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BUCKET, at Tully'$ Head^ ^^> iUrry-Strcet, in ihe Strand, ffmi ■■ ■ i.. ;sii>v ,i,y,,;;; M DCC vfe;l '' t j"''- ^§1 HI ■^ 1^*!' * gf^- ^ x^Bja^iUfcMjiUi'JM ifc 111 lb ii,>a.'ii ■tT)j^> *'1l » < )>|»«. - C2 in k tz <) • n I, It' £1: .»**..;.., % ^m% a fi^il^/ THE INTEREST ;, I. ,^'iL.U OF GREAT BRITJ With Regard to her CO L O.N I E S. I Have pcrufed with no fmJlll pleafure ^t Lttief addreffed te fti;0 Great Men, and the Remarks on that letter. It is not merely from the beau- ty* the force and perfpicuity of e^tpreflionj or the general elegance of manner confpicuoiis in both pamphletSj that my pleafure chiefly arifes j it h ra- thei* from this, that I have lived to fee fubjeds of the greateft importance to thia nation publickiy dil^ cufled without party views, ot party heat, vSfti de<* cency and politenefs, and with no othct #arriitH than what a zeal for the bonoiiir and happJnefs^ 6f our king and country may infpire j--and'thjs^ Writers whofe underftanding (however the^^fci differ from each other) appears not uriequal'W th' candour and the uprightnefs of their intentie^.- '• ^ But, as great abilities have not always '^h^ fefeif information, there are, I apprehend, iri thcRmaf^k':^ Tome opinions not well founded', and fortie Wf*- takes of fo important a nature, as to rendef'a^fe'^ "bbfcrvations on them neceffary for the better infbH- mation of the publick. B The ^ .%'■ '. m ■% t 2 ] - The author of the Letter, who mud be every way beft able to Tuppoit his own Idntiments, will,' I hope, excLife me, if I fcem onicioufly to interfere j when he confiders, that the fpirit of patriotifm, like other qualities good and bad, is catching •, and that his long filence fince the Rem^,rks appeared has rfjade us defpair of feeing the fubjed farther difcufied by his maftcrly hand. The ingenious and candid remarker, too, who muft have been miQed himfelf before he employed his fkill and addrefs to miQead others, will certainly, fince he declares he aims at no fedu^ion,* be difpofed to excufe even the weakeft effort to prevent it. p And furely if the general opinions that pofTefs the minds of the people may pofTibly be of confequence in pub'ick affairs, it muft be fit to fet thoie opinions light, if there is danger, as theremarker fuppofes, thatf* extravagant expedlations" may embarafs *' a •virtuous and able miniftry," and " render the ne- gotiation for peace ^ work of infinite difficulty ;" -f there js no lels, danger that expedations too low, thro' -W^ant of proper information, may have a con- ti^ary ...effeffi:, may make even a virtuous and able n^ipi/jrylefs anxious,, and lefs attentive to the ob- tainipig. points, in which the honour and intereft of jthCj nation are effentially concerned ; and the peo- ple l^i^,hcarty in fupporting fuch a miniftry and its eafures. The people of this nation are indeed refpeftable, ot ; ^r their numbers only, but for their under- anding and their publick fpirit : they manifeft the firft, by their univerfal approbation of the late pnjdeiit and vigorous meafures, and the confidence they fo juftly repofe in a wife and good prince, and an honed and able adminiftration ; the latter jthey have demonilrated by the immenfe fupplics * Remarks, p. 6. f Remarks, p. 7. granted ^i"t [ 3 ] , ^_. ^.,_ granted in parliament unanimouny, ^ri(5 " pi'd through the whole kingdom with chearfufnefs. And fince to this fpirit and thefe fupplie| our *' vi(5lories and fuccefles"'* have in greht rp'eajure been owing, is it quite right, is it generous to fay, with the remarhr y th^z the people '* haci no ijial-e in acquiring them ?" The mf^re 'mob lie cannpt mean, even where he fpcoks of the tjiadnefs' i^t\e people-, for the madncfs of the mbb muft'pe''tqo feeble and impotent, arm'd as the govcrriment of this country at prefent is, to ** over-rule,"' 't'eVei: in the /lighted inftances, thfe ** virtue and moder^- *••--" of a firm and fteady miniftry. '' '■''^"'' tion Vi^hile the war continues, its fin:il event is qqite uncertain. The Vidtorious of this year may be the Vanqi,'ifh*d of the next. It may therefore be ibo early to fay, what advantages we ought abfoli^tely to infift on, and make t\\tjine ^uihiis non of a peace. If the neceffity of our affairs fliould oblige us to accept of terms lefs advantageous than our prefent fuccefles feem to promife us, an intelligent people as ours is, muft fee that necefllcy, and will ac- quiefce. But as a peace, when it is made, may be made haftily -, and as the unhappy continuance of the war affords us time to confider, among feveral advantages gain'd or to be gain'd, which of them may be molt for our intereft to retain, if fome and not all may poffibly be retained -, I do not blame the public difquifition of thefe points, as premature or ufelefs. Light often arifes from a collifion of opinions, as fire from flint and fteel •, and if we can obtain the benefit of the lights without danger from the heat fometimes produc*d by controverfy, why (hould we difcourage it ? Suppofing then, that heaven may ftill continue to blefs his Majefty's arms, and that the event of * Remarks, p. 7. f Remarks, p. 7. B 2 this 41 1 t 4 ] this juft war may put it in our power to retain i'omc of our conquefts at the making of a peace i let us confidcr whether we are to confine ourfelves to thofe poflefllons only that were *' the obje^s for which we began the war."* This the remarker feems to think right, when the queftion relates to ^ * Canada^ properly fo called,* it having never been '^ mentioned as one of thofe objedls in any of our *> memorials or declarations, or in any national or ' public a<5^ whatfocver.' But the gentleman him- felf will probably agree, that if the Ceffion of Ca- nada would be a rt^l advantage to us, we may de- mand it under his fecond head, as an '* indemni- fcation for the charges incurred" in recovering our juft rights i otherwtfe according to his own prin- ciples the demand of Gtiadaloupe can have no foun- dation. That *^ our claims before the war were largp ^' enough for poffeflion and for fecurity too," f tho* it feems a clear point with the ingenious remarker^ is, I own, not fo with me. I am rather of the con- trary opinion, and fhall prefently give my rea- fons. But firft let me obfcrve, that we did not make thofe claims becaufe they were large enough for fecurity, but becaufe we could rightfully claim no more. Advantages gain*d in the courfe of this war, may increafe the extent of our rights. Our claims berorv; the war containM fome fecurity ; but that is no reafon why we ftiould negledt acquiring more when the demand of more is berjme rea- fpnable. It may be reafonable in the cafe of America to aik for the fecurity recommended by the author of the letter, |l tho' it would be prepofterous to do it in many other cafes ; his proposed demand * Remarkf, p 19. + Ibid. || P. 30- of the Letter ^ and p 21. of the Remarks. *1 ill retain 1 peace ) )urfelves ';><5?j for ""emarker elates to ver been f of our :ional or an him- nay de • 'ndemni- ing our n prin- > loun- e large ' t tho' narker, le con- y rea- id not nough claim f this Our but liring rea- ffe of [y the fro us jnanc^ L an4 r 5 ] 5s founded on the little value oJ Cunada to the French -, the right we have to afk, and the power we may have to infill on an indemnification for our cxpences •, the difficulty the French themfclves will be unGcr of rcftraining their reftlefs fubjeds in America from encroaching on our limits and di- fturbing our trade j and the difficulty on our parts of preventing encroachments that may poftibly exift many years without coming to our know- ledge. But the remarker " does not fee why the •• arguments employed concerning a fecurity for a *' peaceable behaviour in Canada, would not be " equally cogent for calling for the fame fecurity <* in Europe.*'* On a little farther refie<5lion, he muft I think be fenfible, that the circumftanccs of the two cafes are widely different. Here we are feparated by the beft and clearefl of boundaries, the ocean, and we have people in or near every part of our territory. Any attempt to encroach upon us, by building a fort, even in the obfcureft Cor- ner of thefe iQands, muft therefore be known and prevented immediately. The aggreflbrs alfo muft be known, and the nation they belong to would be accountable for their aggrefTion. In America it is quite otherwife. A vaft wildernefs thinly or fcarce at at all peopled, conceals with eafe the march of troops and workmen. Important paffes may be fciz'd within our limits, and forts built in a month, at a fmall expence, that may cofl us an age, and a million to remove. Dear experience has taught us this. But what is flill worfe, the wide extended forefts between our fettlements and theirs, arc in- habited by barbarous tribes of favages that delight in war and take pride in murder, fubje61:s properly neither of the French nor Englifh^ but ftrongly attached to the former by the art and indefatigable ^ Remarks, p. 24. induftry n w . [ 6 ] induftry oF pricfts, fimitarity of fuperflitlons, and frequent family alliances. Thefe are eafily, and have been continually, infligated to fall upon and mafllicre our planters, even in times' of full peace between the two crowns, to the certain diminution of our people and the cbnti'adion of our fcttle- ments. • And though it is known they are fupply'd by the French and carry their prifoners to them, • A very inttlligcrt writer of tint country, Dr. CI rk^ in his Oh/er'vations on the late and prefcnt Condu" of the French, to them, Zl .rkf in his French, &c. 1 proper op- ;cnerally the ads o\ ho- ld peace be- undeniable colonies of [, by which gun by the \ them, and i to be pro- were conti- jth the war, nly excited own forces committed from aa l>/cot, and seen ufing evv adls of ^Jfachufitts ^not only lem for it, anfom of ce that is 3 this un- ers from reality to they can by hunt- thereby th t( «c iC C( e ex- we [ 1 ] we can by complaining obtain no rcdrefs, as the governors ^t Canada have a ready excufc, that the Indians are a;i independent people, over whom they have no power, and tor whofe adtions tiiey are therefore; not accountabje. Surely circumftances fo widely different, may rcafonably authoriCe different demands ofr Ivcurity in Amtrica^ from fuchas arc iifual ornccelVary in Europe. The remarkeft however, thinks, that our real dependance tor keeping " France or any other na- tion true to her engagements, muft not be in demanding fecurities which no nation whilft inde- pendent can give, but on our own ftrength and our own vigilance." * No nation that has carried on a war with difad vantage, and is unable to con- tinue it, can be faid, under fuch circumftances, to be independent ; and while either fide thinks itfelf in a condition to demand an indemnification, there is no man in his fenfes, but will, cateris paribus^ prefer an indemnification that is a cheaper and more cfi'edual fecurity than any other he can think of. Nations in this fituation demand and cede countries