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'Let :ill the cnils iho i aim'sl at lie ihv ■: luntry's, riiv < 'iMil's, ;in China and India?" What mistaken ideas in respect to North America and the Pacific Ocean prevailed at the time here reftTred to ? What circumstances led to the selection of the site of Mon- treal as a mission station ? How has the position of Montreal affected its growth ? How would the deepening of the canals above Montreal, so that ocean steamers could pass into Lake Ontario, affect this city ? —8^ t T .« » .V CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. Extent of the Dominion... 9 Present Inhabitants 11 Condition Four Hundretl Years ajr© 10 Early Inhabitants li CHAPTER II. THE DISCOVERY OK AMERICA. British Empire 12 Prance 13 The Northmen 14 The Route of Trade with India 15 What People thought about the Sea 15 Portuguese Navigators.... 16 Columbus 17 Knowledge of the form of the Earth 17 Size of the Earth under- estimated 18 Queen Isabella aids Co- lumbus 18 The Voyage 19 Discoveries of Columbus.. 19 CHAPTER III. EARLY EXPLORERS. The Cabots. 22 Americus Vespucius 23 Discovery of the Pacific Ocean 24 Magellan, Prancis I 25 De Lery, Verrazano 26 CHAPTER IV. FIRST CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF ACADIE. Jacques Cartier 26 Fisheries, Fur Trade 30 De la Roche 30 Chauvin and Potitgrave.... 31 Champlain 32 De Monts sails for Acadie 34 Port Royal 35 St. t'roix Poutrincourt, Les Carbot 36 37 Order of the Good Time... 38 Port Royal abandoned 39 Jamestown, Port Royal.... 40 Nova Scotia and Sir Wil. liam Alexander 41 CHAPTER V. CANADA UNDER CHAMPLAIN. Quebec J^ounded 42 Champlain among the Indian Tribes 43 Champlain's Difficulties... 45 The Site of Mont-.eal selcted 47 '•'he Reoollets arrive in Canada 48 War with the Iroquois 49 Hurons 49 Condition of the Colony. 50 The Conipanv of New France 50 Captureof Quebec by Kirk 52 Treaty of St. Germai-n...... 52 Chatuplaiu's death 52 CHAPTER VI. THE RULE OF THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES. Montniaf;n]»' 54 Jesuit Missionaries 55 The three Marys 55 Hostility of the Iroquois.. 57 The Huron Missions 58 The Hurons abandon their Country 60 New England 60 Heroism at Long Sault 62 Domestic Quarrels 63 Laval 64 Liquor Traffic 64 Close of the Rule of the Hundred Associates 65 De la Tour and Charnise.. 65 Nova .Scoiia taken by the English 66 Treaty of Breda 67 CHAPTER VII. ROYAL GOVERNMENT. Officers of Government 68 Laval and Mezy 68 New York taken by the English 69 Courcelle's Expedition against the Mohawks... 70 Iniprovements under Talon 72 Obstacles to Progress 72 The Liquor Traffic and Bush-rangers 73 Feudal Tenure in Canada. 74 CHAPTER VIII. CANADA UNDER FRONTENAC. Discovery of the Missis- sippi 77 Fort Frontenac founded... 78 La Salle 79 Frontenac recalled, Lu Carre 80 Rivalry between French and English 81 Hudson's Bay Company organized 81 Dennonville 82 War against the Senecas.. 83 Kondiarjiik 84 Massacre at La Chine 85 CHAPTER IX. BORDER WARFARE BETWEEN FRENCH AND ENGLTSH. Frontenac's Return 87 Raids against the English 87 Phips takes Pott Royal.... 89 Phips fails to take Quebec 90 Expedition against Mon- treal 91 CHAPTER X. QUEKN ANNK'S W\R. Acadie under Villebon 92 Hannah Dustan 93 Ravages of Ben Chur<^^.. 94 Treaty of Ryswick...!^... 94 De Callieres and the In- dians 95 Deerfield 98 Privateering.... 99 Colonel March at Port Royal 100 Capture of Port Roya' lor Sir Hovenden Walker 10; The Treaty of Utrecht 103 5 CHAPTER XI. THK STRlcr.LK CONTIMKI). D'Anville'rf Kxptdition 113 Hanieiiay at Beauhassin.... 115 Masracre at Ciraiid Pre 1 15 Treaty of Aix-laChajM-lle 117 Vaudreuil, Beaiihariiois.. ic6 LouisburK Founded 107 Treatment of the Acatlians IC9 Annapolis Besiv>;e(l in Capture of LouishurK 112 CHAPTER XII. SETTI.KMKXT IF HALIKAX. The Acadians refuse Oath Lunenhuig settled by Oer of Allegiance 120 tnans 12.^ Hostility of the Indians... 121 Fort Beausejour 124 CHAPTER XIII. THK YEAR I755. The Ohio Valley 127 Capture of Beausejour 13: Braddock's Defeat 129 Expulsion of the Acadians 132 Dieskau at Lake George... 130 CHAPTER XIV. THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. Capture of Oswego 137 St. John's Island taken by the English 142 British Defeated at Ticon- deroga 142 Frontenac and Duquesne.. 143 Fort William Henry taken by the French 138 Policy of William Pitt 140 Second Siege of Louisburg 1 10 CHAPTER XV. THE END OF FRENCH RUI,E IN AMERICA. V'he Siege of Quebec 146 Efforts to Recapture Que- Death of Wolfe and Mont- bee 157 calm 154 Surrender of Montreal 158 CHAPTER XVI. LAYING NEW FOUNDATIONS. The Inhabitants of Canada 160 First Assembly in Nova Scotia 166 New England Colonists in Nova Scotia 167 Countv of Sunburv 168 The Island of St John 168 I'ontiac's Conspiracy 161 Treaty of Paris 162 Government of Canada 163 French Canadians dislike English laws 164 The Quebec Act 165 CHAPTER XVII. THE AMERICAN RKVOI.ITTION. Taxes without Repre- Invasion of Canada 17S sentHtion .. 17^ In'iependence of the The Uosto I Tea Party 174 United States ibi The Continental Congress 175 CHAPTER XVIII. THK UNITED KMl'lKK W>V.\USTS. The Province of Cape Breton 185 The Constitutional Act 187 The Loyalistii in Nova Scotia ... 183 The Loyalists in Ontario.. 184 New UritnMwick a separate Province 1S4 CHAPTER XIX. r.OVKRNMKNT AND FKOPLK. Parliamentary CuRtoins... 191 Le^^islature of Lower The Government of Nova Scotia 192 Royal Visitors 194 prince Kdward Island 195 CH\PTER XX. THE WAR OP 1812 Causes of the War 202 Condition of Canada 204 The War in the West 205 Battle of Queenston Heights ., 206 The Army of the North... 206 The Capture of York 207 Stony Creek 208 Beaver Dams 209 Canada 196 Upper Canada 197 Customs yl Social Con ditions 3oo Sackett's Harbor 209 Capture of the Chesa- peake , 210 Battle of Moravian Town.. 211 Chateaugay and Chrysler's Farm 2i? Lundy's Lane.Plattsburg.. 216 New Orleans 217 Treaty of Ghent 317 CHAPTER XXI. READJUSTMENT, PRCORESS, AND AGITATION. Grievances 224 The Clergy Resei *» 226 Lower Canada 227 Catholic Emancipation 227 Prince Edward Island 228 New Settlers 220 The Miramichi Fire 221 Education 222 Public Roads 223 Cape Breton 223 CHAPTER XXII. BRITISH FUR TRADERS IN THK NDRTH. English and French Pur Traders on the Coast.. 235 Rivalry 230 Cook. Vancouver, Astoria.. 235 The North West Fur Co.... 230 Red River Settle^ient 236 Explorers 233 Union of Rival Companies 338 CHAPTER XXIII. AClT.\TION FOR RKF<»RM IX CANADA. Upper Canada 238 Sir John Colborne r'.yz Gonrley, Bi»in 270 Riot over RebeL.on Losses 272 Nova Scotia Government.. 273 New Brunswick 27(5 The Ashburton Treaty 277 Responsible rjovernment in New Brunswick 278 Prince Edward Island 279 Principles of Responsible Oovernment... 281 CHAPTER XXVII. Ol.D QUESTIONS SKTTl.Kn AND T'.ie Seat of Government.. 285 Education. Commerce 28(5 Railways. Clergy Reserves 287 Seigniorial Tenure.. 288 The Hincks-Mcrin Gov- ernment 289 The Reciprocity Treaty... 291 The McNab-Morin Gov- ernment 29' The MacDonald-C artier Ministry 293 CHAPTER NEW SCHEMES PROPOSED. Ottawa the Seat of Gov- ernment 294 The "l^ouble Shuffle" 295 Visit of the Prince of Wales 296 Death of Prince .\!bert 296 Mason and Slidell 297 Defeat of the Cartier- Mac- Donald Government 297 Liberals and Conserva- tives unite , 299 XXVIII. THE MARITIME PROVINCES UNDER RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. General Features 300 The Atlantic Cable 303 Railways 301 Free Schools in Nova Mines and Minerals 302 Scotia 304 Prince Etiward Island 305 CHAPTER XXIX. BRITISH COLUMBIA. The Boundary Disputes... 309 San Juan 313 Colonization of Vancouver 310 I'.ritish Columbia and Discovery of Gold 312 Vancouver united 314 8 i CHAPTER XXX. CONFEDERATION. The Charlottetowii Con- vention 316 The Quebec Convention... 316 Reception of the Scheme.. 317 Tnion Accomplished 319 Difficnlties between U. S and G. B 322 Terniinalion of the Recip- rocity Tre^aty 325 Fenian Invasions 325 CHAPTER XXXI. THE DOMIM«»N ORGANIZED AND EXTENDED. The Ministry. The Op position 328 First Parliament 329 D'.\rcy Magee 330 Repeal Agitation in N S.. 330 .Acquisition of the North West 331 Rebellion in Red River Settlement 334 Province of Manitoba 335 Riel and Governor Archi- bald 337 liritish Columbia enters the Union 338 The Washington Treaty... 319 The New H r u n s w i c k J^cliools 340 P. E I. enters the Union,. 342 Death of Cartier and Howe 342 Ontario 343 CHAPTER XXXII. THE MACKENZIE The Pacific Railway Scan- «lal .' 345 Change of Government 347 .Mexander MacKenzie 347 The Pacific Railway 348 1) ssatisfaction in Hriiish Columbia 340 CHAPTER XXXII) THE DOMINION CONSO/.IDATED. ADMINISTRATION. The Scott .Act 350 Governor I^i^lellier 351 The National Policy 352 Fire in St. John, N B 353 Changes in the North West 35^ The Marquis of Lome and Princess Ixjuise 355 The Boundary between Ontario an >tt 3^1 Mcdreevy a id .Mercier 366 Sir Jihn Thompson Pre- mier 367 The Columbian Exhibition 367 Occupa'its of Ridean Hall 368 Bering Sea Arbitration 369 Appendix 379 Mi'iitohfi 570 The Intercolonial Confer- ence 37^ The Provinces 374 Death of Sir John Thomp- son 376 Coi;clusio.i 377 .4 I J 4 , THE DOMINION OF CflNfiDfl. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Extent. — The Dominion of Canada stretches from Ocean to Ocean. On the east, between it and Europe, h'es the Atlantic; on the west, the broad I'acific separates it from Japan and China in Eastern Asia. On the south, it is bounded by the United States, from which it is separated in part by the Great Lakes ; northward it loses itself in the islands of the Arctic Ocean. The sun, which makes the circuit of the earth in twenty-four hours, is five liours in crossing this wide land from east to west ; .so that when it is noon in Vancouver Island it is five o'clock in the evening in Cape Breton. 2. This vast country has an area of 3,470,000 square miles, comprising over one-third of the territory in the British Empire and about one-fifteenth of the land sur- face of the earth. It includes several political divisions united under the central governinent at Ottawa. On the east, washed by the Atlantic Ocean, are the Mari- time Provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince ICdward Island ; farther west, King along the River St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, are the larger Provinces, Quebec and Ontario ; still more remote from the sea, il I - . $ lO THE DOMINION OK CANADA. 1 I are the midland Province Man.toba. the Districts Assinib'^ia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Athabasca ; in the extreme west, between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, is British Columbia ; and on the north of these Pro\ inces, are North West Territorx', Keewatin. and North East Territor}-. 3. Four Hundred Years Ago. — The history of some countries goes back for thousands of years into the shadowy past, until we find it hard to tell what is truth and what is fiction in the mingled story. Hut even the oldest of the Provinces of the Dominion of Canada are comparativel)' new countries. Four hundred years ago nearly all this broad land was one unbroken forest, with- out roads, or cities, or cultivated fields. Save the wild animals which roamed through its forests, its only in- habitants were a race of savages scattered thinly over the country. How these people came here, whence they came, or how long ago, nobody can tell. They had no history or written language. They lived in rough dwell- ings formed of poles co ered with the bark of trees. Some of them cultivated Indian corn, pumpkins, beans and tobacco, in a rude wa}*, but for the most part the\" lived by hunting and fi.shing. They were a roving peo- ple, remaining but a .short time in one place. When they travelled they went on foot, or the)' glided along the rivers and lakes in light bark canoes. The different tribes were often engaged in war with each other. Their weapons were bows and arrows,clubs and stone hatchets. Before a battle they held a grand feast, followed by wild war dances, during which they filled the air with hideous shouts and yells. Prisoners taken in war the}' tortured to death and then feasted on their bodies. ixTKonrcTioN, II 4. Earlier Inhabi 'ints. — There are indeed evidences that North America had earher inhabitants than the Indians, a people of higher rank in civihzation, who had disappeared before the discovery of the country by Europeans. Mounds of earth are found in various places, from which have been taken articles of pottery, tools made of stone and copper, and other articles fashioned with much skill and taste. 5. The Present Inhabitants. — At the present time the Dominion of Canada is the home of about five mil- lions of people engaged in the various pursuits of civi- lized life. These people, with the exception of those in the Province of Quebec, arc generally of British origin and speak the English language. The great majority of the inhabitants of Quebec are of French descent and speak the French language. There are many in the other Provinces also whose ancestors came from France. The county of Lunenburg in Nova Scotia and several counties in Ontario are peopled largely by descendants of German settlers. Manitoba has a mi.xed population. When it was formed into a province its few inhabitants were principally half-breeds ot French and Indian des- cent ; but the older IVovinces, especially Ontario, have since contributed largely to the settlement of this new country. Indians are scattered through all the Pro- vinces, but they are most numerous in British Columbia and the North West. 6. The Mother Country. — The British Islands, the ancestral home of so many Canadians, and hence often called the "Mother ('ountry," lie eastward beyond the Atlantic Ocean, over three thousand miles away. These 12 TFFK DOMINION OK CANADA. Islands arc small compared with the Dominion, their united area being on!}' about two-thirds the size of the Province of Quebec. They have, however, a population seven times greater tiian the whole Dominion. 7. The Ih'itisli Umpire. — The Hritish Isles have a wonderful history. Tliey were once the seat of man\' jjetty states which were almost always at war w ith each other. Finally they were united under a common sov- ereign and government, forming one strong kingdom. The inhabitants were enterprising and prosperous. They sent their ships abroad, discovered new lands, formed colonies, and made conquests, until they had established the largest and most populous empire that ever existed on the face of the earth. Thus the Hritish Kmpire, of which the Dominion of Cajiada forms so large a portion, comprises about one-si. \th of the land surface of the earth and ab >ut the sim2 proportion of its inhabitants. 