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 1 
 
 
 THE 
 
 BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 I 
 
 BY 
 
 J. M. HARPER. 
 
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THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS 
 
 BY 
 
 J. M. HARPER, 
 Author of ♦'Our Jeames. 
 
 i. ■ '-!• 
 
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\t 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 
 fought on the 13th of September, 1759 — the 
 most memorable date in the history of 
 Canada — has been variously described by 
 our many historians ; and it is no purpose 
 of this brochure to enter into the causes 
 which led to the engagement, or to give 
 any continuous narrative of the whole of 
 the fourth siege of Quebec. The introduc- 
 tory paragraphs are confined to the topo- 
 graphy of the scene of the battle, providing 
 the outlines of an observation lesson to the 
 visitor or to the young student of Canadian 
 history ; while the remaining pages contain 
 a description in verse which has for its 
 object the emphasizing of the heroic shock 
 of the battle, and the romantic and immortal 
 fate of the two opposing generals who took 
 part in it. 
 
THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SITE OF 
 THE BATTLE. 
 
 The Plains of Abraham lie to the west of 
 the city of Quebec, and may be reached in a 
 few minutes from the Chateau Frontenac 
 by the electric cars that run as far as Maple 
 Avenue. The street thus traversed slopes 
 east and west from the highest point of 
 land in the city, formerly known as Buttes- 
 ft,-Neveu, and still called Perrault's Hill. 
 The crest of this height runs from the Mar- 
 tello Tower overlooking the St. Lawrence, 
 along the line of Claire Fontaine Street, 
 and it was from this height of land that the 
 troops of Montcalm, with the general him- 
 self stationed a hundred yards or so north 
 of what is now the site of the Church and 
 Convent of the Franciscan Nuns, first be- 
 held the battalions of Wolfe, marshalled on 
 the level ground, extending in a line north 
 and south from a point not far from the 
 corner of St. Louis Road and what is now 
 
THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE 
 
 called Wolfe Avenue, — a spot which has 
 been identified as the position held by the 
 British general in person as he issued his 
 orders to the right and left on the morning 
 of the battle. The old citadel and French 
 outworks were not to be seen from Wolfe's 
 standpoint, being hidden behind the slopes 
 on which the French army was marshalled ; 
 and even Montcalm's left wing was only in 
 part visible, especially the companies that 
 held the ground in the hollow between the 
 Buttes-&,-Neveu, and the rising ground on 
 which the jail now stands. According to 
 the express orders of Wolfe this rising 
 ground, on which were stationed at first the 
 Louisbourg grenadiers, was taken possession 
 of by these veterans before the main action 
 of the battle began ; and from it as a van- 
 tage-ground, — from the tower of the jail or 
 from its door-step — the plan of the battle- 
 field and its topography can be most readily 
 examined. Looking northward in the direc- 
 tion of the irregular sweep of the Lauren- 
 tides, and the beautiful valley of the St. 
 Charles, the beholder has on his right the 
 spreading suburbs and the city proper lying 
 beyond and enclosed within its walls ; on 
 his left, Wolfe's Cove, known before the 
 battle as I'Anse au Foulon, and now indi- 
 
PLAINS OF ABRAHAM. 
 
 cated at its entrance by the spire of Sillery 
 Church ; and behind him the majestic St. 
 Lawrence itself. 
 
 When the news reached the city that the 
 English had at last gained a footing on the 
 plateau to the west of the city, Montcalm 
 was with his army at Beauport. During 
 several anxious months he had been able to 
 keep Wolfe in check along the Beauport 
 shore and at Montmorency ; and when 
 Wolfe in despair brought his fleet up the 
 river past the citadel, and kept on the move 
 for several days between Sillery and Cap 
 Rouge, Montcalm stationed Bougainville at 
 the latter place with two thousand men nnd 
 instructed him to set outposts at Sillery and 
 I'Anse au Foulon to keep watch upon his 
 adversary's movements. When the alarming 
 news spread through the city to Montcalm's 
 headquarters, the French regulars had a 
 distance of six or seven miles to march 
 before arriving at the plateau of the 
 Plains, and it was nearly ten o'clock before 
 they had reached the open spaces beyond 
 the walls by way of St. John Gate and St. 
 Louis Gate, to be finally drawn up in battle 
 array along the line of the Buttes-§.-Neveu. 
 
 The English had been in possession of 
 the plateau from early dawn. They had left 
 
I THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE 
 
 Cap Rouge shortly after midnight, and 
 arrived at Sillery Point about four o'clock in 
 the morning, having deceived the sentinels 
 of Bougainville's outposts at Sillery by 
 passing themselves off in the darkness of 
 early morning as an expected detachment 
 taking supplies for Quebec. As chance 
 would have it, the tide carried some of the 
 boats containing the men beyond the more 
 spacious inlet, now known as Wolfe's Cove, 
 to a landing place further to the east ; and 
 it was by the Scottish infantry from these 
 barges, that the first escalade of the disem- 
 barkment was made. So impossible of 
 ascent had this place seemed to the French, 
 that no guard was found blocking the, way 
 of the intrepid Scotsmen as they emerged 
 from their perilous climb and took breath 
 on the level ground above. The nearest 
 outpost was several hundred yards away, 
 immediately overlooking the partially 
 blocked up pathway leading to I'Anse au 
 Foulon ; and it did not take long for the 
 invaders to descend upon this post, and 
 capture the heedless commander, whom 
 they found asleep in his tent. Immediately 
 the message was sent to their comrades, 
 waiting below in the light transports at 
 anchorage in the Cove, that the coast was 
 
PLAINS OF ABRAHAM. 
 
 9 
 
 clear, as far as the French outpost was con- 
 cerned. The general disembarkation began 
 at once, and shortly after the dawn of day 
 the whole British army was ready for the 
 march towards Quebec. 
 
