now showed himself still further unfit by utter 
 want of that desperate courage which, if it often betrays its possessor into 
 ■ituations of peril, no less frequently enables him, as if by miracle, to ex- 
 tricate himself with advantage even where his ruin appears inevitable. 
 The »6al of the king's friends was so far from destroying the hopes of 
 Warbeck's supporters, that in a very few days their number increased 
 from three to about seven thousand. But the encouragement afforded by 
 this enthusiasm of his friends could not counterbalance in the mind of this 
 unworthy pretender to empire, the terror excited by the number and rapid 
 approach of his foes. He hastily raised the siege of Exeter and retired lo 
 Taunton ; and thence, while numbers were joining him from the surround- 
 ing n«'iirhbo"»'hood, he made a stealthy and solitary flight to the sanctuary 
 of Bsaiilieu, in Hampshire. Deserted by their leader the Cornish men 
 submitted to the king, who used his triumph nobly. A few leading and 
 particularly obnoxious offenders were executed, but the majoiity were 
 dismissed uninjured. In the case of Warbeck's wife, Catherine Gordon, 
 Henry behaved admirably. That lady being among his prisoners, he not 
 only received and pardoned her, as being far more worthy of pity than oi 
 blame, but even gave her a highly reputable post at court. 
 
 A. D. 1498. — The long annoyance caused by Warbeck induced Henry's 
 advisers to urge him to seize that impostor even in defiance of the church. 
 But Henry, who ever loved the tortuous and the subtle better than the 
 openly violent, caused his emissaries to persuade Warbeck voluntarily to 
 leave his shelter ^nd throw himself upon the king's mercy. This he ac- 
 coixlingly did, and after having been led in a mockery of regal state to 
 London, he was compelled to make a formal and detailed confession ol 
 the whole of his strange and hypocritical life, and was then committed to 
 
 close custody. , , ., , , . . 
 
 A. D. 1499. — He might now have lived securely, if irksomely ; but be 
 had so long been accustomed to intrigue and the activity of imposture, 
 that he speedily tv ok an opportunity to elude the vigilance of his keepers 
 and escape to a sanctuary. Here the prior of the monastery mediated for 
 him, and the king consented once more to spare his life; but set him m 
 the stocks, at Westminster and at Cheapside ; compelled him in that dis 
 graceful situation, to read aloud his confession, and then committed hiin 
 to close custody in the Tower of London. Even now, this restless person 
 could not submit to his fate. He contrived to seduce some of the ser- 
 vants of the governor, and to associate with himself in the project of es- 
 cape the unfortunate young earl of Warwick, whose long imprisonment 
 had BO weakened his mind, that no artifice was too gross to impose upon 
 him. It would almost seem that this hopeless scheme must, indirectlv, 
 have been suggested to the adventurers by the king hin.self, that he might 
 have a sufficiently plausible reason for putting Warbeck to death, Nor is 
 It any answer to this opinion to say, that two of the conniving servants ol 
 the governor were put to uealh for their share in the projec-i =, lOr «enn 
 
HISl'ORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 437 
 
 was not of a character to allow his scheme to fail for want of even such » 
 iiacrifice as that. Both Warbeck and Warwlcii were executed rthe latter 
 on the ground of his intention, which he did not deny, to disturb the king's 
 government. 
 
 The fate of the unfortunate Warwick excited universal indignation 
 against Henry, who certainly sinned no less against policy than against 
 humanity in this gratuitous violence upon so inoffensive a character. 
 
 A. r. 1501. — Henry had always been anxious tor a friendly and close 
 connection with Ferdinand of Arraeon, whose profound and successful 
 polity, in many respects, resembled his own. He now, accordingly, et- 
 erted himself, and with success, to unite Ferdinand's daughter, the prin- 
 cess Catherine, to his own eldest son, Arthur, prince of Wales, the for- 
 mer being eighteen, the latter sixteen years of age. 
 
 A. D. 1502. — Scarcely, however, had the king and people ceased their 
 rejoicings at this marriage, when it was fatally dissolved by the death of 
 (he young prince. The sordid monarch was much affected by the loss of 
 his son, for it seemed to place him under the necessity of returning the 
 large sum of two hundred thousand ducats which had been received as the 
 dowry of the princess. Henry exerted himself to bring about a marriage 
 between the princess and his second son, Henry, who was only twelve 
 years of age, and whom he now created prince of Wales. The young 
 prince was as averse to this match as so young a prince could be ; but his 
 father was resolute in the cause of his beloved ducats, and that marriage 
 was celebrated which was afterwards the cause of so much crime and 
 auifering ; the prime cause, probably, why Henry VHI. is not by far the 
 most admired of all the monarchs of England. 
 
 The latter years of the king were chiefly spent in the indulgence of that 
 detestable vice, avarice, which seems not only to increase by enjoyment, 
 but also to grow more and more craving in exaqt proportion to the ai>- 
 preach of that hour in which the wealth of the world is vain. His excel- 
 lent but far from well treated queen having died in child-bed ia 1503, Hen- 
 ry, from that time, seems to have been haunted with a notion that tto trea- 
 sure could be too immense to guard him against the rivalship of hi«i son, 
 (he prince of Wales. Conscious that the late queen^s title w^s better 
 than his own, Henry probably thought that if the prince were to aim at the 
 ^rown in right of his mother he would not be without support, and that, in 
 such case, the successful side would be that which had the best supply 
 of money. Upon no other principle can we account for the shiimeless 
 and eager rapacity with which, by means of benevolences extorted from 
 parliament, and oppressive fines wrung from individuals through the arts 
 of the inramous Dudley and Empson, the now enormously wealthy nion> 
 arch continued to add to his stores, which, in ready money alone, are said 
 to have approached the large sum of two millions. Even when he was 
 rapidly sinking under a consumption, he still upheld and employed his 
 merciless satellites in their vile attacks upon the property of innocent 
 men. The heaping up of gold, however, could not stay the ravages of his 
 fearful disease, and he expired at his palace at Richmond at the compar- 
 atively early age of fifty-two years, and after a prosperous reign of twea> 
 ty-three years and eight months, on the twenty-second of April, 1509. 
 
 Cold, cautious, resolute and stern, Henry was an arbitrary and unjust 
 monarch ; yet for the niiuss of the people his reign was a good one. To 
 the wealthy his avarice was a scourge; to the haughty and to the high- 
 born his firm and vigilant rule must have been terrible. But he allowed 
 no one to plunder but for him ; no one to tyrannize but in obedience to his 
 orders. The barbarous tyranny of the feudal nobles was forever striekea 
 down ; the middle classes were raised to an importance and influence pre- 
 viously unheard of in England ; and, apart from his arbitrary and really 
 iiS(M/Utic, because ueeiiieaK, exloriiuuH ut money, i\m gnuttral siraia uf hiji 
 
 
 mf 
 
438 
 
 HISTORY t)P THE WORLD. 
 
 lawn tended not only to the making of a despotic monarch, but also uf a 
 well regulated nobility and an enterprising, prosperous people, whose en- 
 terprise and whose prosperity, having no check except the despotic power 
 of the monarch, could not fail sooner or later to curb that one despoiism 
 which had so far been useful that it had freed them from the many-hedded 
 despotism of the nobUUy. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 THE REIOIf or HKNRY VIII. 
 
 a., o. 1509. — It is a sad but a certain truth that the mass of mankind 
 have but a loose and deceptive morality ; they look rather to the manrei 
 than to the extent of crime when formme their judgments. The splendiJ 
 tyrannies of an Edward were rather admired than deplored ; even the 
 gifted ferocity of the usurping third Richard was thought to be in some 
 sort redeemed by the vtiy excess of subtlety in the plan, and of mere an- 
 imal daring in the execution, by that nation whi'-h now scarcely endeav 
 oured to conceal its joy at the dece-ise of the cold, avaricious Henry 
 Yet, bad as much of Henry's conduct was, and very contemptible is well 
 as hateful as excessive avarice unquestionably is, Richarti, nay even Ed- 
 ward, would not for an instant bear comparison with Henry if the public 
 judgment were not warned. It was not so much the vices of Henry VII. 
 that the people hated him for, as his cold and wearisome firmness of 
 rule ; could he sometimes have been with impunity sinned against, he 
 might have sinned ten times as much as he did, without being nearly so 
 much hated as he was. 
 
 The cautious policy of Henry VII., the severity of his punishments, and 
 his incurable cupidity, gave no small advantage to the commencement of 
 Uie reign of his successor, who ascended the throne with probably as 
 many prepossessions in tho hearts and minds of his people as any monarch 
 in our history. 
 
 Young, haodsoinc, gay, skilled in aii nanly exercises, and far better ed- 
 ucated, scholastically s'peaking, than was usual even among princes at 
 that time, Henry VIII. had the still fartli'r and inestimable advantages oi 
 having never been in any degree associaii i in men's minds with the cru- 
 elties or the extortions of his father, whos • jealousy had always kept the 
 young prince unconnected with the management of public affairs. Wiih 
 all these advantages, and uniting in his own person the claims of both 
 York and Lancaster, Henry Vlfl. may most truly he said to have com- 
 menced his reign with the universal love and admiration of his people. 
 His grandmother, the dowager countess of Richmond and Derby, was 
 ■till alive, and Henry had the good sense and fortune to be guicled by 
 her shrewdness and experience in the important matter of forming his 
 first ninistry. The ability of the ministers of the late kin/ was b('yond 
 all cavil, and it was Honry's obvious policy to retain as muih of the talent 
 Vfhich had aided his father, with as Utile ii's possible of either the wicked- 
 ness or the unpopularity. The numberless and severe sutferings which 
 had been inflicted upon men of wealth iiuring the last reign, caused a pro- 
 portionately loud and general cry to be now raised against the informers, 
 particularly against the noted Dudley and Kmnson, who had so successfHlly 
 and unscrupulously served the late king, nnn though tho justice of llrnrv 
 VIH. did not induce him to part with any portion oi" the treasure which 
 his father hadsoiniijuitouHly obtained, so lu'illier did it prompt him to de- 
 fend his fnther^s tools. Both Dudley and Empson ^vere seiiod ami conh 
 miiind iO the TOwrr, Hiiiid ihti joy niiiinxttcriilitiiia OF ihfi people ; aii.iiJiijp!, 
 u we thall in a few worda bo abla to ■ho;v,lhe very crluiinulity o' 
 
HISTORY OK THE WORLD. 
 
 4S9 
 
 noich these men were accused, was not more flagrant or hateful than 
 Ihat which was now committed against them. When they wore summon- 
 ed before the council, and called upon to show why they should not 
 be punished for their conduct during the late reign, Empson, who was a 
 fluent speaker and a really able lawyer, made a defence of his own and 
 his colleague's conduct, which, had the king been just and the people rea- 
 sonable, would have led to such alterations in the laws as would forever 
 after have rendered it impossible for unprincipled informers to ruin the 
 wealthy subject, while pandering to the greediness of a grasping and up- 
 just king. He very truly argued that he and his colleague had cted in 
 obedience to the king,. and in accordance with laws which, owever 
 ancient, were unrepealed and therefore as authoritative a» evei , that it 
 was not at all to be marvelled at if those who were punislied by law 
 should rail at those who put the law in force ; that all well-regulated states 
 always made the impartial and strict enforcement of the laws their chief 
 boast, and that that state would, inevitably, fall into utter ruin, where a 
 contrary practice should be allowed to obtain. 
 
 This defence, which clearly threw the blame upon the state of the laws 
 and upon the evil inclinations of the late king, did not prevent Dudley and 
 Empson from being sent to the Tower. They were soon afterwards con- 
 victed by a jury, and this conviction was followed up by an act of attainder, 
 which was passed by parliament, and Empson and Dudley were executed 
 amid the savage rejoicings of the people, whose demt lOur on this occa- 
 sion showed tliem to be truly unworthy the liberty they so highly valued. 
 We do not palliate the moral feelings of Empson and Dudley, but, legally 
 speaking, they were murdered ; they were put to death for doing that 
 which the law directly authorised, and indirectly commanded them to do. 
 
 In compliance with the advice of his council, and of the countess of 
 Richmond and Derby, Henry completed his marriage wi«h the princess 
 Catherine, the widow of his brother Arthur; though it seems certain, not 
 only that Henry had himself no preference for that princess who was 
 plain in person and his senior by six years, but no less certaui that his 
 father on his death-bed conjured him to take the earliest possible . loor- 
 tunily to break the engagem«nt. 
 
 Though Henry VlII, had received a good education, and might deserve 
 the praise of learning and ability, even without referc iice to his high rank, 
 he was far loo impetuous, and too much the creature of impulse, to de- 
 serve the title of a great politician. At his coming to the throne, the state 
 of Kurope was such that laissez alter would have lieen the best maxim for 
 all the sovereigns; and England, blest with domestic peace, and little con- 
 cerned ilk tile affairs of the continent, ought especially to have kept aloof 
 from interference, Italy was the theatre of strife between the powers of 
 Spainaiid France; Henry's best policy clearly would have been to let these 
 great powers waste tlioir time and strength against each other ; yet, at the 
 »ery commencement of his reign, he allowed Fopo Julius II. to seduce 
 him into the grossly impolitic step of allying himself with that pontiflT, 
 the emperor Maximilian, and Henry's father-in law, Ferdinand, to crush 
 «ikI trample upon (he oommouwealth of Venice. 
 
 A. D. I61l>.— Having succeeded in engaging Henry in this leiigue, to 
 which neither his own honour nor the interests of liis people obliged the 
 
 Jomig monarch, Julius was eiuMuiraged to engage him iii the more am- 
 ilioun project of freeing Italy from foreigners. The pontiff accordingly 
 sent a flattering message to Henry, v ith a perfuntoH and an(»inted rose, 
 snd hu held out |o Henry's ambassHdur nt Home, Hainbridge, archbishop 
 of Yoik, a cardinal's hat as the reward of his exertions in his Interest, 
 This done, he |)ersunded Ferdinand and the Swiss Clintons to join him, 
 
 mnA .lj...l.....,l .».:..>< il.^ .l>.l>o nt Pj>.».>.> ttis ullu ttnA rrlniiil nt tUm 
 
 French 
 
 -r m 
 
440 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 A. D 151 i.— The emperoY Maximilian still held to his alliance with 
 Loui^, and they, with some malcontent cardinals, now endeavoured to 
 check the ambition of Julius, by calling a general council for the purpose 
 of reforming the church. With the exception of some French bishops, tba 
 cardinals had scarcely any supporters, and they were so ill received at 
 Pisa, where they first met, that they were obliged to adjourn to Milan. 
 Even here, though under the dominion and protection of Prance, they 
 were so much insulted, that they again adjourned to Lyons ; and it was 
 evident that they had but little chance of success against the pope, who 
 besides being extremely popular, did not fail to exercise his power of ex- 
 communicating the clerical attendants of the council, and absolving froro 
 their allegiance the subjects of the inonarchs who protected them. 
 
 A. D. 1512. — Henry, who at this period of his life was far too impet- 
 uous to be otherwise than sincere, was really anxious to protect the sov- 
 ereign pontiff from insi'U and oppression, and he was strengthened in 
 this inclination by the interested counsel of his father-in-law, and by his 
 own hope of being honoured with the title of Most Chriatian King, which 
 heretofore had belonged to the king of France. He conseauently allied 
 himself with Spain, Venice, and the pope, against the king of France, and 
 not merely sent an embassy to dehort Louis from warrinu agtiinst the 
 pope, but also demanded the restoration to England of Anj4.iu, Maine, 
 viuienne, and Normandy. This demand was considered tantamount to a 
 declaration of war, and was supported by parliament, which granted 
 Henry a very liberal supply. 
 
 Ferdinand, who had his own ends to serve, affected to be extremely 
 anxious to serve Henry, and sent a fleet to convey the English troops, to 
 the number of ten thousand, to Fontarubia. The marquis of Dorset, ac- 
 companied by the lords Bmke and Howard, and many other young noble- 
 men ambitious of warlike fame, commanded this force, which was ex- 
 tremely well appointed, though it chiefly consisted of infantry. But 
 Dorset very soon found that Henry's interests were not consulted by Fer- 
 dinand and his gerierals ; and, after much idle disputation, the Bnaiish 
 troops broke out into mutiny, and the expedition returned wilnoul 
 achicvmg anything. Henry was much annoyed by this egregious fail- 
 ure, and Dorset had great didiculty in convincing him of the excliisivo 
 ly selfish nature of Ferdinand's designs. 
 
 By sea the Knglish were not nnicli more prosperous than by land. A 
 fleet of forty-five sail was encountered off Brest by thirU'-ni'ne sail of 
 the French ; the French admiral's ship caught Are, and rrimau|(«;t, the 
 commander, resolutely grappled with the English admiral; and both ves- 
 sels blew up together, the enraged crews combating to the last. The 
 French, notwithstanding the loss of their admiral, made good their escape 
 with all the rest of their ships. 
 
 But though Henry acquired no glory or advantage by these opcrutions 
 against Franco, he did Louis serious mischief by coinpelling him to retain 
 in France troops whose presence was absolutely necessary to his interests 
 in Italy. But for this circumstance Louis would probably have prospered 
 there. His young and heroic nephew, Gaston de Foix, even with Iha 
 slender forces that could be spared to him, during a few months of a 
 career whirh a groat modern poet most truly calls "brief, bravo, and 
 glorious," obtained signal advantages : but he fell in the very moment of 
 victory over the army of the pope and Ferdinand, at Ravenna. His geniiii 
 bad, in » great degree, compensaicd for the numerical inferiority of lb'. 
 French ; but directly after his death Uonoa and Milan revolted, and Lciik 
 was spoedily deprived of every foot of his newly-acquired Italian cob- 
 f|ueata, except some isoluted and comparatively unimportant fortresses. 
 
 A. D. 161.1,— Pope Julius 11. hud scaicely time to exult over his sue* 
 vttsses agaiusi tlte arms ul Louib wlien that ponlitif d<od, and wr sur« 
 
 •9 to protect li 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 441 
 
 ceeded bj; Tohn de Medicis, who, under the title of Leo X., is famed in 
 history no less fur his patronage of the arts and sciences, than for his 
 profound political talents. Leu X. had no sooner ascended ti.e papal 
 throne than he dexterously withdrew the emperor Maximilian from the 
 French interests ; and, by cheap but flattering compliments to Henty and 
 his leading courtiers, greatly increased the popularity of the papal cause 
 in England, where the parliament imposed a poll-tax 'to assist the king in 
 his designs against France. While Henry was eagerly making hi . pre- 
 parations, he did not neglect his dangerous enemy, James of Scotland. 
 That prince was much attached to the French cause, and sent a squadron 
 of vessels to aid it; and, though to Henry's envoy he now professed the 
 most peaceable inolinations, the earl of Surrey \vn(* ordered to watch the 
 borders with a strong force, lest England should be assailed in that direc- 
 tion during the king's absence in France. 
 
 While Henry was busied in preparing a large land force for the invasion 
 of France, liis fleet, under Sir Edward Howard, cruised in the channel, 
 and at length drew up in order of battle otf Brest and challenged the 
 French force which lay there ; but the French cummunder being m daily 
 expectation of a reinforcement of galleys under the command of Prejeant 
 de Bidoux, would not allow any taunts to draw him from his security. 
 The galleys at length arrived at Conquet, near Brest, and Bidoux placed 
 himself beneath a battery. There he was attacked by Sir fcJdward, who, 
 with a Spanish cavalier and seventeen English, boldly boarded Bidoux's 
 own vessel, but was killed and thrust into the sea. The \obh of their ad- 
 miral so discouraged the English that they raised their blockade of Brest 
 harbour, and the French f ^et soon after made a descent upon the coast 
 of Sussex, but was beaten ofl'. 
 
 Eight thousand men under the command of the earl of Shrewsbury, 
 and six thousand under that of Lord Herbert of Cherbury, having em- 
 barked for France, the king now prepared to follow with the main army. 
 He had already made the queen regent during his abseiu^e ; and that she 
 might be in the less danger of being disturbed by any revolt, he now 
 caused Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, who had been attainted during 
 the last reign, to be beheaded in the Tower of London. 
 
 On arriving at Calais Henry found that the aid afforded him fell very 
 far short of what he had been promised. Maximilian, who was to have 
 brought a reinforcement of eight thousand men in return for a hundred 
 and twenty thousand crowns which Henry had advaiued him, was unable 
 to fulfil his engag'ement. He however made the best amends in his power 
 by Joining witn such scanty force as he cruld command; and ho enlisted 
 b'.iisL'lf under Henry as his officer, with a salary of one hundred crowns 
 per day. 
 
 The carl of Shrewsbury and the lord Herbert immrdintely on ihoir 
 ftrrival in France had laid siege to Teronane, a town on tlio borders of 
 Picardy, which was gallantly defended by two thousand men under the 
 command of Crequl and Teligni. The strength of tho place and the gal- 
 lantry of the garrison bade dcflance to the besiegers ; but a dreadHd want 
 of both provisiiMis and ammunition was soon felt in the place. Fontrutlles 
 WM detached by Louis from tho army at Amiens to carry some relief to 
 this place. Ho took eight hmidred horsemen, eaoh of whom curried 
 behind him a sack of gunpowder and two quarters of baron, and, thonah 
 •hm encumbered, this gallant cavalry cut their way though the Englishi 
 deposited their burdens in the fosse of the Uv/», and returned to their 
 quarters with scarcely any loss 
 
 Tho same gallant Fontrailles was shortly nrterwards again alKiot to 
 throw mine relief into Teronane ; and as it was Judged that the Knglish 
 W( u!d nuw bn nii ihn nicrts % struii!! body of Freiuih cavuifv w&s or(»!^sd 
 •V lo protect htm Henry sent out a body oi cavalry to" hold hem in 
 
442 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 check, and, strange to relate, though the French were picked troops, coii. 
 sisting chiefly of gentlemen who had fought gallantly and often, they 
 were seized with a sudden panic at the approach of the English, and fled 
 in spite of the attempts to rally them which were made by such men as 
 the chevalier Bayard, the duke of Longueville, and other distinguished 
 officers who were among the number taken prisonern. This battle, from 
 the panic flight of the French, is known as the Battle of Spurs. Had 
 Henry immediately after this pushed his advantages, he might easily have 
 marched to Paris, where both friends and foes fully expected to see him; 
 but he allowed Maximilian to persuade him into the besieging of Tournay, 
 which, after much delay, was taken^ Henry then returned to England, 
 having gained some reputation as a chivalrous soldier, but certainly with 
 no increase of his reputation as a politician or a general. 
 
 During Henry's absence the Scots acted precisely as had been antici- 
 pated. James, with an army of fifty thousand men, had crossed the border 
 and taken several castles, ravaging and plundering the country in every 
 direction around them. Having taken the lady Forde prisoner in hei 
 castle, James was so much charmed with her society that he lost much 
 precious time, and his disorderly troops took advantage of his negligence 
 and retreated to their homes in great numbers with the plunder they had 
 obtained from the Southrons. The earl of Surrey, after much difficulty, 
 came up with the Scots, who by these desertions were reduced to some- 
 what nearer his own force of twenty-six thousand siien. James in person 
 commanded the centre division of the Scots, the earl of Huntley and Lord 
 Hume the right, the earls of Lennox and Argyle the left, while the earl 
 of Bolhwell had charge of the reserve. The English centre was com- 
 manded by Lord Howard in the first line, and by the gr.'aant earl of Surrey 
 himst..' in the second ; the wings by Sir Edmund Howard, Sir Marmaduke 
 Constable, Lord Dacre, and Sir Edwurd Stanley. The right wing of the 
 Scots commenced the action, and fairly drove the English left wing off the 
 field} but the Scottish left, in the meantime, broke from all discipline, 
 and attacked so impetuously, but in such disorder, that Sir Edward Howard 
 and the lord Dacre, who profited by their confusion and received them 
 coolly, cut them to pieces ere they could be rescued by James's own divi- 
 ■ion and the reserve under Bothwell. Though the Scots sustained lhi» 
 irrept loss, the presence of the sovereign so much animated their courage, 
 that they kept up the engagement until night put an end to it. Even then 
 it wa« uncertain which side had, in reality, sustained the greater loss. 
 But, on the following day, it was discovered that the English, as well as 
 the Scots, had lost about five thousand men ; the former had suffered 
 almost exclusively in the ranks, while the latter had lost many of theit 
 bravest nobles. The king of Scotland was himself among the missing 
 from tills fatal •' Flodden Field." A body, indeed, was found among the 
 ■lain, which from the royal attire was supposed to be the king's, and it 
 was even royaily inlerredf, Henry cenerously pretending that James, while 
 dying, expressed his contrition for that misconduct towards the pope 
 which had placed him under the terrible sentence of excommunicaiioR. 
 But though Henry was evidently convinced that he was thus doing honour 
 to the body of his brother-in-law, the Scots were rqnally convinced that 
 he was not, and that James did not fall in the battle. By some il was as- 
 iiei'ved that the monarch, escaping from the field, was put to death by order 
 of I^rd Hume; while others no less believed thai he escaped to the Holy 
 Land whence they Icng mbsequently continued to exoeoi him to return. 
 The event of the bnr.^ of Flodden having released Ilenry from all feat 
 of his northern border, at least for that time, he made no difficulty about 
 
 t ranting peace to his sister Margaret, who was now made regent of Scot- 
 md during the mmorily of her son. ._...,..__ .l,. 
 
 A D. iftii.— H»nry rowuniod iiie uhivf inatfuiiieiita in uDtaining iiiiniBs 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 443 
 
 ■ulcndid victory, by conrerring on the earl or Surrey the title of duke at 
 Nor/olk, which had been furreited by that nobleman's father, who sided 
 with Richard III. at Bosworth Field ; upon Lord Howard the title of the 
 earl of Surrey ; on Lord Herbert that or earl of Worcester ; upon Sir Ed- 
 ward Stanley that of lord Monteagle ; and upon Charles Brandon, earl of 
 Lille, that of duke of Suffolk. 
 
 At the «ame time the bishopric of Lincoln was bestowed upon the king's 
 :hief favourite and prime minister, Thomas Wolsey, whose part in this 
 reign was so important as to demand that we should presently speak of 
 him at some length. 
 
 The war with Scotland being fortunately terminated, Henry again turned 
 his whole attention to France. There, however, he found little cause of 
 gratulation. His father-in-law, Ferdinand of Arragon, having obta'ned 
 possession of the petty frontier kingdom of Navarre, had eagerly made 
 peace with France, and induced the emperor Maximilian to do the same ; 
 and the pope, in whose cause Henry had sacrificed so much, had also ac- 
 cepted of tlie submission of Louis. 
 
 The truth was now more than ever apparent, that, however great Henry's 
 other qualities, he was by no means skilled in the wiles of politics: -ind 
 his present experience of*^ that truth was the more embittered, because he 
 found that Maximilian had been induced to abandon him by an offer of the 
 daughter of France to the son of that prince ; though tha'. son Charles 
 had already been aflianced to Henry's own younger sister, the princess 
 Mary, who was now fast approaching the age for the completion of the 
 .contract. 
 
 Thus doubly duped and injured, Henry would, most likely, have re-m 
 vaded France, no matter at what sacrifice, but that the duke of Longue 
 villa, who had remained a prisoner ever since the memorable " battle of 
 spurs," suggested a match between the deserted princess Mary and Louis 
 of France himself. It ij true that monarch was upwards of fifty years of 
 age, and the princess not quite sixteen ; but so many advantages were 
 offered to Henry, that the marriage was concluded at Abbeville, whither 
 liOuis proceeded to meet his young bride. Their happjiess and the re- 
 joicings of the French people were of but short uUianon, the king sur- 
 viving the marriage only about three months. 
 
 The young queen dowager of France had, before her marriage, shown 
 some partiality for the duke of Suffolk, the most accomplished cavalier of 
 the Rgo, and an especial favourite of Henry ; and ho now easily persuaded 
 her to shorten the period of her widowhood. Honry was, or feigned to 
 \ auffry at their precipitate union ; but his anger, if real, was only of 
 «hoit duration, and the acicompiished duke and his lovely bride were soon 
 invited to return to the English court. 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 THE REioN or HENiiT VIII. {continued). 
 
 Ab Henry Vlll. was, in many respects, the most extraordinary ul our 
 monurchs, his favourite and minister, the cardinal Wolsey, was at the verj 
 head (if the extraordinary men, even in th.it age of strange men and 
 •trani>;« deeds. Ho was the sun of a butcher in the town of Ipswich, and 
 displisying, while young, gnsal quickness and intelligence, he had a lonriied 
 education, with a view to his entering the church. Having, at the con- 
 cision of Ins own education, been employed in teaching the children of 
 the marqui>4 of Dorset, he gave so much satisfaction that that nobleman ro- 
 ooinnirndcd him to Henry V!l!,^ as his chanlain. As thn nrivHle •tutX 
 pablii; Ht-rvant of that inuaaruh Wolsuj gave equal satisfaction'; and when 
 
 i^\ 
 
 
y 
 
 444 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Henry VIII., a gay, young, and extravagant monarch, showed a veryevi 
 jent preference of the earl of Surrey to the Bomewhat severe and eco 
 nomic Fox, bishop of Winchester, this prelate introducedVVolsey tothe 
 king, hoping that, while his accomplishments and pliability would enable 
 him to eclipse the earl of Surrey, he would, from his own love of pleasure 
 if not from the motives of gratitude, be subordinate in all matters ol 
 politics to the prelate to whom he owed his introduction. The difference 
 between the actual conduct of Wolsey, and the expectations of the pre> 
 late, furnishes a striking illustration of the aptitude of otherwise able men 
 to fall into error when they substitute their own wishes for the principlei 
 inherent to human nature. Wolsey fully warranted Fox's expectation* 
 in making himself even more agreeable to the gay humour of the king 
 than the earl of Surrey. But Wolsey took advantage of his position tc 
 persuade the king that both the earl and the prelate, tried counsellors i^' 
 the late king, felt themselves appointed by him rather than by their present 
 royal master, to whom they considered themselves less servants than 
 authoritative guardians and tutors. He so well, at the same time, showed 
 his own capacity equally for pleasure and for business, and his own readi- 
 ness to relieve the king from the weight of all irksome details, and yet to 
 be his very and docile -creature, that Henry soon found it impossible to do 
 without him, in either his gaieties or in his more serious pursuits ; and 
 Wolsey tiiually supplanted alike the courtier and the graver man of busi 
 ness, who, in endeavouring to make him his tool, enabled him to become 
 his superior. Confident in his own talents, and in the favour of Henry, 
 this son of a'* ry humble tradesman carried himself with an all but regal 
 pomp and haL>;^iitine8s; and le<'t men in some difficulty to pronounce 
 whether he were more grasping in obtaining wealth, or more magnificent 
 in expending it. Supercilious to those who affected equality with him, 
 lie was liberal to the utmost towards those beneath him; and, with a sin- 
 gular inconsistency, though he could be ungrateful, as we have seen in 
 the case of the unsuspecting bishop of Winchester, no man was more 
 
 Erone to an exceeding generosity towards those who were not his patrons 
 ut his tools. 
 
 A. D. 1515. — A favourite and minister of this temper could not fail to 
 make many enemies ; but Wolsey relaxed neither in haughtiness nor in 
 ambition. Well knowing the temper of Henry, the politic minister ever 
 affected to be the mere tool of his master, though the exact contrary 
 really was the case ; and by thus making all hin acts seem to emanate 
 from Henry's will, he piqued his vanity and wilfulness into supporting 
 them and him against all shadow of opposition or complaint. Made 
 bishop of Lincoln, and then archbishop of York, Wolsey held in cdnh 
 mendam the bishopric oT Winchester, the abbey of St. Alban's, and had 
 the revenues at very easy leases of the bishoprics of Bath, Worcester, 
 and Hereford. His influence tfnr the king made the pope anxious to ac- 
 tjuirg a hold upon him ; Wolsoy^ >ccordingly, was made a cardinal, and 
 thenceforth his whole energies itH) ambition were devoted to the endeavour 
 .flt-win the pupal throne itself. Contrary to iht' iistom of priests.the precious 
 metals ornamented not only his own attire, but even the saddles and furni 
 ture of his horses ; his cardinal's hat was carried before him by a man of rank 
 and laid upon the altafwhen he entered chapel ; one priest, of noble stat- 
 ure and handsome countenance, carried before him a massive silver crosi^ 
 and another the cross of York. Warham, archbishop of (-anterbury, 
 ■ilso held the office of chancellor, huO waii luit ill fitted to contend with so 
 resolute a person as Wolsey, who speedily worried him ii!" a resignation 
 of the chancellorship, which dignity he himself grasped. ^ ! J emoluments 
 were vast, so was his expenditure magnificent ( anH, ti he grasped at 
 iniiny offiees, it i » ''Ut fair to add that he fulflllwU hi'^ v.irious duties with 
 rure energy, juugaMrni, and justice. Woisoy irif" ■ "'■>* bo said U> tw 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 445 
 
 Henry s only minister; Pox, bishop of Winchester, the duke of Norfolk 
 and the duke of Suffolk being, like the archbishop of Canterbury, unable 
 to make head against bis arbitrary temper, and driven from the court by 
 a desire to avoid a useless and irritating conflict. Fox, bishop of Win- 
 Chester, who seems to have been greatly attached to Henry, warned him 
 against Wolsey's ambition, and besought him to beware lest the servant 
 should become the master. But Henry had no fear of the kind ; he was 
 far too despotic and passionate a person to fear that any minister couM 
 govern him. 
 
 The success which Francis of France met with in Italy tended to ex- 
 cite the jealousy and fears of England, as every new acquisition made by 
 France encroached upon the balance of power, upon which the safety of 
 English interests so greatly depended. Francis, moreover had given of- 
 fence, not only to Henry, but also to Wolsey, who took care not to allow 
 m master's anger to subside for want of a prompter. But though Henry 
 spent a large sum of money in stirring up enmities against France, he 
 did so to little practical effect, arid was easily induced to peace. 
 
 A.D. 1516.— Ferdinand the Catholic, the father-in-law of Henry, died in 
 the midst of a profound peace in Europe, and was succeeded by his grand- 
 son Charles. This event caused Francis to see the necessity of bestirring 
 himself to insure the friendship of England, as a support against the ex- 
 tensive power of Spain. As the best means of doing so, he caused his 
 ambassador to make his peace with Wolsey, and affected to ask that 
 haughty minister's advice on the most confidential and important sub- 
 jects. One of the advantages obtained by Francis from this servile flat- 
 tery of the powerful minister, was the restoration of the important town 
 of Tournay, a frontier fortress of France and the Netheriands ; Francis 
 agreeing to pay six hundred thousand crowns, at twelve equal annual in- 
 Jtalments, to reimburse Heniy for his expenditu-o on the citadel of Tour- 
 nay. At the same time that Francis gave eight men of rank as hostages 
 for the payment of the above large sum to Henry, he agreed to pay twelve 
 thoiisand livres per annum to Wolsey as an equivalent for the bishopric 
 of Tournay, to which he had a claim. Pleased with this success, Francis 
 now became bolder in his flatteries, terming Wolsey governor, tutor, and 
 even /ajAer, and so winning upon the mind of Wolsey by fulsome affecta- 
 tions of humility and admiration, that Polydore Virgil, who was Wolsey's 
 contemporary, speaks of it as being quite certain that Wolsey was willing 
 to have sold him Calais, and was only prevented from doing so by the 
 general sense he found to be entertained of its value to England, and by 
 his forming closer connections with Spain, which somewhat cooled his 
 attachment to France. The pope's legato, Campeggio, being recalled on 
 Ills failure to procure a tithe demanded by the pope from the English cler. 
 gy, on ihe old and worn-out pretext of war with the Infidels, ifenry pro- 
 cured the legatine power to be conferred on Wolsey. With this new dig- 
 nily, Wolsey increased the loftiness of his pretensions, and the magnifl. 
 cence of his habits; like the pope, he had bishops and mitred abbots to 
 •erve him when he said mass, and he farther had nobles of the best fam. 
 ilies to hand him the water and towel. 
 
 '*!" ''f"8hty had he now become that he even complained of Warham, 
 aruhbishop of Canterbury, as boin^ guilty of undue familiarity in signing 
 mmseir Your lovtnff brother ;" winch caused even the meek-spirited War. 
 nam to make the bitter remark, "this man is drunk with too much pros 
 perity. Hut Wolsey did not treat his legutinn appointment ns bftinir « 
 mere matter of dignity and pomp, but forthwith opened what he calletrtiie 
 efatine court; a court as oppressive and us expensive in its auihoriiy as 
 me Inquisition itself. It was to inquire into all manors of morality and 
 conscience, and, as it was siipplemeiitary to the law of the land, its author 
 ~r t'ss, m fcaiiijT, amy iioiiiod by ih« uorisuieiicu of the judge, Th« firai 
 
 :f « ! I" 
 
446 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 iudge appointed to this anomalous and dangerous court was John Allen,* 
 man whose life was but ill spoken of, and who was even said to have been 
 convicted by Wolsey himself of perjury. In the hands of such a man as 
 this, the extensive powers of the legatine court were but too likely to be 
 made mere instruments of extortion ; and it was publicly reported that Al- 
 len was in the habit of convicting or acquitting as he was unbribed or 
 bribed. Wolsey was thought to receive no small portion of the sums thus 
 obtained by Allen from the wickedness or the fears of the suitors of his 
 court. Much clamour was raised against Wolsey, too, by the almost 
 papal extent of power he claimed for himself in all matters concerning 
 wills and benefices, the latter of which he conferred upon his creatures 
 without the slightest regard to the monks' right of election, or the lay gen- 
 try and nobility's right of patronage. This iniquity of Allen al length 
 caused him to be prosecuted and convicted ; and the king, on that coca 
 sion, expressed so rtiuch indignation, that Wolsey was ever after raord 
 cautious and guarded in the use of his authority. 
 
 A. D. 1519. — Immersed in pleasures, Henry contrived to expend all the 
 huge treasures which accrued to him on the death of his father ; and he 
 was now poor, just when a circumstance occurred to render his posses- 
 sion of treasure more than usually important. Maximilian, the em- 
 peror, who had long been declining, "died; and Henry and the kings ol 
 France and Spain were candidates for that chief place among the princes 
 of Christendom. Money was profusely lavished upon the electors by both 
 Charles and Francis ; but Henry's minister, Pace, having scarcely any 
 command of cash, found his efforts everywhere useless, and Charles 
 
 gained the day. , , , ■ . ^ .. 
 
 A. D. 1520.— In reality Henry was formidable to either France or the 
 emperor, and he could at a moment's warning, throw his weight into the 
 one or the other scale. Aware of this fact, Francis was anxious for an 
 opportunity of personally practising upon the generosity and want of cool 
 judgment, which he quite correctly imputed to Henry., He, therefore, 
 proposed that they should meet in a field witliin the English pale, near 
 Calais; the proposal was warmly seconded by Wolsey, who was as eager 
 as a court beauty of the other sex for every occasion of personal splendour 
 and costliness. Each of the monarchs was young, gay, tasteful, and mag- 
 nificent: and so well did their courtiers enter into their feeling of gor- 
 geous rivalry, that some nobles of both nations expended on the ceremony 
 and show of a few brief days, sums which involved their families in strait- 
 ened circumstances for the rest of their lives. 
 
 The emperor Charles no sooner heard of the proposed interv •. w between 
 the kings, than he, being on his way from Spain to the Nelluirlands, paid 
 Henry the compliment of landing at Dover, whither Henry at once pro- 
 ceeded to meet him. Charles not only endeavoured in every possible 
 way to please and flatter Henry, but ho also paid assidious court to Wol- 
 sey, and bound that aspiring personage to Ins interests by promising W 
 aid him in reaching the papacy ; a promise which Charles felt the lessdi • 
 dculty about making, because the reigning pope Leo X. was junior to woi- 
 sev by some years, and very likely to outlive him. Henry was perfectly 
 well aware of the pains Charles took to conciliate Wolsey, but, strange 
 to say, felt rather flattered than hurt, as though the compliment were ulti- 
 mately paid to his own peison and will. 
 
 When the emiwror had taken his departure Henry proceeded to t ranee, 
 where the meeting took place between him and Francis. Wolsey, wtio 
 had the regulation of the ceremonial, so well indulged his own and nis 
 master's love of magnificence, that the place of meeting was by the com- 
 mon corisent of the delighted spectators hailed by the gorgeous I tie ol 
 The field of the cloth of gold. Gold and jewels abounded ; and bo n tne 
 
 ■' . •' . .,--•_ _•:._ - ._ .. - -_^._I1<»I in «ha moot ffO^ 
 
 IDonarcno ana srcm nujsicruira cuurt= ttcic ajji^^j-rj-— - 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 44t 
 
 geous and picturesque sty'e. The duke of Buckingham, who, though very 
 wealthy, was not fond of parting with his money, found the expenses to 
 which he was put on this occasion so intolerable, that he expressed him- 
 self so angrily towards Wolsey as led to his execution some time after, 
 tbongh nominally for a different offence. 
 
 The meetings between the monarchs were for some time regulated with 
 the most jealous and wearisome attention to strict etiquette. At length 
 Francis, attended by only two of his gentlemen and a page, rode into 
 Henry's quarters. Henry was delighted at this proof of his brother-mon- 
 arch's confidence, and threw upon his neck a pearl collar worth five or six 
 thousand pounds, which Francis repaid by the present of an armlet worth 
 twice as much. So profuse and gorgeous were these young kings. 
 
 While Henry remained at Calais he received another visit from the em 
 peror Charles. That artful monarch had now completed the good impres 
 sion he had already made upon both Henry and Cardinal Wolsey, by of- 
 fering to leave all dispute between himself and France to the arbitration 
 of Henry, as well as by assuring Wolsey of the papacy at some future 
 day, and putting him into instant possession of the revenues of the bish- 
 oprics of Badajos and Placencia. The result was, that the emperor made 
 demands of the most extravagant nature, well knowing that France would 
 not comply with them ; and when the negotiations were thus broken off, 
 ft treaty was made between the emperor and He^ry, by which the daughter 
 of the latter, the princess Mary, was betrothed to the former, and England 
 was bound to invade France with an army of forty thousand men. This 
 treaty alone, by the very exorbitancy of its injuriousness to England, 
 would sufficiently show at once the power of Wolsey over his king and 
 the extent to which he was ready to exert that power. 
 
 The duke of Buckingham, who had imprudently given offence to the 
 all-powerful cardinal, was a man of turbulent temper, and very imprudent 
 in expressing himself, by which means he afforded abundant evidence for 
 his own ruin. It was proved that he had provided arms with the intent 
 to disturb the government, and that he had even threatened the life of the 
 king, to whom he thought himself, as being descended in the female line 
 from the youngest son of Edward the Third, to be the rightful successor 
 should the king die without issue. Far less real guilt than this, aided by 
 the enmity of such a man as Wolsey, would have sufficed to nuin Buck- 
 ingham, who was condemned, and, to the great discontent of the people, 
 executed. 
 
 1521.— We have already mentioned that Henry in his youth had 
 
 I, D. 
 
 been jealously secluded from all share in public business. Ffe derived 
 from this circumstance the advantage of far more scholastic learning than 
 cOTimonly fell to the lot of princes, and circumstances now occurred to 
 set his literary attainments and propensities in a strikiuj light. Leo X. 
 having published a general indulgence, circumstances of a merely per- 
 sonal interest caused Arcemboldi, a Genoese, then a bishop but originally 
 a merchant, who farmed the collection of the money in Saxony and the 
 countries on the Baltic, to cause the preaching for the indulgences to be 
 given to the Dominicans, instead of to the Augustines who had usually en- 
 joyed that privilege. Martin Luther, an Augustine friar, feeling himself 
 and his whole order affronted by this change, preached against it, and in- 
 veighed against certain vices of life, of whfch, probably, the Dominicans 
 really were guilty, though not more so than the Augustines. His spirited 
 and coarse censures provoked the censured order to reply, and as they 
 dwelt much upon the papal authority, as an all-sufficient answer to Lu- 
 ther, he was induced to question that authority ; and as he extended hi« 
 reading he found cause for more and more extended complaint ; so thnt 
 he who at first had merely complained of a wrong done to a particular or- 
 ler of churchmen, soeedilv declared himsflirnvAinat much nr tho rinntrinp 
 
 ■Mi'iMl 
 
448 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and discipline of the church itself, as being corrupt and ol merely htuna) 
 invention for evil human purposes. From Germany the naw doctiines (rf 
 Luther quickly spread to the rest of Europe, and found many proselytei 
 m Ensfland. Henry, however, was the last man in his dominions who 
 was likely to assent to Luther's arguments ; as a scholar, and as an ex- 
 tremely desp^io monarch, he was alike shocked by them. He not only 
 exerted himself to c=r!:t",'»Af the T,inheran heresies, as he termed and no 
 doubt thought then., Its-r, p^hig root in England, but also wrote a book 
 in Latin againsi :.\mm. "'Kas book, which would have been by no means 
 discreditable to an older and more professional polemic, Henry senttotlie 
 pope, who, charmed by the ability displayed by so illustrious an advocated 
 the papal cause, conferred upon him the proud title of Defender of the Fcnth, 
 which has ever since been borne by our monarchs. Luther, who was not 
 of a temper to quail before rank, replied to Henry with great force and 
 with but little decency, and Henry was thus made personally as well as 
 Bcholastically an opponent of the re w UocliUiiia. But those doctrines in- 
 volved so many consequences favourable to human liberty and flattering 
 to human pride that neither scholastic nor kingly power could prevent 
 their spread, which was much facilitated by the recent invention of print- 
 ing. The progress of the new opinions was still farther favout-ed by the 
 death of the vigorous and gifted Leo X., and by the succession to the papal 
 thrcjie of Adrian, who was, so far from being inclined to go too far in the 
 support of the establishment, that he candidly admitted the necessity for 
 much reformation. 
 
 A. D. 1522.— The emperor, fearing lest Wolsey's disappoinment of the 
 papal throne should injure the imperial interests in England, again came 
 nither, profeosedly only on a visit of compliment, but really to forward his 
 political interests. He paid assiduous court, not only to Henry, but also 
 to Wolsey, to whom he pointed out that the age and infirmities of Adrian 
 rendered another vacancy likely soon to occur on the papal throne ; and 
 Wolsey saw it to be his interest to dissemble the indignant vexation his 
 disappointment had really caused him. The emperor in consequence sue- 
 ceeded in his wishes of retaining Henry's alliance, and of. causing him to 
 declare war against France, l^rd Surrey entered France with an array 
 which, with remforcements from the Low Countries, numbered eighteen 
 thousand men. But the operations by no means corresponded in impor- 
 tance to the force assembled ; and, after losing a great number of men by 
 sickness, Surrey went into winter quarters in the month of October with- 
 out having made himself master of a single place in France. 
 
 When FYance was at war with England, there was but little probability 
 of Scotland reirmining quiet. Albany, who had arrived from France es- 
 pecially with a view to vexing the northern frontier of England, summoned 
 all the Scottish force thai could bo raised, marched into Annnndale, and 
 prepared to cross into England at Sol way Frith. Hut the storm was 
 averted from England by the discontents of the Scottish nobles, who ooni- 
 plained that the interests of Scotland should be exposed to all the danger 
 of a contest with so superior a power as England, mereW for the advan- 
 age of a foreign power. So stnmgly, indeed, did 'be Gordons and othoi 
 powerful clansmen express their discontents on lis head, that Albany 
 made a truce with the English warden, tht! lord Dacre, and returned to 
 F'rance, taking tiie precaution of sending thither before him the earl of 
 Angus, husband of the queen dowager. 
 
 A. D. 1523.— With only an infant king, and with their recent absent 
 from tlie kingdom, the Scots laboured under the additional disadvantage 
 of being divided into almost as many factions as they numbered potent 
 and noble families. Taking advantage of this melancholy state of things 
 in Scotland, Henry sent to that country a powerful force under the earl o: 
 
 •"••■■ itinn in»/> tha Mnrmtt atld TeVJOldaW, 
 
 IiivrAar wtt 
 
 \yn 
 
 rVkflftiMihni 
 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 449 
 
 buiflod the town of Jedburgh, and ravaged the whole country round. 
 Henry endeavoured to improve his present superiority over the Scots, by 
 bringing about a marriage between his only daughter, the young princes« 
 Mary, and the mfant king of Scotland ; a measure which would at once 
 have put an end to all contrariety of interests as to the two countries, by 
 uniting them, as nature evidently intended them to be, into one state. 
 But the friends of France opposed this measure so warmly, that the queen 
 dowager, who had every possible motive for wishing to comply with it, 
 both as favourmg her brother, and promising an otherwise unattainable 
 prospenty to the future reign of her son, was unable to bring it about. 
 The partizans of England and France were nearly equal in power, if not 
 in number ; and while they still debated the question, it was decided against 
 England by the arrival of Albany. He raised troops and nlade some show 
 of battle, but there was little actual fighting. Disgusted with the factions 
 into which the people were divided, Albany at length retired again to 
 Prance ; and Henry having enough to do in his war with that country, was 
 well content to give up his notion of a Scottish alliance, and to rely upon 
 the Scots benig busy with their own feuds, as his best security against 
 their henceforth attempting any serious diversion in favour of France, 
 Intiuth, Henry, as wealthy as he had been at the commencement of 
 his reign, had been so profuse in his pursuit of pleasure, that he had now 
 no means of prosecuting war with any considerable vigour ev«n against 
 France alone. Though, in many respects, possessed of actual despotic 
 power, Henry had to suffer the usual inconvenience of poverty. \t one 
 time he issued privy seals demanding loans of certain sums from wealthy 
 men; at another he demanded a loan of five shillings in the pound 
 from the clergy, and of two shillings in the pound from the laity. 
 Though nominally loans, these sums were really to be considered as 
 
 Sifts ; impositions at once so large, so arbitrary, and so liable to 
 c repeated at any period, necessarily caused much discontent. Soon 
 after this last expedient for raising money without the consent of parlia- 
 raent, he summoned a convocation and a parliament. From the former, 
 Wolsey, relying upon his high power and influence as cardinal and archr 
 oishop, demanded ten shillings in the pound on the ecclesiastical revenue, 
 to be levied in five years. The clergy murmured, but, as Wolsey had an- 
 icipated, a few sharp words from him silenced all objections, and what he 
 demanded was granted. Having thus far succeeded, Wolsey now, at- 
 tended by several lords, spiritual and temporal, addressed the house of 
 commons ; dilating upon the wants of the king, and upon the disadvan- 
 tageous position in which those wants placed him with respect to both 
 irance and Scotland, he demanded a grant of two hundred thousand 
 pounds per annum for four years. After much hesitation and mumlurinff 
 the commons granted only one half the required sum; and here occ-urred 
 a striking proof of the spirit of independence, which, though it was very 
 long in growing to its present height, had already been produced in the 
 House of commons by its possession of the power of the purse. Wolsey 
 on learning how little the commons had voted towards what he had de- 
 manded, required to bn allowed to "reason" with the house, but was 
 gravely, and with real ignity, informed, that the house of commons conid 
 reagon only among itb mn members. But Henry sent for Edward Mon- 
 »gue, an influential member, and coarsely threatened him that if the com- 
 u "/ mu"*" T°'® ''®"®'^ °" ^^^ following day, Montague should lose his 
 neaa. ihis threat caused the commons to advance somewhat on their 
 lormcr offers, though they still fell far short of the sum originally asked. 
 J\ ?i^ presumed that Henry was partly goaded to his violent and 
 onitai ttireat to Montague by very urgent necessity ; among the items of 
 
 r!n..*1'°""l?'"*"^^'^' y^' * '°^y "'" '^'^^'- shillings in the pound on all whc 
 ~-^r?^^i fifiy p;;tir»a3 per armum, and tnouffh this was to be levied in 
 Vol. I.— 29 
 
 it£J 
 
 ^Fm- 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 four years, Henry levied the whole of it in the very year in which it wa5 
 
 ^S WM«Pv-for to him the people attributed every act of the king- 
 w^S^Ls^WuT rfiSgSd eitV^^^ great treachery on the part oj 
 was tnus Po^^^"^"" '" , if_i_-iuie misfortune, rendered him constantly un- 
 the emperor, or a most mvm^^^^^ ^^^ papal throne. It now 
 
 successful as »» ^^^ e'^^\J°-'Seath of Adrian, but this new awakening of 
 agam became vacant by ^je^^Y' ^ ^^^ bitter disappointment. He 
 iSs hope WHS merely the P^l"dMo « new ana « ^.^.^ JP^^^^ ^^^ 
 was agam Passed over, and one m ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^ 
 
 throne under ^^^ ^"^« J^VhTiurrence of the imperial party, and he, 
 election took placo with the ^^^^^'^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^f ^^^ , ^^ 
 
 KrFiate men we conS^^^^ much more preferable the French 
 that 01 n ranee. J^' "«;" , . interests and happ mess of millions of human 
 alliance was as regarded the 1^^^^^^^^^^^ VV^ of eelf-distrust to reflect, 
 
 bemgs, It IS at on«=e * ^"J^f.^^^^^^^^ cardinal was determined to it, only 
 
 K'saS^'L^yTrlo^i fe^^^^^^^^^^ animate a couple of smai 
 
 by me san ts paury ^^ wives at an assize ball. But he never 
 
 Bquurea in %h""y"g fifd. jr^they ^ .^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 of the great actors in the dra^^^ ^^^ .^ected the 
 
 Disappointed in the great object of h'« ajno^^^ ^^^^.^y^ ^^^ ^^ 
 
 "'TSffifemen for f cSuatfon of that legatine power which had 
 ^vl been eiUrltd^; him"b^\wo popes, and Clement granted it to h«„ 
 
 for We. * If^-^^T^Sery'ria^wSr^^^^^^ was productive of much 
 A. n. 1525.— 1 hough "enry 8 w-r g ^ ^ share in it was so little 
 
 mast, ot necessity, b. given n»M.lherplM^^^ 
 
 subsequent to the battle of Favia, ^n" "« . L ^een by even the cogent 
 by this merely personal argument than he haci jeen °y e b^^^^ 
 
 iical one. , ^^e/S^^ ^^J^^^^^^^ Tn whSi he undertookto 
 
 of Francis, who had been leit °y' ""* f^ ^'^^ ' . ^hile she acknowi- 
 
 arrears of a pension granted to him on the giving up oi louru-y, 
 
 nfit';s;:T;rit"tiartt^^^^^^^^ 
 
 wa'i with thJerJp'eror, Henry iX-i a commission or ^ 
 four shillings in the pound upon the '^^ergy, and mree an^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 lie laity. As this heavy demand ''?»jf. fj«"/ 'J"'™?" • J'the way of U- 
 to have it made known that he desired ^^'l^'^flSc^henevolLe, ami 
 nevolence. But people, by ^^is time, understood thaUo^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 «a« were only different names for the «"e«°hd matter oi^^^ 
 !t,„ mnrmnrins did not cease. In some parts of^tne couiurj|,^^ ^i; .^r ^ 
 indeedTbrokeout into open revolt; but as mcy »»u ». .-. - 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 461 
 
 ontial leader, the king's officers and friends put them down, and Henry 
 pardoned the ringleaders on the politic pretence that poverty, and not 
 wilful disloyalty, had led them astray. 
 
 A. D. 1527.— Though Henry had now so many years lived with his queen 
 in all apparent cordiality and contentment, several circumstances had on- 
 curred to give him doubts as to the legality of their marriage. When the 
 emperor Charles had proposed to espouse Henry's daughter, the young 
 princess Mary, the states of Castile objected to her as being illegitimate ; 
 and the same objection was subsequently made by France, when it wa» 
 proposed to ally her to the prince of that country. 
 
 It is, we think, usual too readily to take it for granted that Henry was, 
 from the first, prompted to seek the dissolution of this marriage, merely 
 by a libertine and sensual disposition. It is quite true that the queen was 
 considerably older than he, and that her beauty was not remarkable ; and 
 it may be quite true that those circumstances were among his motives. 
 But it should not be forgotten that he had studied deeply, and that his fa- 
 vourite author, Thomas Aquinas, spoke in utter reprobation of the marry- 
 ing by a man of his brother's widow, as denounced in the book of Leviti- 
 cus. The energetic reprobation of an author of whom he was accustomed 
 to thmk so reverently was, of course, not weak, iied by the rejection of 
 his daughter by both Spain and France, on the ground of the incestuous 
 marriage of her parents, and Henry at length became so desirous to have 
 some authoritative settlement of his doubts, that he caused the question to 
 be mooted before the prelates of England, who, with the single exception 
 ofFisher, bishop of Rochester, subscribed to the opinion that the lrna^ 
 nage was ab incepto illegal and null. While Henry's conscientious scro- 
 pie was thus strongly confirmed, his desire to get his marriage formally 
 and effectually annulled was greatly increased by his falling in love with 
 Anne Boleyn, a young lady of great beauty and accomplishments. Her 
 parents were connected with some of the best families in the nation, her 
 father had several times been honourably employed abroad by the king 
 and the young lady herself, to her very great misfortune, was, at this time! 
 one of the maids of honour to the queen. That we are correct in believ- 
 ing Henry to be less the mere and willing slave of passion than he has 
 generally been represented, seems to be clear from the single fact, that 
 there is no instance of his showing that contempt for the virtue of 
 the court females so common in the case of monarchs. He no sooner saw 
 Anne Boleyn than he desired her, not as a mistress, but as a wife, and 
 that desire made him more than ever anxious to dissolve his marriage with 
 tatheruie. He now, therefore, applied to the pope for a divorce, upon the 
 pound, not merely of the incestuous nature of the marriage— as that might 
 have seemed to question or to limit the dispensing power of Rome— but 
 on the ground that the bull which had authorised it had been obtained un- 
 der false pretences, which were clearly proven ; a ground which had al- 
 wavs been held by Rome lo be sufficient to authorise the nullifying of a 
 oull. Clement, the pope, was, at this time, a prisoner in the hands of the 
 emperor, and his chief hope of obtaining his release on such terms as 
 would render it desirable or honourable rested on the exertions of Henry 
 *rancis, and the states with which they were in alliance. The pope. 
 ilierefore, was desirous to conciliate Henry's favour ; but he was timid! 
 vacillating, an Italian, and an adept in that dissimulation which is so char- 
 acteristic of men who add constitutional timidity to intellectual power 
 Anxious to conciliate Henry by granting the divorce, he was fearful lest 
 le should enrage the emperor— Queen Catherine's nephew— by doing so; 
 me consequence was, a long series of expedients, delays, promises, and 
 msappomtments, tedious to read of in even the most elaborate histories, ond 
 
 Wni(MI, to relate here. WOnIr) hn nn ininrimiti \tfr,mta nfon....^ ....) *: 
 
 I lie cardinal Campeggio was at length joined with Wolsey in a com- 
 
^>: 
 
 4U HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 tniBBibn to try the affair in England. The two legates opened their court 
 r London ; both the queen and Henry were sumponed to appear, and a 
 
 moat gainful scene tool^place. When their ™«J««''^^*«';«,^f ^fj^ "»! 
 S the court, Catherine left her aeatand threw herself at the feet of the 
 kini, recalled to his memory how she had entered h.s dominions, learing 
 ull friends and support lo depend upon him alone; how for twenty years 
 She had been a faffiuU loving, and obedient wife. She ^e^^J Jon 
 him the fact that the marriage between her and his elder brother had, m 
 S, teen but such a mere formal b^^trothal as in »nnumerable other cases 
 hTd been held no bar to subsequent marriage ; that both their fathers, es 
 ?eemed the wisest princes in Cllristendom, had consented to their marnage, 
 whSh they would not have done unless well advised of its projpnety ; and 
 The concluded by saying, that being well assured that she ha<f no reason 
 to expect justice from I court at the disposal of her enemies, so never 
 
 "Tftrthe'dtarrrro^^'r^^^^^ jir?rs 
 
 from week to week, and from month to month, by the arts of CampeBgio, 
 aSft by the instructions of Clement, who employed the time in making 
 hS arrangem^nis with the emperor for his own benefit, and that of the 
 K Med cTs in general. Having succeeded in doing this, he, to Henry's 
 Jwat as or:iBhment, evoked the cause to Rome on the queen's appeal, just 
 STeverv one expected the legates to pronounce for the divorce. Henry 
 wanrLuy enrS at Wolsfy on account of this result. He had so lonji 
 bien accSomed to see the cardinal successful in whatever he attempte(r, 
 Sat he aSuted his present failure rather to treachery than to want o 
 udiment The great seal was shortly taken from him and g'vei to Sr 
 ffiSmas More, and he was ordered to give up to the king h:3 stately and 
 Jorrousrfurnish^^^^^ called York-House, which was converted into 
 frovalSdence, unJer the name of Whitehall. The wealth seized in 
 SiKi. reSce of the cardinal was immense ; his p ate was of regal 
 SDlendour and inciuded what indeed not every king could boast, one pe - 
 23t cupboard of massive gold. His furniture l^nV^o^th^e 'inTitem 
 merous and costly in pro.iort on, as may be judged from the single i em 
 So°e thousand piece; ol* Sue Holland cloth ! the possessor of ail th« 
 wealth howeJer.'^was a mined man now ; in the privacy of his compa a- 
 Sv mean country house at Esher, in Surrey, he was unvis. ed and un- 
 Sc^ed brthose ccfurtJers who had so eageriy crowded around h.m win le 
 he was vet distinguished by the king's favour. But if the ingrat tudc of 
 UsTriendrie ! him undistuLd in his solitude, the activity of lis fo s d. 
 ot let him rest even there. The king had not as yet deprived hmoi 
 
 him to the power of pariiament. 1 he l(»rd8 puss u lui vy i 
 Soainst him of which it is not too much lo say thut here was not o e 
 Xrl m iht 1 orSive been explained "^^ay, had anything l.k.lpual 
 or proof »«cn called for or considered. Amid the general «' '\ » '"" ' 
 Solm^u'ls of Wols..y by thone «ho ».ad .o atel^ f^^^^^^^^^^ 
 H is deliffhlful to have to record, that when those articles «-'«", 
 to the holne of commons, the i.ppr.-ss.ul an:i « '»"''"'^^,'^"X,;; 
 warmlv and ably defended by Thomas V?"'*" 'l^ir iJySTf^* 
 had raised from a very low origm. All ^f'^^"':;''''''*;,?'* 0^01-1^ 
 parliament pronounced "That he wn. o"^*;^/''^ J^^"8"XK "ommit 
 Ins lands and goods were forfeited ; and that h.s person migiii ne 1 01 
 
 ted to cu-aody." _ ^ _ ^. ,^ ^ j,,,^ j,.^ ^nmnm hnd him 
 
 ordered to Yorkshir., whore he lived in great modesty at Cawoo.1. 
 

 lliiAL O* I^ULKJi LiJliAttlMi. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 4«9 
 
 the king's differences with Kurne were now every day growing greater, 
 iiid he easily listened to those who assured hina that in finally shaking oil 
 all connection with the holy see, he would encounter powerful opposition 
 from the cardinal. An order was issued for his arrest on a charge of high 
 treason, and it is very probable that his death on the scaffold would have 
 been added to the stains upon Henry's m^moryf but that the harrassed 
 frame of the cardinal sunk under the alarm and fatigue of his arrest and 
 forced journey. He was conveyed by Sir William Kingston, constable of 
 the Tower, as far as Leicester abbey. Here his illness became so extreme 
 that he could be got no farther, and here he yielded up his breath soon 
 after he had spoken to Sir William Kingston this memorable and touch- 
 ing caution against an undue worldly ambition : 
 
 "I prav you have me heartily recommended unto hi? royal majesty, and 
 beseech him, on my behalf, to call to his remembrance all matters that 
 have passed between us from the beginning, especially with regard to his 
 business with the queen, and then he will know in his conscience whether 
 I have offended him. He is a prince of a most royal carriage, and hath a 
 
 Erincely heart; and rather than he will miss 0/ want any part of his wilL 
 e will endanger the one half of his kingdom. I do assure vou that I 
 have often kneeled before him, sometimes three hours together, to per 
 suade him from his will and appetite, but could not prevail. Had I but 
 served God as diligently as I have served the king, he would not have 
 given me over in my grey hairs. But this is the just reward that I must 
 receive for my indulgent pains and study, not regarding my duty to God 
 but only to my prince. Therefore, let me advise you, if you be one of 
 the privy council, as by your wisdom you are fit, take care what you put 
 into the king's head, for vou can never put it out again." Touching and 
 pregnant testimony of a dying man, of no ordinary wisdom, to (he hoUow- 
 ness with which all the unrighteous ends of ambition appear clad, when 
 ilie votary of this world receives the final and irrevocable summons to the 
 brighter and purer world beyond ! 
 
 CHAPTER XLL 
 
 THK REION or HENRY VIU. (COMTINUBD.) 
 
 Natukallv too fond of ai ihority to feel without impatience the neavy 
 yoke of Itome, the opposition he had so signally experienced in the mat- 
 lor of Ins divorce had enraged Henry so much, that he gave every encour- 
 agement to the parliament to abridge the exorbitant privileges of the 
 clewy ; in doing which, he equally pleased himself in mortifying Rome. 
 and in paving tho way for that entire independence of the pupal power, of 
 which every day made him more desirous. The parliament was equally 
 ready to depress the clergy, and several bills were passed which tended 
 make the laity more independent of them. The parliament, about this 
 lime, passed another bill to acquit the king of all claims on account of 
 those exactions which ho had speciously called loans. 
 
 While Henry was agitated between the wish to break with Rome, and 
 the oprx^siiig unwi.Iingnoss to give no pj.iin a contudictDii to all i;iat ho 
 tiad advanced in tho book which had procured him thn flattciing title o( 
 '^V'Mtr rf the Fatth, ho was inf«»rincd that Dr. Cranm?r, a fellow of Jesus' 
 to iog(!, Cambridge, and a man of go<»d repute, both as to life and learnlnff. 
 ■im Hiigg,.Hte(i that all the universities of Kurope should be onsulted as 
 «• the legality of Henry's marriage ; if the decision were in favour .,1 it, 
 tho king • quHlrf.s of conscienee must needs disappear before such ■ host 
 ".kl'l'i'.'-L'*"*'/''^'*'""'"'^-^ the o|>iiiion wore againiit it, equally niuKt 
 
AH 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 hearinjr this opinion Henry, in his bluff way, exclaimed that Cranmcr had 
 "aken the right sow by the ear, sent for h.m to court, and was so well 
 pleased with him as to employ him to write in favour of the divorce, and 
 to superintend the course he had himself suggested. 
 
 AD 1532.-The measures taken by parliament, With the evident good- 
 will of the king, were so obviously tending towards a total separation 
 from Rome, that Sir Thomas More, the chancellor, resigned the great 
 Leal; that able man being devotedly attached to the papal authority, and 
 clearly seeing that he could no longer retain office but at the risk of being 
 called upon to act against the pope. j .u . 
 
 At Rome the measures of Henry were not witnessed without anxiety; 
 nnd while the emperor's agents did ail in their power to determine the pope 
 wainst Henry, the more cautious members o the conclave advised that a- 
 kvour often granted to meaner princes, should not be denied to him who 
 had heretofore been so good a son of the church, and who, if driven to des- 
 peration, might wholly alienate from the papacy the most precious of all 
 the states over which it held sway. ti u a 
 
 But the time for conciliating Henry was now gone by. He had an 
 interview with ihe king of France, in which they renewed their personal 
 friendship, and agreed upon the measures of mutual defence, and Henry 
 pTvately married Anne Boleyn, whom he nad previously created countess 
 
 °\ TY533.— The new wife of Henry proving pregnant, Cranmer, now 
 archbi'shop of Canterbury, was directed to lu.ld a court at Dmistab e to 
 decide on the invalidity of the marriage of Catherine, who lived at Atnpt- 
 hill in that neiglibourhood. If this ccurt were anytlimg but a mere mock- 
 e y, easonable men argued, it. decision should surely have preceded and 
 not followed the second marriage. But the king's will was absolute, and 
 l?e op n ons of tlie universities «nd the judgment of the convocations hav- 
 g been formally read, and both opinions and udgment bej"? J^?'""' 
 Sherine's marriage, it was now solemnly annulled. Soon after, the nev» 
 Queer, was delivered of a daugliter, the afterwards wise and powerful 
 
 NouStndilig all the formalities that had been brought to bear against 
 herrights. Queen Catherine, who was as resolute as sTie wasothenv e 
 aniiabi. refused to be styled aught but aueen of England, aii-l 10 the day 
 of hS d J.UV, cmpelled hor servants, ana all wl.,. had the privilege of «p- 
 Droacliinir her, t.i address and treat hur as their queen. 
 •^ Tie nemies of Henry at Rome urged the pope anew to pronounce on- 
 tence of excommunication against him. But Clement's niece was now 
 Sed to the second son of the king of France, who spoke to the poi-e .■. 
 Henry's favour. Clement, therefore, for the present. <'.,nfined his seve i y 
 loTsuing a sentence nullifying Cranmer's sentence, and the "^^^^^ 
 Honrv to Anne Uoloyn, and threatening to excom-nunicaio hnn «aould 
 ho not restore his afTairs to llieir former f.MUing by a certain day. 
 
 * D 1635.-A8 Henry had still some slrongleanings to thochnich,ai J 
 Hsit was obviously mufh to the interest of llome not wholly to lone its 
 h fluonco over so JveHllhy u nation as Engliu.d, then, .vcn yet seem d 
 to bSsomo chance of an amicable termination of this ;||'Y:i,,,' .^^mo 
 ioo<l om.'os of iho king of i-'ranco. the r-P", vas induced to P""" '» f » 
 SioiouMCO ill favour of ll.o divorce, on the receipt cf a ••«rlHm i.rm ns f 1^ 
 C n« 10 submit his cause to Rome. The king agreed '"/n"'*" ^^ « '" " J 
 a 1 1 actually dispatched « courier with it. Somodelays of the road l>r« v.m-nl 
 K r ilal of 11.0 important .locument at Rom. until two .hys a eh 
 I roicr time. I-i llie int.-iim it w;.s reported at Rome, probably by son? 
 ^ ft i . ■ri.d ar.enis. that the nop. and cardinuls had been ^M^n^ 
 ZL that had been purfornird Urn' Henry '^nd Ihh '•»»'•»• {'f';' 
 
 41^4- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 fm 
 
 ry 8 promise was not intended to be kept, and a sentence was immediately 
 pronounced in favour of Catherine's marriage, while Henry was threat- 
 ened with excommunication in the event of that sentence not being 8ab> 
 mitted to. 
 
 It is customary to speak of the final breach of Henry with Rom«> as 
 naving b^en solely caused by this dispute with Rome about the divu* e ; 
 all fact, hJwever, is against that view of the case. The opinions of Lu- 
 ther had spread far and wide, and had sunk deep into men's hearts ; and the 
 bitterest things said against Rome by the reformers were gentle when com- 
 pared 10 the testimony borne against Rome by her own venality and her 
 g^eiieral corruption. In this very case how could the validity of Cathe- 
 rine's marriage be affected by the real or only alledged performance of a 
 ribald farce before the English court above a score of years after it 1 The 
 very readiness with which the nation joined the king in seceding from 
 Rome, shows ve-y clearly that under any possible circumstances that se- 
 cession must have shortly taken place. We merely glance at this fact, 
 because it will be put beyond all doubt when we come to speak of the ac- 
 cession of Queen Klizabeth ; for notwithstanding all that Mary had done, 
 by the zeulous support she gave to the church of Rome and by her furions 
 
 Kersecution of the Refj'-mers, to render (he subserviency of England to 
 ;ome both permanent and perfect, the people of this country were re- 
 joiced at the opportunity it afforded them of throwing off the papal authority 
 The houses of convocation— with only four opposing votes and one 
 doubtful voter— declared that " the bishop of Rome had by the law of God 
 110 more jurisdiction in Kngland than any other foreign bishop ; and the 
 authority which he and his predecessors nave here exercised was only by 
 usurpation and by the sufferance of the English princes.' Tiie convoca 
 tion also ordered that tho act now passed by the pariiament against all ap- 
 peals to Rome, and the appeal of the king from the pope to a general 
 council sliould be affixed to all church doors throughout the kingdom. 
 That nothing might bo left undone to convince Rome of Henry's resolve 
 upon an entire separation from the chnrch of which he liad been so ex- 
 tolled a defender, the pariiament passed an act con aming the invalidity 
 of Henry's marriage with Catherine, and the validity of that with Anne 
 Boln^n. All persons were required to take the oath to support the sue- 
 cession thus fixed, and the only persons of consequence who refused were 
 Sir Tliomas More and bishop Fisher, who were both indicted and com- 
 mitted to the Tower. The pariiament having thus completely, and we 
 may add servilely, complied with all the wishes of the king, was for a 
 short time prorogued. 
 
 The pariiament had already given to Henry the reality, and it now pro- 
 ceeded to give him the title of supreme .head of the church ; and that Rome 
 might have no doubt that the very fixorbituncy with which she had pres- 
 «ed licr pretensions to authority in Kngland had wholly transferred that 
 authority to the crown, the parliament accompanied this new and signl- 
 flcmit title with a prant of all the annacos and tithes of benefices which 
 had hithi^rto boon i -^id to Rome. A forcible and pmcticnl illustration of 
 the sort of supremacy which Henry intended that himself and his sncces- 
 •oru shomil exercise, and one which showed Rome that not merely in su- 
 perstitious observances bnt also in solid mutters of pecuniary tribute, it 
 »a» Henry's determination that his peop' • hould bo free from papal dom 
 matioii 
 
 Both m Ireland and Si"^ttiind the king'.< uirs were just at this momen*, 
 when hf w»s carrying m iors with so l.igu a hand with Home, such Hi to 
 m\ni' hiin some anxictf};, but his main care was wisely bestowed upon his 
 •>wij iciujidinn. The mere secession of that kingdom from an authority 
 ^'|'n« honoured and hitherto so dreaded «i. I so arbitrary as Rome, was, 
 -•■=ii ;u 3a novvBrrul siid iciorate a niaaarcri &■ Henry, an oxpcriment ol 
 
 ... . 
 
456 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 •ome nicety and danger. Might not they who had been taught to rebeJ 
 against the church of Rome be induced to rebel against the crown itself t 
 Tbe conduct of the anabaptists of Germany added an affirmative of expe- 
 rience to the answer which reason could not fail to suggest to this 
 question. But besides that there Were many circumstances which ren- 
 dered it unlikely that the frantic republican principles which a few re- 
 forming zealots had preached in Germany, would take a hold upon the 
 hardy and practical intellect of Englishmen long and deeply attached to 
 monarchy, there was little fear of the public mind, while Henry reigned, 
 having too much speculative liberty of any sort. He had shaken off the 
 pope, ii.deed, but h., had, as far as the nation was concerned, only done 
 80 to substitute himself ; and though the right of private judgment was one 
 of the most important principles of the Reformation, it very soon became 
 evident that the private judgment of the English subject would be an ex- 
 tremely dangerous thing except when it very accurately tallied with that 
 of his prince. Opposed to the discipline of Rome, as a king, he was no 
 less opposed to the leading doctrines of Luther, as a theologian. His 
 conduct and language perpetually betrayed the struggle between these 
 antagonistic feelings, and among the ministers and frequenters of the 
 court, as a natural consequence, " motley was the only wear." Thus the 
 aueen, Cromwell, now secretary of state, and Cranmer, archbianop of 
 Canterbury, were attached to the reformation, and availed themselves of 
 every opportunity to forward it, but they ever found it safer to impugn the 
 papacy than to criticise any of the doctrines of Catholicism. On the other 
 ■ido the duke of Norfolk, and Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, both of 
 whom were high in authority and favour, were strongly attached to 
 the ancient faith. The king, flattered by each of the parties upon a portion 
 of his principles, was able to play the pope over both his catholic and his 
 Protestant subjects, and his stern and headstrong style of both speech and 
 action greatly added to the advantage given him by the anxiety of each 
 party to have him for its ally against the other. 
 
 In the meantime it was no longer in the po wer of either king or ministei 
 to prevent the purer principles of thn Reformation from making their way 
 to the hearts and minds of the people. Tindal, Joyce, and other leariied 
 mon who had sought in the Low Countries for safety from the king » 
 arbitrary temper, found means to smuggle over vast numbers of tracts 
 and a translation of the scriptures. These got extensively circulated and 
 were greedily perused, although the catholic portion of the ministry aided 
 —however singular the phrase may sound— by the catholic portion of the 
 king's will, made great endeavours to keep them, but especially the bible, 
 from the eyes of the people. 
 
 A singular anecdote is related of one of the attempts made to suppress 
 the bible. Tonstal, bishop of London, a zealous catholic, but humane 
 man, was very anxious to prevent the circulation of Tindal's bible, and 
 Tindal was hiiuHelf but little less anxious for a now and more Hccurale 
 edition. Tonstal, preferring ilie prevention of what he deemed crime to 
 the punishment of offenders, devoted a large sum of money to purchasing 
 all the copies that could be met wiih of Tiiidal'a bible, and all the copiei 
 thus obtained were solemnly burned at the Cross of (>lieap. Both the 
 ^ishrp »"•' riiiilal were graiifted on vhis uccuaion ; tlu fo mer, 't is^rue, 
 destroyed the tirst and incorrect edition of the bible by Tindal, but he a 
 the same time supplied tliat zealous scholar with the pecuniary meann. ol 
 which he was otlieiwise destitute, of bringing out a second -iiid more per 
 feot as well as more extensive edition. , 
 
 Others were less humane in their desire to repress what they deemeu 
 heresy, and few were more severe than 8ir Thamrm More, who succRedod 
 WoUev as chancellor, and of whose own iinprisonnionl we have alruauy ^m 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 45^ 
 
 man of elegant learning and great wit, and though in speculative opin- 
 ions he advanced much which the least rigid protestant might justly con- 
 demn as impious, yet, so true a type was he of the motley age in which 
 be lived, his enmity to all opposition to papacy in practice could lead him 
 to the most dastardly and hateful cruelty. To speak, in detail, of the 
 errors of a great man is at all times unpleasant ; we merely mention, 
 therefore, his treatment of James Bainham. This gentleman, a studenl 
 ofthe Temple, was during More's chancellorship accused of being con 
 cemed with olli«rs in aiding in the propagation of the reformed doctrines 
 It appears that the unfortunate gentlenian did not deny his own part ii 
 the acts attributed to him, but honourably refused to give any testi- 
 mony against others. His first examination took place in the chancellor's 
 own house, and there, to his great disgrace, he actually had the high- 
 minded gentleman stripped and brutally whipped, the chancellor in person 
 witnessing and superintending the disgusting exhibition. But the mis- 
 taken and maddening zeal of More did nat stop even here. . Enraged at 
 the constancy of his victim, he had him conveyed to the tower, and there 
 saw him put to the torture. Under this new and most terriblu trial the 
 firmness of the unhappy gentleman for a time gave way and he abjured 
 his principles j but in a very short time afterwards he openly returned to 
 them, and was burned to death in Smithfield as a relapsed and confirmed 
 heretic. 
 
 It will easily be supposed that while so intellectual a catholic as More 
 was thus furious on behalf of Rome, the mean herd of persecMtors were 
 not idle. To teach children the Lurd's prayer in English, to read the 
 scriptures, or at least th« New Testament in that language, to speak 
 against pilgrimages, to neglect the fasts of the church, to attribute vice to 
 the old clergy, or to give shelter or encouragement to the new, all these 
 were offences punishable in the bishop's courts, some of them even capi- 
 tally. Thus, Thomas Bilney, a priest, who had embraced and, undel 
 threats, renounced the new doctrines, embraced them once again, and went 
 throiigii Norfolk zealously preaching against the absurdity of relying for 
 salvation upon pilgrimages and images. He was seized, tried, and burn- 
 ed. Thus far the royal severity had chiefly fr'len upon the reformed ; 
 but the monks and friars of the ofd faith, intimately dependant upon Home, 
 detpsted Henry's separation a;id assumption of supremacy far too much 
 than to be otherwise than inimical to him. In their public preachings they 
 more than once gave way to libellous scurrillity, which Henry bore with a 
 moderation by no means usual with him, but at length the tigtr of his 
 temper was thoroughly aroused by an extensive and impudent conspiracy. 
 
 At Aldington, in Kent, there was a woman named Klizabeth Barton, com- 
 monly known as the holy maid of Kent, who wav subject to fits, under the 
 influence of which she unconsciously said odd and incoherent thinga, which 
 her ignorant neighbours imagined to be the result not of epilepsy but o! 
 inbpiration. The vicar of the parish, Richard Masters, instead of re- 
 
 truviiig und enlightenr'g liis ignorant flock, took their ignnrant fancy ana 
 int lor a deep scheme. He lent his auihority to the report that Iho maid 
 of Kent spoke by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost, and he had not any 
 gr»at d'fllouKy in acquiring ihe most entire authority over tho maul her- 
 «cli, who tlieiicefnith »|H»kw whatever he deemed hi to dictate. Havmg a 
 chapel in which stood an image of the Virgin, to which, for his own 
 proin's sake, he was r.iixious to withdraw as many pilgrims as possible 
 iroin other shrines, he entered into a confederacy with Dr. Bocking, one 
 mthe canons of CHnleibury cathedral, and under their direction KiizHbeth 
 Barton pretended to receive a siipernKUiral direction to proceed to the 
 linage in t|unstion and pray there tor her cure. 
 At (irst, «i seems quite clear, the unfortunale woman was truly and 
 
 nUrifiV All tinilAntiii • hiil tai>np!in/«a ruiwAvtv anrl t%arKnrk« mt\ni%£k iialiirul 
 
 W' 
 
 r- 
 
 ■ til', ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
458 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 cunnine, made her a ready and unscrupulous tool in the hands of the plot, 
 tins ecclesiastics, and after a series of affected distortions, which would 
 have been merely ludicrous had their purpose not added something of the 
 impious, she pretended that her prostrations before the image had entire- 
 ly freed her from her disease. . . , u j a a .r. 
 
 Thus far the priests and their unfoitunate tool had proceeded without 
 anv interference, the severity with which the king and the powerful oath- 
 dies treated all enmity to pilgrimages and disrespect to shrines, being (A 
 itself sufficient to insure their impunity thus far. But impunity as usual 
 oroduced want of caution, and the priests, seeing that the wondering 
 multitude urged no objection to tho new miracle which they alledged to 
 have been wrought, were now, most lucklessly for themselves, encouraged 
 to extend their views and to make the unfortunate Elizabeth Barton ol 
 use in opposing the progress of the reformed doctrine, and against Henry's 
 divorce from Catherine. Hence the ravings of the maid of Kent were 
 directed against heresy, with an occasional prophesy of evil to the king 
 on account of the divorce ; and the nonsense thus uttered was not only 
 repeated in various parts of the kingdom by monks and friars who, most 
 nrobablv. were in concert with Masters and Bocking, but were even col- 
 lected into a book by a friar named Deering. The very industry with 
 which the original inventors of this grossly impudent imposture caused it 
 to be noised abroad compelled the king to notice it. The maid of Kent 
 with her priestly abettors and several others were arrested, and without 
 being subjected to torture made full confession of their imposture, and 
 were executed. From circumstances which were discovered during the 
 investigation of this most impudent cheat, it but too clearly appeared that 
 the so called holy maid of Kent was a woman of most lewd life, and that 
 imposture was by no means the only sin in which Masters and Bocking 
 had been her accomplices. , , . . u •• 
 
 A D 1535.— The discoveries of gross immorality and elaborate cheating 
 which' were made during the investigation of the affair of the m i 
 of Kent seems to us to have been, if not the very first, at all events tuo 
 most influential of the king's motives to his subsequent sweeping and 
 cruel suppression of the monasteries. Having on this occasion suppress- 
 ed three belonging to the Observantine friars, the very little sensation 
 ■ their loss seemed to cause among the common people ve,ry naturally led 
 him to extend his views still farther in a course so productive of pecu- 
 
 "'aJt^aTflresenthe required some farther satisfaction of a more ternble 
 nature for the wrong and insult that had lately been done to him. I isher, 
 Srshop of Rochester, in "ommon with Sir Thomas More, had been, as we 
 B ready mentioned, committed to prison for objecting to take the oath ol 
 luccession as settled by the arbitrary king and the no less obsequious pat- 
 liament. Unhappily for the prelate, though a good and even a learned 
 nan he was very credulous, and he had been among the believers and, 
 to a certain extent, among the supporters of the impudent I-^l'^a 'eth Bar- 
 ton. Still more unhappily for the aged prelate, while he alj-e-'^X 1"/ «° 
 deeplv i» the king's displeasure, and after he had for a whole year been 
 Sned with sucl severity that he was often in want of «'>mmoii neces. 
 Ss. the pope c:2ated him a cardinal. This decided the fate of the un- 
 fortunate prelate, who was at once indicted under the act of supremacy 
 
 *"The death of Fisher was almost instantly followed by that of the learn- 
 ed though, as we have seen, bigoted and sometimes cruel bir Ihomafl 
 More. His objections to taking the new oath of •"";«««'««" »«f"''f ^ 
 boon perfectly 'iincero and ^ ere perfectly insuperable. Wo le^rn from 
 K5dfthatitwasin.im.ited to him bydromwell, ""-'"high favour 
 •* ■ •ssti^raaHrtiia for hia determined refusal, it wouiu 
 
 iiiiAt 4*uv^<.* 
 
 5 « _U- 
 
 jui 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 45D 
 
 most probably be set down to the account of obstinacy. His own version 
 of the dialogue between hinaself and Cromwell is so curious that we ex 
 tract the following from it. 
 
 MoRB said (in reply to the above argument of Cromwell) " it is no ob- 
 gtinacy, but only the fear of giving offence. Let me have sufficient war- 
 rant from the king that he will not be offended and I will give my 
 reasons." 
 
 CaoMWELL.— " The king's warrant would not save you from the penal- 
 ties enacted by the statute." 
 
 More.—" In this case I will trust to his majesty's honour ; but yet it 
 tbinketh me, that if I cannot declare the causes without peril, then to 
 leave them undeclared is no obstinacy." 
 
 Cromwell.—" You say that you do not blame any man for taking the 
 oath, it is then evident that you are not convinced that it is blameable 
 lo take it ; but you must be convinced that it is your duty to obey the 
 king. In refusing, therefore, to take it, you prefer that which is uncertain 
 to that which is certain." 
 
 More.—" I do not blame men for taking the oath, because 1 know not 
 their reasons and motives ; but I should blame myself because I know 
 that I should act against my conscience. And truly such reasoning 
 would ease us of all perplexity. Whenever doctors disagree we have 
 only to obtain the king's commandment for either side of the question and 
 we must be right." 
 
 Abbot of Westminster. — " But you ought to think your own conscience 
 erroneous when you have the whole council of the nation against you." 
 
 More.—" And so I should, had I not for me a still greater council, th& 
 whole council of Christendom." 
 
 More's talents and character made him too potent an opponent of the 
 king's arbitrary will to allow of his being spared. To condemn him was 
 not difficult; the king willed his condemnation, and he was condemned 
 accordi-ngfly. If in his day of power More, uiifort'inately, showed that he 
 knew how lo inflict evil, so now in his fall he si owed the far nobler pow- 
 er of bearing it. In his happier days he had beew noted for a certain jogu- 
 lar phraseology, and this did not desert him even in the last dreadful 
 scene of alh Being somewhat infirm, he craved the assistance of a by- 
 stander as he mounted the scaflfold ; saying, " Friend, help me up, when 
 I come down again you may e'en let me shift for myself." When the 
 ceremonies were at an end the executioner in the customary terms begged 
 his forgiveness ; " I forgive you," he replied, "but you will surely get no 
 credit by the job of beheading me, my neck is so "short." Even as he 
 laid his head upon the block he said, putting aside the long beard he wore, 
 "Do not hurt my beard, that at least has comlnilted no treason." These 
 words uttered, the executioner proceeded with his revolting task, and 
 Sir Thomas More, learned, though a bigot, and a good man, though at times 
 a persecutor, perished in the fifty-third year of his age. 
 
 A. D. 1530. — While the court of Rome was exertmg itself tc "'c utmost 
 lo show its deep sense of the indignation it felt at the execiuion of two 
 such men as Fisher and More, an event took place in England which, in 
 Christian charity, we are boimd to believe gave a severe shock even to 
 Ihe hard heart ii( Henry. Though the divorced Catherine had resolutely 
 [lersictcd in being treated as a queen by all who approached her, she 
 had suffered with so dignified a patience that she was the more deeply 
 •ympathized with. But the stern effort with which she bore her wrongs 
 was too much for her already broken constitution. Perceiving that 
 her days on earth were numbered, she besought Henry that she migh^ 
 once more look upon her child, the princess Mary ; to the disgrace of our 
 common nature, even this request wat sternly denied. She then wrote 
 ii'm a letter, so affectins. that even he shed tears over it, in Mhich sho. 
 
 ^■:Upmi 
 
 Lffi^Aj 
 
 ' M-:': 
 
460 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 gentle and submissive to the last in all save the one great point of hei 
 wrongs, called him her "dear lord, king, and husband," besoueht his affec- 
 tion for their child, and recommended her servants to his goodness. Her 
 letter so moved him that he sent her a kind message, but ere the bearer 
 of it could arrive she was released from her suffering and wronged life. 
 Henry caused his servants to go into deep mourning on the day of her 
 funeral, which was celebrated with great pomp at Peterborough cathedraL 
 
 Whatever pity we m^y feel for the subsequent sufferings of Queen 
 Anne Boleyn, it is impossible to withhold our disgust from herconducton 
 this occasion. Though the very menials of her husband wore at least 
 the outwHrd show of sorrow for the departed Catherine, Anne Boleyn on 
 that day dressed herself more showily than usual, and expressed a per- 
 fectly savage exultation that now she might consider herself a queen in- 
 deed, as her rival was dead^ 
 
 Her exultation was as short lived as it was unwomanly. In the very 
 midst of her joy she saw Henry paying very unequivocal court to one of 
 her ladies, by name Jane Seymour, and she was so much enraged and as- 
 tonished that, being far advanced in pregnancy, she was prematurely de- 
 livered of a still-born prince. Henry, notoriously anxious for legitimate 
 male issue, wss cruel enough to reproach her with this occurrence, when 
 she spiritedly replied, that he had only himself to blame, the mischief be 
 ing entirely caused by his conduct with her maid. 
 
 This answer completed the king's anger, and that feeling, with his new 
 passion for Jane Seymour, caused ruin to Anne Boleyn even ere she had 
 ceased to exult over the departed Catherine. 
 
 Her levity of manner had already enabled her foes to poison the ready 
 ear of the king, and his open anger necessarily caused those foes to be 
 still more busy and precise in their whisperings. Being present at a tilt- 
 ing match, she, whether by accident or design, let fall her handkerchief 
 exactly at the feet of Sir Henry Norris and her brother, Lord Roohford 
 who at that moment were the combatants. At any other time it is likely 
 that Henry would have let so trivial an accident pass unnoticed. But his 
 jealousy was already aroused, his love, such as it was, had already burnt 
 out, and, above all, he had already cast his eyes on Jane Seymour, and 
 was glad of any excuse, good or bad, upon which to rid himself of Anne 
 Sir Henry Norris, who w^as a reputed favourite of the queen, not only 
 raised the handkerchief from the ground, but used it to wipe! his face, be 
 ing heated with the sport. The king's dark looks lowered upon all pres* 
 ent, and he instantly withdrew in one of those moods in which few cared 
 to meet him and none dared to oppose his will. On the next morning 
 Lord Rochford and Sir Henry Norris were arrested and thrown into the 
 Tower, and Anne herself, while on her way from Greenwich to London, 
 was met by Cromwell and the duke of Norfolk, and by them informed 
 that she was accused of infidelity to the king ; and she, too, was taken to 
 the Tower, as, charged with being her accomplices, were Brereton, Wes- 
 ton, and Smeaton, three gentlemen of the court. 
 
 Well knowing the danger she was in when once charged with such an 
 offence against such a husband, she instantly became hysterical; nowde- 
 cla'ing l-er innocence w'th th«i bittr^rest ♦ears^ and anon relying upon the 
 impossibility oi any one proving her guilty. "'If any man accuse me,' 
 aaid she to the lieutenant of the Tower, " I can but say nay, and they can 
 bring no witnesses." 
 
 Anne now had to experience some of that heartless indifference which 
 she had so needlessly and disgracefully exhibited in the case of the unfor- 
 tunate and blameless Catherine. At the head of the commission of 
 twenty-six peers who were appointed to try her, on the revolting charge 
 of gross infidelity with no fewer than five men, including her own hall 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 461 
 
 doke of Norfolk, and to see, too, that in him she had a judge who was far 
 Bflough from being prejudiced in her favour. She was, as a matter of 
 course, found guilty and sentenced to death, the mode by fire or by the 
 axe being left to the king's pleasure. 
 
 We have seen that Anne had in her prosperity been favourable to the 
 reformed ; and as Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, was well known 
 to have great influence over Henry, the unhappy Anne probably hoped 
 that he would exert it, at the least, to save her life. If she entertained 
 such hope, she was bitterly disappointed. Henry, who seems to have 
 feared some such humanity on the part of Cranmer, sent to him to pro- 
 nounce sentence against— an formerly he had pronounced it /or— the 
 original validity of Anne's marriage with Henry. Cranmer, learned and 
 pious, wanted only moral courage to have been a thoroughly great and 
 good man ; but of moral courage he seems, save in the closing act of his 
 life, to have been thoroughly destitute. Upon whatever proofs the king 
 chose to furnish tot his guidance, he, after a mere mockery of trial, and 
 with an affectation of solemnity and sincerity which was actually impious, 
 pronounced the desired sentence; and thus declared against the legitimacy 
 of the princess Elizabeth, as he had already done in the case of the prin- 
 cess Mary. 
 
 Anne was not allowed to suffer long suspense after her iniquitous con- 
 demnation ; iniquitous, even if she really was guilty, inasmuch as her trial 
 was a mere mockery. She was kept for a few days in the Tower, where, 
 with a better spirit than she had formerly shown, she besought the for- 
 giveness of the princess Mary for the numerous injuries she had done her 
 through her deceased mother ; and was then publicly beheaded on the 
 Tower green, the executioner severing her head at one stroke. 
 
 Of Henr>''s feelings on the occasion it is unnecessary to say more than 
 that he put on no mourning for the deceased Anne, but on the very morn« 
 ing after her execution was married to Jane Seymour. 
 
 As to Anne's guilt, we think it most likely that both friends and foes 
 judged amiss. Her general levity and many circumstances which would 
 be out of place here, forbid us to believe her wholly innocent; and we 
 are the more likely to err in doing so, because our chief argument in her 
 favour must be drawn from the character of her husband, of whom it must 
 not be forgotten that once at least he certainly was wronged by a wife. 
 On the other hand, to believe her as guilty as she has been represented 
 is to throw aside all considerations of the utter impossibility of her hav- 
 'np[ thus long beeji so, without being detected by the numerous enemier 
 with whom her supplanting Catherine and her patronage of the reformed 
 faith must needs have caused to surround her during the whole of her ill- 
 fated elevation. 
 
 A new parliament was now called to pass a new act of succession, by 
 which the crown was settled on such children as he might have by his 
 present queen, Jane Seymour ; and failing such, the disposal of the crown 
 was left to Henry's last will signed by his own hand. It was thought 
 from this last named clause that Henry, fearine to leave no legitimate 
 male successor, wished in that case to have the power of leaving the 
 crown to his illegitimate son, young Fitzroy, who, however, to Henry't. 
 great sorrow, died shortly afterward. 
 
 Henry seems to have been much grieved by the death of Fitzroy, but he 
 Was prevented from long indulging in that grief by a very formidable in- 
 surrection which broke out m the October of this year. "The apathy with 
 which the people had witnessed the dissolution and forfeiture of three 
 monasteries on occasion of the detection of the fraud of Elizabeth Barton, 
 nad naturally encouraged Henry to look forward to that sort of summarj 
 justice as a sure and abundant source of revenue. So extended was his 
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 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 surrender of the leaser monasteries into his hands. It was probably one 
 of the chief causes of his determined enmity to his old tutor and council 
 lor, Fishtr, bishop of Rochester, that that excellent prelate made a veiy 
 pithy, though quaint opposition to this proposal, on the ground that il 
 would infallibly threw the greater monasteries also into the kin(('s hands 
 Subsequently to the affair of the maid of Kent, the king antf his ministei 
 Cromwell had proceeded to great lengths in dissolving the lesser monas- 
 teries, and confiscating their property. The residents, the poor who had 
 been accustomed to receive doles of food at the gates of these houses, 
 and the nobility and gentry by whom the monasteries had been founded 
 and endowed, were all greatly offended by the sweeping and arbitrary 
 measures of the blacksmith's son, as they termed Cromwell, and the re- 
 trencliment of several holidays, and the abolition of several superstitious 
 practices which had been very gainful to the clergy, at length caused an 
 open manifestation of discontent in Lincolnshire. Twenty thousand men, 
 headed by Prior Mackrel, of Barlings, rose in arms to demand the putting 
 down of '* persons meanly born and raised to dignity," evidently aiming at 
 Cromwell, and the redress of divers grievances under which they slated 
 the church to be b.bouring. Henry sent the duke of Suffolk against this 
 tumultuous multitude, and by a judicious mixture of force and fair woids 
 the leaders were taken, and forthwith executed, and the multitude, of 
 course, dispersed. 
 
 But in the counties further no)rth than Lincolnshire the discontents 
 were equally great, and were the more dangerous because more distance 
 from the chief seat of the king's power rendered the revolted bolder. 
 Under a gentleman named Aske, aided by some of the better sort of those 
 who had been fortunate enougli to Escape the breaking up of the Lincoln- 
 Kliire confederacy, upwards of forty thousand men assembled from the 
 counties of York, Durham, and Lancaster, for what they called the pilgrim- 
 age of grace. For their banner they had an embroidery of a crucifix, a 
 chalice, and the five wounds of the Saviour, and each man who ranged 
 himself under this banner was required to swear that he had "entered 
 into the pilgrimage of grace from no other motive than his love of God, 
 care of the king's person and issue, desire of purifying the nobility, oj 
 driving base persons from about the king, of restoring the church, and ol 
 suppressing heresy." 
 
 But the absence of all other motive may, in the case of not a few ol 
 these rovoltcrs ce very reasonably doubted, when with the oath taken by 
 each recruit who joined the disorderly ranks we take into comparison the 
 style of circular oy which recruits were invited, which ran thus:— "We 
 command you and every of you to be at (here the particular place was 
 named) on Sii'urday next by eleven of the clock, in your best array, ai 
 you will answer before the high judge at the great day of doom^ and in the 
 
 Eain of pulling down your houses anJ the losing of your goods, and your 
 odies to be at the captain's will." 
 
 Confident in their numbers, the concealed, but real leaders of the en» 
 terpriso caused Aske to send delegates to the king to lay their demands 
 betore him. The king's written answer bears several marks of the an- 
 noyance he felt that a body of low peasants should venture to trench upon 
 subjects n[)on which he flattered himself that he was not unequal to thir 
 most learned clerks. He told them that he greatly marvelled how such 
 tSMtrant churls should speak of theological subjtrls to him u>ho something had 
 been noted to be learned, or oppose the suppression of monasteries, as if it 
 were not bfitnr to relieve the head of the church in his necessity, than to 
 support the sloth and wickedness of monks.*' As it was very re<^uiaite, 
 however, to break no as pcaconbly ns possible, an assemblage which its 
 more numbers would render it somewhat dilllcult as well ns dnngrrousto 
 disDorso bv main force. Henry at the same time uromiscd that lie would 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 463 
 
 remedy such of their (frievancea as might seem to need remedy. This 
 promise being unfulfilled, the same >:ounties m the following yeai (1537) 
 again assembled their armed masbes. The duke of Norfolk, as com- 
 mander-in-chief of the king's forces, posted himself so advantageously 
 that when the insurgents endeavoured to surprise Hull, and, subsequently, 
 Carlisle, he was able to beat them easily. Nearly all the leading men 
 were taken prisoners and sent to London, where ihev were shortly after- 
 wards executed as traitors. With the common sort, cf whom vast num- 
 oers were taken prisoners, there was less ceremony used ; they were 
 nanged up " by scores," says Lingard, in all the principal towns of the 
 chief scene of revolt. When by this wholesale shedding of human blood 
 the king had at length appeased his wrath and that appetite for cruelty 
 which every year grew more and more fierce, the proclamation of a gen 
 eral pardon restored peace to the nation. 
 
 The chief plea for the late insurrection had been the suppression of the 
 lesser monasteries. That Henry had from the very first, according to 
 the shrewd prophecy of Fisher, bishop of Rochester, intended to go from 
 the Ipsser up to the greater, there is no doubt ; and the part which the 
 monasteries had taken in encouraging the pilgrimage of grace, only made 
 him the more determined in that course. The ever ot)8equious parlia- 
 ment showed the same willingness to pass an act for the suppression of 
 the remaining and greater monasteries that had so often been shown in 
 far less creditable affairs ; and of twenty-eight mitred abbots— exclusive 
 of the priors of St. John of Jerusalem and Coventry— who had seats in 
 the house of lords, not one dared to raise his voice against a measure 
 which must have been so distasteful to them all. 
 
 Commissioners were appointed to visit the monasteries. That there 
 were great disorders in many of them, that the burden they inflicted upon 
 the capital and the industry of the country far outweighed the good done 
 to the poor of the country — a class, be it remembered, which the monastic 
 doles had a most evil tendency to increase— and that they ought to have 
 been suppressed, no reasonable man in the present slate of political 
 science will venture to deny. It may be, nay it is but too certain, that the 
 mnocent and the guilty in some cases were confounded ; thift numbers of 
 people were thrown out of employment, and that with a vast amount of 
 
 !:o()d8ome evil was done; that Henry even in doing good could not re- 
 rain from a tyrannous strain of conduct; and that much of the property 
 thus wrested from superstition was lavished upon needy or upon profligate 
 courtiers, instead of being, as it ought to have been, made a permanent 
 national property in aid of the religious and civil expenses of the nation. 
 But after admitting all this, it is quite certain that, however prompted or 
 however enacted, tliis suppression of the monasteries by Henry V HI. was 
 the most important measure since the Norman conquest, and was the 
 measure which gave the first impulse to Enghii'd in that march of reso- 
 lute industry which has long since left her with scarcely a rival upon the 
 earth, whether in wealth or in power. 
 
 While, however, we for the sake of argument admit that Henry was 
 irhiirary m his conduct towards the monasteries, and that his coinmis- 
 •ioneri were infinitely less anxious for truth than for finding out or invent- 
 ing causes of confiscation, we are not tlie loss bound to assert that, even 
 for the single sin of imposture, the moiuiHteries required the full weight of 
 •he iron hand of Henry. Of the gross frauds which were committed for 
 the purpose of attracting the attention and the money of the credulous to 
 particular monasterjcs, our space will only allow of our moniioning two 
 which, indeed, will sufficiently speak for the rest. ' 
 
 At the monastery of Hales, in Gloucestershire, tlio relic upon wliii^h the 
 monks relied for profit— every monastery having relict, some of which 
 Bust have had the power of iibiquitv, it befnir a fact that mnnv niontat^nr* 
 
464' 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 at home and abroad have pretended to possess the same especial toe or 
 finger of this, that, or the other saint . — was said to be some of the bl lod 
 of our Saviour which had been preserved at the time of the crucifixion. 
 In proportion to tho enthusiasm which such a pretence was calculated to 
 awaken among people who were as warmly and sincerely pious as they 
 were ignorant, was the abominable guilt of this im|>osture. But the mere 
 and naked lie, bad as it was, formed only a part of the awful guilt of these 
 monks. They pretended that this blood, though held before the eyes ol 
 a man 'n mortal sin, would be invisible to him, and would continue to be 
 so until he should have performed good works sufficient for his absolution. 
 Such a tale was abundantly sufficient to enrich the monastery, but when 
 the "visitors" were sent thither by the king, the whole secret of the im- 
 pudent fraud at once became apparent. The phial in which the blood was 
 exhibited to the credulous was transparent on one side, but completely 
 opaque on the other. Into this phial the senior monks, who alone were 
 in the secret, every week put some fresh blood of a duck. When the piU 
 grim desired to be shown the bluod of the Saviour the opaque side of the 
 phial was tumud towards him; he was thus convinced that he was in 
 mortal sin, and induced to "perform good works," i. e., to be fooled out 
 of his money, until the monks, finding that he could or would give no 
 more at that time turned the transparent side of the phial to him, and sent 
 him on his way rejoicing and eager to send other dupes to the monks ol 
 Hales. 
 
 At Boxley, near Maidstone, in Kent, there whs kept a crucifix called the 
 rood of ^race, the lips, eyes, and head of which were seen to move when 
 Uie pilgrim approached it with such gifts as were satisfactory ; at the desire 
 3f Hilsey, bishop of Rochester, this miraculous cruciHx was taken to Lon 
 don and publicly pulled to pieces at Paul's cross, when it was made clenr 
 that the image was filled with wheels and springs by which the so-called 
 miraculous motions were regulated by the officiating priests, literally as the 
 temper of their customers required. 
 
 How serious a tax the pretended miraculous images and genuine relics 
 levied upon the people of the whole kingdom, we may judge from the fact, 
 that of upwards of six hundred monasteries and two thousand chantries and 
 chapels which Henry at various limes demolished, comparatively few were 
 wholly free from this worst of impostures, while tho sums received by 
 some of them individually may be called enormous. For inst.mce, the 
 pilgrims to the tomb of St. Thomas ;\ Becket paid upwards of nine hun 
 dred pounds in one year— or something very like three thousand pounds 
 of our present money ! The knowledge of such a disgraceful fuct as this 
 would of itself have justified Henry in adopting moderately strong mesp 
 sures to put an end to the •* Pilgrimage to Canterbury." But moderation 
 was not Henry's characteristic, and Becket was a saint especially hateful 
 to him as having fought tho battle of the triple crown of Rome aguinst tlie 
 king of ••'.iiKland. Not content, therefore, with taking tho proper measures 
 of mere policy that were required to put an end to a sort of plunder so dis- 
 graceful, Henry ordered tho saint wlio had reposed for centuries in the 
 tomb 10 he formally cited to appear in court to answer to an inforinalion 
 laid ai(aiii»t him by tho king's attorney I " It had been suggested," says 
 Dr. Lingard, " that as long as tho name of St. Thomas of Canterbury 
 should remain in the calendar men would be stimulated by his example to 
 brave the ecclesiastical authority of their sovereign. The king's attorney 
 was therefore instructed to exhibit an information against him, and Tho- 
 niM h Becket, sometime archbishop of Canterbury, was formally cited to 
 appear m court and answer to the charge. The interval of thirty days 
 allowed by the canon law was sufTered to elapse, and still iho saiiij 
 nogleotPd to quit the tomb In which he had reposod for two centuries and 
 a half, and judgment would have been given agaUist him by default, had 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 4«r) 
 
 not the king of his special grace assigned him counsel. The court sat at 
 Westminster, the attorney-general and the advocate of the accused were 
 heard, and sentence was finally pronounced that Thomas, sometime arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, had been guilty of rebellion, contumacy, and treason, 
 ihat his bones should be publicly burned to admonish the living of their 
 duty by the punishment of the dead, and that the offerings which had been 
 made at his shrine, the personal property of the reputed saint should b« 
 forfeited to the crown. A commission was accordingly issued, the sen* 
 tence was executed in due form, and the gold, silver and jewels, the spoils 
 obtained by the demolition of the shrine were conveyed in two ponderoui 
 coffers, to the royal treasury. The people were soon afterwards informed 
 by a royal proclamation that Thomas i Becket was no saint, but rather a 
 rebel and a traitor, and it was ordered to erase his name out of til books, 
 under pain of his majesty's indignation, and imprisonment at his grace's 
 pleasure.'' 
 
 We have selected Lingard's account of this matter because that histo- 
 rian has a very evident leaning to the catholic side of every question of 
 English history, and yet he, unconsciously, perhaps, in the words of lh« 
 above passage which we have printed in italics, goes far towards justifying 
 Henry's measures against the monkish superstitions and impostures, no 
 matter what his motives may have been. What! gold, silver, ^nd jewels 
 thus abstracted from the wealth of the nation and made perpetually incon- 
 vertible and unproductive, and yet the keepers of the shrine of the pre- 
 tended saint and miracle-worker still so insatiate that they drew nearly 
 a thousand pounds of the money of that time in a single year ! The pal- 
 triest smattering of true political economy would tell us that such a state 
 of things, existing as it did all over the kingdom, if unchecked for but •■ 
 few years by the sovereign, would have been terminate jy a most san- 
 guinary revolt of the ruined people, whose hunger wcuid have been loo 
 strong for both their own ignorance and the villainy and ingenuity of their 
 deluders. And it is to be remembered that although Henry was unwisely, 
 nay, wickedly profuse of the property which he recovered from a set o.' 
 vile corporations which had obtainer' possession of it by false pretences, 
 it was of only a part of this property that he thus improperly disposed. 
 Every monk who was dispossessed of an idle ease which ho ought never 
 to have had, received a yearly allowance of eight marks, and every abbot 
 and prior had a yearly allowance proportioned to his character and the in- 
 come of his abbacy or priory. Making these provisions must have con- 
 sumed a largo portion of the money realized by the seizures of monastic 
 property ; but, besides these, the king made and endowed, from the same 
 source, six new bishopricks, Westminister, Oxford, Peterborough, Bristol, 
 Chester, and Gloucester. When these facts are taken into the account, 
 the "profit" derived by the king, that the vulgar and more violently pa- 
 pistical writers are fond of talking about, will be found to amount to littU 
 indeed. 
 
 Cardinal Pole, a near kinsman of Hfnry, and eminent alike for talents 
 •nd virtue, hud long resided on the continent, and to his powerful and ele- 
 gant pen Henry attributed many of the forcible, eloquent— and sometimes 
 we may add, scurrilous— declamations which the papists of Italy contin- 
 ually sent forth against him whom the popedom had once hailed and flat- 
 tered as the defender of the faith, but whom it now denounced as anothei 
 Julian alike in talents and in apostacy. Henry, unable to decoy the as- 
 tute cardinal into his power, arrested and put to death first the brutherr 
 «nd then tho mother of thi t eminent person, the venerable countess of Sal 
 iBhury. Real charge against this lady, then upwards of seventy years ot 
 tge, there was none; but the ever obsequious parliament passeif an ncl 
 Mtainling her in the absence of any trial or coniession. Arter two ycaif 
 of rigorous confinement in U)« Tower of London the countess was brouL'n' 
 
 Viii. I in 
 
466 BISTORT OF THE WORLD. 
 
 not for execution ■ and as she refused to lay her head upon the block, the 
 CScutSs assistant had to place her and keep her there by ranm force. 
 SHvens the axe descended on her neck she cned out « Blessed are 
 
 n^trh'eT!S[oWfferyt'jSS^^^^ 
 
 SS^a^nXS^^^^^^^ 
 
 ZnToirnSwSdsTs not necessary to the soul's health; that oncte 
 m!I SSt mwrv by the laws of God ; that vows of chastity are to be ob- 
 TrJet ra;%rK''msses ought' to be -f !«««1^ -/,;';«;„S^^ 
 Aurieiilar confession s expedient and necessary. Heavy penaiiies were 
 dSiSced on any who should act contrary to the aoove articles; and 
 Smer who had for many years been married, could only save himsel 
 frJJSThe effects of his act-to the passing of which he had made a stout 
 KeffecLl opposition-*y sending^his wife, w th the.r numerous chd- 
 Aran to Gerinanv. of which country she was a native. . . t 
 
 Th« frequent chanaes which hadf during a quarter of a century, taken 
 Dl^e inytKlogi?aJ opinions of the king himself, did not by any mean. 
 EJhm with any meriiful feeling towards those who chanced to differ 
 f^m his t^miiirarv oSnion ; he had thrown off the clerical pope of Rome 
 SSv inV/t a^ou?te?r»in^^^^^ in the person of the king of 
 
 SiJliy A^Sdo^schSster, ni^^ Lambert, was unfortunate 
 England. A i^nuon "*•» ^ Taylor, afterward bishop of Lincoln, 
 
 r^Si'^seS the doctrhaddefenJe'd' the prevalent Catholic doctrine 
 S^he "real oresence," Lambert had already been 'mprisoned for hi. 
 Snsound opKbut having learned nothing by the peril he had so nar. 
 •nufiw Knpftned he now drew up formal objections, under ten neaas. 
 Thts^e SSs he made known To Dr Barnes, ^^o ^s a Uuh^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 who conseouently was as obnoxious to the existing law as Lambert, whom 
 h.c«S?o be cited before Cranmer and Latimer. They, however much 
 uTerZht agree wiThim in their hearts, did not dare P«bl.cly to oppose 
 SeL^WestoThe Standard of opinion which the arbitrary Henry had set 
 
 »H that he hucf heard, noticed only the f-\^'» ^^ ^^^/Ji?^^^ 
 Mnlied that for his life he would hold it at his majesty ■ B^**"^";,'!'" 'm 
 Khlch Hen?y ungraciously, not to say crudly, •""'•^/"'T' Jii" JS 
 not minded to show himself the patron of ['"e^'"! •"^^n^e lis S 
 SJdeTed to pass sentence on the prisoner, whose «h'«f « J^",^ "3 oS 
 have been Hi fnUy in craving the notice of the king by a most g™"'"'" 
 MdusSs display of opinions which no earthly PO/"/°."i i„ JcrS 
 :;Kim froS. e';.joyifg in -My. had ha cojent^^ ;° J'i -^rs^rto^ 
 The unfortunate man was burned to «J"^f'j»"^ "„^/"buT dispuU 
 fMnonallT .ibnoxious to Henry from having ventured puoiicur w y 
 
' ■y"-^^9K\y\ ',.11 » , 
 
 T.UL or UmBEHT »»OttK lUsii, VIU., ,N W«,TM.N8TK« IIalu 
 
with him, thi 
 
 e^t and tht, 
 
 proachcd an] 
 
 subjected at 
 
 halberts thej 
 
 exclaiming ' 
 
 Many other i 
 
 In August 
 
 birth to a pri 
 
 much diminii 
 
 of all his wiv 
 
 marriage, but 
 
 Longueville, 
 
 tween the tvf 
 
 or oxen, he v 
 
 Cleves, sistei 
 
 one, from the 
 
 fancy himsell 
 
 had landed at 
 
 he might unsi 
 
 phrase, " nou 
 
 ferent feeling 
 
 bein, and the 
 
 80 disgusted i 
 
 had chosen hi 
 
 he would hav 
 
 was afraid of 
 
 and thus raisi 
 
 very sight of 
 
 long ere he m 
 
 Cromwell. 1 
 
 son the very s 
 
 phantic parlia 
 
 of Salisbury. 
 
 t bill of attain 
 
 he had befrier 
 
 him which he 
 
 «ey. Having 
 
 his attention t 
 
 scarcely makt 
 
 figure; moreo 
 
 unsafe for He 
 
 Fortunately, \ 
 
 with disgust, ( 
 
 readily conser 
 
 pounds per an 
 
 precedence at 
 
 instead of beir 
 
 Six days afi 
 minister was c 
 hsting l^im for 
 ries, and the ri 
 to rank so hig 
 
 As if to she 
 Mian he did foi 
 execution of 
 ipny the king 
 apposite offem 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 467 
 
 with him, the Cruel executioners purposely made the fire so slow mat his 
 
 egs and thighs were gradually consumed before the flames even ap- 
 preached any vital part. The long tortures to which this poor man was 
 subjected at length so greatly disgusted some of the guards, that with their 
 halberts they threw him farther into the flames, and he there perished, 
 exclaiming with his last breath, "None but Christ, none but Christ!" 
 Many other cruel executions took place about this time. 
 
 In August, 1537, Henry's third queen, the lady Jane Seymour, gave 
 birth to a prince, to the great delight of the king, whose joy, however, was 
 much dimmished, when, in a few days, this best beloved and most amiable 
 nf all his wives died. He soon after commenced negotiations for a new 
 marriage, but being disappointed in his views on the duchess dowager ol 
 Longueville, and being then refused by Francis permission to choose be* 
 tween the two sisters of tliat lady precisely as he would have chosen sheep 
 or oxen, he was persuaded by Cromwell to demand the hand of Anne oi 
 Cleves, sister of the reigning duke. Her portrait, of course a flattering 
 one, from the pencil of the celebrated Hans Holbein, caused Henry to 
 fancy himself very much enamoured of her, and when he learned that she 
 had landed at Dover, he actually rode as far as Rochester in disguise, that 
 he might unseen, or at least unknown, have a glance at her to, in his own 
 phrase, " nourish his love." This glance, however, " nursed" a very dif- 
 ferent feeling. The difference between the delicate limning of Hans Hoi. 
 bem, and the especially vast person and coarse complexion of the lady, 
 80 disgusted and surprised Henry, that he passionately swore that they 
 had chosen him not a woman and a princess, but a Flanders mare ; and 
 he would have fain sent her back without a word said to her, but that he 
 was afraid of offending the German princes connected with her brother, 
 and thus raising against himself a too powerful coalition. Detesting the 
 very sight of Anne, and yet feeling obliged to marry her, the king was not 
 long ere he made the full weight of his indignation fall upon the head oi 
 Cromwell. That too servilely obedient minister now had to feel in per- 
 son the very same injustice which, at his instigation, the detestably syco- 
 phantic parliament had so recently inflicted upon the venerable countess 
 of Salisbury. He was accused of high treason, denied a public trial, and 
 » bill of attainder passed both houses, without even one of the many whom 
 he had befriended having the generous courage to show that gratitude to 
 him which he, under similar circumstances, had shown to Cardinal Wol- 
 «ey. Having got judgment passed against Cromwell, Henry now turned 
 his attention to obtaining a divorce from Anne of Cleves. Even he could 
 scarcely make it a capital offence to have coarse features and an awkward 
 figure ; moreover, the influence of Anne's brother was such as to make it 
 unsafe for Henry to proceed to any thing like violent steps against her. 
 Fortunately, however, for the comfort of both parties, if he viewed her 
 with disgust, she viewed him with the most entire indifference; and she 
 readily consented to be divorced on Henry giving her three thousand 
 pounds per annum, the royal palace of Richmond for a residence, and such 
 precedence at court as she would have enjoyed had she been his sistet 
 instead of being his divorced wife. 
 
 Six days after the passing of the bill of attainder against Cromwell, that 
 mimster was executed, no one seeming to feel sorrow for him ; the poor 
 hating ])\m for the share he had taken in the suppression of the monaste- 
 ries, and the rich detesting him for having risen from a mere peasant birth 
 to rank so high and power so great. 
 
 As if to show that he really cared less for either protestantism or popery 
 ttiau he did for his own will and pleasure, the king ordered just now the 
 execution of Powel, Abel, and Featherstone, catholics who ventured to 
 fleny the king's supremacy, and of Barnes, Garret, and Jerome, for the 
 apposite offence of beintr more nrotestant than it nleuied the kinv that 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
a 
 
 468 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 they should be ! And to render this impartfality in despotism the mora 
 awfully impressive, the protestant and catholic offenders were drawn to 
 the stake in Smithfield on the same huidle ! • . , *■ 4 
 
 A n 1541.— Though the king had now been married four times, and, 
 certainly, with no such happiness as would have made marriage seem so 
 very desirable, the divorce^rom Anne of Cleves was scarcely accom- 
 DlSbed ere his council memoralised him to take another wife, and he 
 SmpUed by espousing the niece of the duke of Norfolk. This lady by 
 Same Catherine Howird, was said to have won the heart of the k,ng '' by 
 he™ notable appearance of honour, cleanliness, ?nd maidenly behav- 
 iour." and so well was the king at first satisfied with this his fifth wife, 
 that he not only behaved to her with remarkable tenderness and respect, 
 but even caused the bishop of London to compose a form of thanksgiving 
 for the felicity his majesty enjoyed. But the new queen, being a catholic. 
 had IS enemies imoSg th/ reformers; and Intelligence was soon 
 brouSt to Cranmer o' such conduct on the part of Catherine before mar- 
 rSge as he dared not conceal from the king, though it was by no means a 
 saflthinff to speak upon so delicate a matter. In fact, so much did Craii. 
 Ser d eaVthe%ioleft temper of the king, that he committed the painfu 
 intelligence to writing. Henry was at first perfectly incredulous as to the 
 LuU of a woman whose manners and appearance had so greatly imposed 
 Son him He ordered her arrest, and while in durance, she was visited 
 b? a deputation from Henry and exhorted to speak the truth, m the assu- 
 jLce thSher husband would rejoice at her innocence, an^^at hej?*'' 
 were both just and strong enough to protect her. As she hesitated to 
 rnswerVa bill of attamder was passed against her, and then she con eased 
 Sat he past life had been debauched, to an extent tha cannot with de- 
 cency be particularised. It must suffice to say, that the revdting and 
 BTO88 shamelessiiess of her conduct before marriage, as deposed by oth- 
 Srand rgeneral terms confessed by herself, render it scarcely possible 
 fo" any one^cquainted with human nature, and the laws of ev.deace to 
 Dlace the slightest reliance upon her assertions of the innocence of her 
 Sost nuptial conduct; though, as she belonged to.thecathol.c party th 
 historians of that party have taken some pains to justify her. ^n.e most 
 abandoned of her sex might blush for the shameless guilt of which she 
 £ by her own confession been guilty ; and the historian any part 
 must have a strange notion of the tenets of his party, and of the true 1 a- 
 Sre of his Swn vo^cat"on. who seeks for party saL to prop up a character 
 80 loathsome^ put the shameless wanton to death, by the tyran 
 
 nous mode of attaindlr.^ogether with her paramours and her confidante 
 Zt unprincipled lady Rochfort, who had taken so P""«'P«1 ^^ P^^ .'o'^JJ 
 death of Anne Boleyn, Henry caused a law to be Passf^; ha /iny wo^ 
 who should marry him, or any of his ^u''^^^^""' J^*^ in t e oass H 
 hpfnrft marriaffe. reveal that d sgrace on pain of death ; on the passing ui 
 SrrSfjeoJle jocosely ?emarked'that the king's best plan would 
 be to take a widow for his next wife. . , 
 
 Henrv now employed some time m mitigaUng the severe s'X ™^; 
 .0 far as regarded the marriage of priests : but he made, at the same time, 
 ronSSTnToarupon thf prop'erty 0/ both the regular and secu 
 dernr. Still bent upon upholding and exerting his supremacy, he also 
 encSaged appeals from the spiritual to the civil courts, of which Hume 
 aSSy as ji stly says that it was " a happy nnovation, though at fiw 
 invented for arbitrary purposes." He now also issued a 8'"aU vdune en 
 titled "The InstitutfonoFa Christian Man,' in which >" h f "«u^^^^^^^^ 
 tmy style, and without the least apparent consciousness of the inconsis 
 ent Veering he had displayed on theological sub ects. he prescribed to hij 
 SLoDle ho5 they should believe and think upon the delicate matter. o> 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD^ 469 
 
 jastification, free-will, good-works, and grace, with as much coolness as 
 hough his ordinances had concerned merely the fashion of a jerk in or the 
 length of a cross-bow bolt. Having made some very inefficient alterations 
 in the inass-book, Henry presently sent forth another little volume, called 
 me "Erudition of a Christian Man." in this he flatly contradicted the " In- 
 »titut.on of a Christian Man," and that, too, upon matters of by no means 
 secondary imp)rtance; but he just as peremptorily and self-complacently 
 called upon his subjects to follow him now as he had when just before he 
 pointed a directly opposite path ! 
 
 The successful rivalship of his nephew, James of Scotland, in the affec- 
 tions of Marie, dowager duchess of Longueville, gave deep offence to 
 Henry, which was still farther irritated into hatred by JamSs' adhesioS 
 to the ancient faith, and his close correspondence with the pope, the em- 
 peror Charles, and Francis, of which Henry was perfectly Well nformed 
 by the assiduity of his ambassador, Sir Ralph S^ler. These personal 
 feelings, fully as much as any political considerations, caused Henry to 
 commence a war which almost at the outset caused James to die of dVer- 
 excited anxiety ; but of this war we shall hereafter have to speak 
 
 1 k'".^/" '^'« «'*'^, marriage made good the jesting prophecy of the 
 people by takmg to wife Catherine Parr, widowif NevifLSrd Lalhner! 
 She was a friend o the reformed, but a woman of too much prudence to 
 peril herself injudiciously. He treated her with great respect, and in I644I 
 when he led a large and expensive expedition, with coSsid^rably more 
 edat than advantage, he left her regent during his absence from fingUnd 
 Subsequently, however, the queen, in spite of her pVudence, was mo?e 
 than once m imminent danger. Anne Askew, a ladv whom she had 
 openly and greatly favoured, imprudently provoked the king by opposi- 
 viou upon the capital point of the real presence, and chancellor Wriottes- 
 tey, who had to interrogate the unhappy lady, being a bigoted catholic, it 
 nZfrrV^'^'^^ that his extreme severity might induce her to confess 
 howiar Catherine and the chief court ladies were implicated in her oTno" 
 rrnTJTn".'- ^T^'j^y^^V^ *"d delicate, the poor girl was laid u%n 
 he rack and questioned, but torture itself failed to extort an answer to 
 the questions by which the chancellor endeavoured to come at the queen 
 So enraged was that most brutal officer, that he ordered the lieutenant of 
 the Tower to stretch the rack still farther, and on his refusing to do so 
 latdhts ownhandtolhe rackcrid drew it so violenUy that ht almost tore he^ 
 bodv asunder:^ This diabolical cruelty served no other purpose than to 
 ThJLJni''"'","^^ infamous while the annals of England shall remain. 
 The heroic girl bore her horrible torture with unflinching fortitude, and 
 rl^T?^^'' the stake in a chair, her body being so maimed and diS 
 cated that she could not walk. She suffered at the same time with John 
 Lascelles. of the king's household, John Adams, tailor, and Nicholas Ble- 
 uUiii a priest* 
 
 Subsequently the queen was again much endangered. Thouffh she had 
 TZ ^'T^!^^^- '" ^'""'■^"'•" ^''^ ^'^ '=°»'1"«'' «he would occasionally 
 
 and an ulcer m his lea; caused him so much agonv that "he was as furious 
 as a chained tiger." H.s natural vehemence and intolerance of opposition 
 Ev"*^''"^"^.'^ '»»«'' increased under such circumstances ; and Cath- 
 erine 8 arguments at length so offended him. that he compla ned of her 
 conduct to Gardiner and Wrioitesley. They bigoted friends tS the ca?h 
 tlSl ^^r^P^Portionally inimical to &th?rine as a friend of the 
 unn. Sn 1 "^ encouraged his ill temper, and so dexterously argued 
 thShl nrt'""*'**','^^ °f,P""*"» ^^^^"^ ^^'^^y i" 'he higlf plfces. 
 LSldav iL«^'^°?^" for her being sent to the Tower 5n tW foU 
 S2« Z">,i Vu '«"""*'« «no"«h to get information of what was 
 w »iore for her, and her cool temper and shrewd woman's wit sufficed \o 
 
00 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Mve her from her enemies. She well knew that as lust had been the 
 crime of Henry's manhood, so vanity— that vanity which cannot endure 
 even the pettiest opposition — was the great spring of his actions now that 
 his eye was growing dim and his natural force abated. She paid him her 
 usual visit that day, and when he tried to draw her into their common 
 course of argument, she said that arguments in divinity were not proper 
 for women ; that wotnen should follow the principles of their husband?, as 
 she made a point of following his ; and that though, in the belief that it 
 something alleviated his physical sufferings, she sometimes pretended to 
 oppose him, she never did so until she had exhausted all her poor means 
 of otherwise amusing him." The bait to his inordinate vanity was easily 
 taken. " Is it so, sweetheart !" he exclaimed, " then we are perfect friends 
 again," and he embraced her affectionately. On the foUowing day the 
 chancellor and his far more respectable myrmidons the pursuivants went 
 to apprehend 4he queen, when the sanguinary man was sent away with a 
 Tolley of downright abuse, such as Henry could bestow as well as the 
 meanest of his subjects when once his temper was fully aroused. 
 
 A. D. 1547. — In almost all Henry's persecutions of persons of any emi- 
 nence, careful observation will generally serve to discover something of 
 that personal ill-feeling tvhich in a man of lower rank would be called 
 personal spite. Thus the duke of Norfolk and his son, the earl of Surrey, 
 wrere now arrested and charged with various overt acts which caused 
 ♦iiem — ^as tho charges ran — to be suspected of high treason. Their real, and 
 their only real crime was their relationship to Catherine Howard, his fifth 
 queen. The very frivolous nature of the charges proves that this was the 
 case, but the despicably servile parliament, as usual, attended only to the 
 king's wishes, and both Norfolk and his son were condemned. The pro 
 ceedings in the case of the latter, from his being a commoner, were more 
 speedy than that of his father, and the gallant young Surrey was execu- 
 ted. Orders were also given for the execution of Norfolk on the morning 
 of the 29th of January, 1547 ; but on the night of the 28th the furious king 
 himself died, in the thirty-seventh year of his arbitrary reign and in the 
 fifty-sixth of his age ; and the council of the infant prince Edward VI. 
 wisely respited the duke's sentence, from which he was released at the 
 accession of Queen Mary. 
 
 That the character of Henry was per se bad, few can doubt that have 
 read his reign attentively ; but neither will any just man deny, that he, so 
 gay and generous, so frank and so great a lover of literature in youth, 
 owed not a little of his subsequent wickedness to the grossly servile adu- 
 lation of the great, and to the dastardly submission of the parliament. 
 What could be expected from a man, naturally vain, to whom the able 
 Cromwell could say, that " he was unable, and he believed all men were 
 unable, to describe the unutterable qualities of the royal mind, the sub- 
 lime virtues of the royal heart ;" to whom Rich could say, that " in wis- 
 dom he was equal to Solomon, in strength and courage to Sampson, in 
 beauty and address to Absalom ;" and what could be expected from a man, 
 naturally violent and contemptuous of human life, who found both houses 
 of parliament vile enough to slay whoever he pleased to denounce 1 Ad 
 arbitrary reign was that of Henry, but it wrought as much for the perma 
 nem, religious, and moral eood of the nation, as the storms and tempests 
 beneath which we cower while they last, work for the physical atmosphere 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 THB REION or IDWARD VI 
 
 *. o. l»4r.— Hknby's will fixed the majority of his son and successoi 
 Edward VI., at the ugc ol eighteen. Tho young prince at the time of hm 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 471 
 
 father's death was but a few month's more than nine, and the government 
 wao during his minority vested in sixteen executors, viz., Cranmer, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury ; Lord Wriottesley, chancellor ; Lord St. John, great 
 master; Lord Russell, privy seal ; the earl of Hertford, chamberlain ; Vis- 
 count Lisle, admiral ; Tonstall, bishop of Durham ; Sir Anthony Browne, 
 master of the horse ; Sir William Paget, secretary of state ; Sir Edward 
 Forth, chancellor of the court of augmentations; Sir Edward Montague, 
 chief justice of the common pleas ; Judge Bromley, Sir Anthony Denny, 
 and Sir William Herbert, chief gentlemen of the privy chamber ; Sir Ed 
 ward Wotton, treasurer of Calais ; and Dr. Wotton, dean of Canterbury. 
 
 Not only did Henry VIIL name these councillors, some of whom were 
 in station at least, far below so important a trust, but he laid down a course 
 of conduct for them with a degree of minuteness, which shows that to the 
 very close of his career his unbounded vanity maintained its old ascend- 
 ancy over his naturally shrewd judgment, and that he expected that his 
 political and religious supremacy would be respected even when the earth- 
 worms and the damps of the charnel-house should be busy with his inani- 
 mate body. The very first meeting of the councillors showed the fallacy 
 of the late king's anticipations. He evidently intended that the co-ordinate 
 distribution of the state authority should render it impracticable for the 
 ambition of any one great subject to trouble or endanger the succession of 
 the young Edward ; and this very precaution was done away with by the 
 first act of the councillors, who agreed that it was necessary that some 
 one minister should have prominent and separate authority, under the 
 title of protector, to sign all orders and proclamations, and to communi- 
 cate with foreign powers. In a word, they determined to place one of 
 their number in precisely that tempting propinquity to the throne, to guard 
 against which had been a main object of Henry's care and study. The 
 earl of Hertford, maternal uncle to the king, seemed best entitled to thik 
 high ofRce, and he was accordingly chosen, in spite of the opposition of 
 Chancellor Wriottesley, who from his talents and experience had antici- 
 pated that he himself, in reality though not formally, would occupy this 
 very position. 
 
 Having made this most important and plainly unauthorised alteration 
 m Henry's arrangement, the council now gave orders for the interment 
 of the deceased monarch. The body lay in state in the chapel of White- 
 hall, which was hung with fine black cloth. Eighty large black tapers 
 were kept constantly burning ; twelve lords sat round within a rail as 
 raourneis ; and every day masses and dirges were performed. A.t the 
 commencement of each service Norroy, king-at-arms, cried in a loud 
 voice, " Of your charity pray for the soul of the high and mighty prince, 
 our late sovereign lord, Henry the Eighth." On the 14th of February the 
 body was removed to Sion house, and thence to Windsor on the following 
 day, and on the 16th it was interred near that of Lady Jane Seymour in a 
 vault near the centre of the choir. Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, per- 
 formed the service and preached a sermon. As he scattered earth upon 
 thecoflin and pronounced, in Latin, the solemn word" "Ashes to ashes 
 and diist to dust," certain of the principal attendants broke their wanda of 
 office into three parts, above their heads, and threw the pieces upon the 
 "offin. The solemn psalm de profundis was then recited, and garter king 
 at arms, attended by the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of Dur 
 nam, proclaimed the style and titles of Edward VI. 
 
 The coronation next followed, but was much abridged of the usual cere- 
 mony and splendour, chiefly on account of the delicate state of the king's 
 neallh. The executors of the late king, though they had so importantly 
 departed from the express directions of the will upon some points, were 
 wry exact in following it upon others. Thus, Henry had charged them 
 W make certain creations or promotions in the peerage ; and Hertford 
 
 if^i 
 
 p»ii 
 
172 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Ifi 
 
 was now made duke of Somerset, marshal and lord treasurer , hwoppo- 
 nenl, the chancellor Wriottesley, earl of Southampton ; tlie earlo basex. 
 marquis of Northampton; Viscount Lisle, earl of Warwick ; Sir rhomHs 
 
 Seymour, Lord SejSour of Sudley a»d f'''"''^ « V'f f \'"'^ ' '"^^'" 
 Richard Rich, WiUtam Willoughby, and Edmund Sheffield, barons. Som 
 TrBet tnd some of the other peers were at the same time, to enable them 
 to support their dignity, gratified with deaneries, prebends, and other spir- 
 Uual benefices ; a most pernicious precedent, and one which has caused 
 and enabled so much church property and influence to be placed in the 
 hands of laymen, many of whom are avowedly and flagrantly dissenters 
 from the doctrine of the church, and foes to her establishment. 
 
 Wriottesley, earl of Southampton, was greatly disappointed hat he, in- 
 
 siead of Somerset, had not been chosen protector; and this feeling tended 
 
 Jreatly to exasperate the political opposit-on which had ever existed 
 
 EMween them. Wriottesley, with a want of judgment strangely in con 
 
 trast with his usual conduct, gave to Somerset an opportunity to distress 
 
 and mnrlify him. of which that proud noble was not slow to avail hims.H. 
 
 Desiring to\rive the utmost possible amount of time to public business, 
 
 and f 8 far as possible to share and check the authority o the protector, 
 
 Southampton, merely upon his own authority, piit the great seal into com- 
 
 mission, empowering four lawyers to execute the office of chancellor for 
 
 Sm : and two of the four lawyers thus named were canonists, which gave 
 
 •ome appearance to his conduct of a desire to show disrespect to the com- 
 
 mon law Somerset and his party eagerly caught at this indiscretion of 
 
 their noble and resolute opponent, and easily obtained from the judges an 
 
 opinion to the effect that Southampton's course was illegal and unjus ti- 
 
 flSble. and that he had forfeited his office and even laid himself open to 
 
 ■till farther ounishment. Southampton was accordingly summoned before 
 
 Xe cminci ^ and, hough he defended himself acutely, he was condemned 
 
 £ lose u"e great seal, to pay a pecuniary fine, and to be confined to hi. 
 
 ***Ha^v°nrthroLortSy removed his most powerful and persevering 
 . pponcnt, Somerset immediately set about enlarging his own power and 
 Lftering is foundation. Professing to feel a delicacy m exercising he 
 extensive powers of protector while holding that office only under the au- 
 Sy nf HrexecutSrs of the late king's will, ho obtained from iho young 
 kinifcdward a patent which gave him the protectorate with full regal 
 Mwers and wlSch. though it reappointed all the councillors and execu- 
 S^iamed in Hen y'« will, with the solo exception of Southa.nptoi. ex- 
 SSptedle protector from his former obligations to consult them or to be 
 
 •^Se'd'brCraierTl'he protector, in spite of the strong and able oppo.i- 
 tion of Gardiner, made considerable advances in religious reformation; 
 v^tmnde them with a most prudent and praiseworthy tenderness to ho 
 n fS KP eiudices of the mass of that generation. Thus, ho appou.ted 
 Jfsitors fav and clerical, to repress, as far as might bo obvious, impostures 
 and flagrant hnmoral tie; on tho part of the catholic clergy ; but he at the 
 Mmetfi e nsVructed those visitors to deal respectfully with such ceremo- 
 Sas we i yet unabolished, and with such Images and shrines as were 
 Tabused to Urn purpose of idolatry. While thus prudent, m teiiderncs 
 to the inveterate and ineradicable prejudices of tlie ignorant, ho with a 
 verv sound policy took measures for weakening the mischievous eflecU 
 of 7ho p3...g of the monks. Many of these men were p aced in vacant 
 church U. that so the exchequer might be relieved, pro tanto, of the pay- 
 ment of iho annuities settled upon them at the "uppression of re hg u^ui 
 houses As it was found that they took advantage o\ their position to n- 
 _"" ihr.-. iC~i:,A^ of t»-.H iirnoru'it the worst of tiie old superstitions and a 
 iMo'^haVred oTlhe refoiHTalion Soiuersel now compelled them to avoid 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 4T3 
 
 thnt conduct, by enjoining upon them the reading of certain homilies hav- 
 ing precisely tlie opposite tendency and by strictly forbidding them to 
 preach, unless by special indulgence, anywiiero save in their own parish 
 churches. 'J'he monks being thus strictly confined in their own parish 
 churches, and limited in their liberty of preaching even there, while the 
 protestnnt clergymen could always insure a special license for peripatetic 
 preacliing, Av as a system too obviously favourable to the reformation to 
 pass uncensured by the principal catholic champions. Bonner at tlieout- 
 •et gave the protector's measures open and strong opposition, but subs • 
 quenlly agreed to them. Gardiner a less violent but far firmer and more 
 consistent man, because, probably, a far more sincere man, was staunch 
 in his opposition. He was of opinion that the reformation could not be 
 carried any farther but with real and great danger. "It is,'* said he, "a 
 dangerous thing to use too much freedom in researches of this kind. If 
 you cut the old canal, the water is apt to run farther than you have a mind 
 to ; if you indulge the humour of novelty, you cannot put a stop to people's 
 demands, nor govern their indiscretions at pleasure. For my part my sole 
 concern is to manage the third and last act of my life with decency, and 
 to make a handsome exit off the stage. Provided this point is secured I 
 nm not solicitous about the rest. I am already by nature condemned to 
 death : no man can give me a pardon from this sentence, nor so much as 
 procure me a reprieve. To speak my mind, and to act as my conscience 
 directs, are two branches of liberty which I can never part with. Sincerity 
 in speech and integrity in action are enduring qualities; they will stick by 
 a man when everything else takes its leave, and I must not resign them 
 upon any consideration. The best of it is, if I du not throw these away 
 myself, no man can force them from me ; but if I give them up, then am 
 I ruined by myself, and deserve to lose all my preferments.'' Besid s 
 the obvious danger of going too far and making the people mischievously 
 familiar witli change, Gardiner charged his opponents with an unnecessary 
 :ind presumptuous assumption of metaphysical exactitude upon the doc- 
 trines of grace and justification by faith, points not vitally necessary to 
 any man, and beyond the real comprehension of the multitude. The 
 ability and the flnnncss with which he rtrcssed these and'other grounds of 
 opposition so highly enraged the prote^^tor, that Gardiner was committed 
 to the Fleet, and there t.eated with a severity which, his age and his 
 talents being considered, reflected no little di<»credit upon the protcstunt 
 party. Tonstal, bishop of Durham, who sided with Gardiner, was expelled 
 the council, but allowed to live without farther molestation. 
 
 The active measures of Somerset for promoting the reformation in 
 England gave force and liveliness to the antagonist parties in Srv „land 
 also. The cardinal Beaton, or Bcthune, was resolute to put dovvii the 
 preaching, even, of tlie reformers ; while these latter, on the other" handi 
 were daily becoming more and more inflamed with a zeal to which mar- 
 tyrdom ilsrlf had no terrors. Among the most zealous and active of the 
 reformed preachers was a well-born gentleinun named Wishart, a inai^ol 
 (reat learning, high moral character, and a rich store of that passionate 
 ind forcible, though rude, elouuencu which is so powerful ov>'r tho mindi 
 of enlhiKiastic but uneducated men. The principal scene of his preach- 
 ing WHS Dundee, where his eloquence had so visible and stirrins an efTect 
 upon the multitude, that the magistrates, as a simple matter or civil po- 
 lice, felt bound to forbid him to preach within their Jurisdictiun. IJnablo 
 to avoid retiring, WiRhart, however, in doing so, Bolninnly invoked and 
 prophesied a heavy and speedy calamity upon the towu in which hit 
 preacliing had thus been stopped. Singularly enough, he had not long 
 been banished from Dundee when the plague burst out with great violcncp. 
 Poit hoc, ergo propter hoc is over the popuTur maxim \ men loudly declared 
 iiiiti iiie plague was evidently the coniec lenue of Wishart's baiiishmeiti 
 
4U 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and that the hand of the destroying angel would never be stayed until the 
 preacher should be recalled. Wishart was recalled accordingly^ and 
 taking advantage of the popular feelings of dismay, he so boldly and pas. 
 ■lonately advocated innovations, that Cardinal Beaton caused him to be 
 arrested and condemned to the stake as a heretic. 
 
 Arran, the governor, showing some fear and unwillingness to proceed 
 
 to the eitremiiv of burning, the cardina carried the sentence into execu- 
 
 tion on his owii authority, and even stationed himself at^a window from 
 
 which he could behold the dismal spectacle. This indecen and cruel 
 
 triumph was noted by the suflferer, who solemnly warned Beaion that ere 
 
 manv days he should be laid upon that very spot where then he triumphed. 
 
 Agitated as the multitude were by the exhortations of their numeroui. 
 
 preachers of the reformed doctrine, such a prophecv was not likely to 
 
 fall unheeded fro-n such a man under such circumstarfces. His followers 
 
 in great numbers associated to revenge his death. Sixteen of the most 
 
 courageous of them went well armed to the cardinal's palace at an early 
 
 hour in the morning, and having thrust all his servants and tradesinen o^^ 
 
 proceeded to the cardinal's apslrtment. For a shor time the fasiemngs 
 
 defied their power, but a cry arising to bring fire to their aid, the unfortu- 
 
 nate old man opened the door to therA, entreating to spare his he and re- 
 
 minding them of his priesthood. The foremost of his assailants, James 
 
 Melvilll, called to the others to execute with becoming gravity and de. 
 
 SSration a work which was only to be looked upon as the judgment of 
 
 **"ReDent thee," said this sanguinary but conscientious enthusiast, '« re- 
 pent thee, thou wicked cardinal, of all thy sins and iniquities,. espetiaUy of 
 the murder of Wishart, that instrument of God for the conversion of these 
 lands. It is his death which now cries vengeance upon thee: we are 
 sent by God to inflict the deserved punishment. For here, be ore the Al- 
 miBhty, I protest that it is neither fiatred of thy person, nor love of thy 
 riches nor fear of thy power, which moves me to seek thy death, but only 
 becau;eThorhas!beL^nd still remains an obstinate enemy to ChriBt 
 
 '"wUMhe'e iSs'TeWme stabbed the cardinal, who fell dead at hi. 
 feet This murder took place the year before the deathof Henry Vlll.,to 
 whom the assassins, who fortified themselves and friends, to the number 
 ?fahuiiclredand forty, in the castle, dispatched a messenger for a^. 
 He.irv. always jealous of Scotland and glad to cripple its turbulent nobili- 
 !v nr«'n s«J '"^ Somerset now. in obedience to the dying in- 
 
 MonofthekingVprenired to march an army into Scotland, for the 
 'purpose of compellmg a Inion of the two countries, by ."-arrymg the minor 
 SueVn of Scotland to the minor king of England. With a fleet of sixty 
 2aira" da force of eighteen thousand men, he set out with ll;« «yov^j<l 
 Ju po«e of not listening to any negotiation, unless based "P»" ."' f Knt 
 tion ol the marriage oflho young queen of Scotland to Kdvvirdof hng- 
 lln" , H mcTsure which he urgeS and justified at great lengM in a pam- 
 Dhlot Dublished by him bcforo opening the campaign. 
 ^Except La means of justifying his own conduct in commencing the 
 war U would seem that so well informed a statesman as Somcrfot c.mld 
 Turi'ly haveexjected livllo effect from this manifesto. The qucon dowj- 
 ISrif Scotland was wholly influenced by France, which could not but be 
 to the utmost degree opposed to the union of Scotland and Kng and t and 
 Ihe was hu' nir too Juch attached to the catholic religion to look w^h 
 Iny compiaoent feeling upon a transfer of Scotland into the hsn. s onhe 
 Inown aSd p.,n,«v«rin{ ei.omy of that religion. From n«'*'ck to Kdln^ 
 burah Somerset experienced but little resistance. Arran. ho^^f"' ""J 
 K UD hi^^sition on the bank, of the Kske at about Jonrm.lrs fmu 
 Edinburgh, wilh an army double in uuiuuir w Inat oi inc csg:-:- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 476 
 
 otvalrv aflhii of outfrasts the Scots were woraied, and Lota Hqme 
 leverely wounded, but Somerset and the eatl of Warwick 'having recon- 
 Doitredthe Scottish camp« found that it was too well posted to be assailed 
 with any reasonable chance of success. Somerset now tried negotiation, 
 offering to evacuate the country and even to make compensation for such 
 mischief as had already been done, on condition that the Scots should en* 
 gage to keep their young queen at home and uncontracted in marriage 
 VDtil she should reach an age to choose for herself. This offer, so much 
 in contrast with the determmation with which the protector had set out, 
 caused the Scots to suppose that, intimidated by their numbers or moved 
 Dy some secret and distressing information, he was anxious to get away 
 upon any terms, and the very moderation of the terras offered by him was 
 the cause oftheir being rejected. Whoever will carefully and in detail 
 study the great campaigns and battles, whether of ancient or of modern 
 times, will find that at once the rarest and the most precious gift of a q~^- 
 eral-in-chief is to know how to refrain from action. The Fabian policy t-- 
 suitable only to the very loftiest and most admirable military genius ; not 
 because of the physical difficulty of remainhig tranquil, but simply because 
 to do so in spite alike of the entreaties of friends and the taunts of foes, 
 requires that self-conquest which is to be achieved only by a Fabius or a 
 Wellington. On the present occasion the Scot's leaders had to contend 
 not only against their own mistake as to Somerset's circumstances and 
 motives, but also against the frantic eagerness of their men, who were 
 wound up to the most intense rage by the preaciiing of certain priests in 
 their camp, who assured them that the detestable heresy of the English 
 made victory to their arms altogether out of the question. 
 
 Finding his moderate and peaceable proposal rejected, Somerset saw 
 that it was necessary to draw the enemy from their sheltered and strong 
 position, to a more open one in which he could advantageously avail him- 
 self of his superiority in cavalry. He accordingly moved towards the 
 sea; and as his ships at the same moment stood in shmo, as if to re* 
 ceive bim, the Scots fell into the snare and moved from their strong posi- 
 tion to intercept him. They entered the plain in three bodies, the van- 
 guard commanded by Angus, the main body commanded by Arran, and 
 some light horse and Irish archers on the left flank under Argyle. 
 
 As the Scots advanced into the plain, they were severely galled by the 
 artillery of the English ships, and among the killed was the eldest son of 
 Lord Graham. The Irish auxiliaries were thrown into the utmost disor- 
 der, and the whole main body began to fall back upon the rear-guard, 
 which was under the command of Huntley. Lord Grey, who had the 
 command of the English cavalry, had orders not to attack the Scottish 
 van till it should be closely engaged with the English van, when he was 
 totake it in flank. Tempted by the disorder of the enemy, he neglected 
 this order, and led the English cavalry on at full gallop. A heavy slough 
 and broad ditch threw them into confusion, and they were easily repulsed 
 bv the long spears of the Scotch ; Lord Grey himself was severely wound* 
 «d, the protector's son, Lord Edward Seymour, had his horse killed 
 under him, and the cavalry was only rallied by the utmost exertion and 
 presence of mind on the part of Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Ralph Vane, and 
 the protector in person. The Ei i{liah archers and the English ships 
 
 SsUed the van of the Scots so seven ly that it at length gave way, and 
 le English van being, at that critical moment, led on in good order, the 
 Scots and their Irish auxiliaries took to flight. How short and unequal 
 the fliffht was, and how persevering and murderous the pursuit, may be 
 nd«(ca from the fact, that the English loss was short of two hundred, and 
 that of (he Scots above t»n thousand ! Full fifteen hundred were also 
 made prisoners at this disastrous bnltlo of Pinkoy. 
 
 
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476 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 tiea on tha i>order, destroyed the shippinK on the const, and was in a sit- 
 uation to have imposed the most onerous terms on the Scots, could he 
 have followed up his advantages; but information reached him of in- 
 trigues going on in England, which obliged him to return, after having ap- 
 pointed Berwick for the place of conference of the commissioners, whom 
 the Scots, in order to gain time and procure aid from France, affected to 
 wish to send to treat for peace. 
 
 On Somerset's return to England he assumed moire state than ever, 
 being elated with his success in Scotland. He caused his nephew to dig. 
 pense with the statute of precedency passed in the late reign, and to grant 
 to him, the protector, a patent allowing him to sit on the throne, upon a 
 stool or bench on the right hand of the king, and to enjov all honours and 
 priviJeges usually enjoyed by any uncle of a king of Eiis/iand. 
 
 Whi2e thus intent upon hislown aggrandizement. Someisnt was, never, 
 thelesfl, attentive also to the ameliorating of the law. The statute of the 
 six articles was repealed, as were all laws against Lollardy and heresy— 
 though the latter was still an undefined crime at common law— all laws 
 extending the crime of treason beyond the twenty-fifth of Edward HI., 
 and all the laws of Henry VIII. extending the crime of felony; and no 
 accusation founded upon words spoken was to be made after the expira- 
 tion of a month from the alledged speaking. 
 
 A. D. 1648. — The extensive repeals of which we have made mention are 
 well described by Hume as having been the cause of "some dawn of both 
 civil and religious liberty" to the people. For them great praise was due 
 to Somerset, who, however, was now guilty of a singular inconsistency; 
 one which shows how difficult it is for unqualified respect to the righli 
 of the mulliiude to co-exist with such extensive power as that of the pro- 
 tector. Wliat Hume, with terse and significant emphasis, calls " that law, 
 the destruction of all laws, by whicli the king's proclamation was made of 
 equal force with a statute," was repealed; and yet the protector continued 
 to use and uphold the proclamation whensoever the occasion seemed to 
 demand it; as, for instance, forbidding the harmless and time-hallowed 
 superstitions or absurdities of carrying about candles on Candlemas day, 
 asnes on Ash Wednesday, and palm branches on Palm Sunday. 
 
 Aided by the French, the Scots made many attempts to recover the 
 towns and castles whicli had been taken from them by Somerset, and with 
 very general success. The English were reduced to so much distress, 
 and so closely kept within Haddington by the number and vigilance of 
 their enemies, that Somerset sent over a reinforcement of eighteen ihou- 
 land English troops and three thousand German auxiliaries. This large 
 force was commanded by the earl of Shrewsbury, who relieved Hadding- 
 ton, indeed, but could not get up with the enemy's troops until they were 
 BO advantageously posted near Kdiiigburgh, that he thought it imprudent 
 to attack thom, and marched back into England. , . , , 
 
 We must now refer to ihose intrigues of the English court to which the 
 Scots owed not a little of their comparative security. Between the pro. 
 tector and his brother, the lord Seymour, a man of great talent a"" «t»l 
 greater arrogance and ambition, tnere was a feeling of rivalry, which 
 was greatly Increased and imbittered by the feminine rivalry and spite 
 of their wives. The queen dowager, the widow of Henry Vlll., married 
 Lord Seymour at a scarcely decent interval after her royal husband i 
 death ; the queen dowager, though married to a younger brother of the 
 dukH, took precedence of the dnchess of Somerset, and the latter used all 
 her great power and influence over her husband to irritate him agaiiislhi* 
 brother. When Somerset led the English army into Scotland, Lord Sey 
 mour took the opportunity to endeavour to strengthen his own cabal, oy 
 dittributing his liberalities among the king's councillors and «er^«nt», 
 and by improper ioouigonce io iiie yuuug kiiig hiuiicii occn-.s.-j i ns^-t, 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 411 
 
 who well knew the bitter and restless rivalry of the two brothers, warned 
 Lord Seymour to beware, thai, by encouraging cabals, he did not bring 
 down ruin upon that lofty stale to which both himself and the protectoi 
 had risen, and which had made them not a few powerful foes, who would 
 but little hesifate to side with either for a time for the sake of crushing 
 both in the end. Lord Seymour treated the remonstrances ot Paget with 
 neglect; and the secretary perceiving the evil and danger daily to grow 
 more imminent, sent the protector such information as caused him to give 
 ap all probable advantage, and hasten to protect his authority and inter* 
 csts at home. The subsequent departure of the young queen of Scotland 
 for France, where she arrive' in safety and was betrothed to the dauphin, 
 made Somerset's Scottish projects comparatively hopeless and of little 
 consequence, and he subsequently gave his undivided attention to the 
 maintenance of his authority in England. 
 
 Not contented with the degree of wealth and authority he possessed, as 
 admiral of England and husband of the queen dowager, Lord Seymour, 
 whose artful complaisance seems to have imposed upon his nephew, 
 caused the young monarch to write a letter to parliament to request that 
 Lord Seymour might be made governor of the king's person, which office 
 bis lordship argued ought to be kept distinct from that of protector of the 
 realm. Before he could bring the affair before parliament^ and while he 
 was busily engaged in endeavouring to strengthen his party. Lord Sey« 
 mour was warned by his brother to desist. The council, too, threatened 
 that it would use the letter he had obtained from the affection or weak 
 ness of the young king, not as a justification of his factious opposition to 
 the protector's legal authority, but as a proof of a criminal tampering with 
 a minor and a mere child, with intent to disturb the legal and seated gov- 
 ernment of the realm. It was further pointed out to him, that the council 
 now knew quite enough to justify it in sending him to the Tower: and 
 the admiral, however unwillingly, abandoned his designs, at least for the 
 time. 
 
 Somerset easily forgave his brother, but the ambition and aching envy 
 of that turbulent and restless man was speodily called into evil activity 
 again, by a circumstance which to an ordinary man would have seemed 
 a sufficient reason for lowering its tone. His wife, the queen dowager, 
 died in giving birth to a child, and Lord Seymour then paid his addresses 
 to the lady Elizabeth, as yet only sixteen years of age. As Mary was 
 the eldest daughter, and as Henry had very distinctly excluded both Mary 
 and Elizabeth from the throne in the event of their marrying without the 
 consent of his executors, which consent Lord Seymour could have no 
 chance of getting, it was clear that Seymour could only hope to derive 
 benefit from such an alliance by resorting to absolute usurpation and vio- 
 lence. That such was his intention is mrthcr rendered probable by tho 
 fact, that besides redoubling his efforts to obtain influence over all who 
 had access to tho king or power in the state, he had so distributed his fa- 
 vours even among persons of comparatively low rank, that he calculated 
 on beinff able, if it were neceisary, to muster an army of ten thousand 
 men. For this number, it seems, he had actually provided arms ; he had 
 farther strengthened himself by protecting pirates, whom, us admiral ol 
 Kngland, it M'as his especial duty to suppress ; and he had corrupted Sir 
 John Spurington, the master of the mint at Bristol, who was to supply 
 him witn money. 
 