by almoft every treaty of peace that is made. The French part of the ifland of St. Chri- ftophers was added to Great Britain in circumftan- ces altogether fimilar to thofe in which a few months may probably place the country of Canada, Farther fecurity has always been deemed a motive with,. a conqueror to be lefs moderate; and even the vanquifti'd infift upon fecurity as a reafon for demanding what they acknowledge they could not ocherwife, pcoperly afk.. The fecurity of the frontier of France on the fide of tW Netherlands, was always confidered, in the negotiation that began at Gcrtruy- denburgh, and ended with, that war. For the fame reafo.i tlicy,- demanded and had Cape Breton. But ^rX Remark, p. 25. a war ■'( t 8 1 i. war cpi&cluded to the adrancage of France hstt aU ways added Ibmcthing to the power, either ol' Francs or the houfe of Bourbon. Even that of 1733, which Ihe commenced with declarations of ber having no ambitious views, and which Bntfhed by a treaty at which the minifters of Frame re- peatedly declared that (he defired nothing for her-« felf, in effed gained for her Lorrain, an indemnifi- cation ten times the value of all Ucr North AfHeri- can poffisHioos. In ihort, iiecurity and quiet of princes and flates have ever been deemed fuffiiciem reafons, when fupported by power, for difpofing of rights ; and fuch difpofition has never been looked on as want of moderation. It has always been the foundation of the njcd general treaties. Thefe* curity of .G^riw<2;iy was the argument for yidding confiderabic polTefnons the^e to the Swedes : and the fcqurity of Europe divided the Spanijh monar- chy, ay the partition treaty, made between powers wtu) had no other right to dilpofe of any part of it. There can he no cei2ion that is not fuppofed at leaft, to increafe the power of the parly to whom it is made. It is enough that he has a right to aHt it, and that he does it not merely to ferve the purpofes of a dangerous ambition. Canada in the hands of Britaifty will endanger the kingdom of France as little as any other cedion *, and from its fituation and ciroimftances cannot be hi^rtful to any other (late. Rather, if peace be an advantage^ this cedion may be fuch to all Europe. The pre^^ lent war teaches us, that difputes anfing in ^-^ mericay may be an occafion of embroiling na- tions who have no concerns there. If tyxt'Ffeneh remain in Canada and Leutfiana, fix the bounda- ries as you will between us and them, we muflt border on each other for more than 1500 miles. The Wee hai af. , either of eh that of larations of ich fittilhed Frame re- ig for her" indemnifi- rth Afiteri' I ^nd dates >n8, when jhts 5 and :ed on as been the Thefe- r yielding edes : and 'fl> monar- cn powers >art of it. ppofed ae to whom right to ferve the da in the dom of from its 'ulcoany [vafttage^ he pre- in A- |ing na* Freneh )ot!nda- ^e mu^ miles. Th« [ 9 ] The people that inhabit the frontiers, are generally the refufe of both nations, often of the worft morais and the leaft difcretion, remote from the eye, the prudence, and the reftraint of government. Injuries are therefore frequently, in fome part or other of fo long a frontier, committed on both fides, re- fentment provoked, the colonies firft engaged, and then the mother cou- ies. And two great na- tions can fcarce be .a war in Europe^ but fome other prince or ftate thinks it a CQnvenient oppor- tunity, to revive fome ancient claim, feize Ibmc advantage, obtain fome territory, or enlarge fome power at the expence of a neighbour. The flames of war once kindled, often fpread far and wide, and. the mifchief is infinite. Happy it prov'd to both nations, that the Dutch were prevailed on finally to cede the New Netherlands (now the pro- vince of New Tork) to us at the peace of 1674 ; ^ peace that has ever fince continued between us, but muft have been frequently diiftt^'bed, if they had retained the pofTefliun of that country,- border- ing feveral hundred miles on frcffions It pafTes, the firft : far ad- ence of will be [mmenre ir fkulk- thro' the )ys, un- of men. ; obtain- ted by a n fettie-> 1 at war, armies, le pafTes rate our r'd, all widely I it, in Their vith the is im- el thro* to COH' ;n your ch the They ; for lace in the [ II ] the woods, or lying in wait for an opportunity to ftrike a blow, every thicket and every dream fur- niflies To fmall a number with fufficient fubfiftence. AVhcn they have furprizM feparately, and murder'd and fcalp*d a dozen families, they are gone with in- conceivable expedition through unknown ways, and 'tis very rare that purfuers have any chance of com- ing up with them. * In (hort, long experience has taught • ( Although the Indians live fcattered, as a hunter's life re- quires, they may be colleded together from almoft any di- ftance, as they can find their fubfiftence from their gun in their t avelling. But let the number of the /» as foon a« they have gained the rivers, by means of their canoes, to the ufe of which they arc brought up from their infancy, thty pre- C % ' lent!y !rl!. t «2 3 taugiit our planters, that they cannot rely upon forts as a fecurity againft Indians: The inhabitants of Hackney might as well rely upon the tower of London to fecurethem againft highwaymen and houfebreak- ers. As to the third kind of lecurity, that we (hall not, in a few years, have all we have now done fently get out of their reich : further, if a body of men were CO march into their country to the places where they dre let- tied, they can, upon the leaft notice, without great difad- vantage, quit their preient habitations, and betake them- fclves to new ones.' Clark* s Ol/ewations, p. 13. * It has been already remarked, that the tribes of the /«- (fians living upi^n the lakes and rivers that run upon the back of the En^liJ}} fcttlemcnts in l^orth America^ are very numerous, and can furniih a great number of fighting men, all per- feftly well acquainted with the ufe of arms as foon as capable of carrying them, as they get the whole of their fubfiftence from hunting ; and that this army, large as it may be, can be maintained by the Frufich without any expence. From their numbers, their fituation, and the rivers that run into the Englip fettlement', it is eafy to conceive that they can at any time make y attack upon, and conftantly annoy as many of the expofed £w^///^ fettiements as they pleafe, and thole at any diftance from each other. The effedis of fuch incurfions have, been too fevcrely felt by many of the Britifi colonies, not to be very well known. The entire breaking up places that had been for a confiderable time fettled at a great ex- pence, both of labour and money ; burning the houies, de- llroying the flock, killing and making priloners great num- bers of the inhabitants, with all the cruel ufage they meet with in their captivity, is only a part of the fccne. All other places that aie expofed are kept in continual terror ; the lands lie waile and uncultivated from the danger that attends thofe that fhall prefume to work upon them : befides the immenfe charge the governments mufl be at in a very inef- feftual manner to defend their exrended frontiers ; and all this from the iniiuence the French have had ovfr, but com- paratively, a few of the Indians. To the fame or greater evils ftill will every one of the colonies be expofed, when- ever the fame influence llial] be extended to the whole body of them,' . IbU, /. 20. to Mi ■ely uport bltants of )f London Lifebreak- itwefhall low donfe f men were ley are iet- [reat difad- alce thcm- s, p. 13. of the /«. n the back numerous, n, all per- as capable fubfiilence be, can be From their n into the can at any as many of nd thole at incurfions ' colonies, up places great ex- louies, de- jreat num- they meet All other rror ; the lat attends lefides the very inef- and all buc com- or greater :d, when- lole body '. 20. to t 13 ] to do over again in America -, and be obliged to employ the fame number of troops, and (liips, ac the fame immenfe expence to defend our poflcf- fions there, while we are in proportion weakpn'd here : luch forts I think cannot prevent this. Dur- ing a peace, it is not to be doubted the French^ who are adroit at fortityin?;, will likewife eredt forts in the moft advantageous places of the coun- try we leave them, which will make it more diffi- cult than ever to be reduc'd in cafe of another war. We khow by the experience of this war, how extremely difficult it is to march an army through the American woods, with its neceflary cannon and (lores, fufficient to reduce a very flight fort. The accounts at the treafury will tell you what amazing fums we have neceflarily fpent in the expeditions againft two very trifling forts, Duquefne and Crown Point. While the French retain their influence over the Indians^ they can eaflly keep our long extended frontier in continual alarm, by a very few of thofe people -, and with a fmall number of regulars and militia, in fuch a country, we find they can keep an army of ours in full employ for feverai years. We therefore fliall not need to be told by our colonies, that if we leave Canada^ how- ever circumfcrib'd, to the French^ " we have.done " noihing -," * we fliall foon be made fenfible our- felves of this truth, and to our cofl:. I would not be underfl:ood to deny that even if we fubdue and retain Canada^ fome few forts may be of ufe to fecure the goods of the traders, and protc6l the commerce, in cafe of any fudden mif- underfianding with any tribe of Indians : but thefe forts will be befl: under the care of the colonies in- tereflred in the Indian trade, and garrifon'd by their provincial forces, and at their own expence. Their * Remajks, p. 26, own I; I [ «4 ] own inttreft will then induce the American govern- ments to take care of fuch forts in proportion to their importance i and fee that the officers keep their corps full, and mind their duty. But any troops of ours plac'd there and accountable here, would, in fuch remote and obfcu re places, and at fo great a diftance from the eye and infpcdtion of fuperiors, foon become of little confequence, even though the French were left in pofleflion of Canada, If the four independent companies maintained by the Crown in New Tork more than forty years, at a great expence, con filled, for moft part of the time, of faggots chiefly ; if their officers en-- joy'd their places as Jine aires^ and were only, as a writer * of that country lliles them, a kind of military monks \ if this was the ftate of troops pof- ted in a populous country, where the impofition could not be fo well conceal'd ; what may we ex- pert will be the cafe of thofe that Ihall be polled two, three, or four hundred miles from the inhabi- tants, in fuch obfcure and remote places as Crown Pointy OfwegOi Duqucfne^ or Niagara ? they would fcarce be even faggots •, they would dwindle to meer names upon paper, and appear no where but upon the mufter- rolls. Now all the kinds of fecurity we have mentioned are obtain'd by fubduing and retaining Canada. Our prefent