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Tl'TTLK, In the Office of the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa. PRINTED AT THE GAZETTK PKINTING HOUSE, MONTREAL, PREFA.CE. It is desirable that the reader should know with what haste this little volume has been i)repared. This, it is believed, wiil altbrd an ample apology fbr any defects which may appear. On Tuesday afternoon of last week, the writer was requested to prepare a sketch of Her Royal High- ness the Prtn(.'ess Louise, and His Excellency the xMarqttls of Lorne, the new aovernor-General oi' the Dominion. On Vcdnebday morning, work was commenced in accordance therewith, and on Satur- day evening of the same week the whole of the manuscript was completed. Mention is made of this, not as an evidence of rapid work, but as an excuse, on the part of the writer, for not furnishing- a more perfect volume. Notwithstanding- the hurried manner in which it has been prepared, this little volume will present a very full sketch of the House of Campbell, of Her Royal Highness, the Princess Louise, and the Mar- cpiis of Lorne, and the membertj of the new Govern- ment of the Dominion, and will, perhaps, meet the want which it is intended to supply. SI rv PREFACE. The writer, however, regrets that ay its publica- tion upon a certain date was made imperative, no more time could be allowed him to perfect his work. C. R. T. Montreal, Nov. 9, 1878. CONTENTS. I. — Introductory - - _ _ II.— Story of the House of Argyll Ill.-Sketch of the Right Honorable the Marquis of Lorne IV.~Sketch of H. R. H. the Princess Louise - v.— Oiu new Governor-General - . . _ VI.— Canada—Political Situation - - . . . VII.— The Dominion Cabinet, 1878-9 - f Vlll.-Parliamentary and Legislative Directory, etc., etc. PAGE • 17 33 75 85 111 127 153 201 J : 1^ i . * ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait op Her IMaJesty, Queen Victoria. " Her Royal Highness, the Princess L„„ise " His Excellency, the Marquis of Lorne, Governor-General of ( 'anada. " Gen. the llo„„rahle Sir Patrick MacdoiiRall. " Right Honorable SirJohn A. MacdonaM, X.O.B., Promi-r and Minister of Interior ' " """^^^^^'-'^ ^^muel L. Tilley, C.B., minister of Fin,»v ,• " """"'"^'^ <'harle8 Tupper, C.B., M.D., Minister <.f Puhli- Works. " Honorable ./. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture " Honorable John O'C^onnor, President of the Council •' Honorable James Macdonuld, Minister of Justice " Honorable L. F. R. Masson, Minister of Militia " Honorable H. L. Langevin, Postmaster- ( J eneral " Honorable J. (!. Pope, Minister of Marine and Fisheries " Honorable Mackenzie Bowell, Minister of Customn ' ' " Honorable J. (\ Aikins, Secretary of State " Honorable Ale.xander (Campbell, Receiver-General " Honorable L. F. G. Baby, Minister of Inland Revenue it t( II u « (I « (( u u « (( u u with^ea':,hcop/of the book '' """"'' '""' """"" ""'"" '' «''™ i A annc was iiobl( quis of Di instaj over [to ou |accoir (Jieartj -e w( ^oyer( )le, fo ^ere i md 01 )road, [0 gree Intl fess th >e par [t was INTRODUCTORY. A thrill of joy burst upon the Dominion with the announcement that a member of the Royal Family Avas coming to take up her abode in Canada. The nobleman himself, — The Right Honorable, the Mar- quis of Lome, who was named to succeed the Earl of DufFerin, as our Governor-General, — was for the instant, overlooked in our enthusiastic rejoicing* .over the great compliment which Her Majesty paid to our loyalty in sending to us her beautiful and [accomplished daughter, the Princess Louise. All learts throbbed with a new interest. We felt that re were moving nearer to the throne of our Gracious bvereign ; that we were being rewarded, as a peo- ple, for our faithful obedience to the Crown : that we pere rising to the full dignity of British citizenship ; md our loyal hearts would fain have sent one long, )road, deep acclaim of Welcome ! across the ocean, [o greet the departure of Her Royal Highness. In the midst of our joy at the coming of the prin- jess there was but one feeling of regret, and we will >e pardoned for referring to this at the very outset, it was consequent upon the departure from our 18 ROYALTY IN CANADA shores of their Excellencies the Earl and Countess of Dufferin. We can adopt the language of Thomas White, Esq., M.P., in reference to Lord DnfFerin's administration and express the sentiment of the whole Canadian people : " It is only the simple " truth to say that, of the nine statesmen who have " represented Her G-racious Majesty in this country " since the Union of 1841, Earl DufFerin succeeded " best in winning the esteem and efFection of the " entire poi)ulation. We do not make this statement " for the purpose of detracting from the merits of " his Lordship's illustrious predecessors. Every one " of them had his characteristic gifts and graces, and " they were all men of imperial distinction and re- " nown. Some of them were quite equal to Lord " DufFerin in those qualities which go to the making *' of statesmen. Almost all of them encountered " during their career in Canada difficulties as trouble- " some and dilemmas as puzzling as he did. But, " in meeting the vexed questions of their times, we I *' may assert, without exaggeration and without fear, *' that none of them displayed the same tact and put| " forth the same variety of power. He has the na- *' tural gift for ruling men, and he exercises it in aj *^ manner which renders his rule pleasing as well as *' firm. But the chief e'^cret of the marked success! " which attended his whole administration was inl " the fa(^t that he took a deep and a real interest in] *' the country and the people. He always seemed to] INTRODUCTORY. 19 itess of Gliomas LfFerin's or the simple LO have country pceeded of the atement lerits of rery one ices, and and re- to Lord making Dimtered trouble- d. But, limes, we I out fear, and put] the na- tes it in al |s well as successl was iii| terest inl leemed to! identify himself with our progress He always gave it to be understood, by word and act, that he had a share in our happiness, that our advance- ment in all that was best was to him a personal, matter, in which his own well-being and pros- perity were concerned. His Grovernment was as far as possible from being merely perfunctory. It was a pleasure to him to take part in anything in which the people were interested. This deep and constant interest in whatever touched, directly or indirectly, on our welfare, added to his many-sided culture and broad humanity, made him a model Grovernor. He sympathized with everything that was Canadian, and was himself as much Canadian as it was possible for him to be. In social life he was largely and generously hospitable, thus setting an example of the best taste. A scholar and au- thor, he took a lively interest in our educational progress and in oar literary efforts. Even when about to receive an honorary degree from McGrill University, he showed that he regarded the dis- tinction as something not merely formal by pre- paring himself for it. Indeed, his frequent pre- sence at our educational institutions, and his unaffected and hearty sympathy with which the success of our students, which he showed also in more substantial ways, have been the means of giving an impetus to the love of learning which, it is to be hoped, his memory will prevent be- il!^ 20 ROYALTY IN CANADA. I " coming weak. He was at home in all our manly " sports, which he did more than any preceding Grov- " ernor to encourage. He did much to strengthen '^' our volunteer force by his ready co-operation in " every movement that tended to its improvement. " An artist, he was a cordial, as well as critical, " patron of Canadian art. In fact, so numerous are " the phases in which he manifested his desire that " Canada should advance pari passu with the most " civilized and growing of modern countries, that " we cannot mention them all, and fo simple account " of the boons conferred by his potent and benefi- " cent individuality on the Dominion, would resem- *' ble a panegyric or a picture of what a governor " ought to be. Certainly such praise as this is ap- " plicable to none of our previous viceroys, and to " few who have ever occupied that high position " anywhere." The great regard entertained by all Canadians for thtiir Excellencies the Earl and Countess of DufFerin must be a sufficient apology for this digression. The regret felt at their departure, however, was more than counterbalanced by the joy consequent upon the appointment of their successors. It has long been a cherished hope that one of Her Majesty's sons or daughters should be sent to Canada, and now that this hope has been realized, Canadian loyalty will experience new growth. Beyond this, we may expect that, with a nobleman of well known literary IXTRODUCTOKY. 21 tastes and ability, and a Princess whose artistic skill is universally acknowledged, filling the most im- portant station in the Dominion, a spirit of culture will be developed and the circle of the educated and refined, elevated and expanded. From a social point of A'iew, the presence of the Princess cannot fail to produce the very best results. In what we call fashionable circles, just now, there is a decided tremor of agitation as to how accessible Eideau Hall will be to society during her residence here. "We all know that society worshipped Ljrd and Lady Dufferin, and it may be that their success in this respect will make it difficult for their suc- cessors. In their time there were many dinners, balls, at-homes, theatricals, concerts and skating parties, which were so generously managed as to gather in society in a most liberal extent. Indeed so wide was the hospitality of Rideau Hall, that some of the more exclusive were, on more than one occasion, heard to complain that the circle surround- ing it was rather two elastic. These are now con- gratulating themselves upon an expected change, while, on the other hand, those who constituted the real heart and life of society in its broadest days, are in doubt as to whether Pier Royal Highness will encourage or subdue them. It is believed by some, and not without reason, that the appointment of the Marquis is but the precursor of a genuine Royal Governor-General, and that, in due course he will 11 It 'ill 22 ROYALTY IN CANADA. I !!U be succeeded by the Duke of Edinburgh, and that he will be made a permanent viceroy. Certainly such a forecast augurs well for the social position of Canada. If realized, it would create a most delight- ful social life ; noble families would probably be in- duced to come to Canada , while wealthy and aristo- cratic persons throughout the Dominion would move to Ottawa; and there would undoubtedly be an influx, at certain seasons, of the richest families from the large American cities. There are those who rejoice at the prospect of all this, while on the other hand, one will not unfre- quently meet with those who regret it on these grounds : they fear that the splendor and expense of a household befitting the rank of royalty will bring about a taste for extravagant display on the part of the people of Canada, which they have not the means to gratify. But these things will regulate themselves. Whether we shall have another mem- ber of the Eoyal Family to succeed the Princess, will very much depend upon the results of this experi- ment. Those who take alarm at the prospect of extravagence have no grounds for serious fears. The Marquis is a nobleman of considerable wealth, but his training and the examples set for him by a long line of illustrious ancestors, are such as to warrant the belief that his administration will not be charac- terized by needless expenditure, and it must be ^ell known to all that the salary of the G-overnor-G-eneral INTRODUCTORY. 23 I that tainly ion of slight- be iu- iristo- move be an s from of all nnfre- these 3nse of bring part of ot the sgulate is not sufficient to defray even ihe necessary expenses of the post. The Princess, on the other hand, re- ceived but c£30,000 as her dower, and the scanty allowance of <£6,000 per annum, granted by parlia- ment. These facts, together with the principles of economy which have always been shown by Her Majesty, the Queen, seem to warrant, beyond any doubt, that the conduct of Her Royal Highness, while in Canada, will be in keeping with her res- ponsibilities to this country. But after all, we must not expect that the Princess will fill the same T-lace in the social world that Lady Dufferin occupied ; nor that she will be, in any large degree, accessible by those who most display themselves in society. This would not be suitable to her rank. It would be simply impossible. While in this country she will, in a higher sense than is possible to His Excellency the Governor- Greneral, represent Her G-racious Majesty ; and we have no right to expect any conduct at her hands that would be unbecoming the Sovereign herself. The Princess, at the English Court, and the Princess at Rideau Hall must, in the nature no doubt," saj's a reliable author, •' about these circumstances. Charters under the Great Seal are still extant, proving that the heir-male of the house of Stewart of Lome made such concessions as gave to his neice and her husband nearly the entire barony w^hich has boon the pro2)erty of the Campbells ever since. A natural son of the house of Stewart, however, contrived to retain some of the family possessions, founding the Appin and other branches of that name. But as we have already observed, that the possessions of the Macdougalls came into the hands of the Campbells, o9 ROYALTY IN CANADA. m through the Stewarts, their immediate successoi's, we must turn aside for a few moments to make some obsciTations cor.cerning that ancient and illustrious clan ; and in this instance we shall make some extracts from John Hogg, Esq., a somewhat noted author : — It seems very evident that they formed one of the primitive branches of tlie roving or stranger tribes of visitants to Scotland of the Irish or at least Celtic race. Their name puts the fact almost beyond doubt. It also distinguishes them clearly from the Norseman of the Western Isles, who were always styled Fion-Galls, that is, fair strangers (Rovers or Pirates). The yellow-haired Kempions of Scandinavia, in all theii own early annals relating to Scotland, are not to be mistaken for the Celtic Dhio-Galls, or Black Strangers. The common account of the origin of the Macdougalls is, that they sprung from a son or grandson of Somcrled, of the name of Dougal. But, though a single chieftain of that appellation may have flourished in tlie primitive periods of Gaelic story, it appears most probable, from many circumstances, that the clan derived their name from their descent and character generally. They were Dhu-Galls, black strangers. They are thus to be found giving a permanent title to Galloway, for example, where many of their descend- ants hold lands to this day. The Dhu-Galls or Dougalo were so powerful as to maintain a long contest with Roliert Bruce for supremacy in Scotland ; and, indeed, his hardest struggle, during his entire struggling life, was with the Argyll- shire or Lome Macdougals. In t;'uth, it was but natural that they should have had an antipathy to him, as the representative of a differ- ent race and different interests. He was of English or Norman blood, a member of one of those families brought into Scotland by the policy of the Lowland monarchs, in order to sustain them against the hostile and purely Celtic population of the north and north-west Highlands. Historians have been too apt to view the contests in the early Bruce and Stewart times as contests betwixt individual chiefs ; whereas, in reality, they were the struggles of two distinct and opposing races. The Dhu Galls, the Gael of Argyllshire, tried long to maintain the battle with the Norman Bruces. They were unsuccessful ; though, when driven to plant their power in the more northerly and inaccessible isles of the STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. a» west, the ^ ery same race (under the Lords of the Isles) kept up the en- gagement afterwards for centuries with the Stewart kings. The battle was that of Gael against Norman and Saxon — the Celtic against the Gothic race. It matters not whether the Celt was primitively from Ireland or from Gaul ; or whether the Lowlander was the offspring of Saxon, Dane, or Norman, The Celtic and Gothic races, under whatever denominations they might be ranked, were the two great parties that struggled against each other for supremacy in the early days of Scottish history. In spite of their brilliant though irregular valour, and a fine iilealism of intellect, the Celts were overborne. The fact cannot be gainsayed. The whole annals of the overthrow of the Roman empire tell the same tale Being placed on the mainland from the first, seem- ingly, and close to the Lowland power, the particular tribe of the Dhu- Galls which took the permanent name of Macdougals fell before the southron encroachments, at a period long preceding the similar fall of the Macdonalds of the Isles. The Macdougals had their chief seat in Lome, or the centre of the continent of Argyllshin;, betwixt Loch Awe and the seas of the west. The son or grandson of Somerled, who is said to have specially founded the Macdougal clan, lived in the t'velfth century. In the thirteenth, however, they were numerous and strong enough to oppose Bruce, and it is therefore out of the (juestion to sup- pose that the descendant of Somerled could do more than consolidate or collect an already existing tribe, even if it is to be admitted as taking from him its name. His grandson, or immediate successor, Alexander, is said to have been the chief who led the Macdougals in the wars against the Bruces. After King Robert Bruce was crowned at Scone, in 1306, the forces of Edward I. of England attacked and overthrew him, com- pelling him to fly to the west of Scotland, with the view of seeking refuge in Ireland, which country had then a common interest in resist- ing the English. But Alexander Macdougal of Lome encountered him at a place called Dalree, on the borders of Argyllshire, and a fierce combat ensued between the parties. Bruce is described by Barbour as pe-forming a truly heroic part on the occasion, though worsted and compelled to retreat. He rescued the flying, and checked so the pur- suers — iiii 40 ROYAL TV J A" CANADA. ' That nonu durst out of Lattle chase, For always at their hand he was. 80 well defended he his men, That whosoe'er had seen him then Prove so deserving;- of vassalage, And turn so often the visa^^e, He should say he ought well to be The King of a Great Royalty,' ]>ut Bruce fought in vain, and indeed escaped with life almost miracu- lously in the end. Three of the clansmen of Lome, who seem to have hecn personal attendants or henchmen of the chief of the Macdougals, resolved that they would either slay the sovereign or die. They fol- lowed the retreating party, accordingly, and when llobert entered a narrow puss, riding behind his people, in what certainly was the post of danger for the moment, the three Macindrosi'ers (otherwise called MacanorsoJrs, the Mackeoghs, but sons of the Door-^card., or door-keeper to the Macdougal chieftain) threw themselves upon the monarch at once. One of Vnem was instantly rewarded with such a blow of the royal battle-axe that " arm and shoulder flew him frae." The second had grasi)ed the stirrup, and Robert fixed and held him there by press- ing down his foot, so that the captive was dragged along the ground as if chained to the horse. In the meantime, the third assailant had sprung from the hillside to the back of the horse, and sat behind the king. The latter turned half-round and forced the Macindrosser for- ward to the front of the saddle, where he clave the head to the hams. The second assailant was still hanging by the stirrup, and Robert now struck at him vigorously, and slew him at the first blow. The arm of a single man has seldom done such a feat as that here narrated, and the probable truth of which is confirmed by the death of the young Bohun at Bannockburn, and other similar actions of Bruce. The Macdougals were victors in the general combat which thus ter- minated. But Alexander of Lome had taken up the losing side. The Lowland power was daily advancing in strength, and the Dhu-Galls sank before its progress. It was about the period mentioned, if not in the actual battle described, that the famous Brooch of Lome came into the family of the Macdougals. It is said to have been a personal orna- ment of Robert Bruce ; and, when the cloak of the retreating monarch ■11 III il STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 41 Avas frraspcd I)} one or other of liis assailants, the brooch by which it was fastened fell into the hands of his pursuers. If Harbour tells the tule aright (and lis it has been here recorded), the immediate assailants paid with their lives for their audacity ; but the cloak and brooch were found by others of the enemy, and kept long thereafter, as a mon- ument of victory, by the chiefs of the h^nise of Macdougal. General Stewart of Garth tells us that the brooch was lost or destroyed when Dunolly ('astle was Iturned down in the seventeenth century. How- ever, the Hrooch of Lome has reappeared within these latter years, and lias even been exhibited publicly in the capital of Scotland. It is de- scribed as being of silver, not of gold, as said by Scott in the Lord of the Isles. His words are — Whence the Brooch of burning gold, That clasps the chieftain's mantle fold, Wrought and clasped with rare device. Studded fair with gems of price, On the varied tartan beaming. As, through night's pale rainbow gleaming, Fainter now, now seen afar. Fitful shines the morning star. But the Brooch of Lome, as observed, proves not to be of gold, but ot silver, and we are inclined strongly to look upon the fact as a proof of the authenticity of the article discovered of late years, and honoured with the title of the Brooch of Robert Bruce, lost by him in contest with the followers of the family of Lome. A manufacturer of such articles would scarcely have gone counter to the statement of Sir Walter Scott, had the object been to present a surreptitious brooch in place of the real one. The ornament consists of a circular plate, about four inches in diameter, having a tongue like that of a common buckle on the under side. The upper side is magnificently orna- mented. First, from the margin risc^ a neatly-formed rim, with hol- lows cut in the edge at certain distances, like the embrasures in an embattled wall. From a circle within this rim rise eight round, taper- ing obelisks, about an inch and a quarter high, finely cut, and each studded at top with a river pearl. Within this circle of obelisks there is a second rim, also ornamented with carved work, and within which Tl 42 ROYALTV IN CANADA. iiiili^ i. ris<}8 a neat circular case, occU])ying tl»o whole centre of the brooch| and slightly overtopping the obelisks. The exterior of this case, in- stead of forming a plain circle, projects into eight semi-cylinders, which relieve it from all appearance of heaviness. The upper part is| likewise carved very elegantly, and in the centre there is a large gem. This case may be tjiken oflF, and within there is a hollow which miglr have contained any small articles upon which a particular value wa.'. I set. Barbour does not tell the story of the Brooch of Lome, and the| authenticity of the modern article rests ( hiefly on the following state- ment, to be credited, or otherwise, as reat'ers are disposed. For our| own part, it seems to us tliat the traditions relative to the brooch an- too numerous and steady to permit us to t'oubt oi the reality of the I story ; and, whatever scepticism may say, there appears no sound rea- son for doubting the new-found irticle to be the veritable anti(]ue one. It underwent some odd turns of fortune. In the civil war during the I reign of the first Charles, the Macdougal of that day adhered to the] royal cause, and suffered as much thereby as he had formerly done by opposing the Bruces. In 1647, he was besieged in Dunolly (the old| aeat, and still the seat of the house,) by a detachment of General Les- lie's troops, under Colonel Montgomery. From the impregnable na- ture of the situation, he was successful in holding out this strength ; | but Goalen Castle was taken, sacked and burned. Campbell of Invo- raw, who took part in the latter affair, secured the brooch of King | Robert, which he took into his possession as fair spoil, though he di'j not think proper to make his good fortune too well known, lest the I Macdougal might have thought it necessary r.fterwards to attempt the recovery of the highly-valued relic bj force. Time rolled on; the Macdougal of the early part of the last century lost his lands in con- sequence of his embracing the cause of the Pretender in 1715 ; his 6on| regained them in consequence of keeping loyal in 1745. Meanwhile, the brooch won at Dalree continued safe, amidst all the vicissitudes of j the family fortunes, in the strong chest at Inveraw. To the Macdou- gals themselves it was not even known to exist. At length, about fifty yeais ago, this precious relic passed into the | hands of a cadet of the Inveraw family, who, at a subsequent time, ap- pointed it by testament to be sold, and the proceeds divided among.st I!P:: lllli!' STORY OF BOUSE OF ARGYLL. 43 the broo( h his younger chil. 3n. It was accordingly, about tho year 1819, went to London to be exposed for Bale, the price put upon it being a thousand poundK, The late King George IV., then Prince Regent, is said to have offered five hundred poundH for the brooch, but without obtaining it ; nor did any other customer appear who was willing to give the large price put upon it by the possessor. It must l)e understood that, when thus laid before the public, it was openly described as the Brooch of Lorne^ originally the property of King Koi»ert Bruce; yet the fact of its exist- ence and exposure for sale did not become known to the representative of the Macdougal fami'./ till after it had been withdrawn from the market. Ultimately, in the year 1825, the late amiable General Camp- bell of Lochnell, being anxious to bestow some mark of ^'ratetul re- gard on his esteemed friend and neighbour, Macdougal, purchased the brooch, and caused it to be presented to that gentleman by his chief, the Duke of Argyll, at a social meeting of the landholders of the county. It thus, after an interval of more than a century and a hruf, found its way back to the family, who, next to King Robert and his heirs and representatives, were certainly its most rightful owners. It is at present kept with great care at Dunolly Castle. Colin Campbell, the firnt Earl of Argyll, wan a man of extraordinary talents and great influence. He fully vindi- cated the dignity of his clan, and extended the territorial possessions of his house. He played an important part in the public life of Scotland, tilling the position of High Chan- cellor of the kingdom under the rule of James III. and James TV. It is hinted by some that his great ambition and suc- cess in acquiring lands gave birth to the bye-word " the greed of the Campbells;" but Mr. Hogg, the author pre- viously referred to, gives a more reasonable opinion that " the whole question resolves itself into the fact that he and his generation were men of ability, skilful in detecting and using opportunities after the fashion of their day." It would be interesting and instructive had we the space at command to sketch the prominent features in the lives of t^i i: 1 > I 44 ROYALTY IN CANADA. the Hocond, third and fourtli Karl of Argyll wlio followed the first in unbroken male Huccession from father to won. The great prominence which history accordH to the fifth Eai'l of Ar/^yll, howovei*, demands a passing notice. He had all the advantages of birth of his predecessors, and managed to improve upon these favorable conditions by a series of I fortunate marriages which, by a wise policy, wei'c contract- ed by the house. Through this means he became one of the leading and most ])owerful peers of the realm in the days of Queen Maiy. " He had been ediicjited by John Douglas, the " first Protestant bishoj) of St. Andrews, and acquired from " him those liberal religious principles which were destined ''■ to throw at once a glory and a gloom on the annals of the " house. The Earl has been variously judged by historians " for his conduct during the reign of the iinhaj^py (^ueeii " Mary. It is unquestionable that he adhered to his reli- " gious princi])les throughout, or, in other words, to the " Presbyterian part}", called the ' Congregation.' He was " twice wedded, but left no children, and was succeeded by '' his brother in the jqixv 1575." Colin, a name often repeated in the history of the clan, the sixth Earl of Argyll, was distinguished alike by political and military successes. He maintained the dignity of the house, and held the j^osition of his predecessors of Lord High Chanceller of Scotland. But his son, Archibald, was a man of still great*' talents and influence. At the age of eighteen he was p'c ced at the head of an arm}', and com- manded to lead the power of the west against that of the north. His campaign was a failure, bus it is said that ths gingular good fortune of his family did not long desert him. " The Macgregors, and the Macdonalds, of Kintyre," says 3ir. Hogg, " had broken out into excesses against the peace STORY OF HOUSE OF AROYLL. 45 "of tho rofilni, and the Karl of Argyll was ordered out for <'tlieir suppression. Horo tho policy of the CaniphoUs, "which lay in adhering ever to the Lowland monarchy in " opposition to the feelings and principles which guided the '• more northern (iael, led to a large acquisition of territory " by the house of Lochow. Far be it from us to approve of "the sanguinary treatment too often experienced by the '"Children of the Mist' (Macgrogors), but, in fairness, wo "should look at l)oth sides of the question. The Lowlands "were gradually settling down into a condition of order and " quietude, and the incursions of the neighbouring raountain- " oers constituted a perpetual and heavy grievance. The " Macg'xgors, to take them as an example, wore located on " the very borders of the lov/ country, and their predatory " habits made them a terror and a curse. If any reader of " romantic temperament shoukl feel displeased at this lan- "guage, let him recollect what occurred in the very middle " of the comparatively civilized eighteenth century, when the "sons of Rob lioy carried otf a helpless young woman from " her friends, and, for the sake of her money, completed tho " abduction by all the horrors of a forced marriage. If "such things wore done so lately, what unheard of outrages "must have been signalised earlier times! It is not to " apologise for or justify any wilful cruelties practised on " such clans as the Macgregors that those things arc men- "tioned, but simply to prove that the picture has tAvo sides. " Their own practices tended largely to pulldown vengeance " on their heads. In the case now more directly under con- " sideration, the Earl of Argyll, conjoining his power with " that of the Gordons, attacked and nearly exterminated the " unhappy Macgregors. The Macdonalds of Kintyre were ''at the same time reduced and partly expelled. Their t^,-f^-^V- m 46 EOYALTY IN CANADA. •' lands were transferred to Argyll, thus adding anothei " fair portion of the west to his family domains." Archibald Campbell, eighth J]arl and first Marquis of| Argyll, introduces us to the great civil wars of the seven- teenth century, in which he acted a most brave and gallant part, being equalled only by his great foe, the Marquis of Montrose. Montrose upheld the royal prerogative, while Argyll contended for civil and religious freedom. These two noblemen wore the great leaders in Scotland in the war which lost Charles I. his head, and it is difficult to say which deserves most of our admiration for their deeds of I chivalry. Montrose may have outstripped his opponent in the brilliancy of his daring, but in the closing scenes of I their lives, in the serenity of their dying hours, — both of I them perishing on the scaffold — the Marquis of Argyll was, perhaps, the greater hero. The latter was the leader of the Presbyterian party in Scotland for a considerable period. However, he character- ized his acts in such a manner as to be regarded, if not friendly, at least without enmity to royalty or to the house of the Stewarts. But when the King persisted in the most despotic proceedings, he was, at length, forced into a de- cided opposition, and signed the National Covenant, which created such a breach between the peo])le and the throne. He was the last of the Scotch noblemen wno took this step, and it may be fairly doubted whether or not ho would have taken such an extreme position, if the King had supplied him with no private reasons. He received personal provo- cation from the Court of Charles I. of a decided type. On visiting London at the King's request, in 1683, he discov- ered that the monarch had sanctioned an invasion of the western coast of Scotland by the Irish under Lord Antrim, STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 47 who, becaiiHG he was a Macdonald, had been promised the Instates of Kintyre, so recently accorded to the house of lArij^yll. This private provocation decided him to join the popular party in the General Assembly in 1638, when the liturgy was condemned, the presbyteries fully re-estal> lished, and episcopacy abolished. One year later Charles I. proposed to invade Scotland. It was on thi.s occasion that the Marquis of Argyll raised 900 of his clan to aid in re- pelling both the King and the invasion from Ireland. Various attempts at pacification followed, but with few good results, in which the Marquis of Argyll was called on to act against the Earl of Atbol and the Ogilvies in the north, and he forced them to submit to the Scottish Parlia- ment.