 Well informed as to his brother's criminal projects, the protector, botli 
 hv intreatics and by favours conferred, endoavcmred to indiico him t(» 
 abandon his mad ambition. But the natural wrong-hciidcdnoss of Lord 
 Seymour, and tho ill advice of Dudley, earl of Warwick, a man of great 
 talent and courage, but of just such principles as iiiight be expected from 
 the son of that Dudley, the extortioner, who was colleague of iSinpaon 
 
 urn 
 
 
4t8 
 
 HISTORY OF THB WORLD. 
 
 in thA miirn of Henrv VII., rendered the humane efforts of the protewoi 
 'vU Hftl.g both [L brothers, Warwick dreaded the Lord Seymour the 
 more for hisispiring temper and superior talents j and seemg him only 
 SS^well inclined to^seditlous practices, the treacherous Warwick urged 
 him on in his ttuilty and foolish career, and at the same time secretly ad- 
 J LTe protlSor to take stern means of putting a stop to the practice, 
 of a brXer upon whom kindness and srood counsel were completely 
 SrJwn away. By Warwick's advice tTie protector first deprived his 
 bSr of the offi Jof admiral, and then committed him, with someof his 
 aSffed accomplices, to the Tower. Three privy councillors, who were 
 lent to examine the prisoners, reported that tjere was important evidence 
 Sainst them; and even now the protector offered liberty and pardon to 
 S8broiher™on condition of his retiring to his coimtry houses, and con- 
 fining himlelf strictly to private life. Undaunted by all the appearances 
 Hst him, Lord Seymour replied only by threats and sarcasms ; and, 
 S by h^8 personal and political friends, real and pretended, the pro- 
 ector consented not only that his brother should be proceeded against, bm 
 ilsothl" he should be refused a free and open trial which he indignantly 
 demanded, and be proceeded against before that ready instrument of sove 
 
 '•n.'Tsr^S'n JhVmSTo" ^ a bill of attainder was origi- 
 
 nat^d in the uDoer house. By way of evidence, several peers rose and 
 Stated whaf they knew oi proYessell to know of the criminal designs and 
 DracUcrs of he admiral ; and upon this evidence given, be it observed, by 
 ?Sm fn the case, that house of peers in which the deluded man had sup. 
 Doled h"n self to have so many ^st friends, passed the bill with scarcely 
 rdTsseS vo ce, and. as Hume observes " without any one having e. her 
 The couraTC or equity to move that he might be heard m his defence; that 
 hS tesUmony agS him should be delivered in a legal manner, and that he 
 should bTconfronted with the witnesses." Contrary to what might have 
 
 ber„'an'ticipa"ted."!i better spirit was «?!;i'''»«t " inde 7as S 
 it w»8 moved that the proceeding by bill of attainder was DdO, ana inai 
 evmrTan should be present and Tormally tried previous to condemnation. 
 AmLZe nominally from the king, but really from the council, how 
 ever!ten?iinated this^show of spirit and «q»i;y. *" Vh^lfrraftJnS th 
 rinaioriiv of four hundred to some nine or ten. Shortly a"er yards me 
 5dS was beheaded on Tower-hill, the warrant of his execution be ng 
 ;S by hi- brother Somerset! or rather the 90"^«'""»^'°"„„^^"it 
 frinl of ford Sevmour the most important business of this session wa» 
 /cc les asUcal onTact allowing priests to marry, but saying in the pre- 
 amble that "it were better for priests and the ministers of tKe church to 
 rechistely and without marriage, and it were much to be wwhed ^Jat 
 thevwould of themselves abstain;" another prohibiting 'he use o Je h 
 tney wouiu o luc oernMltina and prov d ng for a union of cures in 
 
 Sriitv of Yor^ MsSi^ofC cufe. it was stated in the preamble, were 
 £rm?cS im"po^erSrii.ly to support an incu^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 ment which no doubt arose from the transfer of the e«>e«.a8tu=jl "V^^ 
 ues into the hands of laymen and absentees. There was now a ^e^ »""; 
 «alom ward conformity, at least, with the doctrine and liturgy of the e- 
 format on! Butllh Aner and Gardiner were i^""^"^?^ Xv iai 
 na the catholic doctrine of the real presence, the princess Mary wm 
 hfeSened by The council for persisting to hear mass, and obtained 
 Indultence through the influence of the emperor. A "»'» f^fj" ^"° 
 
 "not aign'the watnint for her exftcuuon. Uruauier-ai-s • »»« -:- ■- 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 4^ 
 
 ihonid have less of Christian charity than his infant kmg !— argued him 
 into compliance ; but a compliance accompanied by tears and by the re. 
 mark that upon Cranmer's head would the deed lie for good or evil. The 
 execution of this woman was followed by that of a Dutch arian, named 
 Von Paris, who suffered his horrible death witli apparent delight^so ill 
 adapted is persecution to make converts ! 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 TDE 
 
 REiBN OF EDWARD VI. {continued) 
 
 To deny that a great reformation was much needed in the church at the 
 time when it was commenced bv Henry VIII. would be utterly and oh- 
 Btinately to close one's eyes to the most unquestionable evidence. Nev- 
 ertheless it is no less certain that the wealth which was justly taken from 
 the monks Avas quite as unjustly bestowed upon laymen. It was not be- 
 cause corrupt men had insinuated or forced themselves into the church, 
 that therefore the church should be plundered ; it was not because the 
 monks had diverted a part of the large revenues of the chnrch from the 
 proper purpose, that therefore the king should wrongfully bestow a still 
 larger pan. The laymen upon whom Henry bestowed the spoils of the 
 mater and lesser houses had in few cases, if any, a single claim upon 
 those spoils save favouritism, not always too honourable to themselves 
 or to the king ; yet to thera was given, without the charre of the poor, that 
 property upon which the poor had been bountifully fed. The baron or the 
 knight, the mere courtier or the still worse charactei .pon whom this 
 property was bestowed might live a hundred or even a thousa-id miles 
 from the land producing his revenue— from that land npon which its for- 
 mer possessors, its rfstdent landlords the monks, eniployed the toiling 
 man, and fed the infirm, the helpless, and the suffering'. Nor was it 
 merely by the hind who laboured, or by the needy man who was fed in 
 charity, that the monks were now missed ; the monks were not only res- 
 ident landlords, they were also liberal and indulgent landlords. They for 
 a great portion of their low rents took produce ; the lay landlords de- 
 manded higher rents and would be paid in money ; the monks lived among 
 their tenants and were their best customers ; the lay landlord drew his 
 money rents from Lincoln or Devon, to spend them in the court revels at 
 London or in the wars of France or Scotland. Many other differences 
 might be pointed out which were very injurious to the middle and lowet 
 class of men ; but enough has been said to show that however necessary 
 the change, it was not made with due precautions against the impoverisl" 
 ment and suffering of great bodies of men, and great consequent dangot 
 of state disturbances. Even the iron hand of Henry VHI. would not have 
 been able to prevent both suffering and murmuring ; and when under the 
 milderruleof the protector Somerset the people were still farther distress- 
 ed by the rage for grazing, which caused the peasantry to be driven in 
 nerds not only from the estates upon which they had laboured, but ever 
 from their cottngcs and from the commons upon which they had fed their 
 cows or sheep, the cry of distress became loud, general, and appalling. 
 Tlie protector issued a commission to inquire into the state of the rural 
 people, nnd to find out and remedy all evils connected with enclosures. 
 But the poor in various parts of the country rose in arms before the com- 
 miwion had time even to make inquiries ; Wiltshire, Oxford, Gloucester, 
 Hants, Sussex, and Kent ros6 simultaneously, but were speedily put down, 
 chiefly bv Sir William Herbert and Lord Gray of Wilton. But the most 
 formidable rioters made their appearance in ^forfolk and Devonshire. 
 
 In Norfolk above twenty tbnusind assembled, and from th«>ir nriolnnl 
 
 HH^mlHli 
 
 s 
 
 ■■HBwMm BBmi 
 
 1 
 
 
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 ^^^B^DmH 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^^H^^M 
 
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 ^HH^^H^Hh i 
 
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 tl 
 
 ^^^^^^^^vB^Nl ' 
 
 m 
 
 ^^^^^^^B^^K^B^K bK 
 
 1 
 
480 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 demand for doing away with the enclosures, they passed to demiinding 
 fhriMtoration 0? the old religion, the placing cf new councillors about 
 hiSrS the utter abolition of all gentry ! A bold and ruffianly foi- 
 low one Ket.a tanner, took the command of this assemblage, andexer- 
 SredTs authority over such of the gentry as were unlucky enough to De 
 cised nis »"'"""'{,, --bitrarv and insolent style that might be antici- 
 palSi" h'lTngtis cotttS agreat oak o./ Mousehold Hill which 
 SJerlooks hf city of Norwich. Against this demagogue and his de. 
 EiTuowers the marquis of Northampton was at first sent, but he was 
 luded foUowers ine mar^ Lord Sheffield, one of his officers, was killed. 
 SB Warwick was then sent against Ket with an anny of six 
 Ssand which had been levied to go to Scotland. Warwick, with hi% 
 S course and conduct, beat the rebels; killed two thousand of them, 
 hanged ujKet at the castle of Norwich, and nine of the other nnglead- 
 *«i on the bouffhs of the oak tree on Mousehold hill. , . .. , 
 
 In Devonshfre as in Norfolk, though the complaints made by the people 
 originated n the injustice of the enclosures and in very real and widely- 
 Sd misery, demagogues, among whom were some priests of Sampford 
 
 means ii *»?"'**"''' „-ui' order of disciplined troops. Lord Russell, 
 •"? C tien^ sent LaKt them wi°h but a^eak force, finding them so 
 ^'me'iius'SSrSed! ind^in such good order, ende^vore to jet 
 IiT*!!. .« HifinprftR bv affectinff to negotiate with them. He lorwarflea 
 S.Mr»Za"t demand, "the council, who returned for an.«er thai 
 
 fluarters at Honiton to the relief of Exeter. The rebels suffered dfead 
 ?ulirboth in the battle and subsequent to ^^e 'etre^^- ,«"";PS2re er 
 riel and other leading men were seized, carried to London, and there ex 
 «oued manvof thi rabble were executed on the spot by martia law, 
 Sthe vSf St Thomas was hanged on the top of his own steeple 
 
 •^tlJ^mlndEesffi'ieverity with which the more formidable re- 
 hJi^ns of Norfolk and Devonshire had been put down, caused weake. 
 STin VoSshire and elsewhere to take the alarm and disperse; and 
 5" protector both widely and humanely fostered this spir t o returnmg 
 nhlKrebv proclaiming a general indemnity. But besides the terrible 
 S., of life wh^ch hese insurrections cost on the spot, they caused grea 
 
 Nnpfolk men. enabled the French and Scotch to capture the fortress oj 
 
 abandon that important fortress and carry the stores to "e'*""*: ,„^y. 
 Tire kinK of Frinee was at the same time tempted by the WraWe 
 domestic dlturbances in England to make an effort to recove^Bo og , 
 which had been taken during the reign of Henry VIII. "« tooK sema. 
 r^rtppMPs in the neighbourhood, but while preparing to attack "»> »0K"« 
 fCSiTa peslilentii (fistemper b^ko out in his camp. Tiie autumnal rain. 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 481 
 
 felang with great violence, Henry of France lost all instant hope of tak- 
 ing Boulogne, and returned to Paris, leaving Gaspar de Coligny, so well 
 known as the admiral Coligny, to command the troops and to form the 
 siege as early as possible in the following spring. Coligny even went be 
 yond these orders by making some dashing attempts during the winter, 
 but they were all unsuccessful. The protector having in vain attempted 
 to procure the alliance of the emperor, he turned his thoughts to makini? 
 peace With both France and Scotland. The young queen of Scotland* 
 for whose hand he had chiefly gone to w., could not now be married to 
 Edward of England, however much even le Scots might desire it: and 
 as regards the French quarrel, Henry VIII. having agreed to give up 
 Boulogne in 1554, it was little worth while to keep up an expensive war- 
 fare for retaining the place for so few years as had to elapse to that date. 
 
 But Somerset, .though a man of unquestionable ability, seems to have 
 been singularly ignorant or unobservant as to the real light in which he 
 was regarded by the council, and still more so of the real character and 
 views of Warwick. He gave his reasons, as we have given them above ; 
 and sound reasons they were, and as humane as sound; but he did not 
 sufficiently take into calculation the pleasure which his enemies derived 
 from the embarrassment caused to him, and the discontent likely to arise 
 in the pubhc mind on account of the state of our affairs, at once inrio- 
 nous and expensive, in France and Scotland. 
 
 Besides ha vine the personal enmity of Warwick, Southampton, whom 
 the protector had restored to his place in the council, and other council- 
 lors, fsomerset was detested by a great part of the nobility and gentry, 
 who accused him, perhaps not altogether unjustly, of purchasing popular 
 ity at the expense of their safety, by showing such an excessive and un- 
 fair preference of the poor as encouraged them in riot and robbery. As 
 an instance of this, it was objected that he had erected a court of re- 
 quests in his own house for the professed relief of the poor, and even in- 
 erfered with the judges on their behalf. The principles of constitutional 
 liberty such as we now enjoy were at that time so little understood, that 
 It was not the mere interference with the judges, which we should now 
 very justly consider so indecent and detestable, that caused any disgust, 
 but Somerset had interfered against the very persons, the nobles and gen- 
 try, upon whom alone he could rely for support, and he was now to en- 
 dure the consequences of so impolitic a course. His execution of his 
 own brother, however guilty that brother, bis enormous acquisitions ol 
 church property, and above all, the magnificence of the palace he was 
 building in the Strand, for which a parish church and the houses of three 
 bishops were pulled down, and the materials of which he chiefly got by 
 dismantling a chapel, with cloister and charnel-house, in St. Paul's 
 churchyard, after his labourers had been by force of arms driven from an 
 attempt to tear down St. Margaret's, Westminster, for that purpose !— 
 mese things, and the overweening pride which was generally attributed 
 to him, were skilfully taken advantage of by his enemies, and he was 
 everywhere described as the main cause of all the recent public calamities 
 It home and abroad. Warwick, with Southampton, Arundel, and five ol 
 he councillors, headed by Lord St. John, president of the council, formed 
 hemse ves into a sort of independent council. Taking upon themselves 
 the style and authority of the whole council, they wrote letters to all the 
 Chief nobihty and gentry, asking for their support and aid in rcmedyino 
 me puWic evils, which they affected to charge entirely upon Somerset's 
 ma administration. Having determined on their own scheme of reme- 
 dial measures, they sent for the mayor and aldermen of London and the 
 nemenont of the Tower, and informing them of the plans which they 
 proposed to adopt, strictly enjoined them to aid and obey them, in dcBpilr 
 01 aught that Somerset might think fit to order to the contrary. Somer 
 Vot. i. — ai 
 
i 
 
 46a 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 ■et was now so unpopular, that obedience was readily promised to tU« 
 Jommand?7n the fic?at once of the king's patent and of the fact that 
 fheTvery councillors, who now complained of the protector's acts as 
 illerral.had aided and encouraged him m whatever Wd been illegally 
 don^-his original departure from the will of the late king! No farther 
 argument can be requisite to show that personal and selfish feehng, and , 
 JorSy to the young king or tenderness to his suflfenng people ac- 
 fuated these factious councillors. But faction has an eagle eye where- 
 wUh to gaze unblinkingly upon the proudest and mos brillian light of 
 troth and the self-apMinteT junto was on the foUowmg day joined by 
 K lori chanVellorEh. by\he marquis of Northampton, the earl of 
 Shrew^ury, Sir Thomas Cheney. Sir John Gage, Sir Ralph Sadler, and 
 The chief jistice Montague. And when the protector, seeing t»ie immi- 
 nent peril in which he was placed, sent Secretary Petre to treat with the 
 counSllors at Ely-house, tViat craven personage, instead of performing 
 his duty, took his seat and sided with the junto. 
 
 Consulting with Cranmer and Paget, who were the only men of mark 
 and power that still abided by his fortunes, the i,rotecior removed the 
 JJung king to Windsor castlef and gathered his fi-iends and retainers m 
 irms^aroufid him. But the adhesion to the junto of the lieutenant of the 
 Tower, and the unanimity with which the common council of London 
 joined the mayor in promising support to the new measures, caused the 
 Ipeaker of thJhouse of commons and the two or three o her councdloni 
 who had hitherto remained neuter to join the ascendant party of VVar- 
 wick- and Somerset so completely lost all hope and confidence, that he 
 Tow began tHpply to his foes for pardon. This manifestation of his 
 dSspairf which wbuld have been inexcusable had it not, unhappily, been 
 unavoidable, was decisive. Warwick and his friends addressed the king, 
 Md with miny protestations of their exceeding loyalty and the misch.ev- 
 SSsness of the^protector's measures, solicited that they might be admitted 
 °o his majesty's^ presence and confidence, and that Somerset be dismissed 
 from his high office. The fallen statesman was accordingly, with several 
 o?hisfrieJds,inriuding Cecil, the afterwards renownel and admirable 
 Lord Burleigh swu to tL Tower. But though the junto thus pronounced 
 iuuiat Somerset had done to be illegal, they appom ed as cmincil of re- 
 gency, not the persons named in the late king's will, but, for the mos 
 K the same men who had been appointed by Somerset, and who8« ^cts 
 Snder his appointment, supposing it to be illegal, ought clearly to have 
 
 'ttn tprrentSK^^^^^^^ the ambiticn^ 
 
 JA«nnr\nAd Warwick ; when he had snatched the office of earl mar- 
 S«l T oJd St John tCt of treasurer, the marquis of Northampton that of 
 Sei\ cSlbeVSSd Wentworth 'that of chamberlain of the house ol J 
 h!!fHp- the manors of Stepney and Hackney which were plundered from 
 fhebtshoSric o London;^^^^^^^ Russell the earldcm of Bedford, the hot 
 Da'rSTof Warwick ;as satisfied. The humbled Somerset having thus 
 Cde wTy for his enemies, and having stooped to the deg™^/ •«"«/. '"t 
 Sg to them apologies and submissions which his admirers must eve, 
 
 on-ont hP was rcstorcd to liberty and forgiven a fine of £2000 a year in 
 Und whkh ha3 been inflicted upo^n him. As though even this hunuhat.on 
 
 wJre not enough, Warwick not only readmitted him to the council, bui 
 «ave Ws son, Lort Dudley, in marriage to Somerset's daughter, the lady 
 
 'f D 'iwo -The new governors of England, though they had insidiously 
 refused to ad Somerset in his wise and reasonablo Propos-'ls f<>r ^l^inj 
 So with France and Scotland when he was desirous to do so now 
 SJcrly exerted themselves for the same end. Having, to colour ove. 
 
 iheir faciious oppositioa to ooinKrsci, jiiaue p! 
 
 
 for the warlikn aii ^H 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 488 
 
 ol the emperor, which aid they well knew would be refused, they ag^reed 
 to restore Boulogne for four thousand crowns, to restore Lauder and 
 Douglass to Scotland, and to demolish the fortresses of Roxburgh and 
 Eyniouth. This done, they contracted the king to Elizabeth, a daugh'et 
 of the king of France, the most violent persecutor of the protestants; but 
 though all the articles were settled, this most shameful marriage treaty 
 came to nothing. .. . • 
 
 In the history of public affairs there is scarcely anything that is more 
 startling, or that gives one a lower opinion of the morality of those public 
 men who most loudly vaunt their own integrity and decry that of their 
 opponents, than the coolness with which they will at the same instant of 
 time propose' two measures diametrically opposed to one and the same 
 principle. We have seen that Warwick and his friends had agreed to 
 marry the protestant Edward, their sovereign, to the daughter of Henry of 
 France, the fiercest persecutor of the protestants. But even while they 
 were thus proclaiming their friendship with the chief upholder of the right 
 of Catholicism to persecute, they visited several of the most eminent of 
 their own catholics with severe punishment, not for persecuting protest- 
 ants, but merely for a natural unwillingness to be more speedy than was 
 unavoidable in forwarding the protestant measures. Gardiner, as the 
 most eminent, was the first to be attacked. For two long years he was 
 detained in prison, and then Somerset condescended to join himself with 
 Secretary Petre, by whom he had himself formerly been so shamefully 
 deserted, as a deputation to endeavour to persuade or cajole the high- 
 minded and learned, however mistaken prelate, into a compliant mood. 
 More than one attempt was made ; but though Gardiner showed himself 
 very ready to comply to a certain and beconing extent, he would not 
 confess that his conduct had been wrong ; a confession of which he 
 clearly saw that his enemies would make use to ruin him in character as 
 well as fortune ; and a commission, consisting of Cranmer, the bishops of 
 London, Ely, and Lincoln, Secretary Petre, and some lawyers, sentenced 
 him to be deprived of his bishopric and committed to close custody ; and 
 to make this iniquitous sentence the more severe, he was deprived of all 
 lwok» and papers, and was not only denied the comfort of the visits of two 
 ■ friends, but even of their letters or messages. 
 
 k, D. 1551.— Several other prelates were now marked out for persecu- 
 tion ; some because they were actually disobedient, others because they 
 were suspected to be not cordial in their obedience. Large sums of money 
 were thus wrung from them ; and, under the pretence of purging the libra- 
 ries of Westminster and Oxford of superstitious books, the dominant^li- 
 tical party— for religion really had nothing to do with the motives of War- 
 wick and his lay friends— destroyed inestimable literary treasures for the 
 mere sake of the comparatively small hums to be obtained by the gold and 
 silver with which, unfortunately, the books and manuscripts were adorned. 
 
 Much as we shall have occasion to blame the Queen-Mary for her mer- 
 ciless abuse of power, it is not easy to help admiring the cold, stern, un- 
 blenching mien with which the princess Mary at this tiipe of peril defied 
 all attempts at making her bow to the dominant party. Deprived of her 
 chaplains, and ordered to read protestant books, she calmly professed her 
 readiness to endure martyrdom rather than prove false to her faith ; and 
 this conduct she steadfastly maintained, although it was only from tear oi 
 the warlike interference of the emperor that her persecutors were with 
 ^eld from offering her personal violence. 
 
 Even in the midst of these quasi religious vexations, some very userui 
 measures were taken for promoting industry, especially by revoking 
 sundry most impolitic patents, by which the trade in cloth, wool, and 
 many other commodities had been almost entirely thrown into the hands 
 
 -•: luiciKiicra. lire uicitiiat!t3 •,•« •<•- • — • — — • 
 
 ? 
 
484 
 
 EI8T0RT OF THE WORLD. 
 
 sgainst this "new measure;** but Warwick and his frienda— this at loan 
 is to their credit — were firm, and a very sensible improvement in the Eng> 
 lish spirit (^ industry was the immediate consequence. Is it to look too 
 curiously into public cause and effect to ask whether our present high 
 commercial fortune may not be greatly owing to this very measure, though 
 nearly three centuries have since elapsed ! 
 
 But Warwick could not long confine his turbulent and eager spirit tn 
 the noble and peaceable triumphs of the patriot. Self was his earthly 
 deity. The title and the vast estate of the earldom of Northnmberland 
 were at this time in abeyance, owing to the last earl dying without issue, 
 and his brother, Sir Thomas Percy, having been attainted of treason. 01 
 these vast estates, together with the title of duke of Northumberland, War 
 wick now possessed himself, and he procured for his friend. lK>rd St. John, 
 tiie title of marquis of Winchester, and for Sir William Herbert that of 
 carl of Pembroke. 
 
 Northumberland's complete triumph and vast acqiiisitions could not but 
 be very distasteful to Somerset, who not only cherished the most violent 
 intentions towards him, but was even stung into the imprudence of avow- 
 ing them in the presence of some of his intimate attendants, among whom 
 was Sir Thomas Palmer, who appeared to have been placed in his service 
 88 a mere spy of Northumberland's. Somerset, his duchess, and several 
 of their friends and attendants, were suddenly arrested ; and Somerset 
 was accused of high treason and felony; the former crime as having pre* 
 pared for insurrection, the latter as having intended to assassinate North 
 umberland, Northampton, and Pembroke. 
 
 The marquis of Winchester, the friend, almost the mere follower ol 
 Northumberiand, was appointed high steward, and presided at the trial of 
 Somerset ; and of the twenty-seven peers who made the jury, three were 
 Northumberland, Northampton, and Pembroke, the very men whom he 
 had threatened ! He was acquitted of treason, but found guilty of felony, 
 to the great grief of the people, among whom Somerset was now popular. 
 A. D. 1553.— As it was not to be supposed that a mild and toward young 
 prince like Edward YI, would easily, if at all, be brought to turn a deat 
 ear to his uncle's solicitation for mercy, great care was taken by North- 
 umberland to prevent all access to the king of the friends of Somerset, and 
 that unhappy nobleman after all his services as regent, and after his almost 
 paternal goodness as guardian of the king's person, was executed on 
 Tower-hill ; the grieved people dipping their handkerchiefs in his blood 
 as mementos of his martyrdom. His friends, Sirs Thomas Arundel, 
 Michael Stanhope, Miles Partridge, and Ralph Vane were also executed ; 
 Paget, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, was deprived of his office 
 and of the garter, and fined £6,000 : and Lord Rich, the chancellor, was 
 also deprived of office for the crime of being the friend of Somerset, whose 
 chief faults seem to have been an overweening ambition, co-existing with 
 rather less than more than the average sagacity and firmness of those who 
 take the lead in troublous and unsettled times. 
 
 A. D. 1553.— -A new session of parliament was held immediate-/ U*!?! m 
 execution of Somerset, in which several logulatkons were madp?ht ^.i; 
 calculated to advance the cause of the reformation. Butt! ; -. 
 
 having refused to pass a hill of deprivation against the universa.iv .-^peci 
 ed Tonstal, bishop of Durham, a new parliament was summoned; and to 
 secure one favourable to his views Norlhinnberland caused the king, cer 
 tainly, and most p»x)bablv the majority of the councillors and peers, t» 
 rooommend particulat geutliinen to be sent up for particular counties. 
 The pa!:!<am«nt, thus coii-.enientl} iposed, readily confirmed the depr^ 
 vatioK ar i<it.v • ■ / pronounced upon nstal, and two bishoprics were cre- 
 ated OK'; ii • 'tor D'jiiham— the rich regalities of that see being conferred 
 
HISTORY GP THE WOBLD. 
 
 485 
 
 betland induced the king: to bestow the dukedom of Suffolk upon the mar* 
 quia of Dorset; and having persuaded the new duke to give his daughter, 
 tne lady Jane Grey, in marriage to Northumberland's fourth son, the Lord 
 Goiidford Dudley, next proceeded to persuade Edward, who was in an in* 
 firm condition, to pass by his sisters Mary and Elizabeth, both of whom 
 had been pronounced illegitimate, and the former of whom, as «ell as the 
 young queen of Scots, was a papist, and tu settle the crown on the mar* 
 chioness of Dorset (duchess of Suffolk) whose heiress was the lady Jane 
 Grey. By a variety of arguments, some of which were both specious and 
 solid, but all of which, as proceeding from so ambitious a man, ought to 
 have been looked upon with suspicion, Northumberland prevailed upon 
 the young king. It was in vain that the judges and the most eminent law 
 officers protested against being compelled to draw out a patent ; it was in 
 vain they urged that they would subject themselves to the pains and pen- 
 alties of treason should they do so; Northumberland gave Montague, 
 chki jusUce c' common pleas, the lie ; swore he would fight any man in 
 hia isliirt who should deny the justice of lady Jane*s succession ; and was 
 so iucccs:Krul that the crown was accordingly settled upon lady Jane ; her 
 mother, the duchess of Suffolk, very willingly allowing heiself to be 
 passed by. 
 
 This patent was by many looked upon as the death-warrant of Edward 
 VI. signed by himself. His health daily grew worse, and his physicians 
 being dismissed in favour of some ignorant woman, her quack medicines 
 brought on symptoms at once fatal and very symptomatic of poison, and 
 he died in the 16th year of his age and the seventh of his reigti. 
 
 The whole life and reign of this prince was spent literally in statu pupil- 
 tari; but so far as he could in such a state manifest his disposition, he 
 seems fully to have deserved the affection with which even to this dav 
 he is spoken of. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 THE REISN OF HART. 
 
 A. D. 1553. — Thb artful precautions taken by Northumberland to secure 
 the throne to his young and accomplished daughter-in-law, by no means 
 rendered the success of the project — for which he had certainly toiled 
 much, and for which, we fear, he had sinned no little— so secure as at first 
 sight it might seem. In the first place, young Edward's reien had been so 
 short and completely a reign of tutelage, that his will had none of that 
 force with the multitude which was possessed by the will of his bluff* and 
 iron-handed father. Henry VIII. had, it is true, bastardized both his 
 laughters, but he had subsequently restored them to the succession ; and 
 the people were too much accustomed to regarding Mary as the rightful 
 successor to Edward, in the event of his dying without issue, to allow 
 of the almost dying act of the young king speedily changing their opin 
 ion and directing' their loyalty to the lady Jane. Again, the catholics, 
 ftr more uunierous secretly than might be imagined, were to a man 
 partizans of Mary; and if the prrtestants had some misgivings, founded 
 on her known bigotry in favour of her own faith, they yet feared even 
 the bigot far less than the lady Jane, who, as they well knew, could 
 be and would be a mere puppet in the hands of Northumberland, who 
 by this time had contrived to render himself at once the most powerful, 
 the roost dreaded, and the most detested man in the whole nation^. And 
 it is worthy of observation also, that so nearly balanced were the par^ 
 t'zans of the respective religions, that each stood in dread of the other. 
 
 iiiit M.irthiinihprlanH uraa far tnn wilv a nAivoniiirf! tn be icnoraiil of 
 
(86 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 the weight which, with the majority of the people, detestation of him 
 self and respect for the memory pf Henry Vm.,woiJd have m decidiiui 
 between the princess Mary and the lady Jane. When, therefore, he 
 perceived that the speedy death of Edward wus mevitable, Norlhumbepland 
 wused the princesses Mary and Elizabeth to be sent for, as though the 
 voung king had been desirous of seeing them. Mary had reached Hod- 
 desden in Hertfordshire, only about seventeen miles from London, when 
 the king died. Northumberland, anxious to get her into his power. 
 Mve orders that the melancholy event should be kept a secret; but the 
 earl of Arundel sent her warning of Northumberland s deceit and pro- 
 bable designs, and she hastily retreated to the retired fishing town ol 
 Framlingham, in Suffolk, whence she sent letters to the council and to 
 the principal nobility, informing them of her knowledge of her brother's 
 death, promising indemnity to all who had thus far aided in concealing 
 it. but calling upon them forthwith to proclaim her as queen. While 
 thus active in asserting her right, she carefully provided, also, for her 
 flight into Flanders, in the event of her efforts proving unsuccessful. 
 
 Vhen Northumberland found that Edward's death was known to the 
 rightful queen, he at once threw off all disguise. Lord and the lady Jane 
 Dudley were Jt this time residing at Sion House; and Northumberland, 
 with James' father, the earl of Pembroke, and other noblemen, approached 
 her with all the form and respect due from subjects to their sovereign. 
 Young, gifted with singular talents for literature, and with a scarcely less 
 singular propension tovvards literary pursuits, Jane v^wed the throne in 
 its true light as a dangerous and uneasy eminence. Even now wlien her 
 father her still more powerful and dreaded father-in-law, and the very 
 chiefest men in the kingdom, with all the emblems of state, pressed her to 
 Sssume the aiuiority „? que^n, she recoiled from it as an ev.l of the first 
 magn lude! Her husbanS, though, like herself, but little more than s.x- 
 Sef years of age, had been but loo skilfully tutored by h.s wily father. 
 aJlIe seconded that ambitious man's entreaties so well hat, overcome 
 though not convinced, the unfortunate Jane consented. She was imme- 
 diatelv escorted to the Tower, the usual residence of the English sove. 
 Ss^irtheir first accession; and Northumberland took care that «^.e 
 STd be accompanied thither, not only by his known and fast riends, 
 biU also by the wliole of the councillors, whom he thus m effect, ma e 
 orisoners and hostages for the adhesion of their absent friends. Orders 
 wTre nowissuedto proclaim Queen Jane throughout the k.ngdom.butitwas 
 only Kndon. where Northumberland's authority was as yet too firm o 
 be op( nly resis ed, that the orders were obeyed. And even in London the 
 maffi y liste. ed to the proclamation in asullen and ominous silence. Some 
 Snlv scoffed at Jane's pretensions, and one unfortunate boy, who was a 
 v&s servan . w.s severely punished for even tliis verhaf, and perhaps 
 unreasoning opposition to the will of the haughty Norihumberland. 
 
 WhUe the people of London were thus cool towards their nominal 
 qnee an evSn t le nrotestants listened without conv.clum to the preach- 
 ?i g» of RWley and otiier eminent protestant churchmen in '"'i^, Y""-;; ^"^ 
 Ker retreat in Suffolk was actively a.d ably exerting h«r«e f fo U epw. 
 tection of her birthright. She was surrounded by «'"''"l'' »' \ '"J " *; 
 men with their levies of tenants or hired adherents ; and as she sinmaiy 
 Td rSeatedly professed her determination not to infringe 'he laws of ei 
 brotie'^ with reipect to religion, even the protestants throughm S, iff. k 
 eoually with the catholics, wore enthusiastic in her cause. ^Nor was ihe 
 feeling in favour of Mary exhibited merely in her own '"^-Rh .ourluHM. o 
 m 5 those who might' bo called her personal friends. Northunibrrlai d 
 •^0 nnJssioned Sir Ed'ward Hastings brother of the ear ';!.K;";;'';f -J, J 
 levy men in Buckinghamshire on behalfof Jane. Sir KdwartUxecul^Ba 
 lUfl commission wiiii grual leaaiiufia ana oUCic.-. as ta: oa .t-:- 
 
 i)os5iniiiiy I 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 idH 
 
 lag the men ; but he no sooner found himself at the head of a force of 
 nearly four thousand strong than he marched in to the aid of Mary. Wi'-h 
 the marine the duke was not more fortunate than with the land forces ; a 
 fleet was sent by him to cruise oflf the Suffolk coast, to cut Mary off from 
 her retreat to Flanders, should she attempt it, and was driven by stress of 
 weather into Yarmouth, where it immediately declared in favour of Mary. 
 
 Perplexed and alarmed, Northumberland yet determined not to give up 
 tlie grand prize without a stout effort for its preservation- He determined 
 to remain with Jane at the Tower, and to commit the command of the 
 (roops he had levied to her father. But the imprisoned councillors, clear- 
 ly understanding both their own position and his, astutely persuaded him 
 that he alone was fit to head the forces upon which so much depended, 
 ind they, at the same time, successfully worked upon the fears of Jane on 
 behalfof her father. The councillors were the more successful in per- 
 suading Northumberland to the almost suicidal act of taking the commsind 
 of the troops, because, while he naturally felt great confidence in his own 
 well-tried valour and ability, he was well aware of the inferiority of Suf- 
 folk in thr latter respect at least. 
 
 Northumberland acc'>rdingly set out to combat the forces of the enemy, 
 and was taken leave of by the councillors with every expression of at- 
 tachment and confidence of his success ; and Arundel, his bitterest enemy, 
 was by no means the least profuse of these expressions. Scarcely, how- 
 ever, had Northumberland marched out of London ere he perceived a bo- 
 ding and chilling suUenness among all ranks of men ; and he remarked to 
 Lord Orey, who accompanied him, " Many come out to look at our array, 
 indeed, but I find not or.e who cries • God speed your enterprite.'' " 
 
 Arrived at Bury St. Edmund's, the duke found that his army did not 
 greatly exceed six thousand men, while the lowest reports of the opposite 
 force gave double that number. Aware of the immense importance of the 
 first encounter, Northumberland resolved to delay his proposed attack, and 
 sent an express to the councillors to send him a large and instant rein- 
 forcement. But the councillors had no sooner received the duke's express 
 than they left the Tower, on the pretext of obeying his order ; and assembled 
 Ht Baynard's castle, the house of Pembroke, to deliberate, not upon the 
 means of aiding Northumberland, but upon the best means of throwing off 
 his yoke, and of dethroning the puppet queen he had set over them. Arun- 
 del, whom Northumberland had with a most unaccountable weakness left 
 behind, expatiated warmly and eloquently upon all Northumberland** 
 vices and evil deeds, and exhorted the others, as the only just or even 
 prudent course, to join him in at once throwing their weight into the scale 
 of Mary, and thus insuring not merojy her pardon for their past involun- 
 tary offences, but also her favour for their present and prompt loyalty. 
 Pembroke loudly applauded the advice of Arundel, and, laying his hand 
 upon his sword, expressed his readiness to fight on the instant any man 
 who should preteno to oppose it. The mayor and aldermen of London 
 being sent for to attend this conference, showed the utmost alacrity to 
 proclaim Mary, and the proclamation was accordingly made amid the 
 most riipturous applauses of the populace. The reign of Jane, if a lonely 
 »nd anxious confinement in the Tower for ten days could bo called a 
 reign, was now at an end ; and she retired to her private residence and 
 private station, with a readiness as great as the reluctance she had shown 
 to leave them. 
 
 The councillors having thus completely beaten Northumberland in 
 his chief or only stronghold, sent messengers to demand that he should 
 lav down his arms, disband his troops, and submit himself to the mer(7 
 of his righiful sovereign, Queen Mary. The message was needless; 
 Northumberland, receiving no reinforcement from London, saw the im- 
 iiOBBiniiiiy of rci>ib(inf the hourly sncroasing force at Mary, aisu findirg 
 
 ml% 
 
 'ii:Mi ' >v : 
 
 
 \m\ 
 
 $ 
 
 II 
 
 ' if : i 
 
 
486 
 
 HISTORY Of TflE WORLU. 
 
 himself fast deserted by his handful of foreigners, had already proclaim- 
 cd Q{.eeii Mary with as much apparent heartiness and zeal as though hf 
 had not aimed at her crown— and probably her life. , ^, . • 
 
 Mary, on receiving the submission and hypocntical adhesion of Nor- 
 thumberland, set out for London. Her progress was one continued and un- 
 broken triumph. Everywhere she was met by multUudes of the people 
 invoking blessings upon her ; her sister, the lady Elizabeth, met her at the 
 head of a thousand well-appointed horse, and when she reached the Tower 
 she found that even Suffolk had thrown open its gates and declared him- 
 self in her favour. All circumstances considered, there is scarcely an 
 instance in history to equal this in the facility with which a rightful 
 princess of no amiable character, and opposed to a large portion of her 
 subjects in religion, vanquished the opposition of so wily, so daring, and 
 to accomplished a pre-usurper s Northumberland. 
 
 Mercy was assuredly not the characteristic of Mary, but the utmost 
 mfatuation of mercy could not have allowed offences so gross as those 
 of Northumberland to pass unpunished. Mary gave orders for his arrest, 
 and, whether from being broken-spirited by his ill success, or from sheer 
 cowardice and a lingering hope of saving at least his life, he fell on hia 
 knees to his bitter enemy, Arundel, who arrested him, and implored his 
 mercy. His sons, the earl of Warwick and lords Ambrose and Henry 
 Dudley, and his brother Sir Andrew Dudley, were at the same time com- 
 mitted to custody ; as were the marquis of Northampton, the earl of 
 Kuntingdon, Sir Thomas Palmer, and Sir John Gates. On farther 
 inauiry and consideration, the queen's advisers found it necessary to con- 
 fine the duke of Suffolk, Lord Guildford Dudley, and his innocent and 
 Hnfortunate wife, the lady Jane. At this early period of her reign pol- 
 icy overcame Mary's natural propensity to cruelty and sternness. The 
 souncillors, pleading their constraint by Northumberland, were speedily 
 liberated, and even Suffolk himself was not excluded from this act of 
 mingled justice and mercy. Northumberland, Sir Thomas Palmer, and 
 Sir John Gates were brought to trial. The duke's offence was too clear 
 and flagrant to admit of any elaborate defence ; but he asked the peers 
 whether they could possibly pronounce a man guilty of treason who had 
 obeyed orders under the great seal, and whether persons who had been in- 
 volved in his alledged guilt could be allowed to sit in judgment upon 
 him I The answer to each question was obvious. Li reply to the first, 
 ne was told that the great seal of a usurper could have no authority ; to 
 the second, that persons not having any sentence of attaint against them 
 were clearly qualified to sit on any jury. Northumberland then pleaded 
 guilty, and he, with Sir Thomas Paftiier and Sir John Gates were execu- 
 ted. At the scaffold NorthumberWid professed to die in the catholic 
 faith and assured Iho bystanders that they would never prosper until the 
 catholic religion should he restored to all its authority among them. Con- 
 flidering the whole character of Northumberland and the indifferonca he 
 had always shown to disputes of faith, it is but too probable that even in 
 these his dying words ho was insincere, and used them to eiijjnge Iht 
 mercy of the queen, whose bigotry they mip:ht flatter, towards Ins unfor- 
 tunate family. Vpon the people his advice wrought no effect. Mnny 
 loCKCJ upoi, the j>reparalioiis for his death merely with a cold, unpitying 
 ilernnose, still more shimled to him to remember Somerset, and some 
 even hold up to him handkerchiefs incrusted with the blood of that noble- 
 man, and exulted, rather like fiends than men, that his hour of a like 
 bloody doom was at length arrived. . . j .u 
 
 Lord Guildford Dudley and thti lady Jane were also condemned to death, 
 but their youth and, perhaps, Mary's feeling of the impolicy of extreme 
 severity to criminals who had so evidently offended under the constraint 
 Slid iuit3in^« or ISi/ifcnuuiCGnanui savca inczs* *u» 
 for the Dreientf 
 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 489 
 
 Xbo reign of Mary contains so little upon which the historian can be» 
 jtow even negative praise, that it is pleasing to be able to remark that the 
 rery earliest portion of her reign, il stained with tlie bloodshed of a ne- 
 eessary justice, was also marked by some acts of justice and gratitude. 
 When she arrived at the Tower of London and made her triumphant eu- 
 Iry into that fortress, the duke of Norfolk, who had been in prison from 
 Ihe close of the reign of Henry VIII., Courtney, son of the marquis of 
 Exeter, who ever since his father's attainder had been in the same con- 
 finement, though when he entered it he was a mere child and there was 
 no shadow of a charge against him, with bishops Gardiner, Bonner, and 
 Tonstal, were allowed to meet her on the Tower green, where they fell 
 upon their knees before her, and implored her grace and protection 
 They were restored to liberty immediately ; Norfolk's attainder was re- 
 moved as having been ab origtne null and invalid, and Courtney was made 
 earl of Devonshire. Gardiner, Bonner, and Tonstal were reappointed to 
 their sees by a commission which was appointed to review their trial and 
 condemnation ; and Day, Heath, and Vesy recovered their sees by the 
 
 game means. . . -^ 1/ 
 
 The queea's zeal for the catholic religion now began to show itaelf. 
 Holgate, archbishop of York, Coverdale, to whom the reformation owed 
 80 much, Ridley, Hooper, and Latimer, were speedily thrown into ytitton \ 
 and the bishops and priests were exhorted and encouraged to revive the 
 mass, though the laws against it were still in unrepealed force. Judge 
 Hales, who had so well and zealously defended the right of the princess 
 Mary when her brother desired him to draw the patent which was to ex- 
 clude her from the throne, opposed the illegal practices which Queen 
 Mary now sanctioned. All his former merits were forgotten in this new 
 proof of his genuine and uncompromising honesty; he was thrown into 
 prison, and there treated with such merciless cruelty and insult, that ho 
 lost his senses and committed suicide. .„<,„,• « , 
 
 It will be remembered that the zeal of the men of Suffolk, during Mary s 
 retreat at Framlingham, was stimulated by her pointed and repealed as- 
 surances that she would in no wise alter the laws of her brother Kdward, 
 as to n ligion. These simple and honest men, seeing the gross partiality 
 and tyranny by which the queen now sought to depress the protestants, 
 ventured to remind her of her former promises. Their remonstrance was 
 received as though it had been some monstrous and seditious matter, and 
 one of them continuing his address with a somewhat uncourtly pertina- 
 city was placed in the pillory for his pains. , ^ , , 
 
 Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, was by the change of sovereigns 
 placed in a most perilous position. It is true that during the life of Henry 
 VIII. Cranmer had often and zealously exerted himself to prevent that 
 monarch's rago from being felt by the princess IMary. But Mary s grati 
 tude as a woman was but little security against her bigotry as a religion- 
 ist; and any services that Cranmer liad rendered her were likely enough 
 to be forgotten, in consideration of the discouragements he had dealt to 
 her religion in his character of champion as well as child of the reforma- 
 tion. Nothing, probably, could have saved Cranmer but cmire silence and 
 regiirnation of his see, or immediate emigration. But Cranmer was too 
 hearty and sincere in his love of the reformed religion, and, perhaps, wis 
 also too conlWent of ita success, .wen now that Rome was backed by the 
 Jueen, to bo in anywise minded for craven sdcnce or retreat. His ene- 
 mies, perceiving that as yet ho had met with no signal affront or injury 
 from the queen, spread a report that he owed his safety and probab e favuur 
 to his having promised to say mass before Mary. Situated as Cranmer 
 was, it would have been his wisest plan to have listened to this msultma 
 report with contemptuous silence, ami to have relied upon his well-earned 
 uhmcler to refute the calumny to all whose judgment was of any real 
 
 m 
 
 
400 
 
 HiaTORY OB" THK WORLD. 
 
 H 
 
 ' 
 
 H 
 
 BbnMnuon«e. Bui the iir«libl»h(ip ihouKhi othnrwUe, and he huNtenfld to 
 MuHlin It manlftnto in wliichliM K»ve ilm inoit uiiqiuilinml conirmlictionic 
 The rtiKirt. N»y, he did not iiu»p «v«ii hero ; not <!oiii«nt with vlndiciuing 
 himnelf ho onterod more ueiuTuily into th« mnUnr, «»d lhu« tfiivo lii» cnB. 
 miea ihHl very hHn«ll« mmtn him which ihoy lo engerly wUl.ed for. He 
 said, ttfler ooiilruditiilnRthe charge, that, •' us iho devil wai h har fromiho 
 b0fflimlii|{, and the futlior of liiit, he had at ihU t »>e atirred up hi. m. 
 vttiui to p«r«ocule Christ and his true religion j that this Infernal nmrn 
 WMS now ondoRVOurhig to rwslorfl the Lotln ..UUfactory ininseH, n thiiio 
 of his own invention and device ; iind, in order to effect his purposo. Imd 
 falsely miide use of his, (^lannier's, name and outhority ;" and Craninct 
 addetl, that "the mass Is not only without foundaiion In either llio icnp. 
 tures or the praotioe of the primitive ohuroh, but likewiHe dmctovors a plum 
 contradiction to antiquitv and the inspired writings, and is, besides, re- 
 plete with many horrid blasphemies." 
 
 However much we may wdntlro the general olmracter of Crnnmor- 
 thouih it WHS by no meaiiH without its blomislHiH— It Is imnossiblo for the 
 most sealous and sinctiro protoNlunla to deny that, under the circunisiaii. 
 u«s of the nation, many of the pasHitges we have quoted wore Brossly 
 offensive! and equally Impossible is it to deny thai under Craiiinoru now 
 iHirsonal olrcumsiances they were as grossly and gratuiiouily imp.) ilu". 
 His enemies eagerly availed ihomselves of hm want of temper or po i«y, 
 und used ibis really ooaiae and inllammatory paper as n means by wlmh 
 to indutie ibe tiueen to throw him Into prison for the share he bad had in 
 the usurpation of the lady Jane, about whioh heolherw.se would pn.biilily 
 have remained unquestioned. Merely us the prolestant archbishop, (.ran- 
 mer had more than enough of enemies in llis house of peers to iiiBure lim 
 bfllnii found guilty, and he was sentenced to death on the cbarifc of hiLrli 
 treason. He was not, however, as might have been expeoto. muiiod.- 
 atelv and upon this sentence put to death, but committed back to cIoho 
 custody, where he was kept, as will soon bo seen, for a still more cruel 
 
 Kvcrv day made il more and morn evident tint the protostants had nelli- 
 int to expect but the utmost severity of persecution, and many even of 
 the most eminent of their preachers began to look abroad and to oxilo for 
 •afety. Peter Martyr, who In the late prosperity of the reformers Imd 
 been formally and with much pressing invited to Kngland. now ai)i)licd K. 
 the council for permission to return to his own country. At first the 
 council seemed much inclined to rol\i8e oompliance wilh this rcHB..nabl8 
 request. Uut Gardiner, with a spirit which makes us the more rcgrel 
 that bigotry ever induced him to act leas generously, reprosonlfid that us 
 Peter Had teen invited to Engbin.l by the gov..r...nciil, Ins '>^l'"rU'f« !;ou^^^J 
 not be opposed without the utmont national disgrace. Nor d d (.anliiur* 
 «n«n.sty end here; having obtai.ted Peter permisaion to leave ih 
 Kalm. he supplied him with money to travel with. The bones of e 
 Martyr's wilVworo shortly afterwards torn from ibe grave at Ox d nml 
 hutie^ in a dunghill; and the university of CambrlcTge '*l«»'l »'! «»"^« 
 lime disflraoed itself by exhuming the bones oi Ihicer and fsgius, two 
 eminent Toreign reformers who bad been buried there '»/''"" ft '£ 
 John h Usco and his congregation were now ordered to depart ll'« "in g- 
 dom. and most of the foreign protestants »ool^,"« »'?'.V'*''*"\\' ,3 
 followed ihemt by which the country was deprived of its m^f •'^' f"' ' "" 
 ladusirioMs arUmns lust as ihev were giviuff a useful and extensive in- 
 pulse 'to its manufactures. The temper manifested by tbe oourt. and tii« 
 sudden departure of the foreign protcitanta, greatly alarmed »"" P«* 
 lanta in general; and many o} the Engliah o? that •'r "?""'"" J7*J 
 the eiample set them by their foreign brethren, and flpj from ajaad 
 wliwh everything seemed to Uiretleu wUn ins moBt »cfriu;c ai:u r-,- 
 
 troim 
 
 les. 
 
 and lovers* vi 
 
HUBTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 401 
 
 l*h« maotins of parliament by no means iinprovod the protpeuta of the 
 jiroteitanla. It has already been remarked llial, however completely the 
 reformation might have seemed to be triumpltiint, there was something 
 like a moiotv, at least, of the nation that was still in heart attached to the 
 old faith. To these the court could add as practical frieuds that large 
 body which in all times and in all countries is niady to side with the dom- 
 inant party ; there was consequently no difficulty experienced in getting 
 •uch nu!n returned to parliament as would be pliant tools in the hands ol 
 Mary and her ministers. To the dismay of the protestants, though it 
 would be to impeach their sagacity should we say that it was to their 
 surprise also, parliament was opened not by prayer after the reformed 
 urdniance, but bv the celebration of mass in the Latin tongue. Taylor, 
 bithop of Lincoln, more sincere, or at all events more courageous than 
 gonin of his brethren, hoiieHlly refug«id to kneel at this mass, and was in 
 consoquonce very rudely HMoaiiud by some of the catholic zealots, and at 
 length actually thrust from the house. 
 
 After following the good example of the parliament of the last reign in 
 aaiaing an act bv which all law of treason was limited to the statute of 
 Kdward III., and all law of felony to the law as it stood before (1 Henry 
 VIII.) the parliament pronounced the queen legitimate, annulled ihe di 
 Torce pronounced by Cfraimier between Catherine of Arragon and Henry 
 VIII., and severely censured Cranmer on account of that divorce. It is a 
 little ninifiilar that oven the acute Hume has not noticed the inconsistency 
 with which Mary had by the vote of her parliament, which in reality was 
 her vote as the membeis were her mere creatures, denied the infallibility 
 and upset the decision of that holy sec, the infallibility of which she pre 
 «cribcd to her subjects on pain of the stake and the tar barrel ! 
 
 Oontinning in the same hopeful course, the parliament now at one fell 
 iwoop, and by a single vote, repealed all those statutes of King Edward with 
 respect to religion, which Mary had again and again, and sometimes even 
 voluntarily, said that nothing should induce her to disturb ! Dicers' oaths 
 811(1 lovers' vows are not more frail than the promises of a bigot! 
 
 Miiry, who even in her (Irst youth had no feminine beauty to boast, was 
 considerably above thirty years of age, indeed fast approaching to forty — 
 that decline of life to even the most brilliant personal charms— -when she 
 ascended the throne; and when her parliament showed its anxiety as to 
 her marriage she herself appeared to be fully as anxious. Courtney, son 
 of the manuiis of Exeter, whom she liberated from the Tower at her ac- 
 cession and created earl of Devon, was at that time a very young man, 
 and possessed not only great perfection of manly beauty, but also, despite 
 nil long and dreary imprisonment, all those graces and accomplishments 
 which are so rarely to be acquired elsewhere than at court. The queen 
 was so favourably impressed by his manners and appearance, that she 
 formed the idea of raising him to the dignity of her husband ; and as her 
 litUHtion would have rendered any advances on his part presumptuous, 
 she not only showed him all possible personal distinction, but even caused 
 official hints to he given to him of the favour with which he might hope 
 for his highest aspirations being received. But Courtney was young and 
 romantic, and Mary was not only disagreeable in face and figure, and re- 
 pulsive in manner, but was also very nearly old enough to be his mother, 
 and he showed not the slightest intention of profiting by the amorous con- 
 desrension of his sovereign. Enraged that he should neglect her, she 
 was still more enraged when she discovered that he was a close attendant 
 upon hor sister Elizabelli, then in her first flush of youth. The parliament, 
 by nnnullingthe divorce of Mary's mother, had virtually pronounced Eliz- 
 abeth's illegitimacy ; and au Mary on discovering Courtney's partiality to 
 ihat princess exhibited extreme annoyance and Isid her under great re- 
 
 Itrirtion. Elizuhnlh's frioods b'je&fi to b" luiriounlv n\Armi>A fur nvmi hitj 
 
 '.p^ r ''l^-'ti - 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 ! 
 
 
 ■I9!l 
 
 ii 
 
 :? >ufi 
 
li 
 
 49£ HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 neraonal safety, especially as her attachment to the reformed reliij-.oii 
 could not fail to increase the hatred called down upon her by the attach- 
 ment of Courtney to herself. .ur i <• * v 
 Despairing of making any impression upon the youthful fancy of the 
 eari of Devon, Mary now bestowed a passing glance at the graver and 
 more elderly attractions of the Cardinal Pole. It is true he was a car- 
 dinaUbut he had never taken priest's orders. He was a man of high 
 character for wisdom and humanity, and yet had suffered much for his 
 attachment to the catholic church, of which, on the death of Fope Paul 
 III he had nearly obtained the highest honour ; and his mother, that old 
 countess of Salisbury who was so brutally beheaded by order of Henrv 
 VIII., had been a most kind and beloved governess to Mary in her girl- 
 hood. But the cardinal was somewhat too far advanced in life to please 
 Mary, and it was, moreover, hinted to her by her friends, that he was now 
 too lonir habituated to a quiet and studious life to be able to reconcile 
 himself to the glitter and bustle of the court. But though she rejected 
 Pole as a husband, she resolved to have the benefit of his abilities as a 
 minister, and she accordingly sent assurances to Pope Julius ill. of her 
 anxious desire to reconcile her kingdom to the holy see, and requested 
 that Cardinal Pole might be appointed legate to arrange that important 
 
 business. . , , . i> „ 
 
 Charles V., the emperor, who but a few years before was master of all 
 Germany, had recently met with severe reverses both in Germany and 
 France, in which latter country he was so obstinately resisted by the duke 
 of Guise, that he was at length obliged to retire with the remnant of his 
 dispirited army into the low countries. Far-seeing and ambitioua, Charles 
 no sooner heard of the accession of Mary to the throne of England, than 
 he formed the design of making the gain of that kingdom compensate for 
 the losses he had sustained in Germany. His son Philip was a widower, 
 and though he was only twenty-seven years of age, and eleven years 
 Marv's 1 union the emperor determined to demand her hand for his son, 
 and sent over an agent for that purpose. If Mary had looked mth favour 
 UDon Courtney's person, and had felt a passing attachment excited by the 
 mental endowments of Cardinal Pole, Philip had the doub e recommenda- 
 tion of being a zealous catholic, and of her mother's family. I has actu. 
 ated bv bigotry and by family feeling, and being, moreover, by no means 
 disinclined to matrimony, Mary gladly entertained the proposal, and was 
 seconded by the advice not only of Norfolk, Arundel, and Paget, but also 
 of Gardiner, whose years, wisdom, and the persecution he had endured 
 for Catholicism had given him the greatest possible authority m hei 
 ooinion. Gardiner, at the same time, strongly and wisely dissuaded the 
 oueen from further proceeding in her enterprise of making innovations in 
 religion He well observed that an alliance with Spain was already niore 
 than sufficiently unpopular; that the parliament, amidst all its complai* 
 ance and evident desire to make all reasonable concessions to the personal 
 wishes and feelings of the sovereign, nevertheless had lately shown strong 
 jnwillingness to make any further concessions to Rome. He argued, too, 
 that whereas any precipitate measures in religion just at that time woum 
 irreaily, perhaps even fatally, increase the popular prejudice against the 
 Spanish alliance, that alliance when once brought about would, contra": 
 wise, enable the queen, unresisted, to work her own will in the other and 
 far more important measure. To the emperor, Gardiner transmitted the 
 same rcaaonings, with the additional hint that it was necessary that, 
 oBteiislbly or temporarily at least, the terms and conditions of the nmr- 
 riage should be such as to secure the favour of the English populace, by 
 appearing even more than fairiy favourable to English interests, ins 
 emperor, who had a high opinion of Gardiner's sagacity and jujignient, 
 lied to itii inai ns saviaca 
 
 not only asaiii 
 
 ou; oven cxixurucu m^ ^r?-- — — 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 403 
 
 to religious moderation, at least for that time, in his own private letters to 
 Mary. He even went still further; for being informed that Pole, the sin- 
 centy and fervour of whose relieious zeal not unfrequently triumphed 
 over his great natural humanity, had sent Mary advice to proceed with 
 rigour against open heresy, the emperor detained Pole at the town of Di)- 
 linghen, on the Danube, as he was on his way to England, lest his pres- 
 enee should prevent Mary from following his more pacific and politic 
 counsels. 
 
 The parliament having openly expressed a dislike of Mary's proposed 
 marriage with a son of Spain, was dismissed, and Mary's ministers had 
 orders to press the match on to a conclusion. The convocation, which 
 had been summoned at the same time as the parliament, was not contented 
 with a general profession and exhibition of its attachment to the new 
 order of things that Mary had so fapidly introduced, but the catholic part 
 of it boldly volunteered to put the capital article between them and the 
 catholics, transubstantiation, into dispute. The protestants argued, but 
 could rarely be heard, through the clamour raised by their adversaries, 
 who finally, being the majority, complacently voted that they had clearly 
 and decidedly triumphed. This triumph—at least of voices and numbers, 
 if not of fair argument — so elated the Romanists, that they soon after re- 
 newed the dispute at Oxford, and, as if to show how secure they held 
 themselves to be of the victory, they caused Cranmer, Latimer, and Rid> 
 lev to be conveyed thither unaer a guard to take their parts in the debate, 
 wnich ended, as may be anticipated, in the complete verbal triumph of the 
 catholics. 
 
 A. D. 1554. — The complaisance of the parliament, and thd formal de- 
 btes on religion that had been initiated by Romanist members of con- 
 vocation, were merely preclusive to still further and more sweeping alter- 
 ations in religion, which were made in defiance of all that the emperor and 
 the astute Gardiner could uTg^^ to the contrary. It is true — and the fact 
 confirms what we have more than once said as to the wide difference be 
 tween the apparent and the real number of protestants existing during the 
 two previous reigns — the mere connivance of government had in most 
 parts of England sufflced to encourage the people to set aside the refor- 
 mation in the most important particulars. But after the dismissal of par- 
 liament, the new regulations of Mary, or rather her new enactments of 
 old abuses, were everywhere, openly, and by formal authority, carried into 
 execution. Mass was re-established, three-fourths of the clergymen, be- 
 ing attached to reformed principles, were turned out of their livings, and 
 replaced by zealous or seemingly zealous Romanists, and marriage was 
 once again declared to be incompatible with the holding of any sacred 
 office. The oath of supremacy was enjoined by the unrepealed law of 
 Henry VIII., but it was an instruction to a commission which the queen 
 now authorised to see to the more perfect and speedy re-establishment of 
 mass and the other ancient rites, that clergymen should strictly be pro 
 hibjted from taking the oath of supremacy on entering benefices. 
 
 Willie Mary was thus busied in preparing the way for laying her kmg- 
 dom once more at the feet of the haughty pontiffs of Rome, the discon- 
 tents tlius caused were still further increased by the fears, some well 
 founded and some vague, but no less powerful on that account, excited in 
 the public mind on account of the Spanish match. On the part of the 
 court, in compliance with the sagacious advice of Gardiner, great care 
 was taken to insert nothing in the marriage articles, which were published, 
 Ihat coiii'l at ail fairly he deemed unfavourable to England. 
 
 Thus it was stipulated, that though the title of king should be accorded 
 •0 Philip, the administration should be entirely in the mieen ; that no 
 office whatever in the kingdom should be t(?nable by a foreigner ; thiit 
 
 Knifllfltl lafcua ji*»*ml£\»mm nrt/l rkt^i Wllu/VAa ai^/\i'«t^J WAvnniri iiranlf a«ia/I . *Kn* t%%M 
 
 ST"— — ■ — — ; -.».—-«..,;— rr'9%1 j-s s-tT-'j-— — -..,...,-., ,*.jr,..pf. vtFr?£t.^'x vM ^ tiiat titr 
 
4d4 
 
 HISTORY OP THB WORLD. 
 
 aueen should not be taken abroad by Philip without her own consent, voi 
 Jny of her children without that of the nobil.ty; that a jo'nture of „,.ty 
 thousand pounds should be securely settled upon the queen ; that the male 
 MueVif any, of the marriage should inherit not only England, but a so 
 Burgundy and the Low Countries in any case, and that in the case of the 
 death of Don Carlos, son of Philip, such male issue of Phihf and Mary 
 shouU also inherit Spain, Sicily. Milan, and all the other dominions of 
 
 ^ Every day's experience serves to show that it in quite possible to carry 
 
 DoUcy too far, and to cause the sincerity of concession to be suspected 
 
 SSm Its very excess. If we may suppose that men so sagacious as the 
 
 emperor and Gardiner were rendered by their anxiety temporarily for- 
 
 wtful of this truth, the public murmuring very speedily remmded them of 
 
 U The people, with that intuitive sagacity which seems the special pro- 
 
 vision for the safety of the unlettered multitude, analogous to the instinct 
 
 of the lower animals, exclaimed that the emperor, in his greedy and tyran- 
 
 nous anxiety to obtain possession of so rich yet hated a country as here- 
 
 S England, would doubtless accede to any; terms As a papist and a 
 
 sSaniarJ he would promise anything now wuh the full determination of 
 
 recking everything the moment he should have concluded the desired 
 
 mitch" and the more favourable, argued the people, the terms now pub- 
 
 Ushed we?e to England, the greater the probability that the emperor and 
 
 h's son would revoke them it the very first opportunity, if indeed they 
 
 wwe not already provided with secret articles authorizing them to do so 
 
 tS the fraud and ambition of the emperor the popular report said that 
 
 Phil p added sullenness, haughtiness, cruelty, and a domineermg dmposi- 
 
 tion oeculiarly his own. Thlt the death of the emperor would put Philip 
 
 hi SoSskm of his father's dominions was clear; the people assumed it 
 
 S be equally so that England would from that moment become a mere 
 
 DrovincHf Spain; that Englishmen equally with the other subjects of 
 
 Srfain would Tn be subjected to all the tender mercies of the inquisition, 
 
 and that the Spanish alliance and the complete '«'" «| ,E"8'f'',f "Jj: 
 
 Jlaving of all fenglishmen were but different terms and formula m which 
 
 '°Za"toVeXTdV?i:?;ntented, as the protestants of England were 
 with the recent and sudden changes made in religious affairs, such argu- 
 ments as these could not be addressed with any art or industry without 
 bSSLproductive of great effect. Every day increased the general dislike 
 S the people o the Spanish match. Tfie more prudent among even those 
 who in principle were the most deeply and sincerely opposed ^ojMejm 
 lemD atJd niamage, did not, indeed, see that th») mere anticipation of evil 
 t^S nrand an In icipatioA, too, which was quite opposed to the j>vo ved 
 DuSises of the emperor and Philip, could warrant an open res siaiice. 
 6uMhe reasonable and the just are^eldom the majority where either he 
 fee i Jls o??he interests of mankind are very much aroused and appealed 
 to and a few men of some note were soon found to place themselves at 
 he Sead oMh^discontented, with the avowed intention of appealtn? Jo 
 arms rather than allowing themselves to become the bond-slaves of the 
 Kiard Had France at this critical juncture taken advantage of Mary s 
 Sue, and want of popularity, it is' very Pr«ba»'l«^''«;' »i" IJ?;;^ 
 have ended hore, and that her memory would have been saved Iromine 
 fndeliWo sJarns of much and loathsome cruelty. But the k.n^ of Franc j 
 though at war with Philip, would lend no aid to an English 'n«""«;2 
 Perhaps he felt that Mary, aided as she was certain to be by Spain, wouia 
 •urev out down any attempts at insurrection, in which case she, of course, 
 wou 5 aid thHrnperor against France; and to this motive we may no 
 Treaso'Iably be sSpposef to have added that feeling for thorights ofs^|^ 
 BrolantV over subicctB, which even ihr liOiiil.iy oi sovereigns -- -- 
 
 lII nurlirtinnlsn 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 495 
 
 banish from their hearts. From whatever motives, however, the king oi 
 France did refuse to aid the English in their proposed resistance to theii 
 sovereign's alliance with Philip of Spain. But this did not damp the en- 
 thusiasm of the leading opponents of the Spanish alliance. Sir Thomas 
 Wyatt offered to raise and head the malcontents of Kent, and Sir Petei 
 Carew those of Devonshire ; and they persuaded the duke of Suffolk to 
 raise the midland counties, by assuring him that their chief object was to 
 re-invest the lady Jane with the cruwn. A time was fixed for the simul 
 taneous action of these leaders ; and had the compact been punctually 
 kept, it is more than probable that the enterprise would have been fully 
 successful. But Sir Peter Carew, in his exceeding eagerness, rose before 
 the appointed time, and being, in consequence, unsupported by Wyatt and 
 the duke of Suffolk, was beaten at the first onset by the earl of Bedford, 
 and with difficulty made his escape to France. Suffolk, on hearing of 
 Carew's failure and flight, left town, accompanied by his brothers. Lord 
 Thomas and Sir Leonard Gray, and proceeded to the counties of Warwick 
 and Leicester, where his chief influence lay. But he was hotly pursued 
 by a party of horse under the earl of Huntingdon, and being overtaken 
 before he could raise sufficient force for resistance, was obliged to dis- 
 perse his few followers and conceal himself. Accident or treachery soon 
 discovered his hiding place, and he was sent under an escort to London. 
 Wyatt, in the meantime, raised the standard of revolt at Maidstone, in 
 Kent, where he issued a passionate proclamation, inviting the people to 
 aid him in removing e\ il councillors from about the queen, and to prevent 
 the ruin of the nation which must needs follow the completion of the 
 Spanish match. Great numbers of persons joined him, and among them 
 lome catholics, as he had dexterously omitted from his proclamation all 
 mention of religion. The duke of Norfolk, at the head of the queen's 
 guards and some other troops, reinforced by five hundred Londoners un- 
 der the command of Brett, marched against the revolted and came up 
 with them at Rochepter. Here Sir George Harper, who had been with 
 Wyatt, pretended to desert to the duke, but quickly returned to Wyatt, 
 carrying with him Brett and his Londoners, upon whom Sir George's 
 eloquence so wrought, that they professed their preference of death to 
 aiding in the enslavement of their country. Norfolk, fearing that this 
 desertion might mislead the rest of his force, now retreated, and Wyatt 
 marched to Southwark, whence he sent to demand that the Tower should 
 be placed in his hands, that the queen should free the nation from all ter- 
 ror of Spanish tyranny by marrying an Englishman, and that four coun 
 cillors should forthwith be placed in his hands as hostages for the per- 
 formance of these conditions. 
 
 While Wyatt was wasting his time in sending this demand and await- 
 ing a reply, Norfolk had secured London bridge, and had taken effectual 
 steps to overawe the Londoners and prevent tiiem from joining Wyatt. 
 Perceiving his error when too late, Wyatt marched to Kingston, where 
 he crossed the river, and made his way unresisted into Westminster. 
 Here, however, his followers rapidly deserted him, and he was encoun- 
 tered and seized in the Strand, near Temple-bar, by Sir Maurice Berke- 
 ley. Vast numbers of the deluded countrymen were at the same time 
 seized, and as the queen's rage was proportioned to the fear and peril to 
 which she had been subjected, the executions that followed were very 
 numerous. It is said that not less than four hundred of the captured 
 wretches were put to death in cold blood ; four hundred more were con- 
 demned, but being led before the quer-n with halters on their necks, they 
 Icnell to her and implored her grace, which was granted. Wyatt, the 
 crime mover of this revolt, was executed, as a matter of course. On the 
 scaffold he took care to exonerate, in the most unequivocal terms, from 
 
 -II nai>lininnlinn f\m MVAn IrtiAixrlMfloA nf hie nrnr*f>^ft intra IHa tnHv Ii!liviih»lh 
 
 fitil: 
 
 im 
 
496 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 and the earl M Devon, whom Mary's jealous hatred had^ndeavoured to 
 connect with thU ill-starred and iU-managed revolt. They were both 
 seized and strictly examined by the council, but Wyat 's manly and pr(.. 
 Gise declaration defeated whatever intent there might have been to em- 
 ploy false witnesses to connect them with his rash proceedings. But 
 ihoufh Mary was thus prevented from proceeding o the last extremity 
 against them, she sent Elizabeth under strict surveinance to Woodsiock, 
 aSd the earl of Devon to Fotheringay castle. To Elizabeth, indeed, ira- 
 mediate release was offered, on condition of her accepting the hand_of the 
 duke of Savoy, and thus relieving her sister from her presence in he 
 kingdom ; but Elizabeth knew how to " bide her time," and she quietly, 
 but positively, refused the proffered alliance. , 
 
 All this time Lord Guildford Dudley and the lady Jane had remairted im- 
 
 Drisoned, but unmolested and unnoticed. The time which had elapsed 
 
 without any proceedings being taken against them, beyond their mere 
 
 confinement, led every one to suppose that their youth, and the obvious 
 
 restraint under which they had acted, had determined Mary not to punish 
 
 ^em beyond imprisonment, and that she would terminate even that when 
 
 she safely could do so. But the imprudent, nay, the situation of his 
 
 daughter and her husband being considered, the wicked connection of the 
 
 duke of Suffolk with Wyatt's revolt, aroused m Mary that suspicion 
 
 which was no less fatal to its objects than her bigotry Jane now anew 
 
 appeared to her in the character of a competitor for the throne That 
 
 sSfwas not wilfully so, that she was so closely confined that she could 
 
 not by any possibility correspond with the disaffected, were arguments 
 
 ?o wh^ch Mary attached no importance. To her it was enough that this 
 
 Snocent creature, even now a mere girl and wishing for "'f l»n|.^™h 
 
 as the quiet and studious moral life in which her earlier girlhood had b en 
 
 oassed mieht possibly be made the pretext for future revolt. The Lord 
 
 Sforf Dudley and^ady Jane were, consequently, warned that the day 
 
 was fixed for their execution. Subsequently the queen bestowed the cruel 
 
 mercy of a reprieve for three days, on the plea that she did not wish 
 
 while inflicting bodily death on Jane, to peril her eternal salvation. The 
 
 rhappy lady was, therefore, during the short remnant of her life impor- 
 
 SeTand annoyed by catholic priests, who were sent by the queen toen- 
 
 deavour to convert her to their faith. But she skilfully and coolly used 
 
 Jll the arguments then in use to defend the reformed faith, and even wrote 
 
 ^Greek letter to her sister, adjuring her to persevere m the true faith 
 
 "rw^^rfirettfeS^rbet^^^ both the prisoners at the same time 
 
 anion the same scaffold. C reflection, n»«^'7» f , Pf |=y JSdfS 
 queen to alter this determination ; and it was ordered that L«rd Guildford 
 Should first be executed on Tower-hill, and the lady Jane shortly after- 
 w3 within the precincts of the Tower, where she was confined. 
 
 On the morning appointed for this double murder. Lord Guildford sent to 
 his young and unfSrtunate wife, and requested an interview to ake a„ 
 earlhlv farewell ; but Jane with a more masculine and self-possessed prn- 
 
 Srnce,M2cUnei it. on the ground that their .^PPf^'^^i'"^ l»;;,i;7re,S5 
 full attention of each, and that their brief and bloody "ep^^ation on ea-JJ 
 would be followed by an eternal union. From her prison window tne 
 hdy Jane saw her youthful husband led out to execution, and shortly af^ 
 erward" saw his headless body brought back in a common cart^ Even 
 tS s sad spectacle, instead of shaking her firniness, did but the more con- 
 firm and strengthen a constancy which was founded not upon mere con- 
 stitution, but upon long, serious, and healthy study. 
 
 Her own dread hour had at length arrived, and Sir John Sago, the cofr 
 St, hu'of the Tower, on summoning her to the scaffold, begged her pbe 
 si.tuii, »•• "I" ^"" j^ j^._ „.i.:„^ K- ™i«ht boAii nn m. nemelual mcmoriaJ oi 
 
 Blow some glSV UpUZI Itltir TTr:.vt. "• •—B f r • 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 49^7 
 
 her. Shepve him her tablets in wliieli, or. seeing the dead body of her 
 ousband, she had written a sentence in Greek, Latin, and English, to the 
 eflecl that though hunian justice was against her husband's body, the di- 
 me mercy would be favourable to his soul ; that, for herself, if her fault 
 deserved punishment, her youth, at least, and her imprudence, were wor- 
 thy of excuse, and that she trusted for favour to God and to posterity. 
 
 On the scaffold she blamed herself not for ever having wished for the 
 crown, but for not having firmly refused to act upon tlie wishes of others 
 "u^^^l ",F t "• , ®^® confessed herself worthy of death, and being dis- 
 robed by her female attendants, calmly and unshrinkingly submitted her- 
 self to her fatal doom. 
 
 The duke of Suffolk and Lord Thomas Gray were shortly afterwards* 
 executed for their share m Wyatt's revolt. Sir Nicholas Throgmorton 
 was tried in Guildhall for the same offence, but there being little or no 
 evidence against him, his eloquent and acute defence led the jury to acquit 
 him. With an arbitrary and insolent stretch of prerogative that now 
 
 ^'i!^H^S w- Tr^'}'\^n'y' ^""^^^^ ^' '^« acquittal, not only recora- 
 mitted Sir Nicholas to the Tower, where she kept him for a considerable 
 ime, but she even had the jury sent to prison, and fined from one to two 
 thousand pounds each ! The end she had in view in this abominably ty- 
 rannous conduct, however, was fully achieved. Thenceforth jurors were 
 little prone to acouit the unhappy gentlemen who, no matter how loosely 
 were charged with participation in the affair of Wyatt. Many were con- 
 .hi"! ""I-^^ I" «on«eq"«nce of the terrors of tbeir jurors, and among 
 them was Sir John Throgmorton, brother to Sir Nicholas. Arrests took 
 place every day, the Tower and other places of confinement were filled 
 with nobles and gentlemen, whose offence was that they chanced to be 
 ST fii .if f^T'^^ of the people being a deadly offence to the queen, 
 who felt that she was loathed by them, and who felt so little secure 
 against a new out-break, that she sent out commissioners to disarm them, 
 and lay up the seized arms in her strong-holds. ^ 
 
 In the midst of this gloomy state of things, the parliament was called 
 upon to invest the queen with the power which had formerly been granted 
 to her father, of disposing of the crown at her decease. Gardiner took 
 care to dwell upon the precedent afforded by the power given to Henry 
 Vlll., and he had little fear of success, because, independent of the geii- 
 era! terror caused by the queen's merciless and sanguinary proceedings, 
 he good-will of numerous members of parliament had been purchased by 
 hedistribution of four hundred thousand crowns, which the emperor had 
 sent over for that purpose. ^ 
 
 th?f ?*'i". *.f ™'" ""'■ purchased complaisance could blind the house to 
 the facts, that the queen detected Elizabeth, and that the legitimacy of the 
 queen must imply the bastardy of Elizabeth. The manner! too, in SS 
 Gardiner in the couree of his speech avoided mentioning Elizabeth, ex- 
 cepting merely as "the lady Elizabeth," and without siylin| her the queen's 
 8i8ter, confirmed the suspicion that, once invested with the power which 
 mak hT/^Tk'^' ^'" (l"««'V«'o»'d declare Elizabeth illegitimate, and bv 
 .?S?Sn'""K'.''""'''""^/*'t>l''""\'° Philip, hand over the nation t'o 
 Sil wlre'^eJiertafned."^' ' '" ^*'"'^'" anticipati«,„s had been and 
 
 lh.^^ii^'•" '*'*'"§l*"'n "." other grounds of suspicion of Mary's intention, 
 ihe hirelings an3 parasites of Philip were just now, as zealously as inipru 
 
 ently busy m dwelling upon Philip's descent from the house «?LaIlcis. 
 
 oiirsP »»Thf *"'l"f him-taking Elizabeth's bastardy as a matter ol 
 -ourse— as the next heir to Mary by right of descent. 
 
 mm tn Jr/.lf Vu' ^™"' fear or favour, waB the desire of the whole pari!,-. 
 Vol "f— 32"" "'" '■'""'° ^" '""^ oF3"«"»™ was siai greater. Tiict 
 
498 «. HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 not only lefused to pass the bill to give Mary the power to will away the 
 AroSit when another bill was introduced to make |t ireasonable to 
 mSe or attempt thedeath of the queen's husband while she hved, they 
 LooUv laid it aside; and that Philip might not be led to complete^the mar 
 naee by any ringering hope of possessing any authority in the aat.ou 
 whfch watunhappy enough to have Mary for its queen, the house passed 
 Tlaw enacthig, "That her majesty, as their only queen, should solely and 
 Js a solequS enjoy the crown and sovereignty of her realms, with all 
 Se ore eEences dignities, and rights thereto belonging, m as large and 
 .4^e a manner after her marriage as before, without any title or claim 
 a™Wing™e prince of Spain, either as tenant by courtesy of the realm 
 
 "%j^ "^2 t°h^f aTfar"^ was in their power, limited and discouraged the 
 danirous aSn of^^^ and iJgoted Philip, the parliament passed 
 
 ?he ScatTn of the articles of marriage, which, indeeA were drawn so 
 fivouJLwy to England, that no reasonable objection could have been made 
 
 **" I'iTothine more could be extorted or bribed from parliament with re 
 » .„ th!?nueen'3 marriage, its attention was now directed to matter 
 'P^'^* Mo] wiSeSaior The bishopric of Durham, which had been di- 
 Sin tt eiJnWdwa^^^^^^^^^ w£ch by an arbitrary edict of the queea 
 W already befn re-conferred upon Tonstal, was now re-erected by act 
 nfnaUarnent Some bills were also introduced for revising the laws 
 
 sullenly dissolved it. 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 THB RBION OF MABY (CONTINUKO). 
 
 Mart's aee. and some consciousness, perhaps, of the addition made by 
 heV fearful femper to the natural homeliness of her features, had tended to 
 
 V tJ^o o3,iiion of a vounn and illustrious husband all the more 
 "''''' il^STfritsve^ylmprSbability ; and though she had seen only 
 fhTJ^Llit of trfutureSraEhe hid contrived^ become so enam- 
 ^nrpCfC thafwhenthe prelim naries of the marriage were all arranged, 
 ^nni/Salof^he prince was hourly expected, every delay and every 
 Stacle Sted almost to phrenzy! Though as a 'natter of amb.t.on 
 Phi fn wa"very desirous of the match, as a simple matter of love, he was, 
 JtKvP^ least indifferent: and even the proverbial hauteur and solem- 
 '^ .f?h^ Sniihcharacer could not suflSciently account for the cold 
 Slel wSicTcautd Sm to'f "rbear from even favouring his future wife 
 Ind querwith a letter, to account for delays which, in «P'te of her doung 
 fondSearMarv could not but believe that the prince might eas'ly "^ve 
 
 RO sullen and resentful a nalure as ners, aia hsuuu iu .«« .»- = 
 
 fierce bigotr 
 county in Et 
 mourning, 
 to Lord Effii 
 was the ser 
 spirit of mut 
 the queen thi 
 and the squa 
 dispensably 
 mind of the i 
 of the sea, bi 
 fleet. The 
 was frequeni 
 health affect( 
 be affected 
 nervous, she 
 with the usui 
 her by her u 
 ing franticall 
 became desp 
 pleasing. 
 
 At length i 
 was publicly 
 Philip had m 
 gazers with l 
 away to the < 
 suited the p 
 well calculat 
 the unfavoui 
 he was dista 
 bravest and ' 
 to see him p; 
 that he was ( 
 The unavoid 
 by Spanish { 
 have been in 
 lects, was in 
 possessed h( 
 share his rot 
 than a hard-i 
 the prince to 
 if he showec 
 jealouey was 
 had been so 
 
 The worn! 
 way to Philii 
 ready to pun 
 total sacrifice 
 By means ol 
 to get memb 
 she now sun 
 existing tern 
 punishment i 
 great onwan 
 the establish 
 
 Cardinal i 
 iptrafp. only 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 41K) 
 
 fierce bigotry which subsequenlly lighted the fires of persiecution in e^ery 
 county in England, and left scarcely a village without its niariyr iin«l n's 
 mourning. A squadron had been fitted out, and the -command was givwu 
 to Lord Effingham, to convoy the prince to England ; but so unpopular 
 was the service, and such strong symptoms appeared of a determined 
 spirit of mutiny among the sailors, that Lord Effingham frankly informed 
 the queen that he did not think the prince would be safe in their handK, 
 and the squadron was at once disbanded. But this measure, though in- 
 dispensably necessary under the circumstances, brought no peace to the 
 mind of the queen, for she now dreaded not merely the inevitable dangers 
 of the sea, but also that her husband should be intercepted by the French 
 fleet. The slightest rumour so heightened her self-torturmg, that she 
 was frequently thrown into convulsions ; and not merely was her bodily 
 health affected in the most injurious degree, but even her mind began to 
 be affected to a very perceptible extent. Hypochondriac and pitiably 
 nervous, she became pamfullv conscious of her want of beauty ; though, 
 with the usual self-flattery, -she ascribed the repulsive aspect presented to 
 her by her unflattering mirror wholly to her recent sufferings. From be- 
 ing frantically impatient for the arrival of Philip, the unhappy queen now 
 became desponding, and dreaded lest on his arrival he should find her dis- 
 pleasing. 
 
 At length the object of so many hopes and fears arrived ; the marriage 
 was publicly and with great pomp performed at Winchester; and when 
 Philip had made a public entry into London, and dazzled the eyes of the 
 gazers with the immense riches he had brought over, Mary hurried him 
 away to the comparative seclusion of Windsor. This seclusion admirably 
 suited the prince, whose behaviour, from the day of his arrival, was as 
 well calculated as though it had been purposely intended, to confirm all 
 the unfavourable opinions that had been formed of him. In his maiyier 
 he was distant, not with shyness but with overweening disdain ; and the 
 bravest and wiscnt of the oldest nobility of England had the mortification 
 to see him pass them without manifesting by glance, word, or gesture, 
 that he was conscious of their respect, salutations, or even their presence. 
 The unavoidably wearisome etiquette of court was now so much increaseo 
 by Spanish formalities, that both Philip and Mary may almost be said to 
 have been inaccessible. This circumstance, however disgusting to sub 
 jects, was in the highest degree pleasing to the queen : having at length 
 possessed herself of her husband, she was unwilling that any one should 
 share his company with her for a moment. More like a love-sick girl 
 than a hard-featured and hard-hearted woman of forty, she could not bear 
 the prince to be out of her sight ; his shortest absence annoyed her, and 
 if he showed the commonest courtesy to any of the court ladies, her 
 jealousy was instantly shown to him, and her resentment to the fair who 
 had been so unfortunate as to be honoured with his civility. 
 
 The womanly observation of Mary soon convinced her that the only 
 way to Philip's heart was to gratify his ambition ; and she was abundantly 
 ready to purchase his love, or the semblance of it, even at the price of the 
 total sacrifice of the liberties and interests of the whole English people. 
 By means of Gardiner she used both fear and hope, both power and gold, 
 to get members returned in her entire interests to a new parliament which 
 she now summoned ; and the returns were such as to promise that, in the 
 existing temper of the fiation, which had not yet forgotten the sanguinary 
 punishment of the revolt under Wyatt, she might safely make her next 
 great onward movement towards the entire restoration of Catholicism and 
 the establishment of her own absolute power. 
 
 Cardinal Pole, who was now in Flanders, invested with the office of 
 iPCTte, only awaited the removal of the attainder passed against him in 
 "ie reign of Henry VI il. The pafliaiticai rcadii}'^ passed an act for that 
 
 1*1 - ^ff 
 
 I y >i 
 
500 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 liiiiii 
 
 purpose, and the legate iinra3cliately came to England, when, af-er wail- 
 ing on I'hilip and Mary, he presented himself to parliament, and lormally 
 mvited the English nation to reconcile itself to the holy see from which, 
 said the legate, it had been so long and so unhappily separated. 
 
 The well-trained parliament readily acknowledged and prolessed to de- 
 plore the defection of England, and presented an address to Philip ai.d 
 Mary, entreating them, as being uninfected by the general guilt, to inter- 
 cede with the holy father for their forgiveness, and at the same time de- 
 clared their intention to repeal all laws that were prejudicial to the church 
 of Rome. The legate readily gave absolution lo the parhament and peo- 
 ple of England, and received them into the communion of Rome ; and 
 Pope Julius III., with grave and bitter mockery, observed, when the formal 
 thanks of the nation were conveyed to him, that the English had a strange 
 notion of things thus to thank hira for doing what he ought, in fact, to 
 
 thank them for letting him do. 
 
 It must not be supposed that though the nobility and gentry in parlia- 
 menl assembled thus readily and crouchingly laid England once again at 
 the feet of the Roman Pontiff, that they were prepared fully to undo all 
 that Henry had done. Indifferent as to the mode of faith prescribed to 
 the multitude, they had not an objection lo make this sudden and sweep- 
 ing re-lransfer of the spiritual authority over England. But before they 
 would consent to that transfer of spiritual authority, they obtained from 
 Rome, as well as from the queen, the most positive assurances that the 
 church property, snatched from the church and divided among laymen by 
 Henry, should not be interfered with, but should remain undisturbed in the 
 hand? of its lay possessors. The parliament, also, in the very act by 
 which it restored the pope's spiritual auth6rity, enacted that all marriages 
 contracted during the English separaiion from Rome should remain valid, 
 and also inserted a clause which secured all holders of church lands in 
 their possessions; and the convocation presenled a petition to the pope lo 
 the same effect, to which petition the legate gave an affirmative answer. 
 Bigoted and arbitrary as Mary confessedly was, it appeared that she could 
 not fully restore, even temporarily, the power of Rome. 
 
 The sentence had irrevocably gone forth against that grasping and greedy 
 despotism ; and though the accidental occurrence of a hercely and coldly 
 cruel bigot, in the person of Mary, being seated upon the throne gave back 
 for a time to Rome the npiritual jurisdiction, and the power to dictate and 
 tyrannize in spiritual affairs, all the power and zeal of that bigot could not 
 re-possess the church of the lands which had become lay property. In 
 the first instance, indeed, Rome hoped, by forgiving the past fruits ot the 
 lands, to be able to resume the lands for the future ; but when Pole 
 arrived in England he received information, amply confirmed by his own 
 observations, which induced him without further slrugale to agree to the 
 formal and complete settlement of the lands, of which we have above 
 given an account. r. i j .1 , 
 
 Perhaps no greater misfortune could have occurred to England than 
 this very cession in form, by the pope, of the right of the laiiy to lU 
 lands ol which they had possessed themselves at the expense ol the church 
 Had Rome attempted to resume the solid properly, as well as the spiritual 
 rights, of the church, considerations of intere'it in the former would have 
 caused the nobility and gentry to hesitate about surrendering the latter; 
 but having secured their own property, the greui were easily induc-d to 
 hand over the bulk of the people to a spiritual lyrannv which they flat- 
 tered Ihemwlves that they would not suffer from. The vile oia lawn 
 against heresy, which the former parliament had honestly and indignantly 
 rejected, were now re-enacted ; statutes were passed for punishing setii- 
 {<..... •n-nuure." £!>d it wae m&de irHtoD to imagine or to attempt the lit' 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 501 
 
 of Philip during that of the queen, which, also, the former parrr^ment had 
 ft'fused. 
 
 But, amidst all this disgusting sycophancy, even this complaisant par- 
 liament had still some English sense of reserve, and resisted every at- 
 'ompt of the queen to get her husband declared presumptive heir to the 
 3rown, entrusted with ihe administration, or even honoured with a corona- 
 lion. The same anti-Spanish feeling which caused the firmness of parlia- 
 ment on those points, also caused it to refuse all subsidy in support of the 
 emperor, in the war which he was still carrying on against France. These 
 very plain indications of the feelings of the nation towards himself per- 
 sonally caused Philip, not indeed to lay aside his morose and impolitic 
 hauteur, for that was part and parcel of his nature, and as inseparable 
 from his existence as the mere act of breathing, but to endeavour to di- 
 minish his unpopularity by procuring the release of several distinguished 
 prisoners, confined either for actual offence against the court, or for the 
 quasi offence of being agreeable to the people. The most illustrious of 
 diese prisoners was the lady Elizabeth ; and nothing that Philip could 
 have done could have been more pleasing to the nation than his releasing 
 that princess, and protecting her from the petty but no less annoying spite- 
 fulness of her sister. 
 
 About the same time, Philip's politic intervention also gave liberty to 
 the lord Henry Dudley, Sir George Harper, Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, 
 Sir Edmund Warner, Sir William St. Loe, and Sir Nicholas Arnold, to- 
 gether with Harrington and Tiemaine. The earl of Devonshire also was 
 released from Fotheringay castle, and allowed to go abroad, but he only 
 reached Padua when he was poisoned, and the popular rumour and belie 
 ascribed the murder to the Imperialists. 
 
 Baffled in her endeavours to get her husband declared her heir presump- 
 t've, the queen became more than ever anxious for the honours of mater, 
 nity, of the approach of which she at length imagined that she felt the 
 symptoms. She was publicly declared to be pregnant, and Bonner, bishop 
 of London, ordered public prayers to be put up, that the young prince — 
 for the catholics chose to consider not merely the pregnancy of the queen, 
 but even the sex of the child a matter perfectly settled!— might be beau- 
 tfui, strong, and witty. The people in general, however, manifested a 
 orovoking incredulity even as to the pregnancy o( the queen, whose age 
 and haggi'rd aspect certainly promised no very numerous offspring; and 
 Jhe people's incredulity was shortly afterwards justified, it proving that 
 the queen had been mistaken by the incipient symptoms of dropsy. To 
 the last possible moment, however, Philip and his friends concealed «he 
 truth, and Philip was thus enabled to get himself appointed protector du- 
 ring the minority, should the chiM survive and the queen die. Finding 
 that this was the utmost concession that could at present be wrung from 
 the parliament, and trusting that it might by good management be made 
 productive of more at some future time, the queen now dissolved the par 
 liament. 
 
 A. n. ir)55.— The dissolution of parliament was marked by an occurrenc© 
 which of itself would bo sufficient to indicate the despotic character of the 
 times. Some members of the commons' house, unwilling to agree to the 
 slavish complaisance commonly shown by the majority, and yet, as a 
 minority, quite unable to stem the tide, came to the resolution to secede 
 from their attendance. No sooner was the parliament dissolved than 
 these members were indicted in the king's boiioh. Six of them, terrified 
 at the mere thought of a contest with the powerful and vindictive queen, 
 made the requisite submissions and obtained pardon \ and the remainder 
 exercised their right of traverse, thereby so long postponing the trial that 
 ihja /;........«« -!n~ih nut 'in !>!!!! Ui ihfi affair altoseUier^ GHrdiner** mci't^M 
 
 in brnging about the Spanish inatcli tu wliicii the nation had been so 
 
 "»««»S-| 
 
 a; \f f 
 
SOB 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 averse, and tlie tact and zeal for the queen's service whinh he had shown 
 in his dexterous management of the house of commons, made him now 
 more than ever a weighty authority, not only with the queen but with the 
 catholic party in general. It is singular enough, as Hume well remarks, 
 that though this very learned prelate was far less aealous upon points of 
 theology than Cardinal Pole, yet, while the mild temper of the latter 
 allayed and chastened his tendency towards bigotry, the sterner and hardi- 
 er character of the former caused him to look .upon the free judgment ol 
 tiie commonality as a presumption which it behoved the rulers of the land 
 to put down, even by the severest and most unsparing resort to persecu 
 tion. For some time it was doubtful whether the milder course, recom. 
 mended as politic by Pole, or the sterner course, advocated as essentially 
 necessary by Gardiner, would prevail. But Gardiner had the great advan- 
 tage of advocating the system which was the most in accordance with 
 the cruel and bigoted temper of both Philip and Mary ; and Pole had the 
 mortification not only of being vanquished by his opponent, but also ol 
 •eeing fail and terrible license and freedom given to the hitherto partially 
 restrained demons of persecution. 
 
 Having determined the queen and court to a course of severity, Gar- 
 diner had no difficulty in persuading them that it was politic to select the 
 first victims from among the eminent for learning or authority, or both; 
 and Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, a man still more remarkable for 
 virtue and learning than for his eminence in the church and in the reform- 
 ed party, had tlie melancholy honour of being singled out as the first vic- 
 tim. As instances of conversion were even more sought after by Gardin- 
 er than punishment, there was probably yet another reason why Rogers 
 was selected for the first prosecution. He had a wife and ten cliildren, 
 and was remarkable for iiis affection both as a father and a husband ; and 
 there was every probability that tenderness for them might lead him to 
 avoid, by apostacy, a danger which otherwise he might have been expect- 
 ed to brave. But if Gardiner really reasoned thus, he was greatly mista- 
 ken. Rogers not only refused to recmt an iota of his opinions at what 
 was called his trial, but even after the fatal sentence of burning was pass- 
 ed upon him he stil! preserved sucli an equable frame of mind, tliat when 
 the fatal hour arrived his jailers actually had to awaken him from a sweet 
 sound sleep to proceed to the stake. Such courage miglil, one would 
 suppose, have disarmed even the wrath of bigotry ; but Gardiner, when 
 the condemned gentleman asked permission to have a parting interview 
 with his wife, cruelly and scoffingly replied, that Rogers, being a priest, 
 could not possibly have a wife ! This unfortunate and learned divine was 
 burned at Smithfield, and the flames that consumed him may be said to 
 have kindled a vast and moving pile that swallowed up sufferers of both 
 •exes, and of nearly all ages in every county of Kngland. 
 
 Hooper, bishop •>f Gloucester, was tried at the same time with Rogers, 
 and was also condoinnod to the stake, but, with a refinement upon cruelly, 
 he was not executed at Smithfield, though tried in Loudon, but sent for 
 that purpose into his own iliocose, that his agonies and death in the midsl 
 of the very scene of his labours of piely and usefulness might the more 
 effectually slriki' terror into the hearts of his flock. Hooper, however, 
 lurned what his enemies intcMided for an aggravation of his fate inlo u 
 consolation, and an opportuiniy of giving lo lliose whom he had long and 
 faithfully taught, a parting proof of the sincerity of his teachingH, and )l 
 the efficacy of gnnuino religion to uphold its sincere believers, even umloi 
 the most terrible agonies that rnlhloHs and mistaken man, in his pride ol 
 fierceness, can inflict upon his fellow worm. And terrible, even beyond 
 the usual terrors of these abominable siciies. w. u? the tortures of the 
 raarlyrod Hooper. The faggots provided lor his execution were too ^ 
 to kiudie ftti»iaiy, arKi, a high wind blowing a; iht vmt, the Sainr? ■;■•.■ 
 
 reeii 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 £08 
 
 around his lower limbs without beings able to fasten upon the vital parts. 
 One of his hands dropped off, and with the other lie continued to beat his 
 breast, praying to heaven and exhorting the pitying spectators, until his 
 swollen tongue could no longer perform its office ; and it was three quar- 
 ters of an hour before his tortures were at an end. Of the courage and 
 sincerity of Hooper there is striking evidence in the fact that the queen's 
 pardon was placed before him on a stool after he was tied to the stake, 
 but he ordered it to be removed, preferring the direst torture with sincerity, 
 to safety with apostacy. 
 
 Sanders, burned at Coventry, also had the queen's pardon offered to 
 him, and he also rejected it, embracing the stake and exclaiming, " We 
 have the cross of Christ ! Welcome everlasting life." Taylor, the cler- 
 gyman of Hadley, in Hertfordshire, was burned at that place, in the pres- 
 ence of his parishioners. When tied to the stake he began to pray in 
 English, which so enraged his guards, that, bidding him speak Latni, they 
 struck him so violently on the head with their halberts, that he died on thfl 
 instant, and was spared the lingering' agonies prepared for him. 
 
 Philpot, archdeacon of Winchester, had very greatly distinguished 
 himself by hi« zeal for protestantism. On one occasion, being engaged 
 in a controversy with an Arian, the zeal of the archdeacon so far got thf 
 Ascendancy over his good manners, that he actually spat in the Arian's 
 face. Subsequently, and when he might have been expected to have re. 
 pented on reflection of what he had done in the heat of passion, he pub- 
 lished a formal justification of his conduct, in which he said that he felt 
 bound to give that strong proof of the detestation of his opponent's blas- 
 phemy. So impetuous a man was not likely to escape notice in the 
 persecution that novv raged, and he was brought to trial for heresy and 
 burned to death in Smilhfield. 
 
 If Gardiner was the person to whom the persecution chiefly owed its 
 commencement, it was Bonner, bishop of London, who carried it on 
 with the coarsest and most unrelenting barbarity. Apart from all mere 
 bigotry, this singularly brutal man appeared to derive positive sensual 
 gratification from the act of inflicting torture. He occasionally, when he 
 had prisoners under examination who did not answer to his satisfaction, 
 would have them stripped and flog them with his own hand. Nor was 
 this his worst brutality. An unfortunate weaver, on one occasion, re- 
 fused to recant, when Bonn(3r endeavoured to persuade him, and, as is 
 vwraciously recorded, this disgrace of his sacred profession first tore the 
 unfortunate man's beard out by the root, and then held his hand in the 
 flame of a lamp until the sinews burst, by way of giving him, as he said, 
 some notion of what burningr really was like ! 
 
 When we say that this liorrible system of persecution and cruelty 
 endured for three yearti, and that in that tune two hundred and twenty- 
 seven persons are known to have suffered — while prohiibly many more 
 were similarly butchered of whom we have no account — while that, be- 
 sides men of alt ranks, from bishops to day-labourers, fifty-flve women 
 «nd four children thus perished, it must be obvious that a detailed account 
 ofthis terrible season of crucltv would be disgusting, even were it not 
 luite iuipracticable. We shall, tiierefore, add but a few more cases, 
 •nd then leave a subject which cunnol be treated of even at this distance 
 of time without feelings of disgust and horror. 
 
 Ferrar, bishop of St. David's, in Wales, being condemned to denth ns n 
 heretic, appealed to Cardinal Pole ! but his appeal was wholly unattended 
 to, and the unfortunate bishop was burned in iiis own diocrse. 
 
 There yet remitined two still more illustrious victims to be immolated. 
 Ridley, formerly bishop of Loudon, and Latimer, formerly bishop of Wor- 
 uestrr, had long been coltjliratod for both the jsoal and efficiency of their 
 ^Pficri of ihe uauiu of thu r«rurniHUon. in lh« preaching of buih Uiprr 
 
 iifi> 
 
 VMi 
 
 \ 
 
 xWmWmWrWn 
 
 \u 
 
 ltd 
 
 
^l' 
 
 504 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 wM a ceitixin nervous homeliiiesg. which made their eloquence especially 
 
 aci:ount these two prelates were ^^rc^^r^' ^^^^ chastened 
 
 It^e^t. a?ro suTh apital lueSof Romanism-one of whom more- 
 style. I nai two sui-u ^"j' nn«spssed of Bonner's own see— shoulJ 
 
 over, had even fo' ««•"« ™i?"'\PJ'/;';^^^^^^ condemned, and 
 
 escape, <="f"f, ^^^j^St Oxford TolS^ and a 
 
 both burned at the f*™« f„^f,« "^."J'" E^en when they were already tied 
 calm <^7t"°.L"^LrSoSrtragedy commenced, iatimer che/rfuUy 
 ?Xdm.f "Be Jf Xd coT^^^^^ Ridley, we shall this day kin le 
 
 called out, ue oi guuu i."u. = ' . ^^ , shall never be extinguished." 
 
 Latimer, wno ^.^f '"'-^ *;» „ ' (i„. ^hjch the exeeut oner had mercifully 
 SSviJetrtSltTurp'o^r^^^^^^^ was seen to be alive some ti.e 
 
 ''Ts tirrlTno"r';mS, nSer learning nor courage could make any 
 
 As neither age "or ymi , gonner, so neither could even the most 
 
 .mpresBion upon he J Jjy '^^^ '^""'^^d, named Hunter, who was only 
 
 heroic proof of niial P'';';'' ^X ■" /,f ' ^^ the imprudence common to 
 
 absconded lest ^" Vf;9^h7y on the ^^^^^^^ ^.^ .^^^^_ 
 
 '" ^l^ln'S'ionner Sng that t^e youth had absconded, caused his 
 mation, and ''""'i^'^' '®^;"'"»„; ' „,„ treated him with great immediate 
 
 ""'^J^inX lad's ipe3^ but Bonner fuiow no 
 
 overlooking the iart 8 specuiau committed to the flames. 
 
 ''T"'/tm more dCacrfSS barblus incident occurred in Guern- 
 ^ " A\rre tched wS in that island was condemned to the stak , 
 wt. when led to punishment, far advanced m pregnancy. The 
 
 ;?i.tom in every direction, and a .commission was appointed o nquiring 
 ilSi^S'^lljec^'and 'many horotii^iii^.r Ion. were al.o .pre»d uu-OHfi 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 505 
 
 them, the commissioners were to inquire into these either by prrsentment«, 
 by witnesses, or any other political way they could devise, and to search 
 after all heresies, the brnigws in, the sellers, the readers of ah lieretical 
 books ; to examine and punish all misbehaviours or negligences in any 
 church or chapel ; to try all priests that did not preach the sacrament of 
 the altar ; all persons that did not hear mass, or go to their parish church 
 to service; that would not go in processions or did not take holy bread or 
 holy water ; and if they found any that did obstinately persist in such 
 heresies, they were to put them into the hands of their ordinaries, to be 
 punished according to the spiriiual laws ; giving the commissioners full 
 power to proceed as their discretion and consciences should direct them, 
 and to use all such means ai they would invent for the searching of the 
 premises, empowering them, also, to call before them such witnesses aa 
 they pleased, and io force them to make oath of such things as might discover 
 what they sought after." This new commission was, in fact, an English 
 inquisition ; and the following extract from Hume abundantly shows the 
 determination that that inquisition should not want (or officials m\d familiars. 
 
 "To bring the method of proceeding in England still nearer to the prac- 
 tice of the inquisition, letters were written to Lord North and others, en- 
 joining them ' to put to the torture' such obstinate persons as would not 
 confess, and there to order them at their discretion. 
 
 "Secret spies, also, and informers were employed, according to the 
 practice of that iniquitous tribunal. Instructions were given to the jus- 
 tices of the peace that they should 'call secretly before them one or two 
 honest persons within their limits, or more, at their discretion, and com- 
 mand them, by oath or otherwise, that they shall secretly learn and search 
 out such persons as shall evil behave themselves in 'he church, or idly, or 
 shall despise, openly by words, the king's or queen's proceedings, or go 
 about to make any commotion, or tell any seditious tales or news.' And 
 also that the same persons, so to be appointed, shall declare to tiiC same 
 Justices of the pe^ce the ill behaviour of lewd disorderly persons, whether 
 it shall be for using unlawful games or any such other light behaviour of 
 such suspected persons ; and that the same information shall be given 
 itcretly to the justices, and the same justices shall call such accused per- 
 sons before them and examine thorn, without declaring by whom they 
 were accused." 
 
 This precious commission also had power to execute by martial law 
 not only the putters forth of all heretical, treasonable, and seditious books 
 and writings, but also all " whosoever had any of these books and did not 
 presently burn them, without reading them or showing them to any other 
 person." Did not the whole tenor of this portion of our history forbid all 
 touch of humour, one would be strongly tempted to inouiro how a man 
 was possibly to know the character of books coining to him by gift or in- 
 heritance, for instance, without cither reading them himself or showing 
 them to some one else ! But as bigotry cannot feel, so neither will it 
 condescend to reason. 
 
 While Philip and Mary were thus exhibiting an evil industry and zeal 
 to merit the reconcilement of the kingdom to Rome, Paul IV., who now 
 filled the papal throne, took advantage of Mary's bigotry to assume the 
 right of cori/erri>j>{' upon Mary the kingdom of Ireland, which ahe already 
 possessed dejactoet de jure as part and parcel of the English sovereignty, 
 and to insist upon the restoration to Rome of certain lands and money 1 
 Sovoral of the council, probably fearing that by degrees R"nie would do 
 niand back all the church property, pointed out the great danger of impov- 
 erishing the kingdom, and but that death had deprived Mary of the shrewd 
 juilgment of Gardiner, such concessions would probably not have been 
 niado to the graiiping spirit of Home. But Mary replied to all objortions 
 by saying that siio preferred itie aalvttiiuu of injr rWa aoui 10 w\\ alicU 
 
 I' I'i 
 
 
 111 
 
 .1 
 
 m 
 
506 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ^ 
 
 kingdoms as England ; and Heath, archbishop of Canterbury, who hau 
 succeeded Gardiner in the possession of the great seal, encouraged her uj 
 that feeling. A bill was accordingly presented to parliament for restoring 
 to the church the tenths, first fruits, and all impropriations whic;i remained 
 in the hands of the queen. At first sight it might seem that parliament 
 had little cause or right to interfere in a matter which, as far as the terms 
 of the bill went, concerned only the queen herself. But the lay possessors 
 of church lands naturally enough considered that subjects would scarcely 
 be spared after the sovereign had been mulcted. Moreover, while some, 
 probably a great number, of the members were chiefly moved by this con- 
 sideration, all began to be both terrified and disgusted by the cruel execu. 
 tions which had disgraced the whole nation. A steady opposition conse- 
 fluently arose ; and when the government applied for a subsidy for two 
 years and for two-fifteenths, the latter were refused, and the opposition, 
 with equal bitterness and justice, gave as the reason of this refusal, that 
 while the crown was wilfully divesting itself of revenue in behalf of Rome, 
 it was quite useless to bestow wealth upon it. The dissatisfaction of ihe 
 parliament was still farther evidenced by the rejection of two bills, enact- 
 ine penalties against such exiles as should fail to return withm a certain 
 time, and for incapacitating for the office of justice of the peace such 
 magistrates as were remiss in the prosecution of heretics. This fresh and 
 pointed proof of the displeasure of the parliament determined the qneen 
 to dissolve it. But the dissolution of the parliament did not diminish the 
 pecuniary embarrassment of the queen. Her husband had now been 
 several months with his father in Flanders; and the very little of his cor- 
 respondence with which he favoured her chiefly consisted of demands for 
 money. Stern and unfeeling as she was to every one else, the infatuated 
 aneen was passionately attached to the husband who certainly took no 
 pains to conceal his dislike of her ; and as the parliament, previous to Us 
 dissolution, had granted her but a scanty supply, she was led, by her 
 anxiety to meet her husband's demands, to extort money from her subjects 
 in a manner the most unjustifiable. From each of one thousand persons, 
 of whose personal attachment she aff'ected to be quite certain, she de- 
 manded a loan of 60/. ; and even this large sum being inadequate to her 
 wants, she demanded a farther general loan from all persons possessing 
 'wentv pounds a year and upwards ; a measure which greatly distressed 
 he smaller gentry. Many of them were obliged by her inroads upon 
 iheir purses to discharge some of their servants, and as these men sud- 
 denly tlirown upon the world became troublesome, the queen issued a 
 proclamation to compel their former employers io take them back again! 
 Upon seven thousand yeomen who had not as yet contributed, she levied 
 Bixtv thousand marks, and from the merchants she obtained the sum of 
 ■ix and thirty thousand pounds. She also extorted money by the most 
 tvrannouB interference with trade, as regarded both the foreign and native 
 merchants; yet after all this shameless extortion she was so poor, that 
 »he ofl"ered, and in vain, so bad was her credit, fourteen per cent, for a loan 
 of 30 OOOl Not even that high rate of interest could induce the merchants 
 of Antwerp, to whom she olTered it, to lend her the money, until by men- 
 aces she had induced her good city of London to be security for her 
 Who would imagine that we are writing of the sslf-same nation that so 
 shortly afterward* warred even to the death with Charles I. for the com- 
 paratively trifling matter of the ship money 1 
 
 Th« poverty which alone had induced Philip to correspond with her was 
 now terminated, the emperor Charles the Fifth, that prince's father, resign- 
 ing to him all his wealth and dominion, and retiring to a monastery in 
 Spain A singular anecdote is told of the abdicated monarch. He spent 
 much of his time in the constructing of watches, and finding it impossihic 
 lu make Uwiu go eKactiy BiiKQ, ne romarRca inai iic nau mucr^ r- - 
 
 'Lai avrnnhniil 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 50*; 
 
 ish to expect that he could compel that unirormity in minds which he could 
 not achieve even in mere machines ! The reflection thus produced is said 
 even to have given him some leaning towanis those thei)logical opinions 
 jf wliich he and his son had been the most brutal and ruthless persecutors. 
 
 A. D. 1556, — Cranmer, though during the whole of this reign he liad been 
 left unnoticed in confinement, was not forgotten by the vindictive queen 
 She was daily more and more exacerbated in her naturally wretched tem- 
 per by the grief caused by the contemptuous neglect of her husband. Her 
 private hours were spent in tears and complaints ; and that misery which 
 usually softens even the most rugged nature had in her case only the effect 
 af making her still more ruthless and unsparing. 
 
 Cranmer, though h« had durinp part of Henry's reign warded off that 
 monarch's rage from Mary, was very much hated by her for the part he 
 had taken in bringing about the divorce of her mother, and she was not 
 only resolved to punish him, but also to make his death as agonising as 
 possible. For the part he had taken in the opposition to her ascending 
 the throne she could easily have had him beheaded, but nothing short of 
 the flames seemed to her to be a sufficiently dreadful punishment for him. 
 She caused the pope to cite him to Rome, there to take his trial for heresy. 
 Being a close prisoner in the Tower, the unfortunate prelate perforce neg- 
 lected the citation, and he was condemned par conlumace, and sentenced 
 to the stake. The next step was to degrade him from his siicred office ; 
 and Bonner, who, with Thirleby, bishop of Ely, was er.trusted with this 
 task, performed it with all the insolent and triumphant brutality consonant 
 with his nature. Firmly believing that Cranmer's eternal as well as earthly 
 punishment was assured, the queen was not yet contented ; she would 
 fain deprive him in his last hours even of human sympathy, and the credit 
 attached to consistency and fidelity to the cause he had embraced. Per- 
 sons were employed to persuade him that the door of mercy was still oper 
 to him, and that he, who was so well qualified to be of wide and perma- 
 nent service to mankind, was in duty bound to save himself by a seeming 
 compliance with the opinions of the queen. The fear of death, and the 
 strong urgings of higher motives, induced Cranmer to comply, and he 
 agreed to subscribe to the doctrines of the real presence and the papal 
 supremacy. Shallow writers have blamed Cranmer for this compliance; 
 none will do so who consider "how fearfully and how wonderfully we :iro 
 made"— in mind as well as in body; how many and urgent were the ii.o- 
 tives to this weakness, how much his mind was shaken by long peril an 1 
 imprisonment, and, above all, who remember and reflect how nobly he 
 subsequently shook off all earthly motives "like dew drops from the lion's 
 mane," and with what calm and holy serenity he endured the last dread 
 tortures. 
 
 Having induced Cranmer privately to sign his recantation, the queen 
 now demanded that he should (Complete the wretched price of his safety 
 by publicly making hia recantation at St. Paul's before the whole people, 
 l-ven this would not have saved Cranmer. But, either from his own 
 judgment, or from the warning of some secret friend, Cranmer perceived 
 that it WHS intended to send him to execution the moment that he should 
 thus have completed and published his degradation. All his former high 
 and courageous spirit was now again aroused within him ; and he not only 
 refused to comply with this new demand, but openly and boldly said that 
 the only passage m his life of which he deeply and painfully Vepented was, 
 that recantation which, in a moment of natural weakness, he already had 
 been induced to make. He now, he said, moat sincerely repented and dis- 
 avowed that recantation, and inasmuch as his hand had offended in signing 
 it, 10 should his hand first suffer the doom which only that single weak- 
 ncss and insincerity had made him deserving. The rage of the court a;:-* 
 
 'U ■vrnnhniitn -it hnai-imr u iiiihlii. uvnwul mn rfiflTMrpnt from thilt winch 
 
808 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ihey expected, scarcely left them as much decency of patience as would 
 allow them to hear him to the end of his discourse ; and the instant that 
 he ceased to speak he was led away to the stake. 
 
 True to his promise, Cranmer wlien the faggots were lighted held out 
 his hand into the rising flames until it was consumed, repeatedly exclaim- 
 ing as he did so, " This untoorthy hand!" " TMf hand has offended!" The 
 fierce flames, as they reached his body, were not able to subdue the sub. 
 lime serenity to which he had wrought his christian courage and endurance, 
 and as long as his countenance was visible to the appalled bystanders, it 
 wore the character not of agony but of a holy sacrifice, not of despair but 
 of an assured and eternal hope. It is said by some Protestant writers of 
 the time, that when the sad scene was at an end, his heart was found eu- 
 tire and iminjured ; but probably this assertion took its rise in the singular 
 constancy and calmness with which the martyr died. Cardinal Pole, on 
 the death of Cranmer, was made archbishop of Canterbury. But though 
 this ecclesiastic was a man of great humanity as well as of great ability, 
 and though he was sincerely anxious to serve the great interests of religiop 
 i}pt by ensnaring and destroying the unhappy and ignorant laity, but by 
 elevating liie clergy in the moral and intellectual scale, to render them 
 more efficient in their awfully important service, there were circumstances 
 which made his power far inferior to his will. He was personally disliked 
 at Rome, where his tolerance, his learning, and his addiction to studious 
 retirement, had caused him to be suspected of, at least, a leaning to the 
 new doctrines. 
 
 A. D. 1557.— -In the midst of Mary's fierce persecutions of her protestani 
 subjects, she was self-tortured beyond all that she had it in her power to 
 inflict on others, and might have asked, in the words of the dying Inca to 
 his complaining soldiers, "Think you that /, then, am on a bed of roses T 
 War raged between France and Spain, and next to her desire firnily to re 
 establish Catholicism in England, was her desire to lavish the blood and 
 treasures of her people on the side of Spain. Some opposition being made 
 Philip visited London, and the queen's zeal in his cause was increased 
 instead of being, as in the case of a nobler spirit it would have been, utterly 
 destroyed, by his sullen declaration, that if England did not join iiim against 
 France, he would see England no more. Even this, however much it af- 
 fected the queen, did not bear down the opposition to a war which, as tht 
 clearer-headed members discerned, would be intolerably expensive in any 
 case, and, if successful, would tend to make England a mere dependency 
 of Spain. Under the circumstances, a true English patriot, indeed, must 
 have wished to see Spain humbled, not exalted ; crippled in Us finances, 
 not enriched. It unfortunately happened, however, that an attempt wah 
 made to seize Scarborough, and Stafford and his fellows in this attempt 
 confessed that they were incited to it by Henry of France. This declar- 
 ation culled up all the dominant national antipathy to France ; the prudence 
 of the opposition was at opce laid asleep ; war was declared, and every 
 preparation that the wretched financial state of England would permit, 
 was made for carrying it on with vigour. By dint of a renewal of the 
 most shameless and excessive extortion, the queen contrived to raise and 
 equip an army of ten thousand men, who were sent to Flanders under the 
 earl of Pembroke. To prevent disturbances at home, Mary, in obedience 
 probably to the advice of her cold and cruel husband, caused many of the 
 first men in Englan J, from whom she had any reason to fear opposition. 
 to be seized sr.U imprisoned in places where even their nearest friends 
 could not find them. ^ , „ . -.u i. . 
 
 The details of the military affairs between France and Spam with hei 
 English auxiliaries belong to the hist«»ry of France. In this place it may 
 •uffice to say, that the talents of Guise rendered all attempts useless ; ana 
 -14 that- s'-i far from bensfitins PhiUpj th« English lost Calais, that key w 
 
C^UKKN ELIZAUblTU. 
 
 4 ft ft V, 
 
Krance, of w 
 
 unpatriotic h 
 
 was often h( 
 
 her death " ( 
 
 But regrets \ 
 
 success by s 
 
 her very froi 
 
 from an oner 
 
 Philip cont 
 
 drawn from i 
 
 toration of C 
 
 der a dropsy, 
 
 after a most vi 
 
 This miserab 
 
 sole good, th< 
 
 this virtue mi 
 
 bistorian. Ai 
 
 But why] h 
 
 by her tame ai 
 
 hood, after t!»( 
 
 days, while it 
 
 ability of the 
 
 that she could 
 
 protestants we 
 
 yet she no so( 
 
 tared her pror 
 
 and cruelty wl 
 
 which even ye 
 
 of the Blood r 
 
 A. D. 1658. — 
 
 disgusted her i 
 
 opinions, that t 
 
 edand almost 
 
 been called toi 
 
 Heath, as chaii 
 
 conclude ere bi 
 
 Elizabeth ! Lo 
 
 Deep and de; 
 
 queen to have n 
 
 to a nation prov 
 
 Elizabeth, wh 
 
 field, where sht 
 
 Dient; for, even 
 
 younger sister h 
 
 occasion to burs 
 
 •0 the appearnnc 
 
 abode in the T( 
 
 stances und«r w 
 
 when she was a 
 
 her then all-pow( 
 
 wees and return 
 
 'row langer, wh 
 
- HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 50O 
 
 was often heard to say ^n the ZS .^f t ?''''^' m.sfonune; and she 
 her death " Calais'' would be foKfsih I ^ "''onous gnef, that, aftt-r 
 But regrets were vain, and wisdom Z^i't^^ll^S """Ztl ''""'''" '."?^»- 
 success bystirrinLr up the Scotch- an w,^.h 1 u * '^"^6 improved hej 
 her veiy frontier, EnSand was obliirpri ;.!^ r^,"""*'/ .1^"««'' threatening 
 from an onerous warfare? wS she had mn,f^^ *"'' f '^""^ *"* withdraw 
 
 Philip continued the v^;r for some tfmer.rr'V'^X*^'!'''''^'' "P""- 
 drawn from it; and he was nelSin^ !."!L^"^ ^"^.^^^ ^"^^'^^^y with- 
 loration of Ca Lis as onrof its condSL /IT^ "^J,^ '""f ^'"^ "P«n ^^e res- 
 der a dropsy, was seS witl Sa Sines a"nJ*!;'^A^°"'^''*'"""ff ""' 
 after a most wretched and SschSvous re "n „fT^^ ^'^^' '" 'i",^ ^'^^ 1^88, 
 This miserable woman h™ beerailowi?lth/'^^^y*'"^/'?** '^°" months. 
 
 sole good, the one oasis tthrd"arfd:stt'o? he "characlT^K ^ "^^ 
 
 £;rir Ts'a^roriSdSirr '- ^-^'^^oterb^The zs 
 
 But why? Her SSuy Snd dUnotil T " T"' """^^^ ^V in«ncerity, 
 
 byher tame and aghSKttXvP^n'"* too completely unresisted 
 
 hood, after the ve?y firet'^days of l^^r dirrLTrT '^"'" "'" l?"'"^'«« "^ f^l««- 
 
 days, while it was yet unSfa°n vvheth/r «hf "' 'f^^"" • ^"f •" ">««« ««« 
 
 ability of the ambitfourS uSpJnSoJed N-th^ '»f"-'* '^ '"'^" """^ 
 that she could use guile where C £ Northumberland, she proved 
 
 Protestants were in many^Sses JolSntrv ^nT^\ "?'" P'-'^Tes »» the 
 yet ste no sooner grasL'^iJ: s^X'TrmJy hir'hand'V'Jn ^^''^V 
 tered her prom ses to the winds and pnmmL " .u . ' ^"*" *h® scat- 
 and cruelty which has for TvS affixed TnTf*^ ""** u°""« "'" ''•^o'T 
 
 IS? i ;I 
 
 ,'U 
 
 ' CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 THE REION or ELIZABETH. 
 
 d-B^ef h';7s'uVect7'a^^^^^^^^ T^' f '^n of Ma.^ 
 
 opinions, that the accession of Enzabeth ^ThSLJjui"^ ^' '""eious 
 edand almost too great to havrheenh^nLf ^^? ^^*'^'"«'' »na»oy. 
 
 qu?en'^ol^era;e"dSd?a:ian?c^r i^ ^'^T^^ 9^ the deceased 
 
 fieS' wtre- rhe^hatrs^e l?rTsf Sii '^^ f^^^^' ''^"'^ -« "^ ««»■ 
 ment ; for, even to the last Crvl?.H?h^^^'i'fl!^^ ^"'^ «'"«« fetire 
 younger sister had suffered no abaLmen^ Y ^'' '"J*''^"''^ «?»*"«' her 
 occasion to burst LtTfatarviolencpivh"'* required only the slightest 
 w the appearance of monrn nT.K ^'i^'i "''^ ^ad devoted a few days 
 
 abode if the Tower Th« /«n,p^ proceeded to London and took up he? 
 bailees under S sHp hf/r ^'"'7^"-^- ""i '^e very different circu.n 
 when she wa^a p^ter ani he"r lU''"'^'^ '^'^ blood-stained fortrei" 
 her then all-power?uiSr«ff«J^!HK^ '" '^"''^t' '^'■"'" '^e malignity 01 
 knees and retumel .h^nto ' ^^"'^ ^'l. h" fo much, that she fell upon her 
 
 '1 
 
510 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 in the de» of lions. Her immediately subsequent conduct showed that 
 her heart was properly affected by tlie emotions which called forth this act 
 of piety. She had been much injured and much insulted during the life 
 of her sister ; for such was the hateful and petty cast of Mary's mind, 
 that there were few readier ways to win her favour than by insult or in- 
 jury to the then friendless daug;hter of Anne Boleyn. But Elizabeth now 
 seemed determined only to remember the past in her thankfulness for hej 
 complete and almost miraculous deliverance from danger. She allowed 
 neither word nor glance to express resentment, even to those who had 
 most injured her. Sir H. Bedingfield, who had for a considerable time 
 been her host, and who had both harshly and disrespectfully caused her 
 to feel that, though nominally his guest and ward, 'she was in reality his 
 jealously-watched prisoner, might very reasonably have expected a cold 
 if not a stern reception; but even this man she received with affability 
 when he first presented himself, and never afterwards inflicted any severei 
 punishment upon him than a good-humoured sarcasm. The sole cast 
 m which she manifested a feeling of dislike was that of the brutal anc 
 blood-stained Bonner, from whom, while she addressed all the otbei 
 bishops with almost affectionate cordiality, she turned away with an ex- 
 pressive and well-warranted appearance of horror and disgust. 
 
 As soon as the necessary attention to her private affairs would allow 
 her, t^ie new queen sent off messengers to foreign courts to announce her 
 sister's death and her own accession. The envoy to 4'hilip, who at this 
 time was in Flanders, was the lord Cobhara, who was ordered to return 
 the warmest thanks of his royal mistress for tlie protection he had afforded 
 her when she so much needed it, and to express her sincere and earnest 
 desire that their friendship might continue unbroken. The friendly ear- 
 nestness of Elizabeth's message strengthened Philip in a determination he 
 had made even during the illness of Mary, of whose early death he could 
 not but have been expectant, and he immediately instructed his ambassa- 
 dor to the court of London to offer the hand of Philip to Elizabeth. 
 Blinded by his eager desire to obtain that dominion over England which 
 his marriage with Mary had failed to secure, Philip forgot that there 
 wen; many objections to this measure; objections which he, indeed, 
 would easily have overlooked, but which the sagacious Elizabeth could 
 not fa 1 to notice. As a catholic, Philip was necessarily disliked by the 
 protestants who had so lately tasted of catholic persecution in its worst 
 form ; as a Spaniard, he was cordially detested by Englishmen of either 
 creed. But apart from and beyond these weighty objections, which of 
 themselves would have been fatal to his pretensions, he stood in precisely 
 the same relationship to Elizabeth that her father had stood in to Cath 
 arine of Arragon, and in marrying Philip, Elizabeth would virtually, and 
 in a manner which the world would surely not overlook, pronounce hex 
 mother's marriage illegal and her own birth illegitimate. This last con- 
 sideration alone would have decided Elizabeth against Philip; but while 
 in her heart she was fully and irrevocably determined never to marry him, 
 she even thus early brought into use that duplicity for which she was 
 at'terwards as remarkable as for her higher and nobler qualities, and sent 
 liim 80 equivocal and undecided an answer, that, so far from despairing 
 of success, Philip actually sent to Rome to solicit the dispensation that 
 would be necessary. 
 
 With her characteristic prudence, Elizabeth, through her ambassador at 
 Rome, announced her accession to the pope. That exalted personage 
 was grieved at the early death of Mary, not only as it deprived Rome o' 
 the benefit of her bigotry, but as it made way for a princess who was 
 already looked up to with pride and confidence by the protestants : and 
 he suffered his double vexation to manifest itself with a very indiscreet 
 cncrrv. He treated Flizabeth's assumption of the crown without his 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 611 
 
 permission as being doubljr wrong ; wrong, as treating witn disrespect 
 the holy see, to which he still deemed England subject, and wrong, as the 
 holy see had pronounced her birth illegitimate. This sort of conduct 
 was by no means calculated to succeed with Elizabeth; she immediately 
 recalled her ambassador from Rome, and only pursued her course with 
 the more resolved and open vigour. She recalled home all who had been 
 exded, and set at liberty all who had been imprisoned for their religious 
 opimons during the reign of her sister; she caused the greater part of 
 the service to be performed in English, and she forbade the elevation of 
 the host m her own chapel, which she set up as the standard for all other 
 places of worship. But, always cool and cautious, Elizabeth, while she 
 Jid thus much and thus judiciously to favour the reformers, did not nec- 
 'ect to discourage those who not only would have fain outstripped her in 
 advancing reform, but even have inflicted upon the Romanists some of 
 the persecutions of which they themselves had complained. On occasion 
 of a petition being presented to her, it was said, in that partly quaint and 
 partly argumentative style which in that age was so greatly affected, that 
 having graciously released so many other prisoners, it was to be hoped 
 that she would receive a petition for the release of Matthew, Mark, Luke 
 and John. Being as yet undetermined as to the extent to which it would 
 be desirable to permit or encourage the reading of the Scriptures, she 
 readily replied, that previous to doing so she must consult those prison- 
 ers, and learn whether they desired their liberty. To preaching she was 
 never a great friend; one or two preachers, she was wont to say, were 
 enough for a whole county. And, at this early period of her reign, she 
 deemed that the indiscreet zeal of many of the most noted of the pro- 
 testant preachers was calculated to promote that very persecution of the 
 Romanists which she was especially anxious to avoid ; and she, conse- 
 quently, forbade all preaching save by special license, and took care to 
 grant licenses only to men of discretion and moderation, from whose 
 preaching no evil was to be apprehended. 
 
 The parliament M'as very early employed in passing laws for the sup- 
 pression of the recently erected monasteries, and restoring the alien- 
 ated tenths and first fruits to the ci-own. Sundry other laws were passed 
 chiefly relating to religion; but those laws will be sufficiently under- 
 stood by those who have attentively accompanied us thus far, when we 
 Bay, that they, substantially, abolisht 1 all that Mary had done, and re- 
 stored all that she had abrogated of the laws of Edward. 
 
 The then bishops, owing everything to her sister and to Catholicism, 
 were so greatly offended by these clear indications of her intended 
 course, that they refused to officiate at her coronation, and it was not 
 without some difficulty that the bishop of Carlisle was at length pre- 
 vailed upon to perform the ceremony. 
 
 The most prudent and effectual steps having thus been taken to se- 
 cure the protestant interests without in any degree awakening or en- 
 couraging whatever there might be of protestant bigotry, and to despoil 
 ne Komamsts of what they had violently acquired without driving them 
 w desperation, the queen caused a solemn disputation to be held before 
 Hacon, whom she had made lord keeper, between the protestant and the 
 Komanist divines. The latter were vanquished in argument, but were 
 too obstinate to confess it ; and some of them were so refractory that 
 wag deemed necessary to imprison them. Having been thus far tri- 
 umphant, the protestants proceeded to their ultimate and most important 
 «ep; and a bill was passed by which the mass was abolished, and (!.« 
 liturgy of King Edward re-established; and penalties were enacted 
 against all who should either absent themselves from worship or depart 
 rora the order here laid down. Before the conclusion of the session, 
 ne parliament gave a still farther nroof of its attachment tn th* 
 
 h«> niiitnn. 
 
512 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and of its desire to aid her in her desi},Mis, by voting her a subsidy of 
 four shillings in the pound on land, and two-and-eight-pence on goods 
 with two fifteenths. Well knowing all the dangers of a disputed s\'x 
 cession, the parliament at the same time petitioiied iier to ohoose a Ims 
 bund. But the queen, though slie acjinowledired that the petition whs 
 couched in terms so general and so respectful that she could not take 
 any offence at it, protested that, always undesirous of changing her con- 
 ditton, she was anxious only to be the wife of England and the mother 
 of the English, and had no higher ambition than to have for her epitaph, 
 " Here lies Elizabeth, who lived and died a maiden queen." 
 
 A. D. 1559. — The parliament just prorogued had, as we have shown, got 
 through a vast deal of important business in the session ; but though that 
 was the first session of a new reign, a reign, too, immediately following one 
 in which such horrors of tyrannous cruelty had been enacted, it is to be re- 
 marked, to the praise of the moderation of both queen and parliament, that 
 not a single bill of attainder was passed, though some attaints by former 
 parliaments were mercifully or justly removed. 
 
 While the queen had been thus wisely busy at home, she had been im 
 less active abroad. Sensible that her kingdom required a long season of 
 repose to enable it to regain its power, she ordered her ambassadors. 
 Lord Effingham and the bishop of Ely, to conclude peace with France on 
 any termsn and peace was accordingly concluded. But as the marria|rp 
 of Henry and Anne Boleyn had been concluded in open opposition to 
 Rome, France chose to deem Elizabeth wrongfully seated upon tlie 
 throne ; and the duke of Guise and his brothers, seeing that Mary, queen 
 of Scots, the wife of the dauphin, would— supposing Elizabeth out of the 
 question— be the rightful heir, persuaded the king of France to order his 
 son and his daughter-in-law to assume both the title and the arms of 
 England. The death of Henry of France at a tournament not being fol- 
 lowed by any abandonment on the part of Mary and her husband, then 
 Francis 11. of France, of this most unwarrantable and insulting assump- 
 tion, Elizabeth was stung into the commencement of that deadly hatred 
 which subsequently proved so fata! to the fairer but less prudent Mary ol 
 
 Scotland. .... . .• l 
 
 A. D. 15G1.— Tbe situation of Scotland and the circumstances which 
 occurred there at this period will be found in all necessary detail under 
 the proper head. It will suffice to say, here, that the theological and civil 
 disputes that raged fiercely among the turbulent and warlike nobility ol 
 Scotland and their respective followers, plunged that country into a slate 
 of confusion, which encouraged Elizabeth in her hope of extorting from 
 Mary, now a widow, a clear and satisfactory abandonment of heras8um[)« 
 tion ; an abandonment which, iiKhuid, had been made for her by a treaty 
 at Edinburgli, which treaty Elizabeth now, through Throgmorton, liei 
 ambassador, demanded that Mary should ratify. But wilfulness and a 
 certain petty womanly pique determined Mary to refuse this, although 
 immediately on the death of her husband she had laid aside both the title 
 
 and the arms of queen of England. 
 
 Mary's residence in France, meanwhile, had become very disaBfrecahit 
 to her from the ill-offlces of the queen mothor, and she resolved to com- 
 ply with the invitation of the states of Scolland to return to that kingdoiii 
 Klio accordingly ordered her ambassador, D'Oisel, to apply to Elizabeth 
 for a safe condu<'.t thnmgh England ; but Elizabeth, through Throgmorton, 
 refuseil cumpliaiice witli that r.'*iucst, except on condition of .n.iry « rat* 
 ification of the treaty of Edinburgh. Mary remonstrated in fcvcre though 
 -huHteiied terms, and immediatoly determined upon proceeding to Scot- 
 land by sea, for which purpose she embarked at Calais. Elizabeth at the 
 
 •;•"••. Hei'.t out cruisers^ uBlcnsiblv to Dursu« niratoa, but, as itslioiilu 
 
 leeni, with the iiiteuiiou oi" seizing upon the person of Mary, who, how- 
 
HISTORY or THE WORLD. 513 
 
 ever, passed througn the English sauadron in a fog, and arrived safely at 
 Leith. But though safe, Mary was far from happy. She had loved France 
 with even more than a native's love, and only ceased to gaze upon its re- 
 eeding shores when they were hidden by the darkness of night. The 
 manners of the French were agreeable to her; she had become, as it were 
 "native and to the manor born," in that land of gaiety and frivolity ; and 
 all that she heard of the stern harsh bigotry of the predominant party in 
 Scotland, led her to anticipate nothing but the most wearisome and "mel- 
 ancholy feelings. Her youth, her beauty, her many accomplishments, 
 and, above all, the novelty of seeing their sovereign once more among 
 them, caused the Scots to give her a most joyful and affectionate recep- 
 tion. Her first measures were well calculated to confirm the favourable 
 opinion which her people appeared to entertain. She gave, at leasl osten 
 gibly, all her confidence and nearly all her attention to the leaders of the 
 reformed party, who, indeed, had now complete power over the great 
 mass of the Scottish people. Secretary Liddington and her brother, Lord 
 James, whom she created earl of Murray, ably seconded her endeavours 
 to introduce something like order into that land so long and so grievously 
 torn by faction and strife, and as the measures taken were at once firm 
 and conciliatory, everything seemed to promise success. 
 
 But there was, amidst all this seeming promise of better times, one 
 fatal element which rendered her success nearly impossible. Bigotry ir 
 England was personified mildness and moderation, compared to the in- 
 tense and envenomed bigotry which at that time existed^in Scotland, 
 Mary on her first entrance into Scotland had issued an order that nvery 
 one should submit to the reformed religion. But she herself was still a 
 papist ; and acarcoly was the first joy of her arrival subsided when the 
 reformed preachers began to denounce her on that account. The celcbra- 
 Hon of catiiolic rites in her own chapel would have been sternly refused 
 her by the zealous preachers and their zealous followers, had not the mul- 
 titude been induced to side by her in that matter, for fear of her returnmg 
 to France in disgust. But even that consideration did not prevent the 
 preachers and some of their followers from proceeding to tlie most out- 
 rageous lengths ; and this single consideration suflicedto throw the whole 
 Scottish people into confusion and uneasiness. 
 
 Wisely chary of expense, and profoundly politic, Klizahctli saw that 
 the bigotry of Mary's subjects would find that princess other einplnyineiu 
 than that of making any attempt to disturb tiio peace of Knglaml. She 
 therefore turned her attention to improving tlie arts, commerce, navy, and 
 artillery of Kngland ; and with so much judgment, and with su(rh great as 
 well as rapid success, that she well merited the title that was hoslowod 
 iipon her, of "the restorer of naval glory and queen of the northern seas." 
 Her spirit and prudence had naturally enough cn(;ouraq;ed fttreign princes 
 (0 believe, that though she had in some sort pK Iged herself to a maiden 
 hfe, It was not inipossihlo to dissuade her from persevering ir. that rcso- 
 iution. The arciiduke Charles, second son of the emperor ; Casiniir, son 
 of the elector palatine; Kric, king of Sweden; AdoIph,duke of llolstoin ; 
 and the earl of Arrnu, presumptive heir to the crown of Scotland, were 
 among the suitors for her hand. Nor wore there wanting asfiirants to thai 
 niffh and envied honour even among her own mibjects. The carl of Arun- 
 «t!l, though old enough to bo her father, and Sir William Pickering wore 
 among those who flattered themselves with hope; as was Lord Holwrt 
 Uuflloy, n son of the ambiticuis duke of Northumberland, beheaded in the 
 feign of Murv ; and as the (iiio person and showy tccomnlishineius of iIiin 
 Mi caused the qtieen to treat him with more favour and oonfldenco than 
 W« actual talents seemed to warrant from so acuta a iudHO of men's iner- 
 
 Itli na Klivulxifl. ;, ...... f « •: ii„ ;.„_"._ j .. .•_ 
 
 ■•■ ;•• ■•: -•-:::- -::::■:; rtrtj- f;r::. r:x::y :;::::^iiiCa JflSi fit Wiit. 
 
 a lavoured lover. But the queen answered all addreises with a refusuJ, 
 Vol. I 33 
 
 iS f 
 
 i:lif '.^^ 
 
 
 I 
 
514 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 and yet not such a refusal as to utterly destroy that feeling of attachment 
 which was so useful to her as a queen, and— can we doubt it !— so agree- 
 ablo as well as flattering to her as a wonjani But though Elizabeth ap. 
 poared to be decidedly disinclined to marriage, nothing appeared to offend 
 her more than the marriage of any who had pretensions to succeed her. 
 A remarkable instance of this occurred in the case of the lady CatheriiiP 
 Gray, youngest sister of the hapless lady Jane. This lady married, in 
 second nuptials, the earl of Hertford, son of the protector Somerset, and, 
 the lady proving pregnant, Elizabeth confined both husband and wife in 
 the Tower, where they remained for nine years. At the end of that time 
 the countess died, and then the queen at length gave the persecuted earl 
 
 A. D. 1562. — Besides all considerations of his personal and ineradicable 
 bigotry, Philip of Spain had yet another motive for fulfilling the vow 
 which, on escaping from a violent tempest, he had made, to do all that in 
 him lay for the extirpation of heresy. Of that " heresy" Elizabeth, by 
 the common consent not only of her own subjects but of the prolestaaU 
 of all Europe, was looked upon as the child and champion ; and her rejec- 
 tion of Philip's hand, and her consequent bafliing of all his hopes of ob- 
 taining sway over England, had excited his gloomy and vindictive nature 
 to a tierce and personal hatred. In every negotiation, under every circum- 
 stance, he made his hatred to the queen appear in his virulent and obsti- 
 nate opposition to the interests of England. Not content with the most 
 violent persecution of the -protestants wherever his own authority could 
 be stretched to reach them, he lent his aid to the queen mother of France. 
 That aid so fearfully turned the scale against the French Huguenots, that 
 their chivalrous leader, the' prince of Cond6, was fain to apply for aid to 
 the prolestant queen of England. Though during the whole of her long 
 and glorious reign, Elizabeth was wisely chary of involving herself in 
 ffreat expenses, the cause of protestantism would probably of itself have 
 been too dear to her to allow of her hesitating. But the prince of Condfi 
 appealed to her interest as well as to her religious sympathies. 1 he Hu- 
 ffuenota possessed nearly the whole of Normandy ; and Cond6 proffered 
 to give Elizabeth possession of Huvre-de-Grace, on condition that she 
 should put a garrison of three thousand men into that place, send three 
 thousand men to garrison Dieppe and Ilonen, and supply money to the 
 amount of a hundred thousand crowns. The offer was tempting. 1 rue 
 h was that the Froiich were by treaty bound to restore Calais, but there 
 were many reasons for doubting whether that agreement would be fuini- 
 led Possessed of Havre, and thus commanding the month of the Seine, 
 Enjrland would be the more likely, to be able to command ihc rnBtituiion 
 of Calais ; the offer of Cond6 was accordingly accepted. Havre and 
 Dieppe were immediately garrisoned, but the latter place was spcortily 
 found to bo untenable, and evacuated accordingly. To Houf n the ciitliolics 
 were laying siege, and it was with great difficulty that Poyniiigs threw in 
 a small reinforcement of English to aid the Huguenot garrison, rhus 
 aided the H.ijfuenots fought bravely and well, liut were at Iniigth over- 
 powered and put to the sword. About the same lime three Ihousaivl more 
 Eimlish arrived to the support of Havre, under the command of the oar 
 of Warwick, eldest brother of the Lord Robert Dudley. With tiu». a'_ 
 and a second sum of a hundred thousand crowns, llio Huguenots, though 
 severely beaten near Dreiix, where Condi and Montmorency were taken 
 prisoners by iho catholics, still kept well together, and even took some 
 nonsiderable towns in Normandy. ... 
 
 A. D. 1563.— How sincerely desirous Elizabeth was of effectually am no 
 Ihfl Huguenots will appear from the fact that, while she had »»'» «"'« ^ 
 .'!,.m with a immeroua body of admirable troops and with two hundred 
 tiiouiinil crowns, an weU »• proffered her bond for anoihBr nui.urw ipou 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 516 
 
 ficnJ ii merchants could be found to lend the amount, she was now so 
 poor that she was obliged to summon a parliament uiid demand assistance. 
 This demand led to a renewal of the parliament's request that she would 
 marry. She had been dangerously ill of the small-pox, and her peril had 
 re-awakened all the national terrors of the evils inseparable from a dis- 
 puted succession. The parliament, consequently, now added to its peti- 
 tion, that she would marry, the alternative, that she would at least cause 
 her successor to be clearly and finally — save in the event of her marrying 
 and having issue — named by an act of parliament. 
 
 Nothing could have been less agreeable to the queen than this petition. 
 Lhe well knew the claim of Mary of Scotland, and shrewdly judgrH that 
 the being named as her successor would not dimmish the iiiclin'ation ui 
 that queen to give her disturbance. On the other hand, to deny that claim 
 and to decide in favour of the house of Suffolk, would be to incite Mary 
 to instant enmity, and at the same time to create in another quarter the 
 itnpatience, rarely unmixed with enmity, of the declared successor. In 
 this dilemma she acted with her usual caution and policy; gave the par- 
 liament to understand that she had by no means irrevocably made up her 
 mind against marriage, and assured them, in general terms, that she could 
 not die with any satisfaction until she had settled the succession on solid 
 and satisfactory foundations. 
 
 Tiie parliament, sincerely attached to the queen, and, besides, well 
 «ware that her temper would but ill bear aught that bore the appearance 
 of importunity or of dictation, was obliged to be contented, or seemingly 
 go, with this reply ; and proceeded to busy itself in passing needlessly 
 severe laws against the catholics, and ridiculously severe laws against 
 those imaginary and impossible offenders, witches and wizards. A sub- 
 sidy and two fifteenths, and a subsidy of six shillings in the pound, the 
 last to be paid in three years, were then voted tu the queen, and parlie- 
 tnetit WHS again prorogued. 
 
 After long and mutually cruel butcheries the French Huguenots and 
 catholics came to an agreement. An amnesty and partial toleration of 
 the Huguenots was published by the court, and Cond6 was reinstated in 
 his appointments. To the great discredit of this gallant leader, his own 
 and his party's interests were never attended to by him, almost to the 
 entire forgetfulness of his agreements made with Elizabeth when she 
 so nobly and liberally assisted him. He stipulated, indeed, that she should 
 be repaid her expenses, but in return she was to give up Havre, and trust, 
 a« before, for the restitution of Calais to that treaty which the French had 
 so evidenlly resolved upon breaking. Enraged at Condi's breach of faith, 
 and believing the possession of Havre to bo her best if not her sole 
 ieeurity for the restitution of Calais, Elizabeth rejected these terms with 
 disdain, and sent orders to the carl of Warwick to take every precaution 
 to defend Havre from the attacks of the now united French. 
 
 Warwick, in obedience to these orders, expelled all French from that 
 place, and prepared to defend himself against a large French army, en- 
 couniged by the presence of the queen mother, the king, the constable of 
 France, and Gondii himself. But the courage, vigour and ability of WuN 
 wick, which promised to baffle all attempts upon Havre, or at least to 
 make it a right dear purchase to the enemy, were counterbalanced by th« 
 breaking' out among his men of a most fatal and pestilential sickness. 
 (Seeing tliem die daily of this terrible disease, which was much aggravated 
 by the great scarcity of provisions, Warwick urgently demanded a rein- 
 forcement and supplies from F<ngland. But theno being withheld, and the 
 French having succeeded in milking two practical breaches, the earl had 
 no altorimtiv« but to capitulate, and he was obliged to surrender the place 
 -^"•Ts ;;:r swis Cuiiuiiion oi uFiiiK niiu«v6u iUB rtiin iais i:i>ii(IUOt fiii nw 
 tf«H)ps. He hkd hardly surrendered when a reinforcement of threa thou- 
 
 'I 
 
 
 / ^k%i 
 
5ie 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 sand men arrived from England under Lord Clinton, but, besides that they 
 were too late, they also were suffering under the plague which at that 
 
 Kriod raged in England. As a consequence of the loss of Havre, Rliza- 
 th was glad to consent to restore the hostages given by France for the 
 restitution of Calais, on receiving two hundred and twenty thousand 
 crowns; but it w«8 stipulated that nothing in this transaction should be 
 held to prejudice the claim of either nation. 
 
 Though ill reality the hatred and jealousy that subsisted between Eliz- 
 abeth and Mary queen of Scots were bitter and constant, nothing of quairel 
 bad as yet been openly allowed to appear. They corresponded weMy 
 and assumed quite a sisterly tone of affection. So far was this deceptive 
 conduct carried on the part of Elizabeth, that Hales, a lawyer, having 
 published a book opposing the title of Mary as Elizabeth's successor, was 
 fined and imprisoned ; and Bacon, the lord keeper, on the mere suspicion 
 of having encouraged that publication, was visited for some time with the 
 queen's displeasure. An mterview was even appointed to take place be- 
 tween the two queens at York, but Elizabeth, probably not very anxious 
 to let her subjects see Mary's superiority of personal beauty, pleaded 
 public affairs, and the meeting was abandoned. 
 
 A new source of care arose for Elizabeth. Mary, young and lovely, 
 and of ivo frigid temperament, was naturally not disinclined to a second 
 inairiage ; and her uncle's restless ambition would scarcely have allowed 
 her to remain unmarried even had she been so. To prevent Mary's mar- 
 riage was obviously not in Elizabeth's power ; but as she, at least, imd 
 the power of getting her formally excluded from the English succession, 
 she thought it not so impossible in the first instance to procrastinate 
 Mary's choice, and then to cause it to fall on the least likely person to aid 
 and encourage her in any attempts prejudicial to England. With tliis 
 view she raised objections, now of one and now of another sort, aijuinst 
 the aspirants to Mary's ..and, and at length named Lord Robert Dudley, 
 her own subject, and, as some thought, her own unfavoured suitor, as tlie 
 person upon whom it would be most agreeable to her that Mary's choice 
 shotild fall. , , , , 
 
 The Lord Robert Dudley— as the reader has hitherto known him, but 
 who had now been created earl of Leicester— was handsome, prcally and 
 generally accomplished, and possessed the art of flattery in its utmost 
 perfection ; an art to which, far more than to his solid merits, lio owed 
 his power of concealing from Elizabeth his ambition, rapacity, and intoler- 
 able haughtiness, or of reconciling her to them. The groat and continued 
 favour shown to him by the queen liad made himself as well as the multi- 
 tude imagine, that he nnght reasonably hope to l)t; honoured with lior 
 hand ; and it was even b(diovcd that the early death of his youiiK and 
 lovely wife, the daughter of a wealthy grntlt!in;ui named Rolisait, had 
 been planned and ordered by the earl, in onlor to reinove what he dci'med 
 the solo obstacle to tlio success of his loftier views. To so ambitious a 
 man. whatever the personal superiority of Mary over Elizabeth, the crown 
 matrimonial of Scotland must have seemed a poor substitute, indteil, to 
 that of England ; and Leicester not Mily olijected to the proposal, l)nl 
 attributed its conception to a deep scheme ui his able and bitter ciicniy, 
 Cecil, to deprive him of hia iiidiience by weaning Elizabeth from all per- 
 gonal feeling for him, and causing her to ulniiiry him with her rival M 17. 
 The queen of Scotland, on the other lumil, wearie<l with the long and 
 voxalioufi delays and vacillations of Eliz;i!i»l!i, and influenced pi'rliaps,by 
 the personal beauty and accomplishments of the curl, as well as iiiixious 
 by her marriage with him to remove Eli/,al)eth'8 evident reluctance to 
 naming her to the Englitth suceession, intimated her wilhngness to ncccpl 
 ihi. n.iwerful fiivouiitc. Dut Elizal'eth had named him only in llic hopf 
 tiiat'he would be rejected ; lie was too great a fuvounto to he pariuu wiOj 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 filT 
 
 and though she had herself distinctly named the earl as the oalv man 
 whom she should choose to see the husband of Mary, she now coldly ani 
 suddenly withdrew her approbation. "«"iy -uj 
 
 The high, and never too prudent, spirit of Mary naturally revolted from 
 this new proof of duplicity and unfriendly feeling; the correspondence 
 between the rival queens grow less frequent and more curt and formal, 
 and at length for a time wholly ceased. But Mary, probably under the 
 advice of her friends in France, resolved to make yet another effort to 
 avoid a final and irremediable breach with Elizabeth, and for that purpose 
 sent oir James Melvil on a mission to London. 
 
 Englishmen are greatly and justly proud of queen Elizabeth ; taken as 
 a whole her reign was one of the greatest and wisest in our history. But 
 even making all a lowance for the prejudice Melvil may be supposed to 
 have felt against Ll.zabeth. the account he gives of what he saw of her 
 conduct on this occasion places her in so weak, so vain, so puerile a liirht. 
 hat, would rigid impartiality allow it, one would gladly overlook this por- 
 lion of our great Elizabeth's reign altogether. Ivery day she appeared 
 in some nevv style of dress, every interview was marked by some question 
 as to the difference in feature, person, or manner between herself and her 
 far lovelier, i;ar more accomplished, but far less worthy and less estimable 
 rival, which 18 infinitely nmre characteristic of the p/tty but aching envy 
 of some Ill-natured school-girl, with vanity made only the more rlst ess 
 and craving of flattery from the occasional suggestions of shrewder sensJ 
 on the score of personal inferiority, than of that high-souled and calm 
 browed queen who knew how to endure a dungeon and to dare an armada. 
 
 An accomplished courtier, Melvil was also a shrewd and practised man 
 
 P i^!fh!:'[h' il ""'^ I "' ^"'!' '^'^'"V ff"'" his memoirs, that he saw through 
 Elizabeth ahkein the weakness of her vanity, and in the streiicth of her 
 deep and iron determination. His report, and probably both her friends' 
 advice and her own inclination, determined Mary no longer to hesitate 
 about choosing a husband for herself. Lord Darnley, son of the eari of 
 
 H?Zl:vuT"J''rV'' ^^''"'y- H "'f '''^^y '^"••^'«'^' Douglas, niece of 
 Henry VIM., was by «11 parties in Scotland considered a very suitable per- 
 
 the crown of Lnglaml, and would preserve the crown of Scotland in the 
 house or Stuart. While these considerations made him eliciblo in the 
 eyes of Mary's family and of all Scotchmen, ho had been born and edu- 
 ca ed m hnglaiui, and it was therefore not to be supposed that Elizabeth 
 could have any of that jealousy towards him which slie might have felt in 
 Uie caso of a fonng.i prince and a papist. And, in truth, perceiving that it 
 was not to l,e hoped that Mary would remain single, Elizabeth was not i 
 pleased that Mary's choice should fall upon Darnley. He could add 
 nothing m the way of power or alliance to the Scottish queen, whose mar- 
 la^e with him would at once release Elizabeth from the half-defined 
 ealousy she felt as t(| Leicester's real sentiments, and would, at the same 
 Ume, do away with all dread of the queen of Scots forming any one of the 
 
 would be dangerous to England. 
 
 .n^lT'n k!""^ ""■" '""?'" "*•'*• K''2»beth now secretly advised Marv 
 to recall him, r verse his attainder, and restore his forfeited Mssess.on?; 
 
 wihM.pT"" '?' "'" ;'""? *•""' "h* »P«»'y h'-^od the proceedings^ 
 Tnii . ^'uun^ ""'"' "f P'"''«"a.sBinff Mary and of keeping up het oJ5 
 interest with the opposite faction in Scotland. Her d.ipliciiy L not st^! 
 Ipv »'.k.!i ri" *^" "«:»""«'"""', <■«»' ll'« marriage w.re far advanced, Darn- 
 wL to Jii'"'*"'''"' 1'""'""""" '" B" i''to Scotland ; and that permission 
 was. to all appearance, cheerfully granted. Hut when she lekrned tha 
 
 £.e.fl,. •..!!;.,«„ n;,. =.,p =^r,? ?,» ^,^.j. nanUcy oil X!0 NCCOUIH lO gO OU 
 
 
 itjittru t/ll- 
 
 i;ic zviii tu 
 
618 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 with the marriage, but, on his alleeiance, to return to England forthwith, 
 Compliance wiih such caprice and tyranny was out of the question ; and 
 Elizabeth threw the countess of Lenox and her second son into prison, 
 and seized all Lenox's English property without the shadow of a plea 
 beyond tlie conduct of young Darnley, to which she had deliberately given 
 her sanction I The insulting vacillation of Elizabeth's conduct in a matter 
 of such delicate interest to Mary, can only be reconciled with her usual 
 shrewdness by supposing that, independent of any small feminine spiteful 
 ness of which we fear that even the utmost partiality can hardly acquit 
 her, she deliberately, and as a matter of deep, though merciless pohcy, 
 •ought thus to obtain a plea upon which to repudiate Mary as her succes- 
 sor in England, and a ready means of stirring up discontents among Mary's 
 own subjects, and thus preventing them from being troublesome to Eng 
 
 A. D. 1565.— Mary's relationship to the house of Guise, whose detesta 
 tion of the reformed religion was so widely known and so terribly attested, 
 was very unfortunate for her; inasmuch as it converted her warm attach- 
 ment to her own religion into something like bigotry and intolerance. 
 She not only refused to ratify the acts establishing the reformed religion, 
 and endeavoured to restore civil power and jurisdiction to the catholic 
 bishops, but was even imprudent enough to write letters to the council of 
 Trent, in which she professed her hope not merely of one day succeeding 
 to the crown of England, but also of so usinsr her power and influence as 
 to bring about the reconciliation of the whole of her dominions to the 
 holy see. Considering her knowledge of Elizabeth's temper and feelings 
 towards her, and considering, too, how much advantage Elizabeth would 
 obviously obtain from every circumstance which could cause the Scotch 
 zealots to sympathize with Elizabeth against their own aueen, nothing 
 could well have been more impmdent than this missive. Under any cir- 
 cumstances, probably, Mary, a zealous catholic, would have had but an 
 uneasy reign among the fiercely bigoted Scottish protestants ; but there 
 is little reason to doubt that this very communication to the council of 
 Trent was a main first cause of all her subsequent misfortunes. The 
 protestants of Scotland were at that time no whit behind the catholics of 
 any part of the world, either in self-righteousness, or in bitter and bigoted 
 detestation of all who chanced to differ from them. Alarmed as well as 
 indignant at the queen's ostentatious attachment to her own creed, the 
 protestants not only murmured at her exercise of its rites, even in her 
 own private residence and chapel, but abused her faith in the grossest 
 terms while importuning her to abjure it. The queen answered these 
 rude advisers with a temper which, had she always displayed it, migm 
 have spared her many a sorrowful day ; assured them that besides thai 
 hor apostacy would deprive Scotland of her most powerful f^rieiida 
 on the continent, sb « was sincerely attached to her own faith and con- 
 vinced of it* *■ -.1. With the self-cornplacenoy peculiar to narrow 
 minded bigot. y, the remonstrants assured her that they alone had truth on 
 their side, and bade her prefer that truth to all earthly support and alli- 
 ances. The rude zeal of the reformed was still farther increased by the 
 belief, carefully encouraged by the agents of Elizabeth, that the Lenox 
 family were also papists. It was in vain that Darnley, rtow King Henry, 
 endeavoured to show that ho was no papist by frequently makina; his ap- 
 pearance at the established church; this conduct was nttribuied to ajesu- 
 ftifal and profound wilinos»,and the preachers often publicly insulted mm 
 Knox, especially, not scrupling to tell him from the pulpit th:it hc»ys "ml 
 women were only put to rule over nations for the punishment of thrirsii s. 
 While the violence of the clergy and the arts of Llizabeth's omwmiries 
 were thus irritating the common people of Scotland against their qt>oui, 
 the disconienis of her iiobiiiiy bcgiui lo ihrtjaien her wiui a yci i;catr, - - 
 
 3SK;o5r<3 nii diitDii 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 619 
 
 more rtnnous opposition. The duke of Chaterault and the earls of Mur- 
 ray and Argyle, with other malcontent nobles, actually raised forces, and 
 soon appeared in arms against the king and queen, instigated to this 
 treasonable conduct merely by their paltry fears of being losers of influ- 
 ence and power by t.e rise of the Lenox family consequent upon Dam- 
 ley's marriage to the queen. The reformed preachers openly, and En* 
 ((lish emissaries secretly, aided the malcontent lords in endeavouring to 
 seduce or urge the whole Scottish population from its allegiance. But the 
 people were, for once, in no humour to follow the seditious or the fanati- 
 cal i and after but very trifling show of success, the rebels, being pursued 
 by the king and queen at the head of an army of eighteen thousand, were 
 fain to seek safety in England. 
 
 We dwell more upon the affairs of Scotland just at this period tnan we 
 generally do, because thue much of Scottish history is necessary here to 
 the undernlanding of that portion of English history with which Mary, 
 queen of Scots, is so lamentably, and so disgracefully to England, con 
 nected. 
 
 The event of the Scottish revolt having thus completely disappointed 
 all the hopes of Elizabeth, she now strenuously disavowed all concern in 
 it ; and having induced Murray and Chaterault's agent, the abbot of Kil- 
 winning, to make a similar declaration before the Spanish and French 
 ambassadors, she, with a bitter practical satire, added to the force of their 
 declaration, by instantly ordering them from her presence as detestable 
 tnd unworthy traitors ! 
 
 A. D. 1666.— Hard is the fate of princes ! Rarely can they have sincere 
 friends ; still more rarely can they have favourites who do not, by their 
 own ingratitude or the envy of others, call up a storm of misfortune for 
 both sovereign and favourite. 
 
 Hitherto the conduct of Mary had been morally irreproachable ; for the 
 coarse abuse of Knox is itself evidence of the strongest kind, that, save 
 her papacy and her sex— of which he seems to have felt an about equal 
 detestation — even he had not wherewithal to reproach her. Having for 
 her second husband a handsome and youthful man of her own choice, it 
 might have been hoped that at least her domestic felicity was secured. 
 But Darnley was a vain, weak-minded man; alike fickle and violent; am- 
 bitious of distinction, yet weary of the slightest necessary care ; easily 
 offended at the most trivial opposition, and as easily governed by the 
 most obvious and fulsome flattery. Utterly incapable of aiding the queen 
 in the government, he was no jot the less anxious to have the crown 
 matrimonial added to the courtesy-title of king which Mary had already 
 bestowed upon him. In this temper he was inclined to detest all who 
 seemed able and willing to afford the queen counsel ; and among thes** 
 w«8 an Italian musician, by name David Rizzio. He had attended an 
 embassy sent to Scotlaiul by the duke of Savoy, and was retained at the 
 Scottish court, in the Arst instance, merely on account of his musical tal- 
 ents. But he was both aspiring and clever, and he soon testified so much 
 ihrewdness and inclination to be useful, that he was made French secre- 
 tary to the queen. Brought thus intimately into contact with the queen, 
 he 10 rapidly improved on his advantages, that in a short time he was 
 universally looked upon not only as the queen's chief confidant and coun- 
 •ellor, but also as the chief and most powerful dispenser of her favours.. 
 As is usually the case with favourites, the ability which had enablnd Rizzio 
 to conquer court favour did not teach him to use it with moderation ; and 
 he had scarcely secured the favour of the queen, ere he had incurred the 
 deadly hate of nearly every one at court. The re'ormed hated him as a 
 
 Sapist and the reputed sp]^ and pensionary of the pope j the needy hated 
 m for his wealth, the high-born for his upstart insolence ; the aspiring 
 sstcsted hii anibiiJOii, fiiiU utMity iiiuu — pfObabiy aul loo puftt in iheir Own 
 
 « 
 
 ,t« 
 
 ii !ti 
 
580 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 morals— could find no olhe^Buppo8ition on which to account for Mary's 
 protection of him, save a criminal connection between ihem. It is true 
 that Rizzio was ugly and by no means very young even whtfn he firbt 
 came to court, and some years had now passed suice that event ; and, 
 moreover, Rizzio, whose ability had done much to clear away the obsta- 
 cles to the marriage of Mary and Darnley, bad at one time , at least, been 
 M much in the favour of the king as of the queen. But Darnley, soured 
 by the queen's coldness, which he was willing to attribute to any. cause 
 rather than to his own misconduct, easily fell into the snare set by the 
 enemies alike of himself, his queen, and Rizzio, and became furiously 
 lealous of an ugly and almost deformed secretary. Yet Darnley was one 
 of the handsomest men of the age and a vain man too ! 
 
 Among the extravagant reports to whio.h the excessive favour already 
 enjoyed by Rizzio had given rise, was one, that it was the intention o( 
 Mary to make him chancellor in the room of the earl of Morton I It was 
 true that Rizzio knew nothing of the language or of the laws of Scotland ; 
 but the report was credited even by the astute Morton himself, who forth- 
 with exerted himself to persuade Darnley that nothing but the death of 
 Rizzio could ever restore peace and safety to either king or kingdom. 
 
 The earl of Lenox, the king's father,/George Douglas, natural brother to 
 the countess of Lenox, and the lords liindesay and Ruthven, readily joined 
 in the conspiracy against the unfortunate foreigner, and, to guard them- 
 selves against the known fickleness of the king, they got him to sign a 
 Eaper authorizing ard making himself responsible for the assassination of 
 tizzio, as being "an undertaking tending to the glory of God and the ad- 
 vancement of religion." The banished lords who were ever hovering on 
 the borders in hope of some event productive of disturbance, were invited 
 by the king to return, and every preparation benig made, a night was at 
 length appointed for the murder of Rizzio. 
 
 Mary, now in the sixth month of her pregnancy, was at supper in hei 
 private apartments, attended by Rizzio, the countess of Argyle, her natu- 
 ral sister, and others of her personal attendants, when the king suddenly 
 entered the room and placed himself behind the queen's chair. Immedi- 
 ately afterwards Lord Ruthven, cased in armour and ghastly from long 
 illness and anxiety, George Douglas, and others, rushed in and seized 
 upon the unfortunate Rizzio as he sprang up to the queen and clung to 
 her garments, shrieking the while for protection. The queen, with tears, 
 entreaties, and even threats, endeavoured to save her secretary, but the 
 rcBolved conspirators forced him into the antechamber, where he died 
 beneath no fewer than fifty-six wounds ! 
 
