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SFXTOME OF THE HISTORY, STATISTICS, Ac.^^^ op ■;% NOVA-SCOTIA. WITH QUESTIONS AT THE END OF EACH CHAPTER •, . ADAPTLD TO TKB USE OF SCHOOL.S, ^ AS WELL AS OF READEJJS IN GENERAL. :\' Ms ^ NoS)a=cScotfan» re'-' ''*' > I t i / ■'■' ft .■W-- \ ^ \ ''^ » ■ 1 ^7«.«-™-~. «« H»dpV Acffma I 8Jcarc9 eighty Sunuiiers yot have;'l?|t saed thy clime } (How short a period in tho page''o(''l'inie !) Since savage Tribes, with terror jn'their train, Rushed o'er thy lields, and ravog'jvl nil thy plain } And NOW— how changed the sceup >," >- i;.' ..■■:if''' ? '->a 'oo' , Rising \'iLLA&K. »■> X *' . > • HALIFAX: ^- ' '" ' "f^ •». rniMJED BY ENGLISH kV^li y^Sf^^JLkJiKRr : :< ^^^^.^^ -:#!»■ r-ii^jfe. .f^ ■'Ar*' l> Z^Cjfy (^% • ••• ••• • « • •.V -«•, « • • •« • «• a %f. .-',>=■. .-,"i^ .-■, INTRODUGTIOMT. In the couree of her excellent instr tions to Youth, Mrs. Chapone " Entreafs them to learn Geography in such a manner as to fix it in their niinds^ so that it mny not be lost or forgotten among other acquisi- tions, but that it may remain ready for use during the remainder of life." This advice is judicious as regards the study of Geo- graphy generally, but it be omes more strictly applicable when directed to the ac- quisition of knowledge of our own country. The period, indeed, appears to have arri- ved, in ivhich a plain and succinct History of Nova- Scotia has become necessary, espe- cially for the use of our Schools. Now that Legislative attention is about being di- rected to the establishment of some general and diffusive system of Education for this Province, a fitting opportunity presents it- self for putting forth such a manual. We may now well apply to this country, words used by Washington Irving, as to his own : — *^ There is a growing' curiosity about my country ; a craving desire for correct infor- mation.'* A2 ^**- -^ir*' I Valuable as is Haliburton's work, and hearty as was the welcome with which the public received it, yet it was not written with a view to School instruction. Brom- ley's excellent *' General description of Nova Scotia" has not been published since the year 1825, and is now very scarce ; and Crosskill's " Comprehensive Outline'' is also out of print. From those, as well as other authors, the compiler has derived much of that information, which he now anxiously endeavours to impart to others. The public has the right to demand from those who thus approach it, attention and industry, and he trusts that he will endea- vour not to fail in the exercise of those qua- lities. His little Work probably possesses a full share of defects, but he has taught himself to believe, that when a Nova Sco- tian thus seeks to benefit his country, his attempt carries with it a favorable appeal. It would be a useful employment to dwell upon the period, when the groans of so ma- ny of our early settlers " sighed in the breeze," and when the yell of the fierce Indian was heard, where peace and plenty now surround us. The retrospect would engender feelings of grateful content, and remind us that our " Lot has fallen to us in pleasant places.*' Nor should we either vl ti b t ■m 9 if vorli, and which the »t written Brom- ription of ihed since ' scarce Outline as Well as 5 derived J he now others, tnd from tion and 1 endea- ose qua- ossesses taught va Sco- ry, his appeal. dwell so ma- n the fierce plenty would I and to us nther f forget or underrate the sufTerings of those hardy adventurers who encamped in the deep Forests, in their frail tenements, en- countering the winter's tempests, with sava- ges for their neighbours, and the dreary howls of the winds for their music. It is hoped that the Questions which fol- low each chapter may afford assistance to the Instructor, or serve as a guide to the Student. The chief object of this work will be to narrate Events : trace the progress and ad- vancement, and to delineate the other fea- tures of KOVA-SCOTIA. In the Appendix will be found a Voca- bulary, explaining words printed in Italics^ throughout the work. f , 1- CHAPTER I. " Various nations, and tongues, and laDgttftgtJi, will fill America with the renown of Columbus, and bless his naiBO to the latest posterity/' W. luviifo. DISCOVERY OF AMERICA ', FROM THE VOYAGE OF AMX- KICUS VESPUCCI, A.l). H'Jl), TO THE ESTABLI31IM Elf T OF DE MONT, A. D. 1618. Until the proj^resa of the Crusades, in flio twelfth century, and discovery of the properties of iha Magnet, A. D. 1302, hut slight advance had been made in maritime or commercial discoveries. To Portugal is assigned the glory of having been the first Nation which had prosecuted regular plans of discovery. Columbus, born at Genoa, A. D. 1435, entered into the service of its Sovereigns, Ferdi- nand and Isabella, and discovering the new Con- tinent, he, in their name, took possession of a large portion of it. Sailing from Palos, in Anda- lusia, in 1492, this renowned navigator reached San Salvador, one of the Bahamas, on the 12th of October, thus *' acquiring for one half oi the world a knowledge of the other.'* Americus Vespucci, a Florentine, reached America in 1499, and by transferring his name to it, ensured a distinction whicli belonged to his predecessor. John Cabot having in 1497 obtained for Henry VII of England, similar title by possession to a considerable part of North America, Francis I, King of France, sought participation in these acquisitions. He ac- cordingly sent out Verazzano in 1525, who made two voyages, sailing along Florida and Newfound- land, which countries he named New France. He died in attempting a third voyage. The exer* A 4 8 tions of ihfi French io'colonizp America, were not for some time resumed. Sebastian Cabot in 1498 discovered Newfoundland, of which Gilbert took more formal posse?' i in 15S3. lie had left Eng- land, under a patent of colonization from Eliza- beth, with five ships and 250 men. In 1576 Fro- bisher explored the Labrador Coast. Meantime Cartier had taken possession of the Bay de Cha- leur, for the French Crown. In 1590, English ad- venturers resorted to Cape Breton, to which the French previously had made voyages. The first attempt to colonize any part of Nova- ScoTiA, appears to have been made by the Mar- quis de la Roche, whom Henry IV had despatched from France in 1598, with a number of convicts. Strange to say, he selected as his place of more immediate settlement, Salle Island^ a small and dangerous spot, without harbors. In 1603, De Monts was appointed Governor General of New- France, which then included the extensive region between Virginia and Hudson's Bay. (It) chose Port lioyal (our Annapolis) for the capital. His zeal and intelligence have ennobled his name, and even untutored Indians admired his justice. In 1618 his Forts there were destroyed by Sir Samuel Argyll, Governor of Virginia. •Questions on Chapter \st» What two events in particular, advanced the progress of Discovery ? Which was the first Nation that pursued regular plans for discovering distant countries ? When and where was Columbus born ? What discoveries did he make, and for whom ? From whom did America derive its namo ? Relate the information* afforded by this Chaptoi-, as to Cabot ? Wliat events are stated to have taken place in 1535 ? ra( iuH Anj 9 3» were not >bot in 1498 jilbeft took i<1 left Eng- rro/n Ellza- I 1576 Fro. Meantime ^y (le Cha- 'nglish ad- wiiich the of Nova- the Mar- espatched ' convicts. 9 of more small and 1603, De I of New ve region n« chose tal. His f^me, and tice. In ■' Samuel progress lar plans 1? oj', as to 1 1535 ? .M When auvl by whom was Xewfoundland Uisioovorod ? Detail the Adventures of Ciilbett and Frobi^her ? What is stated as to Cape Breton ? Who first attempted to colonize Nova Scotia? What period, and to what extent ? What authority had De iMonts ? What was his cha- racter ? By whom were his forts destroyed, and when ? CHAPTEllII. '' History has no record of deeper and more romantic intert»st than that oJ tlie discovery smd early conquest of America." Keid. GKANT or KING JAMK«j 16*21. CAPTURE OT FRENCH TRANSPORTS BY SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDKR. PUF- FERINGS AT PORT ROYAL (ANNAPOLIS ) TR,KATY OV BT. GERMAINS. l()o2. TREATY OF J3KLDA, lGG7. We now reach the period of the first Conveyance or Transfer of Nova Scotia, Kin^ Janies having, in ICSl, granieu ilie territory between the Su Croix and the Gulf of St. Eawrence, to Sir Wiliiatn Aiex- nnder, afterwards Ear) of Stirling. One of the al- leged descendants of this nohleman lately, altho* without success, commenced [)rocoedings against the British Government, in relation to this claim. Alexander named the country JSTeiv Scotland, or (in Latin to the same purport,) Nova-Scotia. His attempts to introduce Scotch settlers were abor- tive. He had however succeeded in capturing several Transports, with ordnance and store.