8. It is not on the land alone that (}-e;it Britain has established her power. Her ships sail on every sea, some for the protection of her scattered subjects, and others to carry from her shores her vast and varied manufac- tures to distant lands, or to bring from these lands the raw material for her busy artisans. The navy and the merchant ships of Great Britain far surpass those of an\' other nation. Canada may well be proud of her rela- tionship to this great empire. The ancient Roman found .safety in his citizenship. In like manner the most humble British subject may rest secure under his nation's flag, knowing that he can invoke the whole power of the cmjiire against any foe that may assail him. 9. On the .south of the British Isles, across a narrow INTKODrCTION, 13 channel of water, lies the sunny land of France. From this land came the ancestors of many of our Canadian people. Like (ireat Britain, I'Vance ranks as one of the "Great Powers" amonj; the nations of the .vorld. It has vast foreign pf)ssessions, scattered over different parts of the earth, but principally in Africa and Asia. In former times Fn^dand and France were keen rivals and often w a^ed war with each other. We shall see, in the follow- ing pages, how for a century and a half they struggled with each other, by sea and land, for the possession of Canada. It is i)leasant now to realize that the memory of this great conflict stns up no bitter strife or awakens no old feeling of hostility against each other among the children of these fatherlands. The sons of Fnglishmen and the sons of hVenchmcn are ahke true and loyal Canadians. As brothers of one great family, they live together in peace and work harmoniously for the pros- j)erity of their Canadian home. 2^x :'9) .fc-' if-v.'v •4 TFIK DOMINION OF CANADA. CHAPTKR II. TIIK DISCOVERY OK AMERICA. lo. The Nortlvncn. — In the early times, as now, the people of Norvvtiy, who are known in history as North- men, were fond of the sea. They had a colony in that cold northern island called Iceland, which they visited frequently in the summer months. It happened, on one occasion, as some of them were on their way to this is- land, that they fell in with an adverse wind, and were blown far from their destination. The\' were carried to (ireenland. Then, it was not ver>' lon;^ until they found their wa\' to Newfoundland and Labrador. It is sup- posed that after this they visited various places on the coast further south, including Nova .Scotia and Massa- chusetts. They do not seem to have mafic any perma- nent home on this side of the ocean, and after a time, from some unknow n cause, they ceased to visit .America. I 1. These disco\ erics do not appear to have been heard of in the countries of central and southern Kurope. This is w(A very remarkable. The art of printintj was not known at this time, and there was little intercourse among different countries. Besides.in their voyages across the ocean, the Northmen took a northerly route b)- way of Iceland and Greenland. The mariner's compass was not then known in Kurope, and long voyages out of sight f)f land were impracticable. TIIK DISCOVKRV OF AMKKRA. 15 i ■'■If ■'M ■A. 'V- 12. V/it' Route of Trade icit/i Itidia. — In the fifteenth century the people of Western Kurope had their faces turned easterly- towards Asia. For centuries the\- had carried on a lucrative trade with India, exchanj^ing their woollens and other manufactures for the spices, silks, ivor)-, pearls, diamonds, and other products of that rich land. This trade was carried on overland by caravans between India and the eastern shores of the Mediter- ranean, and thence over this inland .sea to Venice, Genoa, and other ports. The long-used route of trade was now obstructed by the hostile Turks who had recently taken possession of Constantinople. The merchants of Italy, Spain, and Portugal were wishing for some new and safer route to India. Some of them were beginning tt) think that possibly the desired road lay around the south of Africa ; but what were the difficulties and the perils of that wa\', if such a way existed, nobody knew. 1 3. Jgiioranee and Superstition. — In these earl)- times the people of Western Kurope, though they lived along the shores of the Atlantic, knew very little of the char- acter and extent of this ocean. They spoke of it as the Dark Ocean. Mariners, dreading that some imaginar}- evil might befall them, were afraid to sail out upon it bejond sight of land. They had a superstitious notion that the remote and unknown parts of the world were jx'opled by Gorgons, Hydras, and all sorts of horrid monsters, ever ready to seize and destro)- any human being who should be so unfortunate as to come withiti their reach. They believed that far south there was a fiery atmosphere in which no human being could live, and that down in the southern seas there were steaming whirlpools which would swallow up vessels coming with- \6 'IHK IHMIMCN CV (ANAPA. i ill their influence. They had observed that when a vessel sailinijjout upon the ocean disappears from si^dit, it seems to be ^oing down hill, and they feared to sail far alon^ an unknown declivity, lest the\' might not be able t<» return. 14 Portuf^HCSc Xavigators. — One of the first and most noted explorers of this age was I'rince Henr)- of Portugal, often called Henry the Navigator. This prince, who was a cousin of King Henry V. of Kngland, erected an observatory and established a school at a .sea-port of Portugal near Cape St. Vincent for the instruction of noblemen's .sons in mathematics, astronomy, and naviga- tion. The mariners trained in Prince Henry's school were inspired with much of his enthusiasm. In 1418 they discovered the Madeira Islands, and later they ex- plored part of the west coast of Africa, proceeding to a jjoint much farther south than had been previously reached. Navigators had been for some time exploring this coast, very cautioush' however, and not venturing ver)' far on the downward road towards the burning zone and the boiling whirlpools which were supposed to lie in this direction. They thought it specially danger- ous to pass Cape Nun, which was then regarded as the utmo.st limit of the earth. This cape always .seemed to say — "No farther" to the timid m irincr. But in the year 1433 one of Henry's mirin^rs, m )re diring than his pre- decessors, pas.sed without harm the forbidden limit. At length, in 1487, Bartholomew Diaz, while exploring this coast, was driven southerl)' by a violent wind until he had passed the extreme limit of Africa. Not knowing where he was, he turned easterly, then northerl)', and by lucky accident found himself on the east side of theCon- TMK i)is( j)vi:kv of amkkka. 17 tiiiciU. Oil h\^ uay back he naiiicci the most southerly point of the land Stormy Capj ; but 011 his return to I'ortujjal, the '.i'nv^ said the i)oint should be called the ("ape ofCiood Hope, as there was j^ood reason to believe that a new route to India would bj found t > lie around that cape. And so it proved. 15. Co'iiiuihus. — Meanwhile a bolder scheme had been sui^^ested to the kin;; of Portui^al than sailinyj around the Cape of Good Hope. He was told that a shorter and better route to the Indies lay westward over the dark and unknown Atlantic Ocean. It was Chris- topher Columbus who proposed this idea to Kiny John II. of Portugal. Columbus was an Italian, born in or near the city of (ienoa, but, with his younger brother Bartholomew, he had removed to Portugal. He was not of high birth, but he was one of nature's noblemen, —a man of commanding presence, courtly bearing, and charming conversational powers. He was large-hearted, noble-minded, and energetic in action. What he under- took he gave his whole heart to, and he was not easily fliscouraged by the difficulties which lay across his path. Much of his life had been spent on the sea, in merchant voyages, in contests with the Mohammedan pirates on the Mediterranean, and in e.xplcring adventures along the African coast.. 16. The Earth's Spherical Form. — Tlie earth's spher- ical form had been known from the time of Aris- totle by men learned in physical science. This truth had been established by various proofs, such as we at the present day are acquainted with. But while the earth's spherical form had been known for eighteen centuries or [ |8 TJn-: DOMINION OK CANADA. more, it rccjuircd the Ljcnius of Columbus to make this knowledge ati acti\ e force in directitij; the destin)' of the world. He was a man of action ; he could do as well as think. I". I he Circumfcrcme of Columbus had a ver)- the linrth Vnder-Estimoti'd. erroneous idea of the distance t(j India by a westcrl)' route. Me estimated the distance from I'ortugal to Japan at something less than three thousand miles. If he had known that it was four times as far, he never could have persuaded the men of his day to favor his enterprise. His error .seems to have had its origin in the opinion favored by a statement in the Hook of Ksdras, that the land surface compri.ses six-sevenths of the entire breadth of the earth. Taking the circumference of the earth in the latitude of Lisbon to be 18,000 geographical miles, and allowing one-.seventh of this as the breadth of the ocean, he made the distance from Portugal to Japan about 2,600 geo- graphical miles. 18. Queen Isabel/a aids Columbus. — Columbus had not means to carry out his cherished scheme. The re- counting of all his difficulties in trying to secure the aid of .some royal patron would be too long a story to tell here. For ten years his efforts were unavailing. He tried the republic of Genoa, then that of V^enice ; but without success. He offered his services to the kirig of Portugal. The council of wise men, called by this sovereign to consider the matter, pronounced the scheme visionary. Columbus then sent his brother Bartholome y, who had just returned with Diaz from that first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, to the courts of Kng- rm: discovi.kn oi- ami:kic.\. 19 huifl and France. Mcaiiwh'le he himself went to Spain, tr) seek assistance from I'"er(hnan(l and Isabella, the sovereigns of the two kin^^doms into which that country was then divided. For a lon;^ time there seemed little to hope for here, but Columbus persevered. I''inally, throu^di the aid of Mendoj^'a, Archbishoj) of Toledo, and other |)ersons of influence, he secured the interest of Oueen Nibella. This noble woman even pled^^ed her crown jcweis in raisin«i money for the project. 19. I^roxusion for the \'oya(!;c.-—W\ THK DO.NflMOX OF CANADA. CHAPTKR III. KARLV KXI'LORKRS. 26. //ir Cixbots. — Tidini^s of the wonderful disco\er\' made by Columbus soon set all Western FAirope a tir. Neither India, China, nor Japan had yet been reached, but they surely v. ere not far from the newly discovered islands. So thou«Tht Columbus, and the leadint^ men of his time were of the same opinion. Ihese lands had the reputation of possessing unbounded wealth, and the naviy^ator who should open up to them a new and easy route would be on the hi|^h road to fortune. Henr\' VIII. of Knj:jland was a prudent going king, but like the sovereigns of more .southerly climes, he could be dazzled by the prospect of adding the empire of these pagan lands to his dominion and their wealth to his treasur}'. .And so he was not unwilling to become the patron of a voxage of discover\- across the western waters. He found suitable navigators to carr}' out his project in John Cabot and his son Sebastian. V' Like Columbus, John Cabot was a natixe of (ienoa. Vx(^vc\ this place he had removed to Venice, and had finally .settled in Hristol, then the chief .sea- port of Kngland. Under royal charter, he set sail on his first voyage in Ma\-, 1497, in .search of a westerh route to China and India. All lands that he might discover were to belong to the Knglish Crown. Cabot was to have sole right ot trade with such countries, and he was KAULY KXPLOKKKS. 23 iry. )f a lie in \c of lice, 3ort first e to over IS to was to give one-fifth of the profits to King Henry. Ferdi- nand and Isabella of Spain, hearing of Henry's project, warned him that they had exclusive rights to the terri- tories beyond the western waters. But Henr)' gave little heed to their remonstrance. 28. At the end of three months Cabot returned. He had discovered land which he thought was a part of the Chinese coa.st. It seems probable that he had visited Newfoundland and Labrador. In the following }'ear he and his son Sebastian made a second voyage, during which they explored a large part of the Atlantic coast of N'orth America. Nothing farther is heard of John Cabot, and it is supposed that he died upon the voyage, leaving the command to Sebastian. 29. The glory of discovering the continent of North America thus belongs to the Cabots, thougli it .seems probable that at the time these mariners believed the}' were sailing along the coast of Asia. Little gain came to King Henr}' from the trade with this territor}'. The expedition involved large outla}' and no profit, so that his ardor for discovering new lands soon cooled. Lng- land, however, afterwards based her claims to a large portion of North America on the discovery of the Cabots. ^o. Atiicriciis W'spuciii^. — Vet another Italian, best known by his Latin name Americus V^espucius, claims distinction as a noted earl}' explorer. He crossed the Atlantic .'several times and explored portions of the coast of South America. I^'rom some cause, not ver\' well known, the double continent has taken his name rather than that of Columbus. The early explorers, in- 1 ;! ^4 IK DOMINION OF CANADA. eluding Vespucius himself, had little idea that the lands they had found formed one continuous continent. They supposed that these lands were islands or projecting points of Asia, and they eagerly sought for some chan- nel between them, through which they could pass to India. 31. The name America seems to have been first given to Brazil, which was discovered b}- V^espucius. .Afterwards, when this country was found to be con- nected with other lands, forming the southern continent, the name America was applied to the whole territory. .\t a later date, when it was discovered that the lands on the north also formed a great continent, the name was similarly extended so as to include the two great divisions of the new world. The earliest map, showing the double continent under the name America, was pub- lished in 1541. The author of this map was the dis- tinguished Kaufmann,a nati\e of Flanders, better known by his Latin name Mercator. 32. Discovny of the Pacific Ocean. — The first fore- shadowing of the knowledge of a great ocean betw een the newly discoxered lands and Asia was the glimpse had of this ocean by V'asco Nunez lialboa from a moun- tain peak in Darien. This noted Spaniard introduced himself to the world in rather ignoble fashion. To escape his creditors, he had himself sealed up in a cask and smuggled on board a ship about to sail from San Dom- ingo. Afterwards, while at Darien, he heard of the wealth of Peru, the land of the Incas, where gold was said to be almost as plentiful as the stones in the field. At the head of one hundred men he set out for this 1 AKLN KXI'LOKKKS. 25 land. As already told, while crossiiio the Isthmus he got his first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean. As the water he saw la)- to tiie south, the whole ocean was long known as the South Sea. Magellan. Hut it remained for the Portuguese navigator, Ferdinand Magellan, one of the first naviga- tors of his age, to demonstrate the vastnessof the Ocean that separated the lands discovered b)- Columbus from the Indies which he supposed 'he had reached. Magellan liad visited India by wa\' of the Cape of (lood Hope. While there he 38 lUi; DOMINION OF CANADA. being occupied by a distinct family. The whole village was fortified after the Indian fashion by a palisade formed of the trunks of trees set upright in the ground. .Around the inside, next the palisade, was .1 sort of gal- lery from which stones could be hurled upon a foe com- ing up from the outside. The Indians of Mochelaga received Cartier with great respect, even regarding him as pos.sessed of superhuman powers enabling him to heal the sick by the touch of his hand. Around the village Cartier saw fields of mai/e, from which the Indians de- rived part of their food. Before leaving Hochelaga, Cartier visited the beautiful mountain which tourists still so much admire. He named it Mont Royal, from which has come Montreal, the name /of the great commercial city now occupying the site of the Indian Hochelaga. 40. Cartier spent the winter in a pali.saded fort on the banks of the .St. Charles, near Stadacona. It was a drear\' winter whose rit^ors those who had been accus- tomed to the genial climate of France were ill fitted to endure. .\ fell disease, known as scurvy, brought on by bad food, broke out, carr\'ing off twenty-five inen and prostrating many more. The Indians showed the French much kindness, which was ill requited. Karly in the spring, when the frost had rela.ved its hold of the river, Cartier sailed for France, carr\'ing off by force Donnacona and other Indian chiefs. 41. C artier s Third i'(naifi\ — The war with Spain again interrupted the French King's plans for colonizing New France, so that five years passed before Cartier re- turned to the countr)'. Hut now new interest was awak- ened in the far off land. .Sieur de Roberval, a nobleman KAULV KXri.oKKKS. 