 The condition of the queen being considered, the presence of her hus- 
 band wliile she was thus horribly outraged by being made witness of the 
 atrocious murder of her servant, must necessarily have turned her former 
 coldness towards Darnley into actual loathing. On learning that Rizzio 
 was indeed dead, she immediately dried her tears saying "I will weep no 
 more ; henceforth 1 will only think of revenge." 
 
 Assuming Mary to be guilty of the participation in the' murder of hot 
 husband with which she was afterwards so disastrously charged, though 
 fcven this outrage upon her both as queen and woman would be no excuse 
 for her misconduct as queen, woman, and wife, yet it ought not wholly to 
 jje left out of sight while we judge of the character of Mary. In a court 
 Buch aft the court of Scotland clearly was at that time, nothing short of the 
 purity of angels could have escaped the general pollution of cruelty, ddceit 
 •nd sensuality. 
 
 All resentments felt by Mary were now, it should seem, merged mto 
 detestation of the cruelly and insolently savage conduct of her husband. 
 8he showed him overy mark of contempt in public, and avoided him w 
 private as tiiough in iuin(|iod huie and terror. Al ]eni{ih, however, r,:ic 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD, 
 
 621 
 
 was confined at Edinburgh castle of a son ; and as Darnley 5iad apartments 
 there, they were at least apparently reconciled and living together. 
 
 A messenger was instantly sent to Elizabeth, who received the news 
 while at a ball at Greenwich. She was much cast down at first, and even 
 complained to some of her attendants that she was but a barren stock, 
 while Mary was the glad njother of a fair boy. But she soon recovered 
 her wonted self-possession, and on the following day she publicly congrat- 
 ulated Melvil, Mary's envoy, and sent the earl of Bedford and George 
 Cary, son of her kinsman the earl of Hunsdon, to attend the christening 
 of the young prince, and to carry some rich presents to his mother. 
 
 But whatever cordiality Elizabeth might aflFect upon this occasion, the 
 birth of a son to the queen of Scots, as it increased the zeal of her parti- 
 zans in England, so it made even the best friends of Elizabeth desirous 
 that she should take some effectual steps for the settlement of the sue 
 cession. 
 
 It was proposed by some leading members of parliament that the ques- 
 tion of the succession and that of the supply should go togellier. Sir 
 Ralph Sadler, in order to elude this bringing of the question to a point, af- 
 firmed that he had heard the queen say that for the good of her people shr 
 had come to the resolution to marry. Others of the court affirmed the 
 same, and then the house began to consider about joining the question of 
 the queen's marriage to that of the settlement in general, when a message 
 was brought from the queen ordering the house to proceed no farther in 
 the matter. She pledged her queenly word as to her sincere intention to 
 mary ; and she said that to name any successor previously would be to 
 nerease her already great personal dangers. This message by no means 
 satisfied the house, and Peter Wentworth, a popular member, bluntly said 
 that such a prohibition was a breach of the privileges of the house ; while 
 some of the members* on the same side added, that unless the queen would 
 pay some regard to their future security by fixing a successor, she would 
 show herself rather as the stepmother than as the natural parent of her 
 people. The debates still continuing in this strain, the queen sent for the 
 speaker, and her remonstrances with him having failed to produce the de- 
 sired eflfect upon the house, she shortly afterwards dissolved the pftrliament, 
 sharply reflecting, at the same time, upon the pertinacity with which they 
 had pressed her to marry or fix the succession. • 
 
 A. D. 15G7.— The debates in parliament had more than ever awakened 
 the zeal of the partizans of the queen of .Scots. The catholics of England 
 were to a man ready to rise on her behalf, should Elizabeth's death or 
 any national calamity afford an inviting opportunity ; and, moreover, the 
 court of Elizabeth was itself full of Mary's partizans. But while Eliza- 
 beth and her sagacious friend and councillor Cecil — to whom it is not (oo 
 much to say that Elizabeth owed more than half the glory she acquired, 
 and owed Ktill more freedom from the obloquy her temper would but for 
 him have caused her to incur — were using every expedient to avoid the 
 necessity of declaring so dangerous a successor as the queen of Scots 
 that ill-fated princess was in the very act of plunging herself into a tissue 
 of horrors and infamies, which were to render her the prisoner and the 
 victim of the princess whom she had dared to rival and hoped to succeed. 
 
 After the death of Rizzio, Mary's perilous and perplexed situation had 
 made some confidant and assistant indispensably necessary to her, especi- 
 ally situated as she was with her frivolous and sullen husband. The per- 
 son who at this time stood highest in her confidence was the earl of Both 
 well, a man of debauched character and great daring, but whose fortune 
 was nuich involved, and who was more noted for his opposition to Murray 
 and the rigid reformers, than for any great evil or military talents. This 
 nobleman, it is belioved, suggest-id to her the expedient of being divorced 
 
 sf 
 
 
m^ 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 from Darnley, but from some difficulties which arose lo its execution thai 
 project was laid aside. 
 
 The intimate friendship of Mary with Bothwell, and her aversion to her 
 husband, made observant persons much astonished when it was annuuiiced 
 that a sudden return of the queen's affection to her husband had tiiken place; 
 that she had even journeyed to Glasgow to attend his sick bed ; thm she 
 tended him with the utmost kindness ; and that, as soon as he could safely 
 travel, she had brought him with her to Holyrood-house, in Edinburgh. 
 Dn their arrival there it was found, or pretended, that the low situation of 
 the place, and the noise of the persons continually going and coming, de- 
 nied the king the repose necessary to his infirm state. A solitary house, 
 called the Kirk o' Field, at some distance from the palace, but nearonoufirh 
 to admit of Mary's frequent attendance, was accordingly taken, and here 
 she continued her attentions to him, and even slept for several nights in a 
 room immediately below his. On the ninth of February she excused her- 
 self to him for not sleeping at the place, as one of her attendants \v»s 
 Cfoiug to be married, and she had promised to grace the ceremony with her 
 
 ftresence. About two o'clock in the morning an awful explosion was 
 leard, and it was soon afterwards discovered that the Kirk o' Field was 
 blown up, and tho body of the unfortunate Henry Darnley was found in a 
 field at some distance, but with nc marks of violence upon it. 
 
 It is a singular fact that, amidst all the disputation that has taken place 
 as to the guilt or innocence of Mary in this most melancholy affiiir, no one 
 of the disputants has noticed Mary's selection of a room immedialehj helotc 
 that of the king for several nights before the murdpr. Was the gun-mwder 
 deliberately, in tmall quantities and at intervalsy deposited and arranged in that 
 apartment f 
 
 That Darnley had been most foully murdered no ^ane man could doubt 
 and the previous intimacy of Mary and Bothwell caused the public suspi- 
 cion at once to be turned upon them ; and the conduct of Mary was ex- 
 actly calculated to confirm, instead of refuting, the horrible suspicion 
 which attached to her. A proclamation was indeed made, offering a re. 
 ward for the discovery of the king's murderers ; but the people observed (hat 
 far more hnxiety was displayed to discover those who attributed that ter- 
 rible deed to Bothwell and the queen. With a perfectly infatuated folly, 
 the queen neglected even the external decencies which would have been 
 expected from her, even had she been less closely connected in ihe public 
 eye with the supposed murderer, Bothwell. For the earl of Lenox, father 
 of the murdered king, wrote a letter to the (jueen, in which, avoiding all 
 accusation of the queen, he implored her justice upon those whom he 
 plainly charged with the murder, namely, Bothwell, Sir James Balfour and 
 bis brother Gilbert Balfour, David Chalmers, and four other persons of 
 the queen's household; but Mary, though she cited Lenox to-apnear at 
 court and support his charge, and so far seemed to entertain it, left the 
 important fortress of Edinburgh in the hands of Bothwell as governor, and 
 of his creature Balfour as his deputy. 
 
 A day for the trial of the charge made by Lenox was appointed ; and 
 that nobleman, with a very small attend&..^e, had already reached Stirling 
 on his way to Edinburgh, when his information of the extraordinary coun- 
 tenance shown to Bothwell, and the vast power entrusted to him, inspired 
 Lenox with fears as to even his personal safety should he appear in Md- 
 (nburgh ; he therefore sent Cunningham, one or his suite, to protest aganist 
 60 hurried an investigation of thix important aflfair, and to entreat Mary, 
 for her own sake as well as for the sake of justice, to take time, and to 
 make arrangements for a full and impartial trial, which obviously could 
 not be had while Bothwell was not only at liberty, but in possession ol 
 uxprbitant and overwhelming power. Not the slightest attention wan 
 uaid to this manifestly just demand of Letiux; a iurv was swoni. anl a? 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 523 
 
 no prosecutor or witaess was present, thnt jury could only acijuit the ac. 
 cused— the verdict being accon>panied by a protest, in which they staled 
 the sitJiation in which the very nature of the proceedings had placed them. 
 But even had witnesses been present, their evidence could have availed 
 little towards furthering the ends of justice, for, by a very evident wilful 
 ness, those who drew the indictment had charged the crime as having been 
 committed on the tenth day of the month, while the evidence must have 
 proved it to have been the ninth, and tbis significant circumstance increased 
 the odium of both Mary and Boihwell. Two days after this shameful trial 
 a parliament was held, and Boihwell, whose acquittal was such as must 
 have convinced every impartial man of his guiltiness, was actually chosen 
 U) carry the royal sceptre ! 
 
 Such indecent but unequivocal evidence of the lengths to which Mary 
 was prepared to go in securing impunity to Boihwell, awed even those 
 who niost detested the proceedings ; and a bond of association was signed, 
 by which all the subscribers, consisting of all the chief nobility present at 
 this parliament, referred to the acquittal of Bothwell as a legal and com- 
 plete one, engaged to defend him against all future imputation of the mur- 
 der of the late king, and recommended Mary to marry Boihwell! De- 
 graded, indeed, by long and shameless faction must the nation have been, 
 when the chief of its nobles could insult public justice and public decency 
 by the publication of such a document as this ! 
 
 Having thus paved the way towards his ultimate designs, Bothwell aa- 
 sembled a troop of eight hundred cavalry on pretence of pursuing some 
 armed robbers who infested the borders, and waylaid Mary on her return 
 from Stirling, where she had been paying a visit to her infant son. Mary 
 was stized near Edinburgh ; but Sir James Melvil, her attached and faitli- 
 ful servant who was with her at the time, not only confessed that he saw 
 no surprise or unwillingness on her part, but adds, that some of Bolhwell's 
 officers openly laughed at the notion of seizure of Mary's person, and 
 slated the whole mailer to have been arranged between the parlies them- 
 selves. Bothwell carried his prisoner to Dunbar, and there made himself 
 master of her person, even if he had not been so before. Some of the no- 
 bility, either still doubtful of her guilty consent, or desirous, at the least, 
 of forcing her into a more explicit declaration of it, now sent to offer their 
 services to rescue her ; but she, with infinite coolness, replied, that though 
 Bothwell had originally obtained possession of her person by violence, 
 he had since treated her so well that she was now quite willing to remain 
 with him. 
 
 That no circumstance of infamy and effrontery might be wanting to 
 this disgusting business, Bothwell, when he had himself proposed as the 
 queen's husband and seized upon her person, was already a married man! 
 But a divorce was now sued for and obtained in four days from the com 
 meiicement of the suit; the queen was then taken to Edinburgh, and the 
 banns of marriage put up between her and the duke of Orkney, which 
 title Bothwell now bore. 
 
 In the midst of the awful degradation exhibited by the Scottish nation 
 alibis time, it is pleasing to notice that Craig, a clergyman, being desired 
 to solemnize the marriage thus abominably brought about, not only refu- 
 sed to perform the ceremony, but openly reprobated it, with a conrage 
 which so put the council to shame that it dared not punish him. The 
 bishop of Orkney, a protestant, was more compliant, and was subsequently 
 very deservedly deposed by his church. Unwarned by ihe disgust of her 
 own people and by the remonstrances of her relations, the Guises of 
 France, the infatuated Mary thus pursued her designs, and it became 
 known that Bothwell, with her consent, was taking measures to gel the 
 young prince James into his power. This at length fairly aroused public 
 iiiuigriation i ihe cliiuf uobiiiiy, including most uf those who had signed 
 
 '' I 
 
 M... 
 
524 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 [ 
 
 }he ever infamougbond in favour of Bothwell, now Iprmed an association 
 for the protection of the young prince and for the punishment of the mur 
 derers of tlie king. The army of the associated lords and the royal 
 troops under Bothwell met at Carbery-hill ; but it was so clear both that 
 Bothwell had no capacity equal to the occasion, and that her own troops 
 looked upon their cause with disgust, that Mary, after making certain 
 stipulations, put herself into the hands of the confederates and was taken 
 to Edinburgh, the populace reproaching her in the coarsest terms, and 
 holdino- up ijanners representing the murder of her husband and the dis- 
 tress of her infant son. Bothwell, in the meantime, escaped to the Ork- 
 neys, and for some time lived by actual piracy; he at length went to Den 
 mark, wherft he was thrown into prison : maddened under the severity 
 of his confinement and the horror of his reflections, he died about ten 
 years afterwards, so miserably, that even his atrocity cannot deprive him 
 
 of our pity. ...... , . , , 
 
 Though treated with scorn and humbled by the mdignities to which she 
 was now daily exposed, Mary was still so infatuated in her affeciion for 
 the unworthy Bothwell, that she is reported to have said in a letter to 
 him, that she would surrender her crown and dignity rather than his affec- 
 tions ; and as she appeared to be thus determined, the confederates, to 
 decrease the chance of her once more getting power into her hands, sent 
 her to a sort of honourable imprisonment in the castle of Lochlevin lake. 
 The owner of this place was mother of the earl of Murray, and as she 
 pretended to have been the mother and not the mere mistress of the late 
 king, she bore Mary a hatred which fully insured her vigilance. 
 
 Elizabeth was accurately informed of all that had passed in Scotland, 
 and her eagle vision could not fail to perceive the advantages to her own 
 security to be obtained by her interference between Mary and her enra- 
 ged subjects. She accordingly, through Throckmorton, sent a remon- 
 strance to the confederated lords, and advice, mingled with some severity, 
 to Mary, to whom she offered assistance, and protection at the English 
 court for her infant son, but on condition that she should lay aside all 
 thoughts of revenge or punishment, except as far as related to the murder 
 of her late husband. As both queen and woman, Elizabeth acted well in 
 both her remonstrance to the lords and her advice to Mary ; but, judging 
 from her whole course of policy at other times, it is no breach of charity 
 to suppose that even her womanly pity for Mary's present distressed and 
 perilous situation, did not prevent her from determinuig to make it avail- 
 able towards her own security and peace for the time to come. 
 
 In the meantime the confederated lords proceeded to arrange matters 
 with very little deference to either the rights of their own queen or llie 
 remonstrances of the queen of England. After much intrigue and dis- 
 pute, it was agreed that the regency of the kingdom should be placed in 
 the hands of Murray, and that Mary should resign the crown in favour ol 
 her son ; nay, so desperate were her circumstances, that, though " with 
 abundance of tears," she actually signed the deeds that made these ex- 
 tensive alterations, without making herself accurately mistress of then 
 
 contents. , . , , • . j „, 
 
 The prince James was immediately proclaimed king and crowned a 
 Stirling, and in the oath which the earl of Morton took in his behalf al 
 that ceremonv, an oath to extirpate heresy was included. Elizabeth was 
 so much annoyed at the disregard with which her remonstrance had beer 
 treated, that she forbade Throckmorton to attend the young king s corn- 
 
 As soon as Murray had assumed the regency a parliament was assem. 
 bled, in which it was solemnly voted that she was an undouuted accom 
 Dlice in the murder of her husband, but ought not to be imprisoned. Her 
 
 Sn<liCSlIOn ajlU Iicr aus 3 i-m.-v^'^'Jivi! ----ii- -.- 
 

 1^ 
 
 lift 
 
Murray prov 
 pf the forltreHS 
 compelled at 1 
 enemies even 
 most enrag[ed 
 better than op 
 plalion of her 
 earth, without 
 these persons ' 
 people, who pi 
 reasoning inipi 
 tempt upon he 
 bounds of poss 
 (0 cause the p; 
 
 A. D. 1668,- 
 was ever to be 
 the endured fi 
 escape from th 
 ning blandishiT 
 employ, she in 
 to aid in her e^ 
 It length got h 
 lake in a small 
 
 As soon as 
 offer her their i 
 Among those I 
 toun, Cassilis, 
 ntimeroua baro 
 standard surroi 
 oflered to assis 
 arbitration and 
 was too late ; 
 U rces at Langs 
 ferior in force, 
 who hastily flei 
 at Wokingtoti, 
 ger to crave ih( 
 extent of the g 
 oped ; interest 
 ded generosity, 
 
 Mary had e\ 
 quciice to be ol 
 alely solicited, 
 slower than Mi 
 an interview, a 
 queen could noi 
 ence a woman 
 under circumsi 
 usually horribU 
 on such a plcf 
 much reckoned 
 evidently phow 
 reign seokir.g E 
 Klizabeth ccrtild 
 determuied to 
 allowing M.irra 
 with hiivino hei 
 comnmuder of 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 525 
 
 Murray proved himself equal to his high post. Ho obta'.ned possession 
 of the fortresses which held out for Mary or Bothwell, and everywhere 
 compelled at least external obedience to his authority. But he had many 
 enemies even among his seeming friends ; many of those who had been 
 most enraged against Mary, while sho had thus lived in what was no 
 better than open adultery with Bothwell, were softened by the contem- 
 plation of her sorrows now that he was a fugitive upon the face of the 
 earth, without the pos'ibility of ever regaining his guilty power. To all 
 these persons were added the eminent catholics and the great body of the 
 people, who pitied her sorrows now with the merely instinctive aiui un- 
 reasoning impulse with which recently they had heaped the coarses on- 
 lempt upon her misconduct. Even yet, then, it was quite with the 
 bounds of possibility that she might recover her power, and so exert it as 
 to cause the past to be forgiven. 
 
 A. n. 1568. — But Mary's own conduct even when least blameworthy, 
 was ever to be inimical to her. The constant insults and vexations that 
 the endured from the lady of Lochlevin determined her to attempt her 
 escape from that melancholy confinement ; and by those artful and win- 
 ning blandishments which no beautiful woman ever better knew how to 
 employ, she induced George Douglas, brother of the laird of Lochlevin, 
 to aid in her escape. After many vain endeavours the enamoured youth 
 It length got her from the house in disguise, and rowed her across the 
 lake in a small boat. 
 
 As soon as her escape was known many of the nobih<y hastened to 
 offer her their aid, and to sign a bond to defend her against all comers. 
 Among those that thus signed were the earls of Argyle, Huntley, Kglin- 
 toun, Cassilis, Crauford, Rothes, Montrose, Sunderland, and Errol, besides 
 numerous barons and nine bishops, and in a very few days she found her 
 Btandard surrounded by upwards of six thousand men. Elizabeth, too 
 offered to assist her, on condition that she would refer the quarrel to her 
 arbitration and allow no French troops to enter the kingdom, but the offer 
 was too late ; Murray hastily drew together an army, and attacked her 
 fi ices at Langside, near Glasgow ; and though the regent was somewhat in- 
 ferior in force, his superior ability inflicted a complete defeat upon Mary, 
 who hastily fled to a fishing-boat in Galloway, and landed the same day 
 at Wokinglon, in Cumberland, whence she immediately sent a messen- 
 ger to crave the protection and hospitality of Elizabeth. The reality and 
 extent of the generous sympathy ot tliHt princess were now to be devel- 
 oped ; interest was now straightly and sternly opposed to real or preten- 
 ded generosity. 
 
 Mary had evidently relied upon the power of her insinuntion and elo- 
 quence to be of service to her in a personal interview, which she immedi- 
 ately solicited. But the able and tried ministers of Elizabeth were not 
 slower than Mary herself in pcrceivin(,[^ the probiible consequence of such 
 an interview, and Elizabeth was advised by them that she as a maiden 
 queen could not, consisteuily even with mere decency, admit to her pres- 
 ence a woman who was charged with murder atjd adullory, and that, too 
 under circumstances which made even these horrible crimes more than 
 usuHlly horrible The queen of Scots was very indignant at being, an I 
 on such a plea, deprived of the interview upon which she had so very 
 much reckoned. Sne replied to the ministers with great spirit, and so 
 evidently showed her determination to consider herself as a sister sove- 
 reign 8ccki:.g Elizabeth's friendship, and not a» a charged cfuiiinal whom 
 Kliznbeth cauld have any earthly right to sit in judgment upon, that Cecil 
 determined to force her, indirectly at least, upon an iiwcstigulion, by 
 ftllowing M.irray and his party to charge her before the qiieen in council 
 With hiivino heei! "of forc-knowiedse^ couiiscK and i'evice^ oersuader and 
 commander o' the murder of her husband, and had ' iitended to cause the 
 
 lei 
 
 ■■* li , 
 
Q26 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 innocent prince to follow his father and so transfer the crown from the 
 jpight line to a bloody murderer and godless tyrant." To this point of this 
 intricate and most painful affair the attention of general readers has never 
 been sufficiently directed. The usual narrative of historians leaves tlic 
 careless or superficial reader to fancy that the conduct of Klizabeth must 
 throughout have been unjustifiable, as to even the detention of Mary the 
 whole question being Mary's guilt and Elizabeth's right to punish. We 
 Aave already sufficiently shown that we are not inclined to sacrifice truth 
 to our admiration of the many admirable qualities of Elizabeth. Vor 
 much of her treatment to Mary she is deserving of the highest blame and 
 as regards her execution every one must feel the utmost indignation • but 
 the mere- detention of her, and inquiry into her guilt as to her husband 
 and her intentions as to her infant ton, were justified alike by the laws ol 
 nations and by every feeling of humanity and of morality. That Mary 
 was " an independent sovereign" can only be affirmed by a mere olav 
 upon words. *^ ' 
 
 Stained with the deep charges of murder and adultery, beaten on the 
 battle-field, and fugitive from her enraged and horrified subjects, Mary 
 was in no condition to exercise her sovereignty until she should have re- 
 estabhshed it by arms or treaty. By arms she could not procuwl with- 
 out great peril to England, for she must have relied upon aid from FrHuce 
 by treaty she could not proceed but by the aid of Elizabeth, whose terri 
 tory might be periled by some clause of such treaty. Situated as Eng- 
 land was, both as to France and as to Spain, it is quite clear to nil who 
 Eay due attention to the whole of the circumstances, that in an honoura- 
 le detention of Mary, and a full, fair and imfxirtial inquiry into her con- 
 duct, Elizabeth would have been fully justified. 
 
 Tho subsequent conduct shown to Mary, her close imprisonment and 
 unkind treatment, reflect no credit upon either Elizabeth or her minis 
 ters ; but it must be remembered that Mary, besides those verbal insultfi 
 which wound women more painfully than the sword itself, greatly pro- 
 voked tho harsh feeling of Elizabeth by her perpetual readinesa to lend 
 her name and influence to plots involving the life as well the crown of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 It seems quite certain that, at the outset of the business, the main desire 
 of both Klizabeth and her ministers was to place Mary in such a position 
 that she would be unable practically to revoke hersettltinenl of the crown 
 upon her infant son, whose regency, being |)rote8tant, would have a vauxi- 
 •not) interest with England, instead of a temptation to aid France or Spain 
 to her annoyance. One scheme for this purjiose was to give her in mar- 
 riage to an English nobleman, and Elizalieih proposed the alliiiniH) lo the 
 duke of Norfolk, who bluntly replied, " That woman, madam, •Inll iiuvcr 
 be my wife who has been your coiiipi'titor, and whose husband caiiiiol 
 sleep in security upon his pillow." Uiif«»rtuiiately for the duke, his nrac- 
 tii was by no means governed by the sound sense of his theory, and he 
 very soon afterwards consented toofler himself to .Mary, in a letter, which 
 was also signed by Arundel, I»embrok«?, and Leicester. Msry pleaded 
 that " woeful experience had taught her to prefer a single lifej" but she 
 hinted pretty plainly that Klizabtth's consent might remove such rcliio- 
 tance as she felt. Norfolk, through the bishop of Homh, kept up the cor- 
 respondence with Mary. Elizabeth was from the very first aware of it, 
 and she at lonjrlli signficaiitly quoted Norfolk's own words to him, warn- 
 ing him to " bewaro on what pillow he should rext his head." Shurlly 
 afterwards the duke, for continuing the correspondence, was cotniiiilted 
 to tho Tower. I^eicester was pardoned for the share he had Imd in the 
 original oorre8p<mdpncc » but there seemed so much danger that iKi'h Nor- 
 folk and tho queen of Scots would be severely dealt with, that all liu» una 
 ~Ss:ivsr" iSiniiies Ol t.hs nofth joiijcil iii a fomiidsbiu iiMurruciion. JwarV 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 627 
 
 on the breaking out of this affair, wns removed to Coventry ; bur the ron. 
 teHt was sliort ; the earl of Norihumberland, who headed the revolt waa 
 defeated and taken prisoner, and thrown into' Lochlevin castle Hia 
 countess, with the e*rl of Westmoreland Hnd some other fugitives, were 
 safe among he Scottish borderers, wlio were able to protect ihem equally 
 against the regent Murray and the emissaries of Elizabeth 
 
 Upon the Knglish of the northern counties who had been beguiled into 
 this hopeless revolt, the vengeance of Elizabeth was terrible and exten- 
 
 "l^^" } K ^''?'" '^^N? *"*"^*.'* ^"^'^ *° **'« "SO"" «<■ "lartial law, and it is 
 affirmed .hat from New.^astle to Netherby, in a district sixty miles long 
 and forty miles wide, tlieie was not a town or even a village which was 
 not the scene of execution ! The wealthier offender* were reserved for 
 the ordinary course of condemnation by law, it being anticipated that their 
 forfeitures would reimburse the queen the large sums which it had cost 
 her to put down the revolt. 
 
 J. D.1570.-The vigour of the regent Murray had kept the greiter part 
 of bc.)iland perfectly quiet, even while the north of England was in anns 
 or Mary : and as among the numerous projects suggested to Elizabeth 
 for safely ri.ldmg l»jrself of Mary was that of delivering her up to Murray, 
 It 18 mcft probably that the Scottish queen would have been restor.-d to 
 her eounlry and-yhough partially and under strong restrietions~to her 
 authority, but fo^ the death of the regent. While amusing Mary with a 
 variety of proposals which came to nothing, varied by sudden objections 
 which had beeif contrived from the very first, Elizabeth's ministers were 
 sedulously strengthening the hands ancf establishing the interests of their 
 mistress in Scotland ; they, however, seem really to hi.ve intended the 
 evciilua restoration of Mary under the most favourable circtimstances to 
 England, when the enmity and suspicion of the English cabinet against 
 Her, as a zealous papist, uere made stronger than ever by the publication 
 lli„" ''^.'^'Ti' '"r'"'^'' ''^ inanltingly spoke of Elizabeth's as a 
 merely " pretended" righ to the crown, and absolved all her subjects 
 from their a logiance. Of this bull, insolent in itself and cruel towards 
 Mary, several copies wore published both in Scotland and in England • 
 ami a cutholic gentleman, named Felton, whose zeal bade defiance alike 
 to prudence and decency, was capitally punished for affixing a copy of 
 this document to the gates of the bishop of London. 
 
 It must be clear that no sovereign could overlook such an invitation to 
 rebellion and assassination. It would in any state of society be likely to 
 urge some gloomy and half insane fanatic to the crime of murder: thouffh 
 thVLTi !"^f,"!'"'' «'«^'^''V «v"" ^^'l"'" thecathoPcs were still so numerous, 
 he pan .1 hu 1 had now be.'ome a mere hrutem fulmen. Linganl, even, the 
 ftblwc catholic historian, says, upon this very transaction, "If ti.e pontiff 
 pror,,ged himself any particular benefit from this measure, the result must 
 h»e disappointed his exp. ctations. The time was gone by when the 
 .miu-lers or* the Vatican .•ould shake the thrones of prmces. By o e in 
 powers the bull was suffered to sleep in silence; among the'^Ei mli5h 
 
 o .:"'.L"..'''r?' '".".y '" '"■'""' .'^""^'"' dissension;, and dfs.ry. X y 
 
 ilei ded that it had been issued by incompetent autlu.rity ; others, that 
 
 ould not bind tho natives until it should be carried into ictual eiecu 
 
 Stsl^r.?v''r 'T^/'i'':;'''""*' """^"^"^ *^""' li«'^l«toihesuspicon 
 Of disloyalty, and afforded their enemiei a pretence to brand then with 
 
 Micule the sentence, it proved a source of considerable uneasiness and 
 
 r Jvl! !^""'.Tt'Vj *' ""''u »•"'"«'' *"d Indignant at the bull of Piun V. 
 yery naturally laid some heavy restriutinnM ui«jn ih« {.-"h/.n^. .j,k 
 
 ffltnu to t»e ready at any moment to risn in favour of the queen of Scoli 
 
028 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 and for the deposition of Elizabeth, should Philip of Spam or his geucrH, 
 Alva, governor of the Netherlands, land a suificienlly aumennis army ol 
 foreign papists in England. And these fears of the parliament and iho 
 minisirv had but too solid fo«ndation. Tiie duke of Norfolk from his 
 confinement waa constantly intriguing with Mary; and that unhappy 
 princess, wearied and goaded to dt..:.-eration by her conlinued imprison- 
 meflt, and the constant failure of all attempts at gainuig her liberty, even 
 when she the most frankly and completely agreed to all that was de- 
 manded of her, sent Rudolphi, an Italian, who had her confidence, to solicit 
 the co-operation of the pope, Philip of Spain, and Alva. Some letters 
 from Norfolk to the latter personage were intercepted by the English 
 ministry, and Norfolk was tried for treasonable leaguing with the queen's 
 enemies, to the danger of her crown and dignity. Norfolk protested that 
 his aim was solely to restore Mary to her own crown of Scotland, and 
 that detriment to the authority of Elizabeth he had never contemplated and 
 would never have abetted. - , , , 
 
 A D. 1572.— His defence availed Jiim nothing ; he was lound guilty by 
 his peers and condemned to death. Even then the queen iiesitated lo 
 carry the sentence into ,{ffect against the premier duke of England, who 
 was, also, her own relative. Twice she was induced by the ministers to 
 sign' the warrant, and twice she revoked it. This state of iiesitaiiou 
 lasted for four months. At the end of that time the parliament presenteu 
 an address strongly calling upon her to make an example of tlie duke, to 
 which she at length consented, and Norfolk was belieaded ; dying with 
 great courage and constancy, and still protesting that he had no ill design 
 towards his own queen in his desire to aid the unhappy queen of Scots 
 We are inclined to believe that tlie duke was sincere on this head; bu' 
 certainly 'lis judgment did not equal Ws sincerity ; for how could he ex 
 pect to overturn the vast power of Klizaboth, so far as to re-establish Mar> 
 on tlie throne, but by such civil and international fighting as must have 
 periled Elizabeth's throne, and, most probably, would have led to ihp 
 sacrifice of her life. j . ., ,r - 
 
 Burleigh, devoted to the glory of his royal mistress and to the welfare 
 of her people, and plainly perceiving that tho catlKilics, botli at home and 
 abroad, would either flntl or feign a motive to mischief m tho detention o( 
 the queen of Scots, resolutely advised that the unhappy queen should be 
 ' iolently dealt with, as being at the bottom of all sclieines and attempts 
 against the peace of England. But Elizabeth was not yet— would that 
 she had never been !— so far irritated or alarmed as to consent to aught 
 more than tho detention of Marv ; ainl to all the suggestions of Burleigh 
 she coiitonled herself with replying, with a touch ol that poetic feeling 
 which even intrigues of slate never wholly banished from her mind, that 
 "8h'» could not put to death the bird that, to escape tho lure of the iiawk, 
 had flown to her feet for protection." .. . , , . 
 
 Burleigh was aided in his endeavours against Mary by tho parliament ; 
 ■ birt Klizubeth, though both hor anxiety and her anger daily grew stronger, 
 pf rsonally inierforod to prevent a bill of attaindur against Mary, and even 
 another bill which merely went to exclude her from the succession. 
 
 T(-W(ir<l8 llic friends of Mary, Elizabeth was less merciful. Hie earl 
 of Norlhninberlaiiil was delivered by Morton— who had succeeded lienoi 
 in the Scolcb regency— into the hands of the English ministers; and linU 
 chivalrous and unfortunato nobleman was beheadt 1 at York. 
 
 The siaiP of Franco at thii time was such, from the fierce enmity of ine 
 •jalholics to the Hugucno • --r protestants, as to give serious uneasiness lo 
 Klizabeih. Tlie deep enmity of Charles IX. of France towards ihe liuulert 
 ')f his proteslaiit subjects was disguised, indeed, by tlie most artful caress"! 
 boNlowcd upon Coligui, the king of Navarre, and »'^'o^^J•'^'['^5lL';8„"„^/.'^^^^ 
 but cirfcuiiisiancwB occuifwu to ahow ih&i ins sing «» r rawce nOt c-nv 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 639 
 
 tested those personages and their French followers, but thiit he would 
 gladly finze any good opportunity to aid Philip of Spain in the destructiSn 
 If posFible, of the protestant power of England. »irucuon. 
 
 The perfidious Charles, in order to plunge the Huguenots into the more 
 profoundly fatal security, offered to give his sister Margaret n raarrS 
 to the pnnce of Navarre : and Colignt, with other leaders%f the HuguTno* 
 party, arrived m Pans, to celebrate a marriage which promised so much 
 towards the reconciliation of the two panies? But so f5r was peaceTom 
 being the real meaning of the court ol^ France, that the quee„ Sf Navarr^ 
 was poisoned. This ..nspiciously sudden death, however, of so eminem 
 a person did not arouse the doomed Coligni and he other protestants o a 
 sense of their real situation. The marriage was concludedrand but a few 
 days after, on the eve of St. Bartholomew, the designs of Charles IX .o7 
 more strictly spejlring, of his execrable mother, burst forth. The vtnera 
 ble Col.gm wfl.. murdered almost by the king's side; men, womeSand 
 children alike wre butchered by the'^king's troops, so thauk Paris aloSe 
 about five hundred persons of rank and above ten thousand of the lower 
 Sr "'•^,''.:''^" '° have perished in this most sanguinary and cowardly 
 affair. Orders were at the same time sent to Rouen, Lyons, and other 
 ^eat towns o( France, where the same detestable bu tcheriesNvore cot 
 milted on a proportionably large scale. 
 
 The king of Navarre and the prince of Cond6 narrowly escar.ed. The 
 duke of Guise advised their destruction, but the kin? had contracted a« 
 much personal affection for them as he could feel ^rLy one 3, t the ^ 
 wolf, his mother, and he caused their lives to be spared on condition of thei 
 Beemmg conversion to popery. 
 
 The frightful massacre of St. Bartholomew could not but be greatly 
 alarming as well as disgusting to Elizabeth. She could not but perceive 
 from alu chory so frighf.ful*and excessive, that there was arnong thj 
 •■a hol-r prmces of the continent a determination to exterminate Stest! 
 antism; nor could she but foe! that she, as the champion otLrfaith 
 Zl ' it" hf ?•' '""f ,^«"«P/?o»»ly than ever marked o^it for de trucS 
 could It be accomplished oither by warfare or in the more dastardly way 
 of private assassmation. ^'a.uiy wdj 
 
 Charles IX. was himiulf conscious of the offence this iitrocious ma». 
 «acreof his protestant r.ubjects must necessarily give to Elizabeth and he 
 Bent a strong apology to her through Fenolon, hil ambassSr To us h 
 has ever appeared that this apology did, io reality, only make the offence 
 ho blacker; Charles now calu.nn1i.ted the unfortunate persons whom he 
 had murdered. He pretended that !ie had discovered, just as it was aTom 
 
 ■1 ihTr^ """ '^•^^^"t'«»' ^ "»e^>'«""t '-onspiracy'to sme !.7s persoS^ 
 mi that It was as a necessary matter of self-defence tljat his cadiolic sol- 
 
 Sil n::^,n'„f L- >^^r ''"«?' ^''' '^"' "^''"« f»r wholoiale masC"ro were 
 Clod upon at distant provincna. cities, as woll as at Paris, would at once 
 and for ev<;r give the lie to this statement. Even Charles's own amba, 
 «ador confessed tliat he was ashamed aiike of his comU?y Tid of t^fe' 
 «po ogy which he was. by his office, compelled to make fo S^^ outrageo •« 
 » crime. His offlce, however, left him no choice, and lie went to ?ou L 
 H«ro he found every one male ,.,.,i fe^„e, «ttired ii. the dSs moum- 
 
 2' of . i!"*. '\*^'""" '^""'"'■" ^^. '""'■'*'' «^ P"-"*""""'' gri(/und alarm. 
 No one spoke to him, even, until he arrived at the throne where the 
 
 dr^° 'yr'f ^Is personal character, heard hi aSg7w th all 
 hoie t^'l' f =»tfl'«''-"">{'n«t««-- .Kli^abelh very plainly, ifher rep y 
 •nowe.i that she wholly disbounvod Char es's calumny unon his nroto.ta.. 
 •ubjecls, but she concluded that .he would defer makfniTl "r Ed uSn 
 tV"' fr'i."«'.°f ^^*'"'«" ""'" "he should see ho^ho would act*^," 
 
 &:;?.il'.?!Jl!!•vr^!'J-^.- "'i"^ '>yhi. own ibasri.:;: 
 
 Vou I — 34 
 
 nil 
 
 ,n 
 
 'if 
 
 ^wi-^ * 
 
 
 ti'j 
 
I i 
 
 630 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The massacres in France, joined to the Spanish massacres andpcMe- 
 cations in the Low Countries, and the favour into which Charles IX. now 
 visibly took the Guises, made it evident to Klizabeth that nothing but op- 
 
 Eortunity was wanting to induce the French and Spaniards to unite for 
 er destruction, and she took all possible precautions. She fortified 
 Portsmouth, paid all requisite attention to her militia and fleet, and, while 
 she renewed ner open alliances with the German princes, she lent all the 
 aid that she secretly could to the people of the Low Countries to assist 
 them against their Spanish tyrants. , . , 
 
 A. D. 1579.— Beyond what we have just now said of the foreign policy 
 o( Elizabeth we need not here say anything ; the events that took place, 
 whether in Spain, the Netherlands, or France, falling properly under those 
 heads. The attention of Elizabeth, as to foreigners, was addressed chiefly 
 to aiding the protestants with secrecy and with as rigid economy and 
 stringent conditions as were consistent with eflfectual aid ; and to keeping 
 up such a constant demonstration of vigour and a prepared position, as 
 might intimidate catholic princes from any such direct hostility to her as 
 would be likely to provoke her into openly encouraging and assisting their 
 malcontent subjects. 
 
 This policy enabled Elizabeth to enjoy a profound peace durmg years 
 which saw nearly all the rest of Europe plunged in war and misery. 
 
 A. D» 1580.- ."he affairs of Scotland just at this time gave Elizabeth 
 uome uneasiness. During several years the regent Morton had kept that 
 kingdom in the strictest amity. But the regent had of late wholly lost the 
 favour of the turbulent nobles, and he found himself under the necessity 
 of giving in his ret > . ation ; and the government was formally assumed 
 by King James himself, though he .vas i *w only eleven years of age. 
 The count U'Aubigny, of the house of Lenox, was employed by the duke 
 of Guise to detach James from the interests of Elizabeth, and to cause 
 him to espouse those of his mother. Elizabeth endeavoured to support 
 and reinstate Morton, but D'Aubigny had now obtained so much influ- 
 ence with the king, that he was able to have Morton imprisoned and sub 
 sequenily beheaded, as an accomplice in the murder of the late king. 
 
 With Spain, too, Elizabeth's relations were at this period uneasy and 
 threatening. In revenge for the aid which he knew Elizabeth to have 
 given to his revolted subjects of the Netherlands, Philip of Spain sent r 
 body of troops to aid her revolted subjects of Ireland ; and her complain 
 of this interference were an.swered by a reference to the piracies coir 
 mitted by the celebrated Admiral Drake, who was the first Englishma 
 who sailed round the world, and who obtained enormous booty from tr 
 
 Spaniards in the New World. „ r .u ,•.,»„. 
 
 A. n. 1581.— Th« Jesuits, and the scholars generally of the contmenu. 
 eeminaries which the king of Spain had established to compensate to the 
 catnolics for the loss of the universities of England, were so obviously 
 Hnd so intrusively hostile to the queen and the protcstant faith, that some 
 ttringent laws against them and the catholics generally were novv paased. 
 And let any who feel inclined to condemn the severity.of those laws flrsi 
 reflect upon the continual alarm in which both the queen and her protest- 
 ant subjects had been kept, bv the pernicious exertions of men who never 
 •eemed at a loss for a subtle casuistry to induce or to justify a brutal cru- 
 eltv or a violent sedition. , r „» 
 
 Campion, a Jesuit who had been sent over to explain to the catnolics of 
 England that they were not bound, in obedience ♦) the bull of Fius v., lo 
 rebel until the pope should give them a second and explicit ord'^r to that 
 effect— t. e., not until the state of England should by accidc!4, n- by je- 
 •uitical practices, be placed In convenient confusion!— bein? ;>"'*«*•""; 
 treasonable practices ^'irectly opjposed to his professed em id, was nm 
 |mi io iba tho'ti. aad ti-or; ozccuicn. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 B81 
 
 Elizabeth had formerly been addressed with offers of marriage by Alen- 
 gon.now duke of Anjou, brother to the late tyrant, Charles IX., of France, 
 and he now renewed hi« addresses through his agent Simier, a man of 
 great talent and most insinuatmg manners. The agent so well played 
 his part in the negotiation that he excited the jealousy of the powerful and 
 unprincipled Leicester, who off"ered him every possible opposition and 
 insult. The queen, whom Simier informed of Leicester's marriage to the 
 widow of the earl of Essex, formally took Simier under her especial pro 
 tection, and ordered Leicester to confine himself to Greenwich. 
 
 Simier so well advocated the cause of Anjou, that Elizabeth went so far 
 as to invite that prince to England ; and, after making stipulations for the 
 aid of France, should the interests of Anjou in the Netherlands involvt 
 her in a quarrel with Philip of Spain, Elizabeth, in presence of her whole 
 court and the foreign ambassadors, placed a ring on Anjou's finger, and 
 distinctly said that she did so in token of her intention to become his 
 wife. As she was now nine-and-forty years of age, and might be sup- 
 posed to have outlived all the youthful fickleness imputed to her sex, and 
 as she gave orders to the bishops to regulate the forms of the marriage, 
 every one supposed that it was certain. Despatches were sent to notify 
 the approaching event abroad, and in many parts of England it was antC 
 cipatively celebrated by public holiday and rejoicing. 
 
 But the marriage of Elizabeth to Anjou was looked upon with great dis- 
 like by the leading men of the English court. The duke, as a catholic, 
 and a member of a most persecuting family, could not but be viewed with 
 fear and suspicion by sound statesmen like Walsingham and Hatton ; 
 while Leicester, conscious that with the queen's marriage his own vast 
 power and influence would end, heartily wished her not to marry at all. 
 These courtiers employed her favourite ladies to stimulate her pride by 
 hinting the probability of her husband, instead of herself, becoming the 
 (Irst personage in her dominions ; and to appeal to her fears by suggesting 
 the dangers to which she would be exposed should she have children ; the 
 latter, surely, a danger not very probable at her time of life. However, 
 the courtiers' artifices were fully successful. Even while the state mes 
 sengers were on their way to foreign courts with the news of the queen's 
 approaching marriage, she sent for Anjou, and told him, with tears and 
 protestations of regret, that her people were so much prejudiced against 
 her union with him, that though her own happiness must needs be sacri- 
 ficed she had resolved 'o consult the happiness of her people, and, there- 
 fore could not marry nim. The duke on leaving her presence threw away 
 the costly ring she had given him, and declared that English women were 
 »8 capricious as the waves that surround their island. He soon afier de- 
 parted, and being driven from Belgium to France, died there; deeply and 
 sincerely regretted by Elizabeth. 
 
 A.D. 1684. — Several attempts having been made to raise new trouble! Ir. 
 Rngland in favour of the queen of Scots, the ministers of Elizabeth made 
 every exertion to detect the conspirators. Henry Piercy, earl Northum- 
 berland, brother to that earl who was some time before beheaded for hit 
 connection with Mary's cause ; Howard, earl of Arundel, son of the duke 
 of Norfolk, that princess' late suitor; Lord Paget and Charles Arundel 
 •nd Francis Throgmorton, a private gentleman, were implicated. Most 
 of them escaped, but Throgmorton was executed. Mendoza, the Spanish 
 ambassador, who had been the prime mover of this plot, was sent home 
 in (liMgrace, Some further proofs of a widely-spread and dangerous con- 
 spiracy having been discovered in some papers seized upon Creighton, a 
 Scottish Jesuit, the English ministers, who found Mary connected with all 
 these attempts, removed her from the custody of the earl of Shrewsbury, 
 who seemed not to have been sufRciently watchful of her conduct, and 
 c-oinmiited her to tha o* Sir Amias Paulet and 8ir Drue Drury, men of 
 
 
 m^Aicx. 
 
 - '" imt. 
 
582 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 
 character apd humanity, but too much devoted to Elizabeth to allow any 
 unreasonable freedom to their prisoner. . . . „ j 
 
 Further laws were at the same time passed agamst jesuits and popish 
 priests, and a council was named by act of parhament with power to 
 Bovori' the kingdom, settle the succession, and avenge the queen s death, 
 should that occur by violence. A subsidy and two fifteenths were like- 
 wise granted to the queen. 
 
 Durinff this session of parliament a new conspiracy was discovered, 
 which ereatly increased ihe general animosity to the catholics, and pro- 
 Dortionably increased the attachment of the parliament to the queen, and 
 .their anxiety to shield her from the dangers by which she seemed to be 
 Deroetually surrounded. A catholic gentleman named Parry, who had 
 made himself so conspicuous in the house of commons by his intemperate 
 ODDOsition to a bill for restraining the seditious practices of Romish priests 
 that he was committed to the custody of the serjeant-at-arms and only 
 liberated by the clemency of the queen, was now, m but little less than 
 six weeks, charged with high treason. This man_had been employed as 
 a secret aeent by Lord Burleigh, but not deeming himself sufficientlv we I 
 treated he went to Italy, where he seems to have deeply intrigued with 
 both the papal party at Rome and the ministers of his own sovereign at 
 home. Having procured from the Romish authorities a warni sanction 
 of his professed design of killing Queen Elizabeth with his own hand, tins 
 sanction he hastened to communicate to Elizabeth, and being refused a 
 pension he returned to his old vocation of a spy, and was employed to 
 watch the pernicious Jesuit Persons, in conjunction with Nevil. 1 hough 
 actually in the service of the government, both Neyil and Parry were 
 men of desperate fortune, and their discontent at length grew so desperate 
 that thev agreed to shoot the queen when she should be out riding. 1 he 
 earl of Westmoreland, under sentence of exile, chanced to die just at this 
 period, and Nevil, who, though a salaried spy, was also in exile in Nor- 
 mandy, thought it very likely that he, as next heir to the deceased earl, 
 would recovir the family estate and title by revealing the plot to which 
 he was a party. Nevil's revealments to the government were confirmed 
 by Parry's own confession, and the latter, a double traitor-alike traitoi 
 to his native land and to his spiritual sovereign— was very deservedly 
 
 ''TflSt'of twenty sail under Admiral Sir Francis Drake, with a land 
 force of two thousand three hundred volunteers under Christopher tar- 
 lisle, did the Spaniards immense mischief this year, taking St. Jago, near 
 Cap^ Verd, where they got good store of provision, but little moncv ; M. 
 Domingo, where they made the inhabitants save their houses by u.e pay. 
 ment of ; large sum of money ; and Carthagena, which they similarly 
 hel3 to ransom. On the coast of Florida they burned the towns of bt. 
 Anthony and St. Helen's ; and thence they went to the coast of Virgiiu, 
 where tLy found the miserable remnant of the colony so long be or 
 planed there by Sir Walter Raleigh. The poor <=olo"'«t« ^^f « „^,', ^^^^ 
 time reduced to' utter misery and despair by «"«.^""'r'i!i« on board 
 and Bladlv abandoned their settlements and returned home on boaro 
 Drake's fleet. The enormous wealth that was brought home by that gal- 
 lant commander, and the accounts given by his men of ^olh the r « 
 and the weakness of the Spaniards, made the notion of piracy upon t lie 
 Spanish main extrem.^ly popular, and caused much «v'» «"«y?y;;^„7 "'J 
 ployed in that direction, which would otherwise have been of serious aii 
 novance to the government at home. . »» n j :„ ««m 
 
 Xanwhile thl earl of Leic.ster, who had been sent to Holland in com 
 mandof the English auxiliary forces to aid the states ««» "«» Spam 
 proved himself to be unfit for any extensivejnilitary POW«j;;^/''^ "^""'" 
 
 WM prlaceiy iu gpiendour, and his cuUftly luaTsners an- "-n-n 
 
 urnino BDiri 
 ■o -r • 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 533 
 
 caused him to be named captAin-general of the United Provinces, and to 
 have (he guards and honours of a sovereign prince. But here his achieve- 
 ments, which- gave deep offence to Elizabeth, begaji to din-inish in bril- 
 hancy. Though nobly aided by his nephew, Sir Philip Sidney, one of the 
 most gallant and accomplished gentlemen who have ever done honour to 
 England, he was decidedly inferior to the task of opposing so accomplish- 
 ed a general as the prince of Parma. He succeeded in the fiist instance 
 in repulsing the Spaniards and throwing succours into Grave; but the 
 cowardice or treachery of Van Hemert— who was afterwards put to death 
 pursuant to the sentence of a court martial— betrayed the place to the 
 Spaniards. Venlo was takeh by the prince of Parma, as was Nnys, and- 
 the prmce then sat down before Rhimberg. To draw the prince from be- 
 fore this last named place, which was garrisoned by twelve hundred men 
 well provided with stores, and upon which, consequently, Leicester should 
 have allowed the prince to have wasted his strength and <Acn have brought 
 him to action, Leicester laid siege to Zutphen. The prince thou<rht this 
 place far too important to be allowed to fall into the hands of the English, 
 and he hastened to its aid, sending an advanced guard under the marquis 
 of Cuesto to throw relief into the fortress. A body of English cavalry 
 fell 111 with this advance, and a gallant action commenced, in which the 
 Spaniards were completely routed, with the loss of the marquis of Gonza- 
 go, an Italian noble of great military reputation and ability. In this ac- 
 tion, however, the English were so unfortunate as to lose the noble Sir 
 Philip Sidney, whose accomplishments, humanity, and love of literature 
 made him the idol of the great writers of the age. The humanity which 
 had marked his whole life was conspicuous even in the last sad scene of 
 his death. Dreadfully wounded, and tortured with a raging thirst, he was 
 about to have a bottle of water applied to his parched lips, when he caught 
 the eyes of a poor private soldier who lay near him in the like fevered 
 state, and was looking at the bottle with the eager envy which only the 
 wounded soldier and the desert wanderer can know. " Give him the wa- 
 ter," said the dying hero, " his necessity is still greater than mine." 
 
 While Leicester was barely keeping ground against Spain in the Neth- 
 erlands, and Drake was astounding and ruining the Spaniards in various 
 parts of the New World, Elizabeth was cautiously securing herself oi'. tha 
 Bide of Scotland. Having obtained James's alliance bv a dexterous ad 
 mixture of espionage and more open conduct, Elizabeth felt that she had 
 but little to fear from foieign invasions ; it being stipulated in their league 
 "that if Elizabeth were invaded, James should aid her with a body of two 
 thousand horse and five thousand foot ; that Elizabeth, in the like cnse, 
 should send to his assistance three thousand horse and six thousand foot; 
 that the charge of these armies should be defrayed by the prince who de- 
 manded assistance ; that if the invasion should be made upon England 
 within sixty miles of the frontiers of Scotland, this latter kingdom should 
 march iis whole force to the assistance of the former; and that the pres- 
 ent league should supersede all former alliances of either state with any 
 foreii^n kingdom so far as religion was concerned." 
 
 And, in truth, it was req lisite that Elizabeth should be well prepared at 
 home, for her enemies abroad grew more and more furious agninst her 
 »8 every new occurrence more strongly displayed the sagacity of her 
 ministers and her own prudence and firmness in aupporting them. Partly 
 on account of the imprisonment of the queen of Scots, but chiefly on ac- 
 count of those rigorous laws which their own desperate and shameful 
 eomiuct daily made more necessary, the foreign papists, and still more 
 tne Lnghsh seminary at Rheims, had become wrought up to so violent a 
 Jury tliiit nothing short of the assassination of Elizabeth was now deemed 
 worthy their contemplation. 
 
 Lilm n. 
 
 ,11.. .,1 
 
 pricHi of the sejiiiHary ai Rheims, naviiiij becii eii^jaged 
 
 H 
 
 
634 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ^^^^^^Bi 'ififli 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 in noiicine and stirring up the fanatical zeal of the catholins of Enplanti 
 and Scotland, proposed, on his return to Rheims, the attempt to dethrone 
 Elizabeth and to re-establish papacy in England, an enterprise which he 
 pretended to think practicable, ancf that, t<.o, w.ihrmt any extraordinary 
 difficultv At nearly tho same time a desperate and gloomy fanatic, John 
 Savage, who had served for severe] years under the prince of Parma in 
 the Low Countries, and v! - -va. cdcM-.ted for-a most indomitabie reso- 
 lution, offered to as88ssi:> -^te M^sbi:iii with his own hands. As that deed 
 would greatly facility .; Uio pa.,>o..:l revolution in England, the priests o 
 RheimI, who had long preached up the virtuous and lawful character ol 
 the assassination of heretical sovereigns, encouraged him in hi» des.gn 
 which he vowed to pursue, and the more fanatical catholics of England 
 were instructed to lend hira all possible aid. Savage was speedily fol- 
 lowed to England by Ballard, who took the name of Captain Fortescue, 
 and busied himself night and day in preparinjr rne-r^ to avail himself of 
 the awe and confusion in which the nariM; couli no. iail to be plungedby 
 the success of the attempt which he doubted not that bavage would 
 
 *^AnthonyBrbington, a Derbyshire gentleman, had long been known to 
 the initiated abroad as a bigoted catholic and as a romantic lover of the 
 imprisoned queen of Scots To this gentleman, who had the property 
 and station requisite to render him useful to the conspirators, Ballard ad- 
 dressed himself. To restore the catholic religion and phce Mary on the 
 throne of England, Babington considered an enterprise that fully warrant- 
 ed the murde^r of Elizabeth ; but he objected to entrusting the executjon 
 of so important a preliminary to the proposed revolution to one ha„d. 
 The slightest nervousness or error of that one man, Babington tnily e- 
 marked: would probably involve the lives or fortunes of all the chief 
 Sics in England. He proposed, therefore, that five others should be 
 Sued fo Savage in the charge'of the assassinat on. So desperate was 
 the villainy of Savage, and he was so angry at this proposed division of a 
 cruel and Jowardly treason, that it was only with some difficulty that 1,. 
 Stlv colleague induced him to share what the wretch impiously termed 
 fhT"K" ofTe deed, with Barnwell, Charnock, Tilney, and T.chborne ; 
 all of them gentlemen of station, character, and wealth : and Babnigton, 
 a so a man Sf wealth, character, and station, which he owed to the forme. 
 Service of his father as cofferer to the very queen whom it was now pro- 
 DOsed to slay ! Such is that terrible /on» cnmtms, fanaticism . 
 
 It'was determined that at the very same hour at which Savage and hi 
 CO leagues shodd assassinate Ei.zabeth, the queen of Scots should be out 
 rSg,^when Babington. with Edward, brother o Lord W rnds^J, "' J I'i 
 .•ral other gentlemen, at the head of a hundred horse, should attack liei 
 guarSsaJlescorThe'r to London, where she would be Proclaimed am. 
 the acclamations of the conspirators, and, doubtless, all catholics who 
 
 •'ThaVthls hellish plot would have succeeded there c- bo litt^^ doubt 
 bat for the watchful eye of Walsingham, wbich had fr.m the first been 
 upon Ballard} and wliile that person was busily Pl"'""? a revolution 
 which, commencing with the assassination of J^e ^ ;;^'^. ^J"^ ^^'^J 
 infallibly have ended with a general massacre of the protestants. ne was 
 onconsdously telling all his principal proceedings to Walsingham t^ia 
 able and resolute minister having placed spies about h«m who reported 
 everything of importance to the secretary. G.fford, another seminary 
 priest, also enteredl the pay of the minister, and enabled him to obta J 
 copied of correspondence between Babington and the q"««n«f.f J'^ 
 which he spoke of the murder of Elizabeth as a tragical ««'^f'«" jS 
 he would wUling'y undertake for Mary's sake and '"v.ce. and si e replied 
 
 UK wuum vviiiii nj ^ ^ ^^^ ...u^^„^\„„ inpliiHinir the assassination 01 
 
 inai sne nigiuy ajspruvcu us tisc Trsiut-. i-.,,,,, b - 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 ssr 
 
 ?he queen, a general insurrection aided by foreig^n invasion, and Mary's 
 awa deliverance. Nay, the queen of Scots went still farther; she said 
 that the gentlemen engaged in this enterprise might expect all the reward 
 It should ever be in her power to bestow ; and reminded them that it 
 would be but lost labour to attempt an insurrection, or even her own re- 
 lease from her cruel imprisonment, until Elizabeth were dead. 
 
 We have not scrupled to declare our dislike of the original conduct of 
 Elizabeth, so far as we deem it criminal or mean. But we cannot there- 
 fore shut our eyes to the fact, that though party writers have made many 
 and zealous attempts to show that the whole plot was of Walsingham'a 
 contrivance, the evidence against Mary was as complete and satisfactory 
 as human evidence could be. That Walsingham employed spies, thai 
 these were chiefly. priests who were false to their own party, and that 
 some of them were men of bad character— what d.» these things prove? 
 Circumstanced as Walsingham was, knowing his queen's life to be in 
 perpetual danger from restless and desperate plotters, we really cannot 
 lee how he was to avoid that resort to spies, which under any other cir- 
 cumstances we should be among the first to denounce. But with whom, 
 then, did these spies act ? With catholics of station and wealth, whom 
 no spies could possibly have engaged in perilous and wicked proceedings, 
 but for their own fierce fanaticism. And how and from whom did these 
 spies procure Walsingham the important letters which divulged all the 
 particulars of the intended villainy t By letter carrying from Mary to the 
 enamoured Babington, and from Babington to Mary. What film bigotry 
 may throw over the eyes of fierce political partisans we know not, but 
 assuredly we can imagine nothing to be clearer than the guilt of Mary, 
 R8 far as she could be guilty of conspiring against the life of Elizabeth— 
 who had so long imbittered her life and deprived her of all enjoyment of 
 her crown and kingdom, who had mocked her with repeated promises 
 which she never intended to fulfil, and who had carried the arts of policy 
 «) far as to outrage nature by making the utter neglect of the imprisoned 
 mother a tacit condition, at the least, of friendship and alliance with the 
 reigning son. The commissioners on their return from Fotheringay cas- 
 tle pronounced sentence of death upon Mary, queen of Scots, but accom- 
 panied the sentence with what— considering that from the moment of her 
 abdication in his favour, his right to reign became wholly independent of 
 his mother—seemed a somewhat unnecessary clause of exception in fa. 
 vour of James ; which said that •' the sentence did in no wise derogate 
 from the title and honour of James, king of Scotland ; but that he was in 
 the same place, degree, and right, as if the sentence had never been pro- 
 nounced." *^ 
 
 It is an extraordinary fact, and one which is unnoticed not only by the 
 partial writers who have endeavoured to throw the deserved degree of 
 t) ame upon Elizabeth, and also to represent Mary as altogether free from 
 DIame even where her criminality was the most glaringly evident, but 
 even by the impartial Hume, that when the sentence on Mary was pub- 
 lished in London, the people received it, not with the sadness and silence 
 or the fierce and fiery remonstrance with which the English are wont to 
 rebuke or restrain evil d ng, but by the ringing of bells, lighting of bon 
 ores, and all the ordinal . tokens of public rejoicing. Does not this sin 
 gle fact go to prove that it was notorious that Mary, during her confine- 
 ment, was perpetually plotting against the life of the queen, and endeav- 
 ouring to deliver England and Scotland over to the worst horrors that 
 toil d beiall them— the restoration of papacy and the arbitrary rule of 
 » nuip of Spam 1 We repeat, whatever the former conduct of Elizabeth 
 nary of Scotland was now notoriously a public enemy, prepared to slay 
 'hi ^f_l" *JVl. expose the protestants of the nation to massacre, so that 
 Mirgai Ouiaiti ncr own peraonal iiberiy , and take away the liberty of 
 
 'Hj 
 
 
 'i%i 
 
I 
 
 63d 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 corwcience from the whole nation. That this was the true state oj the 
 case was made evident not merely by the rejoicmgs of the muUitiide out 
 of doors, but by the solemn application of the parliament to Elizabeth to 
 allow the sentence to be executed. The king of France, chiefly by the 
 compulsion of the house of Guise and the league, mterceded for Maty; 
 and James of Scotland, who had hitherto been a most cold and neglecifu 
 Bon. whatever might be the errors of his mother, now sent the master ol 
 Gray and Sir Robert Melvil to try both argument and menace upon Eliz- 
 
 "**Most historians seem to be of opinion that the reluctance which Eliza- 
 beth for some lime exhibited to comply with what was undoubtedly the 
 wish of her people, the execution of Mary, was wholly feigned. We 
 weatlv doubt it. That Elizabeth both hated and feared Mary was 
 inevitable ; Mary's position, her bigotry, the personal ill-feeling she 
 had often shown towards Elizabeth, and her obvious willingness to 
 sacrifice her life, were surely not additions to the character of a woman 
 who had connived at her husband's death and then married his murderer, 
 which could have engendered any kindly feelings on the part of a princess 
 wharrassed and threatened as Elizabeth was by the faction of which 
 Mary, in England at least, was the recognised head. But apart from all 
 womanly and humane relenting, Elizabeth could not but be conscious 
 that the death of Mary would rause a great accession to the rage of the 
 catholic powers ; and apathetic as James had shown himself hitherto, it 
 was but Reasonable to suppose that the violent death of his mother would 
 Touse him into active enmity to England. However, the queen's hes.ta- 
 ion real or assumed, was at length overcome, and she signed the fatal 
 iar'rant wh ch DaTison, her secretary, acting under the orders and advice 
 of Lord Burleigh, Leicester, and others of the council, forthwith dispatch- 
 2d to Fotheringay by the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were charged 
 
 ^f rfslr.-ZSately on the arrival of the two earls, they read the 
 warrant and warned Mary to be prepared for execution at eight on the 
 follow" g morning. She received the news with apparent res.pation; 
 profered Sat shf could not have believed that Elizabeth would have en- 
 foJced such a sentence upon a person not subject to the laws and junsdic 
 UoTof England, but added, "As such is her will, death, which puts an 
 end ?o a my miseries, shall be to me most welcome ; nor can 1 esteem 
 that soul worthy the felicities of heaven which cannot support the body 
 under the horrors of the last passage to those blissful mansions. 
 
 She then asked for the admission of her own chaplain, but the earl o 
 Kent said that the attendance of a papist priest was unnecessary, as 
 SJhe? dean of Peterborough, a most learned and pious divine wou d 
 afford her all necessary consolation and instruction. She refused to see 
 him which so much angered the earl of Kent, that he coarsely, though 
 U^Told her that her Seath would be the life of the protestant religion, 
 (18 her life would have been the death of it. . 
 
 Hav g akena sparing and early supper, tlie unhappy Mary passed the 
 nisht in making a distribution of her effects and in re igious offices, unU 
 hKs ml hour for retiring.when she Tvent to bed and s ept for some hou« 
 She rose very early, and resumed her religious exercises, using a conse 
 crated host which had been sent to her by Pope Pins. 
 
 As the fatal hour approached she dressed herse f m a rich Jabit of vel 
 vcf and silk. Scarcely had she done so when Andrews sheriff of the 
 county, entered the room and summoned her to the last dread sceno, to 
 which^^he was supported by two of Sir AmiasPaulet's guards an infirm 
 Uv in her limbs preventing her from walking withou aid. As she entered 
 !L Wl Llio.ninir her room she was met by the earls of Shrewsbury aiid 
 keat, Sir A-mias Paulet, Sir ilrue Drury, and oilier geniiomeni asin at- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 537 
 
 Sir Andrew Melvil, her attached steward, threw himself upon his knees 
 before her, lamenting iier fate and wringing his hands in an agony uf rcHi 
 and deep grief. She comforted him by assurances of her own perfect re- 
 signation, bade him report in Scotland that she died a true woman to her 
 religion, and said, as she resumed her way to the scaffold, " Recommend 
 me, Melvil, to my son, and tell him that, notwithstanding all my distresses, 
 I have done nothing prejudicial to the state and kingdom of Scotland. 
 And now, my good Melvil, farewell ; once again, farewell, good Molvil, 
 and grant the assistance of thy prayers to thy queen and mistress." 
 
 She now turned to the earls, and begged that her servants might freely 
 enjoy the presents she had given them and be sent safely to their own 
 country ; all which was readily promised. But the earls objected to the 
 admission of her attendants to the execution, and some difficulty was 
 even made about any of them being present in her last moments. This 
 really harsh refusal roused her to a degree of anger she had not previ- 
 ously shown, and she indignantly said to the earls, " I know that your 
 mistress, being a maiden queen, would vouchsafi^, in regard of woman* 
 hood, that I should have some of my own people about me at my death. 
 1 know that her majesty hath not given you any such strict command but 
 that you might grant me a request of far greater courtesy, even though I 
 were a woman of inferior rank to that which I ear. I am cousin to 
 your queen, and descended from the blood royal of Henry VIII., and a 
 married queen of France, and an anointed queen of Scothmd." 
 
 This remonstrance had due effect, and she was allowed to select four 
 of her male and two of her female servants to attend her to the scaffold ; 
 her steward, physician, apothecary, and surgeon, with her maids Curie 
 and Kennedy. 
 
 Thus attended, she was led into an adjoining hall, in which was a 
 crowd of spectators, and the scaffold, covered with black cloth. The 
 warrant having been read, the dean of Peterborough stepped forward and 
 addressed her in exhortation to repentance of her sins, acknowledgment 
 of the justice of her sentence, and reliance for mercy and salvation only 
 upon the mediation and merits of Christ. During the dean's address 
 Mary several times endeavoured to interrupt him, and at the conclusion 
 she said, " Trouble not yourself any more about the matter, for I was 
 born in this religion, I have lived in this religion, and I will die in this 
 religion." 
 
 She now ascended the scaffold, saying to Paulet, who lent her his arm, 
 " I thank you, sir ; it is the last trouble I shall give you, and the most 
 acceptable service ihat you have ever rendered me." The queen of Scots 
 now, in a firm voice, told the persons assembled that " She would have 
 them recollect that she was a sovereign princess, not subject to the par- 
 liament of England, but brought there to suffer by violence and injustice. 
 She thanked God for having given her this opportunity to make public 
 profession of her faith, and to declare, as she often Before had declared 
 that she had never imagined, nor compassed, nor consented to the death 
 of the English queen, nor even sought the least harm to her person. Af- 
 ter her death many things, which were thfa buried in darkness, would 
 come to light. But she pardoned, from her heart, all her enemies, nor 
 should her tongue utter that which might chance to prejudice them." 
 
 At a sign from the earls the weeping maid servants now advanced 
 10 disrobe their mistress. The executioners, in their sordid fear lest they 
 should thus lose their perquisites, the rich attire of the queen, hastily in- 
 terfered. Mary blushed and drew back, observing that she had not been 
 accustomed to undress before such an audience, or to be served by such 
 valets. But, as no interference, was made by the earls she submitted ; 
 lier neck was bared; her maid, Kennedy, pinned a handkerchief, edged 
 
 Urilh Ddlit nvttr linr nvpa • niirl iin nVf Clltinnp-r takinO' hold of Par^ Of net 
 
 
 m. .u~ .. 
 
 I.i 
 
 'iw 
 
 m 
 
538 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 arms, led her to ihe block, upon which she la fi her head, saying audibly 
 and in firm tones, " Into thy hands, O God, I < omniend my spirit." 
 
 The executioner now advanced, but was so completely unnerved thai 
 bis first blow missed the neck, deeply wounding the skull ; a second was 
 likewise ineffectual ; at the third the head was aevered from the body. 
 The ynhappy lady evidently died in intense agony, for when he exhibited 
 the head to the spectators, the muscles of the face were so distorted that 
 the features could scarcely be recognised. 
 
 When the executioner, on exhibiting the head, cried " God save Queeii 
 Elizabeth," the dean of Peterborough replied, " And so perish all herene 
 mies;" 'o which the earl of Kent added, "So perish all tho enemies of the 
 gospel." 
 
 The body was on ihe following day embalmed and buried in Peter- 
 borough cathedral, whence, in the next reign, it was removed to West 
 minster abbey. 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 THB RBioN or ELIZABETH {continued.) 
 
 A.D. 1687. — Thb tragical scene we have just described must have coii- 
 viiiced even the most devoted of Elizabeth's subjects that their " virgin 
 queen" was not over-abundantly blessed with the " god-like «}unliiy ol 
 mercy," whatever opinion they might entertain of Mary's participation in 
 the crime for which she suffered. But there are many circumstancea con- 
 nected with the history of this period which may be pleaded in extenua- 
 tion of conduct that in less critical times could only be viewed wiili uii- 
 dloyed abhorrence and disgust. The massacre of St. Bartholomev was 
 still fresh in the recollection of every one, and the bigoted zeal which Uia 
 queen of Scots ever displayed in favour of the catholics, who.te ascend- 
 ancy in Kngland she arden'tly desired, gave a mournful presage of what 
 was to be expected by tue protestant population should their opponents 
 succeed in their desperate machinations. Neither must we disregard the 
 assertion, so often made and never disproved, that when Elizabeth signed 
 the warrant of execution, she no». only did so with much apparent reluc- 
 tance, but placed it in the hands of Davison, her private secretary, ex- 
 pressly charging him not to use it vithout farther orders. Whatever, in- 
 deed, may have been her secret wishes, or real intentions, her subsequent 
 behaviour had the semblance of unfeigned sorrow. Could it be proved to 
 have boen otherwise, no one would deny that her conduct throut{lioiil was 
 characterized bv unparalleled hypocrisy — a profound dissimulation written 
 in characters of blood. 
 
 Elizabeth, in fact, did what she could to throw off the odium that thii 
 sanguinary transacfion had cast upon her. She wrote to tlie king ot 
 Scotland in terms of the deepest regret, declarimj thai tho warrant t\i$ 
 had been induced to sign was to have lain dormant, and, ir proof of hei 
 sincerity, she imprisoned Davison, and fined him in tho sum of 10,000/, 
 which reduced him to a state not far removed from actual beggary. 
 
 One of the most memorable events in English history was now near at 
 hand j one which called for all the energy and patriotic devolirii that a 
 brave and independent people were capable of making; and, consoauently 
 every minor consideration vanished at its approach. This was the pro- 
 leoled invasion of Kngland by Philip of Spain. This monarch, disap. 
 |X)inted in his hopes of marrying HIiziibeth, returned the qiioen her collar 
 of the garter, and from that time tlie most irrecopcilablo jnulousy appears 
 to have existed between thsm. In all the ports throughout his extensivs 
 doininioriii the note of prcparsiisn was heard, ana ihc iUvzi pc-'^'rf.-U; u=r? 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 «8» 
 
 Oiat had ever been collected was now at his disposal. Aitarmjr of 50,000 
 men were also assembled, under experienced generals, and the commam* 
 of the whole was given to the celebrated duke of Parma. The catholicb 
 on the continent were in an ecstacy of delight ; the pope bestowed ni» 
 benediction on an expedition that seeraed destined once more to restore 
 the supremacy o( the holy see, and it was unanimously hailed by all who 
 wished it success as the invincible armada. 
 
 To repel this mighty array, no means within the reach of Elizabeth and 
 her able ministers were forgotten, nor could anything exceed the enthusi- 
 astic determination of her subjects to defend their altars and their homes. 
 Among the newly, raised levies the militia formed a very important item ; 
 the nobility also vied with each other in their eflTorts of assistance ; and 
 Lord Huntingdon alone raised 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The royal 
 navy had, fortunately, been on the increase for a long time previous, and 
 the successful exertions of Admiral Drake in the Indies had infused a de- 
 gree of confidence into our sailors, before unknown in the service. 
 
 The views of the Spanish king having been fully ascertained by the 
 emissaries of Elizabeth, she ordered 20,000 troops to be cantoned along 
 the southern coast of the kingdom, in such a manner that in forty-eight 
 hours the whole might be assembled at any port where there was a 
 probability of the enemy-s landing. A large and well-disciplined corps, 
 also, amounting to 24,000 men, was encamped at Tilbury fort, near the 
 mouth of the Thames, under the immediate command of the earl of Lei- 
 cester, who was appointed generalissimo of the army. These troops the 
 queen reviewed, and having harangued them, rode through tiie lines wiih 
 the general — her manner evincing great firmness and intrepidity, which 
 while it gave eclat to the scene, filled every breast with patriotic ardour 
 The residue of her troops, amounting to 34,000 fool and 2,000 horse, re- 
 mained about the queen s person ; and the nilitia were in readiness to 
 reinforce the regular troops wherever there might be occasion. 
 
 All the ports and accessible points on the coast were fortified and strong- 
 ly garrisoned ; but though orders were given to oppose the enemy's de- 
 scent, wherever it might be, the respective commanders were directed not 
 to come to a general engagement in the event of tlieir landing, but to re- 
 lire and lay waste the country before them, that the Spaniards might 
 meet with no 8ubAistcn.-:e, and be perpetually harassed in their march. 
 Nor was anything left undone that miuht be likolv to contribute to the 
 defeat of the armada by sea. Lord Howard of Effingham was created 
 lord high admiral, and Sir Francis Drake vice-admiral, who, together with 
 Hawkins and FVobisher, were stationed near Plymouth, to oppose the 
 enemy as he entered 'he channel ; wliile Lord Henry Seymour commanded 
 Htiotlier fleet upon li.') coast of Flanders, to prevent the duke of Parma 
 from bringing over troops from that quarter. 
 
 A. D. 1588.— The armada sailed from Lislwn on the 30th of May, but 
 being dispersed by a aiorm, rendezvoused at Corunna and did not enter 
 the English channel until the 19th of July, when Effingham suffered them 
 10 pa^s him, but kept close in their rear until the 3l8t. The duke of Me- 
 dina Sidonia (the Spanish admiral) expected to have been here joined by 
 the duke of Parma and the innd forces under his command, but tae latter 
 had found it impracticable to put to sea without r'ncountoring the fleet ol 
 Lord Seymour, by which he Justly feared that both his ships and men 
 would be put in the utmost jeopardy. 
 
 For four days a kind of brisk running flght was kept up. in which the 
 English had a decided advantage ; and the alaim having now spraad from 
 one end of the cuttst to the other, the nobility and gentry hastened out 
 with their ve»Melf< from every harbour, and reinforced the Knglish fleet, 
 which soon umotnited to 140 sail. The earii of Oxford. Nnrlliuiuberlund, 
 
 „i n, 
 
 
 .1 /'..,. 11 «, 
 
 M/,.li 
 
 l>ul..]lll> 
 
 If 
 
MO 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 Sir Thomas Vavasor, Sir Thomas Gerrard, Sir Charles Blount, and many 
 ethers distinguished themselves by this generous and seasonable proof of 
 their loyalty. On the 24th the lord admiral divided the fleet into four 
 squadrons, the better to pursue and annoy the enemy; the first squadron 
 he himself commanded ; the second he assigned to Sir Francis Drake ; 
 the third to Sir John Hawkins ; and the fourth to Sir Martin Frobisher. 
 The result of this was, that in the three succeeding days the armada had 
 become so shattered by the repeated skirmishes in which it had been en- 
 gaged, that it was compelled to take shelter in the roads of Calais. 
 
 The English admiral having been informed that 10,000 men belonging 
 to the duke of Parma's army had marched towards Dunkirk, and appre- 
 henditig serious consequences from the enemy's receiving such a rein- 
 forcement, determined to spend no more time m making desultory attacks 
 on the huge galleons with his comparatively smad vessels. Accordingly, 
 in the night of the 28th of July, he sent in among them eight or ten fire- 
 ships ; and such was the terror of the Spanish sailors, that they cut their 
 cables, hoisted sail, and put to sea with the utmost hurry and confusion- 
 In their anxiety to escape, victory was no longer thought of. The duke 
 of Medina Sidonia, dreading again to encounter the Endish fleet, attempt- 
 ed to return home by sailiiig round the north of Scotland j but the elements 
 were now as fatal to the Spanish fleet as the skill and bravery of the 
 ISnglish sailors. Many of the ships were driven on the shores of Norway, 
 Ireland, and the north of Scotland ; and out of that vast armament which, 
 from its magnitude and apparent completeness, had been styled invincible, 
 only a few disabled vessels returned to tell the tale of its disastrous issue 
 In the several engagements with the English fleet in the cliannoi, in July 
 and August, the Spaniards lost fifteen great ships and 4,791 men; seven- 
 teen shins, and 5,394 men (killed, taken, and drowned) upon the coast oi 
 Ireland, "in September; and another large ship, with 700 men, cast away 
 on the coast of Scotland. But this etmmeration by no means included 
 their total loss. On the part of the English the loss was i*o trifling a.<* 
 ■carcely to deserve mention. 
 
 The destruction of the Spanish armada inspired the nation with foelingJ 
 of intense delight; the people were proud of their country's u;ival superi 
 ority, proud of their own martial appearance, and proud o( llioir queen 
 A medal was struck on the occasion with this inscription " Venit, viJU^ 
 /u^it"— It came, saw, and fled :" another, with fire-ships aiul a fleet in con- 
 fusion, with this motto, "Dux famina factr—'* A woman conducted the 
 enterprise." But on the fatal news being conveyed to Pliilip, he ex- 
 claimed, in real or affected resignation, " 1 sent my fleet to combat the 
 English, not the elements. Qod be praised, the calamity is not greater." 
 
 1? the destruction of th<( Spanish armada had saved England ftom the 
 domination of a foreign power, whoie resentment for past indji^niiiei, was 
 not likely to be easily appeased, it was no less a triumph for the prolentaiit 
 cause througliout Europe ; the Muguenots in France were encouraged by 
 it, and it virtually establish-jd tlie inde(>endence of the Dutch; while the 
 excessive influence which Spain had acquired over other nations was not 
 only lost by this event, but it paralyzed the energies of the Spanish people 
 ana left them in a stale of utter liopclessnesfc as 'o the fiuurc. K da> 
 of public tliiinksgiving having been appointed for this great deliverance, 
 the queen went in state to St. Paul's in a grand triumphal car, decorated 
 with flags and other trophies taken from the Spaniards. 
 
 The public rejoicings for the defeat of the armada were acarcely over 
 when an event occurred, which, in v\hatever light it might be felt by KliM« 
 both herself, certainly cast no damp on the spirits of the nation at large; 
 we mean the death of Leicester. The powerful faction of wliich the f«- 
 
 )wledi/ed a new Icadar in the eiirl of Kssex, 
 
 vourite had been the head acknowledged 
 wituiii bin aivp-fatucr iiud bruughi forward ui 
 
 '.^uuri u!i u couiiifi*!*""". 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 641 
 
 the influence of Raleigh, and whonc^ stood srcond to none in her majeg- 
 • ty's good gracf s. But Essex, however gifted with noble and brilliant 
 qualities, was confessedly inferior to Leicester in several endowments 
 highly essential to the leader of a court party. Though not void of art, 
 he was by no means master of the dissimulation, address, and wary cool 
 ness by which his predecessor well knew how to accomplish his ends. 
 The character of Essex was frank and impetuous, and experience had not 
 yet taught him to distrust either himself or others. 
 
 A. D. 1589.— After the defeat of the armada, a thirst for military achiev- 
 ments against the Spaniards pervaded the mind of the English public. The 
 queen encouraged this spirit, but declared her treasury was too poor to 
 sustain the expenses of a war. An association was soon formed by the 
 
 K!ople, and an army of 21,000 men, under the command of Norris and 
 rake, sailed from Plymouth to avenge the insult offered to England by 
 Philip of Spain. The young earl of Essex, without consulting t lie pleasure 
 of his sovereign, made a private journey to Plymouth, and joined the ex- 
 pedition. No sooner was the queen made acquainted with hia absence, 
 than she dispatched the lord Huntingdon to bring the fugitive to her foot ; 
 but he had already sailed. 
 
 It was the queen's order that the armament should first proceed to Por- 
 tugal, and endeavour to join the army of Don Antonio, who contendol 
 with Philip for the possession of the throne of Portugal ; but Drake i\oiild 
 not be restrained by instructions, and he proceeded lO Conmiia, where ho 
 lost a number of men, without obtaining the slightest advantage. In Por- 
 tugal they were scarcely more successful ; but at their return their Iorroh 
 were concealed, their advantages magnified, and the public were satisfied 
 hat the pride of Spain had been humbled. 
 
 Elizabeth might probably have expected that the death of the queen of 
 Scots would put an end to conspiracies against her life ; but plots were 
 still as rife as ever; nor can we ffel surprise that it should be so, consid- 
 ering that Elizabeth, as well as Philip of Spain, emplo} ed a great number 
 of spies, who, being men of ruined fortunes and bad principles, betrayed 
 tlie secrets of either party as their own interests led them ; and sometimes 
 were the fabricators of alarming reports to enhance the value of their ser- 
 vices. 
 
 England and Franco were now'in alliance, and the French king called 
 for English aid in an attack upon Spain, but the queen had begun to re- 
 pent of the sums she had already advanced to Henry, and diMiianded Ca- 
 lais as a securiiy for her future assistance; for the preparations on the 
 peniuBula alarmed her majesty lest Philip should make a second attempt 
 to invade England. At length the English coimeil adopted a measure, 
 proposed by the lord admiral, Howard of Efl^ngham, to send out an expe- 
 dition that should anticipate the design of the e.iemy, and destroy his ports 
 and shipping; Essex had the command of the land forces, and Howard 
 that of the navy. When the English troops entered Cadiz, the council of 
 war was divideil in opinion as to the fitness of that step, which ended in 
 the possession of the city and fleet, from which the troops returned with 
 glory for Iheir bravery, and with honour (or their humanity, as no blood 
 had Iwen wantonly si)"ilt, nor any dishonourahlo act conimitted. Though 
 '■■sex had been the leading conquerer at Cwdiz, the victory was reported 
 M chiefly attributable to Sir Walter Raleigh, and to hav* been in itself • 
 wieap and easy conquest. 
 
 *. B. IflOK— The maritime war with Ppain, nofwilhslniwiing the csu« 
 HouB temper of the queen, was strenuously waged at this time, and pro- 
 flucH some striking mdieations of the rising spiril of thr Enufliwh navy 
 A sqimdrun, under Lord Thomas Hciward, which had been >vi;iimg six 
 months at the Azores to intercept the h«)mewiird4)(»untl shipn from Npatt 
 "»ii America, was th«rfl ■urprlied by the enemy's fleet, which had heon 
 
 '■ 
 
'542 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 i 
 
 sent out for their oonvoy. The English admiral, who had a much 8ma"(" 
 force, put to sea in all haste, and got clear off, with the exception of one 
 ship, the Revenge, the captain of which had the temerity to confront the 
 whole Spanish fleet of fifty-six sail rather than strike hid colours. It was, 
 however, a piece of bravery as needless as it was desperate ; for after his 
 crew had displayed prodigies of valour, and beaten off fifteen boarding 
 parlies, his ammunition being gone and the whole of his men killed or 
 disabled, the gallant commander was compelled to strike his flag, and 
 soon after died of his wounds on board the Spanish admiral's ship. 
 
 A. D. 1593.— In those days, when an English sovereign required money, 
 and then only, the services of a parliament wesre called for ; and Eliza- 
 beth was now under the necessity of summoning one. But she could ill 
 brook any opposition to her will ; and fearing that the present state of 
 her finances might embolden some of the members to treat her mandates 
 with less deference than formerly, she was induced to assume a more 
 haughty and menacing style than was habitual to her. In answer to the 
 three customary requests made by the speaker, for liberty of speech, free- 
 dom from arrests, and access to her person, she replied by her lord keep- 
 er, that such liberty of speech as the commons were justly called to— lib- 
 erty, namely, of aye and no, she was willing to grant, but by no means a 
 liberty for every one to speak what he listed. And if any idle heads 
 should be found careless enough of their own safety to attempt innova- 
 tions in the state, or reforms in the church, she laid her injunctions on the 
 speaker to refuse the bills offered for such purposes till they should have 
 been examined by those who were better qualified to judge of these mat 
 ters. But language, however imperious or scornful, was insufticient tc 
 restrain some attempts on the part of the commons to exercise their 
 known rights and fulfil their duly to the country. Peter Wciitworth, a 
 member whose courageous and independent spirit had already drawn upon 
 him repeated manifesfsMions of the royal displeasure, presented to the 
 lord keeper a p'",ition, praying that the upper house would join with the 
 lower in a supplication to the queen for fixing the succession. Elizabeth, 
 enraged at the bare mention of a subject so offensive to her, instantly 
 committed Wontworth, Sir Thomas Bromley, who seconded him, and 
 two oilier members, to the Fleet prison ; and such was the genrnU dread 
 of offended majesty, that the house was afraid to petition for their release. 
 A. D. 1596.— Kssex, whose vanity was on a par with his impetuosity, had 
 now attained the zenith of his prosperity ; but, confident in the affections 
 of Elizabeth, he frequently suffered himself to forget that a subject's duii- 
 ful respect was due to her as his queen. On one memorable occasion, it 
 is related, that he treated her with indignity uncalled for ind wholly in 
 defensible ; a dispute had arisen between them in the presence of the lord 
 high admiral, the secretary, and the clerk of the signet, respectmg the 
 choice of a commander for Ireland, vvhere Tyrone at that time gave the 
 English much trouble. The queen had resolved to send Sir William 
 Knolles, the uncle of Essex ; while the earl with unbecoming warmth 
 urged the propriety of aending Sir George Carew, whose presence at 
 court, it appears, was displeasing to him, and, therefore, with courtier-hk* 
 sincerity, ho thus sought to remove him out of the way. Unable, either 
 by argument or persuasion, to prevail over the resolute will of her ma- 
 josly. the fnvDiirito at last forgot himself so far as to turn his bacli 
 upon her with a laugh of contempt ; an indignity which she rnveiiged m 
 the true " Elizabethan atyle," by boxing his ears, and bidding him "«lo to 
 the devil," or " Oo and be hanged !"— for our chroniclers ditfer m to the 
 exact phrase, though all agr^e that she suited the word to the »cti«>i» 
 This retoit so inflamed the blood of Essex, that ho instantly graspwi m, 
 sword, and while the lord admiral interposed to provwnl a furiher ebulli- 
 
 U^m t^tU^m ivrkiilfl h#. hBVt 
 
 •IVM'VI pM« 
 
 »■•*># «/M< • 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 843 
 
 taken buch an insult, and, foaming with rage, he rushed out of the palace 
 For a time this affair furnished ample scope for idle gossip and conjee- 
 tare; the friends of Essex urged him to lose no time in returning to his 
 attendance at court and soliciting her majesty's forgiveness. This how 
 ever, he could not he prevailed on to do ; but, like many other quarrels 
 smong individuals of an humbler grade, it was at length patched up. and 
 the reconcihatior appeared to the superficial observer as perfect, as it was. 
 in all probability, hollow and insincere. 
 
 Essex had long thirsted for military distinction, and had often vehe- 
 mently argued with Burleigh on the propriety of keeping up a nerpetua 
 hostility against the power of Philip; but the prudent and experienced 
 minister contended that Spain was now sufficiently humbled to render an 
 accommodation both safe and honourable j and his prudential counsel was 
 adhered to by the queen. Economy in the public expenditure was, in fact, 
 necessary ; and one of the last acts of Burleigh's life was the completion 
 of an arrangement with the states of Holland for the repayment of the 
 sums which Elizabeth had advanced to them, whereby the nation was 
 relieved of a considerable portion of its former annual expense. 
 
 After exercising very considerable influence in the administration of 
 affairs m Eng and for forty years, the faithful Burleigh, whose devotion to 
 the queen and attachment to ♦.he reformed faith were constant and sincere 
 died in the 78th year of his age; and in about a month after, his great oiv 
 poiient, Philip 1 1., also bowed to death's stern decree. Under his succes- 
 sor the Spanish monarchy declined with accelerated steps ; all apprehen- 
 •ions of an invasion ceased, and the queen's advisers hnd an opportunitv 
 of turning tlieir whole attention to the pacification of Ireland. 
 
 A. D. 1598.— The Irish rebel, Tyrone, had successfully resisted the En- 
 clish forces in several encounters ; and at length the whole province ol 
 Munster declared for him. It was evident that much time had been spent 
 on minor objects, while the great leader of the rebels was in a manner left 
 to overrun the island and subjugate it to his will. This subject was ear- 
 nestly canvassed by Elizabeth and her council ; by the majority of whom 
 Lord Mountjoy was considered as a person fully equal to the office oi 
 lord-deputy at so critical a juncture. Essex, however, oil-red so many 
 objections to his appointment, arguing the point with so much warmth 
 and obstinacy, and withal intimating his own superior fitness for the 
 office with so much art aiivJ address, that the queen, notwithstanding cer- 
 tain suspicions which had been infused into her mind respecting the pro- 
 liable danger of committing to Essex the chief command of an army, and 
 notwithstanding her presumed unwillingness to deprive herself of his pro- 
 lenee, appears to have adopted his suggestion with an unusual degree of 
 earnest haste. The earl of Essex was accordingly made lord-lieutenant 
 of Irel.nd. and with 20.000 choice troops he went forward on his lona- 
 flesired mission. 
 
 A. D. 1599.— Having landed at Dublin in the spring, Essex immediately 
 appointed Ins friend, the earl of Southampton, to the office of general o( 
 the horse: but instead of opening the campaign, as was expected by his 
 mends in England, with some bold and decisive opetahon against Ty- 
 rone, the summer was spent in temporising, and before the r.\o»e of the 
 year a suspicious truce between the parties put f n end to all his anticipa- 
 tions of HHccpss. Nfty, 10 unexpected wnp the issue of this expedition, 
 that It alTonled the best possible opportunity ' > his enemies to shake the 
 queen 8 confidence even in h r ^Uy. An y letter from her majesty 
 was th«? iminfidiate consi-.; i' - .i , and Essu wiihout waiting for the 
 foy»l [MJrmisuKMi, hurried «»*' Ui England .n order to throw himself al 
 ine feet of his exasnerateo «i . .idign. The sudden appearance of her fa- 
 vourite, just after she had risan from her bed, imploring her fonriveiies* 
 ••II hii kiiMg. disarmed the 
 
 risan from her bed, imploring her forgiveiies 
 
 U 
 
 mmm ■ 
 
544 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 I 
 
 ment, ho exclaimed exultingly, " that though he had encountereu much 
 trouble and nsany storms abroad, he thanked God he found a perfect calm 
 
 %t home." . . , :■ . 
 
 The earl of Essex doubtless thought the troubled waters were at restj 
 his vanity favoured the notion, and self-gratulation followed as a mattei 
 of course ; but he soon found that the tempest was only hushed for the 
 moment, for at night he found himself a prisoner in his own house by the 
 peremptory orders of Eliaiabeth. Heart-sick and confounded, a severe 
 illness was the quick result of this proceeding; and for a brief interval the 
 queen not only showed some signs of pity, but administered to his com- 
 fort. A warrant was, however, soon afterwards made out for his com- 
 mittal to the Tower, and though it was not carried into effect, yet his 
 jhance of liberty seemed too remote for prudence to calculate on. But the 
 flery temper of Essex had no alloy of prudence in it : he gave way to his 
 natural violence, spoke of the queen in peevish and disrespectful terms, 
 and, among other things, said, " she was grown an old woman, and wac 
 become as crooked in her mind as in her body." 
 
 A. D. 1600.— Shortly after his disgrace, Essex wrote to James of Scot- 
 land, informing him that the faction who ruled the court were in league 
 to deprive him of his right to the throne of England, in favour of the infanta 
 of Spain ; and he offered bis services to extort from Elizabeth an acknowl- 
 Bdgment of his claims. It appears, indeed, from concurrent testimony, 
 that the conduct of Essex had now become highly traitorous, and that he 
 was secretly collecting together a party to aid him in some enterprise dan. 
 gerous to the ruling power. But his plans were frustrated by the activity 
 of ministers, who had received information that the grand object of the 
 sonspirators was to seize the queen's person and take possession of tiie 
 Tower. > council was called, and Essex was commanded to attend; but 
 he refused, assembled his friends, and fortified Essex-house, in which he 
 nad previously secreted hired soldiers. Four of the privy council being 
 sent thither to inquire into the reason of his conduct, lie imprisoned t'lem 
 and snllied out into the city ; but he failed in his attempt to excite the peo- 
 pie in his favour, and on returning to his house, he and his friend the earl 
 nf Southampton wre with some difficulty made prisoners, and after having 
 been first taken to Lambeth palace, were committed to the Tower. 
 
 A. D 1601.— The rash and aspiring Essex now only begged that he might 
 have a fair trial, still calculating upon the influence of the queen to protert 
 him in the hour of his utmost need. Proceedings were commenced against 
 him instantly ; his errors during his administration in Ireland were repre- 
 sented in the most odious colours ; the undutiful expressions he liad used 
 in some of his letters were greatly exaggerated ; and his rnccnt treasonable 
 attempt was dwelt on as calling for the exercise of the utmost severity o! 
 tho law. His condemnation followed ; judgment was pronounced against 
 him, and aaainst his friend, the carl of Southampton. This nobleman waa, 
 however, spiired ; but Essex was conducted to the fatal blotsk, where he 
 met his death with great fortitude, being at the time only in the lli:rly 
 fourth year of his age. Mis most active accomplices were Cjff, iis sec- 
 retary, Merrick, his steward. Sir Christopher Blount, his father-in-law, and 
 Sir ifobert Davers, who were executed soma few days after. 
 
 The pniliamciitary proceedings of this year were more elaborate than 
 before, partir-'-arly as regarded tlie flnancial state of the country. It was 
 stated that the wholo of the last subsidies amounted to no more than 
 IfiO.OOO/., while the exi)ense of the Irish war alone was 300,000/. On this 
 occasion it was observed by Sir Walter Raleigh, that thn estates of tho no- 
 bility and gentry, which were charged at ihirly or forty poiinds in the 
 awm> bo.ikis we-e not charged at » hundredth part of their real vahie. 
 He also moved, thM ii •carcely any justicei of the peace were rated above 
 ,.iirl.» or t«n nounda a vear. thev might be »d/»nced to twenty pounds ui 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 545 
 
 east, which M^as the qualification required by the Btatute for a justice of 
 peace ; but the commons declined to alter the rate of taxation and leave 
 themselves liable to be taxed at the rack-rent. Monopolies upon various 
 branches c*" trade were idBt brought under consideration ; and as they 
 were generally oppressiv^and unjust (some obtained by purchase and 
 others piven to favourites), many animated discussions followed, which 
 ended in a motion that the monopolies should be revoked, and the pa- 
 tentees punished for their extortions. Of course there were members 
 present who were venal enough to defend this iniquitous mode of en- 
 riching cqrtain individuals at the expense of the public. A long list of the 
 monopolizing patents being, however, read— among which was one on 
 salt, an article that had thus been raised from fourteen pence to fourteen 
 shillings a bushel— a member indignantly demanded whether there was 
 not a patent also for making bread ; at which question some courtiers ex 
 pressing their resentment, he replied that if bread were not already among 
 the patented luxuries, it vould soon become one unless a stop was put to 
 Huch enormities. That the arguments of the speakers were not lost upon 
 tne queen seems certain ; for although she took no notice of the debates, 
 she sent a message to the house, acquainting them that several petitions 
 had been presented to her against monopolies, and declared " she was sen- 
 sibly touched with the people's grievances, expressing the utmost indig- 
 nation against those who had abused her grants, and appealed to God how 
 careful shf had ever been to defend them against oppression, and prom- 
 ised they should be revoked." Secretary Cecil added "her majesty was 
 not apprised of the ill tendency of these grants when she made them, and 
 hoped there would never be any more;" to which gracious declaration 
 the majority of the house responded, " Amen." 
 
 In this, memorable session was passed the celebrated act, to which al- 
 lusion is so often made in the present day, for the relief and employment 
 of the poor. Since the breaking up of the religious establishments, the 
 countrv had been overrun with idle mendicants and thieves. It was a 
 natural consequence that those who sought in vain for work, and as vainly 
 implored charitable aid, should be induced by the cravings of hun^^er to lay 
 violent hands upon the property of others. As the distress of the lower 
 orders increased, so did crime ; till at length the wide-spreading evil forced 
 itself on the attention of parliament, and provision was made for the bet- 
 tering of their condition, by levying a tax upcn the middle and upper clas- 
 ses for the support of the aged and infirm poor, and for affording tempo- 
 rary relief to the destitute, according to their several necessities, under 
 the direction of parochial officers. 
 
 We must now briefly revert to what was going on in Ireland. Though 
 tlifi power of the Spaniards was considered hs at too low an ebb to give 
 llie Knglish government any great uneasiness for the safety of its posses 
 Bions, it was tliought sufficiently formidable to be tho meane of annoyance 
 as regarded the assistance it might afford Tyrone, who was still at th« 
 head of the insurgents in Ireland. And the occurrence we are about to 
 iienlion shows that a reasonable apprehension on that head might well 
 he entertained. On the 23rd <;' September the Spaniards landed 4000 men 
 near Kinsale, and having taken possession of the town, were speedily 
 followed by 2000 more. They effected a junction with Tyrone; but 
 Mountjoy, who was now lord-deputy, surprised their ariny in the night, 
 and entirely defeated them. This led to the surrender of kinsale and ^11 
 other places in their posspssion ; and it was not long before Tyrone, as u 
 captive, graced the tnumi l.al return of Mo'intjoy to Dublin. 
 
 A. D. 1602.— The n>ost reji= -.rkable among the domestic occurrences of 
 
 this year was a violent quarrel between the Jesuits and the secular priests 
 
 of Kngland. The latter accused the former, and not without reason, oi 
 
 oaving been the occasion, by their assassinations, piots. and conspiraciiM) 
 
 Vol. 1 3.J 
 
546 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 
 against the queer, and government, of all the severe enactments undei 
 which the English catholics had groaned since tl e fuiminiition of the papal 
 l)ull against her majesty. In the height of this dispute, intelligence was 
 conveyed to the privy council of somj fresh pHs on the part of the Jesuits 
 and their adherents ; on which a proclamation was immediately issued, 
 banishing this order from tlie kingdom oh pain of death ; and the same 
 penalty was declared against all secular priests who should refuse to tak 
 
 the oath of allegiance. . -.u ..• ^ .^ 
 
 That Queen Elizabeth deeply regretted the precipitancy with which she 
 
 signed the warrant for the execution of her favourite Essex there is every 
 
 reason to believe. She soon became a victim to hypochondria, as may 
 
 be seen from a letter written by her godson, Sir John Harrington ; and as 
 
 it exhibits a curious example of her behaviour, and may be regfjided as a 
 
 specimen of the epistolary style of the age, we are induced to quote some 
 
 or the sentences: "She is much disfavoured and unattired, and these 
 
 troubles waste her much. She disregardeth everie costlie cover that 
 
 cometh to her table, and taketh little but manchet and succory pottage. 
 
 Every new message from the city doth disturb Ijer, and she frowns on all 
 
 the ladies." Ho farther on remarks, that "The many evil plots and de- 
 
 signs hath overcome her highness' sweet temper. She walks much in 
 
 her privy chamber, and stamps much at ill news ; and thrusts her rusty 
 
 Hword, at times, into the arras in great rage." And in his postscript he 
 
 flavs, " So disordered is all order, that her highness has worn but one 
 
 change of raiment for many dales, and swears much at those who cause 
 
 her griefs in such wise, to the no small discomfiture of those tliat are about 
 
 her- more especially our sweet Lady Arundel." Her days and niglits 
 
 were spent in tears, and she never spoke but to mention some irritating 
 
 subjects. Nay, it is recorded, that having experienced some hours oi 
 
 alarn ing stupor, she persisted, after her recovery from it, to remain seated 
 
 on cushions, from which she could not be prevailed upon to remove diir 
 
 ine te^ days, but sat with her finger generally on her mouth, and her eyes 
 
 open hnd fixed upon the ground, for she apprehended that if she lay down 
 
 in bed she should not rise from it again. Having at length been put into 
 
 bed, she lay on her side motionless, and apparently insensible. I he lords 
 
 of the council being summoned, Nottingham reminded her of a formei 
 
 speech respecting her successor; she answered, "I told you my seat had 
 
 lien the seat of kings, and I will have no rascal to succeed me. Who 
 
 should succeed me but a king «" Cecil, wishing a more explicit declara- 
 
 tion, requesting her to explain what she meant by "no lascal, she replied 
 
 that " a Icing should succeed, and who could that be but her cousin of Scot- 
 
 land '" Early the following morning the queen tranquill' breathed liei 
 
 last ; she was in the 70th year of her age and the 45th of lier reign. 
 
 Elizabeth was tall and portly, but never handsome, though from the lul- 
 some compliments which she tolerated in those who had access to her 
 person, she appears to have entertained no mean opinion of her beauty. 
 Her extravagant love of finery was well known, and the presents oi jew- 
 elry &c., she received from such of her loving subjects is hoped to gain 
 the royal favour were both numerous and costly. Like her father, she 
 was irritable and passionate, often venting her rage in blows and oaths 
 Her literary acquirements were very considerable; and in those nccom 
 nlishments which aro in our own day termed •' fashionable," namely, mu- 
 iic. singing, and dancing, she also greatly excelled. The charges which 
 have been made against the "virgin queen" for indulging in amatofy >"• 
 triffues are not sufficiently sustained to render it the duty of an historian 
 to repeat them; and when it is considered that though she possessed a 
 host of sturdy friends, yet that she had many bitter eneniies, we ""cdl »ot 
 be surprised that m the most vulnerable point her cha-acter m « tvn.Af 
 has often been unjustly assailed. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 641 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 
 THB RKION OF JAMBS I. 
 
 ft.. 1. 1603. — The advanced age to which the late queen lived, and the 
 ( v;nj«ant attention which her remaining unmarried had caused men to pay 
 io the subject of the succession, had made the successici of James be- 
 come a thing as fully settled in public opinion as though it had been set- 
 tled by her will or an act of parliament. All the arguments for and againlst 
 liiin had been canvassed and dismissed, and he ascended the throne of 
 England with as little opposition as though he had been Elizabeth's eldest 
 son. 
 
 As the king journeyed from Edinburgh to London all ranks of men hail- 
 ed him with the thronging and applause which had been wont to seem so 
 grateful to his predecessor. But if James liked flattery, he detested 
 iiuise and bustle ; and a proclamation was issued forbidding so much con 
 gregating of the lieges, on the ground that it tended to make provisions 
 scarce and exorbitantly dear. It was only shyness, however, and not any 
 [nsensibility to the hearty kindness of his new subjects, that dictated the 
 king's proclamation. So pleased, indeed, was he with the zealous kind- 
 ness shown to him by the English, that he had not been two months be- 
 fore them when he had honoured with the order of knighthood nearly two 
 hundred and forty persons ! Peerages were bestowed pretty nearly m the 
 same proportion ; and a good humoured pasquinade was posted at St. 
 Paul's promising to supply weak memories with the now very necessary 
 art of remembering the titles of the new nobility. 
 
 It was not merely the king's facility in granting titles that was blamed, 
 though that was in remarkable, and, as regarded his judgment, at least, in 
 by no means favourable contrast to the practice of his predecessor ; but 
 llie Kiiglish, already jealous of their new fellow-subjects, the Scots, were 
 of Opinion that he was more than fairly liberal to the latter. But if James 
 made the duke of Lenox, the earl of Mar, Lord Hume, Lord Kinross, Sir 
 (jeorge Hume, and Secretary Elphinsione, members of the English privy 
 council, and gave titles and wealth to Sir George Hume, Hay, and Ram- 
 say, he at least had the honour and good sense to leave nearly the whole 
 of the ministerial honours and political power in the hands of the able En> 
 ^\h\\ who had so well served his predecessor. Secretary Cecil, especially, 
 who had kept up a secret correspondence with James towards the close of 
 tije late reign, had now the chief power, and was created, in succession, 
 liord Kffiingdon, Viscount Cranborne, and earl of Salisbury. 
 
 It is not a little surprising that while James was so well received by the 
 nation at large, and had the instant support of the ministers and friends of 
 the late queen, he had scarcely finished renewing treaties of peace and 
 friendship with all the great foreign powers, when a conspiracy was dis- 
 covered for placing his cousin, Arabella Stuart, upon the throne. Such a 
 conspiracy was so absurd, and its success so completely a physical impos- 
 sibility, that it is diflicuU not to suspect that it origina(e(i in the king's own 
 excessive and unnecessary jealousy of the title of Arabella Sti t, who, 
 equally with himself, was descended from Henry VIII., butwi.oin-no 
 other respect could have the faintest chance of competing with him. But, 
 however it originated, such a conspiracy existed ; and the lords Grey and 
 Cobham, and Si. Walter Raleigh, Lord Cobham's brother, Mr. Broke, Sir 
 tirifflii Markham, Sir Edward Parham, and Mr. Copley, together with two 
 catholic priests named Watson and Clarke, were apprehended for beins 
 concerned m it. The catholic priests were executed, Cobham, Grey and 
 Mh,rkham were pardoned while their heads were upon the block, and 
 Haleigh was also reprieved, but not pardoned ; a fact which was fatal to 
 liim many years after, as will be perceived. Even at present it was mi?* 
 
 i-f , ll-'All 
 
648 ^ 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WOKLD. 
 
 chievou}« to him, for, though spared from death, he was confined in tlie 
 Tower, where he wrote his noble work, the History of the World. 
 
 A. D. 1604. — A conference was now called at Hampton court to decide 
 upon certain differences between the church and the puritans, and gen- 
 erally to arrange that no injurious religious disputes might arise. As 
 James had a great turn for liieological disputation he was here quite in 
 his element ; but instead of showing the puritans all the favour they ex- 
 pected from him in consequence of his Scottish education, that very cir- 
 cumstance induced the king to side against them, at least us far as he 
 prudently could ; as he had abundant proof of the aptness of puritanical 
 doctrine to produce seditious politics. He was importuned, for instance, 
 by the puritans to repeal an act passed in the reign of Elizabeth to sup- 
 press societieia called prophesyings, at which there was usually more zeal 
 than sense, and more eloquence than religion. The reply of James was 
 at once so coarsely practical, and so indicative of his general way of 
 thinking upon such points, that we transcribe it literally. " If what you 
 aim at is Scottish presbytery, as I think it is, I tell you that it agrees as 
 well with monarchy as the devil with God. There Jack, and Tom, and 
 Will, and Dick, shall meet and censure me and my council. Therefore 1 
 reiterate my former speech ; the king s'avisera. Stay, I pray you, for 
 seven years before you demand, and then, if I be grown pursy and fat, I 
 may, perchance, hearken to you, for that sort of government would keep 
 me in breath and give me work enough !'* 
 
 Passing over the business of parliament at the commencement of this 
 reign, as concerning matters of interest rather to the statesman and 
 scholar than to the general reader, we have now to advert to one of the 
 most striking and remarkable events in our history — the gunpowaer plot. 
 
 The affection which the catholics had ever shown towards his mo- 
 ther, and their interpretation of some obliging expressions that he had 
 either artfully or in mere carelessness made use of, had led them to hope 
 that he would greatly relax, if not wholly repeal the severe laws passed 
 against them during the reign of his predecessor. But James had clearly 
 and unequivocally shown that he had no intention of doing aught that 
 could diminish the authority and security of the crown; and the more en- 
 thusiastic catholics were in consequence very greatly excited against 
 him. 
 
 Catesby, a gentleman of good birth and excellent character, first looked 
 upon the subject as one demanding the absolute punishment of the king, 
 and he communicated his feelings to his friend Piercy, a descendant of 
 the time-honoured house of Northumberland. Piercy proposed simply to 
 assassinate the king, but in the course of their discussion of the plan 
 Catesby suggested a wider and more effectual plan, by which they would 
 rid Catholicism not n\erely of the king, but of the whole protestant strength 
 of the kingdom. He pointed out that the mere deatli of the king, and 
 even of his children, would be of little avail while the protestant noble? 
 and gentry could raise another king to the throne who, in addition to a!) 
 the exi^tmg causes of the protestant severity, would be urged to new 
 rigour by the very circumstance to which he would owe his powtr to in- 
 dulge it. To make the deed effectual, Catesby continued, it would ho 
 necessary to take the opportunity of the first day of parlimncnl, 
 when king, lords, and commons would be all assembled, and, by means o( 
 a mine below the house, blow the whole of their enemies up at once with 
 gunpowder. 
 
 Nothing but a fierce and mistaken fanaticism could allow one man to 
 suggest so dreadful a scheme, or another man to approve of it ; but Piercy 
 at once entered into Catesby's plan, and they took means for preparing 
 for its execution. Thomas Winter was sent over to Flanders in search 
 of Ouido Vaux, an officer in the Spanish service, and well knovm alike as 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD 
 
 649 
 
 a bigoted catholic and a cool and daring soldier. Catesby and Pieroy in 
 the meantime, aided by Desmond and Garnet, Jesuits, and the latter the 
 superior of the order in England, were busily engaged in communicating 
 their awful design to other catholics ; and every ncwly-enksted confed 
 erate had the oath of secrecy and faithfulness administered to him, in con- 
 junction with the communion, a rite peculiarly awful as understood by the 
 catholics. 
 
 The destruction of protestants all the confederates seem to have con- 
 sidered to be a quite unexceptionable act ; but some of the more thoughtful 
 and humane among them suggested the certainty that, besides several cath- 
 olic peers who would attend, there might be many other catholics present, 
 either as mere spectators or as official attendants. Kven this suggestion, 
 wiiich one might suppose effectual as to forbidding the execution of 
 Catesby's wholesale scheme, was silenced by the truly Jesuitical remark 
 of the two Jesuits, that the sacrifice of a few innocent among the guilty 
 many, was lawful and highly meritorious, because it was required by the 
 interests of religion! Alas! in abusing that sacred name how many 
 crimes have not mistaken men committed ! 
 
 A. D. 1605. — Towards the end of summer Piercy hired chouse adjoining 
 to that in which parliament used to assemble ; and liaving instruments, 
 arms, and provisions with them, they laboured hard in it for many hours 
 each day, and had already mined three feet through the solid wall when 
 they were stopped and alarmed by plainly hearing on the other side a 
 noise for which they could give no account. On inquiry it seemed thai 
 the noise arose from the sale of the stock of a coal dealer who had oc- 
 cupied a vault, next to their own, and immediately below the house o( 
 lords. The opportunity was seized ; Piercy hired the vault, and six-and- 
 thirly barrels of gunpowder were clandestinely conveyed thither and con- 
 cealed beneath the loads of wood, for the reception of which alone Piercy 
 pyetened to need the place. 
 
 Having thus surmounted all the great and apparent obstacles to the 
 success of their design, the conspirators distributed among themselves the 
 several parts they were to act on the eventful day. Guido Vaux was to 
 fire the fatal train ; Piercy was to seize or slay the infant, duke of York ; 
 and the princess F]lizabeth, also a mere infant, who would be a powerless 
 instrument in the hands of the catholics, was to be seized and proclaimed 
 queen by Grant, Rookvvood, and Sir Everard Digby, three of the leading 
 conspirators, who were to have a large armed party in readiness on pre- 
 tence of a hunting match. 
 
 The dreadful scheme had now been on foot for above a year and a half, 
 and was known to more than twenty persons, but neither fear of punish 
 ment, the hope of reward, or any of the motives which ordinarily make 
 'onspirators untrue to each other, had caused any one of the desperate 
 band to falter. A personal feeling of gratitude now did what no other 
 feeling, perhaps, could have done, and caused one of the conspirator! 
 to take a step which saved the nation from horrors of which even at 
 this distance of time one cannot contemplate the mere possibility but 
 with a shudder. 
 
 Some one of the conspirators, lying under obligations to Lord Monteagle, 
 a catholic and a son of Lord Morley, sent him the following letter, 
 which evidently was intended to act upon his personal prudence and 
 secure his safety, without enabling him in any wise to oppose the ruth- 
 less butchery that was designed : 
 "My Lord, 
 
 "Out of the love I bear to some of your friends I have a care of 
 your preservation, therefore 1 would advise you as you tender your 
 iifc to dcvi^ie somf. excuse to shift oti your attendance upon this par- 
 liament. Vo' Ood nd man have concurred to punish the wickedness 
 
 ■ \d]j 
 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 23 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WiBSTIR,N.Y 14S80 
 
 (716) •73-4303 
 
 
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660 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Of the time. Think rot lightly of this advertisement, but retire your- 
 self into vour country, where you may expect the event ui safety. For 
 *thouKh tliere be no appearance of any stir, yet, I say, they will receive 
 a terrible blow this parliament, and yet thoy shall not see who hurts them. 
 This counsel is not to be contemned, because it may do you good, 
 and can do vou no harm, for the danger is past as soon as you burn 
 this letter. And I hope God will give you the grace to make good 
 use of it, unto whose holy protection I commit you. 
 
 Cecil now earl of Salisbury, was the principal and most active of the . 
 kinff's Ministers, and to that nobleman Monteagle fortunately determined 
 to carry the letter, though he was himself strongly inclined to think it 
 nothiiiff but some silly attempt to frighten him from his attendance in 
 oarliament. Salisbury professed to have the same opinion of the letter, 
 but laid it before the king some days before the meeting of parliament. 
 James who, amid many absurdities, was in the main a shrewd man, 
 saw the key to the enigma in the very style of the letter itself: and Lord 
 Suffolk the lord chamberlain, was charged to examine the vaults beneaih 
 the houses of parliament on the day before that appointed for opening the 
 session He did so in open day, and, as if as a simple matter of form, 
 went throuffh the cellars and came out without affecting to see anything 
 amisV But he had been struck by the singularity of Piercy, a private 
 irentleman who lived but little in town, having amassed such an inordinate 
 Store of fuel ; and he read the conspirator in the desperate countenance 
 of Guido Vaux, who was lurking about the place in the garb and charac 
 lerof a servant to Piercy. Acting on those suspicious, the ministers 
 caused a second search to be made at midnight by a well-armed parly 
 under Sir Thomas Kiiivet, a iustice of peace. At the very door of the 
 vault they seiaed Vaux, who had made all his preparations and even had 
 h?s nder-box and matches ready to fire the train ; the faggois of wood 
 were turned over, and the powder found. Vaux was sent under an escor 
 •o the Tower, but was solar from seeming appalled by his danger, ha 
 he 8nee\?nKly told his captors that if he had known a little earlier thul 
 K inteS to pay him a second visit, he would have fired the tram and 
 swee "ned his own death by killing them with him. He behavca in the 
 wme daring style when examined by the council on the fol owing day, 
 buuwo or throe days' residence in the Tower an<l a threat of putting liiii. 
 on the'ack subdued him, ai.d he made a full discovery of his con federates. 
 Oatesbv? Piercy. and their other friends who were to act in London, h(;ard 
 lot only of a letter being sent to Lord Monteagle, but Also of the first 
 seirch made in the vault; yet were they so infatuated and so resolute to 
 TrseveTe to he last, that ft was only when Vaux was actna ly arrested 
 Kth«y left Londoi. and hurried down ^» Warwickshire, where D.gby 
 and Is friends were already in arms to seize the princess Kliaabeth. Hut 
 The sherff raised the M>unty in lime to convey the young princess to Co- 
 veiitrv and the baffled conspirators, never more tlian eighty m num her. 
 ha now only to think of defending themselves until iliey . »nld make Ihmr 
 J, a rfrortbe country. But the activity of the sheriff and other gentry 
 Kurnmnded them by such numbers that escape in any way was out of the 
 reii an l«aving confessed themselves to each other, they prepHrcu 
 ?ode with a desperate gullHniry worthy of a nobler cause, f hey fough 
 ii Iste n deleriiinatioil but scfmc of tfieir powder to<,k «'« ""d '''jf;'' 
 ih«m » Catesbv and Piercy were killed by a single shot ; Digby, Rook- 
 ^IZ and Wmte, with «arn«l the Jesuit, were taken prisoners, and soon 
 Xr ne shed by the hands of the executioner. It i«. », "nble proo .X 
 ,1 thi DOwer of superstition to close men's eyes to evil, that Ihougli »"■ 
 nst^r^e wM o the most ruffianly description, though he had ii.ed In. 
 "*'■/."■ ;^_^__.„,«,i...i,. i...^.mrt.,Jnra»nii and tools when their bpllei 
 Kuiuw'pronipli"*! thein to shrink from such wholesale and uhsparing stw 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 651 
 
 city, the catholics imagined miracles to be wrought with this miserable 
 miscreant's blood, and in Spain he was even treated as a m»irtyr ! Through, 
 out this whole affair, indeed, the evil nature of superstition was to blame 
 for all the guilt and all the suffering. The conspirators in this case wore 
 not low ruffians of desperate fortune; they were for the most part men of 
 ooth property and character ; and Catesby was a man who possessed an 
 especially and enviably high characrer. Digby also was a man of excel- 
 lent reputation, so much so, that his being a known and rigid papist had 
 not prevented him from being highly esteemed and honoured by Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 When the punishment of the wretches who had mainly been concerned 
 In this plot left the court leisure for reflection, some minor but severe pun- 
 ishments were inflicted upon those who were thought by connivance or 
 negligence to have been in any degree aiding the chief oflenders. Thus 
 the earl of Northumberland was fined the then enormous sum of thirty 
 thousand pounds, and imprisoned for seven years afterwards, because he 
 had not exacted the usual oaths from Piercy on admitting him to the office 
 of gentlemin pensioner. The catholic lords Stourton and Mordaunt, loo, 
 were fined, the former four and the latter ten thousand pounds by that ever 
 arbitrary court, the star-chamber, for no other offence than their absence 
 from parliament on this occasion. This absence was taken as a proof of 
 their knowledge of the plot, though surely, if these two noblemen had 
 known of it, they would have warned many other catholics ; while a hun- 
 dred more innocent reasons might cause their own abbence. 
 
 Of the conduct of James, in regard to the duty he owed to justice in 
 punishing the guilty, and confining punishment strictly to those of whose 
 guilt there is the most unequivocal proof, it is not ea.jy to speak too 
 warmly. The prejudice shown against catholics in the case of the lords 
 Stourton and Mordaunt, and the infinite brutalities inflicted upon the 
 wretched conspirator, were the crimes of the ago; but the severe and dig- 
 nified attention to a just and large charity of judgment as a general prin- 
 ciple, which is displayed in the king's speech to this parliament, ia a merit 
 all his own. 
 
 He observed, says Hume, " that though religion had engaged the con- 
 spirators in so criminal an attempt, yet ought we not to involve all the 
 Roman catholics in the same guilt, or suppose them equally disposed to 
 commit such enormous barbarities. Many holy men, and our ancestors 
 among the rest, had been seduced to concur with that church in her scho- 
 lastic doctrines, who yet had never admitted her seditions principles, con- 
 cerning the pope's power of dethroning kings or sanctifying assassination. 
 The wrath of heaven is denounced agaiiiMt crimes, but nuiocent error may 
 obtain its favour; and nothing can be more hateful than the uncharitable- 
 ness of the puritans who condemn alike to eternal torments even ilje most 
 inoffensive partisans of popery. For his own part, that conspiracy, how- 
 over atrocious, should never alter, in the least, his plan of government; 
 while with one hand he would punish guilt, with the other he would still 
 support and protect innocence." 
 
 A. D. 1606. — The prntestants, and especially the puritans, were inclined 
 to plunge to a very great extent into that injustice of which the king's 
 speech so ably warned lliem. But the king, even at sonvc hazard to him- 
 lelf and at some actual loss of popularity, persisted in looking at meu'it 
 •pcnlar conduct as a thing quite apart from their ghostly opinions. He 
 bestowed employment and favour, ntlier things being equal, alike on 
 catholic and protestant : and the only hardship caused to the great bodj 
 of the papists by the horrible gunpowder plot was the enactment of a bill 
 oliliffing every one without exception to take oath of allegiance. No great 
 hardshii) upmi Hiiy good subject or honest and humane man. since it on^v 
 •i'jured the power of the pope to dethrone the king ! 
 
 . M)it§'mi 
 
562 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Almrtst as soon as J»mes arrived in England he showed himself ir 
 one respect, at the least, very far more advanced in true statesmanship 
 than most of his subjects. They for a long time displayed a small and 
 spiteful jealousy of the Scots; he, almost as soon as he mounted the Kn- 
 glish throne, endeavoured to merge Kngland and Scotland, two separate 
 nations, always sullen and sometimes sanguinary and despoiling enemies, 
 into a Great Britain that might indeed bid defiance to the world, and that 
 should be united in laws and liberties, in prosperity and in interests, as it 
 already was by the hand of nature. There was nothing, however, in the 
 earlier part of his reign, by which so much heart-burning was caused be- 
 tween the king and his parliament, as by the wisdom of the former and 
 the ignorance and narrow prejudice of the latter on this very point. All 
 the exercise of the king's earnestness and influence, aided by the eloquence 
 of, perhaps, all things considered, the greatest man England has ever had. 
 Sir Francis Bacon, tould not succeed over the petty nationalities of the 
 Scotch and English parliaments any farther for the present, than to procure 
 an ungracious and reluctant repeal of the directly hostile laws existing in 
 the two kingdoms respeclively. Nay, so averse, at the onset, was the 
 English parliament to a measure, the grand necessity and value of which 
 no one could now dispute without being suspected of the sheerest idiocy, 
 that the bishop of Bristol, for writing a book in favour of the measure 
 which lay ignorance thus condemned, was so fiercely clamoured against, 
 that he was obliged to save himself from still harder measures by making 
 an humble submission to these ignorant and bigoted legislators. 
 
 A. D. 1607. — The practical tolerance of the king as opposed to his arbi- 
 trary maxims of government, and the parliament's lust of persecution as 
 contrasted with its perpetual struggles to obtain more power and liberty 
 for itself, were strongly illustrated this year. A bill was originated in the 
 lower house for a more strict observance of the laws against popish recu- 
 sants, and for an abatement towards such protestant clergymen as should 
 scruple at the still existing church ceremonials. This measure was doubly 
 distasteful to the king ; as a highly liberal protestant he disliked the at- 
 tempt to recur to the old severities against the catholics ; and as a high 
 prerogative monarch he was still more hostile to the insidious endeavour 
 of the puritans, by weakening the church of England, to acquire the power 
 to themselves of bearding and coercing the civil government. 
 
 In this same year, however, the very parliament which, on the r'jmon- 
 strance of the king, obediently stopped the progress of that doubly dis- 
 agreeable measure, gave a striking proof of its growing sense of self im- 
 portance by commencing a regular journal of its proceedings. 
 
 A. D. KilO. — James was so careful to preserve peace abroad that much 
 of his reign might be passed over without remark, but for the ficqutnt 
 bickerings which occurred between him and his parliament on the subject 
 of money. Even in the usually arbitrary reign of Elizabeth the parlia- 
 ment had already le-^rned the power of the purse. The puritan party was 
 now gradually acquiring that at once tyrannical and republican feeling 
 which was to be so fatal to the monarchy and so disgraceful to the nation, 
 and aithou;{h .Tames was allowed a theoretical despotism, a mere tyranny 
 of maxiniH and sentences, some merely silly, and others— could he have 
 acted upon them— to the last degree dangerous, the true tyraimy was that 
 ol the parliament which exerted their power with the merciless and lilful 
 malignity of a dwarf which has suddenly become possessed of a giant's 
 strength. The earl of Salisbury, who was now treasurer, laid before both 
 houses, this session, tho very peculiar siluation in which the king was 
 placed. Queen Elizabeth, though she had received large supplins during 
 the latter part of her reign, had made very considerable alienations of the 
 crown lands; the crown was now burdened with debt to the amount ol 
 •>QO|wOu pouiiui, Miiii iii0 KUig Wita obiigeUi inviottu Oi « iifigie couii S9 in 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 653 
 
 tne late reign, to keep three courts, his own, that of the queen, and that 
 of the priuce of Wales. But though these really strong and moot reason- 
 able arguments were also urged by the king himself in his speech to par 
 liarnenr, they granted him only one hundred thousand pounds— his debts 
 alone being thrice that sum ! It cannot, after this statement of the situ- 
 ation of the king and the temper in which parliament used the power we 
 have spoken of, be astonishing that henceforth there was one perpetual 
 struggle between them, he striving for the means of supporting the national 
 dignity, and indulging a generosity of temper which, imprudent in any 
 king, was doubly so in one who had to deal with so close-fisted a parlia- 
 ment; and they striving at once to abridge the king's prerogative, and to 
 eacape from supplying even his most reasonable demands. 
 
 An incident occurred this year which, taken in contrast with the ex- 
 treme horror of foreign disputes which James usually displayed, affords 
 a rather amusing illustration of the extent to whicii even so petty a " ruling 
 passion" as pedantry may domineer over all others. 
 
 Vorstius, a divinity professor of a German university, was appointed 
 to the chair of a Dutch university. He was a disciple of Arminius, and 
 moreover had the presumption to be opposed in argument to King James, 
 who did not think it beneath his royal dignity, or too manifest and dan 
 gerous a departure from his pacific foreign policy, seriously to demand 
 of the states that they should deprive and banish the obnoxious professor. 
 The procedure was at once so absurd and so severe, that the Dutch at 
 first refused to remove Vorstius ; but the kmg returned to the charge with 
 luch an earnest fierceness, that the states deemed it politic to yield, and 
 the poor professor, who was luckless enough to differ from King James, 
 was deprived of both his home and employment. In the course of *his 
 dispute, Jamen, who had so creditably argued for charity in the case » ■ ine 
 attempt of his puritans to oppress their catholic fellow-subjects, made use 
 of this revolting observation: — " He would leave it to the states themselves 
 u to the burning of Vor$tuu for blasphemies and atheism, but surely never 
 heretic better deserved the flames /" 
 
 Of James' conduct in and towards Ireland we ha-e given a full account, 
 which is very creditable to him, under the head of that country. We now, 
 therefore, pass forward to the domestic incidents of Kngland, commencing 
 with the death of Henry, prince of Wales, an event which was deepl) 
 and with good reason deplored. 
 
 A. D. W12.— This young prince, who was only in his eighteenth year, 
 was exceedingly beloved by the nation, having given every promise of a 
 truly royal manhood. Generous, high-spirited, brave, and anxious for 
 men's esteem, perhaps, in the turbulent days that awaittid England, even 
 his cliief fault — a loo great propensity to thin^^s military would have 
 proved of service to the nation, by bringing thi^ dispute between the crown 
 and the puritans to an issue before the sour ambition of the latter could 
 have sufficiently matured its views. Dignified and of a high turn of mind, 
 1)1" seems to have hold the finessing and the somewhat vulgar familiarity 
 of his father in something too nearly approaching cont( inpt. To Raleigh, 
 who had so long been kept a prisoner, he openly and enthusiastically 
 «vo\ved his attachment, and was heard to say, "Sure no king except my 
 father would keep such a bird in a cage." So sudden was the young 
 princ(!'s death that evil tongues attributed it to poison, and some even 
 hinted Hint the prince's popularity and free speech had become intolerable 
 to his father. But the surgical examination of the body clearly proved 
 that there was no poison m the case; and moreover, if James failecl at all 
 in the |)arenlal character, it was by nn excessive and indiscriminate fond- 
 ne«H and indulgence. 
 
 *. D. 1613.— The marriage of the princess Elizabeth to Frederio, the 
 eicrior Dttiatine, took place this year, and the entertainments in honour nf 
 
£54 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Iha' event sorvod to dispel the deep gloom which had been caused by tlit 
 death of Prince Heiiry> But this event, bo much rejoiced at. was one of 
 Uie most unfortunate that occurred during the whole generally fi)rtunate 
 reign of James, whom it plunged into expenses on account of his son ii>. 
 law which nothing could have induced him to incur for any warlike eivter 
 prize of his own. 
 
 But before we speak of tho consequence of this unfortunate connec 
 tion, we must, to preserve due order of time, refer to an event which cre- 
 ated a strong feeling of horror and disgust throughout the nation— the 
 murder of Sir Thomas Overbury at the instance of the earl and countess 
 of Somerset. 
 
 Robert Carre, a youth of a respectable but not wealthy family in Scotland, 
 arrived in London in the year 1609, bringing with him letters of recom- 
 mendation to Lord Hay. Carre, then quite a youth, was singularly hand. 
 some and possessed in perfection all the merely external accomplismenis ; 
 though his education was so imperfect, that it is stated that long after his 
 introduction to the king's notice he was so ignorant of even the rudiments 
 of the then almost indispensable Latin, that James was wont to exchange 
 the sceptre for the birch, and personally to play the pedagogue to tiie boy- 
 favourite. Noting the comely aspect and graceful bearing of young Carre, 
 Lord Hay took an opportunity to place him in the king's sight at a lilting 
 match, and it chanced that on that very occasion James' attention was 
 the more strongly drawn to him by an accident occurring by which young, 
 Carre's leg was broken. The sight of this so uffected the king, that in the 
 course of the day he went to the young patient's chamber, consoled him 
 with many kind words, and became so pleased with his spirit and general 
 behaviour, that he instantly adopted him as an especial and favoured per- 
 sonal attendant. Attentive to the lessons of the kingly pedagogue, and 
 skilful in discovering and managing his weaknesses, young Carre also 
 possessed the art so many favourites have perished for lack of ; he was a 
 courtier not only to the king but to all who approached the king. By thus 
 prudently aiding the predilection of the king. Carre rapidly rose. He was 
 knighted, then created earl of Rochester and K. G., and introduced into 
 the privy council. Wealth and power accompanied this rapid rise in rank, 
 and in a short time this new favourite, without any definite office in the 
 ministry, actually had more real influence in the management of affairs 
 than the wise Salisbury himself. 
 
 Much of his success Carre owed to the wise counsels of Sir Thomas 
 Overbury, whose friendship he claimed, and who became at once his ad 
 viser and his client, and counselled none the less earnestly and well be- 
 cause he felt that his own chief hope of rising at court rested upon the 
 success of Carre. Thus guided, the naturally sagacious and flexible 
 youth soon ripened into the powerful, admired, and singularly prosperous 
 man. Unfortunately he became passionately attached to the younjj coun- 
 tess of Essex, who as unfortunately returned his passion. This lady when 
 only thirteen years of age, as Lady Frances Howard, daughter of tho earl 
 of Suffolk, was, by the king's reouest, married to the young earl of Kb- 
 sex, then only fourteen. In consideration of their extreme youth tho cer- 
 emony waH no sooner completed than the youthful bridegroom departed 
 to the continent, and did not return from liis travels until four years after 
 In »he meantime the voung coimtess of Essex and Viscount Rochester 
 had met, loved, and smned ; and when the young earl, with the .'-ipatient 
 ardour of eighiean, flew to his fair countess, he was thunderstruck U be 
 ing received not wi;h mere coolness, but with something approaching tr 
 actual loathing and horror. The coqnless' passion for and guilty connoc 
 tion with Rocheater were not even suspectecf, and every imaginal)lf!moanf 
 were resorted lo for the purpose of overcoming what was deemed to be t 
 mere excess of maidenly coyness. All lueMiii, however, were niiRc vain 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 MS 
 
 nothing could induce ber to lir* ir.th her husband, and she and Rf>chestPi 
 now determined to vrAkf way for their marriage by a divorce of the lady 
 from the earl of Esie^. 
 
 Rochester consulted &ir Thomas Overbury ; but that prudent courtier, 
 though he liad been prify to and had even encouraged their criminal con- 
 nection, was too Rmcorcly anxious for the ciiaracter and happiness of his 
 friend not to diosuade him from the ignominy of procuring this divorce, 
 and the folly of committing his own peace and honour to the keeping of a 
 woman of whose harlotry he had personal knowledge. Connected as 
 Rochester and the countess were, the latter was not long ignorant of this 
 advice given by Overbury, and with the rage of an insulted woman and 
 the artful bl-indishments of a beauty, she easily persuaded the enamoured 
 Rochester that he, too, was injured by that very conduct in which Over- 
 bury had undoubtedly most proved the sincerity and the wisdom of hia 
 friendship Having- brought Rochester to this point, the countess found 
 little difficulty in deteriniiiing him to the ruin of that friend to whom ho 
 owed so much, and by artfully getting Overbury a mission from the king 
 and then privately counselling Overbury to reject it, he managed so t(. dune 
 jnd eniage James that the unfortunate Overbury was committed to the 
 Tower, wwiere, however, it does not appear that Jamen meant him long to 
 remain. But the instant he entered there, Sir Thomas was fully in the 
 power of his arch enemies. The lieutenant of the Tower, a mere crea- 
 , lure and dependant of Rochester, confined Overbury with such strictness, 
 ' that for six months the unfortunate man did not see even one of his near- 
 est relatives. 
 
 Having got rid of the grave and troublesome opposition of Overbury, 
 the guilty lovers now pushed forward matters ; and the earl of Essex, 
 completely cured of hi^ love for the lady by what appeared to him tho 
 unaccountable capriciousness of her conduct, very gladly consented to a 
 ridiculously indecent plea, which induced the proper authorities to pro- 
 nounce a divorce between the earl and countess of Essex. The latter 
 WHS immediately married to her paramour, Rochester, upon whom, that 
 the lady might not lose a step in rank by her new marriage, the king 
 now conferred the title of earl of Somerset. 
 
 Though the imprisonment of Overbury had thus completely served her 
 purpose as to her divorce and re-marriage, it had by no means satiated 
 the revenge of the countess. The forcible and bitter contempt with 
 which Overbury had spoken of her was still farther envenomed by hot 
 own consciousness of its justice, and she now exerted all the power of her 
 beauty and her blandishments, until she persuaded the uxorious Somerset 
 that their secret was too much in dunger while Overbury still lived, and 
 that their safety demanded his death. Poison was resorted to ; both Som- 
 erset and his countess' uncle, the earl of Northampton, joining in the cow- 
 ardly crime with some accomplices of lower rank. Slight doses, only, 
 were given to the doomed victim in the first place, but these failing of the 
 lesired effect, the base conspirators gave him a dose so violent that he 
 died, and with such evident marks of the foul treatment that he had met 
 with, that an instant discovery was only avoided by burying tho body with 
 in indecent haste. 
 
 Even in this world of imperfect knowledge and often mistaken judg- 
 ment, the plotting and cold-blooded murderer never escapes punishment. 
 The scaffold or the gallows, the galleys or the gaol, indeed, he may, 
 though that bnt n^rely happens, contrive to elude. But the tortures of a 
 ((uilty conscience, a constant remorse mingled with a constant dread, a 
 continued and haunting remombranceof the wrong done to the dead, and h 
 ooDsiant horror of the dread retribn'tion which at any instant the slightest 
 v\(i most unforeseen accident may bring upon his own guilty hmid— 
 •hi'ne pr.iiishnienta tiie nftirdurtii' iievef did Biid nover can escanc. Frum 
 
 mm 1 
 
 ^ffl^^^l 
 
 H 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 tm 
 
 m t^ ■ 
 
 I 
 
556 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the moment that the unfortunate Overbury was destroyed, the whole feel- 
 ing and aspect of the once gay and brilliant Somerset were changed. Hu 
 became sad, silent, inattentive to the humours of the king, indifferent to 
 the fatal charms of the countess, morose to all, sby of strangers, weary 
 of himself, tie had a doomed aspect ; the wild eye and hasty yet uncer- 
 tain gait of one who sees himself surrounded by the avengers of blood 
 and is every instant expecting to feel their grasp. 
 
 As what was at first attributed to temporary illness of body or vexation 
 of mind became a settled and seemingly incurable habit, the king, almost 
 boyish in his love of mirth in his hours of recreation, gradually gr^w 
 wearied of the presence of his favourite. All the skill and policy of 
 Somerset, all the artful moderation with which he had worn his truly ex- 
 traordinary fortunes had not prevented him from making many enemies ; 
 and these no sooner perceived, with the quick eyes of courtiers, that the 
 old favourite was falhng, than they helped to precipitate his fall by the in- 
 troduction of a young and gay candidate for the vucant place in the royal 
 favour. 
 
 Just at this critical moment in the fortunes of Somerset, George Villiers, 
 the cadet of a good English family, returned from his travels. He was 
 barely twenty-one years of age, handsome, well educated, gay, possessed 
 of an audacious spirit, and with precisely that love and aptitude for per- 
 sonal adornment which became his youth. This attractive person was 
 placed full in the king's view during the performance of a comedy. James, 
 as had been anticipated, no sooner saw him than he became anxious for 
 his personal attendance. After some very ludicrous coquetting between 
 his desire for a new favourite and his unwillingness to cast off the old one, 
 James had the young man introduced at court, and very soon appointed 
 him his cup-bearer. Though the ever-speaking conscience of Somerset 
 had long made him unfit for his former gaity, he was by no means pre- 
 pared to see himself supplanted in the royal favour ; but before he could 
 make any effort to ruin or otherwise dispose of young Villiers, a discovery 
 was made which very effectually ruined himself. 
 
 Among many persons whom Somerset and his guilty countess had 
 found it necessary to employ in the execution of their atrocious design, 
 was an apothecary's apprentice who had been employed in mixing up the 
 poisons. This man, now living at Flushing, made no scruple of openly 
 stating that Overbury had died of poison, and that he had himself been 
 employed in preparing it. The report reached the ears of the English 
 envoy in the Low Countries, and was by him transmitted to the secretary 
 of state, Winwood, who at once communicated it to the king. Howev«)r 
 weary of his favourite, James was struck with horror and surprise on re- 
 ceivinp, this report, but with a rigid impartiality which does honour to bin 
 memory, he at once sent for Sir Edward Ooke, the chief justice, and com- 
 manded him to examine into the matter as carefully and as unsparingly 
 as if the accused persons were, the lowest and the least cared for in the 
 land. The stern nature of Colie scarcely needed this injunction ; the in- 
 quiry was steadily and searchingly carried on, and it resulted in the com- 
 plete proof of the guilt of the earl and countess of Somerset, Sir Jerv's 
 Elvin, lieutenant of the Tower, Franklin, Weston, and Mrs. Turner. Ui 
 the temper of Coke this very trial affords a remarkable and not very 
 creditable instance. Addressing Mrs. Turner, he told her that she was 
 "guilty of the seven deadly sins; being a harlot, a bawd, a sorceress, a 
 witch, a papist, a felon, and a murderer!" 
 
 The honourable impartiality with which the king had ordered an inquiry 
 into the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury was not equally observed after- 
 wards. All the accused were very properly condemned to death ; but the 
 sentonce was executed only on the accomplices ; by far the worsi crimi- 
 nau. the ear and counicss were pardoned ; A tefy "=— ' ■-^•r:--sn.n«^-^t,. 
 
 iirix:i jif!{-'i!c-'.-!i 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 667 
 
 and tho forfeiture of their estates were allowed to expiate their enormous 
 crimes, and they were then assigned a pension sufficient for their support, 
 and allowed to retire to the country. But the pardon of man could not 
 secure them the peace of heart which their crime had justly forfeited. 
 They lived in the same house, but they lived only in an alternation of suU 
 lenness and chiJrng, and thus they dragged on many wjetched years, a 
 mutual torment in their old age as they had been a mutual snare in their 
 youth, until they at length sank unregretted and uv honoured into the grave. 
 
 A. D. 1616.— The fall of Somerset necessarily laculitated and hastened 
 Ihe rise of young George Villiers, who in a wonderfully short time ot>- 
 tained promotions— which, that the regularity of narrative may be pre- 
 served, we insert here— as Viscount Villiers, earl, marquis, and finally 
 diike of Buckingham, knight of the garter, master of the horse, chief jus- 
 lice in eyre, warden of the cinque ports, master of the king's bench office, 
 steward of Westminister, constable of Windsor, and lord high admiral of 
 England. His mother was made countess of Buckingham, his brother 
 Viscount Purbeck, and a whole host of his previously obscure and needy 
 favourites obtained honours, places, patents, or wealth. 
 
 The profusion of the king— to which justice demands that we add the 
 parsimony of the parliament— made him throughout his whole reign an 
 embarrassed man ; and he incurred great, though undeserved odium by 
 Ihe course he took to supply his pressing and immediate wants. When 
 Elizabeth aided the infant states of Holland against the gigantic power o< 
 Spain, she had the important towns of Flushing, the BriUe, an<ki?amme- 
 kins placed in her hands as pledges for the repayment of the money to 
 England. Various payments had been made which had reduced the debt 
 to <£600.000, which sura the Dutch were under agreement to pay to James 
 at the rate of 0640,000 per annum. This annual sum would doubtless 
 have been of vast service to the king— but ^£26,000 per annum v;ere spent 
 in maintaining his garrisons in the cautionary or mortgaged towns. Only 
 £14,000 remained clear to England, and even that would cease in the 
 event of new warfare between Holland and Spain. Considering these 
 things, and being pressed on all sides for money to satisfy just demands 
 and the incessant cravings of his favourite and the court, the king gladly 
 agreed to surrender the cautionary towns on the instant payment by the 
 Dutch of 06250,000 ; and, under all the ciniumstances of the case, James 
 appears to have acted with sound policy in making the bargain. 
 
 A. n. 1617.— In the course of this year James paid a visit to Scotland 
 with the view to a favourite scheme which he had long pondered— pro- 
 bably even before he ascended the English throne, and while he still was 
 personally annoyed by the rude and intrusive presumption of the puritans. 
 His scheme was •' to enlarge the episcopal authority ; to establish a few 
 ceremonies in publir worship, and to settle and fix the superiority of the 
 civil to the ecclesJRntical jurisdiction." 
 
 But though the king's personal influence was now very high, as well 
 from the peace ho had preserved throughout his dominions and the pride 
 the Scotch, themselves a pedantic people, felt in hearing the king whom 
 they had given to England, cited as " the British Solomon," as from the 
 great, not to spy unjust, preference which the king took every opnortunitv 
 to show to Srottish suitors for promotion, even his influence, after much 
 opposition on the part of the clerg^y, could only procure liim a sullen 
 adoption of but a small portion of his plan. " Episcopacy" was so much 
 the detestation of the Scotch, that it is surprising that so shrewd a king 
 us James should have made a point of endeavouring to force it upon them 
 But, as if he had not done sufficient in the way of iiffronling the reiigioui 
 prejudices of the Scotch, James no sooner returned home tlian he equally 
 Rffnmted those of that large party of his English subjects, the puritans 
 That dark, sullen, joyless, and joy-hating set of men had, I y degreoi 
 
 
558 
 
 HISTORY OP TUB WORLD 
 
 brought the original decorous Sunday of England to be a day of the iudsi 
 silent and intense gloom. Thi« was noticed by the king in his return fr)m 
 Scotland, and he immediately issued a proclamation by which all kinds oi 
 lawful games and exercises were allowed after divine service. However 
 imprudent this proclamation on the part of the king, we are inclined to be- 
 lieve that in spirit his extreme was wiser than that of the puritans. But 
 whatever may be the good or the bad policy of the practice, it is certain 
 that the kin; phose a wrong time for recommending it. Even his authority 
 was as nothing against superstitious fanaticism. But while he failed to 
 check or persuade the puritans, did he not irritate them 1 Might not the 
 sharpening of many a sword that was bared against Charles 1. be traced 
 to the vexation caused in puritan bosoms by this very proclamation ol 
 his father i 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 THE REION OF JAMBS I. {continued). 
 
 ». D. 1618.— Sir Walter Raleigh, the favourite of Elizabeth, the opponent 
 ind enemy of Essex, to whom he had shown an implacable and savage 
 spirit which makes us doubt whether the world had not been greatly mis. 
 taken in deeming him a good as well as a great man, had now been for 
 thirteen,-years lingering in his prison. Though advanced in years and 
 'uined in fortune, even imprisonment could not break his unquestionably 
 laring and resolved spirit. Soldier, seaman, courtier, and man of intrigue 
 luring so much of his life, it was when, amid the \fi\a of the public fe- 
 •ocity, which his own cruelty, however, had provoked and exemplared, 
 le was led to the Tower of London, that he, instead of resigning hiinseK 
 o despair, commenced his elaborate and really learned History of the 
 »Vorld ! Thirteen years of confinement could not quell that enduring and 
 laring spirit ; and, as the report of his friends informed him that public 
 >pinion was very favourably and greatly changed on his behalf, he now 
 jegan to scheme for obtaining his enlargement. He caused it to be noised 
 jbraid that, during one of his voyages, he had discovered a gold mine in 
 Guiana, so rich that it would afford enormous wealth not only to any 
 gallant adventurers who, under proper guidance, should seek it, but also 
 to the entire nation at large. These reports, as Raleigh from the first 
 ntended, reached the ears of the king ; but James doubted the existence 
 of the mine, and the more so because it was clear that a man in the sad 
 situation of Raleigh might be expected to say almost anything to obtain 
 freedom. But the report was so far serviceable to Raleigh, that it re- 
 minded the king of the long dreary years the once gallant soldier and gay 
 courtier of Elizabeth had passed in the gloom of a dungeon, and he liber- 
 jted him from the Tower, but refused to release him from the original 
 sentence of death, which, he said, he considered a necessary check upon 
 a man of Raleigh's character, which assuredly had more of talent and 
 audacity than of either probity or mercy. . • ■ 
 
 Though James was by no means inclined to give credit to tlie insigni- 
 ficant tale of Raleigh, he gave full leave to all private adventurers who 
 might choose to join him ; and Raleigh's intrepid assertions, backed by 
 his great repute for both talent and courage, soon placed him at the head 
 of twelve ships, well armed and manned, and provided with everything 
 necessary for piracy and plunder, but with nothing calculated for digging 
 
 the pretended treasure. , ,^ , ^ -i. . »„a 
 
 On the river Oronoko, in Guiana, the Spaniards had built a town called 
 
 St. Thomas, which, at this time, was exceedingly wealthy. Raleigh hod 
 
 taken possession of the whole district above twenty years before lu m 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 66ti 
 
 name of Queen Elizabeth ; but as he had immediately le( the coast, his 
 claim o!i behalf of England was totally unknown to the Spaniards. It 
 was to this wealthy Spanish settlement that Raleiip^h now steered, and on 
 arriving there he stopped at the mouth of the Oronoko with five of his 
 lirgest ships, sending the remainder of the expedition up lo St. Thomas' 
 antler the command of his son and his fellow-adventurer, Captain Kemyss. 
 The Spaniards, seeing the English adventurers approach St. Thomas in 
 juch hostile guise, fired at them, but were speedily repulsed and driven 
 into the town. As young Ralei{;h headed his men in the attack on the 
 town, he exclaimed, " This is the true mine, and they are but fools who look 
 for any other r He had scarcely spoken the words when he received 
 a shot, and immediately fell dead ; Kemyss, however, still continued the 
 attack and took the town, which they burned to ashes in their rage at 
 finding no considerable booty in it. 
 
 Raleigh had never averred that he had himself ever seen the wonder- 
 fully rich mine of which he gave so glowing an account, but that it had 
 been found by Kemyss on one of their former expeditions together, and 
 ihat Kemyss had brought him a lump of ore, which proved the value as 
 well as the existence of it the more. Yet, now that Kemyss, by his own 
 account, was within two hour's march of the mine, he made the most ab- 
 surd excuses to his men for leading them no farther, and immediatel) 
 returned to Raleigh, at the mouth of the Oronoko, with the melancholy 
 news of the death of the younger Raleigh, and the utter failure of all theii 
 hopes as far as St. Thomas was concerned. The scene between Raleigh 
 and Kemyss was probably a very violent one ; at all events it had such 
 anefijct upon Kemyss that he immediately retired to his own cabin and 
 put an end to his existence. 
 
 The other adventurers now perceived that they had entered into both 
 a dangerous and unprofitable speculation, and they inferred from all that 
 had passed that Raleigh from the outset bad relied upon piracy and plun- 
 dering; towns — a kind of speculation for which their ill i^uccess at St. 
 Thomas gave them no inclination, whatever their moral feelings upon the 
 subject might have been. On a full consideration of all the circumstan- 
 ces, the adventurers determined to return to England and take Raleigh 
 ffilh them, leaving it to him to justify himself to the king in the best man- 
 ler lie could. On the passage he repeatedly endeavoured to escape, but 
 *ag brought safely lo England and delivered up to the king. The court 
 3f Spain in the meantime loudly and justly complained of the destruction 
 DfSt. Thomas; and, after a long examination before the privy council, 
 Raleigh was pronounced guilty of wilful deceit as to the mine, and of hav- 
 ing from the beginning intended to make booty by piracy and land-plun- 
 der. The lawyers held, however, as a universal rule, that a man who 
 already lay under attaint of treason could in no form be tried anew for 
 another crime ; the king, therefore, signed a warrant for Raleigh's execu- 
 tion for that participation in the setting up of the lady Arabella Stuart, for 
 which he had already suffered imprisonment during the dreary period of 
 thirteen years! He died with courage, with gayety almost, but without 
 bravado or indecency. While there was yet a faint hope of his escape he 
 feigned a variety of illnesses, even including madness, to protract his 
 doom; but when all hope was at length at an end, he threw off all dis- 
 guise, and prepared to die with that courage on the scaffold with which he 
 had so often dared death on the field. Taking up the axe with which he 
 was about to be beheaded, he felt the edge of it, and said, " 'Tis a sharp, but 
 it is also a sure remedy for all ills." He then calmly laid his head upon 
 t\\i block, and was dead at the first stroke of the axe. Few men had 
 been more unpopular a few years earlier than Sir Walter Raleigh ; btit 
 the courage he displaye< , the long imprisonment he had suffered, and his 
 (ike :ution on a sentence pronounced so long before, merely to give satis- 
 
660 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 faction to Spain, rendered this execution one of the most unpopular acta 
 ever performed by the king. 
 
 It will be remembered that we spoke of the marriage of the princess 
 Elizabeth to the elector palatine as an event which in the end proved 
 mischievous both to England and to the king. 
 
 A. D. 1619.— The states of Bohemia being in arms to maintain their -e- 
 volt from the hated authority of the catholic house of Austria, the mightj 
 preparations made by Ferdinand II., and the extensive alliances he had 
 succeeded in forming to the same end, made the states very anxious to 
 obtain a counterbalancing aid to their cause. Frederick, elector palatine, 
 being son-in-law lo the king of England and nephew to the prince Mhu 
 rice, who at this time was possessed of almost unlimited power over the 
 United Provinces, the states of Bohemia considered that were he elected 
 to their crown— which they deemed elective— their safety would be in 
 sured by his potent connections. They therefore offered to make Fred- 
 erick their sovereign ; and he, looking only at the honour, accepted tiie 
 offer without consulting either his uncle or father-in-law, probably because 
 he well knew that they would dissuade him from an honour so costly and 
 onerous as this was certain to prove. Having accepted the sovereignty 
 of Bohemia, Frederick immediately marched all the troops he could com- 
 mand to the defence of his new subjects. On the news of this event ar- 
 riving in England the people of all ranks were strongly excited. As we 
 have elsewhere said, the people of England are extremely affectionate 
 towards their sovereigns ; and Frederick, merely as the son-m-law of the 
 king, would have had their warmest wishes. But they were still further 
 interested on his behalf, because he was a protestant prince opposing the 
 ambition and the persecution of the detested Spaniard and Austrian, and 
 there was a general cry for an English army to be sent forthwith lo Bo 
 hemia. Almost the only man in the kingdom who was clear-sighted and 
 unmoved amid all this passionate feeling was James. He was far too 
 deeply impressed with the opinion that it was dangerous for a king s pre- 
 rogative and for his subjects' passive obedience, to look with a favourable 
 eye upon revolted states conferring a crown even upon his own son-in- 
 law. He would not acknowledge Frederick as king of Bohemia, and 
 forbade his being prayed for in the churches under that title. 
 
 A D 1620. — However wise the reasonings of James, it would, m the 
 end, have been profitable to him to have sent an English army, even upon 
 a vast scale, to the assistance of Frederick in the first instance. Ferdi- 
 nand, with the duke of Bavaria and the count of Bucquoy, and Spmola, 
 with thirty thousand veteran troops from the Low Countries, not only 
 defeated Frederick at the great battle of Prague, and sent him and his 
 family fugitives into Holland, but also took possession of the palatinate. 
 This latter disaster might surely have been prevented, had James at the 
 very outset so far departed from his pacific policy as to send a consider- 
 able army to occupy the palatinate, in doing which he would by no means 
 have stepped beyond the most strictly legal support of the legitimate rigW 
 
 of his son-in-law. .,, 
 
 Now that Frederick was expelled even from his palatinate, James still 
 depended upon his tact in negotiation to spare him the necessity for an 
 actual recourse to arms ; but he at the same time, with the turn for dissim- 
 ulation which was natural to him, determined to use the warlike enthusi- 
 asm of his subjects as a means of obtaining money, of which, as usual, 
 he was painfully in want. Urging the necessity of instant recourse to 
 that fo'cible interference, which in truth he intended never to make, ne 
 tried to gain a benevolence, but even the present concern for the palatine 
 would not blind the people to the arbitrary nature of that way of levying 
 heavy taxes upon them, and James was reluctantly obliged to call a par- 
 liament. 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 661 
 
 A. D. 1621. — The unwise inclination of the people to plunge into war 
 on behalf of the palatine was so far serviceable to James, that it caused 
 this parliament to meet him with n»ore than usually dutiful and libera* 
 dispositions. Some few members, indeed, were inclined to make com- 
 plamt and redress of certain gross grievances their first subject of atten* 
 lion. But the general feelinff was against them, and it was with some- 
 fiiing Iilte acclamation that the parliament proceeded at once to vote the 
 kin? two subsidies. 
 
 This done, they proceeded to inquire into some enormous abuses 
 of the essentially pernicious practice of granting patent monopolies of 
 particular branches of trade. It was proved that Sir Giles Mompesson 
 and Sir Francis Michel had outrageously abused their patent for licensing 
 inns and ale-houses ; the former was severely pdnished, and the latter 
 only escaped the same by breaking from prison and going abroad. 
 
 StUl more atrocious was the conduct of Sir Edward Villiers, brother of 
 the lavourite, Buckingham. Sir Edward had a patent, in conjunction with 
 Mompesson and iMichel for the sole making of gold and silver lace. This 
 patent had not only been abused, to the great oppresssion of the persons 
 engaged m that, then, very extensive trade, but also to the downright rob- 
 bery of all who used the articles, in which the patentees sold a vast deal 
 more of copper than of gold or silver. Villiers, instead of being dealt with 
 as severely as his accomplices, wa« sent abroad on a mission, and entrust- 
 ed with the care of the national interests and honour, as a means of 
 »c'«en»"g him from the punishment due to his shameless extortion and 
 wbbery at home. Hume, somewhat too tenderly, "uggests that the guilt 
 of Villiers was less enormous or less apparent than that of his accompli* 
 ces. But the true cause of his impunity was the power of his insolen 
 and upstart brother. 
 
 The king having expressed himself to be well pleased that the parlia- 
 ment had enabled him to discover and punish this enormous system of 
 cruelty and fraud, the commons now ventured to carry their inquiries 
 into the practices of a higher offender. That offender, alas ! for poor 
 human nature, was the illustrious Bacon ; 
 
 " The wiBdit, greatest, meaneat of mankind.' 
 
 Kind-hearted, learned, wise, witty, eloquent, and beyond all his contem- 
 poraries deep-thoughted and sagacious, the viscount St. Albans, chancel- 
 lor of I5ngland, was greedy almost to insanity ; greedy not with the miser's 
 wretched love of hoarding, but with the reckless desire of lavishing. His 
 emoluments were vast, his honours and appointments many, and no one 
 could be more eloquent in behalf of justice and moderation than this great 
 man, who may justly be styled the apostle of common-sense in reasoning. 
 Yet his profusion was so vast and so utterly reckless, and his practice so 
 ['"i* *" accordance with his preaching, that he took the most enormous 
 bnbes m his office of judge in equity. Hume suggests the odd apology 
 that though he took bribes he still did justice, and even gave hostile judg* 
 raents where he had been paid for giving favourable ones ! To us it ap- 
 pears that this, if true, was merely adding the offence of robbing individ- 
 uals to that of abusing his office. He was very justly sentenced ^o im- 
 pnsonment during the royal pleasure, or fine of ten thousand pounds, and 
 incapacity for again holding any office. The fine was remitted, and he 
 was soon released from imprisonment and allowed a pension for his sup- 
 port ; a lenity which we think he was undeserving of, in precise propor- 
 tion to the vastness of his ability, which ought to have taught him to keep 
 his conscience clear. 
 
 Many disputes now occurred from time to time between the king and 
 °" pw'wment, and at length the king dissolved them, imprisoned Coke, 
 Ihilips, Scldon. and Pym j and, in his whimsical way of punishing refrac 
 
 Vol. I -36 
 
 
 ^^My. 
 
G 
 
 602 HISVORT OP THE WORLD. 
 
 tory people, sent Sir Dudley Digges. Sir Thomas Crew Sir Nathaniel 
 RSk.amlSr James Parrot, on a commission to Ireland, a country to 
 Sh a scholar and a fine gentleman of that time would about as readilj 
 JO as a club-lounger of our day would to Siberia, or the salt mines of Po 
 
 '* We do not deem it nece. ,ary to dweU>t all minutely upon this parlia. 
 meaiary opposition to the king, because it is less important m itself than 
 K cons^Suences, which we shall have to develope in the succeeding 
 n\Bn. The seed of the civil war wa» now being sowed. The commons were 
 "aHy gaining power and the consciousness of power.but without the large 
 and fffneroul as well as wise spirit which knows hov^ to refortn gradually 
 Even the king himself, with all his high opinions of prerogative and hw 
 only too great readiness to exert it, perceived that the day was past fur 
 aovernini with the high hand alone. A curious instance of this occiirs t. 
 hfs buying off from the gathering opposition Sir John Saville. WW 
 o hers^iere sent to prison, or, which was but 1 ttle betWr, to Ireland bir 
 John wWoHe opposition had been eager and spirited, made his talent so 
 much reared, that the king made him comptroller of the household, a orivy 
 Councillor, and a baron. If his successor could but have been induced 
 frDonder this fact, and to take it in conjunction with the nature of man- 
 End hoi maohnJiaery had been spared to himself and his people, and 
 how many a name that has come down io us in conjunction wUh the moM 
 exalted patriotism, forsooth! would be forgotten in the lordly titles be- 
 
 'To frSithrv?r\^u"ntn5ames might hare professed of going 
 to war on bohalfofhis son-ill-law, his real intention was to secure the 
 Sendsli of Spain, and thus secure the accomplishment of his own and 
 the^nlioVs wishes by marrying his son, Prince Charles, to the Spaniard • 
 "iter Up<m this marriage, besides his looking upon it as a 7«» «;» ")Je 
 of ool cv he was passionately bent, as a matter of personal feel ng, as h« 
 deeWAo one below a princess of Spain or France a fitting match forhii 
 
 "''The war between the emperor and the palatine was still vigorously 
 keot UP. the latter prince, in spite of all his misfortunes making the mos 
 hefoic exertions. 'The details of this war -vill be found -n their prope 
 Dlaci Here it suffices to say. that though James greatly aided his gallant 
 Ein-inJawwih money, he did him almost equal injury by his negotiations, 
 which every one saw through, and of course treated with disrespect p^v 
 wnicn cvc y «i ,.j"* ' .u„. ,u„„ n,.i„ini»fflfl n the most intense 
 
 3 negS oVk way- 'Indlng "in =T^g: was made the subject ol 
 Kh mefrTment on the Lntinenf. At Brussels a farce was acted in Ui 
 pniiriin of which a messenger was made to announce the sad news inai 
 he^paull' wasTt lengt'h on the eve of .being wrestea from the hoi.jj 
 of Austria. Nothing, the messenger said, ^o^^^yesist the aul wJmi 
 Frederick was now about to receive; the king of De''"J"\ ""7"'» 
 LreeJ to send him a hundred thousand pickled h«"'»»^t>>« "f.^oij 
 Sed thousand bulter-boxes, and the king of England-a hundred thousand 
 
 '^"Ctho'uirh James was in reality somewhat ridiculously Profuse j hij 
 efforts to "Viegotiate" the duke of Bavaria into restoring he palatinate, ho 
 reallv wn« rnsiing his main hope upon the Spanish match. 
 