*, while on the passage from France to Quebec, under the French " Company of JVeio France^ Claude de la Tour, an adventurous nobleman, had married un English lady, and was created one of the new order of Ba- ronets of Nova Scotia. Failing to capture, (on be- hall of Alexander) Cope Sable, from his son, who A5 10 had erected a Fort there, in the name of Franco, he removed to Port Royal, Many of the settlers, there, — indeed thirty out of seventy, died durin^c the winter, from want of sufHcient shelter and supplies,— so that in the following year Sir Wil- liam conveyed to his fellow adventurer, Claude de la Tour, all of Nova Scotia, excepting: (^ape Breton. By the Treaty of St. Gerniains, in 1632, the Eng- lish relinquished to France all their claim to Aca- dia, on which Louis Xill divided it hetween Razil- lai, Charles Etienne de la Tour, and Deuys. Ra- zillai dying soon after, Charmise was sent from France, as Commander in CJiief, but La Tour vi- gorously contested the possession, until perpetual feuds terminated in his sad defeat. His successful rival dying. La Tour married the widow, and then claimed Nova Scotia as his own. In 1634, Crom- well reconquered this Country, and granted the same to La Tour, Temple, (the celebrated Author) and Crowne, but in 1667 it was again ceded to France by the Treaty of Breda, the French Go- vernment undertaking to reimburse its then pos- sessor. Sir Thomas Temple, about £16,000 expen- ded in the Forts and improvements made by him. The French reaped the benefit, however, wiihout paying the cost. Questions on Chapter 2d, Relate the particulars of the first grant of Nova- Sco- tia ? By whom was that Province named ? Was the Earl of Stirling unsuccessful in his attempts to colonize ? What effect had the Treaty of St. Germains on Novft Scotia ? How did Charles Etienne de la Tour become entitled to it, and how is his name known in our Provincial iii)jf"» tory ? of Franco, the settlers, died during ihelter and ir SirWil- , Claude de ape Breton. \ the Eng- lirn to Aca- ►veenRazil- euys. Ra- sent from la Tour vi- I perpetual successful ^, and then 334, Crom- ranted the 3d Author) ceded to 'rench Go- then pos- )00 expen- le by him. without Nov-a-Sco- 9 attempts s on NoYA le entitled Qciai liii9<« 11 Tlirough what changes did ^l ova- Scotia pass in 1634 f Wlien was the Treaty of Breda entered upon ? How did it affect Nova-Scotia ? CHAPTER III. *• A War ensuei. — Both parties lose by turns, neither scarce wins, Till peace, propounded by a Truce, begins." Drydeit. treatv of bueda, 1667. conquests by sir wil- liam phipps. treaty of rvswick, 1696. By the Treaty of Bredn, Acadia was ceded to France, while it invested England uith Antigua, Montserrat, and part of St. Ctiristophers- Charles II at once directed Temple to surren- der possession to De Bourg, the French commis- sioner, and the royal authority finally compelled the former to abandon. To the time of the Treaty the French had occupied detached districts ; nor could it have been expected that settlements couhi materially have increased white the country was subjected to perpetual molestations of the English. It was also without permanent aid or energetic pa- tronage, either from the parent country or from its Canadian Provinces. Belief in legends of gold and silver mines in Acadia had passed away, and the benefits of the Fur trade and Fisheries secured almost the ojly moilves for emigration to its shores. Indeed it is computed that the entire French population did not then exceed 1000 souls. Notwithstanding the able representations of French Commissioners, (from time to time) had urged the the more permanent fortifying LeHave, Canseaii and Pemaquid, yet even thot^e important stations had not been judiciously strengthened. After a peaceful period of twenty years, the peo- ple ot Massachusetts deierminod to attempt trre^^' A 6 I 12 ing this Colony from French dominion. Enaf- Jnnd had declarod vvnr against I'^rance in 1689. Sir William Phipps, an enterprising native ot thai brave colony, was placed in command of 700 men, in irans])orts, with the following force, viz :— 1 Fri;.'ate with 40 guns, 1 Ship witli 16 gims, Another with 8 guns. With this stronp' armament he reached Port Royal in May, 1690. The garrison being held hy less than 90 troops, and tho forls heing dilapidated, Manival, the Governor, entered into a verbal treaty of surrender. Pliipps seems to have sought for and obtained some excuse for annulUns; this ar- rangement, and treated the Priests and their churches alike with disrespect and injury, and de- livered up the place to pillage. He then re-em- barked his men, and obliged the Ciovenior and forty of his soldiers to accompany them. On his voyage homeward, ti»is General attacked Chedabuch^ but the brave garrison persisted in its defence, until the English set the buildings on fire. Even then, honorable terms of capitulation were obtained, and the inhabitants conveyed to Placen- lia. Phipps then proceeded to reduce the fortifi- cations at Port Royal. This country was then considered as a conquered Province, and added by a new Charter to the government of Massachusetts. As Port Royal was not protected by a Garrison, the inhabitants were attacked by pirates, who infa- mously hanged some of them, burnt houses, and destroyed cattle. Shortly afterv/ards the French Governor Villabon took possession of the place after other acts of aggression, and beins: re-enforced by two ships, and aided by Indians, Villabon cap- tured Pemaquid notwithstanding the strength of ):s fortificfttions- ■^! Tie! JBel otn ot cai laf lei 13. \ r<^ in 1689. 'f've of t/mi •f700 I viz :-^ men, port Roynl [^ h less '•bttl treaty 'oi^^'(it /or tUia ar- J"rf their V, and de- en re-ern- Pn]or and ^ attacked =^^fed in its ?son fire, ion Were 5 P/acen- e /brtifi. ^'«s then ifided by ^hiisetts. farrison, ^10 in/a - 'es, and ■5 place ^forced >H cap. ?th of ?! The people of Boston, liowever, soon sent Colo- nel Clinrch with about 500 inon, who ravaged Beau Basluj (Ciunberlandj and speedily reiook other parts of the country. Up the iJay of Fundy, liie conquerors burnt the Churches nnd htiildinnfa ot many who relused to aid the E!lJ:li^fh in thDir pursuing attacks on the Indians. Many of their cattle were destroyed ; and dikes which had been laboriously erected were, with dis^^raceful speed, levelled or destroyed. By the Treaty o( liyswick, in Uipyear 1696, King William restored to France this far oil and under- valued country. Qiiestions on Chapter 3rl. By what treaty, and v»'hcn, was Acadia transferred to France ? AVhat circumstances had retarded extensive settle- ments therein ? What was its then French population ? What were the conquests of Jsir William Pliipps, and at what period ? To what sufferings were the Inhabitants of Port Roy til exposed ? What happened at Chedabucto ? Where is Pemaquid, and wliat befel that place ? Where is Beau Bosin, and by whom was it taken ? How were many of the Acadians cruelly treated ? The name of what place is assigned to the treaty of pacification of 1696 ? What territory did France thereby acquire ? ii I i m CHAPTER IV. " How many venturous Kritons meet their doom, New to the field, and heroes in tlieir bloom, ' They leave their native shore. To march were seldom Britons marched before. The toil looks lovelv in the hero's eyes, And danger serves but to enhance the prize.'' Addisow. CAUSES DISTURBING THE PEACE OP ACADIA. ARMA- MENT FROM NEW ENGLAND. ATTACKS ON PORt ROYAL, IN 1704 AND 17 JO. The Treaty of Ryswick not only re-established tranquility in the west and north of Europe, but also defined, although imperfectly, the boundaries between New England and Acadia. Questions relating to these boundaries disturbed the peace of France and England for a protracted period. These contentions were owing, let To uncertainty of the locality of the precise River St. Croix named in the Treaty :— 2nd From a sort of hereditary enmity betweeft the two nations :— and from 3rdly The immense extent of land included in the grants made by each party. The English still continuing to occupy the Fish- ing stations, Villa bon perpetually threatened repri- sals which he had not means to effect. Queen Anne's war of eleven years commenced in 1703. Massachusetts once more undertook the recon-. quest of Nova Scotia, and sent, in 1704, Church, in command of 500 troops, with whom he overran parts of the Province, and carried considerable plunder to Massachusetts. In 1707 the New Eng- land States despatched a force of lOCO soldier^ with two ships of war, against Port Royal, but Subercase, the Governor, repulsed their attack, A similar force a second time renewed th«ir as- sault soon afterwards, but again were unsuccessful. ■') 15 ^/^eir doom, fiore, •d before. h ;estabiisfjed Europe, but Doundaries Questions "& peace of ®^ period. ^^ precise ^ '^etiFeert jJuded in ^^e Fish- Jed re/?ri- Queen lecon. "'ch, in overran derable vEng- oldien ^h but Htacfc. ir as- M General Nicholson, an able officer sailing from Now England wHh five regiments, arrived off An iiapolis in September, 1710 Subercase, its bravo Governor, held out for six days, but having less than 300 troops, he was compelled to yield posses- sion. The troops returned to France. Th»j sove- reignty of Nova Scotia, after having passed thro' so many changes, was now about to be permanently annexed to the Crown of Britain. For several years, however, the French and Indian natives occasionally rose against their conquerors. Ano- ther difficulty arose from the want of settlers. Many of the Acadians, (of whom 4000 were males capa- ble of bearing arms) took tl>fi ojilh of allegiance to the King of England, withlhercipressuttdemaii cl- ing that they should not be liab'le to fight ^|pl^ their countrymen. ...