IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. // :/ > m Cp, 1.0 I.I 1!; ii£ M II 2.2 1 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1,6 .« 6" ► V] )ntaires suppldmentaires; Pages [11], 12, 95 and the genealogy of the House of Brunswick are photoreproductions from another copy at the Vaughan Memorial Library. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. lOX 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X J 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X ils lu lifier ne age The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library Acadia University The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. 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'ata slure. 3 HX 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) a' > 4 >■■-■■ V. ^ '^^' ^, J / ^ •* y # / / ,/'■(. ^-<.i ^ ^- -v^ /CC/J'V-J^i^^U/ i e/>^^^ •'■■■; ^' ' Nt 'V'-:" t*;!! .7 ■ \ .• ~*« '■*-. .^^^ «»Sfe. •'n / '% ^ : y V ^- / HI^ ^1./: .4 i I u / I. ^ -* ^%^i^- a /' .^"I-At^-'L-. ^ H / v^- y i ^ 1 t I f NOVA SCOTIA SCHOOL SERIES. -©76— N.?>, '■tlz B ni E F HISTORY OF ENGLAND. WITH NOTES, QUESTIONS, AND MAP.'SM ^to. vJi . ^ , y PRcSCRlBED BY THE COUNCIL OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR USE IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. < )l < ; -.if'"- HALIFAX: A. v^ \V. M A.(Jii: I >i 1. A. Y 6t CO. ••JlilMMBiMM Mtf^.. f •; I ' I / 1 \^ ll.t 1 1 1 \ \ \ ( ' I I I This '' Histor graphic all poi; Qiiestic qiiestio they W] ^ June lade t< )f a ch; )resent jiass. NOTE. -**• (This ''Brief History" supplies all the leading facts of tlic [History of England in a compact and teachable form. Geo- 1 graphical refer«"nces are elucidated in the numerous ^Majxs, and all points of difficulty are explained in Notes. Exhaustive Questions are appended to the account of each reign. These questions have been so prepared, that if answered in writing, they will form an excellent kind of composition exercise. V J^ine 1875. — In the present edition a few additions have been lade to the History, but they are generally placed at the end )f a chapter, so that no inconvenience may arise in using the present along with former editions of the book in the same iplass. •o 5"^3T3 -lia. CONTENTS. Arranged ui the form of a Chronological Table. B.C. A.T>. 65-410. Summary, Cliief Dates, I— THE ROMAN rERIOD. II.- THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD. 449-827. From the English Settlement to Egbert, 827-1066. From Egbert to Harold, Chief Dates, Chief Authors, Genealogical Trees— Old English and Norman Lines, III— THE NORMAN PERIOD. 1066. William I., 1087. William II., 1100. Henry I. , .. 1135. Stephen, .. Chief Dates, Genealogical Tree— Normandy and Anjou, .. 7 8 9 10 14 14 15 16 17 IS 19 21 21 'W^^ IV.— HOUSE OF ANJOU. 1154. Henry II., 1189. Richard I., 1199. John, 1216. Henry III 1272. Edward I., 1307. Edwai-d II 1327. Edward III., 1377. Richard II., Chief Dates, Chief Authors, Genealogical Tree — Anjou, York, and Lancaster, .. . 22 . 24 . 25 . 27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 32 . 34 . 34 . 85 CONTENTS. v.- HOUSE OF LANCASTER. A.O. 1399. Henry IV., 1413. Henry v., .. 1422. Henry VI., Chief Dates, Chief Authors, 87 38 40 40 VI.— HOUSE OF YORK. 1461. Edward IV., .. 41 1483. Edward V .. 42 1483. Bichard III., .. 43 Chief Dates, .. 44 Chief Authors .. 44 Genealogical Tree — An jou and Tudor, • .. 46 VIL— HOUSE OF TUDOR. 1485. Henry VIL, .. 46 1509. Henry VIII., .. 48 1647. Edward VI., .. 51 1553. Mary I .. 52 1558. Elizabeth, .. 53 Chief Dates, .. 66 Chief Authors, .. .. 56 Genealogical Tree — Tudor and Stewart, .. 67 VIII.— HOUSE OF STEWART. Skk 1603. James I., .. 68 1625. Charles I., .,59 1649. The Commonwealth, .. 03 1653. Oliver Cromwell, Protector .. C4 1658. Richard Cromwell, rrotector. .. 04 1660. Charles XL, .. 65 1685. James XL, .. 68 1689. William III. and Mary XL, .. 71 1702. Anne, .. 72 Chief Dates, .. 74 Chief Authors, . . .. 74 Chief Artists, .. 74 Genealogical Tree— Stewart and Guelph, .. . 76 IX.— HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 1714. George X., .. 1727. George XX., 1760. George XXI., 76 78 81 ■^ - CONTtNTS. A.D. 1820. George IV., 1830. WilUam IV., 1837. Victoria, .. Chief Dates, Chief Autliors, Genealogical Tree — House of Jirunsw ick, 87 88 89 04 9.5 96 SKETCH MAPS. Britain after the English Settlement, Kent, Basin of the Severn, Basin of the Thames, Basins of tlie Forth and Tay, North of France, The Wash, .. The Borders, Yorkshire, &c., Dcvonsliire, , 5. The Sack of London by the Picts and Scots,* in 369 A.D., in a clear sign that the lioman power was decaying in the island. Finally, in 410 A.D., the Emperor Honorius wrote a letter withdrawing his legions from Britain, and leaving it without any native army to repel the attacks of the northern foes. QuKSTioNS. — 1. When did the Romans fi rst visit Britain ? Under what general ? To what race did the natives belong ? How long did the Roman Period last? "What are its leading features ? 2. In whose reign did the Romans first gain any decided success in Britain ? AVhat native chief was taken prisoner by the Romans ? What were the British priests called ? From what place were they driven ? 3. Who was the chief Roman gover- nor of Britain? How long did he hold power? What great victory did he gain? 4. Name the principal Roman walls. For what purpose were they built ? When was Hadrian's Wall built ? A nd where? AVhen was Antonine'e Wall built ? And where ? 5. What indicates the decay of the Roman power in Britain ? When were the Roman legions withdrawn? CHIEF DATES.— ROMAN PERIOD. Landing of Julius Caesar b.o. 65 Invasion under Claudius a.d. 43 Agricola governor 78-85 Hadrian's WaU built 121 Antonine's Wall built 140 Departure of the Romans 410 * Scuts. — Ireland was at that time the country of the Scots. Some of the Scots Boem to have crossed over to Caledonia, and to have joined the Picts against the Romans, in the fourth century. It was not till 530 that they made any fixed settlement in the western islands aud mainland of Scotland. « MHIIWHIIWIIPUIIHU^HMIII illlM WilHilWill,!!!,!, J!M)L,W1I,U II.~THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD. 449 to 1066 A.D. lEADING FEATURES :— Britain becomes England— The English be- come Christian— The Danes struggle with the English— French in- fluence prepares England for the Norman Conquest. 449 A.D. l.-FROM THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENT TO EGBERT. 1. ISToT long after the departure of the Romans, the Picts and Scots again invaded South Britain. The Britons, it is said, being un- able to resist them, called in the aid of certain Teutonic ' tribes which had been in the habit of plundering their coasts. The Teu- tons gladly came ; and they liked the country so much that they were loath to go away again. So they wrested from the Britons (or Welsh, as they called them), whom they had come to helja, land on which they and their families might settle. These Teutonic settlers were the founders of the English nation. By-and-by there came other tribes of the same race, who settled on different parts of the coast. In the end, they founded as many as eight distinct states in Britain— or England, as it came to be 532 called — and drove the Welsh into the high-lands in the north A.D. and west of the country. ■*• 2. The names of some of these states (as Essex, Sussex, Wessex) show that they were founded by Saxons. Others (as East Anglia and Nor- thumbria) were founded by people called Angles. As the earliest settlers were Saxons, the Welsh naturally gave that name to all the invaders. But the Angles got most of the laud, and became the most powerful. So, when the two i)eoples (who siwke the same language, and were Hs closely related as brothers) grew into one, they were called Anglo- Saxons (that is, Angles and Saxons), or more commonly Angles, or English alone. Saxons as well as Angles called their speech English — never Saxon, or Anglo-Saxon, as is often done now ; and the general * Teutonic. — The name for the whole Btock of nations inhabiting the north of !Europe. It consists of two branches — the Scandinavian or Nore«^. and the Gothic. To the former belong Ice- landers, Danes, Swedes, and Norwe- gians ; to the latter, the English, tha G^'-rmans, tlie Flemish, and the Dutch. ptf 10 THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD. 697 A.D. 627 A.D. name which they gave to the country was England,— that is, the Land of the English. 3. When these Teutons came to Britain they were heathens in re- ligion, and little better than savages in life and manners. But Augustine {Au-gus-tine) began to preach Christianity in Kent in 597, and then a great change began. The Christian faith was embraced by the King of Northumbria in 627, and it rapidly spread to the other states, carrying civilization and refinement in itd train. 4. These early kingdoms were generally at war with one another ; and the weaker states thus became gradually absorbed in the stronger ones. In this way the land came to be divided among tliree . states — Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria. These three then contended ; and in 827, Wessex (under King Egbert) remained as sole conqueror, having swallowed up the territory of all the other seven. Questions. — 1. What are the lead- ing features of the Old English Period? Why did the Teutons come to Britain ? Why did they not go away again ? Of what were these Teutons the founders? How many different states did they found in all? 2. Why did the Welsh call all these settlers Saxons ? Which was the most powerful tribe? What name did the combined peoples receive ? What was their speech called? What general name did they give to Britain ? What does that name mean ? 3. What were these settlers in relig- ion? When and by whom was Chris- tianity introduced into Kent? When into Northumbria? 4. What was the effect of the wars a- mong the Teutonic states ? Among what three states was the land first divided ? Which state conquered in the end ? 2.- FROM EGBERT TO HAROLD. 1. For the next two hundred years, the English were engaged in constant wars with the Norsemen, or Danes, who had begun to ravage their coasts as early as 787. The Danes were nearly related to the English in origin and language. If we represent the Angles and the Saxons as brothers, we may call the Danes their cousins. 2. The Kings who were most successful in resisting the Danes were Alfred the Great (871-901) and ^thelstan (925-941). Alfred was twenty-one when he became King. The first seven years of his reign were spent in fighting with the Danes. They pressed him so hard that he was at last obliged, with a few followers, to take refuge in the island of Athelney, ' amid the swamps of Somersetshire. After a time, more of his own people joined him there, and he began to take heart again. He resolved to gather all the forces he could, and to attack the Danes. ' Athelnei/. — At the junction of the Tone and the Parrst. MAT OF BRITAIN, SHOWING THE ANGLO SAXON STATES. the The different Anglian and Saxoa States, in the ord';r of their reputed settio nient, were, — Kent, Susskx, ^VK^^.SEX, Esskx, East Anoha (comprising North-folk and Suth-folk), Noktiiumiu'.ia (separated into Doira and Leruicia), and Mercia, which was conquered by Anglians and was mainly subject to Northunibria. The seven chief States are sometimes called The Heptarchy, or liulo of Seven ; but there never were at any one time seven independent States. The native Britons, or Welsh as the Anglo-Saxons called them, were driven into Cornwall (or West Wales), North Wales, Cumbria, and Strathclwyd. 12 TITi: OLD KNOLISH rEKIOD. 878 937 A.D. To .icqvu'iint himself -with tlie strength of tlie enemy and witli tlieir jilans, lie i.s .said to have entered their camp at Etliandune,' dii- . guised {u^ a minstrel. Returning after .seven day.-^ to lii.s own men, he attacked the Panes, and smote theTn so son-ly tliat they were glad to yield to him. The Danes became Christian.^?, and were allowed to settle in East Anglia* and Mercia;' whence it arises that we have many places with iJaniiih or Scandinavian names in these parts of Kngland; — for ex- ample, Derby, Ashby, Norwich, and Ipswich. 3. In iEtlislstan's reign, a Danish p'-ince of Northrmbria tried to assert his independence. lie fonned a league with the King of Scots and sr>me Welsh princes who were alarmed at ylOthelstan's growing power, -i^thelstan met thsm at Branaaburh,'' and gained a decisive victory. Thereafter /Ethelstan reigned in peace. lie i.s regard'jd as one of the ablest and wisest of the early English princes, and as the first who had any real claim to the title of King of all England. He also en- couraged commerce by granting the title of Thane to every merchant who made three voyages in his own ships, 4. But their defeats did not prevent the Danes fi'om returning again and again to attac^k the English, especially when a weak monarch filled the throne. -LEtheh-ed the Unready (1)78-1017) tried to get rid of them, by bribing them ^\'ith money to go away, exacting from liis people for the purpose a tax called Dane-geld, or Dane-money. liut this only made tliem return in larger mnnbers, and demand a larger bribe. Tlien in 1002 h' ^Tcd a inassacre of all the Danes in England ; which brought over thousands of their friends, burning with revenge. After a fierce struggle, the Danes at last succeeded in wresting the crown of England from the English ; and they held it for 1002 A.D. 1017 A.D. tweiity-four years. Three Danish Kings in succession filled the English tlirone. Hie greatest of them w.is Canute, or Kin\t, who wa.s at the same time King of England, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. r>. On the death of the last Danish King — who left no son to succeed him — Edward (the son of ^Ethelred) wa.s called to the th.rone ; . ,^ and thus the true English line was restored. This Edward had spent the gi-eater part of his life in Normandy, the Duke of which state was his second cousin. It was quite natural, therefore, that when he came to England he ' Kthancbcne. — Kdington, nearWpiit buiy in Wilts. * East ArvjUa.- -"Sovf Norfolk auJ Suffolk. ^ Mercia. - Tlia centre of EUo'lund, between the Thames and tlio Mersey, and between Eiist Anglia and "Wales. * llruv.anhurh. — Somewhere in tlio north of England ; but its exact localily is unknown. THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD. 13 Bhould s'Jirround himself with the Norman friends of his youth. French lashions and influence were thus introduced into England long before the Norman Conquest ; and by-and-by the French language was that conimonly used, not only in the King's circle, but in the churches and in the courts of law. Edward, whose pious life gained for him, after hi'< death, the title of The Confessor, died childless in 1066. 6. The nearest heir to the throne was Edgar the /Etheling ; ' but as he was too young to wield the sceptre in times so stormy, the Witan,''' or Great Council, chose as King, Harold, Earl of Kent, then the most powerful noble in all England. But Duke William of Normandy de- clared that Edward had bequeathed the crown to him ; and, moreover, that Harold himself had sworn a solemn oath not to oppose his claims. He therefore came over with a powerful army, and claimed the throne. The King of Norway invaded England at the same time, and took the city of York. Harold marched to the north and defeated him ; and then turning southward, he hastened to meet William, who liad landed on the coast of Sussex. Maidstone >ri 1066 A.D. The two armies met at Senlac Hill, near Hastings, on October 14, 106G, and a terrible battle was fought, which lasted a whole day. Fearful was the slaughter : thousands of brave men fell on both sides. But in the evening, as Harold was again leading on his men to the charge, he was shot in the eye by an arrow, which pierced his brain. His two brothers fell slain by his side, and his army fled to the woods. Thus the Duke of Normandy gained the victory, and was called "William the Conqueror. * The j^theling. — The title borne by the heir-apparent to the English throne before the Norman Conquest. The word means Noble-aon. ^ Witan. — In full the name was Wit- enagemot; that is, "of wise men the meeting." It included bishops and ab- bots, as well as thanes or noblemen. 14 THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD. QuESTTOva. — 1. How long did the Btruffgle with the Danes last' How were they related to the Fncrlish? 2. What Kings wore most saccessful in rosistinf,' thotn ? How old was A i.'rod when ho boijan to reign ? Hov. veiv tlie first seven years of his reign ocon- pied? What was he at last obliged to do? From w!.at did he take heart again? What did he resolve to do? How did he find out the enemy's plans? Where did he defeat them? Give the date. In what parts of England are there many places with Danish names ? How do you account for this? 3. What was yEthelstan's great vic- forj'? What ishis cliaracter? To what was he the first with any real claim? How did he encourage commerce ? 4. How did iEthelred try to get rid of the Danes? With what effect? What other means did he try? What did that lead to? How many Danish Kings occupied the throne? Wlui was the greatest of them ? ft. When was the English line rp- I stored? AVli.'re had JMwaid spent the greater part of his life? AVitli whom did he surround him.self when he camo to the English thron.e? What were tlie consequences of this? Wh.at was Ed- ward's surname? When did he die? 6. Who was the nearest heir to tlie throne? Why was he not made King? Whom did the Witan choose as Kins? Who claimed the crown? On wliat grounds ? What means did he adopt to obtain it? Who invaded England at the same time? With what result? Wliere did William land? Where did the two armies meet? What was the issue ? CHIEF DATES.— OLD ENGLISH PEUIOD. A.D. The English Settlement 449 Eight Teutonic States established 582 Landing of Augustine 697 Fir:Tt landing of the Danes 787 Egbert crowned 827 Massacre of Danes 1002 The three Danish Kings 1017-1041 -r ^ Battle of Hastings, or The Conquest 1066 CHIEF AUTHORS. Gildas the Wise— first British historian — a monk — native of Wales— died A.D. 570. Venerable Bade — wrote History, and translated Scriptures into English — died ' A.D. 73r>. t King Alfred — translated the Psalms, Bede'a History, (fee, into P^nglish — died A.D. 901. Asser — a learned monk — King Alfred's tutor — wrote the Life of Alfred— Aie(\ A.D. 909. GENEALOGICAL TREES rnNNKPTTNO TIIF OT.D EXr.LTSH AND N'OHMAV LTNE3. ' OLD ENGLISH LINE. ^.THELRnD ir. (the Unready), married, 1st, Elfleda, 2nd, Kmma of Normandy. Edmt'ND. (Ironside. Edwy. jEthelstan. I Edward, (Confessor.) Edward, married Agatha. Edmund. Edgar, Margaret, married Malcolm of Scotland, (.