* Montrose, his family foa, was at this time a young man burning for distinction, and, though inclined to favour the popular party, felt deeply irritated by the ascendancy of Argyll. An accusation of disloyalty, brought unadvis- edly against the latter by Montrose, only served, by its to- tal failure, to prove that the chief of the Campbells medi- tated no ovei'throw of the i-cgal authority. Charles I. ^.?ems to have been quite satisfied on this subject. It was ion his visit to Scotland in 1641 that lie raised Argyll to the dignity of the Marquisate. But the obstinacy of Charles soon precipitated matters in England to a bloody conclu- t^ion ; and the sympathies of Argyll and the popular party in Scotland were entirely against the arbitrary movements of royalty. For several successive seasons the Marquis was engaged, more or less actively, against Montrose and the other adherents of Charles, and he had his feelings of hostility aggravated by a cruel incursion of the Irish into ♦John Hogg's " Clan Campbell, ' n. 22. 48 ROYALTY IN CANADA. mm Argyllshire. At length, on the 2d of February, IGJ-S, tliJ forcea of Argyll and Montrose met at Inverloehy. Thol Campbells fought bravely, but could not withstand thtl skill and daring of the royalist leader. He routed his opl ponents utterly, and the Marquis of Argyll escaped onl} l3y means of a boat on the lake. Candid authors have charged him w?th pusillanimity on this occasion ; but therej is so much to counteract the accusation that but few havef adopted any such opinion. Soon after the Marquis wa.^l again mortified by witnessing a second defeat of the Cov- enanters at Kilsyth by Montrose ; but in another monthi the great royalist was himself overthrown by Leslie atl Philiphaugh. This was in 1645. But, in the midst of all this bloodshed, the Marqiiiri otj Argyll was ^endeavoring to eftect a reconciliation between the King and his subjects. In the interests of such a peace| he visited Newcastle, and personally waited on His Majesty.! " When Charles put himself into the hands of the Scottish) *' people," says an English author, "Argyll, to his credit, ** took no part in any of the discussions for the disposal of| " the royal person. That he did not go further, and oppose! " the deliverance of the King to the English Parliament, isl *' solely excusable on the ground that the best friends otl "Charles in the South warned him that Scotland would! " have to bear the whole weight of an English war if anyl "opposition were ottered by the Scots to the progress otj " events in the South. An attempt, however, was reall}' " made by the northern friends of royalty, and it ended inl " a contest equally disastrous and fruitless. Charles I. per- " ished on the scaifold at Whitehall, on the 30th January,! ** 1649. The present remarks arc not made with the viewP "of defending the conduct of the Scots generally in deliv- STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 49 III- ering up the King — an act scarcely defenisible in any point *' of view — but in order, simply, to explain the conduct of <• the Marquis of Argyll. He showed his unabated attach- '' ment to the ancient race of the Scottish kings, by being *' the most active of the nobles in calling Charles II. to the " throne. He personally crowned the young monarch at " Scone in 1650. Even after the defeat at Dunbai- in the '' >iime year, he adhered so warmly to the rojixl cause that "Charles voluntarily gave him a letter, announcing the in- *' tent to create him Duke of Argyll as soon as circum- ''Stances permitted, and also saying, 'AVlienever it shall I a <( ' please God to restore me to my just rights, I shall see " ' him paid the £40,000 sterling which is duo to him.' Such a document as this should put a stop to all charges " of disloyalty against Argyll. Nor can wo believe such '' accusations because, on the failure of Charles II. at "Worcester, and his consequent expulsion from Britain, '• the Marquis, being brought a prisoner from Inverary to '• Edinburgh, admitted the authority of Cromwell's govern- " ment. For this compulsory submission to a power which " all Britain at the time, through love or fear, obeyed, the ungrateful prince, when restored to the throne in 1G60, rought the Marquis of Argyll to the scaffold, probably u "ling it the easiest way of repaying the £40,000 >, •' . were due to him. Argyll had gone to London to *' acknv;wledge and welcome Charles, but the King would "not see him, and sent him back a prisoner to Scotland. Being there placed on his trial, the indictment, consisting of fourteen different charges, comprehended a narrative I*' of the whole transactions in Scotland, from the first op- " position to the King till its final subjugation under Crom- " well. But the whole of the charges were so ridiculous as i<( E(( l<( I; 50 ROYALTY IN CANADA. a " to be almost ineffective ; and the Court, although evi- " dently Avith great reiuctanee, were compelled to exonerate <« Argyll from all blame in the matter of the execution of | " Charles. The crown lawyers, thus baffled, were at length " obliged to rest their case on the compliance of Argyll " with the English during Cromwell's usurpation, as the " only ground on which a charge of treason could be rested. " On such a charge as this, if held to be a capital crime, "half the population of Britain deserved hanging, and " the first man of all honoured with the rope should " have been (jroneral Monk. Argyll, in an extemporaneous " reply, expressed the joy he felt at the restoration of his majesty, and enumerating the services he had performed, " and the marks of favour he had received, both from him " and his royal father, desired the Parliament to consider " how unlikely it was that he should have ever harboured " a thought to their disadvantage. With Paul, in another case, " he might say, the things alleged against him could not be "proven; but this he would confess, that, in the way al- '* lowed by solemn oaths and covenants, he served his God, " his country and his king. He entreated those who were " capable of understanding, when those things now charged " upon him as crimes were enacted, to recollect the state of " the kingdom, the circumstances of the crime, and how " both themselves and others were carried irresistiblv " along by the current of events without any rebellious ^'intentions; besides, he had been among the last that "had entered into the confederacy and taken the coven- j " ants. The transactions of public bodies, or of officers act- " ing under the authority of the State, had never been held " treason, nor was he responsible in his individual capacity, ^' for all the deeds of that party to which he belonged. The STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 51 cruelties alleged to have been committed by his clan, he averred were greatly exaggerated, yet unhappily too well justified, by the terrible devastation to which their district had been repeatedly exposed ; Jind the extent of their own previous calamity would extenuate, if it did not exculpate, the crime ; but, be that as it might, the blame could never attach to him, who was in England when the alleged cmel" ties took place. The surrender of the king was the act of a parliament at which he was not so much as present; nor was there the shadow of proof that he ever advised the death of his sacred majesty — an execrable deed at which he had ever expressed his abhorrence, and for which, could the smallest evidence be adduced, he should ask no mercy. He could acquit himself of disloyalty, even in thought ; and for whatever other error or fault he might ha^'c been guilty previousl}^ to the year 1651, he pleaded his majesty's indemnity, granted in the parliament at Perth that year. As to what was done by him under the usurpers, they were common compliances, in which all the kingdom equally shared, Jind for which many had the sanction of the king himself — who declared that he thought it prudence, and not rebellion, for honest men to preserve their estates from ruin, and reserve themselves till God should show some probable way for his return. Among all who complied passively, none was less favoured than himself; what he did was really in self-defence. And how could I suppose, he added, that I was acting criminally, when the learned gentleman, who now acts as his majesty's advocate, took the same oaths to the commonwealth as myself The Lord Advocate (Sir John Fletcher), who could not rebut the force of such an appeal, endeavoured to weaken its influence by the most unseemly interrup- 9h. ^> 62 ROYALTY IN CANADA. \ <:'.< " tions. To these the Marquis meekly replied, that he had " learned in the school of advcrsit^^ to suffer reproach." The trial of the Marquis of Argyll not only produced u general belief in his innocence of the crimes laid to his charge, but evinced his superior ability and heroic courage. Thus runs the story of his trial and execution : — Two sons of the Marquis, Loi-d Lome and Lord Neil Campbell, were in London, exerting their influence in their father's behalf. The Hcottish parliament finding their evidence defective, despatched the Earls of Glencairn and Eothes to the English court, with an application to General Monk for advice. The Scottish parliament l>eing again met to consider the Avhole case, and appearances being strongly in favor of the Marquis, a messenger, who had come express from Lon- don, knocked violently at the door of the parliament house. Upon his admission he presented a packet to the commis- sioner, which everyone concluded contained a remission, or some other warrant in favour of the Marquis, especially as the bearer was a Campbell. But upon the packet being opened, to the amazement of Argyll's friends, it was found to consist of a great many letters addressed by his lordship to Monk, while he was Governor of Scotland, and which with unparalleled baseness he had reserved, to see if they were absolutely neccssarv ; and having been informed by the commissioner's envoy>3 of the scantiness of the proof, he had sent post by an especial courier. The letters were de- cisive as to the fact of comyliance with the usurpers — that is, of Argyll being a 2)asswe, while Monk himself had been an active agent ; and on this ground alone was the Marquis found guilty of treason by a majority of a parliament almost all of whom were more culpable than he was. Argyll was condemned to death, and on the occasion the young Lord of Montrose, now restored to the honours of his ancestors, re- fused to give a vote, thus repaying the chief of the Camp- bells for his forbearance iii declining to assent (in 1650) to the execution of the great Marquis of Montrose. The manner of his being executed being ])\it to the vote, STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 63 commis- " liang or head," it was carried that he nhould be beheaded, and that his head should be placed on the same pinnacle, at the end of the Tolbooth, where Montrose's had been former- ly fixed. Sentence was pronounced against him on the 25tli Ma}', 1661, and ordered to be carried into execution on the 27th, at th'^ Cross of Edinburgh. From the hour of his condemnation the Marquis of Argyll behaved in a way wor- thy of the head of the Scottish Presbyterians. The inhuman speed evinced by his foes did not appal the Marquis. He received his sentence kneeling, which was pronounced by tiic Earl of Crawford. On rising, he only remarked, " I set the crown on his Majesty's head, and now he hastens me to a beiior crown than his own." The parliament seemed much atlected with this sad instance of mutability of for- tune, and his lordship's luimble, composed demeanour drew tears even from his enemies ; yet, when he requested a de- lay of only ten days, till his sentence should be communi- cated to the King, they, with the inconsistency and ir humanity so common among collective bodies, refused him the respite, and sent him to the common jail among the or- dinary prisoners for the last two days they allowed him to prepare for death. The Marchioness was waiting for him in the Tolbooth, to Avhom the Marquis said as he entered, " they have given me till Monday to be with you, my dear; therefore, let us improve it." She, embracing him, wept bitterly, and in agony exclaimed, "the Lord will requite it!" "the Lord will requite it!" Calm and composed, he replied, "forbear; truly I pity them; they know not what they are doing; they may shut me in where they jDlease, but they cannot shut out God fj'om me. For my part I urn as content to be here as in the castle, and as content in the castle as in the Tower of London, and as content there as when at liberty, and I hope to be as content on the scaffold as in any of them all." He spent the Sunday not only calmly but cheerfully, in exercises of devotion, with several ministers who were permitted to attd-sd him, to whom he remarked that he was naturally of a timorous disposition, and bade them observe how wonderfully he 64 ROYALTV IN CANADA. waH delivered from all fear. At his own desire, the Marchioness took leave of him on Sunday night, after which he passed some hours in uninterrupted and pleasant sleep. It is said that one of the most adverse of his judges came to see him on the night before his death, and wnsi ho much struck to find him sleeping with the utmost cam *s, as to retire from the scene Avith feelings of the deepest perturba- tion. On the morning of Monday he wrote a letter to the king, asserting his innocence, recommending his widow and family to his Majesty's protection, and requesting that his just debts might be allowed to be paid out of his estate. He dined with his friends precisely at twelve o'clock, after which he retired for prayer, and on rejoining the company, appearetl in an ecstacy of joy. As he was quitting the jail, he observed to some of his fellow prisoners whom he was leaving, " I could die like a Roman, but I choose rather to die like a Christian." He was accompanied to the place of execution by several noblemen and genllemen in mourn- ing, with whom he walked steadily down the street in a very solemn but undaunted manner; and mounting the scatlbrd with the greatest serenity, saluted all who were upon it In a speech delivered without a falter, he forgave his enemies and vindicated his own conduct, which, at that awful moment, he declared had never been influenced by any motives of self-aggrandisement or disloyalty. He had been cordial, he said in his desii'e to bring the king homo, and in his endeavours for him to be at home ; nor had he ever cori-esponded with his enemies during the time he was in the country. But he warned those who, if their private interest went well, cared not whether religion sank or swam, and accounted it rebellion to adhere to their cove- nant engagements to beware how they deceived themselves : that no magistrate could absolve them from the oath to God ; that religion must be a main and not a secondary ob- ject ; and that they were the best subjects who wore the best Christians. The times, he added, were likely to ])rove very sinning times or very sutfering timew, and let Chris- tians make their choice; there was a sad dilemma in the business, sin and suffer ; and, truly, he that would choose STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 66 the hcttcr part would choose to Biittbr. Having again spent some time in devotion, when he l»ad finished, he had distri- buted some hist tokens of i'emem])ianee to the friends who were with him. After his doubtlet was off, and immediate- ly before he laid his head on tl»e block, he addressed those near him — " Gentlemen, I desire you, and all that hear me, again to take notice and remember that now, when I am entering into eternity, and to appear before my Judge, and as I desire salvation, and expect eternal happiness from IliiU, I am free from any accession, b}' knowledge, con- triving, counsel, or a,ny ways, of his late majesty's death ; and I pray the Lord to preserve the present king, and to pour out llis best blessings upon his person and govern- ment, and the Lord give him goodand taithful counsellors." He then knelt down and at a given signal — the lifting uji of his hand — the knife of the maiden* severed his head from his body. According to the sentence, his head was affixed on the Tolbooth, but his body was given to his friends, by whom it was carried, with a numerous attendance, in funeral pro- cession to Kilpatrick, thence transported by water to Dunoon, and finally deposited with honor in the family burying-place at Kilmure. Fortunately, those who perse- cuted this nobleman to death were not, as was too frequent- ly then the case, rewarded with his honors and estates. Through the intercession of Lauderdale, Lord Lome suc- ceeded to the estates of his father and all the titles, except that of marquis. The son and successor of the Marquis of Argyll, Archi- bald Campbell, shared in his father's troubles, and lay in prison for a considerable time under sentence of death. But in June, 1663, he was liberated and soon obtained his grandfather's title of Earl of Ai'gyll, with the estates of the house. Thus again at least a part of their former *The instrument called the Maiden was introduced by the Regent, Earl of Morton, and is still preserved as a relic in the Museum of the Scottish Anti- quaries. It is a simple fi.rm of the French guillotine. 66 ROYALTY IN CANADA. is loiy returned to tlie Campbells. The policy of adhering to the constitution was kept up by the Earl of Argyll, and it was to hiin that " letters of fire and sword" against the Macleans wei'e entrusted in 1()78. As a privy-coun- sellor, a commissioner of the treasury', and an extraor- dinary lord of session, Argyll acted until James, Duke of York, afterwards king, came down to Scotland. The Earl was now exposed to great danger from his unwill- ingness to take the test, or oath regarding the terms of suc- cession to the thr(me ; and when he really took the test, he put the following protest on record in the books of Parlia- ment : " I think no man can explain this oath but for himself. Accordingly, I take it, as far as it is consistent with itself and the Protestant religion." The bearing of this exjDlana- tion against the Catholic heir to the throne was too obvious to be tolerated by that personage, and after communication with Charles II., Argyll was committed to custody in the Castle of Edinburgh. His fathei" had resigned into the hands of royalty the Justiciaryship of Scotland, hereditary in the family ; but the heritable jurisdiction of Argyllshire still remained in the house, and it was sought to take away this privilege, with part of the estates. The malice of the court, or rather of the Duke of York, brought the Earl of Argyll to the bar of the Justiciary Court in December, 1681 ; and the King's advocate, Mackenzie, a man so singularly marked by perverted talents, did his utmost to imj)licate the Earl in the crime of treason on the score of the " explana- tion" given of the test. The judges were closely divided in opinion, and to solve the difficulty, the court brought in Lord Nairn, a judge long superannuated. He was roused from ills bed at midnight, and, as he knew nothing that had passed, the proceedings were read over again in his presence. STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 57 IFo was found to have fallen sound aHlcej) wlicn called on for liis vote. It was decided a<»-ainst Argyll ; and, unlike his ftithoi', the MarquiB of Montrose (grandson of the great Montrose) sat as foreman or chancellor on the condenina- toryjury. The conviction M-as a capital one — for leasing- making and high treason.* But the courage of a woman saved Argyll on this occasion from his impending fate. Lady Sophia Lindsay, his daughter- in-law, visited him in the castle before his removal to the prison of the condemned, and had the address to get him safely forth in the guise of a page, holding up her train. The Earl passed over to Holland ; but a circumstance occur- red before that time which shows that the Duke of York was his true enemy. Argyll had not yet left Britain, when an offer was made to Charles II. to point out where he might be found. '' Pooh ! pooh ! " cried the King, " hunt a hunted partridge ! for shame ! " This one quality of good-nature has long excused many blunders on the part of Charles — nay, many vices, many crimes. But of this point we are not called on here to judge.* When the Earl of Argyll moved from Holland on the death of Charles II., ho was only a few years ahead of the times. He undertook what was successfully carried out •three years later by the revolution of 1688. He sacrificed himself, as has been well said, as the avant-courier of a per- manent change in the British Monarchy. It w^as in May, 1G85. that the Earl of Argyll left Holland with a body of his friends, and attempted to increase his forces from his former supporters in the west Highlands. But, as we have *JuhQ Hogg, Esq., London, Eng., in Clan Campbell. 58 ROYALTY IN CANADA. H.'iid, ho waH iu ndvaiico of tho feeling of the country. The acts of JaniOH VIT. had not yet been fully developed or un- derstood. From these antl other cauHeH the nobleman found himself without Hupporters— nay, forsaken by those whom he had a right to expect would bo the last to leave his ranks. But, in the midst of these difficulties, Argyll determined to fight his enemies whenever and wherever he could find thorn. In this determination he suffered tho fur- ther opposition of his officers. A march was attempted towards Glasgow ; but, through the stupidity of his guides, he was led into moors, and lost his baggage in morasses. Finally, being reduced to a force of five hundreti, his forces disbanded, and the Earl, in tho di.sguise of a countryman, was wounded and taken prisoner. In this unfortunate hour ■ he revealed his rank by an unguarded exch^mation. This knowledge of his rank, while it elicited t' ^armest sym- pathy of his captors, made it the more ini^ui tant that iie should be imprisoned there. On the 20th of June, 1685, he was conducted to tho Castle of Edinburgh, with his hands fastened behind his back, preceded by the public ex- ecution. Here he wjis put to death ten days later, bearing his fate with tho great courage and calmness for which his family are so justly celebrated. In his last hours, face to face with his cruel fate, ho wrote his own epitaph, and, while wo may not expect even an Earl to be very ])oetical under such circumstances, yet, as Horace Walpole says, there is an heroic satisfaction of conscience expressed in the linos worthy of the cause in which ho fell. Some of the lines are prophetic of the revolution of 1688, and show that the Earl of Argyll was acting on the broadest princi- ples of patriotism and loyalty : — STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 5» <* On my attempt tliough Providence did frown, His oppressed peoi)le God at length sliall own ; Another hand, with more successful speed, Slmll raise the remnant, bruise the serpent's head. Though my head fall, that is no tragic story, Since, going hence, I enter endless glory." There i« one thijjg to be cited in proof of the unecrtaint}' i)i political issiieH in theHO times, and that is, that while Argyll and Montrose pursued directly oj^posite courses dur- ing their active lives, they both came at last to the scatt'old with composure and songs of heroic triumph. The forces which followed Argyll to carry out what, in a certain sense, ho undertook, soon made their appearance under William ot Orange. His victories have been already often told. King William did not forget !»e Campbells, but one of his first acts was to restore the liouse of Argyll. Archibald Campbell, the heir to the house, was put into i30sses8ion and enjoyment of the family honors, and not only this, but raised to dignities which his predecessors did not enjoy. Ho was elevated to the highest' offices of state in Scotland, and was finally created jDuke of Argyll, in June, 1701. Ho became a favorite with "William III., and during his I'cign raised a regiment almost entirely of his own name> who did heroic service in the wars in Flanders. Archibald Campbell, the first Duke of Argyll, Marquis of Lome and Earl of Campbell, died in September, 1*703. This event in- troduces us to one of the most eminent leaders of the house of Argyll, viz., John, Duke of Argyll and Green- wich. Pope, who never flatters, sj^oke of this nobleman in no meagre praise : — " Argyll, the state's whole thunder born to wield, And shake alike the senate and the field." 60 ROYALTY IN CANADA. Before coming iiito possession of the Dukedom be hac' dis- tinguished himself at the head of a regiment in Flanders, under King William, Avhilo yet a mere youth. Before he liad reached the age of twenty-five he was made an extra- ordinary lord of session and a privy-councillor. At the age of twenty-seven he was made Lord High Commissioner to the Scottish Parliament, the Court, it is said, being actu- ated in his ajipointment by the iiigh promise of his char- acter, his vast pati'imonial possessions, and the great gen- eral influence of his family in Scotland. On this occasion he made considerable display. "Forty coaches and six " hundred horsemen met him on hi« approach to Edin- " burgh, and thus was he ushered in triumph^ as Lord Coni- " missioner, into the ancient roj'^alty. A verj^ handsome person, and a demeanor manly and staid beyond his <( (( years, contributed, with his other advantages, to render " him, at the time, by far the most popular of all the mag- " nates of Scotland. In his opening speech to Parliament, "his Grace recommended the settlement of the succession " to the throne in the Protestant line, and advocated a " Treaty of Union with England. Having performed his "duties in Scotland, and procured the appointment of proper " parties to discuss the terms of the Union, the Duke was " led, by his active spirit, to join the army of Marlborough " in Flanders. At Ostend and Menin he distinguished him- " self highly, and entered the latter place as the leader of ' ' the victors. He returned to his own country to assist in " carrying out the ti'eaty of union, and braved much un- " popularity in accomplishing that great object, which " nearly all men now acknowledge to have saved North " and South Britain from endless feuds. As colonel of the ^' third regiment of fov"»t, his Grace acted an important part STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 61 " in Flanders, whitlier ho returned betwixt the years ItOT " and 1710, being raised to such a rank, and entrusted with " such commands, as befitted his pretensions and merits. " At the battle of Oudenardc, and at the sieges of Lisle, "Ghent, and Tournay, he made himself peculiarly eminent; " and at Malplaquet, where victory seemed about to desert " the British arms, he exposed himself so fearlessly that " his clothes were penetrated by a number of balls, though " his person escaj^ed unharmed. The Duke of Marlborough " esteemed and employed Argyll, though the very high " rank and talents of the lattei' seem to have bred a jealousy " betwixt the two, and frequently to have set them at vari- n ance. The Duke of Argyll returned to Britain in 1710. " It is by no means to his honour that he then opposed the "motion in the House of Lords for thanking Marlborough, " though Ilarley (afterwards Earl of Oxford) and other " enemies of the conqueror of Blenheim were delighted by " the proceeding. Their influence gave to Argyll an oppor- " tunity of rivalling his late superior, by his being em- " ployed as commander in-chief of the British forces then "acting in Spain. His Grace arrived in Barcelona in May, " nil, but he found the troops in a condition miserably " unfit for service. He called for money and aid from " h(mie ; his call was unheeded. The anxiety of his mind " brought on a severe illness, and on recovering from it, he " hud the mortification to be compelled to quit Spain with "all his forces. Undoubtedly, how^ever, the failure of " assistance from home in men and means was to a gi-eat " extent the cause of these reverses — the more galling, it " may be supposed, fi-om the unvarying successes of the " Duke of MarlboroTmh. " Soured in tem2)er by the bad treatment wdiich he ini- 62 ROYALTY IiV CANADA. " agincd himself to have experienced at the hands of tlie "home government, the Duke of Argyll, on his return to "Britain, joined the party of the opposition in Parliament, " and even voted for a repeal of the act of union. His plea "was, that the Protestant succession was now safe without "that treaty; and he proved himself to be so far sincere by " furthering and securing the interests of the Elector of " Hanover. All along the principles of his family had been "favourable to the Whig party — in short to moderate liber- "alism as opposed to the high Jacobite or ultj'amonarchical " ideas of other statesmen of the seventeenth and eighteenth " centuries. He did not deviate from these principles in " his present movements. The result of all was, that "George I. looked on Argyll as the main pillar of his power *' in Scotland, at the time when Queen Anne died and left " the throne vacant for his ascension. The Duke was named commander of the forces in the north in Septembor 1714; and when the Earl of Mar appeared in rebellion "during the following year, his Grace was ordered out " against the insurgents. He found the military power of "the crown in Scotland in a state of wretched weakness, but "ho led the troops under his command against the Earl of •' Mar, and met him at Sheriff muir, near Dunblane, on the '' 15th of November, 1715. Both lay upon their arms all night, and a stone is still shown on the site of the High- landers' bivouac, indented all round with marks occasioned " by the broad-swords of those warriors who here sharpened " their weapons for the next day's conflict. The Highlandei's "' had come down from their fastnesses, with a resolution to " tight as their ancestors had fought at Kilsyth and Killie- *' crankie. Their enthusiasm may be guessed from the anecdote. A Lowland gentleman observing a a (( u " following STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 6S "amongst their bands a man of ninety years of age from the "upper part of Aberdeenshire, had the curiosity to ask how " one so aged, and seemingly so feeble, had thought of join- " ing this enterprise. The old man, laying his hand on a " pistol which he carried in his bosom, replied, ' I have sons "here, sir, and I have grandsons, if the;^ fail to do their "duty can I not shoot them !' The attack of these resolute " soldiers upon the left wing of the royal army was irresisti- "blc. The chief of Clanranuld was killed as they were ad- " vunciug, but instead of damping their ardour, this only " served to inspire them with greater fury. ' To-morrow "for lamentation !' cried the young chieftain of illengary, "'To-day for revenge!' The battle undoubtedly checked " the rebel army and broke up their plans ; but to pronounce " who gained the victory has puzzled historian and poet " ever since. ' Some say that we wan and some say that " they wan,' has been ever the cry of the Scots in speaking "of that engagement; and even Robert Burns thought the " dilemma worthy of a spirit-stirring, though semi-humorous "lyric. Argyll himself is said to have turned poet on the " occasion, but it may be doubted whether he did not mere- " ly content himself with making use of the old catch verse " of the ' Bob o'Dunblane' — ' If it be na weel bobbit, we'll bob " it again." His Grace was so far victorious as to check the advance of the insurgents southwards. Indeed they were never after able to make a formidable stand against the royal army. Early in 1716 the Duke moved northwards towards Perth, but the army of Lord Mar had disbanded, and he, with other chiefs, had sought hiding places. When His Grace visited London he advocated the most lenient treat' lent of the Highland chief tians, by which he gained the great dis- 64 ROYALTV IN CANADA. pleaHuro of the King and court. In this course he proved his own wisdom, for had his advice been accepted, there would have been no civil war of 1745. But there was another circumstance which placed the Duke in opposition to the Court, which, together with a sketch of His Grace's life, is related by Mr. Hogg: — From the days of Henry IV. to those of Geoi-ge III. the heirs-apparent of the British monarchs had almost always been placed in an attitude of hostility to their sires, chiefly because the rising sun is apt to attract worshippers, and to lessen the homage paid to and expected by the setting luminar3^ A party of the young and active in the state in- variably congregated around the sovereign in posse, and hence arose the jealousy of the sovereign in esse. Our past annals abound with cvidenc'>s of this truth. In the present instance the Duke of Argyll chanced to acquire the especial favour of the Prince of Wales, and, in pro2)ortion, lost that of the King. In 1716, he was deprived of all his em2)loy- ments about the royal household, and it was not till Vl'W) that he was fully restored to favour. In that year he was created High Steward, and received the title of Duke of Greenwich, having before sat in the English Parliament as Earl of Greenwich. He was one of those well-meaning patriots who proposed the limitation of the number of Eng- lish peers, and the augmentation of the roll of Scottish re- presentative nobles from sixteen to twenty-tive. He failed in his object at the time ; but, by the conference of British titles on Scottish barons, his design of equalization has since been carried out fully. He strenuously fulfilled his duties in parliament during the busy years succeeding 1715, and was always at hand to defend there the interests of his own northern land. He held but a dubious position with the court, but the Chief of the Campbells was of too much im- portance to be pushed to the wall by any changes of men or measures. When the famous Porteous riot took place in Edinburgh, his Grace courageously stood forth to check the wild retaliatory steps which it was proposed to take against STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 65 the city of Edinburgh. It was then, on being taunted with interested motives, that he ])ronounced the speech which Sir Walter Scott has rendered familiar to all general read- oi-M, by quoting it in the '' Heart of Midlothian :"- — " I am no minister, I never was a minister, and I never will be one. J tiiank God I had always too great a value for those few altiiities wdiicli nature has given to me, to employ them in doing any drudgery, or any job of anj'- kind whatever." In short, the Duke punished his ministerial opponents un sparingly in his oration, and frightened them into milder measures with respect to the city of Edinburgh. Jt w^as on this occasion also, that he is said to have risked his head in imparting a similar lesson to royalt}'. Queen Caroline, left regent at the time of the Porteous mob by Jier royal lord's absence in Hanovei*, indignantly declared tb the Duke that ^' she would turn Scotland into a hunting-seat." " If that be the case, madam," said his Grace, coolly, " I must go down and prepare my hounds." The thi'cat was courteously Avorded, but was in reality a terrible one; and the Queen felt its true force. She w^as guilty of no further ebullitions of anger of the same kind. Edinburgh was pardoned on ynxy- ment of a fine. The Duke of Argyll opposed the conduct of Sir Eobert Walpole and the Duke of Newcastle in parliament with energy, and, in 1742, Walpole resigned the premiership. But though the comniand of the British army was given to Argyll, he was unable to reconcile himself to other appoint- ments made, and hekl his place but for a few days. Perhaps ill-health had some share in this j^roceeding. He died at all events soon afterwards (4th of October, 1743), in the sixty- tifth year of his ;ige. He was interred in Westminster Abbey, and the talents of Roubiliac were exerted in erecting a beautiful monument to his memory, still to be seen in tho southern transept of the edifice. There must have been something truly grand, on the whole, in the character of John, Duke of Argyll and Green- wich, whose career has now been thus briefly traced. No common personage could have drawn forth the praises which 5 66 ROYALTY IN CANADA. Pope and Thomson lavished on his head. The commenda- tions of such men involved in theoi the boon of immoi'tality. The bard of the Seasons says that Scotland beheld in Argyll — " Her every virtue, every grace combined, Her genius, wisdom, her engaging turn, Her pride of honour and her courage tried, Calm and intrepid, in the very throat Of sulphurous war, on Tenier's dreadful field. Nor less the palm of peace enwreathes thy brow ; For, powerful as thy sword, from thy rich tongue Persuasion flows, and wins the high debate." There was much silly flatter}^ of the great in the verse of ! those days, but Pope and Thomson cannot be viewed as common rhyming adulators. The character given by them of the Duke of Argyll may be taken as indicating their real feelings, even admitting that lofty rank so far impressed them as well as others. By the death of the Duke, his British title of Greenwich became extinct, as he left no male heirs. A considerable portion of his property, though not the Highland estates, went to the Buccleuch family, whose heir had married his daughter, Lady Caroline. The dukedom of Argyll passed to his brother, Archibald, Earl of Islay, so created pre- viously, for his long and active services to the crown in Scotland. One cannot now help feeling amazed at the rapid transition from camp to court — from the field to the bench — which the habits of that age permitted, and which the lives of the second and third Dukes of Argyll so strikingly i exemplified. After serving under Marlborough, the 'mmc- diate subject of our notice (Duke Archibald finally) returned to Scotland, was appointed Lord High Treasurer there, and as such, aided largely in carrying out the union. For his I sei'vices, as stated, he was created Earl of Islay. He con- tinued to occupy various high and not unlucrative situations j in Scotland up to the outbreak of the Mar rebellion of 1*715, when he received several serious wounds at Sherifi'muir, having there joined his brother's army. The offices of High STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 67 Treasurer, Lord Clerk-Registrar, and Keeper of the Privy Seal and the Great Seal, rewarded him siiccesnively for hin iindeviating fidelity to the house of Hanover, and his utility, also, to itH miniKtcrs — on which latter Hcore he was some- times at serious variance with his elder brother, then Duke. The Earl of Islay was long the most trusted friend of Sir EobertWalpole in Scotland, and changed not his creed even when his Grace of Argyll was most strenuous in his oppo- sition to that statesman. It was in 1*743, that Archibald Campbell, Earl of Islay, succeeded as Duke of Argyll. Four years later the Jurisdic- tion-Act called on the Ai'gyll family to part with several important privileges, among which were the hereditary Justice-Generalshij) and the office of Sheriff. The sum of £21,000 was, however, given as an indemnity.