^wi^^TC^ How miserable had been the T^t of*lri||.Ai^fH»li^ for upwards of a century,> during, \vliich they so frequently passed from the protecting sovereignty of one Crown to the unfriendly sway of another ! In the midst of spoliation, and sometimes of cru- elty, they retained faithful allegiance to their Sove- reign, and refused to take up arms against their Indian allies. Questions on Chapter Ath, What was eflfected by the 'i'reaty of Ryswick ? Describe the main causes of disputes as to Acadia? Witliin what years was Queen Anne's War limited ? What was effected by Colonel Church in 1704 ? Relate the particulars of the Wars of 1707 ? What was accomplished by General Nicholson ? Did the French and Indians patiently submit to Bri- tish Sovereignty ? What are the remarks in this chapter as to the Aca- dians ? Is not their loyalty worthy of approbation ? * ' ^ ■Uar-w -Vl ■*. 16 CHAl'TER V. i If, : •" They were always bent To servo their Crown, nnd loyal by descent ; Their constancy so Hnn, and conduct just, Deserved at once, two royal masters' trust." Drydkw. NOVA SCOTIA CEDED TO ENGLAND BY Tr^EATY OF UTRECHT iry 1713. CIRCUMSTANCES AND NUM- BER OF THE FRENCH NEUTRALS. However desirous the French inny hnve been to repossess Nova Sr.otia. yet by the celebrated treoty of Uireciit ill 1713, it was yielded to England. It has ever since enjoyed the privilege of remaining under that Government. In that year tlie name of Anna-polis (Anne's cityj was suhatiiuied for that of Port Royal. The ibrtificaiions there were strenprthened, and it was occupied by a garrison of New Epenrs !o have 'H Neutrals, directed that 'iem. There » «bout 1250 le other parts t 3000. The 'Vbbe Kaynnl » I his inter- , »» Scotia finally Port Royal ? lieAeadians? nt? d? ound Anna- "pied other BURG. fiad hap. J| when ij, J 744. Jceiving ^arty inlbrrnr.tion of this event, sent un expcdiiioit |o Cttiideau, although contrary to liis orders lioni Franco. That station was taken, and his Forces twice besieged Annapolis, but witfi a far different result. Its almost dismantled fortress still was ptrengiliened by forty pieces of cannon, with Avhich, and the aid of troops just arrived from Mas- sachusetts, the Town was still bravely held, bhir- Jey, the Governor of New England, thus encoura- i;ed, obtained, by the majority of a single vote in iCouncil, authority to proceed to the attack of Lou- *Bburg. On the fortifications of that interesting .:^city, the French had expended, during 25 year&,^ Xl,*;iOO,000, hoping to retain it as the bulwark of iheir power in America. With its massy stone walls, extciuding romid two and a half miles : its cliich eiglity feet wide, its noted bastions, and its batteries mounting one hundred cannons, it seem- ed to defy the approach of an enemy. The enter- I prise was entered n])on with ardent zeal, and Tepperil, a Colonel of Militia, was furnished with a levy of miliua and volunteers. Massachusetts provided upwards of 3000 men, Connecticut added 500, while New Hampshire contributed 300. As iliey were Protestants attacking the Roman Catho- lics, bigotry very probably fanm d their zeal, and lent earnestness to their courage. In 1745 they arrivem both, us ; toil.'' Addison ERTEIN 1^40. ^CK ON DABT- lecting Nova 5 secure this the French, Id not seize ^ a solemn ed the erec- that it was soon parties 1750, Go- pot, under d towards jr houses^ -ef, whose 1500 well cted nutn- >n by his idrew his with 1000 "t results. y to fieo »uilt Fort !ted, and her side, •ts within tnd Neu- I'.fj^ ^rals, abetted by the French, attocking Dartmouthi (opposite i^ilifax) killed a considerable number of its inhabitants. Remonstrances to the court of Paris terminating in no satisfactory result, Admiral Boscawen, In April, 1755, sailed for Newfoundland from Ply- mouth (England) with 11 ships of the line and one frigate. He commenced hostilities by capturing, off" Cape Race, in Newfoundland, French Men of War, and within a few months war between the rival powers of England and France wtts formally declared. And again we find the brave New Englanders aiding in the strife. In June, Lieut. Colonel Monckton, leaving New England with a military force, successfully bombarded JSeau Sejour and compelled its garrison to abandon that fort, on which they retired to Louisburir. On ascertain- ing that the enemy had stowed away their principal magazine in another station in the Province, Monckton successfully assailed it. He then dis- patched a squadron to the fort at St. John, and entered into possession ot it During this active period, the Governor of Canada continued to incite the Indians in Nova Scotia to acts of aggression and violence, and he pursued the same course as to the British settlers on the Ohio. Questions on Chapter 9th, Where is the Bay of Verte ? Briefly narrate the encounters which took place ii 1760? By whom was Fort Lawrence built ? What place was attacked ? Whence didBoscawen sail, and with what armameftt ? What was its destination and success ? M % :'■■ 28 JV..o„wa.War„ocW,a„„Mweo..„,atro„. V^'iiat course did the Canadian rv v-anncJian Governor pursue^ ciiapti:r X. ' ' t is a noble f.iriilfv «r connect our thoughts an/onr' "'^"''^ ^^^'^f^ enables us tc tant ,n piace ortirne and Innl'^^'P'^'^'^s with wJmis dil comn,union at oncl'.Jl^b' i^^^^^^^^^ afte'^^toVoh," ancestors and our posterity." Webster. GOVERT^On HOBSON «.'vorn into office on t e 'M ' f i^'1""e. who ,vas •joveinincm) Gem.«n i> , "'^ °' '''e British -ieners, to ^t oce'd to Nors'^' -"'"^ ""'«'• j'° •''--«r.i.h.uhjeetn^rt;sr;rar.': 29 v England in or purs no ? :f enables U8 to h vviiat is dis- after, to hold u«' posterity." Webster. 5ETTLERS IN [NDIAN HOS- I7G0. recorded laving aid- iree years returned vernor by who was P2. Du. J n en burg lifax) the ^'ernlnent circum- Q minute •tferdam, British ther Fo- J settle id were i offered to each settler, with ten acres in addition to such as had families, with maintenance at the public expense for the first year. To these were added those of military arms and materials for building. The proclamation did not fail in depict- ing the climate as very healthy— the soil as pro- ductive and fertile, and the sea coast as abounding in great variety of fishj and furnished with nume- rous secure harbours. Promises were therein made of the continuance of the form of govern- ment tlien in use in the British Provinces, with the benefit of similar Laws and privileges. In conserpience of this invitation, the Govern^ ment agents, forwarded from Rotterdam, one hun- dred and thirty German and Swiss settlers, with their effects. They arrived in Halifax in 1750, and in July of the next year, four vessels arrived there with six hundred and ei«:hty three of their country- men* In the years 1752 and 1753, vessels from Rotterdam conveyed to Halifax no less than one thousand six hundred and fifteen other settlers. Maleo-ash Bay (which name was soon changed for that of Lunenburg) about fifty miles by Water from the Capital, was selected as the location of those emigrants ; and on the 7th day of June, 1753, there was landed there 1453 settlers, They speedily erected a block house, cleared away' the timber, and commenced the erection of their Town, and without delay a regiment of militia was organised. The town plot was surrounded by a picket fence, and a line of nine block houses erected. Not- withstanding these judicious precautions, contests with the Indians were of frequent and often fatal occurrence. Disappointed and unfortunate, rebelli- ous teelings gained ground among the people ; nor were they quelled until a military force Inul arrived from Halifax. After two of the leaders had been I i O ■'iTf J shot, and conciliatory measures adopted by iha (jrovpininent, the people surrendered, and returned to their more peaceful Avocations. The next year tho Government supplied them liherally with c«tt1e, and erected for fhem a spncious Church. Fur nearly six years from tlwit period, tho Indians kept up ji state of horrid warfare, which seems espcicially to have heen directed aga'mst Halifax and Lu!»cnl)ur<,^ But hnppier hours w n*e soon to smile, and the situation of the settlers in those places was not lonjr to be dijjcolored vvirh severe and frequent watchings, and perpetual dread. In .17(;0, peace opened scenes of tranquility. Then these merciless savages ceased, ** Double the iiGual horrors of tho w.ari?, And making e'en death more grim." Questions on Chapter lOth. Purnish an outline of the Proclamation for settlers ? When and where was it made ? What was the result ^ W^hen was Lunenburg first settled ? What events happened there ? What precautions against Indian attacks were adop- ted? When was Poace with the Indians entered into ? ^. DIJ >PtecI hy iha and returned 'ije next year beraJly with s Chinch. '» th« Indians ^'hich seems ■'nst Halifax V '^re soon to '»'s in those ♦vith s«ver« er were disarmed, and their boats secured by the English. Harrassed by frequent requisitions lo provide the troops with fuel, many of them disposed of their property, and removed to the French American Possessions. We Iiave seen that in 1755, Braddock (the lit'i- tish General) had been defeated in Canada, and that Louisburg was reinforced. Governor Shirley was also hard ))ressed, and the Indians were en- couraged by the French to worry or destroy the scattered settlements of the English. Before the fears which these unfavourable circumstances had engendered in the minds of the colonists had sub- ded, Governor Lawrence, with his Council, and Admirals Boscawen and Moynton, met to delibe* rate on some decisive steps. The result of their deliberations was, that the Acadians (who now numbered 18,000) should be expelled from the Province, and dispersed among the American Provinces. Unconvicted of any crime, their lands and houses were decreed to be forfeited without re- compense, and their cattle were seized. Their i rur4iUur< money, But h( within tl| ery was before tl lence, vil ashes, wf BuflTeringl proctami dians to 80 that tl «d to the worship p were en4 on any pi this sad r their esta Septemb( sickles th tiful field j escaped t them ; ol Their t ged, but In Sep were trai the Coloi Boston tl was bui Those w fiom unt dwelt ui ted not ( of thetr Some at the mid! .ff^' :i5 fumituie, (simple nnd uncxpensive,) with llieir money, alone remained their own property. 