^theling.) H Edith-Matilda, married Hknuy I. of England. II MAUD or Matilda, married Geoffrey of An.tou. Alfred. Christina. NORMAN LINE. KoLLO, the Sea-King. II William. li ElCHARD I. Richard II. ' Emma, married, II 1. ^.thelred II. I -=—. ■ - -|| 2. Canute the Great. ElCHARD III. WILLIAM (the Conqueror}, married Matilda of Flanders. Robert, (Le Diable.) •!• ^- Robert. Duke of Normandy. I I 11 I Richard. Wiluam, Henry I., married Adela. (Rufus ) Matilda of Scotland. K. k /'A III.— THE NORMAN PERIOD. 1066 to 1154 A.D.— 88 years.— 4 Kings. LEADnivi FEATURES :— The Feudal System introduced— Growing power of the Barons. William I. (Tlio Conqueror), began to reign 10C6 William II. (Rufus) son 1087 Henry I. (Beauclerc), brother.,.. 1100 Stephen (Earl of Blois), nepl\- ew 1135-1154 fel; 1085 A.D. l.-WILLIAM I.-THE CONQUEROR. 1066 to 1087 A.D.— 21 years. 1. William, after the Battle of Hastings, marched to London ; and was crowned on Christmas-day, 1066. He promised to rule according to the English laws, and was at first just and merciful : but his subjects gave him much trouble by forming plots against his life; and once, when he was in Normandy, they fixed on a day to destroy all the Nor- mans in the country, as -^thelred had destroyed the Danes. But William soon returned ; and, when he heard of it, he began to act like a cruel tyrant, carrying fire and sword through the country, and laying waste whole counties. Taking away the rich estates of the English, he gave them to his Norman followers, who promised, in return, to serve him in time of war. Thus began in England the Feudal System, or the custom of paying for land by giving service; in war, instead of by giving money for it. 2. Three chief events of his reign were these : — The Domesday Book was written, the Curfew Bell was brought in, m^ the New Forest was laid out. ^ ^ ■ >■ ' The Domesday ^ Book contained an account of every estate in England, with the name of its owner, and an account of the cul- tivated land, as well as of the rivers, forests, and lakes which it contained. The Curfew ^ was a bell which he ordered to be rung in every parish at eight o'clock at night, as a signal for the people to put out their lights and fires. ' Curfew. — From the French ccmort- feu, cover fire. The English regarded 1086 A.D. ' Domesday. — That is, Judgment-day, or Law-day. Alfred the Great made a collection of dooms ; that is, laws. this as a mark of degradation. WILLIAM IT. 17 The Nevr Forest tnib'-flced all Hampshire, from Winchester to the sea. Here he destroyed 3ixty villages, and drove out all the inhabi- tants, in order to make it a lit i ]. ce for hunting wild beasts ! 3. The Conqueror had four sous, Robert, Ricliard, William, and Henry. Robert raised a rebellion in France against his father. During the siege of a castle, father and son met in single combat ; for both being covered with armour, they did not know each oth^T. Robert knocked his father off his horse, and would ha\ e killed him ; but the old King's helmet fell off, and Robert saw his face. He was so shocked that he fell down before his father, and implored his pardon. 4. Some years after this, King William was besieging a town in France, when his horse, treading on some hot ashes, began to plunge. The King, who had become very heavy, got bruised upon the saddle, and this caused his death. He left the crown of England to his second son, William, and that of Normandy to Robert. Questions. — Give the first and last dates of the Norman Period. Name the Kings. When did each begin to reign ? 1. How long did William I. reign? W^hat was William's first act after the Battle of Hastings? When was he crowned ? What did he promise ? What was his conduct at first ? Why did he alter his conduct towards his subjects ? How did he then act ? To whom did he give the estateif^ which he took from the English? On what condition? To what system did this lead? What is the Feudal System? 2. What were threo chief events of hia reign ? What was the Domesday Book? The Curfew Bell? The New Forest? IIow did he make the New Forest? For what purpose? 3. How many sons had William? What were their names? Which re- belled? What occurred when llobert was besieged ? 4. How did William come by his death? In what was he engaged at the time? To whom did he leave the crown of England? What did he leave to Robert ? 2.— WILLIAM II.~RUFUS. 1087 to 1100 A.D.— 13 years. 1. William II. was called Rufiis because he had a ruddy complexion. As he was false and cruel, he was not beloved by the people, and a plot was formed to set Robert upon the throne. Robert, though wild and careless, was brave and generous, and the people were fond of him. But William was on his guard, and defeated their plans. 2. After this, William, not content with the crown of England, wished to have that of Normandy also. He therefore made war upon Robert, and took away part of his dukedom (1091). Soon after- wards he obtained the whole ; for Robert, wishing to go to the 1006 Crusades,^ borrowed a large sum of money from him, promising a d. that if he could not pay it back, William should have his lands. ' Crusades. — Wars of the cross, or holy wars, of which eight were under- (433) o taken between the eleventh and the thirteenth centurjr. /' 18 HENRY I. 3. In thoso (lays it was a custom with many Christians to ta1:»* a journey to JoniHalem, to see the tomb where Christ was supposed to have been buried. But Jerusalem was then in the hands of the Sara- cens, who were not Christians, and who were very cruel to the i)ilgrinis, and wished to prevent them from visiting Jerusalem. So Peter the Hermit, who had been a pilgrim, went throughout all Europe preacliing a Crusade, and persuading the princes and nobles to sell their lands, leave their homes, and take all the men they could to Jerusalem, to drive out the Saracens. It was thought that whoever died in this holy war was sure to go to heaven. Many thousands soon set out; and Robert of Normandy was one of their leaders. 4. Several princes besides Robert sold their lands to William, who was now priding himself on becoming a very powerful King, when death put an end to his greatness ; for one day, while ho was hunting in the New Forest, Sir Walter Tyrrel, shooting at a deer, missed his mark, and his arrow, glancing from a tree, pierced the King to the heart. Tyrrel escaped to France. Some historians say that this was a murder, planned by the followers of Rufus ; but the truth is not known. He was so little cared for, that his body was carried in a common cart to Winchester, then the capital of England, and buried without ceremony. Questions. -^1. From what year to what year did William Rufus reign ? Why was he called Rufus? Was he beloved? Why? What attempt was made by the people? 2. Upon whom did William make war ? Why ? Did he obtain Norman- dy ? How ? 3. What famous wars were begun in William's reign? Where? Against what people ? Why ? Who was it that preached a Crusade ? How did Robert of Normandy and many others obtain money for this purpose ? 4. What caused William's death? Who is said to have shot the arrow? What became of Tyrrel? What do some historians say of the matter ? What was done with the body ? What does this show ? 3.— HENRY I.— BEAUCLERC. 1100 to 1135 A. D.— 35 years. 1. Henry I. was the youngest son of the Conqxieror, and a brother of the late King. He was called Beauclerc (Bo-clair), which means ** fine scholar," because he was very Teamed for a King in those days. As soon as Henry heard of liis brother's death, he hastened to Winchester to seize the royal treasures ; and then to London, where he was crowned King. 2. Robert, on his return from the Holy Land, came over to England with an army, to take possession of the crown, which was his by right, He, however, consented to give up his claim for 3000 marks a yearj^* which Henry agreed to pay him. STEPHEN. 19 3. Soon after this, Henry invaded and took possession of Normandy, took Robert prisoner, and brought him over to P'ngland. Ho was closely confined in Cardiff Castle,' in Wales, for the rest of his life— a period of twonty-eight years. Some say that his eyes were burned out with a red-hot needle by Henry's order. 4. Henry had married Edith (who afterwards assumed the Norman name Matilda), daughter of Malcolm III. of Scotland, and niece of Edgar the /Etheling (1100). By this marriage the Norman and the English royal line were united. The issue of this marriage was a son and a daughter, William and Maud. Prince William was drowned on a voyage from Normandy in 1120. But Henry, by his ^ will, left the crown to his daughter Maud, and made his nobles and his nephew Stephen swear to obey her. He died of an illness brought on by eating too heartily of lampreys. QuBSTiONS. — 1. Who succeeded Ru- fus ? Oive the first and the last dates o( Henry's reign. Whose son waa he ? What was he sumamed ? Why ? What did Henry do when he heard of his brother's death ? Where was he crowned ? 2. Where was Robert then? What did he do when he returned borne? What agreement was made ? 3. What did Henry do soon after this? Where was Robert confined? How long? What is he said to have suffered ? 4. Whom had Henry married ? What did this marriage cfl'ect? llow many children had Henry? What was the fate of his son ? To whom did he leave the crown? Who swore to obey Maud? What caused Henry's death ? death ? arrow ? Vhat do matter ? What 4.— STEPHEN. 1185 to 1154 A.D.— 19 years. 1. Stephen, Earl of Blois,^ although he had sworn to support Maud, claimed the crown ; and many of the nobles and clergy were in his favour, as they did not like to be governed by a woman. He also promised that they should no longer pay Dane-geld, and should be allowed to build castles on their estates, and to hunt in their own forests. By these and other promises he gained over a great party, and was crowned. 2. But David, King of Scotland, who was the uncle of Maud, invaded England, ravaged Northumberland, and entered York- shire. Here he was met by Stephen's barons, and a great Z^ battle was fought at Northallerton," in which the Scots were de- feated. This was called the Battle of the Standard, because the * Cardiff Castle. — Cardiff is in the ex- treme south-east of Glamorganshire, about 2 miles from the Bristol Channel. Oe» Map, p. 20.) ' Bloit. — In France ; 36 miles south- west of Orleans. * Northallerton. — Twenty-eight miles north-east of York. (S«e Map, y. 61.) '*•' * • ! I I H 20 STEPIIEK. 1141 A.D. EnpHsh carried into the field a large cross hung with flogfl and ban- ners. 3. Soon after this, Maud landed in En^dand with one hundred and forty knights. For some time the country was a scene of blood- shed. At last St«!phen was defeated at Lincoln, taken prisoner, and cast into a dungeon in Bristol Castle. 4. Maud then became Queen ; but her haughty spirit displeased the nation, and so great was the power raised against her that she was compelled to flee. Her half-brother and chief supiwrter, llobert, Earl of Gloucester, was taken prisoner at Winchester. He was exchanged for Stephen, who once more sat upon the throne. —] HI. ,"'.'.!JI The following winter, Maud was besieged at Oxford ; and, the ground being covered with snow, she dressed herself in white, that she might not be seen, crossed the Thames on the ice, and soon after escaped to Normandy. 6. Maud had a son named Henry, now almost grown up. In the 1152 ^'^^'^ ^^^^ ^^ invaded England to claim the throne. But Stephen A.D. ^&^®®^ *^** ** ^is death Henry should have the crown ; and so ^ 'the dispute ended. Henry had not to wait long, for Stephen died in 1154, after a reign of nineteen years. 6. During this reign one hundred and twenty-six castles were built by permission of Stephen, and the barons became very powerful. STEPHEN. SI QiTEMTioSR. — 1. Who succeeded Henry I.? How long did he reign? (iive the dates. Who were in his favour? Why? What promises did he make ? 2. Who invaded England to support Maud? What harm did he do? How far did ho go? By whom was he met? What was the consequence ? What was this battle called ? Why 7 3 Who came to England soon a/tcr- wardn? What was the state of the country for some time? Where was Stephen at last defeated? How wu he treated? 4. Who then became Queen? How did she displease the people ? How did Stephen recover his liberty? Whore was Maud afterwards besieged ? Uow did she escape ? 5. Who invaded England in 1162? Why? What agreement was made? When did Stephen die? 6. How many castles were built in Stephen's reign? What waa the con- sequence of this ? CHIEF DATES.— NORMAN PERIOD. A.D. Malcolm III. marries Margaret 1068 The Feudal System introduced 1085 Domesday Book compiled 1086 First Crusade (William II.) 1096 Henry I. marries Edith-Matilda 1100 Prince William drowned (Henry I.) 1120 Battle of the Standard (Stephen) 1138 Maud lands 1139 Battle of Lincoln 1141 Prince Henry lands lit>2 GENEALOGICAL TREE CONNECTING THE NORMAN LINE WITH THE HOUSE OF ANJOU. William (the Conqueror). Robert. Richard. William II. I (Killed by a stag.) William. (Killed at Alost.) Henry I. Adela, married Earl of Bloifl. William. (Drowned in the wreck of the White Ship.) Maud, or Matilda, married Stephen. Geoffrey of Anjou. I II I I HENRY II. Eustace. William. ; \ IV. — THE HOUSE OF ANJOTJ. 1154 to 1399 A.D.— 245 years.— Kings. LEADING FEATURES:— Decay of Feudaasm— Struggles between Kings and Barons — Rise of the Ck)inmons; and foundation oi English freedom. Henry II began to reign 1154 BicHARD I. (son) 1189 John (brother) 1190 Henry III. (son) 1216 Edward I. (son) .... 1272 Edward II. (son) 1307 Edward III. (son) 1327 BiCEABD IL (grandson) .... 1377-1399 II I r 1.-HENRY IL-CURTMANTLE. 1154 to 1189 A.D.— 36 years. ^ 1. Henry II. was the son of Geoffrey,* Count of Anjou, and Maud, daughter of Henry I. He was the most powerful King of his time — ruling not only England, but also the greater part of France. He als0>» subdued Wales and Ireland. 2. His first care was to lessen the power of the barons ; and this he did by causing many of their castles to be destroyed. Then, wishing to rule the clergy, he took into his favour one Thomas d Becket — a man of Norman descent, and son of a wealthy London merchant— gave him great wealth and power, and made him Archbishop of Canter- bury. But Becket, when he had got this great power, did not do as Henry wished. He gave up his rich and costly manner of living, and all his long train of attendants, began to eat coarse food, wore sackcloth next his skin, keeping it on until it was painful for him to wear it, and daily washed the feet of thirteen beggars. He then took the part of the clergy against Henry. The Council, or Parliament, drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon, deciding in Henry's favour. Becket nevertheless continued to give Henry so much trouble, that one day, when he was in France, and heard of Becket's determined opposition, he became very angry, and said, "Is there not one of the cowardly knights eating of my bread that will rid me of this turbulent priest?" * Geoffrey. — He bore the surname riantagmet, which was afterwards a- dopted by his descendants on the Eng- lish throne, and which he derived from the device, a spiig of broom (TplanU da fien4t), which his family wore. . / * HENRY 11, 23 1272 1307 1327 7-1399 Tout of his knights, hearing what was said, and being very jealous of Becket's power, went away secretly, crossed over to England, and proceeded to Canterbury ' to murder Becket. They found him in the cathedral, at the altar, where they fell upon him and dashed ouc his brains. When Henry heard of this horrid murder, he was not only very sorry, but also much afraid of the Pope's anger; so he had a splendid tomb built for Becket, and did penance by walking ^ barefoot through Canterbury, falling down before the tomb, and allowing himself to be scourged with knotted cords. 3. The chief event of Henry's reign was the invasion of Ireland. This country was at that time divided into six provinces, ruled by as many Kings. Two of the most powerful of these quar- 1~ relied, and one of them applied to Henry for help. Henry allowed some of his nobles with their knights to go to his assistance. Soon afterwards he went himself, and received the homage of several of the chieftains. 4. Henry had four sons, Henry, Geoffrey, Richard, and John. Tliey were very rebellious, and caused their father much trouble in the latter l)art of his reign. They even persuaded the Kings of France and Scot- land to help them. But Henry put to flight all his enemies. He died, however, of a broken heart, because his favourite son John was among the rebels. 5. In this reign London became the cajjital of England — Winchester, the old capital, having been laid in ruins during the civil wars in Stephen's reign. William the Lion, King of Scotland, waj taken prisoner in 1174, and was not released till he had owned Henry as over-lord of Scotland. Eichard I. abandoned this claim for a sum of money in 1189. QuESTioxs. — How many years did the House of Anjou occupy the throne? Give the first and the last dates. What are the leading features of the period ? Name the King„ of the House of Anjou. Give the dates of their accession. 1. What was the surname of Henry II. ? How long did he reign ? Whose son was he ? What relation to Henry 1. ? What is said of his power ? 2. What was his first care? What sneans did he use ? Whom did he take into favour? Why? To what dignity was Becket raised? What was his con- duct? Whose part did he take ? What effect had this on Henry? How did he express his anger ? What was the con- sequence? Where was Becket mur- dered? How did it affect the King? What did he do to atone for the murder? 3. What was the chief event in Hen- ry's reign? What led to the invasion? Give the date. 4. Name Henry's sons. What was their conduct? Whom did they ask for help? Were they successful ? What caused Henry's death ? 5. What was the former capital of England? AVhy was the change made! ' Canterbury. — In Kent, 10 miles north-west of Dover. / f 24 RICHARD I. ti 'Hii r 1191 A.D. 2.-RICHARD I.-COEUR DE LION, OR LION-HEARTED. 1189 to 1199 A. D.— 10 years. 1. Richard I. succeeded to the throne, his elder brothers having died before their father. He cared very little for the welfare of his subjects ; and though King for ten years, he only spent six months in England. 