 D gby. af erwa?ds earl of Bristol, was sent to Madrid to endeavour »o 
 hasten the negoviation, which, with more or less ea"»"tness.htd now 
 bJen carried on for five years. Tlio princess being a catholic, a dispen 
 Sn from th"e pope w/s necessary for the marriugc-._a_nd asjanou.^mo 
 UvBB ol Doiicy made Spain anxioui w avoia a luiai - 
 
 'rtstant bffi'''' 99 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 583 
 
 with James, this circumstance was dexterously turned to advantage. 
 Spain undertook to procure the dispensation, and thus possessed the pow- 
 er of retarding the marriage mdefinitely or of concluding it at any moment, 
 should circumstances render that course advisable. Suspecting at least 
 a part of the deception that was practised upon him, James, while he sent 
 Digby publicly to Spain, secretly sent Sage to Rome to watch and report 
 Ihestateof affairs and feeling there. Learning from that agent that the 
 chief difficulty, as far as Rome was roncerned, was the difference of re- 
 ligion, he immediately discharged all popish rescusants who were in cas- 
 tody. By this measure he hoped to propitiate Rome ; to his own subjects 
 he stated his reason for resorting to it to be— his desire to urge it as an 
 srgument m support of the application he was continually making to for- 
 eign princes for a more indulgent treatment of their protestant subjects. 
 
 Digby, now earl of Bristol, was incessant in his exertions, and seems 
 to have been minutely informed of the real intentions and feelings of 
 Spain ; and the result of his anxious and well-directed inquiries was his 
 informing James that there was no doubt that the princess would shortly 
 bestow her hand upon his son, and that her portion would be the then 
 enormous sum of eight hundred thousand pounds sterling. Pleased as 
 James was with the news as regarded the anticipated marriage, he was 
 enraptured when he congid^red it in conjunction with the restoration oi 
 the palatinate, which undoubtedly -.vould instsntly follow. Nothing now 
 remained but to procure the dispensation from Rome; and that, supposing, 
 as seems to have been the case, that Spain was sincere, was not likely to 
 be long delayed when earnestly solicited by Spain— when all James' 
 hopes were shipvrecked and his finely-drawn webs scattered to the winds 
 by Buckingham." Did a prince «rer fail to rue the folly of making an up- 
 start too great for even bis master's control 1 
 
 A. D. 1623.— It would have been comparatively a small mischief had the 
 king made Buckingham merely an opulent duke, had he not also made 
 him, practically, his chief minister. Accomplished, showy, and plausible, 
 he was, however, totally destitute of the solid talents necessary to the 
 statesman, and was of so vindictive as well as impetuous a nature, that 
 he would willingly have plunged the nation into the most destructive wai 
 for the sake of avenging a personal injury or ruining a personal enemy. 
 Importunate and tyrannical even with the king himself, he was absolute, 
 arroMut, and insulting to all others ; anH he had even iiisultea the prince 
 of Wales. But as the king grew old, and evidently was fast sinking, 
 Buckingham became anxious to repair his past error, and to connect him- 
 self in Buch wise with Charles, while still only prince of Vales, as to con- 
 tinue to be the chief minion at court when the prince should have expand- 
 ed into the king. 
 
 Perceiving that the prince of Wales was greatly annoyed by the long 
 and seemingly interminable delays that had taken place in bringing about 
 'be Spanish match, Buckingham resolved to make that circumstance swr- 
 Wceable to his views. Accordingly, though the prince had recently shown 
 ^ deoidqd coolness towards the overgrown favourite, Buckingham ap- 
 iroached his royal highness, and in his most insinuating manner— and 
 no one could be more insinuating or supple than Buckingham when he 
 Had an object in view — professed a great desire to be serviceable. Ht 
 descanted long and well upon the unhappy lot of princes in general in the 
 important article of marriage, in which both husband and wife were usual- 
 ly the victims of mere state policy, and strangers even to each other's per- 
 K>ti8 until they met at the altar. From those undeniable promises he 
 passed to the conclusion, so well calculated to inflame a young and en. 
 Inuiiaslic man, t4iat, for the sake both of making the acuuaintance of hit 
 juturn wife, and of hastening the settlement of the affair by interesting 
 -■! jeelii.fB In behalf alike oi his galianiry and of nig pergoruii aoeoiupiinh 
 
 -%pl*,. 
 
 mm jrif; ^ 
 
 ill It 
 
 ii' 
 
604 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 menta, Cnarles would act wisely by going incognito to the Spanish court. 
 A step 80 unusual and so trusting could not fail to flatter the Spanish pride 
 of Philip and his court, while, as seeming to proceed from his passion. 
 
 tnantic. He fell at once into Buckingham's views, and, taking advantage 
 of an hour of unusual good humour, they so earnestly importuned the 
 king that he gave his consent to the scheme. Subsequently he changed 
 nia mind ; cool reflection enabled him to see some good reasons against 
 the proposed expedition, and his natural timidity and suspicion no doubt 
 suggested still more than had any such solid foundation. But he was 
 again importuned by the prince with earnestness, and by the duke with 
 that tyrannous insolence which he well knew when to use and when to 
 abstain from, and again the king consented. 
 
 Endymion Porter, gentleman of the prince's chamber, and Sir Francis 
 Cottington were to be the only attendants of the prince and duke, except 
 their mere grooms and valets. To Sir Francis Cottington the king com- 
 municated the scheme in the duke's presence, and asked his opinion of it. 
 The scene that followed is so graphically characteristic of the terms upon 
 which the duke lived with his benefactor and sovereign, that we transcribe 
 3t in full from the pages of Hume. 
 
 " James told Cottington that he had always been an honest man, and, 
 therefore, he was now about to trust him with an affair of the highest im- 
 portance, which he was not, upon his life, to disclose to any man what- 
 ever. ' Cottington,' added he, • here is Baby Charles, Do« Steenie (these 
 ridiculous appellations he usually gave to the prince and Buckingham), 
 who have a great mind to go past uito Spain and fetch home the infanta. 
 They will have but two more in their company, and they have chosen you 
 for one. What think you of the journey V Sir Francis, who was a pru- 
 dent man, and had resided some years in Spain as the king's agent, was 
 struck with all the obvious objections to such an enterprise, and scrupled 
 not to declare them. The king threw himself upon his bed and cried, ' I 
 told you all this before,' and fell into a new passion and new lamentations, 
 complaining that he was undone and should lose Baby Charles. 
 
 '•The prince showed by his countenance that he was extremely dis- 
 satisfied with Cottington's discourse, but Buckingham broke into an open 
 passion against him. The king, he told him, had asked him only of the 
 journey, and of the manner of travelling, particulars of which he might bo 
 a competent judge, having gone the road so often by post; but that ho. 
 without being called to it, had the presumption to give his advice upon 
 matters of state and against the prince, which he should repent as long as 
 
 he lived. , •• . 
 
 " A thousand other reproaches he added which put the poor knig mto a 
 new agony on behalf of a servant who, he foresaw, would suffer for 
 answering him honestly, upon which he said, with some emotion, " Nay, 
 by God, Steenie, you are much to blame for using him so. He angwend 
 me directly to the question which I asked him, and very honestly an I 
 wisely ; and yet you know he said no more than I told you before he wuh 
 calletl ill.' Ilowever, after all this passion on both sides, James renownl 
 his consent, and proper directions were given for the Journev. Nor wa.s 
 ho at any loss to discover that the wholo intrigue was originally contrived 
 oy Buckingham, as well m pursued violently by his spirit and impeluosiiy 
 
 The prince and Buckingham, with their attendants, passed through 
 France J and so well were they disguised that they even ventured to look 
 in at a court ball at Paris, where the prince saw the princess Henriotia, 
 his afterwiards unfortunate and heroically attached queen. ^ _ ^ 
 
 m eleven days ihoy arnved «• Madrid, where ihey mrew on inoif ais 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 565 
 
 ^•«i3fi8 and were received with the utmost cordiality. The highest honours 
 were paid to Charles. The king made him a visit of welcome, cordially 
 llianked him for a step which, unusual as it was among priacbs, only the 
 more forcibly proved the confidence he had in Spanish honour — ^gave him 
 a gold passport key that he might visit at all hours, and ordered the 
 council to obey him even as the king himself. An incident which in 
 Kngland would be trivial, but which in Spain, so haughty and pertinacious 
 [){ etiquette, was of the utmost importance, will at once show the temper 
 in which the Spaniards responded to the youthful and gallant confidence 
 of Charles. Olivarez, a grandee of Spain — a haughtier race far than any 
 king, out of Spain — though he had the ripht to remain covered in the pre- 
 seiice of his own sovereign, invariably took ofl ms hat in presence of the 
 prince of Wales ! 
 
 Thus far, in point of fact, whatever obvious objections there might be 
 to Buckingham's scheme, it had been really successful ; the pride and the 
 fine spirit of honour of the Spaniard had been touched precisely as he 
 anticipated. But if he had done good by accident, he was speedily to undo 
 it by iiis selfish wilfulness. 
 
 Instead of taking any advantage of the generous confidence of the prince, 
 ihe Spaniards gave way upon some points which otherwise they most pro- 
 bably would have insisted upon. The pope, indeed, took some advantage 
 of the princt's position, by adding some more stnngent relig[ious condi- 
 tions to the du^icnsation; but, on the whole, the visit of the prince had 
 done good, and the dispensation was actually granted and prepared for 
 delivery when Gregory XV. died. Urban VlTl., who succeeded hir' 
 anxious once more to see a catholic king in England, and judging from 
 Charles' romantic expedition that love and impatience would probably 
 work his conversion, found some pretexts for delaying the delivery of the 
 iispensation, and the natural impatience of Charles was goaded into 
 lownright anger by the artful insinuations of Buckingham, who affected 
 feel certain that Spain had been insincere from the very first. Charles 
 it length grew so dissatisfied that he asked permission to return home, 
 tnd asked it in such evident ill-humour, that Philip at once jp^rauted it 
 without even the affectation of a desire for any prolongation of the visit. 
 But the princes parted with all external friendship, and Philip had a munu> 
 ment erected on the spot at which they bade each other adieu. 
 
 That the craft of Urban would speedily have given way before the 
 united influences of James and Philip there can be no doubt, and as little 
 can there be of the loyal sincerity of the Spaniard. Why then should 
 Buckingham, it may ho asked, overset when so near its completion the 
 project he had so greatly exerted himself to advance 1 We have seen that 
 nis object in suggesting the Journey to the prince was one of purely selfish 
 policy. He then w:is selfish with respect to future benefit to himself. His 
 lowing discord between Charles and the Spaniard was equally a selfish 
 procedure. His dissolute and airy manners disgusted that grave court, 
 and his propensity to debauchery disgusted that sober people. He in- 
 sulted the pride of their proud nobility if. the person of Olivarez, the almost 
 omnipotent prime minister of Spain ; and when by all these means he had 
 worn out his welcome in Spain, and perceived that even respect to th • 
 prince could not induce the Spaniards to endure himself, he resolved tn 
 tircak off the amity between the prince and Phi'ip, and succeeded as we 
 have seen. When Buckingham was taking lea\''^ of Spain he hud the 
 wanton insolence to any to the proud Olivare;;, " With regard tn you, sir 
 in particular, you must not consider me as your friend, but must ever ex- 
 pect from me all possible enmity and opposition." To this insolent 
 spepch, the grnndeo, wUh culm [greatness, merely replied that h« verv 
 wilhngly accepted tlir. offer ol enmity so obligingly made 
 
 <)n liieir reluru lo KngiunU both Ciiarlcs and nuciungham used ul! iheii 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 influence with thr mg to get him to break off all further negotiating the 
 Spanish match, Charles being actuated by a real though erroneous belief 
 of the insincerity of the Spaniard, and Buckingham, by a consciousness 
 that he could expect nothing but ruin should the infanta, after being stnng 
 by 80 much insult shown to herself and her country, become queen of 
 England. In want of money, and looking upon the Spanish match as a 
 sure means by which to get the palatinate restored without going to war, 
 James was not easily persuaded to give up all thought of a match he had 
 had so much at heart and had brought so near to a conclusion. But the 
 influence of Buckingham was omnipotent in parliament, and his insolence 
 irresistible by the king; the Spanish match was dropped, enmity to the 
 house of Austria was henceforth to be the principle of English polity, and 
 ft war was to be resorted to for the restoration of the palatinate. It was 
 in vain that the Spanish ambassador endeavoured to open James' eyes. 
 The deluded monarch was entirely in the hands of the haughty duke, and 
 moreover, from growing physical debility, was daily growing less fit to 
 endure scenes of violent disputation. 
 
 The earl of Bristol, who throughout this strange and protracted affaii 
 had acted the part of both an honest and an able minister, would most 
 probably have made such, representations in parliament as would have 
 overcome even Buckingham ; but he had scarcely landed in England, ere, 
 by the favourite's influence, he was arrested and carried to the Tower. 
 The king was satisfled in his heart that the minister was an honest and an 
 injured man ; but though he speedily released him from the Tower, Buck- 
 ingham only suffered him thus far to undo his involuntary injustice on 
 condition that Bristol should retire to the country and abstain from all 
 attendance on parliament ! 
 
 From Spain the prince turned to France in search of a bride. He had 
 been much struck by the loveliness of the princess Henrietta, and he now 
 demanded her hand ; negotiations were accordingly immediately entered 
 into on the same terms previoub , granted to Spain, though the princesti 
 could bring no dowry like that of the infanta. 
 
 James, in the meantime, found himself, while fast sinking into the grave, 
 plunged into that warlike course which during his whole life he had so 
 nedulously, and at so many sacrifices of dignity and even of pretty certain 
 advantage, avoided. 
 
 The palatinate, lying in the very midst of Germany, possessed by llie 
 emperor and the duke of Bavaria, and only to be approached by an English 
 army through other powerful enemies, was obviously to be retaken by 
 force only at great risks and sacrifices. But the counsels of Bnckina;ham 
 urged James onward. Count de Mansfeldt and his army were subsidized, 
 Hid an English army of two hundred horse and twelve thousand fool was 
 raised by impressment. A free pa8«at,'e was promised by France, but 
 when the army arrived at Calais it was discovered that no formal orders 
 had been received for its admission, and after vainly wailing for such 
 orders milil they actually began to want provisions, the commanders of ^ 
 the expedition steered for Zealand. Here, again, no proper arrangements 
 hnd been made for the disembarkation ; a sort of plague broke out among 
 the men from short allowances and long confinement in the close vessels, 
 nearly «me half of the troopo died, and Mansfeldt very rightly deemed the 
 remainder too small a fon e for so mighty an attempt as that of the ro- 
 eonquesl of the palatinate. 
 
 4, D. 1B35.— Long infirm, the king had been so much harrassed of late 
 by the mere necessity of looking war in the face, ihat this awful loss of 
 life and the ccnnpleto failure of the hopes he had been persuaded lo rest 
 upon the expedition, threw him inlo a tertian ague. From the first aitiuji 
 he felt that his days wore numbered} for when told, in the old EngUsA 
 adaire, ihui 
 
HISTORY OP THE ^ORLD. 
 
 " An agne in spring, 
 b health to a king," 
 
 £67 
 
 he replied, with something of his old quaintness — " Hoot mon \ Ye forget 
 it means a young king." 
 
 He was right. Every successive fit left him still weaker, till he sank 
 into the arms of death, on the 27th March, 1625, in the fifty-ninth year o( 
 bis age, the fifty-eighth of his reign over Scotland, and the twenty-third of 
 his reign over England. 
 
 Few kings have been less personally dignified, or less personally or 
 royally vicious than James. As a husband, a father, a friend, master, and 
 patron, he was unexceptionable save upon the one point of excessive 
 facility and good nature. As a private man he would have been prized 
 the more on account of this amiable though weak trait of character. But 
 as a king it weakened him both at home and abroad, and would assuredly 
 have conducted him to the scaffold, had puritans been as far advanced in 
 their fanatic and mischievous temper, and in their political and misused 
 power, as they were during the reign of his more admirable but less for 
 tunate son. 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 
 THE REION or CHARLES I. 
 
 A. D.- 1625. — The singular suhmissiveness with which James had been 
 obeyed, even when his principles and practices were the most exorbitantly 
 arbitrary, was well calculated to mislead his son and successor Charles!, 
 into a very fatal mistake as to the real temper and inclination of his people. 
 \uthority had not as yet ceased to be obeyed, but it had fur some time 
 ceased to be respected. Even as early as the reign of Elizabeth, a sturdy 
 and bitter spirit of puritanism had began to possess considerable influence 
 both in parliament and among the people at large, and that spirit had 
 vastly increased during the long reign of James I., whose familiar man- 
 ners and undignified character were so ill calculated to support his claim 
 to an almost eastern submission on the part of subjects towards their 
 anointed sovereign. 
 
 But tho real temper of the people was, as it seems to us, totally misun- 
 derstood both by Charles 1. and his councillors. Charles had imbibed 
 very much of his father's extravagant notion of tho extent of the royal 
 prerogative; and while tho bitter puritans wore ready to carry out their 
 fanatical feelings to the extent of crushing alike the throne and the church, 
 tho king commenced his reign by the exaction of a benevolence, an arbi- 
 trary mode of raising money wnich had been denounced long before. 
 The pecuniary situation of tlu; king was, in fact, such as ought to have ex- 
 cited the sympathy and liberality of his subjects, and even the unconstitu- 
 tional and arbitrary conduct of the king in issuing privy seals for a benev- 
 olence must not blind us to the came of that conduct. In the reign of 
 James, as we have seen, the cause of the prince palatine was unrensonably 
 
 Eonular, and F.ngland had entered into a treaty to keep up the war on be- 
 alf of that prince. Bound by that treaty, Charles appealed to his parlia- 
 ment, which gave him only two subsidies, though well aware that sum 
 would be quite unequal to the military demonstrations which both the cause 
 of his brother-in-law and the credit of the English nation required at his 
 hands. 
 
 An inefficient expedition to Cadiz plainly showed that, even with the 
 lid of the forced benevolence, the king was very insuflUciently supplied with 
 BiOiiey, and a iiuw p&i'iitirucrit was iiiiieu. vVanivd by thd cxpencnce ns 
 
 m :. > . ti 
 
(68 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 now bad, the king exerted himself to exclude the more obstinate and able 
 of the opposition members from the new parliament. Something like 
 what in later times has been called the managanent of parliament had al> 
 ready been tried in the reign of James. But the chief step now taken was 
 arbitrarily to name the popular members of the late parliament sheriffs of 
 counties, by which means they were effectually excluded from sitting in 
 the new parliament. But the puritanical spirit was too widely spread, 
 and, while the expedient of the king aggravated the excluded and their 
 friends, the members who were returned proved to be quite as obstinate 
 and unreasonable as their predecessors. Thi. king and his friends and 
 advisers fairly stated to parliament the great ano urgent necessity of the 
 crown ; but m the face of the fact that those necessities were in a great 
 measure created by the former enthusiasm of parliament and the people 
 in favour of the palatine, the new parliament would only grant three sub- 
 sidies, or something more than a hundred thousand pounds, a sum really 
 paltry as compared to the kine's need- It cannot be too emphatically im- 
 pressed upon the reader, that here, at the very outset of the king's reign, 
 the foimdation of all its subsequent troubles was laid. Measures over 
 which the king had had no control made a vigorous and offensive course 
 of action imperative upon him ; but the parliament, while looking to him 
 \.iT that course, doled out (he sinews of war with a paltry and inefficient 
 spirit, that left the king no choice save that between disgrace abroad or 
 arbitrary conduct at home. Charles, unfortunately, looked rather at the 
 abstract nature and privileges of his royalty than at the power and fierce- 
 ness of real popular feeling which he had to combat or to elude. He 
 opnnly authorized commissioners to sell to the catholics a dispensation 
 from all the penal laws especially enacted against them ; he borrowed 
 large sums of money from the nobility, many of whom lent them with 
 great reluctance; and he levied upon London, and upon other large towns, 
 considerable sums, under the name of ship-money, for the equipment and 
 support of a fleet. Wholly to justify this conduct of the king is no part 
 of our business or desire ; but again, and emphatically, we say, that the 
 chief blame is due to the niggardly and unpatriotic conduct of the parlia- 
 ment ; an unjust extortion was the natural and inevitable result of a nu 
 less unjust and unprincipled parsimony. 
 
 War being declared against France, the haughty Buckingham, who was 
 as high in favour with the dignified and refined Charles as he had been 
 with the plain and coarse James, was intrusted with an expedition for the 
 relief of kochelle, which at that time was garrisoned by the oppressed 
 protestants and besieged by a formidable army of the opposite persuasion. 
 Buckingham's talents were by no means equal to his power and ambition. 
 He took not even the simplest precaution tor securing the concert of the 
 garrison that he was sent to relieve, and on his arrival before Rochelle he 
 was refused admittance, the beseiged very naturally suspecting the sin- 
 cerity of a commander who had sent no notice of his intention to aid them. 
 This blunder was immrdiatcly followed up bv another no loss glarinjpi and 
 capital. Denied admittance to Rocliclle, he disregarded the island ofOle- 
 ron, which was too weak to have resisted him and abundantly wed pro- 
 vided to have subsisted his force, and sailed for the isle of Rh6, which was 
 strongly fortified and held by a powerful and well- provisioned garrison. 
 He sat down before the castle of St. Martin's with the avowed intention 
 of starving the garrison into submission ; but abundant provisions were 
 thrown into the fortress by sea, and the French effected a landing in a 
 distant part of the island. All that mere courage could do was now done 
 by Buckingham, who, however, lost nearly two-thirds of his army, and 
 was obliged to make a hurried retreat with the remainder. His friecds, 
 quite truly, claimed for him the praise of personal courage, he having 
 imiu iu3 vsry iaak mau m ^~i on iiiipouaiu. liut issrs cuuragv <? uai a 
 
CUAULKS I. AND AllMUH DuAaKlk 
 
 ii:ll 
 
amall part of t1 
 vate soldier in 
 mgham himsel 
 would have Tai 
 oftheexpediti 
 
 The failure 
 tiints between 
 the dilemma i 
 loudly exclaim 
 they themselvc 
 had been levi( 
 their property i 
 called those of! 
 been illegally i 
 the Tower lor 
 circumstances 
 grievances, an< 
 portion of the 
 that could not 
 
 A. 0. 1629.- 
 members seen 
 lion, the king 
 the question w 
 informed the h 
 This intelligei 
 ihem. Sir Jol 
 was in the act 
 and thus comp 
 condemned to 
 sons concerne 
 denounced An 
 
 This scene ( 
 lowed by the 1 
 Hayman, the 1 
 of sedition. I 
 sionate and pei 
 even of a des 
 prison upon hi 
 
 Sunishment. 
 loUis, Valenti 
 of the king's I 
 commons. T 
 the house of ( 
 latter could nc 
 former. The 
 persons abovi 
 condemned to 
 from five hunc 
 their future co 
 ill effect ; it e; 
 otherwise hav 
 popularity of 
 cordial and fr 
 been eflTectuall 
 envenomed p; 
 duties which ( 
 him. 
 Go entirely 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 569 
 
 bfflall part of the quality of a great general ; probably there was not a pri- 
 \mte soldier in his whole force who was not personally as brave as Duck- 
 tngham himself — certainly there could have been but few of them who 
 would have failed more disastrously and disgracefully in the main objects 
 of the expedition. 
 
 The failure of this expedition could not but increase the mischievons 
 hints between the king and parliament. The latter, without considering 
 the dilemma in which their own illiberal conduct had placed the kine, 
 loudly exclaimed agamst those certainly very arbitrary measures to which 
 they themselves had compelled him. Duties called tonnage and poundage 
 bad been levied, and for refusal to pay them many merchants had had 
 their property seized by the officers of the customs- The parliament now 
 called those officers to account, alledging that tonnage and poundage had 
 been illegally demanded, and the sheriff of London was actually sent to 
 the Tower for having officially supported the king's officers. To these 
 circumstances of ill feeling the more zealous puritans added religious 
 grievances, and every day produced some new proof that a very large pro- 
 portion of the nation was infected with a feeling of intolerance and bigotry 
 that could not but prove ruinous to both church and state. 
 
 I. 0. 1629. — Alarmed at the zeal and obstinacy with which the popular 
 members seemed determined to prosecute the tonnage and poundage ques- 
 tion, the king determined at least to postpone the discussion ; and when 
 the question was brought forward, Sir John Finch, the speaker, rose and 
 informed the house that the king had given him a command to adjourn it. 
 This intelligence, instead of alarming the popular members, infuriated 
 ihem. Sir John Finch was forcibly held in the speaker's chair, which he 
 was in the act of vacating, by two members named Valentine and Hollis, 
 And thus compelled to sanction by his presence a short resolution which 
 condemned tonnage and poundage as being contrary to law, and all per- 
 sons concerned in collecting those duties as guilty of high crimes, and 
 denounced Arminians and papists as capital enemies to the state. 
 
 This scene of violence and passion on the part of the commons was fol-i 
 lowed by the king's committal to prison of Sir Miles Hobart, Sir Peter 
 Hayman, the learned Selden, with Coriton, Strode, and Lung, on charges 
 of sedition. At this period Charles seems to have acted rather upon pas- 
 sionate and perplexed impulse than upon any settled and defined principle, 
 even of a despotic character. He had scarcely sent these members to 
 prison upon his own authority, when he set them free again without further 
 punishment. To other members he was just as inconsistently severe. 
 Hollis, Valentine, and Sir John Elliot, were summoned before' the court 
 of the king's bench to answer for their violent conduct in the house of 
 commons. They pleaded, and it should seem quite reasonably, too, that 
 the house of commons being a superior court to the king's bench, the 
 latter could not take cognizance of an alledged offence committed in the 
 former. The judges, however, treated this plea with contempt ; the three 
 persons above named were found guilty in default of appearance and 
 condemned to be imprisoned during the king's pleasure, to pay fines oi 
 from five hundred to a thousand pounds each, and to give security foi 
 their future conduct. The arbitrary severity of this sentence had a doubly 
 ill effect ; it exalted in the public mind men whose own rash anger would 
 otherwise have been their most efficient opponent, and it added to the un- 
 popularity of the king just at the precise moment when nothing but a 
 cordial and friendly expression of public opinion was at all likely to have 
 been effectually serviceable to him in his contest with the obstinate and 
 envenomed party — men who denied him the means of performing those 
 duties which the popular outcry had mainly contributea to impose upon 
 him. 
 
 *30 eniireiy had Buckingham obiained the ascendancy oVei' iii6 mind oi 
 
 !*' u 
 
 , Bto .. ■ 
 
 11 
 
670 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Cbarles, mat the favourite's disgraceful failure in the Rochelle expeditioit, 
 though it caused a loud and general indignation in the nation, did not seen) 
 to injure him with the kins. Another expedition for the relief of Ruchelle 
 was determined upon^aniFthe command was bestowed upon Buckingham. 
 His brother-in-law, the earl of Denbigh, had failed in an attempt to°raiae 
 the siere. Buckingham, naturally anxious to wipe off the disgrace ot 
 two failures, exerted himself to the jitmost to make the new expedition 
 under bis own command a successful one. To this end he went to Ports- 
 mouth and personally superintended the preparations. He was at this 
 moment decidedly the most unpopular man in the kingdoms-denounced 
 on all hands as the betrayer and at the same time the tyrant of both king 
 and country. The libels and declamations which were constantly circu- 
 lated found a ready echo in the breast of one Felton, an Irish soldier ol 
 fortune. By nature gloomy, bigoted, and careless of his own life, this 
 man had been rendered desperate by what appears to have been very un- 
 
 Iust treatment. He had served bravely at St. Rh4, where his captain was 
 [illed, and Buckingham, whether in caprice or mere indolence, had re- 
 fused to give Lieutenant Felton the vacant place. This personal injury 
 aggravated his hatred to the duke as a public enemy, ana he determined 
 to assassinate him. Having traveled to Portsmouth, this resolute and 
 violent man contrived to approach the duke as he was giving some orders, 
 and struck him with a knife over the shoulder of one of the surrounding 
 officers. The duke had only strength enough to say, "the villian has 
 killed me," when he fell dead upon the spot. In the confusion that en- 
 sued the assassin might easily have escaped, for the blow was so sudden 
 that no one saw by whom it was struck. But the assassin's hat had fallen 
 among the astounded spectators and was found to contain some of the 
 strongest lines of a very violent remonstrance which the house of com- 
 mons had voted against the duke's conduct; and while some persons were 
 remarking that no doubt the villain must be near at hand, and would be 
 recognised by the loss of his hat, Felton deliberately stepped forward and 
 avowed his crime. When questioned he positively denied that any one 
 had instigated him to the murder of the duke. His conscience, he said, 
 was his only adviser, nor could any man's advice cause him to act against 
 bis conscience ; he looked upon the duke as a public enemy, and therefore 
 he had slain him. He maintained the same constancy and self-compla- 
 cency to the last, protesting even upon the scaffold that bis conscience 
 acquitted him of all blame. A melancholy instance of the extent to which 
 men can shut their eyes to their own wickedness in their detestation o% 
 the real or imputed wickedness of others. 
 
 A. D. 1639.-~-Charle8 received the tidings of the assassination of his fa- 
 vourite and minister with a composure which led some persons to imag- 
 ine that the duke's death was not wholly disagreeable to the too indul- 
 gent master over whom he had so long and so unreasonably exerted hit 
 mfluence. But this opinion greatly wronged Charles ; he, as a man, 
 wanted not sonsibility, but he possessed to a remarkable extent the val- 
 uable power of controlling and concealing his feelings. 
 
 The first consequence of the cessation of the pernicious counsel and 
 influence of Buckingham was the king's wise resolution to diminish hii 
 need of the aid of his unfriendly subjects, by concluding peace with the 
 foreign foes against whom he had warred under 'so many disadvantages 
 and with so little glory^. Having thus freed himself from the heavy and 
 constant drain of foreign warfare, the king selected Sir Thomas Went- 
 worth, afterwards earl of Strafford, and Laud, afterwards archbishop of 
 Canterbury, to aid him in the task of regulating the internal affairs of hia 
 kingdom ; a task which the king's own love of prerogative and the ob> 
 slinatc ill-humour and disaffection of the leading puritans rendered al< 
 raoBi impracticabio. x 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 611 
 
 Unfortunately, Laud, who had great influence over Charles, wa» by no 
 oieans inclined to moderate his propensity to arbitrary rule. Ton- 
 nage and poundage were still levied on the king's sole authority ; papists 
 were still compounded with as a regular means of aiding the king's rev- 
 enue; and the custom-house officers were still encouraged and protected 
 n the most arbitrary measures for the discovery and seizure of goods al- 
 ledged to be liable to charge with the obnoxious and illegal duties. These 
 errors of the king's government were seixed upon by popular declaimers, 
 and the violence of libellers provoked the king and Laud to a most arbi- 
 trary extension of the always too extensive powers of the high commis- 
 sion and slar-chamber courts, the sentences of which upon all who were 
 accused of opposing the government were truly iniquitous, and in pre* 
 cisely the same degree impolitic. This court, though really authorised. 
 bfno law, inflicted both personal and pecimiary severities, which to us 
 who are accustomed to the regular and equitable administration of law 
 cannot but be revolting. For instance, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, named 
 Prynne, a man of considerable talent, though of a factious and obstinate 
 temper, was brought before this arbitrary court, charged witii having at- 
 tacked and abused the ceremonies of the church of England. Burton, a 
 divine, and Bastwick, a physician, were at the same time charged with a 
 similar oflence ; and these three gentlemen of liberal professions, for libels 
 which now, if punished at all, would surely not cost their authors more 
 than two months' imprisonment, were condemned to be placed in the pil. 
 lory, to have their ears cut off*, and to pay each a fine of five thousand 
 pounds to the king. 
 
 The impolicy of this and similar severe sentences was the greater, be- 
 cause there were but too many indications already of extensive and de- 
 termined disaffection to the crown. Refused the really requisite pecu- 
 niary assistance by his parliament, the king continued to levy ship-monev, 
 and against this tax an especial and determined opposition was raised ; 
 though it ought to be observed that it had often been levied in former 
 reigns, not because of so reasonable a motive as the factious refusal of 
 parliament to provide for the necessities of the state, but in sheer des- 
 potic preference on the part of sovereigns to act on their own %vill rather 
 than on that of parliament. The puritans and the popular leaders in gen- 
 eral, however, made no allowance for the king's really urgent and dis' 
 tressing situation. 
 
 Among the most determined opponents of the ship-money was Mr. 
 lohn Hampden, a gentleman of some landed property in the county of 
 Buckingham. The moral character of this gentleman was, even Ijy 
 those whom his political conduct the most offended or injured, admitted 
 to be excellent ; but his very excellence as a private man served only to 
 maks him the more mischievous as a public leader. If, instead of lending 
 himself to the support of that bitter and gloomy party whose piety not 
 seldom approached to an impious familiarity, and whose love of liberty 
 degenerated into a licentiousness quite incompatible with good govern- 
 ment, John Hampden had thrown the weight of his own high character 
 !nto the scale against the insanity of genius as displayed by Vane, and 
 the insanity of hate to all above them and contempt of all below them 
 which was -manifested by nineteen-twentieths of the puritan or republican 
 srmy, how sternly, how justly, and how efficiently might he not have re- 
 buked that sordid parliament which so fiercely and cspriciously com- 
 plained of the king's extortion, while actually compelling him to it by a 
 long and obstinate parsimony, as injurious to the people as it was insult- 
 ing to the sovereign ! But he took the opposite course. Being rated at 
 twenty shillings for his Buckinghamshire estate, he refused payment, and 
 luused the questionbetween himself and the crown to be earned into the 
 "iivhequer court. For twelve days the ablest x&v/yeis in £ng;aiid arguod 
 
 n 
 
672 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 this caae before the whole of the Judges, all of whom, with the excep 
 tion of four, decided in favour of the king's claim. 
 
 Without entering into the intricacies of legal argumentation, we must 
 briefly remark, that all the writers who have treated of this celebrated 
 ease appear to us to have bestowed very undeserved praise upon Hamp* 
 den, and quite to have misunderstood or misrepresented the case as be* 
 tween the king and the people at large. Was it the king's duty to sup> 
 port the peace of the kingdom and the dignity of the crown 1 By so 
 much as he might have fallen short of doing so, by so much would he 
 have fallen short of the fulfilment of his coronation oath. But parlia- 
 ment, the power of which was comparatively recent and in itself to a 
 very consiaerable extent a usurpation, denied him the necessary supplies. 
 An odious and insolent tyranny, surely, to impose responsibility, yet deny 
 the means of sustaining it ! The king, then, was thus driven, insolently 
 and most tyrannously driven, to the necessity of choosing between a 
 crime and an irregularity; between perjury, violation of his coronation 
 oath,, and a direct levy of that money which he could not obtain through 
 the indirect and constitutional means of parliament. 
 
 It is quite idle to dwell upon ths irregularity of the king's mode of levy, 
 ing money without charging, primarily, that irregularity to the true cause, 
 the shameful niggardliness of parliament. Then the question between 
 Charles and the sturdy patriot, Hampden, becomes narrowed to thit 
 point — were the twenty shillings levied upon Hampden's property an un- 
 reasonable charge for the defence and security of that property t No 
 one, we should imagine, will pretend to maintain that, and therefore the 
 refusal of Hampden to pay the tax— unaccompanied as that refusal was 
 by a protest against the vile conduct of parliament — evidenced far more 
 of the craftiness and factious spirit of his parly than of the sturdy and 
 single-minded honesty which the generality of writers so tenaciously af- 
 fTect to attribute to the man. 
 
 We have dwelt the longer upon the pecuniary disputes between Charles 
 and his narrow-minded parliament, because the real origin of all the sub- 
 sequent disorders was the wanton refusal of the parliament to provide for 
 the legitimate expenses of the state. Later in order of time the dis- 
 putes became coniplicated, and in the course of events the parliament be- 
 came better justified in opposition, and the king both less justified and 
 less moderate ; but even in looking at those sad passages in English his- 
 tory which tell us of royal insincerity, and of Englishmen leagued under 
 opposing banners, and upon their own soil spilling each other's . blood, 
 niver let the reader forget that the first positive injustice, the first provo- 
 cation, the first guilt, belonged to parliament, which practised tyranny 
 and injustice while exclaiming aloud for liberty. 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 
 THB RKioN or CHARLKS I. {cotitinued). 
 
 A. D. 1640.— Though there was a most bitter spirit existing against the 
 church of England, and the press teemed with pnrii.iii libels as^ vulgar and 
 silly as they were malicious, Charles, a sincere friend to the church, mos' 
 unhappily saw not the storm-cloud that hovered over him. Instead oi 
 ronneiitrating his energies, his friends, and his pecuniary resources, to 
 elude or smite down the gloomy and bitter puritans of England, and to 
 awaken again the cheerful and loyal spirit ot his English yeomanry, be 
 most unwisely determined to introduce cpisconncy into Scotland. Ar 
 order was given fos reading the liturgy in the icipal church of Edin- 
 bur(r*» wh'ch so provuk^ ; ;'ae congregation, tl. the very women ioined 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 678 
 
 Id an attack on the officiatin{ir minister, and the place of pnblio worship 
 was profaned by furious and disgusting imprecations. Long inured to 
 actual warfare with England, and always jealous of a niition so much 
 wealthier and more powerful than themselves, the Scorch gladly seized 
 upon the attempt to introduce episcopacy among them as a pretext for 
 harinu recourse to arms, and the whole of that disaffected and warlike 
 
 Eopulation was instantly in a state of insurrection. Even now, could the 
 ing hare been induced to perceive the real inveteracy and determination 
 of the Scottish hatred of episcopacy, he might have escaped from this 
 portion of his embarrassments with but little worse evil than some dimi- 
 notion of his cherished notion of the absolute supremacy of anointed sov- 
 ereigns. A negotiation was resorted to, and a treaty of peace quickly 
 succeeded a mere suspension of arms, each party agreeing to a disband* 
 onment of their forces. Unhappil}', neither party was quite earnest in 
 desiring peace ; the king could not give up his long cherished ideas o( 
 their absolute monarchy, and the rigid Scottish presbyterianS were not a 
 Jot more incli: -'.d to yieiJ up any portion of their entire freedom and 
 •elf-governme;u in matters of religion. The negotiations and treaties 
 were in conso^uenct- marked by mutual insincerity; mutual charges of 
 bad faith were made, and both Charles and his Scottish people speedily 
 resumed <ih'>ir hostile attitude. 
 
 The Qiopute in which the king had thus needlessly and unwisely in- 
 volved himself seriously increased his difficulties. Although he still 
 continued to levy ship-money and other arbitrary taxes, he was dread- 
 fully distressed for money ; and the disaffected of England saw, with 
 scarcely dissembled pleasure, that their cause was virtually being se- 
 cured by the disaffection of Scotland. It was while the people were in 
 this ominous temper that Charles, having exhausted all other means, 
 even to forced loans from his nobility, was obliged to call a parliament 
 and make one more appeal for pecuniary aid. But this parliament was 
 even less than the former one inclined to aid the king. He had been re- 
 fused aid for the ordinary expenses of the kingdom, and he was still 
 less likely to be fairly treated when he, in terms, demanded aid to quell 
 and chastise the Scottish rebels whose principles were so near akin to 
 those of the English puritans, who now were numerically powerfu? 
 enough to constitute themselves the national purse-holders. Instead of 
 the aid he asked for, the king received nothing but remonstrance and re- 
 buke, on the score of the means by which, when formerly refused aid by 
 parliament, he had supplied himself. Finding the parliament quite im- 
 practicable, the king now dissolved it. But the mere dissolution of this 
 arbitrary and unjust assembly could not diminish the king's necessities, 
 and he soon called another parliament — that fatal one whose bitter and 
 organised malignity pursued him to his death. The puritan party ^as 
 preponderant in this parliament, and so systematic and serried were the 
 exertions of those resolute and gloomy men, that they at once felt and 
 indicated their confidence of success at the very commencement of the 
 session. Instead of granting the supplies which the king demanded, 
 they passed at once to the impeachment of the earl of Strafford, the 
 faithfu', minister cri the personal friend of the king. Strafford at a for- 
 mer f •' 'f I had to a certain moderate extent acted with the puritans ; but 
 they resented his opposition to their more insolent proceedings so deeply, 
 that nothing bu^. the unfortunate nobleman's blood could appease their 
 malignity. 
 
 It was well known that Charles required no one to urge him to support 
 the prerogative of the crown to its fullest legal extent, at least ; and it was 
 equally well known that Laud was of a far more arbitrary turn than Straf- 
 ford, and had fully as much influence with the king. But Strafford, us 
 we have said, had given deep offence to the puritans^ and dee" atid deadly 
 
 m- 
 
 III 
 
 Mm 
 
 Uik' 
 
 
674 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 was their revenge. He was soleiniiiy impeached of high treason beiorc 
 the peers. His defence was a perfect model of louciiiiig and manly elo- 
 quence. With a presence of mind not to be surpassed, he took up acd 
 refuted each accusation in the exact order in which it had been made; 
 and he concluded by assuring the peers that he would not have troubled' 
 them so long, had he not felt the defence of his life to be a sacred duty 
 towards his children, "pledges of a dear saint now in heaven." But 
 neither the cogent logic of his defence, nor the imimpeached excellence 
 of his private character, could avail augbt against the political fury of the 
 time. He was pronounced guilty by both houses of parliament, and his 
 death was clamoured for with an eagerness that reflects but little credit 
 upon the English character at that period. There was but one thing that 
 could have saved the earl of Strafford, and it is with pain that we record 
 that that one thing was sadly absent — a just firmness of character on the 
 part of the king. 
 
 On a fair and careful examination of the proceedings against Strafford, 
 we can only discover one serious fault that was committed by that minis- 
 ter; he allowed his personal attachment to the king to induce him to in- 
 cur ministerial responsibility for measures which, both as minister and 
 private man, he greatly disapproved of. But this great fault was one 
 bearing no proportion to the dread penalty of death ; moreover, however 
 faulty Straflbra on this point was towards himself and the nation, he had 
 committed no fault against the king. Contrariwise, he had given the ut- 
 most possible proof of personal and loyvA feelings ; and Charles, in aban- 
 doning a minister whose chief fault was that of being too faithful to hts 
 sovereign, acted a part so unchivalric, so totally unworthy of his general 
 charactep, that we scarcely know how to speak of it in terms sufficiently 
 severe. A truly futile apology has been attempted to be made for Charles' 
 abandonment of his too devoted minister. That ill-fated nobleman, while 
 confined in the Tower, heard of the clamour that was artfully and perse- 
 veringly kept up by his enemies, and in a moment of unwise exaltation 
 he wrote to the king and advised him to comply with the sanguinary de- 
 mand that was made. The advice was unwise, but, such as it was, it 
 ought to have hud the effect of only increasing tiie king's resolution to save 
 such a man and such a minister from destruction. But Charles took the 
 advice literally au pied de la lettre, and signed the warrant for the execu- 
 tion of, probably, after his queen, the most sincerely devoted friend that 
 he possessed. " Put not your trust in princes !" was the agonized com- 
 mentary of Strafford upon this most snameful compliance of the king ; 
 and I'.e submitted to his undeserved execution with the grave and equable 
 dignity which had marked his whole course. From this unjust murder o( 
 the king's friend and minister, the parliamiMit passed to a very righteoub 
 and wise attack upon two of the most iniquitous of the king's courts. 
 The high commission court, and the court of star-chamber were 'inani. 
 mously abolished by act of parliament. 
 
 While the protestants of England were divided into churchmen and 
 puritans, and while the latter were busily engoged in endeavouring to 
 throw discredit upon the church, papacy saw in these disputes a new 
 temptation for an attack upon protestantism as a whole. The king's 
 finances were well known to be in such a state as must necessarily pre- 
 vent him from anything like vigour in military operations ; and the papists 
 }f Ireland, aided and instigated by foreign emissaries, resolved upon a 
 general massacre of their protestant fellow-subjects, A simultaneous at- 
 tack was made upoii these latter ; no distinction was made of age or o( 
 sex ; neighbour rose upon neighbour, all old obligations of kindness were 
 forgotten, all old animosities, how trifling soever their origin, were terri- 
 bly romembored, and upwards of forty thousand persons were 'nhi*' 
 nianiy slaughtered. The king male every exertion to suppress and pu» 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 673 
 
 ish this infamous massacre, and, feeling that the chief obstacle to his sue 
 cess lay in his crippled finances, he once more appealed to his English 
 parliament for a supply. But not even the massacre of their protestant 
 fellow-subjects could alter the factious temper of the puritans; they not 
 only refused the aid he asked, upon the absurd plea that England was itself 
 in too much danger to spare any aid to Ireland, but even added insult to 
 injustice by insinuating that the king had himself fomented the disturb 
 ances in Ireland ; as though the unfortunate monarch had not already too 
 numerous claims on his impoverished finances ! 
 
 A. D. 1641.— The attachment of the king to the church was well known, 
 and both he and his opponents well knew that on the support and affection 
 of the church rested the chief hope of preserving the monarchy. The 
 puritan party, therefore, determined to attack the monarchy through the 
 church, and thirteen bishops were accused of high treason, in having 
 enacted canons for church government without the authority or consent 
 of the parliament. The opposition, or, as they are commonly called, " the 
 popular members," at the same time applied to the peers to exclude the 
 prelates from speaking and voting in that house ; and the bishops, with 
 more discretion than dignity, deprecated the puritan animosity by ceasing 
 to attend their duly in the house if lords. The king was thus, at the 
 very moment when he most required aid in parliament, deprived of the 
 talents and the votes of precisely those peers of parliament upon whose 
 assiduity and devotion he had the most dependance. 
 
 Posthumous blame is both cheap and easy. The writer, sitting calmly 
 m his closet, can easily and safely point out the errors of the great mtm 
 of a bygone age ; it is a nobler and more necessary task to ascertain and 
 hold up to view the circumstances that rendered those errors excusable, 
 at least, if not actually inevitable. Goaded, insulted, and straitened as 
 Charles was, he would have possessed something more than human firm- 
 ness if he had not at length deviated into rashness. His most devoted 
 friend slain, the prelates of his church silenced, and himself made a mere 
 cipher, except as to the continuance of a vast and fearful responsibiUty, 
 he resolved to try the effect of severity ; and he gave orders to the attorney- 
 general, Herbert, to accuse before the house of peers, Lord Kimbolton, 
 together with the prominent commoners, Hollis, Hampden, Pym, Strode, 
 and Sir Arthur Haslerig, of hiah treason in having endeavoured to subvert 
 the laws and government of the kingdom, lo deprive the king of his regal 
 power, and to substitute for it an arbitrary and tyrannical authority, inju- 
 rious to the king and oppressive to his liege subjects. Thus far we are 
 by no means unprepared to approve of the king's proceedings, for surely 
 the conduct of the accused persons had been marked by all the tendency 
 attributed to it in the terms of the accusation. But, unfortunately, Cha^le^ 
 instead of allowing the proceedings to go forward with the grave and de- 
 liberate earnestness of a great judicial matter, was ho wilful or so ill-ad- 
 vised as to take a personal step, which, had it been ouccessful, would 
 nave exposed him to the imputation of a most unconstitutional tyranny, 
 and which, i'l beiny unsuccessful, exposed him to that ridicule and coiV 
 tempt which, injurious to any man under any circumstances, could be 
 nothing less than fatal to a king who was in dispute with a majority of 
 his people, and who had already seen no small portion of them in actual 
 battle array against his authority. 
 
 On the very day after the attorney-general had commenced justifiable 
 proceetllngs against thole factious leaders, the king entered the house of 
 commons, without previous notice and without altendanco. On his maj- 
 esty's first appearance, the members to a man respectfully stood up to re- 
 ceive him, and Lenthal, the speaker, vacated his chair. His majesty 
 •eated himself, and, after looking sternly round for lome moments, said, 
 uiut understanding that the house had refused or neglected to give up five 
 
 ! 
 
 H ^ 
 
 I .i 
 
 jlI 
 
676 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 I 
 
 of its members whom he had ordered to be accused of high treason, ho 
 had personally come there to seize them, a proceeding to which he was 
 sorry to be compelled. Perceiving that the accused were not present, he 
 called upon the speaker to deliver them up; when that officer, with great 
 presence of mind and justice, replied that he was the mere organ and ser- 
 vant of that house, and that he had neiiher eyes to see, nor ears to hear, 
 nor lips to utter, save what that house commanded. Finding that ho 
 could in no other respect gain by a procedure in which he was so great a 
 loser in dignity, hi;< majesty, after sitting silent for some moments longer, 
 departed from the house. He now proceeded to the common council of 
 the city, and made his complaint of the conduct of the house of commons. 
 On his "oad he was saluted by cries of" privilege," not unmixed with still 
 more insulting cries from many of the lower sort, and his complaint to the 
 common council was listened to in a contemptuous and ominous silence. 
 Irritated and alarmed at this new proof f the unpopularity of his proceed- 
 ings, he. departed from the court, and as ne did so was saluted bv soitie 
 low puritan with the seditious watchword of the Jews of old—" To yooi 
 tents, Israel !" 
 
 It is utterly inconceivable how a sovereign possessed of Charles' good 
 sense, and aware, as from many recent occurrences he needs must have 
 been, of the resolved and factious nature of the men to whom he was op* 
 posed, could have comjfromised himself by so rash and in every way un- 
 advisable a proceeding as that which we have described. In truth, he 
 had scarcely returned to the comparative solitude of Windsor before he 
 himself saw how prejudicial this affair was likely to be to his interests, 
 and he hastened to address a letter to pariiament, in which he said that 
 his own life and crown weie not more precious to him than the privileges 
 of pariiament. This virtual apology for his direct and personal inter- 
 ference with those privileges was rendered necessary by his previous pre- 
 cipitancy, but this ill-fated monarch now ran into another extreme. Hav- 
 ing offended pariiament, his apology to parliament was necessary, nay, 
 tn the truest sense of the word, it was dignified ; for a persistence in error 
 ia but a false dignity, whether in monarch or in private man. Uut here 
 his concession should have stopped. His offence was one against good 
 manners, but the offence with which Pym and the members were charged 
 was one of substance, not of form. Their offence was not in the slightest 
 degree diminished or atoned for by the king's folly; yet, as though there 
 had been some close logical connection between them, ho now informed 
 the house that he should not farther prosecute his proceedings against its 
 accused members! Could inconsequence or want of dignity go farther, 
 or be more fatally shown 1 If, while apologizing to the house for his un- 
 
 3uestionable offence against its privileges, he still had CHJinly and with 
 ignity, but sternly untl inexorably, carried on his proceedings against the 
 accused members, it is quite within the pale of probability that he would 
 have saved himself from an untimely end, and his country from the stigma 
 of a most barbarous murder. The opposite conduct, though in no wist 
 efficient in softening the stern hearis of his enemies, taught tliem the fa- 
 tally important truth that their king knew how to yield, and that if un- 
 wisely rash in a moment of irritation, he could he no less unwisely abject 
 in a tnomeiit of calculation or timidity. It was a fatal lesson ; and from 
 this moment, in spite of any seeming and temporary advar.tages, tharleft 
 of England was virtually a dethroned monarch and a doomed man. 
 
 There was a deep art, beyond what was at first npparent, in the insolent 
 insinuation of the popular declaimers that the king had himself fomented 
 the recent horrors n Ireland. The awful massacre among the protes- 
 tants of that country had naturally raised a new horror and dread of Dsuaoy 
 in the minds of the protostants of England. The artful popular leaders 
 
HISTORY OP THE "WORLD. 677 
 
 prom se ocst to aid their own aftibitious and blood-thirsty views. The w- 
 noraiit and the timid were taught to believe that the massacre of the nrS- 
 testants, though the deed of bigoted papists, was far enough from beina 
 disagreeable to the king and his friends, who would probably cause 
 dimilar proceedings in England unless due power and means of preven- 
 tion were placed in time in the hands of parliament, which was constantly 
 represented as an integer that necessarily loved and watched over, instead 
 of what It really was, an aggregate composed of various dispositions and 
 rates of talent, having but one common bond of union, a hatred of all au- 
 thority save that of the aggregate in question, and having a deference for 
 no opinion save that of each individual member of that aggregate. Treat- 
 ed as Charles had been almost from the first day of his reign, it must be 
 clear to the most superficial observer, that nothing but his fortresses and 
 his troops remained to him of the substance of monarchy. The parlia- 
 went now determined to deprive him of these. They had seen that he 
 could yield, they calculated upon a passion, te resistance to their first ex- 
 orbitancy and insolence of demand ; but they doubted not that the vacil- 
 ation of the king s mind would begin long ere the resolute obstinacy of 
 theirown would terminate. The result but too well proved the accuracy 
 of heir reasoning. The people were skilfully worked up into an 
 ecstacy of horror of the designs and power of the papists, and thus 
 urged to petition that the Tower, the fortresses of Hull and Ports- 
 mouth, and the fleet, should be committed to the hands of officers in 
 the confidence of parliament. Demands so indicative of suspicion, so 
 insultingly saying that the king would place such important trusts in 
 hands uiiht to use them, were, as the opposition had anticipated, warmlv 
 resented at first, and then unwisely complied with. 
 
 Emboldened by this new concession, the popular party affected new 
 and increased fears of the designs of the Irish papists, and demanded 
 that a new miiitia should be raised and trained, the commanders as 
 well as the merely subaltern officers of which should be nominated bv 
 parliament. Charles now, when too late, perceived that even to con- 
 cede safely requires judgment ; and being urged to give up the com- 
 mand of the army for a limited space of time, he promptly replied, 
 "No! not even for a single hour !'* Happy for himself and his king, 
 dom had it been if he had earlier known how to say " No," and to abide 
 by it not only with firmness but also with temper. 
 
 A. D. 1642.— In making this demand parliament had completely thrown 
 off the mask; and as the very extremity to which tiie king was driven 
 supplied him in this one case with the firmness which in general and 
 by his natural temper he so sadly wanted, it at once berame evident 
 that the disputes between the king and his loyal subjects on the one 
 side, and the puritans and their only too numerous and onthnsiastic 
 dupes on the other, could only be decided by the saddest of all moans, n 
 civil war. On either side appeals to the people were printed and circu- 
 lated m vast numbers, and, as usual in such cases, each side exagjrerated 
 the faults of the other, and was profoundly silent as to its own faults. 
 Whether as to past conduct or present views. The king's friends, being 
 or the most part of the more opulent ranks, assumed the title of the cava- 
 hers, while the puritan, or rebel party, from their affected habit of wear- 
 ing their hair closely cut, wore called roundheads, and in a short time the 
 majority of the nation ranked under the one or the other appellation, and 
 everything portended that the civil strife would l)e long, fierce and «aii. 
 
 In addition to the trainbands assembled under the command of Sir John 
 "m, the king had barely three hundred infantry oiid eight hundred 
 cavalry, and he was by no means well orovided with nrm«. fint in -nii, 
 «r«^i Uin exertions ol the puritans, there was stiU an ejctensive foeliiii "f 
 
 L'». 
 
 k', ■?.. ■< 
 
 -:»- 
 
 !!' i 
 
578 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 loyalty among the higher and middle orders; and as the king with his In. 
 tie army marched slowly to Derby and thence to Shrewsbury, large nddi- 
 tions were made tp his force, and some of the more opulent loyalists af- 
 forded him liberal and most welcome aid in money, arms, and ammunition 
 On the side of the parliament similar preparations were made for the 
 impending struggle. When the important fortress of Hull was surren- 
 dered inco their hands, they made it their depot for arms and ammunition, 
 and it was held for them by a governor of their own appointment, Sir John 
 Hotham. On the plea of defending England from the alledged designs 
 of the Irish papists, great numbers of troops had been raised ; and these 
 were now openly enlisted and officered for the parliament, and placed 
 under the command of the earl of Essex, who, however, was supposed to 
 be anxious rather to abridge the power of the existing monarch than act- 
 ually to annihilate the monarchy, which, doubtless, had from the very first 
 been the design of the leaders of the popular party. So great was the en- 
 thusiasm of the roundheads, that they in one day enlisted above four thou 
 sand men in London alone. 
 
 Tired of the occupation of watching each others manosuvres, the hos- 
 tile troops at length met at Edge-hill, on the borders of the counties ol 
 Warwick and Stafford. A furious engagement took place, which lasted 
 several hours ; upwards of five thousand men fell upon the field, and the 
 contending armies separated, wearied with slaying yet not satiated with 
 slaughter, and each claiming the victory. 
 
 The whole kingdom was now disturbed by the incessant marching and 
 countermarching of the two armies. Neither of them was disciplined, 
 and the disorders caused by their march were consequently great and 
 destructive. The queen, whose spirit was as high as her affection 
 for her husband was great, most opportunely landed from Holland 
 with a large quantity of ammunition and a considerable reinforcement of 
 men, and she immediately left England again to raise farther supplies. 
 In the inaiiffluvring and skirmishes which were constantly going on, the 
 king, from the superior rank and spirit of his followers, had for some time 
 a very marked advantage ; but the parliamentarians, so far from beingdis- 
 cournged, actually seemed to increase in their pretensions m proportion 
 to the loss and disgrace they experienced in the field. That the kin/r 
 was at this time sincere in his expressed desire to pui a stop to the out- 
 pouring of his subjects' blood appears clear from the fact, that on obtain- 
 ing any advantage he invariably sent pacific proposals to the parliament 
 This was especially the case when he lay in all security in the loyal city 
 of Oxford, whence he conducted a long negotiation, in which the iiiso- 
 lence of the leaders of the other party was so great and conspicuous, that 
 even the most moderate writers liave blamed the king, as having carried 
 hi* desire for pacific measures to an extreme, injurious alike to his dig- 
 nity and to the very cause he was anxious to serve. 
 
 But if he bore somewhat too meekly with the insolence of his opponents 
 In the cabinet, tlio king in his first campaign of the disastrous civil war 
 was abundantly successful in the field, in spile of the navap.) severity of 
 his opponents, who treated as traitors theaovernors of those strong places 
 which from time to time were opened to their sovereign. 
 
 Cornwall was thoroughly subjected to the king ; at 8lratton-lull, in 
 Devonshire, a fine army of the parliamt'iitariaiis was routed ; and at 
 Roundway-dowii, near Devizes, in Wiltshire, another great victory was 
 gained over them by the royal troops, who wore again succestflul m uio 
 still more important battle of Chalgrnve-field, in Uuckinpliainshire. I no 
 important city of Bristol was taken by the royalists, and Gloucester was 
 closely invested. Thus far all looked in favour of the royal cause during 
 Um first campaign, and at its close great hopes of farther success vim. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 519 
 
 founded upon the fine army that was raised for the kjig in the north of 
 England by the loyal and high-hearted marquis of Newcastle, Nor was 
 it the loss only of battles and strong-holds that the parliamentarians had 
 noH' to deplore. 
 
 John Hampden, who had made so sturdy, although, in our opinion, so 
 ilUfoundec an opposition to the ship-money, while acting with the per 
 Terse men whose conduct made that undoubted extortion inevitable, took 
 the field with the parliamentarians at the head of a well-appointed troop 
 which chiefly consisted »)f his own tenants and neighbours. On several 
 occasions he displayed ^reat courage, and it being proposed to beat up 
 the quarters of the king's gallant relative, Prince Rupert, Hampden was 
 foremost in the attack. When the parliamentary troops were subse- 
 quently mustered Mr. Hampden was missed, and it was then remarked 
 that he had been seen, contrary to his usual custom, to leave the field 
 before the fight was ended, and it was noticed, too, that he was leaning 
 forward on his saddle-bow as if exhausted and in pain. The fears thus 
 excited were soon realized ; he had been severely wounded. The king 
 would have sent his own surgeon to endeavour to save this inflexibly 
 honest though mistaken foe; but the ill-fated gentleman was injured be- 
 yond human remedy, and died soon after the action. 
 
 This loss on the parliamentary side was even more than balanced by 
 the death of the royalist officer, Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland, one of the 
 purest characters that grace our national history. As a statesman he 
 had opposed the errors of the king with all the boldness and inflexibility 
 of Hampden, but with a grace and moderation of which Hampden's stern 
 and severe nature was incapable. But though Lord Falkland ardently 
 desired liberty for the subject, he was not prepared to oppress the sov- 
 ereign; and the moment that the evil designs of the popular leaders 
 were fully developed, the gallant and accomplised nobleman took Ins 
 stand beside his royal master. Learned, witty, elegant, and accomplish- 
 ed, he was indignant and disgusted at the evident desire of the popular 
 leaders to deluge their country in blood, rather than stop short of the 
 full accomplishment of their ambitious and evil designs. From the com- 
 mencement of the civil war he became possessed by a deep and settled 
 melancholy, the more remarkable from contrast with his natural vivacity. 
 He neglected his person, his countenance becime anxious and haggard, 
 and he would remain in silent thought fur hours, and then cry, as if un- 
 consciously, " Peace ! peace ! Let our unhappy country have peace !" On 
 the morning of the battle of Newbury he told his friends that his soul 
 was weary of the world, and that he felt confident that ere nightfall he 
 should leave them. His sad prediction was accomplished ; he was 
 mortally wounded by a musket ball in the abdomen, and it was not until 
 the following morning thai hi<i mourning friends rescued his body from 
 amid the meaner slain. 
 
 The first campaign being '•nded, the king made vigorous preparations 
 for a second. Aa it wac evident that the very name of a parliament had 
 » great influence upon the minds of many, and as all neg^otiation with 
 the old parliament sitt'n'j at Westminister led only to new insnli, the 
 king wisely determined to call another parliament at Oxford, where he 
 had his quarters. The peers being far the most part firmly loyal, the 
 king's upper houpe was well filled, but his lower house had not more 
 thiin a hundred and forty members, being scarcely half the number that 
 was mustered by tiie rebellious house of cotmnons. But the king's mem- 
 fters were mostly men of wealth and influence, and thus they had it in 
 Ihfir power to di the king the chief service he really required, that 
 of voting him supplies. Having done this they were dismissed with 
 thanks and never ugain called together. 
 
 Uui itny nuppiies wiiicii the kiiiK couid ^irocuro I'rom what may almost 
 
tso 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 be called individual loyalty were but small in comparison to those 
 which the factious parliamentarians could command by the terror which 
 they could strike into nearly every district of the country. As if to show 
 at once their power in this way, and the extent to which they were pre- 
 pared to abuse it, they issued an arbitrary command that all the inhabit 
 tants of London and the surrounding neighbourhood should substract one 
 meal in every week from their accustomed diet, and pay the full price ol 
 provision thus saved as a contribution to the support of what these im< 
 pudent and ambitious men affected to call the public cause. The sedi< 
 tious Scots at the same time sent a large supply of men to the parlia- 
 mentarians, who also had fourteen thousand men, under the earl of Man- 
 chester, ten thousand under the earl of Essex, and eight thousand and 
 upwards under Sir William Waller. And though this force was numeri- 
 cally so much superior to the king's, and, by consequence, so much more 
 onerous, the parliamentary troops were, in fact, far better supplied 
 with both provision and ammunition than the royalists ; the majority oi 
 men being so deluded or so terrified by the parliamentarians that an or- 
 dinance of parliament was at all times sutiicient to procure provisions for 
 the rebel force, when the king could scarcely get provisions for money 
 
 K. D. 1644. — Though, in the ordinary style used in speaking of military 
 affairs we have been obliged to speak of the termination of the first cam- 
 paign, at the period when the contending parties went into winter quar- 
 ters, hostilities, in fact, never wholly ceased from the moment when they 
 first commenced. Even when the great armies were formally lying idle 
 a constant and most destructive partizan warfare was carried on. The 
 village-green became a battle-field, the village-church a fort; now this, 
 now that party plundered the peasantry, who in their hearts learned to 
 curse the fierceness of both, and pray that one or the other might be su 
 effectually beaten as to put a stop at once and forever to scenes which 
 had all the ghastly horrors of war without any of its glory, and all its 
 present riot and spoliation without even the chance-of its subsequent 
 gain. Whether cavalier or roundhead were triumphant the peaceable deni- 
 zen was equally the sufferer ; and when the war-cry and the blaspheni> 
 rang through the village-street, and re-echoed through the trees that 
 waved above the graves of the long generations of the former occupants 
 of the village, what mattered it whether cavalier cheered or roundhead 
 prostituted the words of the book of life — were they not English accents 
 that issued from the passion-curled lips of both parties 1 
 
 That the system of terrorism which the parliamentarians acted upon 
 had very much to do with prolonging this unnatural contest seems In- 
 disputable. Countiss, and lesser districts, even, as soon as they were 
 for a brief time freed from the presence of the parliamentary forces, al- 
 most invariably and unanimously declared for the king. Nay, in the very 
 towns that were garrisoned by the parliamentarians, including even their 
 strong-hold and chief reliance, London, there was at length a loud and 
 general echo of the earnest cry of the good Lord Falkland, "Peace ! peace! 
 Let our country have peace !" From many places the parliament received 
 f rmal petitions to this effect ; and in London, which at the outset hud 
 been so furiously seditious, the very women asseiTibled to the number ol 
 upwards of four thousand, and surrounded the .ouse of commons, exclaim- 
 ing, " Peace ! give us peace ! or those trailoi . who deny us peace, that 
 we may tear them to pieces." So furious were the women on this occa- 
 sion, that, in the violence used by the guards, some of these wives and 
 mothers who wished their husbands and sons no longer to bo the prey of 
 a handful of ambitious men were actually killed upon the spot ! 
 
 But they who had so joyously aided in sowing the whirlwind were not 
 vet to cease to reap the storm. War, to the complete destruction ol 
 
 «„J tU. tU. 
 
 UITT ait tx asjt.t tiiv tuit-u^i rrtsn tii-: utrmgri 
 
 J...: ^f iU^ .-If 
 
 ipil 
 
 .i^A 
 
 tiitr ncii-TTiv.-T— ■ 
 
 ilvpd 
 
HIST<ORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 681 
 
 cuiers, and it was in vain that their lately enthusiastic dupes now crier] 
 aloud and in bittor misery for the blessings of peace. 
 
 Before we proceed to speak of the second campaign of this sad war 
 we must introduce to the attention of the reader a man who henceforth 
 fixed the chief attention of both parties, and whose character, even in the 
 present day, is nearly as much disputed as his singular energy and still 
 more singular and rapid success were marvelled at in his own time. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell was the son of a Huntingdonshire gentleman who, as 
 1 second son of a respectable but not wealthy family, was himself posses- 
 sed of but a small fortune, which he is said to have improved by engag- 
 ing in the trade of a brewer. At college, and even later in life, Oliver 
 Cromwell was remarkable rather for dissipation than for ability, and the 
 very small resources that he inherited were pretty nearly exhausted by 
 bis excesses, long before he had any inclination or opportunity to take 
 part in public affairs. On reaching mature manhood, however, he sud- 
 denly changed his course of life, and affected the enthusiastic speech 
 ind rigid conduct of the puritans, whose daily increasing power and con 
 sequence his shrewd glance was not slow to discover. 
 
 Just as the disputes between the king and the popular party grew 
 warm, Oliver Cromwell represented in parliament his native town of 
 Huntingdon, and a sketch left of him by a keen observer who saw his 
 earliest exertions in that capacity, represents a man from whom we 
 should but little expect the energy, talent, and success of the future 
 "Protector " Cromwell. Homely in countenance, almost to actual ug- 
 liness, hesitating in speech, ungainly in gesture, and ill clad in a sad 
 coloured suit " which looked as it h\d been made by some ill country 
 tailor," the future statesman and warrior addressed the house amid the 
 scarcely suppressed whispers of both friends and foes, who little dream- 
 ■'A that in that uncouth, ill nurtured, and slovenly-looking person they 
 nw the vast and terrible genius who was to slay his sovereign, knead 
 all the fierce factions of Englislimen iiUo one trampled and submissive 
 mass, and, while wielding a most U8ur[)ed and lawless authority over the 
 English nation at home, so direct her energies abroad as to make her 
 name stand fully as high among the astounded and gazing nations as ever 
 it had been carried or maintained by the most fortunate and valiant of 
 the lawful sovereigns of England. 
 
 As a mere senator Cromwell would probably never have succeeded in 
 making himself a great name; he recjuired to command rather than tu 
 advise, to act rather than to argue. Gifted with an iron frame, the body 
 and mind, with him, aided each other, and he who stammered out con- 
 fused no-meanings to the half wearied and half wondering senate, 
 thought clearly and brightly as the lightning flash, and shouted his vig- 
 orous conceptions with tlie dread vehemence of thunder, amid the fury 
 and the clank of the battle, and as he guided his war-steed through car- 
 nage towards carnage more terrible still. 
 
 It is to this day a mooted point whether Cromwell was wholly deluded 
 or wholly a deluder; or whether he was partly the one and partly the 
 other. To us it seems that there Was nothing natural in his character, 
 as developed by history, save his mental and bodily energy, his profound 
 Mgaeity, his decision and his master-passion— ambition. He saw, no 
 doubt, poor men become rich, and mean men powerful, as riches and 
 power are estimated in the petty affairs of ob.scure country towns, and 
 no saw that they achieved their personal i;ggrandizem«nt by a supple 
 compliance with the cant and grimace of the day. He had suffered both in 
 reputation and fortune by his free if not profligate life, and it is probable 
 that he at the outset adopted the outward appearance of another way of 
 thinking w^ith no deeper or more extensive design than that of saving him- 
 srif ir<)iri the hieVitduio ill Ciiutttfqui;iit:e!t m poverty. Once arrived in par- 
 tuineut. whether conducted I'litber by mere liccidcnt ur skilful intriguing. 
 
/>82 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 a single glance must have shown even a far less sagacious person than 
 he was, that the puritans would, sooner or later, be incomparably the 
 most powerful party in the state. Joining with them from interest, aping 
 their manners from necessity, he would from mere habit continue to ape 
 them long after he could afford to be more open in his conduct. But the 
 frequent profanity of his remarks, and the occasional coarseness and 
 jollity of his " horse-play " among his soldier-saints, appear to us to savour 
 very much of unconscious and uncontrollable breakings forth of the old 
 Adam of the natural man; fever fits of the natural heart and temper that 
 were too strong for the artificial training of resolved hypocrisy. Such 
 upon repeated and most impartial examination, appears to us to have been 
 the real character of Cromwell. 
 
 Though forty-four years old before he drew a sword, Cromwell at the 
 very outset of the rebellion showed himself what has been emphatically 
 called a born soldier. Stalwart though clumsy in frame, a bold and a 
 good rider, and— as most men of any respectibility of that time were— a 
 perfect master of the ponderous sword then in use, he was the very man 
 for a partizan captain of heavy cavalry. His troops was almost entirely 
 composed of the sons of respectable farmers and yeomen, and as they 
 were deeply tinctured with the religious feeling of purilanism, and filled 
 to overflowing with the physical daring of well-born and well-nurtured 
 Englishmen, his assumed sympathy with them in the former respect and 
 his genuine equality or superiority in the latter, shortly gave him the 
 most unbounded power of leading them into any danger that human 
 beings could create, and through or over any obstacles that human 
 prowess and daring could surmount. 
 
 Indefatigable, active, patient of fatigue, Cromwell speedily attracted the 
 notice of the parliamentary leaders, who bestowed praise and distinc- 
 tion upon him none the less cheerfully because as yet he did not affect 
 to aim at anything higher than the character of a bold, stern, and active 
 partizan captain, who was ever ready with sword in hand and foot in stir- 
 rup when the enemy's night quarters were to be beaten up, a convoy seiz- 
 ed, or any other real though comparatively obscure service was to be ran- 
 dered to the good cause. Such was the estimate Cromwell's command- 
 ers formed of him ; such the estimate he wished them to form of the 
 man who was one day to dictate to the proudest and to laugh to scorn 
 the wiliest among them ! 
 
 The too famous and disastrous battle of Long Marston Moor, as it was 
 the first great military calamity of the king, so it was the first great oc- 
 casion upon which Cromwell had the opportunity (which he so well knew 
 how to seize) of openly and signally displaying himself. A junction had 
 been formed between the Scotch army and the English parliamentary for- 
 ces, and this combined host invested York. This city, both from its own 
 wealth and from its situation as the capital of the northern counties, was 
 too important to the royal cause to be lost without a struggle; and Prince 
 Rupert and the marquis of Newcastle joined their forces '- order to niise 
 the seige of the ancient city. The opposing forces, in nuin..Er about fifty 
 thousand, met on Long Marston Moor, and a long and obstinate contest 
 ensued. Tiie right wing \)f the royalist troops, commanded by Prince 
 Rupert, was broken and driven off the field by the highly trained 
 cavalry under Cromwell, who, after having dispersed the royalists' right 
 wing, promptly galloped back to the field, and very materially aided in 
 .putting to flight the main body of the royalists under the marquis. The 
 result of this hard day's fighting was the capture by the parliamentarians 
 of the whole of Rupert's admirable train of^ artillery, and a loss of men, 
 reputation, and self-confidfince, from which it may safely be averred that 
 the royalists never recovered. 
 
 The successes of the Darhameularians made them all (he hautfhiier iS 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 583 
 
 their pretensions and all the more unsparing in their reaoives. Laud, 
 arclibishop of Cantarbury, had for a lonj? lime been confined in the Tower 
 his devotion to his master bein» the only crime with which he could 
 bejustly charged, except the kindred crime of still warmer devotion, if 
 possible, to the rights and supremacy of the church of England. This 
 eminent man was therefore brought to trial by his bitter enemies, the puri- 
 tans, condemned, and executed. As if to set a peculiar and characteris- 
 tically puritanical mark upon this dastardly act of vulgar and ignorant 
 vengeance, the now dominant power ordered the abolition — by what they 
 called law— of the church of England liturgy on the very day of the exe- 
 cution of the learned and energetic prelate whose devotion to his duty was 
 indomitable. By this act of abolition the English church was reduced, as 
 regarded power in the state, to the same level as the newest, meanest, and 
 most insane' of numerous petty sects into which conceit, or ignorance, or 
 sheer knavery had by this time split the puritans ; and the Scottish rebel 
 army appropriately enough joined the London rebel citizens in giving 
 public thanks for an alteration of which not one of them could have pointed 
 out a substantial advantage, while its instant and perspective disadvan- 
 tage might have been perceived by a tolerably educated child. But fac- 
 tion loves a change— even though it certainly be not for the better, and 
 probably may prove to be for the worse I 
 
 A. D. 1645. — Though the royalists, as related above, were seriously in- 
 jured and depressed by the result of the battle of Long Marston Moor, 
 neither the king nor his friends despaired of ultimate success. While the 
 parliamentarians exerted themselves to crush the royalists whenever the 
 next general action should ensue, the kipg and his friends made equally 
 strenuous efforts to redeem their fortune and character on the like con- 
 tingency. A variety of counter-marching and mere partizan skirmishing 
 •,nok place during the earlier months of the year 1645, and at length, on 
 the 14th of June of that year, the main strength of the two parties met 
 near Naseby, a village in Northamptonshire. The right wing of the 
 royal army was commanded by the gallant and impetuous Rupert, the 
 left wing by Sir Marmaduke Langdale, and the main body by the lord 
 Astley, while a choice force was commanded, as a reserve, by the king 
 ill person. The left wing of the parliamentarians was commanded by 
 Ireton, who had married Cromwell's daughter, the right wing by Crom- 
 well himself, whose gallant and skilful charges at Long Marston Moor 
 were not forgotten, and the main body by generals Fairfax and Skippon. 
 The parliamentary left wing was so hotly charged by the impetuous and 
 dashing Rupert, that it was fairly broken and driven through the streets 
 of Naseby. But this success was rendered of comparatively little advan- 
 tage, for Rupert lost so much time in attempting to seize Ireton's artillery 
 liiat Cromwell, meanwhile, broke the royal horse under Sir Marma- 
 duke Langdale, beyond all the efforts of that officer for its re-formation. 
 While the cavalry on either side was thus occupied, the infantry were 
 hotly engaged, and so much to the advantage of the royal side that the bat- 
 tallions of the parliament were actually falling back in disorder. The 
 whole fate of the day now mainly depended upon which side should first 
 lee its cavalry return. If Rupert, instead of employing himself in seizing 
 or spiking artillery, had at this time returned and made one of his fear- 
 fully impetuous charges upon the flank of the faltering roundheads, whom 
 lliebest efforts of Fairfax and Skippon could scarcely keep from falling 
 into a rout, the fortune of that day, and most probably the issue of the 
 whole struggle, would have been in favour of the king. But the mar- 
 iTcllous good fortune of Cromwell attended him ; he returned to the field 
 *ith his iron troopers elated with their success over Sir Marmaduke Lang- 
 lale's division, and charged the flank of the main body of the royalists so 
 
 ieicelv HH to thrnvv thfjm into honele"" »0i^ irrenipHiiihlA 0'^"''>i*inn Ru. 
 
 
 f ■! '« 
 
584 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 pert now returned with his cavalry aiul joined the king^o reserve , bul 
 the fate of the day was sealed ; not even the gallantry of that ablb com- 
 mander could lead the reserve to the support of the beaten and fugitive 
 host of the royalists, and the king was obliged to fly from the field, leav- 
 ing his artillery and valuable baggage, as well as five tliousand prisoners, 
 in the hnnds of the victorious parliamentarians. 
 
 Nor did the advantages to the victor end even tnere. The defeat of the 
 king and the magnitude of the losses he had sustained greatly aided the 
 parliamentarians in reducing the chief fortified places in the kingdom. 
 Bristol, Bridgewater, Chester, Sherborne, and Bath fell into their hands ; 
 Exeter was closely invested by Fairfax, and held out gallantly, but ai 
 length was obliged to surrender at discretion, all the western counties 
 being so completely cleared of the king's troops that there-was not the 
 slightest chance of its being relieved. ' 
 
 In all the aspects of his fortune Charles had found the city of Oxford 
 loyal and devoted. As well became that city of science and learning, it 
 had constantly shown itself " glad in his prosperity and sad in his sor- 
 row," and thither he retreated in his present misfortune, well knowins,'- 
 that there he would be loyally received, and hoping that even yet he might 
 by negotiation retrieve some of the sad loss he had experienced in the 
 field. But the unfortunate king was closely pursued by Fairfax, at tho 
 head of a victorious army eager for yet farther triumph over the defeated 
 sovereign; and as the parliamentarians loudly expressed their intention 
 of laying siege to Oxford, and were abundantly supplied with everythinij 
 requisite for that purpose, Charles had several, and very cogent reasons 
 for not abiding there. That the loyal inhabitants of Oxford would defend 
 him to the utmost, Charles had no room to doubt ; but neither could there 
 be any doubt that the well known loyalty of the city would, on that very 
 score, be most signally punished by the parliamentarians. Moreover 
 Charles had a most justifiable and well-grounded horror of falling into the 
 hands of the English puritans, from whom, especially now that they were 
 full and freshly flushed with victory, he might fear every insult, even to 
 the extent of personal violence. Reasoning thus, and believing that the 
 Scottish army was less personally and inveterately hostile to him, Charles 
 took what proved to be the fatal resolution, of delivering himself into the 
 hands of the Scots. To their eternal disgrace, they received him as a 
 distressed king only to treat him as a malefactor and a prisoner. They 
 worried and insulted him with sanctimonious remonstrances and reflec- 
 tions, by every possible neglect of the respectful ceremonials due to a 
 sovereign ; they reminded him of and imbittered his misfortunes ; and, to 
 complete the infamy of their conduct, they added gross venality to faith- 
 lessness and disloyalty, and literally sola him to the rebellious English 
 parliament for the sum of two hundred thousand pounds ! 
 
 With this atrocious act the Scots returned to their country, iaden 
 with ill-earned wealth, but laden also with the execration of all good men, 
 and with the contempt even of those bold bad men to whom they had 
 basely sold the unfortunate prince. Wholly and helplessly in the power 
 of his foes, Charles had no course left to so honourable a mind as his, but 
 to absolve his still faithful followers and subjects from the duty of farther 
 striving in his behalf, and to trust for the safety of even his life to the 
 mercy of men 
 
 " Whoio mercy was a nickname for the rage ^ 
 Of tamoloBs tiger* hungering for blood." 
 
 * But if the rebellious parliamentarians were triumphant over their king 
 they had yet to deal with a more formidable enemy. The parliament had 
 been made unanimous in itself and with the army by the obvious and 
 pressing necessity for mutual defence, as long as the king was in the 
 fi(dd and at the head of an imposing force. But now that the fortune oi 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 685 
 
 war and the base venality of the Scotch had made Chailes a powerleaa 
 and almost liopeless captive, the spoilers began to quarrel about the dis- 
 position of the spoil ; and they who had united to revolt from their law- 
 ful monarch were ready with equal eagerness and animosity to cabal 
 against each other. There is a sure retributive curse attendant upon all 
 needless and groundless dissent— its destitution of a real and an abiding 
 bond of union. The civilians of the parliamentary party were, for the 
 most part, presbyterians, who were eager enough to throw off all alleei- 
 ance to the king and all submission and respect to the church of England 
 but who were not the less inclined to set up and exact respect, both from 
 lay and clerical authorities of their own liking. The fanaticism of the 
 army took quite another turn; they were mostly independents, who 
 thought, with, Dogberry, that "reading and writing come by nature," and 
 were ready to die upon the truth of the most ignorant trooper anions them 
 bf,ing qualified to preach with soul-saving effect to hirfequally ignoraUit fel- 
 low. The independents, armed and well skilled in arms, would under 
 any conceivable circumstance have been something more tijan a match 
 for the mere dreamers and declaimers of parliament ; but they had a still 
 further and decisive advantage in the active and energetic, though wily 
 and secret, prompting and direction of Cromwell, who artfully professed 
 himself the most staunch independent of them of all, and showed himself 
 as willing and able, too, to lead them to the charge and the victory upon 
 the well-fought field. He was, in appearance, indeed, only second in 
 command under Fairfax, but, in reality, he was supreme over his nominal 
 commander, and had the fate of both king and kingdom completely in hia 
 own hands. He artfully and carefully fomented the jealousy with which 
 the military looked upon their own comparative powerlessness and ob- 
 scurity after all the dangers and toils by which they had, as they affected 
 to believe, permanently secured the peace and comfort of the country. 
 
 Without appearing to make any exertion or to use any influence, tlu 
 artful intriguer urged the soldiery so far, that they openly lost all conft 
 dence in the parliament for which they had but too well (ought, and set 
 about the consideration and redress of their own grievances as a separate 
 and ill-used body of the community. Still, at the instigation of Cromwell, 
 a rude but efficient military parliament was formed, the principal officers 
 acting as a house of peers, and two men or officers from each regiment 
 acting as a house of commons, under the title of the " agitators of the 
 Jrmy." Of these Cromwell took care to be one, and thus, while to all 
 appearance he was only acting as he was authorized and commanded by 
 his duty to the whole army, he in fact enjoyed all the opportunity that he 
 required to suggest and forward measures indispensable to the gratifica- 
 tion of his own ambition. 
 
 While Cromwell was thus wickedly but ably scheming, the king, forlorn 
 and seemingly forgotten, lay in Holmby castle, strictly watched, though, 
 as yet, owing to the dissensions that existed between the army and the 
 parhament, not subjected to any farther indignities. From this state of 
 comparative tranquillity the unhappy Charles was aroused by a couj> de 
 mam, higiily characteristic alike of the boldness and shrowdne'ss of Crom- 
 well. He demonstrated to his confidants of the army that the possession 
 of the king's person must needs give a vast preponderance to any of thu 
 existing parties. The royalists, it was obvious, would at the order of the 
 king rally round him, even in conjunction with the parliament, which by 
 forming such a junction could at any moment command the pardon of tho 
 King, when the army, besides other difficulties, would be placed in the 
 flisadvaiitageous position of fighting against all branches of the govern- 
 ment, including even that one to whose will and authoritjr it owed its own 
 existence. As usual, his arguments were successful, and Comet Joyce, 
 «iw at the breaking out ol the rebellioi had een only i tailor, was dis' 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 i { 
 
 Bm 
 
\/ 
 
 ftSC 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 patched with five hundred cavalry to seize the king's person at Holmbj 
 castle. Though strictly watched, the king was but slenderly guarded, for 
 the parliament had no suspicion of the probability of any such attempt on 
 the part of the army. Cornet Joyce, therefore, found no difficulty in ob- 
 taming acceas to the king, to whom he made known the purport of his 
 mission. Surprised at this sudden determination to remove him to the 
 headquarters of the army, the king, with some anxiety, asked Joyce to 
 produce his commission for so extraordinary a proceeding, and Joyce, 
 with the pelulence of a man suddenly and unexpectedly elevated, pointed 
 to his troops, drawn up before the window. " A goodly commission," re- 
 plied Charles, "and written in fair characters;" he then accompanied 
 Joyce to Triplo-heath near Cambridge, the head-quarters of the army. 
 Fairfax and other discerning and moderate men had by this time begun to 
 see the danger the country was in from the utter abasemenf of the kingly 
 power, and to wish ft)r such an accommodation as might secure the peo- 
 pie without destroying the king. But CromwcU's bold seizure of his 
 majesty had enabled him to throw off the mask; the violent and fanatical 
 spirit of the soldiery was wholly subjected to him, and on his arrival al 
 Iriplo-heath, on the day after the king was -taken thither by Joyce, Crom- 
 well was by acclamation elected to the supreme command of the army. 
 
 Though, at the outset, the parliament was wholly opposed to the exor- 
 bitant pretensions of the army, the success of Cromwell's machinations 
 rendered that opposition less unanimous and compact every day, and at 
 length there was a considerable majority of parliament, including the two 
 speakers, in favour of the army. To encourage this portion of the par- 
 liament, the head-quarters of the army were fixed at Hounslow-heath ; 
 and as the debates in the house daily grew more violent and threatening, 
 Bixty-two members, with the two speakers, fled to the camp at Hounslow, 
 and formally threw themselves, officially and personally, upon the protec- 
 tion of the army. This accession to his moral force was so welcome lo 
 Cromwell, that he caused the members to be received with a perfect tu- 
 mult of applause ; and he ordered that the troops, twenty thousand in num- 
 ber, should move upon London to restore these fugitives to the place 
 which they had voluntarily ceded and the duties they had timorously fled 
 from. , , 
 
 While the one portion of the house had fled to the protection of the 
 soldiers, the other portion had made some demonstrations of bringing the 
 struggle age'nst the pretensions of the army to anissue in the field. New 
 speakers were chosen in the place of the fugitives, orders were given to 
 enlist new troops, and the train-bands were ordered to the defence of the 
 lines that enclosed the city. But when Cromwell with twenty thousand 
 trained and unsparing troops arrived, the impossibility of any hastily or- 
 ganized defence being available against him became painfully evident. 
 The gates were thrown open, Cromwell restored the speakers and the 
 members of parliament, several of th^ vposite members were arbitrarily 
 expelled the house, the mayor of Lonaon, with three aldermen and the 
 sheriffs, were committed to the Tower, other prisons were crowded with 
 citizens and militia officers, and the city lines were levelled, the more 
 effectually to prevent any future resistance to the sovereign will and pleas- 
 ure of the army, or, rather, of its master-spirit, Cromwell 
 
 CHAPTER LII, 
 
 THE RBION OP CHARLES I. (cONOLUDBd). 
 
 The king on being seized by the army was sent as a prisoner to his 
 
 • . »" i M. »l 4l !u -1 1 „«»l.«/1 Up iiroo allnwpll 
 
 paiacc aj- nuinpiui: i;uiii'i. mcic, iiiu^gii viuaciy rrattufco, nc va 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 687 
 
 the access of his friends and all facilities for negoti»,ing witli parliament; 
 But, in truth, the negotiating parties had stood upon terms which almost 
 necessarily caused distrust on the one hand and inciiicerity on the other. 
 Completely divested of power as Charles now was, it seems probable 
 enough that he would promise more than he had any intention of perform- 
 ing, while the lea'ling men on the other side could not but feel that their 
 rery lives would depend upon his sincerity from the instant that he should 
 be restored to liberty and the exercise of his authority. Here would have 
 been quite sufficient difficulty in the way of successful negotiation ; but, 
 Desides that, Cromwell's plans were perpetually traversing the efforts of 
 ihe king when his majesty was sincere, while Cromwell's active espion- 
 age never allowed any flagrant insincerity to escape detection. The 
 king at length perceived the inutility of negotiation, and made his escape 
 to the Isle of Wight. Here he hoped to remain undisturbed until he 
 could either escape to the continent or receive such succours thence as 
 might enable him, at least, to negotiate with the parliament upon more 
 equal terms, if not actually to try his fortune anew in the field. But 
 Colonel Hammond, the governor of the Isle of Wight, though he in some 
 respects treated the unfortunate king with humanity, made him prisoner, 
 and after being for some time confined jn Carisbrook castle, the unfortu- 
 nate Charles was sent in custody to his royal castle of Windsor, where he 
 was wholly in the power of the army. 
 
 Cromwell and those who acted with him saw very plainly that the 
 mere anxiety of the parliament to depress the praetorian bands which 
 themselves had called into evil and gigantic power, was very likely to 
 lead to an accommodation with the king, whose own sense of his immi- 
 nent danger could not fail to render him, also, anxious for an early settle- 
 ment of all disputes. The artful leaders of the army faction, tlierefore, 
 now encouraged their dupes and tools of the lower sort to throw off the 
 mask ; and rabid yells fo^r the pumshmenl of the king arose on all sides. 
 Peace and security had hitherto been the cry ; it was now changed to a 
 cry for vengeance. From Windsor the unhappy king was conveyed to 
 Hurst-castle, on the coast of Hampshire, and opposite to the Isle of Wight, 
 chiefly, it should seem to render communication between him and the par- 
 liamentary leaders more dilatory and difficult. But the parlimnent, grow- 
 ing more and more anxious for an accommodation in precise proportion 
 as it was rendered more and more impracticable, again opened a negotiation 
 with the ill-treated monarch, and despite the clamours and threats of the 
 fanatical soldiery, seemed upon the very point of bringing it to a conclu- 
 sion, when a new coup de main on the part of Cromwell extinguished all 
 hope in the bosoms of the loyal and the just. Perceiving that the obsti- 
 nacy of the parliament and the unhappy vacillation of tlie king could no 
 longer be relied upon, Cromwell sent two regiments of his soldiery, un- 
 der the command of Colonel Pride, to blockade the house of commons. 
 Forty-one members who were favourable to accommodation were actually 
 imprisoned in a lower room of the house, a hundred and sixty were inso- 
 lently ordered to go to their homes and attend to their private aflairs, and 
 only about sixty members were allowed to enter the house, the whole of 
 those being furious and bigoted independents, the pledged and deadly ene- 
 mies of the king, and the mere and servile tools of Cromwell and the 
 army. This parliamentary clearance was facetiously called ''Pride's 
 purge," and the members who had the disgraceful distinction of being 
 deemed fit for Cromwell's dirty work, ever after passed under the tii^e of 
 "the rump." 
 
 With a really ludicrous impudence this contemptible assembly assumtd 
 to itself the whole power and character of the parliament, voted that aU 
 that had been done towards an accommodation with the king was illegal, 
 aud that ilia seizure and imprisonment by "the general"— «u Cromwell 
 
 
 f 5 
 
 
588 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 'vas nowtenned, par exce«cnce— were just and praiseworthy. All moder 
 ation was thrown to the winds, and as the actual private murder of tho 
 king was thought likely to disgust the better men even among the fanati- 
 cal soldiery, a committee of " the rump" parliament was formed to digem 
 a charge of high treason. It would seem that the subtlest casuist would 
 be puzzled to make out such a charge against a king ; and especially m 
 an age when monarchy in England was so newly and so imperfectly lim- 
 ited. But " the rump'' was composed of men who knew no difficulty of 
 the moral sort. The king, most rightfully, and supported by the most 
 illustrious of his nobles and the wealthiest and most loving of his gentry, 
 had drawn the sword to reduce to order and peace a rabid and greedy 
 faction, which threatened his crown and tore the vitals of his country. 
 And this justifiable, though sad and lamentable exertion of force, aftei ail 
 milder means had failed, •' the rump" now charged against the king as 
 treason ; a treason of a kind never before dreamed ol, a levying war 
 against his parliament ! Surely, the unhappy Charles had now but too 
 much reason to regret that he had not by a just severity to Lord Kimbol- 
 ion and his five co-accused fire-brands, crushed this venomous parliament 
 while yet he had the power to do so ! „ . , . 
 
 As there was now no longer, thanks to " Pride's purge," a chance of 
 further negotiation, it was determined that the hapless king should be 
 brought from Hurst-castle to Windsor. Colonel Harrison, a half insane 
 and wholly brutal fanatic, the son of a butcher, was entrusted with this 
 commission ; chiefly, perhaps, because it was well understood that he 
 would rather slay the royal captive with his own hand than allow him to 
 be rescued. After a brief stay at Windsor, the king was once again re- 
 moved to London, and his altered appearance was such as would have 
 excited commisseration in the breasts of any but the callous and inexor- 
 able creatures in whose hands he was. His features were haggard, his 
 beard long and neglected, his hair blanched to a ghastly whiteness by suf- 
 ferings that seemed to have fully doubled his age ; and the boding melaii- 
 choly that had characterised his features, even in his happier days, was 
 now deepened down to ano^partat yet reb;gned sadness that was painful 
 
 to all humane beholders ,.,,,, . , , . 
 
 Sir Philip Warwick -.n old and broken man, but faithful and loyal to 
 the last, was the king's chief attendant ; and he and the few subordinates 
 who were allowed to approach the royal person were now brutal v ordered 
 to serve the king without any of the accustomed forms ; and all eximal 
 symbols of state and majesty ware, at tho same time, withdrawn with a 
 petty yet malignant carefulness. ., . .1 . t.i- 
 
 Even these cruelties and insults could not convince the km^ that hn 
 enemies would be guilty of the enormous absurdity of bringing then 
 sovereign to a formal trial. Calm, just, and clear-sighted himself, he 
 could not comprehend how even his fanatical and lM)orish enpinies c()Uld, 
 in the face of day. so manifestly bid defiance not only to all hwv and all 
 precedent, but also to the plainest maxims of common sonso. Dut thougn 
 almost to tho very day of his trial the king refused to believe that his 
 enemies would dare to try him, he did believe that they intended to 
 assassinate him, and in every meal of which he partook he imagined ihui 
 he saw the instrument of his death. . ,. 
 
 A. D. 1648.-In the meantime, the king's enemies were actively making 
 prenariitioiiB for the most extraordinary trial over witnessed in hnglaiia. 
 These preparations we-e so extensive that they occupied a vast iiumDer 01 
 iiersons from the sixth to the twentieth of January. As if tlio more uiiy 
 to convince the King of their earnestness in the matter, Cromwell an-Hlie 
 nimp, when they had named a high court of justice, consisting «)l a mm- 
 
 iliti<i ouu iniriy-l'«r'~«^ priewu:?, wrur.v.;: ■.:iv unr.r- -_•; - --- r 
 
 bad doomed to death for his unshakon loyalty to his sovereign, tt De so 
 
 « merely usurped 
 
\ 
 
 \ 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 689 
 
 imtted to take leave of the king at Windsor. The interview was a har- 
 rowing one. The duke had ever been ready to pour out his blood like 
 water for his sovereign ; even now he felt not for himself, but, moved to 
 tears by the sad alteration in the person of Charles, threw himself at tlie 
 royal victim's feet, exclaiming, " My dear master !" •' Alas I" said the 
 weeping king, as he raised up his faithful and devoted servant, " Alas ! I 
 have, indeed, been a dear master to you !" Terrible, at this moment, must 
 hav3 been the king's self-reproaches for the opportunities he had neglected 
 of putting down the wretches who now had his faithful servant and him- 
 self in their power ! 
 
 Of the persons named to sit in tlie high court of justice, as this shame 
 fully unjust and iniquitous coterie was impudently termed, only about 
 seventy, or scarcely more than one half, could be got together at any one 
 time during the trial. Low citizens, fanatical members of the rump, and 
 servile officers of the army, composed the majority of those who did at- 
 tend, and it was before this wretched assembly that the legitimate sov- 
 ereign of the land, now removed from Windsor to St. James, was placed 
 to undergo the insulting mockery of a trial. 
 
 The court, "the high court of justice" thus oddly constituted, met in 
 WVstminster-hall. The talents and firmness of Charles were even now 
 too much respected by Cromwell and the shrewder members of "the 
 rump" to allow of their opjiosing this miserable cour? to him without the 
 ablest procurable aid ; Bradshaw, a lawyer of considerable ability, was 
 therefore appointed president, and Coke, solicitor for the people of Eng 
 (and, with Steel, Aske, and Dorislaus for his assistants. 
 
 When led by a mace-bearer to a seat within the bar, the king seated 
 himself with his hat on, and looked sternly around him at the traitors who 
 affected to be his competent judges. Coke then read the charge against 
 him, and the king's melancholy countenance was momentarily lighted up 
 with a manlv and just scorn as he heard himself gravely accused of hav- 
 lug been " the caUse of all the bloodshed which had followed since the 
 sominencement of the war !" 
 
 When Coke had finished making his formal charge, the president. Brad- 
 ihaw, addressed the king, and called upon him to answer to the accusation 
 which he had heard made against him. 
 
 Though the countenance of Charles fully expressed the natural and 
 lofty indignation that he felt at being called upon to plead as a mere felon 
 liefore a court composed not merely of simple commoners, but, to a very 
 great extent, of the most ignorant and least honounible men in their ranks 
 ofhfe, he admirably preserved his temper, and addressed himself to his 
 talk with earnest and grave argument. He said that, conscious as he waa 
 of innocence, he should rejoice at an opportunity of justifying his conduct 
 in every particular before a competent tribunal, but as he was not inclined 
 to become the betrayer instead of the defender of the constitution, he must 
 at tills, the very first stage of the proceedings, wholly and positively re- 
 pudiate the authority of the court before which he had been as illegally 
 brought, as the court itself was illegally constituted. Where was there 
 even the shadow of the upper house f Without it there could be no Just 
 tribunal, parliamentary or appointed by parliament. He was interrupted, 
 loo, for the purposes of this illegal trial just as he was on the point of con- 
 cluding a treaty with both houses of parliament, a moment at which he 
 luruly had a right to expect anything rather than the violent and unjust 
 ireatment that Tie had experienced. Ho, it could not be denied, was the 
 king and fountain of law, and could not bo tried by laws to which ho had 
 not given his authority ; and it would ill become him, who was entrusted 
 with the liberties of the people, to betray them by even a formal and tacit 
 
 a merely usurped powei. 
 
 i^-una; Wiijc:: COUjtj lioi j«/33juij pu33C33 aiij' w;*icr tnan 
 
 I. f> 
 
590 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Bradshnw, the president, affected much surprise and indignation at the 
 king's repudiation of the mock court of justice which, he said, received 
 its power and authority from the source of all right, the people. When 
 the king attempted to repeat his clear and cogent objection, Dradshaw 
 rudely interrupted and despotically overruled him. But, if silenced by 
 clamour, the king was not to be turned aside from his course by the mere 
 repetition of a bold fallacy. Again and again he was brought before this 
 mock tribunal, and again and again he baffled all attempts at making hini, 
 by pleading to it, give it some shadow of lawful authority. The conduct 
 of the rabble without was fully worthy of the conduct of their self-con- 
 stituted governors within the court. As the king proceeded to the court, 
 ho was assailed with brutal yells for what the wicked or deluded men 
 called "justice." But neither the mob nor their instigators could induce 
 him to plead, and the iniquitous court at length called some compjuisant 
 witnesses to swear that the king had appeared in arms against forces com- 
 missioned by parliament ; and upon this fallacy of evidence, sentence ol 
 death was pronounced against him. We call the evidence a mere fallacy, 
 because it amounted to nothing unless backed by the gross and monstrous 
 assumption that the parliament could lawfully commission any forces 
 without the order and permission of the king himself, and the no less 
 glaring assumption that the king could act illegally in putting down rebel- 
 lious gatherings of born subjects. 
 
 After receiving his sentence Charles was more violently abused by the 
 rabble outside than he had even formerly been. " Execution" was loudly 
 deman(h'd, and one filthy and unmanly ruffian actually spat in his face, 
 a beastly indignity which the king bore with a sedate and august pity, 
 merely ejaculating, " Poor creatures, they would serve their generals in 
 the same manner for a sixpence !" 
 
 To the honour of the nation be it said, these vi.e insults of the baser 
 rabble were strongly contrasted by the respectful compassion of the better 
 informed. Many of them, including some of the miitary, openly ex, 
 pressed their regret for the sufferings of the king and the: disgust at the 
 condui't of his persecutors. One soldier loud.y p,ayed a blessMig on tha 
 royal head, and the honest prayer being overhear i by a fanatical officer, 
 he struck the soldier to the ground. The king, more irlig-iaiit at this 
 outrage on the loyal soldier than he had b?er. at ai. the unmanly insults 
 that Inid been heaped upon himself, turned to the officer and sharp y told 
 him that the punisnment very much exceeded the offence. 
 
 On returning to Whitehall, where he had been lodged during the mock 
 trial, Charles wrote to the so-called house of commons, and rcquesied 
 that he might be allowed to see those of his children who were in F.ng- 
 land, nnil to have the assistance of Dr. Juxon, the deprived bishop of Lon- 
 don, in preparing for the fatb which he now clearly saw awaited him. 
 Kven his fanatical enemies dared not refuse these requests, but at the 
 same time that they were granted he was informed that his execution 
 would take place in three days. 
 
 The queen, the prince of Wales, and the duke of York wero happily 
 abroad; hut the princess Elizabeth and tlie duke of Gloucester, a child 
 not mu<rh mure than three yearn old, were brought into the presence of 
 their unhappy parent. The interview was most affecting, for, young as 
 the children were, they but too well comprehended the sad calamity that 
 was about to befal them. The king, among the many exhortations which 
 lie endeavoured to adapt to the underatandingof his infant son, said, "My 
 child, they will cut off my head, and when they have done that they will 
 want to make you"king, But now mark well what I say, you must nevei 
 Ronaent to be king while your brothers Charles and James are alive 
 They will cut off their heads if they can take them, and they will after 
 war la cut off your head, and thcrcforo 1 charge you do not be made 3 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 691 
 
 king by them." The noble little fellow, having listened attentively to al! 
 that his father said to him, burst into a passion of tears and exclairned, 
 " I won't be a king ; I will be torn in pieces first." 
 
 Short as the interval was between the conclusion of the mock trial o( 
 the king and his murder, great efforts were made to save him, and among 
 others was that of the prince of Wales sending a blank paper, signed and 
 sealed by himself, accompanied by a letter, in which he offered permis- 
 sion to the parliament to insert whatever terms it pleased for the redemp- 
 tion of his father's life. But there was an under-current at work of which 
 both the king and his attached friends were fatally ignorant. The real 
 cause of the murder of Charles I. was the excessiv*; oersonal terror of 
 Oliver Cromwell. This we state on an indisputably legitimate deduction 
 from an anecdote related by Cromwell himself; and the anecdote is so 
 curious and so characteristic of Cromwell that we subjoin it. In truth, how 
 broad a light does this anecdote throw on this most shameful portion 
 of F.iglish history ! 
 
 While the king was still at Windsor and allowed to correspond both 
 with the parliament and his distant friends, it is but too clear that he al- 
 lowed the vile character and proceedings of his opponent to warp his nat- 
 urally high character from the direct and inflexible honesty which is pro- 
 verbially and truly said to be the best policy. Vacillation and a desire to 
 make use of subterfuge were apparent even in his direct dealings with 
 the parliament, and would have tended to have prolonged the negotiations 
 even had the parliament been earnest in its wish for an Accommodation 
 at a far earlier period than it really was. But it was in his private cor- 
 respondence, especially with the queen, that Charles displayed the real in- 
 sincerity of much of his public profession. iSeeing the great power ol 
 Cromwell, and to a considerable extent divining that daring and subtle 
 man's real character, Charles had not only wisely but even successfully 
 endeavoured to win Cromwell to his aid. There was, as yet, but lit- 
 tle probability that even if Charles himself were put out of the way, a 
 high-hearted nation would set aside the whole family of its legitimate 
 king, merely to give a more than regal despotism into tho coarse hands 
 of the son of a provincial brewer ! At this period the grasping ambition ot 
 the future protector would, in the absence of all probability of illegitimate 
 ly acquired sovereignty, have been satisfied with the trust, honours, 
 wealth, and power which the gratitude of his sovereign could have be- 
 stowed on him. Cromwell, consequently, was actually pondering the 
 propriety of setting up the king and becoming " viceroy over" him, when 
 tho startling truth was revealed to him, that the king was merely duping 
 him, and intended to sacrifice him as a traitor when he should have done 
 with him as a tool. ElTectually served by his spies, Cromwell, who had 
 slre-idy some grounds for suspecting Charles' real designs towards him, 
 received information that on a certain night a man would leave the Blue 
 Hoar in Holborn for Dover, on his way to the continent, and that in 
 the flap of his saddle a most important packet would be found, contain- 
 ing a voluminous letter from the king to tlie queen. On the night in 
 question, Cromwell and Ireton, in tho disguise of troopers, lounged iiilo 
 llio Blue Boar tup, and there passed away the time in drinking beer 
 and watching some citizens playing at shovel-board, until they saw the 
 man arrive of whom they had received an exact description. V'ollowing 
 the man into tho stable they ripped open the saddle and found tho packet, 
 And, to his dismay and rage, Cromwell read, in the hand writing of 
 Charles, the monarch's exultation at having tickled his vanity, and his 
 expressed determination to raise him for a time, only to crush "him whrn 
 the opportunity should occur. From that moment terror made (Jromwell 
 inexorable ; ho saw no security for his own safety except in the complete 
 desiruciion of tho king. Hence the indecent and deierrnined trial and 
 
 h 
 
 h 
 
592 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 sentence; and hence, too, the absolute contempt that was shown for all 
 efforts at preventing the sentence from being executed. 
 
 Whatever want of resolution Charles may have shown in other p:i8- 
 isages of his life, the time he was allowed to live between sentence anil 
 evecution exhibited him in the not unfrequently combined characters of 
 the christain and thoihero. No invectives against the iniquity of which 
 he was the victim escaped his lips, and he slept the deep calm sleep 
 of innocence, though on each night his enemies, with a refinement upon 
 cruelty more worthy of fiends than of men, assailed his ears with the 
 noise of men erecting the scaffold for his execution. 
 
 When the fatal morning at length dawned, the king at an early hour 
 called one of his attendants, whom he desired to attire him with more 
 than usual care, as he remarked that he would fain appear with all pro- 
 per preparation for so great and so joyful a solemnity. The scaffold was 
 erected in front of Whitehall, and it was from the central windows of his 
 own most splendid banqueting room that the king stepped on to the scaf- 
 fold on which .he was to be murdered. 
 
 When his majesty Appeared he was attended by the faithful and attach- 
 ed Dr. Juxon, and was received by two masked executioiters standing 
 beside the block and the axe. The scaffold, entirely covered with fine 
 black 4;loth, was densely surrounded by soldiers under the command 0/ 
 Colonel Tomlinson, while in the distance was a vast multitude of people. 
 The near and violent death that awaited him seemed to produce no effect 
 on the king's nerves. He gazed gravely but calmly around him, and said, 
 to all to whom the concourse of military would admit of his speaking, that 
 the late war was ever deplored by him, and was commenced by tlie par- 
 liament. He had not taken up arms until compelled by the warlike and 
 illegal conduct of the parlian/ent, and had done so only to defend his peo- 
 ple from oppression, and to preserve intact the authority which had been 
 transmitted to him by his ancestors. But though he positively denied tha; 
 there was any legal authority in the court by which he had been tried, o) 
 any truth in the charge upon which he had been condemned and sentenced 
 he added that his fute was a just punishment for his weakly and criminal 
 ly consenting to the equally unjust execution of the earl of Strafford. 
 He emphatically pronounced his forgiveness of all his enemies, named 
 his son as his successor, and expressed his hope that the people woulc! 
 now return to their duty under that nrince ; and he concluded his brief 
 and manly address by calling upon all present to bear witness that he 
 died a sincere protestant of the churcn of England. 
 
 No one heard this address without being deeply moved by it, and even 
 Colonel Tomlinson, who had the unenviable task of superintending the 
 murder of his prince, confessed that that address had made him a convert 
 to the royal cause. 
 
 The royal martyr now began to disrobe, and, as he did so. Dr. Juxon 
 said to hi'ni, " Sire! there is but one stage more, which, though a turbu- 
 lent and trouDlesome one, is still but a short one ; it will soon carry vou 
 a great way ; it will carry you from earth to heaven, and there you shall 
 find, to yonr great joy, the prize to which you are hastening, a crown 
 of glory." 
 
 " I go," replied the king. "where no disturbance can take place, from a 
 coriuptible to an incorruptible crown." 
 
 " Yon exclinngp," rejoined the bishop, " a temporal for an eternal 
 crown — a gooJ exchange." 
 
 Charles, having now completed his preparatimis, delivered his decora- 
 tions of St. George to Dr. Juxon, and emphatically pronounced the sin- 
 gle word "Remember!" He then calmly laid his head upon the block, 
 and it was sevornd from his body at one blow ; the second executiouei 
 liumeaiaieiy noia n up vj xnc nair, ana ssia, " bchviu tnc sic=-^ -- - 
 traitor !'♦ 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 593 
 
 executed but murdered ; he was Suv^^^^^^ '"' '■'5"- "« ^^s not 
 
 vacillation of judgment • his TrLK^ r ?" """^ ''"' weakness or 
 stern ener^ry of aTenrv VIII o?.„ rf^'" ""^ "'^^ *>'« «"»'" "f the 
 erted at the beg.W Jf h L VeVLf.K''^''' '"^? /" «"«••»>• ^^ 
 tne traitorous, and wo^ulS have XampSanH^pLn ?."•'' '^'II *° ^"'"h 
 to increase and systematize the iZS <?f h" ^"^^.'^"^ ^"" subsequently 
 .ubjecting it to th'e rur'^uVfitS^'f^ cf^lVa';""''^' without da'l.ger o^ 
 
 iatll^SKsmuUitirU^^^^^^^ '' flow.'beforethe 
 
 vile shouts had assisted B.? rS. ^''^ violence which their own 
 Ihe power of their murdered monarKT^''^??.'"" '^^^5 '""'e than 
 With that 8us^ dirwhich Ce? haunts"°th/'"^ ""''• ''A?X' ''«"^-- 
 and his friends attached much mvJterionri™n„,1 ^"'''?' "?'"'''« ^'"'""^e" 
 so emphatically pronounced bv^ChariP« r.^A^l^"'''' V^^ "Remembb." 
 Juxon, and that iLrne^and ex^ceUent ,mn w.,''''fh""^.*''' ^^'^^ ^° ^'•• 
 ed to give an account of the kina', J^o • ' authoritatively command- 
 of the word. Tnhenevnr3hL '*"'•"/'''•'■ ^'^ °^" understanding 
 the doctor informed them Sthi^in^'V'^'"''"" °V'^°«'' ^^'^ '"'"d'^ 
 mer and particular request to dXrM^'T''?u^^ "P°" ^'"^ « for- 
 and at the same limXu ge the comm^?d nTV'' ?«?"»«« «f Wales, 
 murderers I ^ command of his father to forgive hii 
 
 CHAPTER LIII. 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 .«^''*Tf^"" "'?''' ^^''^ ^^^ Cromwell's orieinal vinwa V,?, ^n-. 
 ce ses, the vast influence he had obtained over rP«Tmvl^'''"^. '''''- 
 still more than either of these thn ha.- o«^ !.^j . *"",?' ^"''' Perhaps, 
 liament to truckle to his Stary^J,Ter and S.'t h?"^'"''' "^'^^ ""' 
 ha f way in his most unjust and LKaiUwiZf.''" 7^" '""'"^ •'^«" 
 unbounded and tempting for his ambit in .« I »' "P^"®*^ '^ prospect to(, 
 
 wthe circumstanceVof tie time mar^ ♦^"* P^A'^^' "» «'«" 
 
 'he first instance, to exalt stK^hTrflL ?'''""/ "P"" Cromwell, in 
 
 daring. Ireland had a . cip £ h^st inTrmi; ^f' '" /''""^ "'''" °"^ 
 under the duke of Ormond. and larce mnlfh„r r fl'' /''^ '"''>"'' '^«"'»« 
 at the same time in open rrvSit under tl«rl'n "^"'«^tivo Irish were 
 CromweH procured the commanH of ih! ^ ^'^"' ".'"^ ^^""g O'Neal 
 both those farti*.,. anrfuSy s^ceeded How i"''^?" 'r' I" P»' ^«^" 
 "A7,ro'''*''n^ ••^l"'^^ ".fd/rX prosper heTd."'"'^''"'''^^ '^^ "«^^ ^^^ 
 
 m^ntVrSaV?e:.n;id"hirth1 thrnKiS ^"«'""1. "'f-P""''''' P-"- 
 odious cruelty, he had weM merited I ,1 ' "''"'P' ""'^'^ """f^'''^" «"d 
 moment presented itself fo the „Vfftnrltpr."Pr'".^H"'ty »t the same 
 nate adventurer. We Scotl xvhn hi f'"'' '^ ""^ '^''' ^"''^ "n^l fortu- 
 handsof his eneme'^w^re low^nJe^^^^^^^^^^ ?''"■•'*'«»• '"»« "'«^ 
 
 loyalty, as they had formerirmarfe Irbv vpnfl , '""''^ "Tr^ ^^ ^•"'^' 
 '■ted Charles II. into Scotland whee tLt ^1 ''"'""' T'^^y »"»'^ i»- 
 foniul that they looked upon him 7a hnr n. ^^ ^"""if P""''*' "P^^^'ly 
 ThP|TrossnP3softhriri^nn«« .?. ' '\ P^'^o^r than as their kin/. 
 
 difflculty, for, youn^ as Charfes II was M llT'l ''1' '""'""' "^"'•'' 
 Ifroasnoss and poverty than commm.ir ' ""! /* ''^''''y "«'*"» ""o™ "^ 
 "••Ifreat. ButTharL l/frrrJl'L^Tf^^'^'f''" }^P knowledge of 
 
 "^Vri.^ and ua,oasonabie-a;aco«;;e; t;Sc.r^;ri.:Sd J^ 
 
 n 
 
 ^.risfi 
 
;94 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 him did not annoy him more than their evident determination to make 
 him at the least affect to agree with them. As, however, the Scots 
 were his only present hope, Charles did his utmost to avoid quarreling 
 with them ; and however they might annoy him while among them, what- 
 ever might be their ultimate views respecting him, certain it is that they 
 raised a very considerable army, and snowed every determination to re- 
 instate him in his kingdom. 
 
 Even merely as being Presbyterians the Scotch were detested by Grom- 
 well and his independents ; but now that they had also embraced the cause 
 of "the man Charles Stuart," as these boorish English independents af- 
 fected to call their lawful spvereign, it was determined that a signal chas- 
 Uaement should be inflicted upon them. The command of an army for 
 that purpose was offered to Fairfax, but he declined it on the honourable 
 ground that he was unwilling to act against Presbyterians. Cromwell 
 had no such scruple, and he immediately set out for Scotland with an army 
 of sixteen thousand men, which received accessions to its numbers in 
 every great town through which it marched. But notwithstanding even 
 the military fame of Cromwell, and his too well known cruelty to all who 
 dared to resist him and were unfortunate enough to be vanquished, the 
 Scots boldly met his invasion. But boldness alone was of little avail 
 against such a leader as Cromwell, backed by such tried and enthusiastic 
 soldiers as his; the two armies had scarcely joined battle when the 
 Scots were put to flight, their loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners being 
 very great, while the total loss of Cromwell did not exceed forty men. 
 
 As Cromwell after this battle pursued his course northward, with the 
 determination not only to chastise, but completely and permanently to 
 subdue the Scots, the young king, as soon as he could rally the Scottish 
 army, took a resolution which showed him to have an intuitive knowledge 
 of military tactics. Making a detour to get completely clear of any out- 
 lying parties of Cromwell's troops, he commenced a forced march into 
 England, the northern counties of which lay completely open and defence- 
 less. The boldness of this course alarmed a portion of the Scottish army, 
 and numerous desertions took place from the very commencement of the 
 march southward ; but as Charles still had a numerous and imposing force, 
 there was every reason to believe that long ere he should reach London 
 the great object of his expedition, the gentry and middle orders would flock 
 to him in such numbers as would render altogether out of the question any 
 resistance on the part of the parliament, especially in the absence of Crom- 
 well and the flower of the English troops. But the bold manoeuvre of the 
 young prince was doomed to have none of the success which it so emi- 
 nently deserved. Before his progress was suflUcient to counterbalance in 
 the minds of his subjects the terror in which they held Cromwell, that 
 active commander had received news of the young king's manoBuvre, and 
 had instantly retrograded in pursuit of him, leaving Monk, his second in 
 command, to complete and maintain the subjection of the Scotch. 
 
 There has always appeared to us to be a striking resemblance, whicii 
 we do not remember to have seen noticed by any other writer, between 
 the Cromwellian and the Bonfipartean systems. To compare the battles 
 of Cromwell to the battles of Bonaparte would be literally to make moun- 
 tains of molehills ; yet the principles of these two commanders seem to 
 us to have been the same, and to be summed up in two general maxims, 
 march rapidly, and atlack in ma$iei. The phrases are simple enough in 
 themselves, yet no one who has studied a single battle-map with even the 
 ■lightest assistance from mathematical science, can fail \o perceive the 
 immense, we had almost said the unbounded, powers of their application. 
 On the present occasion the celerity of Cromwell was the destruction o( 
 the young king's hopes. With an »rmy increased by tho terror of his 
 
 i ._ ? ._?!• ...'.1 I n_^.>«..ll mogffkaH aniahward in rap- 
 
 QOIBC lo ncany suny uiuusaxru kxcxsi -^-s-j-isirrT-!- :r» 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 895 
 
 idly, that he absolutely shut up the forces of Charles in the city of Wor- 
 cester ere they had time to break from their quarters and form in order of 
 hattle in aome more favourable situation. The irresistible cavalry o 
 Cromwell burst suddenly and simultaneously in at every gate of the tuwn 
 every street, almost every house became the instant scene of carnage ; the 
 Pitchcroft was literally strewed with the dead, while the Severn was 
 linged with the blood of the wounded ; and Charles, after having bravely 
 fought as a common soldier, and skilfully, though unsuccessfully, exerted 
 himself as a commander, seemed to have no wish but to throw himself 
 upon the swords of his enemies. It was with difficulty that his friends 
 turned him from his desperate purpose, and even when they had done so 
 It appeared to be ai least problematical whether he would be able to escape. 
 Accident, or the devotion of a peasant, caused a wain of hay to be over- 
 turned opposite to one of the gates of the city in such wise that Crom- 
 well s mounted troops could not pass, and, favoured by this circumstance. 
 
 ,?u7t'«aTtTs:'fligl;r^ ''^' "^" '''' '""^ '^'" 'y "^ ^-°'««^ ^"-^•"'S 
 
 The triumph of Cromwell was completed with this battle of Worcester, 
 bu his vengeful desire was not yet laid to rest; and under his active and 
 untiring supenntendance prodigious exertions were made to capture the 
 ll^rHL ^"^' 7 ^''^ difficulties, in fact, only commenced as he escaped 
 from the confusion and the carnage of Worcester. Almost destitute of 
 money and resources of every kind, and having reason to fear an enemy. 
 JhVA*! P""'^'P?« "^f™"' '"cre, in every man whom he met, Charles was 
 obliged to trust for safety to disguise, which was the more difficult on ac- 
 count of his remarkable and striking features. Three poor men, named 
 Penderell, disguised him as a woodcutter, fed him, concealed him by 
 ?'^.k; a"<i^«"bsequently aided him to reach wealthier though not more 
 faithfully devoted friends. While with these poor men, Charles in the 
 day-time accompanied them to their place of labour in Boscobel wood. 
 On one occasion, on hearing a party of soldiers approach, the royal fugitive 
 climbed into a large and spreading oak, where, sheltered by Its friendly 
 foliage, he saw the solders pass and repass, and quite distinctly heard 
 them express their rude wishes to obtain the reward that was offered for 
 his capture. Thanks to the incorruptible fidelity of the Penderells and 
 numerous other persons who were necessarily made acquainted with the 
 truth, Charles, though he endured great occasional hardship and priva- 
 tion and was necessarily exposed to constant anxiety, eluded every 
 effort of his almost innumerable pursuers, urged on though they were to 
 the utmost activity by the malignant liberality with which CroniweU pro 
 mised to reward the traitor who should arrest his fugitive king. Under 
 different disguises, and protected by a variety of persons, the young kinir 
 went fro a place to place for six weeks, wanting only one day, and his 
 adventures and hair-breadth escapes during that time read far more likp 
 romance than the history of what actually was endured and survived bv a 
 human being persecuted by evil or misguided men. At the end of this 
 time he was fortunate enough to get on board a vessel which landed him 
 iafely on the coast of Normandy; an issue to so long and varied a series 
 of adventures which is more remarkable when it is considered that forty 
 men and women, of various stations, circumstances, and dispositions, were 
 during that terrible season of Lis flight, necessarily made acquainted with 
 the secret, the betrayal of which would have made any one of them opulent 
 for life, and infamous forever. *^ 
 
 Cromwell, in the meantime, after having achieved what he called the 
 crowninff mercy" of the victory of Worcester, made a sort of triumphal 
 return to Ijoiidon, where he was met with the pomp due only to a sove- 
 reign, by the speaker and principal members of the house of commons 
 
 w^\ 
 
 m 
 
596 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and the mayor and other magistrates of London in their state habits and 
 paraphernalia. 
 
 General Monk had been left in Scotland with a sufficient force to keep 
 that turbulent people in awe ; and both their presbyterianism and the im- 
 minent peril in which Charles' bold march of the Scottish army had 
 Stlaced Cromwell himself and that "commonwealth" of which he was now 
 iiUv determined to be the despot, had so enra^red Cromwell against that 
 country, that he seized upon his first hour of leisure to complete its de- 
 gradation, as well as submission. His complaisant parliament only re- 
 quired a hint from him to pass an act which might have been fitly enough 
 entitled "an act for the better punishment and prevention of Scottish loy- 
 alty." By this act royalty was declared to be abolished in Scotland, as 
 it had previously been in England, and Scotland itself was declared to be 
 then annexed to England as a conquest and a province of "the common- 
 wealth." Cromwell's hatred of the Scotch, however, proceeded no farther 
 than insult ; fortunately for them. Monk, who was left as their resi- 
 dent general or military governor, was a prudent and impartial man, free 
 from all the worst fanaticism and wickedness of the time ; and his rigid 
 impartiality at once disposed the people to peace, and intimidated the 
 English judges who were entrusted with the distribution of justice in that 
 country, from being guilty of any injustice or tyranny to which they might 
 otherwise have been inclined. England, Scotland, and Ireland— where 
 Ireton and Ludlow had completed the very little that Cromwell had left 
 undone— were thus effectually subjected to a parliament of sixty men, 
 many of whom were the weakest, as many more of .them were the wick- 
 edest, the most ignorant, and the most fanatical men that could have been 
 found in England even in hat age. So says history, if we look at it with 
 a merely superficial glance. But, in truth, the hats which covered the 
 heads of those sixty men had fully as much concern as the men themselves 
 in the wonderfully rapid and complete subjugation of three countries, two 
 of which had never been otherwise than turbulent and sanguinary, and 
 the third of which had just murdered its sovereign and driven his legal 
 successor into exile. No ; it was not by the fools and the fanatics, care- 
 fully weeded out of the most foolish and fanatical of parliaments, that all 
 this great though evil work was done. Unseen, save by the few, but felt 
 throughout the whole English domuiion, Cromwell dictated every 
 measure and inspired every speech of that parliament which to the eyes 
 of the vulgar seemed so omnipotent. His sagacity and his energy did 
 much, and his known vindictiveness and indomitable firmness did the rest; 
 those who opposed failed before his powers, and their failure intimidated 
 others into voluntary submission. The channel islands and the Scottish 
 isles were easily subdued on account of their proximity ; the American 
 oolonies, though some of them at the outset declared for the royal cause, 
 numbered so many enthusiastic religious dissenters among their popula- 
 tions, that they, too, speedily submitted to and followed the example and 
 orders of the newly and guiltily founded "Commonwealth" of England. 
 
 While all this was being achieved, the real government of England was 
 in the hands of Cromwell, though, in form, there was a council of thirty- 
 eight, to whom all addresses and petitions were presented, and who had, 
 iiominally, the managing of the army and navy, and the right and respoii- 
 tsVility of making war and peace. The real moving-principle of this po- 
 tent council was the mind of Cromwell. And, while we denounce the 
 flagrant hypocrisy of his pretensions to a superior sanctity, and his traito- 
 rous contempt of all his duties as a subject, impartial truth demands thai 
 we admit that never was ili-obtained power better wielded. Next aftei 
 the petty and cruei persecution of individuals, nominally on public grounds 
 but really in revenge of private injuries, a political speculator would m^ 
 fnlliblv and verv naturaHv nredict that a noor and, comparatively speaking 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 697 
 
 /ow-born private man, like Cromwell, being suddenly investeil with so 
 vast a power over a great and wealthy nation, would make his ill-acquired 
 authority an infamous and « pecial scourge in the financial department. 
 But, to the honour of Cronu ell be it said, there is no single period in our 
 history during which the public finances have been so well managed, and 
 administered with so entire a freedom from greedy dishonesty and waste, 
 as during this strange man's strange adramistration. It is quite true that 
 the crown revenues and the lands of the bishops were most violently and 
 shamefully seized upon by this government, but they were not, as might 
 have been anticipated, squandered upon the gratification of private individ- 
 uals. These, with a farther levy upon the national resources that amounted 
 to only a hundred and twenty thousand pounds per month, supplied the 
 whole demands of a government which not only maintained peace in its 
 own commonwealth and dependencies, but also taught foreigners that, 
 under whatever form of government, England still knew how to make 
 herself feared, if not respected. 
 
 Holland, by its protection of the royal party of England, had given deep 
 offence to Cromwell, who literally, "as the hart panteth for cool waters," 
 panted for the blood of Charles H. " Whom we have injured we nevei 
 forgive," says a philosophic satirist ; and Cromwell's hatred of Charles II. 
 was a good exemplification of the sad truth. Hating Holland for her gen- 
 erous shelter of the royalists, Cromwell eagerly seized upon two events, 
 which might just as well have happened in any other country under the 
 heaven, as a pretext for making war upon that country. 
 
 The circumstances to which we allude were theso. At the time of the 
 mock trial that preceded the shameful murder of the late king. Doctor Do 
 rislaus, the reader will remember, was one of the " assistants" of Coke 
 the "solicitor for the people of England." Under the government of the 
 "commonwealth" this mere hireling was sent as its envoy to Holland. A 
 royalist whose own fierce passions made him forget that it is written 
 "vengeance is mine, 1 will repay, saith the Lord," and who would see no 
 difference between the ruffian who actually wields the instrument, and the 
 more artful but no less abominable ruffian who instigates or hires the ac- 
 tual assassin, put Dorislaus to death. No sane man of sound Christian 
 principles can justify this act; but how was Holland concerned in it I 
 The same man with the same opportunity would doubtless have commit- 
 ted the same act in the puritan state of New-England : and to make a 
 whole nation answerable in their blood and their treasure for the murder- 
 ous act of an individual who had taken shelter among them was an ab- 
 surdity as well as an atrocity. The other case which served Cromwell 
 as a pretext for declaring war against Holland was, that Mr. St. John, 
 who was subsequently sent on an embassy to Holland, received some 
 petty insult from the friends of the prince of Orange ! But, alas ! it is 
 not alone usurped governments that furnish us with these practical com- 
 mentaries on the fable of the wolf and the lamb! 
 
 The great naval commander of this time was Admiral Blake. Though 
 he did not enter the sea service until very late in life, he was a perfect 
 master of naval tactics, and his daring and firmness of character could 
 not be surpassed. When tlie war was declared against Holland he pro- 
 ceeded to sea to oppose the power of the Dutch admiral, Voa Tromp. 
 The actions between them were numerous and in many cases tolerably 
 equal, hut the general result of the war was so ruinous to the trading in- 
 terests of the Dutch, that they anxiously desired the return of peace. 
 But though it was chiefly the personal feeling and personal energy of 
 Cromwell that had commenced this war, his hitherto patient and obsequi 
 ous tools, the pariiament, now exerted themselves to prolong the war at 
 **^ L°Pi"* '*•".' '0 weaken that power of the army, wielded by Cromwell 
 ??:x!e-h of laii; thoy had feit to a scarceiy loierabie degree. 
 
 " r\ 
 
 *'!' 
 
698 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 But effectual resistance on the part of the parliament was now wholir 
 out of the question ; they had too well done the work of ihe usurper, wh'o 
 was probably not ill-pleased that their present petty and futile attempt at 
 opposing him gave him a pretext for crushing even the last semblance of 
 their free will out of oxistence. But though he had fully determmed upon 
 a new and decisive mode of overruling them, Cromwell initiated it with 
 his usual art and tortuous procedure. He well knew that the commons 
 hated the army, would fain have disbanded it, if possible,, and would on 
 no account do aught that could increase eithsr its power or its well-being ; 
 on the other hand, he was equally aware that the soldiers had many real 
 grievances to complain of, and also entertained not a few prejudices 
 against the commons. To embroil them in an open quarrel, and then, 
 seemingly as the merely sympathizing redresser of the wronged sol- 
 diery, to use them to crush the parliament was the course he determined 
 upon. 
 
 A. D. 1653. — Cromwell, with that rugged but efficient eloquence which 
 he so well knew how to use, urged the officers of the army no longer to 
 suffer themselves and their men to labour under grievances unredressed 
 and arrears unpaid, at the mere will and pleasure of the selfish civilians 
 for whom they had fought and conquered, but remonstrate in terms which 
 those selfish persons could not misunderstand, and which would wring 
 justice from their fears. Few things could have been suggested which 
 would have been more entirely agreeable to the wishes of the officers. 
 They drew up a petition — if we ought not rather to call it a remonstrance 
 —in which, after demanding redress of grievances and payment of arrears 
 they taunted the parliament with having formerly made fine professions 
 of their determination so to remodel that assembly as to extend and in- 
 sure liberty to all ranks of men, and with having for years continued to 
 sit without making a single advance towards the performance of these vol- 
 untary pledges. The house acted on this occasion with a spirit which 
 would have been admirable and honourable in a genuine house of com- 
 ■nons, but which savoured somewhat of the ludicrous when shown by men 
 who, consciously and deliberately, had, year after year, been the mere and 
 servile tools of Cromwell and his praetorians. It was voted not only that 
 this petition should not be complied with, but also that any person who 
 should in future present any such petition should be deemed guilty of high 
 treason, and a committee was appointed immediately to prepare an act in 
 conformity to this resolution. The officers presented a warm remon- 
 strance upon this treatment of their petition ; the house still more warmly 
 replied ; and it was soon very evident that both parties were animated by 
 the utmost animosity to each other. Cromwell now saw that his hour 
 for action had arrived. He was sitting in council with some of his offi- 
 cers when, doubtless in obedience to his own secret orders, intelligence 
 was brought to him of the violent temper and designs of the house. With 
 well acted astonishment and uncontrollable rage he started from his seal, 
 and exclaimed that the misconduct of these men at length compelled him 
 to do a thing which made the hair to stand on end upon his head. Has- 
 tily assembling three hundred soldiers he immediately proceeded to the 
 house of commons, which he entered, covered, and followed by as many 
 of the troops as could enter. Before any remonstrance could be offered, 
 Cromwell, stamping upon the ground, as in an ecstacy of sudden passion, 
 exclaimed, " For shame ! Get ye gone and give place to honsstor men ! 
 you are no longer a parliament, 1 tell ye you are no longer a parliament." 
 Sir Harry Vane, a bold and honest man, though a half insane enthusiast 
 now rose and denounced Cromwell's conduct as indecent and tyrannical. 
 
 "Ha!" exclaimed Cromwell, " Sir Harry ! Oh! Sir Harry Vane! ihe 
 Lord deliver me from Sir Harry Vane !" Then turning first to one prom- 
 iiH^ni member of this lately servile uarliameit uud then to anotlier, he 
 

 ' 
 
 ^h ^ i^j' ^ I 
 
 1:1! 
 
dealt out in 
 
 whoremonge 
 
 men by what 
 
 buffering nati 
 
 the doors, an 
 
 A servile ( 
 
 poses of des| 
 
 " the rump," 
 
 sible, surpass 
 
 fanaticism. 
 
 words, and ii 
 
 tions of them 
 
 was the leac 
 
 Barebones, g; 
 
 whole of the 
 
 own house, tt 
 
 incapacity to 
 
 periously inst 
 
 multitude, th<^ 
 
 ashamed of th 
 
 concurrence c 
 
 hall, and wise 
 
 But many of 
 
 their incapaci 
 
 (lot to be hour 
 
 one of their ni 
 
 Zne way of d( 
 
 guards, under 
 
 (louse. On tli 
 
 and profanity 
 
 tion. Colone 
 
 :hair, address 
 
 loing there. 
 
 " Seeking tl 
 
 " Then," re| 
 
 han the othei 
 
 certain knowh 
 
 Having noi 
 
 tary to his per 
 
 arbitrary and 
 
 sense must hs 
 
 ment, boldly | 
 
 establish a pu 
 
 at once the he 
 
 was highly el 
 
 usual agents hi 
 
 of the commoi 
 
 standing as to 
 
 the appointme 
 
 .he formality a 
 
 The militan 
 
 mcrb name, he 
 
 hin council fro 
 
 the then very i 
 
 Now that he 
 
 tually, at the h 
 
 army should b 
 
 of the nennie i 
 

 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 609 
 
 dealt out ia succession the titles of glutton, drunkard, adulterer, and 
 whoremonger. Having given this, probably, very just description of the 
 men by whose means he had so long and so tyrannically governed the 
 Kuffering nation, he literally turned "the rump*^ out of the house, locked 
 the doors, and carried away the key in his pocket. 
 
 A servile parliament being the most convenient of tools for the nur- 
 poses of despotism, Cromwell, when he had thus summarily (rot rid of 
 "the rump, very soon proceeded to call a new parliament, which, if pos 
 sible, surpassed even that in the qualities of brutal ignorance and ferocious 
 fanaticism A practice had now become general of taking scriptural 
 words, and in many cases, whole scriptural sentences or canting imita- 
 tioiis of them, for Christian names; and a fanatical leather-seller. who 
 was the leading man in this fanatical parliament, named Praiae-God 
 Barebones, gave his name to it. The utter ignorance displayed by the 
 whole of the members of Barebones' parliament even of the forms of their 
 own house, the wretched drivelling of their speeches, and their obvious 
 incapacity to understand the meaning of what they were secretly and im- 
 periously 'nstructed to do, excited so much ridicule even from the very 
 multitude, that the less insane among the members themselves became 
 ashamed of their pitiable appearance. A small number of these, with the 
 concurrence of Rouse, their speaker, waited upon Cromwell at White- 
 hall, and wisely tendered their resignation, which he willingly received 
 «ut many of this precious parliament were far from bein? convinced of 
 their incapacity or willing to resign their authority. Tiiey determined 
 not to be bound by the decision of the seceders, and proceeded to elect 
 one of their number, named Moyer, as their speaker. Cromwell had but 
 Cue way of dea ing with this sort of contumacy, and he sent a party of 
 guards, imder the command of Colonel White, to clear the parliament 
 tiouse. On this occasion a striking instance occurred of the minsledcant 
 and profanity which then so disgustingly abounded in common conversa- 
 lion. Colonel White, on entering the house and seeing Moyer in tho 
 Jhair, addressed him and asked what he and the other members were 
 loing there. 
 
 .'! ml*''^''J,^ ''^f. ^°'^" ™Pl*^<i Moyer, in the cant of his tribe. 
 1 hen, replied the colonel, with a profane levity still more di^gustinff 
 han the other's cant, "you had better go seek him elsewhere, for to mv 
 lertain knowledge he has not been here these many years." 
 
 Having now fully ascertained the complete devotion of the mili- 
 tary to his person, and sufficiently accustomed the people at large to his 
 arbitrary and sudden caprices, Cromwell, whose clear and masculine 
 sense must have loathed the imbecility and fanaticism of the late parlia- 
 ment, boldly proceeded to dispense with parliaments altogether, and to 
 establish a pure and open military government, of which he was himself 
 at once the head, heart, and hand. The formation of the new government 
 was highly characteristic of Cromwell's peculiar policy. Through his 
 usual agents he induced the officers of the army to declare him protector 
 of the commonwealth of England ; and that there might be no misunder- 
 standing as to the substantial royalty of the office thus conferred on him 
 the appointment was proclaimed in London and other chief towns with 
 .he formality and publicity usual on proclaiming the accession of a king 
 
 I lie military officers having thus made Cromwell king in all but the 
 more name, he gratefully proceeded to make them his ministers, choosin" 
 lu'j council from among the general officers, and allowing each councillo^ 
 the then very liberal salary of one thousand pounds per annum. 
 ..,on ^ . .1' u ^?' ostensibly, as for a long time before he had been vir- 
 tually, at the head of affairs, the policy of Cromwell required that the 
 army should be well taken care of. While there was yet any possibility 
 
 01 tne neoDiA rlamniipinnr for a. n'"\'"'n""i* — J -f - _-!• - - 
 
 J- - - J . — jj .us a. j!«.itH!!iviit, aiiu ui i. pariiuraciK .naKing 
 
 »^ .11 
 
 in{^ 
 
 ( mi 
 
 V n't 
 
 '^wm 
 
tfOO 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 any uhow of resistance to his inordinate pretensions, the discontem of tlie 
 army was a weapon of price to him. Now the cuse was completely 
 altered, and instead of allowing the pay of the army to fall into arrears, 
 he had every officer and man constantly paid one month in advance. 
 Liberal in all that related to real public service, as the providing of arnisi 
 furnishing the magazines, and keeping tlie fleet in serviceable repair* be 
 yet was the determined foe of all useless expense. 
 
 But though the iron hand of Cromwell kept the people tranquil at 
 tiome, and maintained the high character of the nation abroad, he had 
 not long obtained the protectorate ere he began to suffer the penalty of 
 his criminal ambition. To the royalists, as the murderer of their former 
 king, and as the chief obstacle to the restoration of their present one, he 
 was of course hateful ; and the sincere republicans, including not only 
 Fairfax and many other men of public importance and character, but also 
 a multitude of persons in all ranks of private life, and some of his own 
 nearest and dearest connexions, saw in him only a worse than legitimate 
 king. The consequence was, that tiumerouit piols, uf more or less im 
 I>ortance and extent, were formed against him. But he was himself ac- 
 live, vigilant, and penetrating; and as he was profuse in his rewards to 
 those who afiforded him valuable information, no one was ever more ex- 
 actly served by spies. He seemed to know men's very thoughts, so 
 rapid and minute "vas the information which he in fact owed to this, in 
 his circumstances, wise liberality. No sooner was a plot formed than he 
 knew who were concerned in it; no sooner had the conspirators deter- 
 mined to proceed to action than they learned to their cost, that their own 
 lives were at the disposal of him whose life they had aimed at. 
 
 With regard to the war in wiiich the nation was engaged, it may be re- 
 marked, that all the efforts of the Dutch failed to save them from suffer- 
 ing severely under the vigorous and determined attacks of Blake. De- 
 feated again and again, and finding their trade paralyzed in every direc- 
 tion, they at length became so dispirited that they sued for peace, and 
 treated as a sovereign the man whom, hitherto, they had very justly treat- 
 ed as a usurper. In order to obtain peace, they agreed to restore consid- 
 erable territory which, during the reign of Charles I., »hey had torn from 
 the East India Company, to cease to advocntc or advance the cause of 
 the imfortunate Charles II., and to pay homage on every sea to the flag 
 of the commonwealth. 
 
 While we give all due credit to Cromwell as the ruler under whom 
 the Dutch were thus humbled, and make due allowance for the value of 
 his prompt and liberal supplies to the admiral and fleet, we must nut, 
 cither, omit to remember triat the real humbler of the Dutch was the 
 gallant Admiral Blake. This fine English seaman was avowedly and 
 notoriously a republican in principle, and, b«^ing so, he could not but be 
 opposed to the usurpation by Cromwell of a more than kingly power. 
 But at sea, and with an enemy's fleet in sight, the gallant HIake remem- 
 bered only his country, and cared nothing about who ruled it. On such 
 occasions he would say to his seamen, " No matter into whose hands th 
 <3vernmnnt may fall, our duty is still to fight for our coimtry." 
 
 With France in negotiation, as with Holland in open war, England un- 
 der Cromwell was successful. The sagacious Cardinal Mazarine, who 
 was then in power in France, dearly saw that the protector was moic 
 easily to bo managed by flattery and deference than by any attempts at 
 violence, and there were few crowned heads that were treated by France, 
 under Mazarine, with half the respect which it lavished u|M)n " Protector" 
 Cromwell of Kngland. This prudent conduct of the French ministei 
 probably saved much blood and treasure to both nations, for although 
 Cromwell's discerning minu and steadfast temper wouUl not allow ol 
 his sttuniicuig any of ih« iubaiuuiitti ttdvuiiiuKus of Eingiartd to tnc 
 
HISTORY OP THE WOilLD. 
 
 601 
 
 Boothings and flatteries of the Freach minis.er, they, unquestionahlv 
 disposed hitn I.O docility and complaisance upon many nrSv 13^ 
 tani points, upon which, had they been at all LighUiyVre sei' H^e Sd 
 have resisted even to the extremity of going to war *^ *''"' "^ """'" 
 Spain, which, in the reign of Elizabeth, and even later, had been so 
 powcrfu. as to threaten to miite all Europe in submission had now be 
 come considerably reduced. But Cromwell, wiselv, as we think still 
 
 A ,u ? .^"''"fs "•• and thus be injurious to the comrnonwealih 
 and the protector. Accordingly, being solicited by Mazarhie "o j^fn 5 
 
 T« nI.h P?'"'.^' '■"."'^''y- '■"'•'"«h«'l «ix thousand^nen for the invasioi" 
 1 «L ^'''''l' M*' ^"^ ^"'«"** ^•'''"••y ^^a« ^''i'h "'is aid obtained oier 
 the Spaniards at Dunes. I„ return for this important service tie French 
 put Dunkirk, lately taken from the Spaniards, into his hands 
 
 But the victory of Dunes was the least of the evils that the Spaniards 
 experienced from the enmity of Cromwell. Blake, whose cSS in 
 the Dutch war hac? mt only ^ndcared him to E-.^lard, '^•u had ^Iso 
 spread his personal renown throughout the world, was must iiberallv and 
 ably supported by the protector. Having sailed up the Mediierranea . 
 where the English flag had never floated above a fleet since tle"ne of 
 the crusaders, he completely swept that sea oi all that dared to d"sDU?e 
 It with him, and then proceeded to Leghorn, where his merrappeara.ico 
 and reputation caused the duke of Tuscany to make repara ion for dS 
 injuries which Imd been inflicted upon the ilnglish traders tllele. 
 J;,"; 1655._ I he trading vessels of England, as, indeed, of all Euro 
 p an countries, had long suffered from the Tunisians and Algerii.es a^d 
 6 ake now procee^led to call those barbarians to account. The dey ol 
 Agiers was soon brought to reason; but the dey of Tunis, d i recti. ur the 
 atention of Blake to the strong castles of Goletta and Porto ffio 
 bade him look at them and then do his worst. The English adniiran' 
 atanily took him at his word, sailed into the harbour, bur, led tl e who?e 
 f the shipping that lay in It, and sailed triumphantly away in quest of 
 the Spaniards. Arrived at Cadiz he took two galleons, or treasurt-sh ds 
 of the enormous value of two millions of pieces of eight, and tl cii sa led 
 for the Canaries, where he burned and sunk an entire Spa ish flee of 
 sixteen sail. A ter this latter action he sailed for Eng and to ertt wl e?e 
 e Hank so rapidly beneath an illness which had long afflicted bin tSat 
 he expired just as he reached home. ' "** 
 
 Wlnlo Bluke had been thus gallantly and successfully exerlinff him. 
 ^If in one quarter, another fleet under admirals Venabl.s and p"nn S. 
 ■jmg about four thunsand land forces, left the British shores. Tl.eob^ 
 M of llMS expedition was to capture (he island of Hispaniola, but the 
 8 i.rds were so well preparecTand superior, ti.at this object' enlrelj^ 
 Jed, Resolved not to return home without having achieved 8<.inellS 
 te admirals now directed their course to Jamaica, where they "o S 
 Dkely surprised the Spaniard,,, that that rich islai.d was ilK. possei 
 810.1 of by our troops without the necessity of striking a blow. SoTt- 
 Jwas the value of the island-froni which so much weal h las si, in 
 ail" ^'•''^."-V '1'^' ''•"« "'•<l«r»lood, that its eanturo was . Km 'da 
 
 mu have a|)pearod, had fro.u the inomt'nt of hi» acc(.,.ting tl, , pro^ec 
 oral^., been one long series of secret and most harassi, g vtxatior As 
 we have already pointed out. both ^-xtrernes. the repSi.licu," and tho 
 tt>>«list8, doloslod hi.n, and were nerueluallv nlmtina i,,„n..; ,L ...T.A. 
 '^v dad uio. His own wife was tliought to tlelesf the guilty itairto 
 
602 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 which Miey lived ; ani it is certiiiii that both his eldest dauglitfir, Mrs 
 Fleetwood, and his favourite child, Mrs. playpole, took every opportunity 
 of maiiUaiuing the respective principles of their husbands, even in the 
 
 Cresence of their father. Mrs. Fleevwood, indeed, went beyond her hus- 
 and in zeal for republicanism, while Mrs. Claypole, whom the protector 
 loved with a tenderness little to have been expected from so stern a man, 
 was 80 ardent in the cause of monarchy, that even on her death-bed she 
 upbraided her sorrowing father with the death of one sovereign and the 
 usurpation which kept his successor in exile and misery. The soldiery, 
 MO, with whom he liad so often fought, were for the most part sincere, 
 however erring, in their religious professions, and could not but be deeply 
 disgusted when they at length perceived that his religious as well as re- 
 publican professions had been mere baits to catch men's opinions and 
 support. He was thus left almost without a familiar and confidential 
 friend, while ih the midst of a people to whom he had set the fearful ex- 
 ample of achieving an end, although at the terrible price of shedding in 
 nocent blood. 
 
 Frequent conspiracies, and his knowledge of the general detestation in 
 which his conduct was held, at length shook even his resolute mind and 
 iron frame. He became nervous and melancholy ; in whichever direc- 
 tion he turned his eyes he imagined he saw an enemy. Fairfax, whose 
 lady openly condemned the proceedings against the king in Westininste 
 Hall at the time of the mock trial, had so wrought upon her husband, 
 that he allowed himself to league with Sir William Waller and olliei 
 eminent men at the head of the presbyterian party to destroy the pro- 
 tector. With all parties in the state thus furioiis against him, Cromwell 
 now, too, for the first time, found himself fearfuhy straightened for money. 
 His successes against the Spaniards had been splendid, indeed, but such 
 splendours were usually expensive in the end. With an exhausted treas- 
 ury, and debts of no inconsiderable amount, he began to fear the conse- 
 quence of what seemed inevitable, his falling in arrears with the soldiery 
 to whom he owed all his past success, and upon whose good will alone 
 rested his slender hope of future security. Just as he was tortured vvel. 
 nigh to insanity by these threatening circumstances of his situation, Col- 
 onel Titus, a zealous republican, who had bravely, however erroneously 
 fought against the late king, and who was now thoroughly disgusted anc 
 indignant to see the plebeian king-killer practising more tyranny than the 
 murdered monarch had ever been guilty of, sent forth his opinions in a 
 most bitterly eloquent pamphlet, bearing the ominous title of " Killino 
 NO Murder." Setting out with a brief reference to what had been done 
 in the case of (what he, as a republican, called) kindly tyranny, llie col- 
 onel vehemently insisted that it was not merely a right, but a positive 
 duty to slay the plebeian usurper. •' Shall we," said the eloquent de- 
 clanner, '* shall wc, who struck down the lion, cower before tho wolf 1" 
 
 Cromwell read this olocjucnt and immoral reasoning— immoral, we my 
 for crime can never justify more crime — and never was again seen to 
 uniile. Tlie nervousness of his body and the horror of his mind were 
 now redoubled. He doubted not that this fearless and plausible p;\inphlet 
 would fall into tho hands of some enthusiast who would he nerved to 
 frenzy by it. Ho wore armour beneath his clothes, and constnntly car- 
 ried pistols with him, novor travelled twice by the same road, and rarely 
 slept more than a uncond night in the same chamber. Thoujfli ho wat 
 nlwHvs Htrongly guarded, such was tho wrutohudnoss of his lituiitiun thai 
 even this did not insure his safety; for where more probably thnn among 
 Iho fanatical soldiery could nn assassin bn found 1 Alone, he fell into mel- 
 ancholy; in company, he was uncheered ; and if strangers, of howevei 
 bif(li character, approached 8ome^vhal close to his person, it was ill a loiif 
 
 Srsvra in the aiuie 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 603 
 
 I9S« indicative ofanger than ofactual and agonizing terror thai he bade 
 ijiem stand on. 
 
 The strong constitution of Cromwell at length gave way beneath this 
 accumulation of horrors He daily became thinner and more feeble, and 
 ere long was seized with a tertian ague, which carried him off in a week, in 
 the ninth year of his unprincipled usurpation, and in the fifty-ninth of his 
 ige, on the third of September, 1659. 
 
 AD. 1659.— Though Cromwell was delirious from the effects of hia 
 mortal illness, he had a sufficiently lucid interval to allow if his putting the 
 crowninfe stroiie to his unparalleled treason. This slayer of liis lawful 
 sovereign, this mere private citizen, who had only made his first sten 
 from extreme obscurity under pretence of a burning and inextinguishable 
 Hatred of monarchy, now, when on the very verge of death, had the cool 
 audacity and impudence to name his son Richard as his successor— for- 
 sooth l-as though his usurped power were held by hereditary right, or as 
 though his son and the grandson of a small trader were better qualifir.i 
 than any other living man for the office, on the supposition of its beini? 
 
 ?dn7this * ^ ^"'"^'^ ^'^ ^^^^'^ °^ "'* '"^'^n^'^ of impudence 
 
 But though named by his father to the protectorate, Richard Cromwell 
 had none 01 his futher's energy and but little of his evil ambition. Ac- 
 customed to the stern rule and sagacious activity of the deceased usurper, 
 the army very speedily showed its unwillingness to transfer its allegiance 
 to Richard, and a committee of the leading officers was assembled at 
 Fleetwood 8 residence, and called, after it, the cabal of Wallingfonl. The 
 first step of tins association was to present to the young protector a re- 
 monstrance requiring that the command of the army should be intrusted 
 to some person who possessed the confidence of the officers. As Richard 
 wag thus plainly informed that he had not that confidence, he had no 
 Dhoice but to defend his title by force, or to make a virtue of necessity 
 iiid give in his resignation of an authority to the importance of which he 
 was signally unequal. He chose tlie latter course ; and having signed a 
 formal abdication of an office which he ought never to have filled he 
 lived for some years in France and subsequently settled at Chesliunt, in 
 Hertfordshire, where as a private gentleman he lived to a very advanced 
 age, in the enjoyment of competence and a degree of happiness which 
 was never for an instant the companion of his father's guilty greatness. 
 The cabal of WuUingford, having thus readily and quietly disposed of Pro- 
 ector Richard, now saw (he necessity of establishing something like a 
 formal government; and the rump parliament, which Oliver Cromwoll 
 had so uncereinoiiiously turned out of doors, was invited to reinsi ito it- 
 Mir in authority. Hut unon these thoroughly incapable men the experi- 
 ence of past days was wholly thrown away. Forgetting that the source 
 of their povver was the brute force of the army, their very first measures 
 wrre ainied at lessening the power of the cabal. The latter body, per- 
 ceiving tiiat the parliament proceeded from less to greater proofs of ex- 
 ireine hostility, determined to send it back to the fitting obscurity of pri- 
 vate life. Lambert with a large body of troops accordingly went to West- 
 minster. Having completely surrounded the parliament house with his 
 men, the general patiently awaited the arrival of the speaker, Lenlhal, and 
 When that personugo made his appoanince the giMieral ordered llio horses 
 Of the Hiae carriage to bo turned round, and Lentlial was conducted home, 
 ihe like civility was extended to thn various members as they successive- 
 ly made (hoir appearance, and the army proceeded to keep a solemn fast 
 ny way of feU-bratiim the annihilation of this disanicefnl parliament. 
 
 Uul the triumph of the army was short. If Fleetwood, Lambert, and 
 me other leading officers Hnticipalod the possibilily of placing one of thrni- 
 »rjvrs jn tne gtute of cVii pio-uiaincncc occupiud bv the late proleclof 
 
604 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 they had egregiaiisly erred in overlookiiijr the power and possible jncHna- 
 tiou of General Monk. This able and politic officer, it will be recollected 
 had been intrusted by Cromwell with the task of keeping Scotland in 
 subservience to the commonwealth of England. He had an army of up- 
 wards of eieht thousand veteran troops, and the wisdom and moderation 
 with which he had governed Scotland gave him great moral inlluence and 
 a proportionate command of pecuniary resources ; and when the dismissal 
 of the rump parliament by the army threw the inhabitants of London into 
 alarm lest an absolute military tyranny should succeed, the eyes of all 
 were turned upon Monk, and every one was anxious to know whether ho 
 would throw his vast power into this or into that scale. 
 
 But ♦' honest George Monk," as his soldiers with affectionate familiarity 
 were wont to term him, was as cool and silent as he was dexterous and 
 resolute. As soon as he was made aware of the proceedings that had 
 taken place in London he put his veteran army in motion. As he march- 
 ed southward upon Lomlon he was met by messenger after messenger, 
 PRch nartv bfiinp anxious to ascertain for which he intended to declare ' 
 but he stnctiy, and with an admirable firmness, replied to all, that ho was 
 on his way to inquire into the state of affairs and aid in remedying what- 
 ever might be wrong. Still maintaining this politic reserve, he reached 
 St. Albans, and there fixed his head-quarters. 
 
 The rump parliament in the meantime had re-assembled without oppo- 
 sition from the VVullingford cabal, the members of which probably feared 
 to act while in ignorance of the intentions of Monk, who now sent a formal 
 request to the parliament for the instant removal to couniry-quarters ol 
 all troops stationed in London. This done, the parliament dissolved, aftei 
 taking measures for the immediate election of new members. 
 
 Sagacious public men now began to judge that Monk, weary of the ex- 
 isting state of things, had resolved to restore the exiled king, but Monk 
 still preserved the most profound silence until the assembling of a new 
 parliament should enable him rapidly and effectually to accomplish his 
 designs. 
 
 The only person who seems to have been in the confidence of this able 
 man was a Devonshire gentleman named Morrice, who was of as taciturn 
 and prudent a disposition as the general himself. All persons whosoiigiit 
 the gencrars confidence were referred to Morrice, and among the number 
 was Sir John Granville, who was the servant and personal fritMid of the 
 exiled king, who now sent him over to Kngland to endeavour to influence 
 Monk. Sir John when referred to Morrice more than once replied that 
 he held a commission from the king, and that he could open his business 
 to no one but General Monk in person. This pertinacity and caution were 
 precisely what Monk required; and though even now he would not com- 
 mit himself by any written document, he personally gave Granville such 
 information as induced the king to hasten from Breda, the governor ol 
 which would fain have made him a prisoner under the pretence of payina 
 tiim honour, and settled himself in Holland, whore he anxiously awHitcd 
 further tidings from Monk. 
 
 The parliament at length assembled, and it became very genernlly un- 
 derstood that the restoratittn of the monarchy was the real intention "1 
 Monk ; but so great and obvious were the perils '»f the time, that for a few 
 days the parliament occupied itself in merely routine business, no one 
 daring to utter a word upon that very subject which every man had the 
 most deeply at heart. Monk during all this time had lost no opportunity 
 of observing the sentiments of the new parliament, and he at last broke 
 through his politic and well-sustained reserve, and directed Annci>ley, the 
 president of the council, to inform the house that Sir John Granville was 
 iit its door with a letter from his majesty. The effect of thesu >ew words 
 was electrical : the whole of the nioinbAra rniie from their scuIh and hailed 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 605 
 
 Ihe newB with a burst of enthusiastic cheering. Sir John Granville was 
 now called in, the king's letter was read, and the proposals it made for the 
 restoration of Charles were agreed to with a new burst of cheering. The 
 gracious letter, offering an indemnity far more extensive than could have 
 been hoped for after all the evil that had been done, was at once entered 
 on the journals, and ordered to be published, that the people at large might 
 participate in the joy of the house. Nothing now remained to obstruct 
 the return of Charles, who, after a short and prosperous passage, arrived 
 in London on the twenty-ninth of May, being the day on which he com- 
 pleted his thirtieth year. Everywhere he was received with the acchma- 
 lions of assembled multitudes ; and so numerous were the congratulatory 
 addresses that were presented to him, that he pleasantly remarked, that 
 it must surely have been his own fault that he had not returned sooner, 
 as it was plain there was not one of his subjects who had not been long 
 wishing for him ! Alas ! though good-humouredly, these words but too 
 truly paint the terribly and disgracefully inconstant nature of the multi- 
 tude, who are ever as ready to praise and flatter without measure, as to 
 blame and injure without just cause. 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 THE REION OF CHARLES II. 
 
 A. D. 1660. — Handsome, accomplished, young, and of a s.ngularly cheer 
 f\iland affable temper, Charles U. ascended his throne with all the ap« 
 parent elements of a just and universal popularity, especially as the ignor- 
 ance of some and the tyranny of others had by this time taught the people 
 of England to understand the full vulue of a wise, regular, and just govern- 
 ment. But Charles had some faults which were none the less mischievous 
 because they were the mere excesses of amiable qualities. His good na- 
 ture was attended by a levity and carelessness which caused him to leave 
 the moiit faithful services and the most serious sacrifices unrewarded, and 
 his gayety degenerated into an indolence and self-indulgence more fitted 
 to the effeminate self-worship of a Sybarite than to the public ana respon- 
 sible situation of the king of a free and active people. 
 
 One of the first cares of the parliament was to pass an act of indemnity 
 for all that had passed ; but a special exception was made of those who 
 had directly and personally taken part in the murder of the late king. 
 Three of the most prominent of these, Cromwell, Bradshaw, ntd Ireton, 
 were dead. But as it was thought that some signal and public obloquy 
 ou^ht to be thrown upon crime so enormous as theirs, their bodies were 
 disinterred, suspended from the gallows, and subsequently buried at its 
 foot. Others of the regicides were proceeded against, and more or less 
 severely punished ; but Charles showed no more earnestness in vengeance 
 than in gratitude, and there never, probably, has been so little of punish- 
 ment indicted for crime so extensive and so frightful. 
 