13ut how were the Government to grnsp securely within their power, so many individuals ? Treach^ ery was necessary to accomplish this purpose : and before their removal was effected, personal vio- lence, villages laid waste, and houses burnt to ashes, were but the prelude of other distressing sufferings. Throughout the various districts, ofHcial proclamations were issued, commanding the Aca- dians to attend at some specified hour and placet so that the orders of Government might he impart- «d to them. The Churches in which ihey had worshipped, became the arsenals in which they were enolosed. No excuses were to bo admitted on any pretence whatever, and their absence from this sad muster, would be on pain of forfeiting; their estate and effects. This was the month of September, the time of the harvest, but other sickles than their own were to reap from their boun- tiful fields that which the flames mi;?ht sparo. Some escaped to the Indian retreats, and remained with them ; others reached Canada. Their sad doom of expatriation was then divul- ged, but their appeals for pity were disregarded. In September, 1755, upwards of 7000 Acadiana were transported, and distributed among several of the Colonies, now formmg the United States. In Boston there arrived about 1000, and Philadelphia was burthened with nearly half that number. Those whom distress and change of climate spared fiom untimely death, subsisted on the charity, or dwelt under the patronage of strangers. Separa- ted not only from their beloved Acadia, but many of them were also parted from their families. Some attetnpted to return, but were arrested. In the midst ofiheir poverty and wretchedness, others 'Mi M 3(i '\\m 1 !l i! II' ' M united in a lengthened and powerfid, though ains! unavailing remonstrance to the liritish ministry. That pathetic docunnent established that cruel treatoient, and broken treaties had been dealt out to them. Had not this harsh and (as subsequent events unfolded) unnecessary conduct have been pursued, and social order thus been outraged, this Province might have reaped the benefits, instead of having caused the misery of so many families. The in- triguing plots and seductive temptations of the Canadians, formed the main causes for the expul- sion of the Acadians. The driving them away has thus stamped a dark blot on the Provincial cha- racter. Questions on Chapter I2th» What character is given of tho Acadians at this pe- riod ? What was the situation of the Provincial Govern- ment ? What course did its members pursue ? Relate the circumstances of the expulsion of the Aca- dians ? Where were they dispersed abroad ? On whom should much of tho ceniuro in this affair i est ? 37 CHAPTER XIII. ** 'ta distant Climes, a dreary scene, Where half the convex world intrudes between ; To torrid tracts with fainting hearts they go, Where blazing suns dart forth a downward ray, And fiercely shed intolerable day. — Far different this from every former scene." Goldsmith, removal of many acadians to st. domingo in 1*756. their sad fate there. transferred to louisiana. « 7! if 1 Before dismissing the subject of the Acadians, this ciiapter will depict, Isc, the situation of those who removed from our then Colonies to St. Do- mingo, — and 2d, briefly furnish information as to the descendants of those who remainnd in Nova Scotia. Writers on our Provincial History have failed ro mention that the miserable situation of the expel- led Acadians had attracted the active sympathy of the Government of France. In 1756, Anson, an agent at New York, negotiated for the removal to St. Domingo, of as many as were willing to risk its noxious climate. The Governor of the Island of- fered them lands and subsistence until they could reap profit from their culture. Six hundred of the .\cadian8 accepted these terms, and arrived at St. Francois, but the district in which their cabins were erected being pestilential, numbers of them perished. They were removed to St. Nicholas, hut at that spot also sickness and distress remained their sad portion. Court d^Estaing, the kind Go- vernor, on visiting them, found them scattered about in disorder, with the wild shrubbery furnish- ing but partial shelter from the tays of the scorch-^ ing sun. Although [)estilence had carried off the C w^^^n 3vS •iiii m, !'.!■■ ?! the agents he had appointed, the Count managed to procure shelter for those whose wasted bodies could reach it, and he speedily erected hospitals- Shortly afterwards the remnant of these A cadi- ans petitioned Governor d'Estaing to permit their return to North America They could no longer endure a climate fatal in its operation, nor a soil, which in that particular spot, was unproductive. On his compliance, they were removed to Louisi- ana, of which they became settlers. Many of those who (as we liave seen) v^'ere expelled from Nova Scotia, were dfterwards permitted to return to it. The descendants of these, and other of the Acadi- ans, may now be seen occupying villages (in most respects distinct from the settlers around them) throughout New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, and Gaspe. There are many of them also in Clare and Cuniberlaud. They seldom in- termarry with other than their own people, and are unwilling to establish themselves ao'iong ihem. They adhere, with much strictness, to the creed and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church, of which they are members. They retain the cha- racter of being, in general, inoffensive and honest. Education has made but little progress among them They are peculiar in their simple attire, which resembles that of the Bavarians. They are mild in their manners, but an undue share of labo- rious exertion is cast upon their females. Many of them speak English, but a patois^ said to be still more corrupted than that of the Canadian hahitanst IS universal amongst them. Questions on Chapter ISth, To what Island did many of the Acadianb remove ? What were there sufferings there ? » cVt >vhat period f "t managed sted bodies ^ hospitals, ^cse Acadi- >cmjit their ^ no longer "Oi* a soil, productive, to Louisi- ^y of those from JVova eturn to it. the Acadi- s (in most ind them) ard Island, y of them ^Wom in- e» and are «g ihem. the creed 'hurch, of the cha- d honest. 3 among Je attire, fhey are oflabo- Man y of be stili love ? 39 To what part of the American Continent did they return ? Furnish an outline of the state of the descendants of the Acadians who returned to the British Provinces ? Is the dialect spoken by them a corrupted Idiom ? Of what Church are they members ? - ««ii CHAPTER XIV. ** Who will not be afTccted with the innocent manners and the tranquility of this fortunate colony ? Who will not wish for the duration of its happiness ? A loiig series ot favourable evenis is necessary to raise them from misery, while one instant is sufficient to plunge them into it. May the Acadians be exempted from this general curse ! Jdut, alas ! it is to be feared they will not.'' Abbe Raynal. OriNIONS AS TO EXPULSION OP ACADIANS. EXTRACTS FROM MCGREGOR, HALIBURTON AND BROMLET. In his work on British America. Mr. McGregor remarks that ^* the present condition of the Aca- dians, and the leading particulars of their eventful history, are both subjects too interesting to be omitted in an account of Nova Scotia.'' We have therefore entered with some minuteness upon that investigation, and there will now be submitted to the reader, the opinion of several authors upon the interesting enquiry, ** How far was their ex- pulsion necessary and justifiable .^" McGregor says — " They were treated, not like innocent men, but as if they were condemnied con- victs. Their accusers were their judges, and tbey were visited with punishrient, the severity of which can never be defended " In another part of his work that author unfoldts the conclusion to Si: ^ '|1 .■,>.•;: r ■» ■;• m '«1 ' i i IMI ■ i. ' mJ 'Si I I if rrencb, or encoura^inff .h<. i j- °'"^'«n«e to t|.e Nova Scotia, unless tK l.t^i^'"?'"'^ ""^n' from Ch.gnecto was consicleredTrnjif ^''•?','' «'°'"'"« at Jhfiy always declared that , hi '^''*'';'«' nlthouth f-f Corne, or else lose thliM ^ T^'^ <^'ced to join e'Ins within the CL oT r''^^ '*^'«'' ''« claim" had taken the oath of lll.i- """''»• They never treated as rebels ti, ^'°"<'®' and could no. hi ^^ and beg,etto hlfcd T'^''" «" ^"«i- we;e\^apr' "xtv' "^ '°'«" -d^in'Vhfch t^" 'egiance';?^hey^^:retm1 t"i'!!"«'^ •» '-t •o the enemies ofBrit2^^'^'''Ssreat strength n>enced; and to allow Zm^ '^'"' '"»'' ""en com- S'on of their lands sZm»T '1 '"^'w*'" in posset- /strust/■t^he1,"etti?:?lV^'•^^^ '«e sanction of an oaS"' ^'«''°''«s. even utldet afs'lo havelTi'n d^fudpHK" ^n^'^ers the Acadi countrymen in Canad, '' T^h'''" '?'"«"«« of S e peace of ^i^i^s of an "'-© to the was deter. them from ^he oath of conduct at > although 3ed to join ' ne ciaim- ^ey never ^Jld not be iiU humU ' to Cana. '«nt from 'lich they swear al- i"g arms ist. To >r io the strength en com- posses- "gerous for the la. 