 On the way across the plateau there was 
 some skirmishing on the part of bands of 
 militia and Indians ; and to provide against 
 any general movement on the exposed flank 
 of the British army, Brigadier Townshend 
 was placed in charge of a detachment to 
 traverse the open spaces near the St. Foye 
 Road. The first shock of the battle must 
 have taken place a short distance from the 
 present line of Wolfe Avenue, the com- 
 panies extending across the whole level 
 tract as far as the St. Foye Road. The 
 marshalling was as follows : — Monckton in 
 command of the right wing with the Louis- 
 bourg grenadiers, Murray in the centre, 
 Townshend on the extreme left, and Burton 
 behind with the reserves. Wolfe was lead- 
 ing in person when the first movement took 
 place. Then he seems to have joined the 
 
 * 
 
 grenadiers as they started from their van- 
 tage-ground of the jail-site. While leading 
 this after-movement, he was first wounded 
 in the wrist and then in the groin, and 
 finally received his death-wound near what 
 
10 
 
 THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM. 
 
 are now the grounds of the Protestant Home. 
 The hero's monument marks the spot where 
 he expired, he having been carried thither 
 by his men for shelter behind the grassy 
 slope, and beyond the rush of the British 
 onset against the retreating French lines. 
 There was a thicket near by, where the old 
 cemetery of DeSalaberry Street is now en- 
 closed, and the fact that this was seized as 
 a place of refuge by the fugitives, leads to 
 the conclusion that the ^.nal rout took place 
 between the high ground of the jail-site 
 and DeSalaberry Street, — a stretch of 
 ground well within the line of vision of 
 those standing near the dying hero, when 
 they exclaimed in his hearing that the 
 opposing army was in flight. As has already 
 been said, it is no purpose of this booklet to 
 give a full account of the momentous contest. 
 The topography of the historic ground is 
 what will interest the tourist or the youth- 
 ful student of history the most, and possibly 
 the explanatory notes at the end of the 
 work will be of further assistance when the 
 various historians who have described the 
 battle in detail come to be examined. 
 
 In 
 
 t 
 
 To 
 Of 
 To 
 Wl 
 
THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 O Fate ! what shadows flit within the pale 
 Of memory's maze, as seeming near, the wail 
 Of heroes' hopes, spent in the rage of war, 
 Brings echo from the past a-seeming far ! 
 How pause we on the verge of living joy 
 To scan the mirth and woe of life's alloy 
 Writ red on history's page,— a tale ungrate, 
 Of glory's prowess born of tribal hate ! 
 
 Athwart these plains, where armies erst have 
 fought 
 
 In short-timed strife, we still would glide in 
 
 thought, 
 To read heroic day-dream in the forms 
 Of gathering clouds, arrayed for battle-storms,- 
 To watch the flash that livid gleams on death. 
 While roars its thunder o'er the torrid heath. 
 
12 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 Is that the pibroch of the Celtic braves 
 That calls contending kinsmen to their graves ? 
 Are these the shouts of liberty that guide 
 To slavery a budding nation's pride ? 
 Adown the hollow there may still be found, 
 Near by an obscure pillar, helmet-crowned, 
 The spot revered, where Wolfe victorious fell, 
 Within the sounds of Montcalm's dying knell : 
 'T'.vas yonder near the slope, in full array. 
 While yet the scene was one of doubtful fray. 
 He saw, through haze of death, his trusty Celt 
 Rush at the foe ; 'twas here his great heart felt 
 At once the greatest mortal joy and pain. 
 Soul-wrung with victory as he passed within. 
 
 DEATH OF GENERAL WOLFE. 
 
 Abreast the lines the hero fell, 
 
 In the thickest of the fray, 
 And he whispered near him not to tell, 
 
 Till victory crowned the day : 
 As he lay upon the greensward slope. 
 
 With anguish in his eyes, 
 His soul still bounded, winged with hope, 
 
 To grasp ambition's prize. 
 
THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 A patriot trained, his king he served : 
 
 His cot age never paled : 
 Against his feeble body nerved, 
 
 His spirit never failed ; 
 If he felt his race its goal had found, 
 
 For him was glory's gain. 
 In the hopes that still dared hover round 
 
 His battle-field of pain. 
 
 A moment's thought for those he loved 
 
 In the dear old English home, 
 And then again his longings roved 
 
 To sift the cannon's boom : 
 Will he die before the victory 
 
 Assured is in his ears, 
 To sound the valedictory 
 
 Of his earthly hopes and fears ? 
 
 Ah ! no, for stands a messenger, 
 
 With tidings from the plain, 
 Whose troubled smile is harbinger 
 
 Of joy repressed by pain ; 
 For he knows his general's dying fast, 
 
 Whate'er the news he bears. 
 And his heart, with sadness overcast, 
 
 His zeal restrains with tears. 
 
 13 
 
14 
 
 THE BATTT.E OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 Yet stooping o'er the prostrate form 
 
 To catch the hero's eye, 
 He tells how fast before the storm, 
 
 They run the musketry : 
 " Who run ?" the general quickly said, . 
 
 Though no fear was in his face, 
 For of nothing was he e'er afraid. 
 
 Unless it were disgrace : 
 
 Besides, he knew his men were brave 
 
 Tried veterans in the field, — 
 From Louisbourg victorious wave, 
 
 That seldom thought to yield : 
 And when the soldier knelt to tell 
 
 How the foe it was that ran, 
 " So soon !" was all that feebly fell 
 
 From the lips resisting pain. 
 
 *' Send Burton," and he breathed again, 
 
 " To check them in retreat, 
 '* To guard St. Charles's bridge and plain, 
 
 " And make secure defeat." 
 Alas ! 'twas duty's last behest. 
 
 In faintest whisper sighed. 
 For death his soldier-victim pressed 
 
 And would not be defied. 
 