2. Wishing to join the Third Crusade, he began his reign by raising all the money he could. For this purpose he used improper means, — selling the offices of State, and taking away by force much wealth from the Jews, who at that time were very rich. Many of them were basely murdered, and their dwellings were plundered and burne^ to the ground. ' -'■■'' Ti 3. Eichard was joined in the Crusade by the King of France. They raised an immense army, and at Acre,' a town in Palestine, fought a great battle, in which thousands were slain. After taking this strong city, Richard marched to Jerusalem ; but his army was not strong enough to take it, so he left for England. 4. On his way home, he was shipwrecked on the northern coast of the Gulf of Venice j and was making his way through Germany, in the dress of a pilgrim, when he was seized by the Duke of Austria, and sold for a great sum of money to the Emperor of Germany, who cast him into prison. It is said that a French musician, who knew Richard, happened to * arrive at the walls of the very castle where he was confined, and beneath the grated window of his cell played upon his harp a tune which Richard had composed. Richard, hearing it, remembered the -harper, and sang the same tune in reply. The harper immediately knew the voice of the King, and went and made known in England the place of his confinement. A great ransom was paid for Richard's freedom, and he returned home. 5. During his absence the country was in a shocking state. It was infested by bands of robbers, and no man's life or property was Siife. The famous outlaw Robin Hood lived about this time. Shortly after Richard's return from the Holy Land he was besieging the castle of Chaluz in France, when he was shot by an archer from the walls. The wound mortified and caused his death. 1194 A.D. QuKSTiONg. — 1. Who succeeded Hen- ry II.? How long did he reign? Did he care much for his people? Give proof. 2. In what war did ho engage ? How did he raise money? What is said of the 8u£ferings of the Jews ? 8. Who joined Richard in the Cru- sade? What city was taken? Whither did he next march? ^ AcT^ — On the coast of Syria» near the foot of Mount Carmel. JOHN. 25 4. What happened on his way home? How did he try to reach England? What befell him in Germany? Who discovered the place of his confinement? How? What afterwards took place ? C. What was the state of the country during his absence ? What famous out* law lived about this time? How did Richard come by his death? Where did this take place ? 1206 A.D. 1213 A.D. 3.-J0HN-SANSTERRE, OR LACKLAND. 1199 to 1216 A. D.— 17 years. * 1. John was the youngest son of Henry II. , and brother of the late King. He was not the rightful heir, as Geoffrey, his elder brother, had left a son named Arthur, now twelve years old. John's first care, therefore, was to get rid of Arthur; and having shut him up in the Castle of Rouen,' he there murdered him, it is said, with his own hands. By this act he so enraged the King of France and other princes, that they took away from him all his French provinces. 2. Soon after this, John quarrelled with the Pope about the choke of an Archbishop of Canterbury. John set the Pope at defiance. The Pope, in return, caused all the churches in the land to be shut for six years, and forbade any service to be read at burials. He then told the King of France to invade England, and take pos session of the throne. This so alanned the cowardly John, that he sahmitted to the Pope, acknowledged him as his over- lord, and even agreed to pay him rent for the crown. 3. John, being now free from danger, began to use his subjects very cruelly — making the rich pay him very heavy fines, and giving the highest offices of State to his foreign favourites. By these acts he so roused the spirit of the barons, that they drew up a document, in which they made the King promise never more to oppress the people, nor take av/ay their rights, but to govern according to the laws of the land. This document was called Magna Charta, or the Great Charter. In order to compel John to sign it, they collected a large force and took possession of London. John at last consented; and in the year 1215, at Runnymede,' that Great Charter of liberty was signed. It is still carefully preserved in the British Museum. 4. When John had signed the deed, and the barons were gone aw - he raved like a madman. As soon as possible he raised an army cf hired soldiers, and began to lay waste the country with fire and sword. The barons, in their fear, sent to the son of the 1215 A.D. A,D. ' Rouen. — On the Seine, in France ; 68 miles north-west of Paris. Bouen was the capital of Xormandy. ' Runnymede. — A meadow on the right bank of the Thames, 1 mile west of Staines, and i east of Windaor. f' i 1 1 !■■ 'il j I p » i ; 1 ^ ! i ■ . . -. 1 26 jonK. King of France, asking him to come and take the crown. They were led to think of him because he had married John's niece. Louis was not slow to accept the offer. He landed with an army in Kent. John marched to meet him; but as he was crossing the Wash,' the tide rose so fast that he and his army had scarcely time to escape from the waves; and, in their hurry and fear, the crown, jewels, and money were lost. This had such an effect on the King that it threw him into a fever. He was carried to Newark ^ Castle, where he died, despised and hated by every one. How did they act ? What was the deed called? Whydid John sign it? When? Where ? Where is it still kept? 4. What was John's conduct after ho had signed Magna Charta? Whose pro- tection did the barons seek ? Why did they think of him? Did he come? Where did he land? What did John do? What occurred on his march? What effect had it upon him ? Where did he die? With what feelings was he regarded ? Questions. — 1. Who succeeded Rich- ard? What relation to him? Whose son was John? Was he the rightful heir? AVhy not? What was his first care? What means did he use? What effect had the murder? 2. With whom did John quarrel? About what? How did the Pope act? Who threatened an invasion? What effect had this upon John? 3. How did John now treat his sub- jects? Whose anger did he thus rouse? ' TJie Wash. — A gulf between Nor- folk and Lincoln, into which the Great Ouie, the Nen, and the Wclland flow. ^ Newark. — On the Trent in Not- tinghamshire; 17 miles north-east of Nottingham. iiENiiy III. 27 ♦ • market VB««tluth-east of e ; iS miles EDWARD III. 81 Xt Edward, Prince of Wales, then a young hid of only fifteen years of age, surnamed the Black Prince from the colour of his annour. 4. While Edward was carrying on the war with France, David II., King of Scotland, invaded Eng- land ; but Philippa, Ed- ward's wife, bravely jjut herself at the head of some English troops, defeated the Scottish army atNevil's Cross,' and took the King l)risoner. 5. Edward, after the Battle of Cre^y, laid siege to Calais. This brave little city held out against him nearly a year; but when all the food was gone, the inhabitants were forced to submit. 6. In the year 1349 a stop was put to the war by a terrible plague, called the Black Death, which, after raging throughout Europe, visited England, and car- ried off 50,000 people. 7. Ten years after the Battle of Cre9y, the French War was again commenced by the Black Prince, and the great Battle of Poictiers* was fought, in which a very small English force put to flight the French army of seven times the number. The French King and his son were taken prisoners, and brought over to England. Thus there were two Kings prisoners in England at the same time — David of Scotland and John of France. 8. In the year 1376 the brave and generous Prince of Wales died of consumption. The King, his father, died in the following year, after a reign of half a century. He was brave, wise, and merciful. - • - * ' . 1356 A.D. 1377 A.D. * Nevil's Cross. — A J- (t> :« &, K C H w ^ " 3^« w .Nj _ ^ 03 g >< O o s W n trv . 'aics — died K.T>. 1384. JL. !3 IS* |3 >. C3 >• Hr* ^ M M r?? (C m 5 o 3 5>! •• wtvmv .T'<^«m^«qnvnpf<^pp^ \^.— THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER 1399 to 1461 A.D 62 years 3 Kings. LEADING FEATURE :— Rise and fall of the English Power in France. Henry IV. (son of John of I Henry V. (son) 1413 Gaunt) began to reign 1399 I Henry VI. (son) 1422-1461 : m IT' I' ; M if llii iff ; 1403 A.D. 1.— HENRY IV.-BOLINGBROKE. 1399 to 1413 A.D. —14 years. 1. Henry IV. , having obtained the crown by unjust means, found it no easy task to manage the fiery spirits of the nobles. Many were the quarrels and disputes among them, and many were the plots laid to deprive him of the throne; but he was watchful itnd active, and well knew the temper of the people he had to govern. 2. The greatest rebellion of his reign was that raised by the Earl of Northumberland and his son Harry Percy, sumamed Hotspur. They were assisted by the Scots under Douglas, who had been taken prisoner at Homildon Hill (1402), and by the Welsh under Owen Glendower. In the bloody Battle of Shrewsbury,' the rebels were defeated, and Hotspur was slain. 3. Henry s later days were troubled by the vices and follies of his son Henry, called Madcap Harry. This youth, though brave and generous, was fond of low company, and with his riotous companions often got into mischief. On one occasion they even went so far as to commit a robbery on the highway. Some of his companions having been captured and brought to justice, Harry went into court and requested their release ; and being refused, struck the judge on the face I He was immediately sent to prison ; but seeing that he had done wrong, lie quietly submitted to the punishment. When the King heard of it, he said that he was "happy in having a judge with courage to execute the laws, and happier still in having a son willing to obey them." . 4. Henry died in a fit of epilepsy. Turing his reign the Lollards,' followers of Wycliffe,' were much persecuted, and several of them were burned to death at Smithfield. The first English Prot- estant martyr was a priest named William Sawtr^ (1401 ). The power of the Commons continued to increase. In particular, they established their right to vote supplies of money iuid to inquire 1413 A.D. ' Shrewsbury. — Pronounced Shroze- berry; on the Severn, county town of Shropshire. 'jLoKard*.— Literally hymn-sin{fefs ; from a German woifl meaning to sing. ' WycliJ}'e.~&ooTD. 84. n HENRY V. 37 R. 1 France. 1413 ..1422-1461 ms, found lany were I plots laid ctive, and he Earl of ur. They )een taken ider Owen the rebels llies of his brave and )nipanion8 fax as to to justice, ig refused, rison; but mishment. 1 having a I having a Lollards,' several of jlish Prot- 01). sarticular, o inquire nn-tirnfets ; ng to sing. into the expenditure. In this reign (1405) James T. of Scotland was taken prisoner, wh«n on a voyage to France. He was detained in England for nineteen years. Questions. — 1. Name the Kings of the House of Lancaster. What is the leading feature of the period ? Whose son was Henry IV. ? How long did he reign? Give dates. What difficulties did he meet with ? What was his char- acter? 2. Between whom was the Battle of Shrewsbury fought ? What gave rise to it ? How did it end ? 3. How were Henry's later days troubled? What was his son called? Relate the circumstances that caused Harry's imprisonment. What did the King say of it? 4. What caused Henry's death? Who suffered persecution in his reign? Where were some of them burned to death? Who was the first English Protestant martyr ? Whose power con- tinued to increase? What right did they establish for themselves ? 1415 A.D. 2.-.-HENRY V.-MONMOUTH. 1413 to 1422 A.D.— 9 years. 1. When young Henry became King, his first act was to send for his wild companions. He told them that he was determined to lead a new life, and begged them to follow his example. He took into his favpur the judge who had sent him to prison, and called to his assistance the wisest and best men in the land. But in his religious zeal he persecuted the Lollards. 2. His great ambition was to obtain possession of France. He there- fore invaded it with an army of 30,000 men, and took Harfleur. ' But his army was soon wasted by disease. On his march to Calais, he was met at Agincourt'^ by the French army of 100,000 men, under the Duke of Orleans. He could only raise about 12,000, and these were almost worn out by hunger and fatigue. During a dark and rainy night Henry's little army lay encamped in sight of the French watch-fires. The French soldiers passed the night in idle jollity ; but Henry, like a wise general, laid down his plans for battle. Early in the morning the English archers led the way, and pouring in upon the French a deadly shower of arrows, threw them into dis« order. Then the wh-lde force rushed forward with sword and battle- axe, and gained a complete victory. The French lost 8000 knights and nobles, besides common soldiers; the English only a few score in all. After this great victory Henry returned to England. H^i was warmly welcomed home ; many even rushed into the sea to meet the * Harfleur. — At mouth of the Seine. ' Agincourt. — In the north of France ; 20 miles north-east of Crefy, and 3d south-east of Calais. (See Map, p. 31.) ■"■» «i!W."«™J? 36 kJENRY Vt. II mi boat that was bringing him to land ; and Parliament voted him large Bupplies of money. 3. Two years later, Henry returned to France; and after gaining 1^90 ^^'^'^^^^ successes, he was made Regent of France, and married ^^ff the daughter of the French King (1420). He took the f.eld again in 1422; but just when he seemed about to reach the height of his glory, he was seized by illness and died. He was a brave warrior and a clever statesman. His widow, Cathe« rine, married a Welsh gentleman named Owen Tudor; and from them sprang the Royal House of Tudor, of which the first King was Henry VII. J)^4. Important Events. — During this reign it was enacted that no law should have force until agreed to by the Commons. It was also ordered that every citizen of London should hang a lantern at his door on winter nights : hence the custom of lighting the streets of towns. Questions. — 1. Who succeeded Henry rV. ? How long did he reign? Give dates. What was young Henry's first act ? Whom did he take into favour ? Whom did he persecute? 2. What was Henry's great ambition? What means did he use ? What place did he take? Whither did he then march? Bywhomwashemet? Where? What was the condition of his army ? Their number ? And that of the French ? How did they pass the night ? Describe the battle. What was the loss on the side of the French? Of the English? What did Henry then do? How was he welcomed home? 3. When did he revisit France? What was he made? Whom did he marry? What was his character? Whom did Catherine afterwards marry? AVhat royal house sprang from the ur'on? 4. Name two Acts passed in this reign. 3.-HENIIY VI.-WINDSOR. 1422 to 1461 A. D.— 39 years. 1. Henry VI. , son of the late King, being an infant when his father died, a council of twenty, with the Duke of Gloucester at its head, managed the affairs of the nation. The Duke of Bedford went to France as English Regent. There several battles were fought, and fresh conquests were made by the English forces. > Siege was then laid to Orleans;^ and it was thought that it too would fall into their hands. But suddenly a change came, by which almost all that had been gained was lost. 2. In a certain village of France there lived a rustic girl, named Joan of Arc, who deemed that Heaven had raised her up to save her country from the English armies. This was told to the French King, who, being much alarmed at the successes of the English, was willing to do anything to check their progress. ' OrUan». — Ou the Loire ; CO miles south-west of Pari*. \\ \ HENRY VI. 30 !m large gaining married he field ach the , Cathe. im them 3 Henry ; no law ordered door on LS. Describe 3S on the English? How was !e? What e marry? 'horn did What on? his reign. s father s head, went to ht, and t it too y which named ave her h King, willing 1451 A.D. He therefore put Joan at the head of some troops ; and the sol- diers, quite believing in her mission, fought under her command with the greatest bravery. She entered Orleans, drove the Eng- lish from before the walls, defeated them in several battles, and restored to the French King the provinces he had lost. By these suc- cesses she gained the name of ** The Maid of Orleans." Two years later Joan of Arc was taken prisoner by the English, and was by them burned at Rouen, it is said as a witch. But, from her advent, the English power in France had gradually de- clined ; and in 1451 they had lost all their French possessions ex- cept Calais. Thus all the blood shed in the previous reign for the conquest of France had been shed in vain. 3. To Henry's foreign troubles were added greater troubles at home; for the Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort, the two most power- ful friends of the House of Lancaster, died ; and there was growing up a great rival in the person of Richard, Duke of York, who was really the rightful heir to the throne. Then commenced that long and bloody contest known as the Wars of the Roses, which lasted thirty years, and almost annihilated the old English nobility. Those who were on the side of the Duke of York wore a white rose, and those who favoured the House of Lancaster a red one. In the very first battle, at St. Albans/ the Lancastrians were de- feated, and the King was made prisoner. He was, however, soon released, and a hollow peace was patched up. Four years later the war was renewed ; and in 1460 Henry was again made captive. York then laid formal claim to the throne. The question was debated in Parliament ; and it was arranged that Henry should reign till his death, and that the crown should then pass to York and his heirs. Queen Margaret, who had more spirit than her husband, was furious at this exclusion of her son from the succession. Having called the Lancastrian lords to her Bide, she routed the Yorkists at Wakefield Green.'^ The Duke of York was slain, and his head, adorned with a paper crown, was stuck on the wall of York. This loss roused the Yorkists to fiercer efforts. Edward, the son of the fallen Duke, succeeded to his father's title, and renewed his tlaims. At Mortimer's Cross' he swept the Royalists before him. He then marched to London, and was declared King, vnth. the title of Edward IV. 1460 A.D. ' St. Albans. — In Hertfordshire ; 19 miles nor(h-west of London. « Wak^eld aoath-west of York. In Yorkshire \ 2G miles ' Mortimer's Cross. — In the north of Herefordshire. A partial victory gained by Margaret at St. Albans^ a few days later, did not save London. F Hi, ill 40 HEN^RY VI. Henry was deposed in 1461, after a reign of thirty-nine years, and Edward was declared to be the lawful King. 4. In this reign a rebellion was raised in Kent by one Jack Cade, who, pretending that he was heir to the crown, defeated the royal army, and took possession of London. He, however, was defeated in turn, and killed by a gentleman in whose garden he had hidden himself (1450). Questions. — 1. Who succeeded Henry V. ? How long did he reign ? Give dates. How old was Henry VT. when his father died? Who governed tlie kingdom? Who was Regent in France? What then took place ? What town was besieged by the English ? 