'was -ligious ' lime, under Acadi- f their ts thdt ePro^ (ustify > con- 41 demn." Yet, by way of extenuation, he BUftgmiB that we may find palliations of this transaction by refering to the fact, that at one time three hundred of them had been found underarms — that they had aided and advised the hostile Indians, — and thus harassed the Colony ; that suspicions had been aroused as to their loyalty, while many had ttecome openly rebeliious; and that as they were Roman Catholics, it was deemed in those days impracti- cable for Protestants freely to mingle with them. Again, he adds that — "The milder sentence of unrestricted exile would have recruited the strength of Canada/' and that at that period their expulsion was considered necessary. ** Amidst all these dif- fici.Mes, surrounded by a vigilant and powerful enemy, and burthened with a population whose attachment was more than doubtful, what course could the Governor adopt, which, while it ensured the tranquility of the colony, should temper justice wich mercy to those misguided people? With the knowledge we now possess of the issue of u contest which was then extremely uncertain, it might not be difficult to point to the measures which should have been adopted ; but we must admit, ihat the choice was attended with circum' stances of peculiar embarrassment. In his *' Brief description of Nova Scotia/' Mr. Bromley observes, that transporting the neutral French, "like convicts to a distant clime, was per- haps unnecessary, and certainly injurious to these unfortunate people. Had more conciliatory mea* sures been used, a large, industrious, and useful population might have been saved to the country.^ By these arguments, of aggravation on the one hand, and palliation on the other, the reader may be aided in forming bis own opinion as to the jus- ■m 42 tice or necessity of expatriating the Acadians fronl their adopted country, and their peaceful homes; Questions on Chapter lAth. What is the opinion of tho Author of " Sketches of British America," as to the transportation of the Aca- dian s ? What are his words as to the severity of their punish- ment ? Does Mr. Ilaliburton, in his History, justify this step ? What facts seem to palliate this transaction ? How are they summed up in this Chapter ? Why did the Provincial Government dread their re- union with the Canadians ? What are the remarks of Mr. Bromley on this sub- ject ? CHAPTER XV. 8!ur^ " Summoned all, They meet in Council in the common hall, The warriors seated there survey from far The fields; tho camp, the fortune of the war." WARS OF 1756. RECALL OF GOVERNOR SHIRLEV. HIS SUCCESSORS. COUNCIL AT BOSTON. IMPORTANCB OF HALIFAX. The Acadians, or the greater portion of them having thus been expelled from Nova Scotia, and dispersed abroad, we are led to the consideration of the important events, commencing with British warfare in North America, in the year 1756. Ai this time Governor Shirley was recalled trom the Government of Massachusetts, during the exercise of which he had rendered many iraportani and 43 tetchos of the Aca- [r punish- mfy this their ro- h'lB sub- ^' HIS CANCB them and ation itis/i At I the cise and well timed services to this Province General Abercrombiethen assumed ilie chief military com- tnand, which was, however, soon afterwards trans- ferred to Lord Loudon. Notwithstanding tx defeat at Oswego, that General managed to protect the frontiers of the Southern Colonies, on v/hich at- tacks he i frequently been made by tlie enemy. Early in the year 1750, we find Governor Lawrence attending an annual military council, which Lord Loudon had convened at Boston. The delibera- tions of this importaat council resulted in Halifax being fixed on as the port in which were to be as- sembled the navS! and military forces, destined tor a bold and determined attack on Louisburg. To operations against that celebrated place, were to be brought all the Troops and seamen who could be spared from the numbers necessarily left in military postft, on the borders of Provinces now constituting part of the United States of America. Nova Scotia, in consequence of the command- ing harbor of Halifax, having become the rendez- vous of the Navy, and for some time the head quarters of the Forces, had now attained a summit of importance, hitherto unknown in English esti- mation.^ Indeed, the formidable preparations then made in England for the conquest of Louis- burg and Canada, occupied the jealous attention of the Continental powers. The British ministry seem at last to have become aware of the immense importance of a successful campaign, in order as well to curb the Power of France, as also to retain the glory of England unsullied. Within a few months, Admiral Holburne had arrived at Halifax, bringing with him from Eng- land, upwards of thirty men of war ; with trans- * McGregor; vol. 2, p. 42. ■i, ■'*■ 44 ports, and 5000 soldiers, under Lord Howe. Lord Loudon added COOO men from New York. The military Council, However, abandoned the design of attackinfT Louisburg or Canada this season. "iThey probably were deterred by the late faihues in Canada, and by ascertaining that La Motte was strongly re-enforced at Louisburg, having at his command nine thousand troops, and one thousand Indians. The Admiral then sailed for Louisburg with fiAeen line of battle ships, and other vessels, in order to ascertain its strength, &c- Finding his •nemy superior, and strongly eittrenched, he re- turned to Halifax, and was there re-inforced with four other ships. On the 15th September he re> turned to Louisburg, determined to engage the French, but while his fleet were cruizing near that fortress, a terrible storm drove among the rocks^one of his ships, and the others narrowly escaped. With his shattered, and almost dismant- led fleets he hastened back to England. Questions on Chapter I5th, What is the character of Governor Shirley ? Who succeeded him ? What Council did the Governor of Nova Scotia at- tend ? What plans were projected at the Military Council inlY56? Where was it held ? Of what number did Admiral Holburne's force con- «i8t? What was the result of his first voyage to Louisburg ? What disaster overtook his fleet on the second voyage there ? 45 CHAPTER XVI. " Behold, in dread array, The long extended squadron shape their way, ISor fens, nor floods, can stop Britannia's bands, When her proud foO; ranged on their border, stands." Addison. I ' >% BNEROT OP* PITT. BQSCAWEN S NUMEROUS FLEET. AT- TACK ON LOUISBURG IN JULY, 1758. ITS SUCCESS. POSSESSION TAKEN OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. We must now enquire into the means by which the prosperity of Nova Scotia was secured. Not- withstanding: some reverses on the western fron- tiers of the Provinces, and the disasters of Hol- borne's powerful and costly armament. Instead of being discouraged and disheartened, Pitt, (the new Premier of England,) in less than five months from the AdmiraPs return, had despatched to Ha- lifax a superb and numerous fleet of one hundred and fifty two ships, under Admiral Boscawen, and fourteen thousand troops, under General Amherst. They arrived safely in Halifax, in April, 1758, and then a body of Provincial Troops joined them. On the 28th of May, that immense force sailed from Halifax, and after a passage of five days reached Gabarus Bay, seven miles west of Louisburg. The French Commissioner forced hims(3lf in charge of about three thousand troops and militia, to whom were added, before the conclusion of the siege, three hundred and fifty Acadians and Indians. The harbor was carefully protected by six line of batUe ships, and two frigates, besides whic'^ three other frigates were sunk at the entrance. On the seventh day the troops disembarked and landed, and we find the celebrated General Wolfe, our own Go- vernor (Lawrence,) and General Whitmore, in charge of (he three grand divisions of the army,-" .1 ■ Ml ..'■;•> i; 'I B^^ 46 while Genera] Amherst retained the chief com* mand. The French poured forth oh the disembarked troops, a tremendous charge of cannon and mus- quetry, but gaining the beach* the latter drove oil their opponents. Wolfe carried an important station, from which he opened strong batteries against the Town. Three of the French ships were destroyed by fire, one of them having explo* ded, and the others suffered from their fatal neigh- bourhood to it. A daring attempt of Admiral Bos- cawen succeeding, and the French Commander perceiving that the walls had suffered material injury, and that his fleet were injured, proposed a capitulation, under which he and his garrison sur- rendered themselves prisoners of war, on an im- portant day for Nova Scotia, 26th July, 1758. The prisoners were presently sent to England. The British loss, in acquiring this victory, of such immense value to England and injury to France, was about four himdred men. Nor has the glory of Louisburg been even paitially retained. Her dwellings have passed away, and her walls and turrets are overthrown. Prince EJward Island, (in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,^ was soon afterwards taken possession of by the English, and a skilful and brave campaign speedily resulted in the com- plete conquest of Canada. In the conquest of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia was deeply interested, since it had supplied Quebec with provisions, and afforded shelter to the French neutrals who had fled from Annapolis. From that Island, those Acadians and Indians had frequently effected sudden and barbarous attacks on parts of Nova Scotia. Now, however, the Aca- dians, of whom there were four thousand in tite Island, submitted. 