 * 
 
 Wit 
 
 Of 
 I On 
 iGroJ 
 
THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 16 
 
 But now to him death had no sting, 
 
 Though his ye^rs had been but brief, 
 For he knew his deeds would joyous ring 
 
 To soothe a mother's grief. 
 '' Now God be praised," his last words came, 
 
 '* For happy do I die ;" 
 And those around him knew his fame 
 
 Was immortality. 
 
 And still the centuries love to tell 
 
 Of victory's glorious sheen, 
 That gilds the plain whereon he fell, 
 
 To keep his glory green ; 
 For his renown is England's might 
 
 That finds her own the fame 
 Of those who death have dared in fight 
 
 For the honour of her name. 
 
 ijj 
 
 With speed of light, as on the silvered plate 
 Of photographic art, the tints innate 
 On fancy's film, begrimed with battle-breath, 
 Group animate around the hero's death. 
 
16 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 Across the thorn-clad plain, in dawn's faint 
 
 light, 
 We still would see the prelude of the fight. 
 And breathless watch the panoramic view 
 Of red ^array on battle-field anew. 
 Behold the invader's columns press the edge 
 Of slopes worn headlong near the river's sedge ! 
 With nature for defence on further side, 
 The left battalion, steeled with veteran pride. 
 Turns to the field, for no defeat prepared, 
 Till fate and death its courage tried have dared. 
 From neighbouring woods a galling fire declares 
 The foe astir ; and then the message nears 
 They're on the march, — a band to reach St. 
 
 Foye, 
 While three divisions o'er the plains deploy. 
 At first, attack disturbs the British flank. 
 As tribute-claims it draws from every rank ; 
 But Townshend and his men, with speed of wind, 
 The aid desired for comrades wavering find, 
 While still their general's friendly voice rings 
 
 out 
 To re-assure brave men with valour's shout. 
 
THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 17 
 
 ge 
 
 ed. 
 :lares 
 
 ;t. 
 
 y- 
 c ; 
 
 wind, 
 d, 
 
 ut. 
 
 And now we see as fancy's freaks behoove, 
 In lights phantasmic, French and British move, 
 To meet in middle shock, not far a-lield. 
 Where prowess overpowered by fate must yield, 
 The French, yet heedless of the stern advance 
 Of kilted silence, soon the strife commence ; 
 Their fitful volleys on the British lines. 
 But mark the wounds which n^arching courage 
 
 tines. 
 By filling up the breach, at duty's call. 
 By daring death's demands as comrades fall. 
 The havoc 's great ; yet, never wavering led. 
 The British cohorts march with fearless tread, 
 Nor fire a shot, howe'er their wills rebel. 
 Till at command their every shot can tell. 
 But when the word goes forth, the vale is filled 
 With thunderous fire a nation's pride hath 
 
 drilled, 
 
 ITo time its volleys in one musket roll, 
 |Against defeat that flouts its own control. 
 « ^ # « 
 
 * 
 
 IVhat strange eclat to us that volley brings 
 lS through our souls becalmed it booming 
 rings ! 
 
18 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 We hear its echoes through the aisles o^ time 
 And hallow it with requiem-thoughts sublime; 
 While yet we see the stricken Frenchmen reel, 
 As Celtic cheers a British victory seal. 
 The dreadful rout three waves of fire complete, 
 Till o*er the glebe it moves with hurrying feet, 
 To crowd the wailing streets of old Quebec, 
 And breathe a moment from the battle's wreck. 
 'Twas then, with Wolfe and Montcalm 
 
 stricken down, 
 A failing cause was fought by fate alone ; 
 'Twas then, when France o'ercome, the field 
 
 forsook. 
 The empire of New France, decaying, shook. 
 
 DEATH OF GENERAL MONTCALM. 
 
 Twas in the rear the hero fell, 
 
 A victim of defeat 
 That weeps to sound a brave man's knell, 
 
 A brave man in retreat ; 
 When he saw his Wiavering army fly 
 
 Across the smoke-girt plain, 
 His great heart heaved a bitter sigh. 
 
 Though his soul defied the pain. 
 
 Thj 
 Yei 
 As 
 
THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 19 
 
 There ran confusion like a tide 
 
 At full ebb down the slopes, 
 As the fragments of a soldier's pride 
 
 Lay shattered with his hopes, — 
 Those hopes, which, bright as early dawn, 
 
 Had cheered him in the morn. 
 Now draggled by defeat and drawn 
 
 Beneath the feet of scorn. 
 
 'Tis true his men had braved the storm 
 
 Of British musketry. 
 As, at his word, they dared re-form, 
 
 Before they turned to flee ; 
 But nothing could a victory urge 
 
 O'er lines that never swerved, 
 Whose front drove back the battle's surge 
 
 In face of death unnerved. 
 
 'Twas as he rode by panic's flank 
 
 To re-assure retreat. 
 That, pressed by death's chance bolt, he sank 
 
 At anxious duty's feet ; 
 Yet, stricken down, his only thought 
 
 Was how the tide to stem. 
 As from his steed he vainly sought 
 
 A lost cause to redeem. 
 
20 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 I' ; 
 
 Even when the rout found rest at last 
 
 From the galHng musketeers, 
 His orders issued thick and iast, 
 
 To calm his followers' fears : 
 Though wounded sore he gave no heed 
 
 To what betokened death, 
 For he felt his country's fate had need 
 
 Of a patriot's latest breath. 
 
 At last when told his end was near, 
 
 'Twas then he found relief, 
 ** I shall not live the doom to hear 
 
 " Of a city wrung with grief ; 
 " 'Tis God's hand presses on the town, 
 
 " Perchance He '11 set it free, 
 " Besides, the foe hath high renown 
 
 " That claims the victory." 
 