29 ( jfhij^h rank, was appointed Viceroy of Canada. Cartier second in authority, with the title of Captain-General, was sent out first with five ships, bearinj^ colonists and sup- ])lies. Roberval was to follow. The object of the enter- prise was discovery, settlement of the country, and the conversion of the Indians. In the royal charter Canada was described as forming" the extremity of Asia toward the we.st." The Indians of Stadacona, remembering how their chiefs had been carried away, were less friendly than formerly. Cartier and his colonists spent a miserable winter at Cap Rouge, a little above where Quebec now stands. Cold and disease and the hostility of the natives awakened in his people fervent longings for the home they had left be\-ond the oceiin. There was no sign of the Vicerox' whom the\' were an.\iously awaiting. So when spring came, Cartier, gith:iring the survivors on board his vessels, sailed for France. 43. Meanwhile Roberval had sailed for Canada with three ships and two hundred colonists. On his way he called at St. John's, Newfoundland. Imagine his surprise when shortly after his arrival he saw Cartier's ships en- tering the harbor, and his rage when he found ne.\t morning that, under cover of the night, Cartier had, in opposition to his orders, proceeded on his way to France. Roberval went on to Cap Rouge, where his experiences uere similar to those of Cartier. He had made scant provision for the winter. Famine, disease, and mutiny were among the ills which he had to contend with, and before spring came, death had swept off one-third of his men. Vhe colony was short lived. In the summer of i 543 the King sent Cartier to bring them all back to IVance. Ill L II :■ 1 ii oO Tin: DOMINION or ( ana da. 4V '/'ro/ibirs in h'rajicc. — I'^rancc w.is now |);issin<; through storinv times. .Some of its people were Rom.in ('ath<»lics and some were Protestants, or Hm^uenots. as tlie>" were called, and the\' had little love for each other. l before. Things had ^reatl\- changed. The liuhati towns of Stadacona and Ilochelaj^a harl en- tirely (h'sappeared. and onI\' a few wanderinj^ AIj.j«)n(iuins were now found in the countr\-. Haxinir tinished their explorations they returned to I'Vance. In the meantime DeCliastes had died, and thiN led to a re-or^^anization <»f the compan\- under I'ierre du (iuast, Sieur de Monts, the (io\ernor of I'ons. De Mont.s was made Lieutenant ( iener.il of .Acadie, a \ast territor)' extending from the fortieth to the fort)-sixth decree ot north latitude. The company's exclusive rij^ht to the fur trade within this territorv was secured b\- ro\al charter. Ill If frrf ■!■■ I m !| . :i; TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA. CHAFrKR IV. THK KIKST CHAI'TP:R IN TIIK IIISTOUV OK ACADIK. 51. Df Monts Sails for Acadie, 160^. — In the spring; t f 1604 De Monts sailed for Acadie. His colonists formed a motle\- company. On board his vessels were men of all classes and conditions, from those of highest rank and character to the common laborer and the vilest c iminal. .Amon*'; the leading men who accompanied him were Pontgrave, Baron de Poutrincourt, and Cham- l)lain. As to religion some were Catholics and some were Huguenots. The motives which took them over the seas were as varied as their character and condition. Some went for love of gain, some for love of God to carry the Gospel to the poor Indian ; and \et others went for lo\c of adventure. Some went to e.xtend the power and glorv of France, and again, others were dragged on board by force to make the required number. Accompanying t le expedition were Roman Catholic priestsand Huguenot ministers. During the voyage these mes.sengers of peace debated religious questions with such heat that they sometimes came to blows. De Monts was a Huguenot, but he gave pledges that the Indians should be instruct- ed in the Catholic faith. • 52. Dreading the severe winter in the countrj- border- ing on the St. Lawrence, De Monts steered for a more southerly point. The first land he sighted was Cape la IIISTOKV Ol- AtADIK. .-):> Have on the south of Nova Scotia. In the little bay now known as Liverpool Harbor he found a fellow countr\- inan engaged in buying furs from the Indians. As this was a violation of his rights, De Monts seized the \essel and cargo. Shortly after, Pontgrave, who had been ex- ploring the coast farther east, arrived with the spoils of four traders whom he found trespassing near Can.so. Ponterave then sailed for Tadoussac to carr\' on the fur trade with the Indians, while De Monts proceeded west- erly in .search of a suitable place to establish his colony. 53. At St. Mary's Bay a party including a priest named Aubry and a Huguenot minister went ashore for a stroll through the forest. On their return to the ves.sel the priest was missing. Search for the lost man was unavailing, and the Huguenot was suspected of having l' of trial. De Monts failed to withstand the clamor of his rixals. His charter was cancelled. The Company's monopoly of the fur trade havinj^ been taken awa)', the expenses of the colony would exceed the in- come. Poutrincourt was accordinj^ly instructed to break- up the settlement and return with all the colonists to I'Vance. And so Port Royal was abandoned, much to the ^rief of the Indians, especially of the old chief Membertou. Reluctantly did Poutrincourt leave the place in which he had taken so much interest. 6' 1^. Return to Port Royal, 1610. — Poutrincourt did not lose his love for Port Royal. Three years elapsed, howexer, before he was able to return. . The Indians of .\cadie, ever friendl}' to the French, gave him a hearty welcome. In confirming his title to the place from De Monts, the King insisted that he should provide means for instructing the natives in the Catholic religion. Poutrincourt had brought with him a priest for this pur- pose. The Indians were very docile under their teacher. The old chief Membertou, his family, and his clan gave assent to the faith and received Christian names at their baptism. Membertou was called Henry, after the King of France, and his squaw Mary, after the Queen. Bien- court, the youthful son of Poutrincourt, was sent to France to report to the Kin^ this success in missionary work. Hut before he arrived. King Henry had fallen by the hand of an assassin as he was driving through the streets of Paris. 64. Troubles. — The religious order, known as the Jesuits, at this time stood high in favor and influence at H 40 THI", DOMINION OF CANAHA. the Court of I'ratice. Many of the I'Vench people, how- ever, were strongly opposed to the order. Poiitrincourt shared in this feeling and he used e\ery a\ ailable means to keep its members out of his colony. In spite of these efforts, two Jesuits accomjjanied Biencourt on his return to Port Ro\-al. Troubles now came thick up(jn Poutrin- court. He went to France to look after the interests of his colony, lea\ing Biencourt in charge. Rivals plotted a[;ainst him. He was burdened with debt and was thrown into prison where he fell ill. In the meantime affairs got on badl}- at Port Royal. Kood was scarce, and the colonists had to forage in the forest to keep themselves from starving. There were constant quar- rels between Biencourt and the Jesuit fathers. But now a new enemy and worse than all others appeared on the scene. I I! 'i: : 65. /(HUt'stowH. — The settlement of Jamestown on the coast of Virginia, formed in 1607, was the first I^ng- lish colony in America. It was established by a com- pany acting under authorit)' of King James 1. of Kng- land. Ihe territory of the company extended northerly to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and included Port Royal. rhe hero of the colony was Captain John Smith, whose adventures and hair breadth escapes in \arious parts of the world give interest to the story of his life. Me now added to«his fame by abducting from her fore-it home an Indian chief's daughter, the beautiful and tender hearted Pocahontas. 66. Port Royal Destroyed, 16 ij;. — At Jamestown was one Captain .\rgall, a daring, un.scrupulous man ready f )r almost an\' enterprise. He was sent north in an IIISTOKV OK A<'.\I)ir.. 4f .iniiecl vessel b\- the governor (>( Jamestown to expel an\- Frciichniaii whom he mii^ht find within the limits of the company's territorv. He first attacked a little colony just established at the mouth of the Penobscot River, making prisoners of the colonists and seizing their proj)ert\ . He then {proceeded against Port Royal. Here he carried out his mission with fell malignity. Biencourt and part of his men were absent ; others were reaping their grain in the fields. Argall plundered the fort and then laid it in ashes, setting fire even to the grain in the field. I'outi ft the folic once more spring, visited Port Royal to find it in ruins and his son a homeless wanderer in the forests, he shortly after fell in battle. Returning to France 67. A'o'iui Si'()//(7, 1621. — The Plnglish claimed a large part of North America in virtue of Cabot's discovery. In 1621 King Jaines I. gave a Scottish Knight, Sir William Alexander, a grant of the territory known to the French as Acadie. In Sir William's charter the country was called Nova Scotia To aid in .settling the country the king created an order of Knighthood .sty led the Knights Baronets of NovaScotia. It included one hundred and fifty knights, each of w horn was to recei\e a grant of land in Nova Scotia on condition of establishing a certain number of colonists in the country. It is said that Sir William settled a small colony on the shores of Annapolis Basin; but his plans for colonizing Nova Scotia did not prosper. Tlie r^rench still claimed the country and held the po.sts which the\- had established. was jady mmm IIJI. DOMINION OI- ( ANADA. '■ V • i! ' : If Ml Ji ' CIIAPTIIR V. CANADA L NDKk (HAMI'LAIN. 68. Vf J/o/i/s's A'ew Field. — De Montsdid not aban- don his purpose of founding, a colony. Leaving; l^ort Royal to Poutrincourt, he cho.se the countn- of the St. Lawrence as afield of operation. He had sufficient in- fluence at court to secure a renewal of his monopoh- of the fur trade for one year. Accordinjj,ly with the three- fold object of founding a colon)-, making money by the fur trade, and exploration, he fitted out two ships for the St. Lawrence. Pontgrave, having command of one, proceeded to Tadous.sac to carr)' on the fur trade with the Indians. Champlain, who had charge of the other, was to care for the colony and explore the country-. They left France in the .spring of 1608. 69. Quebtx Founded. — A short distance above the Is- land of Orleans, a small river from the north, named the St. Charles, enters the St. Lawrence. On the angle be- tween the rivers is a rock)' promontory, vvho.se highest point, called Cape Diamond, rises to the height of three hundred and fift)- feet above the water. A narrow strand lies between the^ St. Lawrence and the cliffs. Here, under the shadow of the lofty Cape, on the site of the Indian Stadacona, Champlain erected a few wooden houses, which he protected by a strong wall of logs. On the outside of the wall was a moat, and on the inside a ( AN.\I>.\ INDKU ( IIAMI'I.AIN. 43 irallciN-. on which he mounted his cannon. Such was the rude be^innini; of the city and fortificaticjns of Que- bec, which in the course of years became, and still con- tinues to be. the strongest fortress in America. 70. Indian Tribes. — The stor)- of Champlain's rule in Canada, as well as the succeeding history ofthc coun- try, has much tod) with the native Indian tribes. Hence, to make the story plain, it is nece.s.sary to <^\\q .some ac- count of these people. At this time the Indians of Canada and the nei».jhborin<4 territories belonged to three principal divisions, — the Algonquins. the Iroquois, and the Hurons. l''ach of the.se divisions included various tribes. 71. riic Ali^onquitis. — The Algonquin family was w ide spread, being thinly .scattered over a large part of the Atlantic slope of North America. It included the Indians on the Ottawa, on the Lower St. Lawrence, and in the territory now comprised in the Maritime Provinces. Man\- of them, especially in the east, li\'ed by hunting and fishing, wholh' neglecting the cultivation of the soil. rhe\- were more roving in habits than the others. •7 T The Iroquois. — The Iroquois occupied the territory now included in Central New York. In the early times they comprised five tribes, — the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cax'ugas, and the Senecas, from which they came to be called the " Five Nations." At a later period they were joined by the Tii.scaroras from South Caro- lina, and they then became known as the "Six Nations." The Iroquois held a much higher position in the scale of humanity and the arts of life than the Algonquins. They had better dwellings and cultivated the .soil, though in a ffTf If ■^ '} 1 , \ 1 f i ^ ' 1 !'; ;,ii 1': llll 44 tin: liCvllMoN Ol (ANADA. \ cry rude sort of \\a\'. Their chief prockicts were In- dian corn, beans, pumpkins, tobacco, and sunflowers. The)- were also more skilful in war, as*' it was practised by the Indians, and they were ver)- cruel to such of their enemies as the\" captured, often putting; them to death with extreme refinement of torture. And yet to increase their own numbers, they sometimes adopted their cap- tives as members of the tribe. Their habit was to make rapid incursions, by way of the ri\ ers and lakes, into the countr)" of the Al^onquins and Hurons, swooping upon their unsuspectin<; victims, plunderinj^, killing, and carr}- ing off those whom they could capture alive. Such dread of this foe had the Alj^onquins that the\- made their home far back in the depth of the forest, visiting certain points on the rivers occasionally for trade. • /^. The Htirous. — The Hurons properl\- belonged to the Iroquois family, but they were separated from the other tribes of this family by a deadly feud. They in- habited the country between Georgian Haj- and Lake Simcoe. now forming the northern part of Simcoe County in Ontario. In Champlain's time and later, there were over thirty villages in this small district, with a total population .said to be at least twent\- thousand. -As regards intelligence and mode of living they stood highest among the Indians of Canada. 74. Usually the dwellings of the Hurons were about thirty-five feet in length and the .same in breadth, al- though some of them were over two hundred feet long. They were constructed by planting two parallel rows of tall saplings, bending these inwards until they over- lapped, and binding them together, thus giving the struc- r.WADA rNDK.K < HAM I'l.AI N. 43 ture an airhcd form at the top. Cross-poles were then lashed to these uprights, and the whole was covered with bark, except an o|)enin^ about a foot wide alon^ the centre running; the whole length of the dwelling;. This openini,^ served the double purpose of a window and a chimne)'. ICach dwelling was occupied b\- several families. The fires were on the i^round alonjj the middle of the hou.se directl) under the opening at the top, one tire serving for two adjoining families. In winter, men. women, and children slept close packed around the fire. In summer their sleeping place was a .sort of scaffold along each side of the dwelling, made of poles covered with bark and skins of animal.s. The Ilurons lived prin- cipall)' on Indian corn which the\- .stored up in large quantities buried deep in the ground. 75. Chauiplaifi's Difficulties. — Matters did not at first run smoothl)- with Champlain. Scarcely was he .settled when .some of his men formed a plot to kill him. The conspirac}' was discovered in good time, the ring-leader was hanged, and his three chief accomplices were sent in irons to France. Scurv)-, dread foe of the early colonists, broke out and sadly thinned the little colon)'. Before the winter was past onK' eight men out of t\\ ent)-eight remained alive. 