pofleifions in America^ are fecur'd 5 our planters will no longer be mafiacred by the Indians^ who depending abfolutely on us for what ere now become the ncceffaries of life to them, guns, powder, hatchets, knives, and cloathing ; and having no other Europeans near, that can ei- ther fupply them, or inftigate them againft us ; there is no doubt of their being always difpos'd, if we treat them with common jutlice, to live in perpetual P o| fJ ni Iti ; tl < ir y govern- oportion ers keep But any Die here, and at ftion of *e, even Canada. ined by f years, part of ers en-' )nly, as kind of ps pof- pofition we ex- pelled inhabi- Crown would omeer t upon tion'd %nada. ur'd} the what lem, n ei- us ; d, if '^e in 2tual ' r 15 ] perpetual peace with us. And with regard to France^ (he cannot, lis cafe of another war, put us to the immenfc expence of defending that long extended frontier ; we fhall then, as it were, have our backs againft a wall in America, the fea coaft will be eafily protected by our fuperior naval power ; and here " our own watchfulncfs and our own ftrength" will be properly, and cannot but be fuccefsfully employed. In this fituation the force now employ'd in that part of the world, may be fpar'd for any other fervice here or elfewhere ; fo that both the offenfive and defenfive ftrength of the Britijh empirCj on the whole, will be greatly increafed. But to leave the French in poflcflion of Canada when it is in our power to remove them, and depend, as the remarktr propofcs, on our own *' ftrength and watchfulnefs** * to prevent the mifchiefs that may attend it, feems neither fafe nor prudent. Happy as we now are, under the beft of kings, and in the profpe6t of a fuccefilon promifing every felicity a nation was ever blefs'd with : happy too in the wifdom and vigour of every part of the adminiftration ; we cannot, we ought not to promife ourfelves the uninterrupted continuance of thofe blefiings. The fafety of a confiderable part of the ftate, and the intereft of the whole are not to be trufted to the wifdom and vigor of future adminiftratlons, when a fecurity is to be had more effcdtual, more conftant, and much lefs expenfive. They who can be moved by the apprehenfion of dangers fo remote as that of the future independence of our colonies (a point I (hall hereafter confider) feem fcarcely confiftcnt with themfelvcs when they fuppofe we may rely on • P- 25. the f. •1 . I**'' m [ '6 ] the wifdom and vigour of an adminiftratlon for their fafcty. I fliould indeed think it lefs material whether Canada were ceded to us or not, if I had in view only the fecunty cf pojfeffion in our colonics. I en- tirely aeree with the Remarker, that we are in ISIorth /I'merica " a far greater continental as well •' as navai power ;" and that only cowardice or ignorance can fubject our colonies there to z French conqut'ft. But for the fame reafon I difagree with him widely upon another point. I do not think that our " blood and treafure has been expended,** as he intimates, '"'' in the caufe of the colonies^** and that we are " making conqucfts /<7r them:" * yet I believe this is too common an error. I do not fay they are altogether unconcerned in the event. The inhabitants oi them are, in common with the other fubj.dts oi Great Britain, anxious for the glory of her crown, the extent of her power and com- merce, the welfare and future repofe of the whole ^ritijh pei pie. They could not therefore but take a large fhare in the affronts offered to Bri- tain, and have been animated with a truely Briti/h firit to exert themfelves beyond their ftrength, and againft their evident intereft. Yet fo unfor- tunate have they been, that their virtue has made againft theni ; for upon no better foundation than this, have they been fuppcfed the authors of a war carried on for their advantage only. It is a groat miftake to imagine that the American coun- try in que ft ion between Great Britain and Prance, is claimed as the property of any individuals or pub- lick body in America, or that the poffeffion of it by Great Britain, is likely, in any lucrative view, to redound at all to the advantage of any perfon there. h: .- * Remarks, p. 26. On \ ^ ration for I whether d in view s. I en- ^e are in al as well 'ardice or ' a French ^ree with »ot think tended," es^** and "* yet I not fay nt. The the other glory of id com- be whole ore but to Bri- Briii/h rength, unfor- is made ndation lors of It is coLin- France, )r pub- )f it by ew, to there. On [ 17 ] On the other hand, the bulk of the inhabitants of North America are land-owners, whofc lands are inferior in value to thofe of Britain only by the want of an equal number of people. It is true, the acccfllon of the large territory claimed before the war began, efpecially if that be fecured by the pof- feflion of Canada^ will tend to the increafe of the Britijh fubjeds falter than if they had been con- fined within the mountains : yet the increafe within the mountains only, would evidently make the comparative population equal to that of Great Britain much fooner than it can be expe(5ted when our people are fpread over a country fix times as large. 1 think this is the only point of light in ■which this quell" in is to be viewed, and is the only one in which any of the colonies are con- cerned. No colony, no pofleflbr of lands in any colony, therefore wifties for conquelts, or can be benefited by them, otherwile than as they may be a means of fecuring peace on their borders. No confiderable advantage has refulted to the colonies by the conquefts of chis war, or can refult from confirming them by the peace, but what they mult enjoy in common with the reft of the BritiJh peo- ple ; with this evident drawback from their (hare of thefe advantages, that they will necelTarily lef- fen, or at leaft prevent the increafe of the value of what makes the principal part of their private pro- perty. A people fpread through the whole tra6t of country on this fide the Mijfiffifi^ and fecured by Canada in our hands, would probably for fome centuries find employment in agriculture, and thereby free us at home efi'edually from our fears of American manufaftures. Unprejudic'd men well know that all the penal and prohibitory laws thaC ever were thought on, will not be fufficient tc pre- vent manufactures in a country whofe inhalutants D furpafs I. k [ 18 ] furpafs the number that can fubfift by the hiif- bandry ot it. That this will be the cafe in America foon, if our people remain contined within the mountains, and almoft as foon (hould it be unfafc for them to live beyond, though the country be ceded to us, no man acquainted with political and commercial hi(l«^'-y can doubt. Manufadures arc founded in po. v. It is the multitude of poor without land in i. ountry, and who muft work for others at low wages or ftarve, that enables under- takers to carry on a manufacture, and afford it cheap enough to prevent the importation of the lame kind from abroad, and to bear the expence of its own exportation. But no man who can have a piece of land of his own, fufficient by his labour to fubfift his family in plenty, is poor enough to be a manufadlurer and work for a maf- ter. Hence while there is land enough in America for our people, there can never be manufadlures to any amount or value. It is a ftriking obfervation of a very able pen^ that the natural livelyhood of the thin inhabitants of a foreft country is hunting 5 that of a greater number, pafturage ; that of a middling population, agriculture ; and that of the greateft, manufadfures i which laft muft fubfift the bulk of the people in a full country, or they muft be fubfifted by charity, or periHi. The extended population, therefore, that is moft advantageous to Great Britain^ will be befteffeded, becaufc only effecflually fecured by our poflefTion o{ Canada, So far as the being of our prefcnt colonies in North America is concerned, I think indeed with the re- marker, that the French there are not *' an enemy " to be apprehended,** * but the expreflion is too vague to be applicable to the prefent, or indeed to any other cafe. Algiers, Tunis s^nd Tripoli, un- equal .* Rewark*, p. 27, he huf- America hin the e unfafc ntry be ical and Lircs arc of poor vork for ; under- fibrd ic 1 of the jxpence ho can ent by is poor a maf- ^merica ures to rvation ood of nting ; t of a of the fifl the :ended igeous e only !2. So North le re- enemy too ideed un- equal [ J9 1 equal as they are to this nation in power and num- bers of people, are enemies to be ftill apprehended ; and the Highlanders of Scotland have been fo for many ages by the greatcft princes of Scotland and Britain. The wild Irijh were able to give a great deal of difturbance even to Queen Elizabeth^ and coft her more blood and treafure than her war with Spain, Canada in the hands of France has always Hinted the growth of our colonies : In the courfc of this war, and indeed before it, has difturb'd and vex*d even the beft and ftrongeft of them, has found means to murder thoufands of their people and unfcttle a great part of their country. Much more able will it be ro ftarve the growth of an infant fettlement. Canada has alfo found means to make this nation fpend two or three millions a year in America •, and a people, how fmall foever, that in their prefent fituation, can do this as often as we have a war with them, is methinks, " an ene- *' my to be apprehended.^* I Our North American colonies are to be confi- ,*|dered as the frontier of the Britijh empire on that fide. The frontier of any dominion being attack'd, it becomes not merely " the caufe** of the people immediately affedled, (the inhabitants of that fron- tier) but properly *' the caufe"* of the whole body. Where the frontier people owe and pay obedience, there they have a right to look for protection. No political propofition is better eftablifhed than this. Jt is therefore invidious to reprefent the " blood and treafure" fpent in this war, as fpent in " the *' caufe of the colonies" only, and that they are ** abfurd and ungrateful'* if they think we have done nothing unlefs we " make conquefts for *' them," and reduce Canada to gratify their *' vain ambition,** ^c. It will not be a conqueft for them, nor gratify any vain ambition of theirs. D 2 It f f X [ 20 1 It will be a conquert: for the whole, and all our people will, in the increafe of trade and the cafe of taxes, find the advantage of it. Should we be obliged at any time to make a war for the protec- tion of our commerce, and to fecure the exporta- tion of our manufiidtures, would it be fair to reprefcnt fuch a war merely as blood and treafurc fpent in the caufe of the weavers of Torkjhire^ Nor- wich^ or the Pf^ejl^ the cutkrs of HbeffieUU or the button-makers of Birmingham ? I hope it will ap- pear before I end thefe fhects, that if ever there was a national war^ this is truly fuch a one : a war in which the intcrcft of the whole nation is diredlly and fundamentally concerned. Thole who would be thought deeply fkilfed in human nature, affcft to discover felf-intereftcd views every where at the bottom of the faircft, the moft generous £ondu6t. Sufpicions and charges cf this kind, meet with ready reception and belief in the minds even of the multitude •, and therefore Jefs acutenefs and addrefs than the rcmarker is pof- felTed of, would be fufficient to perfuade the na<» tion generally, that all the zeal and fpirit manifefted and exerted by the colonies in this war, was only in " their own caufe" to ** make conquefts for *' themfelves," to engage us to make rhore for them, to gratify their own " vain ambition." But ihould they now humbly addrefsthe mother country in the terms and the fentiments of the remarker^ return her their grateful acknowledgments for the blood and treafure (he bad fpent in " their *' caufe y* confefs that enough had been done ** for them ;'* allow that *' Engliffj forts raifed iti '* proper pafle^, will, with the wifdom and vigour •' of her adminiftration" be a fufficient futureipro- tedfion ; exprefs their defires that their people may be confined within the mountains, left they are fuffered fd a| t !