 And when De Ramesay sought his couch 
 
 To urge a last behest. 
 No tremor throbbed the hero's touch 
 
 As the soldier's liand he pressed ; 
 " To France the fair be ever leal, 
 
 " Whatever may betide, 
 * Soil not her lilies when you seal 
 
 ** A treaty with her pride ; 
 
 * 
 
 A] 
 Is 
 ThI 
 Th 
 
THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 " Our foe is generous as brave, 
 
 " Nor will our faith betray, 
 " He'll never make New France a slave, 
 
 " Though victor in the fray ; 
 " This night I spend the last on earth, 
 
 " Communing with my God, 
 '' The morning's sun will bring me birth 
 
 " Within His high abode. 
 
 " So God be with you all," he said. 
 
 As he chid his comrades' tears. 
 And turned with pain upon his bed. 
 
 Still undisturbed by fears ; 
 And soon from earth there passed a soul 
 
 As brave as France hath seen, 
 And as the centuries onward roll. 
 
 His fame keeps fresh and green. 
 
 21 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 And now the knoll that deadly conflict saw 
 Is strangely crowned with emblem of the law 
 That curbs the human passions, finding vent, 
 Though not in war in ways unholy bent. 
 
I : 
 ! 
 
 11 
 
 ll!;' ; 
 
 i 
 
 22 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 In summer from the tower the eye may rest 
 Upon the fields by war and nature pressed 
 Aloft in gravel-beds and grassy knowes, 
 Whereon the lowing kine the greensward 
 
 browse. . 4. • 
 
 When winter comes with polar storms m tram 
 To cover with its fleece the drowsy plam, 
 Beneath the wreathlets of the snow-flake sea 
 There sleeps the mingling peace of destmy, 
 While liberty assured has crystallized 
 The bitterness of strife in union prized. 
 
d 
 i 
 
 ain 
 a 
 
 BIOGRAPHY OF GENERAL WOLFE. 
 
 JAMES WOLFE, the hero of the Plains of 
 Abraham, was the son of Lieutenant-colonel, 
 afterwards General Wolfe, who was also a 
 distinguished officer. He was born at Wes- 
 terham, in the county of Kent, England, on 
 the 2nd of January, 1727, and received his 
 earliest education at a small school in the 
 vicinity of his home. At the age of fifteen 
 he saw service as ensign in the t2th Regi- 
 ment of Foot, and in 1743 took part in the 
 battle of Dettingen, in Bavaria, where he 
 filled the important office of adjutant. 
 Three years later he had obtained a cap- 
 taincy in the 4th Regiment, and between 
 that year and 1747, acted as brigade-major 
 in Scotland, taking part in the battles of 
 Falkirk and Culloden. Shortly after, he wna 
 again serving on the Continent, being 
 wounded in the battle of Laufeldt, where he 
 distinguished himself by his signal bravery. 
 At the age of twenty-two he received his 
 
i: 
 
 IliH 
 
 'i 
 
 III! 
 
 I 
 
 24 KIOCJKArilY OF JAMES WOLFE. 
 
 majority, being attached to the 20th Regi- 
 ment, the command of which shortly after- 
 wards was entrusted to him. He did 
 much important and responsible work 
 in Scotland during the years imme- 
 diately following, till the close of 1753, 
 when he returned to England with his regi- 
 ment. He is said to have been the first to 
 counsel the bunding of the restless High- 
 landers of Scotland into loyal regiments, a 
 policy which brought peace to the northern 
 districts cf that country and fame to the 
 empire. In 1757 he accompanied the expedi- 
 tion against Rochefort as quartermaater- 
 general, and although the failure of that 
 enterprise was due to lack of management, 
 it was generally believed that had Wolfe's 
 counsels prevailed the result would have 
 been different, a circumstance which tended 
 to enhance his reputation as a brave and 
 capable officer. So brilliant was his record 
 that he was given the full rank of colonel, 
 and a few months later was put in command 
 of a brigade under Lord Amherst, who had 
 charge of the operations against Cape 
 Breton. The successful issue of the siege of 
 Louisbourg was the almost direct result of 
 Wolfe's daring skill, so much so that he 
 became popularly known for a time as 
 
HIOfiRAPIIY OF JAMES WOr.FE. 
 
 25 
 
 *' The Hero of Louisbourg." Just about this 
 time plans were being matured for an inva- 
 sion of French Canada, and the British 
 authorities, recognizing the superior nuali- 
 ties of Wolfe, put him at the head of. the 
 expedition against Quebec, the capital of 
 Canada, giving him the rank of major-gen- 
 eral, with a following of over eight thousand 
 men. With these he set sail from England on 
 the 17th of February, 1759, and landed his 
 forces Oil the Island of Orleans, in full view 
 of the city of Quebec, on the 26th of June. He 
 immediately prepared his plans of attack, 
 which after nearly four months of active 
 operations were at last crowned witli suc- 
 cess, though they cost him his life. On the 
 13th of September, as has been said, he suc- 
 ceeded in reaching the heights, and on the 
 Plains of Abraham, outside the city walls, 
 spread his battle array against the French 
 forces under General Montcalm. The result 
 of the day made history for Canada, and 
 after a sharp struggle, in which both leaders 
 lost their lives, victory was won for the 
 British arms, and the British flag floated on 
 the stronghold of Quebec. The life of Wolfe 
 presents a striking picture. At the age of 
 thirty-three he had risen to prominence in 
 his profession, and that as an immediate 
 
IN i 
 
 26 
 
 BIOGRAPHY OF JAMES WOLFE. 
 
 result of his own personal ability. To what 
 eminence he might have risen had life 
 been spared to him, is beyond conjecture. 
 As it is, he occupies a conspicuous place in 
 the history of his country. As soon as the 
 story of his achievements crossed the ocean, 
 he was acclaimed as a national hero, and 
 Parliament, at its first session after his 
 death, ordered a monument to be erected 
 to his memory in Westminster Abbey. His 
 body found a last resting place in the family 
 vault under Greenwich Parish Church. His 
 mother was still living when her son died, 
 and it is said that on his return from 
 Canada he was to have been married. 
 Thackeray in his Virginians, has given us a 
 picture of some of the social aspects of his 
 life before he left England on his last 
 expedition. 
 