76. Better Prospects. — But with the spring came health and renewed hoj>e. Pontgrave, who had gone to France in the autumn, returned, bringing with him more colonists. Champlain was eager to begin his explora- tions, and a way now opened which .seemed to favor his purpo.sc. The Algonquins and Hurons, impres.sed with his superior equipments for war, invited him to join them in a fora\- against the Iroquois. Champlain accepted 'I 'it "''Iff" 46 TIM. DOMINION 01 (AN ADA. iHe invitation and thus unwisely excited against himself and his C()untr\inen the bitter and und\in- Indians and twelve I-'renchmen, includ- ing C'hamjjlain. The route lay h\ \va\' of the waters now known as the Ri\er Richilieu a!id Lake ("hamplain. The Indians had canoes ; the I'lench went in a boat, as they had been told by the Indians that the\' could sail up to the head waters of the lake without obstruction. .All went well until the\' came to the rapids of the Kichilieu. Fhe boat could ^o no farther. Accordin«^ly nine of Champlain's men were sent back with it to (Juebec. The Indians, ha\inj^ carried the canoes o!i their shoulders over the i)ortaL;e to the smooth waters above, took Champlain and his two remaining; men in with them. "tS. Ihc luittli-.-Xx. last on the shores of Lake Champlain, sooner than the\' had expected, thev met tlie foe the)' were seekin«;", — a band of Irocjuois two hun- dred strony,". .At first Champlain kept out of sight. When he stei^ped to the front, clad in the armor which w.irriors of that tla\- were accustomed to wear, the Iroquois were filled with wonder, and when he fired upon tlicm, killin^i;' two of their chiefs, panic-stricken the\' lluni^ down their weapons and fled. Champlain Ljained an easy victor\- ; it was a more difficult matter to restrain the fierce jiassions of his Indian allies. In spite of his retnonstrances the\' scalped their prisoners alive and tor- tured them with e\erv' cruelt\' which their savaiie nature could iincnt. The victors now turned back. — Champlain to Quebec, his Indian allies to their home on the Ottawa. ( ANADA INDIk (HAMI'l.AIN. 47 79. Chatnplaiu' s Putfoscs. — Various I'VcMich iioblc- incn, for a short tinic. held in succession the office of X'icero)' of New h' ranee. C haniplain, however, acting as lieutenant under each, was the \\{c of the coK)n)-, and he made several visits to IVance to awaken interest in its welfare and to secure means for its support. Two lead- in<4 objects he kept ever before him. the conversion of the Indians and the di.scovery of a route to China. I'.xcept as it might provide means to carry out these ob- jects, he cared little for the fur trade. To satisf\- the merchants who cried out against monopol)-, he offered ihein a share in the traffic. Scjme of them, however, preferred to carr\' on a rival trade in defiance of his charter. . So. ////• .S//<' of Mofitrea' Selected, 161 1. — Champlaiii saw that the success of his company required a fortified jK)st at some point on the St. Lawrence, which would be of eas\- access both to the trading ves.sels and to tiie In- dians of the interior. I'he Island of Montreal, situated at the head of ship navigation and at the mouth of the Ottawa, offered these advantages. With much good judgment Champlain chose for his post the site where Montreal, the great commercial capita! of the Dominion, now stands. He cleared the ground, but for .some cause failed to erect the fort. Little more was done at the place for thirty years. The Indians, however, were ac- customed to gather here every year to sell their furs and to plan schemes of war against their enemies. 81. In Search of n Northern Sea. — A Frenchman, who had spent some months among the Indians on the Ottawa, reported, on his return, that he had visited a 48 rin; dominion ok Canada. m^ !4"rc;it tiorthorii sea bcNoiid the head waters of that river. Champlain believed that this was the lon^ sought route to India and China. .Accordingly, taking the man as a guide, he made a Uing and perilous journey up the Ottawa in -searcli of the sea. I'inally the man confessed that his story was a h(xi.\ ; he had found no such sea. Much disgusted w ith the impostor, whom he had promised to pardon in order to gain confession, Champlain made his way back to Ouebec. 82. Rrco/h'ts Come to Ca}i'ida, rSij;. — Champlain, re- turning from I'^rance. brought with him f')ur monks of the order called Recollets. distinguished for the strictness of their rules and their se!f-den\'ing manner of life. The arrival of these deNoted men was an inijiortant era in the relitjious historv (if the colon\\ Thev erected a convent in Quebec, at w hich two of their number remained, w^hile the other two went among the Indians, — one to the wan- dering .Algonciuins and the other to the far distant llurons. S3. C7iniiip/(u'ii I'isi/s thr flnroiis. — Champlain's In- dian allies urged him t(» aid them again in a war against the Iroquois. N'ielding to their entreaty he set out for the countr\' of the Hurons where the forces were to be mustered. 1 1 is route was long and arduous. ITe and a few companions, mostl)- Indians, went up the Ottawa, rowing against the stnng current and carrving their canoes around falls and rapids. .Ascending the river to the Matawan the\' struck across to Lake Xipissing and thence passed down hVench River to (ieorgian \\i\\. There was great rejoicing among the llurons over Champlain's arriv.il. Ivspecially was he welcomerl by CANADA UNDKR CHAMPLAIN. 49 Le Caron, the Rccollet missionary. Nowhere amonj^^ the Indians liad Champlain seen such marks of intel- ligence. 84. JVar With the Iroquois. — The warriors assemblefl at a village near where Orillia now stands. Having feasted and danced the war dance, they shouldered their canoes and .set out for the enemy's country. Their route was across Lake Simcoe and along the valley of the Trent by lake and stream to Quinte I^ay. Thence the) crossed Lake Ontario and marched inland to the country of the Iroquois. The enemy retreated from their fields and took shelter behind their palisades. The Hurons. regardless of Champlain's counsel, exposed themselves to needless dangor. Many of them were killed and on the whole they had the worst of the fight. Champlain received a wound in the knee from an arrow, which so disabled him that for several days he had to be carried in a basket on the back of an Indian. Finally the Hurons became discouraged, and in spite of Champlain's remonstrance, gave up the contest and .set out for home. 85. Champlain Winters Among the Hurons. — The failure of the attack on the Iroquois rather lessened Champlain's prestige among his Indian allies. He was not so powerful as they had suppo.sed. When he asked them to send him to Montreal according to promise, they refused. Nor would they furnish him with boats for the journey. He was thus obliged to remain among them through the winter, which he spent in hunting and in visiting the different villages. In the spring, after a tedious journey of forty days, he returned to Quebec. i ^ 11 50 THE DOMINION OK CANADA. There was great joy over his arrival, for his people had given him up for dead. 86. Condition of the Colony. — Meanwhile the colony at Quebec was making little progress either as regards numbers or general prosperity. Its inhabitants did not exceed one hundred, and many of them spent their time in idleness or something worse. The cultivation of the soil was almost wholly neglected, and the few who en- gaged in this occupation did .so rather for pastime than as a means of livelihood. The merchants set Champlain's authority at defiance, and the Compan}- failed to supply the colonists with the nece'^'aries of life. The Iroquois, in their turn, invaded the country, de- scending even to the very neighborhood of Quebec. In- deed some of Champlain's Indian allies .showed by acts of violence that they could not be trusted. Changes in the Viceroyalty brought no gain to the colony, and trans- ferring the trade privileges from the old Company to two Huguenots, named Caen, only introduced religious strife. The policy was the .same, — to make as much money as possible out of the fur trade. A change was needed. 87. The Company of New France, 1628. — Cardinal Richelieu was now the real ruler of France. Through the influence of this great statesman a new compan}- was formed. It consisted of one hundred associates and was called the Company of New France. It had under its control a vast country from Hudson Bay to Florida and from Newfoundland to the sources of the St. Law- rence. Within this territory it had a perpetual monopoh- of the fur trade and of all other trade for fifteen years. i .< CANADA UNDER CHAMl'LAIN. 5> It was under pledge to bring out immediately two or three hundred colonists, and to increase the number to four thousand within the next fifteen years. All colo nists must be French and of the Roman Catholic religion. These colonists the Company was bound to support for three years and at the end of this time to give them such cleared lands as would enable them to support them- selves. Richelieu him.self was at the head of the Com- pany. Champlain still had charge of the colony. 8S. Shattered Hopes.— T\\Q new Company began well. A fleet of transports, accompanied by four armed .ships, bearing supplies and new colonists was sent out from France. Safely it made its way across the Atlantic and was now in the vSt. Lawrence, within a few hours sail of Quebec. The starving inhabitants were eagerly watch- ing for its arrival. Alas for their hopes ! An enemy la) concealed at Tadoussac also on the lookout. Civil war had broken out in France. The Huguenots, long pers- ecuted, were in revolt, and Charles I. of England .sent aid to the rebels. War between England and Franct awak':i.cd to new life Sir William Alexander's project o\ colonization. Influenced by him a company of London merchants, under authority of King Charles, .sent out a fleet to drive the French from North America. The fleet was under the command of three brothers named Kirk, — David, Lewis, and Thoma.s. They had made an easy conquest of Port Royal and they were now read}- for business in the St. Lawrence. David Kirk, who was chief in command, sent a message to Champlain, demanding immediate surrender. Champlain was in sorry case for fighting. His fort was 3S 52 THK DOMINION OK CANADA. I :^:!: Ulii all out of repair, he had only fifty pounds of gunpowder, and his stock of provisions was low. But his courage was equal to'the occasion. He would hold the fort. He placed each man at his post, determined to fight it out. But no foe appeared. The Knglish were deceived by his boldness and for the present let him alone. The)- captured all the French transports, however, and seized the supplies which Champlain so much needed. 89. Capture of Quebec, /(5.?p.— There was great suffer- ing in Quebec during the following winter. The colon- ists were on the verge of starvation. At last their onh- food was acorns and roots of Solomon's .seal and other wild plants. One day in July, when all were out in search of food, Champlain alone remaining in the fort, three ships appeared ascending the river. Shortly after they dropped anchor before Quebec. The Kirks had returned. Resistance was useless, and the English flag was soon flying over the fort. Champlain was taken to England by his captors. 90. Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, i6j^2. — Peace had already been made between England and F'rance before the surrender of Quebec. The French Government ac- cordingly claimed that the captured places should be re- stored. It is said that King Charles was influenced b)' French gold to respect the claim. However this may be, by the treaty of St. Germain-en- Laye, Quebec, Port Royal, and Cape Breton were given back to France. 91. Champlain! s Death, i6jj. — In the spring of 1633 the Company of One Hundred Associates took posses- •sion of their vast domain. At the same time Champlain, accompanied by a band of new colonists, returned to CANADA INDKk (11 AM I'LAIN. 53 ( )uebcc ;i> (ioNcrnor. With his accustomed eneiLiN and unsucr\ iii<4" intcii^rity he devoted himself to the buildiii characteristic of the age. In France men and women were ready to give their money for the building up of the Church at home and abroad, and members of vari- ous religious orders were eager to devote their lives to mi.ssion work among the Indians of the New World. ONK HUNl)Ri:i) ASSOCIATKS. 55 Much of this fervor was due to the activitj- of the Jesuits, a remarkable religious order which had its origin in Spain about one hundred years earlier. Under the rule ench settlement and on the great highway of the Iroquois in their incursions into Canada, the place selected was a dangerous one. Montmagny pointed out its perils and tried to persuade Maisonneuve to take instead the Island of Orleans. The reply showed the character of the man : " I have not come here to deliberate, but to act. It is my duty and my honor to found a colony at Mon- treal, and I would go if every tree were an Iroquois." oNi; iirM)Ki;i> associa'ii.s. 57 Landing on the island, the devout leader and his com- jxuiions fell on their knees and san^ij a h\ inn of thanks- Ljivinf^. Then followed a solemn relii^ious ceremonial, conducted by the Jesuit Vimont, eliding with an invoca ti(jn of Heaven's blessing on the colony. " N'ou arc a grain of mustard seed," were the prophetic words of the jjriest, " that shall rise and grow till its branches oxershadow the earth. \'ou are few, but x'our work is the work of (iod. His smile is on \'ou, and xour children shall fill the land." ihus on Ma}- 18, 1642, was founded V'ille Marie de Montreal. 98. Hostility of tlic Iroquois.— Vor some months the Irocjuois did not discover the new settlement at Mon- treal. The colonists meanwhile made good use of their time in building ft)rtifications. It was well they did ; for when the Iroquois found them out they showed that their old emnity to the I'^-ench was unabated. Haxing obtained fire-arms from the Dutch traders on the Hud- son Ri\er, the)- were now a much more formidable foe than when the\' fled in terror before three armed I^'rench- mcn on the shore of Lake C'hamplain. Their usual route into Canada w.is by wa\- of Lake Champlain and river Richelieu, although the\' sometimes came across the east end of Lake Ontario. Thc\' seldom ventured on open war, but la\- in ambush along the routes of travel, or lurked in the forests near the settlements watching for defenceless Hurons or Frenchmen. The colonists of Montreal were in the greatest danger. If one ventured outside the fort, it was at the risk of his life. With horrid \-ells the sa\ages sprang upon their victim, dragging him into the forest for cruel torture ; or striking him down, they hastily tore off his scalp and 5« THE DOMINION OF (ANAPA. d '". 1 i,k ||[] I 'fijij Jl 1 i: ii left the bleeding body where it fell. Sometimes only- two or three Iroquois would be seen prowling around ; but when the unsuspecting Frenchmen pursued them into the forest, suddenly hundreds of wild savages started up from their hiding places. 99. Mission Work Aviong the Hiirons. — The Ilurons formed the most hopeful field of missionary enterprise. The Jesuits had eighteen missionaries in their populou,s villages around the western lakes. They wrought un- ceasingly in faith and patience. The Hurons at first were slow to accept the doctrine of their new teachers. They even thought the missionaries a source of evil, bringing on them sickness, bad harvests, "and ill luck in war. Nor v\as the hea\en described by their teachers such a place of bliss as the untutored savage felt he could enjoy. Hut the Jesuits never became discouraged or lost hope. Finally their labors were rewarded. Many of the Hurons embraced the Chri.stian religion and in various ways showed its power over their lives. 100. The Huron Villages Attacked. — In the midst of promise came the end. There was no good reason why the Hurons should not have been more than a match for their hostile kinsmen. They seem to have lost spirit. It is impossible to give here the full story of the savage warfare by which the Iroquois carried out their purpose of destruction, — the burning of Huron villages, the cruel tortures inflicted on the captives, the shocking deaths to which they were subjected. The relentless foe was equally hostile to priest and people. One or two examples will suffice. ONK HL'NDKKI) ASSOClATKS. 