2. Who defeated the English forces ? Who was Joan of Arc ? How did she get the command of troops ? How did her soldiers fight ? Why? What name did she gain? What became of her? What effect had her advent on the power of the English? To what were their possessions reduced in 1451 ? 3. Where did fresh troubles arise? What friends of Henry died? What great rival arose? What contest com- menced? How long did it last? Why was it so called ? What was the result of the first battle ? When was the war renewed? What occurred in 1460? What did York then claim? Where was the subject debated ? What was arranged? Who was angry at this arrangement? Why? What battle en- sued? Who were defeated? Who was slain ? Who continued to oppose Henry ? Where did he gain a victory ? What followed? When was Henry de- posed ? 4. What rebellion took place in this reign ? With what success ? What be* came of Cade? . . . , . CHIEF DATES.— HOUSE OF LANCASTER. Battle of Shrewsbury (Henry IV.)...... !...;'.'...'.. .".'.'.!.''.. 7.'.. 1403 Battle of Agincourt (Henry V.) 1415 English possessions in France lost, except Calais (Henry VI.) 1451 Wars of the Roses commenced by the first Battle of St. Albans (Henry VI.) 1455 Battle of Wakefield Green (Henry VI.) 1460 CHIEF AUTHORS. James I.— King of Scotland — studied Chaucer v/hile a prisoner in England — wrote the King's Quhair, or Book — died in 1437. Thomas Walsingham— monk and historian— flourished about 1440. i . X ; VL— THE HOUSE OF YORK. 1461 to 1485 A.D.- 24 years 3 Kings. LEADING FEATURES :— Civil War— Destruction of the Nobility- Extinction of Feudalism. Edward IV, (son of Richard of I Edward V. (son) 1483 York) began to reign 1461 1 Eighard III. (uncle) 1483-1485 l—EDWARD rV. 146110 1483 A. D.— 22 yeara. 1. Though young Edward had obtained the crown, he was not allowed to enjoy it in peace. The northern parts of the country were still in favour of Henry, and raised for him considerable forces. Sev- eral battles were fought, in which Henry was worsted ; and at last he was taken prisoner and thrown into the Tower. 2. The Earl of Warwick, called The King-maker, was the most power- ful noble in the land. Having lost some of his influence at Court by Edward's marriage, he took offence, and resolved to try to deprive him of the throne. Assisted by the Duke of Clarence, Edward's brother, and Margaret, Henry's Queen, he raised so great an army that Edward was obliged to flee ; and Henry was once more released from prison, and set on the throne. 3. Edward, however, soon returned from Holland, where he had taken refuge. He was joined by vast numbers. The two armies met at Barnet,^ and a terrible battle was fought, in which the Lancastrians were defeated, and Warwick was slain. Henry was again thrown into the Tower ; but Margaret was resolved to strike another blow for her royal husband, and met Edward's forces at Tewkesbury .'^ She was defeated, and she and her son Henry were taken prisoners. Edward had them brought before him ; ^ J and, enraged at the dauntless bearing of the young prince, cruelly struck him in the face with his iron glove. Clarence and Gloucester then stabbed the noble youth to death with their daggers. 1471 A.D. ^Bamet — In Hertfordshire ; 11 miles north-west of London. (See Map, p. 26.) An obelisk marks the site of the battle. * Tewkesbury. — In Gloucestershire ; 10 miles from Gloucester. "The Bloody Meadow," where the battle was fought, is south of the town. (See Map, p. 20.) 42 EDWARD V. lii "I !i It is said that after this Gloucester went privately into the Tower, where the unfortunate King Henry was confined, and murdered him in cold blood. 4. Edward's life was almost made up of bloody deeds and wicked idftQ pleasures. Great numbers of gentlemen were put to death for ^ ^ favouring the House of Lancaster; and his brother Clarence was murdered in the Tower by being drowned in a butt of wine. Edward died in 1483. 5. Notes of Progress. — In this reign the art of printing was brought into England from Germany by William Caxton, a silk-mercer, who set up a press at Westminster Abbey. The first book printed in Eng- land was called The Game and Playe of the Chesse. Letters were for the first time carried by post from London to Scotland, horsemen being placed at distances of twenty miles apart all along the road. Questions. — 1. Name the Kings of the House of York. What are the leading features of the period? How long did Edward IV. reign? Give dates. Did he reign in peace? Why not ? Where was Henry imprisoned ? 2. What powerful noble took offence at Edward? Why? What did he re- solve to attempt? By whom was he assisted ? What was the consequence ? 3. Where had Edward taken refuge? How was he received on his retixrn? Where did the armies meet ? Who was victorious ? Who was slain ? What fol- lowed? Where was the next battle fought? Howdiditend? Give date. What cruel act of Edward and his brothers followed ? What is said of the death of King Henry VI. ? 4. What was the character of Ed- ward IV. 1 How were the Lancastrians treated during his reign? What be- came of the Duke of Clarence ? 5. What art was brought into Eng- land? Whence? By whom? Where was the first press set up ? What was the first book called? Mention another improvement effected in this reign? •Mi 2.— EDWARD V. - 1483 A.D., April to June— 2 months. 1. This little prince was only twelve years of age at the death of the late King his father. Though proclaimed King, he was never crowned. His uncle Kichard, Duke of Gloucester, was Protector, and wanted to be King. He therefore had the young King and his little brother, the Duke of York, conveyed to the Tower, pretending that it was for their safety; though, in reality, it was that they might be completely in his power. 2. Richard's next step was to get rid of all those nobles who were faithful to the young King. Accordingly, Lords Rivers, Grey, and Hastings were falsely accused of treason, and beheaded without trial. After this he spread a report that young Edward was not the rightful King. The crown wiis then offered to him by some nobles whose favour he had gained ; and after a pretense of un- willingness, he accepted it, and was pi'oclaimed Kin^ 1183 iLD. IS- l\l'J ~—^T RICHARD III. 49 Questions. — 1. Who succeeded Ed- ward IV. ? How long did he reign ? Give date. What was his age ? Who was Protector ? How did he act ? 2. What was Gloucester's next step f Whom did he cause to be put to death ? What report was then spread ? What followed ? 3.-11ICHARD III.-CROOKBACK. 1483 to 1485 A.D.— 2 years. 1. The little Princes in the Tower mysteriously disappeared. It is generally believed that Kichard hired assassins to go and murder them. It is said that these ruffians went in the dead of night to their bed-room, where they found the innocent children locked in each other's arms asleep ; and that they smothered them with their pil- lows, and buried their dead bodies at the foot of the stone stair that led to their room. Nearly two hundred years afterwards, while some alterations were being made in the Tower, the bones of two boys answering to the age and size of the unfortunate princes were discovered, and were removed to Westminster Abbey. 2. Richard, though he had waded through blood to the throne, did not long wear the crown he had so foully obtained. His life was one of great misery, from the constant fear of being murdered, and the torments of a guilty conscience. It is said that his nights were sleep- less, or else disturbed by horrid dreams, which often made him start from his bed with a cry of terror. There was also a strong party in the nation against him ; and it was proposed that Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who was of the House of Lancaster, should have the crown. 3. Richmond accordingly sailed from Normandy with about 2000 men, and landed at Milf ord Haven ^ in Wales. His army soon increased to 6000. Richard met him at Bosworth Field,^ near Leicester, with a larger force, and a desjjerate battle ensued, in which Richmond was victorious. When Richard saw that his cause was lost, he ran furiously into the midst of his enemies, fighting with the rage of a wild beast, and fell covered with wounds. His crown, which he had worn in the battle, was found in a hawthorn bush close by. It was placed on the head of Richmond by Lord Stanley, who proclaimed him "King Henry the Seventh." The body of Richard, the last of the Plantagenets, was found among heaps of slain. It was thrown across a horse, carried to Leicester, and there buried. 1485 A.D. * Milford Haven. — In Pembroke- shire (Wales.) It is the finest natural harbour in Britain. ^ Bosioorth Field. — Near Market Bos- worth ; 11^ miles south-west of Leice- ster, (fcjee Map, p. 47.) ■■■/// 44 RICHARD III. 4. Notes of Progress. — During the reigns of the Houses of Lancaster and York, very little progress was made in art, science, and civilization. Hundreds of towns and villages were destroyed, many castles laid ia ruins, and the fields in many parts of the country left uncultivated. The Feudal System, which had flourished since the Norman Con- (juest, now came to an end, together with villenage or slavery, which had been common in England for many centuries. •^ The Government of the country became then what it is now— a limited ^monarchy. The King could make no law, nor lay .iny tax upon the people, without the consent of Parliament. Questions. — 1. What became of the little princes? What is the general belief ? How is the murder said to have been perpetrated? Were the bodies ever found? When? Whither were their bones carried ? 2. How long did Crookback Richard reign? Give dates. Was he happy? Why not? What was his state of mind? What was proposed by his enemies ? 3. Whence did Richmond sail? With what force? Where did he land? To what number did his army increase? By whom was he met? Where? Who won ? What did Richard do ? Where was the crown found ? Who placed it on Richmond's head? What became of Richard's body? 4. What was the state of the country during the last noticed six reigns ? In what was little progress made ? What system came to an end ? And what else was put an end to? What change took place in the constitution ? CHIEF DATES.— HOUSE OF YORK. A.D. Battle of Barnet (Edward IV.) 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury (Edward IV.) 1471 First Book printed in Ilugland 1474 Battle of Bosworth Field (Richard III.) 1485 CHIEF AUTHORS. John Lydgate — monk and poet — wrote History of the Siege of Troy, and many other works — died 1461 a. d. William Caxton— first English printer— died about 1491. ■V A.\ -m: K ft o 5 a » •1 w 5 o 9 P. o W . O H 5 o q d o . W W a 5 o B o B W ► W H o <0 - O i-t» CO o B C6 >1 ca CD M o 4 W M to 5 I I e-i O n w P5 o H 03 O 5 CD CO P< ^' n B ? A a n »> CO m o . CO O 3. c» M » ^ B O > H B g M tz! M o 03 3 B t?j w >n ta o 3 M — w ■..^uiiiH i I VII.— THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. 1485 to 1603 A.D.— 118 years.— 5 Sovereigns. LEADING FEATURES :— The Rise of Protestantism— The Revival of Literature— the Extension of Commerce. Henry Vir began to reign 1485 IIknuyVIII. (son) 1609 Edward VI. (son) 1547 Mary I. (half-sister) 1653 Elizabeth (half-sister) 1558-1003 l.-HENRY VIL 1485 to 1509 A. D. —24 years. 1. Henry VII. was descended from John of Gaunt through his mother Margaret, and was grandson of Owen Tudor through his father Edmund Tudor. 2. Henry's first care was to cast into the Tower the young Earl of Warwick, a boy of fifteen, of the House of York, and the proper heir to the throne. He was kept prisoner fifteen years, and was at last beheaded. 3. Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. The White and Red Roses being thus united, those wars that for thirty years had been robbing England of her best blood came to an end ; and men began to cultivate the arts of peace. 4. The beginning of the reign, however, was disturbed by re- bellions. Lambert Simnel, a baker's son, pretended to be the young Earl of Warwick, who was at that very time a prisoner in the Tower. In Ireland he found great favour, and was crowned King under the title of Edward the Sixth; and though young Warwick was An ^^o^S^^ o^* o^ ^^^ ^®^^> ^^^ openly shown, yet Simnel invaded England ^vith an army, and marched into Nottinghamshire. He was defeated at Stoke,' taken prisoner, and made a scullion in the King's kitchen ! 6. The next impostor was Parkin Warbeck. He gave out that ho was the Duke of York, who, with his brother Edward V., was said to have been murdered in the Tower ; and he was so like that little prince and his father, Edward IV. , that many believed him to be the real Plantagenet. The King of Scotland was so convinced of it, that he took him into favour, and gave him the daughter of Earl Huntly in marria^^e. ' Stoke.— In Notttnghaxnihire; 4 miles south-west of Newark. HENRY VII. 47 But before Warbeck could bring an army into the field, hia plot waa discovered ; many noblemen of his party were taken and put to death, — their estates adding much to the wealth of the King ; ir and Warbeck himself, after several fruitless invasions, was seized, put into the stocks, made te read aloud a confession of his guilt, and afterwards hanged. 6. Henry, being now firmly seated on the throne, took great pains to increase his wealth. His chief instruments in doing so were Emp- fion and Dudley, who laid heavy fines on all who offended the King, and sometimes even seized for his benefit the estates of the rich. It is said that he died worth twelve millions sterling, present 1509 A.D. value ! 7. Notes of Progress. — In this reign the New World was discovered by Colambus, who landed on the Bahama Islands in 1492. Five years afterwards the mainland of North America was discovered by Cabot, whom Henry VII. had sent out from Bristol. Cabot made the first map of the Western Hemisphere. A passage to India by the Cape of Good Hope was discovered by Vasco de Gama. The marriage of the Princess Margaret with James IV. of Scotland in 1402 led, about two hundred years later, to the Union of the Crowns. QuKSTiOKS. — !• Name the Tudor I the leading features of the period, f^overeigxu, Give dates. Mention I How long did Henry VII. reign ? Oiro 48 HENRY VIII. dates. Who were his fathur and hln mother ? 2. What was ITenry's first caro? Who was the Earl of Warwick? How long was he imprisoned ? 3. Whom did Henry marry? Of what benefit was this to the nation? 4. Wliat took place early in his reign ? Who was Simnel? Who did he pre- tend to be? Did he find favour? Where? What did tlie Irish do ? How did the King try to expose the impos- ture? Where was Simnel defeated? What l)ecaue of him? f). Who was the next impostor? Who did ho pretend to be ? Was he l>elleved? Why ? Was he successful ? Why not ? Wliat became of his adherents? And of himself? (5. Wliat was Henry's great aim after tlicHo events? What means did he use? What was his success? 7. Wliat geograpliical discovery was made in tliis reign? By whom? (iive date. Wlio discovered the main- land? When? Wliat map was Cabot the first to make? What other dis- covery was made ? By whom? 2.-HENRY VIII. 1509 to 1547 A. D.— 38 years. 1. Henry VIII. , son of the late King, was eighteen years old when he came to the throne. He was the first King that united in his own person the Houses of Lancaster and York. He married Catherine of Aragon, widow of his elder brother Arthur. 2. When Henry < ni r-^ S « <*- P3 C^ n q -( w •I N ? a> ^S Pi- OS P3 X £->■ >- a ft. X K) ;? • C^ w ^ 5* I*- «1 P3 ^ a f*«i s o ' CO ^ ;^ o P ►1 c^ p^ ^5. S Co TO « CD A'/; o B a H O VIII.— THE HOUSE OF STEWAKT. 1603 to 1714 A.D.— 111 years.— 6 Sovereigns. LEADING FEATURES:- The Kings strive for Absolute Power— The Parliament resistr and triumphs. James I. acceded 1C03 Chakles I. (son) 1G25 Commonwealth 1G49 CuAULEs II. (sou of Charles I.). . . IGGO James II. (brother) 1086 William III. (nephew) ) „ Mauy II. (daughter) j ^"^" Anne (daughter of James 11. ). . 1702-1714 1.— JAMES I. 1C03 to 1625 A.D.— 22 years. 1. King James VI. of Scotland came to the throne of England in 1603. He was the only son of Mary Queen of Scots, grand-daughter of Henry the Seventh's daughter Margaret. He married the Princess Ann of Denmark. 2. James at once resolved to establish throughout Great Britain the Episcopal form of church government. At this the Roman Catholics were very much disappointed, as they expected that James, being a Stewart, ' would favour their cause. Certain fanatics among them there- fore determined to destroy King, Lords, and Commons at one blow. For this purpose the Gunpowder Plot was formed by Catesby, Digby, and others. A cellar beneath the Parliament House was hired. •/Lnc Thirty-six barrels of gunpowder were secretly conveyed thither, and covered mth coals and fagots, to prevent suspicion. A Spaniard, named Guy Fawkes, was emjjloyed to set fire to the whole, at the moment when the Royal Family, together with the Lords and Commons, should be present at the opening of Parliament. But the plot was discovered by a letter from one of the conspirators to a friend, whose life he wished to save. This letter was shown to the King, who, guessing what was intended, ordered the vaults beneath the House of Lords to be searched. There they found Guy Fawkes, who had laid the train, and was ready with matches nnd lantern to do the dreadful work. The rest of the conspirators fled into Staffordshire, where a rising in connection with the plot had been arranged to take place. Most of them were cut down while fighting desperately. Others were taken, tried, and condemned to die ; but some were pardoned. Very severe laws against Catholics were then passed. They were not allowed to be 1605 A.D. * Stewart. — This is the proper way to spell the name, which was derived from the name of the office of Steward, held by the founder of the family. JAMES I. 59 1611 A.D. 1625 A.D. doctors or lawyers, or even to live in London; and any one was allowed to break into their houses and destroy their goods. 3. The first great work of this reign was the translation of the Bible. It originated at the Hampton Court Conference in 1G05. Forty-seven divines were engaged in the work for three j^ears ; and the result of their labours was the version now used, which was published in 1611. 