■ a war t *« 1 fufFercd to fprcad and extend themfclves in the fertile and pleafant country on the other fide, they ihould ** increafe infinitely from all caufes" ** live •* wholly on their own labour" and become indepen- dent i beg therefore that the French may be luffer- ed to remain in poflcflion oi Canada^ as their neigh-» bourhood may be ufcful to prevent our increatc i and the removing them may ** in its confe- '* quences be even dangerous *." I fay, Ihould fuch an addrefs from the colonies make its ap- pearance here, though, according to the remarker^ it would be a moft juft and reafonable one i would it not, might it not with more juftice be anfwered ; Wc undcrftand you, gentlemen, perfedtly well : you have only your own intereft in view : you want to have the people confined within your pre* fent limits, that in a few years the lands you are pofTeflcd of may increafe tenfold in value ! you want to reduce the price of labour by increafing numbers on the fame territory, that you may be able to fet up manufadtures and vie with your mo- ther country I you would have your people kept in a body, that you may be more able to difputc the commands of the crown, and obtain an inde- pendency. You would have the French left in Canada^ to exercife your military virtue, and make you a warlike people, that you may have more confidence to embark in fchemes of difobcdience, and greater ability to fupport them \ You havt tailed too, the fweets of two or THftEE^iwitLioNiS Sterling per antnm fpent among you by our fleets and forces^ an\j you are unwiU'ing to be without a pretence for kindling up another war, and thereby occafioning a repetition of the farrre delig^fal doies ! But) gendemen, allow u^ to unteftaiid • Remarks, p. 50, 51. i >l u \ { our 4 M k r lit [ 22 ] our intereft a little likewifc : we Ihall remove the French from Canada that you may live in peace, and we be no more drained by your quarrels. You Ihall hfcive land enough to cultivate, that you may have neither neceffity nor inclination to go into ma- nufactures, and we will manufacture for you and govern you. A reader oi" the remarks may be apt to fay ; if this writer would have us reftore Canada on prin- ciples of moderation, how can we confiftent with thofe principles, retain Guadakup^ which he re- prefents of fo much greater value ! I will endeavour to explain this, becaufe by doing it 1 (hall have an opportunity of Ihowing the truth and good fenfe of the anfwer to the interefted application I h?.ve juft fuppofed. The author then is only apparently and not re^^^y inconfiftenc with himfclf. If we can obtain the credit of moderation by reftoring Cana^ da, it is well : but we fhould, however, reftore it at all events ; becaufe it would not only be of no ufe to us, but " the pofleflion of it (in his opinion) ** may in its confequences be dangerous *." As how? Why, plainly, (at length it comes out) if the French are not left there to check the growth of our colo* nies, ** they will extf^nd themfeives almoft without ** bounds into the in-land parts, and increafe in- finitely from all caufcs ; — becoming a numerous, hardy, independent people, poflcffed of a ftrong country, communicating little or not at all with En^Umdt living wholly on their own labour, and in procefs of time knowing little and enquiring little about the motlier country." In fliort, ac* cording to this writer, our prefent colonies are large enough and numerous enough, and the French ought to be left in North America to prevent their increafe* left they become not only ufelefs but dangerous to Britain, f Remarksj p. 50, 51, I agree (C (C <( C( r n ] I agree with the gentleman, that with Canada in our poiTeflion, our people in America will increafe amazingly. I know, that their common rate of in- creafe, where they are not molefted by the enemy, is doubling their numbers every twenty- five years, by natural generation only, exclufive of the acceffion of foreigners *. I think this increafe continuing, would probably in a century more, make the num- ber of Britijh fubjeds on that fide the water more numerous than they now are on this ^ but I am far from entertaining on that account, any fears of their becoming either ufekfs or dangerous to us; and I look on thofe fears to be merely imaginary, and without any probable foundation. The remarker is referv*d in giving his reafons, as in his opinion this '* is not a fit fubjedt for difcuflTion." I fhall give mine, be- caufe I conceive it a fubjeft neceffary to be dif- cufs'd ; and the rather, as thofe fears how ground- lefs and chimerical foever, may by pofTefling the multitude, poffibly induce the ableft miniftry to conform to them againlt their own judgment, and thereby prevent the afliiring to th^ Britijh name and nation a liability and permanency that no man ac- quainted with hiftory durfl have hoped for, 'till '» i * The reafon of this greater increafe in America than in F»- ropBy is, that in old fettled countries, all trades, farms^ cilfice$, and employments are full, and many people refrain marrying till they fee an opening, in which they can fettle themfelves, with a reafonable profpedl of maintaining a family : but in America, it bein? eafy to obtain land, which with moderate la- bour will afford fubfiftence and fomething to fpare, people marry more readily and earlier in life, whence arifes a nume- rous offspring and the fwift population of thofe countries. 'Tis a common error that we cannot fill our provinces or increafe the number of them, without draining this nation of its people* The increment alone of our prefect colonies is fufRcient for both thofe purpofes. our r It 'I- c 24 3 our American poflefllons opened the pleafing pro- fpeft. -The remarker thinks that our people in Ante- i4ca^ " finding nd check from Canada would cx- *' tend themfelves almoft without bounds into the ** inland parts, and increafe infinitely from all *' eaufes.** . The very rcafon he alTigns for their fo extending, and which is indeed the true one, their being " invited to it by the pleafantnefs, fertility ** and plenty of the country," may fatisfy us, that this extenfion will continue to proceed as long as there remains any pleafant fertile country within their reach. And if we even fuppofe them con- fined by the waters of the Mijijfipi weftward, and by thofe of St. Laurence and the lakes to the northward, yet ftill we fhall leave them room e- nough to increafe even- in the ffarfe manner of fettling now prac^is'd there, till they amount to perhaps a hundred millions of fouls. This muft take fome centuries to fulfil, and in the mean time, this nation muft neceffarily fupply them with the manufadlures they confume, becaufe the new fettlers will be employ*d in agriculture, and the new fettle- ments will fo continually draw off the fpare hands from the old, that our prefent colonies will not, during the period we have mentioned, find them- felves in a condition to manufadure even for their own inhabitants, to any confiderable degree, much lefs for thofe who are fettling behind them. Thus our trade muft, till that country becom.es as fully peopled as England, that is for centuries to come, be continually incrcafing, and with it our naval power i becaufe the ocean is between us and them, i^fii our fhips and feamen muft increafe as that trade increafes. The human body and the political differ in thiSj that the firft is limited by nature to a certain ftature. ft ng pro- in /^me^ >uld cx- into the om all their fo their fertiJity s, that ong as within ■n con- Iward, I %o the 5om e- ner of unt to s muft I time, th the ettlers fettle- handfi II not, them- ■ their much Thqs fully :ome, naval hem, trade er in rtain ture. t 25 ] (iatur6^ which, when attain'd, it cannot, ordinarily, fexceed j the other by better government and more prudent poHce, as well as by change of manners and other circumftances, often takes frelh ftarts of growth, after being long at a (land *, and may, add tenfold to the dimenfions it had for ages been con- fined to. The mother being of full ftature, is in & few years equal'd by a growing daughter : but iri ihe cafe of a mother country and her colonies, it is quite different. The growth of the children tends io encreafe the growth of the mother, and fo the difference and fuperiority is longer preferv*d. Were the inhabitants of this ifland limited to their prefent number by any thing in. nature, or by un- changeable circumftances, the equality of popu- lation between the two countries might indeed fooner come to pafs : but fure experience in thofe parts of the ifland where manufadures have been introducM, teaches us, that people increafe and multiply in proportion as the means and facility of caini'ig a livelihood increafe ; and that this ifland^ if they could be employed, is capable of fupport- ing ten times its prefent number of people. In proportion therefore, as the demand increafes for the manufactures of Britain^ by the increafe of peo- ple in her colonies, the number of her people at- home will increafe, and with them the flrength as well as the wealth of the nation. For fatisfadlion in this point let the reader compare in his mind the number and force of our prefent fleets, with our fleet in Queen Elizabeth^ % time * before we had co- lonies. Let him compare the antlenc with the prefent ftate of our towns and ports on or near our wef- tern coaft, Manchefter^ Liverpool^ Kendal, Latt' cafler^ Glafgow^ and the countries round them, that trade with and manufacture for our colonies. / \ } ii ^MaI Viz. 40 fail, none ofmoreihan 40 guns. E !