* *It makes one shudder, it may be remarked, to think that, in reality, this transaction was equivalent to the buying away from one man of rank of the power of life and death over all around him. How he and his predecessors wielded it, is not the point hero under consideration ; but certainly the Lords of Argyll, however, had the legal right to do almost anything they chose in their own dis- trict, and the withdrawal of such license from their hands could not but be a blessing to the whole country. We may smile at the story of Janet telling her husband to ascend the gallows-tree, " like a man, to please the laird," but the state of society which permitted such scenes is one never to be witnessed again, it is to be hoped, in these islands. There was doubtless a counterbalancing ad- vantage, in so far as the chiefs could often act where the regular laws might have been ineffective ; but the good could never equal the evil. The abolition of heredi- tary jurisdictions was indeed the most important of all the steps taken after the rebellion for the civilization of the Highlands ; and we owe it mainly to Duncan Forbes, Lord-President of the Court of Sessions. He was most scurvily recom- pensed at the time for his patriotic exertions by the government of England. The measures which he suggested, nevertheless, and carried through, were of much more importance to the Gael themselves than to any other parties. He rendered them for the first time comparatively free agents, and gave to them the oridinary privileges of social life. They were no longer liable to be strung up to a tree for refusing to plunder or to fight at the command of the lords of the soil. Yet some very recent writers speak of the willingness to do such acts as—" de- votion to the chief," and " romantic fidelity," and by twenty such names and phrases, lamenting the changed state of things. Highly as we respect the character C8 BOYALTY IN CANADA. Duncan Forbes lia.s been justly credited with effecting the needed abolition of hereditary jurisdictionSj but it is re- corded of the third Duke of Ai'gyll (Archibald, previously Earl of Islay) that he supported the Government in this and all other Scottish measures. He warmly seconded the Lord President's efforts in a plan for employing the young men of the Highlands abroad in the armies. The third Duke of Argyll was an ardent lov^er of litera- 1 lire. He founded a magnificent librarj^ in the Castle of In- verary. This castle, which was principally erected by his G-'ace, is sitiuited in Argyllshire in the western Highlands of Scotland) has formed the chi if residence of the heads of the Argyll family since the fourteenth century. Inverary, w^hich w^as constituted a royal burgh hy Charles I., is a little over a liundred miles west by noi'th of Edinburgh, and about sixty miles north-west from Glasgow. In front of the town is a small bay of Loch Fyne, surrounded by romantic hills, covered with wood ; and on its north side, amid exten- sive and beautiful grounds, stands the castle. The old building stood at a little distance from the present magniti- cent ducal mansion, the erection of which was commenced by Archibald, third duke, in 1Y45, although not finished till several years afterwards. The Castle, an embattled edifice of tw^o storeys over a sunk floor, flanked with round over- topping towers, and surmounted by a square winged pavi- lion, is built of blue granite. The entrance hall, rismg the whole height of the house, is fitted up as an armour}-, and of the Highlandors, we believe that many of them would fain have inhabited their hills in quiet of old as now, and that the unhappy ambition and quarrels of the chiefs, who had over every man of them the power of life and death, influenced their actions much more largely than fanciful novelists have beer accustomed to allow. Sir Walter Scot^ knew all this well, though he valued the Gael highly. STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. 69 contains 150 stand of arms. A spacious gallery leads to the various apartments wliich are furnished in the most prince- ly style. The paintinijs and tapestry are of great value. The drives and walks are singularly romantic, and cover, it is said, thirty miles in circumference. At dili"erent periods the improvements and decorations on the estate are esti- mated to have cost £300,000. His Grace died in April 1761, leaving no family behind hira ; hence his personal honors as ''Earl of Islay and Lord Oransay" became extinct. The Dukedom of Argyll passed to the leneal male heir, son of the Honorable John Camp- 1)ell of Mamore, second son of Archibald, ninth Earl of Ai-gyll. Thus John Campbell (the second) of Mamore, be- came the fourth Duke of Ai'gyll in 1*761. It is recorded of liim that " he was an . nctive man during his career; and, " besides servinp; in a high militarj'^ capacity at Dettingeji " and elsewhere, he sat in the British House of Cor, imons "(hu'ing the greatest part of his life, being advanced in "years before he succeeded to the dukedom. He shared •' freely in those honours and employments with which the " English ministers evn* endeavoui-ed of old to conciliate "the house of Argyll, and maintain their Scottish influence. •' His grace enjoyed his title but a few years, dying in Lon- "don in 17V0, at the age of seventy-seven." Another John, his eldest son, inherited the honors and l)ccame the fifth Duke of Argyll. " He fc:at in the House of " Commons before his accession, and also in the House of "Lords, being created Lord Sundridge (in 1766) whilehis " father lived. It is by the tenure of this baronial title that " the heads of the Campbells still sit among the British " peers. But it was as a soldier that John, Duke of Argyll, "was chiefly distinguished through life. He served in the 70 ROYALTY IN CANADA. ** last Scottish civil war, and also on tho continent. He " passed through every grade of military raidt in succes- "sion, and finally became field-marshal of the forces in " nOO. His career was useful though not brilliant. It should " be observed, to his honour, that his tenantry, the most " numerous at the time in Scotland, were the objects of his " peculiar care when he came to his estates ; and he was " the first President of the Highland Society, that great "association to which Scottish agriculture and Scottish " agriculturists are so deeply indebted. He married, " in 1759, the Duchess Dowager of Hamilton, by birth " Elizabeth Gunning, one of the most renowned beauties of " her time, and sister to other ladies scarcely less cele- " brated for their charms. The family of the Gunnings, who " were from Ireland, was of itself sufficiently respectable ; " but to their personal attractions were these sisters indebt- " ed for the high matches made by one and all of them. " Elizabeth sat in her day as mistress of two of the noblest ''dwellings of Scotland, being successively Duchess of " Hamilton and Argyll ; and the sovereign of the land even " gave to her the personal title (in 1776) of Baroness Hamil- " ton, which on the failui-e of her male issue by the first " marriage, descended to her children by the Duke of " Argyll, and is yet a title of the Campbell House. John, "fifth Duke of Argyll, died at Inverary Castle in 1806." George William Campbell, eldest surviving son of the fifth Duke of Argyll became the sixth duke. He was mar- ried in 1810 to Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of the Earl of Jersey, whose previous union with Lord Paget (afterwards Marquis of Anglesay) had been dissolved in the Scottish courts. His grace died in 1839. Lord John Douglass-Edward-Henry Campbell, brother to STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL. n the wixth Duko of Argyll, became the seventh Duke. " His " Lordship long held a seat in the Commons' House of "Parliament, and followed generally the same political "principles which had caused the Campbell family ever to " bo regarded as a main pillai* of the Whig party among the " nobles of Scotland. The gradual concentration of all official " business in the British metropolis, however, had long before "shorn the highest northern peers of much of their im- " portance, and the abolition of almost all their hereditary " privileges has greatly changed their 2)osition even at "home. Once on a time a Duke of Argyll never could be " anything else than a man of the iirst consequence ; now-a- " days, his repute and influence must rest mainly on his own " personal qualities and exertions. This change in the " state of matters was inevitable, as well as others; and the "disadvantages attending the period of transition should be "looked to and cared for, as forming the only real source of " regret and trouble." The seventh Duke of Argyll died in April, 1847, and was succeeded by his only son, George Douglass, eighth Duke of Argyll. His Grace still presides over the honours and estates of the Campbell chieftains. " While Marquis of " Lome he espoused, on the Slst of July, 1844, the Lady "Elizabeth Georgiana Sutherland Leveson Gower, eldest " daughter of George Granville, second Duke of Suther- " land, and has issue by that marriage — besides a younger " family of four sons and seven daughters — George-Edward- " Hemy-Douglas-Sutherland, Marquis of Lokne, heir-ap- " parent to the titles and estates." In view of the marriage of the Marquis to Her Eoyal Highness, the Princess Louise, hy which the great fortunes of the house of Argyll are to reach their grandest culmina- T2 ROYALTY IN CANADA. tion, we will ^ive tlio honours of the lioiiso in full: Hiw Grace Ih Diiko and Earl of Argyll, Marquin of Lorno and Kintyrc, 7']arl of (^umpbell and Cowal, Viscount of Lochow and (Ilonilla, Baron Campbell, Jind Baron of Lorno, Inve- rary, Mull, Morven, and Tiry, in the peerage of Scotland; and Baron of Sundridge and Hamilton, in the peerage of Great Britain. He iH a Kniglit of the Thistle, a Privy Councillor (1853), Lord Lieutenant and Hereditary Sheriff of the county of Argyll ; Hereditary Master of the Queen's Household, Keeper of the Great Seal, and one of Her Majesty's State Counsellors, for Scotland ; Adnnral of the Western Isles ; Keeper of J)unoon Castle, and of Dunstaff- nage and Cnrrick ; Chancellor of the University of St. An- drews (1851) ; a sometime Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow (1854), and President of the Boyal Society of Edinburgh (18G1) ; LL.TX, Cambridge (1862); a Trustee of the Bi'itish Museum; and a sometime holder of various political oflfices. His Grace, the present Duke of Argyll, was born on the 30th of Api'll, 1823. Before completing his majority, he gave evidence of possessing great ability. At the age of nineteen he attracted considerable attention by the publica- tion of .a "Letter to the Peers by a Peer's Son," in which he treated of the Auohterarder case, celebrated as that which led, in 1843, to the disruption of the Church of Scot- land and the formation of the Free Kirk. His treatment of this sulyject was characterized by great ability. His riper studies of ecclesiastical questions resulted in the pro- duction, in 1848, of his important work, entitled "Presby- tery examined : An Essay, Critical and Historical, on the Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, since the Reformation," the great object of which, as stated in his own words, was STORY OF HOUSE OF ARGYLL 73 "lo i^ivc a comprohonsivc sketch of the principles and ten- ♦ leiu'ios of the Scottish Reformation, to distiii^iiish those which are primaiy aiul essential from those which, heing the «;rowth of accidental circumstances, are local in their orii^in, and as local in their meaning; and especially to point out the value of the former in the existini^ contro- versies of the Christian Church. In drawing up such a view, and presenting it to the English ])ul)lic, it is right to acknowledge that, as a Preshyterian I cannot pretend to he free from that influence which personal and family associa- tions must always, more or less, exert. But it is not such as would be written by a mere partisan of Presbytery."* Since his accession to the family honours, his Grace has given many proofs of considerable oratoi'ical ability in the House of Peers, and has fixed the attention of that dignified assembly by the singular readiness of his powers, and the maturity of his judgment. Several of the more important of his speeches hiive been pub- lished ; as, for instance, the one delivered on the 21st of July, 1851, on the second reading of the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill ; the one delivered on the second reading of the Bill for the Hepeal of the Paper Duties, May 21st, I860 ; and another, August loth, 1860, on the second reading of the European P'orces (India) Bill. On the formation of the Coalition Ministry of the Earl of Aberdeen, his Grace accepted a place in the Government as Lord Privy Seal (1.853), which he continued to hold under the premiersliip of Lord Palmers- ton, until, in November, 1855, he exchanged it for the office of Postmaster-General. Ho resigned the latter appointmen- ment in 1858, and, in Lord Palmerston's Cabinet of 1859, ♦Hogg's "Clan Campbell.' 74 ROYALTY IN CANADA. resumed his office of Lord Privy Seal, which, oti the ap- pointment of Lord Eli^in to his second special mission to China in 1860, he again exchanged for the control, of the Post Office. " Distinguished for the consistency of his poli- " tical creed, the Duke of Ai-gyll, as a foremost member of " the Liberal Party, was called upon, on the formation of " Mr. Gladstone's administration in December, 1868, to un- " dci'talvo the important post of Secretary of State for India, " in fulfilling the duties of which he has won golden opin- " ions as well from his ov/n countrymen as from the people " whom it devolves on him more immcdiatel}^ to govern. " Already, \n 1863, he had indicated his acquaintance with " Indian affairs by the j)i'oduction of two articles, which he *' contributed severally to the January and April numbers ' of the Edinburgh Review, and which were afterwards sul)- '' st -jtively published with the title of ' India under Dal- " housie and Canning.' " His Grace is a nobleman of varied attainments, and jui earnest patron of literature, art, uuu science. His published works consist chiefly of addresses and lectures, a volume entitled, " The Reign of Law," and one entitled, " lona," of which he is proprietor, and in the romantic antiquities oi which he takes a deep int^jrest. This brief sketch of < ae life of His Grace the present Duke of Argyll, cannot but do injustice to a nobleman, whose active and useful life has been interwoven with most of the great public affairs of his country ; but we have sought in this brief " Story of the House of Argyll," to give but a mere outline, to complete and elaborate which would require the scope of many such volumes as the pre- sent one. THE RIGHT HONORABLE THE MAROUIS OF LORNE. The Eight Honorable John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherhmtl Campbell, Marquis of Lome, etc., present Gov- ernor-General of the Dominion of Canada, is the eldest son of His Grace the Duke of Argyll, heir to the honors and estates of the illustrious House of Camj^bcil, and son-in-law, by marriage to H.E.H. the Princess Louise, to Her Majesty (^ueen Victoria. He was born at Stafford House, London, on the Gth of August, 1845, being about three years the senior of his royal wife, the birthday of the latter being March 18th, 1848. The Marquis was early brought to the notice of Her Majesty, as will be seen from the following extract Trom the Queen's " Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, from 1848 to 1861" : <' Our reception (at Inverary Castle) was in true Highland fashion ; the pipers walked before the carriage and the Highlanders on either side, as we approached the house. Outside stood the Marquis of Lome, just two years old (August, 184*7), a dear, white, fat, fair little fellow, with redish hair, but vary deli cate features, like both his father and mother's ; he is sucii 11 merry, independent little child. He had a black velvet dress and jacket, with a * sj^orran,' bcarf, and Highland boimet." The Marquis was educated at Eaton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and for some time commanded a company in the London Scottish Eille Volunteers. In 1808 he was appointed 76 ROYALTY IN CANADA. private secretary to liis father at the India Office ; and since February of the same year he has represented the County of Argyll in the House of Commons. He resigned, of course the latter position on being appointed Governor-General of our own Dominion, to succeed Lord Dufferin. Lord Lome perpetuates the traditional liberalism of his family. He is a zealous supporter of the volunteer force, is a practical marksman with the rifle, and has shot with great success at the University vs. House of Lords and Commons matches at Wimbledon. In person, while youthful in ap- pearance, is very handsome. He possesses an agreeable, easy manner, and an expression of great good nature and kindliness, and cannot fail to attract favourable remark from all persons of discrimination. He is possessed of con- siderable abilities, and although young, he has given ample evidence of both industry and capacity. As already ol)- served, he acted for several years as private-secretary to the Duke of Argyll, his fiither, when Secretary of State for India, and at one time when His Grace was occupied witli the pre]iaration of an important legislative measure, Lord Lome undertook and executed with characteristic ability, a vast amount of difficult business which seldom falls to a private secretary. In Parliament the Mar(j[uis has distinguished himself by a conscientious independence, which led him to vote, at one time against the Gladstone ministry, of which his father was a leading member. His parliamentary career has been graceful rather than active. In every attempt to express his views he has acquitted himself in a manner becoming the great dignity of his station. Throughout he has been, like his noble father, one of the most loyal liberals. It is recorded that Lord Lome is considerably influenced . ; THE MARQUIS OF LORNE. 77 by the spirit of adventure, which is characterstic of his family, and of all young noblemen. This has been shown by the extent of hia travels, and by the peculiar caste of his literary productions. lie made his tist dihut as an author ill 1867, when he published a volume of much promise, with the title of " A Trij) to the Tropics, and Home through America," which is a pleasant and observant record of travel in Jamaica, Cuba, St. Domingo, and in the United States. These " Notes from Negro Lands" — as the volume is alter- natively called — are extracts from letters written by the author when travelling in 1866, in January of which year he left Southampton for the West Indies. " They contain," he frankly observed, " merely superficial views of the men,, manners, and things that came under ra}' notice ; but as the countries they refer to have recently been the scenes of important events, I hope they may not be without some interest." This hope, we may content ourselves with say- ing, is fully justified. A Canadian editor's review of the work informs us that it is really remarkable for the impar- tiality and clearness of the opinions expressed in it concern- ing the working of the repultlican institulions of America. His Excellency (for we must use that title since he is now our Governor-General) has also published two volumes of" poems. The one before us, '•'■ Guido and Lita : a Tale of the Eiviera," appejued in 1875, and is a production of real merit. Following are the closing passages of the little volume : — The gallant trail the church's front has gained ; Their Leader's stted is at the fountain reined, And Guido takes his Lord within to view ; Him whom he mourns, tlie sire the Paynini slew, Recounts the ttde of those adventurous tlays, How brief its space, and yet it years outweighs ! ^m 78 ROYALTY IN CANADA. When all is learned, the Count goes forth to stand Upon the church's steps, and lifts his hand, And bids his troops rank round him on the place ; And calls for Lita, who with blushing face Comes out to stand before him ; and he speaks ; " Who now for glory, or for honour seeks, Let him, from deeds done here, example take ; Deeds of this gentle maiden, whom I make A Lady of my land, and ask that she Attend my court : and Guido, as for thee. Thou too must follow ; till the realm be free Of heathen hordes, our swords must never sleep. Our name must be so terrible, yon deep Shall yet refuse to bear upon its breast The fleets it brought to startle us from rest." Thus by his love was Guido called to brave War on the land, war upon the wave. By love awakened to a manly pride, In spirit searched, and changed, and purified, His bright renown o'er Christendom was spread, And lived where'er the light of victory sped. A year has passed, and where red battle burned, Fair Peace again with blessings has returned, And mailed processions, banished from the field. To white-robed trains the festive town must yield. See, to the sound of music and song, A stately pageant slowly moves along. Before the church's door the crowds divide ; Hail the sweet pomp, that guards the maiden bride I Hail the young lord, who comes this day to claim, A prize, the guerdon of a glorious name 1 They kneel before the altar, hand in hand, While thronged around, Provence's warriors stand. Hush ! for the sacred rites, the solemn vow, That crowns with Faith, young Love's impetuous brow. THE MARQUIS OF LORNE. 7* The prayer is said ; then, as the anthem swells A peal rings oat of happy marriage bells ; Grief pales and dies 'neath joy's ascending sim, For knight, and maid, have blent their lives in one. Some of the illustrations in the above-mentioned volume hear the characteristics of that fine art for which his royal wife has become famous. As set forth in the previous sketch on the house of Ar- gyll, Lord Lorae derives his title from that district of Argyllshire known as Lome, or Lorn. The district in very ancient times was possessed by the Macdougalls, a family in those days nearly as powerful as the Macdonalds — '* Lords of the Isles." From the Macdougalls it came into the royal house of the Suart, or Stewart, and the historian will re- member tliat among the victories gained by Bruce in his eventful career was one over the Lord of Lome in the Pass of Awe. By these changes the broad lands of Lome passed into the hands of the Campbells of Lochow, the direct ancestois of the ducal house of Argyll ; and it has been aptly observed that they were then acq[uired, just as they have been recently consolidated and more firmly established than over before, not by force of arms, but by a lucky marriage. Although Lord Lome is heir to all the estates of the great house of Argyll, — one of the highest in the realm, standing third in the Scottish roll of precedence among dukes, — yet we find ourselves, at this time, more directly interested in his marquisate than in his prospective duke- dom. Hence, while we regret the want of space to give our readers a full description of the whole extent of Argyll- shire, we may properly confine ourselves to some observa- tions on the Land of Lome proper. Now, the origin of 80 ROYALTY IN CANADA. this house of Lorne is suiTOiiiided with a good deal of un- certainty. Lome i.s a name supposed by some to have been derived from one of those Dah-iadic* princes or leaders who, emigrating from the north of li'eland about A.I). 50;{, settled in the West Highlands, and there formed the first rude beginnings of the Scottish monarchy. These chiefs are said to have been three bj'others, Fergus, Lorne and Angus, sons of Ere, a descendant of the great Celtic rulers of Ireland, and in all probability of the same or a kindred race Avitli that which previously occupied the whoh? of Scotland, then called Albyii. While Fei-gus established himself on the southern peninsulas of Kintyre and Cowall, his brother Angus in Islay and the adjacent islands, Lorne chose the western district, thereafter known by his name. The district is on the west side of that most picturesque of Scottish lakes. Loch Awe, and for a considerable space fui*- ther to the north and south. It is a region full of the deepest interest to the antiquarian. The extreme length varies from thirty to thirty-five miles, with a mean breadth of about ten. Three beautiful arms of the sea intei'sect it — Loch Feochan, in the south ; Loch Etive, in the middle, and Loch Ci'eran, further north. Of these the largest and most important is Loch Etive, a fine, land-locked reach of water which, in its upper half, trends away considerably to the north, Avhile, between it and the head of Loch Awe, towers aloft, in massive strength and grandeur, Ben Crii- achan, throwing his shadow, dark and broad, o\er the fair expanse of water at his base.* The landscape at many points of view excels in the most striking eftects. In par- ticular, the panorama that opens up to the traveller as he *Mc^IiUan's Magazine, 1871 THE MARQUIS OF LORNE. 81 comes in sight of Loch Awe from the cuHt, in, foi* grandeur und beauty combined, without an equal in Great J3ritain. On a calm summer's daj it presents a peculiarly charming picture. The eye rests on the placid waters of the lake and its beauteous islets, slumbering peacefully in the shade, their several outlines mirrored in responsive symmetry un- derneath ; while, in the background, majestic and grand, the giant Ben, his brow, calm and unclouded, looks down his wooded slopes, as if keeping watch and ward over the lovely scene. Turning our eyes a little more to the left, we see, stretch- ing away to the southwest as far as the eye can reach, an irregular series of hills, embracing heath-covered and ver- dant flats, with many a basky dell between; here and there a neat homestead, with its herd of cattle browsing netir; mayhap a shepherd half-way up the hill, directing by voice and gesture the movements of his sheep-dog, as he tends his fleecy charge. This land of Lome is a decidedly pastoral country. Yet, behind those undulating hills, em- bowered in pleasant halts of green, or looking forth upon the western sea, there lie spots replete with the stirring memories of days gone by. Who would imagine that these slopes once waved with mighty forests through which rushed the fierce wild boar and scarce less savage man — that a thousand years ago this same region was the centre of active Scottish life ? But our digression is too short to tell half the beauties of Lome. It is, however, from this country that our noble Marquis derives his title, the baro- nial title of Lome being, as we have before described, merged into the earldom of Argyll, thereafter becoming a courtesy title for the heir apparent of the house. The titles of the Marquis place him among the highest (J I 82 ROYALTY m CANADA. noblomeii of the realm. Should he live UTitil the death of His Grace the Duke of Argyll, his father, he will rule the noble Scottish house of Campbell, and no other house, cither of Lowland or Highland origin, ever counted among its members so great and illustrious a catalogue of ennobled and otherwise distinguished individuals. In this respect the Campbells may claim superiority over the Scotts, the Hara- iltons, the Murrays, the Graliams, and even the Stuarts. Some one has used the expression that it is much for Lord Lome that he is his father's son. We may not bo able to sympathize with all the enthusiasm of the clan of Campbell ; we may not all endorse the Duke of Argyll's politics, but it is impossible to hear the man, +o read his books, without a feeling of respect, almost a feeling of ven- eration for him. Loi'd Loi-ne has done a very clever thing in making himself more famous than his famous fathei-. He has abundant advantages. He has had the advantage of that inestimable training in politics and statesmanship which the House of Commons confers upon a youthful member, and he will come to this country well qualitied, in many respects, to discharge the duties of the most im- portant political station which has just been conferred upon him. A word should be said here respecting the arms of the Campbells of Argyll. These are quite as numerous as the gentry bearing them, and yet a family likeness runs throughout most of them. " Follow me," says the Breadal- bane motto, and a cadet replies, " Sequor'^ (I follow). Such are the variations most commonly indulged in. Heraldry, in fact, is a science obviously of comparatively recent or- igin, it being a doubtful question whether even the Nor- mans, with whom it certainly had its source, brought it THE MARQUISI OF LORNE. 