47 Questions on Chapter 16/ A. What was the conduct of the British ministry after Ilolburno's return ? Of what number di■ concludod at Paris on the 10th of February, 1763. France thereby transferee! to its rival power all her possessions on the North American Continent. Wo can now, therefore, return to a detail of the more domestic and exclusive history of Nova Scotia. From that period the settlement of the Province steadily advanced, and the protecting aid of Government, (under the wise superintendence of Governor Lawrence) promoted the prosperity of its inhabitants. Valuable settlers removed to Nova Scotia Irom New England. These settlers proved industrious and beneficial, for '* New England had laid deep and strong the ioundationsof her society. Her religious principles were firm, and her moral habits exemplary, and she had borne an honorable part in the wars which took place between Eng- land and France.'** Settlers also arrived from England and Scotland, and from time to time bands of adventurers, secure from the dangers of the ocean, (to their imagma- tions so strange and perilous,) impressed these shores with their footsteps. From 1713, (the period in which Nova Scotia had been acquired,) till 1749, the commanding officer at Annapolis had exercised a sort ot civil Government, with the advice of his Council. From the latfer year until 1758, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Council, governed the Colony. Chief Justice Belcher had been previous- ly ippointed. An:' now arrived the important era in which the more aiiinle enjoyment of the privileges of British freedom and British institutions were to be trans- ferred to No\ a Scotia. The division of the Le- gislative department into two branches, one of ■' D. Webster. uary, 176a. weralJher Continent, >iail of the of Nova ent of the eciing aid ntendence osperity of 3d to Nova Jrs proved gland had er society, her moral honorable een Eng- Scotland, rs, secure Jmagina- ed these ^a Scotia mandin^ ot civil Council, overnor, ned the reviciud- hich the 'British e trans- the Le- one of 49 which to be formed of members returned by the people, is one material part of the British Consti- tution. The ** Representative System*' is admi- rably calculated to secure the public liberty, and in England it has long been well understood and universally practised. As to the Colonies of Bri- tain, this system has operated to great ndvantage» although the power thus acquired has at one time been abused and perverted in Canada, and at ano- ther period injuriously misapplied in Newfound- land. As to England herself, the exclamation lately applied to her is true and just. England possesses a Constitution '^ as yet without a rival in the ancient world, and in which vital strength re- sides in the equal independancy and the equal in- violability ot the Sovereign, the Lords, and the Commons.''* During the energetic and just administration of Governor Lawrence, a Representative Assembly was granted to Nova i:3cotia, the ministry having long since directed him to issue Writs for the Re- turn of Members, by the people. These were to be twenty two members of the General Assembly. As well the voter as the candidate was required to be a Protestant, and to posesss a freehold in the in the district. The asseniblv thus formed was convened in Halifax on the 2d ot October, 1758. Disagreements between the Executive and the As- sembly arose during the stormy debates of the first Session, but the Government still retained its authority. Notwithstanding dissensions (into the particulars of which we need not enter,) numerous salutary laws and modes of procedure were adopted by the concurrence of the three branches of the Legislature. I.. I •< f « T ' f*' % K Lucien Bonaparte. 50 Questions on Chapter }7th. What was the eflfect of the Peace of 1^63 on Nova- Scotia ? From what quarters did settlers arrive ? Repeat what is said in this Chapter in praise of the British Constitution ? In what does the strength of the British Constitution consist ? When was a Representative Assembly granted to Nova Scotia ? How many Members constituted the first Assembly ? On what day^ and where, was the first Session con- vened ? Did the House proceed with unanimity ? Were any salutary laws passed during that Session ? CHAPTER XVni. I'*. Lawrence— • Nor wasted gifts which nature gave, Nor slothful lay in the Circean bower : Nor did he yield himself the willing slave, Of lust, of pride, of riches, or of power." Accounts of governor Lawrence and president BELCHER, of THE GENERAL PROSPERITY. DEATH OF GOVERNOR LAWRENCE. HIS CHARACTER, PRE- SIDENT BELCHER SUCCEEDS. In opening the first Session of the first Represen- tative Assembly in Nova Scolia,GovernorLawrence congratulated its members on the '* flourishing and happy state of the Province ;" on the surpris- ing improvement of Halifax, on the numerous ap- plications for grants of land j and on the establish- ment of the J&ock Yard there. In the winter of 1759, Halifax again became conspicuous from be- ing the station of Lord Colville, and a strong "SO of the nslitution •anted to ssembJy ? sion con- Session ? fave, PRE- esen- ence iiing pris- >ap- lish- iiof be. ong 51 squadron. In April, 1759, this force sailed from that harbour, and rendered material service in the investment of Montreal, for the brief space, during which the French Governor General held it. The whole of Canada then submitting, and the French possessing merely the Colony of Louisiana, there remained but one point from which Nova Scotia or Canada might probably hereafter be attacked. To garrison that post (Louisburg) would have exposed Great Britain to considerable and perpetually re* curing expense ; and to allow its fortifications to remain^ would have furnished a strong temptation to any enemy. Skill and science had been freely exercised in their erection by the French ; but now their destruction was accomplished by Eng- lish Engineers. Artillery, and whatever could be removed to Halifax, was conveyed thither. In the midst of all this success, which was joy- fully celebrated in the Province, its excellent Go- vernor died on the 19ih of October, 1759, after an illness of but eight days. In his life, the British Government reiterated its thanks and its praise for his *' ability, prudence, and zeal.'* On his death, the Representatives of the people gratefully erected to his memory a monument in St. Paul's Church in Halifax. The Government then devolved on Chief Justice Belcher. During his presidency, the number of Representatives Was increased to twen- ty four. A new assembly was convened, and a formal and precise Treaty was concluded with the Indians. European officers and Indian warriors took part in a Great Talk, and the hatchet was solemnly buried ; — goods were supplied to the Indians, under the agency of government officers ; and a regular standard value was affixed to the furs and feathers, with which they effected their barter. is; -li" 'r\ mm 52 B" The British Government proposed to settle dis- banded officers and soldiers, on the fine tracts of land and marsh adjacent to the Bay of Fundy and Basin of Minas, but happily for provincial pros- perity, Governor Lawrence had successfully oppo* sed the arrangement. Nearly six hundred persons from New England entered into the occupation of those beautiful districts. In December, 1760, Pre- sident Belcher, in an important despatrd, informed his government that the townships of Cornwallis, Falmouth, and Horton, were " well established.** That the Troops, Acadians and Settlers had united in repairing an extensive breach in the dykes of Canard lliver, in Cornwallis. He added that the Troops had completed a Bridle Road from Sack- ville to Windsor, and that much of the expense would be defrayed from a somewhat novel source — " a sum of money appropriated from a seizure of molasses/ At Liverpool there then were own- ed sixteen sail of fishing vessels, and thirty pro- prietors had settled in Annapolis, and as many in Gianville. Many persons of substance were preparing to come to Chester and New Dublin, (County of Lu- nenburg,) and Lunenburg '< was in a very thriv- ing condition." But our next Chapter will commence with a notice of a change which (although for but a brief space) came over the peaceful spirit which then prevailed in the Province. Questions on Chapter IQth, What statements did Governor Lawrence make at to the Provincial prosperity ? On what occasion ? What took place at Louisburg ? When did (jjoyornor Lawrence die ? settle dis- , tracts of 'undy and ^ial pros- 'Hy oppo. d persons paiion of 760, Pre- informed niwaliis, ^lished.