BIOGRAPHY OF GENERAL MONTCALM. 
 
 THE MARQUIS OP MONTCALM, Louis 
 Joseph de St. Veran, was born near the 
 town of Nimes, in France, in the year 1712, 
 and was thus General Wolfe's senior by five 
 years. Like his celebrated rival, he entered 
 the army when he was but a boy, and was 
 found taking part in the campaign in Italy 
 shortly after attaining his twenty-first year. 
 He was forty-four years of age when he 
 received his appointment from the King of 
 France to take command of the forces in 
 Canada. The activity of his generalship 
 rallied for a time the courage of the colony, 
 and the taking of Fort Oswego and Fort 
 William Henry were the preludes to his 
 crowning victory at Ticonderoga, in 1758. 
 But his skill as a general was all but neu- 
 tralized by the indifference of the French 
 government, and the incompetency of those 
 in charge of affairs at Quebec ; and when 
 he was preparing for his final campaign to 
 
i 
 
 1 
 
 { 
 
 1'. 
 
 ■'■ 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 ! 
 t ■ 
 
 ! i 
 
 28 BIOGRAPHY OF MOXTCALM. 
 
 save that city, he is said to have prophetic- 
 ally remarked that he was only likely to find 
 his grave eventually under the ruins of the 
 colony. The resistance he offered to his 
 rival at Montmorency and along the Beau- 
 port shore proved his military ingenuity and 
 unremitting courage. The story forms a 
 fascinating page in the history of our 
 country ; and, as it is being read, the possi- 
 bility of ultimate French success under more 
 providently guarded resources ever recurs 
 to the mind of the reader. The plight of the 
 colony, brought about by the peculations of 
 Bigot and others, was Montcalm's ever- 
 present humiliation, as he bravely strove to 
 do his best to keep his antagonists in check. 
 His popularity among the soldiers who 
 fought under him was a strong element in 
 his successes, which, however, could not 
 counteract the effects produced by the lack 
 of energy on the part of those who had sent 
 him to Canada, and the scarcity of provi- 
 sions and military supplies in a country 
 which had fallen a prey to unprincipled 
 rulers. He had not only the British to con- 
 tend with, but those who ought to have had, 
 with him, the best interests of the French 
 colony at heart. The closing scene of his 
 eventful career was to be witnessed as he 
 
BURIAL OF MONTCALM. 
 
 29 
 
 hetic- 
 3 find 
 )t the 
 
 his 
 Beaii- 
 y and 
 ma a 
 
 1 our 
 possi- 
 
 more 
 recurs 
 of the 
 ons of 
 
 ever- 
 ove to 
 check. 
 ; who 
 ent in 
 d not 
 e lack 
 Ld sent 
 
 provi- 
 ountry 
 icipled 
 to con- 
 ire had, 
 French 
 
 of his 
 as he 
 
 entered St. Louis Gate, on the evening of the 
 13th of September, 1759, after he had vainly 
 striven to reduce the retreat from the Plains 
 of Abraham to a semblance of order. 
 
 " Oh man Dku, mon Dlcii, le Marquis est 
 tu^," cried the women as they saw the blood 
 dripping from his saddle ; while he, holding 
 up his hands, quietly replied, " Ce n'est ricn, 
 ce n'cst ricn ; ne vous affHt/e:: pas pour moi." 
 
 He is said to have breathed hip last in the 
 house of one of the city's physicians in 
 Louis Street, while his remains were depos- 
 ited within the precincts of the Ursuline 
 Convent. The funeral, which took place on 
 the day of his death, is thus described by 
 Sir James LeMoine in his Picturesque 
 Quebec : — 
 
 "At nine o'clock in the evening of the 14th 
 of September, 1759, a funeral cortege, issuing 
 from the castle, winds its way through the 
 dark and obstructed streets to the little 
 church of the Ursulines. With the heavy 
 tread of the coffin-bearers, keeps time the 
 measured footstep of the military escort, 
 De Ramesay and the other officers of the 
 garrison following to their resting place the 
 lifeless remains of their illustrious com- 
 mander-in-chief. No martial pomp v:as dis- 
 played around that humble bier, but the 
 
BUBIAL OP MONTCALM. 
 
 '! I 
 
 hero who had afforflod at his dying hour 
 the sublime spectacle of a Christian yielding 
 up his soul to God in the most admirable 
 sentiments of faith and resignation, was not 
 laid in unconsecrated ground. No burial 
 rite could be more solemn than that hurried 
 evening service performed by torchlight 
 under the dilapidated roof of a sacred 
 asylum, where the soil had been first laid 
 bare by one of the rude engines of war — a 
 bombshell. The grave tones of the priests 
 murmuring the Libera me Domine were res- 
 ponded to by the sighs and tears of conse- 
 crated virgins, henceforth the guardians of 
 the precious deposit, which, but for inevit- 
 able fate, would have been reserved to 
 honour some proud mausoleum. With 
 gloomy forebodings and bitter thoughts De 
 Ramesay and his companions in arms with- 
 drew in silence. A few citizens had gathered 
 in, and among the rest one led by the hand 
 his little daughter, who, looking into the 
 grave, saw and remembered, more than 
 three-fourths of a century later, the rough 
 wooden box, which was all the ruined city 
 could afford to enclose the remains of her 
 defender." 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 (1.) The name given to the battlefield 
 arose from the fact that a part of the 
 plateau was originally occupied by a settler 
 of the name of Abraham Martin, said to 
 have been a pilot of Scottish descent. The 
 name remains in Cote d'Abraham, the con- 
 necting thoroughfare between the suburbs 
 of St. John and St. Roch. The land owned 
 by Maitre Abraham, as he was called by his 
 neighbors, consisted of thirty-two acres 
 immediately to the west of what afterwards 
 became the wall line of the city, and the 
 site of the suburbs of St. Louis and St. 
 John ; and the name seems to have been 
 extended, by use and wont, to the sloping 
 ground and plateau beyond, until finally it 
 came to be applied to the whole tract as far 
 as Sillery and Dumont's Windmill on the 
 St. Poye Road. In early times the Ursu- 
 lines came into possession of part of these 
 lands, and naturally enough when they 
 
- : 
 
 Ml 
 
 "" I 
 
 ., ! 
 