 Charles, in fact, had but one passion, the love of pleasure; and so long 
 Bs he could command the means of gratifying that, he, at the commence- 
 ment of his reign especially, seemed to care but little how his ministers 
 arransed the public affairs. It was, in some degree, happy for the na- 
 tion that Charles was thus careless ; for so excessive was the gladness 
 of the nation's loyalty just , t this period, that had Charles been of a 
 Bterner and more ambitious character he would have had little or no 
 (iifflculty in rendering himself an absolute monarch. No evident was the 
 inclination of the commons to gro to extremes in order to gratify tlie king, 
 Ihat one of the ministers, Southampton, seriously cni\ieinptate(l requiring 
 the cnoimous amount of two millions as the king's annuril revonun, ^ 
 
 "ssrc TTIIIt; 
 
 i!iucpciiuci:i aiis.c tr ts". 
 
 m 
 
 -1 
 
 \iu 
 
606 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 people and the law. Fortunately the wise and virtuous Lord Clarendon, 
 attached as he was to the royal master whose exile and privations he had 
 faithfully shared, opposed this outrageous wish of Southampton, and the 
 revenue of the king was fixed more moderately, but with a liberality 
 which rendered it impossible for him to feel necessity except as the con- 
 sequence of the extreme imprudence of profusion. 
 
 But Charles was one of those persons whom it is almost impossiblo to 
 preserve free from pecuniary necessity ; and he soon became so deeply 
 involved in difficulties, while his love of expensive pleasure remained 
 unabated, that he at once turned his thoughts to marriage as a means ol 
 procuring pecuniary aid. Catherine, the infanta of Portugal, was at this 
 time, probabiy, the homeiiesi princess in Europe. But she was wealtliy, 
 her portion amounting to three hundred thousand pounds in money, to. 
 gether with Bombay in the East Indies, and the fortress of Tangier in 
 Africa; and such a portion had too many attractions for the needy and 
 pleasure-loving Charles to allow him to lay much stress upon the infanta's 
 want of personal attractions. The dukes of Ormond, Southampton, and 
 the able and clear-headed Chancellor Clarendon endeavoured to dissuade 
 the king from this match, chiefly on the ground of the infanta being but 
 little likely to have children ; but Charles was resolute, and the infanta 
 became queen of England, an honour it is to be feared that she dearly 
 purchased, for the numerous mistresses of the king were permitted, if not 
 actually encouraged, to insult her by their familiar presence, and vie 
 with her in luxury obtained at her cost. 
 
 As a means of procuring large sums from his parliament, Charles de- 
 clared war against the Dutch. The hostilities were very fiercely carried 
 on by both parties, but after the sacrifice of blood and treasure to an im- 
 mense amount, the Dutch, by a treaty signed at Breda, procured peace 
 by ceding to England the American colony of New- York. Though this 
 colony waf> justly considered as an important acquisition, the whole terms 
 of the peace were not considered sufficiently honourable to England, 
 and the public mind became much exasperated against Clarendon, who 
 was said to have commenced war unnecessarily, and to have concluded 
 peace disgracefully. Whatever might be the private opinion of Cliarles, 
 who, probably, had far more than Clarendon to do with the commence- 
 ment of the war, he showed no desire to shield his minister, whose stead- 
 fast and high-principled character had long been so distasteful at court 
 that he had been lubjected to the insults of the courtiers and the slights of 
 the king. Under such circumstances the fate of Straflford seemed by no 
 means unlikely to become that of Clarendon, Mr. Seymour bringing sev- 
 enteen articles of impeachment against him. But Clarendon perceiving 
 the peril in which he was placed, and rightly judging that it was in vain to 
 oppose the popular clamour when that was aided by the ungrateful cold- 
 ness of the court went into voluntary exile in France, where he devoted 
 himself to literature. 
 
 Freed from the presenc of Clarendon, whose rebuke he feared, and 
 whose virtue he aanf'" out could not imitate, Charles now gave the 
 chief direction of puLiiic affairs into the hands of certain partakers of his 
 
 Pleasures. Sir Thomas Clifford, Lord Ashley, afterwards earl of Shaftes- 
 ury, the duke of Buckingham, Lord Arlington, and the duke of Lau- 
 derdale, were the persons to whom Charles now intrusted his affairs, and 
 from their inuials this ministry was known by the title of the carai.. 
 
 A. D. 1670.— The members of the cabal were undoubtedly men of ability; 
 learning, wit, and accomplishment being absolute requisites to the ob- 
 taining of Charles' favour. But unhappily that was all— theirs' was the 
 ability of courtiers rather than of ministers; they were better fitted to 
 season the pleasures of the prince, than to provide for the security of the 
 throne or the welfare of the people. The public discontent was. const 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 eo% 
 
 quent/y, very great; it was but too deeply and widely felt that such a 
 ministry was little likely to put an effectual check upon the profliffato 
 pleasures wh'ch made the English court at once the gayest and the most 
 VICIOUS court m all Europe. 
 
 Nor was it merely from the character of Ihe ministry and the dissina 
 ted course of the king that the people felt discontented. The duke of 
 York, the presumptive heir to the throne, though a brave and a hieh- 
 minded man, was universally believed to be a very bigoted papist ; and 
 enough of the puritan spirit still remained to make men dread the possible 
 accession of a papist king. f = »iv 
 
 The alarm and uneasiness that were felt on this point at length reached 
 to such a height that, in August of this year, as the king was walking in 
 St. James park, disporting himself with some of the beautiful little dojrs 
 of which he was quite troublesomely fond, a chemist, named Kirbv, ao- 
 proaehed his majesty, and warned him that a plot was on foot against him 
 "Keep, sire said this person, "within your company; your enemies 
 design to take your life, and you may be shot even in this very walk." 
 
 News so startling, and at the same time so consonant with the vague 
 fears and vulgar rumours of the day, naturally led to farther inquiries; 
 and Kirby stated that he had his information from a Doctor Tonge, a 
 clergyman, who had assured him that two men, named Grove and Pick- 
 ering, were engaged to shoot the king, and that the queen's physician, 
 Sir George Wakeling, had agreed, if they failed, to put an end to his 
 majesty by poison. The matter was now referred to Danby, the lord 
 treasurer, who sent for Doctor Tonge. That person not only showed 
 all readiness to attend, but also produced a bundle of papers relative to 
 the supposed plot. Questioned as to the manner in wh.ch he became 
 possessed of these papers, he at first stated that they were thrust under 
 his door, and subsequently that he knew the writer of them, who re- 
 ouired his name to be concealed lest he siiould incur the deadly anger of 
 ihe Jesuits. The reader will do well to remark the gross inconsistency 
 of these two accounts; it is chiefly by the careful noting of such incon- 
 sistencies that the wise see through the subtly-woven falsehoods 
 which are so commonly believed by the credulous or the careless. Had 
 the papers really been thrust beneath the man's door, as he at first pre- 
 tended, how should he know the author 1 If the author was known to 
 him, 10 what purpose the stealthy way of forwarding the papers i 
 
 Charles himself was far too acute a reasoner to overlook this gross in- 
 consistency, and he flatly gave it as his opinion that the whole affair was 
 a clumsy fiction. But Tonge was a tool in the hands of miscreants who 
 would not 80 readily be disconcerted, and he was now sent again to the 
 lord treasurer Danby, to inform him that a packet of treasonable letters 
 was on Its way to the Jesuit Bedingfield, the duke of York's confessor. 
 7v""?®J^ . "*^® '''""^e gave this information some hours after the duke 
 of York had himself been put in possession of these letters, which he had 
 shown to the king as a vulgar and ridiculous forgery of which ho could 
 not discover the drift. 
 
 Hitherto all attempts at producing any effect by means of those alledgrd 
 treasonable designs had failed, and the chief manufacturer of them, Titus 
 Oates, now came forward wiih a well-feigned unwillingness. This man 
 had from his youtli upward been an abandoned character. He had been 
 indicted for gross perjury, and had subsequently been dismissed from the 
 chajplnincy of a man-otwar lor a yet more disgraceful crime, and he then 
 professed to be a convert to papacy, and actually was for some time main- 
 tained in the English seminary at St. Omer's Rcdu(;ed to actual desti- 
 tution, he seems to have lastentd upon Kirby and Tonge, as weak and 
 credulous men, whose very weakness and credulity would make them in- 
 ircpid III the assertion cf such faltehoods as he miarht choose to instil 
 
 v'^ 
 
 
608 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 into til eir mmds Of his own motives wo mav form a slirewd iruoss trom 
 the fact that he vias supported by the actual charity of Kirby, at a mo- 
 ment when he affected to have the clue to mysteries closely touchino' thtj 
 king's life and involving the lives of numerous persons of consequence 
 
 Though vulgar, illiterate, and ruffianly, this man, Gates, was cunning and 
 darnig. Finding that his pretended information was of no avail in pro 
 cnring himself court favour, he now resolved to see what effect it would 
 have upon the already alarmed and anxious minds of the people. He ac 
 cordingly went before Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, a gentleman in great 
 cclebrilv for his activity as a magistrate, and desired lo make a deposi 
 tion to the effect that the pope, judging the heresy of the king and peonlo 
 a sufficient ground, had assumed the sovereignty of England, Scotland 
 and Ireland, and had condemned the king as a heretic ; the death to be 
 inflicted by Grove and Pickering who were to shoot him with silver bul. 
 lets. The Jesuits and the pope having thus disposed of the king, whom" 
 according to this veritable deposition, they styled the black bastard the 
 crown was to be offered to the duke of York on the condition that he 
 should wholly extirpate the protestant religion ; but if the duke refused 
 to comply with that condition, then James, too, was to^o to pot. 
 
 The mere vulgarity of this deposition might have led the people to im- 
 ply its falsehood; for whatever might be the other faults of the Jesuits 
 they were not, as educated men, at all likely to use the style of speech 
 which so coarse and illiterate a wretch as Gates attributed to them. But 
 popular terror not uncommonly produces, temporarily, at least, a popular 
 madness ; and the at once atrocious and clumsy falsehoods of this man, 
 whose very destitution was the consequence of revolting crimes, wereac' 
 cepted by the people as iricfragable evidence, and he was himself hailed 
 and caressed as a friend and protector of protestantism and protestants ! 
 Before the council he repeatedly and most grossly contradicted himself^ 
 but the effect his statements had upon the public mind was such, that it 
 was deemed necessary to order the apprehension of the principal persons 
 named as being cognizant of this plot, among whom were several Jesuits, 
 and Coleman, secretary to the dnke of York. 
 
 A singular circumstance now occurred, which gives but too much rea- 
 son to fear that perjury was by no means the worst of the crimes to which 
 Gates resorted to procure the success of his vile scheme. Sir Rdniond- 
 bury Godfrey, the magistrate who first gave Gates importance by allowing 
 him to reduce his lying statements into a formal and regular deposition, 
 was suddenly missed from his house, and, after a lapse of several days, 
 found barbarously murdered in a ditch at Primrose-hill, near London. 
 No sooner was this known than the people came to the conclusion that 
 Sir Edmondbury had been murdered by the Jesuits, in revenge for the 
 willingness he had shown to receive the information of Gates. But, look- 
 ingot the desperate character of the latter, does it not seem far more proba- 
 ble that he caused the murder of the credulous magistrate, trusting 
 that it would have the very effect which it did produce upon the credu- 
 lous people! Bs that as it may, the discovery of he deceased 
 gentleman's body greatly increased the public agitation; the corpse 
 was carried in procession by seventy clergymen, and no one who valued 
 his personrtl safety ventured to hint that the murder might probably not 
 have been the work of the detested Jesuits. 
 
 From the mere vnlgar, the alarm and agitation soon spread to the bet- 
 ter-informed classes, and at length it was moved in parliament that a sol- 
 emn fast aliould be appointed, that the house shoula have all papers that 
 were calculated to throw a light upon the horrid plot, that all known pa 
 pists should be ordered to leave liOndon, and all unknown or suspicious 
 persons forbidden to present themselves at court, and that the train band? 
 of Londrn and Westminster should be kept in constant readiness for action 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 60ft 
 
 The in.-screaat whose falsehoods hed raised all this alarm and atixietv 
 was thanked u-/ parliament and recommended to the favour of the kinn 
 who conrer .ed ujjon him a pension of twelve hundred pounds per annu n 
 jnd a residence m Whitehall. Such reward bestowed upon sSch a cffi 
 acter and for such "public services" naturally produced S rival for public 
 favour, and a fellow named William Bedloe now made his appearaE m 
 the character of informer. He was of even lower origin and more infa 
 
 Tt Rris"to V,^!f? ^T: ^TJ"^ ^"^P repeatedly convicted of ther Being 
 at Bristol and in a state of destitution, he at his own reouest was arrPstPH 
 and sent to London. When examined before thrcoSh^sKSa^ 
 he had seen the body of the murdered Sir Edmondbury Godfrey at the 
 
 hen resiclence of the queen, Somerset-house, and thnt a servant of tho 
 Lord Bel asis had offered him four thousand pounds to carrir it off and 
 conceal it ! Improbable as the tale was it was greedily recei?ed and ?h2 
 ruffians Gates and Bedloe, finding that credit wf s gi-vS. to Tatever the^^ 
 chose to assert, now ventured a step farther, and accused the queen o, 
 
 eing an accomplice in all the evil doings and designs of the jesuiu. The 
 house of commons, to its great disgrace, addressed the king in support of 
 
 Sf ^-.If t M ^ ^^'^ "P«" ^^' ^''^^^y but too unhappy queen ;bu° the 
 ords, with better judgment and more manly feeling, rejected the accusa- 
 tion with the contempt which it merited. accusa- 
 The conjunction of two such intrepid perjurers as Gates and Bedloe 
 Tr.Z'?T !"'^.r'^ *^*^" unfortunate persons whom they accused t and 
 It s but little to the credit of the public men of that day that they did not 
 iSf n! l^ ^'Tu *ny P^soner Wing tried upon thei?evidence m toJhe 
 Sl^ L'"l!\'' '^^ P"*"V" '"''^'^ ^^"""^^ ^^'^^^ been allowed a reasonable 
 time in which to recover from its heat and exacerbation. No such delay 
 
 ni "''*" P^'i"'''^'^"? *bile cunning was still triumphant and creduSJ 
 
 trilf P'W. "'^ ?r''"''"u' '^"^ '^"'^^ «f ^'"'^'^ "^^etary. was put upon 
 his trial. Here as before the council, Gates and Bedloe, th..u<rh neon" 
 SIS tent with each other, and each with himself, yet agreed in their mafn 
 
 iTAAt':^^'"'^ ^'^ "'' rr'y '^^^^^^ ^^^ theLsass" at'on oJthS 
 
 king, but had even, as his reward for so doinir. received a rnmmis«inn 
 
 ".ffned by the superior of the Jesuits, appointi,,; E papa^ se^reTrv «r 
 
 state of these kingdoms. Coleman who be ave7wfth'^equa;Tnodesty 
 
 and firmness, denied all the guilt that was laid to lis ch a me But he 
 
 could not prove a negative and his mere denial availed nothing against 
 
 he positive swearing of the informers. He was condemned to dS 
 
 nd then several members of both houses of parliament offered to inter- 
 
 poe to procure him the king's pardon on contfition that he would make 
 
 ,r ti h Ih''"*"; ,y '^^ l!"'^?.'-t»"ate gentleman was innocent, and wS 
 
 H stm Irmir?.''- "/l-" ^'"■l'^'' ^y. ^"^'"^^y "«''"«'"& himself and others! 
 
 "aseLutedf &U'lt, and, to the eternal disgrace of Charles, 
 
 PiS!fri''„'rnr'*n„^'''^?i" f^-i'**'"^ "^"''^•" »be informers nor the public, 
 a 1 exSed Th^nV'^.i'.'''"^ ""'?■' ""'^^ P"* "Pu°" '^eir trial, condemned, 
 JlLfoT 7.J"/''^y "'^'■^ innocent we have no doubt; but thev 
 
 were esuils, and that was sufficient to blunt all sympathy with their "to 
 Hill, Oreen, and Berry were now charged with being the actual mnri 
 . erers of Sir Emondbury Godfrey. In tfiis case the information wS 
 'vas laid by Bedloe, was wholly irreconcilable with the evklence which 
 ^as given by a fellow named Kance, and there was goorSnce tiS 
 mat variance with them both. But the prisoners were found guilty 
 .!!"?"«' *" •*'™* '" ^^'''" ^y'"'f^ "'0'"«"t8 professing their m»^ 
 Z^'. /' ^^v^y '''*'' * P'-«'«»tant. this made some impression upon 
 t'tSe'^dislTeT""""^'''^''"' ''' P"^"« wasnot^venyetp^r." 
 
 "^Vol'k^T'""'"*' *^ '^^ ^®""*''' ■"'' *'''^*"' Fenwick. Tumor 
 
810 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 , ,, . u .k,»n r»f th« same order, were next tried. Bes.des 
 
 and Harcourt, brethren "^ Vh^^med Dusdair appeared against these 
 Gates ^^dBedloe a wretch ja^^^^^^^^^ tSS^incredible and mon- 
 
 pnsoners, and m a«ailion to anu in ^ H^ ,.j^ ^ j ^^q^q that there were 
 strous assertions of Gates and E.dloe, be aeiiueray 
 
 Td vefth^'aSSedleL^'^^^l^^^^ JnstigS o?This huge Lmy of armed 
 And ye|>"«^^"3°j8 ,v„e daily bemg brought to trial, condemned, and 
 and malignant P-^PJ^'^ '^^f °f "%core or two of constables ! But rca- 
 butchered. under the ji ard of a s^^'^Jfj^that veritable reign of terror, 
 
 soning could "9* P^'^'J'y ^^jence^n favoSr of the accused persons was 
 for even direct and "^orn evidence m la u ^.^^ k^ ^.^^^^^^^ 
 
 proved that they «"«. y*';' ^n'* testimony had stated him to have been m 
 
 ^«ir;htest attentim and the unfortunate prisoners were condemned 
 
 'and exSutek protSg in their last moments their entire innocence o. 
 
 the crimes laid to their charge . i^i^n was now brought to trial. 
 
 Sir George Wakeman, the queen spnyBiua,^^ accused The vile 
 
 but was "^9[«/-i""f,«, f ^iS^^th'eir a cu's[omed" aL dauntless fluency ; 
 informers, it is K"®, swore wunui ^^^ circumstances of 
 
 but to have convicted Sr George, wouiQ.u^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 the case, have inferred the guilt of the q>e-^^ - J ^^^^i i„,Unce of 
 &'ht'elVoSrnrXv:'tt ^J^A to proceed to that extent, 
 and Sir feo'-ge was honou^^^^^^ ^^^,^,^ falsehoods of Gales 
 
 A. D. 1672.--l<orupwara8 oi ivvu j the blood of the innocent, 
 
 had deluded the mmd "f ^^^^^P"^^'^; ^vere n^^^^^ evil doing. 
 
 But he and his abominable associate ™ "^;| g^^olars, to whose title 
 Hitherto the victims had been chiefly pre^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 of Jesuits the vulgar a""b"'jf 'L Xt S ^'"'"^"' ""'^ *^* 
 
 and terrible. But as if ^o/h^r.-lJ^J [J their eyes as the piety and 
 the most reverend ^'^--^ J^^Y^/^l^^^^ the informing mis- 
 
 learning of ai«'cere, however erroneous reli?mn , ^^^^%^,^^i 
 
 ^^^^;•^""?heTe? esfS bL's"\rn™fie"rcer o'r more unreasoning 
 Stafford. The hercesi wuu "^" . , ^u ^^y aga nst the venera- 
 than a deluded and enraged ^j'^^^;' J,„ it had beL Igainst the former 
 ble earl of Stafford was «Yf" 1°";!^;!';?^" saw one of the Jesuits who 
 prisoners. Gales POsUively ^^"'■^ j^^'deliver to the earl of Stafford a 
 liad late y been conden^ned, Fe^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ p,j,. 
 
 commission signed by »« ff "f/J' °'i army. It was in vain that the ven 
 
 the earl suffered ««c«r,4i"gly "P0» ' 'wer-h^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^.^^^^ 
 
 The parliament, which ^jj "ow jat sevem ^ J^^^^j'^ ^,^ ^^^^„„t ,f 
 but a new one was called, which win ever j^ ^^j^^, ^^U 
 
 one law which .it passed ; we aUude to the m ^^ ^^^^ ^|j^ ^^^^ 
 
 By this act the jailor ^h^'s summoned mus ^^^J^.^^^ ^-^^^^ ^^^,,, 
 of a prisoner m court and "^J'jy "'^JJ"'„J g„ on for greater distances; 
 days if within twenty miles of ^^e ]"dge. aj^f^."'' ' «« ^^ to be in- 
 no prisoner to be sent to prison bey°f l^e «e*j^ j^J^e next term, and no 
 
 dieted the first ^"'^.^f'^^reTime offence ^ft^^^ 
 
 man to be recommitted for the same onenceaucb b ^^^^^^ 
 
 hiavy penaltie. upon »"y J^fcrjIWevK S S safeguard 
 
 c-;!-- .»1»ir'iI!„^7.^r.;r''orrotfe7han3.Tt can never be, perilous 
 'I Z Sne/'^ca^se "in "times of sedition or violence oarhaiac, .a., 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 611 
 
 suspend the execution of this act for a short and definite time, at the end 
 of which time this great safeguard of our.liherties returns to its full force 
 The criminal and disgraceful complaisance with which the government 
 had allowed the perjured informers to flourish unchecked, caused a new 
 plot-discoverer to present himself in the person of a worthy, named Dan 
 gerfield, whose previous life had been diversified by experience of the 
 pillory, the scourge, the branding-iron, and a residence, as a convict, in 
 the plantations. This fellow, in conjunction with a midwife of bad char- 
 acter, named Collier, came forward to denounce a plot, of which he al- 
 ledged the existence, for removing the king and.royal family and settine 
 up a ne^v form of government. This fellow took his information direct 
 to the king and the duke of York, who weakly, if we must not rather say 
 wickedly, supplied hiin with money, and thus patronized and encouraged 
 him in his course. Determined to make the most of his fortune, Danler 
 field deposited some writings of a most seditious character in the house 
 01 a military officer named Mansel. Having so placed the papers that thev 
 were certain to be discovered by any one searching the apartments, Dan- 
 gerfield, without saying a word about the papers, went to the custom-housf 
 and sent officers to Mansel's to search for smuggled ^oods. There were 
 no such goods there, as Dangerfield well knew, but, exactly as he had an- 
 ticipated, the officers found the concealed papers, examined them, and felt 
 It to be their duty to lay them before the council. Either Dangerfield was 
 already suspected, or something in the papers themselves indicated for- 
 gery ; for the council were so convinced that the documents were Dan- 
 gerfield's own production, that they issued an order that a strict search 
 should immediately be made in all places which he had been known to 
 frequent. In the course of the search the house of the midwife Collier 
 was visited, and there, concealed in a meal-tub, the officers found a paper 
 which contained the whole scheme of the conspiracy to the most minute 
 particulars. Upon this discovery the wretch, Dangerfield, was sent to 
 Newgate, where he made a "confession," which probably was as false 
 as the former statement that he had made, for he now represented that to 
 the lying tale he had formerly told he had been instigated by the countess 
 o( Powis, the earl of Castleniain, and others. And though it was so much 
 more probable that the miscreant had all along lied from his own inven- 
 tion and in his own greediness of gain, the earl and countess were actually 
 •lent to the Tower. ' 
 
 What has always made vs attach deep blame and disgrace to Charles' 
 conduct in allowing so many innocent lives to be sacrificed to the venal 
 cruelty of informers, is the fact, that while the informers attributed plots 
 to the Jesuits, and stated the objects of those plots to be the seltinff 
 up of the papist duke of York in the place of the king, Charles must 
 necessarily have known that the Jesuits were a mere handful, as com- 
 pared to the protestants, and that the very last man whom either pro- 
 testant or papist throughout England would have substituted for the easy 
 though profligate Charles, was James, duke of York. In Scotland James 
 had made himself perfectly hated, and both the English parliament and 
 the hnghsh people every year gave new and stronger proof of the dread 
 with which they contemplated even the possibility of the succession of 
 ^^^V J" '^® "'*'" ^'^^^ '^® ^"•'=** ^^ ^^^ "'^own himself a brave and 
 skilful officer, but his gloomy temper, his stern, unsparing disposition, and 
 the bigotry which he was universally known to possess, made courajre 
 and military conduct, however admirable in other men, in him only two 
 terrors the more. Charles well knew this ; so well, that when James one 
 lay warned him against exposing himself too much while so many plots 
 snd rumours of plots disturbed the general mind, Charles, as gayly as 
 truly replied, " Tilly vally. James ! There be nonn «n «.iiv »« Tn «h„„i 
 cue 111 order to make you "king '." This unpopularity orJame's .'ed to mor^ 
 
 I i; 
 
61i 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 than one attempt on the part of the house of commons to procure the ex 
 elusion of him from the throne on the ground of his being a papist. The 
 new parliament had scarcely sat a week ere it renewed a bill, termed the 
 exclusion bill, which the former house had voted, but which had not 
 passed the upper house at the time of the dissolution of parliament. The 
 party of the duke, though influential, was numerically weak out of doors ; 
 for besides those who hated him as a papist, and dreaded him ao a stem 
 disciplinarian, there were great numbers who hoped that the exclusion of 
 the duke would procure the throne for the duke of Monmouth, the hand- 
 some and highly popular son of the king by one of his numerous mis- 
 tresses, named Lucy Waters. But the influence of the king was powerful 
 in the house, and after A long debate, not too temperately conducted upon 
 either side, the exclusion bill was thrown out by a rather considerable 
 
 majority. , , . , 
 
 With informers and " plots," libellous pamphlets had nicreased m num 
 her to an extent that could scarcely be credited. Each party seemed to 
 think that the hardest words and the most severe imputations were only 
 too mild for its opponents, and the hired libeller now vied in industry and 
 importance with the venal and perjured informer. 
 
 An idle and profligate fellow, a sort of led captain in the pay of the 
 king's profligate mistress, the duchess of Portsmouth, was employed to 
 
 Erocure her the piquant libels which were occasionally published upon the 
 ing and the duke of York. This man not finding the existent libels suf. 
 ficiently abusive, determined to surpass them, and he called to his aid a 
 Scotchman named Everard. Between them they composed a most ran 
 corous and scurrilous libel, which Fitzharris hastened to get printed. But 
 the Scotchman, Everard, imagined that his Irish fellow.libeller,as a hanger- 
 on of the king's mistress, could have had no possible motive for employ- 
 ing him but the wish to betray him. Indignant at the supposed design, 
 Everard went and laid information before Sir William Waller, a justice 
 of the peace, and Fitzharris was apprehended with a copy of the Ubel 
 actually in his possession. Finding himself placed in considerable peril 
 of the pillory, Fitzharris, who, be it observed, was an Irish papist, turned 
 round upon the court, and stated, not without some appearance of truth, 
 that he had been employed by the court to write a libel so foul and vio- 
 lent, that the exclusion party, to whom it would be attributed, would be 
 injured in the estimation of all people of sober judgment. In order to 
 render this tale still more palatable to the exclusionists, Fitzharris added 
 to it that a new popish plot, more terrible than any former one, was in 
 agitation under the auspices of the duke of York, whom he also accused 
 of being one of the contrivers of the mnrder of Sir Kdmondbury Godfrey. 
 The king sent Fitzharris to prison ; the commons, instead of looking with 
 contempt upon the whole affair, voted that this hired libeller and led cap- 
 tain of a court harlot should be impeached! It was so obvious that the 
 real intention of the commons was to screen Fitzharris from punishment 
 altogether, that the lords very properly rejected the impeachment. An 
 angry feeling sprung up between the two houses ; and the king, to prevent 
 the dispute from proceeding to any dangerous length, went down and dis- 
 solved parliament, with the fixed determination of never calling anoUier. 
 Charles now, in fact, ruled with all the power and with not a little ol 
 the tyranny of an absolute monarch. He encouraged spies and inloriners, 
 and imprisoned those who ventured to complain of his measures m a 
 manner not only contrary to his former temper, but almost indicative, as 
 was well remarked at the time, of reconciling the people to t»ie prosper 
 of his brother's accession by making his own rule too grievous to be en- 
 diired. To those who held high-church principles, and professed his doc- 
 trine of passive obedience and non-resistance, all the ""PVal ,'?^o"J". J]^^° 
 ■hown ; "while the presbyterians and oilier sturdy opporcfs oi ais art^itrarv 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 618 
 
 measures were in numerous cases deprived of their places and employ 
 merits, and in some cases imprisoned in the bargain. The city of Loii- 
 lion, so powerful and so factious during the reign of Charles I., was now 
 made to feel the king's resentment, being, for its leadership of the populai 
 party, deprived of its charter, which was not restored until an abject sub- 
 mission had been made, and a most vexatious right conceded to the crown 
 of interfering in the election of the city magistrates. Fitzharris, who liad 
 been so warmly sided with by the exclusionists, and who had been the 
 chief cause of Charles' angry and final dissolution of parliament, was 
 now by the king's order brought to trial before a jury, and, being pro- 
 nounced guilty, executed I An abominable stretch of power ; for however 
 wortiiless and debauched a fellow he might be, his crime, venal as it was, 
 imounted to but libellous writing, for even the publication was scarcely 
 so much his own act as it was the act of the officers who arrested him. 
 
 The popular party now found the poisoned chalice commended to their 
 own lips. Hitherto, while it seemed not improbable that the parliament 
 and the " patriots" would obtain power over the king, the great and de- 
 graded host oi spies and informers had amied at the rum of '• papisis" and 
 "Jesuits." But now that the king had as boldly as arbitrarily dispensed 
 with even the shadow of parliamentary aid, and ruled as independently 
 and almost as arbitrarily as an eastern prince, the spies and informers 
 turned upon those who had formerly encouraged if not actually employed 
 them, and " presbyterian" was now pretty nearly as dangerous a title as 
 "papist" had been; "protestant pwacher" scarcely more safe than 
 "Jesuit" had been heretofore. Charles and his ministry encouraged the 
 informers, and the system of perjury lost none of its infamy and vileness 
 it merely aimed at a different class of victims. 
 
 A joiner of London, by name Stephen College, had made himself espe 
 cially conspicuous during the heats and alarms of the anti-popery cries 
 Loud of tongue, and somewhat weak of brain, this man, with more zeal 
 than knowledge, had taken upon himself to advocate protestantism, which 
 needed none of his aid, and to oppose popery, which such opposition as 
 his could not possibly aflfect. He had attended the city members to Ox- 
 ford armed with pistols and sword, had been in the habit of railing against 
 the king, the duke of York and papacy, and, rather in derision than in dis- 
 tinction, had acquired the title of the protestant joiner. This weak man, 
 whose flights were fitting matter for the ministering of the physician, 
 ratlier than for the interference of the law, was selected by the ministry 
 as a fit subject of whom to make an example. He was indicted and 
 found guilty of sedition, and, to the disgrace of both king and ministers, 
 executed. 
 
 A. D. 1683. — The increasing power and severity of Charles and his min- 
 istry struck a panic throughout the nation. The manner in which the 
 city of London had been deprived of its charter, and the humiliating terms 
 upon which that once powerful corporation had got its charter restored, 
 soon caused the other corporations to surrender their charters voluntarily ; 
 and not on./ were considerable sums extorted for their restoration, but 
 the king took care to reserve in his own hands the power of appointing to 
 all offices of trust and profit. The patronage which was thus discredit- 
 ably obtained was so enormous, that the power of the crown became 
 overwhelmingly vast, and, with but a few exceptions, men agreed that 
 resistance, even if justifiable, would now be useless and hopeless. 
 
 But there was a party of malcontents, weak as to number, but vigorous, 
 influential, and bold; and absolute as Charles was, and unassailable as to 
 most people his power must have seemed, \m life, even, was, at this time, 
 in a most imminent peril. 
 
 The soul of the malcontents was the earl of Shaftesbury. That highly- 
 lifted but turbulent and plot-loving person had MWdifed with the duke of 
 
 V 
 
614 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Monmouth, the earl or Macclesfield, Lord William Russell, and severu) 
 other noblemen, ta raise nominally in favour of freedom, but really to de- 
 throne Charles ; exclude, if not slay James ; and place the crown upon 
 the head of the duke of Monmouth, the king's natural son. The earl ol 
 Macclesfield, Lord Brandon and others, were to effect a rising in Cheshire 
 and LancashirL ; Sir Francis Drake, Sir Francis Rowles, and Sir William 
 Courtney were induced by Lord William Russell to head the insurrection 
 in Devon, and generally in the west ; and Shaftesbury, aided by Ferguson, 
 a preacher of the independents, undertook to effect a general rising in the 
 city of London, where the discontent and disloyalty, owing to the affair 
 of the charter, were at the greatest height. Shaftesbury urged on the plot 
 with all his energy, and it is most probable that the kingdom would have 
 been plunged into all the confusion and horror of a civ-', war if the ex- 
 treme eagerness of Shaftesbury had not been counteracted by the extreme 
 caution of Lord William Russell, who, when everything was nearly ready 
 for an outbreak, urged the duke of Monmouth to postpone the enterprise 
 until a more favourable opportunity. The usually enterprising and tur- 
 bulent Shaftesbury now became so prostrated by a sense of the danger in 
 which he was placed by this postponement, that he abandoned his house 
 and endeavoured to induce the Londoners to rise without waiting for llie 
 tardy co-operation of the provinces ; but all his endeavours were unavail 
 ing, and in despair he fled to Holland, where he soon afterwp-ds died 
 broken-hearted and in poverty. 
 
 The conspirators, being thus freed from the turbulent Shnftesbnry, 
 formed a committee of six ; Hampden, grandson to the Hampden who 
 -nade so much opposition to the ship money, Algernon Sidney, Howard, 
 Essex, and Lord WiHiam Russel; MoMmoulh being their grand leader anj 
 centre of correspondence, his chief adviser, however, being the dukt ol 
 Argyle. There were numerous subordinates in this conspiracy; and it is 
 aflinned, by the friends of the memory of Lord William Russell, that he 
 and the leaders did not encourage and were not even perfectly cognizant 
 of the more atrocious part of the plan of those conspirators who had agreed 
 to assassinate the king on his way to Newmarket. We confess that it 
 appears to us to be making a large demand indeed upon our credulity to 
 suppose anything of the kind, but we have not space to go into the argu- 
 ments which might be adduced in favour of the supposition that, however 
 willing the chief conspirators miglit be to leave the horrible crime of 
 'issassniation to subordinates, they were at least quiic v.D'ing that such 
 crime should be perpetrted to the profit of their main design. 
 
 The plan of the conspirators against the life of the king was to secrete 
 themselves on a farm belonging to one of tliem, the Rye-house, situated 
 on the road to Newmarket, overturn a cart there to obstruct the royal 
 carriage, and then deliberately fire upon the king. After much coiisiiltH- 
 tion it was determined to carry this dastardly plot into execution on the 
 king's return to Newmarket. About a week before the time at which \m 
 majesty was to do so, the liouse in which he residpd at Newmarket look 
 .Ire, and he was obliged to remove to London. Phis circumstance would 
 nereiy have postponed the " fate" of his majesty. I. lit in the course of the 
 time tiiat was thus lost to the conspirators^ one of their nimiber, named 
 Keiling, found himself ut danger of prosecution for having arrested the 
 lord-mayor of London, and to save himself from the consequences ho 
 waited upon the king's ministers and revealed all that he knew of the plot 
 against the king, and Colonel Ruinsey and a lawyer named West joined 
 him in becoming king's evidence. Monmouth and (irey esc»|)rd, Lord 
 William RuHtiell was apprehended and sent lo the Tower, lu shorliv after- 
 wards were Essex, Sidney, and Hampden, together with Lord Howard, 
 >vho was found in a chimney. That ignoble nobleman, though fiillv us 
 Builtv as the rest, immediately iiirreed to save his own recreant life by hi' 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 CI 5 
 
 coming evidence against his former associates, who seemed more indig- 
 uaiit and disgusted at that treachery than affected by the peril in which if 
 l<laced them. 
 
 Colonel Walcot, an old republican officer, together wjth Stone and 
 Rouse, were first put upon trial, and condemned upon the evidence of their 
 former associates, Colonel Rumsey, and the lawyer, West. 
 
 Lord William Russell and Algernon Sidney were condemned ch:';fly on 
 the evidence of Lord Howard. In the case of Sidney, however, the evi- 
 dence of Howard was most unconstitutionally eked out by construing as 
 treasonable certain writings, merely speculative, though of republican 
 tendency, which were seized at his house. Both Russell and Sidney 
 were condemned and executed. Hampden was more fortunate, and es- 
 caped with a fine of forty thousand pounds. HoUoway, a merchant of 
 Bristol, who had been engaged in this dastardly conspiracy, escaped t'^ 
 the West Indies ; and Sir Thomas Armstrong, who was similarly situated, 
 escaped to Holland. But so eagerly vindictive had Charles and his min- 
 istry by this time been rendered by the numerous plots, real and pretended, 
 that both of those persons were brought over to England and executed. 
 Lord Essex would also probably have been executed, but, being impris- 
 oned in the Tower, he there committed suicide by cutting his throat. 
 
 Judging from the severity with which Charles proceeded on this occa- 
 sion, it is but reasonable to presume he would either have carried his des- 
 potism to a frightful pitch, or have fallen a victim to the equally unjustifia- 
 ble violence of some malcontent. But his naturally fine constitution was 
 now completely broken up by his long and furious course of dissipnt'on, 
 and a fit of apoplexy seized him, from which he was but partially re. jv- 
 ered by bleeding; he expired in the fifty-fifth year of his age and the 
 twenty-fifth of his reign. 
 
 Much might be said in dispraise of Charles, both as man and monarch ; 
 but impartial justice demands that we should make a great allowance for 
 the unfavourable circumstances under which the best years of his youth 
 ,ind manhood were spent. Poverty for months, so extreme that he and 
 his followri"*! were at times without a single coin, and owed their very 
 food to iho kindness of their hosts, was occasionally followed by a 
 temporary j)leiity ; and his companions were, for the most part, precisely 
 the persons to encourage him in every extravagance to which so wretch- 
 edly precarious a life was calculated to imliico him. Even the cruelly 
 and despotism of his latter years visibly had their chief cause in the politi- 
 cal villainy and violence of considerable bodies of his people. No such 
 excuse can be made for his extravagant liberality to his numerous mis- 
 tresses ; and for the wholly cruel and mean treatment he bestowed upon 
 his wife we know of no decorous epithet that is sufficiently severe. 
 
 That Charles was not naturally of a cruel, or even of a suflficiently se- 
 vere turn, a remarkable proof is afforded by the story of a ruffian named 
 Blood; a slcfry so singular, that we think it necessary to give it by way 
 of appendix to this reign. Blood, wlio had served in Ireland, hud, or fan- 
 cied that he had, considcrahio claims upon the government, and being it- 
 fused satisfaction by the duke of Oru:oiuK he actually waylaid and seized 
 that nobleman on his return from an evening party in London, and would 
 have hanged him but for the occurrence of a mere accident which enabled 
 the duke to escape. A dcsperaiio of liiis sort could not fail to be in fre- 
 quent troiiltle and distress; and lio at length was reduced tosuchextrom«< 
 itraits, that with some of his ussociutes lie formed a plan for purloi:iing 
 till' rogHli.i from the jewel-hoiise in tlui Towur. He contrived to ingra* 
 liate himself with the old couple who had chartfe of the valuable Jewels, 
 iii'j took an opportunity to bind both the mmi siiiti woman and niak-) o(I 
 'vith all llirt most valuable artioles. Tiiough liii'il ut by the sentry he go 
 c!6£f Hs fur u* '! uwor-hilL where \\f. was anpr<')!<'ndcd ufto! & (leaperat 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
C16 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 struggle. So enormous an outrage, it might have been anticipafea, wotUd 
 be expiated only by the severest punishment ; but the king not only for. 
 gave Blood, but even gave him a considerable annual pension to enable 
 him to live without farther criminality. A rare proof of the native easi- 
 ness of the king's temper ! Though it must be added that the duke of 
 Buckingham, who detested Ormond, was on that account supposed to 
 have used his vast influence in favour of Blood 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 
 THE RKION or JAKIE8 II. 
 
 A. D. 1685. — The somewhat ostentatious manner in which the duke of 
 York had been accustomed to go to mass, during the life of his brother 
 had been one great cause of the general dislike in which he was held." 
 Even Charles, giddy and careless as h- in general was, saw the impru- 
 dence of James' conduct, and significantly told him on one occasion that 
 he had no desire to go upon his travels again, whatever James might wish. 
 On ascending the throne, the very first act of James was one of an hon- 
 est but most imprudent bigotry. Incapable of reading the signs of the 
 times, or fully prepared to dare the worst that those signs could portend 
 James immediately sent his agent, Caryl, to Rome, to apologize to the 
 pope for the long and flagrant heresy of Kngland, and to endeavor to pro- 
 cure the rc-adniission of the English people into the communion of the 
 catholic church. The pope was either less blind or more politic than 
 James, and returned him a very cool answer, implying that before he 
 ventured upon so arduous an enterprise as that of changnig the professed 
 faith of nearly his entire people, he would do well to sit down and calcu- 
 late the cost. Even this grave and sensible rebuke did not deter James 
 from exerting himself both by fear and favour to make proselytes of his 
 subjects. Hated as he already was, such conduct could not fail to en- 
 courage conspirucii'S against him, and, accordingly, he had not been long 
 seated upon the throne, when he found a dangerous rival in the duke of 
 Monmouth. This illegitimate 8(m of Charles II. had obtained, from the 
 easy nature of his father, a pardon for his share in the Hye-house plot, 
 which was fatal to so many better men ; but had received iiis pardon only 
 on condition of perpetual residence abroad. He remained in Holland du- 
 ring the whole remainder of his father's reign, but on the accession of 
 James was dismissed by the prince of Orange. This dismissal was said 
 to be ut the direct solicitation of James, who bore a great hatred to Mon- 
 mouth ; if so, the act was as impolitic as it was mean. The duke now 
 found refuge for a short time at Brussels, but here again the influence of 
 James was brought to boar upon him ; and Monmouth now, thoroughly 
 exasperated, and relying upon the detestation in which James was held, 
 resolved to make an attempt to oust him from the English throne. At 
 this distance of time such a project on the part of Momnouth seems per- 
 fectly insane; but it will seem far less so if wo make due allowance for 
 tl»e widely spread and intense hatred which the people bore to James, and 
 for the great popularity of Monmouth, whom many people believed to be 
 thelcgitinv.it0 8onofCliarlfis.it being commonly aflHrmed that Charleg 
 had privately married l.ucy Waters, the duke's mother. 
 
 The duke of Argyle, who, as well as Monmouth, had escaped the con- 
 soquenr-cs of the RvB-hdUsio plot, now ngr«'«>d to aid him; it was intended 
 that Argyle should raise Scotland, while Monmouth was to take the lead 
 111 tho west of England, where ho was peculiarly po|)iitnr. 
 
 Argylu prcmplly commenced his part of the affair by landing in Scot- 
 land, where ho soon found himself at the head of an army of two thou 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 017 
 
 sand five hundred men. He issued manifestos containing the usual mix- 
 ture of truth and falsehood, but before his eloquence could procure him 
 any considerable accession of force he was attacked by a powerful body 
 of tlie king's troops. Argyle himself fought gallantly, and was severely 
 wounded ; but his troops soon gave way in every direction, and the duke 
 *as shortly afterwards seized, while standing up to his neok in a pool ot 
 water, and carried to Edinburgh. Here the authorities and poimlace, with 
 thfi small spite of mean spirits, avenged themselves, by the infliction of 
 every description of indignity, for the fright their brave though turbulent 
 and laprudent prisoner had caused them. On his way to the place of ex- 
 ecutioii he was jeered and insulted by the rabble; and the magistrates 
 suspended to his neck a book containing an account of his former exploits 
 These insults, however, nothing affected the high spirit of Argyle, who 
 contented himself with sarcastically telling his persecutors that In; deemed 
 it well that they had nothing worse to alledge against his character. He 
 suffered with the same composure. 
 
 Monmouth, in the meant>me, with scarcely more than a hundred fol- 
 lowers, landed on the coast of Dorsetshire ; and we may judge of the crreat- 
 ness of his popularity from the fact, that though he landed with so slender 
 a retinue, he assembled upwards of two thousand men in four days As 
 he proceeaed to Taunton he increased his force to six thousand, and could 
 nave had double that number, only that he was obliged after the first few 
 days to refuse all but such as could bring their own arms with them. 
 
 At Bridgewatcr, Wells, and Frome he was joined by great numbers of 
 young men, the sons, chiefly, of the better sort of farmers ; and such was 
 the enthusiasm that was now excited on his behalf, that James begun, and 
 with good reason, to tremble for his throne. But Monmouth was essen- 
 tially unequal to the vast enterprise (hat he had undertaken. Though U^ 
 had much of his father's personal courage, he had still more of his father's 
 levity and love of show and go'ety. At every town in which he arrived 
 he spent precious time in the i le ceremony of being proclaimed king, and 
 thus frittered away the enthusi sm and hopes of his own followers, while 
 iriviiigtime to James to concentrate force enough to crush him at a blow 
 Nor did the error of Monmouth end here. Lord Gray was the especial 
 favourite of the duke, and was therefore deemed the fittest man to be en- 
 trusted with the command of the insurgent cavalry; though it was well 
 known that he was deficient in judgment, and strongly suspected that he 
 was not overburdened with either courage or zeal. Fletcher of Saltoun, 
 a brave and direct, though passionate and free-spoken man, strongly re- 
 monstrated with the duke upon this glaringly impolitic appointment, and 
 finding his remonstrances productive of no effect, retired from the expudi 
 tion III disgust. Even the loss of this zealous though stern friend did not 
 move the duke, who continued h!., confidence to Gray— to repent when 
 repfiiitancB could '.e of no avail. 
 
 While Monnviuth had boon wasting very precious time in those idle 
 mockeries of r< yal pomp, Jamos and his friends had boon far otherwise 
 and more usefully employed, S'x British regiments were rooalied from 
 Holland, apj three thnusand regulars with a vast number of militia wore 
 sent, undff hovorshain and Churchill, to attack the rebels. The royal 
 force to'k up its position at Sedgomoor, near Bridgewator. Tlioy wore 
 orsne- .od to be, so carelessly posted, that Monmouth determined to give 
 their the attack. The first onset of the rebels was so enthusiastic that 
 thr royal infantry gave way. Monmouth was rather strong in cavalry, 
 '(Id a Hinijle Koi.d charge of that force wouM now have decided the day in 
 his favour. But Gray fully confirmed all the suspicions of his cowardice 
 ind, while all were loudly calling up'>n him to charge, he aotiially luriiod 
 nis horse's head and flod from the floi.l, followed by tliegreator number of 
 I'm men. Whatever wore th« previous er-ors of tha roval camsj'iinds's 
 
 111' 
 
 3! Mj ■ 
 
618 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 they now amply atoned for ihein by the prompt and able manner m which 
 they availed themselves of Monmoutli's want of generalship and Gray's 
 want of manhood. The rebels were charged in flank again and again, and 
 being utterly unaided by their cavalry, were thrown into complete and 
 irretrievable disorder, after a desperate fight of above three hours. It u 
 due to the rebel troops to add, that the courage which they displayed was 
 worthy of a better cause and better leaders. Rank after rank fell and 
 died on the very spot ou which they hadfough* • but, commanded asihey 
 were, valour was thrown away and devotion merely another term for de- 
 struction 
 
 But the real horrors of this insurrection only began when the battle was 
 ended. Hundreds were slain in the pursuit ; quarter, by the stern ordei 
 of James, being invariably refused. A special commission was also issued 
 for the trial of all who were taken prisoners, and Judge Jeffreys and Colo 
 nel Kirk, the latter a soldier of fortune who had served much among the 
 Moors and become thoroughly brutalised, carried that commission into 
 effect in a manner which has rendered their names eternally detestable. 
 
 The terror which these brutally severe men inspired so quickened the 
 zeal of the authorities, and afforded so much encouragement to informers, 
 whether actuated by hate or hire, that the prisons all over England, but 
 especially in the western counties, were speedily filled with unfortunate 
 people of both sexes and of all ages. In some towns the prisoners were 
 so numerous, that even the ferocity of Jeffreys was wearied of try- 
 ing in detail. Intimation was therefore given to great numbers of prison- 
 ers, that their only chance of mercy rested upon their pleadine: i^iiilty; 
 but all the unfortunate wretches who were thus' beguiled into ih;it plea 
 were instantly and en masse sentenced to death by Jeffreys, who took care, 
 too, that the sentence should speedily be executed. 
 
 The fate of one venerable lady excited great remark and commisera- 
 tion even in that terrible time of general dismay and widely-spread suf- 
 fering. The lady ni question, Mrs. Gaunt, a person of some fortune, 
 known loyalty, and excellent character, was induced by sheer hmnanily 
 to give shelter to one of the fugitives from Sedgenjoor. It being under- 
 stood that the sheltered would be pardoned on condition of giving eviiience 
 against those who had dared to shelter them, this base and ungralefiil man 
 informed against his benefactress, who was inhumanly sentenced to death 
 by Jeffreys, and actually executed. Kirk, too, was guilty of the most 
 enormous and filthy cruellies, and it seemed doubtful whether Jeffreys 
 and his 8t( n master intended only to intimidate the people of Fnyland 
 »nto submis.ion, or actually and fully to exterminate them. 
 
 Monmouth, whose rash enterprise and unjustified ambition had caused 
 80 much confusion and bloodshed, rode from the fatal field of Scdgenioor 
 at so rapid a pace, that at about twenty miles distance his horse fell dead 
 beneath him. The dukti had lunv of all his numerous followers hut one 
 left with him, a German nobleman. Monmouth being in a desoliite part 
 of the country, and at so considerable a distance from the s(;cne of Imllle 
 and bloodshed, entertained some hape that he might escape by means of 
 disguise, and meeting with a poor shepherd, he gave the man some gold 
 to exchange clothes with him. He and his German friend now tilled their 
 pockets with field pons, and, provided only with this wretched food, pro- 
 ceeded, towards nifrhlfall, to conceal themselves among the tall fernuliich 
 prew rankly and abundantly on the surrounding moors. Hut the pursueia 
 and avengers of blood were not so fur distant as the misgniiled duke sup- 
 posed. A parly ol horse, having Adlowed closely in Ins tra('i<, cHinf up 
 with the peasant with whom he had ex"hanged clothes, and from tins 
 man's information the duke was ■pee.'ily discovered and dragijed from his 
 hidiug-l)luce. His misorable plight ana Jie horrors of th(! falo that he but 
 toi2 coTtrr.f.ily aHwcjpaica, nua now ru conipiciciy umiianiicu jum, -i^' ^— 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 619 
 
 burst into an agony of tears, and in the most humble manner implored his 
 captors to allow him to escape. But the reward offered lor his apprelien- 
 sioa was too tempting, and the dread of the king's anger too great, to be 
 overcome by the unhappy captive's solicitations, and he was hurried to 
 orison. Even now his clinging to life prevailed over the manifest dictates 
 of common sense, and from his prison ne sent letfer after letter to the 
 king, filled with the most abject entreaties to be allowed to live. The 
 natural character of James and the stern severity with which be had pun- 
 ished the rebellion of the meaner offenders, might have warned • onnionlh 
 that the.se degrading submissions would avail him nothing. But, .u fact, 
 his own absurdly offensive manner durinu; his brief period of anticipative 
 triumph would have steeled the heart of a far more placable sovereign 
 than James. Monmouth's proclamations had not stopped at calling upon 
 the people of England to rebel against their undoubtedly rightful sovereign ; 
 they had in a manner, which would have been revolting if the very excess 
 of its virulence had not rendered it absurd, vilified the personal eharactter 
 of James ; and while thus offending him as a man, had at the same time 
 offered him the still more unpardonable offence of attacking his religion. 
 Jaines had none of the magnanimity which in these circumstances of per- 
 sonal affront would have found an argument for pardoning the treason, in 
 order to avoid even the appearance of punishing the personality; and 
 from the moment that Monmouth was captured, his fate was irrevocably 
 
 sealed. 
 
 Bad as Monmouth's conduct had been, it is not without contempt that 
 we read that James, though determined not to spare him, allowed him to 
 hope for mercy, and even granted him an interview. Admitted to the 
 presence of the king, Monmouth was weak enough to renew in person the 
 abject submissions and solicitations by which he had already degraded 
 himself in writing. As he knelt and implored his life, James sternly 
 handed him a paper. It contained an admission of his illegitimacy, and 
 of the utter falsehood of the report that Lucy Waters had ever been mar- 
 ried to Charles II. Monmouth signed the paper, and James then coldly 
 told him that his repeated treasons rendered pardon altogether out of the 
 question. The duke now at length perceived that hope was at an end, 
 rose from his suppliant posture, and left the apartment with an assumed 
 firmness in liis step and scorn in his countenance. 
 
 When led to the scaffold .Monmouth behaved with a degree of fortitude 
 that could scarcely have been anticipated from his previous ahjcctness. 
 Having learned that the executioner was the same who had beheaded 
 Lord William Russell, and who had put that noblnman to nim-h agony, the 
 duke gave the man some money, and good-hnmouredly warned hiin to be 
 more expert in his business on the present occasion. The warnnig had 
 an effect exactly opiwsite to what Monmouth intended. The man was 
 RO confused, that at the first blow he only wounded that sufferer's neck; 
 and Monmouth, bleeding and ghastly with pain and terror, raised his head 
 from the block. His look of agony still farther ntmerved the man, who 
 made two more ineffuctual strokes, then threw down the axe m despair 
 and disgust. The reproaches and threats of the sheriff, however, caused 
 him to re.Hume his revolting task, which at two strokes more he completed, 
 and James, duke of Monmouth, was a lifeless corpse. Monmouih was 
 popular, and therefore his fate was deemed hard. But his treason war. 
 wholly unjustifiable, his pretended claim to the crown as absurdly ground- 
 less HS the claim of the son of a known harlot could Le ; and pity is fai 
 less due to his memory than to tliat of the unfortunate people whom he 
 deluded into treason by his rashness, and delivered to the gallows by his 
 incapacity and obstinacy. Saying nothing of the vast numbers who fell 
 ui actual fight or in the subsequent pursuit, for their fate was at the Iciisi 
 couipafativeiy enviable, upwards of twenty were hanged by the inilitufy 
 
 II 
 
 iff 
 
 f!' 
 
 |! 
 
 'I 
 
 u - •i 
 
 , Fa ^, - 
 \f 
 
 I 11 
 
620 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and Jeffreys hanged eighty at Dorchester, and two hundred and fifty ut 
 Taunton, Wells, and Exeter. At other places still farther victims were 
 made ; and whipping, imprisonment, or ruinous fines were inflicted upon 
 hundreds in every part of the kingdom. And all this misery, let us not 
 forget, arose 9ut of ihe rebellion, and the fraudulent as well as absurd pre- 
 tensions of the duke of Monmouth. 
 
 As though the civil dissensions of the kingdom had not been suffieientlj 
 injurious, the most furious animosities existed on the score of religion. 
 The more James displayed his bigotry and his zeal for the re-establishment 
 or, at the least, the great encouragement and preference of popery, the 
 more zealously was he opposed by the popular preachers, who lost no op 
 portunity of impressing upon the people a deep sense of the evils which 
 they might anticipate from <t return to the papal system. The terrors and 
 the blandishments which the king by turns employed caused many per- 
 sons of lax conscience to affect to be converted to papacy. Dr. Sharpe, 
 a protestant clergyman of London, distinguished himself by the just sever- 
 ity with which he denounced these time-servers. His majesty was so 
 much annoyed and enraged ai the doctor's sermons that tie issued an order 
 to the bishop of London to suspend Sharpe from his clerical functions 
 until further notice. The bishop very properly refused to comply with 
 this arbitrary and unconstitutional order- The king then determined to 
 include the bishop in his punishment, and issued an ecclesiastical commis- 
 sion, t^iving to the seven persons to whom it was directed an unlimited 
 power" in matters clerical. Before the commissioners thus authorised, 
 both the bishop and Dr. Uharpe were summoned, and sentenced to be sus- 
 pended during the king's pleasure. 
 
 Thougli a bigot, James was undoubtedly a sincere one. He readily be- 
 lieved tiiat all argument woi;ld end in favour of popery, and that all sin- 
 cere and teachable spirits w.jtl.. become papist if full latitude were given 
 
 to teaching. , . , , , 
 
 In this belief he now determined on a universal indulgence of con- 
 science, and a formal declaration informed the people that all sectarirs 
 should have full indulgence, and^ that nonconformity waft no longer a 
 crime. He again, too, sent a message to Rome offering to reconcile his 
 people to the papal power. But the earl of Castlemain, who was now 
 employed, met with no more success than Caryll had met with at nn ear- 
 lier period of the king's reign. The pope understood governing better 
 than James, and better understood the actual temper of the English peo 
 pie. He ^uiew that much might, with the aid of time, be done in the way 
 of undenuiiiing the supports of the protestant church ; while tiie rash and 
 arbitrary measures of James were calculated only to awaken the people to 
 watchfiiliioss and inspire them with a spirit of resistance. 
 
 Not even Rome could discourage James from prosecuting his rash 
 measures. He encouraged the Jesuits to erect colleges in various parts 
 of the country ; the catholic worship was celebrated not only openly but 
 osteutalioiisly ; and four catholic bishops, after having publicly been con- 
 secrated in the king's chapel, were sent to e.\ercise their functions ol 
 vicars apostolical throughout the kingdom. . _, , r. 
 
 But tlic king was not unopposed. He recommended Father I* rancis. a 
 Benedictine monk, to the university' of Cambridge, for the degree of mas 
 terofarts. The university replied by a petition, in which they prayed 
 the king to excuse them upon the ground of the father's religion. An 
 endeavour was then made to terrify the university by sununoinng the 
 vice-chancellor before the high commission court ; but both that fimc- 
 tionary and his university were firm, and Father Francis was refused hiH 
 degrees. , , 
 
 The sister univer.'«ity of Oxford displayed the like conscientious and cie- 
 crminod spirit Tlio presidency of Magdalen college becoming vect^ut 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 621 
 
 the king recommended for that lucrative and honourable situation a Dr. 
 Farmer, who was a new and merely time-serving convert to pai)acy, and 
 who, in other respects, was by no means the sort of character who would 
 do honour to so hiafh a preferment. The fellows respectfully but firmly 
 refused to obey the king's mandate for the election of this man, and James 
 ihowed his sense of the refusal by ejecting all but two of them from then 
 fellowships. 
 
 A. D. 1688.— An increasing disaffection to the king was the inevitable 
 consecjuence of his perseverance in this arbitrary course, many instances 
 of which we might cite. But heedless alike of the murmurs ol his own 
 subjects and of the probable effect of those murmurs upon the minds o! 
 foreign princes, James issued a second declaration of liberty of conscience. 
 As if to add insult to this evident blow at the established church, James 
 ordered that this second declaration should be read by all clergymen at 
 the conclusion of divine service. The dignitaries of the church of Eng- 
 land now considered that farther endurance would argue rather luke- 
 warmness for the church or gross personal timidity, than mere and due 
 respect to the sovereign, and they determined firmly, though temperately 
 tu resist at this point. 
 
 Accordingly, Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, Lloyd, bishop of Sf. 
 Asaph, Kenn, bishop of Bath and Wells, Turner, bishop of K!y, Lake, 
 bishop of Chichester, White, bishop of Peterborough, and Trelawney, 
 bishop of Bristol, drew up a respectful memorial to the king, in which 
 they stated that their conscientious respect to the protestant religion as 
 by law established would not allow them and their clergy to yield obedi- 
 ence to his mandate. The king treated this petition as something ap- 
 proaching to a treasonable denial of his rights. The archbishops and 
 bishops were summoned before him at the council, and he sternly asked 
 them if they ventured to avow their petition. The question remained foi 
 some time unanswered ; but at length the prelates replied in the afRrma- 
 live, and were immediately, on their declining to give bail, committed to 
 the Tower on the charge of having uttered a seditious libel. 
 
 On the twenty-ninth of June in this year the trial of the bishops took 
 place ; and as it was evident that in defending the church the prelates 
 were also, and at a most important crisis, boldly standing forward as the 
 champions of the whole nation, the proceedings were watched with a 
 most intense interest by men of every rank, and, save a few bigoted or 
 interested papists, by men of every shade of religious opinion. The law- 
 yers on either side exerted themselves greatly and ably ; and two of the 
 fudges, Powel and Holloway, plainly declared their opinion to be in favour 
 of the bishops. The jury, however, even now had grave doubts, and re 
 mained in deliberation during the entire night. On the following morning 
 Westminster-hall was literally crowded with spectators anxious to know 
 the result, and when the jury appeared and returned a verdict of " Not 
 guilty," a tnighty cheer arose within the hall, was taken up by the crowds 
 outside, and passed from street to street, from town to country, and from 
 village to village. James was at the time dining with Loid Favershnm 
 in the camp at Hounslow, ten miles from London. The cheers of the 
 people reached even to this distance, and were re-echoed hj the soldiers 
 with a huartiness and loudness that actually alarmed Jamcsj who eagerly 
 inquired what that noise could mean. 
 
 " It is nothing, sire," replied one of the attendants, " but the soldiers 
 nhoutinif at the acauittal or the bishops." 
 
 "And do you call that nothing!" replied James : " but it shall be ail the 
 worse for them all." 
 
 The shouts of the soldiers at the failure of JameV arbitrary attempt 
 apinst the bishops was, indeed, an ominous sign of the ti?nes. His 
 — ...„ .,,, iivijir iiau iTjcu tc^-uusaicu ai!u tjiscouragcu ay Homo \ ana now 
 
 
 fsfl 
 
622 
 
 UISTOIiY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 oven his very soldiery, upon wtioin alone he could rely for slrenTth. tes- 
 tified '"leir sympathy with the popular cause. But the infatuated monarch 
 did not even yet know the full extent of his peril. Many of the leading 
 men of the kingdom were in close though cautious correspondence with a 
 foreign potentate, and the most extensive and formidable preparations 
 were being made to hurl James from a throne which he had so signally 
 proved himself unworthy to fill. 
 
 Mary, eldest daughter of James, was married to William, prince of Oi. 
 ange, who was at once the subtle and profound politician and the accom 
 plished and tried soldier. To this able and protestant prince the malcon- 
 tents of England, who now through James' incurable infatuation included 
 all that was best and most honourable as well as most influeiitial of the 
 nation, turned their eyes for deliverance. He had long been aware of the 
 discontents that existed in England, but kept up an appearance of perfect 
 amity with the king, and even in his correspondence with the leading men 
 of the opposition warily avoided committing himself too far, and affected 
 to dissuade them from proceeding to extremities against their sovereign. 
 But the ferment occasioned by the affair of the bishops encouraged him 
 to throw off the mask ; he had long been making preparations for%uch a 
 crisis, and he now resolved to act. He had his preparations so complete, 
 indeed, that in a short time after the acquittal of the bishops, he dropped 
 down the canals and rivers from Nimeugen with a well stored fleet o| 
 five hundred vessels and an army of upwards of fourteen thousand men. 
 As all William's preparations had been made on pretext of an intended 
 invasion of France, he actually landed in England, at Torbay, without hav- 
 injj' excited the slightest alarm in the mind of James. 
 
 William now marched his army to Exeter and issued proclamations, in 
 which he invited the people to aid him in delivering them from the ty- 
 ranny under which they groaned ; but such a deep and general terror had 
 been struck into that neighbourhood by the awful scenes that had followed 
 the affair of Monmouth, that even the numerous and well-appointed force 
 of William encouraged but few volunteers to join him. Ten days elupsed, 
 and William, contrasting the apathy of the people with the ehthusiastio 
 invitations he had received from many of the leading men of the country, 
 began to despair, and even to consult with his odicers on the propriety of 
 re-embarking, and leaving so faithless a gentry and so apathetic a populace 
 to endure the miseries which they dared not rise against. But at this 
 critical moment he was joined by some men of great influence and note; 
 his arrival and his force became generally known, and multitudes of all 
 ranks now declared in his favour. 
 
 The movement once commenced, the revolution was virtually accom- 
 plished. Even the most favoured and confidential servants of James now 
 abandoned him ; and whatever might have been the faults of the unfortu- 
 nate king, it is impossible not to feel deep disgust at the unnatural and 
 ungrateful conduct of some of those who now coldly abandoned him in 
 the moment of his deepest perplexity and need. Lord Churchill, for in- 
 stance, afterwards duke of Marlborough, and undoubtedly one of the great- 
 est generals England has ever possessed, acted upon this occasion with 
 a most scandalous ingratitude. OriginHlly only a page in the royal house- 
 hold, he had by the king's favour been raised to high command and lucra- 
 live honours. But now when his talents and his sword were most needed 
 by the king, he not only deserted him, but also influenced several other 
 leading characters to desert with him, including the duke of Grafton, an 
 illegitimate son of Charles II. 
 
 But the most shameful desertion, and that which the most deeply pained 
 and disgusted the unfortunate king, was that of the princess Anne, who 
 had ever been his most favoured and, seemingly, his most attached 
 daughter But this iiiustrious lady, and her husband, the prince of lictt- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 628 
 
 mark, now joined the rest in desertinsr the king, who .n his too tardy 
 bcnse of his helpless situation pas.sioii'ately exclaimed, " God help me ! 
 Even my own children desert me now." 
 
 Unible to rely upon his troops, seeing only enraged enemies among all 
 ranks of his subjects, and so deserted by his court that he had scarcely 
 the necessary personal attendance, he sent the queen, who had recently 
 been confined of a son, over to Calais ; and then, with only one attendant 
 Sir Edward Hales, a new convert to popery, whose fidelity to his unhappj 
 master cannot be too highly applauded, he secref^" left London, intending 
 to follow the queen to France. He was recogn.sed and stopped by the 
 mob, but being confined at Rochester, he was so carelessly guarded, that 
 he was able — probably from secret orders given by William, whom his 
 detention would have embarrassed — to escape with his natural son, the 
 Juke of Berwick, and they arrived safely in France. He was well re- 
 ceived by the F'rench court, and encouraged to persevere in the intention 
 he possessed, of at least making an endeavour to reconquer his kingdom. 
 
 But that kingdom had finally rejected him, and was even at that moment 
 engaged in discussing the means of erecting a secure and free govern- 
 ment upon the ruins of his most unwise, gratuitous, and absurd despotism. 
 
 CHAPTER LVL 
 
 THE RGION OF WILLIAM III. 
 
 A. D. 1689. — Th£ most influential members of both houses of parliament, 
 the privy council, with the archbishop of Canterbury, the lord mayor and 
 other leading men, now debuted upon the course that ought to be taken. 
 King James was alive ; he had not formally resigned his throne ; no actual 
 hosiilitles had taken place between him and his people, nor had he by 
 arms or by law been formally deposed. But he had fled from the king- 
 dom at the mere appearance of an invader, and on the bare, however well- 
 founded, assumption of the hostility of his people and their concert with 
 the invading power. A clearer case of constructive abdication it would 
 not he easy to conceive, and both houses of parliament at once proceeded 
 to vote that the king had abdicated. 
 
 But mother and more dilfieult point now remained for consideration. 
 Taking the king's abdication to be undisputed — who was to succeed him I 
 Could he, because weary of the throne or unable to maintain himself upon 
 it, cut off the entail of the throne? His queen was re(;ently delivered of a 
 Bon ; that son, by tlie well known English law of succession, had right of 
 inheritance prior to the princesses; ought he not, then, to be made king, 
 and a regency appointed ? But, if so, would not liie paternity of James 
 enable him to continue his despotism through his son when the latter 
 should attain his majority T The point was a most important one, and as 
 difficult of solution as it was important; but we have ever been of opinion 
 that the leading statesmen of that day decided upon it very much in the 
 spirit of the son of Philip, who cut the Gordlan knot which he found him- 
 self unable to untie. The revolution was, undoubtedly, a necessary one, 
 for James' tyranny was great and Insensate; and it was a glorious one, 
 inasmuch as it was accomplished without bloodalied. But these consider- 
 ations, important as they are, must not prevent us from denouncing the 
 injustice with which the leading men of England, finding themst'lves in 
 great and grievous difiiculty how to reconcile their own liberties and the 
 rights of the infant son of the abdicated king, pronounced that son suppo. 
 tititious : The most ridiculous tales were told and credited ; it was even 
 averred that the queen had never been pregnant at all, but that the child 
 who was now pronounced supposititious had been conveyed to the a^arl- 
 
 
624 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 ments of the queen from those of i(s real mother in a warming pan ' iw 
 n.rn" ™rll ^"""^ determined upon injustice any pretext willserve the, 
 turn, rhe young pnnce. then, was pronounced illegitimate,/and thi 
 
 r«'[^f . t',"^/^""^"!^ " '^^^ t!'^" P^^P^^^^ t« raise the princess of Qranle 
 Tames' eldest daughter, to the throne as her hereditary right. But to hf« 
 course there was an insuperable and unexpected obstacle The hieh ^n,i 
 stern ambition of the prince of Orange forbade him, in his own coarse but 
 expressive phrase " to accept of a kingdom which he was to hofd only by 
 his wife's apron strings." He v-otda cUmv have the crown conferred 
 upon himself, or he would return to his o'-vu country and leave thlp„ 
 glish to settle their own diffi..::,;.. ........ oest mi^ht; and accord ,mv 
 
 he crown was settled upon William and Mary and trieir'heirs, the afin- 
 istration ol affairs being vested in William alone. 
 
 Though the declaration of toleration issued by James had given such 
 deep and general offence, it had done so only as it indicated tlfe desire of 
 James to deprive both the church of England and the dissenters of security 
 from the inroads of papacy. Presuming from this fnct tv.t, toIeS 
 would not in itself be disagreeable to the nation, ^y^ii^rx, commencS hi" 
 reign by an attempt to repeal the laws that commanded uniformity oi 
 worship. But the English, as has well been remarked, were " more eadl 
 to examine the commands of their superiors than to obey them •" aS 
 William, although looked upon as the deliverer of the nation, c^dd onlv 
 so far succeed in this design, as to procure toleration for such dissent"? 
 as^should hold no private conventicles and should take the oaths of alkg" 
 
 The attention of William, however, was very speedily called from the 
 regulation of his new kingdom to the measures necessary for its preserva 
 tion. jKmes, as we hav^ said, was received in France with great friend 
 ship; anc Ireland, mainly catholic, still remained true to him. Havins 
 assembled all the force he could, therefore, James determined to maicf 
 Ireland his pot^l dappui, and, embarking at Brest, he landed at the port of 
 Kinsale on the 22d of May, 1689. Here everything tended to flatter his 
 hopes. His progress to Dublin was a sort of triumph. Tyrconnel, the 
 lord lieutenant, received him with loyal warmth and respect ; the old army 
 was not merely faithful but zealous, and was very easily increased by new 
 levies to the imposing force of for^v thousand men. 
 
 Some few towns in Ireland, being chiefly inhabited by protestants, had 
 declared for King William, and among these was Derrv, or Londonderry, 
 and to this town James at once proceeded to lay siege. The military 
 authorities would probably have been glad to have delivered the place up 
 to their awfnl sovereign ; but a clergyman, Mr. George Walker, placed 
 himself at the head of the protestant inhabitants of the town, and worked 
 up their minds to such a pitch of enthusiasm that they resolved to hold 
 out the place, until it should .|» relieved by William, or perish in the at- 
 tempt. The enthusiasm spread to the very lowest and weakest of the 
 population; and though famine and fever made fearful ravages, and such 
 loathsome objects as cats and rats became coveted for food, the besieged 
 Btill held out. 1 his devotion was at length rewarded. A store-ship, 
 heavily laden with provision, broke the boom which had been laid across 
 the river, and the famished inhabitants of Derry received at once an ahun- 
 uant supply of provisions and a most welcome addition to their p .rrison 
 ot hale and fresh men. James, durUig this obstinate siege, had lost nine 
 thousand of his troops, and as the aid now thrown into the town rendered 
 his success more unlikely than ever, he withdrew his army in the night, 
 and prepared to meet William, who in person was about to attack him. 
 
 A. p 1690.— The hostile armies came in sight of each other upon the 
 opposite sides of the river Boyne, which might easily have been forded 
 but for ditcities and old houses which rendered the banks dfifansible. Tc 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. ^25 
 
 this facility of ambush, in fact, the life of William very nearlv bpoam., « 
 •acnfice. As he rode out along his lines to reconnoiire is oZnenL a„3 
 determine upon h.s plan of battle, a cannon was secretrpo^E?ed at W m 
 
 ad^^;j:pEK3ri;sj:=SrKS^ 
 
 and then he led over his army in three divisions. TheyTrossed ?he r^,p; 
 «r,thout any considerable loss, formed in good order Jtheonoosite side 
 and an obstinate batt e ensued. The Irilh aq wpII at iilr'^& u ^ 
 Swiss allies, fought well and zealously, bTt the; we e infeno inTvalJv"'^ 
 and the furious charges of William's cavalryVK by himself at S?,i^ 
 caused the Irish to retreat, and the mere mercenary SwUrandFrpn^Ph 
 
 repulsing the ternb e cavalry charges of William. The defeat S the ri«h 
 army was as complete as might have been anticipated from thh vervnrJ 
 posite conduct of the opDosine leaders Of rL^liT > , ^"'",^^1? "P" 
 
 undred were killed anffSdet'wWle Wm a"'m^o^7rrer^^^^^^ 
 tliat number But he sustained a heavy loss indeed in the death of ihi 
 Sii^ofiLrer^ '''''"''-'' who^as'shofafCctsaVivt! 
 
 It did^riCKTstr^yts^p^c:^ ^-rj 
 
 "^rTnJXlTrfst'' r"^"^"'^' "^^''^^ noTcommitted TotTe 
 leaaerstiip ol General St. Rutn, a man of known eallantrv and rnnduPt 
 
 This army was met by that of the English at Augirim • and the bn^^t. 
 nature of :he ground in which St. Ruth had taken uJanadibleposS 
 E tJn^"r 'M-T'"!,'"' English with great loss n sS cCes 
 
 fears, -^ ^^Lj^^s^i -„i -ir?Lli 
 
 fivJ ruS^o^?[hernrbr ^ '° ''-^'^^ -^'' theTs^-ofl^pw^LT^o'i 
 William now proceeded to besiege Limerick, the garrison of which citv 
 aided by the troops who had escaped from Aighrim mad" a S mt S 
 obstinate defence 5 but the English'gained ground oVaptdlythlfo avod 
 the horrors which must have resulted from the place beii a taken ht « 
 sault, the Irish leaders demanded a parley. WiU am was neither bi^^tert 
 nor cruel and he offered no objection to the termn^^iThich he Ac" 
 proposed to surrender. These terms were, that the Ttholics ofTelaSS 
 
 I i^ M?t'^1f '■'\^°'" "^ ••«"^'«" ^^"^''» »'>«y had enjoyed mde Charles 
 
 I, and fhat all Irish persons should be at liberty to remove with thel? 
 
 Jm.es and property to any part of he world, excepti.r England and 
 
 Scotland. Above fourteen thousani availed hemseCs ()f E In.!, 
 
 Se";;S/"' "^" ''""''y'' '- ^'-- at the eTe-e^f'the'EngS 
 
 4. D. 1692.- William aspired to the distinction of beinc head of the nm 
 
 estan, uiterests in Europe: hence the country wa^Lost norpetuK 
 
 tLfrt''ir."4L-»^»L-," V^"' V ""« ""' absoluS^'neSr";"^ 
 Vnt l.'Zl'if ''"' """ """^ ''" "*^'**" """ "'" ^''»^«' " «""ed the king's 
 
 It 
 
 ,1 
 
fc26 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 warlike disposition ; for though he was by no means uniformly successlul 
 at the head of his troops, he possessed the necessary courage and forti 
 tude, and was, oeyond ail doubt, a superior military commander. Wp 
 shall not, however, enter the arena of his warlike achievements, as gen- 
 eral of the allied armies, in the long and arduous struggle against the 
 power and restless ambition of Louis XIV., but keep our attention fixed 
 on those matters which more exclusively refer to England. Among these 
 was the celebrated victory off La Hogue gained by the English and Dutch 
 fleets, over the French. The latter consisted of sixty-three ships, and the 
 confederate fleet of ninety-nine; but scarce one half could come to an 
 engagement. The French fleet was entirely defeated, and driven to their 
 own coast ; and at La Hogue and other places, no less than twenty-one 
 of their largest men-of-war were destroyed, within two or three days aftei 
 the battle. Among the rest, the French admiral's ship, the Rising Sun, 
 was set on fire, within sight of the army that was to have made a descent 
 upon England. Not a single ship was lost on the part of the English. 
 At this time William was in Holland ; but as soon as the fleet arrived at 
 Spithead, the queen sent j£?30,000 to be distributed among the sailors, and 
 gold medals for the officers, in acknowledgment for this splendid and 
 timely victory. 
 
 Wi'th the celebrated treaty of Limerick perished the last hope of James 
 to regain his English dominion by the aid of Ireland. The king of France 
 allowed him a considerable pension, and his daughter and English friends 
 occasionally aided him to a considerable amount. He passed his time 
 in study, in charity, and in religious duties ; and even the poor monks of 
 La Trappe, to whom he paid frequent visits, confessed themselves edified 
 oy the mildness of his manners and the humility of his sentiments. We 
 especially dwell upon this behaviour of James, not only because it shows 
 in a strong point of view how bad a king a good man may be; in othe? 
 words, how much of a peculiar ability must be added to the greatest and 
 best virtues of a private man to prevent a king from failing, to his own 
 and his people's vast injury, in the fulfilment of the tremendous duties of 
 the throne, but also because it goes to refute a cruel calumny which but 
 too many historians have joined in perpetuating upon the memory o( 
 James. 
 
 Excited as men's minds were by the revolution, what could be more 
 probable than that bigoted and ignorant admirers of the expelled James 
 should resort to any means, however wicked, to assail William upon what 
 they, as being still loyal to the absent king, must have viewed as a guilt- 
 ily usurped throne. The dastardly crime of assassination was resorted 
 to against William ; and the vile crime of the foiled assassins, has, with- 
 out the shadow of a proof, been attributed to the suggestion of James 
 But, whether as man or monarch, every action of his life is opposed to 
 the probability of this vile imputation. Tyrannous, arbitrary, and bigoted 
 he was ; but he was stern, direct, and sturdy. Even in his earlier days 
 he would have resorted to open force, not to dastardly treachery ; and 
 after the treaty of Limerick had deprived him of all reasonable hope of 
 recovering his kingdom, his mind evidently became impressed with u 
 deep sense of the worthlessness of worldly prosperity and greatness. 
 He became more a monk in spirit than many were who wore the monk- 
 ish cowl; and so far, we think, was he from being willing to remove his 
 successful rival by the hand of the assassin, that it may be doubted 
 whether he did not deem the usurped greatness of that rival far more in 
 the light of a curse than of a blessing. 
 
 James survived the extinction of his kingly hopes rather more than 
 seven years. Kis ascetic way of life, acting upon a frame much en- 
 feebled by previous struggles and chagrins, threw him into a painful and 
 'ediousdifeasei and he died on the sixteenth of September, 1700 — his last 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 027 
 
 moments being spent in enjoining his son to prefer religion to all worldly 
 advantages, however alluring. At his own especial request, made just 
 before his death, James was interred, without any attempt at funeral 
 pomp, in the church of the English Benedictines at Paris. 
 
 A. D. 1697.— In our desire to trace the royal exile, James, to the very 
 close of his eventful and unfortunate career, we have somewhat out- 
 stepped the chronological march of our history. 
 
 Tliough an able politician, and though, at the commencement of his 
 reign, sufficiently well inclined to use and preserve so much prerogative 
 as could belong to the elected monarch of a people who had recenllj 
 beheaded one sovereign and driven another into exile, William very soon 
 grew weary of disputing with his cabinet. In truth, merely domestic 
 pontics were not William's forte. He had the mind and the expansive 
 gaze of an emperor rather than the minute views of a king, and was cal- 
 culated rather to rule nations than to watch over the comparatively small 
 affairs of a single state. He saw how much the vast power of France 
 required, for the welfare of Europe, to be kept in check; and he gladly, 
 therefore, allowed his ministers to infringe upon his prerogative as to 
 England, on condition of their affording him the means of regulating the 
 disturbed balance of power in Europe. The history of his reign may be 
 summed up in two words— war and funding. Aided by the real and orig- 
 inal genius of Burnett, bishop of Sarum, William contrived that means of 
 anticipating the taxes, of mortgaging the resources of the natii ii, which 
 in creating tiie national debt has doubtless led to much evil, but which 
 has also been the means of carrying England triumphantly through strug- 
 gles under which it otherwise must have sunk, and to a pitch of wealth 
 and greatness to which it could never have aspired, even in wish. The 
 treaty of Ryswick at length put an end to the sanguinary and expensive 
 war with France. It has been observed that the only benefit secured to 
 England by that treaty was the formal recognition of William's sov- 
 ereignty by the French king. But it should not be forgotten that Eng- 
 land, in common with all the rest of Europe, was served and saved by 
 the check given to the gigantic power and the overweening ambition of 
 France. 
 
 With war the king's life may almost be said to have terminated. From 
 boyhood he had been of a feeble constitution, and long inquietude of 
 mind and exposure of body had now completely exhausted him. Being 
 ihrown from his horse he fractured his collar-bone. It was set, but he in- 
 listed upon being carried to his favourite residence, Kensington palace. 
 The motion of the carriage disunited the fractured bone, and the pain 
 jnd irritation caused fever and diarrhoea, which, in spite of all that Bidloe 
 md other skilful surgeons could devise, terminated the king's life, in the 
 thirteenth year of his reign and the fifty-second of his age. Even in his 
 last moments the "ruling passion" was strong within him, and only two 
 days before his death he held a long and anxious conference on the 
 state of Europe with the earl of Albemarle, who had brought some im- 
 portant intelligence from Holland. 
 
 Cold and reserved in his manners, William was far from being an 
 amiable man. But he was moderate in his private expenses, and so de- 
 voted to war and statesmanship that he had neither time nor inclination 
 for private vices. As a sovereign he obtained his power by an entire dis- 
 regard to the feeKngs and interests of his father-in-law, such as we can- 
 not easily refrain from taking to be the evidence of a bad heart. But he 
 used his power well, defending the honour and the interests of his sub- 
 It'cts abroad, and toing as much for toleration and liberty at home as 
 they deserved— fo. he did all that their own prejudices and jealousies 
 would allow him. 
 
628 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 
 TUK REION or ANNE. 
 
 A. D 1702.— William III. havine survived his wife, by whom he left no 
 issue, Anne, second daughter of James II., married to Prince George o» 
 Denmark, ascended the throne amid a general satisfaction, which one 
 might reasonably have expected to be greatly checked by the remem- 
 brance of her extraordinary and unnatural treatment of her father in tht 
 darkest hour of his distress. 
 
 Anne, at the time of her accession, was in the thirty-eighth year of her 
 age, pleasing in h ^r person and manner, domestic in her habits, and, with 
 the dark exception to which we have alluded, of amiable and excellent 
 character. 
 
 One of the first acts of the queen was to send a message to the house 
 of commons announcing her intention of declaring war against France; 
 and this intention was warmly applauded by the house ! Yet the reign 
 of this queen has been very truly called the Augustan period of literature ; 
 so true it is that the ferocious instincts of mankind resist even the soft- 
 ening influence of letters. For war at that period England hqd none of 
 that real necessity, that impulse of self-preservation as to either the pres- 
 ent or the future, without which war is little, if at all, better than whole- 
 sale and legitimatized murder; but haired of the French natfon contin- 
 ued in full force, although the power of the French to be mischievous 
 was already very greatly curtailed ; and the Dutch and Germans not only 
 joined England, but actually declared war against France on the very 
 same uay. Though such a combination of powers was strong enough to 
 portend danger even to the wealthy and warlike France, the French king 
 received the news without any apparent feeling, except that of mortifi- 
 cation that the Dutch should venture to be hostile to him ; and this feel- 
 ing he expressed by saying, that, " as for those pedlars, the Dutch, they 
 should be dearly taught to repent their impertinent presumption in de 
 daring war against a king whose power they had "formerly feit as well as 
 dreaded." 
 
 Of the campaigns that followed this declaration of war we shall not 
 even attempt to give the details. Even where the historian's pages have 
 no limit but his own will, there is, probabiy, no portion of his Inbour less 
 usel j1 to his readers than his minute account of battles, sieges, niiirchcs, 
 and countermarches, which must ho nninte'ligible to all except military 
 leaders, without the aid of maps so expensive that few readers can com- 
 mand them. But in the present cose such details, besides being bcyoiiJ 
 the limits of our pages, are really unnecessary. Blenheim, Hamiliies, 
 Oudenard, and Molplaqnet, were victories as useless as they were costly 
 and decisive; they gratified the splendid ambition and the sordid avarice 
 of Marlborough, but to England they were entirely unproduc'.ive of solid 
 benefit. 
 
 It is a singular fact, and one not very creditable to the notion, ttint whilt 
 enormous treasure was wasted in sanguinary and useless victories, and 
 the most unbounded applause was bestowed upon the victors, one of the 
 most important and splendid conquests ever 'made for England, was re- 
 warded not merely by neglect, but by absolute ami cruel insult. We a'- 
 iude to the capture of Gibraltar by Sir (Jeorge Ilooke. Sir (^loudesley 
 Shovel and Sir George Rooko had been sent out to walcli a fleet which 
 the French were known lo be equipping at Brest, and Sir George was 
 further ordered to convoy some Iransport-ships to Biircelona, where the 
 prince of Hesse made an unsuccessful attack. The troons having failed 
 un this point were re-crabarked, and the iiiiijilih eommar.acrs, anXiOiis 'o 
 
 kM 
 
 tutn the expedit 
 raltar, then in t 
 nable by its owt 
 
 In truth, the 
 Spaniards into a 
 ing upon a tongi 
 est to the Spaai 
 prince of Hesse 
 the garrison. 1 
 the following d 
 the defenders of 
 tains Hicks and 
 the fortifications 
 H mine, by wliic 
 wounded. Tht 
 above, maintaint 
 80 fearfully thii 
 now landed by i 
 storm. When i 
 portance to Eiij 
 trade and seivin 
 tined to annoy ai 
 loo true, that pai 
 lo the costly a 
 George Rooke e 
 shortly afterwari 
 
 Philip IV., gra 
 king of Spain bj 
 and, as he was a 
 besides, was su| 
 would to ordinar 
 the emperor of < 
 succession, and 
 Cliarlee, therefor 
 inhabitants of th 
 In this determine 
 supplied him wi 
 force of nearly t 
 was small when 
 de facto; but in ( 
 opinion, the cor 
 pensated by the 
 the earl of Petei 
 aa well as his pei 
 The e!»rl of I' 
 that age. Tliou| 
 itary exercises. 
 In Africa, and in 
 Hurl, 'I'he threat 
 character upmi t 
 Hie cause of Clia 
 took llio strong c 
 IhoiiHiind men. ! 
 iiigs of his own 
 doiil' that he w 
 Kome petty iutrig 
 very weakly alio' 
 *j«-»c comtnatui 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 639 
 
 Uitn Ihe expeditioa to some advantage, determined upon attacking Gi»j- 
 rnltar, then in tlie possession of the Spaniards, who, deeming it inipreg- 
 nable by its own strength, kept it but inconsiderably garrisoned. 
 
 In truth, the situation of Gibraltar is such that it might well lead the 
 Spaniards into an overweening opinion of its strength, the town stand- 
 iiig upon a tongue of land which is defended on every side but that near 
 est to the Spanish territory by an inaccessible rock. Upon that side th 
 prince of Hesse landed eighteen hundred men, and proceeded to summon 
 the garrison. The governor paid no attention to this summons, and ^n 
 the followmg day the fleet commenced a warm cannonading, by wh.ca 
 the defenders of the south mole head were driven from their post. Cap 
 tains Hicks and Jumper now led a numerous party, sword in liand, int«> 
 the fortifications, but they had scarcely entered when the Spaniards sprunc 
 a mine, by which two lieutenants and a hundred men were killed and 
 wounded. The remainder, gallantly headed by the captains named 
 above, maintained their post in spite of the horrible explosion which had 
 80 fearfully thinned their numbers, and the rest of the seamen beins 
 now landed by Captain Whiiaker, the mole and ihe town were taken by 
 storm. W\um it is considered that Gibraltar has been of immense im- 
 portance to England ever since, both in protecting our Mediterranean 
 trade and seiving as an outfitting and sheltering pori for our navies des- 
 tined to annoy an enemy, it seems incredible, but is, unfortunately, only 
 too true, that parliament and the ministry, so lavish of rewards and praise 
 to the costly and useless services performed elsewhere, refuspd Sir 
 George Rooke even the formal honour of a vote of thanks, and he was 
 shortly afterwards displaced from his command. 
 
 Pliilip IV., grandson of Louis XIV. of France, having been nominal' 
 king of Spain by the will of the late king, was placed upon the thione, 
 and, as he was apparently agreeable to the mHJority of his subjecis. anJ, 
 besides, was supported by the power of France, all c position to rim 
 vvould to ordinary minds have appeared hopeless. But Charles, son of 
 the emperor of Germany, had formerly been nominated to the Spanish 
 succession, and France herself had been a party to that nomination, 
 tliarles, therefore, encouraged by the promised support of the warlike 
 inhabitants of the province of Catalonia, determined to asseri his right. 
 In this determination he was strenglheiied by England and Portugal, wIip 
 jupplied him with two hundred transports, thirty ships of war, and a 
 force of nearly ten thousand n-.en. Considerable a* tliio force was, it yet 
 was small when compared to the mighty resources of the Spanish king 
 de facto; but in the judgment of military men, as well as in the popular 
 opinion, the comr-arativo smailiiess of CI orles' force was amply com- 
 peiisatod by the genius and romantic bravery of the commander of it, 
 the earl of Peterborough, who jave Charles the aid of his vast fortune 
 M well as his personal cxortions. 
 
 The earl of Peterbonuigh was one of the most extraordinary men of 
 tnat age. Thoiigh very much deformed in person, he excelled iii all mil 
 itary exercises. At fifteen he fought as a volunteer against the Moor« 
 m Afnca, and in every action ho was disliiigulshed for daring and con- 
 fl'ict. I he «Trea« «xp<'neii.'« he had ncqiMred. iiid »ho influeiu-e of hin 
 ciiaracter upon the soldiery, were nuich and justly relied on to forward 
 ttie cause of Charles. His very first artioii JuMified that rrlii-nce, as he 
 look tlio strong city of Barcelona with its well provided oarrison of five 
 housiind men. Had the earl of ''ctcrborough now been left to the pr.inipt- 
 ingsorhis own high and chivalrous spirit, there is but little room to 
 ooul' that he would have achieved sitll more brilliant siitresses. But 
 •ome petty lutrigucB, by which both Charles and the Hnglish government 
 very weakly allowed themselves to be duned. Ii-d ti. ih.. r..Paii or ti... ,>nri 
 *iM'»e conimaad was iranslerrod to Lord Oalway. That iioblenmn uoou 
 
 ^ 
 
 HI 
 
 '■ ( 
 
630 
 
 HI&TORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 after came to a general action with the Spanish troops, comniando'l by 
 the Duke of Berwick, who had taken up a position on the plains near the 
 town of Almanza. For a time Charles' troops, consisting chiefly of 
 Dutch and English infantry, seemed greatly to have the advantage. But 
 in the very heat and crisis of the action, the Portuguese horse, which 
 protected eitrer flank ot Cha.les' Mne, were seized with a sudden and dis- 
 graceful panic, and fled in spite of all the efforts that were made to rally 
 them. The di ke of Berwijk immediately closed in upon the exposed 
 flanks, and Galway, losing men at every step, had barely time to throw 
 his army into a square and retire to a neighbouring eminence. Here they 
 were comparatively free from tic attacks of the enemy, but they were 
 destitute of provisioas and igncrant of the country; and as it was evi- 
 dentl\ the design aj it was in the power of the enemy to starve them 
 into submission, the officers reluctantly agreed to capitulate. A fine army 
 of ton thousand men thus became prisoners of war ; and Philip was more 
 firmly tl,j.r ever seated upon his throne, not a voice now being raised 
 against him except in the still malcontent province of Catalonia. 
 
 We will no\ turn to the more important domestic events of this reign. 
 Though the aocesbion of James I. to the English throne had to a certain 
 extent united England and Scotland, there was siill an independent Scot- 
 tish parliament. In practice this was often inconvenient and always 
 dangerous ; the votes of the Scottish parliament often ran counter to 
 those of the English parliament, and it required no remarkable amoinit oi 
 political wisdom to foresee, that, under certain circumstances, duch, for 
 instance, as actually occurred in the reigns of George I. and Georije II., 
 this diff'erence might be fatal by strengthening the hands of a pretender 
 ind plunging the country into a civil war. Theoretically, the sepanite 
 nh.!iameiit of Scotland was ridiculously indefensible. Scotland and Eng- 
 land being already united under one crown, how absurd it was that the 
 parliament at Westminster, held perfectly competent to enact laws for 
 Cumberland and Northumberland, became legislatorially incapable a few 
 feet over the border! But so much more powerful are custom and preju- 
 dice than reason, that the first proposal to do away with this at once ab- 
 surd and dangerous distinction was rec^eived as though it had been a pro- 
 posal to abridge some dear and indefcRSible liberty of the Scottish people. 
 For onco reason prevailed over idle or interested clamour, and both par- 
 liaments simultaneoualv passed an act appointing and authorizing com- 
 missioners, named by the queen, to draw up articles for the parlianu'iitary 
 union of the two kingdoms— that term being in itself an absurdity from 
 the very day of the death (»f Queen F.lizabeth. 
 
 The commissionerH, quickened in tluMr proceedings by the queen's do 
 ■ire for dispatch, speedily pre8enl<'<l for the consideration of the two pMr 
 liaments a series of articles, by which full provision was made for retain- 
 ing in force all the existing laws of Scotland, except where alteration 
 woiilil manifestly benrftl that country; the courts of session and other 
 courts of Scottish judicature were also preserved, and, in fact, the main 
 alteration was the abolition of the anomalous separate parlinrn.'iit of 
 S'-.otland, and giving that country a n>preseiitation in the parliament of 
 Great Britain of nixleen peers and forty-five comiuoners. There was, 
 both in Scotland and on the part of the tories in England, eonsideralilu 
 opposition made to these really wise and necessary articles, but common 
 sense and the inffuonce of the crown nt length prevaiicil, and the arlieles 
 were passed into law by a great mMJority i" both parliaments. 
 
 Hitherto the whig mmistry, supported l)y the powerful influence of the 
 oiichess of Marlborough, had triumjibed over all the efforts of the lories; 
 but the duchesi nnd been guilty of two capital mistakiis, by which jihtf 
 now found her influence very greatly diminished. In the first place, fo^ 
 geiliUg liittl bhti owed her vast uiilHeiirc over iho queen faf rsiufc- «u t'-'t 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 631 
 
 personal complaisance and agreeableness than to her really considerable 
 political talents, she became so proud of her power, that slie relaxed in 
 those personal attentions by which she had obtained it, and disgusted the 
 queen by an offensive and dictatorial tone. VVIiile she thus periled her 
 influence, she at the same time unwittingly raised up a rival to herself in 
 the person of a Mrs. Masham, a poor relation of her own, whom she 
 
 E laced in a confidential situation about the queen's person, relying upon 
 er gratitude, and expecting to find her not a dangerous rival, but a pliant 
 and zealous tool. But Mrs. Masham speedily perceived that the queeu 
 was not only personally disgusted by the hauteur of the duchess, but also 
 much inclined to the tory opinions ; she consequently took up the party 
 of Mr. Harley, afterwards Lord Oxford, who was personally in the queen's 
 favour, and who was extensively and constantly intriguing for the ruin 
 of the whigs. In conjunction with Mr. St. John, afterwards Lord Boling- 
 broke, and Sir Simon ^^arcourt, a lawyer of great abilities, ;uid aided by 
 the personal influence of Mrs. Masham, Harley doubted not tfiat lie should 
 triumph over (he whigs ; and an event, trifling enough in itself, soon oc- 
 curred to developc the queen's leaning towards tiie tories, and to encour- 
 age it by showing how extensively that party existed among the people. 
 
 A clergyman named Sacheverel had much distinguished himself by his 
 sermons in favour of high- church principles and in condemniuion of dis- 
 sent and dissenters. Imaginative, impassioned, and possesscnl of that 
 fluency which even men of good judgment so often mistake for eloquence, 
 he soon became an oracle and a favourite witli a very large party. Being 
 appointed to preach on the fifth of November, at St. Paul's, he made use 
 of the "gunpowder plot" as an argument from which to infer that any 
 departure from the doctrine of non-iesialance might lead to the most hei- 
 nous and destructive wickedness, and that the existing toleration of dis 
 senters was very likely to be ruinous to the church of England, which he 
 declared to be as ill defended by its pretended (fiends, as it was fiercely 
 attacked by its determined enemies. The lord mayor of that year, Sir 
 Samuel Gerrard, no very accurate judge, it may be presumed, of either 
 theological correctness or literary elegance, allowed the printed edition 
 of this sermon to be dedicated to him. And here, probably, the whole 
 BlTair would have ended and been forgotten, but for the injudicious med- 
 dling of the archbishop Dolben's son, who in his place in parliament made 
 complaint of the sermon and read all the most violent paragraphs of it ; 
 a manifestly unfair proceeding, inasmuch as the same passui^cs might 
 have a different eflfect when read with or without liieir context. Instead 
 of checking Mr. Dolben's ofllciousness by voting the matter unfit for 
 their consideration, the civnimittee voted th ; passages road to be seditious 
 and scandalous libels ; H<id Sacheverel was ordered to attend at the bar 
 of the house, where he ivowed the alledged libels, and plainly said that 
 he gloried in having published them. Even this vain ami silly exultation 
 of a weak man, whom an almost equally weak oftponent had thus sud- 
 denly dragged into the notoriety he coveted and would probably never 
 have otherwise obtained, did not instruct the house that contempt and ob- 
 scurity were the severest pains and penalties that could be inflirled upon 
 Bucii a man as Sacheverel ; and a committee was appointed to draw up 
 articles of imncachment against him, and Mr. Dolben was named man- 
 ager on behalr of the coininoiiB of England. 
 
 The hnrmless declamation of a vain man was thus raised into a degree 
 of fletitious importance which was really disgraceful W> the people, and 
 for three wenks all the public business of both houses of parliament was 
 set aside on account of a trial which ou^ht never to have coinmoucod. 
 The Lords sat in Westminster Hall, which was daily besK^ged by the 
 prnicipai rank, fashion, and beauty of the capital, the queen herself sc t 
 illig the c&,imps£ bj iiUeridiiig 3S a, private atiuitaf of the pfucccdiiigs 
 
082 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Mr. iJolben, wlioao iiijuilicioiib meddling liad occasioned this mock* 
 Ueroic farce, was assisted in liis absurd prosecution by Sir Joseph Jekyll, 
 Solicitor-general Eyre, the recorder, Sir Peter Kingi^ General Stanhope| 
 Sir Thomas Parker, and Mr. Walpole; all gentlemen whose talents were 
 degraded by so silly a business. 
 
 Dr. Sacheverel was defended by Sir Simon Harcourt, Mr. Phipps, and 
 Drs. Friend, Smallridge, and Atterbury ; and the trial, absurd as its origin 
 was, produced a display of great talent and eloquence. Unfortunately 
 the silly passion shown by the house of commons communicated itself 
 to the people out of doors. Most serious riots took place, in which the 
 rabble in their zeal for Dr. Sacheverel not only destroyed several dissent- 
 .ng meeting-houses, but also plundered the houses of several leading dis- 
 senters, and the disturbances at length grew so alarming that the queen 
 published a proclamation against them. The magistrates now exerted 
 themselves with some vigour; several ruffians were apprehended, and 
 two convicted of high treason and sentenced to death, wiiich sentence, 
 however, was commuted. 
 
 While the populace was rioting without, the lords were trying Sach 
 everel. He was very ably defended, and he personally delivered an ad- 
 dress, of which the composition was so immeasurably superior to that 
 of his sermons, that it was generally supposed to have been written for 
 him by Dr. Atterbury, afterwards bishop of Rochester; a man of great 
 genius, but of a turn of mind which fitted him rather for the wrangling 
 of the bar, than for the mild teaching and other important duties of the 
 Christian ministry. A majority of seventeen votes condemned Sach- 
 everel, but a protest was signed by thirty-four peers. Partly in defer- 
 ence to this protest and partly from fear that severity would cause dan- 
 gerous renewals of the riotous conduct of Sacheverel's rabble friemis, the 
 sentence was extremely light, merely prohibiting the doctor from preach- 
 ing for three years, and ordering his alledged libels to be burned by the 
 common hangman, in presence of the lord mayor and the two sheriffs. 
 
 The warmth which the people in general had shown on behalf of the 
 doctor showed so extensive a prevalence of lory principles, that the 
 queen's secret advisers of that party thought that they might now safely 
 recommend a dissolution of parliament. The queen complied, and u 
 vast majority of tones was returned to the new parliament. Thus con- 
 vmced of the correctness with which Harley had long assured licr, that 
 she might safely indulge her inclination to degrade the whig party, the 
 queen proceeded accordingly. She began by making the duke of 
 Shrewsbury lord chamberlain, instead of the duko of Ivciit. Soon after- 
 wards the earl of Sunderland, son-in-law to the duke of Marlborough, 
 was dbprived of hia olflce of secretary of state, which was conferred 
 upon the earl of Dartmouth ; the lord slnwardsliip was taken from the 
 duke of^ Devonshire and given to the duke of Buckingham, and Mr. 
 Henry St. John was made secretary in lieu of Mr. Doyle. Still more 
 iweeping alterations followed, until at last no state ofdcc was fiilcd by o 
 whig, with the single exception of the duke of Marlborough. 
 
 Tlie parlnwneiil soon after passed a resolution warmly aonroviiig the 
 course pursued by the queen, unij exhortiiiK ner lo dmcoimicnaiice and 
 restpt all such measures ai tliose by which nor royal crown and dignity 
 had recently been threatened. From all this it was cl-^ar that the 
 
 [)ower of Marlborough, so long supported by the court intrigues of 
 lis duchess, was now compleluly destroyed by her imprudent hauteur. 
 His avaricn was well known, und it vvus very extensively Uiiwod that 
 the war with Franco would long since have been brought to a conclusion 
 if the pacific inclinations of the French king had not been constantly and 
 systemaliciilly thwarted by the duke for tlie furtherance of his ^wn nni« 
 liitioup schemes. And though the tory ministrv continued the war, and 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 0^3 
 
 tlie almost entirely tory parlinmeiit recommended that it should be nro 
 secuted wuh all possible vigour, the niortificatioa and degradation of Te 
 a.elv Idolized duke -vere aimed at by every possible mfans. T ,us c 
 thanks of the houseof eommons ;vere refused to him for his se vices n 
 Flanders, while they were warmly given for those of the earl of Peter 
 borough in Spam, and the lord keeper in delivering them took occasioi 
 tSe'duke! ^'"'™"' "''"'' "'■ '^^ '^'^ ^''^ "'^ «'«^d and avarice of 
 
 As the expenses of the w>.r increased, so the people grew more and 
 more weary of their war ma.-ia. The ministry consequently now deter- 
 nuned to take resolute steps for putting an end to it; and as it wTis obv - 
 ous that the duke would use all the influence of his command to (averse 
 heir peaceable policy they came to the resolution of proeeedin.. S'ls^ 
 hnn in some one of the many cases in which he was 'knovvn o^have re 
 ceived bribes. Clear evidence was brought forward of his hav ng received 
 SIX housand pounds per annum irom a Jew for seen" ig hi ^iL ion- 
 tract to supply the army with bread ; and upwi this char|e the duke was 
 dismissed irom all public emplo-ments. 
 
 The poet Prior was now sent 'on an embassy to France, and he soon 
 returned with Menager, a French statesman, invested with fidi powers ^S 
 arrange the preliminaries of peace; the earl of Strafford was E back 
 to Holland, whence he had only lately been recalled, to communicate to the 
 Dutch the preliminaries and the queenV approval of then, and to endea- 
 vour to induce the Dutch, also, to approve tfiem. Holland a first obS 
 ed to the inspection of the preliminaries, but after much exSio^^ a 
 parties were induced to consent to a conference at Utrecht It was 
 «oon, iiowever, perceived that all the deputies, save those o( England and 
 France, were averse to peace, and it was then determined by the qL.'fc 
 h'aiepSe treaty"" ^""' " ^"'"'^ negotiation with France^vlthl v!o« 
 A. D. 1712.— Early in August. 1712, Viscount Bolingbroke, formerly Mr. 
 St. John, was sent to Versailles, accompanied by Prior and the aE 
 Gaultier to make arrangements for the separate treaty. He was well 
 received by the French court, and very soon adjusted the terms of the 
 treaty The interests of all the powers of Europe were wJl a„d i ,^ 
 partmUy cared for; but the noblest article of the treaty was th.u by 
 which England insisted upon the liberation of the numerous French 
 Protestants who were confined in prisons and galleys for tlieir religious 
 
 A. D. 1713 -But while tlie ministry was thus ably and triumphantly 
 conducting the foreign sffairs of the nation, serious dissensions werJ 
 growing up between Harley and Bolingbroke. These able statesmen 
 :^i,Z' '^ '«"» ^""« l'^.^" '"»«.l «="fJial «'» their agreement on all jioinis oi 
 po icy. But the daily increasing illness of the queen, and the probability, 
 not to say certainty, that she would not long survive, brought forward 
 a question upon which they widely di.Tered. Bolingbroke. who had been 
 inspected of being h •.Iroi.g jacobitc, was for bringing in the pretender aa 
 Jioquueiv 8 successor; while Harley, now Lord Oxford, was as stronalv 
 fdec^cd t.^ the .lanc.«ric.. 8u.,^e8B:.,n. ^ ' 
 
 The Whigs watched with delight and exultation the g.owth of the ill- 
 disguMcd enmity between these two groat supports of the lory party 
 Iho queen in yam endeavoured to compose their differences, an(l it is to 
 be feared that the sufferings of ihu last months of her life was mur, ,„ 
 creaied by her anxieties on ihis account. She daily gn weaker anu 
 was lu. only despaired of by her phj.i.^u. but JJu IcTZcm^ 
 ttiHi iier illness would havp a fatal Jeruuii&tion. 
 
 ji. D. 17l4.-Th« (^ueen st length siM.k : >!,> a state of extreme lethargy, 
 .— jj !:-iw«r!ai msuii:::rr5 Was iu iui ;crv>vt3red that *hv was auie lo waii 
 
 ill 
 
 l| 
 
634 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 about her diaiiiber. On the thirtieth of July she rose as early as eighl 
 o'clock. For some time she walked about, leaning upon (he arm of one 
 of her ladies, when she was seized with a fit of apoplexy, from which nc 
 medicines could relieve her, and she expired on the following morning, in 
 the forty-ninth year of her age and the thirteenth of her reign. 
 
 Though Anne possessed no very brilliant talents, her reign was in the 
 main prosperous and wise, and was wholly free from all approach to 
 tyranny or cruelty. Literature and tlie arts flourished exceedingly unde; 
 her; Pope, Swift, Addison, Bolingbroke, and a perfect galaxy of lessci 
 stars, very justly obtain for this reign the proud title of the Augustan ag<- 
 of England. 
 
 CHAPTER LVIII. 
 
 THE REION or OEOROE I. 
 
 A. D. 1714. — Anne having left no issue, by the act of succession ihe En- 
 glish crown devolved upon George, son of the first elector of Brunswick 
 and the princess Sophia, grand-daughter of James I. 
 
 The new king was now in his fifty-fourth year, and he bore the charactei 
 of being a man of solid ability, though entirely destitute of all shining 
 talents, and of even the appearance of any attachment to literature or the 
 arts. Direct, tenacious of his purpose, and accustomed all his life to np- 
 plication to business, great hopes were entertained that his accession 
 would, at the least, secure order and regularity in the conduct of public 
 affairs. His own declaration was, " My maxim is to do justice, to fear ac 
 man, and never to abandon my friends." 
 
 As it was feared that the intriguing genius of Bolingbroke might liave 
 made some arrangements for an attempt ^ii the throne on the part of the 
 pretender, the friends of tuiorge I. had procured from him, as scon as it 
 was tolerably certain that Anne could not survive, an instrument by 
 which the most zealous and influential friends to his succession were 
 aduad lo certain great officers, as lords justices, or a commission of 
 regency to govern the kingdom until the king should arrive. 
 
 As soon as the queen expired, the regency caused George I. to be pro- 
 claimed in *11 the usual places, the important garrison of Portsmouth 
 was reinfoi ,ed, and measures were taken at all the other ports and garri- 
 sons to deftiat any attempts at invasion. The vigour and vigilnnce thus 
 displayed prevented any outbreak or disturbance, if any sue h had ever 
 been actually contemplated ; and tht regency felt confident enough to 
 deprive Bolingbroke of his office of secretary of state, with every cir- 
 cumstance of insult. His office was given to the celebrated poet and 
 essayist Addison, of whom a curious anecdote is related, very chiiracter- 
 istic of the immense difference between the qualities of a scholar and 
 those of a man of business. Mr. Secretary Addison, renowned as a 
 classical and facile writer, was very naturally called upon to write t!ie 
 dispatch to announce the death of Queen Anne to her successor ; and so 
 much was he embarrassed by his anxiety to find fitting terms, llial his 
 fellow-coimcillors grew impatient, and called upon the clerk to draw out 
 the dispatch, which he did in a few dry business-like lines, and ever after 
 boaated himself a readier writer than the facile and elegant writer of the 
 delightful papers in the -^Kectator . 
 
 On landing at Greenwich, George I. wus received by the nssemhled 
 members of the regency, attended by the life guards under the duke o( 
 Northumberland He immediately retired lo his chamber, where he gav<) 
 ttudienne to those who had been zealous for his succession. From this 
 mom-^nt the kinir showed a determined oartiality to the whiga, wlacl 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD 
 
 635 
 
 gave great and general disgust ; a feeling that was still farther increased 
 by the headlong haste with which the whig ministers ind favourites 
 conferred ail offices of trust and emolument upon their own partizans, in 
 utter contempt of the merits and claims of those whom tliey ousted. 
 
 The greediness of the whigs, and the pertinacious partiality shown to 
 that party by the king, threw a great part of the nation into a dangerous 
 state of discontent, and there arose a general cry, accompanied by much 
 tendency to actual rioting, of " Sacheverel for ever, and down with the 
 .vhigs !" 
 
 Undeterred by the increasing number and loudness of the malcontents, 
 the whig party, confident in their parliamentary strength and in the par- 
 tiality of the king, commenced the business of the session by giving indi- 
 cations of their intention to proceed to the utmost extremes against the 
 late ministers. In the house of lords they affected to believe that the rejK 
 utation of England was much lowered on the continent by the con 
 duct of the late ministers, and professed hopes that the wisdom of the 
 king would repair that evil; and in tht lower house they stated their de- 
 termination to punish the alledged abettors of the pretender; a sure way 
 of pleasing the king, and an artful mode of confounding together the sup- 
 
 Eorters of the pretender, with loyal subjects of George I. who yet were 
 onest enough to oppose so much of his system of goveroinetit as ap- 
 peared to be injurious or dangerous to the country and to himself. 
 
 Following up the course thus indicated, the ministers appointed a par 
 liamentary committee of twenty persons, to examine papers and find 
 charges against the late ministry ; and shortly afterwards Mr. Walpole 
 as chairman of this committee, stated that a report was ready for the 
 house, and moved for the committal of Mr. Mattiiew Prior and Mr. Thomas 
 Harley ; and those members, being present in theit places, were imme- 
 diately taken into custody by the sergeant at arms. Mr. Walpole then 
 again rose to impeach Lord Bolingbroke of hij;h treason. Btfore the 
 house could recover from its astonishment, Lord Coningsby rose and said, 
 
 " The worthy chairman of the committee has impeached the hand, I 
 now impeach the head ; he has impeached the scholar, 1 impeach the 
 master ; I impeach Robert, earl of Oxford and Mortimer, of high treason 
 und otiier crimes and misdemeanors." 
 
 Lord Oxford was now completely abandoned by nearly ail those who 
 had seemed to be so much attached to him ; a too common fate of fallen 
 greatness. 
 
 Even among the whigs, however, there were some who disapproved of 
 the extreme violence of the present proceedings. Sir Jo.seph JekyI, for 
 instance, pointing out an overstrained article that was charged against 
 Oxford, handsomely said that it was his way to mete out equal justice to 
 all men, and that as a lawyer he felt bound to say that the article in 
 question i!id not amount to treason. But the heads of the faction would 
 not i>atiently listen to such moderate and honourable language , and Mr. 
 Walpole, in a tone and with n manner very improper to be used by one 
 gentijBman towards another, replied, that many members quite as lioneet 
 as Sir Joseph, and biUtor lawyers than he, were perfectly satisfied that 
 the charge did amount to treason. 
 
 The humane and honest opposition of Sir Joseph Jekyl being thus 
 sneered down, Lord Coningsby and the other managing whigs proceeded 
 to impeacli Lord Oxford at the bar of the house of lords, and to demand 
 that he should inin)ediately hi committed to custody. Upon this latter 
 point II debate arose in the house of lords, which was terminated by the 
 ear! himself, who said that he had all along acted iip.)n the immediata 
 orders of tlic late queen, and that, having never offended against any 
 fiiiown '.aw, ho was wholly unconcerned about the life of an ir.s'girflcnnt 
 lijaii: tic vfaa CUr:3cQuC-niiy COiiiusiiic-l iO the TovVCr tho'lgh iho 
 
 r ■' 
 
 >i.i 
 
636 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 celebrated Dr. Mead positively certified that his committal would endan 
 ger his life. The duke of Ormond and Lord Bolingbroke, against whorr 
 the proceedings were no less vindictively carried on, fled to the continent, 
 upon which the earl marshal of England was ordered to erase their names 
 and arms from the peerage list, and all their possessions in England were 
 declared forfeit to the crown. 
 
 A. D. 1715.— The pretender, who had numerous friends in England and 
 Scotland, looked with great complacency upon th-jse violent proceedings, 
 judging that the discontent they caused could not fail to forward his 
 designs upon the crown ; and while the king was mtent upon alienating 
 the affections of a large portion of his people in order to support a greedy 
 faction, an actual rebellion broke out. Two vessels, with arms, ammu- 
 nition, and officers, were sent from France to the coast of Scotland, and 
 the pretender promised that he would speedily follow with a greater force. 
 The earl of Mar was consequently induced to assemble his friends and 
 vassals to the number of three hundred, and to proclaim the prelenjer- 
 As the fause was popular, and no opportunity was lost of magnifying 
 the lorce with which that prince was to arrive in Scotland, Mar soon 
 found himself at the head of an army of ten thousand men. But while 
 he was completing his preparations to march southward, the duke of 
 Argyle at the head of only about six thousand men attacked him near 
 Dumblain, and though at the close of the engagement both parties left the 
 field, yet the loss inflicted upon Mar was so great as virtually to amount 
 to defeat, and the injury thus done to the cause of the pretender was in- 
 creased by the conduct of Simon, Lord Lovat. That restless and 
 thoroughly unprincipled man held the castle of Inverness for the preten- 
 der, to whose forces it would at all times have served as a most impor- 
 tant point d'appui; but Lord Lovat, changing with the changed fortune of 
 his party, now basely surrendered the castle to the king. 
 
 The English ambassador in France, the accomplished and energetic 
 Lord Stair, hao so well performed his duty to the king, that he was able 
 to send home tiie most timely and exact information of the designs 0/ 
 the pretender; and just as the rebellion was about to break out in Eng- 
 land, several of the leading malcontents were seized by the ministry and 
 committed to close custody. For one of these, Sir William Wyndham 
 his father-in-law, the duke of Somerset, offered to become security ; but 
 even that wealthy and powerful nobleman was refused. The rebellion 
 was thus confiiie(l, in the west of England, to a few feeble and unconnec- 
 ted ou'breaks ; and at Oxford, where it was known that many young men 
 of fam ly were among the malcontents, all attempt was prevented by the 
 spirited conduct of Major-general Pepper, who occupied the city with his 
 troops, and positively promised to put to death any student, no matter 
 what (lis rank or connections, who should dare to appear beyond the 
 limits of his own college. 
 
 In the north of England the spirits of the malcontents were kept up, w 
 spite of all the ill success that had hitherto attended their cause, by their 
 reliance unon aid from the pretender in person. The earl of Derwent- 
 water and Mr. Foster raised a considerable force, and being joined by 
 8or..rf vclv.ate..8 fr:.n th. Scrt.ish ':jrdp:, msii an ittc^iitto :.eiz'' New 
 castle, but the gates were shut against them, and, having no battering 
 train, they retired to Hexham, whence, by way of Kendal and Lan- 
 caster, they proceeded to Preston. Here they were surrounded by nearly 
 eight thousand men, under generals Carpenter and Wills. Some fighl.np 
 ensued, but the causa of the rebels was now so evidently hopeless, Iha 
 Mr. Foster sent Colonel Oxburgh, of the royal army, who had been taken 
 prisoner, with proposals for a capitulation. General Wills, however, de- 
 clined to hear of them, except as armed rebels, to whom he coi'ld show 
 no other favour than to leave them to tho disposal of gc vernment, Listead 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 63r 
 
 of giving them over to instant slaughter by his troops. Tho unhannv 
 men were consequently obliged to surrender at discretion ; some of their 
 officers who had deserted from the royal army were immediately shot 
 the oiher officers and gentlemen were sent to London, and the common 
 men thrown into the various prisons of Lancashire and Cheshire. ' 
 
 Had tlie pretender promptly joined the earl of Mar, and, joined by him. 
 rnarched to effer-X a junction with the earl of Derwentwater, the event 
 would probably have been very different; but having delayed his appear- 
 ance m Scotland until his friends were thus overpowered in detail, com- 
 mon-sense should have dictated to him the folly of his carrying his 
 attempt any farther for the present. But, alas ! common-sense was pre- 
 cisely that quality which the Stuarts were least gifted with ! At the very 
 moment when the prisons of England were filled with his ill-fated and 
 sacrificed adherents, he hurried through France in disguise, embarked at 
 Dunkirk, and landed in Scotland with a train of six gentlemen ! With 
 this adequate force for the conquest of a great and powerful kingdom he 
 proceeded through Aberdeen to Feteresso, where he was joined by the 
 earl of Mar and somewhat less than two-score other nobles and gentry 
 He now proceeded to Dundee, caused a frothy and useless declaration of 
 his rights and intentions to be circulated, and then went to Scone with the 
 intention of adding the folly of being crowned there to the folly of beino 
 proclaimed in all other places of note through which he had passed! 
 Lven the vulgar and the ignorant were by this time convinced of the utter 
 hopelessness of his cause ; and as he found that " few cried God bless 
 him," and still fewer joined his standard, he quite coolly told his friends— 
 who had sacrificed everything for him— that he had not the necessary 
 means for a campaign, and then embarked, with his personal attendants, 
 at Montrose-lcaving his dupes to their fate. Such baseness, such boyish 
 levity, joined to such cold selfishness, ought to have made even those who 
 most firmly believed in the abstract rights of the pretender, rejoice that 
 he was unable to obtain power in England ; since so heartless a man must 
 needs have made a cruel monarch. 
 
 The government had acted with vigour and ability in suppressing the 
 rebellion; it now acted with stern unsparing severity in punushinrr those 
 who had been concerned in it. The mere herd of rebels, to the number 
 of more than a thousand, were transported to the colonies. Two-and- 
 tweiity officers were executed at Preston, and five at Tyburn, with all the 
 disgusting accompaniments of drawing and quartering. The earls of 
 Derwentwater, Nithisdale, and Carnwarth, and the lords Kenmuir, Nairne, 
 and Widdrington were sentenced to death, as were Mr. Foster, Mr. 
 Mackintosh, and about twenty other leading men. 
 
 Nithisdale, Foster, and Mackintosh were fortunate enough to escape 
 from prison and reach the continent ; Derwentwater and Kenmuir were 
 executed upon Tower-hill, and met their fate with a decent intrepidity, 
 which made the spectators forget their crime. 
 
 During all this time tho earl of Oxford had remained in the Towei, 
 unnoticed and almost forgotten. When the numerous executions had 
 literally disgusted men with the sad spectacle of bloodshed he petitioned 
 to be allowed to take his trial ; rightly judging that, as compared to actual 
 rebellion, the worst that was charged against him would seem compara- 
 tively venial, even to his enemies. He was accordingly arraigned before 
 the peers in Westminster-hall, and some technical dispute arising between 
 the lords and commons, the k .ds voted that ho should be set at liberty 
 
 A. D. 1721.— Passing over, as of no importance, the sailing from Spain 
 Of a fleet under the duke of Ormond, for the purpose of makioT a ntnv 
 attempt on England ; the pretender's hopes from tliut expedition being 
 lisappointed by a storm which entirely disabled the fleet off Cape Fini ■ 
 
 (, '<! 
 
638 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 lerre ; we come to a domestic event which originated in this year and 
 reduced thousands of people from affluence to beggary. 
 
 The South Sea company, to which government was greatly indebtcfj, 
 was in the habit of contenting itself with five per cent, interest, on ac 
 count of the largeness of its claim, instead of six per cent., which tlic 
 government paid to all the other public companies to which it was <n 
 debted. A scrivener, named Blount, o.f more ability than principle, avaiiec 
 himself of this state of things to commence a deep and destructive part o( 
 the scheme. It was quite obviously to the advantage of the nation to pay 
 five rather than sij: per cent, upon all its debts, as well as upon the one 
 considerable debt that was due to the South Sea company ; and, on thi 
 other hand, it was well worth the while of that wealthy company to add 
 as much as possible to the already large amount upon which five percent 
 interest was punctually paid by the government. Blount put the case so 
 plausibly on the part of the compary, and bo skilfully threw in the addi- 
 tional inducement to the goveriunent of a reduction of the interest from 
 five to four per cent, at the end of six years, that the scheme seemed tc 
 be an actual reduction of one-sixth of the whole national burden immedi- 
 ately, and a reduction of a third at the end of six years. Every encour- 
 agement and sanction were consequently given to the plan by which the 
 South Sea company was to buy up the claims of all other creditors of the 
 government. Hitherto only the fair side of the scheme had been display- 
 ed ; now came the important question, where was the South Sea com- 
 pany, wealthy as it might be, to find the vast sum of money necessary foi 
 rendering it the sole government creditor 1 Blount was ready with his 
 reply. By a second part of his scheme he proposed to enrich the nation 
 enormously by opening up anew, vast, and safe trade to the South Seas; 
 and flaming prospectuses invited the public to exchange government stock 
 for equal nominal amounts in the South Sea stocks — said to be vastly 
 more valuable. The cunning of Blount and his fellow-directors was so 
 well aided by the cupidity of the public, that when the books were opened 
 for this notable transfer there was a positive struggle for the precedence 
 a consequent run took place for South Sea shares, which in a few days 
 were sold at more than double their original value, and ere the end of the 
 delusion, which was kept up for several months, the shares met with a 
 ready sale at ten times their original cost! When we reflect that a thou- 
 sand pounds thus produced ten thousand to the speculator, and a hundred 
 thousand a million, we may judge how much excitement and eagerness 
 prevailed. Enormous fortunes, of course, were made in the transfer and 
 re-transfer of shares, and to those who sold out while the delusion was 
 still at its height the scheme was a very El Dorado. But the great ma- 
 jority of the supposed fortunate possessors of South Sea stock were far 
 loo well pleased with their prospects to part with them, as they imagined 
 it diflicnlt to put a sufllicient value upon their probabilities of vast and ever- 
 increasing interest ! Among this number was the poet Gay, who, though 
 a scholar and a wit, was, nevertheless, in the actual business of life, as 
 simple as a child. Ho was strongly advised by his friends to sell some 
 stock which had been presented to him, and thus, while the stock was at 
 its highest value, secure himself a competence for life. But no! like thou- 
 sands more, he persisted in holding this precious stock; and all who did 
 so found their scrip mere waste paper when the company was called upon 
 to pay the very first vast and very genuine demand out of profits which 
 were represented as being equally vast, but which had the slight defect ol 
 being wholly imaginary. Thousands upon thousands of families were 
 by this artful and most vile scheme reduced to complete ruin, and nothing 
 that has occtirred in our own time — replete as it is with bubbles and 
 swindling directors — is calculated to give us any adequate idea of the 
 suffering, the rage, and the dismay that were felt in all part of the knig 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 639 
 
 dom. The government did all that it consistently could to reme.Jy ihe 
 disastrous effects produced by individual knavery acting upon general 
 cupidity and credulity. The chiel managers of the scheme "vere deprived 
 of the immense property they had unfairly acquired by it, and redresses 
 as far as possible afforded to the sufferers; but in the almost infinite 
 variety of transfers which had taken place, it inevitably followed that mil- 
 lions of property passed from the hands of those who speculated foolishly 
 into the hands of those who were more sagacious and more wary, though 
 not positively involved in the guilt of the deception ; and for many years 
 thousands had to toil for bread who but for this scheme would have been 
 affluent, while thousands more enjoyed wealth not a jot more honestlv or 
 usefully eirned than the gains of the veriest gambler. 
 
 So extensive were the sufferings and confusion created by this event, 
 that the friends of the pretender deemed the crisis a fit one at which to 
 bring forward his pretensions again. But, as was usual with that party, 
 there was so much dissension among the leading malcontents, and their 
 affairs were so clumsily conducted on the part of some of them, that the 
 ministry got intelligence of the designs which were on foot, and suddenly 
 ordered the apprehension of the duke of Norfolk, the earl of Orrery, the 
 lords North and Grey, Atterbury, bishoji of Rochester, Mr. Layer, and 
 several other persons of less note. In the investigation that followed 
 sufficient legal evidence could be found only against the bishop of Ro- 
 chester and Mr. Layer, though there could be no moral doubt of the guilt 
 of the others. All, therefore, were discharged out of custody except the 
 bishop, who was banished the kingdom, and Mr. Layer, who was hanged 
 it Tyburn. 
 
 Scarcely less sensation was caused by an accusation which was brought 
 against the earl of Macclesfield, of having sold certain places in chancery 
 The house of commons impeached him at the bar of the house of lords, 
 and a most interesting and well contested trial ensued, which lasted for 
 twenty days. The earl was convicted, and sentenced to be imprisoned 
 until he should pay a fine of thirty thousand pounds. He paid the money 
 in less than two months ; and his friends deemed him very hardly done 
 by, inasmuch as it was proved on Ihe trial that he had only sold such 
 places as had been sold by former chancellors. To us, however, this 
 seems but a very slender excuse for the offence; as a judge in equity he 
 ought to have put a stop to so dangerous a practice and no't have profited 
 by It, especially as the honourable precedent of Chancellor Bacon was in 
 existence to remind him that in chancery as elsewhere, " two blacks do 
 not make a white." As to the fine, large as the sura seems, it was not at 
 all too heavy; no small portion of it having been the produce of the offence 
 for which it was imposed. 
 
 A. D. 1727.— From the very commencement of his reign George I. had 
 shown at least as much anxiety for Hanover as for England, and having 
 now been above two years prevented by various causes from visiting the 
 electorate, he appointed a regency and set out for Hanover in a state of 
 health that gave no reason to fear any ill result. The voyage to Holland 
 and the subsequent journey to within a few leagues of Osnaburg, were 
 performed by the king in his usual health and spirits, but as he approached 
 Osnaburg he suddenly called for the postillion to stoft. It was found that 
 one of his hands was paralysed, his tongue began to swell, aid no efforts 
 of the surgeon who traveled with him could afford him any relief; and 
 on the following morning he expired, in the thirtieth year of his reign and 
 i» the sixtv-eighth of his ape, 
 
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 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 THE REIOir or OEOROK 
 
 A. D. 1727.— Georjre the Second, like his deceased father, was a Germcn 
 by birth, language, and sentiments. In their personal qualities, also, they 
 bore a striking resemblance : both were honest, jiist, plain-dealing men • 
 both were alike parsimonious and obstinate ; and as both were beset by 
 political factions whose rancour knew no bounds, so each of those mon- 
 archs had to contend with the caprice or venality of rival statesmen, as 
 by turns they directed the councils of the nation. 
 
 The king was in the forty-fourth year of his age on coming to the 
 throne ; and he took the first opportunity of declaring to his parliament 
 that he was determined to adhere to the policy of his predecessor. Owing 
 to the previous continental wars in which England had taken a part, the 
 kingdom was involved in a labyrinth of treaties and conventions. Much 
 discontent was also felt and expressed on many points ol domestic policy. 
 Dangerous encroachments had been made in the constitution by the repeal 
 of the triennial act; by frequent suspensions of the habeas corpus act ; by 
 keeping up a standing army ; and by the notorious venal practices em- 
 ployed in establishing a system of parliamentary corruption. At first 
 some change in the ministry appeared in contemplation ; but after a little 
 time it was settled ihat Sir Robert Walpole should continue at the head 
 of the administration ; with Lord Townshend as director of the foreign 
 affairs and Mr. Pelham, brother to the duke of Newcastle, as secretary- 
 at-war. There was, however, a great and concentrated mass of opposi 
 tion gradually forming agaiust Walpole, which required all his vigilance 
 and anility to overcome. 
 
 Peace was established at home and abroad ; and the new parliament, 
 which assembled in January, 1728, afforded no topic of interest ; but in 
 the succeeding year the commons complained of the occasional publica- 
 tion of their proceedings, and it was unanimously resolved, "That it is 
 an indignity to, and a breach of the privilege of the house, for any person 
 to presume to give, in written or printed newspapers, any account or 
 minutes of the debates or other proceedings of the house or of any com- 
 mittee thereof; and that, upon the discovery of the author. See, this house 
 will proceed against the offenders with the utmost severity," An address 
 to his majesty was also presented by the commons, complaining of serious 
 depredations having been committed by the Spaninrds on British ships 
 m manifest violation of the treaties subsisting between the two crowns; 
 and requesting that active measures might be taken to procure reasonable 
 Batisfaclion for the losses sustained, and secure his majesty's subjects the 
 free exercise of commerce and navigation to and from the British planta- 
 tions in America. This was followed by a defensive treaty between 
 Great Britain, France, Spain, and Holland • the question between England 
 and Spain as to naval captures being left to future adjudication by com- 
 missioners. 
 
 A. n. 1730. — Some changes now took place in the ministry. Lord Hai 
 ington was made secretary of state, in the room of Lord Townshend, who 
 appears to have interfered more with the affairs of the nation than was 
 agreeable to Sir Robert Walpole, to whom ho was related by marrisge. 
 The ialter, it is said, upon being asked the causb ot his difference with hi. 
 brother-in-law, drily replied, "As long as the firm of the house was 
 Townshend and Walpole, all did very well { but when it became Walpole 
 and Townshend, things went wrong and a separation ensued." About the 
 »amo time the duke of Dorset was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland in 
 
HISTORY OP TriE WORLD. 541 
 
 ¥rorp^'StS?rhroLS ^^^-^^-^ire. pnvy seal, and uonl 
 
 of7~!pLnVt£f;ad°/£?trfoSrn^^ ""'^ ^"j*»y'"«f « '>'^h «^«»-e 
 an(f from her American ToloniP??h."**'°"!l**; constantly increasing; 
 most abundant ThTwhalirhervairi!^^^^^ °^ «"gar, rum, Ac, we« 
 New-York, 6cc., ^vaa highly prSctive The m*oT/« ^'"^■^"^••"'d. 
 were received from our trans-Ktfc frtn^. ^ .u "'i^^""? accounts 
 from our shores, but more SmUcJKv fin™ i' T'^i*'* '"^^^^ emigration 
 that direction. Particularly from Ireland, was fast flowing in 
 
 K,;; whlj i'Tn'^a^SS^^^^^^ ^ the king in per- 
 
 cal aspect, and dwelt with evM*^^ '^.' r "'?** ^^^ country on its politi- 
 alliances he had emered^nfo Thii "«""'^»«"on <>" the late continental 
 
 latory addressed froShhouseIindth«mS"^ '^""r*'*^ 17 «»"^«t"- 
 by a phalanx of supporter tonurm-wS^^'^'^'^^'.'"'^''^"'^^^ 
 equanimity. BuramW the «?pS T '^"^'''e opposition to disturb his 
 deJinquen/ies which sJemin #?,/•' prosperity there were some public 
 and punish tKosi Sarin/o? th? '^^ '"'^^ "■" "'" J"''''^^ '« ""'»»•> 
 committed by certaTn pa&ihi 1-/?^ P*'"^*P''' ^" *" enormous fraud 
 longing to the "charuSe on.^ro^^'^ he management of the funds be- 
 un«fer the plausible pretext ofT^nH S^"" ^'"'. ^""'^*y '"^'^ t'**" farmed 
 and to others, upon WurUv of ?no5* ^""7 " '^«*' '"t«™"' »» the poor 
 rapacity of pawKokeT Vh ? l"^'^''^'^*°. " t**"™ '"••«'"<*« 
 
 buibyienseG from th"' c J^n ihf S'**' '^*'' ** '^"^ "'""«'^ *« 30,000/.. 
 Robinson, M.P. for MariowThe P««h1^ increase. ,t to 600,000/. George 
 keeper, had sudde ninsa^peared and ItHf'^I^T'"'''' »he «rarehoule 
 capital of 500,000/. effects to th«nm,^r . 7^^ ^^^ discovered that for a 
 the remainder havngff„emb„TH"*i''^ V^°^' «»'y could be found, 
 mons havinjr been referrtS f?"?"*'"^*. / Pet't'O" to the house of com- 
 
 iniquitous s^cheme of faJd had hTn'"""'.'' "^''''^l "PP''"^^ "'"^ « '"o-* 
 
 casliier and warehouse mali;^o;:;rtCh'"s"om^^^^^ °" ^^ ""^ 
 
 embezzlinif the caoital nnH\Ih»..- .u " ^""® ^^ 'be directors, for 
 
 resolved. tLt Sir Robert sln^''?? '^^ P^Prietors ; on which it was 
 guilty of IV fraudSntS^^^^ "'^"'' ^''^ ''"'^ l^'n P^^e" 
 
 eorp6ration, sLuld make ES. f'M"«»«Kement of the charitable 
 
 "Sf!rr1>^p"^'^^^^^^^^ -» «^ their 
 
 .rc"o:„':o; rand^Kii^sri^^^^^^^^ • 
 
 on wine aiid tobacco wh?ohh»Hh """E-^u* P'*"! ^°^ ''onverting the duties 
 ties of excise, the fenSnfw&fif" *"'herto duties of customs, into du' 
 
 precedontir* The .hS SlLh^' T''"'"'"" "'l^.!'"^ ^»« »""««' »"- 
 eminent merchants in two ^i^^' »'^''«"'Panied by many of the most 
 
 present t^ei petil on aSnat the 5^m'"^^^^^^^^^^ ''°''" '" '^' ^''""'»'' 
 
 and the minister findinlXv K^ «'her petitions were also presented: 
 
 riotous reioicinirs fol mvprl. an^ if ** °" withdrawing it. The most 
 
 from out Ja rappea a" c" ""'^^^ ^' ^°""«*' 
 
 must have thougCrthey ^ad obtainlH 1 T f "^ ^'°"'*,<'" »"^ Westminster 
 pending danger. ^ "''""'"* * deliverance from some great im- 
 
 prilcSs' nJyTr."?^^^^^^^^^ ?.«" *°'thy of remark. The 
 
 !.aturalizatir„ on is roy^rhS^^^^^^^^ a bill passed for the 
 
 for Rotterdam on thi S Tipr l' Pa nam?„?S?' P"'--" ^-j^ S«-. Ja-^e-' 
 proclamation Th« irm„ i,„ P • T^"'^""^"' was now disso ved bv 
 membere or ,he mani s'iJial LnTIS' ^ prorogued It. after thanking thJ 
 of their duty and -Tt.cCr.iA""'' ^^"^ '"^ «'"«" ^im for seven Jears 
 Vou K! ■"•chment to his person and government j and concluded 
 
 I 
 
642 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 with a prayer that providenoa would direct iiia people in the choice of their 
 representatives. 
 
 4. D. 1736.— When the new parliament met in January it was seen that 
 the elections had made no perceptible change in the composition of the 
 house ; the leaders of parties were the same ; and nearly the same motions, 
 amendments, debates, and ar^ments were reproduced. Indeed, if we 
 except Bome angry disputes which occurred between the ministers and the 
 
 [trince of Wales, relative to the income allowed out of the civil list to the 
 atter, scarcely any event worthy of remark took place for a long time. 
 The affair to which we allude thus originated. Motions having been made 
 in each house of parliament to address his majesty to settle 100,000:. per 
 annum on the prince, it was opposed by the ministers as an encroachment 
 on the prerogative, an officious intermeddling with the king's family affairs, 
 and as an effort to set his majesty and the prince at variance. But the 
 truth was, there had long been a serious misunderstanding between these 
 royal personages, arising chiefly from the prince being at the head of the 
 opposition parly; and now that there seemed no chance of his obtaining 
 the income he required, it was highly resented by him, and caused an en- 
 tire alienation between the two courts of St. James's and Leicester-house. 
 Nor can it be wondered at that the prince should feel himself grossly 
 •lighted, when out of a civil list of 800,000i. a revenue of 60,000i. per an- 
 num only was allowed him ; although his father when prince had lOO.OOOi., 
 out of a civil list of 700,000/. The breach grew wider every day ; and at 
 length so ranr .rous had these family squabbles become, that in the last 
 illness of th', queen, who expired in November, 1737, the prince was not 
 even permitted to see her. 
 
 The growing prosperity of England during a long peace was duly ap 
 preciated by Sir Robert Walpole, and he neglected nothing that seemed 
 likely to insure its continuance ; but the arbitrary conduct pursued by the 
 Spaniards on the American coasts, and the interested clamours of some 
 English merchants engaged in a contraband trade with the Spanish colo 
 nies, led to a war between the two countries, which lasted from the yeai 
 1739 to 1748. , ^. . ^ ^ 
 
 In order to prevent the ships of any other nation from trading wiih the 
 American co'.onies, the Spaniards employed vessels called guarda-costas 
 to watch and intercept them ; but instead of confining themrelves to this 
 their legitimate object, the captains of the Spanish ^uard-ships frcqueiiily 
 interfered with British merchants, who were on their way to other Amer 
 ican colonies, and, under pretence of searching for contraband goods 
 boarded their ships, and sometimes treated the crews with the greatest 
 barbarity. The accounts of these indignities created a desire among all 
 classes of his majesty's subjects for inflicting on the Spaniards signal and 
 speedy retribution : but the pacific policy of the minister was mimical 
 tc the adoption of vigorous measures. Captain Jenkins, the master of a 
 Scottish merchant-ship, who was examined at the bar of the house of 
 commons, declared that ho was boarded by a guarda-costa, who, after ran- 
 sacking his ship and ill-treating his crew, tore off one of his enrs, and 
 throwing it in his face, told him " to take it to his king." Upon being asked 
 what ho thought when he found himself in the hands of such barbarians, 
 Jenkins replied, "I recommended my soul to God, and my cause to my 
 country." These words, and the display of his ear, which, wrapped up 
 in cotton, he always carried about him, filled the house with indignslion ; 
 but it MBS not till more than a twelvemonth afterwards that an order in 
 council was issued for making reprisals on the Spaniards. 
 
 A. D. 1740.— The war with Spain had now commenced, and the most 
 strenuous exertions were made to put the navy in the best possible condi- 
 tion. Admiral Vernon, with a small force, captured the important city o 
 Porto Bello, o» the American isthmus. But it apoeared at the close <»J 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 643 
 
 (he year, that the Spaniards had taken upwards of 400 English vessels, 
 many of them richly laden. 
 
 At this period the violence of party politics was displayed in all its ran- 
 cour. Many changes took place in the cabinet ^ and Walpole, desorjring 
 the coming storm, presented two of his sons with valuable sinecures. 
 Soon after, Mr. Sandys gave notice that he should make a motion in the 
 house of commons for the dismissal of Sir Robert Walpole from the king's 
 councils forever. On the appointed day the house was crowded at an 
 early hour, and the public were in a state of breathless expectation to learn 
 the result. The accusations against the minister were by no means con« 
 fined to any particular misconduct, but were vague and indefinite. The 
 very length of Mr. Walpole's power, said Mr. Sandys, was in itself dan- 
 gerous ; to accuse him of any specific crime wa» unnecessary, the dissat- 
 isfaction of the people being a sufficient cause for his removal ! The dis- 
 cussion was long and animated, and the debate closed by a powerful speech 
 from Walpole, which made a deep impression on the house and the mo- 
 tion was negatived by the large majority of 290 against 106. (n the lords, 
 a similar motion met with the like result. 
 
 A. D. 1741. — The success which had attended Vernon's attack on Porto 
 Bello induced the government to send out large armaments against the 
 Spanish colonies. In conjunction with Lord Cathoart, who had the com- 
 mand of a numerous army, Vernon undertook to assail Spanish America 
 on the side of the Atlantic, while Commodore Anson sr.iled round Cape 
 Horn to ravage the coast of Chili and Peru. Part of these arrangements 
 were frustrated owing to the death of Lord Cathcart, his successor. Gen- 
 eral Wentworth, beina an officer of little experience nnd very jealous ot 
 the admiral's popularity. As might be expected whfe t iiuch was the case, 
 the expedition lamentably failed of its object ; incapacity and dissension 
 characterised their operations ; nothing of the slightest importance was 
 effected, and they returned home after more than fifteen thousand of the 
 troops and seamen had fallen victims to the diseases of a tropical climate. 
 Nor was the result of the expeditir>i under Anson calculated to retrieve 
 these disasters ; for although he plundered the town of Patia, in Peru, and 
 captured several prizes, among which was the Spanish galleon, laden with 
 treasure, that sailed annually from Acapuico to Manilla, he encountered 
 such severe storms, particularly in rounding Cape Horn, that iiis squad- 
 ron was^finally reduced to only one ship. 
 
 It is time that we return to the affairs of continental Europe, so far, at 
 least, as they involve England. In October, 1740, the emperor Charles 
 VI., the last male heir of the house of Austria Hapsburg, died. Almost 
 all the powers of Europ« had, by the " pragmatic sanction," guaranteed 
 the possessions of Austria to the arch-duchess Maria Theresa, queen of 
 Hungary ; yet no power except England was influenced by its engage 
 ments. Scarcely had the Hungarian queen succeeded her father, when 
 she found herself surrounded by a hont of enemies. But the most power- 
 ful and the most wily of them was 1< rederic III., kin^ of Prussia, who, 
 having at his command a rich treasury and a well-appomted army, entered 
 Silesia, and soon conquered it. Knowing, however, that she had not only 
 to contend with France, who had resolved to elevate Charles Albert, elec- 
 tor of Havana, to the empire, but also numbered among her foes the kings 
 of Spain, Poland, and Sardinia, he offered to support her against all com- 
 petitors, on the condition of being permitted to retain his acquisition. 
 This she heroically and indignantly refused ; and, although the French 
 troops even menaced her capital, Maria Theresa convened the states of 
 Hungary, and made a powerful appeal to the nobles, which they responded 
 .0 by a solemn declaration that they were all ready to die in defence of 
 her rights. Another large army was quickly raised) the English pariia- 
 ment vo'ed a subsidy : fcnd so great was the attachment of the Etifftis 
 
su 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 people to her cause, that the pacific Walpole could no longer control the 
 desire that was manifested for becoming parties in the war. 
 
 A. D. 1742. — In the new parliament, which was opened by the king !n 
 person, it was evident that the opponents of Walpole had greatly strength- 
 ened themselves ; and being shortly after able to obtain a trifling majority 
 of votes on the Westminster elect.on petition, Sir Robert expressed his 
 intention of retiring from office. He consequently resigned all his eta- 
 ployments, and was created earl of Orford, with a pension of 4,000/. a 
 year, his majesty testifying for bis faithful servant the most affectionate 
 regard. 
 
 Kngland, accustomed to consider the equilibrium of the continental 
 states a» the guarantee of her own grandeur, would naturally espouse the 
 cause of Maria Theresa j while it was ouite as natural that the king of 
 England, as elector of Hanover, would be readv to enforce its propriety. 
 But there was another motive at this time still more powerful, namely, 
 the war which had recently broken out between England and Spain ; for 
 it could not be expected that, in a continental war in which the latter coun. 
 try was one of the belligerents, England would omit any opportunity that 
 offered of weakening that power. Yet as long as Walpole was the di- 
 recting minister, the king restricted himself to negotiations and subsidies. 
 But when Walpole was superseded by Lord Carteret, the cause of Maria 
 Theresa was sustained by the arms of England, and by larger subsidies, 
 while the king of Naples was forced by an English fleet to the declaration 
 of neutrality. England had at length become a principal in the war ; or, 
 as SmoUet observes, " from being an umpire had now become a party in 
 all continental quarrels, and instead of trimming the balance of Europe, 
 lavished away her blood and treasure in supporting the interest and allies 
 of a puny electorate in the north of Germany." 
 
 A. D. 1743. — George II. was now at the head of the Anglo-electoral 
 army, which on its march to Hanau met and engaged the French under 
 the command of marshal the duke of Noailles and some of the princes of 
 the blood. They began the battle with their accustomed impetuosity, but 
 were received by the English infantry with the characteristic coolness 
 and steady intrepidity for which they are so eminently distinguished. In 
 this battle the king snowed much passive courage, and his son, the duke 
 of Cumberland, was wounded ; but it proved a decisive victory, 6,000 of 
 the French having fallen, while the loss on the side of the British did not 
 amount to more than one-third of that number. 
 
 About this time a treaty was concluded between England and Russia 
 for fifteen years, in which it was stipulated that the empress should fur- 
 nish his Britannic majesty, as soon as required, with a body of 12,000 
 troops, to be employed according to the exigency of affairs ; and that 
 Great Britain should furnish Russia with twelve men-of-war, on the first 
 notice, in case either of them were attacked by an enemy and demanded 
 
 such succour. , ..... 
 
 A. D. 1744. — To remove the Hanoverian dynasty from the throne ol 
 these realms, teemed to be the darling object of the courts of France and 
 Spain, who were secretly planning to restore the Stuart race in the person 
 of the son of the late pretender. Declarations of war between France 
 and England accordingly took place \ and in May the king of France ar- 
 rived at Lisle, to open the campaign in Flanders, with an army of 120,000 
 men, commanded by the celebrated Marshal Saxe. The allied armies, 
 consisting of English, Hanoverians, Austrians, and Dutch, amounting in 
 the whole to about 76,000, advanced with the apparent intention of attack' 
 ing the enemy ; but, after performing numerous inconsistent and inexpli- 
 cable movements, without ri>king either a siege or a battle, the summei 
 passed away, and they retired into winter-quarters. Meantime some in- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 fi.J5 
 
 dAciBiTe engage-nents had taken place between the English and combinec 
 fleets in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Towards the close of the year Lord Carteret, now earl of Granville, 
 resigned his office, and a coalition of parties was formed, which, from in 
 cludmg tories, whigs, and patriots, obtamed the name of the " broad bot 
 torn" administration. Mr. Pelham was chancellor of the exchequer and 
 flrat lord of the treasury ; Lord Hardwicke, chancellor; the duke of Dor- 
 set, president of the council; the duke of Newcastle and F^rd Harrington, 
 secretaries of state; and the duke of Bedford, first lord of the admirality. 
 Mr. Pitt, afterwards earl of Chatham, gave them his support, having been 
 promised a place as soon as the king's aversion could be overcome. 
 
 A. D. 1746.— Robert Walpole, eari of Orford, after a life of political ac 
 tivity, during which he had occupied the most prominent station for 
 twenty years, died March 18, aged 71. His general policy was princi 
 pally characterized by raal in favour of the protestant succession ; by the 
 desire of preserving peace abroad, and avoiding subjects m{ contention at 
 home. Under his auspices the naval superiority of England was main- 
 tained ; commerce encouraged ; justice impartially administered i and the 
 rights of the people preserved inviolate 
 
 In Italy the united armies of France and Spain, owing to their vast 
 superiority in numbers, were enabled to vanquish the Austrians ; and the 
 Anglo- electoral troops in the Netheriands also met with serious reverses. 
 The French army under Marshal Saxe was strongly posted at Fonlenoy ; 
 to which place the duke of Cumberland advanced on the 30th of April, and 
 by nine o'clock in the morning the troops were engaged. The valour of the 
 British infantry was never more signally displayed ; for a time they bore 
 down everything before them ; but the Dutch failing in their attempt on 
 the village of Fontenoy, and the allies coming within the destructive fire 
 of the semicircle of batteries erected by Saxe, were outflanked and com- 
 nelled to retreat. The loss on each side amounted to about 10,000 men ; 
 but though the victory was not absolutely decisive, it enabled the French 
 marshal to take some of the most considerable towns of the Netherlands, 
 and the allies retired for safety behind the canal at Antwerp. 
 
 Thirty years had elapsed since the chevalier de St. George had stirred 
 up that rebellion which had ended so fatally for his own hopes, and so 
 disastrously for his adherents. Since that time he had lived in Italy, had 
 married a grand-daughter of John Sobieski, king of Poland, and had one 
 son, Charles Edward, who was afterwards known in England as the 
 "young pretender." While George U. and his ministers were fully occu- 
 pied in endeavoring to bring the war in Germany to a successful issue, 
 Charles Edward received every encouragement from Louis of France to 
 take advantage of that opportunity, and try his strength in Britain. And 
 now that the national discontent was gaining ground in consequence of 
 tlie loss at Fontenoy, and other events not much less disastrous, he de- 
 -rmined to attempt the restoration of his family: and accompanied only 
 
 a small party of his most devoted friends, he landed in the Hebrides. 
 Here he was soon joined by the Highland chieftains, and speedily found 
 himself at the head of several thousand hardy mountaineers, who were 
 highly Dleased with his affable manners, and with genuine enthusiasm ex- 
 ]txe9'2d &zttMf\vef' ready lo d'o in his se-vice. Th*':rfir»* monomer* wap 
 towards Edinburgh, which city surrendered without resistance, but the 
 castle still held out. The yonng pretender now took possession of Holy- 
 rood palace, where he proclHimed his father king of Great Britain, and 
 himself regent, with all the idle pageantries of state. Mean*'\ne a pro- 
 clamation was issued, offering a reward of 30,000/. for his apprehension. 
 Sir John Cope, the c(»mmander of the king's troops in Scotland, having 
 lollected some reinforcements in the north, proceeded from Aberdeen to 
 Uaahiu by sea, and hearing that the insurgents were resolved to hazard a 
 
 
 I 
 
(U6 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 battle, he encamped at Preston Pans. Here he was unexpectedly attack- 
 ed, and with such vigorous onslaught, by the fierce and undisciplined 
 Hirhlanders, that a sudden panic seized the royal troops, and in their 
 flight they ab'^ndoned all their baggase, cannon, and camp equipage, to 
 their enemies. Elated with success, the rebels entered England, and pro- 
 oeeded as far as Derby, without encountering anv opposition. Here, 
 however, they learned that the duke of Gumberlaud had arrived from the 
 continent, and was making preparations to oppose them with an over 
 whelming force ; and it was tkerefore finally determinedr that as they 
 could neither raise recruits in England, nor fcsrec their way into Wales, 
 they should hasten their return to Scotland. 
 
 The pretender had good reason to believe that important succours would 
 be sent to him from France, or it is not likely he would have crossed the 
 border. But the vigilance of Admiral Vernon prevented the French fleet 
 from venturing outi and thus all hope of foreign assistance was cut off. 
 The forces of the pretender were greatly augmented on his return to 
 Scotland; but finding that Edinburgh was in possession of the king's 
 troops, he bent his course towards Stirling, which town he captured, and 
 aesieged the castle. Matters had now assumed a very serious aspect, 
 and public credit was most seriously affected ; but there was no lack of 
 eneigy in the government, nor any want of patriotism among the nobility, 
 meichants or traders of England; all ranks, in fact, united with ready 
 zeal in meeting the exigency of the occasion. Many new regiments were 
 raised by wealthy and patriotic individuals ; and it was found that by the 
 voluntary exertions of the people 60,000 troops could be added to the king's 
 forces. 
 
 A. Di 1746.— 'In January General Hawley had suffered a complete defeat 
 in endeavoring to raise the siege of Stirling. But a day of terrible retri- 
 bution was at hand. On the IGth of April the royal army, under the com- 
 mand of the duke of Cumberland, encountered the troops of the pretender 
 on Culloden-moor. The Highlanders began the attack in their wild, furi- 
 ous way, rushing on the royal troops with their broadswords and Locha- 
 bar axes ; but the English, being now prepared for this mode of attack, re- 
 oeived them with fixed bayonets, keeping up a steady and well-sustained 
 tire of musketry, while the destruction of their ranks was completed by 
 discharges of artillery. In thirty minutes the battle was converted into a 
 lout; and orders having been issued to give no quarter, vast numbers 
 were slain in the pursuit. The loss of the rebels was estimated at about 
 4,000, while the number of killed in the royal army is said to have scarcely 
 exceeded fifty men! Intoxicated, as it were, with their unexampled vic- 
 tory, the conquerors seemed only bent on merciless vengeance, and the 
 whole country around became a scene of cruelty and desolation. As to 
 the unfortunate prince Charles Edward, he escaped with difficulty from 
 the battle, and alter wandering alone in the mountains for several months, 
 in various disguises, he found means to make his escape to France. 
 
 " One great cause of the pretender's preservation, was the belief that ^e 
 had been slain, which arose from the following circumstance. Amo.ig 
 his friends, who followed as much as possible in his track, a party was 
 surprised in a hut on the side of the Bonjilder mountain, by the soldiers 
 who were in search of him. Having seized them, one named Mackenaie 
 effected hit escape ; upon which his companions told the soldiers that it 
 was the pnnce ; the soldiers thereupon fled in pursuit and overtook the 
 youth, who, when he found Ihelr error, resolved to sacrifice his life, in the 
 hope it might save his master's* He bravely contended with them, re- 
 fused quarter, and died with his sword in his hand, exclaiming, ar^ he fell 
 "You have killed your prince." And this declaration was believed by 
 many. " We cannot, however," says the biojjjrapher of the events of 
 Culloden, " >vithout pride, mention the astonishing fact, that thouiih the 
 
HISTORY OP THE "VfORLD. 
 
 647 
 
 sum of thirty thousand pounds sterling was long publicly offered for his 
 apprehension, and though he passed through very many hands, and both 
 the reward and his person were perfectly weli known to an intelligent and 
 very inquisitive people, yet no man or woma* was to be found capable of 
 degrading themselves to earning so vast a reward by betraying a lugitiTe, 
 whom misfortune had throwil upon their generosity." At length, on the 
 19th of September, the young pretender embarked with twenty-five gen- 
 tlemen and one hundred and seven common men, in a French vessel, sent 
 for that purpose to the coast; and after a passage of ten day« he arrived 
 at Itoseau, near Morlaix, and immediately proceeded to Paris, where he 
 was kindly received by Louis XV. But his hopes were forever fled, llie 
 courage and fortitude he displayed in Scotland seem to have forsaken him 
 with a reverse of fortune, and during the remainder of his days no trace 
 of ambition marked his actions. 
 
 The duke of Cumberland had now become the idol of the nation ; and 
 for his bravery at CuUoden the parliament voted jC25,000 per annum in 
 addition to his former income. Several acts were paissed for protecting 
 the government of Scotland, and securing its loyalty ; and many execu- 
 tions of the rebels took place in different parts of the kingdom. Bills of 
 indictment for high treason were found against the earls of Kilmarnock 
 and Cromartie, and Lord Balmerino, who were tried in Westminster-hall. 
 All three pleaded guilty; Kilmarnock and Balmerino were executed on 
 Tower-hill, but Cromartie's life was spared. Foremost among those who 
 had engaged tO' venture their lives and fortunes in restoring the Stuart 
 family to the throne of England was Lord Lovat, a man whose character 
 was branded with many vices, and whose great age (for he was in his 90th 
 year) had not deterred him from taking an active part in fomenting and 
 encouraging the late rebellion. Being found guilty by his peers, he was 
 remanded to the Tower, where, in a few months afterwards, he was be- 
 headed. At this last scene of his life he behaved with great propriety : 
 his behaviour was dignified and composed ; he surveyed the assembled 
 multitude with a cheerful countenance, and taking up the axe to examine 
 it, he repeated from Horace, 
 
 "Daloe et deconun eit pro pttria moril" 
 
 then laying his head on the block, it was severed from his body at a single 
 stroke. 
 
 ▲. D. 1747.— We must now briefly allude to the state of affairs on the 
 continent. Early in the spring the duke of Cumberland led his troops 
 thither, to join our Austrian and Dutch allies. The French had a decided 
 advantage in point of numbers, and Marshal Saxe, their commander, com- 
 menced the campaign with the invasion of Dutch Brabant. But, with the 
 exception of the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, by the French, the war was 
 languidly carried on. This celebrated siege, however, lasted from the 
 16th of July to the 15th of September, and presented a continued scene of 
 horror and destructi'^n ; but though the town was burned, the garrison had 
 suffered little, whjle heaps of slain were formed of the besiegers. The 
 governor, calculating from these circumstances on the impregnability of 
 the fortress, was lulled into false security ; while the French troops threw 
 themselves into the fosse, mounted the breaches, and entered the garrison, 
 and thus became masters of the navigation of the Scheldt. In Italy, 
 the allies, though forced to raise the siege of Genoa, were generally suc> 
 cessful. 
 
 At sea the English well maintained their superiority. In an en^ge 
 ment with the French off Cape F-nisterre, the English were victorious} 
 and several richly laden ships, bofn outward and Tiomeward bound, fell 
 into their hands. Admiral Hawke. also, defeated the French fleet, ofl 
 
 ': i 
 
 
 I 
 
HB 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 In November a new parliament assembled, and the ministers denvec 
 much popularity on account of the suppression of the late rebellion, as 
 well as for the naval successes. All parties, however, were tired of the 
 war, and preparations were nwide for opening a conf;ress at Atx-Ia-Chapelle 
 preliminary to a general peace ; but as the issue of it was uncertain, the 
 »ual grants and subsidies were readily voted without inquiry. Though 
 HO long since began, it was not till October in the following year that this 
 treaty of peace was concluded. The chief parties to it were Britain, Hoi. 
 land, and Austria on one side, and France and Spain on the other. By it 
 all the great tre<^^iee from that of Westphalia m 1648, to that of Vienna in 
 1738, were renewed and confirmed. France surrendered her conquests in 
 Flanders, and the English in the East and West Indies. But the right of 
 British subjects to navigate the American seas without being subject to 
 search by the Spaniards, was suffered to pass unnoticed, although that wai> 
 the original bone of contention and the basis of the attacks made on Wal 
 pole's ministry. The only advantage, indeed, that England gained, wa& 
 the recognition of the Hanoverian succession, and the general abandon- 
 ment of the pretender, whose cause was from thenceforth regarded as 
 hopeless. 
 
 A. D. 1749. — The war beinfi; at an end, the disbanding of the army nat- 
 urally followed, and, as must ever in some degree be the case at such a 
 time, the idle and unemployed committed many depredations on the 
 
 Eublic. To remedy this, a colony was established in Nova-Scotia, where 
 lOrd Halifax went out as governor, and laid the foundation of a town, 
 which, in compliment to its projector, the earl of Halifax, was named 
 after him. It was soon found that the soil of Nova-Scotia was incapable 
 of repaying the labourer for his toil, and many who had been transported 
 there obtamed leave to go tq more southern latitudes. Those wno re> 
 mained excited the jealousy of the native Indians, who still resided on the 
 borders of this barren spot ; and the French, who were the first Curopean 
 settlers there, encouraged this jealous feeling. Meantime the animosity 
 between the English and French grew stronger, till at length the lattei 
 claimed the whole territory between the Mississippi and New-Mexico on 
 the east, and to the Apalaehian mountains, on the west. From the fact 
 of their having been the first to discover that river, they took from the 
 English, who had settled beyond those mountains, their possessions, and 
 erected forts to protect all the adjacent country. 
 