83 over with them on their conquest of England, or cre- ated it afterwards. The invention KcemH to have really re- wiilted with an age more advanced, when chivalry became fantastic as well as warlike. Countries and kings, no doubt, were the first to use arms. As for the majority of heraldic bearings, they are plainly attempts made by the later kings-at-arms, either to mark a peculiar event in the story of the family concerned, or to pun on the family name. The " two peasants with the yokes " of the Hays, for instance, point to the old story of the battle of Lun- carty, though it is now clearly understood that the origin ascribed by that tradition to the house is utterly fictitious. Then, again, the Trotters take the half-laughable emblem in tljeir arms of a " trotting-horse," with the motto of " Slowly Onwards " ( Festina lente) ; while the Justice family take a sword and scales, and the Buntings show the device of a bunting. It is plain, in short, that these, and other cases of what is called canting heraldry, are generally the products of heralds in times later than those which saw tlio families founded. The arms of tlie house of Argyll may be thus described : — Arms. Quarterly : first and fourth, Girony of eight pieces, Or, and Sable ; second and third, Argent, a Galley or Lymphad, sails furled up, for the Lordship of Lome. Crkst. a Boar's head, coupeed, Or. Supporters. Two Lions, Motto. Vix ea nostra voco (I scarcely call all this my own). The Duke John seems to have conjoined this motto with that of Ne obliviscark (Forget not), also used on an " Escrol " in the arms. Badge. Myrtle. [Loudoun quarters with the Crawfords, and Breadalbane with the Stewarts of Lome. All the families of the Campbell name bear the Oared Galley in their arms.] We may here turn for a while to give our readers a glimpse of II. E. H. the Princess Louise, and to make some observations of her marriage with the Marquis. H. R. H. PRINCESS LOUISE. Her Hoyal Highness Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, is the fourth daughter of Her Majesty iiio Queen. She was born at Buckingham Palace on the 18th of March, 1848. She is very talented, and as accomplished as assiduous and well- directed culture can render one of such great and varied natural gifts. She has developed remarkable artistic ac- complishments in the departments of drawing, painting and sculpture. Mrs. Thorneycroft haw had the great honor of instructing the Princess in the Arts of modelling and sculpture, and has had the greater satisfaction of seeing the grandest results in her royal pupil. Gne of the finest pro- ductions, in this line, which the Princess has executed, is the bust of the Queen which was shown at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 18Y0. Other specimens of her work have been successfully exhibited to promote charitable ob- jects in which she has taken a deep intei-est. Her Royal Highness has also very decided literary tastfc3 and is so assiduous a reader as to deserve the name of a student. She was for some years the closest companion of the Queen, her mother, and is greatly beloved by every member of the Royal family, while her great sweetness of disposition endears her to everyone within the sphere of her influence. A graceful act of appreciative kindness was performed by the Princess, in connection with her posses- sion as one of the Lady Patronesseo of the National Society B6 ROVALTr m CANADA. for the aid of the Hick and wounded. During tho Franco- Gorman war, to each of the Hurgeonn proceeding under the auHpices of the society to the honpitals of France and Bel- gium, Hhe presented, in some instances personally, a hand- some pocket case ornamented with her monogram and oscutclieon, containing the instruments required for militar}-- surgery. On several prominent occasions of state cere- mony, the Princess Louise luis officiated for the Queen, and has always called forth the most enthusiastic admiration of her dignity and graciousness. There is not a magazine, periodical or journal published in the English language which has not from time to time, during the past ten years, spoken the highest praises of IlerEoyal Highness, and extolled her grace and beauty. To say that she is beloved, tenderly, devotedly, by every loyal heart in the vast empire over which her gracious mother rules, is but faintly expres'- ing the place which she has won by her noble deeds o£ charity, her devotion to art and litera- ture and her sweet disposition. We malie a single extract from an English magazine which may be regarded as a re- presentative of a thousand equally expressive of apprecia- tion of the Princess, which we might quote from as many * writers did our space permit : — " I remember so well the day when I first saw her Eoyal Highness the Princess Louise. It was a day in the early spring, soft and brilliant, not without showers, yet crowned with sunshine. I had made a journey of some little trouble to go to the royal Isle of Wight, for the foundation-stone was to be laid of a building belonging to an institution that was dear to me, and the Princess Louise was to lay the first stone. She has taken her part since in much more brilliant and crowded ceremonials, but I cannot but think her Royal Highness will long remember that day in the Undercliff. n. R. 11. PRINCESS LOUISE. 87 T am Huro that thtM'c wore many tlioro who will lon^ ro- niemher lur. Wt^ waited some time for tho sound of her horses' lioofn, for she had to traverse tho whole hreadtli of tlio island on her errand of raerey. There was a throng of fair hidies present, but as the eye wandered over that living jKirterre there was no more sweet and intellectual face than that of the young Princess. Her duties were long and must have l»een fatiguing, hut they were done gracefully and well. There was one murmur of praise and congratulation. All of us remembered that day, and will always recollect it with pleasure. One slight incident occurred, but to me, a man of a loyal nature, the incident was in no wise slight. The Princess went off, imv/na comitante caterva, to ji distant part of the grounds to plant a memorial tree. I admii'ed the courage that I dared not imitate, for the wet grass was associated in my mind with the aliments of tho poor people for whom our good work was intended. But as, with a lady on my arm, I lingered by one of the. pathways, it so haj)- pened that the Princess suddeidy came back that way, and passed close by. We stood quite alone, and made respect- ively curtsey and bow, and the Princess gave us a gracious salutation and a courteous glance of her candid eyes. It was but a trifle, yet one which we valued and treasured. We know but little of the young life of the Princess, and yet we know that it presents a fresh fair picture that might easily be shadowed forth, liappy is the nation that has no history, and happy are the princes who in contemporary history are unknown. Yet in the ' tierce light which beats upon a throne ' much of the piivate life of the English royal family has been unveiled. The Queen herself has given us glimpses of her home and her family life. We have all been privileged to see how the fair children of Osborne and Balmoral grew up under the plastic care of the Prince Consort, and to observe evidences of the care, forethought, and tenderness with which the training and education of his children were attended. And whispei's came respecting the Princess Louise on how rich a soil these fruitful germs were implanted. We were told of the 88 ROYALTY IN- CANADA. rare culture and intelligence which she poHsewsed. We see with loyal appreciation the wisdom and love which the Queen manifested towards her children. We recollect how in her Highland book there is a simple mention of her Majesty teaching her eldest cliild her lessons while on one of her excursions. The Queen herself has touchingly shown how sho, values the peace and security which a happy mar- riage can impart, and how little she desires for her children a position of solitary splendour like her own. In a memo- randum contributed to ' The Early Years of the Prince Con- sort,' slie says : ' A worse school for a young girl, or one more detrimental to all natural feelings and affections, can not WL'U be imagined, than the position of (^ueen at eighteen, witho'Ju experience and without a husband to guide and support her. This the Queen can state from painful exper- ience, and she thanks God that none of her dear daughters are exposed to such danger.' We have all some knowledge of the great accomj^lish- ments of the Princess. We need hardly say that she is an accomplished artist. In the Old Bond Street Gallery of the British Institution she exhibited some works at an exhibi- tion on behalf of the destitute widows and orphans of Ger- mans killed in the war. ' The battle is decided ; the defeated and the pur "'rs have passed from view before the day has quite closed in night, leaving the dead and wounded far be- hind. Pallid light still lingers in the deep blue sky, con- trasting with the glare of a bur/iing village ; the dead and wounded, both French and German, are on the plain, and there ^re dismounted cannon. A sister is supporting a woundod soldier, stanching the blood, and another sister is bearing her help. It is a gleam of mercy on the battle plain.' We believe that the Princess Louise has given much practical attention to such deeds of mercy. In the Royal Academy two yearij ago she exhibited a bust of her royal mother^ not indeed the work of a great artist, but in- finitely above the ordinary level of amateurs." When the intended marriage of Her Royal Highness with a subject of the Crown was announced, a wave of in- //. R. n. PRINCESS LOUISE. 89 terest spread throughout the length and breadth of the nation, and the Princess became more than ever a subject of universal regard. Her acts and movements were noted with that minuteness which had previously characterized only the reports of the Queen's own doings. As evidence of this wo need only present the folloMMng extract from the Lon- don Graphic of March 4th, 1871 :— " We were infoi-med that before the Royal cortege entered the House of Lords on the day of the opening of Parlia- ment, the throne presented a very inartistic appearance. The robes of state were thi'own over it in such a manner as to hide the crimson velvet and display only the ermine, so that the effect was exactly as if a huge white cloth had been wrapped about a high-backed empty chair with an imitation gilt crown on the top of it. In fact it suggested reminiscences of a hair dresser's saloon. But when Her Majesty entered and seated herself, the Princess Louise vvith genuine artistic instinct, stooped and lifted a corner of the robes so as to display the warmer tints of the crimson velvet. Probably the act was almost involuntary on the part of the fair daughter of royalty. While her hands wore thus busily occupied her thoughts were devoted to more important matter^.. Of what was she thinking ? May wo venture to guess ? To some extent wo may suppose that her meditations were of a somewhat solemn and chastened character. There is always something saddening in the re- flection that we are doing a thing for the last time, and the Princess may have felt that in all probability she was for the last time performing her part as maiden daughter of the Queen in one of the most impressive ceremonials of English court life. Mingled with these feelings other ideas of a livelier character may have presented themselves. The grand state ceremonial then being enacted may have sug- gested visions of another ceremonial shortly to take place at Windsor in which the Princess, instead of playing a sub- ordinate part, would assume the chief role." Thus the people were not only eager to make her every 90 ROYALTY IN CANADA. act a subject of i iiteresting gossip, but undertook to divine her very thoughts. Indeed it must have been truly gratifying to the noble heart of the Princess, that such an intelligent people paid her such loyal homage. It may properly constitute a part of our brief sketch of the Princess to speak of the royal wedding at Windsor Castle, when her fortunes were united with those of the house of Ar.' 11. This took place on the 2Ut March, 1871, and was the chief event for a considerable period of time in Great Britain. The marriage was celebrated at St. George's chapel. The scenes outside the castle before and after the marriage merits a brief description. In short Windsor presented a gay aspect during' the whole day. Soon after daj'-break a great number of workmen were astir, setting up loyal mottoes, complicated mono- grams, and extensive illuminations over the public build- ings, most of the private houses in the neighbourhood the castle and the railway station. Thus when the early London trains arrived the town was already gaily bedecked with flags, banners and garlands. The morning was bleak, cold and misty, and the weather at one time seemed inclined to be somewhat unpropitious and March like. At nine o'clock a large body of police arrived from London, the sun broke through the clouds, and an hour later crowds of people anxious to secure a good view of the procession, sud denly appeared and thronged up the Castle Hill as far as the gates, where they were halted by a large police force, and allowed to enter only by ticket. Those not fortunate enough to possess the required pass stationed themselves outside the gates on each side the hill. Inside the gatet* were nine hundred Eton boys who had come out for the occasion, and who had been placed in files on each side of ■"^he //. R. IL PRINCESS LOUISE. 91 the road to welcome tlie bi'ide a« she drove past from her abode in the castle to the chapel. The Castle green presented an especially lively appear- ance, and the troops drawn up before the chapel, and the varied toilettes of the lady spectators foi-med at once a gay and picturesque scene. This was still' further heightened by the advent of a Highland regiment, which marched in with its bagpipes playing the appropriate air of " The Campbells are Coming " — an air to which the Grenadier (fiiards had marched up to the Castle Hill a few moments before. The ai-rival of these regiments gave great satisfac- tion to the crowd outside, which had become uneasy of waiting. By-and-by the royal carriages went down to the ^jtation to meet the distinguished guests of the wedding. It was not long before the procession made its appearance, und as the royal carriages rolled past a cheer was raised and hats were taken off and handkerchiefs waved as the occupants were sevei-ally recognized. The Prince and Princess of Wales seemed especially popular, and the Princess Teck was bowed to and waved at from all sides. The bridegroom was also heartily greeted, but when Her Majesty passed with the Princess Louise the cheers became universal, especially on the part of the Eton College boys,, whose loyalty was enthusiastically displayed. When the procession had passed, the crowd showed no signs of dis- persing, antl waited patiently for the return of the j'oyal party after the ceremony. At a quarter-past one the bells rang out a merry peal, and escorted by a guard of honor the newly wedded couple appeared, in the wedding car- riage, stopping every now and then to bow to the crowd, to which the crowd, highly complimerted and pleased, replied by. renewed cheers. They were not lessened when 92 ROYALTY IN CANADA. the Queen jind Prince of Wales, this time in the same car- riage, passed by. We must now give a few brief details of the ceremony itself The bright sun had given a beautiful hue to the spectacle inside the chapel, and streaming through the rich colored glass, lent a warmth to what, in the nave, would otherwise have borne a cold and bare aspect. This was the portion set apart for what we may call the outside public, and the issue of tickets being limited, there was no crowd- ing. The passage down the nave was lined on each side by ladies ; behind them were the gentlemen and the yeomen of the guard in their quaint costumes ; but beyond the organ-gallery stretched the choir. Gradually, as the guests dropped in, the gorgeous spectacle unfolded itself; bit of color was added to bit of color, as in the evolutions of a transformation scene. The knights' stalls, with their ban- ners overhead, were filled with bright uniforms and dresses; there were ministers, stiff with embroidery, officials in blue and gold, and officials in red and gold, ladies in all hues and blazing with jewels ; military uniforms, diplomatic uni- forms, gold laced robes, silver sticks and gold sticks, and the heralds in mediaeval bibs of gold embroidery and colour. As the seats in this part of the chapel were reserved, there was much more regularity noticeable in the influx of their occupants. Those who were to take part in the ceremony arranged themselves about the altar. The bridegroom, not in Highland costume, but in a dark Hussar uniform, and accompanied by his best men. Lord Ronald Leveson-Gower and the Earl Percy, had arrived and taken his stand in the bridegroom's place, the othei*s being arranged in the following order : — The Princess of Wales and her children ; the Count de Flandre, in Belgian uni- H. R. H. PRINCESS LOUISE. 9? Line cai'- sremony ) to the the rich e, would was the e public, crowd- 1 side by yeomen >^ond the ae guestn If; bit of ions of a ^heir ban- I drosses ; s in blue hues and atic uni- icks, and id colour, ed, there of their leremony in a dark ^en, Lord •ived and srs being )f Wales :ian uni- form ; the Princess Christian, in cerise satin ; the Princess Beatrice, in pink ; the Duchess of Cambridge ; Prince Arthur, in Eifle uniform ; Prince Leopold, in Highland dress ; the Duke of Cambridge, in Field Marshall's uniform ; Prince Christian, in uniform ; the Princess Mary of Teck, and the Prince of Teck, in an Austrian Hussar uniform ; the members of the bridegroom's family, including the Countess Percy and the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh and the Maharanee, the two latter in rich uniforms of gold and yellow satin ; the Prince of Wales, in Hussar uniform, and the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, in a white tunic, waited by the door when the Queen and Princess would enter. The organ now bui'st forth in triumphal strains as the eight bridesmaids, the heralds of the bride, made their ap- pearance. Then there was an " alarm of trumpets,'' a roll of drums, and Her Royal Highness, the Princess Louise and Her Majesty the Queen entered. The bridal procession passed slowly to the altar, the Queen, who appeared in ex- cellent spirits, bowing her acknowledgements. As the bride and her royal mother ascended the haut-p(^ ^ the Marquis of Lome bowed profoundly, and the wedding service began, the prelates present being the Bishops of London, Win- chester, Oxford and Worcester, who wcj-e assisted by some lesser dignitaries of the church. The Bishoj) of London read the service, the Bishop of Winchester the epistle and exhortation ; the responsive " I wills" were clearly audible, and the Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise were man and wife. When the blessing had been uttered, the Queen extended her hand to her new son-in-law, who bowed and kissed it, and then with the Princess upon his arm, and followed by Her Majesty proceeded down the long passage of the choir J 9i ROYALTY IN CANADA. and nave and the royal ceremony w.m at an end. The company subsequently aHsembled in the white drawing-room, where prenently Her Majesty and the bride and bridegroom appeared, and made the tour of the room. The royal family and that of the Duke of Argyll then retired to luncheon. The rest of the party retired to Waterloo Galleiy, where the general banquet had been laid. Shortly after four o'clock the bride and bridegroom left the castle in a car- riage with two pairs of greys, accompanied by an escort of Life Guards and a shower of white satin slippers. Such is a brief, very brief, sketch of the wedding of the Princess. The affair attracted the greater attention since it was the mari'iage of a daughter of the Sovereign to a sub- ject — an event, though unusual, yet by no means without many precedents. To those, however, who could call to mind the history of such marriages in the distant past, it was a matter of great congratulation that Britain had reached an age of peace and of firm succession, when it wais no longer dangerous for a princess to nuirry a subject who loves her. In the old times, when an Earl or Duke coveted the daughter of his king, it was often seriously discussed in Council whether such a marrij^ge was safe for the throne, To the wealthy and powerful loi-d of a dozen frontier castles with the possiltility of a traitorous alliance with Scottish monarchs and Welsh chieftains, it was unsafe to trust a princess, a union with whom might produce fresh claimants to the succession. Hence it is that we find tiic usui-pers men the most ready to barter their ])ride and ally their daughters to |)Owerful subjects, whose men-at-arms and archei's might be useful in the rough wrangles for tlie crown. And hence it arose that Scotch, French, or Gorniati princes were always more in demand than i\x^ winQ^l //. R. II. PRINCESS LOUISE. 95 b-avcst and handsomest of the English nobles, because their alliances were useful in foreign entanglements into which our kings so often fell. A Breton prince had ports into which war vessels could put and discharge their car- goes of bowmen and swordsmen that were to ravage the pastures of Champagne and the vineyards of Burgundy ; a princess bestowed on a Scotchman saved the English borders from ceaseless forroys ; but it was only at special seasons that an Earl of Pembroke or an Earl of Leicester could win a lady of royal birth. These hard times have gone now. Barons no longer defy the crown in Yorkshire, and Cheshire cannot be roused into rebellion ; nor are love's claims any longer to be fj'owned down by grave councillors, and pretenders to the throne are never countenanced. But let us digress, if indeed digression it be, to look at some of the English princesses who have married subjects. The first was Eleanor, the third daughter of the cruel usurjDer John. At the age of five she was betrothed to the eldest son of the Earl of Pembroke, the conqueror of Ire- land, who had established Henry III. upon the throne. The English nobles, jealous at the match, postponed the marriage tor a long time, urging that a king's daughter should be married to a powerful foreign ally of England, and ought not to be thrown away on a mere subject. Bnt the friends of Pembroke contending that the Earl was powerful both in Wales and Ireland, brought forward precedents of priti- C'OHses of France having married subjects, and the marriage at last took place. The Earl was more than forty and oidy Hiu'vived the mai'riage two years, during which time he and his young wife of fifteen lived together with much affection. Eleanor afterwards secretly married Simon de Montfort, the sou of the persecutor of the Albigcnsos, in violation of 9a ROYALTY IN CANADA. ail outh nhe had taken on her first widowhood, that «he would never again bocomo a wife. iBabcUa, the eldest daughter of Edward III. married a French nobleman, the young Lord de Coucy, a French hostage sent over to England after Poictiers. lie remained u firm friend to England during nearly all the disastrous French war, and it is recorded, that " Never did the English huil man or woman or take a farthing from them who said, * I belong to the Lord do Coucy.' " Eventually, Coucy, unable to remain any longer neutral, joined the cause of hiy country and sent his royal wife back to England. Cecilia, third daughter of Edward IV., waa bethrothed before she was twenty to James, the son of James III. of Scotland, but the match was broken off. After this she passed a troublesome career for some years, till Henry VII. became king, after which her life was tranquil and happy. Cecilia bore her nephew, Prince Arthur to the front, but he never reached the throne, and at the coronation of her sister Elizabeth she occupied a place of honoui'. At this latter ceremony was present John, Lord Wells, half-uncle to the king and the princess's future husband. This noble- man had shared in the Duke of Buckingham's unsuccessful revolt and had then lied and joined his exiled nephew at the Breton Oourt. It is said that Henry VII. kept Cecilia in the background, not wishing his wife's sister to marrj^, as in case of his own wife's failing in issue, Cecilia would be rightful heiress to the crown. The marriage was, there- fore, probably clandestine, but it was a happy union, though the gentleman was twice the age of the lady. Her husband died in 1498, but the young widow did not mourn long, for she was a train-bearer among the bridesmaids of Catherine of Arragon, only three years after her husband's death. //. R. H. PRINCESS LOUISE. 97 Later she married one Thomas Kymbe, an obscure Lincoln- nhiro person, of whom nothing is known. She had two children by her second mari'iago, became rather poor, and died foiu' years after her marriage and was biii'ied in the Abbey of Qiiarrcra in the Isle of Wight. Annie, the fifth daughter of Edward IV. was solicited in marriage before she was four years old, by Maximillian Duke of Austria, for his young son Phillip. The bride's portion was to bo 100,000 crowns, but the match fell through. The Countess eventually married Lord Thomas Howard, the son of the Earl of Surry, wliom Henry VII. committed for a time to the Tower. The kin^-, who was far too fond of money, did not bestow on the Princess Anne the bridal portion of 10,000 marks bequeathed to her by her father, and the king's displeasure and fines prevented the Earl of Surry making any great provision for the young couple. Annie did not appear much at Court, and died early in life. She was buried in Thetford Priory. Catherine, the next daughter of Edward IV., married a Courtenay, a member of a family which boasted French kings and Greek Emperors among its ancestry. The 3''0ung Earl Courtenay seems to have been a nobleman of great virtue and skilled in all chivalrous accomplishments. The princess and her husband lived in great splendor down in Devonshire, and Courtenay distinguished himself by de- fending Exeter against Perkin Warbeck and his brother rebels. Her son was executed by Henry VIII. for daring to cori'cspond with his relative, the celebrated Cardinal Pole. Mary Tudor, third daughter of Henry VII. was the most beautiful and accomplished princess of her time. Erasmus Kaw her sporting about the royal nui'series at Eltham and 7 98 ROYALTY IN CANADA. made a note of the fact. She waH educated in all the ac- compIiHhments of her time, learnt French and Latin, played upon the lute, clavichord, and regain and danced with more than usual grace. An early treaty of marriage with the Prince of CaHtle was broken otf before the accession of Henry VIII. Mary then fell in love with Sir Charles Brandon, one of the bravest soldiers and most refined cour- tiers of his age. Brandon was the son of Henry VIII. 's standard bearer at the battle of Bosworth, and had been chosen by Prince Henry, afterwards Henry VIII., as one of his familiar attendants. Having been twice married he fell in love with the Princess Mary, who was at that very time being wooed by Louis XII. of France, an old king fast hastening to his death. Mary consented to the match on the express condition that if she survived her husband she should not be constrained but permitted to marry w^hej-ever she pleased. The delighted old man showed the Earl of Worcester, the English ambassador, who concluded the marriage contract, a huge chest burning with jewels, for one of which 100,000 ducats had been refused. "These are for my wife," said the old king, " but she shall not have them at all at once, for I must have divers kisses and thanks for them." " I assure you," wrote the Earl of Wolsey, "he thinketh every hour of the day till he seeth her; he is never well, never until he hearcth speaking of her." The doting old monarch wrote with his own hand to Wolsey, " Make my compliments to my good brother the king, your master, and tell him that I beg him to send his sister as soon as possible, and that in doing so he will be conferring on me a great pleasure." Mary by no means so eager to meet her bridegroom took with her six Italian dresses and •eight English, besides such store of plate and jewels that //. R. II. rRINCESS LOUISE. 99 Louis generously forgave 200,000 crowns of the dowery. Ilor reception by the old king was of a magnificent descrip- tion; what with bouquets, pageants, jousts, and the grand coronation ceremony when the chivalrous Francis of Valois stood behind the young Queen and held the crown above lior head, so that its weight might not oppress her. The Duke of Surtblk (Charles Brandon) was one of King Henry's ambassadors on this occasion, and distinguished himself greatly at the jousts. There seems, indeed, to have been a mutual jealously between the French and English knights, and Suttblk must, moreover, have been in a reckless kind of humor and ready to do anything to prove his valor before the lady of his love. He dealt about him so desperately, wounding one French knight unto death, that Francis, who had himself been wounded, is said to have hired a gigantic German to go in and do battle with the Englishman. But Suffolk's blood was up and the big German was overthrown. Leigh Hunt says that Brandon carried the German shiekl as a trophy to the young Queen who, in the course of the jousting, had cried out, " Hurt not my sweet Charles," but tiiese particulars belong to the world of legend rather than to that of history. We only know that Sutfolk bore himself gallantly in the lists, being one of the strongest of English knights, and we may suppose that Mary admired him none the less for beating her new countryman. The old king did not long survive the marriage, and in a short time the royal widow retired to the Hotel de Clugny to spend in bed the usual six weeks mourning insisted on by French etiquette. Kow follows the contest. Princes and emperors and kings bring their power and influence against the suit of Charles, but in spite of kings and emperors and princes, true love prevails and the secret marriage took place in the ^f IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M^^. A/ O '/ ^'fc ^ 'M ^ 1.0 I.I ■ 50 '■"■ us , IS mmm ';2,5 2.2 IL25 nil! 1.4 2.0 i.8 1.6 %^^ '> ^M ^ > V ^ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7'.6) 872-4503 ^ 39 \^ V :\ \ ^^u^^^f^ ■■(y^ *s^' '^ ^v ^p 100 ROYALTY IN CANADA, i ' J ■ -t;^i little oratory chapel of the Hotel de Clugny, only ter per- sons, including the French king, being present. Brandon immediately broke matters to Wolsey, who could smoothe everything. " My Lord of York," he wi'ote abjectly, " when I came to Paris I learned many things which put me in great fear and so did the Queen both, and the Queen would never let me have no resf (this was rather shabby of Bran- don, and, above all, decidedly bad grammar), " till I had granted her to be married, and so, to be plain with you, I have married her heartily.'^ This nearly cost Brandon his life. Long afterwards, when Brandon and Wolsey quar- relled about the king's divorce, Wolsey said reproachfully to Brandon : " Sir, of all men within this realm, you have least cause to be offended with Cardinals, for if I, a simple Cardinal had not been, you should have had at this present no head upon your shoulders." Great altercation ensued between the two Courts as to the jewels, etc., which Mary was to +ake back to England. Over these treasures Francis and Henry wrangled like two Jew salesmen. Eventually, Mary })ining for England, re- ceived half the jewels and 30,000 crowns for her expenses. Her marriage was celebrated in Greenwich, and all went well. The portraits of the Duke and Duchess were painted and underneath appeared the lines, probably written by Suffolk himself: — Cloth of gold, do not despise, Though thou be matched with cloth of frize ; Cloth of frize, be not too bold, Though thou be matched with cloth of gold. The beautiful Mary died in 1533. Within a short time the Duke married again, a beautiful girl of fourteen. Mary was the last princess who openly married a subject, but in vmmrsasssat Si^.'A //. R. H. PRINCESS LOUISE. 101 two other instances princesses are supposed to have allied themselves to persons below them in rank. Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James I., who married the Prince Palatine, the unfortunate King of Bohemia, died soon after her return to England, leaving her jewels to Prince Rupert and her papers and portait to Lord Craven — a brave, chivalrous old officer, to whom many supposed her to have been secretly married. Mary, the eldest daughter of Charles I., who married the Prince of Orange, also ended her days in p]ng- land. The rumor that she secretly married Harry Jenny n, a young nobleman of Charles II. 's Court, was, perhaps after all, without foundation. A word in this connection concerning the Marriage Act will be of interest. The Eoyal Marriage Act was enacted in 1792 in consequence of the secret marriage of the Duke of Glocester with Maria, the Countess Dowager of Walde- grave. The private marriage of the Duke of Cumberland in 17*71 with Lady Ann Luttrell, widow of Mi*. Christopher Boston, of Derbyshire, augmented the vexation of King George, and the result was, an Act forbidding any of the royal family contracting marriage without the royal sanc- tion while under the age of twent37^-five years. After this period they v/ere at liberty to solemnize the proposed union, even if the royal sanction was wiithheld, if, after having an- nounced their intention to the Privy Council, an entire year should elapse without eithei* House of Par) lament address- ing the king against it. In the case of the marriage of II. R. 11. the Princess Louise with the Maiquis of Lome, on the 21st March, 1871, the hearts of all true and loyal subjects of the Queen were rejoiced. There were none to oppose ; nor were there any dangers to the crown to result from the union. The royal \ifr.>k- m 102 ROYALTY IN CANADA. Ijiti wedding we have already partially described. The rqyal wedding cake w^as greatly admired for its elegance and artistic skill. It stood upon a circular gold plateau five inches high ; the height of the cake itself being five feet. The lower part was in eight compartments, two with the Princess's coat of arms and two with the Marquis's and four oval medallions with their initials arranged in a monogram. These were divided from each other by eight figures of boys on thermed scroll pedestals, connected by festoons of orange blossoms and leaves, and supporting an open arch balcony, and vases on stands containing bouquets of orange blossomb and sprigs of Scotch heather, etc. The centre represented a temple, with steps leading tc the inside ; the interior con- tained a circular shell shaped basin or stand with four doves on the edge drinking from it. The exterior had eight Corinthian pillars, and at the four angles were figures of fine art, science, agriculture, and commerce, with thistles and roses in relief on the base of the stand ; over this was a second but smaller temple with eight twisted pilars and figures between them, representing the four seasons. The next was a circular stand decorated with scroll work and, the whole was surmounted with a figure of Hebe. The ornaments were molded, cast, and entirely worked in pure sugar. The cake was designed by Mr. S. Ponder, Her Majesty's Chief Confectioner, and occupi'^d him and his assistants nearly three months in preparation and manufac- ture. Besides this, which was the Avedding cake, there was another, which had been presented by the Prince and Princess of Wales and made by the Chester confectioner. Our lady readers will eagerly scan a description of the royal wedding presents, v^hich must be brief. We can only mention a few of the most prominent. Among those prc- 4-r H. R. II. PRINCESS LOUISE. 