 'I ! 
 
 I\ i 
 
 '111 ! 
 
 32 EXPLAN'ATOIIY NOTES. 
 
 gave to the Imperial authorities in 1802 a 
 ninety-nine years' lease of their property, 
 which extended southwards from the St. 
 Louis Road, the name clung to that part, 
 thus giving rise to the popular misconcep- 
 tion of the original extent of the battlefield. 
 
 (2.) The size of the respective armies has 
 been a disputed point among our historians, 
 the numbers given of the French varying 
 from three thousand five hundred to seven 
 thousand. The British army numbered four 
 thousand eight hundred men ; and the in- 
 equality between the armies was not so 
 much in numbers as in training, Montcalm 
 ha.ving had under him a mixed force of 
 Imperial battalions, the militia of the 
 colony, several troops of Indians, and bands 
 of Canadian volunteers, who could hardly 
 be expected as a whole to withstand an 
 attack from the veterans of Louisbourg and 
 the European battle-fields. 
 
 (3.) The two generals must have been 
 nearly opposite each other when the first 
 shock of the battle occurred. While still 
 only in an opposing line of battle, the 
 French stretching north and south along 
 the slope of the Buttes-^-Neveu, and the 
 English lines extending across the open 
 plain also north and south, there was not 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 33 
 
 and 
 
 )eeii 
 first 
 still 
 
 the 
 ilong 
 
 tUe 
 open 
 
 not 
 
 more than half a mile between the com- 
 batants. The coppice behind the site of St. 
 Bridget's Asylum however must have hid- 
 den the generals from each other. During 
 the rout Montcalm received his death- 
 wound as he was approaching the St. Louis 
 Gate, and was observed by the people on the 
 street to be severely wounded as he rode to 
 his head-quarters. He died next day and 
 was buried in the court-yard of the Ursuline 
 Convent. 
 
 (4.) The surface of the plateau at the 
 time of the battle was for the most part 
 covered with thickets of thorn-bearing 
 shrubs and burr-bushes. There were three 
 noteworthy coppices of varied tree-growth 
 which marked the ground ; first, one im- 
 mediately outside the city walls a little to 
 the east of the present site of the Parlia- 
 ment Buildings ; second, the Coteau St. 
 Genevieve woods traversed by the St. Foye 
 Road and near v/hat is now called Sauvageau 
 Hill ; and the third on what is now called 
 DeSalaberry Street. Besides these there 
 were several windmills to be seen in the 
 landscape, notably the one which occupied 
 the site of the Martello Tower on the Grande 
 Allee, where there must have been some 
 severe fighting, since many relics were dis- 
 
84 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 covered near the spot some years ago, as if 
 from the remains of soldiers hurriedly 
 buried in their fighting gear. The main 
 highways were then as now the St. Foye 
 and St. Louis Roads, though the latter was 
 not in 1759 the straight highway it is at 
 present. Its course was somewhat winding 
 after it left the line of what is now St. 
 Amable Street, and it had an offshoot that 
 extended across the present race-courso and 
 the Marchmont lands to Wolfe's Cove. 
 Cape Diamond reveals the rock formation 
 of the district. It belongs to what is called 
 the Quebec Group of the Silurian Period, 
 consisting for the most part of argillaceous 
 schists. On more than one melancholy 
 occ^iSiOn the crevices, weathering in the 
 hign embankments, and having become 
 filled with the slaty detritus, have expanded, 
 and, throwing the peeling rocky surface 
 outwards, have caused several disastrous 
 landslides. The height of the rock near 
 Cape Diamond is a little over three hundred 
 feet, while the highest point of the Buttes- 
 a-Neveu or Perrault's Hill is over four 
 hundred feet from the level of the river. 
 
 (6.) It is mentioned in Colonel Bouchette's 
 Topography that one of the four meridian 
 stones, put in place at Quebec in 1790, stood 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 85 
 
 lette's 
 
 Iridiaii 
 
 stood 
 
 in the angle of a field-redoubt where Gen- 
 eral Wolfe breathed his last, thus verifying 
 the exact position where the hero lay when 
 the rout took place. This redoubt, whose 
 ruins were removed when the jail was being 
 built, was one of two redoubts which must 
 have been erected by the British later than 
 1759, the other being situated a little beyond 
 Maple Avenue on the St. Louis Road, near 
 the spot where Wolfe had directed his 
 forces. 
 
 (7.) As the ideixtificatioh of the prominent 
 buildings which have been erected from 
 time to time on the battle-field may be oC 
 some interest, the following notes may also 
 be here given. 
 
 a. The Jail of Quebec which forms such 
 a conspicuous piece of architecture, as seen 
 from the St. Lawrence or from any high 
 point of land near the city, was finished in 
 1867. Its enclosures cover an area of 
 thirty -two acres, while the building itself 
 is spacious and fitted up with all the health- 
 ful appliances that are now to be found as 
 adjuncts to the mode of punishing crime by 
 incarceration. There are in all seventy 
 single cells, twenty-seven double cells, and 
 forty-one for female prisoners. The build- 
 
36 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 ing, which cost $138,000, is maintained by the 
 provincial authorities. 
 