59 lOi. S/.Jost'/>/i, 16^8. — St. Joseph, a Huron village of about two thousand inhabitants, was situated on the borders of Lake Si'.ncoe, near where the town of Barrie now stands. The Iroquois, taking advantage of the ab- sence of the Huron warriors on a hunting excursion, rushed upon the defenceless people as they were assem- bling in their chapel for religious service. Pere Daniel, who had for many years been their teacher and spiritual guide, could now only counsel them in their extremity with a few hasty words : "I^'l)', brothers," said he ; "as for me. I must die here. We shall meet in Heaven." And so it was. A shower of bullets aud arrows pierced his breast and he fell dead. Having completed their work of murder, the .savages .set fire to the chapel and flung Daniel's bodv into the flame.s. 102. St. Louis, '^49- — J'l the following year about a thou.sand Iroquois attacked the village of St. Louis, situ- ated near the site of the modern Orillia. A fearful mas- sacre ensued. Some of the victims the cruel savages reserved for torture. Among these were the Jesuits Jireboeuf and Lalemont, v\ho could have escaped, but who chose- rather to die with their people. Unmindful of themselves, the\' encouraged those around them to endure their sufferings with patience. The fortitude of the priests only enraged the Iroquois and stimulated their ingenuity to invent new modes of torture. They hacked their bodies, pulled out their finger nails, and hung collars of red hot hatchets around their necks. Hreboeuf, being more uruielding, excited their fiercest passions. Maddened by his words of comfort to his friends and of warning to themselves, they cut off his lil)s and thrust hot irons down his throat. Then in I i l:;.'!'!^ ; i;: L i \ ^l(! !";■.'' 1 '' ii i 1 i . ii M Go *llli; IX (MINK »\ <)l' (AN A DA. nu)cl(i Scotia taken hv the liiio/is/i, 16^^. — Mean- while T-mmanuel le Horgne. ("harnise's chief creditor, had seized his estates in Nova Scotia. I Laving estab- lished him.self at Port Roval he was about to extend his territory by driving out La Tour, when he was himself forced to \-ield to the l^nglish. The Puritans, both in Old and New Kngland. were but ill pleased w ith the cession of No>:'. Scotia to Prance in 1632. Olixer t)NK IIUNDRKI) ASSOCIAIKS. (^7 roinvvell. who now ruled Knglaiul and who made his 'jower felt at home and abroad, shared in this feeling. Although I'jigland and France were iiow at peace with each other, he sent Colonel Sedgewick to recajjture the country. Sedgewick accomplished his task with little lifificult)', and once more the J'.nglish flag waved o\er die fort at Port Royal. ga\e I 14, '///(' Treaty of Breda, i66y. — C'romwe \o\ a Scotia to a fur company, of which .Sir Thomas lemjjle was the leading member, I'emjjle did not dis- turb tlie French colonists who were settled in the coun- ir)-. His chief concern was the fur trade froni which he -wpected large profits. To protect himself against in- 'ruders he s[)ent a large sum of money in- repairing the ■orts ; but his hojx^ of gain was not realized. Mean- while Charles II. succeeded to the throne of I'jigland. Setting little value on Nova Scotia, he u as not unwill- ng to give it away for small consideration. The people )f New luigland protested, and .Sir Thomas Temple arged his claims, but without avail. By the treaty of Breda Xo\a Scotia was once more cefied to France. 68 TflK f)O.MINI()N (JF CANADA. CHAPTKR VII, R()\ A I, CiOVKKN M EN T. 115. Officers of (jovaiiuifnt.— \{'\\\\ii\\.o Canada had been governed by fur traders. The old order wa.s now changed, and the country was made a crcjw 11 colony. The {^civernmeiit was vested in a Council of which the three principal members were the Governor, the Bishop, and the Intendant. The Governor had command of the forces and looked after the defence of the countr\' ; the Bishop had charge of all matters relating to the church ; and the Intendant had the oversight of civil affairs, in- cluding the expenditure of public mone\- and the ad- ministration of law. Indeed the authorit\- of this last named officer had a \ery wide range, giving him the •Kjwer to interfere in matters which at the jjresent time ire regarded as belonging to the private rights of the • ndividual. He was a general superintendent or (ner- -ieer. Though in rank below the (jovernor, he had more to do in the management of public affairs. The re- spective duties of the different officers, however, were lot ver\- clearly defined, and this left room forunseeml\' disputes resulting in frequent aj^ijeals to the King. The 4'eneral law adopted for the colon)" was the French code Known as " the Custom of Paris.'' 116. Lava/ ami Mvzv- — Bishop Laval had great in- fluence with the King of France, and he wa^ allowed to ROYAL ( ;< n'KKN M K NT. 69 >^it'lect a governor to suit himself. His choice fell upon Saffra)' de Mezy, a man in whose piety and loyait}- to him.self he thought he could place the fullest confidence. I^'or a time Laval had things pretty much his own way. But this state of matters did not last. Hy and by Mezy awoke to a sense of his dignity as the King's repre.senta- tive, and he then had a way of his own. 117. Mezfs Recall. — The Governor and the Hishoj) had joint powers in the appointment of the Council. Hut Mezy, becoming dissatisfied with certain members of this body, dismissed them and appointed others in their place without the consent of the Bishop. In other matters also he bore himself towards the Bishop in a most offensive and e\en defiant manner . He forgot that he owed his appointment to the Bishop, and that the power that made him goxernor could unmake him. Laval reported matters to the King, and Mezy was forth- with ordered to France. Before he could obe\' the command, howe\er, he was taken suddenly ill and died at Quebec. iiS. New Officers.- ~ls\ii7.ys succes.sor Was Daniel de Kemy, Sieur de Courcelle. Jean Baptiste Talon, the first Intendant, came to Canada with the new (lovernor. Another distinguished officer arrived at Quebec about the same time. This was the Marquis de Trac\-, who with the title of Lieutenant-Cieneral had the authorit}- of viceroy throughout the French possessions in America. He brought with him a regiment of veteran soldiers known as the regiment of Cari^nan-Salieres. I 19. T/ic Iingii.\'/i Take Xew York. — An event oc- curred about this time which materialK- affected the :ii ;0 'I I II-: |)(>MIM()\ ()|- CANADA. ■lubscciuci.t liiston' of Canada. The I'.nj^lish claimed the lary,"cr jjorlion of \orth America in \irtue of the di.s- coxerie.s of Cabot and of such hitcr ex|)lorers a.s Henr\' Hudson. Cliarles II., tlie scnereij^n of Enj^land at this time, i^ave to his biother James, Duke of \'ork and .\lban\-. a q,rant of e.\tensi\e tcrritor\- on tiie Mudscjn River. Portions of this territoi')' had been for man)' N'ears occupied by the Dutch. The principal Dutch -;ett . ; lents. New Amsterdam, afterward.s called Xew N'ork, and lM)rt Orani^c, afterwards called Albany, were japtured b\' an Iui<4lish fleet. Keen rivalry now sprang' up between the lMi<;lish and l-^ench colonists, the former ■^eekin<4 to divert the fur trade from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson. In this ua\- be^an a strife which continued "or a century between the two peoples, culminatini>' in the ^rcat strugt^le which resulted in the concjuest of Canada by the Kni,dish. I 20. March Against f/ir Mo/iawks. — The presence of •egular soldiers in Canada had ^ood effect on the Iroquois. I^xcept tiie Mohawks and Oneidas, who kept ap their war-like attitude, they .seemed disposed for jcace. Courcelle, the (lovernor, determined on measures "'or improving the temper of the hostile tribes. Accf)rd- nsfh- at the head of five hundred men he set out for the VToliawk \iilages, about five hundred miles distant. It •A'as mid winter. Hut with blankets and provisions '.trapped to their backs, and snow-.shoes to their feet, Courcelle and his men pursued their long tramp. Their vay lay alonj; the St. Lawrence, the Richelieu, and Lakes Champlain and Cieorge. which were covered with a solid floor of ice. Day after day they strode on amid the lirivini; storms and the biting frosts. At night the\- KOXAI. (i()\ r.RNMKNT 71 I noiiackcd m open air. Ixiiii.; close j)ac keel on bed:- 01 ,pl lice aroiUKJ a central fire of lo<>s. Strikiii''" acro- thc countr\- from Lake (ieor^e to the lliulsoii the\- lost th eir \\a\' finall \- arrixm; at a Dut ch villa'fc Ik II crc thc\- learned tliat the enemv the\' were after had LToiie off on some forax' ai/ainst another tribe. C'ourcelle was now in a bad c.ise. ri le spriiiL;" rams were settii\i in. an( we soo n th e ua\- Home would be inipassaoic Id be II IS men re half-star\"ed and were sufferinL^ from fiost-bitteii limbs. Then the I'Ji'dish authorities. recentl\- established e was invaflintr in the countr\', were demandmi'' ^v h\- h the territories of Mis Ro\al Hii;"hness the Duke of\'ork. In no \er\ comfortable mood he retreated as rapid 1\' as possible and found his wa}- back to (Juel)ec. 121. I he Mohai^'ks Chastised. \\\ the follow i in autunni a force of thirteen lumdred men left Ouebec tor the country of the Moiiawk.* l)e Iracx-, tiie vicen )\- had command It was a ted lous )ourne\' o\er rixeranr lake and through wild forest> h'ood "out and scMiietimes had t(^ be borne aloni;' the way b\' his sf)ldiers. Hut in s|)ite of difficulties the French pushed forwarrl. Panic-stricken the sa\a;4es fled, leaxini; their strongholds and their stores of Indian corn to the in\aders. I)e Tracy. ha\in<4- reduced the whole to ashes, returned to (Quebec before winter set m. The Indians suffered -cs the system was introduced into Canada. The King granted extensive tracts of land to military officers and other persons on certain specified conditions. These owners of land were called Seigniors, and the\' parcelled out their lands to others under them called vassals or tenants, who paid homage to the S'jignior. The domain of a Seignior generally fronted k(»\ Al. (.()\ I.KNMl.Nl / .■> 'f nti the St. Lnwrcncc. the Kichchcii. or other ri\er, some- times cxteiKhnjj; .several miles aloii^^ the ri\er. It was cut iij) into narrow strips jj^ivint; a ri\er fronta^^e to each tenant. .As the farms were narrow, the houses in a settlement or SeiL^nn'ory were not far apart. In tlie more e.vposeci jjlaces, for |)urpose of defence aLjainst the In- dians, the liouses were built toL^ether and surrounded by a palisade, makiiiL;" a fortified \illa_Lie. In such places the liabitants or tenants liad to travel some distance to their farms. The)- had, however, a convenient, read}' made road in the ri\er, which flowed past their lands. The Seiirniorv LjeneralK' took its name from tlie Seii^nior or feudal chief. The names of inany places in the Pro- vince of Quebec had their origin in this waw 129. Duties of t lie Seii^Nior. — The Seignior was re- '|uired to render militar\- aid in defence of the countrx'. He was also required to clear a certain proportion of his lands within a definite time, and he was not permitted to sell an\' portion of his uncleared lands. He could, however, ijive these lands to subordinate seit^niors for a small rental. It was his dutv to build a fort, a chapel, and a mill. The mill was an important matter. It was usuallv built of stcMie and fiu'iiished with loopholes so that it could serve the double purpo.se (jf a mill and a fort or block house. In some cases the Sei^i^nior was too jjoor to erect a mill, and his jjeople were then compelled to grind their grain in hand mills. The Seignior exer- cised the duties of a magistrate in settling petty disputes among his tenants. 130. Ob/ii^atioiis of the Wxssal. — Under the I^'eudal System as it existed in Europe in the Middle Ages, the \, r parti)' in both. A common rental was half a sou anrl half a pint of wheat yearly for each arpent of land, — an arpent beinj^ about an acre. Live capcjiis often formed part (>f the l^ayinent. In such cases on pay day, which was usual))' on St. Martin's day, there was a lively scene in the vSeignior's barn)ard, when the tenants brought in their fowls. The tenant was also required to labor for his .Seignior a certain number of days in the year, to give one fish out of every eleven caught in the river, to grind his grain in the Seignior's mill, giving one-fourteenth in pa)MTjent. An obligation seldom insisted on was to bake his bread in the Seiiinior's oxen. 131. A;/;/','- Hoiiuif^e. — When a Seigniory changed owners, as at the death of a proprietor, the tenant was obligefl to do homage to the ne Seignior. This was a curious ceremony and was performed according to a pre- scribed form. The tenant came to the door of the manor-house and there, divested of sword and spurs, with bare head, he fell upon his knees before the Seignior and repeating his name three times acknowledged in due form his faith and homage. On the death of a tenant, his land passed to his heirs. But in the case of sale by a tenant, one-twelfth of the price was given to the Seignior. 11 Tin: DOMINION or < anada. I V 'lil'l CHAPTKR VIII. ( anada UNDKk FKONTKNAC 132. A New ('rovcnioj\ i6j2. — Dc Courcellc and Talon were recalled. The new Governor was Count de h>ontenac. He was a man of much energy and force of character ; he was an excellent soldier; and next to Chamjjlain he was the greatest of the French governors of Canada. He had no equal in his ability to manage the Indians. In dealing with them he assumed an air of dignity and bore himself in such manner as to impress them with a sense of his superiority. During his rule the Iroquois were kept well in check. But Frontenac had grave faults. He was hot-tempered, imperious, and intolerant of any rival authority. He treated the mem- bers of his council with scant courtesy, giving little heed to their opinions. He and Bishop Laval often came into collision, the chief cause of disagreement being the sale of brandy to the Indians, which the Governor rather encouraged, despite the Bishop's strong op[)osition and fearless protest. 135. Discovery of the Mississippi, i6yj. — The IndiiL...-> from the far west, who visited the mission stations on the Great Lakes told of a great river in their country, which flowed southe-ly for hundreds of miles through a ;:,,);! ! I m; ( WADA rXDKU KkOMKNAC. vast plain. Two ardent explorers. Marcpiette, a Jesuit inissionarw and jolliette, a fin- trader of Ouebec, accom- panied b\' fi\e or six men. set out in search of this ri\er. h'roiTi Lake Michigan the\' proceeded b\' \\a\' of smrdl streams and lakes and porta<;es to the Wisconsin Ri\er. Launchinjj^ their bark canoes on this stream, tlie\- were borne onwards to the object of their search, the great h^ither of Waters, tlie Mississijjpi. As tlie\- rlescended the majestic river, a rich jirosj)ect j^reeted their admir- in;4 e\-es. Stretching awa\- to the distant horizon were (soundless prairies coxeref! with tall grass and bright flowers, the feeding grounds of innumerable herds of buffalo. .\t the mouth of the Arkansas the\- turned back, leaving it for others to trace the river onwards to- the ocean. 134. I-'oi't Fvoiitciiac. — l'\)r the purpose: of guarding the entrance of the St. Lawrence against a foe from be- \ond the lakes and of controlling the fur trade, Frontenac built l'\)rt Cataraqui, afterwards called I'ort Frontenac, near the site (^f the jjresent city of Lingston. He super- intended the erection of the fort in person, bringing with him an armed force of four hundred men. At the same time he summoned the In)quois to meet him at this place. rhe\- came obedient to his call. In order to impress them with a due sense of his power, b^-ontenac drew up his men in martial array. He then harangued the assembled savages, calling them children and telling them that he had not come to harm them, but that he would punish them if they were bad. Thus by stern threatening duly attempered with judicious flattery and many presents he awed them to submission and won their hearts. 79 TIIF. DOMINION t)F CANADA. ''• f'\ \ 135. L(f Sd/Ic. — jollictte's st(jr\' of the !