4. After the death of Lord Cecil, a wise and prudent statesman, and the faithful adviser of the King, James began to quarrel with his Par- liament. He chose favourites from the lower ranks, and raising them above the nobility, caused much jealousy and discontent. He tried by all means to extend his power over the Parliament and the people ; and some of the clergy who wished to flatter him began to preach that the King was above all laws, as he derived his power from God. On the other hand, the Parliament would not submit to a despotic government, and refused to vote him supplies of money. James, on his part, laid heavy fines on the people, and created and Bold titles of nobility. This breach between King and people grew wider and wider until the death of James; and at last ended in the destruction of the Stewart monarchy. James died of gout and ague, aged fifty-nine. In this reign lived Sir Walter Ralegh and Francis Lord Bacon. The former, after having been a prisoner in the Tower for eleven years, was released, and was afterwards arrested and executed (1618). The latter was degraded from the office of Lord Chancellor for having accepted money from suitors in court. James's chief favourite was George Villiers, whom he made I>uke of Buckingham. Questions. — 1. Name the Sovereigns conspirators? Against whom of the period. Give dates. What are the leading featuies of tlie period? IIow long did James 1. reign? Give dates. Wliose son was lie ? Tra' the descent from Henry VII. Whom did he marry? 2. What did James resolve to estab- lish? Who were disappointed? How did some of them endeavour to take revenge? What was the conspiracy called? Give an account of the prep- arations they made. How was the plot discovered? What became of the were severe laws made? Give examples of these laws. 3. What was the first great work of this reign ? By whom was it done ? 4. Who was James's wise and faithful adviser? What was James's conduct after Lord Cecil's death? How did lie excite the jealousy of the nobility? Over whom did he try to extend his power? Who seconded his efforts? How? IIow did the Parliament act? What was JameS*s next course? What followed? What caused his death? 2.-CHARLES I. ■.."■-•' '■-■'»• 1625 to 1649 A.D.— 24 years. 1. Charles I. was the son of the late King. He married Henrietta, His reign was one long struggle for daughter of the King of France. GO CHARLES I. 1627 A.D. 1628 A.D. power between himself and his Parliament— a struggle which cost hhn his crown and his life. 2. The first great event of his reign was an attempt made by the English, under the Duke of Buckingham, to raise the siege of Rochelle.* This French port on the Bay of Biscay was the stronghold of the Huguenots or French Protestants, who were besieged by Cardinal Eichelieu. The English were driven back with great loss, and returned home; and the Duke of Buckingham, when setting out to make a second attempt, was assassinated. ^ 3. In 1G28 Charles unwillingly signed the famous Act known as the Petition of Right. This was a law to prevent the King from levying taxes without the consent of Parliament, from keeping any one in prison without trial, and from billeting soldiers in private houses. But Charles very soon broke this law ; and when the Commons complained, he went to the House in person to interfere. The door was locked against him ; but he got a blacksmith to break it open, and then he sent nine of the members to prison. 4. For eleven years after this (1629-1640) he called no Parliament, but began to govern the country as an absolute monarch. Over State affairs he placed the Earl of Strafford, who favoured his plans ; and over the Church was Archbishop Laud. All who opposed the King's policy were i>unished by the Court of Star Chamber. All who differed in religion from Laud were liable to be imprisoned or maimed by the Court of High Commission. ' 5. That, however, which caused the greatest discontent throughout the nation was the levy of Ship-money. This was a tax raised by the authority of the King alone, in a time of peace, professedly to increase the navy, but in reality to support a standing army. In 1637 John Hampden refused to pay it; but the judges decided against him. This decision helped to bring on a crisis. The Long Parliament met in 1640. In its first session Strafford was accused of treason and was " p^ leaded. Four years later. Laud suffered the same pen- alty. The Catholics of Ireland rose in rebellion, and a massacre of the Protes^tants followed. Forty thousand men, women, and children are said to have been slaughtered. 6. There were now two great parties in the State — the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. The former sided with the King ; the latter opposed him. The Parliament was chiefly comjwsed of Roundheads ; and the Ijreach between them and Charles grew wider and wider, until one day he sent orders for five of the members to be arrested for high treason. The Commons refused to give them up. Next day he went to the House with armed soldiers to seize them; but before he entered, the five members had escaped. All London was aroused, and the streets 1641 A.D. 1645 A.D. JRochelle. — On the west coast of France ; SO miles south-west of Poictiers. # ■»' F'WI when CHARLES I. 61 l^re filled with crowds of people excited against the King. Charles in fear fled to York. The Commons demanded that he should give up the pommand of the army. Charles said, ** No; not for an hour." 7; The Civil War then began. Most of the nobility, gentry, and clergy were in favour of the King, who set up his standard at Nottingham with an army of 10,000 men. The inhabitants of London and the large towns, chiefly merchants, tradesmen, and fihuijkeepers, were for the Parliament; and rai.sed an army, under the Earl of Essex, to oppose the King. During this terrible conflict, which lasted from IG 12 to 1G53, ten battles were fought, with various success. Charles was at first victorious ; but at Marston Moor' (1G44) his army, under his nephew Prince Rupert and the Duke of Newcastle, was totally defeated, chiefly by Oliver Cromwell's Ironsides. Again at Naseby' ^1645) his troops were utterly routed, and his hopes destroyed. 1644 A.I). 1C45 A.D. m^^ — . ' =-=- — -- .,■: ^fc=i-=j7:=i=-= • ■ \^-^-r-j] "'^^^ ■■.^^^^^^ SHEFFICLO Gainsborough He then fled to Oxford, and afterwards to the Scottish army at NeW' ark,' which offered to ta his pnrt if he would sign the Covenant. This, however, he refused to do ; and the Scots- before return- ing to their own country, handed him over to the Parliament. 1646 A.D. * Marston Moor. — In Yorkshire : or 5 miles west of York. * Naseby. — In Northamptonshire. 'Newark. — On the Trent; 20 miles north-east of Nottingham. (For New- i ark and Naseby, see Map, p. 47.) CHARLES I. 1648 A.D. 8. Tlin ParliameTit was now dividpil into two partioa— Presbytcriam ami Independents: the former wi.shcil only to liniit the Kinj^'H power, not to (lufstroy it; tho latter, of whom Cromwell wa-s chief, desirefl to destroy the throne. By secret orders from Cromwell, Charles wa.s seized, and carried to Hampton Court.' Thence ho escaped to the Tslci of Wight ; bnt bein;^ forced to take refuge in Cari8l)rook° Castle, ho was there closely guarded. 9. The Parliament, of which tho rrcsbyteriana formed tho majority, now began to fear the growing power of Cromwell, and to suspect him of planning the destruction of the King. Cromwell, on his return to Tiondon, having heard of the murmiira of the Presbyterians, sent Colonel Pride, with a number of troopers, to surround the House of Commcms, and prevent any from enter- ing who would not favour his designs. Two hundred Presby- terians were therefore turned away, and only about forty Independent?! were allowed to enter. This was called Pride's Purge. Those that re- mained voted thanks to Cromwell, and resolved on the death of the King. 10. Out of this scanty House, with some persons from the army, was formed what they called a High Court of Justice, for the trial of the King. Before this self-created court the King was brought, accused of acts of tyranny, — of raising taxes without the consent of Parliament, and of milking war upon his subjects. After a trial of seven days, he was condemned to death, and be- headed in front of Whitehall Palace, before a crowd of people, V^An on a cold winter day, when the ground was covered with snow. His bleeding head was held up by the executioner, who called out, " This is the head of a traitor." Charles left three sons— Charles, James, and Henry— two of whom became King in turn ; and three daughters, — one of whom, Elizabeth, died in Carisbrook Castle of a broken heart after her father's execu- tion, — another, Mary, married the Prince of Orange, and was the mother of William III. 11. Notes of Progress. — During this reign lived tho Dutch painters Rubens and Vandyck, who enjoyed the favour of Charles, himself a lover of the arts. The Irish linen manufacture was established. Letters were sent by a weekly post. Coffee was now first used in England. reign? Where is Rochelle? Whose stronghold was it ? By whom were they besieged ? Who tried to raise the siege ? With what result? What happened to the Duke of Buckingham? 3. What Act did the King sign in 1649 A.D. Questions. — 1. Who succeeded ? How long did he reign? Give dates. Whose son was he? Whom did he marry? Of what did his reign chiefly consist? How did the struggle end? 2. What siege took place early in this * Hampton Court. — A palace near the village of Hampton on the Thames, 15 miles above London. * Carisbrook. — A village and castle 2 miles west of Newport, in tho Isle of Wight. THE COMMON WK A LTTT. m 1028? What wa» the Petition of Right? Did ho kt'f'p this law? AVho com- plained? Wliat foliowod? 4. How lon^ was it before ho called nnothiT rarliament ? How did he then povern the country? Whnni did ho place at the liead of State affairs? \Vho was oviT the Church? Who then began to suffer? What did they suffer? f>. What act caused most discontent? What was ship-money? What were the tlrst acts of the Long Parliament? What occurred In Ireland in 1041? (I. Into what two great parties was the population divided? Which party elded with the King? Of whom was the Parliament chiefly composed? Whom did Charles order to bo arrested? Was the order obeyed? What rash act followed? What effect had it on the ppoplo of London? Whither did the King flee? What did the Commons demand? What was his answer? 7. What now began? Who wcro in favour of the King? Where did he set up his standard? With how many men ? Who sided with the Parliament ? Who commanded the army of the Par- liament? How long did the Civil War last? ITow many I attics were fought? Who was at first victorioxi.s? In what two groat battles was ho dtfoatod? Py whom chiefly'.' Whither did he flee? and thence ? What od'cr did the Scottish army mako to him? With what result? 8. How was Parliament now dlvidcil? What was the wish of the I'rosbyttMi uih respecting the King's power? and of tho Independents? Who was chief of these? SVhat was now done with tho King? By whoso order? Whero was he afterwards confined? 9. What did the Parliament now fear? and suspect? What did Cromwell do on his return to London? For what purpose ? What then took place in tho House ? 10. What court was formed for tl'.o trial of tho King? Of what was ho accused? IIow did tho trial end? Where was he beheaded? When? What family did he leave ? What became of Elizabeth ? Who was Mary's son ? 11. What two painters lived in this reign? What manufacture was estab- lished in Ireland? How were letters sent? What beverage began to be used? lign in astle 2 Isle of THE COMMONWEALTH. 1649 to 1660 A.D.— 11 years. OLIVER CROMWELL, Protector, 1653 to 1658 A.D. 1. The first act of the Commons after the death of Charles was to abolish the House of Lords, and govern the country alone. Young Charles, the son of the late King, was, however, acknowledged King by the Scots ; who, though they had opposed his father's tyranny, had no wish to overturn the throne. Chailea therefore went to Scotland, signed the Solemn League and Covenant, and was crowned at Scone.' The Scots, under David Leslie, having been defeated by Croiu- well at Dunbar,'^ Charles gathered together the scattered remains 1650 A.D. ' Scone (pronounced Skoon), 2i miles north of Perth. In the ancient Abbey of Scone the Kings of Scotland were wont to be crowned, sitting on a famous stone (the Lia Fail, or Stone of Des- tiny), now part of the coronation chair in Westminster Abbey. (See Brief History of Scotland, pp. 13 and 27.) ^ Dunbar. — On the coast ; nearly 30 miles east of Edinburgh. 64 OLIVER CR05IWELL. 1651 A.D. of the army, and boldly marched into England. lie was followed by Cromwell to Worcester, and was there completely defeated. He sought safety in flight, and wandered about in the Midland Counties for more than a month, pursued by his enemies. It is said that on one occasion, seeing some of Cromwell's troopers coming in search of him, he climbed into an oak-tree clos3 by. There he concealed himself for many hours, and through the leaves saw the red coats of his pursuers, who rode under the very tree in which he was concealed ! When the troopers were gone, he took refuge with a family named Penderell; and, disguised as a peasant, worked at cutting fagots in the wood. After some time, he reached the sea- shore, where he got on board a vessel and escaped to France. 2. During tha Dutch War for the empire of the sea (1052-1654), a great battle was fought between the English and Dutch fleets off Port- land,' in which Admiral Blake defeated the Dutch Admiral Tromp, capturing many of the enemy's ships and destro;. ing others. 3. A dispute having arisen between Cromwell and the Parliament, the former marched to the House with three hundred soldiers. Leaving these outside, he entered ; and walking up and down with his hat on, began to rail against the members. Then, stamping with his foot upon the floor, he said, " Get you gone, and give way t^ honester men." His soldiers poured in, and quickly cleared the House. He then left the hall, locked the door, put the key in his pocket and retired. A new Parliament was formed from the lower orders of the people, called Barebone's Parliament, after one oi' its leading members ; but this was soon dismissed by Cromwell, who in 1653 was chosen by his officers Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. 4. Oliver Cromwell, now practically Sovereign of England, called a lawful Parliament, proclaimed religious freedom, and ruled the nation with wisdom. He attempted to form a new House of Lords ; but in this he was opposed by the Commons, whom he therefore dismissed; and after that he reigned almost as an absolute monarch. But he was no longer happy. Plot after plot was laid against him ; and a book was written called Killing no Murder, in which his death was said to be needed by the nation. On reading this his mind was filled with fear. He always afterwards carried pistols, and wore armour under his clothes. At length his health gave way : he was seized with ague, and died in the fifty-ninth year of his age, leaving two sons, Richard and Henry, and four daughters. Richard Cromwell, by his father's will, was made Protector ; but in five months he gave up the 1653 A.D. 1654 A.D. 1658 A.D. ' fy a terrible Plaguei ^\hich in one (wj 5 6G CHARLES 11. 1666 A.D. summer carried off 100,000 souls. The rich fled in terror from the city; 1 AftR ^^^^^ ^^d commerce stood still ; grass grew in the streets ; silence reigned eveiywhere, broken only by the rumbling of the dead- cart and the sad wail of the plague-stricken inhabitants, strangely mingled with the noise of rioting and drunkenness, which abounded even in the midst of the fearful pestilence. On many of the dwellings where the plague had entered was written, ** Lord, have mercy on us." Great pits were dug in the neighbourhood of London, a quantity of lime thrown in, and into these the bodies of the victims were thrown, heaps upon heaps, from the cart. 3. In the follovvdng year the Great Fire of London broke out in the night of Sunday, September 2nd. The wind was high, and the flames spread rapidly among the wooden houses, burning fiercely for four days, and laying waste all the City from the Tower to the Temple, and from Smithfield to the Thames. Four hundred streets, thirteen thousand houses, and eighty-nine churches, including St. Paul's, were destroyed. It is wonderful that not more than seven or eight lives were lost. The flames made the night as lighu as day for ten miles around London ! This awful fire, however, did great good, by destroying those parts most infected by the plague, and burning out its last dregs. 4. A great persecution of Presbyterians and Dissenters commenced in the reign of Charles, who, though he had promised not to interfere with religion, was determined to allow no form of worship but that of the Church of England. Accordingly, with the help of the Earl of Clarendon, an Act of Uniformity was passed; and two thousand ministers, who had obtained livings under Cromv/ell, were turned out, and forbidden to preach. Many Dissenters were confined in prison. One of these was John Bunyan, who lay twelve years in Bedford jail, and wrote The Pilgrim'' s Progress during his confine- ment- Heavy fines were laid on all who refused to attend the worship of the Church of England : any who met elsewhere were hunted down by bands of soldiers, imprisoned, and tortured. 5. A war had been carried on against the Dutch by sea since 1665, in which the English had been victorious ; but in 1667 the Dutch fleet sailed up the Thames, burned many ships, destroyed Sheer- ness,' and retu'ed. Never before had an enemy's guns been heard by the jjeople of London ; and they have never been heard since. 6. In 1678 a disgraced clergyman, named Titus Oates, sprciid a report that a plot was laid by the Catholics to assassinate the King, destroy London, and massacre all the Protestants. This caused so much alarm that many Catholics were put to death, two thousaml cast into prison, and thirty thousand driven out of London, and for- 1662 A.D. 1667 A.D. 1678 A.D. ' ^hecrn^ss. — A sea-port ou the island of Sheppey ;; lo miles fiuiu Loudon. CHARLES II. 67 1665, Dutch Sheer- been since, report estroy ) much Ltl cast ic". for- idou. bidden to come within twenty miles of the city. Titus Gates having been rewarded with £1200 a year, other wretclies, hoping for gain, came forward v/ith similar tales, causing the death or imprisonment of njany persons of all classes. 7. In 1G79 was passed that famous Act known as Habeas Cor- i(,,9 pus ' — an Act which j)revents any one from being kei>t in prison A.D, without trial. 