 b. The Ladies' Protestant Home which 
 is situated on Grande A^lee beyond St. 
 Bridget's Asylum and DeSalaberry Street, 
 was opened in 1863. Eight years previously, 
 there had been organized in Quebec the 
 Ladies' Protestant Relief Society, and a 
 successful appeal to the public led to the 
 society's incorporation and the erection of 
 the present attractive looking edifice. The 
 institution is under the supervision of a 
 matron and a committee of ladies selected 
 from all the Protestant denominations in 
 Quebec. The finances have been greatly re- 
 lieved by donations from the Senator Ross 
 bequest. The function of the institution is 
 the safe keeping of indigent old women and 
 the up-bringing of female orphans. 
 
 c. The St. Bridget Asylum had its origin 
 in 1856, in a small building near St. Pat- 
 rick's Church, under whose auspices it was 
 opened. It is now located in the spacious 
 buildings at the corner of Grand Allee and 
 DeSalaberry Street, its precincts including 
 what is still called the " Old Cholera Bury- 
 ing Ground." The function of the institu- 
 tion is to educate orphans and give a 
 shelter to the aged and indigent of St. 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 37 
 
 wai- 
 
 Patrick's Parish. The institution is under 
 the management of nuns, acting with the 
 St. Patrick's LaOies' Charitable Association. 
 The endowment is small, and consequently 
 its grant from government has to be largely 
 supplemented by donations from the charit- 
 ably inclined. There is a neatly arranged 
 chapel in connection with this institution 
 and this is attended on the Thursdays and 
 Sundays by the parishioners in the vicinity. 
 The singing of the children of a summer's 
 morning or evening has a very grateful 
 effect on the listener outside, and gives a 
 charm to the whole historic neighborhood. 
 d. The Church of England Female Orphan 
 Asylum is a large gaunt-looking buiMing 
 of gray stone, standing on Grande Allee on 
 the outer slope of the historic Buttes-a- 
 Neveu. It was originally a military home 
 for discharged soldiers' widows and orphans, 
 and when the troops left Quebec the prem- 
 ises became vacant, and being purchased in 
 1873, were utilized as the present Female 
 Orphan Asylum. It has an ample endow- 
 ment drawn from the sum left to the 
 charities of Quebec by the liquidation trust 
 of the Quebec Savings Bank. The institution 
 is in the hands of a matron and preceptress 
 
38 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 under the authority of a committee of 
 ladies of the Church of England. 
 
 c. The Finlay Asylum is an institution 
 on the St. Foye Road between DeSalaberry 
 Street and Maple Avenue, which sprang 
 from humble circumstances. The first dona- 
 tion towards its organization was eight 
 hundred dollars — the orphan's mite possibly 
 given by a Miss Finlay to the Anglican 
 Bishop of Quebec. The money was expended 
 by the Bishop in the purchase of a cottage 
 on Sutherland Street near Mount Pleasant, 
 and in 1861 a further donation of two 
 thousand dollars, given by another lady, 
 induced the Anglicans of Quebec tcr assist 
 the Bishop in putting up the present build- 
 ing. The place, as at present organized, is 
 a home for male orphans and indigent old 
 men. It has a large endowment received 
 from the Ross bequest, and is conducted 
 under the auspices of the rector and church- 
 wardens of the English Cathedral. 
 
 f. The Martello Towers which command 
 the approaches to the city by way of the 
 plateau across which Wolfe's army made its 
 approach in 1759, were completed in 1812, 
 having taken six years in their erection and 
 having cost sixtj'^ thousand dollars. It Is 
 said that Sir Isaac Brock, afterwards the 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 39 
 
 hero of Queenston Heights, supervised their 
 construction, assisted by Colonel By, after- 
 wards engineer of the Rideau Canal and 
 founder of Bytown (Ottawa). To examine 
 one of these is to examine any of the four 
 of them. Though not all of the same size 
 they are of the same plan. The sides facing 
 towards the west are thirteen feet thick, 
 diminishing in thickness until they come to 
 be only seven feet on the side facing the 
 city. The lower flat of the structure is set 
 apart for tanks and storage ; the second for 
 thj? accommodation of the men of the garri- 
 son in charge ; and what might be consid- 
 ered the roof, protected only by a wooden 
 awning or covering, is intended as the place 
 for the heavier guns. Since the departure 
 of the British troops, these outposts have 
 not been garrisoned, but are merely in the 
 hands of tenant-keepers. 
 
 g. The St. Foye Road is one of the two 
 highway-threads that intersect the plateau 
 all the way to Cap Rouge. It begins at 
 Mount Pleasant, being built up on either 
 side by many of the " stately homes " or 
 manor houses of Quebec. About five miles 
 from the city is the church and hamlet of 
 the parish of St. Foye, with a pleasant 
 cross road running southward to join the 
 
m 
 
 EXPLAXATORY NOTES. 
 
 !i!lll' 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 k 
 f 
 
 1 :''■! ■ 
 
 
 Hi; 
 
 ::ii 
 jii 
 
 P 
 
 j 
 
 \\ 
 
 1| 
 
 li ! 
 
 St. Louis Road. In 1673 the Huron Indians 
 took refuge here, and in 1760 the British 
 soldiers took possession of the church, 
 which, established as the church of Notre 
 Dame de Poye (of good faith), gave its name 
 to the whole district. The Battle of St. 
 Foye, which was fought between Generals 
 Murray and De Levis, and which the monu- 
 ment near the Belvidere Road commemo- 
 rates, took place six months after the battle 
 on the Plains of Abraham. The severest 
 shock of the battle took place near the 
 brook beyond the monument, into the basin 
 of which hundreds of dead and dying were 
 hurled, until the valley below ran red with 
 blood. The issue of the contest was the 
 retreat of the British into the city, though 
 not before thousands of those in the rear 
 had been massacred by the Indians who 
 had flocked under the French standard. 
 The scene of the contest has been the haunt 
 of relic hunters for years. The St. Foye 
 Monument was erected in 1860, under the 
 auspices of the St. Jean Baptiste Society, 
 the figure of Bellona surmounting the pillar 
 having been presented by Louis Napoleon. 
 Buried beneath are the collected bones of 
 those who fell in the fight, there having 
 been over four thousand in all slain between 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 41 
 