*' id united dykes of that tJie m Sack- expense 1 source seizure |re ovvn- i*ty pro- uany in rin^ to of Lu- y thriv- with a a brief 1 then ^ke 4« 53 What la recorded in his praise t Who suceeeded that excellent officer ? What settlements had been established up to Decem- ber, 1 WO ? From what document is this information collected ? CHAPTER XIX. ^^ V^riven from their altars, and their happy home, ^ iTcingers and sad, through other realms to roam, E'en when our wearied spirits seek release, iSo shepherd of our fold to whisper peace.'' Tears OF Acadia. CAPTURE or ST. JOHN's, NEWFOUNDLAND. ACADIANS SENT TO BOSTON. THEIR RETURN. In June, 1762, a French squadron of four ships of the line, with troops, seized upon Trinity Bay and Carbonear, in Newfoundland, and destroyed the buildings. St. John's^a/^t^uZa^ec^to this success- {u\ and adventurous expedition. The inhabitants of Nova Scotia were greatly alarmed at these suc- cessful attacksi and feared them to be the forerun- ner of yet more formidable invasions. Reviving^ as if from a lethargy, the Governor declared Mar- tial Law, and an embargo of ten days was laid on the shipping. The Militia of King's County being ordered to seize on the Acadians, brought nearly one hundred and fifty of them to Halifax. On the 25th July, the Governor and Council determined that these unhappy people should be sent to Bos* ton, where their supposed disloyalty would become insignificant among its greater population. The Massachusetts House of Assembly forbade their landing, so that they were returned to Nova Sco- lia. Soon, however) the speedy passing away of > ■. ii 54 ■1 i if' I. il .His iWr ihe panic, which had- induced their removal, ena- bled them to reaiain. It was strange that so small a number of indivi- duals should have continued objects of public hlurm ! yet we find that in the following year Governor Wilmot recommended to his Govern- ment, that the remaining Acadians should be re- moved to the conquered Islands^ in the West In- dies. He was instructed to allow them to remain, on their taking the usual oaths. Lord Colville sailing for Newfoundland from Halifax, with his squadron, speedily retook Sr. John's and the fishing stations^ seized Upon by the French. About twenty men were lost by that offi- cer in this brief campaign. We have already mentioned that in 1763, a treaty of peace had been concludied between England and France, by which the latter relinquished all claim to these colonies. Since then Nova Scotia had been spared a Repetition of contests and inva gions which would have retarded its settlement and prosperity. On the conclusion of that peaoe, the Crown established the limits of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Islands of Prince Edward and Cape Breton. On the 26th September, 1763, Lieutenant Go- vernor Montague Wilmot was appointed- During that year the imports of the Province had amount- ed to £4,312, while its exports had risen to upwards of £16,000. liS population had then increased to about 13,000. In that year the captain of each of Her Majesty's ships was appointed a Justice of the Peace. The township of Granville was granted to about 160 proprietors. We find at this time still further progress made in settling the country. In 1764, Alexander Mc- Nutt settled Londonderry with Irish emigrants. Was suecess Whr Wh( Wei By Wh made Wh Wli Wl Ta Sc 55 V-' Obtaining a grant of 100,000 acres around the har- bor of Rose way, (Shelburne,) this adventurer esta- blished several families on the western side of the harbor, and termed the settlement ** New Jerusa- lem " Subsequently the (?rant reverter to the Crown, under Escheat. McNutt's attempt to form this his second settlement thus failed, and about twenty years afterwards, loyalists from New York established themselves there. Times of trouble and strife overtaking the New Engianders, many of them became settled in Nova Scotia. Peiuaquid was, in 1764, erected into a Township, under the new name of Windsor. A public market was established near it, and days for a public fair, twice a year, were selected; Questions on Chapter I9th. Was the attack of French ships on Newfoundland suecessful ? What steps wore thereupon adopted in Nova Scotia ? Where were the remaining Acadians sent ? Were they brought back ? By what means was Newfoundland retaken ? What settlemohts were effected, aud improvement d made in the years 1763 and 1764 ? What was the fate of McNutt's two settlements ? Where were they situate ? What induced the New Engianders to remove io Nor- va Scotia ? Ii* *■ 56 CHAPTER XX. " England, on planting tho American Colonies, gr-inted them the full privilege ot governing themselves, and the right of forming such laws as thn wisdom of their respect- ive legislatures should consider necessary j and, in giving them such ample powers to provide for their interest and prosperity, only reserved tho political connexion under the game sovereign, with the general benefit resulting to the empire from their trade.'* McGregor. RIGHT OF TAXATION OF GOLOyiES CLAIMED BY ENG* 1.AND ; OPPOSED BV SOUTHERN COLONISTS. STAMP ACT PASSED IS 1765. ACT WITIIDKAWN. DUTY OF TEA, &C. LOYALTY OF NORTHERN COLONIE3. AP- PORTIONMENT OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. i ^.N,.:> We have now approached towart*? that im[)ort- ant period in *he history of Nova Scotia, when hos- tilities broke out between England and most of the North American Colonies. It will be seen that any apprehension which may have been entertain- ed as to the disloyalty of Canada or Nova Scotia, happily proved to be unfounded. Until the peace of 1763, the British Parliament had allowed the Colonies to affix and levy their own Taxes, without its interference; still that body exercised the riglit to control their Commerce. On the 29ih of Sep- tember, 1764, however, the Parliament passed an Act, avowedly havinjif for its object the raisin;,' a a Revenue from the Colonies, but with permi.ssion to expend each amount raised in the colony payin;^]^ it. The greater number of the Colonies opposed this attempt to establish the precedent of a right thus to tax them. In England it was contested that this right of taxation was indispensable to the authority, union, and prosperity of the Empire. In the Colonies it was urged that Taxation and Ro- 57 presentation were inseparable Jn 1765, the Par- liament passed the famoud Stamp act, which de- creed certain documenls to be invahd, unless pre- pared on paper haTin;^ a stamp, for which a duty was to he paid to the Imperial Treasury. That net brought the colonies within its operations. The act was publicly burnt ut Boston. Most of the Colonial Assemblies passed resolutions a!1 m 4i ■'>. r _' ill: I—. G2 CHAPTER XXII. ** Fortunately for the Mother Country, the Colonists aro warmly attached to her and her Institutions, and deplore a separation too much to agitate questions however impor- tant, that may have a tendency to weaken their aflfcctions, by arousing their passions.'' IlALIBURTOir. THIRTEEN COLONIES DISSOLVE THEIR ALLEGIANCE. GENE- RAL BURGOYNE's FAILURE. ADDITIONAL SETTLERS. Si:',;' • It would be an employment at once instructive and interesting to narrate the striking events and frequent reverses of the American Revolutionary War ; but as the subject is not immediately con- nected with the task assigned to this little work, tbey will be but briefly referred to. The Ameri- cans made a brilliant but brief attack on Quebec in 1775, General Washington was unanimously ap. pointed their commander in chief. He took Bos- ton in 1776. On the 4th July, 1776, the thirteen confederate colonies dissolved their allegiance to the Crown of Britain, the Congress declaring themselves u^ be free and independent, and assuming the title of the "Thirteen United States of Atnerica." At this time General Howe arrived at New York from Halifax, and was joined by his brother, Admiral Howe, — they having a commission to settle diffi- culties ; but no reconciliation was effected. The Americans were aided with ships and troops from France, which country acknowledged the indepen- dence of the United Colonies by a treaty executed Nov. 1778. Although the British Act of 1778 conce- ded thai Taxes raised in tho colonies should be applied for their use, yet the Americans would not gubmity and the war proceeded. The next yeac Hi:' * 63 onists aro d dcploro 'or impor- iffections, JURTOX, OENE- .ERS. tructive nts and tionary. 3Jy con- > work, Ameri- febecin sly ap- )k Bos- Jcleraie own of > tc^ be itle of " At ^ from Jmiral Jdiffl. The from epea- ;uted once- Idbe d not yean General Burgoyne attempted to form a communi- cation between Canada and New York, but ii fail- ed. At last, in J783, the war was brought to a close, and a definitive treaty was executed on the 30th September, at Paris. This event procured for the Province a most i n- portant body of settlers, to the number of rjearly 19,000, who were dispersed throughout i , which then included New Brunswick and Cjpe Breton. Many brought with them valuable pioperty ; most of them were industrious, and of steady habits, so that they added materially to the efficiency of the Courts of Session and House of Assembly. Many of them were also intelligent and respectable. Shelburne thus acquired upwards of J 0,000 settlers, and Dartmouth Hirnished a home for persons from Nantucket, conversant with the whale fishery ; and although New Brunswick anl Oape Breton were detached from Nova Scotia, and received many of the loyalists, yet even with these deductions of terrilorv, the province possessed, in 1784, a popu- lation 6t about 30,000. The « Loyalist Refugees" (as they were termed) received gratuitous grants of land from the British Government, and many of the indigent received money towards their sup- port. The benefits of more numerous mills for grain, as well as saw mills, were now diflused throughout the various settlements. In 1775, the Legislature displayed its loyalty and good faith by imposing a Tax for maintaining such of the militia as were embodied, and soon after- wards martial law was declared to be in force throughout the Province. In the ensuing year a company of troops was sent to the following places for their protection, viz. : Liverpool and Yarmouth on the sea coast, and Onslow, Truro, and Lon- donderry