■ '1 not V [ *6 ] not to mention Leeds^ Halifax^ Sheffield and Bir- miftgham, and confider what a difference there is in the numbers of people, buildings, rents, and the value of land and of the produce of land, even if he goes back no farther than is within man's me- mory. Let him compare thofe countries with o- thcrs 'on the fame ifland, where manufadlures have not yet extended themfelvcs, obferve the prefent difference, andreflcft how much greater our ftrength may be, if numbers give ftrength, when our ma- nufadturers (hall occupy every part of the ifland where they can poffibly be fubfifled. But, fay the objeftors, " there is a certain dif- tance from the fea, in America^ beyond which the expence of carriage will put a flop to the fale and confumption of your manufa6lures ; and this, with the difficulty of making returns for them, will oblige the inhabitants to manufadlure for them- felvcs •, of courfe, if you fuffer your people to ex- tend their fettlements beyond that diftance, your people become ufelefs to you :" and this diftance is limited by fome to 200 miles, by others to the Apnlachian mountains. Not to infift on a very plain truth, that no part of a dominion, from whence a government may on occafion draw fup- plies and aids both of men and money, tho' at too great a diftance to be fupply'd with manufafturcs Irom ibme other part, is therefore to be deem*d ufelefs to the whole-, I fhall endeavour to fhow that thefe imaginary limits of utility, even in point of commerce, are much too narrow. The inland parts of the continent of Europe are farther from the fea than the limits of fettle- ment propofed for America.. Germany is fi'U of tradefmen and artificers of all kinds, and the go- vernments there, are not all of them always fa- vourable to the commerce of Britain^ yet it is a well- [ 27 ] well-known Fa6t, that our manufa(Slufes fiid their way even into the heart of Germany, Alk the great manufadturers and merchants of the Leeds, Sheffield^ Birmingham, Manchejter and Norwich goods, and they wijl tell you, that fome of them fend their ri- ders frequently thro' France or Spain and Italy, up to Vienna, and back thro' the middle and northern parts of Germany, to Ihow famples of their wares and collect orders, which they receive by almoft every mail, to a vaft amount. Whatever charges arifc on the carriage of goods, are added to the value, and all paid by the confumer. If thefe na- tions over whon> we have no government, ov.r whofe confumption we can have no influence, but what arifes from the cheapnefs and goodnefs of our wares ; whofe trade, manufadtures, or commercial connections are not fubje6t to the controul of our laws, as thofe of our colonies certainly are in fome degree : I fay, if thefe nations purchafe and con- fume fuch quantities of our goods, notwithftand- ixig the remotenefs of their fituation from the fea ; how much lefs likely is it that the fettlers in Ame- rica, vi\iO muft for ages be employ'd in agricul- ture chiefly, (hould make cheaper for themfelvcs the goods our manufadlurers at prefent fupply them with ; even if we fuppofe the carriage five, fix or feven hundred miles from the fea as difficult and expenfive as the like diftance into Germany : whereas in the latter, the natural diftances are fre- quently doubled by political obfl:rudions, I mean the intermix'd territories and clafliing interefts of princes. But when we confider that the inland parts of America are penetrated by great navigable rivers 5 that there are a number of great lakes, commu.ii- caiing with each other, with thofe rivers and with the fea, very fmall portages here and there tx- E 2 ceptedj ' . il [ *8 ] ccpted * i that the fea coafts (if on^ may be al- ^ow*d the expreflion) of thofe lakes only, amount at lead to 2700 miles, exclufive of the rivers run- ning into them ; many of which are navigable to a great extent for boats and canoes, thro* vaft tracts of country j how little likely is it that the expencc on the carriage of our goods into thofe countries, ihould prevent the ufe of them. If the poor /»- diam in thofe remote parts are now able to pay for the linen, woolen and iron wares they are at pre- fent furnifti'd with by the French and Englijh tra- ders, though Indians have nothing but what they get by hunting, and the goods are loaded with all the impofitions fraud and knavery can contrive tQ inhance their value ; will not induftrious EngUJh far- rhers, hereafter fettled in thofe countries, be mucH better able to pay for what fliall be brought them in the way of fair commerce ? If it is afl, the land carriage at Niagara it but about 1 2 miles. All the lakes above Niagara communi- cate by navigable ftraits, fo that no land-carriage is neceffary, to go out of one into another. From Prefqt^ijleon lake jBr/>, there are but 15 miles land-carriage, and that a good waggon road, to Beef River a branch of the Ohioy which brings you into a navigation of many thoufand miles inland, if you take toge> ther the Ohioy the MifiJJifi^ and all the great rivers and branches that run into them. the the f 29 ] the fame time aflift in conveying other commo- jditics. That the commodities firft mentioned, may eafily by water or land carriage be brought to the fea ports from interior America^ will not feem incredible, when we rcfleft, that hemp formerly came from the Ukraine and mod fouthern parts of Ruffia to Wologda^ and down the Dwina to Arch- angel, and thence by a perilous navigation round the North Cape to England and other parts of Eu- rope. It now comes from the fame country up thd Dnieper and down the Duna with much land car- riage. Great part of the Rujfta iron, no high- priced commodity, is brought 300 miles by land and \ [ 33 ] du6ts of England : in the next place, a man mud: kr.bw very Jittle of the trade of the world* who does not know, that the greater part of it is car- ried on between countries whofe climate differs very little. Even the trade between the different parts of thefe BrUtJh iflands, is greatly fupcrior to that between England and all the JVeft- India iflands puC together. If I have been fuccefsful in proving that a confiderable commerce may and will fubf ft between us and our future moft inland fettlemenrs in North America^ notwithftanding iheir diftance, 1 have more than half proved no other inconveniency will arife from their diftance. Many men in fuch a country, muft ** know" muft " think" and muft " care" about the country they chiefly trade with. The juridical and other connedlions of government are yet ^ fafter hold than even commercial ties, and fpread diredtly and indiredly far and wide. Bufi- nefs to be folicited and caufes depending, create a great intercourfe even where private property is not divided in different countries, yet this divifion will always fubfift where diflferent countries are ruled by the fame government. Where a man has landed property both in the mother country and a pro- vince, he will almoft always live in the mother country t this, tho' there were no trade, is fingly a fufficient gain. It is faid, that Ireland pays near a million 5/fr//«g- annually to its zhknitts'm England f The ballance of trade from Spain or even Portugal is fcarcely equal to this. Let it not be faid we have no abfentees from North-Jmerica. There are many to the writer's knowledge ; and if there are at prefent but few of them that diftinguifli themfelves here by great ex- pence, it is owing to the mediocrity of fortune a- iiiong the inhabitants of the Northern colonies •, and F a more I ik [If [ 34 ] a more equal divifion of landed property, than In the IVeJi- India illands, fo that there are as yet but few large eftates. But if thofe who have fuch tllatcs, rcfide upon and take care of them thcm- ft'lvcs, arc they worfe fubjeds than they would be if they lived idly in England? Great merit is af- fumed for the gentlemen of the /^/^?/?-/»^/Vj *, on the fcorc of their refiding and fpcnding their mo- ney in England. I would not depreciate that me- rit ; it is confiderable, f«;r they might, if they pleaied, fpend their money in Frcnce : but the dif- icrence bttween their fpending it bere and rJ hume is not fo great. What do they fpend it in when they are here, but the produce and manufadlures of this country ; and would they not do the fame if they were at home ? Is it of any great impor- tance to the Englijh farmer, whether the IVcft- India gentleman comes to London and cats his b;.tf, pork, and tongues, trefli, or has thtm brought to him in the Weft- Indies falted ; wheth; r he eats his £«- gt-tfJo cheeie and butter, or drinks his Englijh ale at London or in Barbadoes ? is the clothier's, or t]-e mercer's, or the cutler's, or the t^y-man's profit lefs, for their goods being worn and confumeu by the fame perfons refiding on the other fide of the ocean ? Would not the profits of the merchant and mariner be rather greater, and fome addition made to our navigation, fhips and feamen ? If the Norlh'Jwerican gentleman flays in his own country, and lives there in that degree of luxury and expence with regard to the ufe oi BritiJJs manu- taduret., chat his fortune entitles him to ; may not his example (from the imitation of fupcriors fo na- tural to mankind) fpread the ufe of thofe manufac- tures among hundreds of faniilics around him, and Rem r .?, p. 47, 48, l^c. occafion > s lafion [ 35 ] occafion a much greater demand for them, than it would do if he fhould remove and live in London? However this may be, if in our view:, of im- mediate advantage, it feems prcterablc that the gentlemen of large fortunes in North America mould refide much in England, 'tis what may furcly be cxpeded as fall as fuch fortunes are acquired there. Their having ** colleges of their own for " the education of their youth," will not prevent it : A little knowled<^c and learning acquired, in- creafcs the appetite for more, and will make the converfation of the learned on this fide the water more ftrongly defired. Ireland has its univerfity like wife i yet this does not prevent the immenle pecuniary benefit we receive from that kingdom. And there will always be in the convcnienciis of life, the politenefs, the pleafures, the magnificence of the reigning country, many other attradions be- fides thofe of learning, to draw men of fubftance there, where they can, apparently at leall, have the bcft bargain of happinefs for their money. v Our trade to the /Fl»/?