103 sentcd by Her Majesty was a handsome locket, the centre beini^* formed by a very fine Emerald and the setting of diamonds richly encrusted. The tiara, the gift of the Duke and Duchess of Argj'll, is also formed of Emeralds and diamonds, surmounted by a graceful scroll-work of the same jewels. The Marquis of Lome's present was a beautiful pendant ornament, with a large and fine sapphire mounted with brilliants and pearls and pearl drop, the centre form- ing a bracelet. The loyal people of Mull presenied the Princess with a bracelet, a massive ornament of gold set with Scotch pearls and richly decorated with artistic gold work in the Kunic stylo. The present from the upper servants and tenantry of Balmoral consisted of a necklace and ear-rings. The former were composed of tw^enty-eight tine Scotch pearls, well matched and of rare size and orient, connected b}^ lozenge-shaped links of gold. The pendant, designed from the antique, contained four very large Scotch peai-ls in a chased scroll work of gold, ending with a fine pear-shaped pearl. The earrh^ors are formed of two large pearls, set with four brilliants in a quatrefoil, separated by a blue enamel line from the gold border, studded with small diamonds. A diamond ornament at the toj) and a pendant of three diamonds completes the design. One of the most interesting tokens of affection and loyalty accepted by the Princess Louise was the Bible and casket presented by ^^,755 maidens of the United Kingdom, whose subscriptions were limited from one penny to one shilling. The binding, of Morocco leather, consists of a red cross on royal purple ground, both enriched with gold ; the arms of the cross embrace four sunk panels of white, adorned with the English rose and foilage in gold ; in the centre is a monogram of crosised L's and a coronet enclosed in cusped <:] t 104 EOYALTV JN CANADA. quatrefoil, and a row of enriclicd quatrefoils, alternately red and white, fill up the space at the top and bottom. The clasps harmonize with the general design. The edges in front bear arms and coronet, amidst emblems relieved by scrolls, inscribed, " Search the Scriptures," and " Thy Word is Truth ;" on the top the Passion Flower, and on the scrolls " God is Love," and " God is Light ;" at the bottom, lillies of the valley with snowdrops, and " Be Watchful," " Be Zealous." The vellum fly leaves bear the coronet and monogram, and the inscription, " To Her Eoyal Highness the Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, with the loyal, loving and prayerful wishes of the maidens of her native land, March 2l8t, 1871." The casket is in English oak, with the sides enriched with diapered panels, and the top with carving of rose and thistle, supporting the arms and coronet emblazoned, and is beautifully executed. Her Majesty also presented the Eoyal bride with a neck- lace of five large opals, set round with brilliants or con- nected by festoons of diamonds, a large drop branch with two very fine opals, set round with brilliants, and a pair of opal and diamond earrings. Among the other presents were the clan Campbell jewel, the hair-pins given by the Princes Arthur and Leopold and the Princess Beatrice and the locket given by the Dowager Duchess of Argyll. The first consists of a necklace of peals and diamonds, from which hangs a locket of oval form, with pendant ; the centre of the locket is formed by a large and extremely beautiful oriental pearl, surrounded by a closely set row of diamonds of large size, but set in such a mannj^ h.A to give an appearance of lightness very seldom obtained in ornaments of a similar description ; the pendant, the most characteristic portion of the jewel, is suspended by an emerald sprig of bog myrtle H. 7. H. PRINCESS LOUISE. 105 ^GB in ed by Word icrolh lillies "Be t and ^hness loving land, Ih the ) with, oroiiet \ neck- or con- 1 with pair of 8 were rinces nd the le first which of the (riental )f large mce of similar tion of myrtle (the Campbell badge) and bears in the centre the gaily of Lorne, composed of sapj^hireson a pave of diamonds; the ])order, also of sapphires and diamonds, bears the inscription " no obliviscaris." The hair-pins, of which there are two, are ornamented with the diamond daisy flowers. The locket has a crystal centre for hair, and is enclosed in a diamond border. The two necklaces are the gifts respectively of the people of Kentyi'e and Tyree. The former consists simpl}- of a double row of very fine large pearls fastened with a pearl snap, and, what is a rare thii n; in a necklace of this size, all the peaj-ls are perfect. The other necklace is interesting, as having been made from the design of the Princess Louise herself The balls are of a marble peculiar to the district of Tyree. A magnificent silver tankard was a present from the Eton boys to the Marquis of Lorne. It is richly chased all over with battle subjects, after Le Brun, and the handle is formed of Satyrs. On the base are two inscrip- tion plates, one bearing the arms of Eton College and the other the words, " Presented to the Marquis of Lorne on his marriage by the present members of his old school, Eton, 1871." The lockets presented by the Princess to each of her bridesmaids, are of a novel character and were ex- ecuted from the design of Her Eoyal Highness, an adapta- tion from a beautiful Holbien design of cristal de roche, beautifully engraved with a wreath of roses and forget-me- nots, blended and emblazoned in proper colours and having in the centre a royal purpole scroll, upon which is placed the name " Louise" in gold letters. The whole is surrounded hy a border of blue and white enamel on gold tracery inlaid with pearls, and hangs from a true lover's knot of turquoise pi 106 ROYALTY m CANADA. enamel surmounted by the Princess's coronet studded willi emeralds and rubies. But we must close our observations on the Eoyal wed- ding presents, having mentioned only a few of the more prominent gifts. Others, too numerous for even enumera- tion here, attested the loyalty of a great people, and evinced the high esteem in which Her Royal Highness was regarded by all. The following epithalamium for Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise on the occasion of her marriage came from a loyal heart and a ready pen. If we are not mistaken it was first published in a London weekly journal. Grander than thunder-peal. When parting clouds reveal The sudden lightning on the summer sky ; Grander than wildest roar Of billows on the shore When ocean chafes with wrath, and clenches high His tortuous fingers in the shrouds and masts Of mighty ships that splinter in the blasts ; Grander than trumpet sound When armies shake the ground Keturned from victory, is the people's voice, When shouts the multitude, " Rejoice ! Rejoice T 11. Not oft such sound is heard Far echoing over land and sea ; Not oft a nation's heart is stirr'd To such deep burst of love and loyalty, As on this jubilant day Our British Isles display E.J[l. U. PRINCESS LOUISE. lot To her, serene, who steppeth down From the cold attitudes where gleams the crown, To take her bridegroom by the hand, And pass with him into the happier land To the warm valleys ^here the rosee blow, And the winds scatter odours as they go. III. Step down, fair daughter of the Isles, In pride of glowing youth, Arrayed in purity of maiden smiles, And innocence and truth, Step down, Louise, and find Instead of icicles on lofty peaks, The sympathetic touch of human kind. And answering welcome upon friendly cheeks ; Step down into the world with gladsome heart. And love shall follow thee, where'er thou art. IV. When nations cheer the lustful lords of war, Or strew with flowers a blood-stained conqueror's path^ And joke themselves like helots to the car Of martial glory-deifying Wrath ; We know their shouts are idle sound That they are fain to curse if apt to bless ; That were tlieir hero to the scaffold bound For the high treason of an unsuccess. Their groans, their scorn, their hisses, and their hate, Would surge around his weak, defenceless head, Till the last blow of unrelenting Fate Had lain him with the dead. Not such the cheers, bonnie bride of Lome, That swell through Britain on thy bridal morn, 108 ROYALTY IN CANADA^ Not such the homage that from bower and town, From field and mead and Bcn-surveying down, From Scottish hill and English plain, And Irish moorland pours like freshning rain, On thee and thine with fervour of accord — On thee and on thy heart's dear Iiord. Oh no ! a homage more sincere Loads every shout and floats on every cheer, Homage spontaneous and unsought, Only by modest virtue bought, Bom of the people's love, and all their holiest thought. vr. Pass down, Louise, pass down Among the people, and be one of them I Love is a noble crown, A more resplendent diadem Than King or Kaiser ever won or stole. Thou hast it ; wear it on thy matron brow, Ever as bright and beautiful as now When virgin blushes show the virgin soul 1 Happy as maiden, happier still as wife, May peace and joy attend thy life And in thy home all earthly bliss abide. Daughter of England ! Scotland's hope and pride ! It is not at all surprising that such an ev^ont should stir the i)oetic genius of the land. On the other hand, there was everything in the occasion to excuse even an aspirant- poet for making his first effort. But the theme was by no means confined to poetical adventurers. Skilled genius, ripened talent, and eminent scholarship enriched the verse which gave, for a brief period, a distinctitve Princess Louise characteristic to the then cui'rent English literature. There is one piece entitled, " Louise of Lome," written over the //. R. II. PRINCESS LOUISE. 109 signature of II. 8avile Clarke, and published on the occasion of the royal wedding, which Ims been treasured by the writer for a considerable period, and which is prized alike for the event to which it refers, and for the beautiful senti- monts it ex2)resseB : LOUISE OF LORNE. They flung the banners out to shine On Windsor's immemorial towers, And gathered to Saint George's shrine All spring-tide blazonry of flowers. The organ's diapason rolPd In thunder down the trophied aisle ; The wedding circlet, wrought of gold. Gave a new daughter to Argyll. Rejoice, Scotland, from the north Where ihf^Q wild islets fret the tide, To Teviotdale and foam-fleck'd Forth And story-haunted Border-side. The rose of England twined yestreen With heather from the mountain crest j Love well the daughter of our Queen, For the brave heart within her breast. She dared to love, and dared to mate As lowlier maidens love and wed, She stoop 'd from all her high estate, And " Love is lord of all,/ she said— « For that high hope of equal love, The one elixir sweetening life, I yield me to his arms to prove, No Princess, but a faithful wife." 'Mid all the costly offerings laic' Before thee, homage to express, Thou wilt not scorn the one gift made By poor hearts that can only bless. ll 1%. no ROYALTY IN CANADA. In sooth, from every lieart that beats In Britain 'twixt the silver seas, A beiiison thy bridal greets For all the years to come, Louise 1 noble bridegroom, guard her well, The brightest jewel of thy line. For proudly shall thy children tell, Of all she left for thee and thine. And may the future be as fair As certes was that fair March morn, When Princes prayed the Church's prayer ; <« God's blessing on Louise of Lome." THE NEW GOVERNOR-GENERAL-OPINIONS. 'I'"! The arrival of Her Eoyal Highness Princess Louise, and her husband, the Right Honorable the Marquis of Lome, as Governor-General of the Dominion, almost simultaneously with the late decided political reaction in Canada, gives a new interest to the affairs of the country. So much is this the case that we find Canadian affairs at once assuming a mora prominent place in the columns of the leading jour- nals in both Great Britain and the United States. In the latter, and to too great an extent in the former also, but little mention has heretofore been made of passing events in this country. The press seems to have taken it for granted that Canadian news ceased to be of any interest to the general reader when it passed beyond the Canadian boundary. American newspapers have professed the great- est good will for Canada, and yet they have never omitted to improve every good opportunity of displaying their poor wit at our expense. The English press has graciously ac- corded us a fifth rate position in the scale of general im- portance, and has always mistaken the commercial enter- prise and political energy of this country for imprudence and disloyalty ; but the while, we have been slowly but really progressing, marching forward, rising in the scale of Avealth and influence, and incrqasing in the estimation of our neighbours. The appointment of the Marquis of Lome, partly on account of the Marquis himself, but mainly 4s •11 « K mm iia KOVALTV m CANADA. M boeuuHohis ai)[)oi:itnu\nl. involvoH tho rosidonco of royally in ( 'luisuiii, has «;ivoii uh m new attiatiion — ono thai ia likely to bti of groat advantage. Already much han boon Haid on both sides of the AtlarJie Hinee the appointenent waH an- nounced ; and it i« not a little interesting to notice tlio gen- oral tonor of these remarks. Harper's Weekly (George William Curtiss) which ju'ides itsell'on saying witty things about Canada arid which has .lOt altogether outgrown its native dislike of all that io British, observed that, '* If "Canada's loyalty to the mother country needed strongth- " ening, or if it was thought desirable to conlirm the ho!(l " of the aristocratic spirit of the Dominion, nothing could ** have been better tlevised than the appointment of tho " Marquis and the Princess. Tt is possible that the natural "tendencies towanls the United States of an Engllbh " colony upon this continent wliich is virtually indo])endent " might have beer* suspected, or some signs of it discovered, '* au'i that a ministry whicb is nothing if not * imperial' " might have wished to withstand them. For what would " it advantage a Jingo Administration to make the (^ueon " Empress of India, yet lose Canada? The signi^ of such " a tendency are not verj' obvious, and they will not be " hastened by an}- thing upon the side of this country but " perfect good-will. It is, however, evident that the pre- " sence of tho Queen's daughter in Canada will invest the " countTj' with new interest to the Great Eepublic, which, *' as the London Ti7nes intimates, if it chooses to spell itself " with a great R, is quite willing to spell Queen with a *' great Q." It is quite satisfactory to Canadian pride that a journal which is so reluctant in its admissions of our loyalty to the Crown, finds that the sigtis ^f oiir tendencies toioards th TIIF! aOVERNOn-aHS'SRA L, 113 Uy in cly to id on [\s Jin- gon- roorgo Lhiiigs wn its t, "If ongth- hold ; could of the natural Kngllb'n )Oiulcnl ovcrod, nperiul' t would (^UCtMl of such not be itry but 10 pro- ^^ost the which, oil itself with a journal y to the ards th Vnitcil States arc not very oljrl(ms. And \vo have Htiil trrcutcr Halisfiu'tion in infornung tlio Weekli/ thnt U' any Mich tendencies over exiHted,an(l wo are not willing to admit (hill they have to any groat oxtont, thoy arc forovor lioi'c- aflor to 1)0 a tiling of the past. It is true, however, that the proHonco of ITor lloyal Iligliness in the Dominion will strengthen the great loyally ol' the Canadian |)eoplo to the (-rown and kingdom of (Jj'eat Britain, an IP ill %i mi 118 ROYALTY IN CANADA. f-'T 1 ■ .1 i " England is the centre. It is to be hoped that the Goveni- " ment will be able to give fresh applications to the idea ii: " has so happily struck out. Why should not the Buke oJi* " Connaught represent the Queen in Ii'eland ? And might it " not be possible to make Prince Leopold Viceroy of India ?' " If the members of the Royal Family were employed in " this way, a certain lustre would be shed on the greati " offices at the disposal of the Crown, and a good answer " would be provided to ill-natured questions as to the usee. " of princes." But it is important to notice that the appointment of the Marquis to be our Govei'nor-General received the warmest approval of Lord Dufferin previous to his retirement from the post. His Kxcellency's speech in reply to the address of the municipal corporations of Ontario was mainly de- voted to his successor, the Marquis, and his royal wife the Princess Louise. No Governor could be more warmly in- troduced] to^ the people over whom he was to be placed. " It has been my good fortune to be connected all my life " long with his family," said Lord Dufferin, " by ties oi' '* the closest peisonal friendship. Himself I have known, I " may say, almost from his boyhood, and a more conscienti- *' ous, high-minded, or better qualified Viceroy could not " have been selected His public school and college edu- " cation, his experience of the House of Commons, his large *' personal acquaintance with the representatives of all that "is most distinguished in the intellectual world of the United States, his literary and artistic tastes, his foreign travel, will all combine to render him intelligently sympa- thetic with every phase and aspect of your national life." His "good Whig stock" was not forgotten; and Lord Duf- ferin was very sure that a man whose ancestors had given (( (( (( THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL. 119 ovem- dea it ake of light il. India ? yed in 3 great' answei he usee »t of the Ararmest. lit from ) addreBS linly de- wife the fi-mly in- placed. my life ,y ties of :iiown, 1 inscienti- [ould not ,ege edu- his large all that of the foreign sympar Inal life." •rd DuF- given two martyrs to religious and political freedom would not, fvfl the reprcHentative of the crown, encroach on the privi- leges of Parliament or the independence of the people. In a still higher strain he praised the Princess Louise ; and then, with excellent humor, he said : " Lord Lorne has, as " I have said, a multitude of merits ; bat even spots will be " discovered on the sun, and unfortunately an irreparable '' and, as I may call it, a congenital defect attaches to this " appointment. Lord Lorne is not an Irishman. [Great " laughter.] It is not his fault — he did the best he could " for himself. [Eenewed laughtei*.] He came as near the " right thing as possible by being born a Celtic Highlander. " [Continued laughter.] There is no doubt the world is ''best administered by Irishmen. [Hear, hear.] Things " never went better with us either at home or abroad than "when Lord Palmersbon ruled Great Britain [cheers], "Lord Mayo governed India [cheers], Lord Monck direct- "ed the destinies of Canada [cheers], and the Robinsons, "the Kennedys, the Laffans, the Callaghans, the Gores, " the Hennesseys, administered the affairs of our Austra- "lian colonies and West India possessions. [Applause.] "Have not even the French at last made the same discovery " in the person of Marshal M'IMahon ? [Laughter and ap- "plause.] But still we must be generous, and it is right " Scotchmen should have a turn. [Laughter.] After all, " Scotland only got her name because she was conquered by " the Irish (great laughter), and if the real truth were " known, it is probable the house of Inverary owes most of " its glory to its Irish origin. [Applause.] Kay, I will go " a step further — I would even let the poor Englishman " take an occasional turn at the helm [great laughter], if " for no better reason than to make him aware how much ill 120 ROYALTY IN CANADA. fe' " better we manage the business. [Eencwed laughter.] " But you have not come to that yet, and though you have " been a little spoiled by having been given three Irish " Governor-Generals in succession, I am sure that you will *' find your new Viceroy's personal and acquired qualifica- " tions will more than counterbalance hi^' ethnological dis- " advantages." The comments of the London (Eng.) Times have more than an ordinary significance since they deal not only with the fitness of the Marquis for the post, but enter upon Cana dian affairs generally : " We publish with great pleasure the " announcement that the Marquis of Lome has accepted " the office of Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, " and will enter upon his duties in immediate succession to " Lord Dufterin. The announcement will be hailed with ** enthu,'-' ism by Canadians and in this country, will be re- " garded with the greatest satisfaction. The Ministry were " apparently placed in a position of embarrassment by the *' fact that Lord Dufferin's term of office which the .wise and " wholesome rule of Colonial Service limits to six years ex- "pired a few weeks ago. It was felt difficult to select " any successor to Earl Dufterin who would not find his " reputation overshadowed by the memory of the most " popular of governors. There was, however, one kind of " selection which was at once impressive and likely to pro- *' duce substantial political advantages, a direct connection " between the throne and the representative of the Queen's " authority in Canada is certain to be welcomed by the " colonists warmly, because their loyalty has of late been *' stirred by the eloquent appeals of the retiring Governor- *' General. The choice of the husband of one of Her Majes- " ty's daughters to represent the sovereignty of the Queen THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL. lai ( more [y with [\ Cana iure the ccepted Canada, ssion to led with 111 be re- ;try were it by the .wise and years ex- to select , find hiB ,he most e kind of ly to pro- onnection .e Queen's i by the late been Governor- ler Majes- the Queen " in Canada will appeal to tho sentiments and traditions of '* imperial unity and the liiHtoric pride which have recently "acquired fresh life and vigour. It is very satisfactory to " learn that the Marquis of Loi*ne has not declined the rc- ^' sponsibility involved in the succession to Lord Dufterin. " The services in his i)ower, and not less ir. that of the " Princess Louise, to render the Empire are great. The "opportunity of rendering them is worth purchasing at the " cost of some inconvenience. Never was there a better "chance for completing a consolidating work which has "been well begun. The feelings of Canadians towards the " Mother country a few years ago were curiously mingled, " their attachment to ' Home,' which is one of the striking "characteristics of Englishmen and their descendants in "newly settled countries was crossed with irritation at " what they considered the coldness and neglect, social and "political, of which thc}^ had to complain, being convinced " that the dominant party in the Imperial Parliament were " longing and searching for an excuse to get rid of them, " they bitterly resented this, but, unfortunately, the game " of cross purposes, in which several Colonial Secretaries " took part, prevented the colonists from showing a certain " hostile school of politicians at home that they were " wrong. Those politicians contended that the Colonists " wished to do nothing for themselves, but throw every re- " sponsibility and every expense upon the Mother Country. "When that period of vacillation and recrimination came " to an end, and it was settled that the colonies shall under- "take to keep up their self-defence, as well as the duties of " self-government, the obstacles to a cordial understanding rapidly disappeared. Canada in particular has shown a ["high, generous public spirit, which Lord Dufferin has 11 ■If: 122 ROFALTV IN CANADA. m (t (< (( <( 11 " conlribiitc to incrouHC oven our material proHpority. Thoro '' can bo DO doubt that the residence at Ottawa of a soii-in- •' law of the Queen, and of one of the PrincosHOS of the royal " liouse, will attract a great deal of attention to the Domin- " ion, and probably thuw do much to further the groat " public onterprisoH which wo have in hand. The provail- " ing Hentiment, however, will not tuni so much on possible " but contingent material benefits, as upon the pleasuro " that will bo derived from the proof thus attorded of tho " roalit}' of the connection between Canada and tho Empire. " It is not unlikely this appointment may load to a change •' in tho character of our Government, and that, instead of a " Governor-General, we may hereafter have a real Yice-Eoy, " with a more permanent tenure than that of our Govornor- " GoncrHl. The Marquis is not an old man ; nor has ho at " present had much opportunity for a display of statesman- ' slii]), but he comes of a family of distinguished statesmen, ' none of whom have, for many generations, fallen away " from those principles of civil and religious liberty, for tho " maintenance of which one of them fell a martyr. All the ' traditions of his family should make him a conscientious " man and a constitutional ruler. We have every reason to believe that he will not bely the noble race of which ho " is a descendant." We have quoted extensively from the opinions expressed I by the Canadian and English press on the appointment of [the Marquis, pai'tly because it will be a source of gratifica- [tion to His Excellency and his Eoyal Consort, to know with at warmth of approbation the announcement of their Doming to Canada was received, and mainly because these editorial opinions are of historic value. E3BBB I i^^^^^^ V: CANADA-POLJTICAL SITUATION. The appointment, by Lord Beaconsfield, of the Marquis of Lome as our Governor-General, involving as it does, the residence in Canada for a considerable period of a member of the royal family, constitutes an epoch in the history of our country. ThiF remarkable period has been hastened hy the course of events during the past decade in the various English-speaking countries. We, as Canadians, have con- tributed most to the result referred to by what we have failed to do. This epoch is one in which the commercial and political attitude of the Dominion will be considerably altered. Our position will no longer be that of uncertainity. In the very nature of the events now transpiring we shall be compelled to define oui* position, at least commercially. Our connec- tion with the mother country must be strengthened and better understood, or broken off altogether. If the latter, it will be through the persistent mismanagement of British statesmen, which alone was responsible for the loss of the American colonies in l*116. We do not, however, greatly fear the results. Unless there be ccntii,\ued timidity and indecision at Ottawa ; unless there be a failure at the last moment in England, and unless we still suffer ourselves to be robli)d by American statesmanship, Canada will soon pass from the commercial bondage in which she has been so long held, and enter upon a period of comparative com- mercial independenco. r 128 ROYALTY IN CANADA. One of the first things we need is a complete understand- ing with the Home Government, and it is not impossible that this may come too late. We are either a part of the British Empire, or we are not a part of it. If the former, as we have supj)08ed our success is the success of the Em- pire at largo, and any commercial policy which the Govern- ment of this country may adopt , suited to oui* needs as a distinctive part of that Empire, cannot mean disloyalty. We have alwa3's desired to discriminate in favour of British products, and Canada has now a iong standing offer of dif- ferential duties in favour of England and our sister colonies, upon the conditions onl}^ that the mother country and the other colonies will discriminate in our favour in return. England is now proclaiming, officially and through her press, against the signs of protection in Canada. She has been well satisfied with the commercial policy of Canada for the past five years and, it seems, would have us continue it in the future. And yet what do we learn concerning this policy by an examination of the trade returns. Our imports from Great Britain, which in 1873 were $68,522,776, fell in 1877 to $89,572,239, a decline of nearly one-half in the brief space of five years ; while on the other hand, our imports from the United States increased from $47,735,678 to $51,312,669. This is the very condition of our trade to which England objects, and which Canada desires to over- come. But in respect of our exports, while in 1873 we exported to Great Britain $38,743,848, and in 1877, $41,567,- 469, we exported to the United States in 1873 $42;672,526 and in 1877 only $25 j75,245. In 1877 our imports from the United States were double the value of oar exports to that country, which if taken into consideration with the almost par values of the currency of the two countries CANADA— POLITICAL SITUATION. 129 stand- issible of the )rTner, tc Eni- overn- Is as a oyalty. British of dif- oUmies, and the arn. Ligh her She has Canada continue ncerning ns. Our 5,522,776, le-half in hand, our ^7,735,678 Li- trade to es to over- , 1873 wc r, $41,567,- ;42;672,526 ports from exports to 1 with the ) countries and the great difference in the tariff rates will indicate our loss and their gain during that year. In the same year our exports to England exceeded in value of our imports from that country by two millions of dollars in round figures. Hence it can he seen at once that the Canadian commercial policy which England has tacitly approved, taken in con- sideration with that of our neighborw, works the result of making Canada a market for American producers, and England a market, to some extent, of Canadian products. It would bo more to the credit of the English journals which have been so loud in denouncing expected Canadian pro- tection of late, were they to become better acquainted with the simplest facts in the case at issue. We do not write as Conservative or Reformer. In party issues we have no interest ; to party doctrines wo owe ao uliegience. These are questions far above the ownership of any party. It was the late Prime Minister's misfortune — the country's misfortune — that he was pledged to princi- ples of free trade for Canada, and it will for some time to come, remain a profound mystery that a statesman of his great ability should persist in promulgating a semi-free trade policy in the very face of the ruin it was working to the country. The country never lost confidence in his honesty of purpose, in his purity of character ; but it was to the credit of the intelligence of the Canadian people that his fiscal policy was condemned at the polls at the recent general election; and as ad nirers of the Honorable Mr. Mackenzie we earnestly hope that future developments may place the personal responsibility of the fiscal policy of his Government upon the shoulders of tlie honorable gentle- men who presided at the department of finance, in such a 9 I I i:^m 130 ROYALTY IN CANADA. If 6 'ifiM iT if Jmmi: manner as to show that the Premier was not personally guilty of pursuing it to his fall. We have heard much about a " national policy," but be- yond what ideas the term suggests to our mind we have no- where seen or heard an exposition of what it is or is to be. We look in vain among the speeches, editorials, pamphlets, and what not, of the recent political campaign to find the terms and doctrines of this policy set forth. We have read the able pamphlets of the Honorable Senator Macpherson, but these are devoted mainly to an attack upon his political foes. With some slight exceptions we cannot say anything better for the speeches of Sir John A. Macdi&nald or the Honorable Dr. Charles Tupper. The speeches of the Hon- orable James Macdonald and Thomas White, Esq., M.P., have afforded us a little light, but a complete investigation of the campaign literature of 18*78 yields no real exposition of the national policy. This fact is not without great signi- ficance. It shows plainly that the national policy sentiment which is being developed in Canada is not the product of any single mind, nor, indeed, the property of a political party. It is the outgrowth of our political system ; the re- sult of the high tariff policy of our neighbours; the spon- taneous growth of untrammelled free speech. It was not planned, formulated and promulgated by Sir John A. Mac- donald or any other Canadiar- statesman ; but that shrewd party leader was the first to detect its young life in the pulse beat of the country ; and, seizing upon it as a battle ci'y, it is not strange that he thrilled the whole country, leading his followers, through personal defeat, to complete paity victory. Had Mr. Mackenzie been the tactician that his great opponent is ; had he possessed sufficient foresight to | have discerned the signs of the times, and displayed suffi- CANADA— POLITICAL SITUATION. 