8. The last great event of the reign was the Rye House Plot, laid with a view of murdering the King and giving tlie crown to the ^ ^ young Duke of Monmouth, a natural son of Charles. The plan was, to stop the royal coach and shoot the King on his return from Newmarket^ races. For this inirpose a cart was to be overturned in the middle of the road, near the llye House. ^ But the whole was discovered, and the conspirators were beheaded or hanged. Charles II. died in llJS5. Before his death he declared himself 1685 to have been a Roman Catholic, though he had all his life jjro- ^^•^' fessed to be a Protestant. 9. The Test Act, rcfpiiring all officers of the Crown to take the oath of allegiance and sujjremacy, and to declare themselves members of the Church of England, was passed in 1673. The names "Whigs" and " Tories" took the place of *' Iloundheads" and " Cavaliers." Green- wich Observatory was built in 1676. St. Paul's was rebuilt by Wien (1671-1708). Questions. — 1. How long did (!li:iiiea II. reign? Give dates. How was he received in London? Wliat is the event called? Of what were the people weary? AVhat change came over the nation ? 2. What happened in London in 1005? How many died? How did the rich act? Describe the state of the city. "*Vhat sounds mingled with the wail of the sufferers? What was written on many dwellings? How were the dead buried? 3. What occurred in IGOG? When did the tire break out? What part of London was destroyed? How many streets? houses? churches? How many lives were lost? What good was done by the fire ? 4. What persecution commenced with Charles's reign ? What Act was passed ? What were its effects? Wha' famous man was imprisoned under this Act? Where? How long? AVhat book did he write in prison? Who were heavily fined? What did those suffer who met for worship out of the Church? 5. AVith whom was England now at war? AVhat occurred in 16G7 in con- nection with this war? G. Give the date of Titus Oates's plot. AVhat report did Gates publish? What was the effect ? AVhat was his reward ? AVhat followed? 7. AVhat Act was passed in 1C79? AVhat was its object? 8. Name another plot of this reign. What was its object? Who was Mon- mouth? AVhat plan was adopted for carrying out these designs? How did it end? Give date. ' Habeas Corpus. — A writ addressed to the keeper of a prisoner, requiring him to produce him for trial at a cer- tain time. It is so called from its opening words. ^ Ncwtnarket. — Thirteen miles north- east of Cambridge. ■' I\ ye House. — In Hertfordshire, near Hoddesdon ; about l(i miles north uX London. -. 68 JAMES II. [). Whdt Act was passed in 1()73? "NVliat did it require? "What names came into use? Wliat observatory was built? Wliat cliurch was rebuilt 'i 4.-JAMES II. 1G85 to 1(388 A.D.— 3 years. 1. The Duke of York, brother of the lute King, now came to the throne as Janie« II. Being a strict Catholic, lie was no favourite with the people ; but as he promised to uphold the Protestant religion none oi)posed his being King. He, however, went openly to INIass, and soon showed that he could not endure any religion but his own. He even expressed his intention of making it once more the religion of Eng- land. A conspiracy was therefore set on foot for taking away his crown and giving it to the Duke of Monmouth, his nephew. Argyle, one of the chief conspirators, was to make a descent on Scotland, while Mon- mouth was to land on the south coast of England. Argyle, however, failed in his attempt, and was taken prisoner and be- headed in Edinburgh before Monmouth landed. 2. When Monmouth arrived at Lyme,' he had but about 100 followers ; but as the common i)eople were in his favour, he was soon at the head of COCO men. He was met, however, by the King's forces at Sedgemoor,^ and totally defeated. He fled on horseback as far as his horse could carry him. Then changing his clothes for those of a peasant, he wandered about for two days. Thereafter, by means of bloodhounds, he was found in a ditch, half -famished, with a few peas in his pockets. When taken before the King he begged for life ; but James knew no mercy, and had him put to death on Tower Hill. His followers who were taken prisoners in the battle were cnielly treated. Many were ^„ nmrdered in cold blood after the battle by Colonel Kirke, who hanged them by scores on the sign-post of an inn at Taunton.' Numbers more were condemned to most cruel deaths in the Bloody Assize by the brutal Judge Jeffreys— a ready tool in James's hands— who, for his zeal in this foul butchery, was made Lord Chan- cellor. 3. James, feeling now safe upon the throne, began to unfold his great design — which was to make England once more a Roman Catholic country. In order to favour tlie Catholics, he abolished the penal laws which punished all classes of nonconformists, Catholic and Protestant alike. ' Lyme, or Lyme-Regis, in Dorset- shire; 22 miles west of Dorchester. ' Sedgemoor. — East in Somersetshire. of Bridgewater ^ Taunton. — On the Tone in Somer- setsliire; 12 miles south-west of Bridge- water. Kirke's soldiers were ironically called " Kirke's lambs." t ■^^^^^^wwir^ JAMES TT. GO ^~ ^i(fSt0l CHANNEL Bri d^e water ^ ;,,wlil» Sausbuhy PLAtfl Tfvcrton (« Oar{m 1687 A.D. On their belialf, also, he interfered in the appointments to the hi^^'hest offices in the nniversities ; and lie drew m\) a Declaration of In- dulgence, which gave lil)erty of conscience to all his subjects. This he ordered to be read in all the churches. The London clergy refused to do so; and seven bishops, one of them an archl»ishop, wrote a petition against the Declaration. James, in anger, sent them all to the Tower, where they remained for a week before they were brought to trial. But when he heard the shouts of joy that rang through the streets of London at the news 1683 A.I). that the jury had iironoimced the bishops "Not Guilty," his anger knew no bounds. He then resolved to bring his i^eople to obedience by force of arms. For this purpose he sent ove" to Ireland for soldiers, who, being Catholics, would more zealously espouse his catis*;, and assist him in governing the nation. 4. But the si^irit of the English was now roused against him beyond all hope of reconciliation. An invitation Avas sent by the chief of the nobles and clergy to "William, Prince of Orange (who had married James's daughter Mary, and was also grandson of Charles I. and nephew of James), to come and take the crown, William ac- cepted the invitation, and on Xovember 5th, 1G88, landed at Torbay ' in Devonshire, with 15,000 men. ' Torhay. — A crescent-shaped bay in Devonshire, on wliicli Torquay stands. J a '0. JAMES IT. Very soon all England rleclarod in In's favour. All James's frionda forsook him. Even his younger daughter Anne, and lier husband, (Jeorge, Prince of Denmark, were on the side of William. James's first care was now to provide for his own safety and that of his wife and son. These he sent to France, and himself iled by night to Sheer- ness, where a vessel was waiting to take him to them. He was no sooner on board, however, than he was seized, and brought back to London : but a second attempt succeeded ; and he was warmly welcomed by the French King, who gave him a home in the Palace of St. Germains.^ There he spent the remaining twelve years of his life, and died in 1701. By his first wife, Anne Hyde, he had two daughters, Mary and Anne, both of whom sat on the throne ; and by his second, Mary, he left a son, James, afterwards called the Pretender. 5. In the beginning of 1G89 a vote was passed by Parliament, declar- ing that James had forfeited the crown, and thanking William for his timely help. The crown was then settled upon William and Mary. The Declaration of Rights, afterwards embodied in the Bill of Rights, was drawn up, stating the extent of the King's power and the liberties of the people. These events are styled the Revolution. 1689 A.D. Questions. — 1. Who sxiccecded Charles II. ? How long did he reign ? Give dates. Who was James? Was he a favourite ? Why not ? Why was he not opposed? What did he soon show? What was his intention? What conspiracy was formed ? What plans were formed for the purpose? What was Argyle's fate ? 2. Where did Monmouth land? With how many men? How many joined him ? Where was he met by the King's forces ? What followed ? How did he act? Was he taken? Relate the cir- cumstances. What was his fate? What was the treatment of his followers? Who were their brutal murderers ? How was Jeffreys rewarded? 3. What did James now do? What laws did he abolish? What was his motive? How did he deal with the uni- versities? What did he command to be read in the churches ? Who opposed this? What followed? What was the verdict of the jury ? What was the effect on the people of London? What was James's conduct? How did he re- solve to rule the nation? 4. What course was now taken by the English? Who was William? Whom had he married ? Whose grandson was he? Whose nephew? When did he land ? Where ? With how many men ? How was he received? By whom was James forsaken? How did he act? Whither did he first flee? What there took place? Did he afterwards escape? Where did he spend the rest of his days? When did he die ? What family had he ? What was his son James after- wards called? 5. What vote was passed in Parlia- ment in 1689? Upon whom was the crown settled? What Bill was signed by William? What are these events styled ? St. Ocrmains. — On the Seine ; 10 miles west of Paris. 1690 A.D. WILLIAM IIL AND MARY IL 71 5.-WILLIAM III. AND MARY II. WiMJAM, 1(180 to 1702 A.D.— L*] years. Maky, 1(189 to 1G'J4 A.D.— 5^ years. 1. William had not lon^ been seated on the throne when the hanished James resolved on making an effort to regain the crown. With the help of the Freneh King, he landed in Ireland with a small force. The Irish, being Catholics, were in his favour; and when he entered Dublin thousands flocked to his standard, and he was soon at the head of a large anny. 2. After the failure of the siege of Londonderry, and his defeat at the Boyne,' James fled back to France, leaving his generals to carry on the war as best they could ; but William soon brought these to submission, and returned in triumph to England. 3. William's chief desire was to humble the power of France ; and by this the nation was jolunged into very great expenses, and burdened with a debt which it has never since been able to pay. At the close of his reign the National Debt^ amounted to £11,000,000. The French King, on the other hand, wished to replace James on the throne of England, and prei)ared a great fleet to invade its icno shores. He was defeated, however, in 1692, off Cape la Hogue,' and his plans fell to the ground. Many battles were fought on the Continent by William, but at length peace was made by the Treaty of Ryswick * (1697). 4. In 1701 was passed the Act of Settlemftnt, which provided that none but Protestants shoidd in future sit on Lhe throne of Eng- land ; that in case neither William, nor Anne who should succeed, ' had children, the Princess Sophia of Hanover should be heir to the throne. In the spring of the next year, while William was residing at Hamp- ton Court, he fell from his horse and broke his collar-bone. His health being delicate, he did not survive the shock, but died at Kensington." Mary had died eight years before him. 6. Important Events. — In this reign Peter the Great of Russia worked as a ship-carpenter at Deptford.® The Toleration Act for the relief of Uissenters was passed in 1689; and the Triennial Act (providing that A.D. 1697 A.D. ^ The Boyne — A v'ver flowing into the Irish Sea, on the east coast of Ire- land. ^ National Debt. — In 1872 it amounted to n' -ly 800 millions of pounds. ' tui.s la Ho-jue. — On the eastern side of the peninsula of Cotentin, in the north-west of France. It is 80 miles south of the Isle of Wight. '* Ryswick. — A village of Holland; 2 miles south-east of The Hague. 'Kensington. — Then a western suburb of London, no- 'luded in it. In the palace there, i^ Victoria was born in 1819. * 2>ep(!/ord.— Pronounced Det'ford; a naval port on the Thames, immediately above Greenwich. 72 ANNE. a new ParHampnt fihoiild bo chosen at least once in three years) in 1(504. The massacre in their own homes of the Macdonalds of Glen- coe ' (1092), who had been somewhat slow to take the oath of allegiance, throws a shade on William's fair fame. Questions. — 1. How long did William reign? Give dates. Did James try to regain the crown? Who assisted him ? Where did he land? How was he re- ceived there ? 2. What town did James besiege ? With what result ? In what battle was he defeated? What did James then do? H. What was William's chief aim? What was caused by his wars? What did the debt amount to when he died ? What was the aim of the French King? What means did he use? Did ho suc- ceed? Where was his fleet defeated? When? What treaty ended this war ? Date. 4. What Act was passed in 1701? What were its provisions ? What caused AVilliam's death? Where did ho die ? When did Mary die ? 5. What is said of Peter the Great? What Act was passed in 1G89? What in 1G94 ? What massacre took place in 1G92 ? AVhat was their offence ? Whose fame is tarnished by it ? 6. — ANNE. 1702 to 1714 A. D.— 12 years. 1. Anne was the second daughter of James IT., and sister of the late CJneen Mary II. Her husband was Prince George of Denmark ; who, however, took no part in the government. 2. Diiring nearly the -whole of her reign war was waged with France, and many were the victories gained by the English under the famous Duke of Marlborough; who, for his services, was rewarded with a splendid palace and estate in O.xfordshire, named Blenheim,^ from a great battle which he won. In 1704 (^ibraltar^ was captured from Spain by Admiral Rooke and Sir Cloudesley Shovel, — an important possession to the English, as it forms the key to the Mediterranean. 3. In 1707 England and Scotland were really united, — Scotland send- ing sixteen peers and forty-five (she now sends sixty) commoners to Parliament, but retaining her own law-courts and religion. After that she began to increase rapidly in wealth and import- ance. 4. In 1713 the war with France ended in the Treaty of Utrecht,* by 1704 A.D. ' Glencoe. — In the north-east of Argyleshire, south of Loch Levin. Tlie massacre was brought about by Mac- donald's enemies. Sir John Dalryniple and the Earl of Breadalbane. Thirty- eight persons were slaughtered, and many more perished in their flight. '^Blenheim. — The village near which the battle was fought (1704) is on the Danube, 23 miles N. W. of Augsburg. ^ Gibraltar. — A rockv fortress on the south of Spain. ^ Utrecht. — In Holland, 21 milci south-east of Amsterdam. ANNE. 73 1714 A.D. ^hich "Rngland {>^me(l ITndson Bay, Xewfoimdland, and Nova Scotia; and wa.s allowed to retain Gibraltar and Minorca, taken from Spain. The Duke of Marlborongh, on returiiin<,' home, fell into ' ^ disgrace, for having taken bribes from a Jew who supplied the army with l)read. He was in consequence deprived of the command of the army, and he retired to Blenheim House. 5. Anne died of apoplexy, aged forty-nine ; having by her aniial)le disposition and virtue won the title of "TheClo()d(^ueen Anne." She had nineteen children, who all died in childhood. A G. Constitutional Cltangcs. — The most important change in the Con- Netitution during the Stewart Period was the fixing of a limit to the roj'al power, and the acknowledgment of the claims of the subject, by the Bill of Rights, on the accession of William III. The charters of liberty granted by sovereigns centuries before had been grossly violated, even by those who had granted them. The Tiulors had exercised a power almost desi)otic. But after the invention of })rinting, there arose a freedom of thought and a love of liljerty, which the Stewarts strove in vain to cnish. In the inglorious effort, Charles I. lost his head, and James II. his crowTi. Thus it became evident that only while the rights of the people were protected would the stability of the throne lie secure. By the Bill of ]iii;hts, the power of King, Lords, and Commons was more evenly bal- anced ; a salutary restraint was exercised upon each estate by the others ; the varied interests of the jDopulation were more firmly repre- sented ; and the general well-being of all classes promoted. 7. State of the Count)'}/. — The country was still to a great extent un- cultivated, and consisted chiefly of marsh-land and forest. The morals of the people were very bad ; — drunkenness was fearfully common, and the prisons were always full of criminals. Arts, manufactures, and mining had made but little i)rogress. Communication between distant parts was very difficult, from the want of good roads. When it was made known that the "Flying Coach" would leave Oxford at six in the morning and reach London at seven the same evening, it was thought a difficult and dangerous undertaking ; and a journey from London to York in winter took six days. Questions. — 1. Who succeeded "Will- iam III. ? How long did Anne reign? Give dates. Whose daughter was she? AV'hose sister? Whose wife? 2. What war was waged during her reign? Who commanded the English forces? 11 ow was he rewarded ? What fortress was taken in 1704? By whfim? 3. When were the English and the Scottish Parliaments united? On what terms ? 4. What treaty ended the war wiHi France? Date. What did England gain? What is said of Marlborough's subsequent conduct? AVhat did he thereby lose? 5. What caused the death of Anne? At what age ? What was her character? AVhat is said of h«,r family? 6. What important change took place in the Constitution during the Stewart Period ? What is said of the charters i STEWART PERIOD. of former sovereigns? "W.at is said of tlio power of tlio Tiulnrs? What spirit arose after printing was invented ? Wlio strove to sulxlue it ? Wliat were tlie efTeets? Wliat iwnamo necessary to tlie safety of tlic tiirono ? 7. "What was the state of the onnntry? of morals ? How is this sliown ? What was the state of arts and manufac- tnrns? Why was communication diili- cult? Wliat curious facts are stated re- specting travelling? CHIEF DATES.