\Iissi.s.si}jpi awakcncfl to new life the spirit of discovery. Some persons beh'exed that in its lower course tiie ri\er turned ■ iwa)' to the westward and finalh- flowed into the (iulf of California. There lived at this time in Canada a Noung man usualh- known b\- the name La Salle. He was fond of ^uhenture and ambitious of making- dis- covery. lH)r a time, he held a Seiijniorx' at the western end of Montreal Island, t^i\en him by the priests of the -Seminary of St. Sulj^ice, Lea\ ing this place he went on an exploring journey ami discovered the Ohio River, Later the stoi\- of Jolliette's di.scovery of the Mississipjji turned his thoughts to this great river of the West and he resolved to explore it to the sea. Hut La Salle was no rash adventurer. Me laid his plans \Vith careful forethought. He obtained from the King' of l^^-ance im- jjortant trade privileges and grants of territory, includ- ing Fort Frontenac and the surrounding country. He rebuilt the fort of stone and made it the centre of a Seigniory. This place he designed as the base of his trading and exploring operations in the West. He spent three \ears around the Great Lakes, building vessels and establishing trading posts. The (iriffin, which he launched on Lake Lrie in the summer of 1679, was the first vessel which sailed on the upper lakes. I'inall)- proceeding down tlie Illinois River, La Salle reached the Mississippi, which he followed to the (iulf of Mexico. The countr\' drained bv this great river he claimed for the King of France, naming it Ijjuisiana in honor of Louis XIV. Two years later La Salle went b)- .sea to the (iulf of Mexico to explore the Mississippi more fulK' and to establish a colon\' near its mouth. The ex- m :'; * i ;l — ■ CANADA L'NDKU KKONTKNAf 80 I ■ ii pedition was unfortunate. The vessel bearin<^ his sujj- plies was cist awa)-, and I.a Salle was murdered b)' his mutinous followers, 136. Froutcuac Recalled, — In the meantime affairs had been getting on badly at Quebec. Frontenac quar- relled constantly with the Bi.shop, with the Intendant, and with other members of the Council. Besides he gave great offence to the clerg)- b)- encouraging the sale of brandy to the Indians. Bishop Laval and others com- plained to the King, and the final outcome was the re- call of Frontenac and the appointment of La Barre governor in his stead. 137. La Barre, 16S2. — When La Barre arrived at Quebec he found the colonists in trouble. .A fire had just laid the whole of the Lower Town in ashes, leaving a large number of people homeless. There was much alarm also on account of a threatened invasion of the Iroquois. The hostility of these old enemies of the French was encouraged by Dongan, the governor of New York. The Knglish in this colony wished to secure the fur trade in the territories around the Western Lakes occupied by the Indian allies of the French, and they used the Iroquois as their agents in carrying out their purpose. La Barre mustered a force of F>ench and In- dians for the purpose of chastising the Iroquois. But while he delayed at Fort I^^rontenac, many of his men were taken ill of fever, and he thought it prudent to patch up a peace with the warlike .savages. The treat\- showed great weakness on the part of La Barre, and the King, on learning its conditions ordered him to return to France and sent out the Marquis of Dennonville as his successor. Till; DOMINION Ol' (ANADA. 8i 1 38. RriUr/rv />rticriii h'rouli and Iiiii^/is/i.--'\\\c rivalry between the I'^ciich and the hji^Hsli uas becom- \\v^ keener and was assmnin^ a wider ran<;e than the fur trade with the Inchans. The strui^i^le for the ownershi)) of the continent was loominij up in the not \er)- remote (h'stance. The I'rencli aimed to confine tlic l''n<^h"sh to the narrow Athmtic coast ; the I^nt^h'sh. on tlie other hand, would restrict the h'rench to the valle)' of the St. Lawrence. I3onij^an, the <.ro\ernor of New ^'ork, claimed that the Iroquois were subjects of his master, James II. of luiu'land, and he ccncrth- endeaxored throu^;h them to extend the ])()\\er of iuit;land south of the (ireat Lakes westerh' to the Mississipj^i. Then, throuj^h the same a^L^ency, he was workini^ with the Indian tribes aroimd the (ireat Lakes to draw them from their alli- ance with the hVench. Moreover the New Kni^land colonists were extendinc;' castwardl)- the limits of the coming;' strut^L^Ie b}- their plans to drixe the h^'ench from / cadie. ■;, l;^i- I' m 101 ( mi 139. fl/idsoii's luiv CompaiiY Organized, 16^0.— \x\ the far North, too, the KuL^lish had planted themselves and were tappini^ the fur trade at its sources. In 1668 the first JMiLjjlish tradint^ ()ost was established, by a few merchants of London, on the shores of LIudson Bay. Two \-ears later, the threat fur-trading compan\-, usually known as the Hudson's Ba^• C"(^mpan\', was ortxanized b\- a charter Lj^ranted by Charles II. of Knglanrl. Ac- cording- to the terms of its charter, the C(jmpan\-, secured exclusive right of trade throughout the countr)' watered b\' the rixers flowing into Hudson and James Hays. The country was called Rupert's Land in honor (jf its first vioxernor. Prince Rupert, the King's cousin. The C"om- 1. ■■!( ' •iiJi S: CANADA r\i)i;R i-i<()N-ri:\Ac. patu' claimed that its tcrritoiA' extended westerh' to tlie Rock)' Mountains, includin<; the \a!le\ of the Saskatch- ewan. It had the ri|4"ht to 54^o\ern its domain by offi- cers of its own appointment. Within a few years, the Iludson's Ha\' C'ompan)' estab- Hshed fi\e trachni;" posts on the shores of Hudson Ha)-, of which \'ork I'ort, at the moutli of the Xclson River, was head quarters. To these posts t!ie Inchans, b)- boat and canoe, brought dow n their fuis, w hich the)' bartered for various articles of merchandise supj)lied b)- the C'om- pan) 's aj^ents. Once a )ear, when the ice had left the Bay and Strait, ships came from Iji^iand to \'()rk h'ort, brin^^ing new supplies of merchandise and carr)in;4- aw a\ the furs w hich had been collected b\- the \ e;u's trade. 140. De)uiouville lakes Active Measures. — l'^)r the first time in the histor)' of the Ro)'al (loxernment there was domestic loeace in Canada. (iovernor. Bishop, and Intendant were in accord, and the common aim was to humble the foe on their borders. Dennonvillc saw that he must strike a blow at once. He knew well that in the hostilit)- of the Iroquois, Dongan was behind the -scenes ; but as hjigland and I'rancc were at |.)cacc, he could not make war on him. He resolved to deal tiie blow at his agents, the Iroquois. He ventured, however. to authorize an attack on the Knglish fur traders in the far (jff territor)- around Hudson I^a)'. A company of eight)- or a hundred men set out for this northern terri- lor)' with e\il ])urjjose against their rixals. A long, toil- S')me journe)' it must ha\e been up the Ottawa and then through jjathless forests b)- lake and stream to the traders' forts. The journc)- completed, licnvever, the)- ■ Mf-'-h THi; DOMINION OF (ANADA. 53 m.'ulc an eas\' conquest of the Kn^iish. and packed them off t(j Kni^hmd in one of the Company's vessels which had just arri\ ed. 141. IWrr A^!:^/u'fisf tin- Soiccas. — Dennoinille mus- tered a siron;^ force for war ai^ainst the Senecas. l^e- sides rei;"ular troops and miHtia. he invited his Indian aUies around the Western Lakes to join him on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. While halting at I'^ort h'rontenac, he took part in a measure which did him and the Litendant little credit. The Kin^ wanted stron^^ men for oars-men on the ro\al L^allexs, and he instructed Dennoinille to send him Iroquois for this ser\ ice. The Iroquois in the neighborhood of VoxX. P^'ontenac, who had been lixins^" on good terms with the hVench, were in- \ited to a feast within the fort ilaxing accepted the invitation in good faith, the men, to the number of about fiftw were basel\- seized anrl sent to I-'rance as !J•alle^• si axes. At the aj)j)ointed j)lace on the borders of the Seneca country, Dennonville met the Indian warriors whom he had summoned from the West. I le had now a force of nearl\- three thousand men. The Senecas, hearing of his movements, la)' concealed in a dense wood through which he had to pass. Starting up from their ambush as the French approached, they fought with despera- tion ; but they had not counted on so numerous a foe and soon ga\e uj) the contest. When Dennonxille came to their \illages he found them deserted. He burned their stores of Indian corn which he found in their granaries, and cut down their growing crop. But he thought it not prudent to pursue the savages, who had fled to the forests. Mis \ictorv was not worth what t !!!■; ■'!»" '4^ . :i|}:-: M Mr \\ a ^^ >^4 lAXADA INDIU !• R( )N TKN AC. it cost. A friendl)- Indian is said to ha\c told him be- fore he set out that it was dangerous to disturb a wasp's nest without killin^r the wasjjs. 143. Prospect of Peace. — B\' (h'sturbini; one wasp's nest, Deimonville an<,fered the wasps of the whole coun- try side. The Iroquois were all enra^jed o\er his treat- ment of the Senecas and the\' threatened ven<^eance. rhe\' made raids into Canada, and there was no safet}' above Three Rivers, outside the forts. In this hostilit)' they had the sympath)- of the governor of New York. Dennonville was greatly alarmed and desired to pacif)' the savages. He sent delegates into their countr)', bear- ing presents and making overtures of peace. Among the terms demanded by the Iroquois was the restoration of the captives .sent to the French galleys. Dennonville was forced to vield, and he wrote to the King, begging him to send back the pri.soners. It was finally arranged that the Iroquois should send delegates to Montreal to conclude the peace. 143. The Rat Kills the Peace. — The Iroquois were not willing to include in the treaty of peace the Indian allies of the French around the Western Lakes. Among the.se tribes was a remnant of the Hurons living at Mackinaw near Lake Michigan. Their chief, Kondiaronk, known among the Indians as " the Rat," held a high position in the councils of his people. He was mighty in war as he was wise in counsel. Coming down the lakes with a band of warriors to make a raid against the Iroquois, he called at Fort I'^-ontenac. Here he heard of the treat\' between the French and the Iroquois. He saw that the treat)- meant destruction to Till-. DOMINION OK (ANAKA. 8; tlic llurons. for thc\- could no IciiLrcr count on tho I'Vcnch to pi'(Jlcct them. " W'c .shall .sec," he said as he left l-'oi't I'rontenac, bent on brcakinjT up the treat)-. In- tercepting" the Iroquois delegates, he made them all jji'isoners, tellini^ them that he was actini;" on Denn(;n- \il!e's instructions. When the delegates told him that the\- were on an errand of peace, he assumed an air of indii^nation against the h'rench for making use of him to carr\- (Uit their base purpo.scs. Detaining one of his prisoners, as he asserted to sujipl\- the place of one of his men killed b\- the Iroquois, he set the others free, bidding them go home and tell the stor\- of I'rench fjer- fidv. " I have killed the peace," said the " Rat," exult- ingl\-. But his work was not \-ct complete. He re- turned to the fort at Mackinaw and handed over his ])risoner as a sp\- to the French officer in command, who had not )'et heard of the treaty between the French and the Iroquois. The captive asserted that he was a peace delegate on his wa)' to Montreal, and appealed to Kondiaronk to cor firm his stor\-. But the wiU' " Rat" shook his head, s lid that story was pure iinention, and that the fear of death had turned the fellow's brain. The poor Iroquois was accordingly shot as an enem>-. There was still another scene in the " Rat's " acting. In the fort was an old Iroquois pri.soner. Kondiaronk set him free and told him to go home and tell his peo|)le how the French had treated their delegate. Dennon\ille sent cxplanatifMis to the Iroquois. Months passed and all was quiet ; but the savages were meanwhile nursing their wrath for a da\' of vengeance. I 1.1 i, r ■:Si^- 144. Jfdssarri' of La Chisu\ i6Sg. — It was in the month of August that the revengeful Iroquois let loose ^n CANADA INlUk l-kONTI-N A( llu'ir rasjc. The fearful blow fell nii La Chine at tiie w est eiu! of Montreal Island, six nnles from the eit\- At the ini(lni<^ht hour, when deep slumber had hushed the distjuietudes of life, twelve hundred sa\aj^es rent the air with the \\ his orders 'ort rontenac was blow n up w ith _L;"im powder and abandoned. Oucbec, Tliree Rixers, and Montreal alone offered safety to the fear stricken colonists. As winter approached the itl (]Uois witlKlrew of tUeu' own accoi fth rd. o-.;-/- "} i) :G] ■^^'4 U,^<^ ■mi", DOMINION OK ( .\N.\i»A. 8: ill! CIlAl'll-.R IX. r.oRDKK WARlAki; Hi. TW Kl.N FRI:N( II AND i'.Nc .I.ISI I. 145. l-'rofitoiac's l\ctiir)t, i6Sij. — Amid the Ljlooni which (»\crsh.'ifl()\\c(l C'an.'uhi there shone a i'a\' orhojje. I''ronteiiac was a^L^ain made governor. The colonists hailed his arri\al w ith delight, and tlie members of tlu' Council, once so .Ljlad to get rid of him, were read\' to rccei\e him with ever)' mark (jf honor. Mis imperious manner and irritable temper were forgotten.; his jjower over the Irocjuois made him welcome. He at once set about rej-)airing the ruined fortunes of the country. The task w as a hard one. Seven \ears had passed since his recall and he was now se\ent)' years of age. Successes had made the Iroquois insolent, and the friendl)- Indian tribes had lost confidence and respect. luen the Hunnis of the West were seeking alliance with the enemies of Canada. Frontenac first tried to make peace with the Iroquois. He had brought back the survivors of Dennon- ville's captives, of whom but thirteen remained alive. These he sent home bearing pleasant memories of his kindness. Hut the Irocjuois were not easil\- won. 146. Raids Agninst t/if Eng ish. — Xot without rea- son, Frontenac believed that the Fnglish, not the Iro- (juois, were the chief obstacle to the traiuiuillit>' of the country. On the other side of the Atlantic, I'Jigland and France were not on good terms at this time. James 1", t >.w. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 1.0 I.I 1.25 Ul 121 ■» U2 12.2 Hi HI I m il 2.0 1.4 1.6 ^ > -^> '> > 7] '/ /A Lfi ^A^ \m i I u 1 I I' . f 88 HOKDKk WAkl'.VKi;. II. of Knijjland liad recently been driven from the throne by his an^ry subjects, and W'ilhani and Mar)' ruled in his stead. 1 he Kini^ (jf I'rance supported the cause of the dethroned monarch, and he instructed rVontenac to make war upon the Ivnj^lish colonists in .America. .And so the (iovernor sent three war parties atjainst his V.w^- lish neighbors. It was not open war on the battle field that he planned, but the sudden irruption, the stealthy approach at midnight, and the indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and ciiildren. characteristic of Indian warfare. In midwinter three bands of I'>ench and In- dians, after man)' da)'s of toilsome marching through forests, came stealthil)- by m'ght U|)on the unsuspecting colonists of New \'ork. New Hampshire, and .Maine. rhe\- burned the dwellings, killed and scalped the in- habitants, or. what was worse, the)' dragged them into captivity. Schenectad)', in New \'ork, Salmon I^'alls, in New Hampshire, and the settlement at .Saco Ha\' were among the places thus attacked. These measures, though worth)' onlv' of savages, were carried out with such \igor and success that the Canadian colonists were animatefl with new hope. 147. Rr/niidfion. I'he I''nglish colonists of New \'ork and New luigland were deepl)' indignant o\er these massacres. ,A congress of delegates met at New V'ork to consider what measures should be taken in the circumstances. It was arranged that a land force raised by the different colonies should proceed b) wa)' of Alban\' and Lake ("hamplain against Montreal, and that a naval force from New England should attack ' Ouebec. The colonies asked I'.ngland to help them drive the h'rench from .America. .\t that time. howe\er llll. DOMINION OK (ANA DA. 89 Kiiiu William was not \crv firniK- cstablislicd on [\\c throne, ant! he nocflccl all his forces al home. 14.S. /*//f/>s fnkt\< Port Royal. - Meanwhile Massa- chusetts undertook a little military exploit on her own account. I'Vench cruisers, makint; their head (juarters at Port ko\al, had for some months been pre\in^ on her commerce. She determinefl to rid herself of this atinoy- ance by sei/.in;^ their place of rendezvous. Seven or ei<.