 St. Foye and the city walls. The carnage 
 around Dumont's Mill is represented on one 
 of the bas-reliefs. In connection with the 
 term St. Foye, it maj'' be said that it was 
 one of the surnames of Louis XIII., and 
 was the title given to Louis de St. Foye, the 
 sou of the so-called king of Canada, whose 
 arrival in a Quebec ship in 1627 created 
 such a furore in France. 
 
 h. The St. Louis Boad, which is a con- 
 tinuation of the Grande Allee, just as the 
 Grande Allee is a continuation of Louis 
 Street, is the highway of the plateau which 
 runs through Bergerville to Cap Rouge, 
 where it meets the St. Foye Road. It 
 received its name in honor of Louis XIII., 
 and in token of the loyalty of his subjects 
 of New France. There is no more pleasant 
 drive for the visitor than this beautifully 
 shaded macadamized roadway, the places of 
 interest on either side being the scene of 
 the battle of 1759, the steep incline of 
 Wolfe's Cove, the little vale of the Ruisseau 
 St. Denis, the charming avenues of Spencer 
 Wood, the sylvan recesses of the Gomin 
 Road, with its periodical gipsy-encamp- 
 ments, the approaches to Sillery, and the 
 numerous manor-houses and plaislrs. Con- 
 nected with the history of this highway. 
 
] I 
 I i 
 
 M 
 
 ! I 
 
 42 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES» 
 
 there linger many memories of the olff 
 coaching days, when the journey from 
 Quebec to Montreal in the winter time was 
 a matter of four or five days. 
 
 i. The Old Cholera Graveyard, once cov- 
 ered with the thick coppice of willow and 
 thorn behind which many of the French 
 rushed after the rout of the battle of 1759 
 began, stands behind the St. Bridget Asylum, 
 the victims of the dread disease which 
 visited Quebec in 1832, 1849, and 1854, having 
 been buried hurriedly there. It is now 
 closed, being used as a recreation ground 
 for the inmates of the asylum. 
 
 ;. Wolfe's Monument, which is situated 
 on the Plains of Abraham, was, as the 
 inscription placed upon it says, preceded by 
 one that had fallen into decay. The preced- 
 ing one was erected in 1832 by Lord Aylmer, 
 and the present one in 1849 by the Britisli 
 army in Canada. 
 
 Mr. P. R. Casgrain, the brother of Abbe 
 Casgrain, has lately issued two lectures in 
 French, one on the momentous event of 
 1759, and the other on what he calls the 
 Second Battle of the Plains of Abraham. 
 Mr. Doughty has also in preparation a 
 volume upon the first event, which promises 
 to be a very exhaustive treatise. In the 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 43 
 
 writings of these gentlemen, the minutest 
 details of the first contest have been col- 
 lected after careful research, and the conclu- 
 sion one draws from their respective 
 attitudes is, that while Wolfe's first general 
 movement started near what is called at the 
 present time the Plains of Abraham, the 
 contest and final rout actually took place on 
 the ground now intersected by the line of 
 DeSalaberry Street. 
 
I r 
 
OUR FLAG AND EMPIRE. 
 
 Respectfully inscribed to the Hon. G. \V. Ross, LL.D. 
 
 We raise our flag on high, 
 
 To celebrate the day, 
 
 o consecrate a nation's cry — 
 
 " For God and country aye." 
 
 ere is our home, far may we roam, 
 
 With kinship for our guide ; 
 iod bless our land, its weal extend 
 
 O'er empire ocean-wide. 
 
 'horus : 
 
 Ho, ho ; ho, ho ! the breezes blow ; 
 Dip the flag and let it go ! 
 Flap and flutter, glorious sight. 
 Emblem of a people's might ! 
 Ho, ho ; ho, ho ! the breezes blow ; 
 Dip it again and let it go ! 
 
i 
 
 46 
 
 OUR FLAG AND EMPIRE. 
 
 Our standard floating free, 
 
 We greet thee with our song, — 
 The safe hurrah of liberty, 
 
 The challenge of the strong ! 
 Joy to each nation's lifting ken, 
 
 Baptized a mother's pride : 
 God save our Queen, long may she reign 
 
 0*er empire ocean-wide. 
 
 Chorus : • 
 
 Ho, ho ; ho, ho ! the breezes blow ; 
 Dip the flag and let it go ! 
 Flap and flutter, glorious sight. 
 Emblem of a people's might ! 
 Ho, ho ; ho, ho ! the breezes blow ; 
 Dip it again and let it go ! 
 
 The Music for "Our Flag and Empire" may be obtained from 
 P. J. Evoy, Bookseller, Quebec and Selby & Co., Toronto. 
 
gn 
 
 low ; 
 
 low : 
 
 From 
 
 to. 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
i I 
 
 <^^ 
 

r 
 
 EMPIRE DAY. 
 
 The mar-- one, our own in ours, sing we • 
 
 A progress born of prowess tempest-tried: 
 An empire fringed with nations, one and free, 
 Weaves yet another wreath to crown our 
 pride. 
 »Tis Empire Day: God bless us all as one! 
 There is no duty like the joy that calls, 
 No truer worship than the love that thralls 
 No faith assured until our task's begun: 
 And since the faith, and love, and joy , are 
 ours, 
 The loyalty that points the patriot's goal. 
 Where aye the higher worth rewards its 
 powers, 
 Is surely also ours. Then let us play the role 
 Of kindred, worth to worth, in theirs our 
 own, 
 The many one, the many one but free, an 
 empire's crown. 
 
 9554li8' 
 
5; 
 
 rieJ: 
 i free, 
 n our 
 
 e! 
 
 hrallfl, 
 
 ►y.are 
 
 al, 
 da its 
 
 role 
 PS our 
 
 96, an