131 irsonally but be- have. 110- is to be. imphlets, ) find the lave read pphcrson, s political anything dd or the the Hon- sq, M.r, ^estigation exposition rreat signi- sentiment product of a political m ; the re- ; the spon- It was not in A. Mac- ;hat shrewd life in the 1 battle cry, try, leading iplete party an that his foresight to| ,played suffi- cient elasticity to have conformed to the popular will; his party might have championed a noble cause in a new lease of power. But we have no ftiult to find that the destinies of the national policy have fallen into Liberal-Conservative hands. But what is this national policy of Canada to be ? The answer has not yet been defined. It would be presumption in any one to undertake, just now, a satisfactory definition ; for, as we have observed, it is not a mere party polic;)^. It is the voice of the peculiar attitude of the Dominion Con- fcdracy, a voice which has sounded in the ears of Canadian statesmen for the past eleven years — ever since the union of 1867 — without making itself understood. Our politicians, having been educated under the old regime, could not dis- cern the wants of the new situation. Our Confederation birth-rights made us commercially a nation, but we would not realize the blessings consequei.t upon the change ; and it stands to the discredit of every statesman in Canada, that our fiscal policy has been what it has for the past eleven years. We have been imitating the Mother Country as if the fiscal policy of England would apply to Canada ; and all the while England was craftily seeking protection to her manufactures through a confessed free trade policy. We do not protend to any great political knowledge, and will not undertake to say what the Canadian national policy ought to bo, but there are some things which may be con- sidered in connection with the present peculiar attitude of the country which ought to guide the new government irr framing its fiscal policy. A national policy to be worthy of the name must arrest the flow of our population to the United States. And we venture the assertion that any policy which fails to do this will not satisfy the country. < ■ ft- 132 ROYALTY m CANADA. The last census of the United States showed that about 500,- 000 native horn Canadians were living in that country. These figures do not include the vast number of those who have come to Canada from European countries, and, being dissatisfied with the prospect which this country afforded them, passed on to the States. If we add to the latter the multitude which have left our shores since the last United States census was taken, we may safel}^ place the total at over 150,000. This is certainly a very dej^lorable part of the history of Canada ; and yet we have men upon whom the title of Statesman seems to fit comfortably, telling us, in effect, that Canada is to rise and prosper while this con- tinues. In short we must conclude that the policy of our government for the past ten years — whether Conservative or Eeform — has been unsound and unwise, even to driving away from the country the most enterprising youth of the land ; and what can be more injurious to Canada than the expatriation of its youth which is yearly sapping the vitality of the people. We must not expect all our young men to become far- mers ; and the best sermons which we may be able to preach on the great dignity and honor of that occupation will not accomplish any such result. It is not desirable that it should. The Canadiiin young men of to-day are in happy contrast with their predecessors of, say, twenty-five years ago. Education has taken the place of ignorance among the masses, and the great variety of professional occupations, are prepared for and sought after. What shall these young men do ? The reply is found in our history, Failing to find suitable occupations in Canada they forsake it, painful though it may be, and seek, in a foreign country, 4;o find employment according to their tastes. And b}' CANADA^rOLITICAL SITUATION. 133 .ut 500,- jountry. 3Be who d, being afforded itter the t United il at over rt of the horn the ig lis, in this con- ey of our iservative :o driving Lth of the than the )ping the come far- )e able to )Ccupation desirable ay are in wenty-five ignorance rofessional ^hat shall ur history, ey forsakei n country, A.nd b}' what manner of polic}'' is this to be overcome ? It would seem that a policy which makes the United States a market in which our youth are sacrificed, would, if rightly applied to Canmla, afford them an ample variety of profitable and [suitable occupations at home. We have heard much boast- ing of otir natural resourccB, of our healthy climate, and maritime position. Our lack of prosperity does not, therefore, consist in the want of these things. We have all the elements necessary to a wound and permanent national growth, and yet our development has been slow and un- satisfactory. The fault lies in the incapacity of the Cana- dian Government. Let us for a moment glance at the trade and industries of the Dominion in their connections with England and the United States and see, if we can, how it would be possible for Canada to carry out free trade principles in her fiscal policy without the most ruinous consequences. And we must remember at the outset that almost, if not all Canadian statesmen have at some time in the past embraced decided free trade doctrines. This has been one of our misfortunes. We have done but little independent thinking, adopting for the most part, the theories advanced by English leaders. England has been, essentially, a free trade nation, and Canada has adopted the same policy so far as it was possible for the country to do so and raise the necessary revenues ; and for no good reason beyond a loyal tendency to imitate the mother country. Hence we find, when the National policy begun to make friends, that its advocates recorded, in advance of their support, an apology for the cause which they were about to pursue. They could not deny their political faith in the past and were unwilling to confess themselves to have been mistaken. One instance of this is ii 1 |v ''1 134 ROYALTY IN CANADA. ^ furnished in the opening remarks of Senator Macpherson's recent address at Walkerton, Ont. " I may tell you," ho says, " that I, myself, have been a free trader. I would be so to-day if our neighbors Would reciprocate." And yet in the course of the Honorable Senator's address he proves himself a champion of protection. To say that he would be a free trader under a reciprocity is a positive contradiction, for who does not know that a well adjusted reciprocity treaty with the United States, would be a kind of protection to Canadian industries. Whenever we can secure proper protection, whether by tariff or treaty, we shall be quite willing that our friends may call it free trade, or by any other name they chose, but it will be protection all the same. A great many things have transpired to deceive us in our relations with the United States. From 1854 to 1865 we had moderate protection in a Reciprocity Treaty with that country. When that treaty was abrogated our real position ' was disguised by the war prices which ruled there, and which, so long as this continued, afforded us more protection than we enjoyed under reciprocity. But these did not con- tinue, and our industries have consequently suffered . Our manufacturers found it impossible, with the disadvantages under which they labored, and with their products excluded from the United States by a jorotective tariff', to compete with their rivals from that country who are permitted to bring their products into Canadian markets at very low duties. The manufacturers of the United States have there- fore had a monopoly of their own market of forty millions of consumers, and a slaughter market of four millions in the Dominion . We do not seem to realize that the greater part of the m 1^ CANADA— POLITICAL SITUATION. 136 lerson h -ou," he rould be i yet in ) proves srould be idiction, jiprocity fotection e proper be quite I- by ary n all the us in our I 1865 we with that al position there, and protection id not con- red . Our idvantages ■h excluded ,0 compete 3rmitted to t very low have there- ty millions millions in part of the natural products of the United States ure admitted to the markets of this country free of duty, while the same articles produced in Canada are subject to a high duty when taken to that c<)untry. This statement is amply demonstrated by the following figures : Canadian Duty. U. S. Duty. Wheat Free 20c. per bushel. Rye and Barley Free 15c. do. Intlian Corn and Oats Free 10c. do. Wheat Flour Free 20 per cent. Rye Flour and Cornmeal .... Free 10 per cent. Oatmeal Free. Lire Animals 10 per cent.. . Salt. Free. { per lb. 20 per cent. In packages 12c. per 100 lbs.; in bulk 8c. per 100 lbs. Wool Free 25 to 50 p. c. Pig Iron Free $7 per ton. Bar Iron 5 per cent 35 to 75 per cent. Plate and Boiler Iron 5 per cent $25 and $30 per ton. Iron Rails Free.. $14 per ton. Steel Rails Free $25 per ton. Bricks Free 20 per cent. Trees, Plants, and Shrubs. . . 10 per cent 20 per cent. Flax, dressed Free $40 per ton. Flax, undressed Free 20c. per bushel. Flax Seed Starch 2c. per lb Free $20 per ton. Ic. per lb. and 20 ^ cent, ad valorem. ■■{ Canada admits all of the following undermentioned articles tit the gene/al duty of 17^ per cent., while the Americans tax the same articles, if exported from Canada to theii* markets, at the following rates : — Wood Screws 56 to 60 per cent. Saws 40 to 50 " Cars and Locomotives 35 « Machinery 35 " Stoves and other iron Castings 30 « Woollen Cloth 66 to 70 " Flannels and Blankets 85 " i m 136 ROYALTY IN CANADA. Ready-made Clothing 35 to 60 per oe Carpets 50 to 84 " Alpaca Goods 85 " Heavy Cottons 40 " Finer Cottons 50 to 70 " Cotton Yarn 46 to 60 « Spool Thretid 47 to 81 " Silk Cloths 50 to 60 " Linen Cloths 30 to 40 <' Rubber and Leather Goods, Pur Goods, Glass Bot- tles and Lamp Chimneys, Clocks, Furniture, , Carriajjes, Envelopes, Writing Paper, Room Paper, Felt Hats of wool, Guns, Rifles, Pistols, Umbrellas and Parasols 35 " It is Bomowhat provokiiii^ to hear certain Canadian journals tell their rcjiderH that the United States has ruined her own induHtrien by this hii^h tarift*, anJ that the de- pressed state of business generally in that country has been produced by the same policy. Such language in the United States would be evidence of the grossest ignorance. It may be claimed that protection in that country haw caused over- production, but this is an evil which must i-esult in the greatest harm to the manufacturers themselves. But over- production is not a permanent evil. Indeed, if viewed as a temporary evil it has its advantages, and will always adjust itself. There are those in this country who persist in making the mistake of*' pooling " the tariff and financial questions of the United States. This has been carried so far that some of the leading journals have endeavored to show that protection for Canada means all sorts of inflation. It would be difticult to conceive of anything more stupid than this, but newspapers of respectability are found which un- dertake to show by a course of arguments that such will be the results. A journal which has gained a high place in the estimation of the Canadian people for the ability of its CANADA -POLITICAL SITUATION. 187 per 00 « li it u « (t Canadian iH ruined , the de- haH l)een le United It may sed over- It in the ,ut over- swed as a ys adjust making j^uestions far that (how that Lion. It Ipid than Ihich un- luch will place in ty of its editonils has just been brought to our notice, using this languai^je: "The very aim of protection, namely to fill the hmd with operatives with no stake in the country, is hiying the foundation for the next step in the Communistic direction, namely, tl»e sham money movement. The pro- posal has been ah-eady made, in a very irresponsible quarter it is true; but wore the pro])oser of it as ci'azy as Kearney lie would find followers." Wc do not see the force of this argument, except it means that Canada must not be to the inconvenience of maintaining operatives though the refusal be at the expense of her i)rosperity. On the very same line of argument, the Gospel should not have been sent to the heathen, since it increases his responsibility. It is not ditficult for an unpartisan mind to discern in such nonsense as this the plainest ti-aces of political dodgery. But we have a woi'd to say to those who have errone- ously come under the imj^ression that the fiscal policy of the United States has produced the hard times now dis- ti'ossing that nation. If this theory be true, then Canada may take to herself the credit of having made the discov- ery; for, as yet, no such idea is entertained by our neigh- bors. There is a belief current among them that manufac- turers have been sutlering from over-production, caused by the high protective tariff, but the very low prices at which American manufactures are sold, consequent upon this so- called evil, more than compensates, in some quarters at least, for the evil itself. But over-production is not re- garded in the United States as a very serious evil ; nor do the statesmen of that country attribute, in any serious foreign ,gementB ept with he mine. )ort, and, sufficient 5 have to p a debt I, are not ) English es, taken ligns that uB natural er means r export- do so by t her. A n to trade follows, has been ty of the and must has been but the ecially as the same basis may indicated, " to predict ; but it is quite clear, when we consider the " large sum whfch the country has yearly to find for in- " terest on Government loans and on dividends in companies " working with foreign capital, there can be no safety till " the export figures are in excess of the import. * * " Wait till the tide has well turned, and then we shall see " what the wealth of the farmer means. He stands to be " ruined by a big crop in Europe or America. What Canada " has most of, beef, pork, corn, wood, and wool, the United " States has a great deal more of herself, and what the " United States seeks to supply in the shape of manufactures, " Canada wants to make at home. There is hence no good ' "ope for a large development of reciprocal trade between • these two countries at present, least of all a good outlook " for the farmer in the event of a succession of splendid " harvests." Hero is a blow at reciprocity itself, and it is not given unguardedly. It is trut; that reciprocity would be an im- provement on the present policy, but even such a boon would still give Americans a great advantage over us. We have briefly considered our trade relations with the United States and will now review, for a miuute, the condi- tion of ^^''> same relations with England. England is spoken c < i free trade country, and free trade principles have Ctrl,, : .r- found the ablest advocates there, but it will be remembeivii that notwithstanding this England is far from being a free trade nation. She collects from her cus- toms duties about $100,000,000 annually. But while wo admit that England is largely a free trade country, we, at the same time, claim that this policy has always been pur- sued by the mother country as a policy of indirect protec- tion. ] t was a scheme of the British Government to pro- 144 ROFALTY IN CANADA. toct British industrieB and to secure to tlieir manufacturers ti monopoly of the markets of the world. In 1846 when the late Sir Eobert Peel introduced his bill to the British Parliament to abolish duties on raw materials, breadstufts, etc., he used language which i)laiiily indicates the real ob- ject of so-called English free-trade. lie said : "In the year " 1842 it was my duty, as the organ of the Government, to "propose a great change in the then existing customs of the " country. The general plan upon which I then acted was " to remit the duties upon articles of raw material, con- " stituting the elements (if maiuifacture in this country. "The manufacturers of this country hjive now, therefore, ,"an advantage which they have not hitherto possessed. " They have free aceess to the raw materials which con- " stitute the immediate fabric of their manufactures. They " wished to establish the prosperity of that great staple " manufacture of this country — the cotton manufacture — on " some sure and certain foundation. "Sir, I propose, in taking the review of duties still exist- " ing to which we are invited by Her Majesty, to continue " to act upon the principle which this House has sanctioned, " and I take in the first instance those articles of raw "material which still remain subject to duty. I mean to '' deal with them in order still furthei- to enable me to call " on the manufacturer to relax the protection he still cn- "joys. Sir, there is hardly any other article of the nature " of a raw material which is now subject to duty. I pro- " pose, without stipulation, that England should set an ex- " ample by a relaxation of those heavy duties, in the conti- " dence that that example will ultimately prevail ; that the " interests of the great bod}' of consumers will soon in- -" fluence the action of the Governments, a^nd that by our ex- (i CANADA— POLITICAL SITUATION. 145 'acturevs 46 when e British )adwtutts, I real ob- the year ment, to misofthe icted was 3rial, con- country, therefore, possessed, ^hich con- es. They •eat staple ictiire — on till exist- eontinue auctioned, s of raw I mean to me to call Bie still cn- the nature ty. Ipi-o- Bct an ex- I the conti- l ; that the II soon in- by our ex- ec ample, even if we don't procure any immediate reciprocal " benefit, yet, whilst by a reduction like that wc shall, in " the first instance, improve our own manufactures, I be- " lieve we shall soon reap the other advantage of deriving " some equivalent in our commercial intei'course with other " nations. I do hope that the friends and lovers of peace '' between nations will derive material >>tre])gth from the " example w'.iich I have advised, by remitting the Impedi- " ments to commercial intercourse. But observe, if that be " the effect, I think in all probability that the continuance " of permanent peace will expose us to a more extensive " and more formidable competition with foreign countries *' with respect to manufactures. During war we command- " ed the supply of nations. Peace has introduced not only " new^ consumers, but also formidable manufacturing in- " terests. In order that we may retain our pre-eminence, it " is of the greatest importance that we neglect no opportu- "nity of securing to ourselves those advantages by which " that pre-eminence can be alone secured. Sir, I firmly " believe that abundance and cheapness of provisions is one *' of the constituents by which the continuance of manu- " facturing and commercial pre-eminence may be obtained. " You may say the object of these observations is to flatter " the love of gain, and administer merely to the desire of '^ accumulating money. I advise this measure on no such " groand. I believe that the accumulation of wealth, that *' is the increase of caj^ital, is a main element, or at least *^ one of the chief means by which we can retain the pre- " eminence we have so long possessed." In the light of this language of one of the founders of English free trade, it is not difficult to see that the whole scheme was in the interests of British manufacturers. Sir 10 146 ROYALTY /iV CANADA. u »< Robert Peel recognized that nothing contributes ho much to the wealth of a nation as pre-eminence in manufactures, because a nation that manufactures even enough for herself retains within her own borders the wealth produced and created there, except so much of it as she must give m ox- change for what she requires and cannot produce and manu- facture. " The money which changes hands' for what is " produced in the country remains in the hands of the " people of the country, and is not sent abroad to enrich *' other lands. When Great Britain opened her markets to *' the world, her far-seeing statesmen expected that other '* nations would accept the principles of free trade, follow ** her example and abolish their protective duties. But the " statesmen of France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and other European countries were far-seeing also. They recognized the fact that without manufactures they could " not become wealthy and powerful, and they adhered to a " protective policy. The United States did the same. The " result has been that the manufacturers of those countries " have net only retained a large share of their own markets, " but have been enabled to compete with the manufacturers " of Great Britain in the other markets of the world, and " latterly even to compete with them at home, to some ex- " tent, and now we find many of the British manufacturers "looking for protection from the competition of their *' foreign rivals." So that we sec that free trade has not accomplished for Great Britain what was hoped for it by its projectors. The United States is to-day successfully com- peting with English manufacturers on English soil, and we all know that in Canada American manufacturers has almost taken the place of English. It is easy, indeed, to be in favor of free trade. There is CANADA— POLITICAL SITUATION. 147 SO much factures, ►r herself need and ive in ex- nd manu- r what is Is of the to enrich larkets to ;hat other ide, follow . But the vitzerland, Iso. They they could hered to a ame. The 3 countries rn markets, riufacturers world, and ;o some ex- InnfacturerB ,n of their ide has not for it by its isfully com- Isoil, and we [8 has almost There is not a sensible man in Canada who is not to day in favor of free trade for Canada, but from whence is this free trade to come ? Canada will be one of the parties to the compact — what country will be the other? for, verily, it requires two parties to this compact, as to all others. We are all in favor of free trade. The trouble is to find the same favor among those with whom we desire to have this trade. What we are not in favor of is the giving of free trade to our neighbours by our statesmen, while they fail to obtain it in return for this country. Free trade, pure and .simple, would be Keciprocity pure and simple, an untaxed exchange of commodities. When this cannot be secured, we must take the only sensible alternative, — a reciprocity of tariffH. The cost of producing the commodities of the United States and Canada is about equal, hence when the United States imposes a higher duty than Canada upon the same articles it taxes the industry of this country more than its own is taxed by us. It is quite plain, therefore, that the industries of Canada are suffered to be taxed by the United States. Wherever a nation has been deceived by free trade doc- trines, or entered into a free trade that was not fully reci- procal, it has been attended with the same results. Prince Bismarck's words are here given in evidence of this : "I " have given free trade a trial, and it does not seem to have *' benefitted the country commercially, industrially, or "financially. I am overwhelmed with lamentation re- " specting the decline of trade and the decay of manufac- " turing enterprise, and with assurances — from people for " whose judgment in such matters I entertain the highest •' respect — that partial and moderate protection will remedy " those evils as if by magic. Therefore, I also propose to 148 ROYALTY IN CANADA. " give protection a chance of ameliorating the condition of "the manufacturing and oi)erative clasHeH, and of lightening " the load which the hudget unquestionably lays upon the " shoulder of the nation. As certain of the Ministers with "whom I have hitherto worked on my former platform wi'' " not range themselves by my side on my new platform, T " must rid myself of them, and put others in their place who " will carry out my resolves." Our policy towards the United States should be a deci- sive one. We have vacilated so long that they will now have but little confidence in our professions; and we shall not be able to extract terms from them by anything short of decisive action, and, very probably, even that will have no avail under the circumstances. It has been suggested by one that we should meet them on this ground : " We " have offered to exchange with you, on a free basis, the "commodities which we both produce; we would prefer " that reciprocity to any other — that is, an absolutely un- " taxed exchange of commodities; but, as you refuse to " enter into such a treaty with us, then we will adopt your " policy. As you will not give us untaxed reciprocity, " we will reciprocate tariflts. That is the language wc " ought to use to them — not in a sj)irit of retaliation at all, " but simply in the interest of Canada." It may be that this would satisfy most of the Canadians, but we should have but little confidence in such a policy, only in so far as we depended upon the Americans to refuse reciprocity. It has always appeared to us that a reciprocity with the United States is not what Canada requires. Such a policy is nothing more or less than commercial annexa- tion, to be followed, if long continued, by political annexa- tion also. But, aside from its political significance, its CANADA— POLITICAL SITUATION. 149 ndition of iighteniiig upon the ster» with ,tfoi-m wi'' )latform, I •place who bo a deci- y will now id we shall thing short t will have 1 suggested Hind: "We e basis, the ould prefer lolutely un- lU refuse to adopt your Ireciprocity, »nguage wo ,tion at all, Canadians, |i a policy, lis to refuse [reciprocity lires. Such [ial annexa- jal annexa- Ificance, its commercial disadvantages are quite enough to condemn it. Experience ought to teach us. We have had reciprocity, imd what did we gain by it? Is it not true that our national prosperity has been delayed immeasurably by that treaty ? it taL'ght us to depend for everything we needed upon the American producer, and when the treaty was ruthlessly abrogated what was our condition ? It was well under- stood by the Americans, and their only disappointment was that we were not then compelled to seek relief in immediate annexation. It was a crisis in the political history of Canada. England saw it, and despaired of our continuing to be much longer a profitable British colony. There are many of us who will not soon forget the tone of the English press and of the English government on that occasion. It was hinted, in no very unmistakable language, that we might .set up for ourselves, or sell ourselves out, or do most any- thing by which England might be relieved of us. Finally, Confederation was devised, partly to resurrect our fallen and decayed industries. This step was wholly unexpected by the Americans, and they derided it, just as now they are deriding the signs of a coming national policy. And why ? Because that, like the proposed new policy, was calculated to save us from the evils of annexation. We now venture to predict that if the in-coming Parlia- iuent adopts a decisive reciprocity of tariffs with the United iSi-ates, it will i)roduce in a short time, overtures from that country for a reciprocity treaty. Not because the Ameri- cans can derive anything commercially from such a treaty, for they cannot, but because of prospective political gains. The motive which actuated the United States in making the old treaty was the acquisition of Canada,. If they shall desire to renew it, it will be from the same motive ; and it 150 ROVALTV IN CANADA. Wl will be {in ovil day for Canada when her Btatesmen consent to another reciprocity treaty with the United States. It does not require extraordinary penetration to decern a feel- ing of general disappointment among the American people in relation to this country. It was first caused by Confed- eration ; then Lord Dufferin's anti-American sentiments increased it ; finally, the appointment of Lord Lome and his Royal Lady provoked it to open confession. Until recently Canada had been slowly but surely drifting into the American Republic through the medium of commercial intercourse. But during the last ten years we have not made much advancement in that direction, and recently we have assumed an attitude which, if maintained, will save us from such a fate altogether. But iUl these good influ- ences and wholesome measures would be more than coun- teracted by a few years of commercial annexation, such as we should experience under a renewal of reciprocity. It would seem that the true fiscal policy for Canada would be that of Reciprocal tariffs with the United States now and forever, with diflbrential duties in favor of Eng- land and English colonies. We must develop and foster an inter-British trade. Give us Reciprocity with England, and tarifi"s stout and strong with our neighbours. When- ever we shall conclude to become a political constituent of the United States, as Professor Goldwin Smith would have us do, or whenever we adopt the other policy of political Independence, or if we intend to take cither of these steps in the future, then a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States will be a legitimate and profitable investment for the country, but so long as we profess to foster British con- nection such a thing must be antagonistic with our destiny. For one, the writer must denounce as productive of great CANADA— POLITICAL SITUATION. 161 consent itOH. It •n a fecl- 1 people ' Confed- ntiments orno and . Until 'ting into mmercial have not -ently we will save ood influ- han coun- >n, such as city. 3r Canada ted States )!■ ofEng- and foster 1 England, When- tituent of ould have .f political lese steps le United 3nt for the i-itish con- ^r destiny, of great evil to Canachi, any policy or moaHuro which tends to weaken our connection with the Mother country, or to strengthen the chances of converting us into a constituent part of the American Ilepublic. And it must be admitted that the policy and measures of our Government for the past ten, or even twenty yeai"s, have not been wholly free from such a tendency. Therefore we say, in conclusion, that our new national policy will not deserve the name, if it does not embrace : — I. — Reciprocity of tariffs with the United States, not for purjjoses of revenue, or to secure a renewal of Reciprocity Treaty, but primarily to protect CanJidian industries. n. — Differential tariff in favor of England and the Eng- lish colonies with a similar policy on the part of England and the English colonies in favor of Canada. III. — A closer connection with the Mother Country com- mercially and politically. And we do not think that if, in carrying out the third article of this polic}'', our Dominion should graduate into an Empire sufficiently perfect to admit of a Viceroy instead of a Governor-General, and that a member of the Royal family should be sent to exercise vice-regal rule over us perma- nently, it would be among the worst things that could happen to this country. It would certainly be greatly to be preferred to annexation with the United States. THE DOMINION CABINET AND ADMmiSTEATOE-GENERAL 1878. 1 I 1 ' i mm 1 fe-fti >f GENERAL SIR PATRICK L. MACDOUGALL, ADMINISTRATOR-GENERAL. Tub interregnum in the adminiHtration of the Governor- Generalship, between the departure of Lord Ihiiferin and the arrival of Lord Lorne, has, in accordance with consti- tutional usage, placed the responsibility of the station upon the Commander of the Forces in Canada, viz., General Sir Patrick L. Macdougall. Consequent!}', that distinguished officer demands more than a passing notice in our little volume. He was educated at the Royal Military College, and joined the *12ih Highlanders at the age of 16 years. He served afterwards with the 36th Regiment in New Bruns- wick, having come to Quebec in the " Pique " frigate with the late Lord Sydenham, and having been afterwards sent with despatches overland from Montreal to Halifax in De- cember, 1840, for a great part through a counl^ry almost destitute of roads. He served as Captain and Major with the Canadian Rifles in Canada from 1844 to 1854, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. At the formation of the Stafi' College — which was constituted very much on a plan of his own — he was appointed the first Commandant in 1857. From 1865 to 1868 he served as Adjutant- General of Militia of Canada during the period which was troubled by the foolish and wicked proceedings of the " Fenian Brotherhood," and as- m 166 ROTALTV IN CANADA. HiBted in organizing the Militia of the Dominion after Con- federation. From 18'70 until he was transferred to the command of the forces in Canada he was employed at the "War Office, during the last live years with the intelligence department, of which he was appointed director on its first formation. He is the author of the following military'- books : — " Theory of War," " Modern Warfare," and the *' Campaign of Hannibal," as well as of the biography' of General ^r W. Napier, the distinguished author of the Peninsular War. He was employed on particular service in the Crimea in 1855, and has the Crimean and Turkish medals. He received the honor of Kt. C. M. G. in IS*??. RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD, K.C.B., PREMIER AND MINISTER OP THE INTERIOR. The name of this great stateHman has become so closely identified with that of the Dominion of Canada that the two are almost synonymous. His public career is interwoven with oiu* history for the last quarter of a century, so closely that it is impossible to find a political measure which is not in some degree a representative of the man, either in his advocacy or opposition of it. He has been a wonderful manager, and is acknowledged to be the greatest statesman in his party, if not in the whole country. He was born January 11, 1815, and is the eldest son of tli late Hugh Macdonald, Fsq., of Kingston, Ont., formerly of Sutherland- shire, Scotland, where, we believe, Sir John was born, he emigrating to this country with his parents at the age of three years. This, however, is disputed by some, who claim that he is a native Canadian. We have applied to the Right Honorable gentleman for certain information required to perfect this sketch, but he has extended only a polite refusal to be in any way instrumental in aiding us, until his next retirement from office. For this we are unwilling to wait, and, being quite familiar with his public record, from our labors in compiling the history of Canada, we will undertake to produce a brief sketch of the Chieftain, notwithstanding, h 1 SI! li It I ■: 158 ROYALTY IN CANADA. ■v^-'.^m'Mhl' to use his own language, " A complete biograj)hy has never been written." We cannot, this minute, cite our authority, but give it as a reliable item of history that the great statesman was born in Scotland. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Kingston, Ont,, under Dr. Wilson, a Follow of Ox- ford University, and was called to the bar of Upper Canada in Hilary Term, 1836. Ten years later he was created a Queen's Counsel. A naked skeleton of his public life may be thus sket(;hed : — He was a member of the Executive Council of Canada from May 11, 1847 to March 10, 1848 ; from the 11th of September, 1854, to 29th July, 1858 ; from 6th August, same year, to 23rd May, 1862 ; and from 30th Mai'ch, 1864, until the Union, and was during these several periods Receiver.General from 21st May to 7th December, 1847 ;. Commissioner of Crown Lands from latter date to 10th March, 1848 ; Attorney-General for Upper Canada from 11th September, 1854, to 29th July, 1858, when as Prime Minister he and his Cabinet resigned, being defeated on the Seat of Government question. He was returned to office 6th August the same year, as Postmaster-General, a position he resigned the following day, on his re-appointment as Attorney-General of Upper Canada, which he continued to hold until the defeat of the Administration on the Militia Bill, in May, 1862, when he and his colleagues again retired from office. Sir George E. Cartier and he led the Opposition in the Assembly, until the defeat of the Sandfield Macdonald- Dorion Government, when the Tache-Macdonald Government was formed, 30th March, 1864, and he returned to his old office of Attorney-General, and was Government leader in the Assembly from that time until the Union of the Provinces, 1867. He held the office of Minister of Militia Affairs THE DOMINION CABINET. 