(iu small vessels and about ei^ht hundrerl men, sailors and militia, were soon in readiness for the expedition. The command was <:i\en to Sir Will lam Ph ijjs, a colonist of humble birth and little education, but possessed of •;reat ambition and enerj;)-. I'.arly in Maj' IMiips ap- peared before Port Ro\al and summoned Menneval,.the <^o\ernor, to surrender. Mennexal saw that with his small [ijarrison and dilapidated fort he had little chance of resistin^f an attack. Mut b\- jjuttin^ on a bold air, he adroitl)- concealed his weakness and thus j^ained better terms from the enemy. I'hips aj^M'eed to send the Ik WARI AUK. been mustered at /*iDan\ under Wititlirop. It was not a stronjjf force at first, and it was weakened b) lack of proxisions, by the ravages of sinailpox, and b\ want of harmonv. W'inthrop marched as far as Lake Champlain. when becoming (Uscoura^ed he i^^ave up the undertaking; and returned to Albany. A small detachment of his men, however, proceeding down the Lake and the Riche- lieu. made an attack, in true Indian fashion, on the settle- ment of La Prairie, killing; and takinj^ pri«;oners both men and women, burninj^ houses, and de.stro)in;4 proper- i\- of all kinds. 151. Ai(ti/ii\ — Acadie. which comprised Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the eastern portion of Maine, was the scene of much of the i)ett\' warfare between the 1^'rench and the Lni^lish. When IMiips capturerl Port RoN'al, he left no L;arrison in the fort to hold the country, and the inhabitants soon came to regard them.selves as I'lench subjects aj^ain. A Canadian named X'illebon was appointed governor of the countr\-. Amonij the im- jjortant I'Vench settlements in Acadie at this time, be- sides port Ro)al, were Peaubassin on the head waters of the Hay of P\md\', Cirand Preand Minas.on Minas Basin, and La lleve and Can.so on the .Atlantic C' nil his borders <^ave him little resjiite ; the Ititeiulaiit aiui the C'ler^A- within his domiiiion had contributed their full share to the strife whicii fell to his lot. He was self-willed and irascible ; but his strong hand had upheld Canada during a period of weakness and peril. He left m;m\- arrlent admirers and some bitter foes. His wife, who was a l.idy of the Kind's court, ne\er came to Canada. In his will he directed that his heart should be sent to her for burial in I^' ranee. ' 156. Treaty with the Indians, ijoi, — I'Vontenac had I; lored to make peace with the Indians on the borders of Canada, a task in which he would ha\e been more successful but for the ri\alr\' of the h'.nj^dish. His polic\- towards them secured their respect anfl d-id nuich to bre.ik dnan the enmit\' wincii his predecessors harl aroused. De C.dlieres, who succeeded him as wn the St. Lawrence to Montreal. Twelve hundred Indian warriors in their paint, their furs, and their feathers, came to the ^reat council. i'he (iovernor and his Council were present, and a lar^e assendjiy of the leading colonists. L«>n^ speeches were made b)- In- dian «)rators ; presents were i^ixen ; the pipe of peace ^ |'.okf»i:k w \rk.\ki:. was Mnokcfl, the (ioMTiior takiii|4 the lead; and then folhnvcfl feastiiiif and hilaritw I he council lasted se\- eral (ia\s. Old Kondiaronk. the "Rat." was present ; but ill the middle of his speech he tt\i:^ WAK ':•'} A >)' I 3S. Dci'ifuld. riu" kind of \\arfarc practised (lun'ii;^ tin's conflict was most harhamus and was uhollx un- worthy of ci\ili/ed nations. One or two examples will show its character. In midwinter a jjart)- vjftwo hun- dred and fift\' or three hundred I'rench and Indians came siidflenl\- In' Jii^hl u|)on the \illa14e of Deerfield in The carnage went on until about fit't)' M; issachusetts. pjr.sons were killed, owr one hundred were taken pris- oners, and a larl (A NAM A. 99 ever. a<;ai!ist the colon) of Acadic down In tlu* sea. uliicli she toiild reach ir.( le casilx and with less chni^iT. Ik-n C hurch. the famous fi^iUer of" Indians, thoiij^h now >iNl\-fi\e \ ears of aw, was still full of fire an( merchant \essels, carry- in*^ supplies to Canada, was captured by the liritish, i'his left the colonists w ithout clothinjj and many otiier necessary thin^rs. It was then seen that Canada should make these goods for herself Accordingly some of the unw ise restrictions were removed b\' the I^Vench (io\ern- ment, and the colonists began the manufacture of cloth and many other needful things. 1 he\' also gave more attention to agriculture and were able to e.xport grain to other countries. 163. Man/i's Expedition, /7>V. — French |)ri\ateers caused great loss to the merchants of Boston. The\- made their headquarters at Fort Royal, dashing out as occasion offered to seize Knglish trading vessels. Mas- .sachusctts determined to rid herself of these olunderers by taking from them their place of refuge. .Aided by the other New JMigland colonies she sent a fleet with about a thousand men under Colonel March, for the capture of Fort Royal. fhe fort in the old Acadian capital was in weak condition and its garrison was small. The force .sent against it .should have been able to take it with ease. Indeed the people of Boston were so sure of \ictory that they made preparation for a great celebra- tion. But the fort was under the command of an able and experienced officer, Subercase, the last I^Vench (iov- ernor of Acadie. On the other hand, the Knglish officers were very incompetent, and the men were not well disciplined. The expedition failed wholly, and March, Tin: DOMINION OF CANADA. lOl ashamed to return to Boston, sailed into Casco l^ay. The (iovernor of Massachusetts ordered hiin to renew the attack, but fech'n^ unequal to the task, he gave up his command. The fleet was sent back under another officer, but with no better success. 163. A J'dilsr Alarm. — Startling news reached Que- bec in the autumn of 1709. It was rumored that the iMiglish were planning the conquest of Canada. An army of fifteen hundred men under Colonel Nicholson, the Lieutenant-Ciovernor of New York, was reported to be nea. Lake Champlain, ready to advance against Montreal, and a naval force was to proceed from Boston against Quebec as soon as expected help should arrive from England. Rumors of these warlike measures ca ised Lrreat alarm at Quebec. At the command of the (iovernor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the men in the neighboring settlements came to lelp in defence of the city, while their women, children, and cattle were sent to a safe hiding place in the forest. It was needless alarm. I'jigland required all her forces for the war in Kurope and so failed to send the aid she had pn^nised. As the colonies did not feel able to go on alone, they abandoned the undertaking for the present. 164. Capture of Port Royal, ly/o. — The Xew iMig- land colonists were thoroughly in e; rnest in the matter of C(jnquering their P^'ench neighbors. The)' resolved on another effort to take Port Royal. With all their jjopulation and resources they should not have thought this a ver)' .serious undertaking. And yet they went again to Queen Amie for help. .\t the .->ame time, partly for effect on the peojjle of Great Britain and partly to impress the Five Nations with a due sen.se of I03 (Hi'.r.N anm: s \v.\i<. ?^* K\ her greatness, five Mohawk chiefs were sent o\er to lui^laiul. The chiefs were gi\eii a Ljraiul reception. The)' were clad in fine attire and ])resented to the Oucen. They were lodged and feasted, driven about London in coaches, antl waited on b)- h'veried servants,— all at the public exjjense. The fnial outcome was a plan for the capture of Port Ro\al and jjromise of the lielp asked for. The Queen to(jk <.jreat interest in the enterprise and <^a\e monc\' from her j^rivate purse for the fitting out of four New iMigland regiments. Xichol- s(jn was appointed commander-in-chief of tlie expedi- tion, and C'ol(ns was low. Subercase, the (iovernor of Port Royal, made a fair show of resistance, but he was humane as well as courage- ous. Karly in the siege he sent a messenger w ith a let- ter to Nicholson, asking him to take under his protec- tion some French ladies of the fort, who were alarmed b) the bursting of shells thrown b)- the l''nglish. Nicholson .sent a courteous repl\-, stating that his sovereign had not sent him to make war against women, and offering to provide comfortable c|uarters for the ladies whom Suberca.se might plac<^ under his care. mm Tin: DOMINION Ol" CANADA. lO Subcrcasc soon saw that resistance uoiilrl be una\• lines of I'ji^lish soldiers were placed before the <;"ate of the fort, and the i^Vench marched out between the ranks, with shouldered arms, drums beatinLj. and colors fl\in< saluting the MnL;lish commander as the\ passed. .An l'"nj;]ish garrison took jjo^-session of the fort, and Colonel \'etch. who had been ai)i)ointed (io\ernor of \o\a .Sco- tia, assumed command. I'luis Port Royal, and with it No\a Scotia, passed finally into the hands of the Eng- lish, its name being changed to .Annapolis Royal in honor of its new soxerei^n. V\ le highest courtes\- was observed b\- both JMiglish and I'^-ench commanders. Nicholson attenderl carefulK' to the comfort of those whom he had con(|uered. and .Suberca.se cofnjilimented the I^ngiish commander on his bra\er\- and kindness. It was proxided that the l-'rench officers and soldiers should be sent to l^'rance in I^ritish trans|)orts. The Acadians li\ inir within three nn'Ies of the fort were al- n. lowed, on taking" the oath of allegiance to (ireat l^ritai to remain two \-ears on their lands ; those lixiuLr outside tiiis limit were declared prisoners of war. .All, however, were left in undisturbed possession of their property and in the full enjo)-ment of the freedom and the privileges which had been accorded to them under I'^rench rule. 1 6;. Cntuuia rinrateucd Airaiu. — In th( summer following the capture of Port Royal, the war cloud again appeared above the horizon of Canada. Through the influence of the colonies (ireat Mritain resoKed on the conquest of the whole countrx, and made preparations which .seemed fully ecjual to the object in view. .A m. 104 OUKKN ANNKS WAR. British fleet under Sir Hovenden Walker and a land force of seven veteran British regiments under General Hill arrived in Boston, where the force was increased by the addition of fifteen hundred colonists under the com- mand of Colonel Vetch, the Governor of Nova Scotia. Thus there set out for Quebec nine war ships and about sixt) transports, carryiny, about twelve thousand men, includinj^ sailors. At the same time a land force of about two thousand men, colonists and Indians, under Colonel Nicholson, was proceedinj^ against Montreal b)' way of Lake Champlain. V'audreuil,the (iovernor of Can- ada, was informed of the movements of the Knglish and he made what preparation he was able to receive them. The expedition looked formidable and might well excite alarm. In number it was equal to nearl)- one-half the entire population of Canada. It had, however, an ele- ment of weakness which brought dire disaster on its promoters. Stat(5 aff^iirs in luigland were at this time seriously mismanaged. The s(jvereign then had much more control over public matters than at the present time, and Queen Anne, who was rather weak-minded, was much influenced by favorites ofherownsex. Hence it came about that men were appointed to- important positions because they were the friends of the Queen's favorites, rather than on account o( their fitness for of- fice. vValker and Hill were wholly incompetent for the idmmand entrusted to them. The fleet having no pilot to guide it up the St. Law- rence ran out of its course in a dense fog, and .several of the transports were wrecked on the reefs of the Kgg Islands. Nearly a thousand men, soldiers and sailors, were drowned. Hill and Walker were completel)' un- lO: Till. hoMIMoN OF ( ANADA. nerved by the disaster and could see nothing but des- truction in any further attempt i ) reach. Quebec. A council of war was called, and thouf Newfound- land, as that island had now fallen to the l'"nglish. Some of the Acadians, also, remo\efl from Nova Scotia to Louisburg ; but most of them did not care to leave their fertile marshes and b)- hard toil make for themselves a new home among the forests of Cape Breton. Louis- burg was built on a tongue of land between the harbor on the east and Gabarus I^ay on the west. The French Government spent over $7,000,000 on its fortifications, .so that in the course of a few years it became, next to Quebec, the most .strongly fortified town in America. It was protected on the land side by stone walls thirty feet high, on the top of which w ere paraj3ets or towers. Out- side the wall was a deep moat or ditch eighty feet wide. Seaward the town was guarded bv a fortified rockv islet called Batterj-j^sland. So strongl\- fortified was Louis- burg, built to guard the approaches to Canada, that it was called the Dunkirk of America. It was the chief American naval .station of France and the head quar- ters of her fishermen that thronired American coast.s. 170. Xoz'/i Scotia. — Meanwhile affairs in Nova Scotia were not in a very .satisfactory state. Great Britain claimed it as hers and yet she did little to pro- mote its welfare or to show that she thought it of any Till". STKrcCI.K CONTINrKI). 109 \aluc. With the exception of the small fishin<; settle- ment at Canso and a few families at Annapolis, there were no l^nears there seemed little indication that anv were in- tendin- little about this matter ; but the old feeling of hatred had onlv been slumbering: and needed but slight cause to awaken it to new life. DutiuesncKthe (iovernor of Louisburg, heard of the war in luirope before the news reached his Knglish neigh bors^ and he resolved to take them by surprise. He at once sent a force under Uu\ i\ ier against the fishing settle- ment of Canso, at the east of Xo\a Scotia. Having cap- tured the block-house and burned all the dwellings at this place Duvivier sent the garrison to Louisburg. He then sailed to Hay Verte and marched overland to An- nap )lis, taking this route probably fo; th'2 purpo.i^ of ijaining recruits from the Acadians. Thd .\cadians however, were faithful to their pledge of neutrality and gave Duvivier little assistance. At Annapolis Duvivier was joined b\- about three hundred Indians whf) had for some time been hoxering about the place. As the fort was weak and the garrison small, Mascarene, who wa.s in command, could not have withstood a \igorous siege. Hut Duvivier had no artillery, and his mode of warfare consisted of skirmishing and night attacks on the garri- son. Failing to make any impression on the fort, he had recourse to stratagem. He informed Mascarene that he was expecting strong r.^-cnforcement from Louis- burg. and that surrender before the arrixal of this forct. would .secure more favorable terms. The officers of the garrison were disjjosed to )'ield, but Mascarene remained firm, determined to hold his ground until compelled to submit to superior force. Finally Duvivier with• in Massachussets. Shirley, the (iovernor of this colony, convened the Le<,Ms- lature. and havinj^ bound the members to secrec)' by a solemn oath, proposed a scheine for the capture of Louis- burg. It is said that one incnch merchant ships. Three ships of j^reat value, thus deceived, sailed into the harbor and were captured by th*' Kn^lish. The news of the fall of Louisbur*^ caused ^reat rejoicing in Boston and in London. Colf)nel Bepperell was rewarded with the honorof Knij(hthood and Warren was raised to the rank of Admiral. But all did not j^o well with the captors of Louisburg. The men of New luigland had conquered the French ; but there remained a foe before which many of them fell. AmcJng the sup- plies which came into their hands was a quantity of rum. Kvery day scores of drunken men staggered through the streets Unbridled appetite was followed by deadly fever, and before spring twelve hundred of Fepperell's men filled graves in the conquered .soil. 176. D'Ativille's Expedition, /7./<5.