 K. D. 1751 . — The first event of any importance this year was the death 
 of Frederic, prince of Wales, which happened on the lOth of March, in 
 the 45th year of his age. His death was caused by an abscess in his side, 
 that formed from the blow of a cricket-ball which he received while play- 
 msr at that game on the lawn of Cliefden-house, Bucks, a :>olleclion of 
 matter having been produced that burst in his throat and suffocated him. 
 The prince bad long been on bad terms with his father, whose measures 
 he uniformly opposed ; and though the anti-ministerial party, and a con- 
 siderable portion of the people spoke highly of his benevolence and mu- 
 nificence, and loudly applauded his conduct at the time, it is clear that 
 much of his patriotism originated in a vain desire for popularity. He left 
 five sons ana three daughters ; his eldest son, George, being only eleven 
 years sld: :. regciicy •was consentient!,' appumteJ; bu'. the !ving .>urvi';ing 
 till the prince attained his majority, there was never anv occasion for it 
 to act. 
 
 The most memorable act passed in the course of this session was that 
 for regulating the commencement of the year, and correcting the calendar 
 according to the Oregorian computation. The New Style, as it wab 
 termed, was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII. in the IGth century, and 
 had long been adopted by most states on the continent. By this act. 
 therefore, it was provided that the year should begin on the 1»tday oi 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 049 
 
 January, instead of, as heretofore, on the 25th day of March, and that 
 eleven intermediate nominal days between the 2d and 14th of September. 
 1752, should be omitted ; the Julian computation, supposing a solar revo- 
 lution to be effected in the precise period of 365 days and six iiours, hav- 
 ing made no provision for the deficiency of eleven minutes, which, how- 
 ever, in the lapse of eighteen centuries amounted to a diflerence of eleven 
 days. Bills were also passed for the better prevention of robberies, for 
 the regulation of places of amusement, and tor punishing the keepers of 
 disorderly houses ; the necessity of this arising froir. the spirit of extrava- 
 gance which prevailed throughout the kingdom, as dissipation and a^us(>. 
 raont occupied every class of society. 
 
 Among the domestic events of this year no one created more sensation 
 than the death of Henry St. John, \ i!*count Bolingbroke ; a nobleman 
 who had for half a century occupied a high station in the country, whether 
 we regard him in the character of a statesman, an orator, an author, or a 
 
 Eolished courtier. He possessed great energy and decision of character, 
 ut he was deficient in that high principle and singleness of purpose that 
 inspires confidence and leads to unquestioned excellence. 
 
 The new parliament was opened on the 10th of May, 1753 ; and the 
 first business of the house was to take into consideration the state of Iro- 
 laad, which, in proportion as it advanced in civilization, showed a disposi- 
 tion to shake off its dependence on England. The kingdom was in a state 
 of tranquillity at the session which terminated the labours of the last par- 
 liament ; but, previous to the new election, the death of Mr. Pelham 
 caused several changes in the government offices ; the late minister was 
 succeeded in the treasurer by his brother, the duke of Newcastle ; and 
 unanimity now prevailed in the cabinet. 
 
 A. D. 1755. — We have before alluded to the animosity which existed 
 between the English and French relative to their North American posses- 
 sions. Hostilities were now commenced by the colonial authorities, 
 without the formality of a declaration of war. A French detachment un- 
 der Dieskau was defeated with groat loss by the British, commanded by 
 Gen. Lyman and Col- Williams. The North American Indians were stim- 
 ulated to attack the British colonists, and supplies of arms and ammunition 
 were imported from France. The British ministers immediately prepared 
 for hostilities ; all the French forts within the limits of Nova-Scotia were 
 reduced by Colonel Monckton; but an expedition against the Frencli 
 forts on the Ohio, commanded by General Braddock, mot with a severe 
 defeat ; the general falling into an ambuscade of French and Indians, was 
 slain, and the regular soldiers fled with disgraceful precipitation. The 
 provincial militia, however, led by Colonel Washington, displayed good 
 itourage, nobly maintaining their ground, and covering the retreat of the 
 main army. The loss of the English on this occasion was very severe ; 
 upwards of 700 men, with several ofllcers, were slain ; the artillery, stores, 
 and provisions became the property of the victors, as well as the general's 
 cabinet, containing his private instructions, &c., of which the enemy 
 availed himself to great advantage. Two other expeditions, destined for 
 tlie attack of Crown Point and Fort Niagara, also failed. But the repri- 
 salf at 8<>i more than compensated for these misfortunes, as upwards of 
 three hundred merchant ships and eight thousand seamen were captured 
 tliat year by British cruisers. 
 
 K. a. 1756. — Notwithsti(nding hostilities had been carried on nearly a 
 vwelvemonth, war was not formally declared till May 18: the chief sub- 
 ient of complaint being the encroachments of the French on the Ohio 
 and Nova-Scotia. This was followed by threats of invasion upon Eng- 
 land or Ireland, in consequence of which a body of Hessian and Han- 
 overian troops was introduced to defend the interior of the kingdom ; a 
 measur(« which gave lise to considerable discontent, as most people 
 
C50 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 thought that the ordinary force of either country was sufficient to rc})fc| 
 Invasion. But whilst the government was providing for its internal 
 security, the enemy was making serious attempts to wrest from ua oui 
 posaessions both in the East and West Indies. The reduction ol 
 Minorca was a favourite object of the French government; a formidable 
 force was landed on the island, and close siege laid to Fort St. Philip, 
 which commands the principal town and harbour. The governor, Gen- 
 eral Blakeney, made a long and able defence ; but Admiral Byng, who 
 bad been entrusted with the charge of the English fleet in the Mediterra- 
 nean, and was ordered to attempt the relief of the place, seems to have 
 been destitute of any decisive plan ; and, after avoiding an action with a 
 French squadron, he returned to Gibraltar, abandoning Minorca to its 
 fote, which, to the infinite chagrin of the nation, fell into the hands of 
 the enemy. 
 
 The surrender af Minorca was an unexpected blow, and the rage of the 
 people at its loss was directed against the unfortunate Byng, who being 
 tried by a court-martial at Portsmouth, was condemned to death for not 
 doing his utmost to engage the enemy, but reconimended to>the mercy 
 of the crown, as it did not appear to the court that it was through 
 cowardice or disaffection. Great exertions were made to save the admi- 
 ral's life, but in vain ; he was ordered to be shot on board the Monarque, 
 and he met his fate with coolness and intrepidity. 
 
 In America a second series of expeditions against the French forts 
 signally failed; while the marquis de Montcalm, the governor of Canada, 
 captured Oswego, where the British had deposited the greater part of 
 their artillery and military stores. But it is time that we call the reader's 
 attention to the progress of affairs in our Eastern possessions. 
 
 A. u. '757.— The jealousy which had been created among the petty in- 
 dependent f winces of India, by the privileges which the emperor of Delhi 
 bad granted to the English settlers at Calcutta, had risen to an alannhig 
 height; but successful means had been used to allay their fury until the 
 accession of the ferocious Suraja Dowla, souhbadar of Bengal, who was 
 enraged at the shelter which the English afforded to some of his destined 
 victims. He advanced towards Calcutta, when the governor and most ol 
 the local authorities, panic-stricken, made their escape in boats, leaving 
 about a hundred and ninety men, under the control of Mr. Holwell, to 
 make the best of their forlorn situation. The mere handful of Knglish- 
 men, composing the garrison, for a short time bravely defended them- 
 selves, but when they fell into the power of the infuriated Suraja, ho 
 ordered the unhappy prisoners, then amounting to one hundred and forty- 
 six, to be thrust into the prison of Calcutta, called the Black-hole; a room 
 less than twenty feet square. Here the heat and foulness of the air 
 reduced them to the most pitiable state imaginable ; and when on the fol- 
 lowing morning an order came for their release, only tweniv-tliree were 
 found alive. The news of this horrid catastrophe reached Madras just 
 when Colonel Clive and Admiral Watson, flushed by their recent victory 
 over the celebrated pirate Angria, had arrived at Madras to aid in the 
 destruction of the French influence in Deccan. Calcutta was therefore 
 the scene of their next operations ; and no sooner did the fleet make its 
 appearance before that city than it surrendered. The French fort of 
 Chandernagore was reduced; several of the Suraja Dowla's own palaces 
 were taken, conspiracies were formed against hin, and the haughty chief- 
 tain felt that the sovereignty of Bengal must be decided by a battle 
 Contrary to the opinion of all his oflRcers, Clive resolved to engage him, 
 although the disparity of their forces was prodigious. He accordingly took 
 up a position in the grove of Plassy ; his troops in the whole not exceed- 
 ing 3,200 men, of whom only nine hundred were Europeans ; while Suraja 
 Dowla had with him fifty thousand foot, eighteen thousand horse, and 
 
 
" m 
 
fittjr pieces of c 
 
 enemy, ar.d so sk 
 
 complete victory 
 
 m killed and woi 
 
 dominioi; in India 
 
 which, in its wee 
 
 A.0. 1768.— W 
 
 change in the En 
 
 was at this perioc 
 
 Chatham) was bi 
 
 beinf opposed to 
 
 would have been 
 
 tiples had acquii 
 
 tarnished by dela' 
 
 was therefore re 
 
 military operalior 
 
 lirst-named being 
 
 bourg, and aided b 
 
 eminence, forced 
 
 ed by the entire re 
 
 the French occup 
 
 Forbes was sent 
 
 approach abandon 
 
 Abercrombje him 
 
 valour of his trooi 
 
 Tortified. 
 
 An expedition \ 
 
 tants of Canada hj 
 
 would be respectec 
 
 Thus when Gener 
 
 tered no very serii 
 
 regard the approa 
 
 vanced towards Q 
 
 Crown Point, ant 
 
 Niagara. Asnhers 
 
 but m this he was < 
 
 made him almost d 
 
 persevere in this h 
 
 night, under the he 
 
 inaccessible steep, 
 
 town. The marqu 
 
 that so daring and 
 
 iroops. A battle « 
 
 contest with equal ( 
 
 was just beginning 
 
 the breast of WolJe 
 
 dew from rank to i 
 
 loss of his general 
 
 words " They run ! 
 
 sank in a tioldier'a 
 
 being told it was t 
 
 marquis de Montcal 
 
 lariiiirepid«ty. In i 
 
 youthful rival. W\ 
 
 ne exciaim«d, •' So i 
 
 render of Quebec." 
 
 pte« to the British, 
 
 followed. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 051 
 
 l.n»"o°fT/„'!S.\T "°"'Pl«"°'^ J'8»l™l Quebec, and » th. inh.bi 
 »«d no vor, .eriou, oT^K taV?h ' C.tdtaTih; tamSTo 
 
 
0S2 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 A. o. 1760. — III the East Indies the success of the English was scarcely 
 less decisive than in America- By larid and by sea several victsries had 
 been gained in that quarter : and at length Colonel Coote and the French 
 general, Lally, fought a determined battlo at Wandewash (Jan. 21), in 
 which the French were signally defeated and their influence in the Car- 
 natic destroyed. 
 
 The war on the continent, in which the English had taken a very activu 
 part, had now ragedfor four years, without gaining any other advantage 
 than the gratification of defending the possessions of their sovereign in 
 Germany. England, indeed, was now in a state of uliparalleled glory. 
 At sea, the conduct of her admirals had destioyed the naval power of 
 the French ; in the Indies her empire was extended, and the English 
 rendered masters of the commerce of the vast peninsula of Hindostan; 
 while in Canada a most important conquest had been achieved These 
 important acquisitions made the English veiy impatient of the German 
 war; and they asserted that the French islands in the West Indies, more 
 valuable to a commercial people than half the states of German}, migh- 
 have been gained with less expense and risk than had been spent in de- 
 fending one paltry electorate. In the midst of these disputes, George II. 
 died suddenly, on the 25ih of October, in the 77th year of his age, and 
 the 34th of his reign. The immediate cause of his disease was a rup- 
 ture of the right ventricle of the heart. If we impartially regard the char- 
 acter of this king, we shall find both in his private and public conduct 
 room for just panegyric. That during his whole reign he evinced a re- 
 markable affection for his Hanoverian subjects is certainly true ; yet his 
 exposing that country to the attacks of the enemy, rather than neglect the 
 rights of England in North America, clears him of the imputation of 
 partiality. In his temper he was hasty and viuiuiii, yet his general con- 
 duct was so little influenced by this, that it was generally mild and 
 humane. He was impartial in the administration of justice, sincere and 
 open in his inlqntions, and temperate and regular in his manner of living 
 Under his reign the agriculture, commerce, and industry of Great Britain 
 daily increased ; and his subjects, even when at war with the most power- 
 ful nations of Europe, enjoyed peace at home, and acquired glory abroad. 
 
 Great progress had been made in this reign in disseminating a taste for 
 general literuturo and the arts; and though it was not the fashion for the 
 magnates of the land to be very liberal of their patronage to such as 
 devoted their minds to the advancement of science, still much was done 
 towards pioneering the way for a future sge, when a solution of many of 
 the phenomena of nature might seem to demand more serious attention. 
 Among the great historians were Hume, Gibbon, and Robertson. In 
 philology ahd criticism were Warburton, Bentley, and Boyle. Mathema- 
 tics and astronomy could boast of Halley, Bradley, and Maclaurin 
 Theology was distinguished by the eminent names of Poller, Moadley, 
 Sherlock, Doddridge, Watts, Chandler, and many others- Painting 
 had its Iteynolds, Ramsay, and Hogarth ; music its Handel, Boyce, Greene, 
 and Arno; and among the votaries of the muses were Pope, Akennide, 
 Thom[ .on, Young, Gray, Glover, and others scarcely less distinguished 
 
 CHAPTER I^X. 
 
 THB RIIOM or OCbROE III. 
 
 A. D. 1760.— George II. was succeeded by his grandson, Oeorg«! Hi., 
 eldest son of Frederic, prince of Wales, whose death has been nienlioned 
 as oc3urring in 1761. On his accession to the throne he was twenty-tro 
 ~ m^_. .«*..!.!« ^nnA_tp;^_w^_ff,A_ unriffht. and rsUsiou!; Hi! edui'** 
 
 VirniS ■ 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 653 
 
 lion bad been under the direction of Lord Bute, and he had a great advan 
 tage over his predecessors, in being acquainted with the language, habits 
 and institutions of his countrymen ; his first entrance into public lire con- 
 gequently made a favourable impression on his snbjects, and addresses, 
 containing professions of the most loyal attachment, poured in from all 
 parts of the kingdom. 
 
 On his majesty^s accession, the nominal head of the administration was 
 the duke of Newcastle ; but Mr. Pitt, principal secretary of state, was the 
 presiding genius of the cabinet. The chief remainii^ members werv 
 Lord Northington, afterwards lord chancellor ; Lord Carteret, presiden 
 of the council; the duke of Devonshire, lord chamberlain; Mr. Legge 
 chancellor of the exchequer ; Lord Anson, first lord of the admiralty, 
 and Lord Holdernesse, secretary of state. On the 18th of November the 
 king met his parliament, and in a popular speech, which he commenced 
 with, " Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Briton,'' 
 the flourishing stats of the kingdom, the brilliant successes of the war, 
 and the extinction of internal divisions were acknowledged ; while the 
 support of the " protestant interest," and a " safe and honourable peace,*' 
 were declared to be the objects of the war. An act was then passed for 
 granting tb his majesty an annual income of 80,000/. 
 
 A. D. 17t)1. — One of the first important acts of the new monarch was a 
 declaration of his intention to marry the princess Charlotte, daughter ol 
 theduke of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz: the necessary preparations were ac- 
 cordingly made; she arrived in London on the 7th of September, the nup- 
 tials took place that evening in the royal chapel, and on the 22d their 
 majesties were crowned in Westminster-abbey. 
 
 Soon after the king's accession, negotiations for peace were commenced 
 by the courts of France and Great Britain, but there was little honesty of 
 intention on either side ; Mr. Pitt being firmly resolved to humble the 
 house of Bourbon, while the duke of Chouiseul, on the part of France, 
 was relying on the promises of Spanish aid, to enable him to carry on 
 hostilities with increased vigour. , The war languished in Germany ; but 
 at sea the honour of the British flag was still nobly susta:ned. Peace 
 appeared to be desirable for all parties, and negotiations were resumed; 
 but neither power was willing to make concessions, and Mr. Pitt having 
 discovered that an intimate connexion between the courts of Versailles 
 and Madrid had been formed, proposed in council to anticipiite the hos- 
 tile intentions of the latter, by seizing the plate-fleet, laden with the treas- 
 ures of Spanish America. To this the king and the rest of the ministers 
 were adverse ; the consequence of which was, that Mr. Pitt and his 
 brother-in-law, Lord Temple, sent in their seals of office. His majesty, 
 anxious to introduce his f^avourite, the earl of Bute into the -cabinet, ac- 
 cepted the premier's resignation, and in return for his great services, a 
 pension of 3,000/. per annum was settled upon him, which was to continue 
 lo his wife (on whom the title of baroness Chatham was conferred) and 
 their eldest son, for their lives. 
 
 A. D 1762.— -A very few months after the late changes in the cabinet 
 had occurred, it became fully evident that the " family compact" of the 
 houses of Bourdon had been completed. On this occasion the new min- 
 istry showed no want of alacrity in maintaining their country's honour; 
 andfon the 4th of January war was declared against Spain. The first 
 blow was struck by Admiral Rodney, who captured Marlinico ; which was 
 followed by the surrender of the dependent isles, Grenada, St. Lucie, and 
 St. Vincent. The next expedition undertaken by the English was equally 
 .lucccssful ; a fleet under Admiral Pococke, assisted by an army under 
 the carl of Albemarle, was sent against Havanna, the capital of the island 
 of Cuba, which surrendered after a vigorous resistance of two months 
 
 
 'l^a M^U... 
 
 iviir-^ tsx; 
 
 :_y| k» tVi.. C*n»liah nn tWtm nn/>3ainn ■niniinlnil In twnlvi. 
 
654 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ships of the line, besides money and merchandise to tne amount of foui 
 millions sterling. 
 
 While these successes attended the British arms in the West Indies, an 
 armament from Madras, under General Draper and General Cornish, re- 
 duced the island of Manilla, and its fall involved the fate ol the whole 
 range of the Philippine islands. The capture of the Hermione, a large 
 Spanish register- ship, took place »oon after, and the cargo, which was 
 estimated at a million sterling, passed in triumph to the bank at the sar;.v 
 hour in which the birth of the prince of Wales was announced to the pnb 
 lie (April 12, 1762). 
 
 An attempt made by Spain to subdue Portugal having proved unsuc- 
 cessful, and both France and Spain being heartily tired of a war which 
 threatened ruin to the colonies of both, thejr became desirous of peace ; 
 this being agreeable to the British ministry, of whom the earl of Bute wuii 
 then at the head, preliminaries were speedily set on foot. Indeed, so 
 anxious was his lonlship to avoid a continuance of hostilities, that he not 
 only stopped the career of colonial conquest, but consented to sacrifice 
 several acquisitions that Britain had already made. The definitive treaty 
 was concluded at Paris on the 11th of February, 1763. Florida was re- 
 ceived in exchange for Havanna ; Cape Breton, Tobago, Doifiinico, St. 
 Vincent, Grenada, and Senegal were retained ; the conquest of Canada 
 remained intact, and the British nation had also gained large possessions 
 and a decided superiority in India. 
 
 A. D. 1763. — In Germany the marquis of Granby signalized himself at 
 the head of an army ; and, in union with the king of Prussia, would in all 
 probability have succeeded in expelling the French troops, had not a gen- 
 eral treaty of peace put an end to the contest. Britain by the colonial 
 war obtained complete maritime supremacy; she commanded the entire 
 commerce of North America and Hindostan, and had a decided superi- 
 ority in the Wcbi. indian trade. But during the "seven years' war" a 
 question arose which led to very important discussions ; France, unable to 
 maintain a commercial intercourse with her colonies, opened the trade to 
 neutral powers; England declared this traffic illegal, and relying on her 
 naval superiority, seized neutral vessels and neutral property bound to 
 hostile ports. The return of peace put an end to the dispute for a season, 
 but the subject has since been the fruitful source of angry discussion in 
 every subsequent war. 
 
 The earl of Bute, under whose auspices the Jate peace had been made, 
 nad always been beheld with jealousy by the popular party, who accused 
 him of having formed that '• influence behind the throne greater than the 
 throne itself,"— though it really seems to have been a mere delusion, fos- 
 tered and encouraged for factious purposes — now suddenly resigned his 
 oflUce of first lord of the treasury, and was succeeded by Mr. George Gren- 
 ville. 
 
 The public attention was now almost wholly bent on the result of the 
 trial of John Wilkes, member for Aylesbury, a man of good talents and 
 classical taste, but who bore a very profligate character. Disappointed in 
 nis expectations from the ministry, he assumed the part of a violent 
 patriot, and inveighed vehemently against the measures pursued by gov- 
 ernment. The press teemed with political pamphlets, to wnich the minis- 
 terial p«rty seemed indifferent, until the appearance of No. 49 of the North 
 Briton, ill which very strong and scurrilous abuse was published against 
 the king's speech delivered at the close of parliament. A general warrant 
 was then'ni>on iHsued for apprehending the author, printer, and publisher 
 of it ; and Mr. Wilkes being taken into custody, he was sent to the Tower, 
 and all his pap«!r8 were seized. He was afterwards tried in the court ol 
 common pleas and acquitted. Lord Chief-Justice Pratt declaring against 
 
 ninci nlraarlv nVA 
 
V 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 655 
 
 the legality of general warrants; that is, warrants not specifying the 
 names of the accused. 
 
 But Wilkes, after his release, having republished the oflensive paper, an 
 information was filed against him at his majesty's suit, for a gross libel, 
 and the Norlk Briton was burned by the common hangman : nor did the 
 matter end here ; the legality of general warrants gave rise to several 
 itormy debates in the house of commons , and at length Mr. Wilkes was 
 expelled for having printed in his own house an infamous poem, called 
 " An Essay on Woman," with notes, to which the name of Bishop War- 
 burton was affixed. As he did not appear to the indictment preferred 
 against him, he was declared an outlaw. He then retired to France ; and 
 we may here as well observe, though in doing so we overstep our chrono- 
 logical boundary, that in 1768 he returned to England, and, by submitting 
 to the fine and imprisonment pronounced against liim, procured a reversion 
 of the sentence of outlawry. He then oflfered himself to represent the 
 county of Middlesex, and was unanimously chosen, in opposition to the 
 ministerial candidates. He afterwards commenced a prosecution against 
 the earl of Halifax, and recovered 4,000/. damages for his imprisonment 
 in the Tower upon an illegal warrant. 
 
 A. D. 1765. — This year is rendered important in the annals of England 
 by the passing of an American stamp ac' which gave rise to those disputes 
 which alienated the colonies from the mother-country, and ended in a 
 total separation. As the late war ha^ been entered into by Great Britain, 
 in order to protect her American settlements from the encroachments of 
 the French, it was thought reasonable that they should contribute towards 
 Ihe expenses which had been incurred. A bill was accordingly brought 
 into parliament, and received the royal assent, for imposing a stamp and 
 other duties on fifty-three articles of their commerce. However, eventu- 
 ally, the resistance made by the Americans to these imposts, and the gen- 
 eral discontent which prevailed in England, occasioned the repeal of the 
 act. A change in the ministry, by the introduction of the marquis of 
 Rockingham, was the immediate consequence ; but his rule was of very 
 limited duration, and the duke of Grafton was appointed first lord of the 
 treasury. The privy seal was bestowed on Mr. Pitt, who was created 
 earl of Chatham ; Lord Camden succeeded Lord Northington as lord 
 chancellor, and Mr. Townshend was made chancellor of the exchequer. 
 
 The affairs of the East India Company now claimed the attention of the 
 house. Mr. Vansillart had acted as governor-general from the time oi 
 Colonel Olive's return to England in 1760. But the viceroy of Bengal 
 had opposed the company, and a war ensued which ended by the English 
 making an entire conquest of the kingdom of Bengal. The preceding 
 year the company sent over Lord Clive, who found that their agents had 
 boon in the habit of exacting largo sums as presents from the native 
 princes, by which means they had accumulated great riches, and the 
 name of an Englishman had become odious. Lord Clive resolved to re- 
 strain the rapacity of these persons, and he concluded a treaty for the 
 company, by which they would enjoy a revenue of 1,700,000/. 
 
 The wealth of this powerful body rendered it too formidable in the eyes 
 of government, and a question arose whether the East India Company 
 had any riiht to territorial Jurisdiction. On examining into their charier 
 it appeared that they were prohibited from making conquests ; and it bo 
 Ing proved that they had subdued some of the native princes, and annexed 
 their dominions to the company's setth;ments, it was agreed that this 
 commercial association should be brought in some degree under the con- 
 tiol of parli.'<.ment. 
 
 The metropolis was for a long tinw agitated with the aflfair of Wilkes, 
 of which a set of restless demagogues took advantage to disturb the public 
 
 !!1Iik1 nlrnarlv nvnr.aTritAH hv iha nnnnniiinn i.^ <>>n mjaaaima nt 
 
 
 1*^ 'fc 
 
656 
 
 HISTOllY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 'mentas regarded the North American colonies. Bui no national eveni 
 worthy of historical record occurred for some considerabie lime. 
 
 One- or two matters of domestic interest which happened during this 
 period must, however, be noticed. The first relates to an address (mm 
 the corporation of London to the k«ng, which was presented on the 23d 
 of May, 1770, in which they lamented the royal displeasure they had 
 incurred in consequence of their former remonstrance ; but they still ad- 
 hered to it, and again prayed for a dissolution of parhament. To which 
 his majesty replied that " he should have been wanting to the public, as 
 well aa to himself, had he made such an 'use of the prerogative as was 
 inconsistent with the interest, and dangerous to the constitution of the 
 kingdom." Upon this, the lord-mayor Beckford, a high-spirited and fear- 
 less democrat, begfged leave to answer the king. Such a request was as 
 indecorous as it was unusual ; but in the confusion of the moment, leave 
 was given, and, with great fluency of language, he delivered an extern 
 pore address to his majesty, ccacluding in the following words :— " Per 
 mit me, sire, to observe that waoever has already dared, or shall hereaftei 
 endeavour, by false insinuations and suggestions, to alienate your ma- 
 jesty's affections from your loyal subjects in general, and from the city 
 of London in particular, and to withdraw your confidence from, and regard 
 for, your people, is an enemy to your majesty's person and family, a 
 violator of the public peace, and the betrayer of our happy constitution 
 as it was established at the glorious and necessary revolution." Nc 
 reply was given, but the king reddened with anger and astonishment 
 When his civic lordship again appeared at St. James' the lord-chamber- 
 lain informed him that nis majesty desired that nothing of the kind mighi 
 happen in future. 
 
 An ex-offlcio persecution against Woodfall, the printer and publisher oi 
 the " Public Advertiser," in which the " Letters of Junius" originally ap 
 peared, having placed him at the bar. Lord Mansfield informed the jurv 
 that they had nothing to do with the intention of the writer, their province 
 was limited to the /ac< of publishing; the truth or falsehood of the alledged 
 libel was wholly immaterial. The jury, however, after being out nine 
 hours, found a verdict of guilty of printing and publishing only, which in 
 eflTeci amounted to an acquittal. These celebrated " Letters" were equally 
 distinguished by the force and elegance of their style, as by the virulence 
 of their attacks on individuals; and though conjecture has ever since been 
 busy to discover the author, and strong circumstantial evidence has been 
 brought forward at different timet to identify different persons with the 
 authorship, no one has yet succeeded in the attempt. 
 
 Before this time (1'''71) the parliamentary debates had only been given 
 in monthly magazines and other periodicals published at considerable 
 intervals. The practice of daily reporting now commenced ; but as it 
 was an innovation on the former practice, and in direct violation of the 
 standinfi: orders of the house, several printers were apprehended and taken 
 before Lord-mayor Crosby and Aldermen Oliver and Wilkes, who dis- 
 charged them, and held the messenger of the commons to bail for false 
 imprisonment. The house of commons, enraged at this daring con'empt 
 «.'f their authority, committed their two members, Crosby and Oliver, to 
 the Tower ; but Gventually the matter was suffered to drop ; the aldermen 
 were liberated ; and from that time the publication of the parliamentary 
 proceedings has been connived at! 
 
 On the death of Mr. Townshend, who did not long survive his appoint- 
 ment to the ofhce of chancellor of the exchequer, he was succeeded by 
 fjord North — Lord Chatham having now lost his influence over the minis- 
 iry, and being dissatisfied with their proceedings, resigned his place us 
 lord-keeper of the privy seal, and retired from the cares of governmrnt. 
 
 In the late arrangeinenta made between irovemment and the Bast India 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ear 
 
 t.onipany, permission was given to the latter to export teas frew of duty 
 Lord North hoped that the low price of the article would induce the 
 Amencans to pay the duty charged on importation by the English IcKis- 
 teture, if only for the mere purpose of allowing the right of taxation. 
 Lustonj-houses had been established in their seaports, for the purpose of 
 collecting these duties ; which being considered by the Americans as an 
 infringement of their liberty, they/reoolved to discontinue the use of Brit- 
 ish commodities. Accordingly, when three vessels, laden with tea, arrived 
 at Boston, they were boarded during the night by a party of the townsmen, 
 and the cargoes thrown into the sea. This, followed by other acts of 
 defiance, and a repetition of similar rebellious conduct on the part of the 
 inhabitants of South Carolina, gave great offence, while it occasioned con- 
 siderable alarm m England, and acts were passed for closing the port of 
 Boston, and for altering the constitution of the colony of Massachusetts 
 
 yv hen the order to close the port of Boston reached America, a copy 
 of the act, surrounded with a black border, was circulated through all the 
 provinces, and they resolved to spend the 1st of June, the day appointed 
 to put the act into execution, in fasting and prayer. Whilst each province 
 was framing resolutions, the other bills reached Massachusetts. Theso 
 raised their irritated feelings to the highest pitch, and they formed ai? 
 association, in which they bound themselves, by a solemn league andcovl 
 enant, to break off all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, until 
 the Boston port-bill and other acts should be repealed, and the colony 
 restored to us ancient rights. In this situation of affairs the British par- 
 liament assembled, when a conciliatory plan for accommodating the 
 troubles of America was proposed in the house of lords by the earl of 
 Chatham, and rejected. The petition and remonstrance of The Congress 
 were also rejected, and an application made by their agents to be heard 
 at the bar of the house of commons was refused. 
 
 A. D. 1775.— An open rupture between the parent state and its colonies 
 was evidently approaching with rapid strides. Determined to support 
 their cause with the utmost vigour, the Americanu at once proceeded to 
 tram their militia, erect powder m;"« in Philadelphia and Virginia, and 
 prepare arms m every proirince. Thsy also assumed the appellation of 
 ' Ihe United Co.onies of America," established an extensive paper cur- 
 rency, and were very active m raising a regular army. On the other hand, 
 the authority of the British government was promptly supported by Gen 
 eral Gage, wno had lately been appointed governor of Massachusetts* 
 Bay. This officer having received intelligence that some military atcteu 
 belonging to the provincials were deposited at a place called Concord, he 
 sent thither a detachment of soldiers to destroy them ; but on their reti-rr 
 to Boston, these troops were pursued by a body of provincials, who wo.il'! 
 have succeeded in cutting them off, had not the general sent out a la:gt 
 force to cover their retreat. The loss of the English on this occasioi, 
 amounted to 273 men ; of the Americans only 50 were killed and 58 
 wounded. War had therefore now actually commenced ; and the provin- 
 cials, elated with their success, pursued their hostile intentions with 
 increased vigour. Having a short time after surprised the fortresses of 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and by that means possessed themselves 
 Jf upwards of 100 pieces of cannon, besides a large quantity of military 
 Btores of every description, they assembled an army or 20,000 men, whici 
 they entrusted to Gkorok Washinoton, and resolved to lay siege to Bos- 
 ton. In the meantime the English cabinet having received intelligence 
 of these resolute proceedings, sent a reinforcement to their army, with 
 the generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton. The Americans, not at ah 
 Intimidated by these measures, persisted in blockading Boston : and in thr 
 night of the tenth of June they took possession of and fortified an emi- 
 
 IM>ni<n nulloH niinlror*a HlM >- ~t ...kl-t. <!.-.. .1.1 . r :J->.l. 
 
 r. '.'" ~ ••iiii iiviil rrjtivil tinry tutliu VLTCIl a luriuiuauic fait 
 
 Vol. L~4a 
 
 
658 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 nonade on the town. To this point General Gage sent two thousand 
 men, in order to dislodge them ; in which attempt they at last succeeded, 
 but not without a h)ss so heavy, that the English general resolved to 
 confine himself for the future to defensive operations. 
 
 Hitherto, notwithstanding their uninterrupted success, the American 
 i!olonists had disclaimed all idea of assuming independence ; but, on the 
 contrary, as was averred in a petition from the congress, presented to the 
 king by Mr. Penn, a descendant of the founder of Pennsylvania, they 
 were extremely desirous of effecting a compromise. He at the same 
 time assured the government, that if the present application was rejected, 
 they would enter into alliance with foreign powers ; and that such allian- 
 ces, if once formed, would be with great difficulty dissolved. The peti- 
 tion was, however, rejected ; an act was passed, prohibiting all trade with 
 the colonies, and another, by which all American vessels were declared 
 enemies' ships. .,• i 
 
 The Americans, finding that their endeavours to conciliate the mmistry 
 were ineffectual, gave orders to their generals to endeavour to subjugate 
 such of the colonies as remained faithful to Great Britain. Two parties 
 were sent into Canada, under General Montgomery and Colonel Arnold, 
 who, after having siirniounted innumerable difficulties, laid siege to Que- 
 bec ; but in this attempt they were overpowered ; Montgomenr was killed, 
 Arnold was wounded, and their men were compelled to make a precipi- 
 tate retreat. While the Americans were thus unsnccessful in Canada, 
 the British governors in Virginia and North and South Carolina had used 
 their best endeavours to keep those provinces in alliance, but without 
 effect ; they therefore found themselves obliged to return to England. 
 General Gage was recalled, and the command of the troops at Boston 
 devolved on General Horve, who was soon after obliged to evacuate the 
 place, and repair to Halifax, in Nova-Scotia. The royal forces had no 
 sooner relinquished the town than General Washington took possession 
 of it, and, with the assisliiuce of some foreign engineers, fortified it in 
 such a manner as to render it almost impregnable. It now wanted little 
 to effect a total alienation of the colonies from Great Britain ; and the 
 fact of having subsidized a large body of German mercenaries for the pur- 
 pose of assisting in the subjugation of the revolted provinces, served as n 
 fair excuse for the congress to publish the declaration of independence nj 
 the thirteen United States, which took place on the 4th of July, 1776. 
 
 This bold measure w.as determined on at a time when the congress had 
 no very flattering prospect before their eyes, and little to encourage them 
 save the indomitable spirit of resistance that everywhere manifested 
 itself to British supremacy. Its firmy was a raw militia, and it was un- 
 provided to any extent with ships or money ; while the English forces 
 greatly augmented, were preparing to besiege New- York. General Howe 
 had been joined by his brother. Lord Howe, and on the 26th of August 
 the campaign opened by the English taking possession of Long Island, 
 preparatory to an attack on New- York, which was captured on the 2l8t 
 of September, Washington evacuating that city with the utmost precipi- 
 tation. The city >vas soon after set on fire by some incendiaries, who had 
 concealed themselves, and nearly a third part of it was destroyed. After 
 an undeviating course of victory, General Howe led his troops into winter- 
 juarters ; but in the disposition of them he departed from his usual pru- 
 dence.and allowed them to be too much scattered, which occasioned the 
 Hessian troops, who, fro.n their depredations and cruelties, had roused 
 the resentful feelinijs of the inhabitants of New- Jersey, to be siirpnsed 
 in their canto tments, where nearly 1000 were taken prisoners, and many 
 
 A. 0. 1777.— Gratified w'th the intelligence they received of Howe'H 
 successes, the English ministry determined to follow them up bv sending 
 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 659 
 
 ia amy under General Burgfoyne, from Canada through ihe northern 
 Btates, to co-operate with Howe in the South. For a time evsrything 
 seemed to promise a favourable issue to this project : Sir William Howu 
 defeated Washington at the battle of Brandy wine, and took Philadelphia; 
 while Burgoyne, having reduced Ticonderoga, was pursuing his march 
 southward. But innumerable difficulties lay in his way, and when he 
 reached Saratoga, he was surrounded by the American forces under gen- 
 erals Gates and Arnold, and he sftid his whole army, amounting to 6762 
 men, were compelled to surrender prisoners of war. Thus ended a cam- 
 paign which at the outset seemed so promising; but, disastrous as it had 
 turned out, neither the confidence of ministers nor of the British people 
 appeared to be' at all abated. 
 
 A. D. 1778.-- Whilst England was engaged in this unfortunate contest 
 with her colonies, a cessation seemed to have taken place in the conten- 
 tions and animosities of other nations, and their whole attention was ap- 
 parently engrossed by speculating on the novel scene before them. The 
 great disturbers of mankind appear to have laid aside their rapacity and 
 ambition, wh^Jst they contemplated the new events which were transpi- 
 rinar, and predicted the conclusion of so strange a warfare. The enemies , 
 of England, who had long beheld, with apprehension, the increase of hei 
 commerce, and many of England's old allies who envied her the posses- 
 sion of such valuable colonies, were astonished at the revolution which 
 threatened her, and looked forward with pleasure to the time when her 
 power and glory should be wrested from her grasp. The Americans 
 were received, protected, and openly caressed by France and Spain, who, 
 beginning to feel the influence of that commerce from which they had 
 been so long excluded, treated the colonies with respect, and rejected the 
 feeble remonstrances of England's ambassadors. Happy had it been for 
 France, and happy for the world, if, content with reaping the benefits of 
 American commerce, they had remained spectators of the contest, and 
 simply profited by the dissensions of their neighbours. For it is beyond 
 all doubt that the seed of republicanism which was sown in America 
 sprung up and was nurtured in France, nor could its rank growth be 
 checked till every acre of that fair land had been steeped in blood. 
 
 Crippled and pent up in situations from which they could not stir with- 
 out danger, the royal troops exhibited a most forlorn appearance, while 
 every day was adding to the strength and resources of the insurgents. 
 They had established for themselves an efficient government ; they had 
 agents at the principal European courts; they raised and maintained ar- 
 mies ; and they had, in fact, been recognised as an independent nation 
 Dy two of the principal powers in Europe. The treaty between France 
 And America was completed, and the discussions which arose on the no- 
 tification of this circumstance to the British parliament, were stormy and 
 violent. Though both parties were unanimous in their opinion that a 
 war with France was unavoidable, yet the opposition, who had from the 
 bcgiuning reprobated the American war, insisted that the acknowledg- 
 ment of the independence of th^ colonies was the only effectual method 
 of terminating the contest. The ministerial party, on the other hand, 
 represented the disgrace of bending beneath the power of France, and 
 the dishonour of leaving the American loyalists exposed to the rancour 
 of their countrymen. 
 
 An invasion of England being at this time threatened by the French, an 
 address was moved for recalling the fleets and armies from America, 
 and stationing them in a place where they might more eflectually contri- 
 bute to the defence of the kingdom. This measure was vigorously op- 
 nosed by the administration, and by some members of the opposition 
 Lord Chatham, whose infirmities had lately prevented him from attending 
 hi his place in parliament, evinced his decided disapprobation of it : he bua 
 
 Fl 
 
 ''li B H^ 
 
660 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WOHLU. 
 
 enlerri the house in a rich suit of black velvet, a full wig, and wrappec 
 in flannel to the knees, and was supported to his seat by his son and 
 soii-in-lav, Mr. William Pitt and Viscount Mahon. It is said that he 
 looked weak and emaciated ; and, resting hia hands on his crutches, he at 
 first spoke with difficulty, but as he grew warm his voice rose, and be- 
 came, as usual, oratorical and aflFecting. " My lords," said he, " I rejoice 
 .hat the grave has not closed upon me, that I am still alive to lift up my 
 voice against the dismemberment of this ancient and most noble mon- 
 archy." He was replied to with great respect by the duke of Richmond, 
 when on attempting to rise again he fell back before uttering a word, in 
 a convulsive fit, from which he never recovered, and died a few days 
 after, in the 70th year of his age. May 11, 1778. His merits were trans- 
 cendant, and his death was lamented as a national loss. Apart from the 
 aberrations originating in an ardent love of power, his course was splen- 
 did and magnanimous ; and it was truly said of him by Lord Chesterfield, 
 that his private life was stained by no vices, nor sullied by any meanness. 
 Contemporary praise and posthumous honours were showered down upon 
 the man of whom the nation was justly proud. His remains were mter 
 red with great solemnity in Westminster abbey, and the city of London 
 erected a flattering tribute to his memory in Guildhall. 
 
 A French squadron was sent from Toulon to the assistance of America, 
 under the command of Count d'Estaing, who reduced the island of Grena- 
 da, while a body of his forces made themselves masters of St. Vincent. 
 In other parts of the West Indian seas the British arms were ably sup- 
 ported by the bravery and vigilance of the admirals Hyde Parker and 
 Rowley. On the 27th of July an indecisive action was fought off Brest, 
 between the French fleet, under M. d'Orvilliers, and a British squadron, 
 under Admiral Keppel. Sir Hugh Palliser, the second in command, ac 
 cused the admiral of not having done his duty ; he was accordingly tried 
 by a court-martial, and honourably acquitted ; in fact, it appeared that he 
 had been so badly surported by Palliser, that he was unable to make any 
 use of the slig-' .icvantage he obtained. . , , 
 
 Sir Charles Hardy, a brave and experienced officer, whose services had 
 been rewarded with the governorship of Greenwich Hospital, was ap- 
 pointed to succeed Keppel in the command of the channel fleet. In the 
 meantime, the Spanish court was prevailed on by the French to take up 
 arms in defence of America, and to accede to the general confederacy 
 against Great Britain. As the danger to which the nation was new ex- 
 posed was become truly alarming, it was thought advisable to raise volun- 
 teer companies in addition to the militia, and in this the spirit and mag- 
 nanimity of the people reflected great credit on the national character. 
 Strengthened by the alliance of Spain, the French began to extend then 
 ideas of conquest, and thinking that a blow near at hand was more likely 
 than operations carried on at a distance to alarm the fears of the hnglisli, 
 they made attempts on the islands of Guernsey and Jersey, but in each 
 they were completely frustrated. ... 
 
 But the old enemies of Britain had grown arrogant during the unnatu- 
 ral contest that was waged with the unruly scions of her own stoc^k, and 
 preparations were now made for Britain itself. A junction was effected 
 between the French and Spanish fleets, which made their appearance in 
 the channel, to the number of sixty sail of the line besides frigates. I his 
 formidable armament was opposed by a force much inferioi, under Admi- 
 ral Hardy, who leisurely retired up the channel, enticing them to follow 
 him, but, with all their immense superiority, they chose rather to dechne 
 an encounter; it is true they for some time continued to menace and 
 insult the British coasts with impunity, but without accomplishing anything 
 further than the capture of the Ardent man-of-wnr, wl ch by accident 
 had fallen in with the combined fleets. 
 
 In calling th 
 nod, we have 
 " seven years' 
 ror Joseph to i 
 of the king ol 
 together with 
 France to secc 
 to abandon hia 
 
 A. D. 1780— 
 liament this y< 
 a plan of amel 
 it opened her ] 
 change was h 
 subject for leg 
 diture in the di 
 and financial 1 
 for general re 
 of the kingdor 
 at this crisis^ tl 
 Sir George Sa 
 the act of Wil 
 on the Roman 
 t'on. The loj 
 readiness to r 
 country, were 
 lation of Scotl 
 bill did not exi 
 i.i England to 
 ject was to i 
 statutes whict 
 majority of th( 
 correctly desc 
 persons who, I 
 would h?.ve si 
 George Gordo 
 more correctlj 
 finding this " : 
 portunity of st 
 thereby gainin 
 raised it into i 
 free from evei 
 meeting of th< 
 they should ac 
 June, when th( 
 commons, pra; 
 Roman catholi 
 
 On the folio 
 force," the me 
 was every reai 
 ceive the appr 
 ades in their h 
 sented the peti 
 ate considerati 
 the discussion 
 them the peoj 
 catholic chape 
 to demolish an 
 kiwing Monds 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 601 
 
 I 
 
 In C2lling the leader's attention to the state of the continent at this pe> 
 nod, we have to notice that the peace which followed the memorable 
 " seven years' war" was temporarily menaced by the efforts of the empe 
 ror Joseph to obtain possession of Bavaria ; but the prompt interference 
 of the king of Prussia, who brought into the field an immense army, 
 together with the remonstrances of Russia, and the unwillingness of 
 Prance to second the ambitious designs of Austria, induced the emperor 
 to abandon his aggressive intentions. 
 
 A. D. 1780. — :The first busmess of importance that came before the par- 
 liament this year was the state of Ireland, which brought from Lord North 
 a plan of amelioration that met with the approbation of the house, and, as 
 it opened her ports for the import and export of her manufactures, the 
 change was hailed as a happy omen for the sister kingdom. The next 
 subject for legislative discussion was the wasteful and extravagant expen 
 diture in the different official departments of the state ; and the eloquence 
 and financial knowledge of Mr. Burke, were amply displayed in a plan 
 for general reform, which was seconded by petitions from various parts 
 of the kingdom, praying for a change of men as well as measures. But 
 at this crisis the attention of all parties was attracted by a sudden alarm. 
 Sir George Saville had in the preceding session proposed a bill to repeal 
 the act of William III., which imposed certain penalties and disabilities 
 on the Roman catholics, and which passed both houses without opposi- 
 Von. The loyal conduct of this body of his majesty's subjects, and their 
 readiness to risk their lives and fortunes in defence of their king and 
 country, were generally acknowledged ; but in consequence of the popu- 
 lation of Scotland expressing a dread of granting toleration to papists, the 
 bill did not extend to that kingdom. This encouraged a set of fanatics 
 i.i England to form themselves into an association, whose professed ob- 
 ject was to protect the protestant religion, by revising tne intolerant 
 statutes which before existed against the Roman catholics. The great 
 majority of the members of this " protestant association" were at the time 
 correctly described as " outrageously zealous and grossly ignorant" — 
 persons who, had they been unassisted by any one of rank or influence, 
 would have sunk into oblivion from their own insignificance ; but Lord 
 George Gordon, a young nobleman of a wild and fervid imagination, or, 
 more correctly,,perhaps, one who on religious topics was a monomaniae, 
 finding this " association" would be likely to afford him an excellent op- 
 portunity of standing forth as the champion of the protestant faith, and 
 thereby gaining a good share of mob-notoriety, joined the club, and thus 
 raised it into temporary importance. He became their chairman, and. 
 free from even the apprehension of any fatal results, he proposed in a 
 meeting of the society at Coachmaker's-hall, on the 29th of May, that 
 they should assemble in St. George's Fields at 10 o'clock on the 2d of 
 June, when they should accompany him with a petition to the house of 
 connnons, praying a repeal of the late act of toleration granted to the 
 Roman catholics. 
 
 On the following Friday, the day appointed for this display of " moral 
 force," the members of the house were much surprised — although there 
 was every reason, after this public notice, to expect nothing less — to per- 
 ceive the approach of fifty thousand persons distinguished by blue cock- 
 ades in their hats, with the inscription, " No Popery." Lord George pre- 
 sented the petition to the house, and moved that it be taken into immedi- 
 ate consideration ; but his motion was rejected by 102 votes to 6. During 
 the discussion his lordship frequently addressed the mob outside and told 
 them the people of Scotland had no redress till they pulled down the 
 catholic chapels. Acting upon this suggf «tion, the populace proceeded 
 to demolish and burn the chapels of the foreign ambassadors. On the fol 
 kiii'ing Monday the number of the mob was grestlv in'Tessed by 1^? idle 
 
 
092 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and the prcfligute, who are ever ready for not and plunder. Their vio 
 lence was now no longer confined to the catholics, but was exerted 
 Wherever they could do most mischief. They proceeded to Newgate, 
 and demanded the immediate felease of such of their associates as had 
 been confined there. On receiving a refusal they began to throw firebrands 
 and combustibles into the keepers dwelling-house. The whole building 
 was soon enveloped in flames, and in the interval of confusion and dismay 
 all the prisoners, amounting to upwards of three hundred, made their es 
 cape and joined the rioters. The New-Prison, Clerkenwell, the King's 
 Bench, the Fleet prison, and New-Bridewell, were also set on fire ; and 
 many private houses shared the same fate ; in short, on that night London 
 was beheld blazing iii no less than thirty- six different places at once. At 
 length they attempted (he Bank, but the soldiers there inflicted a severe 
 chastisement on them. The military came in from the country, and, in 
 obedience to an order of the king in council, directions were given to the 
 officers to fire upon the rioters without waiting the sanction of the civil 
 power. Not only had the most fearful apprehensions been excited, and 
 great injury done, but the character of the nation in the eyes of foreign 
 powers could not fail to suffer almost indelible disgrace from such brutal 
 and tumultuous scenes. It was not until a week had elapsed that tran- 
 quillity was restored, when it was found that 458 persons had been killed 
 or wounded, exclusive of those who perished from intoxication. Under a 
 warrant of the secretaries of state, Lord George Gordon was committed 
 to the Tower on a charge of high treason ; but wlien brought to trial the 
 charge could not be sustained, and this most mischievous person was 
 acquitted. However, though he escaped punishment for these proceed- 
 mgs, he was afterwards imprisoned for a libel on the queen of France, 
 and ended his days in Newgate. Out of the rioters who were tried and 
 found guilty, twenty-five of the most violent were hanged. 
 
 We giadfy turn from these scenes .of civil tumult to a more agreeable 
 part of an historian's duty. The commencement of the year was attended 
 with some considerable naval advantages to Great Britain. The fleet 
 under the command of Sir Hyde Parker engaged a French squadron in 
 the West Indies, and captured nine merchantmen. The success which 
 attended Admiral Rodney was more important. On the 16lh of January 
 lie attacked, off Cape St. Vincent, a Spanish fleet, consisting of eleven 
 ships of the line, captured four of them, drove two more on shore, and 
 burned another ; thence proceeding to America, he thrice encountered the 
 French fleet, under the count de Guichen and though he obtained no de- 
 cisive success, he prevented Washington from receiving naval aid in his 
 meditated attack on New- York. A very severe loss was soon after sus- 
 tained by the English : on the 8th of August the Spanish fleet fell in with 
 the trade-fleet bound for the East and West Indies, the whole of whicii, 
 consisting of fifty-four merchantmen, was captured; their convoy, ihe 
 Ramillies of 74 guns, and two frigates, alone escaping. 
 
 The operations of the war, taken altogether, notwithstandinr ♦he pow- 
 erful alliance against Great Britain, had hitherto been su[ " ' vith 
 vigour and magnanimity. Yet while Er.^'and was frustrating ever} aU.;m) ^ 
 of her open and declared enemies, a confederacy was formf ; '■'"'t,^.; 
 Europe, which, as it acted indirectly, could not well be rc^.^. Tn;- 
 
 confederacy, termed the «« armed neutraUiy," was planned by the empress 
 of Russia, who issued a manifesto, asserting the right of neutral vessels 
 to trade freely to and from all ports belonging to belligerent powers, ex- 
 cept such as were actually in a state of btockade ; and that all effects be- 
 longing to the subjects of the belli ent powers should be looked upon 
 Bi (ve -n ^i, rd such ships, exct ng only such goods as were contra- 
 !)and ; *- o' 'iir wordn, that " free vcbsels were to make free merchandise, 
 j^rjggjg ra^jt., •pi;. jiiA gwnHen were the first to bind themselves to the 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 «)!H 
 
 oonditiona of this league; Holland quickly foLo wed the example; *,he 
 courts of Vienna, Berlin, Naples, and, lasily, Portugal, the oldest ally of 
 England, joined the association. From the commenocincnt of the Amer- 
 ican war the Lutch had shown great partiality to the revolters, and as 
 proof was at length obtained of their having concluded a treaty with the 
 congress, the Knglish government determined on taking vengeance for 
 their perfidy, and war was instantly declared against them. 
 
 A. D. 1781. — At the commencement of this year the war in America 
 was renewed with various success. The progress of the British forces 
 under Lord Cornwallis, in Virginia and the Carnlinas, had raised great 
 expectations of triumph in England, and had proportionably depressed the 
 Americans; but the British general had to contend against the united 
 orces of France and her trans-atlantic ally, and though he obtained some 
 fresh laurels, his successes were rendered ineffectual by his subsequent 
 reverses. At length, after making a most vigorous resistance against 
 ovarwhelmi j;^; uumbers, while defending Yorktown, where he had for- 
 tified himself, he was compelled to capitulate, when the whole of his army 
 fiHcanif prisoners of war to Washington, and the British vessels in the 
 harbour surrendered to the French Admiral de Grasse. As no rational 
 expectation of subjugating America now remained, the military operations 
 in that quarter of the globe were regarded as of comparatively little con- 
 sequence. 
 
 Immediately after (he declaration of war against Holland, Admiral Rod- 
 ney, in conjunction with General Vaughan, attacked the important seule- 
 ment of Eustatia, which surrendered to them without resistance. Tht! 
 immense property found there surpassed the most sanguine expectations 
 of the captors ; but it unfortunately happened, that as the riclics acquired 
 on this occasion were on their transit to England, the ships conveying it 
 were intercepted by the French, and twenty-one of them were taken. On 
 the 6th of the fallowing August Admiral Hyde Parker fell in with a Dutch 
 squadron off the Doggers' Hank, and a most desperate engagement took 
 place; the contest was fiercely maintained for two hours, when the Dutch 
 bore away for the Texel with their convoy, and the English were too 
 much disabled to pursue them. 
 
 A.. D. 1782. — Though the enemies of Great Britain had at this time gained 
 decided advantages by land, and in numerical force possessed a manifest 
 superiority by sea, yet such was the courage, perseverance, and power 
 with which she contended against them single-handed, that notwithstand- 
 ing the recent disasters in America, and the enormous expenditure neces- 
 sary to carry on so fierce and extensive a warfare, the splendour of the 
 nation suffered no diminution, and exploits of individual heroism and 
 brilliant victories continued to gladden the hearts of all who cherished a 
 love of their country's glory. At the same time popular clamour and dis- 
 content rose to a high pitch on account of the depressed state of trade 
 which the armed neutrality had caused, while invectives against the 
 government for the mal-administrationof affairs, as regarded the American 
 war, were loud and deep. The whig opposition, making an adroit use ot 
 theeu disasters against Lord North and his tory friends, induced them to 
 resign, and about the end of March they were succeeded by the marquis 
 of Rockingham, as first lord of the treasury, the earl of Shelburne and 
 Mr. Fox, principal secretaries of state, and Lord Thurlow, lord chancellor; 
 besides Lord Camden, the dukes of Richmond and Grafton, Mr. Burke, 
 Admiral Keppel, General Conway, &c., to fill the other most important 
 posts. The present ministry, however, had not continued in office abovr 
 three months before a material change was occasioned by the death oi 
 the marquis of Rorkingham. The earl of Shelburne being appointed to 
 succeed that nobleman, his colleagues took offence, and Lord Cavendish, 
 Mr. Fojt, Mr Burke, and several others resigned. Mr. Townsliend wn 
 
 ti 
 
 
 I 
 
 
tf64 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 then made secretary of state, and Mr. Pitt, second son of Lord Chatham, 
 succeeded Lord Cavendish in the office of chancellor of the exchequer. 
 
 Negotiations for peace were now commenced by the new ministry, but 
 without at all relaxing in their efforts to support the war. The islands ol 
 Minorca, St. Nevis, and St. Christopher's were taken by the French; and 
 a descent on Jamaica was meditated with a fleet of thirty-four ships, they 
 were, however, fortunately met by Admiral Rodney off Dominica, and a 
 most desperate engagement ensued, of nearly twelve hours' continuance, 
 which terminated in the total defeat of the French ; their admiral. Count 
 de Grasse, being taken prisoner, with the Ville <ie Paris, besides six other 
 ships of the line and two frigates. In this action the bold nautical ma- 
 noeuvre of breaking the line and attacking the enemy on both sides at 
 once, was first tried and successfully executed. This glorious action was 
 fought on the 12th of April ; and about the same period, the fleet under 
 Admiral Barrington captured, off Ushant, two large French men-of-war. 
 with ten sail of vessels under their convoy. 
 
 During this period the arms of Spain had been more than usually sue- 
 cessful. In America they conquered the English fortresses on the Missis- 
 sippi, as well as Pensacola and all Florida. But all their efforts, in com- 
 bination with their French allies, against Gibraltar, proved fruitless ; its 
 brave governor. General Elliott, returning their tremendous cannonade 
 with a well-directed and impetuous discharge of red-hot balls from the 
 fortress, thereby utterly destroying the floating batteries which the be- 
 siegers had vainly boasted were irresistible. Ever and anon during the 
 last five years this memorable siege had been carried on ; but on the day 
 after this memorable bombardment and defence (Sept. 13), not a vestige of 
 all their formidable preparations remained. 
 
 In the East, Hyder Ally had succeeded in gaining the capital of Arcot, 
 and his success gave him strong hope that he should drive the British 
 from that part of the globe ; but Sir Eyre Coote was victorious in more 
 than one decisive engagement with Hyder, whose death soon after gave 
 the government to his son Tippoo Saib ; and as he appeared somewhat 
 disposed to be on good terms with England, affairs there wore a better 
 aspect. Still the war in the East had a humiliating termination. 
 
 Some serious casual disasters occurred during the course of the year. 
 Four large ships foundered at sea on their return from the West Indies ; 
 and the Royal George, of 100 guns, a fine ship which had been in port 
 to-refit, was, while careening at Spithead, overset by a gust of wind, and 
 about 700 persons, with Admiral ICempenfelt, were droWnod. 
 
 A. D. 1783.— The famous " coalition minintry," of incongruous celebrity, 
 was now formed ; thi; duke of Portland being first lord of the treasury ; 
 Lord North and Mr. Fox, joint secretaries of state ; Lord Jolui Cavendish, 
 chancellor of the exchequer ; Viscount Keppel, first lord of the admiralty; 
 V iscount Stormont, president of the council ; and the earl of Carlisle, lord 
 privy-seal. These seven constituted the new cabinet, the whigs having 
 a majority of one over the three tories, North, Carlisle, and Stormont. 
 It was an ill-assorted and insincere compact, an abandonment of principle 
 lor power, which soon lost them the confidence and support of the nation. 
 
 NegotiHtionH for a general o'-ace commenced at Paris, under the auspi- 
 ces of Austria and Russia ; and the bvisia of it being arranged, it was 
 speedily ratified. Great Britain restored the island of St. Liwia to France 
 also th'? settlements on the Senegal, and the city of Pondiclierry, in tne 
 East ..idies ; while France gave up all her West India conquests, with the 
 exception of Tobago. Spain retained Minorca and West Florida, LaBl 
 Florida being also ceded in exchange for the Bahamas. And between 
 England and Holland a suspension of hostilities was agreed to in the first 
 place ; l)ut in the sequel it was stipulated that there should l)0 a general 
 restitution of all pls-es isken daring the war, esr.epting the town ol 
 
 N'egapatam, v 
 Britain. 
 
 In the treaty 
 thirteen Unite 
 quishing for h 
 same. To pre 
 these states an 
 right of naviga 
 lions or persec 
 
 Such was thi 
 American colo 
 hundred millio 
 extent and pov 
 the mother-coi 
 ment of the thi 
 tageous to bot 
 reality, was of 
 nierce of Engh 
 increased most 
 ill the period th 
 Nova-Scotia si 
 India islands, 
 rapidly improvi 
 
 The coalitioi 
 Fox thought pr 
 ernment of Ind 
 mercial affair** i 
 bers, chosen fo 
 cither house of 
 authority in the 
 determined opj 
 Thurlow obser 
 worthy of a ma 
 the diadem froi 
 bill was thrown 
 message from t 
 seals of olfice b 
 would be disag 
 were sent to th 
 
 A. D. 1784.— 
 was tippointed i 
 Lord Sydney (1 
 made secretaric 
 of Rutland, priv 
 Richmond, mas 
 lalty, and Mr. 1 
 sible to carry o 
 in the house of 
 
 The electioni 
 the parliament i 
 pic with evident 
 tiio East India < 
 measures as mi 
 ously opposed 
 ported, framed 
 to ilie orown th 
 liuinentary^ com 
 uitirciui HiTuirs ^ 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 COS 
 
 JVegapatam, with ita dependencies, which should be ceded U} 'Jrtv* 
 Britain. 
 
 In the treaty with America, the king of Great Britain acknowledged ilie 
 thirteen United States to be "free, sovereign, and independent," relin- 
 quishing for himself, his heirs, and successors, all right and claim to the 
 same. To prevent disputes in future on the subject of boundaries between 
 these states and the adjoining provinces, lines were minutely drawn ; the 
 right of navigation on the Mississippi was declared free ; and no confisca- 
 lions or persecutions of this loyalists were to take place. 
 
 Such was the termination of the contest between Great Britain hM the 
 American colonies ; a contest in which the former lost upwards of one 
 hundred millions of money, and through which a federative state of vast 
 extent and power sprung into existence. But great as the change was, 
 the mother-country had ultimately little real cause to regret the detach- 
 ment of the thirteen provinces : freedom of commercial relations, advan- 
 tageous to both countries, superseded a right of sovereignty which, in 
 reality, was of far less value than it appeared to be. In short, the com- 
 merce of England, instead of being destroyed by the war of independence, 
 increased most rapidly, and English trade was never more prosperous than 
 m the period that succeeded the loss of the colonies. The Canadas and 
 Nova-Scotia shared in the rising prosperity of America, and the West 
 India islands, emancipated from unwise commercial restrictions, also 
 rapidly improved. 
 
 The coalition ministry was now to be subjected to a severe test. Mr. 
 Fox thought proper to introduce to parliament two bills for the better gov- 
 ernment of India, by which the entire administration of the civil and com- 
 mercial affair'^ of the company were to be vested in a board of nine mem- 
 bers, chosen for four years, and not removable without an address from 
 cither house of parliament. That such a board would be an independent 
 authority in the state was quite manifest, and it accordingly met with a 
 determined opposition, particularly in the house of lords, where Lord 
 Thurlow observed, that if the bill passed, the crown would be no longer 
 worthy of a man of honour fo wear ; that " the king would, in fact, take 
 the diadem from his own head, and place it on that of Mr. Fox." Tiie 
 bill was thrown out by the lords, and this was immediately followed by a 
 raessago from the king requiring Mr. Fox and Lord North to send in their 
 seals of office by the under secretaries, as " a personal interview with him 
 would be disagreeable." Early the next morning letters of dismission 
 *vere sent to the other members of the cabinet. 
 
 A. D. 1784.— A new administration was now formed, in which Mr. Pitt 
 was appointed first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. 
 Lord Sydney (late Mr. Townshend) and the marquis of Carmarthen, were 
 made secretaries of state ; Lord Thurlow, lord high-chancellor; the duke 
 of Rutland, privy-seal; Earl Gower, president of the council ; the duke of 
 Kichmond, master of the ordnance ; Lord Howe, first lord of the admi- 
 Milty, and Mr. Dundas, treasurer of the navy. It being, however, impos- 
 sible to carry on public business while the coalition jiarly had a inni(trily 
 in the house of commons, a dissolution of parliament became unavoidnble. 
 
 The elections lurned out favonrablv for the new ministers, and wheii 
 the parliament assembled, his majesty met the reprosontauves of the peo- 
 ple with evident satisfaction. He directed their attention to the affairs of 
 llie East India Company, advising them at the same time to reject all such 
 measures as might afTuct ihn constitution at homts. Mr. Pitt had strenu- 
 ously opposed Mr. Fox's India bill, and now finding himself ably sup- 
 ported, framed a new one for the government of India, which transferred 
 to the orown the influonce wiiich Mr. Fox had designed lo intrust to par 
 iiiunentary commissioners, but leaving the whole mamnroincnt of com. 
 aiiirciui airuira with liie court of directom. 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 A. D. 1786. — Early in the session Mr. Piit introduced to parliament his 
 celebruled plan of a "sinking fund" for the gradual reduction of the na- 
 tional debt. It appeared that tiie condition of the revenue was in so flouj- 
 ishing a state, tnat the annual receipts exceeded the expenditure by 
 900,000/. It was therefore proposed that this sum should be increased to 
 one million, and placed in the hands of commissioners appointed for the 
 purpose, to be applied to the discharge of the national debt. After some 
 opposition, and an amendment suggested by Mr. Fox, the bill passed. 
 
 On the 2d of August, as the king was alighting from his carriage, a 
 woman approached him under pretence of offering a petition, and at- 
 tempted to stab him»with a knife she had concealed. His majesty avoided 
 the blow by drawing back, when she made another thrust at him, but was 
 prevented from effecting hor purpose by a yeoman of the guards who 
 seized her at the instant. On being examined before the privy council, ii 
 appeared that she was a lunatic, her name Margaret Nicholson. 
 
 Nothing at this period excited equal interest to the trial of Mr. Hastings, 
 the governor of Bengal, who had returned to England, possessed, as it 
 was asserted, of inordinate wealth, obtained by unfair means. The trial 
 was conducted by Mr. Burke, who exhibited twenty-two articles of im- 
 peachment against him. On the part of the prosecution Mr. Sheridan 
 appeared vindictively eloquent. He said, " The administration of Mr 
 Hastings formed a medley of meanness and outrage, of duplicity ani) 
 depredation, of prodigality and oppression, of the most callous cruelty 
 contrasted with the hollow affectation of liberality and good faith. Mr. 
 Hastings, in his defence, declared, " That he had the satisfaction to see ail 
 his measures terminate in their designed objects ; that his political con- 
 duct was invariably regulated by truth, justice, and good faith, and that 
 he resignted his charge in a state of established peace and security, with 
 all the sources of its abundance unimpaired, and even improved." The 
 trial lasted seven years, and ended in the acquittal of Mr. Hastings, at 
 least of all intentional error ; but his fortune and his health were ruined 
 by this protracted prosecution. 
 
 The debts of the prince of Wales engrossed much of the public atten- 
 tion at this period. His expensive habits and munificent disposition had 
 brought his affairs info a very embarrassed state ; and the subject having 
 undergone parliamentary discussion, an addition of 60,000/. was made to 
 his former income of 60,000/., and the sum of 181,000/. was granted by 
 parliament for the payment of his debts. 
 
 A. D. 1788.— An event occurred about this time in Holland which 
 threatened the tranquillity of Europe. Ever since the acknowledgement 
 of the independence of the United Provinces, two powerful parties had 
 been continually struggling for the superiority; one was the house ol 
 Orange, which had been raised to power by their great servicies to the 
 state, both against the tyranny of Spain and the efforts of France ; the 
 other was the aristocratical party, which consisted of the most wealthy 
 individuals in the country. This party was secretly favoured by France, 
 and was denominated the » party of the states," or " the republican party." 
 The prince of Orange being at length compelled to leave the Hague, he 
 applied to England and Prussia for protection, who lent their aid, and the 
 stadtholder was reinstated. 
 
 It was during this session that the attention of parliament was first en- 
 gaged in attempting the abolition of the slave trade. It was first pointed 
 out by (he Quakers in the independfiit provinces of South America, who 
 in many instances had emancipated their slaves. A number of piimphlcts 
 were published on the subject; 8ev(?ral divines of the established church 
 recommended it in their discrourses ; the two universities, and after thrm 
 the whole nation, prea(>nted petitions praying for the interference of pM- 
 iiament to forward the humane liosigii of African eiuancipritiijn. Mr 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 66t 
 
 Wilberforce brought the subject before parliament ; but as many circum 
 stances aros^e to retard the consideration of it, a resolution was carried 
 io defer it till a future opportunity. 
 
 Towards the close of the year the nation was thrown into great dismay 
 by the fact that the king was suffering under a severe mental maladv ; so 
 much so, that on the 4th of November it was necessary to consult the 
 most eminent physicians, and to assemble the principal officers of state. 
 His majesty's disorder not abating, but the contrary appearing from the 
 examination of the physicians before the privy council, the house twice 
 adjourned; but hearing on their re-assembling the second time that there 
 was a great prospect of his majesty's recovery, though the time was un- 
 certain, both houses turned their thoughts to the establishment of a re- 
 gent during his majesty's incapacity. The right of the prince of Wales 
 to this office was asserted by Mr. Fox, and denied by Mr. Pitt, who af- 
 firmed that for any man to assert such a right in the prince of Wales was 
 little less than treason to the constitution. After violent altercations, a 
 modified regency was carried in favour of the prince ; the queen to have 
 the custody of the royal person, and the appointment to places in (lie 
 household. For the present, however, these arrangements were not 
 needed, for the health of the king was rapidly improving, and on the lOih 
 of March his majesty sent a message to parliament, to acquaint them of 
 his recovery, and of his ability to attend to the public business of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 A. D. 1789.— According to a promise given by the king, that thn Uritisl" 
 constitution should be extended to Canada, that province now applied for 
 a form of legislature. For the better accommodation of its inhabitants 
 Mr. Pitt proposed to divide the province into Upper and Lower Cana(ii^ 
 and to provide separate laws which might suit the French-Canadian no- 
 blesse on the one hand, and the British and American colonists on the 
 other. In the course of the discussion, Mr. Fox observed that it would 
 be wrong to abolish hereditary distinctions where they had been long es- 
 tablished, and equally wrong to create those distinctions in a country 
 which was not suited for their establishment. This drew from Mr. Burke 
 the observation that " it became a duty of parliament to watch the con- 
 duct of individuals and societies disposed to encourage innovations." 
 Mr. Fox thinking these sentiments contained a censure on him, defended 
 his opinions by a full explanation of his sentiments on the French revo- 
 lution. Mr. Burke had previously written a work, intended to operate as 
 an antidote to the growing evils of republicanism and infidelity. In par- 
 liament ho denounced the insidious cry of liberty and equality, and a 
 breach was thus made in the long-cementrsd friendship of tliese two dis 
 tinguished statesmen which ever after remained unclosed. 
 
 A. D. 1790.— At this period France had begun to exhibit scenes of an- 
 archy and confusion, which, for monstrous wickedness and wid(!-s|)re:i(l 
 misery, never before had their parallel in the world's history. A con- 
 densed narrative of those revolutionary horrors will be found under the 
 proper head. We shall here simply observe, en pastanl, that the progres.s 
 of tree-thinking, miscalled philosophy, wliinli had been much encouraged 
 in that country during the last century, had diffused a spirit of innovation 
 and licentiousness that was highly unfavourable to the existence of an 
 absolute monarchy. Moreover, the participation of France in the Amer^ 
 ican struggle for indppend(>n(!e, had inptilled into the minds of the Oallo- 
 American champions of liberty h perfect detestation of regal authority, 
 and on their return from that vaunted land of freedom, they imparted to 
 their countrymen tho spirit of liberty which had been kindled in the wes- 
 tern hemisphere. But, perhaps, the more immediate cause of this wild 
 Hnullition of popular fury arose from the nmbarrassod state of the linances, 
 
 
 
N 
 
 688 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 which induced Louis XVI. to assemble Uie states-general, in order to 
 consider the measures by which this serious evil might be remedied. 
 
 During the present session, a message from the king informed the house 
 r,f some hostile proceedings on the part of Spain, who had seized three 
 Dritish ships that were endeavoring to establish a foreign trade between 
 China and Nootka Sound, on the west coast of North America, the Span- 
 iards insisting on their exclusive right to that part of the coast. Orders 
 were immediately issued for augmenting the British navy ; but the ex- 
 pecjted rupture between the two countries was averted by timely conces- 
 sions on the part of Spain. .„„,,„ , , , . 
 
 A new parliament having met on the 20th of November, the king, after 
 making some remarks on the state of Europe, observed that the peace of 
 India had been disturbed by a war with Tippoo Sultan, son of the late 
 Hyder Ally. The business of the session was then entered into, and 
 various debates occurred with respect to the convention with Spain, and 
 the expensive amount that had been prepared anticipatory of a war with 
 
 that power. ,..,,.. 
 
 A. D. 1791.— The whole kingdom was now divided into two parties, 
 arising from the opposite views in which the French revolution was con- 
 sidered; one condemning the promoters of Gallic independence as the 
 subverters of all order, while the other considered the new constitution 
 of France as the basis of a system of politics, from which peace, happi- 
 ness, and concord would arise to bless the world! On the 14lh of July, 
 the anniversary of the demolition of the Bastile, the " friends of liberty" 
 agreed to celebrate that event by festive meetings in the principal towns 
 in the kingdom. These meetings were rather unfavourably regarded by 
 the opponents of the revolution, as indicative of principles inimical to the 
 British constitution; but no public expression of disapprobation had yet 
 appeared. In the metropolis and most of the other towns these meetings 
 had passed over without any disturbance ; but in the populous town of 
 Birmingham, where a dissension had long existed between the high 
 churchmen and the dissenters, its consequences were very alarming. A 
 seditious handbill having been circulated about the town by some unknown 
 person, created a great sensation. The friends of the intended meeting 
 thought it necessary to disclaim the sentiments contained in the hand- 
 bills ; but as their views were misrepresented, the hotel in which thi 
 meeting was held was soon surrounded by a tumultuous mob, who ex 
 pressed their disapprobation by shouts of "Ciiurch and King!" In tlit 
 evening the mob demolished a Unitarian meeting-house belonging to iht 
 celebrated Dr. Priestly, and afterwards attacked his dwelling-house aiic 
 destroyed his valuable library. For three days the rioters continued tiuni 
 depredations, but tranquillity was restored on the arrival of the military, 
 and 6ome of the ringleaders were executed. 
 
 A. D. 1792.— Parliament assembled Jan. 31, and were agrceaNy sur- 
 prised by a declaration of the minister, that the finances of the nation 
 would allow him to take off taxes to the amount of .£200,000 and to appro- 
 priate c£400,000 towards the reduction of the national debt. He then des- 
 canted on tiie flourishing state and happy prospects of the nation, do- 
 "'.-.irir'" at 'he snme Mine how intimately eonneoted its prosperity was 
 with tfie preservation of pea(!e abroad and tranquillity at iiome. 
 
 The duke of York having at the close of tlie previous year married the 
 princess Frederica Charlolta, eldest daughter of the king of Prusaui, the 
 commons paised a bill to settle .£26,000 per annum on the duke, and 
 jCH.OOO on the ouchess should she survive him. The houBO, also, diirinp 
 this sosBioii, wont into a committee on the African slave-trade, and aave 
 t as their opinion that it should be abolished. In the course of debate 
 Mr. Pitt and many others spoke in favour of its immediate abolition. 
 Afiei' iiiuay diviiions the term was iimiicd io the Ist day of Jai"»frv, 
 
 thp flniriA nf iviiri 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 669 
 
 (796. In the house of lords several of the peers were m favour of its 
 indefinite continuance. 
 
 The war in India against Tippoo Saib had lately been vigorously con 
 ducted by Lord Cornwallis, who, having surmounted all impediment!?, 
 commenced the siege of Seringapatam, the capital of Tippoo's domin 
 ions. This reduced that prince to such difficulties as compelled him U 
 conclude peace on the terms offered by the earl, and to deliver up his tw- 
 sens as hostages for the performance of the conditions 
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 THB REION or OEORQE III. (CONTINUED.) 
 
 A. D. 1790.—" When your neighbour's house is on fire it is well to look 
 after your own," says a trite but wise old saw. The rapidity with which 
 the new political principles of the French republicans were diffiisoij 
 throughout Great Britain, and the numerous inflammatory libels which 
 were issued from the press, awakened well-grounded apprehensions o^ 
 the government, and induced the legislature to adopt measures for th.' 
 suppression of the growing evil. The moral as well as the political re 
 suits of French republicanism were fast developing ; and every reckle.s' 
 demagogue was busily at work, disseminating the poison of infidelity aiir 
 sedition. To put a stop, if possible, to this state of things, a royal proc 
 lamation was issued for the suppression of seditious correspondcno* 
 ibroad, and publications at home. The London Corresponding Society 
 and various other societies, had recently sent congratulatory addresses u 
 the National Assembly of France ! But the heart of England was stil 
 sound, although some of the limbs were leprous. 
 
 In the meantime affairs on the continent became every day more inter 
 esting. An alliance was entered into between Russia, Austria, and Pnis 
 sia, the ostensible object of which was to re-establish public security in 
 France, with the ancient order of things, and to protect the persons iimi 
 property of all loyal subjects. On the 25th of July the duke of Bruns- 
 wick, commander-in-chief of the allied armies, issued at Coblentz his etl- 
 ebrated manifesto to the French people, promising protection to all who 
 should submit to their king, and threatening the city of Paris with fire and 
 sword if injury or insult were offered to him or any of his family. Tlio 
 lepublicans, indignant at this foreign interference, now resolved on tlio 
 king's dethronement. Having by their mischievous publications tuniod 
 the tide of disgust against their sovereign, and persuaded the popiilai-e 
 that the royalists had invited tlie allies to invade them, the suspension of 
 royal authority was soon after decreed, the king and his family were 
 closely confined in the Temple, all persons who were attached to monar- 
 chical government were cast into prison or massacred ; and, to crown the 
 whole, the inoffensive monarch was led forth to execution, and while 
 praying to the Almighty to pardon his enemies, ignominiously perished 
 by the guillotine. 
 
 While these detestable scenes of murder were Jlspayed in France, the 
 vigilance of the Knglidh government was excited by the propagation of 
 revolutionary principles, and it was compelled to employ such measures 
 as the dangerous circumstances of the pountry demanded. The sangui- 
 nary conduct of the French revolutionists, their extravagant projects and 
 unholy sentiments, naturally alarmed all persons of rank and property, 
 ;\nd associations of all classes who had anything to lose, were formed fur 
 Jhe protection of liberty and properly against the efforts of anarcliisis and 
 levellers. But still there were many desperate chtiraciers remly to kindle 
 ihe flame of civil war gp. Iha first favoHrable opiwrtuntty. Another pm 
 
 
 II 
 
670 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 clamation was tnerelbre issued, in which it was stated that evil-dispoAcd 
 persons were acting in concert with others in foreign countries, iu order 
 to subvert the laws and constitution ; and that a spirit of tumult and sedi- 
 tion havinp; manifested itself on several occasions, his majesty had re- 
 solved to embody part of the national militia. This was, in fact, a mea- 
 sure absolutely necessary on another account, it being clear that the 
 French republic had resolved to provoke England to a war, by the most 
 unjustifiable breach of the laws of nations : this was their avowed design 
 to open the river Scheldt, in direct opposition to the treaties of which 
 England was a guarantee, and to the manifest disadvantage of the com- 
 merce of the United Provinces, who were the allies of England. 
 
 So portentous was the poUtical aspect at this time, that it was thought 
 necessary to summon the parliament. In the speech from the throne, his 
 majesty declared that he had hitherto observed a strict neutrality in regard 
 to the war on the continent, and had refrained from interfering with the 
 internal affairs of France ; but that it was impossible for hini to see, 
 without tiie most serious uneasiness, the strong and increasing indications^ 
 which appeared there, of an intention to excite disturbances in other coun-' 
 tries, to disregard the rights of neutral powers, and to pursue views of 
 unjust conquest and aggrandizement. He had therefore taken steps for 
 making some augmentation of his naval and military force ; and he re- 
 commended the subject to the serious attention of parliament. After very 
 long and animated debates on the address of thanks for the king's speech 
 (during which many of the opposition, who were by this time ttioroughly 
 disgusted with the French revolutionistH, deserted their party), the motion 
 was carried by a large majority. 
 
 The next subject which engaged the attention of parliament was the 
 alien bill, which authorized government to dismiss from the kingdom such 
 foreigners as they should think fit. During the month of December an 
 order of government was also issued for preventing the exportation of 
 corn to France ; and several ships laden with grain were compelled to 
 unload their cargoes. 
 
 A. D. 1793.— That a war between Great Britain and France was speedily 
 approaching, was believed by all parties ; yet war was neither foreseen 
 nor premeditated by the king's ministers ; it was the unavoidable result of 
 circumstances. In a decree of the French convention on the 19th of 
 November, 1792, they had declared their intention of extending their fra 
 lernity and assistance to the disaffected and revolting subjects of all mon- 
 archical governments. The disavowal of this assertion was demanded 
 by the British ministry ; but as this was not complied with, M. Chauve- 
 lin, ambassador from the late king of France— though not acknowledged 
 in that liglit by the republic— received orders to leave the kingdom, in virtue 
 of the alien act. In consequence of this measure, the French convention, 
 on the Ist of February, declared war. 
 
 No sooner was Great Britain involved in this eventful war, than a 
 treaty of commerce was concluded with Russia, a large body of troops 
 was taken into the service of government, and an engagement was entered 
 hito by the king of Sardinia, who agreed, for an annual subsidy of 200,000/., 
 to join the Austrians in Italy with a very considerable military force. 
 Alliances were likewise formed with Austria, Prussia, Spain, iloUand, 
 Portugal, and Russia, all of whom agreed lo shut their ports against the 
 vessels of France. Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland, however, re 
 fused to join the confederacy. The king of the Sicilies agreed to furnish 
 6000 troops and four ships of the line j the empire also furnished its con- 
 tingents to the Austrian and Prussian armies, and British troops were 
 sent to the protection of Holland, under the command of the duke of York. 
 
 The French army, commanded by General Dumouriez, invaded Hoi- 
 'and. and having taken Uroda, Oertruydonburg, and some other placeu 
 
 1(1 liir n33t 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 en 
 
 advanced to Williamsladt, which was defended by a delachinenl from the 
 twigade of the English guards, just arrived in Holland. Here the French 
 met with a repulse, and were compelled to raise the siege with great loss 
 Dumouriez then left Holland to defend Louvain; but being afterwards 
 defeated in several engagements with the allied armies, particularly at 
 Neer-winden, his soldiers were so discouraged, that they deserted in great 
 numbers. At length, weary of the disorganized state of the French gov- 
 ernment, and finding himself suspected by the two great factions which 
 divided the republic, Dumouriez entered into negotiations with the allied 
 gtnerals, and agreed to return to Paris, dissolve the national convention, 
 and free his country from the gross tyranny which was there exercised 
 under the specious name of equality. But the conventionalists withheld 
 his supplies, and sent commissioners to thwart his designs and summon 
 him to their bar. He instantly arrested the officers ihat brought the sum- 
 mons, and sent them to the Austrian head-quarters. But the army did 
 not share the anti-revolutionary feelings of the general, and he was him- 
 self obliged to seek safety in the Austrian camp, accompanied by young 
 Egalit6 (as he was then styled), son of the execrable duke of Orleans, and 
 now Louis Philippe, king of the French ! 
 
 The duke of York, who was at the head of the allied armies, had laid 
 siege to and taken Valenciennes, and he was now anxious to extend 
 thoir conquests along the frontier ; he accordingly marched towards Dun- 
 kirk and commenced the siege on the 27th of August. He expected a 
 naval armament from Great Britain to act in conjunction with the land 
 forces ; but, from some unaccountable cause, the heavy artillery was so 
 long delayed that the enemy had time to provide for the defence of the 
 town. The French troops, commanded by Houchard, poured upon them 
 m such numbers, that the duke was compelled to make a precipitate 
 retreat, to avoid losing the whole of his men. He then came to England, 
 and having held a conference with the ministers, returned to the conti- 
 nent. At Valenciennes it was decided in a council of war, that the em- 
 peror of Germany should take the field, and be invested with the supreme 
 command. 
 
 The principal persons of the town and harbour of Toulon entered into 
 an agreement with the British admiral. Lord Hood, by which they deliv- 
 ered up the town and shipping to his protection, on condition of its being 
 restored to France when the Bourbon restoration should be effec:ted. 
 The town, however, was not for any long time defensible against the su- 
 perior force of the enemy which had come to its rescue ; it was therefore 
 evacuated, fourteen thousand of the inhabitants taking refuge on board 
 the British ships. Sir Sidney Smith set fire to the arsenals, which, to- 
 gether with an immense quantity of naval stores, and ships of tlie line, 
 were consumed. On this occasion the artillery was commanded by Na- 
 poleon Bonaparte, whose skill and courage was conspicuous, and from 
 that day his promotion rapidly took place. 
 
 The efforts made by the French at this time were truly astonishing 
 Having prodigiously increased thoir forces, they were resolved to conquer, 
 whatever might be the cost of human life. Every day was a day of bat- 
 tie; and as they were continually reinforced, the veteran armies of the 
 allies were obliged to give way. On the 22nd of December tt\fy were 
 driven with immense slaughter from Hagenau ; this was followed up by 
 successive defeats till the 17ih, v. hen tlie French army arrived at VVcis- 
 lemburg in triumph. During this last month the loss of men on both 
 sides was immense, being estimated at between 70,000 and 80,000 men. 
 The French concluded the campaign in triumph, and the allied powers 
 were seriously alarmed at the difflcullios which were necessary to be sur 
 mounted, in order to regain the ground that had been lost. 
 
 ill 
 
 f^f 
 
672 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Bt. Domingo, Pondicherry, and the French settlements on the coast oi 
 Malabar and Coromandel, all surrendered to them. 
 
 A. D. 1794. — From the great and important events which were traii 
 sacting on the continent, we turn to the internal affairs of Great Britain. 
 The French republic having menaced England with an invasion, it was 
 proposed by ministers that associations of volunteers, both of cavalry and 
 infantry, might be formed in every county, for'the purpose of defending 
 the country from the hostile attempts of its enemies, and for supportnig 
 the government against the efforts of the disaffected. 
 
 On the 12th of May a message from the king announced to parliament 
 the existence of seditious societies m London, and that the papers of cer- 
 tain persons belonging to them had been seized, and were submitted to 
 the consideration of the house. Several members of the Society for Con- 
 stitutional Information, and of the London Corresponding Society, were 
 apprehended on a charge of high treason, and committed to tlie Tower. 
 Among them were Thomas Hardy, a shoemaker in Piccadilly, and Daniel 
 Adams, secretaries to the before-named societies; the celebrated John 
 Home Tooke ; the Rev. Jeremiah Joyce, private secretary to Earl Stan- 
 hope; John Augustus Bonney, an attorney; and Messrs. Thelwall, Rich- 
 ter, Lovatt, and Stone. They were brought to trial in the following Oc 
 tober, and had the good fortune to be acquitted. 
 
 Every appearance on the grand theatre of war indicated a continuance 
 of success to the French in the ensuing campaign. The diligence and 
 activity of their government, the vigour and bravery of their troops, the 
 ability and firmness of their commanders, the unwearied exertions of all 
 men employed in the public service, astonished the whole world. Filled 
 with an enthusiastic devotion to the cause in which they had embarked, 
 their minds were intent only on the military glory and aggrandisement 
 of the republic. While the whole strength which could be collected by 
 the allies amounted to less than four hundred thousand men,, the armies 
 of France were estimated at upwards of a million. 
 
 Though the superiority by land was at present evidently in favour of 
 the French, yet on the ocean "Old England" maintained its predominance. 
 During the course of the summer the island of Corsica was subdued ; and 
 the whole of the West fndia islands, except part of Guadaloupe, surren- 
 dered to the troops under the command of Sir Charles Gray and Sir John 
 Jervis. The channel fleet, under its veteran commander. Lord Howe, 
 sailed from port, in order to intercept the Brest fleet, which had ventured 
 out to sea to protect a large convoy that was expected from America. 
 The hostile fleets descried each other on the 28th of May, and as an en. 
 gagement became inevitable, the enemy formed in regularorder of battle. 
 On the morning of the 1st of June a close action commenced ; the enemy's 
 llect, consisting of twenty-six sail of the line, and the British of twenty- 
 five. Though the battle did not last long, it was very severe, and proved 
 decisive, seven of the French ships being compelled to strike their colours, 
 one of whioh, La Vengeur, went down with all her crew almost immedi- 
 ately on being taken possession of. In the captured ships alone, the 
 killed and wounded amounted to 1270. The total loss of the British was 
 906. When intelligence of this memorable victory arrived in England, it 
 produced the greatest exultation, and the metropolis was illuminated thret» 
 successive nights. 
 
 This nuval loes of the French, though it considerably diminished the 
 ardour of their seamen, was greatly overbalanced by the general success 
 jf their military operations. The principal theatre of the contest was the 
 Netherlands, where generals Jourdan and Pichegru had not less than 
 200,000 good troops, headed by many expert and valiant officers, and 
 abmidantly supplied with all the requisites of war. To oppose this formi- 
 dable force, the allies assembled an army of 146,000, conimanded bv the 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 673 
 
 emperoi in porson, assisted by generals Clairfait, Kaunitz, Prince Ooburg 
 the duko Oi ^oik, &c. Numerous were the battles, and enormous the 
 loss 01 luc o.\ each side during this campaign : in one of these bloodv 
 conflic.ta alonii, tl.e battle of Charieroi, the loss of the Austrians was es- 
 fimateJ at 15,000 men. The armies of France were, in fact, bficome irre- 
 sistible, and tlie allies retreated in all directions; Nieuport, Ostend, and 
 Bruges ; rournay, Mons, Oudenarde, and Brussels ; Landrecies, Valen- 
 ciennes, Conde, and Quesnoi— all fell into their hands. During this vic- 
 torious career of the French in the Netherlands, their armies on the Rhine 
 were equally successful ; and though both Austrians and Prussians well 
 maintained their reputation for skill and bravery, yet the overwhelmina 
 masses of the French, and the fierce enthusiasm with which these repul^ 
 licans fought, were more than a match fo*- the veteran bands bv whom 
 they were opposed. 
 
 But the military operations of the French were not confinecl to th« 
 Netherlands and the frontiers of Germany; they had other armies both in 
 Spam and Italy. The kingdom of Spain, which was formerly so powerful 
 as to disturb, by its ambition, the peace of Europe, was at this time so 
 much reduced by superstition, luxury, and indolence, that it was with dif- 
 ficulty the court of Madrid maintained its rank among the countries ol 
 Europe. It was therefore no wonder that the impetuosity and untirina 
 energy which proved so destructive to the warlike Germans, should over- 
 whelm the mart armies of Spain, or that their strongholds should prove 
 unavailing against such resolute foes. In Italy, too, the French were not 
 less fortunate. Though they had to combat the Austrian and Sardinian 
 armies, a series of victories made them masters of Piedmont, and the 
 campaign ended there, as elsewhere, greatly in favour of revolutionary 
 France. ^ 
 
 We shall now return to the operations of the common enemy in the 
 Netherlands, which, notwithstanding the approach of winter, were con- 
 ducted with great perseverance. The duke of York was posted between 
 Bois-le-Duc and Breda, but being attacked with great impetuosity By the 
 superior numbers of Pichegru, he was overpowered, and obliged to retreat 
 across the Maese, with the loss of about 1,500 men. On the 30th of Sep- 
 tember Crevecoeur was taken by the enemy, and IJois-Ie-Dnc surrendered 
 immediately after. They then followed the duke across the Maese, when 
 his royal highness found it necessary to cross the Rhine, and take post 
 at Arnheini. Nimeguen fell into the hiinds of the French on the 7th ol 
 November, and as the winter set in with uncommon severity, the whole 
 of the rivers and lakes of Holland were bound up by the frost. At the 
 Vginning of January, 1795, the river Waal was frozen over; the British 
 .iDops were at the time in a most deplorable state of ill health, and the 
 enemy, seizing the favourable opportunity, crossed the river with an army 
 of 70,000 men, and having repulsed the force which was opposed to them, 
 on the IGth of January took possession of Amsterdam. The fortresses of 
 WiUiamstadt, Breda, Bergen-op-Zoom, admitted the French ; the shattered 
 remnant of the Britisii army was obliged to retreat, under the most severe 
 privations, and in a season unusually inclement; and the prince of Orange 
 escaped in a little boat, and landed in England, where he and his family 
 became the objects of royal liberality. The United Provinces were now 
 revolutionized after the model of France ; the rights of man were pro 
 claimed, representatives chosen, and the country received the name of l^ 
 Ratavian Republic. If there were any in Holland who seriously expecta. 
 that this new order of things was likely to prove beneficial to the country, 
 they soon had experience to the contrary ; for, on the one hand, the En- 
 glish seized their colonies and destroyed their commerce, while on the 
 other, the French treated them with all the hauteur of insolent conquerors. 
 
 A. D. 171)5.— At the conclusion of the uaal ye«r the aspect ol affairs oa 
 
 Vor.. I — 43 *^ 
 
 m 
 
 1 11 
 
671 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the continent was most gloomy and unpromising. The French republic 
 had suddenly become more extensive by its conquests than France had 
 been since the days of Charlemagne ; they had acquired an increased 
 population, estimated at thirteen millions, which, added to twenty-foul 
 millions contained in France, constituted an empire of 37,000,000 people. 
 As this immense population inhabited the centre of Europe, they were 
 able by their position to defy the enmity of all their neighbours, and 
 to exercise an influence almost amounting to an universal sovereignty. 
 
 The consternation of Great Britain and the allied powers was greatly 
 increased by the conduct of the king of Prussia, who withdrew from the 
 coalition, and concluded a treaty of peace with the French convention. 
 This act, in addition to the dismemberment of Poland, was commented on 
 in the British parliament in terms of severe and merited censure. He had 
 received larjje subsidies from England, and was pledged, as a member oi 
 the coalition, to do his utmost towards the overthrow of regicidal France 
 and the restoration of the Bourbons ; and his defection at such a time was 
 as unprincipled, as the effect of it was likely to be disastrous. But the 
 English and Austrians, encouraged by the distracted state of France, more 
 especially by the royalist war in La Vendee, continued their efforts, not- 
 withstanding Spain followed the example of Prussia, and the duke of 
 Tuscany, also, deserted the allies. r i • .i. .. 
 
 Though unfortunate in her alliances, and unsuccessful in the attempts 
 made by her military force on the continent, Great Britain had still the 
 satisfaction of beholding her fleets riding triumphantlv on the ocean. On 
 the 23d of June, Admiral Lord Bridport attacked the French fletsv off L On- 
 ent, and captured three ships of the line. Some other minor actions also 
 served to show that Britain had not lost the power to maintain her naval 
 suppriority. As Holland was now become subject to t ranee, letters ol 
 reprisals were issued out against the Dutch ships, and directions were 
 jriven for attacking their colonies, with the intention, however, of restoring 
 them when the stadthholder's government should be re-established. The 
 Cape of Good Hope was obliged to submit to the British arms, together 
 with Trincomalee, and all the other United settlements except Batavia. 
 
 The other events of the year may be thus summed up :— 1 he marriage 
 of the prince of Wales with the princess Caroline of Brunswick ; a match 
 dictated by considerations of what are termed prudence, rather than ol 
 affection ; the prince's debts at the time amounted to 620,000/., and parlia- 
 ment agreed to grant him 125,000/. per annum in addition to his income 
 arising from the duchy of Cornwall, a portion being reserved forthegrad 
 ual liquidation of his debts—The death of Louis XVH., son of the unfor- 
 tunate Louis XVL, and lawful sovereign of France, m prison.— The acqmt- 
 tal of Warren Hastings, after a trial which had lasted seven years— 1 he 
 commencement of the societies of United Irishmen against, and of Orange 
 clubs in favour of, the government.— A dearth of corn m England, with 
 consequent high prices, great distress, and riots which created much alarm. 
 In seasons of scarcity and consequent high prices, the multitude are 
 easily excited to acts of insubordination. At this period their attention 
 had been roused to political subjects by some meetings held in the open 
 fields, at the instance of the corresponding so^-eties, where the usual in- 
 vectives against government had formed *^ staple of their discourse, and 
 the people had been mere than usup.V.y excited. A report was circulated 
 that vast bodies of the 4saffecfed would make their appearance when the 
 king procended to open parliament; and so it proved, for the amazing 
 number of 200,000 persons assembled in the park on that occasion, OcU 
 39 An immense throng surnounded his majesty's carriage, clamourously 
 vociferating " Bread 1" "Peace !" " No Pitt !" some voices also shouting out 
 "No king!" while stones were thrown at the coach from all directions, 
 and, on passing through Falace-yard, one of the wuiuows was broken dv 
 
a bullet from an 
 said to the charx 
 scandalous outr 
 Tering a thousani 
 ccrned in these i 
 A. D. 1796.— T 
 armies and tho8< 
 or Great Britain 
 siglit appear to b 
 the Tronliers of ( 
 Jourdan ; the an 
 extraordinary m 
 like Pichegru, J( 
 publican armies, 
 at the siege of T 
 veloped. He ha 
 opposed to whor 
 by General Beat 
 oh the 9th of Api 
 at Miliesimo, he 
 the village of De 
 curity. Massen; 
 during the day tc 
 some reinforcem 
 made 14,000 pris 
 having been defe 
 arms, which was 
 confederacy, the 
 of the duchy of S 
 followed by simii 
 the king of Sardi 
 tinction. 
 
 The Austrian g 
 his situation on t 
 and Cremona, le: 
 enemy. Theso I 
 guard of the rep 
 much precipitatio 
 Lodi. A batter 
 cannonading kepi 
 trian artillery, thi 
 not be forced ; bi 
 French army woi 
 their position, he 
 effect his object, 
 of his troops, he | 
 of the Austrian ai 
 opponents, that 1 
 the shattered rem 
 pursued by a larg 
 now soon in their 
 the only place of 
 after, Bonaparte i 
 and next menacec 
 sisting this unpro 
 necessity of solici 
 ting terms. He 
 M ith the citadel o 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 676 
 
 a bullet from an air-gun. On entering the house, the king, much aeitated. 
 said to the chancellor, " My lord, I have been shot at." On his return these 
 scandalous outrages were repeated, and a proclamation was issued of- 
 fering a thousand pounds reward for the apprehension of the persons con- 
 cerned in these seditious proceedings. 
 
 A. D. 1796.— The unremitting struggle on the continent between the allied 
 arinies and those of France, was far too important as regarded the interests 
 of Oreat Britain for us to pass it lightly over, however little it may at first 
 sight appear to belong strictly to British history. The French armies on 
 the frontiers of trermany were commanded by their generals Moreau and 
 Jourdan ; the army of Italy was conducted by Napoleon Bonaparte. This 
 extniordinary man, whose name will hereafter so frequently occur, had. 
 like Pichegru, Jourdan, Moreau, &c., attained rapid promotions in the re- 
 publican armies. In 1791 he was a captain o«" artillery ; and it was onlV 
 at the siege of Toulon, in 1793, that his soldierly abilities began to be de- 
 veloped. He had now an army of 56,000 veterans under his command, 
 opposed to whom were 80,000 Austrians and Piedmontese, commanded 
 by general Beaulieu, an officer of great ability, who opened the campaign 
 on the 9ih of April. Having, after several engagements, suffered a defeat 
 at Millesimo, he selected 7,000 of his best troops, and attacked and took 
 the village of Dego, where the French were indulging themselves in se- 
 curity. Massena, having rallied his troops, made several fruitless attempts 
 during the day to retake it ; but Bonaparte arriving in the evening with 
 some reinforcements, renewed the attack, drove the allies from Dego, and 
 made 14,000 prisoners. Count Colli, the general ot the Sardinian forces 
 having been defeated by Bonaparte at Mondovi, requested a suspension of 
 arms, which was followed by the king of Sardinians withdrawal from the 
 confederacy, the surrenderof his most important fortresses, and the cession 
 of the duchy of Savoy, &c., to the French. This ignominious peace was 
 followed by similar conduct on the part of the duke of Parma, who, like 
 the king of Sardinia, appeared to have no alternative but that of utter ex- 
 tinction. 
 
 The Austrian general, Beaulieu, being now no longer able to maintain 
 his situation on the Po, retreated across the Adda at Lodi, Pizzighettone, 
 ana Cremona, leaving a detachment at Lodi to stop the progress of the 
 enemy. These forces were attacked, on the lOlh of May, by the advanced 
 guard of the republican army, who compelled them to retreat with so 
 much precipitation as to leave no time for breaking down the bridge of 
 Lodi. A battery was planted on the French side, and a tremendous 
 cannonading kept up; but so well was the bridge protected by the Aus- 
 trian artillery, that it was the opinion of the general officers that it could 
 not be forced ; but as Bonaparte was convinced that the reputation of the 
 French army would suffer much if the Austrians were allowed to maintain 
 their position, he was determined to encounter every risk in order to 
 effect his object. Putting himself, therefore, at the head of a select body 
 of his troops, he passed the bridge in the midst of a most destructive fire 
 of the Austrian artillery, and then fell with such irresistible fury on his 
 opponents, that he gained a complete victory. Marshal Beaulieu, with 
 the shattered remnants of his army, made a hasty retreat towards Mantua, 
 pursued by a large body of the French. Pavia, Milan, and Verona, were 
 now soon in their hands ; and on the 4th of June they invested Mantua, 
 the only place of importance which the emperor held in Italy. Not long 
 after, Bonaparte made himself master of Ferrara, Bologna, and Urbino; 
 and next menaced the city of Rome. As the pope was incapable of re- 
 sisting this unprovoked invasion of his territories, he was reduced to the « 
 necessity of soliciting an armistice, which was granted on very humilia- 
 ting terms. He agreed to give up the cities of Bologna and Ferrara, 
 with the citadel of Ancona, and to.deliver up a great number of paintings 
 
 Til 
 
 
676 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and statues, and to enrich thi; conqueror with some hundreds of the moei 
 curious niknuscripts from the Vatican library. 
 
 The court of Vienna now recalled Beaulieu, and gave the command lo 
 Marshal VVurmser ; b\it the tide of success ran more strong against him, 
 \f possible, than it had done against his predecessor. As Bonaparte was 
 at this time employed in (orwAng a republic of the states of Reggio, Mo- 
 dena, Bologna, and Ferrara, the Austrians had leisure to make new mili- 
 tary arrangements. They reinforced Marshal Wurmser, and formed a 
 new army, the command of which was given to General Alvinzi. At the 
 beginning of November, several partial engagements took place between 
 Alvinzi and Bonaparte, till the 15th, when a most desperate engagement 
 at the village of Areola ended in the defeat and retreat of the Austrians, 
 who lost about 13,000 men. Mantua, however, was still obstinately de 
 fended, but the garrison ceased to entertain hopes of ultimate success. 
 
 While the French acmy under Bonaparte was overrunning Italy, the 
 armies on the Rhine, under Jourdan and Moreau, were unable to make 
 any impression on the Austrians. The armistice which had been con- 
 cluded at the termination of the last campaign, expired on the 31st of May, 
 when both armies took the field, and the archduke Charles, who com- 
 manded the Austrians, gained several advantages over both Jourdan and 
 Moreau, till, at the end of the year, the hostile armies, having been harassed 
 by the incessant fatigues they had undergone, discontinued their military 
 operations for the winter. 
 
 The successes of Bonaparte in Italy, and the general aversion with 
 which the people beheld the war, induced the British ministry to make 
 overtures for peace with the French republic. Lord Malmesbury was 
 accordingly dispatched to Paris on this imporlant mission, and proposed 
 as the basis the mutual restitution of conquests ; but there was no dispo. 
 sition for peace on the part of the French directory, and the attempt at 
 pacification ended by a sudden order for his loidship to leave Paris in forty- 
 eight hours. While these negotiations were on the tapis, an armament 
 was prepared at Brest for the invasion of Ireland, which had long been 
 meditated by the French rulers. The fleet, consisting of tweiity-fivo 
 ships of the line and fifteen frigates, was intrusted to Admiral Bouvet; 
 the land-forces, amounting to 25.000 men. were commanded by General 
 Hoche. They set sail on the 18th of December, but a violent tempest 
 arose, and the frigate on board of which the general was conveyed benig 
 separated from the fleet, ihoy returned to harbour, after losing one ship of 
 the line and two frigates. 
 
 A few incidental notices will serve to wind up the domestic events ol 
 the year:— Sir Sidney Smith was taken prisoner on the Frencli coast, 
 and sent, under a strong escort, to Paris.— The princess of Wales gave 
 birth to a daughter, the princess Charlotte ; immediately after which, at 
 the instance of the prince on the ground of " iiicongeniality," a seimnition 
 took place between the royal parents.— A government loan of 18,000,000/. 
 was subscribed in fifteen hours, between the 1st and 5tli instant. One 
 million was subscribed by the bank of England in their corporate capocifv. 
 and 400,000/. by the directors individually. , 
 
 A. D. 1797 The garrison of Mantua, which had held out with astonish- 
 ing bravery, surrendered on the 2(1 of Februa. y, but obtained very lioiiour- 
 able terms, \fter tliis, Bonaparte received very considerable reinhtrce- 
 ments, and having cut to pieces the army uiidnr Mvinzi, he resolved on 
 penetrating into the centre of the Austrian dominions. When the court ot 
 Vienna received information of this design, they raised a new army, the 
 command of which was given to the archduke Charles. The French de- 
 feated the Austrians in almost every engagement ; and Bonaparte, alXer 
 making 20,000 prisoners, etlccted a passage across ttiu Alps, aii.i uTovg irsn 
 emperor to the necessity of requesting an armistice In April aprelimuv 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 677 
 
 I 
 
 ary treaty was entered into, by which it was stipulated that I ranee should 
 retain the Austrian Netherlands, and that a new republic should be formed 
 from the states o( Milan, Mantua, Modena, Ferrara, and Bologna, which 
 should receive the name of the Cisalpine Republic. He then returned to 
 [taly, leaving minor details of the treaty to be adjusted afterwards, and 
 which was accordingly done at Campo Formio, in the following October. 
 
 England was now the only power at war with F'rance ; and great as 
 had been the exertions of the people, still greater were of course required 
 of them. The large sums of money which had been sent abroad, as sub- 
 sidies to foreign princes, had diminished the quantity of gold and silver in 
 Great Britain ; this cause, added to the dread of an invasion, occasioned 
 ) run upon the country banks, and a demand for specie soon communi- 
 cated itself to the metropolis. An order was issued to prohibit the directors 
 of the bank from payments in cash. On the meeting of parliament, a 
 committee was appointed to inquire into the state of the currency ; and 
 though the affairs of the bank were deemed to be in a prosperous state, an 
 act was passed for confirmmg the restriction, and notes for one and two 
 pounds were circulated. The consternation occasioned by these measures 
 was at first very general, Jbut the alarm gradually subsided, and publio 
 confidence returned. 
 
 One of the finst acts of Spain, after declaring war against England, was 
 the equipment of a large number of ships, to act in concert with the 
 French. The Spanish fleet, of twenty-seven sail of the line, was descried 
 on the 14th of January by Admiral Sir John Jervis, who was cruising off 
 Cape St. Vincent, with a fleet of fifteen sail. He immediately formed his 
 line in order of battle, and having forced his way through the enemy's 
 Heet, and separated one-third of it from the main body, he attacked with 
 vigour, and m a short time captured four first-rate Spanish men-of-war, 
 and blockaded the remainder in Cadiz. The Spaniards had 600 killed and 
 wounded; the British, 300. For this brilliant exploit Sir John was raised 
 to the peerage by the title of earl of St. Vincent ; and Commodore Nel- 
 son, who was now commencing his brilliant career, was knighted. 
 
 Rejoicings for the late glorious victory were scarcely over, when a 
 serious mutiny broke out m the channel *fleet. The principal cause of 
 this untoward event was the inadequacy of the sailors' pay. This discon- 
 tent was first made known to Lord Howe, who in February and March 
 received anonymoHs letters, in which were enclosed petitions from difTer- 
 cnl ships' companies, requesting an increase of pay, a more equal distri- 
 bution of prize money, &c. The novelty of this circumstance induced 
 his lordship to make some inquiries ; but as there was no appearance oi 
 disafTectiou in the fleet, he concluded that the letters must have been 
 forgeries, and took no further notice of it. On the 15th of April, when 
 orders were given for preparing to sail, the crews of the ships lying at 
 Spithead ran up the shrouda, gave three cheers, and refused to comply. 
 They then chose two delegates from each ship, who drew up a petition to 
 the admiralty and the house of commons, and each seaman was lK)und by 
 an oath to be faithful to the cause. At length Lord Uridport went on 
 board, and told them he was the bearer of redress for all their gricvunttes, 
 and the king's pardon; and on the 6th of May en act was passed for aug 
 menting the pay oi sailors aiul mamierti. 'liiti faculty with wnicit these 
 claims had been granted instigated the seamen at the Nore to rise in 
 mutiny ^id make further deminids. A council of delegates was ehtcted, 
 at the h<!Hd of whom was a bold and insolent man named Richard Parker, 
 wh(» niidertook to command the fleet, and prevailed on his companions to 
 rpjcct rep(!itted olff rs of pardon. Preparations for hostilities wort! com> 
 ii)4'nci!d on both sides, whun dissensions among the disafl'fcted began to 
 ipriKiir, .Hill, after some bloodshed, all the ships Rubinillod, givinir utt 
 Parker and his fellnw-dKlegalcs ; sutno of wiioni, with ilioir IcaJcP'. 
 dX]iiiaed their ofTcnccs by an ignominious dcatli 
 
 
 il 
 
678 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Notwithstanding the late dangerous mutiny, the idea was very prevalent 
 in the country, that if a hostile fleet were to make its appearance, the 
 men would show themselves as eager as ever to fight for the honour ol 
 Old England. In a few months afterwards an opportunity occurred ol 
 testing their devotion to the service. The Batavian republic having fitted 
 out a fleet of fifteen ships, under the command of their admiral, De 
 Winter, with an intention of joining the French, Admiral Duncan, who 
 commanded the British fleet, watched them so narrowly, that they found 
 It impracticable to venture out of the Texel without risking an engage- 
 ment. The British admiral being obliged by tempestuous weather to 
 leave his station, the Dutch availed themselves of the opportunity, 
 and put to sea; but were descried by the English fleet, which imme- 
 diately set sail in pursuit of them. On the 11th of October the English 
 uame up with, and attacked them off Camperdown ; and after a gallant 
 fight of four hours, eight ships of the line, including those of the admiral 
 and vice-admiral, besides four frigates, struck their colours. The loss ol 
 thq English in this memorable action amounted to 700 men ; the loss of 
 the Dutch was estimated at twice that number. The gallant Adniiral 
 Duncan was raised to the peerage, and received the title of Viscount ' 
 Camperdown, with an hereditary pension. 
 
 About three months previous to this action Admiral Nelson, acting on 
 fallacious intelligence, made an un8ucc«s8ful attack on Santa Cruz, in 
 the island of TeneriflTe : on which occasion the assailants sustained 
 great loss, and Nelson himself had his arm shot off. 
 
 A. D. 1798.— As the French republic had at this time subdued all its 
 enemies except England, the conquest of this country was the principal 
 object of their hopes. The vast extent of territory which the French 
 now possessed, together with the influence they had obtained over the 
 councils of Holland, rendered them much more formidable than limy 
 had been at any former period. The circumstances of the British nation 
 were, however, such as would discourage every idea of an invasion. 
 Its navy was more powerful than it had ever been ; thu victories which 
 had lately been gained over the Dutch and Spanish fleets, had confirmed 
 the general opinion of the loyalty as well as bravery of its seamen ; and 
 all parties burying, for a time, all past disputes in oblivion, unanimous- 
 ly resolved to support thd government. On the meeting of parliament 
 in January, a message from the king intimated that an invasion of tlu 
 kingdom was in contemplation by the French. This communication 
 gave rise to very active measures, which plainly manifested the spirit 
 of unanimity which reigned in Great Britain. Besides a large addition 
 made to the militia, every county was directed to raise bodies of cavalry 
 flom the yeomanry; and almost every town and considerable village 
 had its corps of volunteers, trained and armed. The island was never 
 oefore in such a formidable slate of internal defence, and a warlike 
 kpirit was diffused throughout the entire population. A voluntary sub- 
 scription for the support of the war also took place, by which a million 
 ind a halfof monoy was raised towards defraying the extraordinary 
 .■•Hmands on the public purse. 
 
 While this universal harmony seemed to direct the councils of Great 
 Britain, the Irish were greatly divided in their sentiments, and at length 
 commenced an open rebellion- In the year 1791 a society had been in- 
 stituted by the catholics and firotestant dissenters, for the purpose of ob- 
 taining a reform in parliament, and an entire deliverance of the Uomaii 
 catholics from all the reslriclioiis uiidor which they laboured on aL-roiint 
 of religion. This institution whs projected by a person named Wol. 
 Tone; and the members, who were termed the Ihnted Irishmen, were so 
 numerous, that their divisions and subdivision? wore, in a short timf 
 
 ^„t^,^A„A ....u. tW.. itjl.ol.. Ifiiiniliini 'Phiiiiirli :i ri>riirin llf UarliuiULMlt WHS 
 
 the oatensibl 
 but zealous i 
 and, by eifec 
 a republican 
 did the numb 
 were they of 
 nominated ai 
 Arthur O'Co 
 Their conspii 
 with such pr 
 into effect, bi 
 by the goveri 
 Fitzgerald wi 
 A second con 
 but not until i 
 the castle of 
 be surprised 
 moment. Bi 
 May, a body 
 on the towns 
 from Lord G 
 of them wer 
 strong, agaii 
 forth to meet 
 became mast 
 ter, from Ne 
 at Wexford 
 General Nut 
 Munro, near 
 their greatest 
 ment on Vine 
 them. Varic 
 of which the 
 
 In the pres 
 prudent by tli 
 military mar 
 chosen for ll 
 the 90th of Ji 
 his majesty's 
 and surrendci 
 rei^lute com 
 and the insi 
 of Aufl;u8t, 
 General Hur 
 Irish, landed 
 But instead o 
 pected, they ' 
 prisoners of \ 
 — a rebellion 
 excesses on ( 
 (he time that 
 victims. 
 
 The prepar 
 were spparcii 
 out at Toiilot 
 consisted of tl 
 forty-five sail 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 079 
 
 the ostensible object of this society, yet it soon proved that their secret 
 but zealous endeavours were directed to the bringing about 'a revolution, 
 and, by efTedin^ a disjunction of Ireland from Great Britain, to establish 
 a republican form of government similar to that of France. So rapidly 
 did the numbers of these republican enthusiasts increase, and so confident 
 were they of the ultimate success of their undertaking, that in 1797 they 
 nominated an executive directory, consisting of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, 
 Arthur O'Connor, Oliver Bond, Dr. Mac Niven, and Counsellor Emmet. 
 Their conspiracy was planned with such consummate art, and conducted 
 with such profound secresy, that it would, doubtless, have been carried 
 into effect, but for its timely discovery in March, by a person employed 
 by the government, when the principal ringleaders were apprehended, and 
 Fitzgerald was mortally wounded while resisting the officers of justice. 
 A second conspiracy shortly afterwards wan in the like manner detected, 
 but not until a general insurrection had been determined upon, in which 
 the castle of Dublin, the camp near it, and the artillery barracks, were to 
 be surprised in one night, and other places were to be seized at the same 
 moment. But the flame of rebellion was not easily «xtinguished. In 
 May, a body of rebels, armed with swords and pikes, made attempts 
 on the towns of Naas and Wexford ; but they experienced a signal defeat 
 from Lord Gosford, at the head of the Armagh militia, and four hundred 
 of them were left dead on the field. They afterwards marched, 16,000 
 strong, against Wexford, and upon defeating the garrison, which sallied 
 forth to meet them, obtained possession of the town. Subsequently they 
 became masters of Enniscorthy, but being driven back, with great slaugh- 
 ter, from New Ross, they wreaked their vengeance upon their captives 
 at Wexford in the most barbarous manner. On the twelfth of June, 
 General Nugent attacked the rebels, 5000 in number, commanded by 
 Miinro, near Ballynahinch, and routed them with great slaughter. But 
 their greatest discomfiture was that which they sustained in their encamp- 
 ment on Vinegar-hill, where General Lake tittacked and completely touted 
 them. Various other minor engagements ensued about this time, in all 
 of which the rebels were defeated with considerable loss. 
 
 In the present divided and dangerous state of Ireland it was judgea 
 prudent by the legislature to appoint to the lieutenancy of tliat country a 
 military man of acknowledged prudence and bravery. The person 
 chosen for the station was Lord Cornwallis, who arrived at Dublin on 
 the 90th of Jun-s. His first act was to publish a proclamation, offering 
 his majesty's pardon to all such insurgents as would desert their leaders, 
 and surrender themselves and their arms. This proclamation, and the 
 reifolute conduct of the government, had a great effect on the rebels, 
 and the insurrection was in a short time suppressed. On the 'J3d 
 of August, about eight hundred Frenchmen, under the conr.mand of 
 General Humbert, who hnd come to the assistance of the rebolliout 
 Irish, landed at Killula, and made themselves musters of that town. 
 But instead of being joined by r. considerable body of rebels, as they ex- 
 pected, they were met by General Lake, to whom they surrendered aa 
 prisoners of war. An end was thus temporarily put to the Irish rebellion 
 — a rebellion which, though never completely organized, was fraught with 
 excesses on each side at wliich humanity shudders. It was computed at 
 the time that not less than 30,000 persons in one way or other, wore it^ 
 victims. 
 
 The prepa rations which had been making for the invasion of England 
 were apparently continued, but at the same time an armament Mas flttins 
 out at Toulon, the destination of which was kept a profound secret. H 
 consisted of thirteen sliips of the line, with other vessels, amounting in all to 
 fortv-five sail, besides 900 iransDorts, on board of which were 20,000 choice 
 
 T, 
 
 
 ill 
 
880 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 troops, with Iiorses, artillery, and an immense quantity of provisions aud 
 militAry stores. Ail Europe beheld with astonishment and upprehension 
 these mighty preparations, and seemed to wait in awful expectation for 
 the storm of war that was about to burst on some devoted land. This 
 armament, which was under the command of General Bonaparte, set sail 
 May 20th, and having taken possession of the island of Malta on the 1st 
 of .Tune, proceeded towards Egypt, where it arrived at the beginning of 
 Jul} : its ultimate destination being said to be the East Indies, via the 
 Red Sea Sir Horatio Nelson, who was sent in pursuit of the French 
 fleets being wholly ignorant of its destination, sailed for Naples, where he 
 obtained information of the surrender of M;ilta, and accordingly directed 
 his course towards that island. On his arrival he had the mortification 
 to find that Bonaparte was gone, and conjecturing that he had sailed to 
 Alexandria, he immediately prepared to follow. He was, however, again 
 disappointed, for on reaching Alexandria he learned that the enemy had 
 not been there. After this, the British squadron proceeded to Rhodes, 
 and thence to Sicily, where they had the satisfaction of hearing that the 
 enemy liad been off Candia about a month before, and had gone to Alex- 
 andria. Thitherward they pressed all sail, and on the Ist of August 
 descried the French fleet lying in Aboukir bav. Bonaparte had landed 
 his army on the 5th of July, and having made himself master of Alex- 
 andria, he drew up his transports within the inner harbour of that city, 
 and proceeded with his army along the banks of the Nile. The French 
 fleet, commanded by Admiral Bruevs, was drawn up near the sliore, in a 
 compact line of battle, flanked by four frigates, and protected in the front 
 by a battery planted on a small island. Nelson decided on an immediate 
 attack that evening, and regardless of the position of the French, led hid 
 fleet between them and the shore, so as to place his enemies between two 
 fires. The victory was complete. Nine ships of the line were taken, 
 one was burnt by her captain, a.id the admiral's ship, L'Orient, was blown 
 up in the action, with her commander and the greater part of her crew 
 The loss of the English was 900 sailors killed; that of the French far 
 greater. The glorious conduct of the brave men who aciiieved this 
 signal triumph was the theme of every tongue, and the intrepid Nelson 
 was rewarded with a peerage and a pension. 
 
 The victory of the Nile produced a powerful effect throun^hout Europe. 
 The formidable preparations which had menaced Asia and Africa with 
 immediate ruin were overthrown, and seemed to leave behind them an 
 everlasting monument of the extreme folly and uncertainty of human 
 undertakings. The deep despondency which had darkened the horizon 
 of Europe was suddenly dispelled, the dread of Gallic vengeance seemed 
 to vanish in a moment, and the minds of men were awakened into sctiop 
 by the ardent desire of restoring tranquillity to Europe. A second • >»ali. 
 tion was immediately formed against France, under the auspices of Great 
 Britain, and was entered into by Austria, Russia, the Ottoman Forte, and 
 Naples. Towards the close of the year the island of Minorca surrendered, 
 with scarcely a ahow of resistance, to General Stuart and Commodore 
 Duckworth. 
 
 We •'".ust ".ow 'ako t gbnco of the state of Bntish affai"^ in India. 
 Tippoo Saib having entered into a secret correspondence with tlie French 
 republic, the governor-general demanded an explanation of his uitentions, 
 and as this demand was not complied with, General Harris mvaded his 
 territories. After some slight engagementa, the British army advanced to 
 Seringitpatam, the capital of Tippoo, and on the 4lh of Mny, nficr n gal- 
 lant and (Ufsperate rcsixtance. they succeeded in taking it, the sultan being 
 killed while defending the fortress. 
 
 A. p. 1799^— In consecjuence of the confederacy which had been formed 
 ng&iiiBi iho PTench repuoiic, the canipaign of this year bccnrnc paftiou- 
 
 aaa rcnacrca ;: 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 681 
 
 I 
 
 larly interesting. A French army which hud advanced iiite Suabia, uii 
 der General Jourdan, was opposed by the Austrians und(!r iTie archduke 
 Charles, and being discomfited, was compelled to retreatmlo Switzerland. 
 The Austrians pursued them as far as Zurich, where they were enabled 
 to make a stand until they received reinforcements. In the meantime, an 
 army of Austrians and Russians, under General Suwarrow. having obliged 
 the French to relinquish their conquests in Italy, they determined to 
 hasten to the assistance of the archduke ; but being anticipated by the 
 French general, Massena, the Austrians were ohliffed to retreat in great 
 haste, and the Russians were surrounded so completely, that only 6,000, 
 with their general, escaped. In fact, so severe were the several contests, 
 that in the space of fifteen days 30,000 men on both sides fell victims to 
 the unsparing sword. 
 
 While these events were transacting in Italy and Switzerland, an at- 
 tempt was made by Great Britain to drive the French from Holland, and 
 to reinstate the prince of Orange in his authority as stadiholder. A land- 
 ing was accordingly effected at the mouth of the Texel, under Sir Ralph 
 Abercronibie ; and immediately afterwards the British fleet, commanded by 
 Admiral Mitchell, entered the Zuider Zee, and captured eight ships of the 
 nne, besides some smaller vessels of war and four Indiamen. On the 13th 
 of September the duke of York assumed the chief command of the army, 
 which amounted to 35,000 men, including 17,000 Russians. This army 
 was at first successful, and drove the French from their positio.is ; but 
 their reinforcements arriving, and the British commanders finding no sup. 
 port from the Dutch, a suspension of arms was agreed upon, and the duke 
 resolved to relinquish the enterprise. Holland was consequently evacu- 
 ated ; and, as the price of being allowed to re-embark without molestation 
 fl 000 seamen, Dutch or French, prisoners in England, were to be liberated 
 
 After the battle of the Nile, Bonaparte led his army into Palestine, with 
 the avowed intention of taking possession of Jerusalem, rebuildin-r the 
 temple, and restoring the Jews. El-Arisch and Gaza surrendered to'him, 
 Jaffa was carried uy storm, and ho rapidly advanced is far as the city ol 
 Acre, which he invested with an army of 10,000 selt-ct troops; but here 
 he met with an opponent who arrested his progress. The paclia had the 
 assistance of that gallant Englishman, Sir Sidney Smith, whose former 
 daring exploits on the coasts of France had rendered his name far mora 
 familiar than agreeaWe to Gallic ears. On the 20th of March, Bonaparte 
 opened his trenches : but a flotilla conveying part of his besieginjr train 
 had been captured by Sir Sidi«»y Smith, who was on board the Tlgre oi 
 84 guns, then lying off Acre, and the enemy's guns were employed in it: 
 defence. However, the French made a breach, and attempted to carr) 
 the place by assault, but were again and again repulsed with great loss 
 An alternation of attacks and sorties followed for the space of sixty days 
 during which Bonaparte uselessly sacrificed an immense number of hif 
 bravest soldiers, and at last was compelled to raise the siege. Having re 
 ceived intelligence of the arrival of a Turkish army in Egypt, Napoteor 
 returned from Palestine across the deserts of Arabia, and on the asth ol 
 July obtained a great victory over the Turks near the Pyramids. 
 
 Uui he w'\8 now about to enter on a now theatre of action. Pariv dis- 
 sensions in France, her danger of external foes, and the opportunity 
 which was thereby afforded to the ambition of this extraordinary leader, 
 seems to have suddenly determined him to leave Egypt. He accordingly 
 left the army to General Kleber, and sailed with all imaginable secresy 
 from Aboukir ; his good fortune enabling him, and the few friends ho took 
 with him, to reach Frejus on the 7th of October, unobserved and unmo- 
 lested. Finding thai the people gonoially approved of the step he had 
 taken, and that while the corruption and mismanagement of the directory 
 had rendered them very uripopuiar, he was regaraed as the good ueniui 
 
 
682 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 of France, he in the true Cromwellian fashion, with the assistance Oi a 
 strong party, dissolved the assembly of representatives, and usurped tne 
 government with the title of chief consul, which was at first conlerred on 
 him for ten years, but was afterwards confirmed for life. 
 
 In order to render his usur[)ation popular, Bonaparte began to make 
 professions of a pacific character, and entered into a correspondence for 
 a negotiation with the principal powers at war with the republic. In his 
 communications with the allied sovereigns ho departed from the forms 
 sanctioned by the custom of nations, and personally addressed his letters 
 to the monarcha. The substance of the note addressed to his Britannic 
 majesty was conveyed in two questions, " Whether the war which had 
 for eight years ravaged the four quarters of the globe, was to be eternal ;' 
 and " Whether there were no means by which France and England might 
 come to a good understanding 1" In answer to this letter, an official note 
 was returned by Mr. Grenville, who dwelt much on the bad faith of revo- 
 lutionary rulers, and the instability of France since the subversion of the 
 ancient monarchy. The overture which was transmitted to the court ol 
 Vienna was of a similar nature, and experienced similar treatment ; but 
 the emperor of Russia, being disgusted with the conduct of Austria in the 
 late campaign, withdrew from the confederacy. 
 
 A. D. 1800. — The often discussed question of a legislative union between 
 Great Britain and Ireland engaged the attention of politicians at this time, 
 and gave rise to much angry feeling. Some serious difficulties had arisen 
 from the existence of independent legislatures in England and Ireland, and 
 tlicre was reason to fear that while separate interests were made para- 
 mount to the general good, old grievances might again lead to disaffection 
 and the result be a dismemberment of the empire. To prevent such ar 
 evil the ministers of the day considered their bounden duty; and though 
 Ihe measure at first met with great opposition, it was eventually carried 
 by considerable majorities, and took place on the 1st of January, 1801. 
 By this arrangement the Irish wore to have a share of all the commerce 
 of Great Britain, except such parts of it as belonged to chartered companies. 
 The commons of Ireland to be represented in the imperial parliament by 
 a hundred n^embers ; the spiritual and temporal peerage of that country 
 by four bishops and twenty-eight lay-lords, holding their seats for life. 
 
 During the past winter and the early part of spring the greatest distress 
 was felt by the poorer classes on account of the scarcity and extraordinary 
 high price of bread ; in order to mitigate which, an act was passed pro 
 hibiting the sale of that great necessary of life until it had been baked 
 twenty-four hours, from a well-founded notion that the consumption o' 
 stale bread would be much less than new. 
 
 On the 15th of May, as the king was reviewing a battalion of the guards 
 in Hyde Park, a ball was fired in one of the vollies by a soldier, which 
 wounded a gentleman who was standing not many yards from his majes- 
 ty ; but whether it was from accident or design Could not be discovered 
 And on the evening of the same day a much more alarming circumstance 
 occurred at Drury-lane theatre. At the moment his majesty entered the 
 royal box, a man stood up in the pit and discharged a pistol at the king 
 the baH providentinlly missed him, and the offender was immediately 
 seized, when it appeared that his name was James Hatfield, formerly a 
 private soldier, ana that he was occasionally afflicted with mental derange- 
 ■fflent, from a wound he had received in the head. He was accordingly 
 " provided for" as a lunatic. The consternation occasioned by these 
 oncurrunces waa suocceded by many signal proofs of affectionate luyalty, 
 especially on the 4th of June, his majesty's birth-day. 
 
 The t;ampaign of 1800 was opened with great resolution on both sides. 
 Independonlly of the other troops of France, an additional army of 00,000 
 mi>n uruB usHHnihlnil At Diion. iind it was nubliclv announced in the Frfncb 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 683 
 
 papers, that il was intended as a reinforcement to the armies on the Rhinf 
 and in Italy, as circumstances might require. No one suspected tliat any 
 important plan of military operations was concealed by the affected pub- 
 licity of this arrangement, so no precaution was taken to obviate the con> 
 sequences which might arise from its movements. The Austrians in 
 Italy, under General Melas, attacked Massena in the territory of the 
 Oenoese ; and being successful in several obstinate conflicts, the surren- 
 der of Genoa with its garrison followed. Just at this time Bonaparte 
 suddenly joined the army of reserve at Dijon, crossed the Alps over Mount 
 8t. Bernard, which before had been deemed impracticable, and descended 
 into the Milanese without opposition. Having received some powerful 
 reinforcements from the army in Switzerland he placed himself in the 
 rear of the Austrian army, and resolved on hazarding a battle. Their first 
 encounter was the battle of Montobello, in which the French had the ad- 
 vantage; and it served as a prelude to the decisive battle of Marengo. 
 The Austrians numbered 60,000 ; the French, 60,000 ; the former com- 
 mencing the fight with unusual spirit and success. For a long time the 
 defeat of the French seemed inevitable. But General Desaix having ar- 
 rived with a reinforcement towards evening, a terrible carnage ensued, and 
 the Austrians were totally routed. The loss on each side was terrific ; 
 the French stating theirs at 12,000, and the Austrians at 15,000. On the 
 following day a cessation of hostilities was proposed by the allies, which 
 was granted on condition of their abandoning Piedmont. Immediately 
 after, Bonaparte re-established the Cisalpine republic. 
 
 On the 3rd of December the Austrian army, under the archduke John, 
 was signally defeated at Hohenlinden, by General Moreau; their loss 
 being 10,000 men and eighty pieces of cannon ; the effect of which was, 
 that the emperor was driven to the necessity of soliciting an armistice. 
 This was followed by a treaty of peace, which was signed at Luneville, 
 on the 9th of February, 1801. 
 
 A, D. 1801.— On the Ist of January a royal proclamation announced the 
 royal style and title as " George the Third, by the grace of God, of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King, Defender of the 
 Faith ;" the absurd titular assumption of king of France being now laid 
 aside. On tlie 3rd his Majesty's council look the oaths as privy council- 
 lors for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ; and the king 
 presented the lord chancellor with a new great seal made for the union. 
 
 By the treaty of Luneville, Great Britain became the only opponent of 
 the French republic, and was placed in a situation requiring more than 
 common energy and prudence. Influenced by the capricious emperor 
 Paul of Russia, the principal northern powers resolved on reviving the 
 armed neutrality, and claimed a right ot trading to the ports of France, 
 without submitting to their vessels being searched. At this critical 
 Juncture the British ministry, on the lllhof February, resigned their 
 offices. The ostensible cause was a misunderstanding relative to catho- 
 lic emancipation. It was understood that Mr. Pitt had pledged himsell 
 to obtain a repeal of the disabilities legally pending over that body ; but 
 the king's objections to the measure were too deeply rooted, and too 
 conscientiously fo-med (it being, as he believed, contrary to the obliga- 
 tion of his coronation oath), for the minister to remove them ; added to 
 which, there was the well-known dislike entertained by the protestants 
 of Ireland to encounter a catholic magistracy, and the fears of the 
 clergy of the established church. Owing to the indisposition of his 
 majesty, a new ministry was not formed till the middle of March, when 
 Mr. Addington was chosen first lor J of the treasury and chancellor of the 
 exchequer ; Lord Eldon, lord high chancellor ; the earl of St. Vincent, 
 first lord " " • • - '^- •— j- "--i-— »- -j n-iu 
 
 taries 
 
 quer; Lord KIdon, lord nign cnanceiior; ine ean oi »i. vinceiu. 
 )rd of the admiralty; the lords Hawkosbury and Pelham, secre 
 of ^lale i ilini the iion. Uoi. Yorke gccretary of war. Thorc u 
 
 i 1 
 
 J 
 
 11 
 
 
684 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 little doubt that the new ministers were brought forward to do what their 
 predecessors were unable or unwilling to accomplish, namely, the putting 
 an end to the war, and evading the agitation of the catholic question. 
 Mr. Addington, it is true, had given general satisfaction as speaker of 
 the house of commons, and be had acquired the king's personal favours 
 by his decorous manner and respectable character ; but neither he nor 
 his colleagues had anv political reputation to entitle them to be entrusted 
 with the pilotage oi the vessel of the state, especially where it was 
 necessary to steer her amid the rocks and breakers of a tempestuous sea. 
 In order to counteract the designs of the northern confederates, an arma- 
 ment was fitted out in the British ports consisting of 17 sail of the line, 
 with frigates, bomb-vessels, &c., and entrusted to the command of Ad- 
 miral Sir Hyde Parker and Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson. The fleet 
 embarked at Yarmouth on the 12th of March, and having passed the 
 Sound with very trifling opposition, appeared before Copenhagen on the 
 30th. Batteries of cannon and mortars were placed on every part of the 
 shore where they might be used in annoying the English fleet; the 
 mouth of the harbour being protected by a chain, and by a fort construct- 
 ed on piles. An attack on this formidable crescent was entrusted, at 
 his own requcat, to Nelson, with twelve ships of the line and all the 
 smaller craft. It began at ten o'clock in the morning, and was kept up 
 on both sides with great courage and prodigious slaughter for four hours ; 
 by which time 17 sail of the enemy had been burnt, sunk, or taken ; while 
 three of the largest of the English ships, owing to the Intricacies of the 
 navigation, had grounded within reach of the eneniy'p land batteries. At 
 this juncture Nelson proposed a truce, tq which the prince of Denmark 
 promptly acceded. The loss of the English in killed and wounded was 
 943 ; that of the Danes 1800. The sudden death of Paul, emperor of 
 Russia, who, it has been authentically said, was strangled in his palace, 
 caused a change in foreign affairs. His eldest son, Alexander, ascended 
 the throne, and, renouncing the politics of his father, entered into a treaty 
 of amity with England; the northern confederacy was consequently dis- 
 solved. 
 
 At the time the expedition to Copenhagen was on the eve of departure, 
 a considerable British force had been sent to Egypt, in order to effect the 
 expulsion of the French from that country. This was under the command 
 of Sir Ralph Abercrombie, who on the 8th of March effected ai^isembarka- 
 tion, with great spirit, in the face of the enemy, at Aboukir, the fort o( 
 which surrendered on the 19th. General Kleber, who commanded the 
 French troops in Egypt after the departure of Bonaparte, had been assas- 
 sinated, and Menou was now the general-n-chief. On ihe 13lh a seven 
 action took place, in which the English had the advantage ; bul on theSlst 
 the celebrated battle of Alexandria was fought. The force on each side wag 
 about 12,000; and before daylight the French commenced the attack. A 
 long, desperate engagement succeeded ; but at length the assailants were 
 defeated, and the famous corps of " Invincibles " almost annihilated. The 
 loss of the French in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was upwards ol 
 3500; that of the British 1400 ; among whom was the gallant Sir Ralph 
 Aber-.oir.l.e, v'..o n::'jly t:rmi''-tcd z Too^ car»«?r o' mili»»ry p'ory. He 
 was wounded in the thigh, about the middle of the day; but that he might 
 not damp the ardour of his troops, he concealed his anguish until the bat 
 tie was won. 
 
 The command of the British troops devolved on General Hutchinson, 
 an able officer, and the intimate friend of Sir Ralph, who having made 
 himself master of the ports of Rosetta, Cairo, and Alexandria, completed 
 the conquest of Egypt about the middle of September ; when the French 
 capituirded, upon condition of their being conveyed, with their arms, arlil- 
 dr>% &c., to their OwFi cwanifv. A large dc-tacniricrtt Oi troc-ps iFOiH tu-o 
 
 sorrow, or con 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 685 
 
 Indian army arriv> '., by way of the Red Sea, under Sir David Baird, just 
 after the conclu£.i( .1 of the treaty. 
 
 The news of this important event reached England on the same day that 
 the preliminaries of a peace with France were signed by Mr. Otto, on the 
 part of the French republic, and Lord Hawkesbury, on the part of his Britan-< 
 aid majesty. The definitive treaty was concluded at Amiens on the 27th of 
 March, 1802 ; by which Great Britain consented to restore all her con- 
 quests, except the island of Trinidad, and the Dutch possessions in Ceylon. 
 The Cape of Good Hope was to remain a free port to all the contracting 
 powers. Malta, with its dependencies, was to be evacuated by the Brit- 
 ish, and restored to the order of St. John of Jerusalem ; while the island 
 was to be placed under the protection and sovereignty of the king of 
 Naples. Egypt was to be restored to the Sublime Porte, whose terri- 
 tories and possessions were to be preserved entire, as they existed pre- 
 viously to the war. The territories of the queen of Portugal were to re- 
 main entire ; and the French agreed to evacuate Rome and Naples. The 
 republic of the Seven Islands was recognised by France ; and the fishery 
 of Newfoundland was established on its former footing. 
 
 The restoration of peace was universally received with transports of 
 joy, and was in itself a measure so necessary and desirable, that the terms 
 on which it had been concluded were passed over in silence by the in- 
 habitants of both countries. When the subject was alluded lo in the 
 house of commons, Mr. Sheridan observed, " It is a peace of which every 
 man is glad, but of which no man is proud." But though this apparent 
 tendency of the two nations to forget their mutual animosities seemed to 
 prognosticate a long continuance of the blessings of peace, the happy 
 
 Erospect was soon interrupted by symptoms of jealousy which appeared 
 etween the respective governments. 
 
 Having in various ways gained the popular voice in his favour, Bonaparte 
 was appointed consul for life, with the power of naming a successor. On 
 this occasion, he instituted a republican order of nobility— the legion 
 of honour — to be conferred on military men as a reward for skill and 
 bravery, and on citizens who distinguished themselves by their talents or 
 their strict administration of justice. 
 
 Before we enter upon a new chapter, we are bound to notice a treason- 
 able conspiracy by certain obscure individuals, which, at the time, caused 
 considerable alarm. Colonel Despard, an Irish gentleman of respectable 
 family and connections, who had formerly given distinguished proofs of 
 valour and good conduct, but had subsequently been confined in Cold-bath 
 fields prison for seditious practices, was apprehended at the Oakley-Arms, 
 Lambeth, with thirty-six of his confederates, principally consisting of the 
 labouring classes, and &mong them three soldiers of the guards. It ap- 
 peared that on his liberation from prison, Despard induced a number of 
 violent bellows to believe that they were capable of subverting the pres 
 ent government, and establishing a democracy. In order to effect this 
 measure, it was proposed to assassinate the king and royal family, to seize 
 the Bank and Tower, and imprison the members of parliament. Vast as 
 these plans were, yet it appeared that the time, mode, and place for their 
 execution, were arranged ; though only fifty or sixty persons were con- 
 cerned in U. Information having been conveyed to ministers of this bold 
 conspiracy, its progress was narrowly watched, and at the moment when 
 the designs of the traitors were ripe for execution they were suddenly 
 dragged fmm their rendezvous and fully committed on a charge of treason. 
 After a trial which lasted eighteen hours the colonel was found guilty? 
 and on the 21st of February, 1890, this misguided man, with six fellow- 
 conspirators, was executed on the top of the new gaol in Soijtliwark- 
 Despard declined spiritual assistance, and met his fate without contrition, 
 sorrow, or concern : the others suiTered (Jealh with «ieouiioyi 
 
e8» 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. . 4 
 
 THE REIQZf OF 0E0R6E III. (CONTINOED.) 
 
 A. D. 1803 — The treaty of Amiens proved delusive, and both combat 
 ants, jealous and wratchful, stood ready to renew the conflict. The un 
 bounded ambition of the French consul induced hinbto take every oppor- 
 tunity of insulting our ambassadors, in order to occasion a renewal oi 
 hostilities. Peace had hardly been concluded, when the whole fortresses 
 of Piedmont were dismantled, and that country was annexed to France. 
 The same measures were pursued with regard to Parma and Placentia; 
 and a numerous army was sent against Switzerland, and that government 
 was placed in the hands of the dependents of Bonaparte. Notwithstand- 
 ing these and several other acts of tyranny, his Britannic majesty ear- 
 nestly endeavoured to avoid a recurrence to arms, and seemed willing to 
 suffer the most unwarrantable aggressions, rather than again involve 
 Europe in the horrors of war. This was construed by the Corsican into 
 a dread of liis ill-gotten power. Some official papers were afterwards 
 presented to the British ministry, in which he required that the French 
 emigrants who had found shelter in England should be bEtnished; that 
 the liberty of the press in Britain should be abridged, because some of 
 the newspapers had drawn his character with a truthful pen ; and it ap- 
 peared, indeed, that nothing short of a species of dictation in the domestic 
 affairs of Great Britain was !ikely to satisfy him. Such insolent preten- 
 sions could not be brooked ; all ranks of men seemed to rouse from their 
 lethargy, and the general wish was to uphold the country's honour by a 
 renewed appeal to arms. 
 
 The extensive warlike preparations going forward about this time in 
 the ports of France and Holland, excited the jealousy of the British min 
 istry ; though it was pretended that they were designed to reduce their 
 revolted colonies to obedience. An explanation of the views of the 
 French government was requested by Lord Whitworth, the English am- 
 bassador, but he was openly insulted by the first consul, who had the in 
 decency to intimate, in a tone of gasconade, that Great Britain was una- 
 ble to contend single-handed with France. On the 12lh of May Lord 
 Whitworth presented the ultimatum of the British government, which be- 
 ing rejected, war was announced on the 16th, by a message from his 
 majesty to parliament. Almost immediateljr upon this; Bonaparte issued 
 a decree for the detention of all the English in France ; in consequence of 
 which infringement of international law, about 12,00a English subjects, 
 of all ages, were committod to custody as prisoners of war. 
 
 This event was followed by the invasion of Hanover by a republican 
 army under General M ortier, thus openly violating the neutrality of the 
 German empire, and breaking the peace which been separately cujicluded 
 with his majesty, as elector of Hanover. His royal highness the duke 
 of Cambridge, who was at that time in Hanover, and had the commana 
 of a small body of troops, was resolved to oppose the progress of the 
 invader*; ; but being urged by the regency to retire from the command, 
 he returned to England. In a short time the French made themselves 
 masters of the electorate, and committed the most flagrant acts of cruelty 
 on the unfortunate inhabitants. The Elbe and the Weser being now un 
 der the control of the French, those rivers were closed against Englis;h 
 commerce, and Bonaparte also insisted that the ports of Denmark should 
 be shut against the vessels of Great Britain. In retaliation the British 
 go vernmcnt gave orders for blockading the French ports. 
 
 But it appeared that all minor schemes of aggrandizement wu.,"j 
 to give place to the invasion and subjugation of Great Britain ; for which 
 pnrnQBA a.n immQns6 HumbeF of tfans'^Qrti were ordered to h'' built witt; 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 est 
 
 I 
 
 (he greatest expedition ; and a flotilla was assembled at Boulogne, suffi- 
 cient to carry any army which France might wish to employ. This flo- 
 tilla was frequently attacked by the English, and whenever any of their 
 number ventured beyond the range of the batteries erected for their pro- 
 tection, they were generally captured by cruisers stationed off" the coast 
 to watch their motions. These mighty preparations, and the menacing 
 attitude which was not allowed to relax on the opposite side of the chan- 
 nel gave a new and vigorous impetus to British patriotism, and propor- 
 tionably strengthened the hands of the government. Kxcjusive of the 
 regular and supplementary militia, an additional army of 50^000 men was 
 levied, under the title of the army of reserve ; and in a few months, vol- 
 uiiieer corps, amounting to 300,000 men, were armed in their country's 
 defence. 
 
 While measures were being taken for defending the country against 
 invasion, a new insprrection broke out in Ireland, which had for its object 
 to form an indepen.lent Irish republic. It originated with Mr. Robert 
 FSmmet, bmther to him who had been so deeply implicated in the rebel- 
 lious transactions of 1798, and who had been expatriated. This rash 
 attempt to disturb the public tranquillity was made on the 23d of July, 
 when Emmot, with a crowd of desperadoes armed with pikes and fire- 
 arms, marched through the principal streets of Dublin, and meeting the 
 carriage of Lord Kilwardcn, chief-justice of Ireland, wh^ was accompa- 
 nied by his nephew and daughter, the rufllans dragged them from the car- 
 riage, and butchered the venerable judge and Mr. Wolfe on the spot, but 
 the young lady was allowed to escape. Being attacked in their turn by a 
 small party of soldiers, spme of the rioterci were killed, and others seized. 
 Emmet and several of the most active ringleaders, afterwards suffered the 
 extreme penalty of the law for their off'ence. In the session of November, 
 acts were passed to continue the suspension of the habeas corpus, and 
 enforce martial law in Ireland. 
 
 In the West Indies the English captured St. Lucie, Demerara, ana 
 other islands. A British fleet also assisted the insurgent blacks of St. 
 Domingo to wrest that island from the French ; but it was not effected 
 without a most sanguinary contest. It was then erected into an indepen- 
 dent state, under its ancient Indian name of Hayti. 
 
 In the East Indies much greater triumphs were achieved ; among these 
 was the famous battle of Assaye (Sept. 23), where Major-general Arthur 
 Wellesley, with a comparatively few troops, completely defeated the com 
 Dined Mahratta forces commanded by Scindiah Hoikar and the rajah of 
 Berar. 
 
 A. D. 1804. — It was the opinion of men of all parties, that in the present 
 ^irisis a stronger ministry than that which had been formed under the lead- 
 ership of Mr. Addington, was ab.solutely necessary to direct the councils 
 of Great Britain ; and the friends of Mr. Pitt became most anxious that 
 he should return to the administration on the renewal of war. The min- 
 ister accordingly sought the aid of that great statesman as an auxiliary ; 
 but, adhering to his well-known maxim **to accept of no subaltern sitiJa- 
 tion," Mr. Pitt plainly signified that the premiership must be his. " Aut 
 Caesar; aut nullus." Though many were disappointed to find that a pow- 
 erful coal.tion, in which Mr. Fox and his most eminent colleagues were 
 expected to be included, was not formed, yet the manifest necessity of a 
 vigorous prosecution of the war excited a spirit of unanimity .n the nation, 
 and induced the parliament to second every motion of the ministry. 
 
 Great as was the power to which Bonaparte had by artful gradations 
 advanced himself, it was not sufficient to satiate his ambition ; and he 
 resolved to secure to himself the title of emperor. In order to sound the 
 inclinations of the people, a book had been published some time before, 
 pciniing out ihc prOpf ict.v »nd expediency of Crcuting hisli eiiipCrCi Gi til? 
 
 t 
 
 Of 
 
688 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 Gauls; after which, an overture, equally insolent and absurd, was made 
 (o Louis XVllI., offering him indemnities and a splendid establishment, 
 if he would renounce his pretensions to the crown of France. This pro- 
 posal beingr treated with the contempt it merited, Bonaparte resolved on 
 taking away the life of the duke D'Enghein, eldest son of the duke of 
 Bourbon, on a surreptitious charge of having engaged in a conspiracy 
 against the first consul, and of serving in the armies of the emigrants 
 against France. He had fixed his residence at Ettenheim, in the neutral 
 territory of the elector of Baden, where his chief occupation was study, 
 and his principal recreation the culture of a small garden. From this ru- 
 ral retreat he was dragged on the 16th of March, by a body of French 
 cavalry, under the command of General Caulincourt, and carried the same 
 day to the citadel of Strasburgh, where he remained till the ISlh. On 
 the 20th the duke arnved at Paris under a guard of gens d'armes, and, 
 after some hours at the barrier, was driven to Vincennes. A military 
 commission appointed to tiy him met the same evening in the castle, and 
 the foul atrocity was completed by his being sentenced to immediate ex 
 ecution ; which having taken place, his body was placed in a coffin partly 
 filled with lime, and buried in the castle garden. 
 
 Bonaparte having now nothing to apprehend either from his declared 
 or concealed enemies, prevailed on the people to confer on himself and 
 his heirs the imperial dignity. The ceremony of his coronation accor- 
 dingly took place, with remarkable solemnity, on the 19th of November ; 
 and in the following February he addressed the king of Great Britain a 
 letter, soliciting the establishment of peace. The answer of his Britannic 
 majesty acknowledged that no object would be dearer to him than such 
 a peace as would be consistent with the security and interests of his do- 
 minions ; but it added, that he declined entering into particular discussion 
 without consulting his allies. 
 
 A. D. 1805. — Enraged at the perseverance of Great Britain, and elated 
 by the unparalleled success which had attended all his measures, the 
 French emperor seemed now to consider himself as the disposer of king- 
 doms, and disregarded all principles of justice and moderation. In order 
 to secure his own personal aggrandizement he made an excursion to 
 Italy, converted the Cisalpine republic into a kingdom, and assumed the 
 title of king of Italy. He then united the Ligurian republic to France, 
 and erected the republic of Lucca into a principality, in favour of his sis- 
 ter Eliza, who had married the senator Bacchiachi. After these unpre- 
 cedented acts of aggression, he returned to France, and being once more 
 resolved to effect the subjugation of the British isles, he repaired to 
 Boulogne and reviewed his troops there, which were ostentatiously 
 named " the army of England," and amounted to considerably more than 
 a hundred thousand men. 
 
 Spain having beeii compelled, in consequence of its dependence on 
 France, to become a party in the war with Great Britain, Bonaparte de- 
 termined, by uniting the naval strength of both nations, to strike a blow 
 in several parts of the world at the same time. The greatest activity ac- 
 cordinj^ly prevailed in the French ports, where the fleets had hitherto re- 
 mained inactive ; and several squadrons having eluded the vigilancftof the 
 British cruisers, put to sea. A squadron of five ships arrived in the West 
 Indies, and surprized the town of Rouseau in Dominica; but being gal- 
 lantly opposed bv General Provost, the governor of the island, they levied 
 a contribution of five thousand pounds, and precipitately re-embarked their 
 troops. They next proceeded to St. Christopher's, where, having made 
 great pecuniary exactions, they seized all the ships in the Basseterre road. 
 'Those prizes were sent to Gaudaloupe; and the French squadron, fearful 
 of encountering the British fleet, returned to Europe. 
 
 In tlie nieaatirne h formidable fleet of ton sail of tha lines with lOOOC 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 639 
 
 men on board, set sail from Toulon, under the command of Admiral Ville- 
 %T,^1 S'°' ^,'r« .P'-«<=«^ded to Cadiz, was there reinforced by the 
 Spanish admiral, Gravina and six large ships, and immediately embJrked 
 for the West Indies When Lord Nelson received information that the 
 Jrench and Spaniards had put to sea, he supposed that they were destined 
 
 5lf.\'""T.V° M^L'*'"''""' ^"'^ accordingly set sail in that direct on 
 He traversed the Mediterranean with the utmost celerity, having a squadron 
 of ten ships with h.m ; but finding that he was mistaken in his SonjSclures" 
 he concluded that the enemy had sailed for the West Indies. He immt 
 diate y directed his course towards that quarter, and by drivin? the com- 
 bned squadrons from island to island, he prevented them from making Si 
 of n5i w^^, ""^ '^'.i?7' l** possessions ; nay, so universal w™s"he dfetd 
 tL?rS "'^' ^^* ^^7*1*^ "'^ sooner arrived, than they consulted 
 h! L?vf ^"i * P'^^'P't»'« flight, and hastily returned to Euroje. When 
 the brave Nelson was assured of the course of his adversaries, he d«^ 
 patched a messenger to England, and immediately set sail in hopes of 
 overtaking he fugitives. He arrived at Gibraltar on the 20th of jK^nd 
 having refitted his ships, he resumed his position off Cape St. Vincem 
 sixty, hree days after his departure from it for the West Indies 
 On the arrival m London of the information of the enemy's retreat a 
 
 K'lf''r!.i?"'""."K^ "/ ^"'"r" '^'^ *»^ ''»« !'"«• ^*« dispatched under Si? 
 Rober Calder, in the hope of intercepting them. On the 22d of July S r 
 Robert descried the object of his mission, off Ferrol ; and, notwithstanding 
 iSn^ aV"P*™{;"?' ^^ ^'^ "•'^ ^"^''^'^ « '"°'nent in bringing them t! 
 Tiuh^f" ^'c'L"^^^"'^^^ engagement, iha unequal conflict terminated 
 in the defeat of the enemy, who, having lost two large ships, proceeded 
 
 Gourdon, they weighed anchor, and retired to the harbour of Cadiz, where 
 they were blockaded by Sir Robert Calder. Some dissatisfaction having 
 been expressed in the public papers, relative to the conduct of the British 
 admiral in the engagement off Ferrol, he applied for a court-martial to in- 
 quire into the subject; when, to his great astonishment, and to the regret 
 of the whole navy, he was found guilty of an error of judgment, and sen- 
 tenccd to be reprimanded-a reproach which he, who had passed forty-six 
 years with honour in the service, felt deeply. ^ 
 
 Subsequently to his arrival at Cape St. Vincent, Admiral Nelson tra- 
 versed he bay of Biscay in search of the enemy; but being oppressed 
 with fatigues and disappointment, he resolved on returning to En<riand 
 He arrived at Portsmouth on the 18th of August, and having reached 
 London on the 20th, experienced a most cordial and affectionate reception 
 from his grateful countrymen. He would not, however, allow himself to 
 remain in inactivity, and being offered the command of an armament that 
 was then preparing, he without hesitation embraced the opportunity of 
 serving his coiintry. Having hoisted his flag on board the Victory, on the 
 following-^day he put to sea, and on his arrival at Cadiz he received from 
 Admiral Collingwood the command of the British fleet, which now con- 
 sisted of twenty-seven sail of the line. On the 19th of October Nelson 
 learned that the combined French and Spanish fleets, consisting of thirty- 
 thre^ sail of the line, had put to sea from Cadiz, under admirals Villeneuve 
 and Gravina ; and on the 21st he discovered them off Cape Trafalo-ar He 
 immediately ordered the fleet to bear up, in two columns, as directed by 
 us previous plan of attack; and issued this admonitory signal— which 
 has since become a national proverb— "England expects every man to do 
 his duty. The windward column of the English ships was led by Lord 
 Nelson, in the Victory; the leeward by Rear-admiral Collingwood, in the 
 Koyal Sovereign. About noon the awful contest commenced, by the lead- 
 mg ships of the columns piercing the enemy's line; the others breaking 
 
 thfnilflrll ill oil r\nv»a nr^A 
 
 Vol. 1. — i4 
 
 J «itM CIl 
 
 jaging theif adversaries at the muMia oi iiuu 
 
690 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 jnins. Tlie enemy fought with intrepid spirit ; but the superior skill which 
 Spposed them was resistless. Tlie fury of the buttle was sustained for 
 three hours, when many ships of the combined fleet having struck, their 
 line eave way : nineteen sail of the line, with Villeneuve and two other flag 
 officlrs, were taken; the other ships, with Admiral Graviiia, escaped. 
 
 This splendid victory, so preeminent in the anna s of Britain, was pur- 
 chased with the life of her greatest naval conrimander. In the middle oi 
 the contest Lord Nelson received m his left breast a musket-ball, aimed 
 at him from the ship with which he was engaged; and in about an hour 
 afterwards he expired, displaying in his death the heroic firmness which 
 nad distinguished every action ofhis life. 'I he loss of this galhint man 
 "damped the joy which the news of so important a victory would have ex- 
 •ited- and it is difficult to say whether the general grief that was L-li foi 
 •he hero's. death, or the exultation for so signal a triumph, prepor.u..r<»ted. 
 Many there were, most assuredly, who would havo relinquuihcd ilie vie- 
 orv to have saved the victim. His remains were donosilea .n ol. Paul s 
 -athedral, and were accompanied by a procession rncru extensive piid 
 magnificent than Kngland had, on any similar occjd.f.n, OA.eld. 
 
 Of that part of the Cadiz fleet which had escaperi, lJ.i\ uhips were after- 
 wards .:apiured by Sir Richard Straclian, off Ferroi, ai.u were conducled 
 o a Brilieh port. Thus the enemy's marine was nr .ually annihilated, wild 
 the navy of England held, undisputed, the mastery of the seas. 
 
 It was far olhorwise, however, with her continental projects and allian- 
 •PS. An alliance offensive and defensive had long been ineffectually ne- 
 ffotiating with Russia, Austria, and Sweden; but it was not till the trench 
 Imporor had arbitrarily annexed Genoa and Parma to liis, dominions, that 
 a treaty was concluded. The objects of this formidable coalition were 
 the liberation of Holland, Sardinia, Switzerland, and Hanover, from l- renJi 
 tyranny ; the restoration of tranquillity to the Italian states, and the re- 
 ostablishment of safety and peace in all Europe It was stipulated '.hat • 
 the three continental powers should furnish 500,000 men. exclusive of the 
 British troops. The military force at the disposal of France was GSO.oOO,. 
 besides a considerable number of nusiliaries. By one article of the ?on. 
 federacy it was aareed that the continental powers should not wiiiidraw 
 their forces, nor Great Britain her subsidies, till a general pacification look 
 place with the common consent of the contracting parties. 
 
 The dissatisfaction evinced against the l-rench emperor in all the ter 
 ritories whidi he had seized, seemed only to raise his aiiibition. lo in- 
 sure the subjugation of Germany, he endeavoured lo separate Ausria from 
 the oilier imperial states. He issued a manifesto, reprobating the folly 
 and injustice of tlie confederate powers, and declaring that if hostilities 
 were commenced against any of his allies, particularly aguins Bavaria, he 
 would instantly marcli his whole army to revenge the affront. He sa , 
 that the war was created and maintained by the gold and iiatred of Grtat 
 Britain, and boasted that he would figlil till he had sec ired he ludepon- 
 dence of the Germanic body, and would not make peace witiioul a suffl- 
 cient security for its continuance. The Aiistrians, disregarding liiesr 
 threats, entered Bavaria with 55,000 men, aivl were v'gorouslv siipporled 
 .by the hereditary sliites. These foices, with those furnished by Kussia 
 and the Tyrol, s-eemed to promise .access; but through the prenpituncj 
 of the Austria IS, the tardiness of the Russians, and the vigorous measures 
 of Bonaparte, the groat objects of the coalition failed, anJ the most disas- 
 trouB reverses were experienced. i «• . i 
 
 The French reached the banks of the Rhine in September, and effected 
 a naisa^i; over the river; engaged the Austrians before the Russians 
 JoSir oin hen. an< dof^ated'them with great loss at Werl.ngen and 
 n;..!.!..!,:... In tl.n moaniimo General Bernadolie. by the order of Bo- 
 
 naoBrte. entered the neutral torrilonea ol i-ranconim and was lime lonien 
 
 by the Bavar 
 and oy the ai 
 the Austrian 
 October, Mei 
 On the 19th, 
 tacking Dupe 
 A few days i 
 up in Ulm. 
 picious circu 
 
 The first f 
 ing at lengll 
 110,000 stroll 
 unwilling to 
 awaited the i 
 ever, delayet 
 opposition of 
 ing the coiife 
 ries, the Frei 
 ill-fated polii 
 Europe after 
 its position a, 
 cessity of fal 
 but that of ( 
 with wliich h 
 tria to propoi 
 reinforce men 
 quarters of ^ 
 tilities for a i 
 general peace 
 tice, on cond 
 to return hoi 
 Venice and tl 
 
 Tile Russii 
 Austria, they 
 but as the a 
 sacrifice of li 
 digious armie 
 propose an ar 
 wished to lul 
 pliments, and 
 liad previous] 
 him when the 
 advantage of 
 liiat his eneiii 
 their forces, 
 posed intervie 
 long coiiferen 
 pxtremitics. 
 