169 as never ;ivc it as vas born rrammar N of OX- i* Canada created a life may llxecutive LO, 1848 ; 58 ; from Tom 30th %Q several )ecember, r date to nada from as Prime ed on the I to office a position itment as itinued to he Militia tin retired )ppo8ition acdonald- >vernment to his old dor in the rovinceSj a Aifairs jointly with that of Attorney-Gencitil, from January to May, 1862, and from August, 1865, until the Union. He was re- quested to take the place of Sir E. P. Tache, as Prime Min- ister, on the death of that gentleman in 1865, but waived his claim in favour of Sir N. F. Belleau. He has been a delegate to England and other countries on public business on many occasions, and was a delegate to the Conference in Charlottetown in 1864, which had been convened for the purpose of effecting a Union of the Maritime Provinces ; to that which succeeded it in Quebec in the same year, to arrang( i basis of Union of all the British American Pi-o- vinces, and was Chairman of the London Colonial Confer- ence, 1866-'?, when the Act of Union, known as the " British North America Act," was passed by the Imperial Parliament. On 1st July, 1867, when the new constitution came into force, was called upon to form the first Government for the new Dominion, and was sworn of the Privy Council, and was appointed Minister of Justice and Attorney-General of Carada. In 1871 he was appointed one of Her Majesty's Joint High Commissioners and Plenipotentiaries, together with Earl de Grey (now Marquis of Eipon) Sir Stafford Northcote, Sir Edward Thornton and Eight Honorable Montagu Bernard, to act in connection with five Commis- sioners named by the President of the United States, for the settlement of the Alabama claims, and of mattera in dispute between Great Britain and the United States, the labours of which Joint High Commission resulted in the Treaty of Washington, signed at Washington, U.S., on 8th May, 1871. He received the degree of I). 0. L. (honorary) from Oxford University, 1865. Is also an L.L.D. of Queen's University, Kingston. He was created K. C. B. (civil) by Her Majesty, July, 1867. He was created a Knight Grand 160 ROYALTY IN CANADA. CrosH of the Royal Order of Isabel la Catolica (of Spain), January, 1872. He waw appointed a member of Her Majesty'^ MoBt Honorable Priv}' Council, July, 1872. He Hat for Kingston in the Canada Assembly from November, 1844, until the Union. Returned to Commons, 18G7, and again in 1872, 1874, and 1875. Sir John A. Macdonald's legislation amongst many other important pubhe measures, includes the following : — The secuhirization of the clergy I'eserves ; the improvement of the Militia hiM's ; amendments to the law relating to the jurisdiction and procedure of the Surro- gate Courts ; abolishment of imprisonment for debt in certain cases ; prevention of preferential assignment to creditors ; amendment of the jury law ; amendment of the election law ; improvement of municipal institutions in Upper Canada ; the consolidation of the statutes ; the ex- tension of the municipal s^'stem ; the reorganization of the militia ; the settlement of the Seat of Government question ; the establishment of direct steam mail communication with Europe ; the establishment of additional penitentiaries, criminal lunatic asylums and reformatory prisons, and pro- viding for the inspection thereof; thv3 providing for the internal economy of the House of Commons ; the reorgan- ization of the Civil Service on a permanent basis ; the con- struction of the Intercolonial Railway ; the enlargement of the canals ; the ratification of the Washington Treaty ; the Confederation of British North America and the extension and consolidation of the Doi^iinion. At the recent general elections Sir John was defeated in Kingston, but was imme- diately afterwards elected by acclamation in Marquette Countv, Manitoba. Now, this brief summary covers a period of more than fort}" years of active life, and would require a volume more << THE DOMINION CABINET. 161 Spain), of Her 72. He ivcmber, nd again gislatioii includes eserves ; its to the iie SuiTO- debt in imcnt to ent of the utions in s ; the ex- ion of the I question ; ition with tentiaries, i, and pro- g for the e reorgan- the con- genient of eaty ; the extension )nt general was imme- Marquetto more than (lumeraore than five times the size of the present one, to set forth in any degree of detail. But this is not all. In 1873 the Pacific Railroad developments decided him and his col- leagues to resign office. He was then Pi-emier, and had been the leader of the Government since 1867. On the succeeding day he was elected leader of the Opposition, and since that time has labored indefategably until in the pre- sent year he has been restored to power. Sir John married Miss Clark, of Invernessshire, Scotland, who died in 1856. In 18G7 he man-ied Miss Barnard, daughter of the late Hon. T. J. Barnaid, of Jamaica. Among the Freemasons he has been very prominent, being at present Grand Eepresentative in Canada of the Free- masons in England. Sir John A. Macdonald is one of those few men who wins the admiration of his political foes, as the following from the Montreal Star, a journal bitterly opposed to him in the re- cent contest, will show: "In appearance though by no " means so stoutly built. Sir John A. Macdonald somewhat "resembles Lord Beaconsfield, like whom, when occasion " demands, he has the same ability to submit himself to cir- " cumstances, make the best of a bad job, and though sorely " beaten carry himself with a jaunty if not a defiant air. " There have been those who described him as ' devil-may- " care.' About him there is a remarkable amount of " animal magnetism, his personal popularity being almost " Unbounded ; had it not been for which, and his great abili- " ties, he could not so soon have made headway against the "defeat which he righteously sustained in 1873. Through- " out his entire career, he has been ambitious ; some will " say that his first care was to distinguish himself, and " secondly to promote in every way the development and 11 1 1' I. •r i " l '1 ^. I V 162 ROYALTY IN CANADA. (( <( <( " prosperity of Canada. He is largely possessed of the lust of power, to obtain and retain which he has not perhaps been as scrupulous as he might have been, either in the means to which he resorted, or the pledges and promises "which he made. He has all the necessary qualities for a " party leader, fortiter in re, suaviter in modo. Of him it has " been said that the refusal of a favor at his hands has been " much more satisfactory to receive than a benefit at the " hands of others. It has been his habit to be true to his " friends, so long as they would be true to hio, but the "moment he noticed any divergence he has util'zed only as " long as he required them, and then put their, to the right " about, only to restore them to partial favor when they " were prepared humbly and unquestionably to carry out " Ms mandates, and to make as substantial amends as were "possible for their offences against the party. Sir John is " and has been an apt master of men. He thoroughly un- " derstands human nature, being sufficiently astute to mani- " pulate his followers and draw out of them the very best " talents that they possess, and dispose of them to the best " possible advantage. As a speaker, though not eloquent, " he is powerful. He is given to recklessness in his state- " ments, and few will deny that he is over sanguine in his " anticipations. " Upon the stump he is more than ordinarily successful, " his quickness at repartee and his almost inexhaustible " fund of humor making for him friends even in the strong- " holds of his enemies. The good points which he has " made would occupy a first-class cljronicler, even of the " Dean Eamsay school. Taking into the calculation his ** qualities of head as well as of heart — for in politics the latter *' go a long way — he is the greatest man we have in Canada, THE DOMINION CABINET. 163 the lust perhaps ' in the (romises es for a m it has las been it at the e to his , but the i only as the right hen they ;arry out } as were ir John is ighly un- to mani- very best o the best eloquent, his state- Line in his X successful, haustible he strong- h he has v^en of the ilation his s the latter in Canada, " and if there is virtue, which there is reason to believe is " the case, in the fiscal policy which he now champions, he " is the man, associated with those whom he can select to " aid him, to carry it out to success. It is, perhaps, needless "to say that in his case, as in that of most politicians, a ■*'■ strong Opposition is required to keep him quite up to the " mark. Where party interests are concerned, as has before " been noticed, he is somewhat careless of the means which " he employs to attain his ends, but, although brought face " to face with many offences perpetrated, in the interest of " party, it has yet to be proved that he has committed im- " proprieties for his own personal gain and advantage- "Since 1873 he has filled the position of leader of the Con- " servative Opposition, at first an exceedingly small body " that has gradually been reinforced until to-day it has with " it in power, backed as it is by men from both sides, a " majority that may, perhaps, be termed unwieldy, and too " overwhelming since its members and their demands will " be difficult to satisfy, while the mere weight of numbers, " as has often been the case in previous Parliaments, will be " found sufficient, at any rate for th'^ time being, to crush " and render of comparatively little avail any opposition that " maj' be offered to them. Prior to 1873, as Mr. Mackenzie " was accustomed to say, motions were made upon his side " the House, not because there was any hope of carrying " them, but in order that they might be placed en record. "Since that time, as the Honorable Dr. Tupper ex- " plained, motions and objections have been offered, not be- " cause it was expected they would have any effect upon " the House, but in order that through the House the " country might he reached, and in both cases, that object " was attained. Still there is great room for objection to 164 ROYALTY IN CANADA. " election speeches being made in the Legislative Halls, " where the time of the members and of the country might " be much better occupied in practical legislative work. In " the public interest we say it is to the general regret that " the incoming Government should go in having so immense "a following. Defeated at Kingston, which he had repre- " sented for almost thirty-five years, Sir John Macdonald, " by the courteous withdrawal of both the candidates in the " field, was elected by acclamation for the County of Mar- " quette, Manitoba, and on assuming office he obtained the " endorsation of himself and policy by the electors of the " city of Victoria, British Columbia." Sir John A. Macdonald has formed the subject of many newspaper sketches. The New York World recently said of him among other things, " A portrait of Disraeli would find ready sale in Canada as a life-like likeness of the * Knight of Kingston.' " Slightly above the medium height, slim, irreproachably dressed and buttoned up, close-shaved, pale and rather sallow, with dark hair and eyes, a prominent nose that lool^ a little Oriental at the nostrils, and a curl that " hangs right down on his forehead." The resemblance is remarkable, and Sir John has been thought not to be wholly unconscious of or indifferent to this fact. Sir John walks with a semi-limp and has hardly aged perceptibly during the last twenty years. He is a clear, easy and unaffected speaker, best in debate, but no orator as McGee was. Per- sonally, he is a charming companion, witty, agreeable and caustic with a fund of anecdote. Lady Macdonald is much younger than her husband, to whom she is devoted, and her tact and fascination it is said prove powerful aids to him. At some future time, whenever convenient opportunity pre- sents itself, the writer contemplates giving the public a THE DOMINION CABINET. i65 complete history of the life and public services of this truly great statesman. He is once more at the head of the Government, this time as Premier and Minister of the Interior, and is far more popular with the Canadian people to-day than ever before. It is hinted by some of his friends that in the not distant future he will retire from public life in Canada and remove permanently to England. However this may be, and in whatever capacity he may chose to labor, we must hold the opinion that his active political life will not soon close, and that the near future will open to him honors greater than any which he has yet enjoyed. It is not impossible that he should yet become a peer of the Realm. Such an event would rejoice Canada greatly. I |i| Mt. THE HONORABLE SAMUEL LEONARD TILLEY, C.B., MINISTER OP FINANCE. Our present Finance Minister is one of the foremost states- men of the Dominion. It is difficult to say whether there are two or only one in his party who can justly claim pre- cedence to him. Sir John must always be acknowledged chief, but after him, wo must not undertake to say who should j'ank first. This honor, however, lies with one of two men, viz., the Honorable S. L. Tilley and the Honora- ble Doctor Charles Tupper. No doubt there are many Nova Scotians and New Brunswickers who, at the risk of antagoniLitic political elements, look forward expectantly for a Tuppcr-Tilley or Tilley-Tupper Government. It is to say the least a matter upon which we Maritime people have a right to pride ourselves that, excepting Sir John, we are represented by the two ablest statesmen in the Do- minion of Canada. And if at any time either of these gentle- men should be incapacitated we have the Honorable James Macdonald, who would take the pface of either, and of whom many predict a career quite as brilliant as that of the great chieftain himself. Mr. Tilley has made a grand record as a public man. His abilities have placed him in the very foremost ranks of every entei'prise oi* measure of his province for the past quarter of a century ; and his great purity of character, to- B., Htates- p there m pre- irledged tiy who one of [lonora- 5 many risk of jctantly It is people ohii, we he Do- gentle- James and of that of ic man. •anks of ;he past 3ter, to- ) THE DOMINION CABINET. 167 gother with his noble efforts as a roforinor, have gained for him a host of friends and admirers of both political creeds in every province of Canada, and in most of the States of the neighboring Ilepiiblic. In the cause of Total Abstinence and Prohibition Governor Tilley, as wo have accustomed our- (solves to call him, has been one of those few men who could triumph in an unpopular cause. A condensed summary of his public career may be thus sketched. lie is a son of Thomas M, Tillcy, J]sq., of Queen's County, N.B, and great grandson of Samuel Tilley, Esq., formerly of Brooklyn, N.Y., a E. U. loyalist, who came to New Brunswick at the termination of the American revolution, and became a grantee of the city of St. John. He was born, at Gagetown, Queen's County, N.B., 8th May, 1818, and educated at the County Grammar School. Ho was a member of the Executive Council, of New Bruns- wick, from November, 1854, to May, 1856, fi'om July, 1857, to March, 1865, and again from April, 1866, until the Union, during which several periods he held the office of Provincial-Secretary of that Province ; and fi'oni March, 1861 to March, 1865, was leader of the Government. He has been leadei* of the Liberal party in New Brunswick for a lengthened period. He has been a delegate to England on several occasions to confer with the Imperial Government on important public business, notably regarding the Union of the British American Colonies and the construction of an Intercolonial Eailway. He has also repeatedly served on like missions to the sister Provinces. He was a dele- gate to the Charlottetown Union Conference, 1864 ; to that in Quebec the same year, and to the London Colonial Con- ference, to complete the terms of Union of the British North American Provinces, 1866-Y. He holds a patent of *k 168 ROYALTY IN CANADA. rank and procedonco from Her MajeHty an an Ex-Councillor of New Brunswick. lie was created C. B. (Civil) by Her Majesty in 18G7. Ho v/aH sworn of the Privy Council, Ist July, 1860, and hold the office of Minister of Customs from that date until the 22nd February, 1873, when lie was ap- pointed Mifiister of Finance. He was acting Minister of Public Works from November, 18<>8, to April, 1869. He sat for the city of 8t. John, in New Brunswick Assembly, from June, 1854, to June, 185G, whei. he was defeated on the Prohibitory Liquor Law question and the Government resigned ; from June, 1857, to March, 1865, when defeated on the Union policy of his Government; and again from 186G until the Union, when he resigned to accept a seat in the Jommons and represent New Brunswick in the Do- minion Cabinet. The Prohibitoiy Liquor Law of New Brunswick was the work of J^lr. Tilley as a private mem- ber. Amongst other measures of importance introduced and carried by the Government, of which hu was a mom- ber, may be mentioned as follows : — Vote by ballot and ex- tension of the franchise ; an Act authorizing the construc- tion of the European and North American Eailway as a government work; an Act authorizin<>* the construction of the Intercolonial Eailway, NewBrui jwick. He continued to represent the city of Saint John m thg House of Com- mons until November, 1873, when "le retired on his ap- pointment as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick. He discharged the duties of the latter post until October, 1878, when he was appointed Finance Minister on the re- turn to power of Sir John A. Macdonald. y ti t] ai al luncilloi' by Her ncil, Ifit ms from V7a8 ap- iHHter of m. Ho ssembly, feated on ,'eriimcnt (lefciitod iiin from a scat in 1 the Do- of New ate mcm- ntroducod IS a Tiiom- ot and ex- construc- way as a ruction of continued e of Com- on his ap- wick. He I October, on the re- THE HONORABLE CHARLES TUPPER, C.B., M.J., LR.C.S., MINISTER OF I'UHLIC WORKS. The Province of Nova Scotia, though .small both in area and popul.viion, has produced several veiy distinguished men. Haliburton as historian and humorist occupies a permanent place in Englisli litei-ature. 8ij- Edward Ikdcher stands high as a scientitie Arctic explorer. Sir Samuel Ounard's reputation is co-extensive with the commerce of England and America. Sir Fenwick Williams and General Inglis occupy a high place as military commanders. Di*. Dawson is recognized as a worthy successor of Lyell, Mur- chison and Buckland. In politics, the el(»quence and ability of Joseph Howe are adndred far beyond the limits of his own province. All these men, whose name and fame are familiar wherever the English language is spoken, were Nova Scotians. The Hon. Dr. Tuppcr, who has sought and found distinc- tion in the arena of politics, though still comparatively young as a public man, has won a high position as one of the leading and most influential statesmen in the Dominion of Canada. He was born at Amherst, a town on the line of the Intercolonial Eailway, in the County of Cumberland and Province of No^a Scotia. The family belonging origin- ally to Hesse-Cassell, went to the Island of Guornsoy, from wMch a branch of it emigrated to Virginia. At the time m 170 ROYALTY IN CANADA. of the revolution Dr. Tujipcu-'s ancestoi'H having adhered to the loyalist cause, removed to Nova Scotia. The Tapper family are connected with that of Sir Isaac Brock, the dis- tinguished British officer who fell fighting bravely at the head of his troops, on (^ueenstown Heights. The Hon. Charles Tupper, is the eldest son of the Ecv. Dr. Charles Tapper, of Aylesford, and was born in July, 1821. He was educated at Horton Academy, and is an M. A. of Acadia College. Having chosen medicine as a profession, he finished his studies at the University of Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M. D., and also obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1843 he returned to his native country and commenced the practice of his profes- sion, in which, at an early period, he obtained a high repu- tation. In 1846 he maj-ried Miss Frances Morse, belonging to a leading family, and for twelve years was engaged in building up his reputation as a skilful and successful phy- sician. He was on the highway to professional fame and an ample fortune, but the bent of his mind lay strongly in the direction of public life, and, in 1855, he gave way to his inclination. During this year a general election took jjlaco and two members had to be chosen for the County of Cumberland. The Hon. Joseph Howe, who was at that time at the height of his fame, had been one of its representatives and way again a candidate. His seat was looked upon as practically unassailable ; but Dr. Tupper nevertheless determined to enter the list against so redoubtable a champion. It seemed a truly forlorn hope, as he had to face and fight the most eloquent and popular man in the Province, and one besides who was skilled beyond most people in the wiles and devices of carrying a successful election. Mr. Howe looked upon THE DOMINION CABINET. 171 hored to , the dis- ly at the he Hon. ', Charles He wan ^f Acadia le finished L'c he took nia of the led to his his profes- high repu- belonging 3ngaged in essful i^hy- id an ample ic direction nclination. 30 and two umbciUmd. the height es and was practically cr mined to It seemed ht the most one besides and devices ooked upon the opposition as a sort of political impertinence and treated it accordingly. But w1m>m his youthful opponent, on the day of nomination, began to speak, it very soon became apparent that the political Goliath hatl met a David, and that the contest was going to be a serious one. The great Liberal leader found himself assailed with an eloquence equal to his own and a torrent of invective that carried all before it. Howe felt and confessed tliat a new pov.^er had made it appearance in the public arena, and though beaten this time, his opponent would be heard of again, and in due time take his place among tie foremost public men of Nova Scotia. But he was not beaten, for the evening of election day found his name at the head of the poll. The venture was a daring one. and showed at the outset of his career the real stamina that was in him and which has been found to form so lai'ge an ingredient in the character of the subject of our sketch. In 1856 Dr. Tupper took his seat in the House of Assem- bly and soon proved that in debating power, in political and administrative ability he was second to no one in it. At that time, the amount of first-rate talent in the House was very remarkable. Besides Mr. Howe, th( Liberal phalanx included Sir William Young, Jndge Wilkins, the late James Uniacke, the present Governor \ rchibald. Judge McCully, Judge Henry and a cloud of mint lights. The Hon. J.W. Johnston led the Opposition, a mai of commanding intellect and great dignity of character. But he stood almost alone, «o that the accession of Dr. Tupper was an immense gain to the Conservative party. The public questions of the day were of an exciting char- acter, including a proi)osed prohibitory liquor law, vote by ballot, an elective Legislative Council, and the abolition of m tiai/.iffteVipa-iWsiiwunrtaMW 172 ROYALTY I^ CANADA, the monopoly in the mines and minerals of the province. In the (lincussion of these questions Dr. Tupper took a lead- ing and enegetic part, and even at this early period his views were in advance of the Liberal party as regarded liberal legislation. lie advocated the principle of an elec- tive Legislative Council in a speech of great force and eloquence, but this as well as the other measures mentioned, were for the time beinii: defeated. The session of 1857 brought matters to a crisis. The CTOvernment came to an open ruj)ture with the Roman Catholics and the Liberal administration' fell. In the new Cabinet formed by Mr. Johnston, Dr. Tupper tilled the im- portant office of Provincial Secretary. Measures of great and permanent interest to the country were at once intro- duced and carried through with remarkable energy. Dr. Tupper, though not the leader, was the leading spirit in the new Government. The elective Council bill was passed by the Assembly, but rejected by the Upper House. An Act for the final settlement of the long agitated question regard- ing the mines and minerals became law, by which a large monopoly was put an end to and important industry opened up to the whole community. A bill for an improved jury law was prepared by Dr. Tupper and passed about this time ; and also an act making population the basis of repre- sentation in the popular branch was passed. The initiation of money votes by the government, for the first time adopt- ed, and a bill disqualifying subordinate officers of the Orown from sitting in the legislature was introduced and became law. In the general election of 1859 the government party was defeated and Dr. Tupper again took his seat on the Opposition benches, and remained there for four years. ■»f THE DOMINION CABINET. 173- *t province, ok a lead- period his regarded 3f an elec- force and [neationed, 'isis. The the Roman In the new [led theim- res of great once intro- nergy. ^^'' spirit in the ts pasHed by An Act ition regard- hich a large stry opened Lprovcd jury about this .sis of repre- lO initiation time adopt- cers of the [roduced and iment party Bcat on the four years. During the last session of this Parliament the Liberal party forced a bill through the House narrowing the elective franchise. It was fiercely opposed by the Opposition, but in vain. Its eifect, however, was the complete route of its supporters at the next election. This was in 1863, when r>r. Tupper took charge once more of his former depart- ment, and subsequently on the elevation of Mr. Johnston to the position of judge in equity, the government — a position he held without a break till the confederation of 1867. This period of four years was one of great political energy and progress in Nova Scotia. The provincial railway was extended to the Pictou coal fields, a length of 50 miles. A government subsidy was granted to a company to build a railway from Windsor to Annapolis, passing through the garden of the province, the length of the road being 85 miles. Besides these important measures Dr. Tupper pre- pared and passed an act for collecting the vital statistics of the province ; an act for appointing a judge in equity ; a new representation bill ; an Act- prohibiting dual representation. But the crowning Act of all, and which will hand down his name to unborn generations, was the bill giving a free edu- cation to every child in the province. The measure was mach needed, but till now no minister had ventured to grasp it, fearing the consequences, as it introduced the principle of direct taxation, a course which, however wise and just, was certain to bring a storm of angry obloquy on its authors. He foresaw all this, but stood firm to his pur- pose. It was the most unpopular measure, perhaps, ever passed in the Provincial Parliament — an unpopularity which was only beginning to die away in 1867. Its value now is recognized as priceless, and the people would part with it upon no consideration. With characteristic intro- lU ROYALTY IN CANADA. pidity Dr. Tuppcr ntated again and again that it might, and probably would, cost him place and power, but that he would ever regard it as one of the proudest acts of his public life. The value of the boon may be estimated from the fact that while in 1861 only 31,000 children, between 5 and 15 years attended school, the number in 18Y1 was up- wards of 00,000. One man had the courage to fight and master a great and growing evil, the blight of ignorance covering a whole province, and he has his reward in the consciousness of having initiated and carried out success- fully a noble national undertaking, making posterity his debtor. The great question of Colonial Union was now beginning to assume a practical shape. In 1860 Dr. Tupper delivered a lecture in St. John in favor of a union of British North America, which was afterwards published and exercised a large influence upon the public opinion. In 1864 he carried a motion in favor of a Maritime union in the House of As- sembly, in a speech of great force and eloquence, and or- ganized in conjunction with the government of New Brun?. wick and Prince Edward Island, a delegation to consider that question. This conference took place at Charlotte- town, but upon the application of a delegation from the Canadian government, agreed to take up the larger ques- tion of a union of British North America. This discussion of this proposal created great excitement in Nova Scotia, which was increased by the hostile position taken by Mi\ Howe. It is impossible to enter into details here. The anti- unionists demanded that the question should be settled by| an appeal to the people. This Dr. Tupper resented, feel ingf we presume, from the combined opposition to tbol THE DOMINION CABINET. 175 (light, and Lt that he icts of his lated from between 5 [1 was up- ) fight and ignorance rard in the out success- osterity hin tv beginning ler delivered L-itish North exercised a f64 he carried louse of As- nce, and or- ]^ew Bruns. to consider it Charlotte- )ii from the larger ques- is discussion I Kova Scotia, aken by Mr. e. The anti-' be settled byl ■esented, feelj sition tA tl»^ measure, and the influence of the still odious school act, that its defeat at the polls would be certain. The motion for union was accordingly carried in the House of Assem- bly by 32 against 16 votes. The opposition, however, did not end here. Mr. Howe continued to agitate, to speak and write against it, both in England and Nova Scotia. He was ably answered by Dr. Tupper in an elaborate pamphlet, published in London, proving by extracts from speeches, lectures and despatches, that Mr. Howe himself had in former years been ohe most eloquent and earnest ad- vocate the cause of union ever had. The controversy ended in the ratification of the scheme of union by the Crown and its cordial acceptance by nearly ever}^ public man of eminence belonging to all parties in the Dominion. But the change produced great bitterness of feeling in Nova Scotia, and at the election for the new Do- minion Parliament only one unionist was returned from that jDrovince, that one being Dr. Tupper, who has been elected nine times in succession by his native county, a strong proof of his popularity where he is best known. The situation was now grave and the attitude of Nova Scotia threatening, but the unselfishness of Dr. Tupper in refusing ofiice and the wise policy of conciliation and for- bearance adopted by the Dominion Government conquered the difficulty and removed the danger. He was the only representative of union from Nova Scotia, but though a seat in the Cabinet and the chairmanship of the Intercolonial Railway Board were both offered him, they were declined, and it was not till 18*70 that he accepted the position of president of the Privy Council. In 1872 he became Minis- ter of Inland Revenue, and in 1873 Minister of Customs. In the Dominion House of Commons, Dr. Tupper took % 176 ROVALTY IN CANADA. his place at onco in the front rank among its loading mem- bers,, a position he has continued to maintain and strengthen. On his own side of the House he stands next to Sir John A. Macdonald, whose right arm he is, and the head of a future Conservative government he is in all human proba- bility destined to become. If the question were asked as to who are the two ablest men on each side of the House, the line is so clearly drawn that 99 out of 100 would reply without hesitation, Mackenzie and Blake on the one, Sir John Macdonald and Dr. Tupper on the other. Dr. Tapper has reached his present position through no extraneous in- fluence. All that he has and is he owes to himself He took his place in the front rank as a public man at the out- set by pure force of character and strength of intellect. As a politician he has throughout been consistent and pro- gressive, generally taking counsel with himself rather than following the suggestions of others. There is nothing mean, shifty or vacillating in his character. In every line of action he has taken, he followed it out in a firm, fearless and undaunted spirit. With strong party feelings and a still stronger will, his course has always been shaped in ac- cordance with what he believes to be the public interest. In the earlier part of his career he was dreaded for his ter- rible powers of invective. That power remains, but he as long ceased to wield it as a weapon of offence. The leading qualities of his mind are affluence and accu- racy of language, strength of will, tenacity of purpose, clearness and rapidity of thought and promptness ofj action. His public sjDeeches are an index at once of the j character of his intellect and his constitutional tempera- ment. His words are poured out like an ocean, but you I will listen in vain for either verbiage or repetition. The| THE DOMIXION CABINET. 177 12 mem- engthen. Sir John tiead of a an proba- asked as [le House, )uld reply le one, Sir )r. Tapper L-aneous in- iself. Ho at the out- )f intellect. it and pro- rather than is nothing every lii^® rm, fearless lelings and a haped in ac- ,Uc interest, for his ter- lins, hut he [ice. ce and accu- of purpose, lomptness of] |t once of the [lal terapera- iean, hut you I ftition. The I sentences flow on keen and incisive, copious in fact and illustration, bristling with argument, and crushing in force and vigor of expression. As a debater lie is, perhaps, the foremost man in the House of Commons. His articulation is clear and resonant, his utterance rapid and impasHioned. But though vehement enough in manner when heated by debate, he seldom loses temj^er or foigets the conventional cou]'tesy due to an opponent. His judgment is calm and collected at all times, and few can parry a thrust more adroitly or are more formidable in attack. His powers of memory, like those of Macaulay, are remarkable, so that facts, arguments and illustrations are always at his com- mand, and are sent home with an etfcct that never fails to tell upon his audience. Like nearly evoiy man who has risen to eminence in public life, detraction and calumny have followed every step in his career. Anonymous assail- ants have throvVD at him the vilest language. These he has disdained to notice, but wherever or whenever a charge or insinuation has been openly made ho has met it on the instant and crushed the life out of it, to the confusion of his assailant. Dr. Tupper is still in the prime of life, vigorous alike in mind and body. He is a man of tine presence and intrepid bearing, with features indicating firmness and decision of character. His manner is frank, easy and cordial ; his speech, whether in debate or conversation, earnest and animated. As a public man, he is one of the greatest pow- ers in the House of Commons, and is probably destined to wield a still greater and wider influence as a Dominion statesman. The Hon. Charles Tupper was created a C.B. (civil) by Her Majesty in 1867, in recognition of his public services; 12 !^, 178 ROYALTY IN CANADA. is a governor of DalhouBie College, and was president of the Canada Medical ^ -ociation from 1867 to 1870, when he declined re-election . . om pressure of public and official duties. He is now Minister of Public Works. }■' i- ' . : '■ ; r m •V 1] a il h to th be w] Bi iident of [0, when a official LIEUT.-COL. THE HONORABLE LOUIS F. R. MASSON, MINISTER OP MILITIA AND DEFENCE. The subject of this sketch is a very interesting representa- tive of French politeness and manners, combined with a peculiar English style characteristic of the educated French Canadian people. His worthy father, Honorable Joseph Masson, was one of the most enterprising and successful merchants of his time, and left a respected as well as pojv ular name throughout Lower Canada. His brother, the late Honorable Edouard Masson, sat for several years in the Legislative Council of Quebec, and was a favorite with his colleagues and the public generally. The Honorable Mr. Masson inherited the good humor and kind regards which were peculiar to his father, and it has often been observed that, whilst in the heat of debate in Parliament, how cautiously he would parry an argument and strike his opponent a blow without creating the least ill-feeling. Sir George E. Carter used to say of him that ^' he will make a mark ; he may be my successor even, for he does not take the halter; he is sufficiently undisciplined to make a good officer hereafter." And it may be added to this that Sir George and Mr. Masson were alw^ays on the best of terms, and paid each other many marks of respect, which have not been forgotten in Parliamentary circles. But it must not be supposed that M. Masson and Sir George I ]80 ROYALTY IX C AX AD A. always a^i-eed in their political vicwH ; but noble men, of inOJfIJVlox CABINET 1«67, and again in 187" Tj ' "' "'"" '■'''»™«m that date irwt Minister until the re- fovember, of n the Senate THE DOMimON CABINET. from 1867 until Kovembei Ift'zq tf gate to Eu^riand on nublio L , P''oceedod as a dele in June of \he ZT^T^T'"' '' '''' ^ ^^ «^-- Imperial Cxovernment ^in? • '''^''''''''''-^^- to the marauders, and the neceXt^ '"'T "'^^'"^ ^^'^-^^^ tary force in the couTt " i' 1^"';"""^' '' ^•^^^^-' -^^i- I^oyal Proclamation Kaf 18^ "^ ''' ''^ '^"^^« ^^ years Hon. Mr. Campbell hf« l?\ '""'"^ *^^ l'^'^ ^ve -vativeOppositiS Vsena^t^^^^^ ^' ^'^ ^- of the Conservative partv ho ^" ^^^« ^'^^^rn to power ^^eneralbySi.JohnA.Cdonald" '^^"^^^^^ ^^--^ THE HONORABLE JOHN HENRY POPE, MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE. He was born in the Eastern Townsliips, and there are i\o records at hand which give the .Q., and a omnianded rt4, and re- wan HAVorn ^o-ricnltare November Am A. J^a^'- sat for hirt a until +.he lame seat at fommons by on bis ap- clection ii^ contest tbe ajority. He s, andoftbc THE HONORABLE F. G. BABY, Q.C, MINISTER OP INLAND REVENUE. The family is one of tlio oldest and most honorable in the Province of Quebec, the founder of it, Jacques Baby do Kainville, an officer in the celebrated regiment of Carignan- Sallieres, having come to this country in 1G63. He is a son of the late Joseph Baby, Esq., N.P., by Caroline, daughter of the late Honorable Louis Guy, in his lifetime King's Notary, and a Legislative Councillor for the old Province of Quebec ; and grandson of the late Honorable Francois Baby, an Executive and Legislative Councillor, and Adjutant-General of Militia for the same Province. He was born in Montreal on the 26th August, 1834. He was educated at St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and at the Col- lege of Joliette. He was called to the Bar of Lower Canada in 1857, and was created Q.C. in 1873. He is Mayor of the town of Joliette. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Joliette at the general election in 1867. He was first i'eturned by acclamation in 1872 ; and re-elected in 1874, and again at the recent general election. 13 EMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 4. W^i %o 1.0 I.I 1^ 2.5 ■- 12.2 ^ 124 L. ^ WUt. 1^ L25 iiiii 1.4 1.8 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^^ iV iV :\ \ % rv '5* ^ ^rv rv -1^ 4- '<(> €^. Cp C?/