— The I'rench felt much chagrin over the loss of Louisburg and they took immediate steps to get it back. They resolved al.so to inflict severe punishment on New Kngland. A power- ful fleet was sent out from Rochelle under the command of Due D'Anville. It was the grandest force that had ever crossed the Atlantic. With dismay the citizens of Boston heard of the preparations which had been made to invade their land and lay their homes in ruins. By fasting a. ^ prayer they sought the interposition of Heaven to save them from threatened destruction. ; !'■ i;:: ' um' 114 TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA. Never was expedition more fruitless or ill-fated than that of D'Anville. Not a single victory did it gain ; it did not even meet the foe it came to destroy. Disaster followed disaster, until there were left only scattered fragments of the once proud fleet. Two of D'Anville's ships were taken by the l^^nglish while yet on the coast of P'rance ; soine were cast away on Sable Island ; others were driven b)' storms far off their course and never reached the place for which the)' sailed. After a three months' voyage D'Anville arrived at Chebucto Harbor with a helpless remnant of his great force. Disease had broken out during his long voyage, carry- ing off many of his men; others were ill and dying. His misfortunes weighed heavily on his spirits and he died suddenly. D'Kstournel, the ne.xt in command, ar- rived on th(,' day of D'Anville's death. Disheartened he urged the abandonment of the undertaking and immedi- ate return to France ; but his advice was over-ruled by the other officers. Then he fell ill and in the delirium of fever killed himself with his sword. La Jonquiere, who had recentl)' been appointed Ciovernor of Canada and was then on his way to Quebec, now took command. It seemed useless to attack Louisburg, but La Jonquiere thought his force was sufficient for the capture of Annapolis, h'or this place accordingly he set sail. Hut off Cape Sable, where many a vessel has since been cast away, a violent storm so shattered the fleet that the last hope was abandoned. It was now resolved to return U) France. In the following jear France .sent out another strong force for the recovery of her lost possessions in America. Hut while yet on the coast of luirope this force was in. TiiK stru(;(;lk continued. 1 1 tercepted by a British fleet, many of the French ships were captured, and the expedition was completely broken up. Among the prisoners taken b}- the English was Jonquiere, the Governor of Canada. 177. Forces from Quebec and Boston. — -Meanwhile a force of about seven hundred under Ramesay had been sent from Quebec for the purpose of co-operating with D'Anville's fleet. Ramesay landed at Bay Verte and marched overland by way of Cobequid and (irand Pre to Annapoli.s. Having waited in vain for the fleet, he attempted to take the fort ; but failing in this he marched back to Beaubassin, where he resolved to spend the winter. Mascarene, who was then in command at Annapolis, fearing another attack, applied to Governor Shirley of Massachusetts for assistance. Five hundred" men under Colonel Noble were immediatel}' sent from Boston. Their orders were to sail up the Bay of F'und)- and post themselves at Grand Pre for the purpo.se of intercepting Ramesay in case he should return. Before they reached Nova Scotia winter .set in, and on account of the ice the)- were unable to enter Minas Basin. They accordingly- landed on the shore far down the l^ay of P'undy and marched over land to Grand Pre. They were quartered in private houses, a few in a place, among the Acadians of the .settlement. Here they were remaining in the ut- most .security, little suspecting the approach of an enem\- in the severe winter months. 178. The Massacre at Grand /'/'<•.— Ramesa}- heard of the arrival of Colonel Noble and resolved to take him by surprise. Soon, under the leadership of Coulon de Villiers, six hundred French and Indians, fitted out with i [1 ^ I } 1 . I tB Hi: M \j Jit ii6 THK DOMINION OF CANADA. snow shoes and hand -sleds, were on the mo\ e for Grand Pre. The march occupied seventeen days. On ap- proaching Grand Pre Coulon divided his men into small companies for the purpose of attacking;, at the same mo- ment, the various houses uheie the English were lodged. Then, under cover of night and a blinding snow storm, the French, led by Acadian guides, crept stealthily upon the foe. Killing the sentinels, they rushed into the houses where the English, all unconscious of danger, were sleeping. Some were slain in their beds ; others, and among them Colonel Noble, fell fighting in their night clothes. At daybreak the French were mas- ters of the place, and the carnage ceased. On the mor- row the Engli.sh buried their dead, about eighty in num- ber, in one grave. Then, with six days provision on their backs, they marched off sadly for Annapolis, leav- ing behind over fifty of their comrades as prisoners of war. 179. The Acadians Between Tivo Fires. — Ramesay, much elated over the victory at Grand Pre, sent cir- cular letters to the Acadians, announcing that, as Nova Scotia had been re-conquered by the French, they were free from all allegiance to Great Britain, and command- ing them under severe penalties to remain faithful to France. On the other hand the English showed little disposition to abandon the country. Governor Shirley of Ma.ssachusetts lo.st little time in sending another force to Grand Pre to take the place of tho.se who had been driven out. The government of that colony, also, was already urging upon the British Ministry the propriety of expelling the Acadians from the country as rebels against King George. The.se unfortunate people, thus THE STkuc;(;M: contixukd. 1 1 threatened b\- dangers on either hand, were much per- plexed as to u hat measures of safety they could adopt, and their difficulty was all the greater from the fact that neither power offered an\- protection against the other. 1 80. Treaty of Aix-la-CliapelU\ 1748. — For three years, while the war was going on in Europe, Great Britain held the Island of Cape Breton ; but her owner- ship showed itself in little else than in the military occu- pation of Louisburg. She did nothing in the way of colonizing the Island or in improving its condition. Both Great Britain and France were now tired of fighting, and, by a treaty signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, each nation agreed to restore its conquests, leaving the ownership of places as it was before the war. Thus, to the great annoyance of Mas.sachusetts, Cape Breton was given back to France. To pacif)' the offended colon\' Great Britain refunded the money which had been expended in the capture of Louisburj The restoration of Caj^e Breton was regarded by manj- in Fngland as a national dishon(M-, and especially .so from the fact that two Kng- lish noblemen were sent to the French court as securitv for the fulfillment of the barjiain. -^^- I s* n s ^^j.rli CHAPIER XII. THE SKTTLKMENT (JK HALII AX. 1 8 1. A Nezi< Scene at Cliebucto. — Three years have passed away since D'Anville's shattered fleet lay moored in Chebucto Harbor, and his soldiers who had escaped the perils of the sea lay dying on its shores. And now ships are again arriving from beyond the eastern waters, and joyously the strangers whom they have borne hither are taking possession of the land. These are not French .soldiers sent for the capture of forts and the destruction of human life; but English colonists, — men, women, and children, — come to make homes for themselves in the forest country. The British Government had now begun to see that the true policy for .strengthening its power in Nova Sco- tia consisted in settling the country with English people. Accordingly, as a first step in this direction, measures were taken to establish a fortified town on the Atlantic coast. The Government advertised for colonists, offering free passage, free grants of land, a year's provisions, and various other things needful to new .set- tlers. Two hundred thousand dollars were voted from the public funds to meet expenses. Those who re- sponded to the invitation of the Government included many officers and private men, discharged from the army and navy at the close of the late war ; there were also THE SKITLKMKNT OK HALIFAX. 119 farmers, mechanics, -; 1 merchants. Counting women and children, they numbered in all two thousand five hundred and sexcnty-six. The Hon. Edward Cornwallis was appointed Governor of Nova Scotia. The colony was promised a representative legislature as soon as it had grown populous enough to elect its members ; in the meantime the civil government was placed in the hands of the Governor and a Council of twelve mem- bers to be appointed by the Governor. 182. MakiHp- a Home. — Colonel Cornwallis arrived in Chebucto Harbor on the 21st of June, 1749 ; and he was followed within a few da\-s by transports bearing the cr'.onists. The hill-side on the west of the Harbor was selected as the site of the new city, which was named in honor of the Karl of Halifa.x, the President of the Lords of Trade and Plantations. Soon after his ar- rival the Governor chose his Council, a leading member of which w as Paul Mascarene, who for many years had held the office of Lieutenant-Governor at Annapolis. And now, through the summer and autumn, Halifax- presented a busy scene. The forests, which grew to the water's ^(X'^q, were cleared awa\', and dwellings were erected. A few frame houses were built of material brought from l^oston, but most of the dwellings were rude shanties, formed of upright poles stuck in the ground and roofed over with the bark f)f trees. On the summit of the hill, now called Citadel Hill, a square fort was built. Two rows of palisades, constructed of trunks of trees, as a defence against the Indians, extended from the fort to the water. 183. The Acadiiifis. — .According to some authc^rities there were at this time between 12,000 and 13,000 i :-i&i)p<; '■ I20 THE DOMINION (JF CANADA. i^n m I I. '?': t' i!N I' i'i Acadians in Nova Scotia, Their chief settlements were at Annapolis, Canard, Grand Pre, Minas, Piziquid (Windsor), Cobequid (Truro), Beaubassin. Chignecto, Bay Verte, Shepody, and on the St. John River. Short- ly after his arrival Cornwallis addressed to them a pro- clamation, reminding them of the privileges which they enjoyed under British protection, charging them with disloyally aiding the King's enemies, and offering to condone all past offense if they would now take the oath of allegiance and become faithful subjects of King George. Delegates from some of the Acadian districts w^ere sent to Halifax to explain their position and make enquiries as to the intentions of the Government. They reported that their people would refrain from all hos- tility again.st Great I^ritain, but that they would not take an oath which would bind them to fight against P'rance. They asserted that such allegiance would subject them to outrage from the Indians, who were opposed to the occupation of the country by the Knglish. They asked if the Acadians would be allowed to sell their lands and other property in case they removed from the country. Cornwallis assured them that he could accept no con- ditional or half-way allegiance, and he pointed out to them that it was not the oath of allegiance which made them British subjects. Many of the Acadians were born in the land, others had enjoyed the protection of the British Government for over thirty years, by virtue of which they were already bound under the strongest obli- gations of loyalty. Cornwallis told the delegates that the desire of the Acadians to leave the Province gave him great pain. He did not wish to interfere with their freedom ; a forced service was worth nothing, and a Tin-; Sr.T'lLKMKNT ()!• HALIFAX. 121 subject compelled to be so against his will was not far from being an enemy. They and their fathers had cultivated their lands and the\- had a right to enjoy the fruits of their labors. This was the King's desire. i^\er}thing had been done to secure to them the occu- jjation and ownership of their lands forever. Kver}- as- surance had been given them of free and full exercise of their religion, l^ut he assured them that according to British law nobody could possess houses or lands in the Province who would refuse to take the oath of allegiance when required to do so. Then he told them that they themselves knew that there were ill-disposed and mis- chievous persons among them who, regardless of their best interests, were corrupting their minds. The course they were pursuing was the result of bad advice which through their ine.vpcricnce the}' were unable rightly to estimate. He told thetn that he could not at that time gi\c them permission to leave the [Vovince, because so soon as they crossed the frontier they would be com- pelled by the French and Indians to take up arms against the ICnglish. But whenever this danger was re- moved b)' the restoration of peace and order, he would allow them full freedom to go where the)' pleased. The delegates went back to their people for fresh instructions and returned several times, but no agreement was ar- rived at. 184. VVir Indians. — The Indians were very hostile to the new colony and kept it in constant alarm. They were ever lurking in the woods on the borders of the settlements, ready to kill and scalp, or to carry off those who came within their reach. I'^nglish captives were often taken to Louisburg and sold to the French from IrUei l/;i lit. 3)-; 122 Tin: DOMINION OF CANADA. whom the\- wore afterwards ransomed by their friends. DartmoutliAvhicli was settled in the year after the found- ing of Halifax, suffered most from their ravaij^es. Si.\ inen belongin*,^ to this place were attacked while cuttint^ wood in the forest ; four of them were killed and one was taken prisoner. A few months afterwards the In- dians, creeping upc>n the settlement during the night, killed and scalped several of the inhabitants. The screams of the terrified women and children w ere heard across the harbor in Halifa.x. SimUar outrages occurred at Halifa.x, Canso, and other parts of the Pro\ince. The Governor and Council, unwiseK adojjting the barbarous customs of the savages, offered large rewards for Indian prisoners and scalps. 185. Evil hijliii'uccs. — The conduct of the Acadians and Indians was largelv due to the influence of the au- thorities of Louisburg and Ouebec. The settlement of Halifa.x cut off their long cherished hope that Nova Scotia would \et be restored to France, and thev too readily adopted an\' measure which seemed calculated to anno}- the I''nglish. Through their agents they advised the Acadians to refuse the oath of allegiance and the\' threatened them with severe consequences if they failefl t(j follow this advice ; the}' encouraged the Indians in their hostilitx' to the Knglish and supplied them with arms and ammunition to carr}' out their e\ il purpose. Among the agents empUn'ed b\' the (lovernment of Ouebec in stirring up this spirit of opposition to Knglish rule was the .Abbe Le Loutre, whose intense zeal for the ascendency of the j)ower of France led him to jjursue measures alike dishonorable to himself and ruinous to the .Acadians. THi; SKTTI.KMKNT OF HAMIAX. «-:^ 1 86 The Gertnaus. — The British Government, anx- ious for the more rapid colonization ot \o\a Scotia, invited people to come from (jcrmany, offerini^ them the same privilei;es as had been conferred on ICnj^lish col- onists. Man\- accepted the invitation, comint; at various times, so that within two or three vears nearh' two thousand Germans arrived in Halifax. They were mostl\- farmers. Differinij from the other colonists in laniiuatre and customs, thev chose to form a settlement by themselves. Acrordin^d)' in the \ear 1753 most of them removed to Lunenbur<;. Here they underwent many hardships, and like the h'nijlish colonists, suffered ijreatlv from the ill will of the Indians. A few months after they went to Luncnbur