-/«i/V? illands is undoubt- edly a valuable one : but whatever is the amount of it, it has long been at a fland. Limited as our fugar planters are by the fcantinefs of territory, they cannot increafe much beyond their prefent nurhber j and this is an evil, as I fhall fhow hereafter, that will be little helped by our keeping Guudaloupe. The trade to our Northern Colonie^^ is not only greater, but yearly increafing with the increafe of people : and even in a greater proportion, .as the people increafe in wealth and the a. ility of fpend- V ing as well as in numbers. I have already faid, 'that our people in the Northern Colonics double in "about 25 years, exclufive of the accefTion of ftran- gers. That I fpeak wichin bounds, lappeaf tothe F 2 - ' authentic { I'iji if t 36 ] authentic accounts frequently required by the board of trade, and tranfmitted to that board by the refpeftive governors ; of which accounts I fhall fele£t one as a fample, being that from the colony of Rhode- JJland * ; a colony that ot all the others receives the leaft uddition from ftrangers. For the increafe of our trade to thofe colonies, I refer to the accounts frequently laid before Parliament^ by the officers of the cuftoms, and to the cuftom- houfe books : from which I have alfo fele6led one account, that of the trade from England Cexclufive of Scotland) to Pejjjjlv^ma f j a colony moft re- markable J j • '■ • Copy of the Report of Gcvernor Hopkins to the J$oard of Trade, OK the Numbers ofyeoj-le in Rhode-IJland. In obedience to your lordfhips' commands, 1 have caufed the within account to be taken by oflicers under oath. By it there appears to be in this colony at this time 35>939 white perfons, and 4697 black?, chiefly negrcts. .; In the year 1730, by order of the then lords commiflioners of traciL and plantations, an account was tal^eo of the number of ptopJe in this colony, and then there appeared to be 15,302 white perfons, and 2633 blacks. Again in the year 1748, by like order, an account was taken of the number of people in this colony, by which it appears there were at that time ^9.7 5 5 white perfon-!, and 4373 blacks. Stephen Hopkins. Colony of Rhode- IJIandt Dec. 24, 1755. •^ An Account cf the Value of the Exports from England to FenfyU 'vania, in one Teavy taken at different Periods^ viz. |n 1723 tiiey amounted only to L, 15.992 : 19 : 4 1730 they were 48,592 '.7:5 1737 56,690 : 6 : J »74* 75»295 : 3 5 4 1747 82,404 : 17 : 7 1752 201,666 : 19 : II J757 268,426 : 6 : 6 K. B. The accounts for 1758 and 1759, are not yet com- pleated -, but thofe acquainted with the North American ;'■'_■■ trade^i P 4 S 7 4 7 II 6 [ 37 ] markable for the plain frugal manner of living of its inhabitants, and the molt fufpeftcd of carrying on manufaclures, on account of the number of Ger- man artizans, who are known to have tranfplanted themfelves into that country, though even thefe, in truth, when they come there, generally aoply themfelves to agriculture as the lureft fupport and moft advantageous employment. By this account it appears, tliat the exports to that province have in 28 years, increafed nearly in the proportion of 17 to I i whereas the people themfelves, who by other authentic accounts appear to double their numbers (the ftrangers who fettle there included) in about 16 years, cannot in the 28 years have in- creafed in a greater propoi^tion than as 4 to i : the additional demand tlieh, and confumption of goods from England, of 1 3 parts in 1 7 more than the additional number would require, muft be owing to this, that the people having by their in- duftry mended their circumftances, are enabled to indulge themfelves in fitier cloaths, better furni- ture, and a more general ufe of all our manufac- tures than heretofore. In fact," the occafion for Englijh goods in North America^ and the inclination to have and ufe them, is, and muft he for ^ges to come, much greater than the ability of the people to pay for them ; they muft therefore, as they now do, deny themfelves many things they would otherwife chufe to have, or increafe their induftry to obtain them -, and thus, if they fhould at any time pianufafture fome coarfe article, which on account trade, know, that the increafe in thofe two years, has been ih a ftill greater proportion ; the lall year being fuppofed to exceed any former, year by a third ; and this owing to the increaled ability of the people to (pend, from the greater quantities of raoney circulating among them by the war. ' ' . ftf t :.-rB It r 38 1 of its bulk or feme other circumftance, cannot fo well be brought to them from Briiain^ it only enables them the better to pay for finer goods that otherwife they could not indulge themfelves in : So that the exports thither are not diminilhed by fuch manufadure, but rather incrcafed. The lingle article of manufacture in thefe colonies men- tioned by the remarker^ is hats made in New-Eng- land. It is true there have been, ever fince the firft fettlement of that country, a few hatters there, drawn thither probably at firft by the fa- cility of getting beaver, while the woods were but little clear'd, and there was plenty of thofe animals. The cafe is greatly alter'd now. The beavef fkins are not now to be had in New- England^ but from very remote places and at great prices. The trade is accordingly declining there, fo that, far from being able to make hats in any quantity for exportation, they cannot fup- ply their home demand ; and it is well known that ibme thoufand dozens arc fent thither yearly from London, Brijiol, and Liverpool-, and fold there cheaper than the inhabitants can make them of equal goodnefs. In fad, the colonies are fo little fuited for eftabli(h|ng of manufactures, that they are continually lofing the few branches they acci- dentally gain. The working brafiers, cutlers, and pewterers, as well as hatters, who have happened to go over from time to time and fettle in the colo- nies, graduall^drop tjie working part of their bu- fmefs, and import their refpedivc goods from Eng- land, whence they can have them cheaper and bet- ter than they can make them. They continue their fhops iridecd, in the fame way of dealing, but be- come y^//^rj of brafiery, cutlery, pewter, hats, 6?f. brought from England^ inftead of being makers of thofe goods. Thus >' r [ 39 ] Thus mucli as to the apprehenfion of our colo- nies becoming ufelefs to us. I (hall next confider the other fuppofition, that their growth may ren- der them dangerous. Of this, I own, I have not the leaft conception, when I confider that we have already fourteen feparate governments on the ma- ritime coaft of the continent, and if we extend our fettlements fhall probably have as many more be- hind them on the inland fide. Thofe we now have, are not only under differenr governors, but have dif- ferent forms of government, different laws, different interefl:s, and fome of them different religious per- fuafions and different manners. Their jealoufy of each other is fo g^'eat, that however neceffary an union of the colonies has long been, for their com- mon defence and fecurity againft: their enemies, and how fenfible foever each colony has been of that receffity, yet they have never been able to effect fuch an union among themfelves, nor even to a- gree in rcquefl:ing the mother country to efl:ablifh it for them. Nothing but the immediate command of the crown has been able to produce even the imperfe61: union, but lately feen there, of the forces of fome colonies. If they could not agree to unite for their defence againft the French and Indians^ who were perpetually haraffmg their fettlement?, burning their villages, and murdering their people; can it reafonably be fuppofed there is any danger of their uniting againft their own nation, which protefts and encourages them, with which they* have fo many connedions and ties of blood, in- tereft and affedlion, and which 'tis well known they all love much more than they love one another.'' In fhort, there are fo many caufes that muft operate to prevent it, that I will venture to fay, an union amongft them for fuch a purpofe is not merely im- probable, it is impoffibici and if the union of the 3 i T \ m %■ [ 40 ] the whole is impoflible, the attempt of a part muft be madnefs : as thofe colonics that did not join the rebellion, would join the motlicr country in fupprefllng it. , When I fay fuch an union is impoflible, I mearii without the moft grievous tyranny and opprelfion. People who have property in a country which they may lofe, and privileges which they may endan- ger, are generally dilpos'd to be quiet ; and even to bear much, rather than hazard all. While the government is mild and juft, while important civil and religious rights are fecure, fuch fubjeds will be dutiful and obedient. The waves do not rife, but when the winds blow. What fuch an admini- llration as the Duke of AhcC^ in the 'Netherlands^ might produce, I know not ; but this I think I have a right to deem impoflible. And yet there were two very manifeft differences between that cafe, and ours, and both are in our favour. The firft, that S'pain had already united the feventeen provinces under one vifible government, tho* the ftates continued independent : The fecond, that the inhabitants of thofe provinces were of a nation, not only different from, but utterly unlike the Spa- niards. Had the Netherlands been peopled from S^a'in^ the word of opprefTion had probably not provoked them to wifii' a feparation of govern- ment. It might, and probably would hav ruined the country, but would never have produced an independent lovereignty. In fafl, neither the very woril of governments, the word of politicks in the laft century, nor the total abolition of their re- maining liberty, in the provinces of Spain itielf, in the prefent, have produced any independency that could be fupported. The fame may be obferved of France, iind let it nut be faid that the neigh- buurhood of thefe to the feat of government has prevented [ 41 ] prevented a feparation. While our ftrength at fea continues, the banks of the Ohio^ (in point of eafy and expeditious conveyance of troops) are nearer to London^ than the remote parts of France and Spain to their refpedive capitals ; and much nearer than Connaught and Uljier were in the days of Queen Elizabeth. No body foretels the diflb- lution of the Ruffian monarchy from its extent, yet I will venture to fay, the eaftern parts of it are aU ready much more inacceflible from Peterjburgh^ than the country on the MiJJiJftppi is from London ; I mean more men, in lefs time, might be con- veyed the latter than the former diftance. The rivers Oby^ Jenefea and Lena^ do not facilitate the communication half fo well by their ».ourfe, nor are they half fo practicable as the American rivers. To this I (hall only add the obfei^vation of Machiavel^ in his Prince, that a government feldom long prcr ferves its dominion ov^x thofe who are foreigners to it *, who, on the ochcr hand, fail with great eafe, and continue infeparably annexed to the govern- ment of their own nation, which he proves by the fate of the Englijb conquefts in France. Yet with all thefe ^ fadvantages, fo difficult is it ^o overturn an eftablifhed government, that it was not without the affiftance of France and Eng^ land, that the United Provinces fupporred them- felves V which teaches us, that if the vifionary dan- ger of independence in our colonies is to be feared, nothing is more likely to render it fubftantial than the neighbourhood of foreigners at enmity with the fovereign government, capable of giving either aid or an afylum, as the event Ihall require. Yet againft even thefe difadvantages, did Spain pre- ferve almoft ten provinces, merely thro* their want of union, which indeed could never have taken place among the others, but for caufes, fome G of M :ll I'll [ 42 ] of which are in our cafe impofllble, and others it is impious to fuppofe poflibJe. The Romans well underftcod that policy which teaches the