House of al election }ir John A. eek re-elec- 3 represent S*16 he was )n of Char- rejected by On the ap- •nor of the nt Queen's ace of Mr. a majority jneral elec- Dmmons for 3 opponent. :ed Minister PARLIAMENTARY AND LEGISLATIVE DIRECTORY. a ascertained. The list was made up so soon after the elections that th^ names of snbordinate officers, secretaries, etc., couid not in all lis L OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. GOVERNOR-GENERAL : His Excellency tub Right JIonorablb John (Jkohob Edward Henry Douglass Sutherland Campbell, Marquis of Lome, etc., Governor- General and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of Canada. (For full title, biography, etc., see pages HI to 125.) Jl^^ The Ciovernor-Guueral's Stall not yet uiiDOunced. MINISTER AT WASHINGTON : Right Honorable Sir Edward Thornton, K.C.B., Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Great Britain Washington, D.C. Victor A. W. Drummond, Esq., Secretary of Le'^dtion. QUEEN'S PRIVY COUNCIL FOR CANADA : {Ministry formed Oct. 21, 1878.) Right Honorable Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B,, Premier and Min- ister of the Interior. Hon. John O'Connor, Q.C, President Council. " James Macdonald, Q.C, Minister of Justice. « Louis F. R. Masson, Minister of Militia. Chablbs Tuppbb, C.B., M.D., Minister of Public Works. Jamib C. Pope, Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Samuil L. Tillky, C.B., Minister of Finance. John H. Popb, Minister of Agriculture. Macenkzii Bowbll, Minister of Customs. Alex. Campbell, Q.C, Receiver-General. H. L. Langevin, C.B., Postmaster-General. <« Louis F. G. Baby, Minister of Inland Revenue. « Jambs Cox Aikins, Secretary of State. W. A. HiMSWOKTH, Esq., Secretary to the Privy Council. >l u it t( (I « 204 DIRECTORY. MEMBERS OF PRISSY COUNCIL WITHOUT OFFICE: Hon. Alexander Mackenzie. " L. Laklammk, Q.C. Sir Alheht Jameh Smith. Hon. Richahd John CabtwhioiCt. C. A. P. Pkllbtier. David Mills. Isaac Hitri>bi. Thomas Coffin. Richard W. Scott, Q.C. Sir Edward Kenny, Kt. Sir John Rose, Burt., K.C.M.Q. Sir Frh. Hincks, K.C.M.G., C.B. Hon. Alex. Morris, D.C.L., Q.C. " Chris. Dinkin, D.C.L., Q.C. " Theodore Robitaille, M.D. " T. N. OlBBS. '* High McDonald, Q.C. Sir Antoinb Aimb Dorion. Lucius Seth Huntinoton, Q.C. Hon. Donald Alex. Macdonald. Wilfred Lauriir. Alfred G. Jonis. Sir Alex. Tillooh Galt, K.C.M.G. Hon. William Macdougall, C.B. '' William P. Howland, C.B. " Adams G. Akchihald, C.M.G. ' Peter Mitchbll. " Jean Charles Chapais. " David Christie. " Telihphore Focrn;«r. " Wm. Ross. " Felix Gboffrion. " David Laird. '' Luc Letellier de St. Just. " Joseph Edward Cauchon. " William B. Vail. Hon. R. D. Wilmot. THE SUPEEME COURT. Sir William Buell Richards, Chief Justice. The Honorable Samuel Henry Strong, Puisne Judge. " Telesphore Fournier, ** « Henri ElzIiar Taschereau, " " William Johnston Ritohib, " " William Alexander Henry, " OFFICE : Kt. ., K.C.M.a. :;.M.G., C.B. D.C.L., Q.C. , D.C.L., Q.C. ITAILLE, M.D, ID, Q.C. ORION. Mac DONALD. B. ORN.'BR. >». DS St. Just. ) Cauchon. UL. rnRECTORw Ige. THE SKNATE or CANADA. ''"' «»-«"„ B. 0. w„,„„., ,,,„,,„,^ f SOVINCE OF QUEllEC. n™ Ho»o»ABu:s merrier, James, Montreal. Penrjv J.\i Vi /' Quebec. 'price J) v,^'^ V ^^'■'^'^'• Ik van' T. ^^^^"a'-'J. Quebec. Mv.van, rjios., Montreal Stevens, (j n Wo* V Trudel, F V V m'"'1^^- rri.jK '^ ^' -^J Montreal PROVINCE OF ONT^KIO. THB noNOBABMS ^^ikins J. a, Bichvifw Benson, James H St 'oa.l,„ • F^Plierson, D L t" ' . i^ampbell. aio,. m .' Kej'sm- ti„,..'i ,^ v"^^, H»pe, Adam, Hi^milton Leonard, Elijah, LoS, pcott, I{. w., Ottawa, ' ^eymour, B., Port Hone Simpson, John, Bowman vnV tef' ^^°^'^' Ottawa, "'^ I V idal, Alex., .Sarnia. 20r> jiL i^k. ^06 DIRECTORY. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. THE HCNOUABLES Archibald, T D., Sidney, C. B., McLelan, A. W., Londonderry, Bourinot, John, Sidney, C. B., Dickey, R. B., Amherat, Grant, R. ?., Pictou, Kaulback, H. A. N., Lunenburg, MacFarlane, A., Wallace, Millet, W., Arichat, Northrup, Jeremiah, Halifax, Power, L. G., Halifax. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. THE HONOHABLES Botsford, A. E., WcHtcork, Dever, James, St. John, Fergusson, John, Batliurst, Glasier, John, Sunbury, Lewin, J. D., St. John, McClelan, A. R., Hopewell, Muirhead, Wm , Chatham, Odell, W. H., Fredericton, Wark, David, Richibuoto, Wilmot, R. D., Sunbury. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. THE H0N0RABLB8. Girard, M. A., St. Boniface, | Sutherland, J., Kildonan. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE HONORABLBS Carrall, R. W. W., Victoria, Cornwall, C. F., Ashcroft, Macdonald, W. J., Victoria. PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. THE HONOHABLES Haythorne, R. P., Charlottetown, I Howland, G. W.. Alberto.i, Haviland, T. H., Charlottetown, j Montgomtry, D.j Park Corner. DIRECTORY. 2or OFFICIAL DIKECTOEY— QUEBEC. Lieutenant Governor— The Honorable Luc Letbllibu db St. Just. Aide-de Camp and Private Secretary — Capt. F. B. A. GAUTmsB. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. The Honorable H. G. Joly, Q.C, Premier and Minister of Agriculture and Public Works. B"on. D. A, Ross, Attorney-General. Treasurer. Hon. F. C. S. Langelier, Commissioner of Crown Lands. Hon. A. Chauvbau, Solicitor-General. Hon. F. G. Marchand. Provincial Secretary. Hon. Henry Starnes, President of the Counci I. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. Hon. Henry Starnes, Speaker. Hon. Louis Archambault, " Jean Louis Beaudry, " George Bryson, " Chas B. de Boucherville, A. R. C. DeL^ry, P. B. de la Bru6re, Elizfee Dionne, P. E. Dostater, James Ferrier, Jean E. Gingras, Jos. Gaudet, John Heam, « it « (C tl u Hon. G. Laviolette, " F. H. Lemaire, " Louis Panet, « J. B. G. Proulx, " J. E. Prud'homme, " P. Euclide Roy, « J. J. Ross, « Ed. R^millard, " Thos. Savage, " W. H. Webb, " Thos. Wood. G. B. de Boucherville, Secretary. 208 DIRECTORY. MEMBERS. CONSTITUENCIES. Argentueil Eagot Beauce Beauharnois Bellechasse Berthier Bonaventtxrc . , Brome Champlain.. Chambly Charlevoix Chfiteauguay Ohicoutimi k Sag'y. C'ompton Doux-Montagnes . . . Dorchester Drnmmond&Arthab. Gaspc Hochelaga Huntingdon Iberville Jacqiios Cartier Joliette Kamonraska Laprairie L'AS8omption Laval Levis L'Islet Lotbiniere Maskinonge Meganlic Missisquoi Montcalm ..,.,.... Montmagny Montmorency Montreal East Montreal Centre . . . Montreal West Napierville COVMONa. Dr. Thomas Christie . . Joseph A. Mousseau . . Joseph Bolduc .... . . Michel (!ayley A. Larue Edouard 0. Cuthbert.. Hon. T. Robitaille.... E. L. Chandler Hypt. Montplaiser Pierre B. Benoit Pierre Tremblay Hon. L. H. Holton. . . . Ernest Cimon Hon. J. H. Pope J. B. Daoiist F. J. Rouleau D. 0. Bourbeau Hon. Pierre Fortin. . . . Alphonse Desjardins. . Julius Scriver Francois Bechard Desire Girouard Hon. Louis F. G. Baby M. Dumont Alfred Pinsonnsault. . Hilaire Hurteau Jos. Alderic Ouimet. . Hon. J. G. Blanchet . , Philippe B. Casgrain . . Rinfret Frederic Houde Olivier G. B. Baker Firman Dugas A. C. P. B. Landry... P. Valin C. J. Coursol M. P. Ryan M. H. Gault Sixte Coupal LOCAL. Robert J. Meikle , Narcisse Blois Joseph Loirier Celestin Bergevin .... P. Boutin Joseph Robillard Israel Tarte William W. Lynch Dom. Nap. St. Cyr Stanislas Martel, M.D. Onezime Gauthier Edouard Laberge, M.D. William B. Price; William Sawyer Chas. A. Champagne. . N.Audet William J. Watte E. James Flynn Hon. Ls. Beaubien A. Cameron, M.D Loiiis Molleur N. M. LeCavalier Vint. P. Lavallee, M.D. C. A. E. Gagnon L. B. A. Charlebois. . . . Onuphe Peltier Louis 0ns. Loranger.. . E. T. Paquet, N. P.... J. B. Dupuis Hod.. Henri G Joly. . . . Edouard Caron Hon. G. Irwine Ernest Racicot Octtive Magnon Louis N. Fortin Charles Langelier Louis O. Taillon H. A. Nelson James McShane L. D. Lafontaine, M.D. DIRECTORY. Membbrs — Continued. 209 ^L. kle 5 ..♦••• r ;evin lard Lynch ;t. Cyr iitel, M.D uthier berge, M.D.... Price: ftryer lamyagne Watte lynn eanbien ,M.l) leur valier ivallee, M.D . . • gnon avlebois Itier Loranger et,N.P is iG Joly I'aron wine icot lgnon ortin ngelier aillon on jhane ntaiue, M.D . CONSTITUENCIES. COMMONS. LOCAL. iJicolet Ottawa County Pontiac F. X. C. Methot Alonzo Wright A. I'ouDore Chas. Ed. Houde Le. Duhamel, M.D L. R. Church, M D Portneuf A. Vallee Hon. Frs. Lang )lier Dr. Remi F. Rinfret A. H. Murphy Joseph Shehyn Quebec Centre Quebec West Qu*^b«c East. ...... J. Malouin Thos. McGreevy Hon. Wilfrid Laurier. . J. P. R. A. Caron A. Massue Quebec County Hon. D. A. Ross Richelieu Michel Matbieu Richmond & Wolfe. Ives JacQues Picard .... Rimouski Jean B. R. Fiset Gigault Hon. Alex. Chauveau . . Rouville Solyme Bertrand St. Hyacinthe St Jean Louis Tellier FrantjOis Bourassa L.L.L.Desaulniers,MD. Hon. L. S. Huntington Edward T. Brooks Jacques P. Lantier. . . . Charles C.Colby DeGrandbois Hon.Louis F R.Masson William McDougall.. , G. B. Mongenais Hon. Felix GeotFrion.. Charles I. Gill Hon. F. G. Marchand St. Maurice Shefiford E. S. L. Desaulniers J. Lafontaine Sherbrooke , Soulanges Stanstead J. G. Robertson William Duckett Henry Lovell Temiscouata Terrebonne Three Rivers Vaudreuil George H. Desch^ne Hon. J. A. Chapleau A. Turcotte, Speaker Emety Lalonde G. B. Brousseau Vercheres , Yamaska J. C. S. Wurtele OFFICIAL DIRECTOEY—ONTAKIO. lAeutenant-Governoi — The Honorable Donald Alkxandek Maodonald. Private Secretary — Capt. J. J. Forsyth. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Hon. Oliver Mowat, Premier and Attorney-General. A. S. Hardy, Provincial Secretary. Ad. Ckooks, Minister of Education. C. F. Fraskr, Commissioner Public Works. T. B. Pardee, Commissioner of Crown Landb. S. C. Wood, Commissioner of Agriculture and Provincial Treasurer. Hon. J. G. Scott, Secretary. 14 lltiiMliililiMiililii (ill iii'riTiiiTiM 210 n DIRECTORY. Members — Continued. CONSTITUENCIES, COMMONS Addington Algoma ,. Brant, South. , . Brant, North. . . Botwell Bruce, North. . . Bruce, South . . Brockville Cardwell Carleton Cornwall Duflferin Duudas Durham, East , . Durham, West, Elgin, East Elgin, West Essex, South Essex, Noith Frontenae , Glengarry Grenville, South . Grey, North Grey, Soutn Grey, East . . ... Haldimand . . , . , . Halton Hamilton Hastings, East, , Hastings, West, , Hastings, North. Huron, West. . , . Huron, South . . . Huron, North . . . Kent, West Kent, East Kingston Lambton, West,, Lnmbton, East. , J, McRory. LOCAL. William Paterson , . , Gavin Fleming Hon. David Mills, . John Gillies A.Shaw W. Fitzsimmons. . . , Thomas White John Kochester Dr. Bergin (No representative) . J. S. Ross Williams Herve W, Burk Geo. E. Casey (No representative). J. C. Patterson .... George A. Kirkpatrick John McLennan, . . J. P. Wiser S, G. Lane Geo. Jackson D. S. Sproule David Thompson.. W, Macdougall f Kilvert \ Robertson John White James Brown Hon, MacKenz, Bowell Horace Horton Malcolm C. Cameron, . Thomas Farrow Rufus Stephenson (No representative) . . . Alexander Gunn Hon, A. Mackenzie . . . (No representative) . . . Hammel M. Deroche Simon J. Dawson Hon. Arthur S. Hardy. . . . Hugh Finlayson Hon. a. McKellar ' Donald Sinclair Hon. R. M. Wells, Speaker Col. Wilmot H. Cole John Flesher George W. Monk John G. Snetsinger John Barr Andrew Broder. John Rosevear John McLeod Dr. John H, Wilson Thomas Hodgins Lewis Wigle ^ Delino D. Calvin Alexander J, Grant Hon, Christ. F, Eraser. . . . David Creighton James H. Hunter Abram. W. Lauden Jacob Baxter William D. Lyon \ James M. Williams, Nathaniel S. Appleby Thos. Wills George H. Boulter Lt.-Col. Alex. Ross Archibald Bishop Thomas Gibson A. Coutts Daniel McCranoy William Robinson Hon. T. B.Pardee Pierre Graham P P It II R Si Si Si] St( To To DIRECTORY. Membkrs — Continued. 211 kL. 36roche iTBOn S. Hardy . . . • son , ellar * air • • • ATellb, Speaker H.Cole r d^onk jtsinger jder ■ear eod [. Wilson odgins jle V alvin J. Grant t. F. Fraaer.... ghton \Tnter ' • Lauden er . Lyon ' WilUai»8- S.Appleby.... Is Boulter lex. Boss Bishop ibson :Cranv5y obinson .Pardee ham — CONSTITITENCIES. COMMONS. LOCAL. Lanark, North Lanark, South Daniel Galbraith John G. Haggart Chtrlcs F. Ferguson.. David F. Jones Edmond Hooner William Mostyn Abraham Code Leeds,N.,& Grenville Henry Merrick Leeds, South... .... Lennox Robert H. Preston John T G ranee Lincoln J. C. Rykeit London John Carling Duncan MacMillan... Timothy Coughlin G^ '. W. Rosa Lachlin McCallum . . . Alex. P. Cockburn Patrick Hughes John Charlton William Wallace Joseph Keeler James Cockburn Wheeler William R. Meredith Middlesex, East Middlesex, North . . . Middlesex, West. . . . Monck Richard Tooley John McDougall . , John Watt er worth Henri R. Haney John C. Miller Hon. S. Richards Muskoka & Parry Sd. Niagara Norfolk, North John F. Clarke Norfolk, South Northumberland, E. Northumberland, W. Ontario, North Richard Richardson James M. Ferris Wm. Hargraft Thomas Paxton Ontario, South Ottawa City Oxford, North Oxford, South Peel F. W. Glenn f Joseph Tasse t Joseph M. Currier. . Thomas Oliver James A. Skinner Wm. Elliott Nicholas W. Brown 1 D. J. O'Donoghue. Hon. Olivier Mowat Hon. Adam Crooks Kenneth Chisholm Perth, North Perth. South . . Sam. Rollin Hesson. . . James Trow David D. Hay Thomas Ballantyne Dr. John O'SuUivan William H. Scott Peterborough, East.. Peterborough, West. Prescott John Burnham Geo. Hilliard Felix Routhier Jas. S. McCuaig Peter White William Harkin Prince Edward Gideon Striker Renfrew. North Thomas Deacon. Renfrew, South Russell Wm. Bannerman Hon. John O'Connor . . (No representative) . . McCarthy James Bonfield . , Adam J. Baker Simcoe. East John Kean Simcoe. North Thomas Long Simcoe. South. ..... W. C. Little William MacDougall Stormont Oscar Fulton James Bethune Toronto, East Toronto. West ... . Samuel Piatt Hon. M. C. Cameron J R. Robinson Robert Bell Toronto, Centre .... Robert Hay (No representative) ip ■mill 212 DIRECTORY. Members — Continued. CONSTITUENCIES. Victoria, North Victoria, South Waterloo, North .... Waterloo, South . . . Welland Wellington, Centre. Wellington, North., Wellington, South.. Wentwortli, North. . Wentworth, South.. York, North York, East York, West COMMONS. Hector Cameron Arthur McQuade. . . . . Kranz Samuel Merner C. W. Bunting George T. Orton, M.D. Geo. Alex, Drew Donald Guthrie Thos. Bain Jos. Rymal F. W. Strange, M.D... Alfred Boultbee Nathaniel Wallace. . . . LOCAL. Duucan McRae Hon. S.C.Wood.,.. Moses Springer Isaac Masters Hon. J. G. Currie . . . Charles Clarke John McGowan James Massie James MacMahon.. . Wm. Sexton Dr. J. H. Widdifield. John Lane Peter Patterson OFFICIAL DIEECTOEY— NOVA SCOTIA. Lieutenant-Governor — The Honorable Adams G. Archibald, Private Secretary — Samuel Adams. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. The Honorable S. H. Holmes, Provincial Secretary and Premier. « J. S. D. Thompson, Attorney-General. " Provincial Treasurer. " Samuel Cbeelman, Commissioner Public Works and Mines. " N. H. White, Chas. Toavnsend, Alex. Campbell, J. S. McDonald, W. B. Troop, H, F, McDougall, Minis- ters without portfolio. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. Hon. RogERT BoAK, Jr. , President, Hon . William Armand, Hon . Ed. R. Oakes, Slaytey Brown, John Creighton, S, Chipman, R. Mollison Cutler, A. McN. Cohran, Chas. Dickie, Samuel Creelman, James Eraser, W. 0. Heffernan, D. McN. Parker, Gilbert McKenna, Peter Smyth, J. McKennon, Freeman Tupper, Thos. F. Morrison, W. C. Whitman, Q OOAL. •Rae Wood Qger )r8 Currie =irke 3wan sie Mahon n riddifield rson OTIA. [IBALD. nd Premier. blic Works and . Campbell, J. 8. DouGALL, Minis- s, iton, Cutler, ^, rker, I, ipper, man. fURECTORY. MEMBERS. 213 Annapolis... Antigonish.. • i Avard Longley / Hon. W. B. Troop . I Schafner. i ^°^"« M^Isa^ic I / John c. McKinnon . it-'n. . . . son f 'ape Breton i Wm. McDonald .' * * j 1 a 7^^"^^' Colchester i^u „ l^.,-^- Mosely. . . jThos. McKay / W. A. Patterson: ' I" "^ * Cumberland u ^ M ^'^ir l^*>«C.Tupper,C.B... |Ed.Vickery..::: -^^fa^ Chipman Wade. . / John C. Wade ^'*^ Guygborough . . i r» ^ \\ P^' '^- ''^- ^ Thoinn' * ^ <^gd«n H«««Ph W. Hadley H^^^^- \{ l-^^^y B. Daly. . non.-p'Tnm •• I I Mathew H. Richey. . j Hon. .T. McDonald Hants L._ „ I W. D. Harrington r "• Henry Allison... /Thomas B.sS/"* Inverness. «„_ ,, M '"•pence r'*"^»«^ Macdonnell . . . / I^- J- Campbell M n* ' ' ' """^""■"^ c.E.Ka,„ba,* |"Sea::;:.v." ••.';•• P.v.f^,. L Ty ^ M- Smith '"^'^^ ' j ?7- Jas. Macdonald f ^on. S. H. Hoi I Robert Doull j j AJex^ McKay mes.. , Queens . . Richmond, Shelbourne Victoria. . . 8T.R. Bill Edmond P. Flynn. Thos. Robertson.,. Cameron . . ''"'™™«' iFraukKillam...'." Bell. Bartlinir Ford .. ;;.; ;;;;•■ Leblanc Matheson.!! / Hon N. W. White I McGray . . /David McCurdv I Ross.... / Albert Gayton. *.'.*.'.■''." '- Kinney , ■•■•W MHH 214 DIRECTORY. OFFICIAL DTEECTOliY— NEW BPUNSWICK. Lieutenant-OovemoT — The Honorable E. B. Chandler. Private Secretary — Lieutenant-Colonel John Saunders. Aide-de-Camps — Lieut.-Colonel John Saundbbb, Captain G. F. King, and A. F. Street, EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Hon, IloHERT Young, President. " George E. Kino, Premier and Attorney-General. " John J. Fraseu, Provincial Secretary, " B. R. Stevenson, Inspector-General, " William Kelly, Commissioner of Public Workff. " A. McQueen: J. H. Crawford, Edward Willis, and W. E, Perlbt without portfolios. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. ■ • • • • • Hon. E. D. Bailey, " John A. Beckwith, " Benj. Beveridge, " E. B. Chandler, " Wm. Hamilton, " Daniel Harrington, " Archibald Harrison, President Hon. Francis Hibbard, « T. R. Jones, " John Lewis, Wm, Lindsay, Owen Mclnervy, Chas, Perley, Robert Young. « Alex, McLeod, Secretary. MEMBERS. CONSTITDBNCIES. COMMONS. local. Albert Roffers f Alexander Rogers \ James Ryan f James Leighton \ R. K. Jones Carleton Geo. Heber Connell . . Arthur H. Gilmour, jr. Hon. T. N. Anglin... Guimond Charlotte Gloucester Kent f James Murchie ] Hon. B. R. Stevenson . . James McKay [ Thomas Cottrell / Kennedy F, Burns IPat. J, Ryan / Henry O'Leary \ Urbain Johnson DIRECTORY. 215 VICK. G. F. KiN»> Membkhh — Continued. d W. E. Peblky ard, rvy, LOCAL. der Rogers Ryan Leighton rones Murchie R. Stevenson. McKay Cottrell y F.Burns. .. Ryan O'Leary Johnson CONSTirUENOIKS. King's Madawaska Northumberland . . Queen's , Restigouche . St. John, City. St. John, County , . . Sunbury Victoria . Westmorland York COMMONS. James Domville. Jabez. B. Snowball . , King George Haddow Hon. Sam. L.Tilley. { Isaac Burpee Chas. W. Weldon. Charles Burpee., J. Costigan Hon. A.J. Smith. John Pickard. LOCAL. 1 ( Hon. J. H. Crawford.. . . John Flewelling Robert E. McLeod Hon. Levi Theriault f Hon. W. M. Kelly William Swim Lemuel J. Tweedie.... Allan A. Davidson Walter S. Butler Francis Woods f Archib. McKenzie t John Phillips Hon W Wedderburn,Spkr Rob. Marshall f Henry A. Austin J Hon. C. E. King \ Hon. Ed. Willis William Elder Hon. W. E. Perley Hon. John S. Covert. . . William B. Bevtridge. . . . Ed. J. Smith A. McQueen John A. Humphrey. . . . Thomas Rickard f Hon. John J. Fraser.. . . ! Thomas T. Barker \ Robert Robinson [ Hiram Dow, M. D { { { OFFICIAL DIEECTORY— PEINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Lieutenant-Governor — The Honorable Sir Robert Hodgson. Aides-de-Camp — Lieut.-Colonel John Longworth, R. R. Hodgsoh. HOUSE OP COMMONS. S. F . Phbbt and Jambs Yeo, Prince County. Hon. J. C. Pope and Frkd de St. C. Brecken, Queen's County. Hon. Daniel Davis and Dr. MoIntyre, County of King. 216 DIRECTORY. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Hon. L. H. Davis, rremier and Attorney-General. " G. W. DkBlois, Provincial Secretary. " W. D. Stbwaut, Public Works. " G. Gordon, S. Prowse, J. F. Robertson, J. LEFrRc.Y, John Yho, and A. Laird, member8 of the Council without portfolios. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. Honorable John Balderston, President. Hon. Simon Holger, « Thomas W. Dodd, «* Daniel McDonald, " Wm. McGill, " R. Munn, Hon. Alex. Laird, " R. B. Reid, " W. G. Strong, " Jos. Wightman, " A. McEwen. V . LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Hon. Cornelius Howatt, Speaker. Prince, 1st District, Nich. Conroy, Edward Hackett. Prince, 2d Prince, 3rd Prince, 4th Prince, 5th Georgetown, Hon. John Yeo, J. W. Richards. ^ Hon. J. 0. Arsenault, John A. Macdonald. John R. Calhoun, W. C. Lea. Hon. John Lefurgey, Angus MacMillan. Hon. Daniel Gordon, L. J. Wc^staway. Kings, Ist District, Lauchlin Macdonald, James R. McLean. Kings, 2nd " Hon. W. W, Sullivan, Hilary Molsaac. Kings, 3rd " John G. Scrimgeour, J. E. McDonald.r Kings, 4th " James Robertson, Sam. Prowse, Charlottetown, Hon. Louis H. Davis, Geo. W. DeBlois. Queen, Ist District, Wm. Campbell, W. D. Stewart. Queen, 2nd " Donald McKay, Donald Farquharson. Queen, 3rd " Hon. Frs. Kelly, Henry Beer. Queen, 4th " John F. Robertson, Wm. Welsh. DIRECTORY. 2ir OFFICIAL DfREOTORY-BHTTIRH COLUMBIA. LmUenant.Governor^Tho ironorable Albert Martin Richards Private Secretary-GmnoE R. Layton. wchards. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Hon. Andrew C. Elliott, Premier and Attorney-General Forbes G. Vernon, Commissioner Public Works ' " Wm. Smith. Minister of Finance and Agriculture. MEMBERS OF THE COMMONS. J. Spencer Thompson, Cariboo. James Cunningham, New Westminster. Arthur Punster, Vancouver. Armand db Cosmos and Captain Rosooe, Victoria JiiDWARD Dbwdney, Yale. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Hon. .Tames Trimble, Speaker Hon. Wm. Smith, E. Pimbury, Cowichan Wm. Fisher, F. WilHams, Esquimnult. B. L. E. Gilbraith, Chas. Gallagher, Kootenay Wm. Brown, Wm. Morrison, Lillooet. John Bryden, Nanaimo. Robert Dickinson, New Westminster Ebenezer Brown. Hon. W^ J. Arm.strong, New Westminster. Hon. T. B. Humphreys, Dr. Tolmie, Victoria "• '"et^.^r: '■ '■ ^o"' '■ ^- -»«'-. Hon. Bobert Hon. F. Q. Vernon, J. A. Mara, Eobt. Smith, Yale. h 218 DIRECTORY. OFFIC [ AL DIEECTORY- -MANITOBA. LieutenarU-Qovtrnor — The Honorable Jossiw Edward Cadcuon. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Hon. John NoRQtiAT, Premier and Treasurer. '< D. M, Walkbb, Attorney-General. " JoHKPH Royal, MiniHter of Public Works. '« C. P. BaowN, Provincial Secretary. LOCAL HOUSE. Hon. Jos. Dubuc, Speaker. P. Chenier, Baie St. Paul. John Taylor, Headingly. Dr. Cowan, High Bluflf. J. Sutherland, Kildoman. Hon. J. McKay, Loc Manitoba. F. E. Cornish, Pte-aux-Peupliers. K. McKenzie, Portage La Prairies. W. F. Lucton, Rockwood. A. F. Martin, Ste, Agathe. Chas. Nolin, Ste. Anne, John Gunn, St. Andre North. Hon. J. Norquay, St. Andre South. Hon. M. A. Qirard, St. Boniface. A. Murray, St. Cliarles. Thos. Howard, St. Clement. Max. Lepine, St, Frs -Xavier, East. Hon. Jos. Royal, do. ^ West. E, Bourque, St, Jacques. Hon. Jos, Dubuc, St, Norbert. M, Black, St. Paul. Jos. Lemay, St. Vital. W. R. Dick, Springfield, C. P. Brown, Westbourne. R. A. Davis, Winnipeg. MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF COMMONS. Hon. Donald A. Smith, Selkirk. Joseph Ddbuc, Provencher. John Christin Schultz, Lisgar. Sir John A. Macdonald, Marquette. ^mm^ IR DIRECTORY. Sl» tiA. Iauchon. it. Bonifiice. 68. lemeut. i -Xavier, East. do. ues. Norbert. 1. leld. airne. >eg. West. OFFICIAL BlRECTORY^KOIiTH-WEST. Ueutenant-Oovemor-~.T:he Honorable David Mills. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. A. E. F„Ho„, Secretary ' *''""""^""""- »' Po'ice- Wii. J. Scott, Registrar. M'tIC Sht:.- '"™" ^-'«'»"*-^'"-»«oner of P„„eo. M. G. Dickinson, Indian Agent. 'mmmmmmmmm •"^mmmmmmmm THE COMPREHE2S-SIVE OF Tl DOMOB OF WITH ART ILLUSTRATIONS. By CHARLES R. TUTTLE, OF NOVA SCOTIA, Au,^or^ ..^.c,« ^ Universal History,'' « //,«^ ^ ^„,,.^ War. of Two Centuries," " Histon, ^the State oj Michigan," " History of the North . West," etc., etc. SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT. I th.t of preserving in sZZn!', T '° """""S. Perhaps, more than countr/xhis «fet"r w:Ln,rs f <::?rr;;""""'' -^ "■« reception and supDort i?ivpn ..iZ 7,! ^ ^^"^ ^^^ ^o^^^ial It was a fact, fully recognized on every hand in lft7fi wh« ..r TuTT E gave the first instalment of his workTth m' . ^'• important duty of Dreservin.- iu. I ! ^"^ P"^''^"' **^«* *he had been hitherto neglected Therlf ' "' '"^^^'^ ^^ "^^ -"-*^ at lea. some one per^ stuirdri I^m^ Ltlt;"^"/ '''' manently to the work of nrArt,,^! *•. "™'<'" «"tt'iisiTely and per. history of the LmLionThjr,^^^ require the produrt „W a!L ^ ""^ ™"""-^ <"" »<'* - ""o"' the annais o^f the :Z:.rl:^Z ItilTlr^Tr "^ pn.»ise Of a .ear f^^:;z^vzr:z:^T^' ^"" " the ,rea. po.ers of the world. Hence, in no prj^Cat^raHif 1 h tory conld the work of the historian yield greater fruit than in that of the past ten years ; while, on the other hand, it is evident that during the next twenty years, the history of the Dominion will present lessons in political science of the greatest importance. Mr. TuTTLB entered upon the work, not for a single year, but with the intention of devoting the remainder of his life to it, believing that in this way he migh. render his native country a service that would be appreciated by future generations. Five years have elapsed since his task was begun, and to-day (1878-9), he is more than ever resolved to continue his labors permanently from year to year, in the future : The plan of the work, as originally laid out, comprises : — Vol lime I. — Over six hundred double-column pages, quarto, richly embellished with fine art steel, wood and stone engravings, em- bracing scenery; battle scenes, portraits, &c., and embracing the general civil aud political history of the several provinces of the Dominion, down to 1867. Published in 1877. Cloth, $8.75 ; Leather, $9.20 ; half Morocco, $10.00 ; full Turkey, full gilt, $14.00 ; or fourteen parts, 50 cents each. Sold only by canvassing Agents. Vol lime IT. — Over six hundred double-column pages, quarto, richly embellished with fine art steel, wood and stone engravings, em- bracing scenery, cities, public buildings portraits, etc., and em- bracing the general civil and political history of the Dominion, from 1867 to the close of Lord Duflferin's administration, in 1878. Published in 1818. Cloth, $8.75 ; Leather, $9.50; half Morocco, $10.00 ; full Turkey, gilt, $14.00 ; or fourteen parts, 50 cents each. Sold only by canvassing Agents. Volume III, — Over six hundred double-column pages, quarto, richly embellished with original fine art steel, wood and stone engravings, mostly portraits, and embracing the bic2;raphy of the several pro- vinces of the Dominion, from the earliest settlement of the coun- try to 1878. To be published in 1879, uniform in style and price with the other volumes. Sold only by canvassing Agents. Volume IV. — Over six hundred double-column pages, quarto, richly embellished with fine art steel, wood and stone engravings, em- bracing scenery, portraits, buildings, etc., and comprising a county history of the Dominion of Canada ; that is, giving the local his- tory of each county within the Dominion. In this work the author will have the assistance of a competent editor, residing within each county This volume will meet the long-felt want of preserving the local history of the coimtry. To be published in 1879, uniform in style and price with the other volumes, and sold only by canvassing Agetits. I in that of that during sent lessons ■r. hut with ilieving that lat would be 3d since his • resolved to future : [uarto, richly jravings, em- tnbracing the vinces of the Cloth, $8.75; I gilt, $14.00 -, g Agents. quarto, richly igravings, em- etc, and em- he Dominion, ition, in 1878. half Morocco, 50 cents each. I, quarto, richly |ne engravings. Hi several pro- it of the coun- and price with L quarto, richly InKravings, em- Irising a county the local his- .this work the Uitor, residing Lg-felt want of \be published in \and sold only hy 'Volume V. — Over six hundred double-column pages, quarto, richly embellished with fine art steel, stone and wood engravings, in- cluding scenery, cities, portraits, etc., and embracing a general civil and political history of the Dominion for the five years com- mencing with the return to power of the Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, in 1878. To he published in \S%^, uniform in style and price with the other volumes. Future Volumes will be published one for each succeeding five years, as long as the author lives, and no doubt thereafter by others who shall succeed him. Thus, indeed, it may be seen that Mr. Tuttle has entered upon a great national work, one in which he has a right to expect the most hearty co-operation of the people. Certainly no one will fail to dis- criminate in favor of his work, as against the cheap histories of Canada with which the market is just now being flooded, most of which have been hurriedly compiled with second-hand engravings, and none of which have been produced at one-tenth the cost of a single volume of this work, It is a matter of satisfaction that Mr. Tuttle's work, so far as pub- lished, has met with the most hearty commendation of the press, and received the highest praise of the most distingixished scholars in all professions, both in Canada, England, and the United States. Non-Paiitisan, — Mr. Tuttlh has never entered politics, and has no political ends to serve in his literary pursuits. He will, therefore, throughout the whole work maintain strict impartiality in the treat- ment of all questions of politics. H. B. BI0NE7 & Co., Sole Publishers, MONTREAL AND BOSTON. I !