 The Freiicl 
 own weaknes 
 combined arir 
 parte brought 
 
 Sained a coin| 
 attlo of Aus 
 Emperors." 
 manded by G( 
 in killed, wou 
 triuiuoh uf Nr 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 691 
 
 by the Bavarian army of 20,000 cavalry and infantry, the Batavian division 
 ana oy the army of Holland, under Marmont. The losses sustained bv 
 the Austrians had hitherto been very inconsiderable ; but on the 13th of 
 October, Meningen, with its large garrison, surrendered to Marshal Soult. 
 On the 19lh, the Austrians making a sortie from the city of Ulm, and at. 
 tacking Dupont 8 division, were defeated, and 15,000 of their men taken 
 A few days afterwards the Austrian general, Mack, who had shut himself 
 up in Ulm, with 30,000 men, surrendered to the French, under very sus- 
 picious circumstances, and his wiiole army were made prisoners of war. 
 1 he first Russian division, under generals Kutusoff and Merveldt, hav- 
 i".^nAn "^^" effected a junction with the Austrians, the French army, 
 110,000 strong, liastiiy advanced to attack them. The allied troops were 
 uiiWiUing to engage a force so much more numerous than their own, and 
 awaited the arrival of the second Russian army. That arrival was, how 
 ever, delayed for a very considerable time, by the menacing and impolitic 
 opposition of the Prussian armamenls. Had the king of Prussia, by Join- 
 ing the confederates, avenged the insult offered to his Franconian territo- 
 ries, the French would soon have been compelled to return home; but the 
 Ill-fated policy he now adopted was the cause of all the disasters which 
 Europe afterwards suffered. The first Russian army, unable to maintain 
 Its position against the superior power of the enemy, were under the ne- 
 cessity of falling back upon Moravia, and in their rout had no alternative 
 but that of crossing the Danube, above Vienna. The imminent danger 
 with winch his capital was now threatened, induced the emperor of Aus- 
 tria to propose an armistice, in hopes of gaining time for the arrival of 
 reinforcemems. Count Guilay was; accordingly dispatched to the head- 
 quarters of Mapoleon, wiih proposals for concluding a suspension of hos- 
 tiUties for a few weeks, as a preliminary step towards a negotiation for a 
 general peace. Bonaparte expressed his readiness to accede to the armis- 
 tice, on condition that the Austrian monarch would cause the allied army 
 to return home, the Hungarian levy to be abandoned, and the duchy of 
 Venice and the Tyrol to be occupied by the French. 
 
 Tiie Russian armies having at length effected a junction with those of 
 Austria, they marched towards Austftrlitz,wiiere the French were posted- 
 but as the allied sovereigns wore desirous of preventing the dreadful 
 jacrifice of life, which was inevitable from the conflict of two such pro- 
 digious armies, the counts Stadion and Guilay were sent to Napoleon to 
 propose an armistice. The French emperor- supposing that they merely 
 wisliod to lull him into a false security, beguiled them with artful com- 
 pliments, and solicited an interview with the Emperor Alexander. He 
 had previously discovered that the allies were rashly advancing against 
 hull when the utmost caution was necessary ; and, in order to take full 
 advantage of the circumstance, he commanded his army to feign a retreat, 
 liiat his enemy might bo confirmed in the idei. of his being unable to resist 
 their forces. The Russian emperor declined in his own person the pro- 
 posed interview, but sent his aid-de-cump as a proxy, who returned after a 
 long conference, fully persuaded that the Frcncii were redu(;ed to the last 
 •"Xtremitics. 
 
 The French having by cautious movements kept up the idea of thoir 
 own weakness and alarm, were attacked on the Ist of December, by tbo 
 combmed army; but when their artifices had been duly prolonged, Bona- 
 parte brought up all his troops, and by the superiority of his nuniberis 
 gamed a complete victory. This was tlie well-contested and memorable 
 battle of Auslcrlitz, or, as it was often called, the battle of the " Three 
 Lmperors." Thc.AiiHiro-Uimsian armies, anumnling to 80,000, were com- 
 manded by General KutusoU and Prince Lichtenstein ; and nearly 30,000 
 
 in killed, wounilnd. anil iiriiiiinnra will, inn ..;..,.„„ »/ .... -... • .1. . 
 
 , . . • f ,., -""• f i ■r- \n vniHiuii, aitrniru liic 
 
 inutunh of Napoleoii. In consequence of tins, an armistice was four day 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
693 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 afterwards effected ; and on the 86lh of the sttie month, a pacific treaty 
 was concluded at Presburg between France and Austria. By the terms 
 Agreed on, France retained possession of the Transalpine territories; 
 Bonaparte was acknowledged iting of Italy, but the crowns of France and 
 Italy were to be forever separated, instead of being united under one 
 head ; and the new made king was invested with the power of appointing 
 an acknowledged successor to the Italian throne. On the other iiand, the 
 French emperor guaranteed the integrity of the empire of Austria, in the 
 state to which he had now reduced it, as well as the integrity of the pos- 
 sessions of the princes of the house of Austria, Russia, <Scc. 
 
 Prussia, wliich had insidiously held back, watching the progress of the 
 campaign, determined for the present to preserve peace with France, and 
 concluded a convention with that power, by which Hanover was pro- 
 visionally exchanged for Anspa/ h, Cleves, and Neufchatel. It has always, 
 indeed, appeared to us that th» policy of Prussia was constantly directed 
 to the diminution of the Austrian power, in the hope that the imperial 
 crown might bo transferred to the house of Brandenburg : a feeling whif h 
 Bonaparte insidiously encouraged as long as it suited his own views ol 
 aggrandizement. 
 
 A. D. 1806.— The campaign of 1805 having thus fatally terminated, and 
 the Russian armies having returned across the Elbe, Napoleon resolved 
 to take vengeance on the king of Naples, who had provoked his wrath by 
 admitting some British and Russian troops into his dominions. On the 
 morning after he h»4 signed the peace of Presburg, the French emperor 
 issued a proclamation from his head-quarters at Vienna, declaring that the 
 Neapolitan dynasty had ceased to raign, and denouncing vengeance on 
 the royal family. Immediately after this threatening manifesto reached 
 Naples, the Russian troops re-embarked, and the British determined on 
 retiring to Sicily, without waiting the arrival of the enemy. The crown 
 of Naples was conferred on Joseph Bonaparte, who, being supported by a 
 numerous French aripy, took possession of his kingdom on the 13th ol 
 February, 1806. The late king took refuge at Palermo, where he was 
 protected by the troops and fleet of Great Britain. 
 
 As that part of the Neapolitan territories called Calabria persisted in 
 opposing the invaders, Sir J. Stuart, commander of the British forces in 
 Sicily, undertook an expedition for the purpose of restoring tlie legitimate 
 sovereign. Having landed his troops, consisting of 4,800 men, he imme- 
 diately advanced to attack the French general, Regnier, who occupied a 
 strong position near the plains of Maidu, with an army of 7000 men ; but 
 the British troops charged the enemy at the point of the bayonet, and 
 obtained n glorious victory; the enemy's loss being 4000 men, killed, 
 wounded, and prisoners, while tliat of the Fnglish was only 43 killed and 
 28'J wounded I The buttle of Maida led to the expulsion of the French 
 from Calabria in less than a month ; but such considerablo reinforcemenlb 
 were received by Joseph Bonaparte that the authority of the new mon- 
 arch was establislied at Naples, and the English being under the necessity 
 of withdrawing their forces to the protection o'" Sicily, the Calabrians 
 were obliged to submit. 
 
 Shortly after this Bonaparte erected Holland into a kingdom, which he 
 bestowed on his brother, Louis, whose mild administration, while it gained 
 him the goodwill and affection of his subjoctM, incensed his despotic 
 brother. He next subverted the Germanic ctnislilution, luid established 
 the confederation of the Rhine, of which he declared that he had taken on 
 himself the office of "protector." 
 
 These momentous transactions on the continent have necessarily inter 
 rupted our narration of those events which relate exclusively to Great 
 Britain, An important acquisition was made by General Baird and Sir 
 Uumc Poplmin, who, after auniioUiuiiig the iiiOi; forraidaaiu pbsiaclcs, 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 693 
 
 uade themselves masters or the Cape of Good Hope, on the 10th of Jan> 
 uary, experiencing little resistance from the Dutch governor. This con- 
 quest was followed by the capture of three French ships of the line, part 
 of a squadron that had escaped from the harbour of Brest, and which Sir 
 J. Duckworth fortunately met with in the West Indies. 
 
 But no event that took place, favourable or otherwise, was of equal im- 
 portance to the death (A Mr. Pitt, which happened on the 23d of January. 
 Excessive anxiety, application, and debility, added to the failure of his 
 plan for delivering Europe from French tyranny, accelerated his death, 
 and the last words which quivered on his lips were "Oh, my country I" 
 By a vote of the commons, his remains were interred in Westminster 
 abbey, with the greatest solemnity, and a monument was erected to him 
 at the public expense. By the samTj vote, his debts were discharged by 
 the pubMc, and it was no small proof of his entire disinterestedness, that 
 during a long administration of twenty years, he diii not accumulate 
 money, but died insolvent. This great man departed in the 47th year of 
 his age ; at a period, too, when such a master-mind seemed to be more 
 than ever needed to counteract the vast designs and universal despotism 
 of the tyrant of the continent. 
 
 Soon alter the decease of Mr. Pitt, his colleagues in office unanimously 
 resigned their employments, and a new ministry was formed, the chief 
 members of which were Lord Grenville, first lord of the treasury; Mr. 
 Fox, secretary of state for foreign alTairs ; and Mr. Erskine (created a 
 peer), lord high chancellor. Negotiations for a treaty of peace were 
 immediately opened, and from the cordiality with which the two govern- 
 ments commenced their proceedings the most happy consequences were 
 anticipated ; but it soon appeared that the immoderate ambition of the 
 French ruler excluded for the present all hopes of an accommodation. 
 
 A mcafure which will forever retlect glory upon the British nation was 
 brought about by the new administration ; we mean, the abolition of the 
 slave trade. Tlie bill was introduced by Mr. Fox, and notwithstanding 
 the opposition it encountered frotn those who were interested in its con- 
 tinuance, it passed through both houses with a great majority. This dis- 
 tinguished act of humanity was, in fact, one of his last measures ; this 
 celebrated and much respected statesman having expired at Chiswick- 
 house, ill his 59th year, on tiie 13th of September. Like his great rival, 
 the late premier, he gave early indications of superior capacity, and, likff 
 him, lio was educated for piditical life. It is rather rem.\rkable, that not- 
 withstanding the irreconcilable opposition between him and Mr. Pitt, he 
 received similar honours from the representatives of the nation, and his 
 remains were deposited in Westminster abbey, within a few inches of his 
 political opponent. 
 
 Wo have before alluded to the ill feeling existing between Austria and 
 Prussia, which had induced the latter to cultivate the friendship of France, 
 to extend her influence and dominions into (fcrmany, and to maintain a 
 strict neutrality with the hostile powers. From this conduct, which for a 
 certain time insured the peace and entirety of Prussia, many advantages 
 were expected to result; yet, at the same time, the military system of 
 the nation declined, and its reputation had irreatly decreased. Afte.'the 
 oatllti of Aiisteniiz, so fatai to tne liberties of Europe, me king ot Prussia 
 became entirely subservient to the arbitrary will of Bonaparte; and, being 
 instigated by that powerful tyrant, he took possession of the elecioratu of 
 Hanover, by which means ho involved himself in a temporary war with 
 Great Dritaiii. A peace, however, was in a short time concluded ; and as 
 his Prussian majesty was unable any longer to submit to the indignities 
 imposed upon him, he entered into a confederacy witli Great Ihitain, 
 Russia, aiul Sweden. An instantaneous change took place in the conduct 
 id the rrussian cabinoi iho precipitancy of whose presfiiii measures couid 
 
094 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 only be equalled by their former tardiness. The armies of the contend 
 ing parties tool< the field early in October, and after two engagements, in 
 which the success was doubtful, a general battle took place at Jena on the 
 14th of that month. The French were posted along the Saale, their 
 centre being at Jena. The Prussians, under Prince Ferdinand, duke of 
 Brunswick, were ranged between Jena, Auerstadt, and Weimar. The 
 armies were drawn up within musket-shot of each other, and at nine in 
 the morning about 250,000 men, with 700 cannon, wore emoloyed in 
 mutual destruction. Courage and discipline on each side where nearly 
 equal, but the French evinced superior military science. When the day 
 was far gone, Augercau arrived with seasonable reinforcements, which 
 being supported by a brilliant charge of Murat's cuirassiers, victory 
 declared in favour of the French. Napoleon, from the height where he 
 stood, saw the Prussians fly in all directions. More than 20,000 were 
 killed or wounded, and 30,000 taken prisoners, with 300 pieces of cannon. 
 Prince Ferdinand died of his wounds. A panic seized the garrison ; hV 
 the principal towns of Prussia, west of the Oder, surrendered soon after the 
 battle ; and the remains of their army was driven as far as the Vistula. 
 Blucher was compelled to capitulate at Lubec. Bonaparte now entered 
 Berlin, and while there, received a deputation from the French senate, 
 complimenting him on his wonderful successes, butrecommending peace. 
 
 On the approach of the French to the Vistula, the Russian arniics ad- 
 vanced with great rapidity to check their course ; a formidable body of 
 Swedes was assembled in Pomerania; and the king of Prussia having 
 assembled his scattered troops, and reinforced them with new levies, 
 prepared to face the enemy. General Benigsen, who commanded the 
 Russian forces, and was in daily expectation of a reinforcement, was 
 attacked at Pultusk, on the 2Glh of December; the engagement was 
 very severe, but he succeeded in driving the enemy from the field of 
 battle. This concluded the campaign. 
 
 A. n. 1807. — At the beginning of tiiis year the bill for the emancipation 
 of the Roman (/alholics passed both houses of parliament, and was pre- 
 sented to the king to receive the royal assent. His majesty, con- 
 scientiously believing that he could not sign it without violating his coro- 
 nation oath, and being desirous of testifying his attachment to the 
 established religion, not only refused to sign the bill, but desired that his 
 ministers would forever abandon the measure. This they refused ; and 
 on the dismissal of Lord l^rskiiie and several of his colleagues, Lord 
 Eldon was chosen lord chancellor ; the duke of Portland, first lord of the 
 treasury ; and ''le Right Hon. Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the 
 exchequer. 
 
 After the surrender of the Cape of Good Hope to the British arms an 
 expedition was undertaken against the Spanish settlements in South 
 America. They proceeded up the Rio de la Plata, and having surmounted 
 hinumcrable difficulties, landed their troops near Buenos Ayres, andon 
 the 28th of June, 180G, took possession of the town. A general ir.surrec 
 tion having been excited soon afterwards, the British troops were com 
 pelled to abandon it, and it was found expedient to send to the Cap,; foi 
 reinforcements. Buenos Ayres was a^;.. n attacked on the 7ih of July 
 1807, by Rear-adiiural Murray and General Wliitelock. The soldiers 
 being ordered to enter tne town with unloaded mus'-.cts, were received by 
 a most destructive fire from the houses, and after having lost 2.500 brave 
 men, were forced to retire. K convention was then entered into with the 
 Spanish commander, by which it was stipulated that a mutual restitution 
 of prisoners should take place, and that the British troops should evaruato 
 the country. For his unsoldierlike conduct in this fatal expedilion, 
 General Wliitelock was tried by a court-martial on his return to Euglaudi 
 and iTJndcnid incapabio of serving his iiii^jeii] in future. 
 
HISTORY OF T^E WORLD. 
 
 eo5 
 
 We now return to the military operations on the continent. The bat- 
 tle of Pultusk had left the contending parties in circumstances nearly 
 equal. Bonaparte had retired into winter-quarters, where he intended to 
 have remained till the return of spring ; but as the Russians were con- 
 scious of the advantages resulting to them from the rigorous climate, 
 they were resolved to allow him no repose. The Russian general^ 
 Markow, accordingly attacked the French under Bernadotte, at Morungen 
 in East Prussia, when a very severe action ensu«d, which terminated in 
 favour of the allies. Another sanguinary encounter took place on the 8th 
 of February, near the town of Eylau, when the fortunes of France and 
 Russia seemed to be equally balanced, and each party claimed the victory. 
 Immediately after this engagement Bonaparte dispatched a messenger to 
 the Russian commander-in-chief, with overtures of a pacific nature ; but 
 General Benigsen rejected his offers with disdain, and replied that " he had 
 been sent by his masters not to negotiate, but to fight." Notwithstanding 
 this repulse, similar overtures were made by Bonaparte to the king of Prus- 
 sia, and met with no better success. The weak state of the French army at 
 this time seemed to promise the allies a speedy and fortunate terminmion 
 of the contest ; but the surrender of Dantzic totally changed the face of 
 affairs, and by supplying the French with arms and ammunition, enabled 
 them to maintain a superiority. On the 14th of June a general engage- 
 ment ensued at Friedland, and the concentrated forces of the allies were 
 repulsed with prodigious slaughter. On the 23d of the same month an 
 armistice was concluded ; and on the 8th of July a treaty of peace was 
 signed at Tilsit, b«n\veen the emperors of France and Russia, to which 
 his Prussian majesty acceded on the following day. 
 
 The first inieivievv between Bonaparte and the emperor Alexander 
 took place on the 25th of June,^on a raft constructed for that purpose or 
 the river Niemen, where two tents had been prepared for their reception. 
 The two emperors landed from their boats at the same time, and em- 
 braced each other. A magnificent dinner was afterwards given by 
 Napoleon's guard to those of Alexander and the king of Prussia ; when 
 they exchanged uniforms, and were to be seen in motley dresses, partly 
 French, partly Russian, and partly Prussian. The articles by which 
 peace was granted to Russia were, under all the circumstances, remarkably 
 favourable. Alexander agreed to acknowledge the kings of Bonaparte's 
 creation, and the confederation of the Rhine. Napoleon undertook to 
 mediate a peace between the Porte and Russiii ; Alexander having under- 
 taken to be ihe mediator between France and England, or, in the event of 
 his mediation being refused, to shut his ports against British commerce. 
 The terms imposed on the king of Prussia were marked by clmracteristic 
 severity. Tiie city of Dantzic was declared independent; and all the 
 Polish provinces, wilh Westphalia, were ceded by Prussia to the con- 
 queror, by which means the king of Prussia was stripped of nearly half of 
 his territories, and one-third of his revenues. All his ports were likewise 
 to be closed against England till a permanent peace. 
 
 The unexampled influence which Napoleon had now acquired over the 
 nations ©f Europe, to say nothing of that spirit of domination which 
 he everywhere exercised, rendered it extremely impr<ibiible that Den- 
 mark won' 1 long preserve her neutrality; nay, the English ministers 
 iiad good reasons lo believe that a ready acquiescence to the dictates 
 of the French emperor would be found in the court of Copenhagen. As 
 it was therefore feared that the Danish fleet would fall into the hands 
 of the enemy, it was thought expedient to dispatch a formidable arma- 
 ment to the Bailie and to negotiate with the Danish government. The 
 basis of the negotiation was a proposal to protect the neutrality of Den- 
 mark, on c(»nditum that its fleet should be deposited in the Brilisii porta 
 (111 the termination of the war with Fiance. Afl this propt'Sai was re- 
 
 !i 
 
 in 
 
 
006 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Jected, ano as the general conduct of the Danes betrayed their partiality 
 for the French, the armament, which consisted of twenty-seven sail oi 
 the line and twenty thousand land forces, under the command of Admiral 
 Qambicr and Lord Calbcart, made preparations fok investing the city. A 
 tremendous cannonading then commenced. The cathedral, many public 
 edifices and private louses were destroyed, with the sacrifice of two 
 thousand lives. From the 2nd of September till the evening of the 5lh, 
 the conflagration was kept up in different places, when, a considerable 
 part of the city being consumed, and the remainder threatened with 
 speedy destruction, the general commanding the garrison sent out a flag 
 of truce, desiring an armistice, to afford time to treat for a capitulation. 
 This being arranged, a mutual restituiinn of prisoners took place, and 
 the Danish fleet, consisting of 18 sail of the line and 15 frigates, together 
 with all the naval stores, surrendered to his Britannic majesty's forces. 
 The Danish government, however, refused to ratify the capitulation, and 
 issued a declaration of war against England. This unexpected enter- 
 prize against a neutral power served as an ostensible cause lor Russia 
 to commence hostilities against Great Britain ; and a manifesto was pub- 
 lished on the 31st of October, ordering the detention of all British ships 
 and property. 
 
 The two grand objects to which the attention of Bonaparte was pnn- 
 cipally directed, were the annihilation of the trade o( Great Britain, and 
 the extension of his dominions. In order to attain the former of these 
 objects, he^ in November, 1806, issued at Berlin a decree, by which the 
 British islands were declared to be in a state of blockade, and all neutral 
 vessels that traded to them without his consent were subject to capture 
 and confiscation. This new mode of warfare excited at first ihe appre- 
 hensions of the British merchants ; but the cabinet were resolved to re- 
 taliate, and accordingly issued the celebrated ordcrt in council^ by which 
 France and all the powers under her influence were declared to be in a 
 state of blockade, and nil neutral vessels that should trade between the 
 hostile powers, without touching at some port of Great Britain, were 
 liable to be seized. These unprecedented measures were extremely det- 
 rimental to all neutral powers, especially to the Americans, who were the 
 general carriers of colonial produce. They, by way of retaliation, laid 
 an embargo in all the ports of the United States, and, notwithstanding 
 the extinction of their commerce, long persisted in the measure. 
 
 In th'! conduct pursued by Bonaparte with respect to Portugal, he re- 
 solved to act in such a manner as should either involve that nation in a 
 war with Kngland, or would furnish him with a pretence for invading it 
 He accordingly required the court of Lisbon, first, to shut their porti 
 against Great Britain; secondly, to detain all Englishmen resi.ling in 
 Portugal; and thir<My, to confiscate all English property. In case these 
 demands were re'" jed, he declared that war would be declared against 
 them, and, w' ' waiting for an answer, he gave orders for detaining all 
 merchant-ships that were in the port of France. As the prince-regent 
 could not comply with these imperious demands witlir>iit violating the 
 treaties that existed between the two nations, he endeavoured to;ivoid the 
 danger which threatened him bv agreeing to the first condition. The 
 ports of Portugal were accordingly shut up, but this concession served 
 only to inflame the resentment of Bonaparte, who immediately declared 
 " that the house of Braganza had ceased to reign," and sent an immenso 
 army into Portugal, under General Junot. In this critical situation the 
 
 Erinco-regent removed his troops to the seaports, and when Junot entered 
 is dominions he retired with his family to the Brazils. 
 The subversion of the government of Spain and the expulsion of the 
 reigning family was the next step on the ladder of Napoleon's ambition. 
 
 tii tifisnr 10 ^CCUilipitsh tills it Was hi3 nfat CHrS tO lOSBSiU utSCOiu iil t><" 
 
 severe encoui 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 607 
 
 royal family, which he was too successful in effpcting. By encouraging 
 the ambition of the heir-apparent, he excited the resentment of the reign- 
 ing monHrcli, Ciiarles IV., rendered them mutual objects of mistrust, jeal- 
 ousy, and hatred, and plunged-the nation into anarchy and confusion. In 
 this perplexed state of affairs, he invented an excuse for introducing his 
 armies into Spain, and compelled Charles to resign the crown to his son, 
 who was invested with the sovereignty, with the title of Ferdinand VII. 
 The new-made king, with his father and the whole royal family, were 
 shortly afterwards prevailed on to take a journey to Bayonne, in France, 
 where an interview took place with the French emperor. On the 6th of 
 May the two kings were compelled by Bonaparte to sign a formal abdi- 
 cation, and the infants Don Antonio and Don Carlos renounced all claim 
 to tlie succession. This measure was followed by an imperial decree, 
 declaring the throne of Spain to be vacant, and conferring it on Joseph 
 Bonaparie, who had abdicated the throne of Naples in favour of Joachim 
 Murat. 
 
 As the French forces, amounting to about 100,000 men, occupied all the 
 strongest and most commanding positions of Spain, and as another army 
 of 20,000 men, under Junot, had arrived in Portugal, it was imaoined 
 that the new sovereign would take possession of the kingdom without 
 opposition. But no sooner had the news of the treatment of tlie royal 
 family reached Spain, than a general insurrection broke out; juntas were 
 formed in the different provinces, patriotic armies were levied, and the 
 assistance of England was implored. The supreme junta of Seville as- 
 sumed the sovereign authority in the name of Ferdinand VII., whom they 
 proclaimed king, and declared war against France. Peace with Spain 
 was proclaimed in London on the 5th of July ; the Spanish prisoners were 
 set free, clothed, and sent home ; and everything that the Spaniards 
 coulil desire, or the English afford, was liberally granted. The sudden- 
 ness of the insurrection, the unanimity which prevailed, and the vigour 
 with which it was conducted, amazed the surrounding nations, and called 
 forth their exertions. The efforts of the Spaniards were crowned with 
 astonishing success; the usurper Joseph was driven from the capital after 
 having remained in it about a week ; and the French, after losing about 
 50,000 men, were obliged to abandon the greatest part of the kingdom, 
 and to retire to the north of the Ebro. 
 
 A. D. 1808. — Animated and encouraged by the successful resistance 
 of the Spaniards, the Portuguese also displayed a spirit of putriotic loy- 
 alty, and a ceneral insurrection took place in the northern parts of that 
 kingdom. In the provinces from which the French had been expelled 
 the authority of the prince-regent was re-established, and provisional 
 juntas, like those of Spain, were formed. The supreme junta of Oporto 
 having taken effectual measures for raising an army, dispatched ambassa- 
 dors to England to solicit support and assistance. In consequence of 
 this, an army under Sir Arthur VVcUesley, consisting of 10,000 men, set 
 sail from Cork on the 12th of July, and landed in Oporto, where, after a 
 severe encounter, he compelled the French general, Laborde, to abandon 
 a very strong position on the heights of Roleia. In the following night 
 Laborde cffc'ed p junction v-lth '^aner".l Lr-'son, 2nd Ihey r.-trea'-jd wvh 
 their united forces towards Lisbon. The British army having been re- 
 inforced by a body of troops under General Anstruther, proceeded towards 
 the capital in pursuit of tne French. On the 21st of August, the French 
 army under Junot, who had been created duke of Ahrantes by Bonaparte, 
 met the British troops at the village of Vimiera, when a very severe ac- 
 tion ensued, and terminated in the total defeat of the French, whosu loss 
 m killed aloiio amounted to 3,500 men. Sir Hugh Dalrymple, who had 
 been called from Oibrallar to take the command of the British forces, 
 
 jutlinii iiiu aiEiiy at ^^imxa vii luc uaj aiici litis 3mu!:utu vxciuiy aiiU uuii- 
 
 1 
 
 t mil 
 
 
698 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 eluded a treaty which was thought in England to be disadvantageous, and 
 became the subject of military inquiry; but Sir Artliur Weilesley giving 
 his testimony in its favour, it may safely be inferred to have been wisely 
 concluded ; and such was the result of the investigation. It btinuiated 
 that the French should evacuate Portugal, with their arms, but leiiving 
 their magazines, and be transported to France in British ships, without 
 any restriction in regard to future service ; having leave to dispose of 
 their private property (viz., their plunder acquired by contribuiions), in 
 Portugal. The Russian fleet in the Tagus, consisting of nine ships ol 
 the line and a frigate, was to be surrendered to the British government, 
 but to be restored after the peace, and the Russian officers and men to be 
 conveyed home in English transports. 
 
 The convention of Cintra being carried into eflfect, the British forces 
 advanced to Lisbon, and having remained in that city about two months, 
 proceeded in different divisions towards Salamanca, in Spain. In the 
 meantime an army of 13,000 men, under Sir David I3aird, having landed 
 at Corunna, was marching through tlie northern part of Portugal towards 
 the same point. Bonaparte having, with an immense army, entered 
 Spain, in order to conduct the operations of the war, the patriot troops 
 under Belvidere, Blake, and Castanos, were successively defeated, and 
 Napoleon entered Madrid in triumph. Sir John Moore, the commander- 
 in-chief of the British army, being unable to keep the field in the pres- 
 ence of an enemy so much superior in numbers, while his own troops 
 were suffering d -adfully from hunger and fatigue, retreated, in the midst 
 of winter, through a desolate and mountainous country, made almost im- 
 passable by snow and rain ; yet he effected his retreat with great rapidity 
 and judgment, and arrived at Corunna Jan. 11, 1809. Soult took up a 
 position above the town in readiness to make an attack as soon as tlie 
 troops should begin to embark. On the 16th, the operation having be- 
 gun, the French descended in four columns, when Sir John Moore, in 
 bringing up the guards, where the fire was most destructive, received a 
 mortal wound from a cannon-ball. General Baird being also disabled, the 
 command devolved on Sir John Hope, under whom the troops bravely 
 continued the fight until nightfall, when the French retreated with the 
 loss of two thousand men, and offered no further molestation. Tlie loss 
 of the English in this battle was stated at between seven and eight hun- 
 dred men ; but their total loss in this arduous expedition was little less 
 than six thousand, with their brave and noble commander, whose soldierly 
 skill and general high qualities fairly entitled him to the respect and ad- 
 miration in which he was universally held. 
 
 A. D. 1609 — The most vigorous exertions were now made by the French 
 for the complete subjugation of Spain. Having defeated and dispersed 
 several bodies of the Spanish troops, they sat down before Saragossii, 
 and made themselves masters of it after a desperate and sanguinary as- 
 sault. The French army then entered Porlug! ", under Marshal Soult, 
 duke of Dalmatia, and took Oporto. On the arrival of another British 
 armament, consisting of above thirty thousand men, under generals Wei- 
 lesley and Beresford, Soult was obliged to retire from Portugal with con 
 jiiderable loss. Sir Arthur Wellealey advanced with rapidity into Spain, 
 and having united his troops with a Spanish army of thirty-eight thou- 
 sand men, under General Cuesta, they marched on Madrid. On the i26lh 
 of July General Cuesta's advanced guard was attacked by a detaohniciit 
 of the enemy, and as a general engagement was daily expotlcd, Sir Ar 
 thur Weilesley took a strong position at Talavera. On the following day 
 a very obstinate engagement commenced, which was continued with 
 various success till the evening of the 28lh, when the French retreated, 
 leaving behind them seventeen pieces of cannon. The battle was most 
 tcVcfC, the English lOstiig in kilicd, WOUitucd, and iTiiSSiiig, Sj.X tstuussno 
 
 Of the. due 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 099 
 
 men, while the loss on the part of the French was estimateil at ten thou- 
 sand. For the great skill and bravery displayed in this action Sir Arthur 
 Weilesley was created a peer, with the title of Viscount Wellington. 
 The French army was commanded by Victor and Sebastiani ; but soon 
 afterwards the junction of Ncy, Souli, and Mortier in the rear of the En 
 elish, compelled them to fall back on Badajoz, and Cuesta remained ia 
 Spain to check the progress of the French. 
 
 Austria, stimulated by what was passing in Spain, had once more at- 
 tempted to assert her independence ; and Bonaparte had left the penin- 
 sula soon after the battle of Corunna, in order to conduct in person the 
 war which was thus renewed in Germany. Hostilities had been declared 
 on the 6th of April, when the archduke Charles issued a spirited address 
 to the army preparatory to his openiijg the campaign. Tlie whole Aus- 
 trian army consisted of nine corps, in each of which were from thirty to 
 forty thousand men. Bonaparte, in addition to the French corps, now 
 congregated under his standard Bavarians, Saxons, and Poles ; and such 
 was his celerity of movement, and the impetuosity of his troops, that in 
 the short space of one month he crippled the forces of Austria, and took 
 possession of Vienna on the 13lh of May. On the 21sl and 22d of the 
 same month, the archduke Charles, who had taken his position on the* 
 left bank of the Danube, engaged Bonaparte between the villages of As- 
 perne and Essling, and completely defeated him, compelling him to retire 
 to Loban, an island on the Danube. The \ustrians were, however, so 
 much weakened by this battle, as to be unable to follow up their success, 
 and both armies remained inactive till the 4th of July, when Bonaparte, 
 having been greatly reinforced, relinquished his situation amid a violent 
 torrent of rain, and drew up his forces in order of battle on the extremity 
 of the Austrian left wing. The allies were greatly disconcerted by this 
 unexpected movement, and being obliged to abandon the strong position 
 which they held, an engagement commenced near Wagram, under every 
 disadvantage, when the French were victorious, and the Austrians re- 
 treated towards Bohemia. A suspension of hostilities was soon after- 
 wards agreed on, which was followed by a treaty of peace, concluded at 
 Schoenbrun, Oct. 15, by which the emperor of Austria was compelled to 
 cede several of his most valuable provinces, to discontinue his inter- 
 course with the court of London, and to close his ports agamst British 
 vessels. 
 
 In the course of the summer was fitted out with great secrecy one of 
 the most formidable armaments ever sent from the shores of England. It 
 consisted of an army of 40,000 men, and a fleet of 39 sail of the line, 36 
 frigates, and numerous gun-boats, &c. The command of the first was 
 given to the earl of Chatham, of the last to Sir R. Strachan. The chief 
 objects of the enterprise were to get possession of Flushing and the island 
 of Walcheren, with the French ships of war in the Scheldt; to destroy 
 their arsenals and dock-yards, and to eflfecl the reduction of the city of 
 Antwerp. The preparations which had been made for tiiis expedition, 
 and the immense sums of money expended on it, raised the expectations 
 of the nation to the highest pitch ; but it was planned without judgment, 
 and therefore necessarily terminated in loss and disgrace. On the arrival 
 of the armament in the Scheldt, the contest between Austria and France 
 had been decided; the military state of the country was widely different 
 from what had been represented ; and Antwerp, instead of being defence- 
 lesa, was completely fortified. The attack on the ifcland of Walcheren 
 succeeded, and Flushing surrendered after an obstinate resistance of 
 twelve dnys; but as the country assumed a posture of defence that was 
 totally unexpected, all idea of proceeding up the Scheldt was abandoned, 
 and the troops remained at Walch»?ren, where an epidemic fever raged, 
 (u tiifi n.p.e army that left Portsmouth a few niouth" beforC; ono naj( 
 
 
 1? 
 
 I 
 
 ) •'. 
 
 Ar 
 
 ii^a 'm iiii, 'itii 
 
ron 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 perished on the pestilential shores of Walcheren ; and of the remainder, 
 who returned in December, many were afflicted with incurable chronio 
 diseases. 
 
 The other events of the year may be briefly told. The French settle* 
 ment at Cayenne surrendered to an English and Portuguese force, and 
 the island of Martinique was soon afterwards captured by British arms. 
 A French fleet, consisting of ten sail of the line, which lay in the Basque 
 roads, under the protection o*" the forts of the island of Aix, was attacked 
 by a squadron of gun-boat«, fire-ships, and frigates, under Lord Cochrane, 
 who captured four ships, disabled several others, and drove the rest on 
 shore. A gallant action was likewise performed by Lord Collingwood, 
 who, on the 1st of October destroyed, in the bay of Rosas, three sail o( 
 the line, two fr'gates, and twenty transports. To these successes may 
 be added, tba reduction of some small islands in the West Indies, and 
 the capturs of a Russian flotilla and convoy in the Baltic, by Sir James 
 Saumatez. 
 
 In the early part of the year, public attention was engrossed with u 
 tiarlia:nentary inquiry into tlie conduct of his royal highness the duke o[ 
 Yorl:, commander-in-chief; against whom Colonel Wardle, an officer 0/ 
 •iiilitia, had brought forward a series of charges, to the effect that Mrs. 
 Mary Ann Clarke, a once favoured courtesan of the duke, had carried on 
 a traffic in military commissions, with his knowledge and concurrence. 
 During the progress of this investigation the house was fully attended, its 
 members appearing highly edified by the equivocal replies and sprightly 
 sallies of the frail one. But the duke, though guilty of great indiscre- 
 lion, was acquitted of personal corruption by a vote of the house. He, 
 however, thought proper to resign his employment. Various circum- 
 stances whi^h afterwards transpired tended to throw considerable sus- 
 picion on tne motives and characters of the parties who instituted the 
 mquiry. 
 
 A. D. 1810. — The parliamentary session commenced with an inquiry 
 into the late calamitous expedition to Walcheren ; and after a long debate 
 in the house of commons, the conduct of ministers, instead of being cen- 
 sured, was declared to be worthy of commendation. In the course of ihe 
 discussion, Mr. Yorke, member for Cambridge, daily enforced tiie stan'l- 
 ing order qf the house for the exclusion of strangers— a measure which 
 was very unpopular, and became the subject of very severe animadver- 
 sions in the London debating societies. John Gale Jones, the director of 
 one of these societies called the " British Forum," having issued a placard, 
 notifying that the following question had been discussed there :— " Which 
 was a greater outrage on the public feeling, Mr. Yorke's enforcement of 
 the standing order to exclude strangers from the house of commons, or 
 Mr. Windhiim's attack on the press?" and that it had been unanimously 
 carried against the former. Mr. Yorke complained of it as a breach ol 
 privilege, and Jones was committed to Newgate. On the 12th of March, 
 Sir Francis Burdett, who had been absent when Mr. Jones was comtnilted, 
 brought forward a motion for his liberation, on the ground that his im- 
 prisonment by the house of commons was an infringement of the law of 
 the 'and ">.nd •■* subversion of the principlps of the constitution. This mo- 
 tion being negatived. Sir Francis published a letter to his constituunts, tne 
 electors of Westminster, in which he stated his reasons I'or objecting to 
 the imprisonment of Mr. Jones, and adverted in very pointed terms to the 
 illegality of the measure. This letter was brought forward in the house 
 oy Mr. Lethbridge, who moved that it was a scandalous publication, and 
 that Sir Francis Burdett was guilty of a flagrant breach of privilege. After 
 an adjournment of a week, these resolutions were carried ; and a motion 
 that Sir Francis Burdett should be committed to the Tower, was likewise 
 !••:.-;.-> hir •.; in-iinritv t\( thirfv-sfwfip, membcrs. A. Warrant was accord- 
 
 ijority 
 
 irfy- 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 YOl 
 
 inglv signed by the speaker of the house of commons, ft r the apprehension 
 and commitment of the right honourable baronet. Sir Francis urged the 
 illegality of the speaker's warrant, and resisted the execution of it till the 
 9th of April, when the serjeant-at-arms, accompanied by messengers. 
 
 Eolice officers, and detachments of the military, forced open the baronet's 
 ouse, arrested him, and conveyed him, by a circuitous route, to the 
 Tower. The greatest indignation prevailed among the populace when 
 they heard of the apprehension of their favourite; and, having assembled 
 on Tower hill, they attacked the military with stones and otlier missiles. 
 For a time the soldiers submitted to the insults of the multitude .• but fuid. 
 ing that their audacity increased, they fired, and three of the rioters were 
 killed. At the prorogation of parliament, on the 21st of June, Sir Francis 
 was liberated from the Tower, and great preparations were made by his 
 partizans for conducting him home, but he prudently declined the honour, 
 and returned to his house by water, to avoid the risk of popular tumult. 
 As for Mr. Gale Jones, who claimed a right to a trial, he refused to leave 
 Newgate, and was at last got out by stratagem, loudly complaining of the 
 double grievance of being illegally imprisoned and as illegally discharged. 
 On the 3l8t of May an extraordinary attempt at assassination was 
 made on the duke of Cumberland. At about half-past two o'clock in the 
 morning his royal highness was roused from his sleep by several blows 
 about the head, which were proved to have been given by a sabre; and, 
 iumping up to give an alarm, he was followed by the assassin, who cut 
 him across the thighs. He then called his valet-in-waiting, who hastened 
 to his master's assistance, and alarmed the house. Having closely in- 
 spected the room, to see if any one were concealed therein, they went to 
 the porter's room to awaken Sellis, a Piedmontese valet ; when, on forc- 
 ing open the door, they found him stretched on the bed, with his throat 
 cut. Subsequent circumstances made it evident that this wretch, after 
 having failed in his attempt to assassinate the duke, had retired on the 
 first alarm, and put an end to his own life. Next day a coroner's inquest 
 was held on the body of Sellis, and after bestowing a patient attention 
 to the evidence, the jury returned a verdict of felo-de-se. The assassin 
 was believed to have been actuated by private resentment for some sup- 
 posed injury, but nothing definite was elicited. 
 
 On the retreat of Lord Wellington at Talavera, the French armies ad- 
 vanced with astonishing rapidity; and having defeated and dispersed a 
 Spanish army of 50,000 men, at the battle of Ocana, Nov, 19, they carried 
 tTieir victorious arms into almost every province of Spain. They were, 
 however, much annoyed, and sometimes repulsed by the patriots, who, 
 wandering from place to place, seized every opportunity of revenging 
 themselves on their rapacious invaders. The French army in Portugal 
 was greatly superior in numbers to the English, and was commanded by 
 Marshal Massena, prince of Essling, who employed every artifice to induce 
 Lord Wellington to leave the strong position which he held on the moun- 
 tains. With this view he undertook, successively, the sieges of Cuidad 
 Uodrigo and Almeida, both of which places, after a most spirited resistance, 
 were compelled to surrender. All these stratagems of Massena could not 
 induce the British general to hazard a battle under disadvantageous cir- 
 cumstances ; and the cautious conduct of his lordship on this occasion, 
 was as laudable as his courage and resolution had formerly been. Mas- 
 sena at length began to suspect that his opponent was actuated by fear; 
 and therefore determined to attack him in his intrenchments, on the 
 summit of the mountain of Buzaco. An engagement accordingly took 
 place on the 27th of September, when the combined armies of England 
 and Portugal completely defeated the French, who lost on the occasion 
 upwards of 2000 men. A few days after this engagement, the British 
 general, by an unexpected moveiueui, retired towards Ll.sboii. and oi> 
 
70!2 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 cijpied ail impregnable position on Torres Vedras; whithrr he was fol. 
 lowed by Marsiial Massena, who encamped directly in his front. 
 
 While these events were talking place in Spain and Portugal, the suc- 
 cessful termination of some distant naval expeditions served to confirm the 
 gallantry of that branch of the service. The Dutch settlement of Am- 
 boyne, with its dependent islands, surrendered to a British force Feb. 17. 
 On tiie 8th of August, a parly of IfO British seamen, under the command 
 of Captain Cole, attacltea Banda, the principal of the Dutch spice islands 
 and obliged the garrison, consisting of 1000 men, to surrender. Tiie im- 
 portant islands of Bourbon and the Mauritius were likewise reduced at 
 the close of the year, by a British armament, under the command of Ad 
 miral Bertie and Major-Oeneral Abercrombie. 
 
 Several events took place at this time on the continent of Europe, not 
 less remarkable for their novelty than for their importance. Bonaparte 
 having divorced the empress Josephine, espoused on the 11 th of March 
 the archduchess Maria Louisa, daughter of the emperor of Austria. On 
 the 1st of July, Lcjis Bonaparte, king of Holland, after having made a 
 fruitless attempt to improve the condition of his unfortunate subjects 
 abdicated the thi'one in favour of his eldest son. That exhausted country 
 was immediately seized by Napoleon, and annexed to the French empire; 
 Charles XIII. of Sweden, being advanced in age and having no children' 
 chose for his successor Charles Augustus, prince of Auguslinberg ; but as 
 this prince died suddenly, it became necessary to nominate his successor. 
 The candidates for this high office were the prince of Holstein, the king 
 of Denmark, and the French marshal Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo. 
 The latter being favoured by Napoleon and 6y the king of Sweden, he 
 was unanimously chosen crown prince, and his installation took place on 
 the 1st of November, in the presence of the assembled diet. A few days 
 afterwards war was declared against Great Britain ; all intercourse was 
 (irohibited, and the importation of colonial produce interdicted. 
 
 CHAPTER LXIII. 
 
 THK REIGN OF CEOnOE III. [tHE REOKNCV.] 
 
 A. D. 1811. — One of the first legislative acts of this year was the ap 
 pointment of the prince of VVales, under certain rusirictions, as regent in 
 consequence of a return of that mental malady with wliich the king had 
 formerly been temporarily afflicted. The restrictions were to continue 
 till afier February 1, 1812. It was expected that a change of ministers 
 would immediately take place, but the prince declined making any change 
 in the administration, or to accept any grant for an establishment in virtue 
 of his new functions. 
 
 The progress of events in the peninsula again claims our attention. 
 Massena, who at the close of the preceding year, had posted himself at 
 Saiitarem, met with such difficulties in procuring the necessary supply of 
 provisions, that he was induced to abandon his position on the 5th of 
 March, leaving behind him a considerable quantity of heavy artillery and 
 ammunition. He continued his retreat through Portugal, closely pursued 
 by Lord Wellington and General Beresford. Numerous skirmishes took 
 {•iace between the outposts of the hostile armies; but on the 16th of May 
 a more imponant action ensued at the river Albuera, between Marshal 
 Soult and General Beresford The contest continued with great impetu- 
 osity for several hours, till at length victory declared in favour of the 
 Anglo- Portuguese troops, and the French were compelkd to retreat. 
 The loss of the French was estimated at 9,000, among whom were five 
 generals ; the loss of the aiiies amounted to about iiaif that number 
 
 bocn forn:5ed; 
 
HISTORY oF THE "WORLD. 
 
 •703 
 
 After this viciory General Beresford invested the importaiit city of Ba- 
 dajos, but was obliged to raise the siege, in consequence o the junction 
 of the French armies under Soull and Marmont. 
 
 The war was at the same lime conducted with great spirit in different 
 parts of Spain. In Catalonia the operations of the French were crowned 
 with success; but in Andalusia they were compelled to retire before the 
 determined bravery of the allied forces. This army had landed at Alge- 
 siras, under General Graham, with the intention of attacking the French 
 troops engaged in the siege of Cadiz. On the 5lh of March ihey took a 
 strong position on the heights of Barossa, where they were attacked on 
 the 25th by a superior force of the enemy. After a remarkably severe 
 engagement, the French retired in disorder, with the loss of 3,000 men; 
 but the numerical inferiority of the allies precluded the hope of pursuing 
 them with success. The subsequent events of the war in the peninsula, 
 during this year, were neither numerous nor important. The French 
 army, who had threatened to "plant their eagles on the walls of Lisbon, 
 and to drive the English into the sea," were not only unable to carry theii 
 threat into execution, but were frequently defeated by troops which they 
 had been taught to despise. 
 
 While the military prowess of England was thus displayed, the supe- 
 riority of her navy was sufficiently manifested by the success which at- 
 tended all its operations. A combined French and Italian squadron, con 
 sisting of five frigates and six smaller armed vessels, was encountered off 
 the island of Lissa, in the gulf of Venice, by an. English squadron com- 
 posed of four frigates only; the contest was fierce and for a lime doubtful, 
 but at length British valour prevailed, and three of the enemy's frigates 
 were taken. On the 21st of July, a French flotilla, consisting of twenty- 
 six vessels, was attacked off the coast of Calabria, by an English frigate 
 md a sloop, and the whole of them were captured without the loss of a 
 man. Tiiese and other gallant encounters, though on a small scale, re- 
 dounded much to our naval credit. 
 
 From tlie year 1807, when the celebrated " orders in council" were 
 isssued, a secret discontent, indicative of hostilities, had evinced itself in 
 the United States of America. This misunderstanding was greatly in- 
 creased in the present year by an unfortunate encounter between the 
 American frigate President, commanded by Commodore Rodgers, and the 
 British sloop of war Little Belt, Captain Bingham. The particulars of 
 this occurrence were reported by the captain of the Little Belt, who at- 
 tributed the blame entirely to the Americans. At any rate, the American 
 states prepared for war, which was soon afterwards declared. 
 
 During the months of November and December the internal tranquillity 
 of the country was disturbed by frequent riots in the manufacturing dis- 
 tricts of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Leicestershire. The princioal 
 cause of discontent was the introduction of a new kind of machinery for 
 stocking-weaving. The rioters assumed the name of Luddites, and they 
 became so dangerous that the legislature deemed it necessary to use se- 
 vere measures for their suppression. 
 
 A. D. 1812.— The restrictions which had been imposed upon the prince 
 of Wales by the regency-bill were now withdrawn, it being the unani- 
 mous opinion of the medical authorities that there was not the slightest 
 prospect of his majesty's return to a state of perfect sanity. The prince 
 therefore assumed the full powers belonging to the sovereignty of Britain ; 
 and, contrary to general expoctation, very little change was made in the 
 cabinet. On the 13lh of February, the regent, in a letter to the duke of 
 York, declared that he " had no predilections to indulge, nor resentments 
 to gratify ;" intimating, however, a desire that his government might be 
 strengthened by the co-operation of those with whom his early habits liad 
 ^^«« fQc||fg(j and authorizin" the duke to cotnmunicate his sentiments to 
 
 Hi 
 
 ' 
 
 
704 
 
 HISTCyRT OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Lords Grey and Grenville. To this overture these noblemen repued, by 
 unreservedly expressing the impossibility of their uniting with the present 
 government, owing to their differences of opinion being too many and too 
 important to admit of such union. The measures proposed for repealing 
 the penal laws against the papists were agitated in both houses of parlia- 
 ment this session, but were negatived by a great majority. 
 
 The disturbances among the manufacturing classes, which began last 
 year in Nottinghamshire, had extended into Lancashire, Cheshire, and 
 the west-riding of Yorkshire. The property of individuals as well as the 
 machinery was destroyed by nightly marauders; a system of militarv 
 training was adopted, and secret oaths administered ; in short, the num- 
 ber and daring spirit of the rioters, and the st^-adinesa with which their 
 plans were conducted, rendered them so formidable as to require the in- 
 terposition of the legislature. A large military force was accordingly sta- 
 Honed in the disturbed counties, and by a rigid enforcement of the law, 
 and the adoption of remedial measures for the distresses of the labour' 
 ing poor, tranquillity was at length restored. 
 
 While the public mind was agitated by these occurrences, an event oc- 
 ctirred which was at once truly lamentable and important. On the 11th 
 of May, as Mr. Perceval, cijancellor of the exchequer, was entering the 
 lobby of the house of commons, about tive o'clock, c person named Bel 
 lingham presented a pistol to his breast, and ohot him through the heart. 
 The act was so sudden and astounding that no one of the many individ- 
 uals present precisely knew what had happened, and it was thy Aiil of the 
 martyr only, that developed the nature of the atrocious deed. The un 
 fortunate gentleman fell back towards his left, against iMe door and tlie 
 wall, exclaiming faintly, " God!" the last words he utterred ; for im- 
 mediaicly, as if moved by an impulse to seek for safety in the house, he 
 made an effort to rush forward, but merely staggered a few paces, and 
 dropped down. Bellingham was taken without resistance, a few miniitcs 
 afterwards. It appeared that he was a Liverpool ship-broker who had 
 sustained some commercial losses in Russia, for which he ihouglit the 
 government was bound to procure redress, and his memoriiils on the sub 
 ject being disregarded, he had worked up liis gloomy mind to tiie mon- 
 strous conviction that he was justified in taking away the life >f tlie prime 
 minister. In tlie change of administration which took place in conse- 
 quence of this melancholy circumstance. Lord Sidmouth was appointed 
 secretary of dtate ; the carl Harrowby, lord president of the council ', and 
 Mr. Vansittart. chancellor of the exchequer. 
 
 At the comm'Micemcnt of the campaign in the Spanish peninsula fortune 
 seemed at lirst to favour the enemy, who, on the 9l'i of January, made 
 themselves masters of the city of Valencia, which General Blake, after a 
 feeble resistance, surrendered, with IG.OOO men. The strong town of 
 f'eniscola, which, on account of its commanding situation, was of great 
 im|,ortanee to its possessors, was pooc ufler surrendered to the Krencii by 
 the treachery of the governor. Serious as these misfortunes were to the 
 allies, they were in a short time counterbalanced by the success which at- 
 tended liie exertions of the British commander. Aftcra fortnight's siege, 
 Lord Welliiiiilon carried Cnidad Rodrigo by assault, on the lOlii of Jaim- 
 ary ; and on the IGth of April the stiong city of Badajos surrendered to 
 him, after a long and most obstinate resistance. After the capture of this 
 city the allied armies proceeded, without opposition, to Salamanca, where 
 they were received by the inhabiuuits with t^enedictions and acclunialions. 
 As the hostile armies were now so situated as to render a battle almost 
 inevitable, Lord Wellington made his necessary dispositions, and as a 
 favourable 0|)ni)rtnnily occurred on the 2'id h( July for attacking the one- 
 my, ho immediately took advantage of it. An action accordingly ensued, 
 
 In which thT? Fff-nchi afk'r 
 
 it;3in;aui-c^ uvic 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 705 
 
 obliged to give way to the superior bravery of the assailants, and to retreat 
 in the utntost confusion. The darkness of the nipht was very favourable 
 to the fugitives, yet upwards of 7,000 prisoners were taken, with eagles, 
 colours, cannon, and ammunition. 
 
 After taking possession of the Spanish capital, "Wellington advanced to 
 Burgos ; but being detained a long time in besieging it, the enemy had an 
 opportunity of concentrating their force, and of re-occupying Madrid. 
 This was one of the last military transactions which took place on the 
 peninsula during the year. For his eminent services, which though gen- 
 erally appreciated were not over-rated, the cortes bestowed on the nritish 
 commander the title of duke of Cuidad Rodrigo, and constituted hi gen- 
 eralissimo of the Spanish armies. The prince regent of Great ritain, 
 also, who had previously conferred on him the title of earl, now raised 
 him to the dignity of a marquis of the United Kingdom. 
 
 The foregoing outline of the transactions in Spain will put the reader 
 in possession of the principal features of the war in that quarter. We 
 must now direct his attention to events in the north of Kurope. The 
 fondly-cherished scheme of Bonaparte for ruining the finances of Great 
 Britain by cutting off her commercial intercourse with Europe, was, 
 through intrigue or intimidation, adopted by all the neutral powers. The 
 stagnation of trade on the continent, though it was submitted to by their 
 respective sovereigns, was very distressing to their subjects, especially 
 the Russians, who had been accustomed to consider '"ngland as their 
 natural ally. At length the emperor of Russia resolved to submit no 
 longer to the arbitrary restrictions which the will of Napoleon had dictat- 
 ed; and a war between those great powers was the immediate result. 
 (n this coutest the most considerable slates in Europe were involved. 
 The allies of Franco were the German states, Italy, Prussia, Austria, and 
 Poland; to whom were opposed the combined powers of Great Britain, 
 Russia, Sweden, and Spain. 
 
 Napoleon placed himself at the head of an immense army, and now 
 commenced the ever-memorable struggle. After passing through Dres- 
 den, and visiting in rapid succession Daiilzic and Konigsberg, he reached 
 Jhe Niemen, the frontier river of Russia, on the 23d of June. On the line 
 of march were half a million of soldiers, in the highest state of equipment 
 and discipline: to whom he issued a proclamation in his usual confident 
 and laconic style: " Russia," said he, *' is driven onwards by fatality ; let 
 her destinies be fulfilled, and an end put to the fatal influence which for 
 Ihe last fifty years she has had on the affairs of Europe. Let us cross the 
 Niemen, and carry the war into her territories." On the other side vast 
 preparations had also been made, and the army, consisting of ab(nit three 
 luindred thousand men, was under the immediate command of the em- 
 peror Alexander, and his sagacious minister, Barclay de Tolly. The plan 
 of the Russians was to draw the invaders from their resources; to make a 
 stand only in favourable situations : and to weary the French by endless 
 manilies over the drenfy plains, till the inclemency of a Russian winter 
 should lend its aid to stop their ambitious career. Various partial en- 
 giigements took place as the French advanced, the circumstances of 
 which were so dinferently related in the biiileiinH of the opp<»site parties, 
 that nothing is certain but the general result. Considering the immense 
 masses of men that were in motion, the French proceeded with great 
 rapidity, notwilhstanding the checks they occasionally experienced, till 
 the 7th of September, when the Russians determined to make a vigorous 
 effort against their farther advance. The two armies met between the 
 villages of Voskwa and Borodino, when a most sanguinary battle took 
 place. On this occasion each of the hostile armies numbered 12S,000 
 men , and when " night's sabie curtain" riosed ine hnrrld scene, the bodies 
 of forty ihousand. either dead or wounded, wer^ stretched on Iho field of 
 Vo».. i.— 45 
 
 'f 
 
 \ 
 
706 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 battle ! Both parties claimed the victory, though the advantage was evi. 
 dently on the side of the French, as they proceeded without farther oppo. 
 sition to Moscow, where they expected to rest from their toils in peace 
 and good winter-quarters. About mid-day on the 14th the turrets of Mos- 
 cow, glittering in the sun, were descried. The troops entered ; but the 
 city was deserted, and all was still. The capital of ancient Russia was 
 not destined to be the abiding-place of its present occupants. A dense 
 smoke began to issue from numerous buildings at the same instant. By 
 order of the governor, Count Rostopchin, bands of incendiaries had been 
 employed to work destruction. Public edifices nnd private houses sud- 
 denly burst into flames; and every moment explosions of gunpowder 
 mingled with tlie sound of the crackling timbers, while frantic men and 
 women were seen running to and fro, with flambeaux in their hands, 
 spreading the work of destruction. 
 
 Paralysed, as it were, by the awful scene, and by the extreme danger 
 which he could no longer fail to apprehend, Napoleon lingered five weeks 
 among the reeking ruins of Moscow. Around him the Russians were 
 daily increasing in strength, especially in cavalry ; and it was not till 
 Murat had been defeated, and the first snow had fallen, that he determined 
 on retreat. At length he left the city of the czars, on the 19th of Oc- 
 tober, taking with him all the plunder that could be saved from tiie fire; 
 having at the time one hundred thousand efTective men, fifty thousand 
 horses, five hundred and fifty field-pieces, and two thousand artillery 
 wagons, exclusive of a motley host of followers, amounting to forty 
 thousand. He had no choice left. To subdue the whole Russian army, 
 and by that means to secure to himself an honourable peace, appeared 
 beyond the verge of possibility ; to return with all possible expedition 
 was the only course to pursue ; and he accordingly directed the march of 
 his army towards Smolensko, where he arrived with his imper'al guard on 
 the 9th of November. Alternate frost, sleet, and snow made the weather 
 instpportable ; overcome by cold, hunger, and fatigue, the soldiers and 
 their horses perished by thousands. At length, after taking leave of his 
 marshals at Smorgony, December 5, Napoleon privately withdrew from 
 the army, and reachecl Paris on the 19th. The Russians never relaxed 
 in the pursuit till they reached the Vistula, and not a day pa«sed in which 
 some of the fugitives did not fall into tlieir hands. By Christmas-day 
 they estimated their captures at 41 generals, 1,^98 olllcers, 167,510 pri- 
 vates, and 1,131 pieces of cannon : the grand army was, in fact, annihilated. 
 During the absence of Bonaparte in this disastrous expedition, an at- 
 tempt was made to subvert his power at home, which, had it not been 
 speedily suppressed, would probably have occasioned another revolution. 
 The conductors of the conspiracy were the ex generals Mallet, Lahorie, 
 and Guidal, who, having framed a fictitious senatus consultum, wont to the 
 barrack of the first division of the natiomd guards, and read a proclama- 
 tion, stating that the emperor had been killed, and commanding the troops 
 to follow them. The soldiers, little suspecting any forgery, obeyed, and 
 Buffered themselves to be led to difTerent posts, where they relieved the 
 guards. The conspirators then arrested the ministers of police, and hav- 
 ing assassinated General lUdlin, who had marched into the city willi 
 Bome troops, they attempted to seize the chief of the clat-major of Parisi 
 but being arrested, they were committed to prison, and tried before a mili- 
 tary commission, when the three generals and eleven others received 
 •entence of death, which being put into oxecutiun, tranquillity was ro* 
 stored to Paris. 
 
 A. 0. 1813.— The attempts made by ministers to arrange the difTernncM 
 between (Jreat Britain and the United Htates were unsuccessful; the in- 
 fluence of PrcHtjhni Miiilisnn, thn Knffliah contend, being exerted in tliP 
 rejection of all pacjflcato-y propofalt. The conqueel of Cunadu whs re 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 101 
 
 solved on by the Americans, and troops were dispatched into that counlrv • 
 but the vig:ilanee of the British commanders baffled the scheme, and obliged 
 theni to desist from the enterprize. The Americans, however, were suc- 
 cessful at sea, and captured several British frigates and other vessels. 
 
 After the retreat of Bonaparte from Russia, the emperor Alexander 
 pursued the remaining French forces as far as Posen, a city in Poland 
 Ho was here joined by the king of Prussia, who, considering the present 
 M\ advantageous opportunity for restoring the equilibrium of Europe, re- 
 nounced his alliance with France, and concluded a treaty with Great 
 Britain and her allies. In the meantime Bonaparte was using all his ef- 
 torts to revive the spirit, and call forth the resources of his empire, and 
 having appointed the empress regent during his absence, he joined his 
 army, now consisting of 350,000 new troops. On the 7ih of May the 
 hostile armies engaged at Luizen, in Upper Saxony, where the French 
 were commanded by Bonaparte, and the allies by General Winzingerode. 
 The conflict was long and bloody, and both parties claimed the victory. 
 On the 19th, 20th, 21st, and 22d of the same month, severe actions took 
 place, and not less than 40,000 were killed or wounded. On the 1st of 
 June, at the suggestion of the emperor of Austria, Napoleon made propo- 
 sals to the emperor Alexander for a suspension of hostilities; in conse- 
 quence ol which an armistice was concluded, which was to terminate on 
 the 20th of July. 
 
 It now became necessary for Bonaparte to withdrav/ about twenty 
 thousand of his best troops from Spain, to reinforce this grand army in 
 the north of Europe. This diminution of the French force in the penin- 
 sula could not fail to gratify the Anglo-Spanish army; yet a concurrence 
 of unavoidable circunistaii' -s prevented the marquis of Wellington from 
 opening the campaign till about the middle of May. Having obliged the 
 French to evacuate Salamanca, he pursued them with as much haste as 
 possible, and having passed the Ebro, he came up with them at Vittoria, 
 a town in the province of Biscay, where, on the 21st of June, a battle 
 was fought between the allied troops under Lord Wellington, and the 
 FriMich, commanded by Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jourdan. Admi- 
 fable bravery and perseverance were displayed by the allies, who com- 
 pletely vanquished the French, and took one hundred and fifty cannon 
 md four hundred and fifteen wagons of ammunition. On the side of the 
 iUies there were seven hundred killed and four thousand wounded ; and 
 it was known that the loss of the French was much greater. Being hotly 
 pursued, the French retreated across the Bidassoa into France. The ba 
 Ion of Marshal Jourdan being taken, was sent to the prince regent, who, 
 in return, created the marquis of Wellington field-marshal of the allied 
 Hrinies of Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal. The Spanish government 
 K'knowledgod their obligations to the British hero, by conferring on him 
 the di|({nity of prince of Vittoria. 
 
 While the cause of rational freedom was so nobly sustained by Lord 
 WHlingion in this part of Spain, Sir John Murray had landed his troops 
 «t Tarragano, in order to invest that place. After he had made himself 
 master of Fort St. Philippe, on being informed of the approach of Mar- 
 shal Suchtt, he, without waiting for information of the enemy's strength, 
 djHembarkod his troops, leaving behind him his artillery. For this pre- 
 cipitation Sir John was severely censured by some political writers, and 
 being tri(!d at Winchester, in Fcliriiary, 1815, he was found guilty and ad- 
 judged " to he adnionished in such a manner as his royal highness the 
 conunander-inchief may think proper." His royal highness approved 
 the sentence of the court, but as the conduct of Sir John Murray wm 
 sttribiitBd msroly to an error of judgment, the case did not appear to hln 
 to call for any further observation. 
 A Tier tile baitio of Vittoria tiio French army retreated with groat pro 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
708 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 cipiiation into France, pursued by the light troops of the alhes? an«l the 
 marquis of Wellington caused the forts of Pampeluna and St. Sebastian 
 to be immediately invested. When Bonaparte received intelligence ol 
 these successes of the British army, he dispatched Marshal Soult with 
 some forces to check their progress. On the 13th of July the h rencli 
 marshal joined the army, and on the 24th he made a vigorous attack on 
 the right wing of the allies, at Ronv,c3valles, commanded by (jeneral 
 Byng. From that day till th^2d of August the hostile armies were con 
 tinually engaged ; the passes of the mountains were bravely disputed 
 by the French, but the British were irresistible, and the French again re- 
 treated beyond the Pyrenees. The fortresses of St. Sebastian and Pam- 
 peluna surrendered to the British arms afterwards, and on the 7th of 
 October Lord Wellington entered the French territory at the head of his 
 
 While in the south of Europe these transactions were taking place, a 
 great crisis was at hand in the north. During the armistice, which had 
 extended to the Uth of August, several attempts were made by the 
 allies to obtain such a peace as would effect and confirm the safety and 
 tranquillity of the continental states. These endeavours were, however, 
 rendered abortive by the insolent pretensions of the French ruler, which 
 induced the emperor of Austria to relinquish his cause, and to join in the 
 alliance against him. Hostilities were resumed on the 17th of August, 
 when Bonaparte immediately prepared to attack the city of Prague ; but 
 being informed that his Silesian army was exposed to imminent danger 
 from the threatening posture of tlie allies, he was obliged to change his 
 plan of operations. He accordingly left Bohemia, and made an at- 
 tack on tlie allied army under ttie Prussian General Blucher, who was 
 jompelled to make a retrograde movement. The further progress of the 
 French in ;<is quarter was arrested by the advance of the grand army 
 Df the allies towards Dresden, which made the immediate return of Napo- 
 leon necessary. He accordingly advanced by forced marchijs to the 
 protection of thai city, and having thrown into it an army of 130,000 men, 
 lie awaited tiie attack of his enemies. The grand assault was made on 
 the !2Gth of August, but as there was no prospect of taking Dresden by 
 escalade, the allies abandoiu'd the attempt, and took a very extended po- 
 sition on the heights surrounding the city, where they were attacked by 
 th" French on the following day, and obliged to retire with considerable 
 loss. It was in this engagement that General Moreau, who had left liis 
 retreat in America to a^i^ist in restoring liberty to lOurope, was mortal y 
 wounded, while conversing with the emperor Alexander. A caiuion-bali, 
 which passed through his horse, carried off one of his legs and shattered 
 the other. He had both legs amputated, but survived his disaster only o 
 few days, dying from exhaustion. , ^ „ . , , 
 
 In the following month several well-contested battles took nlace. in 
 which victory was uniformly in favour of those wiio contended agiiinsl 
 tyranny and usurpation. But as Leipsic was tlic point to winch the cthMts 
 of the confederates were princinally directed, Bonaparte left Dresden, and 
 concentrated his forces at Rochlilz. ,.,,,, i ... i,.. 
 
 At tliis period an important accession was made to tlie allied cause, b> 
 a treaty with Bavaria, who agreed to furnish an army of hfty-flve thou- 
 pand inen. The lioatilo armies wore now both m H'o ,V'«"''Xn nnn'"'n„' 
 the Fienth estimated at about 200,000 men; the allies at 2o0,000. On 
 tho Higlit of the 15lh rockets were seen ascending, announcing the ap- 
 nroach of Biuchr^r and the crow i prince of Sweden. At day-oroak on the 
 IGtli, the French were assa.I \ along tlieir souihern front with the great- 
 est fury, but they failing to make any impression, Napoleon assumed tho 
 .oflTeiiHive. Throughout the day, by turns, each party had the advantage; 
 but ut nighi-faii iiu- French coiUractea tiicir pusiiion, "V u---^'-"'' ««=»?='• 
 
 laiTiiiE ttvttt* 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 700 
 
 the w.tills of Leipsic. The following day was spent in makings prepara- 
 ttuns for a renewal of the contest; and on the IStb another fi^eneral en> 
 gagement took place. The loss of the victors, during a battle which 
 ragod from the dawn of day till night, was severe, but that of the van- 
 quished was infinitely more so. Above forty thousand of the French 
 were either killed, wounded, or taken prisoners; seventeen battalions of 
 Saxons, with their artillery, joined the ranks of the allies, who took also 
 sixty-five pieces of cannon. The immediate fruits of this splendid victory 
 were, tlie capture of Leipsic and of the Saxon king, of thirty thousand 
 prisoners, and of all the bagu^age and ammunition of the flying foe. 
 
 The allies did not fail to follow up the advantages which had been 
 gained, and their close pursuit of the French army rendered Its retreat 
 to the Rhine in some respects as calamitous as their recent flight from 
 Uussia. The troops under Blucher and Schwartzenburg, who had greatly 
 distinguished themselves during the late encounters, entered the French 
 turrilories on ISfew-year's day, lsl4. All the minor states of Germany 
 now joined the grand alliance, the confederition of the Rhine was dis- 
 Bolved, and the conlinentn.l system established by Bonaparte was broken up. 
 
 The spirit which had attended the march of the allied armies commu- 
 nicated itself to the United Provinces, and occasioned a complete revolu- 
 tion in that part of Europe. The arbitrary annexation of that country was 
 detrimental to their commercial interests ; and at length, on the approach 
 of the allies to the Uutcii frontier, the people of Amsterdam rose in a body, 
 and with the rallying cry of "Orange Boven," universally displayed the 
 orange colours, and proclaimed the sovereignty of that illustrious house. 
 The example of Amsterdam was followed by the other towns, the inde- 
 pendence of Holland was asserted, and n deputation sent to London, to 
 announce the revolution and Invite the prince of Orange to place himself 
 at the head of his countrymen. The Dutch patriots were assisted with 
 all the succours that England could furnish, and the prince of Orange 
 went and assumed the reins of government, not under the ancient title of 
 Btadtholder, but as king of the Netherlands. Denmark, the only remain- 
 ing ally of Bonaparte, was compelled, by the crown-prince of Sweden, to 
 accept such terms as tiie allied sovereigns pleased to prescribe. 
 
 On the Ist of December the allied sovereigns issued from Frankfort a 
 declaration explanatory of their views. " Victory," they said, " had con- 
 ducted them to the banks of the lliiine, and the first use v^hich they made 
 of it was to offer peace. They desired that France might be great and 
 fwwerful ; because, in a state of greatness and strength, she constituted 
 one of the foundations of the social edifice of Europe. They offered to 
 confirm to the French empire an extent of territory which France, under 
 ner kings, never knew. Desiring peace tliemselvos, they wished such an 
 equilibrium of power to be estnUlishod, that Europe miolit be preserved 
 from the calamities which for the last twenty years had overwhelmed 
 her." This declaration was based on moderation and justice, and in their 
 cotiduct to France, the allies acted up to their professions. 
 
 A. D. 1814. — After Ills hasty retreat to Paris, the emperor assembled the 
 senate, and neglected n.> means that were likely to rouse the spirit of the 
 French to resist their invaders. Little effect was, however, produced by 
 his appeals to the people, and he was under ttto necessuy oi appointing 
 twenty-live commissioners, invciled with absolute fMiwor, to accelerate 
 the levy of new forces. Having confided the regency to the empress, hO 
 left Paris on the 'i5th of January, and placed himself at the hea(l of such 
 troops as he could muster. His dominions were at this time threatene 
 aw one side by tlio British troops under Wellington, and on the other by 
 the allied fori'es commanded by iheir respective sovereigns and generals. 
 'PliR Ati'AV under the !n;>ru<.>i!< of Wellinartiiii iittiiirknd Noult's on the 37th 
 of l-'ebruarv, and, after an obstinate battle, drove the enemv from asl-oiig 
 
 m 
 
 
710 
 
 HISTORY QF THE WOULD. 
 
 gosition near Orthes; and on the 12th of March, a division under Marshal 
 leresford advanced to the important city of Bourdeaux, and entered it 
 amid the acclamations of the inhabitants. 
 
 After the entry of the northern allies into France, several sanguinary 
 contests took place, when Bonaparte, finding that it was impracticable to 
 prevail by force, attempted to retrieve his affairs by negotiations. Pleni- 
 potentiaries appointed by the belligerent powers accordingly assembled 
 at Chatillon, and the allies, whose moderation had on every occasion 
 been particularly conspicuous, offered to sign preliminaries of peace, 
 which would have secured to Bonaparte very important advantages. But 
 these offers were rejected by Napoleon, who required that his • familj 
 should be placed on foreign thrones, and insisted on terms incompatible 
 ••vilh the liberties of Europe. The conferences were discontinued, and 
 the allied sovereigns indignant at the conduct of one who displayed such 
 an aversion to peace, resolved on vigorously prosecuting war. In all the 
 engagements which ensued, the superiority of the allies was manifested. 
 Napoleon now adopted the singular resolution of getting to the rear of 
 his enemies, and by this ill-judged movement left open the road to Paris. 
 
 As soon as the Prussian and Austrian commanders could form a junc- 
 tion, they advanced, at the head of 200,000 combatants, towards the cap- 
 ital of France, and having gained a complete victory over the army com- 
 manded by Marmont and Mortier, under Joseph Bonaparte, they entered 
 the city which t^-pitulated on the 31st of March. The enthusiasm exhibited 
 on this occasion surpassed the most sanguine expectations of the con- 
 querors. The whole city seemed to rise en masse, and to hail the allies 
 as the liberators of Europe and the avengers of tyranny. The white 
 cockade was genera;;- worn, the air resounded with shouts of " Vive le 
 Roi, Louis XVIII!" "Vivent les Bourbons!" and the conquerors were 
 welcomed with the acclamations of " Vive I'Umpereur Alexandre !" 
 "Vive le Roi de Prusse !" " Vivent nos liberateurs !" 
 
 The French senate now assembled and appointed a provisional govern- 
 ment, at the head of which was the celebrated Talleyrand, prince of Bene- 
 vento. At a subsequent meeting they declared that Napoleon Bonaparte 
 and his family had forfeited all claim to the throne, and tliat the army and 
 nation were consequently absolved from the oaths of allegiance to him. 
 The senate then directed their attention to the choice of a sovereign ; and 
 nf'or a long consultation, in which there was considerable difference ol 
 opinion, they determined to recall the Bourbons. Marslial Marmont, after 
 obtaining a promise that the life of the emperor should be spared, and 
 that his troops might pass into Normandy, joined the allies at the head of 
 twelve thousand men. 
 
 Bonaparte, who had retired to Fontainblcau, finding that he had been 
 deposed by the senate, and tliat the allies were fully determined not to 
 treat with him as the ruler of France, now offered to abdicate in favour 
 of his infant son; but this was peremptorily rejected, and he solemnly ab- 
 dicated his usurped crown on the 6th of April, on which day a new con- 
 Btitulion was given to France, and Louis XVIII. was recalled to the throne 
 of his ancestors. As soon as the emperor Alexander was informed of 
 this event, he proposed, in the name of the allied sovereigns, that Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte should choose a place of retreat for himself and family. 
 By a mistaken sense of generosity, the small iaiand of Elba, situated in 
 the Mediterranean, between Corsica and the Tuscan coast, was given to 
 him, in full soverelBnty, with an annual revenue of two millions of francs, 
 to be paid by the French government ; and, what was a still nvire exirav- 
 dgant stretch of misplaced liberality, a further allowance of tvu) millions 
 five hundred thousand francs was to bo allowed to the differMi; hianchM 
 of hia family ; who, as well as Napoleon, v ere to be suffered inetaiu then 
 
; 1 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 711 
 
 asurped titles. The principality of Parma was also settlod on Maria 
 Louisa, his wife, in which slie was to be succeeded by her son. 
 
 Louis, who had for several years resided at Hartwell in Buckingham- 
 shire, having accepted the basis of the constitution, made a public entry 
 into London, and was accompanied to Dover by the prince regent, from 
 whence his majesty embarked for Calais, being conveyed to that port by 
 the duke of Clarence. He entered Paris on the 3rd of May, where he was 
 favourably received by the inhabitants, but the soldiery were far from ap- 
 pearing satisfied with the change which had oeen so suddenly wrought. 
 On the same day Bonaparte, after a variety of adventures, in which 
 he had several narrow escapes from the populace, arrived at his abode in 
 Elba. 
 
 Owing to some unaccountable delay in the transmission of the treaty 
 concluded at Paris, or to the envy of Marshal Soult, who hoped to defeat 
 his opponent, a sanguinary battle was fought near Toulouse, on the 10th 
 of April, between his army and that of the marquis of Wellington. But 
 this useless and deplorable effusion of blood only added fresh trophies to 
 those already gained by the British commander. The last action of th" 
 peninsular war was fought at Bayonne, in which Sir John Hope was 
 wounded and taken prisoner, and (ieneral Andrew Hay was killed. 
 
 Among the minor transactions of this period we must not omit that at 
 the close of the preceeding year Hanover was recovered by the rrowu 
 prince of Sweden, who also reduced Holstein and Westphalia. The 
 king of Denmark joined the grand alliance, and Dantzic surrendered after 
 a long siege. The British, however, were repulsed, with considerable 
 loss, in the attempt to take the strong fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom. 
 
 A treaty of peace and amity was, on the 30th of May, concluded at Paris, 
 between his Britannic majesty and his most Christian majesty, by which 
 it was stipulated that the kingdom of France should retain its limits entire, 
 as it existed previously to the revolution ; that Malta should be ceded to 
 Great Britain ; and that, with the exception of I'obago, St. Lucie, and the 
 Mauritius, all other possessions held by the French in January, 1792, 
 should be restored. These and a few minor conditions being anangcd at 
 the time, it was agreed that all other subjects should be settled at a con- 
 gress, to be held at Vienna by the high contracting parties, at some future 
 period. The return of peace was celebrated by illuminations, feaslings, 
 and every joyful demonstration that so happy an event could inspire. 
 
 A. D. 1815. — We now resume our brief narrative of the events which 
 were occuring oa the other side of the Enghsh channel. Louis XVJII. 
 devoted his attention to the re-establishment of order in the government, 
 and endeavoured by every kind and conciliatory act to soothe the animos- 
 ities that still rankled in the bosoms of the royalists, republicans, and Bo- 
 napartists. The new constitution, which was modelled upon that of Eng- 
 land, was readily accepted by the senate and legislative body. The con- 
 scription was abolished ; the unsold properly of the emigrants was re- 
 stored to them ; the shops, which, during the republic and the reign of 
 Bonaparte, iiad always remained open on Sundays, were now ordered to 
 be closed, and the liberty of the press was restricted. 
 
 A congress of -the allied powers was now heul at Vienna, for the purpose 
 of making such political and territorial regulations as should effectually 
 restore the equilibrium of power, and afford a more certain prospect of 
 permanent tranq\iillity. But a state of tranquillity was not so near as their 
 sangumc wishes contemplated. An event happened ere their df lit erations 
 were brought to a conclusion, which made it necessary for them to lay aside 
 their pen, iind once more take up the sword. The restless and intriguing 
 spirit of Napoleon was not to bu confined to the isle of Klba, and the allied 
 armies were no sooner witlulrnwn from France, than ho meditiited a de- 
 
 a<.on« nn ilo Anomi Via nnniirrMncrXv tnnk uilvnnlncrA ilf t)in flrHt nnnortljnitv 
 
 I' 
 
112 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 that offered of leaving the island, attended by the officers and troops who 
 had followed him thither, with many Corsicans and Elbcse, and landed 
 at Cannes, in Provence, on the 1st of March. 
 
 The news of his landing was instantly conveyed to Paris, and large 
 bodies of troops were sent to arrest his progress, and make him prisoner. 
 But Louis was surrounded by traitors; the army regretted the loss of 
 their chief who had so often led them to victory ; they forgot his de- 
 sertion of their comrades in the moment of peril, and doubted not that 
 his return would efface their late disgrace, and restore them to that proud 
 pre-eminence from which they had fallen. At his approach, the armies 
 that had been sent to oppose him openly declared in his favour, and he 
 pursued his journey to Paris, augmenting his numbers at every step, till 
 all resistance on the part of the king was deemed useless. On reaching 
 the capital, he was received by the inconstant multitude with acclamations 
 OS loud as those which so recently had greeted the arrival of Louis. Such 
 is the instability of what is termed popular favour. The unfortunate king 
 retired first to Lisle, and then to Ghent. 
 
 When the allied sovereigns were informed that Napoleon had broken 
 his engagements, and saw that his bad faith was fu'.iy equal to his ambi- 
 tion, they published a declaration to the effect that Bonaparte, having vio- 
 lated the convention, had forfeited every claim to public favour, and 
 would henceforth be considered only as an outlaw. In answer to this, he 
 published a counter-declaration, asserting tiiat he was recalled to the 
 throne by the unanimous voice of the nation, and that he was resolved to 
 devote the remainder of his hfe in cultivating the arts of peace. 
 
 In the meantime preparations for war were made by all the allied 
 powers. The English, whose army, under the command of the duke of 
 Wellington, was at this time in the Netherlands, resolved not to leave the 
 man they had once conquered in quiet possession of the throne of France, 
 and every engine was put in motion to re-assemble the troops. Bonaparte, 
 Iikewis3, actively prepared for the contest that was to decide his fate. He 
 collected together all the disposable forces of France, and led them towards 
 the Netherlands, hoping to arrive before fresh troops could come to the 
 aid of the English and Prussians, and thus defeat them and get possession 
 of Brussels. 
 
 The army under the immediate direction of the French emperor, includ- 
 ing the corps of Grouchy, amounted to upwards of 150,000 men, with 350 
 pieces of cannon. In an order of the day, issued the 14th of June, he said, 
 "the moment has arrived for every Frenchman who has a heart, to con- 
 quer or perish." The allied troops in Flanders were yet quiet in their 
 cantonments. The Prusso-Saxon army formed the left, the Anglo Bel- 
 gian army the right. The former was 115,000 strong, commanded by ihe 
 veteran Blucher; the laUer about 80,000, commandetf by the duke of VVel- 
 lington, whose head-quarters were at Brussels; those of Blucher wer3 
 Ht Namur, about sixteen leagues distant. 
 
 On the 15th of June the memorable campaign of 1815 was begun, by 
 Napoleon driving in the advance posts of the Prussians on the river Sam- 
 bre, while Marshal Ney crossed the river at Marchienues, repulsed the 
 Prussians, and drove back a Belgian brigade to Quatre-Bras. In the 
 evening, at eleven o'clock, ths duTie of Wellington (who, to^'ithe*- with 
 the duke of Brunswick, and the principal officers then in Brussels, were 
 participating in the festivities of a hall, given by the duchess of Kiciimond), 
 received a dispat(!h from Marshal Blucher, informing him that Bonaparte 
 was on his march to Brussels, at the head of an iiundrod and fifty thous- 
 and men. The dance was suspended, and orders issued for assen^Hinf 
 the troops. On the IGth was fought the battle of Ligny, in which Blucher 
 was defeated, and forced to retreat to Wavre, having narrowly escaped 
 bcina taken orisoner. On the same day the duke of Wellington hart di 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 ?13 
 
 tectcd his whole army to advance on Quatre-Bras, wit!i the intention oJ 
 Buceouruig Blucher, but was himself attacked by a large body of cavalry 
 and infantry, before his own cavalry had joined. In tiie meantime the 
 English, under Sir Thomas Picton, and Belgians, under the duke of Bruns- 
 wick, had to sustain the impetuous attacks of the French, commanded by 
 Marshal Ney, who was eventually repulsed, though with considerable 
 loss. In tins action fell the gallant duke of Brunswick, who was univer- 
 sally and deservedly lamented. The whole of the 17th was employed in 
 preparations for the eventful battle that ensued. 
 
 The retreat of Blucher's army to Wavre rendered it necessary for Wel- 
 lington to make a corresponding retrograde movement, in order to keep up 
 a communication with the Prussians, and to occupy a position in front of 
 thp village of Waterloo. Confronting the position of the allies was a 
 chain of heights, separaled by a ravine, half a mile in breadth. Here Na- 
 poleon arrayed hi? forces, and having rode through the lines and given 
 his last orders, he placed himself on the heights of Rossome, whence he 
 had a complete view of the two armies. 
 
 About a quarter before eleven o'clock the battle began by a fierce attack 
 on the British division posted at Hougomont; it was taken and retaken 
 several times, the English guards bravely defending and eventually re- 
 maining 111 possession of it. At the same time the French kept an inces- 
 sant cannonade against the whole line, and male repeated charges with 
 heavy masses of cuirassiers, supported by close columns of infantry, which, 
 except in one instance, when the farm of La Haye Saiiite was forced, 
 were uniformly repulsed. Charges and counter-charges of cavalry and 
 ^ifantry followed with astonishing pertinacity. The brave Sir Thomas 
 Picton was shot at the head of his division; a grand charge of British 
 cavalry then ensued, which for a moment swept everything before it; but, 
 assailed in its turn by masses of cuirassiers and Polish lancers, it was 
 forced back, and in the desperate encounter Sir W illiarn Ponsonby and 
 other gallant officers were slain. Soon after this, it is said, the duke felt 
 nimself so hard pressed, that he was heard to say, " Would to God night 
 or Blucher would come." As the shades of evening approached, it ap- 
 peared almost doubtful whether the troops could much longer sustain the 
 unequal conflict ; but at this critical moment the Prussian cannonade was 
 heard on the left. Bonaparte immediately dispatched a force to hold them 
 in check, while he brought forward the imperial guards, sustained by 
 the best regiments of horse and foot, amid shouts of "Vive I'empereur," 
 and flourishes of martial music. At this moment the duke of Wellington 
 brought forward his whole line of infantry, supported by the cavalry and 
 artillery, and promptly ordered his men to "charge !" This was so unex- 
 pected by the enemy, and so admirably performed by the British troops, 
 that the Frencli fled as though tiie whole army were panic-stricken. Na 
 poleon, perceiving the recoil of his columns on all sides, exclaimed, "it is 
 all over," and retreated with all possible speed. The French left the field 
 in tiie utmost confusion and dismay, abandoning above one hundred and 
 fifty pieces of cannon. They were pursued by the victors till long after 
 dark, when the British, exhausted by fatigue, halted ; the Prussians there- 
 fore continued the pursuit, and nothing could be more complete than the 
 d.ncoiViuturo of t'.ie rouiud i.rmy . not uiore >iian Turty iiiousaiid Uien, partly 
 without arms, and carrying with them only twenty-seven pieces out of 
 their numerous artillery, made their retreat through Charleroi. The loss 
 of the allies was great ; that of the British and Hanoverians alone amounted 
 to thirteen thousand. Two generals and four colonels were among the 
 killed ; nine generals and five colonels were wounded ; among them was 
 Lord Uxbridge. who had fought gallantly, and was wounded by vdmost 
 the last shot that was fired by the enemy. Such is the general, though 
 'ssanly meagrvi "'-'thnc Oi the cveMuciriorablc battle of VVatoilooi 
 
 li 
 
 n A/«nijQ 
 
714 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 evinciiin one of the noblest proofs upon record of British valour, and ot 
 the tnleiits of a great national commander. 
 
 Bonaparte returned to Paris, in the gloominess of despair, and admitted 
 that his army was no more. The partisans of Louis ]ool<ed forward to 
 the restoration of the Bourbons; anotlier party desired a republic; while 
 the Bonaparlisls showed their anxiety to receive Napoleon's abdication, 
 and to make Maria Lonis-s v^mpri'ss-regent durmg her son's minority 
 Meanwhile the represei. *.!»'? of th. nation declared their sittings per- 
 manent, and some • *■ vhs mtifiiseiis having boldly asserted that trie nn- 
 conditional abdicatH-n of Boitupiaie could alone save the state, the declar- 
 ation was received with applause, and the fallen emperor was persuaded 
 once more to descend from his usurped throne. 
 
 A commission was appointed to repair to the allied armies with propo 
 sals of peace, but the victors had formed a resolution not lo treat but under 
 the waUs of Paris. The duke of Wellington then addressed a proclama- 
 tion to the French people, stating that he h■^•^ -iJo. 'I the country not as 
 an enemy, except to the usurper, with whom ihere could bo no peace nor 
 truce, but to enable them lo throw off the yoke by which they were op- 
 pressed. Wellington and Blucher continued their march to Paris with 
 little opposition, and on the .30ih it was invested. The heights about the 
 city were strongly fortified, and it was defended by filiy thousand troops 
 of the line, besides national guards and volunteers. On the 3d of July, 
 Marsha!. Davoust, the French commander, concluded a convention wiih 
 the generals-in-chief of the allied armies, who stipulated tli;it Paris should 
 be evacuated in three days by the French troops ; all the fortified posts 
 and barriers given up; and no individual prosecuted for his political opin- 
 ions or conduct. The provisional government now retired, and on the 6th 
 Louis made his public entry into Paris, where he was hailed by his fickle 
 subjects with crieo of "Vive le roi!" The military, however, though 
 beaten, were still stubborn, and it required some time and address to make 
 them acknowledge the sovereignty of the Bourbons. 
 
 Bonaparte in the meantime had reached the port of Rochefort in safety, 
 from whence he anxiously hoped to escape to America; but finding it uu- 
 possible to elude the British cruisers, he went on board the Bclleiophon, 
 one of the vessels blockading the coast, and surrendered himself to Cap- 
 tain Maitland. Prior to this he had sought to stipulate for a free pas- 
 sage, or to surrender on condition of being allowed to reside in England 
 in honourable exile ; but neither proposal could be listened to ; the allied 
 powers, aware of his reatlees and intriguing disposition, had determined 
 upon the island of St. Helena ai his future residence, and that there he 
 should be kept under the sfrictnst guard. The Bel'erophon proceeded to 
 Torbay; Napoleon was traiisfe.-rcd to the Northumberland, commanded 
 by Admiral Sir G. Cockbuin, and, attended by some of his most attached 
 friends and domestics, he in due couTse reached his destination, but not 
 without violently protesting against the injustice of his banishmenl, after 
 having thrown himself upon the hospitality of the British nation. 
 
 Murat, the brother-in-law of Napoleon, having joined the allies wheti 
 he found the career of his friend and patron growing to a close, rejoined 
 him again on his return from Elba; but hiiving been driven from the throne 
 of Naples, he joined a band of desperadoes, and hnded i, Calabria, where, 
 being speedily overcome and taken, he was inntanMy s'lor. Marslial Ney 
 ("who had promised Louis to bring Napoleosi, •■like a wild boast in a cage, 
 to Paris") and Colonel Labedoyere, suffered for their treichory; but Lav- 
 alette, who was sentenced to the sam.-^ fate, escaped from p"it"on, dis- 
 guised in his wife's clothes, and, by the assistance of Sir Robi-rt Wilson, 
 Mr. Hutchinson, and Mr. Bruce, got out of the country undiscovered. 
 
 \ congress was held at Vienna, and seviral treaties between the allied 
 piiweru and France were finallvadiusted. (Nov. 20.) The addilioub made 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 IIS 
 
 to the French territory by the treaty ol 1814 were now rescinded ; seven- 
 teen of the frontier fortified towns and cities of France were to be gar- 
 risoned by the allies for five years ; one hundred and fifty thousand troops, 
 as an army of occupation under the duke of Wellington, were to be main- 
 tained for the same space of time ; and a sum of 900,000,000 francs was 
 to be paid as an indemnity to the allies. It was further agreed, that all 
 the works of art which had been plundered by the French from othei 
 countries, should be restored. Thus the master- pieces of art deposited 
 in the gallery of the Louvre (the Venus de Medicis, the Apollo Belvi- 
 dere, dec, &t.), were reclaimed by their respective owners— an act of 
 stern justice, but one which excited the utmost indignation among the 
 Parisians. 
 
 In order to secure the peace of Germany, an act of confederation was 
 concluded between its respective rulers, every member of which was 
 free to form what alliances he pleased; provided they were such as could 
 not prove injurious to the general safety, and in case of one prince being 
 attacked, all the rest were bound to arm in his defence. Thus ended this 
 long and sanguinary warfare, the events of which were so rapid and ap- 
 palling, and their consequences bo mighty and unlooked-for, that future 
 ages will be tempted io doubt the evidence of facts, and to believe that the 
 history of the nineteenth century is interwoven with and embellished by 
 the splendour of fiction. 
 
 A. D. 1816— It has been justly observed, that "it was only after the 
 storm had subsided that England became sensible of the wounds received 
 in her late tremendous strugglw. While hostilities lasted, she fell neither 
 weakness nor disorder. Though a principal in the war, she had been ex- 
 empt from its worst calamities. Battles were fought, countries were over- 
 run and desolated, but her own border remained unassailable. Like a 
 spectator viewing securely the tempest at a distance, she was only sersi- 
 ble of its fury by the wreck of neighbouring nations, wafted at intervals 
 to her shores. The cessation of hostilities in 1815, was like the cessation 
 of motion in a gigantic machine, which has been urged to its maximum 
 velocity. One of the first results of peace was an enormous diminution 
 m the war expenditure of the government. During the last five years of 
 the war, the public expenditure averaged 108,720,000/. Durincr the first 
 five years of pea(!0, it averaged 64.G60,000Z. Peace (Itus caused'an imme- 
 diate reduction of nearly fifty millions in the amount of money expended 
 by government in the support of domestic industry. 
 
 At the commencement of the session the ministers were defeated in at- 
 tempting to continue the property tax for one year longer; and, chagrined 
 at this result, they abandoned the war duty on malt, thereby relinquishing 
 a tax that would have produced 2,000,000/. The bank restriction bill was 
 extended for two years longer, and another ineffectual attempt was made 
 in favour of the Roman catholic claims. 
 
 The house was now informed, by a message from the prince regent, 
 that a matrimonial alliance was about to take place between his daughter 
 and Prince Leopold of Saxe Cobourg : upon which parliament voted ar. 
 annual provision of 60,000/. for supporting a suitable establishment, and, 
 in the event of the decease of the princess, 50,000/. per annum was secured 
 to his royal highness f r life. The nuptials were solemnized with be- 
 coming splendour, on tiie 2d of May, at Carlton house. In the .luly follow- 
 ing the princess Mary gave her hand to hercousin the duke of Gloucester. 
 
 The event next demanding notice, was one which placed the glory ol 
 British arms and British humanity in a conspicuous light. The Algerines 
 and their neighbours, the Tunisians, had long been in the habit ol com- 
 mitting atrocities on the subjects of every Christian power that happened 
 to fall into their hands. Repeated remonstrances had been made, witlioiil 
 procuring redress, and it was now deieraiined that this horde of pirates 
 
 III 
 
 IS f' •' 
 
 11 
 
 1 -li 
 
 '[|>i 
 
 ^ 
 
 If 
 
718 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 should either accede to certain proposals, or suffer for so long and barbat 
 ously defying the laws of civilized nations. Accordingly, Lord Kxmuutli 
 was sent with a fleet in the states of Barbary, to conclude a treaty of 
 
 Eeace between them and the kings of Naples and Sardinia, to abolisti 
 )hristian slavery, and to obtain from them a promise to respect the flag 
 of the Ionian islands, which had lately become an independent country. 
 The beys of Tunis and Tripoli acceded to all theic demands ; but the dey 
 of Algiers demurred, as far as regarded the abolition of slavery. Shortly 
 after, notwithstanding this treaty, a considerable number of unarmed 
 Christians, who had landed at Dona, having been massacred 'by the Mo- 
 hammcdans. Lord Exmouth returned and commenced a furious bombard- 
 ment of the city of Algiers, which lasted six hours ; the contest was 
 severe ; eight hundred of the assailants fell in the action, and the British 
 ships suflered considerably, but the gallant admiral had the satisfaction 
 of demolishing the Algerine batteries, and destroying their shipping, 
 arsenal, and magazine, while the dey was forced to agree to the abolition 
 of Christian slavery, and the release of all within his dominions. 
 
 Tiie distresses of the labouring and manufacturing classes, and the high 
 price of provisions, at length produced serious disturbances in various 
 parts of England. The malcontents in the eastern counties broke out 
 nito open violence, and were not suppressed without the assistance cfthe 
 military. In London similar attempts were made. Mr. Hunt, a popular 
 demagogue, had on the 15ih of November convened a public mefting in 
 Spa-fields, to draw up a petition to the regent. On the 2d of December 
 another meeting was called to receive the answer to their petition. While 
 this meeting was awaiting the arrival of Mr. Hunt, a band of desperadoes 
 appeared on the ground with a tri-coloured flag and other banners, headed 
 by a young man named Watson, who, after using violent language from a 
 wagon, proceede 1 towards the city, accompanied by a vast crowd of the 
 populace. On arriving at Snow-hill they plundered the shop of Mr. Heck- 
 with, a gunsmith ; and a person named Piatt, who remonstrated a^^ainst 
 the proceeding, was shot at and wounded by young Watson. They then 
 hurried on towards the Royal-exchange, where they were met by a body 
 of the police, headed by Mayor Wood, who ordered the gates to be shut, 
 and seized several who had arms. The mob plundered some more gun- 
 smiths* shops in the Minories, but the military coming to the aid of the 
 civil power, several of the rioters were apprehended, and the remainder 
 dispersed. One, named Cashman, suffered capital punishment, but the 
 ringleader contrived to effect his escape to America, although a large re- 
 ward was offered for his apprehension. 
 
 A. D. 1817. — In the regent s speech at the opening of parliament, allusion 
 was made to the popular discontents, which he ascriued to the efforts of 
 designing persons to mislead the people. On his return through S,'. 
 Junies' park an immense mob had assembled, who saluted him with 
 groans and hisses, and as he passed the back of Carlton-house the glass 
 of the royal carriage was perforated either by a stone or the ball from an 
 air-gun. To meet the public exigencies, his royal highness soon after 
 surrendered fifty thousand pounds per annum of his income. This ex< 
 ample was followed bv the marquis Camden, who patriotically gave up 
 ine fees of the tellersnip oi the exchequer, valued ai thirteen inousand 
 pounds per annum, reserving only the salary of two thousand seven hun- 
 dred pounds. Alas! the noble marquis had no imitators; but though his 
 [fenerous example was not followed, the deed will not be wiiolly ob- 
 iterated from his country's annals. 
 
 A melancholy event now occurred. The princess Charlotte, daughter 
 of the regent and consort of t'rince Leopold, expired on the 5ih of No- 
 vember, after liaving given birth to a dead child. The untimely fate of 
 litis aiiiiabio piiiicebs caused a regret which was uatversuUy expiObsed, 
 
 iui:ua vi luu 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 m 
 
 Her unostentatious and frank demeanour, her domestic virtues and be- 
 nevolenl disposition, had inspired the people with a high idea of her worlli, 
 and they fondly anticipated that under her auspices the glory and pros- 
 perity of England would again become resplendent. 
 
 There is little else of a domestic nature to record this year, if we except 
 the three days' trial of William Hone, the parodist, who was arraigned upon 
 cnmmal information as a profane libeller of parts of the liturgy. He was 
 tned bv Lord EUenborough and Mr. Justice Abbott ; and having conducted 
 his defence with unusual ingenuity and perseverance, he not only came 
 off victor, but actunlly pocketed the sum of three thousand pounds, the 
 amount of a public subscription, raised to remunerate him for having un- 
 dergone the penis of a government prosecution, or as a reward for tho 
 laudable uitention of bringing into contempt both church and state ! 
 
 A. D. 1818. — The parliamentary session was opened by commission, 
 rhe habeas corpus act was restored, and a bill passed to screen ministers 
 from the legal penalties they might have incurred through the abuse of 
 their power during the time of its suspension. At the same time meet- 
 ings were held in nearly every populous town throughout the country, for 
 the purpose of petitioning for parliamentary reform. When the sessions 
 slosed on the 10th of June, the parliament was dissolved, and writs issued 
 for new elections. All the ministerial candidates in the city of London 
 were thrown out, and Sir Samuel Romilly and Sii Francis Burdett were 
 returned for Westminster; but in the country the elections passed off 
 quietly, and little change was produced in the parliamentary majority of 
 ministers. 
 
 Queen Charlotte, who had been some time indisposed, expired at Kew, 
 in the 75th year of her age, and the 58th of her marriage with the king. 
 Owing to her exemplary conduct the court of England was pre-eminent 
 for its strict decorum. 
 
 The year 1818 was fertile in royal marriages ; the princess Elizabeth 
 was married to the prince of Hesse Romberg ; the duke of Clarence to 
 the princess of Meinengen ; the duke of Kent to the princess dowager 
 Leinengen, sister to Prince Leopold ; and the duke of Cambridge to the 
 princess of Hesse Cassel. 
 
 The British army returned from France, which they had lately occupied, 
 according to the stipulations of the treaty at the restoration of Louis 
 XVHL Towards the close of the year the expedition which had been 
 sent to explore the arctic regions also returned to England, but without 
 accomplishing their object— the progress of the vessels having been so 
 impeded by the ice. 
 
 A. D. 1819 — The country was still pregnant with disaffection, and the 
 doctrine of annual parliaments and universal suffrage was advocated by 
 demagogues as the only remedy for a corrupt state of the representation. 
 At length this meetings assumed a very serious aspect; one of which, 
 from its being attended with fatal consequences, and having given rise 
 to much subsequent discussion, it is necessary to describe. This was 
 the "Manchester reform meeting." It was originally convened for the 
 choice of a parliamentary representative, and had been fixed to take 
 place on the 4th of August; but in consequence of a spirited notice put 
 forth by the magistrates, declaring that the intended meeting was illegal, 
 it was postponed, and hopes were entertained that it would ultimately have 
 been abandoned. However, new placards were issued for the 16th, ami 
 "parliamentary reform" was substituted for the original object. A piei-e 
 or ground called St. Peter's field was the spot chosen for this exhibition ; 
 and hither large bodies of men, arrayt d in regular order, continued to 
 march during the whole of the morning, the neighbouring towns and 
 villages pouring out their multitudes for the purpose of centering in this 
 tocus of radica! uiscoritcnt. Each party had its banner, with some 
 
718 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 motto, thereon inscribed, characteristic of the grand object they had in 
 veiw, mottoes which have since become Tamiliar even to ears polite— such 
 as " No Corn Laws," " Annual Parliaments," " Vote by Ballot," " Liberty 
 or Death," ice. Nay, such was the entiiusiasm of the hour that among 
 thtm were seen two clubs of " female reformers," their white flags float- 
 ing in the breeze. At the time Mr, Hunt took the chair not less 
 than fifty thousand persons — men, women, and children — had as 
 sembled, and while he was addressing his audience, a body of the Man- 
 chester yeomanry cavalry came in sight, and directly galloped up to the 
 hustings, seizing the orator, together with his companions and their ban- 
 ners. A dreadful scene of terror and confusion ensued, numbers being 
 trampled under the horses' feet, or cut down. Six persons were killed, 
 and about a hundred wounded. Coroners' inquests were held on the 
 dead bodies, but the verdicts of the juries led to no judicial proceeding ; 
 true bills, liowever, were found against Hunt, Moorhouse, Johnson, and 
 seven others, for a conspiracy to overturn the government, but at the 
 same time they were admitted to bail. 
 
 Public meetings were now held in all the principal towns in th*? king- 
 dom, and addresses were presented io the regent and the parliament, 
 condemnatory of the civil and military authorities at Manchester, whioli 
 were met by counter-addresses, calling for the repression of sedition, &c. 
 At the opening of parliament the subject underwent a thorough discussion, 
 and amendments to the address were moved in both houses, character- 
 ising the Manchester proceedings as unconstitutional ; they were, how- 
 ever, negatived by overwhelming majorities. At the same time strong 
 measures were resorted to for preventing the occurrence of similar dis- 
 orders, by passing certain preventive and proliibitory acts of parliament, 
 afterwards familiarly known as the " six acts." These, though decidedly 
 coercive, seemed called for by the slate of the country, and received the 
 ready sanction of the legislature. 
 
 On the 2,3d of January, 1820, died at Sidmouth, in his 5;{d year, Prince 
 Edward, duke of Kent; leaving a widow, and onj child, the Princess 
 Victoria, then only eight months old. The duke had never mixed much 
 in the turmoil of politics, his life having been chiefly spent in the army, 
 where he obtained a high character for bravery, but was regarded as a too 
 etiict disciplinarian. 
 
 Scarcely had the news of the duke's decease reached the more distant 
 parts of Great Britain, before thci dealh-knell of his venerable father, 
 George in., was heard. The bodily health of his majesty had of lato been 
 fast declining, and on the 29ih of January he expired. Some lucid in- 
 tervals, though few, had been noticed during the time he laboured under liib 
 distressing malady ; hut he had long been blind, and latterly denfiiess was 
 added to liis other afflictions. The king was in the 82d year of his ago, 
 and the COth of his reign ; leaving six sons and four daughters living at the 
 time of his decease. His remains were inierred in the royal vault 
 at Windsor. 
 
 In speaking of the character of George the Third, i.o one will deny 
 tliat h(! appeared invariably to act up to the dictates of his consrieiico ; as 
 a monarcli, he studied the welfare of his subjects; as a father, he neglect- 
 ed not the honour and happiness of his children. He left a name unsullied 
 by any particular vice, and his memory will bo honoured b;- posleritr 
 br the goodness of lis iicart, fur hia piety, clemency, and fortitude. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 719 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 
 THE REIOIf oy aGOROB IV. 
 
 A. n. 1820.— Georgfi the Fourth, eldest son of the late vi ntrable mon- 
 iircti, who had exercised sovereign power as regent during his royal fath- 
 era mental incapacity, was immediately proclaimed king, and the new 
 reign commenced without any expectation of official changes. At tho 
 very moment of his accession, and for some time before, a most atrocious 
 conspiracy existed, having for its object the assassination of the whole of 
 his majesty 8 ministers. The sanguinary intentions of the conspirators 
 render a detail of their plans necessary. 
 
 Several wretched individuals, headed by 'Arthur Thistlewood-a man 
 who had formerly been a lieutenant in the army, but who had subsequently 
 suffered fine and imprisonment for challenging Lord Sidmouth to fi.rht a 
 duel, and was now reduced to indigence-hired a stable in Cato-street, 
 hdge ware road, for the express purpose of assembling there and consult- 
 ing on the best plan of putting tlie design into execution. The time 
 chosen for the commission of the bloody deed was or. the occasion of a 
 cabinet-dinner at Lord Harrowby's. in Grosvenor-square; they iiitended 
 to proceed in a body to his lordship's house, and, having gained admission 
 by stratagem, murder all present. Acting on previous information from 
 one of the conspirators, wiio had associated with them for the purpose of 
 their betrayal, Mr. Birnie, a Bow-street magistrate, with twelve of the 
 patrol, went to Cato-street, and there, in a hay-loit, they found the con- 
 spirators assembled. The entrance was by a ladder, which some of tlie 
 police officers ascended, and on the door being opened, twenty- five or 
 ihirty men appeared armed. A desperate struggle ensued in the dark, the 
 ights liavmg been extinguished, and Smit..'rs, one of the police, was run 
 through the bodv by Thistlewood: meanlinie, a company of the foot 
 guards, commanded by Captain Fitzdarence, arrived at the place of ren 
 dezvous, which they surrounded, and succeeded in capturing nine of tlie 
 desperadoes. Thistlewood and the rest escaped ; but he was afterwards 
 taken in an obscure lodging at Finsbnry, while in bed. Tlicy were all 
 found guilty; and five of them, namely, Thistlewood, Ings, Mriint, Tidd, 
 and Davidson, were hanged and then decapitated at the Old Hadcy ; tho 
 other five had their sentences commuted for traiiHportation. About the 
 same time the trial of Hunt and others took place at York, for their con- 
 duct at Manchester on the 16th of August ; Hunt was soiitcn-cd to be im- 
 prisoned m Ilchester jail for two yrars and six months, and llealy, 
 Johnson, and Bamford to one year's imprisonment in Lincoln jail, 
 
 1 he country ha.< been in a very unsettled state in eonseniK'iicu of the 
 foregoing proceedings, but they were treated as matters of little impor- 
 tance when compared witii a scene that followed : wo mean the trial of 
 Queen Caroline. Her majesty had been six years absent from Kiigland, 
 and for the last twenty-three years she had been separated from her hus- 
 band. 5>he iiad been charged with connubial infidelity, and a rigid inves- 
 tigation into her conduct had taken place; but though an undigii (led levity 
 had been proved against her, the charge of criminality was notestahliahcd; 
 yet was she visited with a kind of vindictive p'lrsoemioii that rendered 
 Jier life p burden. The prince had declared ho would not meet her in 
 public or in privaio; and among the magnates of rank and fashion his 
 iiiathoina operated with lalismaiiie power; she was consequenlly put out 
 of tho pale of society, of which she had been described to bo " the nrace 
 life, and ornamiMit." Thus neglected and insulted, she sought for recrea- 
 ,lon and repo^io ill foreign travel; and during her absence runmnr w,i» 
 •)U8y at home in attributing to her amours of the mo.it dearadina kind. It 
 *-.-r v«r,...MiltV x^vjix~\x mat tac i;ri:;vc33 oi VTr.-iicg was iiViiiij, lii ailulU'rv 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
720 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 with an Italian named Bergami, whom, from tl>e menial station of a 
 courier, she had created her chamberlain, and familiarly admitted to her 
 t: ble. To elicit evidence and investigate the truth of these reports, a 
 commission had been appointed under the direction of Sir John Leach, 
 who proceeded for that purpose to the continent ; and the result of his in- 
 quiries was, that the English ministers abroad were not to give the prin- 
 cess, in their official character, any public recognition, or pay her the re- 
 spect due to her exalted station. 
 
 On the death of George III. the first step taken to degrade her was the 
 omission of her name in the liturgy ; but she was nr w queen of England ; 
 and notwithstanding an annuity of 50,000/. per annum was offered oncon- 
 diiion of her permanently residing abroad, and not assuming, in the event 
 of the demise of the crown, the title of queen, she indignantly rejected the 
 
 Sroposal, challenged the fullest inquiry into her conduct, and returned to 
 England on the 6th of June, with a full determination to face her enemies. 
 She was accompanied by Alderman Wood and La'^y Hamilton, and her 
 entry into Loudon was greeted with the joyful acclamations of assembled 
 multitudes. 
 
 The charges against the queen being resolutely persisted in by her ac 
 cusers, and her guijt as pertinaciously denied by her defenders, all attempts 
 at reconciliation failed, and a secret committee of the house of lords pro- 
 ceeded to examine the inculpatory documents contained in the "green 
 bag." On the 5th of July Lord Liverpool presented u bill of pains and 
 
 Eenalties against the queen, providing that her miijesty be degraded from 
 er rank and title, and her marriage with the king dissolved. The queen 
 protested against these proceedings at every step, and was occasionally 
 present during the examination of witnesses. Meanwhile, the excitement 
 was intense. Guilty or not guilty, the public sympathized with her as a 
 woman who had been subject to systematic persecution for a quarter of a 
 century, carried on by a man as relentless as he was licentious ; and how- 
 ever great her delinquencies might be, her perset-utor was the last man in 
 his dominions who could justify himself in pursuing the object of his hate 
 with cruel vindicliveness. During all this time adiresscs and proces- 
 sions in honour of the queen kept the metropolis in such a ferment that 
 its mechanics and artizans appeared as if engaged in a national saturnalia. 
 Sir Robert (Jifford, the attorney-general, assisted by tiio solicitor-general, 
 conducted tlie prosecution ; Mr. Brougham, Mr. Denman, and Dr. Lush- 
 ington, the def(»nce. The proceedings having at length been brought to 
 a close, the lords met on the 2d of November, to discuss the second read- 
 ing of the bill of degradatitm. Some declared their conviction of the 
 queen's guilt ; others as confidently asserted her innocence; while several 
 denied b Hh the justice and expediency of the bill, and would not consent 
 to brand with everlasting; infamy a member of the house of Uriniswiek. 
 U[)on a division for a second reading there was a majority of 28. Some 
 were in favour of di'gradation, but not divorce. Upon the third reading 
 of the bill, the ministerial majority was reduced to 9 ; when Lord Liver- 
 pool immediately announced the mtention of government to abandon the 
 further prosecution of this extraordinary proceeding. The filthy details, 
 as they fell from the lips of woU-paid Italians, couriers, valets, and cham. 
 bermnidi, while under examination, were given with prurient cominenth 
 in the newspapers ; and thus a mass of impurity was rir;nil.ited through 
 out the country, more contaminating, necause more minutely discu.^scd 
 and dwelt upon, than anything that was ever publicly recorded in the 
 chronicles of sliamolessness. On the 23d the parliament wns suddenly 
 prorogued : and o.i the a9th the queen, attended by a cavalcade of gentle- 
 men on horseback, went in slate to St. Panl'd to return thanks for hoi 
 happy deliverance. 
 4 a, 18Jl,->0ii oponinsT the pnrlliimentarv aeasion, hla majcstv men 
 
m 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 •721 
 
 honed the nuefin by name, and recommended to the house of cominonB a 
 provision for her maintenance. At first she declined to accept any pecu- 
 mary aiiowunce iint.l her name was inserted in tiie liturgy : but she sub- 
 aequently a.lerf=d her det«riiiination, and an annuity of 50,000/. was settled 
 upon her. 
 
 Duniij{ this session the subjsct of parliamentary reform excited much 
 mterest ; the borough of Grampound was disfranchised for its corruption; 
 and the necessity of retrenchment in all the departments of (fovernment 
 was repeatedly urged by Mr. Hume, whose persevering exposition of the 
 large suras that were uselessly swallowed up in salaries and sinecures 
 made a great impression on the public, and though none of his motions 
 were carried, the attention of ministers was thereby directed to the gradual 
 diminution of the enormous expense incurred in the different public offices. 
 The anticipated coronation was now the all-absorbing topic. The 
 queen having, by memorial to the king, claimed a right to be crowned, 
 her counsel were heard in support of her claim, and the attorney and 
 solicitor-general against it. The lords of tiie council decided that queens- 
 consort were not entitled to the honour— a decision which the king teas 
 pleased to approve- The 19th of July was the day appointed for the august 
 ceremony, preparations for which had long been making; and nothing 
 more magnificent can be imagined than the appearance of Westminster- 
 abbey and hall. The covered platform, over which the procession moved 
 from tlie hall to the abbey was 1,500 feet in length; and on each side of 
 the platform an ampiiitheatre of seats was erected, to accommodate one 
 hundred thousand spectators. Every spot in the vicinity from which a 
 view of the gorgfous pageant could ne obtained was covered with scata 
 and galleries, lor which the most extravagant prices were given. Ah 
 early as two o'clock in the morniug the streets were filled with the car- 
 riages of persons going to witness the cercmo-^y; and before five a con- 
 siderable number of lh<> company had taken their places at tiie hall. I» 
 had been currently reported thiH the queen would he present as a specto" 
 tor of the scene; and so it proved < for about five o'clock her majesty 
 arrived in her state-carriage ; but no preparation had been made for he* 
 reception, and, not having an admission-ticket, she had to bear the hu 
 miliating indignity of a stern refusal, and was obliged to retire! Tiia 
 king arrived at ten, and the procession moved from the hall towards tho 
 abboy, his majesty walking under a canopy of cloth of gold, supported by 
 the barons of the cinque-ports, among whom was Mr. Brougham, tht 
 queen's legal adviser mid leading counsel ! The ancient solemnity of the 
 coronation in West minstcr-abhey occupied about five hours; and when 
 the king re-entered the hall, with the crown on his head, ho was received 
 with eiilhusiaslic cheers. Soon after five o'clock the royal banquet wiw 
 served; and the khig, having dined with and drank the health of "hirf 
 peers a«id his good people," left the festive scene. The populace woro 
 afterwards ^ratified with a balloon asreiit, boat-races on the Serpentina 
 » grand display of fire-works in Hyde-park, and free admission to lh»j 
 various theatres, i he o.vpenses of the coronation amounted to two hun- 
 dred and tliirtyeighl thouHand poiiiuis. 
 
 It lias been seen that the queen made an iiien'ectual attempt to witnehi 
 the coronation of her royal husbami. The proml spirit of the hou-je of 
 BruuBwick, which had borne up against a load of regal oppression and tin' 
 contumely of Bycopimntic courtiers, was now doomed to yield tiefore i 
 ulighl bodily attack. Klevm dayn after her mai ^sty had Leon repulsed 
 from the doors of W«'fttminfilir-hall, she visited Drury-lane theatre, from 
 which place she retired early on account of a sudden indisposition, and 
 in one week more this heroic female was a corpse As long as she w.ic 
 an object of porsec ution, she was the idol of popular applause ; those evt-i> 
 
 Voh. I.— 40 
 
 ,.« 1.,.. i.i..... 
 
 -•xa:::t:jt:= 
 
 felt u 
 
 ur iscr as inn viriim oi a nrar: 
 
 ll« 
 
722 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 loss svslem of oppression. But the excitement in her favour soon oegan 
 to suljside, and it was believed that the comparatively little interest which 
 the public seemed to lake in her favour on the day of the coronation, sunk 
 deep into her heart. She died August the 7th, aged 52 ; leaving liie world, 
 as she herself declared, without regret. Her body lay in stale at Bran- 
 denburg-house, her villa near Hammersmith ; and on the 19lh, it was co'v 
 veyed through London, on its way to Harwich, the port of embarkatio.i 
 for its final resting-place at Brunswick. Countless multitudes had aS' 
 sembled to join in the procession; and when it was discovered that a cir- 
 cuitous route had been prescribed for the funeral train, in order to avoid 
 passing through the streets of the metropolis, the indignation of tiie people 
 knew no bounds, and in an affray with the guards two lives were lost. 
 By obstructing and barricading the streets the people succeeded in forcing 
 the procession through the city, and the royal corpse was hurried with 
 indecent haste to the place of embarkation. On the 24th ol August the 
 remains of the queen reached Brunswick, and were deposited in the 
 family vault of her ancestors. 
 
 We shall now turn for a moment to notice some events of importance, 
 though not connected with the domestic history of Great Britain. The 
 first is the death of Napoleon Bonaparte, who died of cancer in the stomach, 
 aged 51. The disease was constitutional, but it had probably been accel- 
 erated by mental agitation and the unhealthy climate of St. Helena. 
 Those who wish to know the character of this extraordinary man must 
 read it in his actions, under tlie various and varying aspects of his fortune. 
 His aim was to astonish and aggrandize, to uphold or trample upon jus 
 tice, as best suited the object he had in view. Before his love of univer- 
 sal domination, every other passion and principle was made to give way : 
 religion, honour, truth — all were sacrificed to personal ambition. In his 
 will he expressed a wish that his " ashes might repose on the banks of the 
 Seine, in the midst of the French people, whom he loved so well." Tliat 
 wish has since been gratified. 
 
 In Spain, Portugal, and Naples, a sort of revolutionary crisis had com 
 menced. Kncouraged by the discontents of the middle ranks, the troops, 
 under the infiuence of Riego and other gallant officers, succeeded in 
 making Ferdinand swear fidelity to the constitution of 1812. Similar 
 conduct was pursued by the people of Portugal, whose declared objects 
 were the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. And in Naplts the 
 popular mind took the same direction, and etfected the same object. 
 
 A. D. 1822. — This year, though not marked by any great event, was one 
 of interest as regarded important questions in parliament. Amonu the 
 leading, were agricultural distress in Kngland, and scarcity aii,! distress 
 in Ireland. Some changes duruig .lanuary took place in the cabinet: 
 ministers strengthened themselves by a union with the (irenville party; 
 and Lord Sidniouth retired from his office of home secretary, to make 
 room for Mr. Peel. 
 
 On the 6th of February the king opened parliament, and took occasion 
 to express regret that his visit to Irelaixd had failed to produce tranquillity. 
 He also adniitlod that agriculture had to contend with unexpected diffi- 
 culties, but congratulated the house on the prosperity which attended 
 the manutat tnrcs and commerce of the country. 
 
 The state jf Ireland did indeed demand aUention. On one han.l, coer- 
 cive measures were necessary to repress the disorder that reigned through 
 the island, for, owing to the daring nocturnal bauds of White boys, Ac, 
 neither life nor property was safe. On the other, so u.-nversal we* iht 
 failure of the potato crop that the price was quadriflcd, ai-d the peas 
 antry of the south worn in a stale of sturvalion. To meet the former 
 evil, it was found necewary to suspend the habeas corpus nc' and to 
 
 renew ll«.- IXI3UJ""i:i:t;U nvn t •.- nn-r-sattr »:••- in?-r«. f I - '- ii.i. - - ti 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. ',2:i 
 
 formed in London, and corresponding committees in different parts of ihr 
 country; British sympathy was no dooner appealed to than it \VAt= 
 answerea with zealous alacrity; and such was the benevolence of indi. 
 viauals that large funds were speedily at their disposal, so that before the 
 close of the year the subscriptions raised in Great Britain for the relief 
 qL rfnn,'^^^^^®^'^ ^"f ^ ainoutited to 350,000/. ; parliament made a grant of 
 300 000/. more; and in Ireland the local subscriptions amounted to 150,- 
 000/. ; making altogether a gran^' total of 800,000/. 
 
 From the beginning of the year to the end of the session in August, the 
 houses were occupied on questions of the highest importance; agricul- 
 tural distress, for which various remedial measures were proposed] Lord 
 lohn Russell s plan (or a parliamentary reform ; Mr. Vansittart's scheme 
 tor relieving the immediate pressure of what was called the «' dead weight ;" 
 the currency question, which referred to the increased value of money 
 caused by Mr. Peel's act of 1819, for the resumption of cash payments; 
 the improvement of the navigation laws, A:c. 
 
 Pailiameht was prorogued on the Cth of August, and on the tenth the 
 king embarked at Greenwich for Scotland. On the 15th he landed at 
 Leiih, and the 19th held a levee in the anciont palace of Holyrood. where 
 he appeared m the Highland costume. Having enjoyed the festivities 
 which his loyal subjects of Edinburgh provided for the occasion, he re- 
 embarked on the a7tli, ana in three days was again \*'iih his lieges in 
 
 During his majesty's absence intelligence was brought him of the death 
 of the inarquis of LDiidonderry, secretary of state for the foreign depart- 
 meiit. 1 his nobleman, who had been the leading member of government 
 was in his 54th year, and in a temporary fit of insanity committed suicide, 
 by cutfng the carotid artery. In consequence of his tory principles and 
 the share he took in effecting the union witii Ireland, he was the most 
 unpopular member of the administration, but he was highly respected in 
 private life, and enjoyed the personal esteem of his sovereign. 
 
 Little of domestic interest occurred this year, but a few words relative 
 to foreign affairs are requisite. The congress at Verona terminated in 
 December; the allied sovereigns were djspos(;d to re-( tablish the despo- 
 tism of t erdinand in Spam, in opposition to ihecortes ; but to this policy 
 iMigland objected, denying the right of foreign powers to interfere in the 
 affairs of the Peninsula The "sanitary cordon." established on the 
 trontiers of I* ranee for the avowed purpose of preventing the fever which 
 raged at Barcelona fro..i spreading to that country, changed its name 
 to "army of observation,'' while the design of the French govern- 
 ment to chock the progress of revolutionary principles in Spain were 
 developed, and, indeed, soon afterwards openly expressed. 
 
 A. n. 1823.— On the death of Lord Londonderry, Mr. Canning, who wn« 
 about to set out to India as governor-general, relinquished that employ 
 men;, and accepted the vacant secretaryship, as one more coitgenial to liis 
 taste, and for the duties of which he was supposed to be perfectly efficient. 
 Some popular changes now took place in the ministry. Mr. Vansitlart, 
 chancellor of the exchequer, resigned in favour of Mr. Robinson, and ac- 
 cepted the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaniur, with a seat in tho 
 upper house and the title of Lord Bexley ; and Mr. Huskinson was made 
 president of the board of trade, in room of Mr. Arbuihiiot. Parliament 
 was prorogued by commission on the 19" •)f July; much altercation 
 having taken place belw> :•» Mr. Canning d his political opponents, 
 who plainly convinced h:a\ ih.a he was not -posing on a bed of roses." 
 But he had the satisfaction a', the close of i\\v session of dwelling on tlie 
 nourishing condition of all •■lanclies of cominerco and manufactures, and 
 a considerable abatemeni ol the difficulties felt by tho aericuiturielH at ita 
 CimmenceiTjent. 
 
724 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 In April the French army of observation crossed the Pyrenees: and tao 
 duke of Angoiileme, its commander, published an address to the bpamards, 
 declaratory of the objects of this interposition in their affairs ;dyfii)ing it 
 to be, the suppression of the revolutionary faction which held the king 
 captive, that excited troubles in France, and produced an insurrection m 
 Naples and Piedmont. They then marched onward, and, without ineet- 
 ing any resistance of consequence, occupied the principal towns and for- 
 tresses In October the city of Cadiz surrendered, and French interic: 
 ence terminated with the liberation of Ferdinand from the cortes, who in 
 all their movements had carried the unwiUing king with them. The 
 French then retraced their steps, leaving forty thousand men in possession 
 of the fortresses, to maintain the authority of the bpanish king in case of 
 
 '* A D i8""4 —Favourable as the political aspect of Great Britain appeared 
 at the commencement of 18&3, there was now an evident improvement in 
 almost everv branch of commercial industry ; while the cultivators of the 
 soil found their condition materially assisted by natural canses, without 
 the aid of legislatorial interference. It was therefore a pleasing task for 
 Mr. Robinson, when he brought forward his budget, to describe in glowing 
 terms the general prosperity of the country, and declare his intent)on of 
 effecting an annual saving of c£375,000 by reducing the interest of the four 
 per cent stock to three and a half. But a course of prosperity in Lngland, 
 like true love's course, " never did run smootli" for any length of time. 
 There was now an abundance of capital, and money was accordingly to 
 be had at low rates of interest. Siife investments were difficult to be 
 found at home; hence foreign loans were encouraged, till there was 
 scarcely a state in the Old or New World which had not the benefit o 
 English capital. It was a rare era, too, for the gambling speculations of 
 a host of needy adventurers ; and. under pretext of having discovered ad- 
 vantageous modes of employing money, the most absurd schemes were 
 daily set afloat to entrap the avaricious and unwary. Many of these 
 devices were so obviously dishonest, that the legislature at length inter 
 fered to guard the public against a species of robbery in which the dupes 
 were almost as much to blame 99 their plunderers. A resolution passfd 
 the house of lords declaring that no bilJ for the purpose of lucorpoiating 
 any joinl-stock company would be road a second t'.'»« /''l.^; ''![^^^^^ 
 the proposed capital of the co.npany had been subscribed 1 ins ce a inly 
 checked the operations we lave alluded to; but the evil had been allowed 
 to Drocecd loo fir, as experie.ice proved. , . , 1 
 
 invention between' Great irritain and Austria was laid «n he tablj 
 of the house of commons, by which the former agreed to '»«f P ;*;;;^f °'^°'* 
 as a final compensation for claims on the latter power, amounting 
 <€30.000,000-a composition of one shilling and eight-pence in the pound! 
 
 Amonu matters of domestic interest, although not of a nature, perhups, 
 to d^n iid notice in a condensed national history, we may mention two 
 occu re ces" which supplied the public with fertile top.es of d.scourso 
 We allude to the trial of John Thurtcll, who was executed for he murder 
 of William Weare, as they were proceeding m a gig towards the i.o..age 
 o their nmtual friend Probert, near Elstree. where they had been niv.ted 
 to takf the diversion of shooting : an.l also to the execution of Mr. haunt- 
 eroy the ban'-r, who whs tried and found guilty of forging =v powe o 
 atlo'i ey for the transfer of slock. The rirsl-mentioned offende . g.u si 
 Uie laws of God and man was the son of a respectable alderman at Nor- 
 wi-'h; but by associating with gamblers, and indulging in ''™f! »P0"»| 
 he had contracted haoits of ruffianism to whu h such V'^ri'.!^ 1^^ 
 invariably leads. The latter violator of u sacred trust had lO'nmi ted 
 for2cr"e» to the enormou. oxtenl, as was asserted at the time, of about u 
 quarlttf of fi uiiuion. 
 
IIISTOUY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 726 
 
 A. D. 1825.— One of the first steps in legislulion this year was an act to 
 suppress the catholic association of Ireland. Daniel O'Connell assumed 
 10 be ifie representative and protector of the catholic population in that 
 country, and continued to levy large sums from the people, under the 
 absurd and hypocritical pretence of obtaining "justice for Ireland." Sub- 
 sequently a committee of the lords sat to inquire into the general state of 
 that country ; and in the evidence it clearly appeared that the wretched 
 state of existence to which the peasantry were reduced was greatly aggra- 
 valpd by their abject bondage to their own priests, and that while the arch 
 agitator and his satellites were allowed to inflame the passions of the 
 people, and delude them into a belief that they were oppressed by their 
 connexion with Great Britain, no remedy within the power of the legisla- 
 ture presented itself. 
 
 The catholic relief bill passed in the house of commons, but was re- 
 jected in the lords by a majority of 178 against 130. The debate was 
 carried on with great animation ; and, in the course of it, the duke of 
 York strenuously declared against furtlier concession to the catholics. 
 " Twenty-eight years," said he, "have elapsed since the subject was first 
 agitated; its agitation was the source of the illness which clouded the 
 last ten years of my father's life ; and, to the last moment of my existence, 
 I will adhere to my prolestant principles— so help me God !" 
 
 We have seen whatan astonishing impulse had been given to speculations 
 of all kinds last year by the abundance of unemployed capital and the re- 
 duction of interest in funded properly. The mania for joint-stock com- 
 panies wa^ now become almost universal. During the space of little 
 more than a twelvemonth, two hundred and seventy-six companies had 
 been projected, of which the pretended cupital was X174, 114,050. Though 
 many oi these were of an absurd character, and nearly all held out pros- 
 pects that no sane man could expect to see realized, yet the shares of 
 several rose to enormous premiump, especially the mining adventures in 
 South America. But a fearful re-action was at hand. 
 
 Several country banks stopped payment in December, and among them 
 the great Yorkshire bank of Wenlworth and Company. A panic in the 
 money market followed ; and in a few days several London bankers were 
 unable to meet the calls upon them. On the I'ith December the banking- 
 house of Sir Peter Pole <Sc Co., stopped payment. This caused great 
 dismay in the city, it being understood that forty-seven country banks 
 were connected with it. During the three following days five other Lon- 
 don banking firms were compelled to close ; and in a very short space o( 
 time, in addition, sixty-seven country banks failed or suspended payments. 
 The merchants of the city of London, at the head of whom was Mr. Bar 
 iiig, feeling that somelliing was necessary to restore confidenco, assembled 
 at the mansion-house, and published a resolution to the eflfcct that " the 
 unprecedented embarrassments were to be mainly atliibuied to an un- 
 founded panic ; that they had the fullest reliance on ttie banking estab 
 lishments of the country, and therefore determined to support them, and 
 public credit, to the utmost of their power." 
 
 In two days after this declaration, the Bank of England began to re-iesue 
 one and two pound notes for (he C4»nvenience of the country circul.ilion. 
 r»»r one wtiek, ioO.OuO soveroi^us pm day wem coined ai ihe Mint, and 
 post chaises were hourly dispatched into the country to support the credit, 
 and prevent 0ie failure, of the provincial firms which still maiiitaiued 
 their grounil. 
 
 A. o. 1B2G. — The effects of the panic were severely felt; but it iniist be 
 admitted that the Bank of Kngland made strenuous efforts to mitigate 
 poi'uniary distress, and the course pursued by government was steady and 
 ludicious. The main ingredient in producing the mischief had been the 
 faviht'^ q[ craaUng flctiiluuB money ; ministers, therefore, prohibited the 
 
 i: 
 
 I 
 
726 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 liiculutiou of one pound notes, while incorporated companies wen- 
 allowed to carry on the business of banking. Beyond this they rouM 
 scarcely go : it was next to impossible tliat they could afford an effective 
 guarantee against future panics, over-trading, or the insolvency of bankers 
 
 On the 2d of February parliament was opened by connxiission. The 
 royal speech adverted to the existing pecuniary distress, and showed that 
 it was totally unconnected with political causes. It also alluded to 
 measures in contemplation for the improvement of Ireland. After silting 
 till the end of May, tlie parliament was dissolved, and active preparations 
 were made for a general election. 
 
 Certain leading questions had now got such possession of the public 
 mind, that, at most of the elections, tests were offered and pledges re- 
 quired from the several candidates. The most important of these were 
 catholic emancipation, the corn laws, and the slave trade : and out of the 
 members returned for England and Wales, one hundred and thirty-three 
 liad never before sat in parliament. It was observed that now, for the 
 Srst time, the catholic priests of Ireland openly began not only to take an 
 active part in elections, but to inculcate the doctrine that opposition to an 
 dnti-catholic candidate was a christian duty. Tiie English radicals were 
 ilso extremely noisy and active in their endeavours to return Cobbett 
 Hunt, and others of that clique ; but for the present they were unsuccessful. 
 
 The new parliament was opened by the king in person. No business 
 Df any great importance was brought before the house ; but an expose of 
 the numerous joint slock companies that had been established was made 
 by Alderman Wailhman. He observed that six hundred had been formed, 
 most of them for dishonest purposes ; the directors forcing up or depress- 
 mg the market as they pleased, and pocketing the diff«jrence between the 
 selling and buying prices. As members of the house were known to be 
 directors of some of these bubble companies, he moved for a committee 
 of in'iuiry with reference to the part taken by members of parliament in 
 the joi.:t-stock mania of 1824-5-6. 
 
 A few foreign occurrences claim our notice. The death of Alexander, 
 omperor of Russia, a powerful ally of England, and a noble and benevo- 
 lent orince, who sincerely desired the good of his people. It was his 
 wish that his brother Nicholas should succeed him; and, in compliance 
 with that wish, the grand duke Constanline, who was next heir to the 
 throne, publicly renounced his right to the succession in favour of his 
 younger brother.— Also, the death of John VI., king of Portugal and 
 titular emperor of Brazil , whither he had retired, with his court, on the 
 invasion of Portugal by Bonaparte.— Missolonghi, the last asylum of the 
 Greeks, taken by storm, by the combined Egyptian and Turkish forces, 
 who, rendered furious by the bravery of the besieged, pui all the males to 
 the sword, and carried the women and children into slavery.— The de- 
 struction of the Janissaries by Sultan Mahmoud, followed by an entire re- 
 modelling of the Turkish army, and the introduction of European military 
 discipline. — Remarkable coincidence in the deaths of two ex-picsulcnts 
 of the United States of America : Mr. Adams and Mr. Jefferson not only 
 expiring on the same day, but that day being the fiftieth anniversary of 
 the declaration of American independence. 
 
 A. D. 1827. — We closed our last record with a notice of the deaths of 
 two distinguished men on trans-Atlantic ground. We are compelled 
 to commence the present year witi\ the decease of an illustrious indivnlual 
 in England. His royal highness Augustus Frederick, dukeof York, pre 
 sumptive heir to thf> throne, and coinmander-in-cliief of the army, at the 
 head of which he had been thirty-two years, and under whose admiiiis- 
 Iration it had won imperishable laurels, died on the !)\b of .lunuary, in iho 
 ''-Ith vear of his age. In person he was noble and soldierlike, in diapDs; 
 
HISTORY OF THE WOULD. 
 
 727 
 
 tion frank, amiable and sincere ; in the discharge of his official duties, im- 
 partial and exact. 
 
 The first topic of domestic interest was the change of ministry, which 
 took place in consequence of Lord Liverpool, the premier, being sud- 
 denly disabled by a stroke of apoplexy, which, though he survived the 
 attack nearly two years, terminated his public life. Mis lordship was 
 free from intrigue and partisanship, and his official experience enabled 
 him to take the lead in conducting the ordinary affairs of the government, 
 but his pralory was commonplace, and he was incapable of vigorously 
 handling the great questions which during his premiership agitated tho 
 country. 
 
 Nearly two months elapsed before the vacancy occasioned by Lord 
 Liverpool's illness was filled. The king then empowered Mr. Canning 
 to form a new ministry, of which he was to be the head; and he accor- 
 dingly began to make arrangements. But he met with almost insupera- 
 ble difficulties, for within forty-eight hours after he had received his ma- 
 jesty's commands, seven leading members of the cabinet — his former 
 colleagues — refused to serve under him, and sent in their resignations. In 
 this perplexity he waited on the king, who suspected there was not only 
 a confederacy against Mr. Canning, but also a disposition to coerce the 
 royal will. The king was not likely to withdraw his support from the min- 
 ster, and ultimately a mixed administration entered on the duties of office. 
 Mr. Canning, premier ; earlof Harrowby, president ; duke of Portland, privy 
 seal ; Viscount Dudley, foreign secretary ; Mr. Sturges Bourne, home sec- 
 retary; Mr. Huskisson, board of trade ; C. Wynn, board of control; Vis- 
 count Palmerston, secretary of war ; Lord Bexley, chancellor of the duchy 
 of Lancaster ; Lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor. The other ministerial ap- 
 pointments were. Sir John Leach, master of the rolls ; Sir A. Hart, vice- 
 chancfcilor ; Sir James Scarlett, attorney-general ; Sir N. Tindal, solicitor- 
 general ; duke of Clarence, lord-high-admiral; marquis of Anglesea, 
 master-general of ordnance; duke of Devonshire, lord-chamberlain; duke 
 of Leeds, master of the horse ; and W. Lamb, secretary for Ireland. Sut>- 
 sequently, the niarnuis of Lansdowne accepted the seals of the home de- 
 partment, and Mr. Tierney was made master of the mint. 
 
 A treaty which had for its object the pacification of Greece, by putting 
 an end to the sanguinary contest between the Porte and its Grecian sub- 
 jects, was signed at London, on the 6th of July, by the ministers of Great 
 Britain, France, and Russia. 
 
 From the hour that Mr. Canning undertook the office of premier he had 
 been suffering under a degree of nervous excitement which made visible 
 inroads on his constitution ; but it was expected that a little repose during 
 the parliamentary recess would reinvigorate him. Not so, for on the 8lh 
 of August he expired, the immediate cause of his death being an inflam- 
 mation of the kidneys. This highly gifted statesman, who was in the 
 57th year of his age, was not less remarkable for scholastic acquiiemenis, 
 than for brilliant oratory and pungent wit ; weapons which he often used 
 with success in demolishing the more solid arguments of his ooponents. 
 In politics he was a tory, though possessing the good sense tr ow and 
 act upon liberal principles. He was long the efficient represenuuive of 
 Liverpool, and his constituents were proud of one who, while he shone 
 in the senate, combined the graces of scholarship with elegant manners 
 and amiability of temper. 
 
 On the deatn of Mr. Canning there were but few changes in the minis 
 try. Lord Goderich became the new premier, and Mr. Herries chanceUor 
 of the exchequer; the duke of VVelliiigtou resumed the command of the 
 army, but without a seat in the cabinet. 
 
 The treaty for attempting the pacification of Greece, not being palat.-iblo 
 , Ui the sultan, he declined the mediation of the allied powers, and recom 
 
 n 
 
 
72S 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 inenced the w ar furiously against the Greeks. To put a stop to this, the 
 combined fleets proceeded to ihe bay of Navarino, with a deiermiiiatioii to 
 capture or destroy the Turkish fleet which lay there, if Ibraiiiin Pacha 
 refused listen to pacific overtures. No satisfaction being obtained, Ad- 
 miral Codrington, followed by the French ships, under De Rigiiy, and the 
 Russian squadron, entered llie bay ; and after four hours from the com- 
 mencement of the conflict, which had been carried on with great fury, the 
 enemy's fleet was wholly destroyed, and the bay strewn with the frag- 
 ments of his ships. 
 
 A. D. 1828. — It was seen from the first, that the (Joderich ministry did 
 not possess the ingredients for a lasting union. Diff"erences between the 
 leading members rendered his lordship's position untenable, and he re- 
 signed his seals of office. Upon this the king sent for the duke of Wel- 
 Ungton, and commissioned him to form a new cabinet, with himself at the 
 head ; the result was, that his grace immediately entered into commum- 
 cation with Mr. Peel, and other members of Lord Liverpool's ministry, 
 who had seceded on tiie elevation of Mr. Canning; and, with very few 
 exceptions, the same parties once more came into power. The duke, on 
 becoming the first lord of the treasury, resigned the office of commander- 
 in-chief. 
 
 On the 8th of May the catholic claims were again brought forward, 
 when Sir Francis Burdett moved for a committee of the whole house on 
 this subject, with a view to a conciliatory adjustment. After a three 
 nights' debate, this was carried by a majority of six. A conference with 
 the lords was then held, after which there was a two nights' debate in the 
 lords, when the duke , ' Wellington opposed the resolution, and it failed. 
 
 In Ireland, during the Canning and Goderich ministries, all was com- 
 paratively still ; but this year the excitement of the people, led on by the 
 fiopuhir demagogues, was greatly increased by the formation of a Wel- 
 ington and Peel administration. The Catholic Association was again 
 in full activity; Mr. O'Connell was returned for Clare, in defiance of the 
 landed gentry of the county ; the priests seconded the efl'orts of itinerant 
 politicians,' and, in the inflated rhetoric of Mr. Shiel, " every altar became 
 a tribune at which the wrongs of Ireland were proclaimed." Meanwhile, 
 ministers looked supinely on, till the smouldering embers burst into a 
 flame, which nothing within their power could extinguish. How could it, 
 indeed, be otherwise, when the marquis of Anglesea, the king's represen- 
 tative, wrote a letter to Dr. Curtis, the titular catholic primate of Ireland, 
 to the eff"ect tliat the settlement of the catholic question was unavoidable, 
 and recommending the catholics to " agitate," but refrain from violence, 
 and trust to the legislature. What more could the great agitator himself 
 require than such an ally ? It is true that the marquis was forthwith re- 
 called from the government of Ireland for writing the said letter— Au/ A<? 
 was not impeached. 
 
 The repairs and improvements of Windsor castle, which had been for a 
 long time in hand, were this year completed, and the king look posses- 
 sion of his apartments, December 9th. A parliamentary grant of 450,000/. 
 had been devoted to this truly national edifice, and great ability was shown 
 in retaining the principal features of tlie original building, while studying 
 the coi.venici.ces of modern civilliatici. 
 
 At the latter end of the year, owing to the discovery of a systematic 
 plan of murder halving been pursued by some wretches at Kdinburgli, an 
 indescribable feeling of horror and disgust pervaded the country. It ap- 
 peared, on the trial of William Biirko and Helen M'Dongal, who lodged 
 in a house kept by a man named Hare, that they had been m Hie haint of 
 decoying persons into the house, where they first made them intoxicated, 
 and then sufl'ocalcd them. The bodies were then sold for antiiomica! 
 purijoscs, and "• ^siesijoiia asked respecting the mode m wliieh they haO 
 

 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 729 
 
 
 Deeii procured. The number of their victims it was difBcult to ascertain, 
 though liuike confessed to upwards of a dozen. Tliis wretch was exe- 
 cuted amid the exultations and execrations of an immenst; concourse of 
 spectators ; and the system of strangulation which he had practised wai 
 afterwards known by the term of Burking. 
 
 Tiie foreign events of this year bear too little on English history to 
 render necessary more than a mention of them. In April Russia declared 
 war against Turkey. The destruction of the Turkish fleet at Navarino 
 left the former power masters of the Black Sea; and on land 115,000 
 Russians were assembled to open the campaign on the Danube. Several 
 great battles were fougiit, the Turks offering a much more effectual resis- 
 tance to their invaders than was anticipated ; at length the Russians retired 
 fronti the contest, but did not return to St. Peiersburgh till October. The 
 affairs of Greece had gone on more favourably in consequence of the war 
 between Turkey and Russia ; and, assisted by France and England, that 
 country was restored to tiie rank of an independent nation. 
 
 A. D. 1829. — Soon after the opening of parliament, ministers declared 
 their intention to bring forward the long-agitated question of catholic 
 emancipation, in order to put an end to it forever. In Ireland the catholic 
 population was estimated at five millions and a half, whereas not more 
 than one million and three quarters were prolcstants; but in England, 
 Scotland, and Wales, the number of catholics fell short of a million, it 
 was well known that the duke of Wellington's repugnance to the measure 
 had been gradually abating; that he thought the security of the empire 
 depended upon its being carried; and that he had laboured hard to over- 
 come the king's scruples. These being at length removed, Mr. Peel, in 
 along, cautious, and elaborate speech, introduced the " Cdtholic relief bill" 
 hito the house of commons on the 5ih of March. Its general objects were 
 to render catholics eligible to seats in both houses of parliament, to voto 
 at the election of members, and to enjoy all civil franchises and offices, 
 upon their taking an oath not to use their privileges to " weaken or disturb 
 the protestant establishment." As it was a course of policy which the 
 whigs advocated, it had their support ; the chief opposition coming from 
 that seccion of the tory party who felt it to be a measure dangerous to the 
 
 Erotestant institutions of the country. The majority in favour of the bill, 
 owever, at the third reading, was 320 to 142. In the upper house a more 
 resolute stand was made agamst it; the lords Eldon, Winchelsca, Tenter- 
 den, and others, backed by the archbishops of Canterbury and York, and 
 the bishops of London, Durham, and Salisbury, in the most solenm man- 
 ner denouncing it as a measure pregnant with the most imminent peril to 
 church and state as by law established. It was, however, carried on the 
 10th of April, and received the royal assent on the 13th. 
 
 A few official changes followed. Sir Charles V\ etherell, attorney-gen- 
 eral, was dismissed for his anti-catholic opposition to the ministers, and 
 Sir James Scarlett appointed. Chief-justice Best was elevated to the 
 peerage by the title of Lord Wynford ; and was succeeded in the connnon- 
 Dleas by Sir Nicholas Tindal, the solicitor-general, whose office was given 
 to Mr. Sugden. 
 
 The year 1830 commenced without any circumstance occurring in or 
 out oi pauiament worth relating. 1 ne positioii of nunisters was a ditticuU 
 one, but it was what they had a right to expect. By conceding catholic 
 emancipation they had lost the support of their most influential friends, 
 and they were now compelled to accept as auxiharies those hybrid whigs, 
 whose co-operation, to be permanent, must be rewarded by a share in thH 
 government. But the stern unbending character of " the duke" would not 
 allow him to share even the glory of a conquest with mercenaries whom 
 he could not depend on ; and, therefore, as the tories were divided, it was 
 clear that their lule was fast diawinjr to a close- 
 
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 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 An event, by no means unexpected, now took place. For a consKeibt/A' 
 time past tlic king had been indisposed, and he was ntrely seen beyond 
 the limits of his royal domain at Windsoi -. where, when he was well 
 enough to take exercise, he would enjoy a forest-drive, or amuse hinipclj 
 by fishing and sailicg on his favourite Virginia-water> But gout and 
 dropsy had made sad havoc on the royal invalid; and in April bulletins ol 
 Ills health began to be published. His illness gradually increased from 
 that time to the 2Gth of June, the day on which he died. After a severe 
 paroxysm his majesty appeared to be fainting, aitd, exclaiming "tliis i 
 death," in a few minutes he ceased to breathe. 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 THE RKION or WILLIAM IT. 
 
 A. D. 1830, June 2G. — William Henry, duke of Clarence, third son of 
 Oeorge III., succeeded to the throne as William IV., being at the time of 
 his accession in the 65th year of his age. This monarch was brought up 
 to the navy, having entered the service as a midshipman in 1779, on board 
 the Royal George, a 98-gun-ship, commanded by Captain Digby ; and, by 
 regular gradations, he became rear-admiral of the blue in 1700. From that 
 lime he saw no more active service afloat, although he wished to share in 
 his country's naval glories ; and nothing was heard of him in his profes- 
 sional capacity, till Mr. Canning, in 1827, revived the office of lord-high 
 admiral, which for more than a century had been in commission. He, 
 however, resigned it in the following year, the duke of Wellington, as 
 prime minister, disapproving of the expense to which the lord-high-adniirul 
 put the nation, by an over-zealous professional liberality. 
 
 On the 23d of July parliament was prorogued by the king in person, tlie 
 royal speech being congratulatory as to the general tranquillity of Kurope 
 the repeal of taxes, and certain reforms introduced into the judicial estab 
 lishment of the country. 
 
 It was, notwithstanding, a period pregnant with events of surpassing 
 interest, but as they chiefly bcknig to the history of France, the bare men 
 tion of them is all that is here necessary. An expedition on a large scale 
 was fitted out by the French, with the ostensible view ol chastising the 
 Algerines for their piratical insults ; but it ended in then rapturing the 
 cily, and in taking measures to secure Algeria as a French cuiony. Then 
 came the revolutionary struggle on the appointment of tlie Poi;gnac min- 
 istry, which ended in the expulsion of Charles X. from the throne of 
 Franco, and the elevation of Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, as "king u( 
 the Froncli," who swore fidelity to the constitutional charter. 
 
 This great change in the French monarchy was effected with less blood- 
 shed, aiul in far less time, than could have been anticipated by its most 
 sanguine promoters; for, from the date of the despotic ordinances isMued 
 by the ministers of Charles X., to the moment that the duke of OrU'ims 
 accepted the office of lieutenant-general of the kingdom, prepiiratury to 
 his beihit elected king, only four days elapsed, during two of which tluni' 
 were some sharply contested battles between the citizens and the royul 
 troops under Marmont. Of the citizens three hunrlred and ninety were 
 killed on the spot, and of two thousand five hundred wounded, three hun- 
 dred died. Of the royal guard, three hundred and scventyfive were killed 
 and woinided, and of gcns-d'armes two hundred and two. 
 
 A similar revolution in Belgium followed. When that country was 
 joined to Holland in 1615, to form the kingdom of the Neiherlands, and 
 thereby raise a powerful bulwark on the frontier of France, it was avow- 
 A'lly ft mere univn of political convenience, in which neither iho naliututl 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLJ). 
 
 731 
 
 p':iiracU r, the institutions, nor Ihe religion of the inhabitants was consulted. 
 No soDner did the outbreak in Paris become known, than Brussels. I.iege, 
 Namur, Ghent, Antwerp, and other cities, showed an inveterate spirit of 
 hostility to their Dutch rulers, and insurrections, which soon amounted to 
 a state of civil war, were general throughout Belgium. The kingdom of 
 the Netherlands having been created by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, 
 Russia, and France, these powers assumed a right of medi:ition between 
 the belligerents ; and on the 4th of November a protocol was signed at 
 London, declaring that hostilities should cease, and that the troops of the 
 contending parties should retire within the limits which formerly separated 
 Belgium from Holland 
 
 Ihc effect of these successful popular commotions abroad was not lost 
 upon the people of England; and "parliamentary reform" became the 
 watch-word of all who wished to harass the tory ministry. The duke of 
 Welluigton was charged, though most unjustly, of having given his sup- 
 port, or at least been privy to the arbitrary measures of tne Polignac min- 
 istry ; and a clamour was rained against him and his colleagues which was 
 beyond their power to control. 
 
 By degrees the small ministerial majority dwindled away, and in loss 
 than a foitnight from the assembling of parliament the lories found thein- 
 8( Ives in a minority of 29, on a motion for the settlement of the civil list. 
 This was a signal for the Wellington ministry to resign, and their seals 
 of otBce were respectfully tendered to the king on the following day. No- 
 vember IG. 
 
 'J'he celebrated "reform m'.nistry" immediately succeeded; at the head 
 of which was Lord Grey, un first lord of the treasury. The other mem- 
 bers of the cabinet were the marquis of Lansdowne, lor l-president ; Lord 
 Brougham, lord-ohancellcr; Viscount Althorp, chancellor of the exche- 
 quer ; Viscount Melbourne, home secretary ; Viscount Palmerston, forei{;n 
 secretary; Viscount CJoderich, colonial secretary; Lord Durham, lf)rd 
 privy seal; Lord Au:;kland, president of the board of trade; Sir James 
 Graham, tirst lord of the admiralty ; Lord Holland, chancellor of the duchy 
 of Lancaster; Hononrable Charles Grant, president of the India hoard; 
 and the earl of Carli&lo, without any ofRcial appointment. Among tlie 
 ministers who had no seats in the cabinet, were Lord Joim Russell, pay- 
 master-gcncn! ; the duke of Richmond, postmaster-general; the duke uf 
 Devonsliir'j, lord-chamberlain; Marquis Wellesley, lord-steward; Sir T. 
 Denman, &ttornoy-general ; and Sir W. Home, solicitor-general. Tlie 
 Marauis cf Anglesea was invested with the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, 
 and Lord Plunkett was its lord-chancellor. 
 
 Duriii;^ the autumn of this year a novel and most destructive spec'cs of 
 outrage prevailed in the agricultural districts of the south of LOngiand, 
 urisiii'^ from the distressed condition of the labouring population. Night 
 after n'.ghi incendiary fires kept the country in a constant state of alarm, 
 and farming-stock of every description was consumed. Tiiere was no 
 open riotmg, no mobs; nor did it appear that it was connected with any 
 political object. In the counties of Kent, Hants, Wilts, Bucks, and Sussex, 
 ih<:se disorders rose to a fearful height ; threatening letters often preceding 
 the conflagrations, which soon after night-fall would simultaneously burst 
 out, and spread over the country havoc and dismay. Large rewards were 
 ofTcred for the discovery of the offenders, the military force was increased, 
 iinil special commissions were appointed to try the incendiari(!s. Alto- 
 jicilicr upwards of night hundred offenders were tried, the greater part of 
 .*'honi were acquitted; and among thuse convicted, four were executed, 
 und tite remainder sentenced to diffeient terms of transportation and im- 
 prisoinnent. 
 
 In referring to foreign affairs, we have to notice: 1. The trial of the 
 French uiitiisters, Polignac, Poyronnut, Chantelauze, and lianville, on a 
 
 'ii 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
732 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 charge of liiffh treason for the part they took in enforcing the " ordinance t"" 
 of Charles X., which led to the memorable revolution of July. 2. Tho 
 Polish insurrection. This arose from the grand duke Constantine o( 
 Russia having severely punished some of the young military students at 
 Warsaw for toasting the memory of Kosciusko. The inhabitants, assisted 
 by the Polish regiments, after a sanguinary contest in the streets, com- 
 pelled the Russians to retire to the other side of the Vistula. However, 
 dreading the resentment of their tyrannical masters, they afterwards en- 
 deavoured to effect an amicable settlement; but the emperor Nicholas 
 refused to listen to their representations, and threatened them with con- 
 dign punishment. Meanwhile, the Poles prepared to meet the approaching 
 conflict, and Oeneral Joseph Chlopicki was invested with the office of "dii> 
 tator." 3. The death of Simon Bolivar, the magnanimous "liberator'' ol 
 Columbia, who expired, a voluntary exile, at San Pedro, December 17, in 
 the 48lh year of his age. 
 
 A. D. 1831. — On the 3d of February parliament re-assembled, and it was 
 announced that a plan of reform would speedily be introduced by Lord 
 John Russell. In the meantime Lord Althorp brought forward the budget : 
 by which it appeared that the taxes on tobacco, newspapers, and adver 
 tisements were to be reduced ; and those on coals, candles, printed cot 
 tons, 4nd some other articles, abolished. 
 
 The subject of parliamentary reform continued to absorb all other polit 
 leal considerations, and was looked forward to with intense interest. In 
 announcing his scheme, Lord John Russcl proposed the total disfranchise- 
 ment of sixty boroughs, in which the population did not amount to two 
 thousand, and the partial disfranchisement of forty-seven, where the pop- 
 ulation was only four thousand. Tho bill, after a spirited discussion of 
 seven dnys, was read a first timo. The second reading was carried on 
 the 22d of March, by a majority of one; and on General Gascoyne's mo- 
 tion for the commitment of the bill, there was a majority against ministers 
 of eight. Three days afterwards, on a question of adjournment, by which 
 the voting of supplies was postponed, this majority had increased to twenty- 
 two; whereupo^i the ministers tendered their resignations to tiie king. 
 These he declined to accept, but adopted the advice of Karl Grey, who 
 recommended a dissolution of parliament, which took place on the 22d 
 of Ap>il. 
 
 On the 14th of June the new parliament met, and was operod by the 
 king in person. On the 35th Lord John Russell made his second attempt. 
 The debate lasted three nights, and on a division there was a majority of 
 one hundred and thirty-six in favour of the bill. It then underwent a long 
 and severe scrutiny in committees every clause was discussed, and many 
 imperfections remedied. These occupied the house till the 19ih of Sep- 
 tember, when, after another debate of three nights, the bill was carried 
 by a majority of one hundred and nine, and taken up to the lords— where 
 it failed. - 
 
 That wo may not interrupt the thread of our narrative, we pass on to 
 April 14, 1832: when, after a four nights' debate in the house of lords, 
 this p(>nular bill was carried by a majority o( nine. After this, innumera- 
 ble (limcultics were raised, but the majority on its third reading was one 
 iiund.^il V...U sir. io l—antj* :wo 
 
 We shall now briefly refer to a few occurrences hitherto omitted. Tho 
 Russians sustained a severe defeat at VVawz, after a battle of two da^s. 
 their htss being fourteen thousand men ; their opponents the Poles, suflcr- 
 ed comparatively little. But on the 30th a Polish corps, under Dwernicki, 
 being hard pressed by the Russians, retreated into Auntrian Gallicia, anc 
 siirreii(l«>riiig to the Austrian authorities, were treated as priitoners and 
 went into Hungary. In short, after brnvely encountering ihoir foes, and 
 Dtiugglnig against superior numbers, Warsaw capitulatud, and the idoa nt 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 733 
 
 Polish independence was farther removed than ever.— In June, Piince 
 Leopold was elected king of Belgium by the congress at Brussels, h;<i 
 territory to consist of the kingdom of the Netherlands, as settled in 181=. 
 
 On the 7th of September the coronation of their majesties took place j 
 but, as compared with the gorgeous display and banqueting when George 
 IV. was crowned, it must be considered a frugal and unostentatious 
 CPTemony. There was, however, a royal procession from St. James' 
 palace to Westminster-abbey ; and in the evening splendid illuminations, 
 free admission to the theatres, and a variety of other entertainments. 
 
 On the 21st of October, the London Gazette contained precautions to be 
 adopted against the spread of the Asiatic cholera, that dreadful pestilence 
 having lately extended from Moscow to Hamburgh. It was ordered that 
 a board of health should be established in every town, to correspond with 
 the board in London, and effectual modes of' insuring cleanliness, free 
 ventilation, ice. were pointed out. These precautionary meiisures were 
 doubtless of great use, and worthy of the paternal attention of a humane 
 government ; but owin?, as was supposed, to the quarantine laws having 
 been evaded by some persons who came over from Hamburgh and landed 
 at Sunderland, the much-dreaded infection visited many parts of Great 
 Britain, and produced indescribable alarm among all ranks of people. 
 