— STEWART TERIOD. A T>. Gunpowder Plot (James I.) 1U05 Petition of Right (Charles I.) 1628 Long Parliament (Charles I.) 1640 Civil War commenced (Battle of Edgehill) (Charles I.) 1642 Marston Moor (Charles I.) 1644 Battle of Naseby (Charles I.) 1645 Charles I. beheaded 1649 Cromwell Protector (Commonwealth) 1653 Restoration (Charles II.) 1660 Plague in London (Charles II.) 1665 Fire of London (Charles IL) 1666 Habeas Corpus Act (Charles II.) 1679 Revolution (James II.) 1688 Bill of Rights (William and Mary) 1689 Act of Settlement (William in.) 1701 Battle of Blenheim (Anne) 1704 Union of English and Scottish Parliaments (Anne) 1707 CHIEF AUTHORS. Ben Jonson— dramatic poet — died a.p. 1C37. Jeremy Taylor — Bishop of Down and Connor — wrote Holy Living, Hohj Lying, and others works — died a.d. 1667. John Milton — great poet— Cromwell's Latin secretary — wrote Paradise Lost, and other poems, though quite blind — died a.d. 1674. John Bunyan — a tinker of Bedford, a soldier, and afterwards a Baptist preacher — wrote The Pilgrim's Progress during an imprisonment of twelve years — died A. D. 1688. Richard Baxter — a Presbyterian minister — wrote The Saint's Rest, and many other works — died a.d. 1691. John Dryden — poet — wrote plays and poems, and translated Virgil — died A.D. 1700. John Locke — mental philosopher — wrote An Essay on the Human Understand' ing, &c. — died a.d. 1704. CHIEF ARTISTS. Painters.— Rubens (1577-1640) ; Vandyck (1599-1641) ; Sir Peter Lely (1617- 1680). Architects.— Inigo Jones (] 572-1652) ; Sir Christopher AVren (1632-1723). jj; — W rt> C f^ M f" ^ - 2 > -I r •<- c a r ■ Pi •^ -) so SL w ^ o W- Cfi--^ PJ ST *^ d "-1 u 00 n O pj "^ » re P" S" - H 5 > y rt s C £ 3* BJ i-« » rr £;• ^^ M f > g > o S B crq (6 en - I Si 1^ Q ^ n f^ rf- ji JO o O o ~ •^ tc M >-< W O i-i A (young ), marrie of Hano II O 00 -1 p- «> p] - « ^ s. M O 3 SO B t W o o B p p a. p H S a w w ^ 7J bd H {> «-l tt M > 55 o _. a > Q — M « HH CO H o M 03 > s? H I-I H 3 M M W o a w f h3 w » IX.— TTOITSE OF BrJTNSWTCX. From 1714 A.D 6 Sovereigns. LEADING FEATURES :— Increasing Influence of the House of Commcna —Unexampled Industrial Progress and Commercial Prosperity. Georor I. (great -prandson of Jamos I.) bcRan to reign 1714 GkuR(;e II. (son) Il'll Gkoiuik III. (grandson) 1700 Rocroncy of thn PniNrE or Wales 1811 Gkoiuik IV. (son) began to reign.. 1820 WiM,tAM IV. (brotlier) 18.S0 ViCTOKiA (niece) 1837 l.-GEORGE I. 1711 to 17-27 A.D. -13 years. 1. George I., Elector of Hanover, M'ho became King of England in his fifty-fifth year, was tlie son of Sophia of Hanover, grand-danghter of James I. ' He had married his ponsin, Sophin of Brnn.swick, but had treated her very cruelly, shutting her np in a castle of Hanover for forty years, and not allowing her to see her own children. 2. His first act was to imi)each the Lords Oxford, Ormond, and Bolingbroke, who had opposed his being King, and had favoured the Pretender, the s(»n of James II., whose party took the name of Jacobites, from Jacobus, the Latin for James. Oxford was imprisoned for two years. Ormond and Bolingbroke fled to the Continent, and their estates were forfeited to the Crown. 3. In 1715 a rebellion broke out in Scotland in favour of the Pre- tender, headed by the Earl of Mar, who raised an army of 10,000 men, and i)roclaimed him King. His forces were defeated at Slieriff- 1715 A.D. muir,'^ by the royal troops under the Duke of Argyle ; and on the same day a rebel army, under the Earl of Derwentwater, was defeated at Preston.^ Tlie Earl of Mar fled with the Pretender to ]0,()00,()0() sterling. The South Sea Company, being the greatest ereditors of the State^ offered to become the only ones, by ])aying all the others; to take a lower rate of interest ; and to advance to the Government £'7,000,000 to meet present expenses. All they asked of (Jovern- meiit was the power to raise a loan from the shareholders and others, and to have the sole right of trading to the South Seas. This otfer tho Government accepted. 5. Stories were then told of great fortunes to be made by lending money to the Comi)any, and were fondly believed by the people. Crowds of shareholders came to change their Government stock for South Sea stock. Thousands of people of all classes poured in with all the money they could bring together, in the hope of inakiTig great forturies. So intense did the excitement become, that some even gave £'1000 in cash for a £100 share in S(Mith Sea stock ! G. But the mighty Bubble was soon to burst. Other companies sprang np, offering great fortunes for small subsciiptions. They had one scheme for extracting silver from lead, another for making salt water fresh, a third for imi)orting a lot of large jackasses from Spain, and many others ecpially foolish. The South Sea Company, jealous of these, and seeking to stop them, raised suspicion against themselves. Suspicion became coTiviction ; the eyes of the peo})le were opened ; and no more shares were wanted. Those who had bouglit them began to feel uneasy, and wished to sell ; l)ut no one would buy. The Company's offices were closed; and all that shareholders had to look at was worthless pieces of paper. 7. In 1727 the King, during a visit to his subjects in Hanover, was taken ill while travelling in his carriage, and died next day. Though King of England for thirteen years, he could neither vvi'ite nor speak the English language ! \.' 8. The Kiot Act was passed in 1715; and the Septennial Act, by '' which a Parliament was allowed to last seven years, in 1710. About this time inoculation ' was first tried on criminals. 1727 A.D. Questions. — 1. Name the Sovereigns of the period. Mention its leading feat- ures. How long did George I. reign? Give dates. Trace his descent from James I. Whom had George I. mar- ried? How had he treated her? ' Inoculation.- -The communication of small-pox to a person, by inserting infectious matter in his skin or flesh. The disease so comir icated is exceed- ingly mild, and is a preventive of the n;it.ural disease. Inoculation is now superseded by vaccination, in which vaccine matter, taken from the teats of cows, is introduced into t)ie system. Cow-pox is the result, and that, while itself a very mild ailment, is a sure .ureservative from small-pox. ^m^r^fwrn^r" ' / 78 GEORGE II. 2. What three lords rtifl he at once impeach? Wliy? AVho was the Pre- tender? "What were his followers call- ed? Why? Which of the three lords was imprisoned? "Which escaped? 3. Wliat rebellion broke out in 1715? By whom was it headed? AVhat took place at Sheritfmuir? AVho else was defeated on the same day ? Where ? What became of the Earl of Mar ? And of Derwentwater? How many were banished? 4. What was the strangest event of the reign ? Wliat was the effect of the scheme ? AVhonce arose the National Debt? To wliat did it now amount? Wlio were the greatest creditors of the State? What offer did thej' make? What terms did they ask of the (Joveru- ment? Was the offer accepted? 5. What stories were then told ? AVith wliat effect ? What price was at length given for a £100 share ? 6. What caused the Bubble to burst? Mention three of the mad schemes. How did the South Sea Company now act ? What followed ? 7. Where was the King when he died? What singular defect had he as King of Enc'^and? 8. Give t'.e date of the lliot Act. Date of Septennial Act. Wliat was it ? AVhat experiment was tried on criminals ? 2.-GE0EGE II. 1727 to 1700 A.D.— 33 years. 1. George II. was the only son of tlie late King. He had married Caroline of Anspach — a good and learned princess. His eldest son, Frederick, who was now twenty years of age, was called over from Hunover to be made Prince of Wales. During the first twelve years of the reign the country enjoyed peace ; and the King's chief minister was Sir Robert Walpole, who, chieily by means of bribery, continued to hold the office of Premier for fifteen years. 2. In 1739 a war broke out with Spain, caused by the Siianiards searching British vessels suspected of sn •f,ding on the coast of Sijanish America. Portobello, a town on the Istnmus of Panama, was taken by the English. The city of Paita, on the coast of Chili, was taken by Anson;' v/ho also captured a Spanish galleon, or treasure ship, with gold to the value of £300,000. An attack made by the English on Carthagena, a town on the northern coast of South America, failed; great niimbers of Englishmen were slain, and thou- sands more were carried off by di .oase in that unhealthy climate. 3. In 1743 the English army at the Battle of Dettingen'^ v/as led by the King in person. His aim was to restore to Maria Theresa, Queen ^ .„ of Hungary, her dominions, which had been taken from her by 1743 o j> > J 4.D. the Elector of Bavaria, the King of Prussia, and the King of France. King George, who behaved with grer.t bravery, put the French army to flight. Maria Theresa regained her crown. ' Allison. — Commodore Anson made a voyage round th» world, which occu- pied the years 17^1 -iTii. '^ Def till gen. — Tn Bavpria ; 18 miles east of P'rankfort-on- ' -^-Main. Tha English had the Austria a., for all.'i^. GEORGE II. 79 1745 A.D. 1746 A.D. 4. In 1745, Charles Edward, sou of the Pretender, resolved to obtrin the crown of England ; and leaving France, he landed in Scotland with seven officers. The people of Edinl">urgh opened their ;;ates to him, and he took up his quarters at Holyrood Palace. Great numliers flocked to his standard ; and when Sir John Cope with the royal troops drew near Edinburgh, the young Pretender, at the head of 2000 Scots, went out to meet him. A battle was fought at Prestonpans; ' and the Highlanders dashed so furiously upon the English, first firing their pistols, and then rushing on %vith their claymores, that they gained a complete victory. 5. If Charles Edv^jrd had at once marched to London, he would have had a chance of gaining the crown ; but he trifled away six weeks at Edinburgh with grand balls and parties ; and when he crossed the Border with 5000 men, the i)eople did not rise in his favour as lie had expected. He, however, took Carlisle, marched to INIanchester, and forward as fai as Derby; but his Highland chiefs would proceed no further, and he was compelled to retreat to Scotland. His last battle xaxs fought at Culloden,^ where, in less than an hour, he was completely defeated by the English, under the Duke of Cumber- land. He fled to the hills, and wandered about for five months. A reward of £;»0,000 was offered for his head ; but he was not captured. In g> ragged and wretched condition he took boat, and, setting sail from near the very s])ot where he at first landed, escape:ince ; Lcipsio. , 13U mile.3 south-east of Bordeaux. GEORGE TTT. 85 8. Meanwhile Xapoleon had resolved on an invasion of Russia, and in 1812 marched into that vast country with an army of nearly half a million men. He intended taking,' up his winter quarters at Moscow ; but on arriving at that city his progress was checked by its flames. The inhabitants had set fire to their houses and fled. He was therefore compelled to retreat. But his provisions were ex- hausted ; the Russian winter had set in ; the snow already lay deep aipon the ground ; and during that terrible march homewards almost the whole of his fine army perished from starvation and the attacks of the Russians. 9. The nations of Europe now united to crush the power of Napoleon; and an army of Russians, Swedes, (Jermans, Austrians, and Prussians met and defeated him at the Battle of Leipsic,' entered Paris, and forced him to resign the throne. He retired to the island of Elba;- and Louis XVIIT. was made King of France in 1814. Early in the next year, however, he left Elba, landed in France, and marched to Paris. There he was soon surrounded by thousands of his old companions-in-arms, who were ready to lay down their lives in his service. Once more he mounted the throne ; but his glory was 1814 A.D. 1815 A.I). soon to end. He was met on the plains of Waterloo,' near Brussels, by the British and Prussian armies, Tmder the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Bliicher, and in a long and bloody battle, fought on Sunday, June 18, 1815, was completely defeated. Napok'on fled from the field, but afterwards gave himself up to the English, and was sent a prisoner to the lonely island of St. Helena.* There he lingered six years, and died in 1821. Thus ended a long and terrible war, which in twenty-two years had cost hundreds of thousands of Iniman lives, and raised the National Deht from £239,000,000 to £860,000,000 ! It was happily followed l)y a peace which was almost unbroken for forty years. 10. In 1820 died King George III., in the eighty-second year of his age and the sixtieth of his reign — the longest and most remark- able in English history. During the last ten years he had lieen afflicted \vith a disordered mind, which had made him unable to fulfil the duties of King ; and a Regency had been appointed under his eldest son, George, who now succeeded as George IV. 11. Important Events. — In this reign Captain Cook made three voy- ages round the world (1767-1779), and was killed at Owhyhee^ by a native. 1820 A.n. * ieipsic. —rIn.Saxony; CO miles north- west of Dresden. '' Elba. — In the Mediterranean, off the coast of Italy, between Corsic i and Tusi^any. [Brussels. •' Waiei loo. — Ten miles south of * St. Helena. — An island in the South Atlantic ; 1200 miles from the coast of Africa. ^ Oiohijhee, or Hawaii, the largest and southernmo.st of the Sandwich Islands, in the South Pacilio. t 8G r.EOKGE III. In 1797 the seamen in the liritish navy nnitinied, demanding more ])ay. At Spithead' they were easily i)aeified ; l)iit at tlie Nore,'' they Ktii/ed the ships, and did not return to their duty till the rint^deaders were arrested and hanged. 12. NuUs of Progress. — Sunday schools were founded by liohert Itaikes in 1781. Gas was first used in the streets of London in 1807. Tho iiist steam-vessel was launched on the Clyde in 1812. Several imjiortant inventions and improvements in machinery were made, among which may be named the steam-engine, by James Watt; the "sinnning- jenny," by James Hargreaves ; a spinning-machine called the "mule," by Samuel Crompton; and the i)ower-loom, by Dr. Cartvvright. The Times was the first newspaper printed by steam-power, 1814. Qu ESTioNS. —1 . Who sxicceeded George 11.? How long did he reign? Give dates. What relation to the late King? AVhat was the position of tho nation? JIow many islands had been taken? How many cities? How miich treasure? What treaty was signed in 17()3? 2. What Act caused the dispute with America in 17G5? Why was the Stamp Act repealed ? What was still claimed ? Who warned the Government against taxing the Americans ? What despe- rate act was done at Boston? AVhat did England then do? How did the Ameri- cans act ? Who commanded their forces? What deed was drawn up? When? How long did the war last? How did it end? Wliat two generals surrendered ? AVhat treaty was drawn up? What nations had been united against Britain ? 'i. In what year did the first French devolution breakout? What took place at Paris? How many years of trouble followed? 4. Who now declared war against the French Republic ? What port did the English capture ? By whom were they driven back ? What was Napoleon ? How did he attract the attention of Europe? What was his success against the Austrians? the Germans? What country did he then invade? What was his object? What did he take on the way? Where did he land ? Whither did he march? What battle did he gain? What battle on sea was fought? Where? By whom gained? What oc- curred in this battle ? Wliither did Napoleon then march? By whom was he defeated in Syria? Wliat did he then do? What did he become? When? 5. What was the state of Ireland? What happened there in 1798? What did this lead to? When? On what terms? (3. What was Napoleon's next re- solve? What country did lie prepare to invade? Why were his plans not carried out? What battle was fought in 1805? By whom? Who was killed in this bat- tle? What two statesmen died the next year ? What two great battles did Napoleon gain by land ? 7. What was his next attempt? What crown did he claim? For whom? AVhat effect had this on the Spaniards? Of whom did they ask assistance? Was it granted? How many men were sent? Under whose command? What war now commenced? In what year? Name the last two battles. Date? 8. What country had Napoleon mean- while invaded? With how many men? AVhat was his success? AA'hat took place on his march homewards? 9. AVho now united against him? AVith what ett'ect? Whither did he retire ? AVho was made King of France ? Date? What took place the next year? ' Spithead. — A roadstead between I'ortsea Island and the Isle of AVight, or between Portsmouth and Hyde. '^ The Nore. — A roadstead in the es- tuary of the Thames, opposite Sheer- ness. GEOROK TV. 87 Wliat groat battle follmvcd? Wlinn ' r>y whom gained? AV'liat bucainc of Napoleon? To wliat sum was tlio Isatif)iial Debt increaserl':' How many years of i)eace followed? 10. When did (ieor},'e ITI. die? How loni,' liad he reigned? ^\■hat was the state of tlie King's health during,' tlie last ten years of iiia roigli? Who had been liegent? 11. AVlio sailfd thrico round the world in this reign? What became of hiin? What mutinies took plaee in 17!»7? i'2. AVho founded Sunday schools? Date of lirst use of gas in London streets? Date of lirst steam-siiiit on the Clyde? Name four inventions in macliinery. What newspaper was first printed by steam ? 4.— GEORGE IV. 1820 to 1830 A.D.— 10 years. 1. Soon after the I'rinco TJegont became Kini?, a conspiracy was formed to murder the Cuhinet Ministers, break open the ju'i.sons, and set liondon on fire ; but the plot was discovered, and Thistlewood, the chief conspirator, -with several others, was executed. 2. George IV. had f(n' twenty-live yecrs been married to Caroline of Pinmswick, but had used her very cruelly; and slu; had long been forced to live away from him. On his turning to the throne, however, she returned to England to claim lier position as Queen. On her arrival, serious charges of misconduct Mx-re brought against her ; but thes(j had to be abandoned. Yet, at his coronation in West- minster Abbey, she wiis not adnntted to the ceremony, though she actually went to the door. A few days afterwards she died of a broken heart. Her coffin bore, at her own request, the words, "Here lies Caroline of Brunswicl:, the injured Queen of England." 3. In 182 1 war was declared against Burmah, ' a warlike and powerful covmtry of Farther India, for outrages committed on liritish „ , . 1824 subjects. The British forces wm-e victorious ; and Aracan and Teuasserim, on the east of the Bay of Bengal, were given up to I'ritain. 4. Early in this reign, the Greeks, who had long been siibject to the Turks, and cruelly oppressed, rose in rebellion against them, and showed so much courage and bravery, that Britain, France, and llussia agreed to help them to obtain their freedom. A fleet was sent to Greece, under the command of Admiral Codriug- ton, which in a few hours destroyed the whole Turkish navy in the harbour of Nr^^arino.