fecurity arifing to the chief goveinnrient from leparate ftates among the governed, when they reftored the liberties of the ftates of Greece^ (op- prefled but united under Macedon) by an edicl that every ftatelliould live under its own laws*. They did not even name a governor. Independence of each other, and feparate interejis, tho' among a reople united by common manners, language, and may fay religion, inferior neither in wifdom, bravery, nor their love of liberty, to the Romans themfelvcs, was all the fecurity the fovereigns wifh- cd for their fovereignty. Jt is true, they did not call themfelves fovereigns; they fet no value on the title ; they were contented with poflefling the thing ; and poflefs It they did, even without a {land- ing army. What can be a ftronger proof of the fecurity of their pofllffion ? And yet by a policy fi- milar to this throughout, was the Roman world fub- dued and held : a world compofed of above an hundred languages and fets of manners different from thofe of their matters -f. Yet this dominion was uofhakeable, till the lofs of liberty and corrup- tion of manners in the fovcreign ftate overturned it. But * Omnes Gr^ecorum ei'vifates, qu/e in Euro^a, qu-rque in Af.a efent, Ibertatemac fuas leges haherenty ISc. Ltv. lib. 33. c. 30. ■f- When the Romans had fubdu'd Macedonzwdi. lUyritutrty they were both form'd into republicks by a decree of the fenate, and Macedon was thought fafe from the danger of a revolution, by being divided, into a divifion common amonor the "Romansy as we learn from the accounts of the tetrarchs in k:rip»ure. Omnium frimum liberos ejfe placebi t Macedunas atque Illyries ; ut omnibus gentihus apparent, arma populi Rotnani non liberis Jernjitutemy fed contra fer'vieniibus liberta'em afferre. JJt l£ in libirtate gtntes qu(g e£enty tutam earn Jibi perpetuatrque fub iuiela fopuli Romani ejje : i5f qua fub regibus vi'verent. iS in prefens temfus mitioras ^i jvfiorefque rrfpedu populi Romani halere fe't^fi quando btl- lum > E 43 ] But what is the prudent policy inculcated by the remarker, to obtain this end, fecurity of domi- nion over our colonies ? It is, to leave the French in Canada, to ** check** their growth, for other- wife our people may " increafe infinitely from all " caulfes *." We have already ken in what manner the French and their Indians check the growth of our colonies. *Tis a modeft word, this, check, for maffacring men, women and children. The wri- ter would, if he could, hide from himfelf as well as from the public, the horror arifing from fuch a . propofal, by couching it in general terms : 'tis no wonder he thought it a " fubjedt not fit for dif- " cufijon" in his letter, tho* he recommends it as ** a point that Ihould be the conftant objeft of the " minifter's attention!" But if Canada is re- ftored on this principle, will not Britain be guilty of all the blood to be fhed, all the murders to be • committed in order to check this dreaded growth of our own people ? Will not this be telling the French in plain terms, that the horrid barbari- ties they perpetrate with their Indians on our colo- nifls, are agreeable to us •, and that they need not apprehend the refentment of a government with whofe views they fo happily concur ? Will not the colonies view it in this light : Will they have rca- fon to confider thcmfelves any longer as fubjeds and children, when they find their cruel enemies halloo*d upon them by the country from whence they fprung, the government that owes them pro- lum cum popu'o Romano regibus fuijfet fuisy exitum ejus t 49 ] fcflcd of Sf. Domingo only •, their own fhare of which would, if well cultivated, grow more fugar, than is now <^rown in all their fVeJi India iflands. • I have before faid I do not deny the utility of the conqueft, or even of our future pofleliion of Guada'upe^ if not bought too dear. The trade of the PVeJi Indies is one of our molt valuable trades. Our pofllfllons there deferve our grcateft care anr^ attention. So do thofe of Nonh /Imerica. I Ihr not enter into the invidious tafl< of comparing th " ^ due eflimation. Ic would be a very long and a very difagreeable one, to run through every thing material on this head. Ic is enough to our prefenc, point, if I have (hown, that the value of North America is capable of an immenfe increafe, by an acquifition and mcafurcs, that mufl: ncceflarily have an effedl the direi!:l contrary of what we have been induftriouQy taught to fear ; and that Guadalupe is, in point of advantage, but a very fmall addition to our Weft India poflefiions, rendered many ways lefs valuable to us than it is to the French^ who will probably fct more value upon it than upon a country that is much more valuable to us than to ' them. There is a great deal more to be faid on all the pares of thefe fubjeds ; but as it would carry me into a detail that 1 fear would tire the patience of my readers, and which I am not without ap* prehenfions I have done already, I fhall referve what remains till I dare venture again on the indulgence of the publick. now F t N I S. H M [ so ] In Confirmation of the Writer's Opinion con- cerning Papulation^ ManufaSiures^ i^c. he has thought it not amifsto add an Ext ra<5t from a Piece written fome Years fince in America^ where the Fafts mud be well knov/n, on which the Reafon- ings are founded. It is inticied, OBSERVATIONS ^ CONCERNING THE Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, &c. Written In Pensilvanja, 175^ I. f i CABLES of the proportion of marriages to births, JL of deaths to births, of marriages to the numbers of inhabitants, &c. formed on obfervations made upon thd bills of mortality, chnftenings, &:c. of populous cities, will not fuit countries ; nor will tables formed on obferva> tions made on full fettled old countries, as Europe, fuit new countries, as America, 2. For people increafe in proportion to tne nunber of marriages, and that is greater in proportion to the eafe and conveniente of fupporting a family. Wh?n families can be eafily fupported, more perfons marry, dnd earlier in life. 3, In cities, where all trades, occupations rind offices are full, many ilelay marrying, till they can ec how to b.ar the charges of a family ; which charges are greater in cities, as luxury is more common ; many live fingle during life, and continue fervanis to families, journeymen to ,L. . \ [ 5t ] to trades, &c. hence cities do not by natural generation fupply themfelves witii inhabitants; the deaths are more than the births. 4. Jn countries full fettled, the cafe mufl be nearly the fame ; all lands being occupied and improved to the heighth j thofc who cannot get land, muft labour for others that have it ; when labourcis are plenty, their wages Will be lov/ ; by low wages a family is fupported with difficulty; this difficulty deters many from marriage, who therefore long continue fcrvants and fmgle.— — — Only as the cities take fupplies of people from the coun- try, and thereby make a little more room in the country, marriage is a little more cncoui«ged there, and the births exceed the deaths. 5. Great part oi Europe is full fettled with hufbandmen, manufa6turers, &c. and therefore cannot now much in- crcafe in pcop'e : America is chiefly occupied by Indians^ who fubfilt nioftly by hunting. But as the hunter, of all men, requires the greatell quantity of land from whence to draw his fubfilfence, (the hulbandman fubfift- ing on much lefs, the gardener on ftill lefs, and the ma- nufa<5tnrer requiring leaftof all) the Europeum found Ame» rica as fully fettled as it well could be by hunters j yet thefe having large tra(5ls, were eafily prevailed on to part with portions of territory to the new comers, who did not much interfere with the natives in hunting, and furniftied then% with many things they wanted. 6. Land being thus plenty in America^ and fo cheap as that a labouring man, that underftands hufbandry, can in a fhort time fave money enough to purchafe a piece of new land fufficient for a plantation, whereon he may fubfifl a family ; fuch are not afraid to marry ; for if they even look far enough forward to confider how their children when grown up are to be provided for, they (ise that more land is to be had at rates equally eafy, all circumftances confidered. 7. Hence marriages in America are more general, and more generally early, than in Europe. And if it is rec- koned there, that there is but one marriage per annum among 100 perfons, perhaps we may here reckon two i and if in Europe they have but four births to a marriage (many of their marriages being late) we may here reckon eight i of which, if one half grow up, and our mairiagcs H 2 are ly [ 5^ ] are made, reckon! ig one with another, at twenty years of age, our people muft at leaft be doubled every twenty years. 8. But notwithnanding this increafe, fo vaft is the ter- ritory of No'th Jmerica, that it will require many ages to fettle it fully ; and till it is fully fettled, labour will never be cheap here, where no man continues long a la- bourer for others, but gets a plantation of his own ; no man continues long a journeyman to a trade, butgres among thofe new fettlers, and fets up for himfelf, &c. Hence labour is no cheaper now, in Perfiivania, than it was thirty years ago, though fo many thoufand labouring people have been imported from Germany and Ireland. g. The danger therefore of thefe colonies interfering \vith their mother country in trades that depend on labour, manufactures, he. is too remote to require the attention of Gresi Britain. 10. But in proportion to the increafe of the colonies, a vaft demand is growing for Br'i'ijh manufatSlures ; a glo- rious market wholly in the power of Britain^ in which foreigners cannot interfere, which will increafe in a fhort time even beyond her power of fupplying, tho' her whole trade (hould be to her colonics. ********** 12. 'Tis an ill-grounded opinion, that by the labour of flaves, Jmerita may poflibly vie in cheapnefs of manufac- tures with Biltaifi. The labour of flaves can never be fo cheap here as the labour of working men is in Erifain, Any one may compute it. Intereft of money is in the colonies from 6 to lo tcr Cent, Slaves one wth another, coft 30 I. Sterling per head. Reckon then the intereft of the firft purchafe of a flave, the infurance or rifque on his life, his cloathing and diet, expences in his ficknefs and lofs of time, lofs by his ncgle<5l of bufinefs (negleiSt \% natural to the man who is not to be benefited by his own care or dilii,ei.w.e), expencc of a driver to keep him at work, and his pilfering fro.m time to time, almoft every flave being from the nature of flavery a thitf, and com- pare the whole amount with the wages of a manufafturer of iron or wool in England, you will fee that labour is much cheaper there than it ever can be by negroes here. Why then will Americans purchafe flaves ? Becaufe flaves may be kept as long as a man pieafes, or has occ^fion for their labour i vyhile hired men are continually leaving their >V Lw ■\'^ no |ving their > K C 53 1 their matter (often in the midft of his bufin ^fs) and fetting up for themfelves. § 8. 