 One other event, that we would fain omit altogether, remains to be 
 mentioned among the domestic occurrences of the year. On the 29th of 
 October the city of Bristol became the scene of dreadful riots, which 
 were not overcome till that large commercial town appeared to be on tho 
 verge of total destruction. Sir Charles Wetherell, an uncompromising 
 opponent of the reform bill, was recorder of Bristol ; and maledictions on 
 his head were freely uttered by the base and vulg: . or the vigorous stand 
 he made against the bill during its progress through the commons. On 
 the recorder's making his public entrance the cruel storm commenced, 
 and did not cease till the third day, by which time, besides immense de- 
 struction of private property, the mansion-house, custom-house, excise- 
 office, and bishop's palace were plundered and set on fire ; the prisons 
 were burst open, and their inmates set at liberty ; and during one entire 
 day, Sunday, the mob were unresisted masters of the city. On Monday 
 morning, when the fury of the rioters had partly spent itself in beastly 
 orgies, and many had become tho victims of excessive drinking in the 
 rifled cellars and warehouses, the civil magistrates appeared to awake 
 from their stupor, and, with assistance of the military, this " ebullition of 
 popular feeling," as it was delicately termed by some who had uncon- 
 sciously fanned the flame, was arrested. The loss of property was 
 estimated at half a million. The ;uimber of note rs killed, wound- 
 ed, or iniured, was about 110; but of these, far more suiTered from 
 the vile excesses of intemperance, and from being unable to escape from 
 the flames which they had themselves kindled, than from the sabres of 
 the soldiery or the truncheons of constabulary protectors. One hundred 
 and eighty were taken into custody, and tried by a special commission ; 
 when four were executed and twenty-two transported. Their trials took 
 place on the 2d of January, 1832. Not many days afterwards Lieutenant- 
 colonel Brereton, who had command of tlie troops, committed suicide, 
 ponding an inquiry in.o his conduct by court-martial. He was charpred 
 with not having displayed tho firmness and decision nrccssary for quelling 
 a tumult of such magnitude. That more energy and decision ought to 
 have boen shown at the commencement, by the civil power, is evident 
 how far the colonel was in error is very quest ionable. The whole 
 transaction proves to what excesses the unbridled fury of the populhi e 
 will lead during a period of political excitement, and ought to serve as t 
 perpetual warning to all those unquiet spirits who love to "ride on the 
 
 o/hiriwinH." bUt know not how to "direct th« atorin.** 
 
 •^i 
 
liii 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 A. D. 1832. — TlaviiijT in our previous notice stated the result of the long 
 continued contest respecting parliamentary reform, we have now only to 
 describe tlie changes effected in the representative system when vhe bills 
 came into operation. As soon as the royal assent was given to the En. 
 glish reforni bill (June the 7th), congratulatory addresses and other peace- 
 ful demonstrations of public joy were very generally indulged in ; but if 
 we may judge by the triumphant chuckle of the victors and the hxfty 
 scorn oi' the vanquished, the angry invectives of the late political dispu- 
 tants were neither forgotten nor forgiven. Yet, though the war of words 
 nad not wholly passed away, it was now as a mere feather in the balance — 
 the reform bill had become the law of the land. 
 
 Dcring the months of February, March, and April, the cholera became 
 very prevalent, not only in the country towns and villages in 'he north of 
 England, where it first appeared, but also in the metropolis. Every pos- 
 sible attention was paid to the subject by government ; parochial and dis- 
 trict boards were forthwith organized, temporary hospitals got ready for 
 the reception of the sick, and every measure that humanity and pru- 
 dence could suggest was resorted to, to check the progress of the malady. 
 The virulence of the disease abated during the three succeeding months, 
 but at the end of the summer it appeared again as malignant aS ever. In 
 the whole year, the deaths from cholera, within the limits of the bills of 
 mortality, amounted to '3.100 ; and the total number of deaths exclusive of 
 London, was 24,180; the amount of cases being 68,855. In Paris, 1000 
 deaths occurred during the first week of its appearance there ; nay, so 
 fatal was it, that out of 45,675 deaths which took place in the French 
 capital in 1832, the enormous number of 19.000 was occasioned by 
 cholera. This frightful epidemic next appeared m Canada and the United 
 States. It thus made the tour of the globe ; beginning, as was supposed, 
 in Hindostan ; then devastuling Moscow and the northern parts of 
 Europe ; visiting Great Britain and France ; and h.^lly, crossing the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 In this year's obituary are the names of several men of eminence. From 
 among liiem we select — Sir James Mackintosh, an eloquent writer and 
 3talesm!in.—.Ieremy Benlham, celebrated as a jurist and law reformer; 
 a man who had his own specifics for every disease of the body-politic, but 
 who never had the happiness to see one of them effect a cure. Sir 
 Walter Scott, the "wizard of the north," as some of his eulogists have 
 called him ; a romance writer and poet, of acknowledged merit, who for 
 a long period enjoyed a popularity unknown to any of his cotemporaries. 
 He possessed an extraordinary union of genius and industry, and had ho 
 been satisfied witli his literary gains, instead ofjoining in ihespecuialions 
 of his printers and publishers, his latter days would, iii all probability, 
 have been spent, as lliey ought, in the enjoyment of ease and aflluence. 
 
 A. D. 1833. — On the 2'9th of January the first reform parliament wa'> 
 opened by commission, and on the 5lh of February the king delivered his 
 speech in pc son. Among other topics of interest, he emphatically dwelt 
 upon the increasing spirit of insubordination and violence in Ireland, and 
 on the necessity which existed for entrusting the crown with additional 
 powers for punishing the disturbers of the public pence, and for strengthen- 
 ing the legislative union of the two kingdoms. This led to the passing 
 of the insurrection acts in the following month; empowering the lord- 
 lieutenant to prohibit public meetings of a dangerous tendency; sus- 
 pending the writ of habeas corpus ; authorizing domiciliary visits by 
 magistrates, &c. 
 
 Great Britain had in 1807 abolished the "slave trade;" but slavery ilselj 
 was now to become extinct in the West Indies. By the act for the 
 " abolition of colonial slavery," all children under six years of age, ur 
 l)orn after August 1, 1834, were declared free : all registered t-luvcs above 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 185 
 
 BIX years became, from the same dale, apprenticed labourers, with weoklv 
 pay, either in money or by board and lodging, possessing, at the sam'n 
 time, all the rights and immunities of freemen. In effecting so great a 
 change, it was necessary that the owners of slaves should receive some 
 adequate compensation. To meet this object, ministers at first proposed 
 advancing a loan of fifteen millions to the West India proprietors ; but 
 thoideaofa loan was soon converted into a gift, and of a still higher 
 amount ; the suni of deso.OOO.OOO being finally voted to the siave-ownera 
 as a liberal compensation for the losses they might sustain by this 
 humane measure. An end was thus put to a question which had agitated 
 the religious portion of the community from the day that Mr. Wilberforce 
 first stood forward as the champion of African emancipation. 
 
 With regard to renewing the charter of the Bank of England, there 
 were questions on which the legislature were divided ; the majority, how- 
 ever, insisted on the expediency of continuing the exclusive privileges o( 
 the bank, so that it should remain the principal and governing monetary 
 association of the empire. 
 
 A. D. 1834. — The desire to move onward in legislating for and removing 
 everything that seemed to obstruct the progress of "liberal" principles, 
 was the natural consequence of the reform bill ; and at the commence- 
 ment of the year the •' pressure from without " was felt by ministers to 
 be a most inconvenient appendage to their popularity. This state of 
 things could not long remain ; and on Mr. Ward bringing forward a 
 motion in the house of commons for appropriating the surplus revenue of 
 •he Irish church to the purposes of government, it appeared that there 
 existed a difference of opinion in the cabinet as to the mode in which the 
 motion should be met. The majority was in its favour ; but the appro- 
 priation of church property to other than ecclesiastical uses was incom- 
 patible with the notions of Mr. Stanley, Sir James Graham, the earl of 
 Ripon, and the duke of Richmond ; and they accordingly resigned their 
 places in ihe ministry. This happened May 27th ; the 28th being the anniver- 
 sary of the king's birth-day, the Irish prelates presented an address to hi.i 
 majesty, in which they strongly deprecated ecclesiastical innovations. 
 The king promptly replied, and in an unstudied speech of considerable 
 length, warmly expressed his attachment to the church. He said (hat he had 
 always been friendly to toleration in its utmost latitude, but opposed to 
 licentiousnoss, and that he was fully sensible how much both the protes- 
 tant church and his own family were indebted to the revolution of 1688 ; 
 emphatically and somewhat naively adding, " The words which you hear 
 from me are spoken from my mouth, but they proceed from my heart." 
 
 The rupture with the ministers above-named was speedily followed by 
 another, which ended in the resignation of Karl Grey, the premier. In 
 the communications which had from time to 'inie been made by ministers 
 to Mr. O'Connell o.i Irish affairs, it had been confidently stated to him that 
 when the Irish coercion bill was renewed, the clauses prohibitory of 
 meetings would not be pressed ; nevertheless, the obnoxious clauses ap- 
 peared in the bill ; and Mr. O'Connell declared that he considered it dis- 
 solved the obligation of secrecy under which the communication had 
 been made. Lord Althorp finding himself unable to carry the coercion 
 bill through the commons, with the clauses against public meetings, sent in 
 his resignation ; and as Earl Grey considered himself unable, without iho 
 assistance of Lord Althorp a#ministeriul leader in the house of commons, 
 to tarry on the government, he also resigned. 
 
 An arrangement was, however, soon effocted to form another minis- 
 try, Lord Alihorp consenting to resume the chancellorship of the ex- 
 chequer under the premiership of Viscount Melbourne. The new 
 cobinol then stood thus : Viscount Melbourne, first lord of the treasury . 
 Lord Brougham, lord-chancellor; Viscount Althorp, jhancellor of the 
 
 ■: 1 . 
 
 f] 
 
we 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 excliequcr; Marquis of Lansdowne, president of the council; Earl oi 
 Mnlgrave, privy seal ; Viscount Duncannon, home secretary ; Viscount 
 Palnierston, foreign secretary; Spring Rice, colonial secretary; Lord 
 Auckland, first lord of the admiralty; Charles Grant, president of the 
 India board ; Marquis of Conyngham, postmaster-general ; Lord Holland, 
 chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster ; Lord John Russell, paymaster of 
 the forces ; and E. J. Littleton, secretary for Ireland. 
 
 An event now took place which was regarded as a national calamity, 
 not merely on account of the loss sustained, but also from the historical 
 and personal associations connected with it. On the evening of the 16th 
 of October a fire broke out in one of the offices at the lower end of the 
 house of lords, which continued to rage throughout the night, and was not 
 completely extinguished for several days. Great anxiety was felt for 
 the safety of that ancient edifice, Westminster-hall; and even the vener- 
 able and magnificent gothic pile opposite, Westminster-abbey, was at one 
 period in great danger; but nothing that skill or intrepidity coald achieve 
 was neglected in arresting the progress of the flames ; and though the 
 two houses of parliament were destroyed, neither the hall nor the abbey 
 sustained material damage ; and the libraries and state papers in the lords 
 and commons were preserved. The fire, as appeared on inquiry, was 
 caused by negligence, in burning the exchequer-tallies in a building 
 adjoining the house of lords. 
 
 One month after the destruction of the houses of parliament the Mel. 
 bourne ministry was summarily dismissed. On the 14th November, Lord 
 Melbourne waited on his majesty at Brighton to take his commands on the 
 appointment o! a chancellor, in the room of Lord Althorp, removed, by 
 tlie death of his father, Rarl Spencer, to the house of peers. The king, it 
 is said, objected to the proposed re-construction of the cabinet, and made 
 his lordship the bearer of a letter to the duke of Wellington, who waited 
 upon his majesty, and advised him to place Sir Robert Peel at the head of 
 the government. Sir Robert was at the time in Italy, whither a courier 
 was dispatched, and the baronet arrived in London, Dec. 9, saw the king, 
 and accepted the situation. Thus again, though for a brief space, the tory 
 parly, or conservatives, as they were now called, were in the ascendant. 
 
 A. n. 18.35. — The Melbourne cabinet had been looked upon as the dregs 
 of the Grey ministry ; and the losses it had sustained by the withdrawal 
 of the earl of Durham, the Stanley section, and the noble premier himself, 
 had not been supplied by men of suitable talents. The public, therefore, 
 had no great reason for regret, when the king so suddenly dispensed with 
 their services. Yet when the same men were entrusted with the reins of 
 government who had been the strenuous opposers of reform, an instanta- 
 neous outcry burst forth, and the advent of toryism was regarded by the 
 populace with feelings of distrust and dread. Sir Robert Peel, however, 
 explicitly declared that he considered the reform bill as a final and irre- 
 vocable settlement ; and he appealed to several measures that had for- 
 merly emanated fiom himself, as proofs that he was not opposed to the 
 redrsss of grievances. But when, on the 30th of March, Lord John Rus- 
 sell brought forward his resolution — " that the house should resolve itself 
 into a committee of the whole house, to consider the temporalities of the 
 church of Ireland," the motion was met by Sir E. Knatchbull with a direct 
 negative, and after a long and stormy debate, ministers found themselves 
 in a minority of 33. The hill was then disonssed in committee ; and aftci 
 three nights' debate there was still a majority against them of 27. Find. 
 Ing that neither concessions nor professions of liberality were of any 
 avail, the duke of Wellington in the upper house, and Sir Robert Peel v: 
 the lower, announced their resignations ; the latter at the same time de- 
 claring, that though thwarted by the common*:, he parted with them on 
 Griendly terms. 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 m 
 
 These changes m the ministry sadly impede us in the progress ot this 
 euc«iii«t History ; but as they engrossed universal attention at the time. ar. 
 must they now be related, as affording the readiest clue to the principal 
 transactions m the arena of politics. Once more, then, we see Lord Mel- 
 bourne as the premier; Lord John Russell, home secretary; Palmerston. 
 foreign secretary ; Right. Hon. Spring Rice, chancellor of'the exchequer 
 marquis of Lansdowne, president of the council ; the other appointments 
 filled nearly as they were when the "liberals" were in power, except that 
 the great seal was put in commission. 
 
 Let us a moment pause in our domestic narrative, to mention a diabolical 
 contrivance in France, which might have involved Europe in another scene 
 of b.ood and tumult but for its providential failure. On the 28th of July 
 
 ,oQn'° r '^^.^'•J^'u'!?.'' ^^ ^^^ 3"n»al commemoration of the revolution of 
 1830, as Louis Phil.ppe, attended by his sons and a splendid suite, was 
 riding along the line of the national guard, on the boulevard of the Temple, 
 an explosion like a discharge of musketry took place from the window o 
 an adjoining house, which killed Marshal Mortier and another general 
 officer, besides killing or wounding nearly forty other persons. But the 
 king, who was the object of this indiscriminate slaughter, with his three 
 sons, escaped unhurt. The assassin, who was a Corsican named Fieschi, 
 was seized by the police in the act of descending from the window by a 
 rope, and wounded by the bursting of some of the barrels of his "infernal 
 machine. The deadly instrument consisted of a frame upon which were 
 arranged twenty-five barrels, each loaded with bullets, &c., and the touch- 
 holes communicating by means of a train of gunpowder. On his trial he 
 made no attempt to deny his guilt, but nothing could be elicited to prove 
 that any formidable conspiracy existed, or that he was influenced by any 
 [>olitical party to undertake the horrid act. The atrocious attempt, how- 
 ever, served for a convenient pretext to introduce a series of severe laws 
 lor the prevention and punishment of state crimes and revolutionary 
 attempts. ^ 
 
 We shall close our sketch of this year's occurrences by briefly noticing 
 the deaths of two persons, who, in their career for oopular applause, at- 
 tamed a more than ordinary share of notoriety. The one was Henrv 
 Hbiit. late M.P., for Preston, who had figured as a leader amons the 
 radicals, and whose zeal for " the people" at the too memorable meeting 
 at Manchester had been rewarded by a long imprisanment in Ilchestei 
 jail. He was originally a respectable and wealthy Wiltshire farmer 
 but having renounced the charms of country life for the euphonious greet- 
 ings of "unwashed artisans," he for many years continued to hold un- 
 divided empire over their affections. In personal appearance Mr. Hum 
 was a fine specimen of the English yeoman ; he was naturally shrewd, 
 uniting caution with boldness, but, above all, greedy of political popularity 
 During the latter part of his life, his name, which used to grace the walH 
 111 juxta-position with "universal suffrage," was allied with "matchless 
 blacking; and it was \yhile he was on a journey of business ihrouirh 
 the south-western counties that he met with his death, owing to a viole^it 
 fit of paralysis with which he was seized as he was alighting from his 
 pha!ton at Alresford, Hants. His more distinguished cotemporarv and 
 coadjutor, though sometimes powerful rival, was William Cobbett.M.P 
 for Oldham ; a man remarkable for persevering industry, and of unqiu's- 
 tionable talents, who, from following his father's plough, and afterwMrds 
 serving with credit as a British soldier in America, passed the ffre.itei 
 p.irt of his life n the unceasing strife of politics, and was able, hv il.p 
 force of his extraordinary and versatile powers as a writer, to kecr a 
 Mrong hold on public opinion for nearly half a century. He died in Juno, 
 not three months after his quondam friend, Mr. Henry Hunt. 
 *"v' ^^?*!l7J''® ^^" opened auspiciously, both with regard to its com- 
 
 '»■ 
 
 if 
 
T88 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 mercial prospects and its political aspect. The whole manufacturing djs. 
 tricts were in.a state of activity ; money was abundant wherevertoleraW« 
 security was offered; and though an immense absorption of capital wai 
 taking place in extensive public undertakings, such as railways, ^ome o. 
 which were already highly successful, there was very little of that wild 
 spirit of adventure which ten years before had nearly brought the country 
 to the brink of ruin. Mercantile confidence rested upon a better basw 
 than it had done for a long time past; the ports bore ample evidence of 
 the prosperity of British commerce ; and though there were still just com- 
 plaints of agricultural distress, they were partial rather than general. 
 
 In the obituary for this year aix) several distinguished namf-s : Lord 
 Stowell, aged 90, an eminent civilian, many vears judge of the high court 
 of admiralty, and brother of lord-chancellor Eldon— Nathan Meyer Roths- 
 child, the greatest millionaire of the age ; a man who m conjinction with 
 other members of his family on the continent may be said to have gov. 
 erned the European money market.— James Wood, the rich, eccentric, 
 and penurious banker of Gloucester.— James Mill, the historian of British 
 India.— Cliarles X., ex-king of France, who died an exile in Illyria, in the 
 80th year of his age.— And the Abbe Sieyes, who under all the phases ol 
 the French revolution maintained an elevated station, and on the fall of 
 the republic became a count and peer of the empire. 
 
 A D. 1837.— It was remarked at the commencement of the previous year 
 that symptoms of prosperity appeared in all the leading branches of com- 
 mercial industry. But over-trading, led on and encouraged by over-back- 
 ing, again produced evils. During the year 1836 no less than forty-Sve 
 Joint-stock banks had been established. It was therefore natural that one 
 of the subjects recommended to the attention of parliament m the opening 
 speech, should be "a renewal of the inquiry into the operation of joinl- 
 stock banks." Little progress, however, was made, when an event oc- 
 curred which for a time absorbed all matters of minor interest. 
 
 The public had been apprised by the publication o^ bulletins, that his 
 maicstv was seriously ill, and on the 20lh of June his death was announced 
 as havin<r taken place early that morning. He was perfectly conscious 
 of his ap'proaching fate, and had expressed a wish to survive the aniuver- 
 ■ary of the battle of Waterloo on the 18ih. The good old king was so 
 far gratified ; but the symptoms of internal decay rapidly increased, and 
 he breathed his last, as his head rested on Queen Adelaide's shoulder, in 
 the presence of the archbishop of Canterbury, the dean of Hereford, &c., 
 faintly articulating, " Thy will be done.' The queen's attentions to her 
 afflicted consort had been unremitting; for twelve days she did not take 
 off her clothes, but was constantly in the sick chamber admuiistering con- 
 solation. His majesty was in the 72d year of his age, and had near y 
 completed the seventh year of his reign. The royal corpse ay in state 
 till the 8th of July, when it was deposited in St. George's chapel, Windsor. 
 The duke of Sussex attended as chief mourner; and the queen dowager 
 was present in the royal closet during the funeral service. 
 
 Many were the eulogiums pronounced upon the deceased monarch ; but 
 no testimony was more just, or more characteristic of his real qualities, 
 than the following tribute by Sir Robert Peel. He said, " it was the uni- 
 versal feeling of the country, that the reigns of government were never 
 committed to the hands of one who boie himself as a sovereign with more 
 alfabiliiy, and yet with more true dignity— to one who was more compas- 
 SKMiHte for the sufferings of others-or to one whose natiire was more 
 lomplotely free from all selfishness. Ho did not believe that, m the most 
 exalted, or in the most humble station, there could be found a man who 
 telt more pleasure in witnessing and promoting the welfare of otners. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 739 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI 
 
 THB REION or VICTORIA 
 
 A. D. 1837. — Intelligence or his majesty's death havinff been officially 
 communicated to the Princess Victoria and the duchess of Kent, at Ken- 
 sington palace, preparations were immediately made for holding a privy 
 council there at eleven o'clock. A temporary throne was erected Tor the 
 occasion ; and, on the queen being seated, the lord-chancellor administered 
 to her majesty the usual oath, that she would govejn the kingdom accord> 
 ing to its laws and cu8t«)ms, &c. The cabinet ministers and other privy 
 councillors then present took the oaths of allegiance and supremacy ; and 
 the ministers having first resigned their seals of office, her majesty was 
 graciously pleased to return them, and they severally kissed hands on their 
 re-appointment. 
 
 By the death of William IV. the crowns of the United Kingdom and 
 Hanover were dissevered through the operation of the salic law excluding 
 females from the Hanoverian kingdom, wliich consequently descended to 
 the next heir, the duke of Cumberland ; and Adelaide, as queen>dowager, 
 was entitled to c£lOO,000 per annum, settled upon her for life in 1831, with 
 Marlborough-house and Bushy-house for residences. 
 
 On the 20th of October the new parliament assembled, when her majesty 
 opened in person the business of the session. In her progress to and from 
 the house, the queen was received by the populace with the strongest 
 demonstrations of enthusiasm. The speech, which her majesty delivered 
 in a clear, audible voice, concUulcd with the following sentence: " The 
 early age at which I am called to the sovereignty of this kingdom, renders 
 it an imperative duty that, under Divine Providence, I should place my 
 reliance upon your cordial co-operation, and upon the love and affection 
 of all my people." In the house of lords, the address in answer to her 
 ntajesty'ti i^racious speech was moved by her uncle the duke of Sussex, 
 who " trusted he might be allowed to express his conviction that when 
 the chroniclers at a future period should have to record the annals of her 
 reign, which had so auspiciously commenced, and which, with the blessing 
 of God, he trusted would be continued for many years, they would not be 
 written in letters of blood, but would commemorate a glorious period of 
 prosperity, the triumphs of peace, the spreading of general knowledge, the 
 advancement of the arts and manufactures, the diffusion of commerce, the 
 content of all classes of society, and the general welfare of the country." 
 
 No great progress was made during the first session of Victoria's par* 
 liament in settling the various important subjects under discussion. At 
 its close, however, the civil list bill was passed ; it provided a total sum 
 of throe hundred and eighty-five thousand pounds, which was thus classed : 
 1, privy purse, sixty thousand pounds ; 2. salaries of household and retired 
 allowances, one hundred and thirty-one thousand two hundred and sixty 
 pounds ; 3, expenses of household, one hundred and seventy-two thousand 
 five bundled pounds; 4, royal bounty, &c., thirteen thousand two hundred 
 pounds; 5, pensions, one thousand two hundred pounds; unappropriated 
 moneys, eight thousand and forty pounds. On the 23d her majesty went 
 in person to pive it her royal assent, and then adjourned the parliament 
 to tl<e IGth of January. 
 
 A. D. 183S. — l*'iir some time there had been symptoms of discontent in 
 Lower Canada, fomented by the old French party, which at length broke 
 out into the appearance of a civil war. To check an evil so pregnant with 
 mischief, it was deemed advisable that no ordinary person should be sent 
 out to that important colony. Accordim^ly, it was notified in the London 
 Gazette. Jan id, that the oarl of Durham, U.C B. was appointed governor* 
 
 t. ! ■ 
 
740 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 general of " all her majesty's provinces within and adjacent to tlio ooii 
 tincnt of North America, and her majesty's high commissioner for the 
 adjustment of certain important affairs affecting the provinces of Lower 
 and Upper Canada." His lordship did not arrive in Canada till nearly 
 the end of May. Actual contests had taken place between considerable 
 (MftieB of the insurgents and the troops under Lieutenant-colonel Wether. 
 ali, who had succeeded in driving them from all tho villages on the line of 
 the river Bichelieu. At length, on the 13th of December, Sir John Col- 
 bornehimself marched from Montreal to attack the chief post of the rebels 
 at Uie Grand Brul6. On the following day an engagement took place in 
 the churchyard of St. Eustache, when the loyalist army proved once 
 more victorious, eighty of the enemy having been killed, and one hundred 
 and twenty taken prisoners. Dr. J. 0. Chenier, their leader, was slain, 
 and the town was more than half burned down. On the 15th, on Sii 
 John Colborne's approach to the town of St. Benoit, a great portion of the 
 inhabitants came out bearing a white flag and begging for mercy , but in 
 consequence of the great disloyalty of the place, and the fact of the prin- 
 cipal leaders having been permitted to escape, some of their houses were 
 fired as an example. Dr. Wolfred Nelson, one of the rebel leaders, hav- 
 ing been nine days concealed in the woods, was brought in prisoner to 
 Montreal. In the Upper Province, a body of rebels, which occupied a 
 position about tliree miles from Toronto, threatening that city, were suc- 
 cessfully attacked and dispersed on the 7th of December, by Sir Francis 
 Bond Head, at the head of the armed citizens, with such reinforcements 
 as had spontaneously joined them from the country. The rebels had, 
 however, establishe*! a camp on Navy island, on the Niagara river ; and 
 many citizens of the United States were implicated in the insurrectioiiaiy 
 movements there and elsewhere on the frontier. 
 
 On the 3d of March a sharp engagement took place bet«veen her maj 
 esty's troops and the insurgents, in which the latter were totally defeated 
 at Point Pele island, near the western boundary of the British possessions. 
 This island had been occupied by about five hundred men, well armed and 
 equipped ; when Colonel Maltland, in order to dispossess them, marched 
 from Amherstburgh with a few companies of the 32d and 83d regiments, 
 two six-pounders, and some volunteer cavalry. The action that followed 
 assumed the character of bush -fighting— the island, which is about seven 
 miles long, being covered with thicket, and the pirates outnumbering the 
 troops in the proportion of nearly two to one. Ultimately, however, they 
 were driven to flight, leaving among the dead, Colonel Bradley, the 
 commander-in-chie^ Major Howdley, and Captains Van Renseilaer and 
 M'Keon, besides a great many wounded and other prisoners. The insur- 
 gents being thus foiled in their daring attempts, it is not necessary, for the 
 present, for us to nllude further to Canadian affairs, than to observe that 
 some of the most active ringleaders were executed, and others transported 
 to the .island of Bermuda. 
 
 In narrating the domestic occurrences of this year, we have to com. 
 mence with one which, like the great conflagration of the houses of par- 
 liament, filled the inhabitants of the metropolis with alarm. Soon aftei 
 ten o'clock on the evening of the 10th January, a fire broke out in the 
 Royal Exchange. The firemen were promptly on the spot, but owing to 
 an intense frost, great delay was occasioned before their servicew becamt 
 effective. Every effort was made, but the work of destruction went on, 
 from room to room and from one story to another, till that fine building, 
 with Its various offices and royal statues, was utterly demolished. It was 
 remarked by those present, that at twelve o'clock, when the flames had 
 mst reached the north-west angle of the building, the chimes struck up, 
 u usual, the old tune " There's nae luck about the house," and.continued 
 for about five minutes. The effect was extraordinary ; for although the 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Hi 
 
 «mn. J inemseues to iiie will and pleasure of her maiustv shall Ha tran. 
 
 H^eiH S'^-^r- "kSSS 
 
 chiefly between American desperadoes Avho mvaded the British terf tort 
 Pnd the queen's troops: but the former were severely pnmshed for th2 
 temerity. 'Itie conduct of Sir John Coibornp oi.v..»/ mI "*» 
 
 Scale. »a. aokimwiedsed m 1783. Thousll Ihs trU iSXw'e w„ „r 
 wwuraduii, yet some pan ot ii was fouurl nacf'Ksarv to Oroat "- 
 
 ■'Sftaiii OJ 2J 
 
 I; ' 
 
 4* 1' 
 
748 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 means Df com.rmnication between New-Brunswick and /^^ Can ad as. and 
 Sus through a', the British coU,n.es. Great »rUa'nh^l moreover suu^^^^ 
 17Mrcn.aiued..d«/a..opos.e8s.m.o^^^t^^ 
 
 Td hifdeVateabSJ and ^vStSsTook place, which for a..ne 
 Joeiied like^to h^ Great Britain and America m a general war 
 
 The colonists sSo wed great alacrity and deiernunai.pn m defending their 
 Sht to thi deputed territory; and it was eventually agreed that both 
 nfrtes were o continue in possession of the parts occupied by them re- 
 ESveW atthe^ ommencemenl of the dispute.until the federal govern- 
 Sent and Great Britain should come to a definitive arrangement. 
 •"Tie procreSngs of parliament had lately been watched with mteres, 
 the state of parties being too nicely balanced to insure m.'"8terial majori. 
 Ues On the 9th of April leave was given to bring in a bill, on the molion 
 of Mr Labouchere. to suspend the executive constitution of Jamaica. 1 
 Jpp'J Ved tharrcmisequ'ence of a dispute between the g«^5"!<'; .^"J 
 house of assembly, no public business could be proceecied ;vmi and M 
 «ra8 proposed by this bill to vest ihe government m the goj^;""'' ^^^aj 
 council only-to be continued for five years. When the order of the day 
 for go ng "to committee on the Jamaica bill was ™«v« J '' J.^? j;»«;„^. 
 bv Sir Robert Peel, in a speech in which he exposed the arbitrary pro- 
 vfsions of the bili; the enonnous power it would confer on the governor 
 InrommSsioners. and the impossibility of i"^P"«'K\SJS8and n ' 
 
 reatiKrrefractory coluies. formerly suggested by Mr. Canning, who had 
 
 declared that " nothing short of absolute and demonstrable i ecess ly 
 
 Imuld ind Se him o moot tlie awful question of the iranscenden al powe. 
 
 S r^'rli imeiu ovel eve^rdepe.'dcncy of ihe British crown ; for that ra.i- 
 
 cende arpower wL an arcanum of empire which ought to be kept ba.k 
 
 Sn the oenetralia of the co-istilulion." After an adjourned debate, M.'.y 
 
 rhfetMlirhouse divided, when there appeared for going into comm, Uje 
 
 ^94 awinst it 28D, the majority for ministers be.ng only five. 1 he next 
 
 :i«v^H John Russell and iJri Melbourne stated, that in consequen.m 
 
 onl vote the Si 1.7 had come to the resolution to resign, .t hems 
 
 «vidnnt hat with sch a want of confidence on the part of so large a pro- 
 
 norlm o members 'n the house of commons, and tlie well-known oppo 
 
 Erinirimusco lords, ii would be impossible for ihcm to mlnnn.st.i 
 
 Kffi^UofheTL^stJVg^^ -"»'! be use. 
 
 ""VH^fl^and :?i.:^rcS;Sat had rnged for the last three y^ar^.r 
 
 For a considerable lime past the government of ' ^ » f ';?^^^;,J%ho' ^ut 
 verv active measures, \n consequonc of t.:e shah oi i ^rs'a, 
 Sd to the throne mninly by British '^'■^^^'I'^ZoS^^^^ 
 nclintr uiuler Russian influence, lo the prtjudice of this '^""'"/J ...j ^^, 
 
 Sd'by" Russia, as i.. ^r''f':!^lTZ^lS^^ ^^^' *" 
 Herat, an impo«a,.^^plac. to wh.^^^^ 
 
 India, thereupon determined o -«"' .?" "J"J^i;' „ i'^^^u to be \mr^ 
 towards Candahar, Cuboul, and Herat ; ana mis ioii,o 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 743 
 
 by about forty-five thousand men, furnished by Runjcet Singh, the sove- 
 reign of the Fuiijaub. In the meantime it appeared that the Persians had 
 suffered great loss at Herat. It was soon afterwards rumoured that the 
 chiefs of Affghariistan were prepared to meet a much stronger force than 
 the Anglo-Inihan government, though reinforced by Runjeet Singh, could 
 bnng wito the field, and thai they would listen to noterinsof accomnioda- 
 *'0"- rhe next accounts, however, announced that the British iiad en- 
 tered Candahur, that the diificulties experienced with respect to provisions 
 had vanished, and that the troocs were received with open arms. Shab 
 Soojah was crowned with acclamation ; and the army proceeded forthwitli 
 to Cabuul. . 
 
 On the 21st of September the fort of Joudpore, in Rajpootana, surren- 
 dered to the Briiish ; and that of Kurnaul, in the Deccan, on the 6th of 
 October. The camp of the rajah was attacked by General Willshire, 
 which ended in the total rout of the enemy. A very great quantity ol 
 military stores were found in Kurnaul, and treasure amounting to nearly 
 1,000,000/. sterling. In the camp an immense quantity of jewels was cap- 
 tured, besides 150,000/. in specie. The shah of Persia consented to ac- 
 knowledge Shah Soojah as king of AfiTghanistan ; but Dost Mahomed, the 
 deposed prni'-e, was still at large, and there was no doubt that a widely 
 ramified conspiracy existed among the native chiefs to rise against the 
 British on the first favourable opportunity. 
 
 The country had been much disuirce? during the year by large and tu- 
 multuous assemblages of the people, of a revolutionary character, under 
 the name of chartists; and many nxcessrs were committed by them in the 
 large manufacturing towns of xManche.sl;r, Bolton, Birmingham, Stock- 
 port, Ac, that required the sirong arm of the law to curb. This was al- 
 luded to in her majesty's speech, at the close of the session of parliament, 
 as the first attempts at insubordination, wlvch happily had been checked 
 by the fearless administration of the law. 
 
 On the lOtl: of December a special comnr^ssion was held at Monmouth, 
 for the trial of the chartist rebels at Newport, before Lord-cliiif-justioe 
 Tindal, and the judges Park and Williams, the chief-justice opening the 
 proceedings with a luminous and eloquent charge to the grand jury. Ac- 
 cordingly, on the 12th, true bills were returned against John Frost, CJJiorles 
 Waters, Jamos Aust, William Jones, John Lovell, Zephaniah Williams, 
 Jenkin Morgan, Solomon Britton, Edmond Kdmon-.'s, Richard Beiifield, 
 John Recs, David Jones, and John Terner (otherwise Coles), for high 
 treason. In order to comply with the forms customary in trials for high 
 treason, the court was then adjourned to f)ec. 31, when Julin Frost was 
 put to the bar. The first day was occupied ia challenging the jury; 
 the next day the attorney-general addressed the coi-rt and jury on the 
 part of the crown, and the prisoner's counsel objects i to the calling of the 
 witnesses, in consequence of the list of them not having been given to 
 tlie prisoner, Frost, agreeably to the terms of the c".a'ute ; on the third 
 day the evidence was entered into; and on the e'g\.:'.\ day, after the most 
 patient attention of the court and jury, a verdict cf guilty was recorded 
 against Frost, with recommendation to mercy. 'I he trials of Williams, 
 and Jones each occupied four days, with a like verdict and recommenda- 
 tion. Walters. Morgan, Rees, Benficid, and Lovell pleaded guilty, and 
 received senience of doaili, the conn i.irimating that they would bo trans- 
 
 torted for life. Four were discharged, two forfeited their bail, and nine, 
 aving |)leaded guilty to charges of conspiracy and ricn, were sentenced 
 to terms of imprisonment not exceeding one year. Frost, and ilio othei 
 ringleaders on whom sentence of death had been passed, were fiaall} 
 tiansported for life. 
 
 The spirit of chartism, though repressed, was not subdued. Sunday 
 January i-.iih. iiad been fixed on lor outbreak* in various purls of tbe euuii 
 
 .11 
 
 4 3^ 
 
 !' 
 
744 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 try : but by the precautionary measures of government and the police 
 t*»eir designs were frustrated. Infoimatioa was afterwards reiieivd that 
 the chartists intended to fire the town of Sheffield. They began to asseir. 
 ble, but troops and constables being on the alert, they succeeded m iakma 
 the ringleaders, but not before several persons were wounded, three ol 
 whom were policemen. An immense quantity of fire-arms, ball-car 
 tridges, iron bullets, hand-grenades, fire-balls, daggers, pikes, and swords 
 were found, together with a quantity of crowfeet for disabhng liorses. 
 The ringleaders were committed to York castle, and at tlie ensuing as- 
 sizes were tried, found guilty, and sentenced to various terms of impris 
 onment, of one, two, and three years. At the same time four of the Brad 
 ford chartists were sentenced to three years' imprisonment, and three from 
 Barnsley for the term of two years. At the same assizes, Keargus O'Con- 
 nor was convicted of having published, in the Northern Star newspaper, 
 of which he was the editor and proprietor, certain seditious libels ; and 
 the noted demagogue orators, Vincent and Edwards, who were at the 
 time undergoing a former sentence in prison, were convicted at Mcnmouth 
 of a conspiracy to effect great changes in the government by illegal 
 means, &c., and were severally sentenced to a further imprisonment of 
 twelve and fourteen months. In various other places, also, London among 
 the rest, chartist conspirators were tried and punisiied for ilieir misdeeds 
 A.D. 1840.— For the space of two years and a half the British sceptre 
 lad been swayed by a " virgin queen ;" it was therefore by no means sur- 
 prising that her majestv should at length consider that tlie cares of regal 
 state might be rendered more supportable if shared by a consort. That 
 such, indeed, had been the subject of her royal musings, was soon made 
 evident ; for, on the 16ih of January, she met her parliament, and com- 
 menced her most gracious speech with the following plain and unaffected 
 sentence :— " My lords and gentlemen : Since you were lust assembled 
 I have declared my intention of allying myself in marriage wiih the pnnce 
 Albert of Saxe-Cobourg and Gotlia. I humbly implore that the D»vnie 
 blessing may prosper this union, and render it conducive to the interests 
 of my people, as well as to my own domestic happiness." 
 
 There could be no reasonable ground for caviling at her majesty s 
 choice. The rank, age, character, and connexions of the prince, were all 
 in his favour; and the neceBsary arrangements were made without loss 
 of time. A naturalization bill for his royal higlmess was nnmediatcly 
 passed ; and Lord .lohn Russell moved a resolution auihoriznig her maj- 
 esty to grant fifty thousand pounds a year to the prince for his life. This 
 was generally thought to be more than sufficient, and Mr. Hume moved 
 as an amendment, that the grant be twenty-one thousand pounds ; how- 
 ever, on a division there was a majority of 2G7 against the amendent. 
 Upon this. Colonel Sibthorp moved a second amendment, siibsliluting 
 thirty thousand pounds, which was supported by Mr. Gonlburn, Sir J. Gra- 
 ham, and Sir H. Peel, who considered thirty thousand pounds a just and 
 liberal allowance for the joint lives of the nueen and the prince, and for 
 the prince's possible survivorship, should there be no issue ; if an heir 
 should be bo.ii, ihen tlie thirty thousand might properly be advanced to 
 fifty thousand pounds ; and, should there be a numerous issue, it would 
 be rcasc.-.able "o ir-ke " still further increase, «uc.^ as -"ould befi! the 
 father of a large family of royal children. , , , 
 
 OntheGlh of the ensuing month, the bride,ii •'om-olect, conducted by 
 Viscount Torringlon, and Bccompaniod by the hike his father, and l.is 
 elder brotlier, arrived at Dover; and on the lOlh'Uhe marrunjo of the 
 queen's most excellent majesty with the field-marshal Ins royal higliness 
 Francis Albert Augustus Charles Knianuel, duke of Saxe, prince of Saxe. 
 Cobouru and Golha, K. G., was solemnized at the chapel-royal Si. 
 laaies'.'^ The processions of the royal bride and bridegroom wore wiv 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 15 
 
 ducted in a style of splendour suitable to the occasion. The duke of 
 Sussex gave away his royal niece; and at that part of ihe service where 
 the archbishop of Canterbury read the words, " 1 pronounce that they be 
 man and wife together," the park and Tower guns fired. In the afternoon 
 her majesty and the prince proceeded to Windsor castle, a banquet was 
 
 Eiven ai St. James' palace to the members of the household, wliich was 
 onourfid Itv the presence of the duchess of Kent, and the reigning duke 
 and hereanary prince of Saxe-Cobourg, and the day was universally kept 
 as a holiday throughout the country ; grand diWiers were given by the 
 cabinet ministers, and in the evening the splendid illumination of the me- 
 tropolis gave additional eclat to the hymeneal rejoicings. 
 
 For uianv months past there had been an interruption to those relations 
 of amity and commerce which for a long period had been maintained be- 
 tween England and China. It originated in the determination on the 
 part of the Chinese government to put an end to the importation of opium 
 into the " celestial empire," and the opposition made to that decree by 
 British merchants engaged in that traffic. Early in the preceding year a 
 large quantity of opium, belonging to British merchants, was given up, 
 on the reqnisilion of Mr. Elliot, the queen's represcntptivo ai Canton, to 
 be destroyed by the Chinese authorities. The quantity seized was twenty 
 thousand chests, supposed to be worth 602,000,000; and Mr. Elliot 
 pledged the faiih of the goverment he rspresented; tha; the uier'-'hants 
 Bhould receive compensation. 
 
 The English government was naturally desirous to keep en ^ood terms 
 with a country from which so many commercial advantages had '>een 
 derived ; but the Chinese authorities daily grew more arrogant and un- 
 reasonable, and several outrages against the English were committed 
 At length, in an affray between some seamen of the Volage and the Chi- 
 nese, one of the latter was killed ; and on Captain Elliot having refused 
 to deliver up the homicide to Commissioner Lm, the most severe and ar- 
 bitrarv measures were immediately taken to expel all the British inhabi- 
 tants from Macao. This hostile conduct was quickly followed by an out- 
 rage of a still more serious character. The black Joke, having on board 
 one passenger, a Mr. Moss, and six Lascars, was obliged to anchor in 
 the Lantaod passage, to wait for the tide. Here she was surrounded by 
 three mandarin boats, by whose crows she was boarded, five of the Las- 
 cars butchered, and Mr. Moss shockingly mutilated. These proceedings 
 gave rise to further measures of hostility. On the 4th September, Cap- 
 tain Elliot came from Hong Kong to Macao in his cutter, in company with 
 the schooner Pearl, to obtain provisions for the fleet. The mandarins, 
 however, on board the war-junks, opposed their embarkation, when Cap- 
 tain Elliot intimated that if in half an hour the provisions were not allow- 
 ed to pass, he would open a firo upon them. The half hour passed, and 
 the gun was fired. Three war-junks then endeavoured to put to sea, but 
 were compelled by a well-directed fire of the cutter and the Pearl to seek 
 shelter under the walls o' Coloon fort. About six o'clock the Vidago 
 frigate hove in sight, ana the boat of Captain Douglas, with twenty-four 
 British ooHmon, attempted to board the junk, but without success. The 
 boat's crew then opened a fire of musketry, by which a mandarin and four 
 Chiriv,?c sv/.diera weio killed, and Be*«:n Wu-andcJ. The reisnlt, however, 
 was, that the provisions were not obtained, and that the Chinese junks 
 escaped ; n-hile, instead of any approach to a better understanding be- 
 tween the two countries, it was regarded rather as the comnioncemeni 
 01 a war. which, indeed, the next news from China confirmed. 
 
 On the appearance of another British ship, the Thomas Cnutts, at 
 Whampoa, Com.nissioner Lin renewed his demand for the surrender o' 
 the murderer of the Chinese, and issued an edict commanding all British 
 .kin. 1^ oKior ihn n»rt nC (^uitnn Aiid sitfii ilie ODmm bond, or to deoart 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 
 ft 
 
740 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 friMn liie coast immediately. In case of noncompliance with either of 
 these conditions, wiihin three days, the commissioner declared lie would 
 destroy the entire British fleet. On the publication of this edii-i, Captain 
 Elliot demanded an explanation from the Chinese admtral, Kawn, who 
 at first pretended to enter into a negotiation, but immediately ufii-rwanlii 
 ordered out twenty-nine war-junks, evidently intending to surround the 
 British ships. Tiie attempt ended in five of the juiiks being sunk, and 
 another blown up, each with from 150 to 200 men on hoard, and on the 
 rest makintr ofl[", Captain Klliot ordered the firing to cease. 
 
 A decree was now issued by the emperor prohibiting the importation of 
 all British goods, and the trade with ('hina was consequently at an end ; 
 but the Americau ships arrived and departed as usual. In the meantime 
 preparations on a large scale were making in India to collect and send 
 a large force to China, so as to bring this important quarrel to an issue. 
 Several men of-war and corvettes, from Kngland, and various stations, 
 were got ready, and the command given to Admiral Elliot to give the 
 expedition all the co-operation possible. 
 
 A great sensation was .caused in the public mind by an attempt to as- 
 sassinate the queen. On the 10th of Jline, as her majesty was starting for 
 an evening drive, up Constitution-hill, in a low open carriage, accompa- 
 nied by Prince Albert, a young man deliberatetly fired two pistols at her, 
 but happily without effect. His name proved to be Edward Oxford, the 
 son of a widow who formerly kept a coffee-shop in Southwark. He was 
 about eighteen years of age, and had been lately employed as a poi-boy in 
 Oxfitrd-street, but was out of place. He was instantly seized, and sent 
 to Newgate on a charge of liigli treason ; but it appeared on his trial that 
 there were grounds for attributing the act to insanity, and as there was no 
 proof that the pistols were loaded, the jury returned a verdict of " guilty, 
 but that at the lime he committed the act he was insane." The conse- 
 quence was, that he f came an inmate of Beihlem for life, as was the 
 case with Hatfield, who forty years before fired off a pistol at George 
 III., in Drury-lane theatre. 
 
 The nniwler of Lord William Russell by Courvoisier, his Swiss valet, 
 had just before excited considerable interest. The crime was committed 
 at his lordship's residence in Norfolk-street, Park-lane, early in the night, 
 and the murderer had employed the remainder of the night in carefully 
 destroying all marks which could cast suspicion upon himself, and in 
 throwing the house into a sta»e of confusion, in order that it might bear 
 the appearance of having been broken into by burglars. Nor would it 
 have been an easy matter to have convicted him on circumstantial evi- 
 dence, had not a missing parcel of plate been discovered on the very day 
 the trial commenced, which it appeared he had left some days before the 
 murder with Madame Piolane, the keeper of a hotel in Leicester-square. 
 It is some time since we had occasion to notice anything relative to 
 French affairs; but an event transpired in August whicli we cannot well 
 omit. On the 6ih of that month, Louis Napoleon, (son of the late king 
 of Holland, and heir male of the Bonaparte family), made an absurd 
 attempt to effect a hostile descent upon the coast of France. Ho em- 
 narked from Lon'ion in the Edinburgh Castle steamer, which he had hired 
 from the Coirm.ercial Steam Navigation Company, as for a voyage o| 
 pleasure, accompanied by about fifty men, including General Montlii)lon. 
 colonels Voisen. Laborde, Montauban, and Parquin, and several oihei 
 officers of inft^rior rank. They landed at a small port about two leagues 
 from Boulogne, to which town they immediate ly marched, and arrived 
 at the barracks about five o'clock, just as the soldiers of the 42d regiment 
 of the line were rising from their beds. At first the soldiers were a little 
 Riaggcrcil, as they understood a revolution had taken place in Parin, and 
 they were summoned to join the imperial eagle. One of their offlcera 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 747 
 
 however, liaving hurried to the barracks, soon reheved tiie men from 
 their perplexity, and they acknowledged his authority. Louis Napoleon 
 drew a pistol, and attempted to shoot the inopportune mtruder; but the 
 shot took effect upon a soldier, who died the same day. h iiuiiiig them- 
 selves thus foiled, the Bonaparlists took the Calais road to ine colonne 
 de Napoleon, upon the top of which they placed their flag. Hie town 
 authorities and national guard then went in pursuit of the prince, who, 
 beinir inlercppted on the side of the column, made for the beach, with a 
 view to embark and regain the packet in which he had arrived. He took 
 possession of the life-boat ; but scarcely had his followers got into it when 
 Uie national guard also arrived on the beach and discliart 'd a volley on 
 the boat, which immediately upset, and the whole company were seon 
 struMlinjr in the sea. In the meantime the steain-packet was alr^^dy 
 taken possession of by the lieutenanl of the port. The prim:e was then 
 made prisoner, and about three hours after his attempt on Boulog.ie, he 
 and his followers were safely lodged in the castle. From Boulogne he 
 was removed to the castle of Ham, and placed in the rooms once occu- 
 pied by Prince Polignac. On being tried and found guilty, Louts Napo- 
 leon was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in a fortress ; Count Mon- 
 tholon, twenty years' detention ; Parquin and Lombard, tlie same period ; 
 others were sentenced to shorter periods ; Aldenize was transported for 
 life, and some were acquitted. ■ •„ ,„ 
 
 This insane attempt to e.xcile a revolution probably owed Us origin to 
 the " liberal" permission granted by Louis Philippe, and the no less lib- 
 eral acquiescence of the Knglish ministers, to allow the ashes of the en.- 
 peror Napoleon to be removed from Si. Helena, that they might find their 
 last resting-place in France. This had undoubtedly raised the hopes of 
 many a zealous Bonapartist, who thought that the fervour of the populace 
 was likely to display itself in a violent emeule, which the troops would bo 
 more ready to favobr than to quell. A grant of a million of francs had 
 been made to defray the expenses of the expedition to St. Helena (which 
 was to be under the command of Prince de Joinville), the funeral cere- 
 mony, and the erection of a tomb in the church of the Invahdes ; so that, 
 m the language of the French minister of the interior. » his tomb, like his 
 glorv. should belong to his country." The prince arrived ai C-I'f '•"""rg. 
 with' his " precious charge," on the 30ih of November ; and on the 15th 
 of December Napoleon's remains were honoured by a splendid funeral 
 procession, the king and royal family being present at the ceremony, with 
 iixty thousand national guards in attendance, and an Hsseinbiage of hve 
 hundred thdWKmd persons. It was observed at the time of Bonaparte s 
 exhumation, that his features were so little changed lliat his face was 
 recoaniz'^d by those who had known him when alive ; and the unirorm, 
 the ordcnH. aiid the hat which had been buried with him, were very liltli! 
 chamred It was little contemplated when the body was deposited in 
 »• Napoleon's Valley," at St. Helena, that it would ever be removed ; nay, 
 It seems that especial care was taken to prevent such an ocr-urronce ; for 
 we read, that after having taken awiiy the iron railing which surrounded 
 the tomb, " they then removed three ranges of masonry, and came to a 
 milt eleven feet deep, nearly filled with clay, a bed of Koman cement 
 then presented itself, and underneath was another bed, ten f^ft J^eP' 
 bound together with bands of iron. A covering of masonry was then dis- 
 covered, five feet deep, forming the covering of the sarcophagus. 
 
 We conclude this year's occurrences with iM accouchoincnl of hot 
 maiestv. Queen Victoria, who on the 2l8t of November gave l)irth at 
 Eking mm PHlace to a prir.cess, her first-born child ; and on ih^ «J^' «' 
 February the iifaiit princess-royal was christened Victoria Adelaide 
 
 Marv Louisa. ,. . ,., . 
 
 a.'d. 1241.— During the past veur the attention o: inc g-i-. r-u.-.n^m. 
 
 1! 1 
 
 H, 
 
748 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 powers had been drawn to the condition of Syria and Turkey and »n 
 
 cxSii^ \ '^,'''"''1*' P^lf ''* ""^ ^'«yP^' ^°' this purpose it was deemed 
 expedient to dispatch a fleet to the Mediterraneiii! ; ilnd on the 14th of 
 
 «tP^sl'!i T"'*':'"® ^T" «"""noned the Egyptian authorities to evacj. 
 
 ate Syria. In reply o this summons, Mehemet Ali declared thaton the firet 
 
 appearance of hostility by the powers of Europe, the pacha, Ibrahim. wou?d 
 
 be commanded to march on Constantinople. Soon aftervlards hostSes 
 
 oommenced, and the town of Beyrout was bombarded on the lltl « £ 
 
 ember, and completely destroyed by the allies in two hours, "n e vv£ 
 
 in Syria was now carried on with great activity. The troons nC IhrnV.;™ 
 
 sustained a si,n,al defeat early in October. wi'tlT'a loss'.fTeven thou Snd 
 
 in killed wounded, and prisoners; in addition to which, Commodore Na- 
 
 p^r with a comparatively trifling number of marines and rSsh troons 
 
 IZtTJf '"expelling the Egyptians from nearly the whole of iJbZS' 
 
 ^K. .i"^T ^'^ \^'omau6 prisoners, with artillery and stores, and 
 
 effected the disorganization of an army of twenty iLusand men |2 
 
 short, more brilliant results with sucl: limited means have rarehr beeS 
 
 Jr,7hlP"''""'"'^y '"^"''^ V' «"»«idered under what noTe" circumstan" 
 
 -»n! ■« \ ^ ^I!'^ '^'""^ '^''^" ^y "»« «'"«« 0" llie 3d of November Col. 
 onel Smith, who commanded the forces in Syria, directed Omar Bpv 
 with two thousand Turks, to advance on T3 re, a d ocrjpy the passes to 
 BeV^IuSl^"'' in the meantime idmiral St'o^fSV 8ai?e3 frorS 
 S-d a .^'..^""^'""j"" ^'-""^ ^^'""^ thousand Turks, and detachmenS 
 3f English artillery and sappers. The forces and fleet arrived off Acre "t 
 U^e same time. At two o'clock P. M. a tremendous camio. ade took 
 place, which was maintained without intermission for son e ours the 
 steamers y.ng outside throwing, with astonishing rapidity, their shell J 
 over the ships into the fortification. Dining the b-MnbardmeniK arsenal 
 and magazine blew up, annihilating upwards of twelve Sr"7of^^^^^^ 
 enemy, forming two entire regiments, who were drawn up on the ram! 
 
 ^luL V'"''V"" ''"' '^'" «" '^""'•^ 'h« «''*P« si"'i"" to that of auelrZ 
 quake. Lvery living creature within the area of sixty thousand square 
 yards ceased to exist. At two o'clock on the following mo .1 g Tboat 
 arrived from Acre, to announce that the remainder of the gZ Lu were 
 eav.ng the place, and as soon as the sun rose, the British, Auat ian and 
 rurkish flags were seen waving on the citadel. The low 1 was found to 
 be one mass of ruins-the batteries and houses riddled a lover-k [led 
 and wounded lying about in all directions. The slain were estiinUe 1 at 
 twenty-five hundn^d men, and the prisoners amountt-d to iipwards of i^free 
 thousand. The Turkish troops were landed to garrison Acre wheef 
 vasiquunmy of miliiayy stores were found. besideVarexccllcm narr^^^ 
 artilJci V of -JOO guns, and a large sum in specie. exLtuciit park of 
 
 As the foregoing successes led to the termination of the war in Svria 
 and Its evacuation by Ibrahim Pacha, 'it is unnecessary to speak of oS 
 atio lis of a niinor character. Mehemet Ali eventually submited to all the 
 i'°"f """! ^^T'^ ':V the sultan, and which were sanclioiS by tl e epre! 
 rrhlh.!,"?. '''''''■'"• France, Orea. Bnuin, Prussia, Uncmnl 
 L !.„ •'^'^f' ''"""y P"8f«'88ion of Egynt is confirmed to Mehemet Ali, and 
 h « descendanis m a direct i,ne.-9. iviehcmel Ali will be allowed to 1 om- 
 mate Inn own officers up to the rank of a col.niel. The viceroy can 01 ly 
 confer the tit e of pacha with the consent of (he snltan.-3. 'Hie annuS 
 contribution is fixed at 80,000 purses, or 40,000,000 of piastres, o 400 000/ 
 -4. Phe viceroy will not be allowed to build a ship of war wiiliou the 
 permission 01 the sult«n.-5. The laws and regulations of the em^ ar! 
 
 to be observed in Ecvnt. wiih Biioh -kr,.,™^— ... .u ■:__:. _/, ?■' 
 
 — ' 2 — B-'-^ n= »nc {jcuuijaritv 01 uio 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 l49 
 
 Egyptian people may render necessary, but which changes must receive 
 the sanction of the Porte. 
 
 At the commencement of the year news was brought frjm China that 
 the differences which had existed were in a fair train of settlement, and 
 that the war might be considered as at an end. Hostihties had, iiowever, 
 recommenced, in consequence of Keshen, the imperial commissioner, 
 having delayed to bring to a conclusion the negotiations entered into with 
 Captain Llhot. Preparations were accordingly made for attacking the 
 outposts of the Bogue forts, on the Bocca Tigris. Having obtained pos- 
 session, the steamers were sent to destroy the war-junks in Anson's bay ; 
 but the shallowness of the water admitted only the approach of the 
 Nemesis, towing ten or twelve boats. The junks endeavoured to escape, 
 but a rocket blew up the powder magazine of one of them, and eighteen 
 more which were set on fire by the English boats' crews also successively 
 blew up. At length a flag of truce was dispatched bv the Chinese com- 
 mander, and hosiihties ceased. On the 20th of January Captain Elliot 
 announced to her majesty's subjects in China that the following arrange- 
 ments had been made : J. The cession of the island and harbour of Hong 
 Kong to the British crown. 2. An indemnity to the British government 
 of $0,000,000, mi.OOO.OOO payable at once, and the remainder in eqvial 
 annual instalments, ending in 184fi. ,3. Direct official intercourse between 
 the two countries upon an equal footing. 4. The trade of the port of 
 Canton to be opened within ten days after the Chinese new year. 
 
 Thus far all appeared as it should be; but great doubts of the sincerity 
 of Keshen, the Chinese commissioner, were felt both in England and 
 at Canton. Accordingly the Nemesis steamer was sent up the river to 
 reconnoitre, and on nearing the Bogue forts (30 in number), it was discov- 
 ered that preparations for defence had been made, batteries and field-works 
 had been thrown up along the shore, and upon the islands in the mid- 
 dl-, of the river, a barrier was in course of construction across the 
 channel, and there were large bodies of troops assembled from the in- 
 terior. Keshen finding his duplicity disc(fvered, communicated that 
 further negotiations would be declined. The emperor, it appeared, had 
 issued edicts repudiating the treaty, and denouncing the English barbari- 
 ans, " who were like dogs and sheep in their dispositions." That in 
 Bleeping or eating he found no quiet, and he therefore ordered eight thou- 
 sand of his best troops to defend Canton, and to recover the places on the 
 coast ; for it was absolutely necessary (said the emperor), " that the rebel- 
 lious foreigners must give up their heads, which, with the prisoners, were 
 to be ser.l to Pekin in cages, to undergo the last penalty of the law." lie 
 also ofFured fifty thousand dollars for the apprehension of Eiliot, Morison, 
 or Bermer alive, or thirty thousand dollars for either of their heads. In 
 addition, five thousand dollars for an officer's head, five hundred for an 
 Englishman alive, three hundred for a head, and one hundred for a Sepoy 
 alive. The emperor also delivered Keshen in irons over to the board of 
 punishment at Pekin. and divested the admiral Kwan Tecnpei of his but- 
 ton. Before the hostile edicts had appeared, Captain Elliot, confiding in 
 the good faith of Keshen, had sent orders to General Burrel to restore 
 the island of Chusan (which the English had taken many months before), 
 to the Chinese, and to return with the Bengal volunteers to Calcutta. 
 'I'his order had been promptly obeyed, Chusan having been evacuated 
 Kobruary 29. 
 
 Captain Elliot set sail on Feb. 30, up the Canton river. On the 24th 
 he destroyed a masked field-work, disabling eighty cannon there mounted. 
 On the 2oth and 26tli he took three adjoining Bogue forts, without losing 
 a n»an, killing about two hundred and fifty Chinese, and taking one thou- 
 sand three hundred prisoners. The subsequent operations of the squad- 
 nta presented one luibroken succession of brilliant achievemenis, untU, ou 
 
 ill 
 
 h 
 
 tmi' 
 
 i K 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
730 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the 2Rth oi March, Canton, the second city in the Chinese empire, i;on. 
 laiiiing a million of souls, was placed at the mercy of the British troops 
 Kvery possible means of defence had been used by the Chinese command, 
 ers, but nothing could withstand the intrepidity of the British. In con- 
 sequence of the Chinese firing on a flag of truce, the forts and defences ol 
 Canton were speedily taken, the flo»ill>i burnt or sunk, and the union jack 
 hoisted on the walls of the British factory. But Captam Elliot seemed 
 doomed to be made the sport of Chinese duplicity. He no sooner issued 
 a circular to the English and foreign merchants, announcing that a sus- 
 pension of hostilities had been agreed on between the Chinese commis- 
 sioner Yang, and himself, and that the trade was open at Canton .ind 
 would be duly respected, than the emperor issued another procianiation, 
 ordering all communication with " the detestable brood of English" to be 
 cut off. Several other imperial proclamations in a more furious style fol. 
 lowed, the last of which thus concludes : " If the whole number of them 
 (thevEnolish), be not effectually destroyed, how shall I, the emperor, be 
 able to answer to the gods of the heaven and the earth, and cherish the 
 hopes of our people." Captain Elliot, however, whose great object hith- 
 erto appears to have been to secure the annual export of tea, had succeed- 
 ed in having 11,000,000 lbs. shipped before the fulminating edicts of the 
 
 emperor took effect. . , , r, i o- 
 
 In October, dispatches of importance were received from General oit 
 Hugh Gough, commanding the land forces, and Captain Sir H. F. Sen- 
 house, the senior naval officer of the fleet, detailing a series of brillianf 
 operations against Canton, whither they had proceeded by the direction 
 of Captain Elliot. On the 20th of May the contest began by the Chinese 
 firing on the British ships and letting loose some fire-ships among them 
 which, however, did no damage. Next morning the fort of Shaming wa? 
 silenced, and a fleet of about forty junks burnt. On the 24th, a favourable 
 landing-place havin" been discovered, the right column of the 26th reei- 
 ment, under Major Fratt, was convoyed by the Atalanta to act on the 
 south of the city, while the Nemesis towed the left column up to Tsiti- 
 ohao. After some sharp fighting, the Canton governor yielded, and the 
 troops and ships were withdrawn, on condition of the throe commissioners 
 and all the troops under them leaving Canton and its vicinity, and six mil- 
 lions of dollars to be paid within a week, the first million before evening 
 that day ; if the whole was not paid before the end of the week, the ransom 
 was to be raised to seven millions ; if not before the end of fourteen days, 
 to eight millions ; and if not before t\yenty days, to nine millions of dollars. 
 \rter three days, the conditions having been fulfilled, the troops left foi 
 Hong Kong, having had thirteen men killed and ninety-seven wounded 
 Sir H F. Senhouse died on board of the Bl.nheim from a fever brought 
 on by excessive fatigue. Notwithstanding this defeat, the Chinese were 
 still detrrmined to resist, and Yeh Shan had reported to the emperor, his 
 uncle, that when he had induced the barbarians to withdraw, ho would 
 repair all the forts again. The emperor, on his part, declared that, as a 
 last resort, he would put himself at the head of his army, and march to 
 India and England, and tear up the English, root and branch ! 
 
 Sir Henry Pottinger, the new plenipotentiarv, and Rear-admiral Parker, 
 the new naval commander-in-chief, arrived at Macao on the 9th of August. 
 A notification of Sir Henry's presence and powers was sent to Canton 
 immediately on his arrival, accompanied by a letter forwarded to the em- 
 peror at Pekin. the answer n which was required to be sent to a northern 
 station. The fleet, consisting of nine ships of war, four armed steamers, 
 and twenty-two transports, sailed for the island and fortified city of Amoy. 
 on the 21st of August. „ . • .u ^ . . 
 
 This islaiwl is situated in a fine gulf in the province of Fokein, th« greai 
 ten district of China, opposite the island of Formosa, and about tiire* 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 751 
 
 hmdred and fifty miles northeast of the gulf of Canton, five hundred miles 
 soiitli of Chusiui, and one thousand three hundred miles from Pekin. It 
 was fortified by very strong defences, of granite rocks faced with nmd, 
 and mounted with no less than five hundred pieces of cannon. On the 
 86th, after a brief parley with a mandarin, the city was bombarded for 
 two hours. Sir Hugh Gough, with the 18tii regiment, tlicn landed, and 
 seized one end of the long battery ; while the 2Cth regiment, with the 
 sailors and marines, carried the strong batteries on the island of Koolang- 
 see, just in front of Amoy. The Chinese made an animated defence for 
 four hours, and then fled from all their fortifications, and also from the 
 city, carrying vith them their treasures. The Chinese junks and war- 
 beats were all captured ; and the cannon, with immense munitions of war, 
 of course fell into the hands of the Knglish. Not a single man of the 
 British was killed, and only nine were wounded. The next day Sir Hugh 
 Gou(;h entered the city at the head of his troops without opposition. 
 
 The next dispatches from China stated that Chusan had been recaptured 
 on the Isi of October. A resolute stand was made by the Clunese ; but 
 the troops, supported by the fire of the ships, ascended a hill, and escala- 
 ded Tinghae, the capital city, from whence the British colours wtre soon 
 seen flying in every direction. On the 7th the troops attacked the city of 
 Cinhae, on the main-land opposite Chusan, which is inclosed by a wall 
 thirty-seven feet thick, and twenty-two feet high, with an embrasured 
 parapet oi' four feet high. The ships bombarded the citadel and enfiladed 
 the batteries ; the seamen and marines then landed, and Admiral Sir W. 
 Parker, with the true spirit of a British sailor, was among the first to 
 scale the walls. Here was found a great arsenal, a cannon-lbundry and 
 gun-carriage manufactory, and a great variety of warlike stores. 
 
 Several other engagements took place, in all of which the British con- 
 tinued to have a most decided advantage, although it was admitted that 
 the Chinese and Tartar soldiers showed more resolution and a better ac 
 quaintance with the art of war than on former occasions. However, as a 
 large reinforcement of troops, with a battering train which had been sent 
 from Calcutta, was shortly expected, Sir Henry Pottinger put ofl" the 
 execution of some intended operations on a more extended scale until 
 their arrival. 
 
 Home affairs again require attention. The finances of the country had 
 latterly assumed a discouraging aspect ; and on the chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer bringing forward his annual budget, he proposed to make up the 
 deficiency of the present year, which he stated to be 2,421,000/., besides 
 the aggregate deficiency of 5,000,000/., mainly by a modification of the 
 duties on sugar and timber, and an alteration of the duties on corn. The 
 opposition censured the proceedings of ministers, and Sir Robert 
 Peel commented severely on the enormous deficiency of 7,500,000/. incur- 
 red during the past five years, with a revenue, too, which had been through- 
 out improving. It appeared that the Melbourne administration was on tlio 
 wane ; and its permanency was put to the test when Lord John Russell, 
 in moving that the house should go into a committee .of ways and means, 
 to consider the sugar duties, entered into a defence of the present policy 
 of government. Lord Sandon then moved the amendment of which he 
 had given notice, "that considering the efforts and sacrifices which par 
 liament and the country have made for the abolition of clavery,thi8 house 
 iu not prepared (especially with the present prospects of the supply of 
 sugar (t'^iti British possessions), to adopt the measure proposed by her 
 majesty's government for the reduction of du'ies on foreign sugars." The 
 debate which ensued adjourned from day to day, and lasted for the unpre- 
 codonted extent of eight nights. When the house divided, on the Idth o/ 
 Ifay, there appeared for Lord Sandon's amendment, jhree hundred and 
 
752 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ■evcntecn ; against it, two hundred and eighty-one; majority against inin 
 istertj, thirty-six. 
 
 On the 27th of May Sir R. Peel took an. opportunity of minutely review- 
 ing the measures that had been submitted to parliament by ministers, and 
 afterwards abandoned, and the prejudicial el ects on tlie finances of the 
 country which had accrued from the passing >f others. Sir Robert added, 
 that in every former case where the bouse had indicated that its confidence 
 was withdrawn from the ministry, the ministers had retired. The whole 
 of their conduct betrayed weakness and a truckling for popular favour, 
 and the prerogatives of the crown were not safe in their hands. He then 
 moved the following resolution "That her majesty's ministers do hot suf- 
 ficiently possess the confidence of the house of commons to enable them 
 to carry through measures which they deem of essential importance to 
 the public welfare, and that their continuance in oflice, under such cir- 
 cumstances, is at variance with the spirit of the constitution." This mo- 
 tion was carried in a full house, (the number of members present being 
 six hundred and twenty-three) by a majority of one. On the 22d of June 
 her majesty prorogued parliament, "with a view to its immediate disso- 
 lution," and it was accordingly dissolved by proclamation on the follow- 
 ing day. 
 
 On the meeting of the new parliament, August 24th, the strength of the 
 conservative party was striking. The ministers had no measures to pro- 
 pose beyond those on which they had before sustained a defeat ; and when 
 an amendment to the address was put to vote, declaratory of a want ol 
 confidence in her majesty^s advisers, it elicited a spirited debate of four 
 night's continuance, terminating in a majority of ninety-one against min- 
 isters. This result produced an immediate change in the ministry. The 
 new cabinet was : — Sir R. Peel, first lord of the treasury ; duke of Wel- 
 lington, (without office) ; Lord Lyndhurst, lord-chancellor ; Lord Wharn- 
 cline, president of the council ; duke of Buckingham, privy seal ; Right 
 Honourable H. Goulburn, chancellor of the exchequer ; Sir James Graham, 
 home secretary ; earl of Aberdeen, foreign secretary ; Lord Stanley, colo- 
 nial secretary ; earl of Haddington, first lord of the admiralty; Lord Ei- 
 lenborough, president of the board of control ; earl of Ripon, president ol 
 the board of trade; Sir Henry Hardinge, secretary at war; Sir Edward 
 Knatchbull, treasurer of the navy and paymaster of the forces. Earl de 
 Grey was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and Sir Edward Sugdcn, 
 Irish lord-chancellor. 
 
 On the 30th of October a destructive fire brokfe out in the Tower, about 
 half-past ten o'clock at night, and continued to rage with the utmost fury 
 for several hours. It was first discovered in the round or bowyer tower, 
 and quickly spread to the grand armory, where the flames gained a fearful 
 ascendency. Notwithstanding the exertions of the firemen and military, 
 the conflagration continued to spread, and apprehensions were entertained 
 that tiie jewel tower, with its crowns, sceptres, and other emblems of roy- 
 alty would fall a prey to the devouring element. Happily, by prompt ex- 
 ertion, they were aU taken (o the governor's residence, and the gunpowder 
 and other warlike stores in the ordnance office were also removed. In 
 addition to the armory and bowyer tower, three other large buildings were 
 consumed. The grand armory was three hundred and forty-five feet long, 
 and sixty feet broad. Ii the Iuwet '^nor were kept about forty-three 
 pieces of cannon, made by founders of different periods, besides various 
 other interesting objects, and a number of chests containing arms in readi 
 ncss for use. A grand staircase led to the upper floor, called the small 
 armory, in which were above 150,000 stand of small arms, new flinted, 
 and ready for immediate service. Aj that part of the building where thr 
 fire originated was heated by flues from stoves, it was the 3pinion tLat 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 7n3 
 the 
 
 the accident was thereby occasioned. The loss sustained, including 
 expense of rebuilding, was estimated at about i;250,000. 
 
 The closing paragraph in the occurrences of last year recorded the birth 
 of the princess royal. We have now to state, that on the 3th of Novem- 
 ber the queen gave birth to a prince at Buckingham-palace, neatly b 
 twelvemuiith having elapsed since her majesty's former accouohemenl 
 The happy event having taken place on lord-mayor's day, it was nosi 
 loyally celebrated by the citizens so opportunely assembled. On the 26th 
 of the following January the infant prince of Wales received the name of 
 Albert Edward, the king of Prussia being one of the sponsorai 
 
 A. D. 1842.— The year commenced with most disastrous intelligence 
 from India. In consequence of reductions having been made in the tri- 
 bute paid to the eastern Ghilzie tribes, for keeping open the passes be- 
 tween Caboul and Jellalabad, in Affghanistan, the people rose and took 
 piissession of those passes. Gen. Sir R. Sale's brigade was therefore 
 directed to re-open the communication. The brigade fought its way to 
 Gundamuck, greatly harassed by the enemy from the high ground, and 
 after eighteen days' incessant fighting, reached that place, much exhausted; 
 they then moved upon Jellalabad. Meantime an msurrection broke out 
 at Oaboul. Sir A. Burnes, and his brother Lieutenant C. Burnes, Lieu- 
 tenant Broadfoot, and Lieutenant Sturt were massacred. The whole city 
 then rose in arms, and universal plunder ensued — while another larg<" 
 party attacked the British cantonments, about two miles from the towt». 
 These outrages, unfortunately, were but the prelude to others far more 
 frightful. Aklibar Khan, the son of Dost Mahommed, on pretence of 
 making arrangements with Sir W. M'Naghten, the British envoy at the 
 court of Shah Soojah, invited him to a conference ; he went, accompanied 
 by four officers and a small escort, when the treacherous Aflfghan, after 
 abusing the British ambassador, drew a pistol and shot him dead on the 
 spot. Captain Trevor, of the 3d Bengal cavalry, on rushing to his assist- 
 ance, was cut down, three other officers were made prisoners, and the 
 mutilated body of the ambassador was then barbarously paraded through 
 the town. It was also stated that some severe fighting had taken place, 
 but under the greatest disadvantage to the British and native troops, and 
 that the army in Oaboul hai^ been almost literally annihilated. A capitu- 
 lation was then entered into, by which the remainder of the Anglo-Indian 
 army retired from the town, leaving all the sick, wounded, and sixteen 
 ladies, wives of officers, behind. They had not, however, proceeded far 
 before they were assailed from the mountains by an immense force, wheii 
 the native troops, having fought three days, and wading through deep 
 snow, gave way, and nearly the whole were massacred. 
 
 So terrible a disaster had never visited the British arms since India firsi 
 acknowledged the supremacy of England. A fatal mistake had been com- 
 mitted by the former government, and it was feared that all the energv 
 of the new ministry would be insufficient to maintain that degree of influ- 
 ence over the vast and thickly peopled provinces of India, which wafi 
 necessary to ensure the safety of our possessions. The governor-genera'.. 
 Lord Auckland, was recalled, and his place supplied by Lord Ellenborough. 
 whose reputation for a correct knowledge of Indian affairs was undisputed. 
 His lordship arrived at Calcutta on Feb. 28, at which time Sir Robert 
 Sale was safe at Jellalabad ; but he was most critically situated. Tiie 
 garrison, however, maintained their post with great gallantry, and were 
 able to defy the utmost efforts of the Affghans, having in one instance sal- 
 lied forth and attacked their camp, of 6,000 men, and gained a signal vic- 
 tory. At length General Pollock effected a junction with the troops o. 
 Sir R. Sale, and released them from a siege of one hundred and fifty-four 
 days' duration; having previously forced, with very little loss, the dreaded 
 oaas of the Khyber, twenty-eight miles in length. Gen. Nott, also, who 
 Vol. i — *8 
 
 ; 
 
 J 
 
764 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 advanced from Candahar to meet General England, who had sijstamed 
 conpiderable loss at the pass of Kojuck, encountered a large forre of Aff- 
 ghans, and completely defeated them. But. on the other hand, Colonel 
 Palmer surrendered the celebrated fortress of Ghuznee, on condition that 
 the garrison should be safely conducted to Caboul. 
 
 The day of retribution was at hand. General Nott, at the head of seven 
 thousand men, having left Candahar on the 10th of August, proceeded 
 towards Ghuznee and Caboul, while General England, with the remainder 
 of the troops lately stationed at Candahar, marched back in safety to 
 Quetta. On the 30th of August, Shah Shoodeen, the governor of Ghuznee, 
 with nearly the whole of his army, amounting to not less than twelve 
 thousand men, arrived in the neighbourhooa of the British camp, and Gen 
 eral Nott prepared to meet him with one half of his force. The enemy 
 came boldly forward, each division cheering as they came into position, 
 and occupying their ground in excellent style ; but after a short and spirited 
 contest, they were completely defeated, and dispersed in every direction, 
 their guns, tents, ammunition, &c., falling into the hands of the English. 
 On the 5lh of September General Nott invested the city of Ghuznee, which 
 was strongly garrisoned, while the hills to the north-eastward swarmed 
 with soldiery ; but they soon abandoned the place, and the British flags 
 were hoisted in triumph on the Bala flissar. The citadel of Ghuznee, 
 and other formidable works and defences, were razed to the ground. 
 
 Early in September General Pollock marched from Gundaniuck on his 
 way to Caboul. ' On reaching tlie hills which command the road through 
 the' pass of JugduUuck, the enemy was found strongly posted and in con- 
 siderable numbers. In this action most of the influential Affghan cliiefs 
 were engaged, and their troops manfully maintained their position ; but 
 at length the heights were stormed, and, after much arduous exertion, they 
 were dislodged and dispersed. Gen. Pollock proceeded onwards, and 
 does not appear to have encountered any further opposition until his 
 arrival, September 13, in the Tehzear valley, where an army of 16,000 
 Tien, commanded by Akhbar Khan in person, was assembled to meet him 
 A desperate fight ensued ; the enemy was completely defeated and driven 
 ."rom the field. On the day followmg this engagement the general ad- 
 'ancfd to BoodkhaK, and on the 16th he made bis triumphal entry into 
 ♦he citadel, and planted the British colours on its walls. " Thus," said 
 Lord Ellenborough, in his general orders, " have all past disasters been 
 retrieved and avenged on every scene on which they were sustained, and 
 repeatud victories in the field, and the capture of the citadels of Ghuznee 
 and Caboul have advanced the glory and established the accustomed 
 superiority of the British arms." 
 
 At length the long and anxiously desired liberation of the whole of the 
 British prisoners in the hands of the Affghans was effected. Their num- 
 ber was 31 officers, 9 ladies, and 12 children, with 61 European soldiers 
 2 clerks, and 4 women, making in all 109 persons, who had suffered cap- 
 tivity from Jan. 10 to Sept. 27. It appeared that, by direction of Akhbai 
 Khan, the prisoners had been taken to Bamecan, 90 miles to_ v *v ,^?, 
 ward, and that they were destined to be d.i'ributed among the Tooi ;isstaH 
 ehiefs General Pollock and some other officers proposed to 1^ ; ' * p :.^- 
 chief, that if he would send them back to Caboul, they wou. ^ .lin. 
 de2,000 at once, and .£1,200 a year for life. The chief complied, and on 
 the second day they were met by Sir Richmond Shakspear, with 610 
 Kuzzilbashes, and shortly afterwards by General Sale, with 2,000 cavalry 
 and infaiilry, when they returned to Caboul. Besides the Europeans, 
 there were 327 sepoys fcftmd at Gh lee, and 1,200 sick and wounded 
 who W'?rt oev, v«;t about Caboul. t the arrival of General Nott s divi- 
 sion, the .^s'l-nion ad ;pted by l\e Biitish government to destroy uU the 
 krahm .iliost olJs was carried into execution, tbougii not withou* tv 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 1r5 
 
 P»s.ance. parlicularly at the town and fort of Istaliff, where a strong body 
 of Affghans, led on by Ameer Oola, and sixteen of their most detemiined 
 cliiefs, had posted themselves. This town consisted of masses of houses 
 built on the slope of a mountain, in the rear of which were lofty eminences 
 "^"i i'nL'" ^u''^^'*' ^ J^O'l^'stan. The number of its inhabitants exceed- 
 ed 15,000, who, from their defences and difficulties of approach, consider- 
 ed their position unassailable. The greater part of the plunder seized 
 lapt January from the British was placed there ; the chiefs kept their 
 wives and families m it; and many of those who had escaped from Ca- 
 boui had sought refuge there. Its capture, however, was a work of no 
 very great difficulty, the British troops driving the enemy before them 
 with considerable slaughter. The Anglo Indian troops soon after- 
 wards commenced their homeward march in three divisions ; the first 
 under General Pollock, the second under General M'Caskill, and the 
 third undor General Nott. The first division effected their march through 
 the pa,;st:s without loss; but the second was less successful, the raoun- 
 taineers attacking it near Ali-Musjid, and plundering it of part of the 
 baggage. General Nott, with his division, arrived in safety; bearing 
 with them the celebrated gates of Somnauth, which it is said a Mohame- 
 dan conqueror had taken away from an Indian temple, and which for 
 eigtit centuries formed the chief ornament of his tomb at Ghuznee. 
 
 The Niger expedition, which was undertaken last year by benevolent 
 individuals, supported by a government grant of X"60,000, was totally de- 
 feated by the pesiilential effects of the climate. The intention was, to 
 Plant III the centre of Africa an English colony, in the hope, by the proof* 
 afforded of the advantages of agriculture and trade, to reclaim the natives 
 from the custom of selling their captives into slavery. 
 
 On the 30ih of May, as her majesty, accompanied by Prince Albert, 
 was returningdown Constitution-hill to Buckingham-palace, from her after- 
 noon s ride, a young man, named John Francis, fired a pistol at the car- 
 nage, but without effecting any injury. He was immediately taken into 
 custody, when it appeared that he was by trade a carpenter, but being 
 out of employ, had attempted to establish a snuff-shop, in which he was 
 unsuccessful. It was supposed that he was incited to this criminal act 
 parlly^by desperation, and partly by the edit and permanent provision- 
 though m an apartment at Bedlam— awarded to Edward Oxford, who it 
 will be remembered, performed a similar exploit at nearly the same spot 
 in June, 1840. The news reached the house cf commons while the de- 
 bate on the property tax was in progress, which was suddenly stopped, 
 and the house broke up. The next day, howevei, the hiU was apain pro. 
 posed, and carried by a majority of 106. 
 
 Ajoint address congratulating her majesty on hei happy escape, ^99 
 presented from both houses of parliament on the Ist of June, and a form 
 ofthanksgiving was sanctioned by the privy conncil. It appealed that 
 iome danger had been apprehended in consequence of the same person 
 aaving been observed in the park with a pistol on the preceding day: and 
 Lord Portman staled in the house of lords that her majesty in "onse- 
 quence would not permit, on the 30th of May, the attendance of those 
 ladies whose duty it is to wait upon her on such accasions. Francis wm 
 examined before the privy council, and then committed to Newgate ; he 
 was tried, found guilty of high treason, and sentenced to be hung, bo- 
 headed, and quartered ; but it was deemed proper to remit the extreme 
 penalties and commute his sentence to transportation for life. 
 
 Scarcely more than a month had elapsed, when a third attempt, 01 
 nretended attempt, on the life of the queen was made in St, JamesVrK, 
 her majesty being at the time on her way from Buckinghara-palace to the 
 Chanel royal, a(;c.)m,)aiiied by Prince Albert and the king of the Belgians. 
 A lad, about eighteen years ^r nge, named John WUIiam Bean, was ob 
 
7S0 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 fen-ed to pn ?ent a pistol at her majesty's carnage, by a youth namco 
 Dawet, who seized him, and related the circumstance_^to two pohcemen. 
 They treated it as a joke, and Bean was allowed to depart; but he was 
 subsequently apprehended at his father's house, and committed to prison. 
 On his examination he persisted in asserting that that there was no hinr 
 but powder and paper in the pistol, and that he did not intend to hurt the 
 queen; ir. fat t, he appeared to be one of those weak beings who seem 
 actuated by a morbid desire of notoriety. « , , . , 
 
 It was evident that the false sympathy shown to Oxford had encouragea 
 others in their base attempts ; and Sir Robert Peel, acting on that con- 
 viction, introduced a bill into parliament for the better security of her 
 majesty's person, his object being to consign the ofTenders to that con- 
 Spt which befitted their disgraceful practices. The bill was so framea 
 as to inflict for the offences of presenting fire-arms at her majesty, or at- 
 tempting to strike her person with missiles, and for other acts intendeo 
 to alarin her majesty, or disturb the public peace, the penalty of seven 
 years' iransporaJtation, with previous imprisonment and flogging, or other 
 
 bodily chastisement. r>i,.,„ Af.». 
 
 We must once more recur to the warlike operations in China. After 
 an arrival of reinforcements, the British expedition, June 13th, enterec 
 the large river called Yang tze-Kiang, on the banks of which were im- 
 mense fortifications. The fleet at daylight having taken their stations 
 the batteries opened a fire which lasted two hours. The seamen and 
 marines then landed, and drove the Chinese out of their batteries hc.ore 
 the troops could be disembarked. 253 guns were taken, of heavy calibre 
 and 11 feet long. On the 19ih two other batteries were taken, in which 
 were 48iriins. The troops thientook possession of the city of Shanghai 
 destroyed the public buildings, and distributed ths contents of the 
 eranaries among the people. Two other field-works were also taken, and 
 the total number of guns captured amounted to 364. The squadron 
 set sail from Woosung on the 6th of July ; on the 20th the vessels anchor- 
 ed abreast the city of CliingKeang-foo, which commands the entrance 
 of the grand canal, and the next morning the troops were disembarked, 
 and marched to the attack of the Chinese forces. One brigade was direct- 
 ed to move against the enemy's camp, situated about three miles distant, 
 anothar was ordered to co-operate with this division in cutting off the ex- 
 pected retreat of the Chinese from the camp, while the third received in- 
 structions to escalade the iiorlhern wall of the town. The Chinese, after 
 firinir a few distant volleys, fled from the camp with precipitation, and 
 dispersed over the country. The city itself, however, was manfully de- 
 fended by the Tartar sohiiers. Ui,o prolonged the contest for throve hours, 
 resisting with desperate valour the combined efforts of the three brigades, 
 Bideo by a reinforcement of marines and seamen. At length opposi- 
 tion ceased, and ere nightfall the British were complete masters of the 
 Place. Ching-Keang-foo, like Amoy, was most strongly fortified, and 
 the works in excellent repair. It is supposed that the garrison consist- 
 ed of not les? than 3,000 men, and of these about 1,000, and 40 man- 
 darins, were killed and wounded. The Tartar general reared to his 
 house when he saw that all was lost, made liis ser^-ants set it on fire, 
 imd sat in his ■; air till he was burned to death. On the side ol ine 
 British, 15 officers and 154 men, cf both services, were killed and 
 
 "Titrniicr garrison being left behind for the retention of Ching-Keafg- 
 ftK%the fl?el pro<-ecded towards Nankin, about forty miles distant, and 
 arrived on the 6th of August, when preparations were 'mmeclintelv made 
 for an attack on the city" A strong force under the command of Major- 
 ^.r^,'n\ Lord Saltoun. was landed, and took up tlieir position to the^Nvest^ 
 oi ttic town : and orcrntioiiH wire nroiu to be tOiiinirnce?., w'''" a •'- - - 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 767 
 
 was sent off to the plenipotentiary, requesting a truce, as certain hi?h 
 coiiiuiis8io»er.s, specially delegated by the emperor, and possessed o' (uil 
 powers to negotiate, were on their way to treat with the f^nglish. Alter 
 several visits and long discussions between the contracting pow3r8, the 
 treaty was publicly signed oa board the CornwaUis, by Sir H. Potti»'»er 
 and the tliree commissioners. Of this convention the following are the 
 most important articles: 1. Lasting peace and friendship between the 
 two empires. 2. China to pay twenty-one millions of dollars in the 
 course of that and three succeeding years. 3. The ports of Canton, 
 Ainoy, Foo-choo-foo, Ningpo, and Shanghai, to be thrown open to British 
 merchants, consular officers to be appointed to reside at them, and regulai 
 and just tariffs of import and export (as well as inland transit) duties to 
 be established and published. 4. The island of Hong-Kong to be ceded 
 in perpetuity to her Britannic majesty, her heirs, and successors. 5. All 
 Bubjects of her Britannic majesty (whether natives of Europe or 
 India), who may be confined in any pari of the Chinese empire, to be un- 
 conditionally released. 6. An act of full and entire amnesty to be pub- 
 lished by the eii peror, under his imperiHl sign-manual and seal, to ail Chi- 
 nese subjects, on account of their having held service or intercourse with, 
 3r resided under, the British government or its officers. 7. Correspon 
 Jence to be conducted on terms of perfect equality among the officers 
 of both governments. 8. On the emperor's assent being received to this 
 treaty, and the payment of the first instalment, six millions of dollars, her 
 Britannic majesty's forces to retire from Nankin and the grand canal, 
 and the military posts at Chinghai to be also withdrawn; but the islands 
 of Chusan and Kolangsoo are to be held until the money payments and 
 the arrangements for opening the ports are completed. 
 
 A. D. 1843.— On the 2d of February the parliamentary session com 
 meiiced ; the royal speech, which was read by the lord-chancellor, referre*' 
 in terms of just congratulation to; I. The successful termination of hos 
 iililies with China, and the prosoect it afforded of assisting the commer- 
 cial enterprise of her people. 2. The complete success of the recent mil. 
 itary operations in AffghHiiistan, where the superiority of her mnjes'v's 
 arms had been established by decisive victories on the scwnes of formoi 
 disasters, and the complete liberation of hor majesty's subjects, for whom 
 she fell the deepest interest, iiad been cflrerted. 3. The adjustment oi 
 those differences with tho United States of America, which from theii 
 long continuance had endangered the preservation of peace. 4. The oh- 
 taining, in concert with her allies, for the Christian population of Syria, 
 &n establishment of a system of administration which they were entitled 
 to expect from the engagements of the sultan, and from the good faiih of 
 (his country. And, 6. A treaty of cointncrce and navigation with Russia, 
 which her majesty regarded as the fouiidatitm for increased iiilercoursa 
 l>etweeu her subjects and those of the emperor. 
 
 When the expedition to Affghanistaii was first undertaken, it was in- 
 tended to open the Indus for the transit of British merchandise, and ren- 
 der it one of the great highways to Asia. The object was not lost sight of, 
 though Affghanisian had been abandoned; and endeavours were made to 
 obtain from the Ameers of Scinde such a treaty as would secure the safe 
 navigation ol that river. In IJecoinher. Major Oiitrain was dispatched to 
 llydcraoad lo coiicaide liie best terms in iiis power with the nauve ciiiefs. 
 Not being in a condition immediately to refuse to give up for the use of 
 navigation certain strips of land lying along the river, they temporised, 
 until at leiinih their troops were collected, when on the 14lh of February 
 they Kent word to Major Outrain to retire from their city. The major, 
 uot supposin;^ they would pnnrt-ed to extremities, delayed. The n«xt d*v 
 the residenct) of the Hrilish pidilical agent was attacked ; it was gallaiitlv 
 icIniiJud by one iiuiulr<!(i iiirii for severiii hours , tnil at k-ngtl., tl.cir am- 
 yamuU'Jii haviiia; beeu oxponded, the British suMu'ri ;el'rcd with a tunalj 
 
 II 
 
V«8 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 los." to t!»e steamers, and proceeded to joi;i Sir C. J. Napier, then at tht 
 head of about twenty-seven hundred men, at a distance of about twenty 
 miles from the capital of the Ameers. The latter hastened, at the head o! 
 twenty-two thousand men, to attack the British force. On the 17th a bat- 
 tle took place, in which, after a severe struggle of three hours, the Ameers 
 were totally routed, although they outnumbered the British force by seven 
 to one. Yhe Ameers on the following day surrendered themselves pris- 
 oners of war, and Hyderabad was occupied by the conquerers. Treas- 
 ure and jewels were found to an amount considerably exceeding one mil- 
 lion sterling. In consequence of this success, the territories of Scinde, 
 with the exception of that portion belonging to Meer Ali, the morad of 
 Khyrpore, was then declared by the governor-general to be a British 
 province, and Sir Charles J. Na^ er was appointed governor. 
 
 The new governor, however, was not to remain in undisturbed posses- 
 sion for any length of time. An army of Be.oochees, twenty thousand 
 strong, under the command of Meer Shere Mahomed, had taken up a 
 strong position on the liver Fullalie, near the spot where the Ameers ot 
 Scinde were so signally defeated, and Sir C. .1. Napier, on ascerlauimg 
 the fact, resolved to attack them forthwith. On the 24ih of March ho 
 moved from Hyderabad at the head of five thousand men. The battle 
 lasted for three' hours, when victory declared for the British ; eleven guns 
 and nineteen standards were taken, and about one thousand of the enemy 
 were killed, and four thousand wounded ; the loss of the British amouiii- 
 iiig to only 30 killed and 231 wounded. By this victory the fate of Scinde 
 and Beloochistan was sealed, and the whole territory finally annexed to 
 the Anglo-Indian empire. 
 
 In an age of experimental science like the present, it appears almost 
 invidious in a work of this kind to allude to any. In truth, our limits 
 have compelled us to omit the mention of many works of national impor- 
 tance, but we trust to be excused for such omissions, while we insert 
 the following : In order to save the vast amount of manual labour neces 
 sary to form a sea-wall on the course of the south-eastern railway, near 
 Dover, the great experiment of exploding eighteen thousand five hundred 
 pounds of gunpowder, under Round-down cliff, was on the 26th of Janu- 
 ary attempted by the engineers, with perfect success. On the signal 
 being given, the miners communicated, by connecting wires, the electric 
 •park to the gunpowder deposited in chambers formed in the cliff; the 
 earth trembled for half a mile each way ; a stifled report, not loud but 
 deep, was heard, and the cliff, extending on either hand to five hundred 
 feet, gradually subsided seaward ; in a few seconds, not less then one 
 million ions of chalk were dislodged by the shock, settling into tiie sea 
 Below, frothing and boiling as it displaced the liquid element, till it ooovi- 
 pied the expanse of many acres, and extended outward on its ocean bed 
 to a distance of two or three thousand feet. This operation was man- 
 aged with such admirable skill and precision, that it would appear just so 
 much of the cliff was removed as was necessary to make way for the sea- 
 wall, while an immense saving in time and labour was also effected. 
 
 Now that we have trespassed on the province of art, we cannot forl)eai 
 to notice that wonderful and giganiic undertaking, the Thames tunnel 
 For twenty years that stupendous labour had been going on, when on the 
 a.5tli of May it was opened for foot passengers, at one [nmny each. Al 
 H recent meeting of the proprietors, a vote of thanks was offered to the 
 engineer in the following terms: "That the cordial thanks and coiigral- 
 ulalion of the assembly are hereby tendered to Sir Isamberl Brune , I* •"'*•• 
 for the distinguished talent, energy, and perseverance evinced by him 
 111 the design, construction, and completion of the Thames ln»<ie'« » 
 work unprecedented in the annnls of science and ingenuity, and *'«"J'y^['j'^^ 
 a iriainpii of lieiiiuti over physit.-il riiincuUicB, uoi;lafed by soi!',e a. \..it 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 769 
 
 most enlightened men of the age to be insurmountable." This great worK 
 was commenced in 1825, but stopped in 1838 by an irruption of thf 
 Thames, and no further progress was made until 1835. Loans were then 
 granted by government, and the works were uninterruptedly coni'nued, 
 the total expense being dC446,000. 
 
 On the 21st of April, his royal highness the duke of Sussex died. On 
 tlie 25th the queen was safely delivered of a princess, who was chris- 
 tened Alice Maude Mary. And on the same afternoon that the queen 
 gave birth to a princess, the king of Hanover arrived in London, from 
 ''alais, it being his majesty's first visit to England since his accession. 
 
 On the 28th of June the princess Augusta, eldest dagghter of the duke 
 of Cambridge, was married to his royal highness Frederic William, he- 
 reditary grand duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. A grant of three tliousand 
 pounds per annum was settled on her by the government, and in a few 
 days after the marriage they embarked for the continent. 
 
 In Carmarthenshire and some of tlie neighbouring Welsh counties, a 
 novel species of insurrection hid kept the country in a state of alarm, and 
 rendered military assistance necessary. Certain small farmers, and the 
 agricultural population generally, united under the thpsin^rular appeliatior 
 of " Rebecca and her daughters," for the avowed object cf resisting the 
 payment of turnpike tolls, which were notoriously exorbitant there, aii'. 
 for the abatement of certain other grievances — the present administratior. 
 of the poor laws being among the number — of which they loudly and with 
 no little show of justice complained. Scarcely a night was suffered to 
 pass without the removal of a gate or the demolition of a toll-house ; and 
 It usually happened that as soon as the work of destruction was com- 
 pleted, Rebecca's band quietly and stealthily dispersed to their respective 
 homes, it will be sufficient to give merely one instance of these riots; 
 but we should remark that the riot we here subjoin an account of, was 
 on a much larger scale, and attended with more serious results, than any 
 that occurred either before or since : — They were expected to attack the 
 town of Carmarthen on Sunday the 18th of June, but did not come. On 
 the following morning, however, at 12 o'clock, several thousand of the 
 rioters were seen approaching, about nine hundred being on horseback, 
 with one in front disguised with a woman's curls, to represent Rebecca, 
 and from seven to eight thousand on foot, walking about fourteen or fif- 
 teen abreast Kvcry man was armed with a bludgeon, and some of them 
 had pistols. At their head were carried two banners, bearing inscriptions 
 in Welsh, of '* Freedom, Liberty, and Better Feed;" and " Free Toll and 
 Liberty." On reaching the work-house, they broke open the gates of the 
 court in front, and having gained an entrance into the house, they imme- 
 diitely demolished the furniture, and '.hrcw the beds and bedding out of 
 the windows. While they were thus piirnuing the work of destruction a 
 troop of the 4lh light dragoons arrived from Neath, and having entered 
 the court su(;ceeded in taking all those within prisoners, about two hun- 
 dred and fifty in number, duruig which time they were pelted with stones 
 and other missiles. The riot act being read, and a cry being raised that 
 the soldiers wore going to charge, the mob fled in every direction, leaving 
 more than sixty horses, besides the above prisoners, in the hands of the 
 captors. 
 
 vVilli respect to the proceedings in parliament, a great portion of the 
 Bession was occupied in opposing the " Irish arms bill." On the second 
 reading, May the 30th, the attorney-general for Ireland dcdarnd that the 
 objects of the present repoal agitators were, first, the total abolition of the 
 tithes commutation rent-charge ; next, the extension of the parliamentary 
 suffrage to all sane male adults not convicted of a crime; next, fixity ot 
 tonure — a phrase meaning the transfer of the whole landed property of 
 
 l»n|...«^ r.>fi.v% tUiM \anA\i\ri\ iit fti.i ljiii«ii' . iilwl cifimA nlli«>r avtntmii nrflttfk- 
 sxt'iaiEU iil-'ii •.f- ..»,i.*. .- - — . J J — 
 
760 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 sitions of the same class. The measures provided by this bill h;.d been 
 in existence with little intermission for almost a century, and the extreme 
 ttvidiiy shown by the Irish peasantry for the possession of arms proved 
 its necessity to be most urgent. For about" a month, almost every alter 
 nate evening was occupied with discussions in committee on the said 
 bill. Afterwards a motion was brought forward by Mr. O'Brien for " the 
 rearess of grievances in Ireland," the debate on which was again and 
 again adjourtied, till at length the motion was negatived. On thatocca- 
 BJon, Sir Robert Peel discussed the alledged grievances seriatim; and in 
 reply to an observation of Lord Howick's, he said that the Roman catho- 
 lies now enjoyed equal civil rights with the other subjects of the crown, and 
 that the oaths were so altered thut the offensive portions relating to tran- 
 substantiation were abolished. "lam asked," said the right honourable 
 baronet, " what course I intend to pursue 1 ' Declare your course,' is the 
 demand. I am prepared to pursue thut course which I consider 1 have 
 pursued, namely, to administer the government of Ireland upon the prin- 
 ciples of justice and pnpartiality. I am prepared to recognize the princi- 
 ple established by law, that there shall ha equality of civil privileges. I 
 am prepared in respect of the franchise to give a substantial and not a 
 fictitious right of suffrage. In respect to the social condition of IrelaiMl 
 we are prepared also to consider the relations of landlord and tenant de- 
 liberately, and all the important questions involved therein. With respect 
 to the established church, we are not prepared to make one alteration in 
 the law by which that church and its revenues shall be impaired. He 
 WHS not ashamed to act with care and moderation ; and if the necessity 
 should arise, he knew that past forbearance was the strongest claim to 
 being entrusted with fuller powers when they thought proper to ask for 
 them." On the 9th of August, the third reading of the Irish arms bill waj 
 carried by a majority of sixty-six. Parliament was prorogued on the 24th 
 August by the queen in person ; on which occasion her majesty expressed 
 herself highly gratified with the advantageous position in which the 
 ronntry was placed by the successful termination of the war in China and 
 India, and with the assurances of perfect amity which she continued to 
 receive from foreign powers. 
 
 A. D. 1844,— The events of this year are so recent as to require but 
 slight notice. The Irish state trials, resulting in the imprisonment and 
 subsequent pardon of Daniel O'Connell and his associate traversers, are 
 iamiliar to all.— The visit of the emperor of Uussia to Queen Victoria, as 
 well as her trip to France, Belgium, &c., and the return of her majesty's 
 visit by Louis Philippe (after an absence of quarter of a century from the 
 shores of Britain) may be chronicled as events something more than 
 'commonplace.- The birth of another prince, in August, who was chris- 
 tened Alfred Ernest Albert, is also of some importance.— In the same yeai 
 died, in London, Sir F. Burdett, aged 7t, of whom considerable mention 
 has been made in this history— About the same time, at Bath, died 8il 
 R. S. Fitzgerald, vice-admiral of the red.— At Bothwell castle, Scotland, 
 i.ord Douglass, aged 71.— And in or near London, the lords Say & Seal, 
 Grafton, Kenne, &c. 
 
 A D 1845.— The vear commenced auspiciously. The queen's opening 
 address to the houses of piiriiameiit, declared her entire satisfaction with 
 the aspect of atfairs, both domestic and .oreign. Fanning interests, man- 
 jfactures, and trade, wore in a sound and flourishing condition; and the 
 country at large was now reaping the wholesome fruits of a universal 
 jieace. Death, however, in the first throe mtmlhs of the year, cut down 
 lords Morniiigton, Aston, and Wyulbrd, the marquess <*f WesI minster, 
 and Rov. Sidney Smith— the last named gentleman being disliiiguishcJ 
 08 one of the dearest and best of British writers, as well as a powerfu. 
 
HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 16\ 
 
 h.. r. I84G. — This will always be regarded as an important year in the 
 annuls of English history. First, it was a witness of those great changes 
 in the commercial policy of England, involved in ihe repeal of the Corn 
 Laws, and ihe triumph of the friends of Free Trade, under tiie leadership 
 of Sir Robert Peel. Early in the preceding December, the Cabinet, at the 
 head of which was the above-named distinguished statesman, were com. 
 pellcd to resign on the Corn Law question ; and the power of forming a 
 new Ministry was entrusted by the Queen to Lord John Russell. His 
 Lordship being unable to bring together one of concordant materials, Sir 
 Robert was after a few days recalled. The session of Parliament was 
 opened on the 22d of January, the Queen in her speech strongly recom- 
 mending, among other topics, a reduction of the Tariff; and on the 27th, 
 in the presence of a crowded house, Sir Robert entered upon a full state- 
 ment of his financial scheme relating to this subject. The first vote upon 
 the question w.is taken on the 28th of February, when the views of the 
 Premier were sustained by a majority of 97. The bill was subsequently, 
 amidst much opposition from the landed interests, pressed to a second and 
 third reading, passed the Commons, and late iu June received the sanction 
 of the House of Lords. 
 
 Simultaneously, however, with the success of the Peel wiinistry in re- 
 gard to the Corn Laws, came their defeat on the Irish Coercion B<1I. 
 This took place on the 25ih of June, there appearing against the govern- 
 ment, on a division, a majority of 7.3. Sir Robert and his colleagues im- 
 mediately resigned ofBce, and a new Ministry was formed under Lord John 
 Russell. 
 
 The second great event we may notice, was the settlement iif the long- 
 standing dispute with the United States in regard to the boundary of the 
 Oregon territory. A question that had, at various stages of its discussion, 
 occasioned much agitation — that had long been attenipted in vuin to be 
 adjusted by negotiation, or by a reference to some friendly power for arbi- 
 tration — was finally decided in a peaceful and mutually satisfactory man- 
 ner, by a treaty ratified by Lord Palmerston and Mr. McLane, the Ameri- 
 can Minister, on the 17th of July, at the Foreign Office. The intelligence 
 was announced the same day, in the House of Lords, by the Murquis of 
 Lansdowe. and in the Commons, by the Minister of the Foreign Office. 
 The treaty had previously been sanctioned by the American Senate. Its 
 leading features were, a division of the territory by the 49th parallel of 
 latitude, giving, however, Vancouver's Island to Great Britain ; free navi- 
 gation of the Columbia river by the Hudson's Bay Company, during the 
 coniinuiuu'.e of its (charter ; indemnity to said Company for all forts and 
 trading stations south of 49° ; and also, indemnity to British subjects who 
 m'isht wish to abandon their properly south of that line, and remove 
 within British jurisdiction. 
 
 On the 2oth of May, of this year, her Majesty was delivered of a 
 princess. 
 
 Early in the year, intelligence was received of a sanguinary battle in 
 India, wiih the Sikhs, inhabiting the Punjaub, which continued throuirh 
 the 12ih, laih, and 14th of the previous December, and in which 3,300 
 British and native troops were killed and wounded, with an estimated loss, 
 on ''"e port o* ihe "nemy. of ^O.OCK'. T*iis gr«»nt victory wns received 
 with niarked enthusiasm ; Ihe thanks of Parliament were voted the Indian 
 army, and n form of prayer, composed by (he Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 thanking God for his favourable interposition, wns offered up in all the 
 estabiif'hed churches of the kingdom. 
 
 A. D. 1847.— The pkominent events of this year relate lo the operation 
 of the new measures of government upon the subject of the tariff; Ine 
 failure ot the potato crop in Ireland, and the consequent iippHlling famine 
 
 Sriii uiatrcSS WiUCh prSraiivd tilcic ; tiic COfiiiTicFCiiti tcVUision whiCu ttjOti 
 
 L. 
 
702 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD 
 
 Elace in England about the middle of the year, causing the failure of fiie 
 !ank of Liverpool, and of a large number of ihe oldest and most extensive 
 mercantile houses : ending, at the close of the year, with an ahundaai 
 harvest, and a restoration of public confidence and prosperity. 
 
 Long before the close of the previous year, the voice ol distress was 
 heard from Ireland, which eventually grew into a universal cry of anguish 
 and despair. A.I the openinsr of Parliament, on the 19ih of Januiiry, hef 
 Maiestv recommended that the ports be immediately opened for the free 
 a'iniission of foreign corn of every kind, and the suspension of the naviga- 
 tion laws. Notwithstanding, however, the most liberal and energetic 
 measures, both on the part of government and of private individuals, the 
 famine continued to spread, and the records of the year present the most 
 heart-rending details of suffering, disease, and death, among the Irish pea- 
 lantry. Contributions for the relief of the sufferers were received from 
 various quarters ; and none distinguished themselves more for their benev- 
 olence, than did the United States of America, at that sad crisis. 
 
 Her Majesty, this year, paid a visit to her Scotch subjects, and was 
 everywhere received with the most loyal demonstrations. The year is 
 also remarkable, as being that which witnessed the death of the celebrat- 
 ed Irish repealer, Daniel O'Connell. This event took place at Genoa, 
 May loth, whither he was travelling for his health. He directed, at his 
 death, that his heart should be deposited at Rome, and his body returned 
 to Ir^and for burial, which was faithfully executed. 
 
 Parliament was dissolved in person by the Queen, on the 22d of July, 
 to re-assemble on the 18ih of November, with a largely increased majori- 
 ty on the side of the government, as a result of the intervening elections. 
 A. D. 1848 —The history of 1848, was eniphaticnlly one of internal distur- 
 bance throughout the kingdom. The spirit of revolution which burst 
 forth in France in February, causing the abdication of Louis Philiipe, and 
 the proclamation of a Republic, and which was communicated to nearly 
 every kingdom of Europe, also displayed itself in the most serious out- 
 breaks in Ireland, and in manifestations of popular discontent throughout 
 England and Scotland. On the 10th day of April, took place in Londoii, 
 the great Chartist demonstration. An immense procession, bearing a peti- 
 tion signed, as Mr. Feargus O'Connor declared in his place in the House 
 of Commons, by 5,760,000 persons, marched through the streets of the 
 metropolis, with flags and banners, greatly to the alarm of the citizens, 
 who apprehended a scene of popular violence as the result. The affair 
 passed off quietly, however.and the defensivearrangemenisof the govern- 
 ment were not called into requisition. The petition prayed fur annual 
 parliaments, universal suffrage, vole by ballot, equal electoral districts, no 
 property qualification, and payment of members of Parliament ; for the 
 prevalence, in short, of Chartist principles. Though this demonstration 
 was allowed to pass without interruption, other gatherings of a more vio- 
 lent and insurrectionary character attracted the attention of govtrnment, 
 end resulted in the trial and transportation of a number of the leaders 
 engaged in them. , . ■ i 
 
 Meantime sedition reigned in Ireland, the people under their leaderi 
 resorting to arms and threatening civil war, if their wishes in regard to a 
 repeal of the Union were not acceded to. To meet the emergency, gov- 
 ernment ordered a large additional body of troops into Ireland, while the 
 local constnbulatory force was proportionately increased. The insurrection 
 was finally quelled bv the arrest of the prominent lenders, Mitchell, 
 O'Brien, McMnnus, Meagher, O'Donohue, and others, who wire tried and 
 condemned to death ; a sentence which was subsequently commuted to 
 irnnsportation for life. 
 
 Her Mnjesty, on the 18ih of March, was delivered of another princes* 
 mi in Uic autumn repeated her visit to Sf.ntland. Among the notable 
 
HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 763 
 
 deaths of this year, we may mention 'hat of D'Israeli, the author of 
 •' Curiosities of Literature," at the advanced age of P2; also, of Lord 
 Ashburton, the negotiator of the treaty with America b'^aring that name, 
 on the 14tii of May. 
 
 A. P. 1S49. — Parliament was opened by the Ijueen in person, early in 
 February, and the general interests of the country at the commencement 
 of the year wore an encouraging aspect. Jn the manufacturing districts, 
 and in most deparimenis of trade and commerce, increasing activity pre< 
 vailed. As the summer, however, progressed, that dreadful scourge, the 
 Cholera, which had prevailed in England to some extent the preceding 
 year, broke forth with terrible violence in the larger cities of the kingdom, 
 causing great public alarm, and m a measure aflTecting unfavourably the 
 industry and business of all classes. The mortality attending the disease 
 was most appalling, in some localities reaching as high as 1,000 deaths a 
 week. 
 
 An attempt on the life of the Queen was made on the 19ih of April. 
 Her Majesty was returning in company with Prince Albert, frum a ride in 
 Hyde Park, in an open carriage, when a person wearing the dress of a 
 laborer, presented a pistol at her person. Before he could carry his con- 
 templated act of violence into effect, the miscreant was seized by some of 
 the park-keepers and soldiery near, and taken away under arrest. He 
 proved to be an Irishman, by the name of John Hamilton, aged about 35, 
 and, apparently, in a ralionnl slate of mind. 
 
 Her Majesty this year paid her long contemplated visit to Ireland, arriv- 
 mg at Cork on the 2d of August. Her presence was everywhere greelea 
 with enrhusisism by her Irish subjects. The royal party visited Kingstown, 
 Dublin, and Belfast, and were* received by the authorities, nobility, and 
 populace, with every demonstration of loyal regard. 
 
 Intelligence of the outbreak in Canada, which oc2urred on the 25th of 
 April, and involved the burning of the Parliament buildings and other acts 
 of popular violence, was received and laid before Parliament, on the i5th 
 of May. At a later period of the year, public attention was drawn to the 
 efforts of a small portion of her Majesty s subjects in Canada, in favour of 
 annexing that colony to the United Stales. An address was issued, advo- 
 cating a separation from the mother country, on terms of amity and mutual 
 agreement. But the friends of the project proved too inconsiderable in 
 numbers and influence to impress these views very extensively upon the 
 public mind. 
 
 From India, came news of a disastrous battle in the Punjauh, in which 
 the British forces suffered a loss of 2,500 men, and nearly 100 genera] 
 officers. The army was conimanded by Lord Gough, who was at once 
 •usnended, and Sir Charles Napier sent out to supply his place. 
 
 With comparative quiet at iiome, the government were called upon to 
 regard with watchfulness the progress of atluirs on the Coniinent. The 
 Hungarian war, and the bombardment of Rome by the French, were 
 matters of too exciting and impi)rtant a nature in their bearings to be 
 overlooked ; and tne diplomacy of the foreign office was called into active 
 exercise during this period. 
 
 A. D. 1850.— Parliament was convened on the 31st of January, and the 
 speech from the throne delivered by proxy. An attempt was made in the 
 early part of the session, to restore, in a measure, the system of protective 
 duties, bijt it was destined to defeat. Prominent among the events which 
 sign.tlized the year, was the affair with Greece, which grew out of the 
 refusal of that government ic make reparation for losses sustuined by cer- 
 tain British subjects residing in that kingdom. The property of these 
 individuals had been seized, and their residences invaded by the populace; 
 out to all demands for redress, the government of Greece turned a deaf ear, 
 jDii! fiirc!? w!i! nccessLiri! V resorted to^ her norts blockadi^d^ and & bom- 
 
 i 
 
 i| 
 
764 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 bardment threatened. The demands of Great Britain were finally acceded 
 to. Bu in the meantime, France having offered her mediation in the 
 .Mntroversy, and Russia regarding with a jealous eye the doctrine of pro* 
 lection to British subjects residing in foreign countries, as understood and 
 upheld by Britain, a misunderstanding arose with those governments, 
 which for a time wore a somewhat threatening aspect. The dispute was, 
 by the firmness and diplomacy of the Foreign Ofl&ce, eventually brought 
 to a settlement. 
 
 The domestic incidents of the year were both varied and interesting. 
 Foremost among them may be mentioned the birth of a Prince on the 
 28th of April, to whom was given the name of " Arthur William Patrick 
 Albert." 
 
 On the 27th of June, a dastardly and unprecedented assault was made 
 on the Queen, while riding in an open carriage. A discharged officer, 
 named Robert Pate, w;is the assailant. With a cane he indicted a blow, 
 which cut through her Majesty's bonnet and slightly wounded her fore- 
 head. He was immediately arrested by the bystanders, and. it being 
 proved that he was subject to turns of insanity, was merely sentenced to 
 transportation for seven years. 
 
 The 2d of July witnessed an event which produced a profound sensa- 
 tion, not only in Britain, but throughout the world. We allude to the 
 death of the distinguished statesman, Sir Robert Peel. The ex-premier 
 had, on the 29ih of June, been to pay his respects to the Queen at Buck- 
 ingham Palace ; on his return, he was accidentally thrown from his horse, 
 and so seriously injured that all medical aid proved unavailing for his re- 
 covery. He expired on the night of July 2d, after passing through much 
 Bufl'ering. The proceedings in Parliament in view of the event, and the 
 generalpublic demonsirutions of grief, attested to the great popularity and 
 eminent reputation of the deceased. A public funeral, proflered by the 
 government, was declined in accordance with the previously expressed 
 wishes of Sir Robert, and he was committed without display or pomp, to 
 the family vault at Tamwonh. Sir Robert Peel \yas born on the 5ih of 
 February, 1788, and was therefore 62 years of age at the time of his 
 death. 
 
 No statesman of late years has wielded the influence which was pos- 
 sessed by the subject of these remarks. For forty years he was a member 
 of the House of Commons; and whether acting in this capacity, or as a 
 subordinate member of the Cabinet, or as Premier, he always displayed 
 the resources of a gifted' mind, and has left a lasting impress upon the age. 
 Originally the advocate of the views of the Tory parly, his fortsight and 
 prudence enabled him to discern how far it was safe to go, and led him to 
 the adoption of those wise concessions which marked the history of his 
 career. Thus, from being its opponent for eleven years, he became the 
 advocate of the Bullion hiw ; from opposing, he eventually puve his warm 
 support to the Catholic Emancipation bill ; and from being for a third of a 
 century a firm protectionist, his was the very arm which finally dealt the 
 death-blow to the Corn Laws, and opened the ports of Britain lo tree trade. 
 In the death of Sir Robert, England was deprived of her greatest states- 
 man and wisest counsellor. A monument to his memory was ordered by 
 the <irove"mien» to hp erected in WeRiminsier Abbey. 
 
 On the J:oih ot this montn, Baron Kothsciiiid, wii'o had been returned to 
 the House of Commons from London, made formal claim to h.^s seat in 
 that body, and demanded to be sworn on the Old Testament. This wai 
 the first instance in which a Jew had ever been elected lo Parliament, and 
 the novelty of the event, combined with the extraordinary demand just 
 ■lludfd to, created no little public excitement. The subject wns debated, 
 at great length, and its final determination postponed lo the next session. 
 
 One of iHuse popular exhibitions of aversion to tyrants and "heir toou 
 
'TT 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 iGb 
 
 which occasionally will occur among honest-hearted Englishmen, acus- 
 tomed themselres to liberty and just rule, took place in London in Seoteiu- 
 ber, on the occasion of the visit of ihe Austrian General, Haynau, to ihp 
 metropolis. General Haynau had, as Commander of the Austrian forces 
 in the Hungarian war, acquired an infamous reputation for the cruelly of 
 his treatment towards his Hungarian captives, and the general severity of 
 his measures during the Campaign. Being in London, lie chose to visit 
 the extensive brewery establishment of Messrs. Barclay & Co., when, his 
 presence becoming known to the workmen, he was assailed, driven from 
 the premises, and, but for the police, would hardly have escaped the fury 
 of his pursuers. The event elicited much newspaper comment, public 
 opinion for the most part sustaining the honest act of indignation on the 
 part of the populace; while the General very shortly left the kingrdom, to 
 seek an atmosphere more congenial to the agents of tyrannic cruelty and 
 oppression. 
 
 Her Majesty, this year, paid a visit to Belgium, and also renewed her 
 visit to Scotland. 
 
 In reviewing the Parliamentary measures of the year, we find nothing 
 of striking interest accomplished, although a variety of bills for social and 
 political reform, among them one for abolishing the Viceroyalty in Ireland, 
 were introduced and discussed. Parliament was prorogued on the loth 
 of August. 
 
 In November, an event of unusual interest occurred, which agitated the 
 public mind in England to a high degree — it being no less than the estab- 
 lishment by the Pope of Roman Catholic jurisdiction m England. This 
 matter met with indignant opposition, and Protestantism was seriously 
 startled by its bearing and tendency. As it came to be more fully under- 
 stood, however, it was seen that the act involved no interference wiih the 
 temporal powers of the government, and the excitement has since measur- 
 ably subsided, although Catholic influence continues to be regarded with 
 unusual watchfulness. 
 
 Among the deaths of eminent personages, may be chronicled thai of the 
 distinguished poet-laureate, William Wordsworth, which occurred on the 
 23d of April, of this year. His age was 81. 
 
 A. D. 1851. — The opening of the session of Parliament took place on the 
 4lh of February. Among the first acts, was the introduction, by Lord 
 John Russell, of a bill relating to the Catholic Ecclesiastical question. It 
 imposed a penalty of JilOO for the assumption by Catholic prelates of 
 titles to existing sees in any city or place in the kingdom, and renders the 
 acts of such prelates under such titles without effect. 
 
 On the 21st of the month, the Cabinet having sustained a defeat on the 
 question of extending the elective franchise to the occupiers of tenements 
 of the value of <£10, in the counties as well as in boroughs, resigned 
 office. Several days wers spent in a fruitless endeavor to form a new min- 
 istry ; when Lord John Russel was recalled, and resumed ofhce with a 
 cabinet slightly re-constructed. 
 
 We cannot better close our summary of events for the year, as far as we 
 have it in our power to extend it, than by noticing the great event of the 
 age — the Industrial Exhibition in progress in London, — the preparatiooa 
 for which have occupied the public mind for a year past. 
 
 'i : 
 
 J 
 
 
760 
 
 HISTORY OP THE WORLD. 
 
 THE CRYSTAL PALACE. 
 
 The origin of this remarkable building is generally understood. The idea 
 was bi'oached, early in the year 1800, of getting up an extensive Industrial 
 Exhibition, in which all the nations of the world should be invited to parti 
 cipate, by contributing thereto specimens of their respective productions, 
 both natural and artificial. A splendid structure, the result of the ingenious 
 suggestions of Mr. Joseph Paxton, Horticulturist to the Duke of Devonshire, 
 was erected in the beautiful and spacious grounds of Hyde Park, for the 
 purposes of the exhibition. It covered a superficies of 18 acres, and was 
 coustrncted of materials all cast and fitted at Birmingham, and simply put 
 togotiier wlien brought on to the ground. The quantity of glass used is 
 said to have amounted to 1,200,000 square feet; iron, 4,500 tons; besides 
 other materials. The exhibition was opened on the 1st of May, 1851, by the 
 Queen in pei-son, amid impressive pomp and parade, and the Crystal Palace, 
 and the wonderful display within its walls, became for a number of months the 
 centre of world-wide attraction. Here were collected the productions of nearly 
 every country on the face of the globe. From the farthest East to the ex- 
 treme West — from Europe, Asia, Africa, and America — came up the samples 
 of man's industry and skill, to be placed side by side in honorable compari , 
 son «nd generous competition. Even the isles of the sea sent their humble 
 offerings to swell the grand collection. Oliina was there with her beautiful 
 porcelain ; India with her curious fabrics ; Persia with her shawls and car- 
 pets ; Ceylon with her elephant tusks ; California with her gold ; and in 
 juxtaposition with the products of Barbaric splendor stood the varied, and 
 beautiful, and useful contributions from every State of Europe and America — 
 monuments of the skill, power, ingenuity, and taste, which civilization and 
 knowledge impart to its possessors. Among the many objects of v&^t utility 
 in the exhibition, it is proper to say that none elicited greater attention than 
 two of American invention, namely, the reaping machine of McCormick, 
 and the revolving pistol of Colt. As incidental to the exhibition, may also 
 be mentioned the match of ingenuity in locks, and the spirited yacht contest 
 off Cowos, in both of which the Americans bore away the palm ; in the 
 former trial, by the skill of their countryman, Mr. Ilobbs, and in the latter, 
 by tlie superior sailing of the famous yacht America. The exhibition was 
 brought to a close on the 15th of October, its receipts being estimated at 
 about £500,000, and the attendant expenses half that sum. A large num- 
 ber of prizes were awarded, to successful competitors from among the various 
 nations represented ; and the entire affair passed off with marked success, 
 and no doubt with great mutual advantage to all concerned. 
 
 On the 23d of the same month, the celebrated Hungarian chief, Louis 
 Kossuth, arrived in England. The presence of the man, whose revolutionary 
 fame had filled all Europe, since the commencement of the Hungarian strug- 
 gle for independence, was looked forward to with eager interest, and when 
 tiie distinguished exile landed at Southampton, it was but to bo surronnued 
 by an immense crowd of people of all chisses, wiiose cheers of welcom" 
 evinced tlio hearty sympathy and friendship entertained for him and the 
 cause of Hungary among Englishmen. On arriving at London, lie was re- 
 ceived by the Lord Mayor and civic authorities at Guildhall, and waited 
 ujjon by numerous deputations from corporate bodies, with invitations and 
 addresses. Subsequently ho visited Birmingham, Manchester, and other 
 provincial towns of note, addressing the gathered multitudes in impa-ssioned 
 speeches, and eliciting the admiration and sympathies of the British public. 
 
TT' 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 1G1 
 
 He, in the course of a month, visited the United States, and, after a brief 
 absence, returned, and has continued his residence in this country, watching 
 and awaiting the course of political events. 
 
 The close of the year was signalized by another political event of deep 
 import. The news was received of a new revolution in Fr.ince, effected 
 nnder peculiar circumstances. Louis Napoleon, the president of the repub- 
 lic, on the night of the 1st of December, seized the entire power of the 
 government, declared the dissolution of the National Assembly, arrested the 
 leading members of that body opposed to his policy, and announced his in- 
 tention of appealing to the army and people of JVance, in support of these 
 measures, and of an Immediate election of a president, who should retain 
 ottice for the term o! ten years. 
 
 There was no general rising, but the revolution was not altogether blood- 
 less. In Paris barricades were erected in some quarters, and for one or two 
 days there was fighting in the streets in small parties. The fire of the troops 
 on these occasions did vastly more damage to innocent spectators and 
 passers-by, and to the peaceful occupants of neighboring houses, than to 
 any body of insurgents with which they were called to deal. It is esti- 
 mated that hundreds of innocent persons fell victims to the fire of the 
 soldiery. 
 
 The election was immediately held, and Napoleon was declared chosen by 
 a very large majority of the suffrages. 
 
 A. I). 1852.— In the month of November, of this year, the Duke of Welling- 
 ton, so long famous in Englisii history, as one of the greatest generals of his 
 times, died at an advanced age. His funeral was celebrated with great pomp 
 and magnificence. 
 
 The present year witnessed an extraordinary discovery of gold in tlie pos 
 
 3sions of Britain in Australia. The scenes which occurred in Californit 
 
 cessions 
 
 ma 
 
 were re-enacted in the British colony Just named, and the same e.xciteinent 
 and emigration in pursuit of gold have been witnessed here that took place 
 in the United States upon the intelligence of the golden discoveries on the 
 Pacific shore. 
 
 Meantime affairs in France were assuming another and still more impor- 
 tant phase. The real intention ascribed to Louis Napoleon, of aiming at 
 imperial power, was about to be proven true. By a combination of politic 
 contrivances, he had been preparing the way for the realization of his am- 
 bitious designs, and on the 8th of November the official journal contained 
 the report of the Senate for the re-establishment of the Empire. Louis 
 Napoleon was declared Emperor, under the title of Napoleon III. ; and by a 
 decree the French people were required to cast their ballots on the 21st and 
 22d of the same month, in ratification or rejection of the proposition. Like 
 tlie proposition for his election to the presidency, in violation and subversion 
 (if the established constitution, the year before, the present proposition was 
 but a mere form. It was already a forgone conclusion that he sliould be 
 made the Emperor of France, and the purse and the sword were at his com- 
 mand to enforce, if necessary, obedience to his will. The balloting was 
 held, and on the 1st of December, the votes were counted by the Legislative 
 corps, and were, in favor of the Empire and Napoleon, 7,864,189; against, 
 253,189 ; and null, 63,420. The coronation and marriage of the Emperor 
 followed in due course— the last event occurring early in the following year. 
 The Empress Eugenie, of France, is- of Spanish and Scotch descent, and bo- 
 fore her nuptials was known as the Countess de Montijo. 
 
 A. D. 1863. — Turn we now to those important events which were so soon 
 to engage the attention and energies of Britain. Passing over the l)irth ol 
 another royal i)rince, on the 8tii of April, 1853, and the various ministerial 
 measures relating to the home and colonial interests of the country, which 
 engaged the attention of Parliament and the nublic during this year — 
 among tliem the discussion of the fishery troubles with the United Statet., 
 
 1 i ■ 
 
768 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 83 regardetl tlio British North American provinces,— we come to thoae 
 events which are connected with the important and sanguinary war in 
 wliicli Europe is now engaged. . , _, , 
 
 A difficulty sprang up during the year 1853, between Russia and Turkey, 
 bused on tlie unwillingness of the latter to accord to the former certain 
 claimed rights touching the regulation of the religions polity and interests 
 of the subjects of the Sultan who were of tlie Greek church. From certain 
 otficial Russian correspondence, which has since been published, it would 
 appear that the Czar had long regarded Turkey in the liglit of "a sick man," 
 (to quote his own expression,) whose possessions it might become expedient 
 to divide at any moment. The religious question alluded to above soems to 
 have been seized as a proper pretext for creating a misunderstanding with 
 the Sultan, which should lead to subsequent war and Russian aggrandize- 
 ment. England and France took the part of Turkey in the controversy, and 
 endeavors were made to adjust the conflicting claims of the disagreeing par- 
 ties. Turkey rejecting the demands of Russia, the latter at once marched 
 an army into the Turkish Danubian provinces, and took possession. This 
 caused a declaration of war from Turkey, and immediately the two coun- 
 tries were engaged in a bloody struggle. The Turks condu ted themselves 
 with great bravery, under Oraer Pasha and other leaders, and in the en- 
 gagements which took place were generally successful over their northern 
 foe. The English and French during the time dispatched a fleet to the neigh- 
 borhood of the Black Sea ; meantime continuing with the most earnest ef- 
 forts to bring about a reconciliation. The equivocal position of Austria and 
 Prussia in these negotiations, rendered them more difficult and protracted. 
 Finally, every endeavor to effect a peaceful understanding failing, the Rus- 
 sians pressing hard on Constantinople, and at the close of the year commit- 
 ting a savage and saccesuful attack on the Turkish town of Sinope, the allied 
 powers of France and England felt that they could no longer in honor or 
 safety permit the farther prosecution of the war without their interference. 
 
 A. D. 1834— Accordingly, on the 28th of March, 1854, a declaration of 
 war a-^ainst Russia was declared by the Queen and Parliament ; and on the 
 same day a similar declaration was made by the French government. 
 Measures were immediately taken by both governments for the dispatch ot 
 troops to the seat of war, and an army of 60,000 French and English troops 
 were soon on their way thither. A powerful French and English fleet, un- 
 der r"r Cliarles Napier, was also sent to the Baltic. The Baltic expedition, 
 though strengthened subsequently by a large body of French troops, was 
 unable from a variety of causes, to effect all that was expected m the way 
 of seizing upon the fortified Russian ports of that sea ; captures were made, 
 however, of several important positions, among them Bomarsund and the 
 Aland Isles, while the commerce of Russia was completely crippled by the 
 presence of the French and English fleet. . , t,, u 
 
 But we have to do more particularly with the operations m the Black 
 Sea 'ilw declaration of war by the allied powers was the signal for imme- 
 diate action in that quarter. On the 23d and 24th of April, an attack was 
 made on OdessTi by the allied fleet, and a large number of Russian ships 
 were taken or destroyed. Meantime the Turks had succeeded i:i driving 
 back their invaders acro.-s ''..e Danube, having successfully repulsed them 
 at the siege of Silistria. During the summer the RuRsians, for stragetic 
 purposes, evacuuted tlie Principalities, continuing, however, their operations 
 in Asia, and awaiting the movements of the allies. The latter, after « hrirf 
 period of inaction, at Varna and Scutari, during which the troops suffered 
 much from sickness, resolved upon an attack on Sebastopol— the most im- 
 portant port of Russia on the Black Sea, and one deemed by many quite 
 impregnable. For this important undertaking extensive preparations were 
 made ''and on the 14th of September a landing of the invading armies was 
 mad"' from the aUied sauadron. on the shores of the Crimea, in the bay of 
 
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HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 769 
 
 Eupatoria, a point to the east of Sebastopol, and a march began towards 
 that, city, the fleet intending to co-operate in the attack. The forces con- 
 sisted of about 2G,000 EngHsh and 23,000 French troops ; the former under 
 Lonl Raglan and the latter under Marshal St. Arnaud. On the 20th, the 
 allied army reached the river Alma, where a desperate battle ensued with 
 the enemy. The intrenched camp of the Russians, numbering about 50,000 
 men, was stationed on the heights bordering this river. They were attack- 
 I'd by the allied troops, who carried the position by the bayonet after a se- 
 vere struggle, with a loss of nearly 8,000 killed and wounded, while the 
 enemy suiiered much more severely, and Avere entirely routed from the 
 field. The intelligence of this brilliant success, coupled with a report of the 
 hnmediate fall of Sebastopol, created great public rejoicing in England and 
 Franco. The latter rumor was, however, premature. The allied troops ad- 
 vanced to and took possession of Balaklava, invested Sebastopol in a tew 
 days, and commenced regular siege operations against the place. These 
 operations proved of a difficult and protracted nature. 
 
 Here it may be proper to present a brief description of this famous Rus- 
 sian stronghold. The city of Sebastopol consists of a series of platforms 
 running up a steep acclivity from the sea to the high hills which tower over 
 it at the distance of a league and a half, and from the top of which is un- 
 folded the whole panorama of the town and harbor. From this configura- 
 tion of the ground, it follows that the town is built one part over the other, 
 BO as to form an amj)hitheatre. Tiie town contains several monuinenis, and 
 among others, the churches, and princi|>ally all the buildings of the navy, 
 the arsenal, the barracks, and the hospitals. Its population is .ibont 40,000 
 ordinarily, though now largely increased by the presence of a large Russian 
 army. The roadstead and port are almost unattackablo by sea, on account 
 of the great forts, erected at an immense expense, which stand as det'enccs, 
 and the narrow and sinnons channel leading to tiie inner bay. Across this 
 channel, the Russians sank a large number of tiieir siiips-of-the-lino, when 
 they found themselves invested, passing moreover an immense chain across 
 to serve as a further obstacle to ingress on tlio part of the invading fieet. 
 The principal fort on the north side of the harbor is a large octagon.il bat- 
 tery ; nearer to the promontory is the Telegraph Hattery of 17 guns. The 
 Quarantine Hay on the west is defended by tiie double buttery of the same 
 name. The celebrated marine forts of Constantino, Alexander, and Nicho- 
 la.1 are situated on the level of the sea, guarding the entrance to the harbor. 
 It was supposed that tlie possession of the upjier grounds, in the rear of 
 the town, would enable the allies to win an easy victory. From the 8U|)e- 
 rior elevation of the gromid, if once they were in posHCssion of the height* 
 round about, or any part of them, even without ro(l\icing all tiie forts of 
 the enemy which crown the neighboring eminences, it was thought tliat the 
 port, the Russian fleet in it, nnd possibly the town itselt; would ho com- 
 manded, and the whole place be at the mercy of the invaders. But unfort.- 
 Boen (lifiiculties were to bo encountered. The besieging armies were com- 
 pelled to open their trendies at an unusual distance from the place, whilo. 
 from tho Hliallowiiess of the soil, it proved a work of great difiiculty and 
 slowness to go forwaid with them. Add to this, the land (lefences of xhit 
 town, which were far more powerful thaib anticipated, tho prodigal amount 
 of warlike stores possesKod and used by the Kussiiins, their determined and 
 frtimticid re^-istancc^, tho constant rcinforcctneiits which they were enabled to 
 avail themselves of, and the inability of the allied fleet to n>nder any osseii- 
 tlul co-operation in the attack upon the place, and it i» not i)erhap» sur|)ri- 
 sing that the siege proved to be one of great difiiculty and dehiyed suwh-ss. 
 
 AVo will give a brief sketch of some of the most prominent incidents of the 
 (doge. Af\er the contitiuanco of land operations up to tho 17th of (.)(;tober, 
 (Jencral Oanrohert having, in tho mean time, succeeded t<> the (.onimand of 
 the Ff-er.f:!i mni in eoiise-jnc-nee of tlse dvath t?f (i=,!..o.r."J. St. Arunud. it ^a as 
 
 Vol.. I. 49. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■| I 
 
\ 
 
 
 770 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 resolved to mnke (i nniterl attack upon Ihe jilnce, Vy soa and land. Tlie 
 cannotiudo on tho land side commenced a little before seven in the morning. 
 Sluirtly after, a terrible explosion took place on tiio left of the French line, 
 which threw every thing into confusion ; many guns were dismounted, and 
 the accident seems to have had the etfcct of nearly suspending operations 
 for the day. On the part of the Britisli, a vijj;orous lire took place, re- 
 turned by one of equal obstinacy from the Kus^sians. About midday the 
 fleets stood in to engage the batteries at tho ni')utli of tho bay. The fire of 
 tlieir vessels was as effective as could be expected, and in better circumstances 
 the combined fleets might have won an easy victory. But nature interposed 
 difficulties perfectly insurmountable. Tho waler in the neighborhood of the 
 works on each side is shoal, and it is impossible for vessels of any size te 
 run in closer than from 800 to 1,100 yards. The conseipience was, that 
 although tlie enemy were several times driven from their guns, of which not 
 a few were dismounted, yet the damsigo done to the works which guard the 
 entrance to Sebastopol was extremely small. The fighting lasted all day, 
 and not a fewof the ships of ihe allies were severely injured, and Avere 
 obliged to be sent to Constantinojjlo for repairs. 
 
 The next important engagement took place on the 25th of October. 
 Prince MenschikotF, tlie Russian commander, on the morning of that day, 
 having been largely reinforce<l, sent (feneral Liprandi with some 30,000 troops 
 to attack the allies at the T<^liernaya, intending, after assailing them in tlie 
 rear, to turn to tho right and seize ISalaklava. Having succeeded in seizing 
 some of tho outer defences which weie guarded by Tm-kish troops, they 
 were repulsed by the well-directed fire of the (t8d regiment and an im- 
 petuous onset of French and British cavalry. Having formed their ranks 
 and stationed their artillery at a new positii)n, they were again charged by 
 the English Light Brigjulo under Lord Cardigan (acting under a misunder- 
 bUkuI order which he had received). The British loss was very severe — of 
 607 composing the Brigade, but l!t8 returning from tho attack'. The Rus- 
 sians retired ; but on tlio ensuing day made a sortie, seven or eight thousand 
 strong, from Sebastopol, attacking the right of the English division under 
 Hir Do Lacy Evans. Tliey were successfullv rcpulHcd. These two engage- 
 ments etit4iiled considerable loss on tho allies, though the Russians sutfered 
 still more severely. 
 
 Anotiier and still more sanguinary battle occuri-ed on the 5th of Novem- 
 ber, known as the battle of Inkermann. The Russians, to the number of 
 00,000, made a general and des])erato attack on the positions of the besiegers. 
 The battle was at its height about 8 o'cKxik. The column of attack on the 
 Russian right, whidi canio up to the Knglish position nearest to Sobastopol, 
 was mainly resiste*! by tho Fourln Division and Marines. Tho Russian 
 oontro was priiicipaliy resisted hv the Stc(»nd Division and the Light i)ivis- 
 ion; and some ol tiio Third Division and tho IJrignde of Guards were op- 
 posed to tiio third or loll attacking cohimn of tlio Russians. Tho English 
 troops wi^ro at lirst driven back, and tiio Fourth Division had in a short 
 time all itJ* gonorals— Sir Oeorgo ('athcart and Brigadiers Goldio and Tor- 
 rens — killed or mortally womided, and 700 men, more than one (piartor of 
 its strength, put hor» <le combnt. Tho other <livisi<inH also suHercd severely. 
 But at tho liour of newl, tho FreiM^h columns move<l down impetiKHisly on 
 the enemy, and taking tiiom in I lie tiank, forced tlicm back along tho side of 
 the hill under the tiro of tiio Knglish di'isions. Tho allies ciiargcd thorn,, 
 and hailtul ball atid siiot into them with deadly elVe(;t. The enemy, though 
 supported by the tiro of tremendous artillery, could not withstand ihcm, 
 and bcft>ro noon, their army was retiring before tiie invaders, A severe 
 r»in storin now occ.urre<l, whicih onabUwl them to collect and make another 
 stand ; but the allies sjtoedily drovo tliein back, and suon thoy were in full 
 retreat towards Sebastopol covered with their guns. The lo-sos in this en- 
 
 ur.il*it tultliniltAul tjl luk t\f tli/t li^iifvliMli ulw%ltf Q AAA l/UKwl iiikI 
 
 C"S 
 
 — .^..JMip .^.j-^*.-- »....*«. 
 
'i 
 
 HISTORY OF THE "WORLD. 
 
 77V 
 
 I 
 
 wounded ; of the French, 1,726 killed and wounded : and of the Russians 
 2,961 killed and 5,791 wounded. 
 
 These severe losses on the part of the allies, and the difficulties of the 
 siege, caused much excitement at home and called for reinforcements to the 
 seat of war. 
 
 While the English and French recruits, wifh ammunition,^cIothins and pro- 
 visions, were on the point of landing at Balaklava, a severe tempest occurred, 
 resulting in the entire destruction of eleven transports, with many lives and 
 an immense quantity of supplies, of which both armies stood in urgent need. 
 Thifc calamity called Parliament together the 12th December, a period earlier 
 than usual, and the session was opened by the Queen in person. The speech 
 froni the throne, expressing a firm reliance on the patriotism and public 
 spirit of the nation, was received with unanimous approval. The debates 
 that followed, though savoring much of criticism from the opposition to the 
 ministry, urged the necessity of a vigorous, united and unyielding prosecu- 
 tion of the war, until an honorable peace should be secured. 
 
 Tlie hardships of the soldiers and the sickness that consequently followed, 
 touched the sympathies of the kind-hearted, and even women volunteered 
 to repair with them to the scene of war, to minister to the sick and 
 wounded. 
 
 Her Majesty's anxiety for the brave men who had been wounded, con- 
 soles the unfortunate sufferers and animates to increased exertion those who 
 have escaped the causalities of war. 
 
 A. D. 1855. The reverses of the allies, the general bad management of 
 the expedition, and the great difficulty in transporting the necessaries for 
 the army from Balaklava to the troops, produced among the besiegers a 
 wasting fatigue, privation and exposure, and produced such a strong public 
 excitement at home against the War Department, that the ministry were 
 compelled to resign, and a new cabinet was formed under Lord Palmerston 
 as premier. Although fears were entertained for the health of the Czar, 
 and some were thoughtful of his death, mysterious heaven had marked the 
 2d day of March as the time to thrill the heart of the empire and electrify 
 the whole of Europe. Nicolas died of paralysis, and his son Alcxpnder, at the 
 ago of 37, succeeded him, not only in his position but in his policy, and with 
 a firm reliance on the native zeal and bravo patriotism of his countrymen, 
 resolved to wage the contest to the desired termination. On tho 22d and 
 23d of March the Russians made a sally from the city, with a terrible on- 
 slaught of the allies. The besieged continued to harrass tho besiegers by 
 sorties which frequently proved fatal to both sides. 
 
 The allied forces were constantly increased, and tho troops only awaited 
 orders for a general assault. On the 23d of May, in a battle that lasted 
 nearly all night, tho French carried on a severe fight with nearly tho entire 
 garrihoii of Sobastopol. On tho following day the allied squadron entered 
 the straits of Kcrtch and destroyed everything within its reach. 
 
 June 6Mi the bombardment of the city was recommenced, and on the 18th 
 tho French and English made an assault on tho Mamelon and Redan 
 towers, but wore compelled to retire with a frightful loss of life. On tho 
 Ifilh of Augu8t was fought the battle of Traktir Bridge, with a loss of 20 
 officers and 3 000 men. 
 
 The bombardment of the city continued with some short intervals through 
 a long and desperate sieijo, unparalleled in the annals of military prowess, 
 from tho 1st of July until nhnut noon of Bept. 8, when a general assault 
 on the MalakoflT by the French, and the Redan by the English was success- 
 fully made. 
 
 Fortress after for' ross exploding, filled tho air with volumes of smoke and 
 broken fragments. The oity itself, as if cnraEcd, burst forth iu streams of fiorv 
 
112 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 vengeance, and presented to the allies, as they stood aloof in amazement, n 
 scene not much unlike that of a vast crater. Fleet coursers sped their way 
 from hill-top to hill-top, aiding telegraphic lines to proclaim the tidings 
 throughout the Eastern Continent, and swift-winged transatlantic birds of 
 passage wafted to the New World the thrilling cry, Sbbastopol is 
 FAM-GN ! ! ! 
 
 The preceding engraving represents the city on the morning of the final 
 assault. 
 
 The Malakoff and Redan towers may be seen on the left. The Russians 
 crossed over from Fort Alexander to Fort Constantine. 
 
 On the 6th Nov., the troops under Omar Pasha, with the water np to their 
 armpits, under a terrible fire forced the jjasango of tlie river Anakara, or On- 
 flour, in Georgia, which was defended by 1(5,000 Russians. They attacked 
 thb Russian redoubts at the point of the bayonet, and carried them despite 
 the dosi)erate resistance of tiie enemy. The Russian loss was 400 dead, 
 among whom were two superior ofliccrs and 100 subalterns. The Turk? 
 captured live cannon, seven anununitiou carts, and 40 prisoners, with the loss 
 of (58 killed and 220 wounded. 
 
 Soon after 2,500 Russian infantry and 400 cavalry attacked the three vil- 
 lages of the eastern extremity of the valley of IJaidar, and after an hours 
 sharp fighting retreated, leaving thirty i)risoners, and sutt'ering the loss of 
 many killed and wounded. The cold season coming on, active operations ia 
 the field wore suspended for the winter. The Russians occupied thomsolvoa 
 in strengthening their position and the erection of new batteries, while the 
 Allies remained as (juiet as circumstances would allow. 
 A D 185fl Meanwhile diplomacy was at work, and Austria, with tlia 
 ■ ■ ■ consent of England and Franco, submitted certain peace propo- 
 
 (litions to the Russian government, the substance of which was — 1st. Com- 
 plete abolition of the Russian protectorate. 2d. Surrender of the Danubo 
 mouth to the representatives of European governments. 3d. Neutralization 
 of the Black Sea. 4th. New securities and guarantees for religious and no- 
 lilical rights — with the riglit reserved to the bolligorout Powers to bring for- 
 ward particular conditions beyond these four guarantees. Count Esterhazy 
 bore the dispatch to the Czar, wiio received the propositions as the basis of 
 negotiations. Accordingly plenipotentiaries were appointed to conclude an 
 armistice, and a definite treaty of peace at Paris, Feb. 23d. The treaty wiis 
 signed on the 80th of March, agreeing substantially witli the proposition sub- 
 mitted by Austria. Thus was a peace concluded, alike safe and honorable to all 
 the parties, securing all the alleged objects for which the war had Insen waged. 
 Appeiuled to the treaty are the following conventions, viz. : Russia is not 
 to fortify the Aland Islands ; the Dardanelles to be closed to vessels of war, 
 excepting ligh*. vessels on diplomatic service ; and the Russian and Turkish na- 
 val forcj in the iUack Sea to bo limited to six steam-vessels of not more than 
 800 tons, and ft)nr smaller vessels not exceeding 200 tons. 
 
 France, England, and Austria soon thereafter entered into a separate treaty 
 gnariinteeinp the iiulependenco and integrity of tiie Ottoman empire. 
 
 Innnediate preparations were made for the removal of the troops and wit- 
 <«TiV/ from t lie seat of war, and the definite evacuation of the Crimea took 
 
 fdftco July Bth of this year, on whinh day Marshal Pelissicr embarked for 
 lomo. July Dili the (Juards from the Crimea entered London, after an iib- 
 eence of two years. Their march through the principal streets to their barracks 
 was witnessed by the Queen and royal family, and crowds of ladies and gentle- 
 men waived them a welcome from the balconies of the royal palace. Thus has 
 closed one of the most important warliko contests of the present century, at an 
 expense of an enonnous amount of money, and not less than 1,000,0(K) livo.'», 
 of whom scarcely onothird fell iu action, or died of wounds received in battle. 
 
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THK 
 
 HISTORY OF THE WORLD: 
 
 A «?l',KKr.Af. mSTOKV 
 
 (.OMI'IUSINO 
 
 noTii axc!1i:n I" and modkkn. or ah, thk pbincipal 
 
 NATIONS or THIO OLOBK, 
 
 IHI-IK KISi;, PUOOUKSiS, PWtiJKSV COSDIIlK.S, t.H). 
 
 Kmbr.ioiti' a lirkrsccoiint, of the r.asflan War, ami a complete history of tU» Uiiitod Stntca ti) thu 
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 By SAMITEL KAUMBER, Author of "The Treasury of Knowledge," "Biographical 
 
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 VMlttd by .Io!lN IsMAN-, i:H\. (lite Editor of tim .Veco York- Commcn-uil JihiertiMt;) 
 uud otlior disflngulsbod American Author,". 
 
 Til* wliobi cmbcm^iicul with niiuiorous cngravinsa (l)CflHtifuUy colored by linnil in Imltotloii 
 
 of nnturo) roprcNcntinj; battle sccncn, vlcwa of cities, prominent cvcntn. flags of 
 
 t lu^ ilitlerent nations, coroniitious, processions, costumes, etc., etc. 
 
 In lu-o iarso octavo volumes conlainin- upwards of l.SOO paces and illustrat.'d with thlrly.|,w.> 
 ■colored ensiravins?, executed in llio most modern .-lylc, niter antlientio p ctures, to^'ethcr with a (/Mit 
 of Ui.6 Flaof oj Me w/WH« jVaWc/w, appropriately colored, and bound in embossed and gilt leather 
 Mndiu;;, with m.irblnd edgc.^. 
 
 The 
 
 auccoss that has attended this grent work sinco U« first nubl CiUoii is unprcoodonted. I 
 n IncreaeliiK In iU wde, imtil over tliroo Imndred thousand volunus Imvc been sold, and a 
 ■r of Actutii aro now maklns ft'om %\m to K""" » >"««>• i" I'.s .'nle. 
 
 It ban 
 larijo 
 
 {(cue on 
 number 
 
 The followinu aro iv few extracts IVoni the n.uncrous rfccoiiimendivtiouR tlit '• History of the Woriil" 
 lias alrcidy received: , ,, .. 
 
 I have carefully examined '-Tho llisuiry of tbe Worbl," by .lolm Inmim, Ksq.. and liiul it a work 
 .•xhlbiUn;j; uroiit hiatorieal roscnrcU ; and it cannot fi;il to bo useful and iiistructlvo ns a work tor -..u- 
 nil eirc'.ilatiou, and 1 wouUl therefore reeomuieml 11 to uU. 
 
 KUWAKl) UITCIIC'OCK, IWnhtait. 
 
 SorTK Hadm'.y I'^ALiJi, Mass. 
 esldent llilclicock. 
 
 1 am prepared to cxprew my concurrence in the remarks of I'lesi.ieiit hu.j.iluik. 
 
 As a book of roferonec or Rcnoral history, I tlunk It valuable to all who may possess it and it m.j>'. 
 in a great measure supply the place of lurser and more expensive works, which lew fiiimllos l^^id ab.e 
 ro po6sc>*. ikj'^ \ . * .... 
 
 FromP,•ofi!>i«ovEln,u•Mn,ot^ll'hH•(l■(^IK(^|^^Sl•.minarl^. 
 
 I have examined tho "History of the Worhl." and think It parlloMlarly valuable, cspecla ly to »uc,i 
 ■ts have not access to moro extended works of history ; and even to those who have such work.s, U 
 will often bo found an Important help, a.s it brines >lown the history of the Vl''",'',^',? ,*.''., K.'Jrw 
 time. So fur a.i I have observed, the author appears iuipartial. KAl.l ll i'.Mhur?i.ia. 
 
 llANovKr. Coi.i.p.iiK, Iwn. 
 
 I hav,. examined tho '■ Hi;(torv of the World." and know it to be ;i work of Ul|{h cliiwaeter and value, 
 whleil I can "ordially rccommond to public putioi.a^'e. M, BTUItO IJS. /Vo,e.v»or of laudm'Oe^ 
 
 From the Jinltiuwve (Mppti: 
 
 niSToRY Off TUB WoRLH.— This new work from tho press of IKnvy Hill. i-. one ol the most inaK'ii.L 
 cent Issues for a lone time. We were shown a copy on Friday, and were highly pleased with its coi. 
 lonts! it consist^ o? two rovnl octavo volumes, embellished with fort v splendid ensravin^*, and em- 
 braces a comnloto history of' all nations and prominent events, and makiUij; it Invaluable to eilliei the 
 prlrate or public library. 
 
 Frai)^ th« Xonelch (Conn.) Aurora. 
 
 HlSTOKT OFTnn Wor.Li..-A very considerable portion of tho readina public are alrea. y persomilly 
 ^cmalnted with the merits of the work entitled "Tho Treasury of rtlstory or a History ol th>. 
 WorUV' published by Mr. Henry Bill of this city. It ha,^ mot with a more extet.siv.> sale, probably 
 than any other work of a similar character over issued fr.uii tho press in this country ; and "t >io tin ; 
 !i,is the .lomand f,.r It been greater than at pre.sent-numerot.s agents belni; sueecss ully employed i 
 n^rl7ove"y State and the most In.portantVoundos in tlio Union, In Us <lissemination , In short, " 
 ilm laa boe^ t V-a ,..p precisely such a book as llie prent miss of tho ix-ople want, an<l we ly-nKratn. 
 \Z tlTe publlsU on 'ids miceess. That wc do not to., hishly extol tl.c work, every one will lulm.t 
 who has examined It. or who may take the trouble to do so. 
 
 Frointlie r!ii.'(i(}i'(,I'!.) Tfihuiie. .,.,,, . «. 
 
 niwor.v OP ritr. WoRi.a-The above Is a sueeinet and accurate description of historical events from 
 the date of the earliest authentic records do«n to tho .present time. As a book J'f. J< f', y;;'/"',*^,,'^",,,!'';; 
 
 Hudeiil an<l pr;.rrssi..iial mali. 6S woU as lor ihosc wiio nave iioi iftstiTe tr. f- '•-"'■ •'<-'>■ •' >- - 
 
 iletail, we relrir.l it X'^ tlin vi-ry best bot.k Ihul !n.s fallon under our ohwrvatlo*- 
 
TUK 
 
 lilttminatf b f istorg af il«rt| %mtxm, 
 
 KEOM THK EACLIE8T PERIOD TO THK PIIE8ENT TIME; 
 
 Coinprislng the oarl7 disoorerieg by the Spanish, Fre»ca, and other navlgatow; • sketch of th. •(>»■ 
 riginal «nhabitant8 and American antiquities'; on historHaJ wcoant of Mexi." ° ""'^'^ 
 central America, Greenland, and the present British provinces ; 
 
 ma a Cmn^ilcte Hutoi'y oftU UniUd States to tUjn^esent time. 
 
 and the Intn Witr 
 statistiual 
 
 IneliHlInc the French and Indian Warj, the War of the Revolution, that of 1812, 
 with Mexico; and a complete awouut of California, valuable gtatistl 
 tables Irom the lato census, etc., etc. 
 
 BY JOIIiX FROST, LL. D. 
 
 Illustrated >,MU,mvr !;>!''; Imn.lmd cnsravlnp., w.no of which arc bcautil\illy colored, c<.n,UI,lnff of 
 
 l.attlo scom-s > ipx^ of citU s, iiromincut ev.nts, an.l portraits of distiuKulshod iiieii 
 
 trom designs of Croome, Dovcn'ux, and other celebrated artfita. 
 
 Uy out lai-ffn octavo volume containing orer 700 jHigcs, hound in. enhonaed and nUt 
 Icai/ier l)iiuiut(/, v:ith. marOkd eilgcH. 
 
 Some of the most lntcr(<3tln-f.ncnps in the urcat drama of human Ufa have been enacted on the 
 North American Continent The .stirrin- cveuU connected with its disc" vcrr-t « "stab lUhUnl 
 EnXTi^\;™dls f tL°m^^^^^^ early WarH of tho Hpantard., the Fremd^thenuld,, a'dTe 
 the^triumiKf in n^trv Ih endprant, and the advcnturor-tlio advance of civiilzatlon- 
 
 ^onoral Soim, n^^^^^^^ "'."' establishment of the T:rp„l,lir. combined with tU. 
 
 fhXdnatterlaiio' """^ '"'-"actual progress, impart to tho history of North Americ:. 
 
 J^J^^^^^I^:^^'^''' -^'-^^ "^-" ->^ th„r.„„My understood without 
 othI*°*"*"**°'^ "' '^'"'"^'^"^"■^^'^^ great pici,ivA,to discover tho rolatiwi which the parts boar to eaoli 
 
 H,ILT.!i°ifi'®'i'" "^r 'n'l''C';'l *" ff^'o t'l's ^vork, observinR the want among tho ma.sscs of a boob na' 
 tlonal n Its eliaruetcr, which would meet tho wants of those even of tho sraallebt means and at tha 
 '^"iToof"ncarl 20000 T*'''^ featm-Obof more elaborate and expcusivo books. It ha;, already rc:iche.) 
 
 In the Kn|2^1ish and German Lanyiiaj^es. 
 
 THK 
 
 ILLUSTRATED NEW WORLD: 
 
 CONT.\IKIXC 
 
 A OK>JKKALni!»T.'i:V Of .\I.l, TIIi: VAKIOTS XATIOXS AM) IM.J'U BLIPS OV 'VUV 
 
 \Vi:^TKUN CONTINKNT. 
 
 TIIKil'. UISi:, IMtOGUKSS, AM) I'RESK.VT f O N D I T 1 O M , 
 
 PMinprisintr early dlM-..vorirs by the Spr.nl.«h French, and other navigators, an account of the Amer- 
 ican Indians, with a comi.lete history of tho United Htates from tho llrst gottlement to the 
 Iircwnt time, with Geoptraphicnl descriptions of each State and Territory, an 
 I'inborate appendix, with important instructions to emigrant*, ' 
 « aaliitifc'ton's Farcwi 11 Addrens, and other public 
 doinimuiits, statistical tables 4c. dsc. 
 
 EDITED IJY JOHN L. DENISON, A. M., 
 
 And Translated by GEOKQE DIETZ, lato Tranalator for the Stete of Penmylvania. 
 
 riio wholo jlliistratod with over three hundred Kn-r:ivlnss (many of which are splendidly colored > 
 .•onjisUiu ol biitlle seen. ^ \W\y^ of cities, prondnt nl events, and portraits of dlstin'-iished men from 
 ■lesicns ot the nu.st celcl.rnted a.U.sts, In one larfro royal octavoS-olume, containing SSO.S ovo 
 •ulcd \\\ modi rn slvle, ami liound in embo^^ed Kilt leather binding. b >«" l "«i.», o.vo 
 
 n Is purely Amerieiin in Its cluiraiter, nud aims tiirouchout to Induct tho Immiirrant Into all tl^ 
 .mmners customs, and InsMtudons pneuliar to the United States, having for its object to Amcricanl/.' 
 this valuable element «>l our rapidly increasing population. 
 
 Tliis book has boon issued but a short time, and already nearly 15,000 conle« hnvn h^on ,j,\,\ Om- 
 A-,-T)t in.iKr, oror ^WA) per month sullinrf this book among tho Germans. " 
 
nCIORIAL mSTOBT OF THE WARS 
 
 or 
 
 THE UNITED STATES: 
 
 EMBRACING 
 
 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF ALL THE WARS OP THE CGILNTRV, 
 
 From its earliest settlement to the present time ; 
 
 Including the French and Indian Wars, the War of the Revolution, that of 1812, the Seminole 
 War, and the late War with Mexico, together with all other military operations. ^ 
 
 BY JOHN LEDYAKD DENISON, A. M. 
 
 Illustrated with numerous engravings, many of whicli are beautifully colored, consisting 
 of portraits of distinguished military commanders, life-like representations of the principal 
 battles, etc. ; fh>m designs by Lossing, Darloy, and other celebrated artists. 
 
 In one volume octavo, about 500 pages. 
 
 This is a cheap work, designed for that class of readers who are not able to purchase 
 more elaborate and expensive books, and to enable th» agents in part to meet their per- 
 sonal expenses by paying in books. It is a spirited work, and the reputation of the author 
 is a sufficient guaranty of its value. It may oe sold by subscription or otherwise, by the 
 agents only. 
 
 [in I'lUSSS, SOON TO BE IBSUKl).] 
 
 f irtorial iistorji of tlje laiji) ot \\}t UmM Staks : 
 
 EMBRAClXtt 
 
 A COMPLETE HISTORY OV ALL THE NAVAL BATTLES OF THE COUXTUY, 
 From its earliest settlement to the present time ; 
 Together with all other naval operations, rncluding the Expedition to Japan under Com- 
 modore Perry, and the Explorations in the Arctic Regions by Dr. Kane. 
 
 BY JOHN LEDYARD DEKISON, A. M. 
 
 Illustrated with numerous engravings, many of which are colored by hand by the best 
 artists. . 
 
 In one volume, octavo, about 400 pages. Designed as a companion to the Pictorial His- 
 tory of the WarSj and by the same distinguished author, and sold in the same manner. 
 
 PICTORIAL. BIOORAPHT 
 
 Of 
 
 A^ISTDRE^V^ JA.CKSOISr. 
 
 Embellished with numerous engravings, many of which are colored by hand by the best 
 
 artists, representing battle scenes, etc. etc. 
 
 From designs by Benson J. Lossing, Croome, and others. 
 
 BY JOHN FROST, LL. D. 
 
 In one volume octavo, 560 pages. Same style and price as the Pictorial Wars of the 
 Unit«(l States, and sold in same manner. 
 
ABS 
 
 I'ln', 
 
 le Seminole 
 itionR. 
 
 , consisting 
 le pi'inciptu 
 
 to purchase 
 t their per- 
 r the author 
 vise, by the 
 
 JUXTUY, 
 
 under Coin- 
 ane. 
 
 by the best 
 
 ictorial His- 
 manner. 
 
 ST. 
 
 by the best 
 
 SVurs of th«