^ Greece was then formed into a kingdom ; and Olho was made King in 1827. ' Biirwali. — A once powerful state of Farther India, lying north of Siam, and south of Tibet and A ssam. ^ Navarino. — A fortified sea-port of Greece, near the south-western point of Morea. 88 WTLUAM IV. \ 1830 A.l). Ot'orge IX. Jied in 1830, aged oi\Ly-eight ; and, having no son, was succeeded l)y his brother William, iJuke of Clarence. 5. Imporfdtit Ei'vnts. — During this n-ign ('aptains Ivoss and Parry wailed to the Arctic Seas in search of a i)assage to the east coast of Asia. In 1825 many were ruined tiirough mad speculations ; —it is said that above £10,000,000 were lost that year. The Test and C!ori)oration Acts ' were repealed in 1828. The Catholic Emancipation Bill passed in 1S29. Ql'KSTIONS. — 1. "Who Rucoccdod Oeorgo III.'!' How long dirt CuorKe 1 V. reign? (live rtatcs W'liat plot wafi forniert at the beginning of the reign? ■NVlio was chief coiisijirator? What be- came of hini ? 2. Whom hart George IV. niarriert ? What treatment hart lii.s wife met with ? AVliat rtirt she rtn wlien lier luisband ))e- came King? What took place at the coronation ? What effect hart this treat- ment on the Queen ? What was in- soribert on her coflin ? 3. What war took place in 1821? What wa.s the can.so of it? What con- quests were made? 4. What took place in Oreece? Who helpert the (ireeks? Inwliatway? Who commanrtort the fleet? Wliat rtirt ho rto? Wliat was (Jreoce then made? Who became King? In wliat year? At what age dirt George IV. rtie? Who succeertert ? f). What expedition was sent out in this reign? WJiat took place in the money-market in 1825? What Acts were repealed in 1828 ? What Bill was passed in 1829? 5.- WILLIAM IV. 1830 to 1837 A.D.— 7 years. 1. William IV. was son of George III., and brother of the late King. He married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. The two most im- portant events of his reign Avere the passing of the Ileform Bill, and the Emancipation of the Slaves. The Reform Bill was passed in 1832. Its object was to increase the number of voters at elections ; — to give to those towns that had lately grouTi populous the right of sending members to Parlia- ment ; and to take away that privilege fr '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation AGE EVALUATION ST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 IIIM IIIIM IIM IIIIIZ2 •■0 2.0 III— 1.4 nil 1.6 ographic iences poration 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I ^ A ' ' ly" 90 VICTORIA. 1846 A.D. X In the same year a rUHpiite arose with China aboiit the importation of o])ium, a drug which the Chinese love to smoke and chew. The Emperor, wishing to put an end to these dangerous liabits, ordered that no opium should be imported ; and seized and de- stroyed many cargoes which British merchants tried to smuggle into Chinese ports from India, where it is cultivated. He also imprisoned several British subjects. War was declared. British troops captured several large towns, and compelled the Chinese to open five ports to British trade, to pay a large sum of money, and to give up the island of Hong-kong,' which has ever since belonged to Britain (1843) 4. The 3'ear 184G is memorable for the Repeal of the Com Laws. High duties had been charged on all corn imported from abroad. This made bread dear ; and Richard Cobden proposed that the duties should be removed. The farmers called loudly for protection ; but by the eloquent speeches of Mr. Cobden in Parliament, and of Sir Robert Peel, who joined him, the cause of Free Trade triumphed, and the duty on wheat was fixed at a shilling per quarter. 5. The year 1848 was a very stormy one throughout Europe. A third Revolution took place in France. King Louis Philippe escaped to England, and France was once more a Republic. Louis Napoleon was chosen President, and afterwards Emperor, — a dignity which he retained till 1870. In England, the Chartists raised great riots, and, with Feargus O'Connor at their head, caused much excitement throughout the nation. A ri.sing also took place in Ireland, under Smith O'Brien and others. The leaders were taken and condemned to death; but the sentence was changed to transportation. C. In 1851 the Qreat Exhibition was built in Hyde Park, from de- signs by Sir Joseph Paxton. The grand idea of International Exhibitions was first started by Prince Albert. This Exhibi- tion was opened by Her Majesty and Prince Albert, ^lay 1, 1851, and closed in October. The building was afterwards taken down and rebuilt at Sydenham. It is now known as the Crystal Palace. 7. In 1854 war was declared by England and France against Russia, in defence of the Sultan of Turkey, whose land had been invaded and his provinces north of the Danube seized by a Russian army. The Turks had, by a number of gallant efforts, driven the Russians back, when 5000 Turks were massacred by the Russian fleet at Sinope.'' The English and French fleets then sailed to the Black Sea, bom- barded Odessa,'' blew up the powder-magazines, and captured thirteen 1848 A.n. 1851 A.D. ' Hong-kong.— An island east of the entrance to the Canton river. It is now a British colony. It is 8 miles long, and from 2 to ti broad. ' Sinope. — A sea- port of the Black Sea, on the coast of Asiatic Turkey. •* Odessa. — A sea-port of Russia, near the mouth of the Dniester. ixN •ai^-iB-^HMi^^^ta VICTORIA. 91 fihipa laden with war stores. The Russians besieged Silistria,' but failed to take it, and lost ;{0,000 men in the attempt. 8. The Allies now invaded the Crimea; and a battle was fought on the banks of the little river Alma,- in which they gained a great vic- tory over the Paissians. They then laid siege to Sebastopol, the g) eat llussian stronghold on the Black Sea. During the siege the llussians made a desperate attack on the Allies in the valley of ^^^^ Balaklavaj^" but without success, though they gained some ad- '^*^^' vantages ; and very shortly followed the terrible and bloody battle of Inkermann, which lasted twelve hours, and in which 8000 English and GOOO French defeated 60,000 Itiissians. Lord Raglan having died, General Simp- son took the com- mand of the British forces ; and he was soon succeeded by Sir \V. Codrington. The next battle was fought in the valley of the Tchernaya,* in the summer of 1855. The Sardinians, who had joined the Allies with an army of 15,000 men, were attacked by the Russians in great force ; but, being assisted by the French, they repulsed them with much slaughter. The Russians left 3000 men dead on the field. 9. Meanwhile the siege of Sebastopol had been slowly but surely carried on ; and now the final bombardment began. Day after day shot and shell were poured into the town from the batteries of the allied armies, setting fire to buildings, blowing up powder-mag- azines, and slaughtering the enemy to the number of a tl^ousand per day. At length one night, under cover of the darkness, the Russian general. Prince Gortschakoff, drew off his troojjs in fine order, set the town on fire, destroyed the bridge across the river, and sank all the vessels of war in the harbour. The allied armies took possession of the town next day, but found little ^Ise than a heap of blackened ruins. • 1855 A.D. ' Silistria. — A strongly fortified city on the Turkish side of the Danube. ^ Alma. — A river of the Crimea, 17 miles north of Sebastopol. ^ ^alaklava. — A sea-port 6 miles south of Seba.stopol, from which Inker- mann is about the same distanoe east- ward. * Tchemaya. — The river which flows into Sebastopol harbour. 92 VICTORIA. 1856 A.D. 1857 A.D. It is said that during tlii.s terrible si ego, whicli lasted nearly a year, there fell, of Kussians, English, French, and Sardinians, no fewer than 100,000 men. The fleets also did their part in the war, by bom- barding several Russian forts on the Baltic and Black Seas. Rus- sia now sought peace ; and a treaty was signed at Paris in 1856. 10. In 1857 the British rule in India was almost overturned by a general Mutiny, which broke out in Bengal among the Sepoys, or native soldiers — great numbers of whom are trained and em- ployed by Britain for the protection of her East Indian Empire. These, at a given signal, rose in revolt, and overpowered the British troops. They took possession of Delhi ^ and other places, and at Cawnpore^ savagely murdered great numbers of English gentlemen, ladies, and children, after treating them in a most brutal manner. The rebels were, however, after a long and desperate struggle, brought to submission by the brave and good Sir Henry Havelock, and Sir Colin Campbell, afterwards Lord Clyde. Havelock sank under the fatigue of the struggle. The government of India has been since brought under the Crown ; and the East India Company is no more. 11. In 1859 fears of invasion, aroused by the attitude of France, were set at rest by the enrolment of Rifle Volunteers,— a movement by which England has been put into a state of defence unknown in former years. The year 1861 was a year of mourning and sadness on account of the death of the Prince Consort, "Albert the Good." Never in the history of the nation has the death of a royal prince caused such deep and universal grief. 12. The Fenian Conspiracy in Ireland assumed serious dimensions in 1865, and in 1866 the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended in that island. 13. In 1867 a new Reform Bill passed, under a Tory Ministry, Mr. Pisraeli being Premier. This Bill greatly increased the number of voters, enfranchised certain towns, the population of which had recently increased, and disfranchised others whose population had diminished. Six members were added to the representatives of Scotland. 14. In 1867 a British army was sent from India for the invasion of Abyssinia,^ and the release of a number of English captives whom Theodore, King of that country, refused to give up. The expe- dition was successful. The to^vn of Magdala* was besieged and taken (April 13, 1868), and the prisoners released. The King 1861 A.D. 1868 A.D. ' Delhi. — On the Jumna, a tributary of the Ganges; 250 miles north-west of Lucknow. It was long the Moliam- medan capital of India, and the seat of the Ureat Moguls, the Tartar Emperors, whose dynasty began in 1525. ^ Cawnpore. — A city on the Ganges; 50 miles south-west of Lucknow, and G28 from Calcutta. ^ Abyssinia.~A country on the east coast of Africa, south of Nubia and west of the Red Sea. * Magda'la. — A rocky fortress, nearly 300 miles from the Red Sea. MHiu tdVlh ■■"•'■'•• VICTORIA. 93 shot himself. Sir Robert Napier, the commander of the expedition, was rewarded with the title of Lord Napier of Magdala. 15. The session of 1869 was occupied with a measure for the dis- establishment and disendowment of the Irish Churchj which ceased to exist as a State Church on Ist January 1871. The Irish Land Act, putting the relations of landlord and tenant on a more satisfactory basis, was passed in 1870. The same year produced an Elementary Education Act for England and Wales. In 1872, Vote by Ballot in parliamentary elections was intro- duced experimentally, for a period of eight years ; and an Act i^ was passed providing a system of National Education for Scotland. 16. Notes of Progress. — The Penny Postage was adopted, chiefly through the efforts of Rowland Hill, in 1840. Great distress in Ireland arose from the potato disease in 1845, which by death and emigration lessened the population by nearly two millions. A Sub- marine Telegraph was laid from Dover to Calais in 1851. In 1852 the renowned Duke of Wellington died, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, where the great Nelson also lies. A Bill for the admission of Jews into Parliament was passed in 1858, when Baron Rothschild took his seat as member for London. A Treaty of Commerce between England and France was arranged by the Emperor Napoleon and Mr. Cobden in 1860. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales married the Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863. In 1866 the great design of uniting Europe and America by a Submarine Telegraph Cable was successfully completed, two previous attempts (1858 and 1865) having proved failures. . Questions. — 1. Who succeeded Will- iam IV.? In what year of her age? How long has she reigned? Give dates. Whoso daughter is the Queen? Born where ? When ? Where crowned ? When? Married whom ? When? How many sons has the Queen ? Give names. Daughters? Give names. 2. What kingdom was separated from the British crown in 1837? Why? Who became its King? What war raged from 1839 to 1849? What was gained by Eng- land? In what other war did England engage? Whose part did the English take? What town did they bombard? With what result? 8. Whence arose the dispute with China in 1840? What is said of opium? What order was given by the Emperor? How did he offend the English? What followed? What was the result of the war ? 4. What laws were repealed in 1846? What was the effect of tlie Corn Laws? Who proposed to remove the duties on corn? Who opposed him? Who joined Mr. Cobden? At what was the duty on wheat fixed ? 5. What took place in France in 1848? Who came to England? Who was made President? What did he afterwards become ? Who raised riots in England ? Headed by whom? What took place in Ireland? What became of the leaders? C. Where was the Exhibition of 1851 built? Who designed it? Who first proposed it? Who opened it? What became of it atterwards? 7. What war conjtnenced in 1854? In whose defence? Why? What took place at Sinope ? What did the fleets then do? What town did the Ruasiana besiege? What was their loss? H VICTOUIA. 8. Where was t,he chief seat of war? What was the first great victory gained by the Allies? What town did they besiege? Name the next two battles. What is said of Balaklava? Of Inker- mann? Name three British commanders in this war. Where was the next gopat battle fought? When? What is said of it? Between whom was it lought 7 9. How had the siege been progress- ing? Whatwas now commenced? With what effect? Who was the Russian commander? How did he now act? How long had the siege lasted? How many men had been slain? What part had the fleets taken in the war? Where was the treaty of peace signed ? When? 10. What took place in India in 1857? What are Sepoys? What did they do when the signal was given? By whom were they subdued? Who lost his life in the struggle? How is India now governed? 11. What importaiA^movement com- menced in 1859 ?• ' In what year did Prince Albert die? What is said of the feeling which his death caused in the nation? 12. What conspiracy assumed a seri- ous form in 18G5? What was done in 186G? 13. What Bill was passed in 1867? Under whose ausi)ice8? What were its objects? How many new members did Scotland obtain? 14. What war took place in 1867-8? Its object? Its success? What became of Theodore ? What town was taken ? Who commanded the English? What was his reward? 15. What measure passed in 1869? When was the Irish Church disestab- lished? What Irish Act passed in the following year? What English Act? What Acts were passed in 1872? 16. When was the Penny Postage in- troduced? What caused distress in Ireland in 1845? When was the Tele- graph from Dover to Calais laid ? Death of Wellington? Where was he buried? When were Jews admitte'd to Parlia- ment? Who first? W ho arranged the treaty of commerce between England and France? When? Whom did the Prince of Wales manfit? When? What great design was completed in 1866? After how many failures ? CHIEF DATES.— HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. A.D. Jacobite Bebellion in Scotland (6eorp:e I.) 1715 Charles Edward's Rebellion in Scotland (George II.) 1745 British Indian Empire founded (George II.) 1757 Conquest of Canada (George II.) 1759 Commencement of American War (George III. ) 1775 American Independence acknowledged (George III.) 1783 French Eevolation (George III.) 1789 Irish Rebellion (George III,) 1798 Battle of the Nile (George III.) 1798 Union of Great Britain and Ireland (George III.) 1801 Battle of Trafalgar ^George III.) 1805 Peninsular War (George III.) 1808 Battle of Waterloo (George III.) <. 1815 Reform Bill (William IV.) 1833 Slavery abolished in British Colonies (William IV.) 1833 First Sikh War (Victoria) 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws (Victoria) 1846 HOUSE OF nilUXSWICK. 95 « French Revolution (Victoria) 18J8 Annexation of the Punjab (Victoria) 1849 Crimean War (Victoria) 1854 Indian Mutiny (Victoria) 1857 Civil War in the United States (Victoria) 1861 Death of Prince Albert (Victoria) 1861 Cotton Famine in Lancashire (Victoria) 1862 Marriage of the Prince of Wales (Victoria) 1863 Fenian Conspiracy (Victoria) 1865 Atlantic Cable laid (Victoria) 1866 New Reform Bill (Victoria) 1867 Abyssinian War (Victoria) 1867-1868 Irish Church disestablished (Victoria) 1869 Irish Land Act (Victoria) 1870 Elementary Education Act for England and Wales (Vic- toria) 1870 Illness of the Prince of Wales (Victoria) 1871 BaUot Act (Victoria) 1873 Education (Scotland) Act (Victoria) 1872 CniEF AUTHORS. Joseph Addison (1672-1719)— Papers in the Spectator. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)— Pnncrin'o. Daniel Defoe {IGGl-nsD—Rohim^on Crusoe. Alexander Pope (16SS-1744)--poet— Translation of Homer. Jonathan Swift (16G7-1745)— GiJ?n-cr'4 Travels. James Thomson (1700-1748)— poet— r/uj Seasons. Samuel Richardson (l(5S9-170l)— first great novelist— Ajjuc^u David Hume (1711-1776)— Hw^or)/ of England. Samuel Johnson (1709-17S4)— iircs of the'Pocts. Adam Smith {}723-l700)-^ Wealth of Natmus. Hobert Bums (1759-1790)— poet— LjTric Poems. William Cowper (1731-1S00) -poet— 27ie Task. Lord Byron (17SS-1S24)— poet— a?7rfe Harold. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1S32)— prose and poetry— ?rar<>ri«i/ Noi^U S. T. Coleridge (1772-1834)— poet— 77jc Ancient Mariner. Felicia Hemans (1793-1835)— 5ow(/s of the Affections. Robert Sonthey (1774-1S43)— prose and poetry— Joan of Ars W. Wordsworth (1770-1850)— poet— The Excursion. Henry Hallara (1778-1859)— Hts^ori/ of ilu Middle Ages. . Alfred Tennyson (bom ISIO)— poet— /n Memoriam lord Macaulay ilS0O-lS50)—nistorif of England. Charles Dickens (lSi2-lS70)— novelist— ParrVf Coj^erjidd. ■ ■>, 1^, s^aap, — 73 *^ rt a Ji ?• > ^ 3 o = •« M. *<; fS C^ •-« J, Cft* M — iJ "^ '"^ o ■«; 6S < o ►^ p - r- 2 "^ 3 c: r" d " ts " ^ o «-> E 3 w « p p] E tn ri — « w S CO -* 2 a - :,>••c^^;v• ;.• • '^ -. ^ . .•<'.-.•.. '".. *» M J '. : -. . m \ .v5 *> ■ • ^ , • Ui ■ ^ • , ' " i* « » 2 •^ o a £3 « 3. s >■ P* « o » _ sg. s s -23 ft n o 53 a1 ^ en grig >«^ ^^g-^^^ p n M <1 o - f ^If^ n g^ o o o 3 cr t n 3* ■-« o 3 -I 3 I—' A M Q vt o Q CO £ O -3 S "* 3 C 2 '^ a 2. o «^3 a 2 o ^ o n (4 02 O t .y