1 3. As the increafe of people depends on the encou- ragement of marriages, the following things muft dimiriifh a nation, viz. i. The being conquered; for the conque- rors will engrofs as many offices, and exadl as much tribute or profit on the labour of the conquered, as will main- tain them in their new eftablifliment; and this diminifh- - ing the fubfiftence of the natives, difcourages their mar- riages, and fo gradual'y diminiflies them, while the fo- reigners increafe. 2. Lofs of territory. Thus the Britons being driven into fValei, and crouded together in a bar- ren country Infufficient to fupport fuch great numbers, diminifticd till the people bore a proportion to the pro- duce, while the Saxons increafed on their abandoned lands, 'till the ifland became full of Enghjb. And were the Eng- hjh now driven into IVa'es by Tome foreign nation, there would in a few years be no more EngUjhmfn in Britain^ than there are now people in IVales. 3. Lofs of trade. Manufactures exported, draw fubfiftence from foreign countries for numbers; who are thereby enabled to marry and raife families. If the nation be deprived of any branch of trade, and no new employment is found for thepeopie occupied :;i that branch, it will foon be deprived of fo many people. 4. Lofs of food. Suppofe a nation has a fifhery, which not only employs great numbers, but makes t!~.e food and fubfiftence of the people cheaper : if another nation becomes mafter of the feas, and prevents the fifliery, the people will diminifli in proportion as the lofs of employ, and dearnefs of provifion makes it more difficult to fubfift a family. 5. had government and in- fecure property People not only leave fuch a country, and fettling abroad incorporate with other nations, lofe their native language, and become foreigners ; but the induftry of thofc ihat ri-main being difcouraged, the quan- tity of fubfiftence In the country is lefl'ened, and the lup- port of a family becomes more difficult. So heavy taxes tend to diminilh a people. 6. The intrwdu6tion of Haves. The negroes broijg.'.t into the L'.nTijh I'ugar iflands, ha e greatly diminifhed the whiles there; the poor are by this means deprived of employment, while a few families ac- quire vaft eftates, whic!) they fpend on foreign luxuries, their children in the habit of thole luxuries ; ind ed the fame ucatmg income is needed for the fupport of one, that 4 "light ^■. \; id WAt, [ 54 ! might have maintained one hundred. The whites who have flaves not labouring, are enfeebled, and therefore not fo generally prolific ; the flaves being worked too hard, and ill fed, their conftitutions are broken, and the deaths among them are more than the births ; fo that a continual fupply is needc from Africa, The northern colonies having fev flaves, increafe in whites. Slaves alfo pejorate the families th?.t ufe them ; the white chil- dren become proud, difgufted with labour, and being edu- cated in idlcnels, are rendered unfit to get a living by in- duftry. 14. Hence the prince thaticquires new territory, if he finds it vacant, or removes the natives to give his own people room ; the legiflator that makes efFedual laws for promoting of trade, increafing emplcj ment, improving land by more or better till ige, proviJing more food by fiftieries, fecuring property, ^c. and the man that ii^'xnts new trades, arts or manufart^ures, or new improvements in hufbandry, may be properly called Futlhrs rf their Na- tiariy as they are the caufe of the generation r,f multitudes, by the encouragem nc they aftoid to marriage. i^. As to priv.'t 'es granted to ihf married, (fuch "3 the jus t'ium I beromm among the Romans) they may haflen the filling of a country that has been thinned by war or peftilence, or that has otherwife vacant territory, but cannot increafe a people beyond the means provided for their fubfiftence. 16. Foreign luxuries and needlefs manufa«5lures im- ported and ufed in a nation, do, by the fame reafoning, increafe the people of the nation that furnifiies them, and diminifh the people of the nation that ufes them. • Laws therefore that prevent fuch importations, and on the contrary promote the exportation of manufa6lures to be confumed in foreign countries, may be called (with refpeft to the people that makti them) generative law .^ as by increafing fubfiftence they encourage marriage. Such laws likewife (trenp^then a country doubly, by increafing its own people and diminifhing its neighbours. 1 7. Some European nations prudently refufe to confume the manufactures of Ea/i-India: — They {hould likewife forbid them to their colonies ; for the gain to the mer- chant is not to be compared with the lofs by this means of people to the nation. 18. Home > ;? Ind on ires to (with Such [eafing Infume tewife mer- leans [ome i i BS li 18. Home luxury in the great increafes the nation's inanufa£lurers employed by it, who are many, and only tends to diminifli the families that indulge in it, who are few. The greater the common fafliionable expence of any rank of people, the more cautious they are of mar- riage. Therefore luxury fhould never be fuffered to be- come common. 19. The great increafe of offspring in particular fa- milies, is not always owing to greater fecundity of na- ttve, but fometimes to examples of induflry in the heads, aiid induftrious education; by which the children are enabled to provide better for themfelves, and their mar- rying early is encouraged from the profpetS): of good fub- iiftence. 20. If there be a fedl therefore, in our nation, that regard frugality and induflry as religious duties, and edu- cate their children therein, more than others commonly do ; fuch feci muft confequently increafe more by natural generation, than any other fe6l in Britain,-— 21. The importation of foreigners into a country that has as many inhabitants as the prefent employments and provifions for fubfiftence ' will bear, will be in the end no increafe of people, unlefs the new-comers have more induftry and frugality than the natives, and then they will provide more fubfiftence and increafe in the country; but they will gradually eat the natives out. — Nor is it necefTary to bring in foreigners to fill up any occafional vacancy in a country ; for iuch vacancy (if the laws are good, § 14, 16) will foon be filled by natural gener.'Ltic . Who can now find the vacancy made in Sweden^ France^ or other warlike nations, by the plague of heroifm 40 years ago ; in France^ by the expulfion of the proteftants ; in England, by the fetclement of her colonies; or in Guinea^ by 100 years exportation of flaves th^t has blackened half America ? The thinnefs of the inhabitants in Bpain^ is owing to national pride and idlenefs, and other caufes, rather than to the expulfion of the Moors<, or to the making of new fettlements. 22. There is in (hort no bound to the prolific nature of plants or animals, but what is made by their crowding and interfering with each other's means of fubfiftence. Was the face of the earth vacant of other plants, it might be gradually fowed and overfpread with one kind only ; as for inilance, with Fennel ; and were it empty of other inhabi- v./ V V -\ "»r [ 56 ] • .• inhabitants, it might in a few ages be rcplenlflied from one nation only ; as for inftance, with Englijhmcn. Thus there are fuppofed to be now upwards of ont Million EngUfh fouls in North-America, (tho* 'tis thought fcarce 80,000 have been brought over fea) and yet perhaps there is not one the fewer in Britain, but rather 'many more, on account of the employment the colonies afford to manufacturers at home. This million doubling, fuppofe but once in 25 years, will in anbther century be more than the people of England^ and the greatefl number of Englijhmen will be on this fide the water. WHat an Vc-v ceAion of power to the Britijh empire by fea as well ^'\. land! What increafe of trade and navigation! What* numbers of fhips and fcamen ! We have been here but . little more than 100 years, and yet the force of our pri- vateers in the late war, united, was greater, both in men and guns, than that of the whole Britijh navy in jqueen Elizabeth*^ time.-^ — How important an affair then to Britain^ is the prefent treaty * for fettling the bounds between her colonies and the French, and how careful fhould (be be to fecure roofti enough, fince on the room depends f(b much the increafc of her people ^ 23. In fine, a nation well regulated is like a polypus f ; take away a limb, its place is foon fupplied j ^ut it in two, and each deficient part (hall fpeedily grow out of the part remaining. Thus if you have room and fubfift- cncfe enough, as you may by dividing, make tdn polypufe^ out of one,- you may of one make ten nations, equally populous and powerful ; or rather, increafe a nation ten fold in numbers and ftrength. * * * •♦ * • * ♦ « ^ ? 1 ■ i [) '-^n • 1751. t A water infeflj well knowA to hatii^allfts* .■jj.j •^ «' : ■ iiiiii!' ! m% • ', t t "^?ioafetA bed from en. Thus e Million ;ht fcarce laps there my more, afford to' ;, fuppofe be more umber of at an Vcn IS well ^•'. ! What* I here but . F our pri- both in navy in ffalr then e bounds w careful the room >lypus t ; ut it in r out of J fubfift. poJypufed equally ition ten bilifts. 'KM ^ SiKfcE the foregoing fheets were printed off, tlftfe vvriter has obtained accounts of the Exports to ISPorth America^ and the JVeJi India TJlands^ by wHch it appears, that there has been fome increafe of trade to thofe IJlands^ as well as to North Ame^ ritay though in a mucli Icfs degree. The follow- ing extract from thefe accounts will (how the reader at/one view the amount of the exports to each, in tm. different terms of five years •, the terms taken '% ten years diftance from each other, to fhow the iicre^fe^..i;/2;. Firft Term, from 1 744 to 1 748, inclufive. ■.^ \ l^ or them Colonies. \ 1744— •;^. 640, 1 14 12 4— I 1745 ^'34»3i6 2 5- ,746 754,945 4. 3- \ ^IM 7^6,648 5 5- 1748 830,243 16 9- Weji India IJlandt, -i^-796.H2 17 9 503,669 19 9 472994 »9 7 856,463 18 6 — 734.095 »S 3 ^otal, £,, 3,486,268 2 Tot. £,. 3,363,337 ro 10 Difference, 122,930 10 4 jG- 3,486,268 4N^econd Term, from 1754 to 1758, inclufive. 1754- >75S- 17 >6- 1757. Northern Colonies. —1.246,615 I II' -1,177,848 ^ 10- — 1,428,720 18 10- ■^ : 72-, 924 2 10" 1758 — —r, 832, 948 13 10. Total, ^. 7,414,057 4 Weft India IJlands. 685,675 3 o 694,667 13 3 733,458 16 3 776,488 o ^6 877,571 19 *ii 3 Tot. j^. 3,767,841 12 II Difference, 3,646,215 11 4 i' 7»4H'057 4 3 lo V- ! «•* i u* .'.^^^^C I iT' h '■■■^^< X iillSelfft tertti, total for tf^eftfndialjkmis, l»^i,zff tdW ' T *: *; * .3«7^7»^4»*ia ill Ihcnsafe, Cflly j^. 0,404,504 j^;» In the fecond Ter^i, Jt^/e, In the firft Term* total For Northern Colomt, 5,486,168 t In the fecond T«rin, ,?68 It if •»057 4 :^^ — ■ ' 'n * ',789 3 •! the fecond, ? increaileli eafe to th|^ ^; aImo4 1 fleets v4 [d by to% cion, &cj nent, accour f. •> \ f .- ''* ,siF f^