in the interior. Four years subsequently • m » » ■ *,* ili ' ill III ((■»ft| |fi|] iitii «1 ''I 64 ioJill, |t< ' • i W>^H the Assembly granted £5,000 from tlie Provincial Treasury, for procuring armed vessels, and putting them in active i^ervice for the protection of the Provincial Trade. At a previous period, Barracks had been erected from Provincial funds, at Corn- wallis, at the expense of £700- On the Slst July, 1781, Sir Andrew Snape Ham- mond was appointed Lieutenant Governor, under Parr, as Governor. During this year, the population of the Province became reduced in number. This is ascribed to the injudicious and unsuccessful mode in which speculations in land had been conducted. Any effects, however injurious to the public, which may have resulted, soon ceased to be felt, and the Province from this period made considerable ad- vances. The British Government continued its fostering care ; the Governors appear faithfully to have discharged their duties, and the inhabitants pursued their peaceful occupations in quiet and repose. Pardon was extended to such persons in the Province as may have treasonably co-operated with, or aided, either of the colonies which had resisted the authority of the English Crown. In 1783, the Assembly voted £500 to Governor Parr, to aid in supporting his establishment' In 1784, Preston, Clements, and Aylesford, were settled. In 1785, the establishment of monthly packets be-* icween Falmouth (or the southern coast of Eng- land) and BalifaX) was eflected. This arrangement proved of material benefit to the public. The Government now having leisure to attend more minutely to domestic concerns, the counties of the Province were this year assigned their specifip boundaries. ■m illHi •uftincr of the irracks Corn - Ham- under evince ed to which Any which nd the le ad- ed its iHy to )itantfii 3t and t>ns in Jrated hhad I. In Parr, m4, tried. 3 be- nent The lore the ;ifip 6B Questions on Chapter 22d, On what day did the thirteen colonies dissolve their allegiance ? What power aided them with ships and troops ? In what attempt did General Burgoyne fail ? How many new settlers arrived in Nova Scotia in 1783 ? 'Vho was appointed Lieutenant Governor in 1781 ? To whom was pardon granted ? What places were settled in 1784 ? "When were the English packets established ? ;:\?s CHAPTER XXIII. tl What places Nova Scotia, more than any other circum- stance connected with its history or establishments, in a point of view that has accelerated its prosperity (while it at the same time gave an intellectual ascendancy to those brought up in the colony,) is, that the benefits of Educa- tion were always, or at least since the /American revolu- tionary war, to be obtained in the Province." McGregor. ▲ BISHOP APFOINTED. WINDSOR COLLEGE ESTA- BLISHMENT. IMPEACHMENT OF THE JUDGES* REPORT OF COUNCIL AGAINST IT. GOVERNOR WEN.TWORTH APPOINTED. This Chapter commences with 1787, in which year Nova Scotia was, by letters patent, erected into an Episcopal Diocese, and the Reverend Dr. Charles Inglis, formerly Rector of Trinity Church, New York, was appointed its first Bishop. In No- vember, the Assembly resolved on establisliing a public Academy at Windsor, and recommended that a College also should be established there. The progress of these Institutions will be hereafter *- ^ t \ ■' : If' '«■: \ •; 'it' It^. ." '■ 66 noticed, but as the instructions from His Majesty, which probably hastened their formntion,are highly creditable, they are here transcribed from Halibur- ton's History. " November 13th, 1787 — It is our will and pleasure that you recommend to the As* sembly within your government, to make due pro- vision for the erecting and maintaining Schools, where youth may be educated in competent learn- ing, and in the knowledge of the principles of the Christian Religion.'' In that year, Prince William Henry, afterwards King William IV, was enter- tained at Halifax, with a Dinner and Ball, at the public expense. In December, 1788, the House of Assembly stated in their address to the Governor, that com- plaints had been submitted to them» against the judges of the Supreme Court, for improper and irregular administration in office."* The Address requested that His Excellency would cause inves- tigation to be made. Accordingly the matter was laid before the Council, who reported, that in their estimation the charges were without foundation. But the matter did not end here. In March fol- lowing, a motion was made in the Assembly, re^ questing the Governor to remove His Executive Councillors, by reason of the advice given by them on the subject of the alleged misconduct of the Judges. The motion, however, was lost. The fol- lowing year, His Majesty ordered that the articles upon which the judges were impeached, shouIU be heard before the King in Council. In November, 1792, Governor Parr died at Hali- fax, aged 66. Hon. K. Bulkely administered the government, he being the senior member of Coun- * For the debates on this subject; see 2d vol. Nova Sco^ tia Magazine. «i '■;:* i fi 67 ci), until the appointment, in the same ycari of Sir John Wentworth. The great road to Pictou was DOW opened, at vast labour and expense. Questions on Chapter 23df. In what year was Nova Scotia erected into an Epis- copal See ? Who was its first Bishop? What was the purport of the Royal Instructions, da- ted November, 17S7 ? "What public men were impeached in the following^ year ? Who were appointed to examine and report ? What were the results ? When did Governor Parr dio? Who succeeded him ? Jn what year ? i I J !| 1?H '■• yt ■^P. *i ; j: ; .^ 4 / ^\ S'lt,- 'f'': 'ill LM 6S CHAPTER XXIV. *' What excuse can there be for the contempt with which some treat this part of our species, that wo snould not put them en the common footing of humanity.'' Addison. . • NEGROES ARRIVE FROM THE UNITED STATES. RE- MOVAL OF 1200 TO SIERRA LEONE. MAROONS BROUGHT TO HALIFAX. THEIR REMOVAL TO SIERRA LEONE. NEGROES FROM UNITED STATES. VHEIR CONDUCT. PRESENT NUMBER AAD STATE OF NEGROES IN NOVA SCOTIA. The reader is now presented with a brief account of the past and present state of the negro popula- tion of Nova Scotia; and of the remarkable circum- stances under which they were originally conveyed io, or taken out of, this Province. Such negro slaves as reached this Province from the United States, from time to time, became libe- rated on touching our soil. Cowper truly says — ** ISlaves cannot breaihe in England : if their lungs Receive our air, that moment they are free. After the American Revolution, several hundred iree negroes were added to those already in this Province. A company having been established by Act of Parliament for the protection and suste- nance of Slaves at Sierra Leone, these negroes applied to be removed thither. In 1792, the Company, moved by feelings of benevolence, not the less sincere bet^ause most un- fortunately misapplied, removed thither, in sixteen vessels, and at great expense, nearly 1200 of those people. Upwards of sixty dip ' ^^^ the passage, and many of the others became u ^m and disaffect- ed. Some perished from the s of a climate, ■i till! i.. 69 which, though congenial to their ancestors, wai fatal to thembelves. And now we turn to the Maroons^ who were removed to HalKax from their rebellious state in Jamaicn. Their ancestors had harrassed the Inland for 40 years, notwithstanding the expendi- ture of £240,000 by the British Government, in endeavouring to suppress them. At last, in De- cember, 1795, they discovered that no less than one hundred Spanish dogs would be let loose against them. These fierce animals had been brought for that purpose from the Havana. The dread of these unusual enemies induced the hunted Alaroons to yield. In June, 1796, six hundred of them had beep conveyed to Halifax, and Jamaica get aside £25,000 to defray the expense of their removal and settlement. The Duke of Kent then being commander in chief at Halifax, he embodied them as labourers at the Citadel Hill, where they diligently erected the lines of the Citadel, and the Maroon Bastion- Many of then: afterwards were incurporated, amongst the militia. Keligion, how- ever, they would neither heed nor obey. The winter which followed, however, affording a miserable contrast to the warmth of the torrid climate which they had quitted, they became dis- contented and idie. Their murmurs rose above the numerous comforts which surrounded them ; and after having cost the British Government, for several years, the annual charge of £10,^00, they also were removed to Sierra Leone. Two instances of folly should have left warning behind them. Yet once more Nova Scotia was to afford shelter to negroes, freed from the servitude of other lands. While blockading the American coast, the English Admiru! received on board hi* ships, several hundred negroes, who sought Xh^ fi.-'"!" 'iil lif 1 hI'I^ f 1' ■ "'! 70 1^ :■''■( i^helter of his country ond bis flag. These also ^ere sent to H&lifax, and there became idle mid reckless. As winter approached, Governuoeni bestowed on them rations, clothir^g, and a|Fmculta< ral tools. For these benefit?^ they reiUi«;ed idle jTiunnurs and noi^y complaints. 8om& went back to ihe Uuiied States — ninety of them were returned to Trinidad. To crown all, an immense sum was paid to ili6 Uiiited Slates, by way of compensation (Bii that nation termed it^for their removal Irom tiieu' territory. There now ai'e probably in Nova Scotia, about three thousand of the descendants of those three b<)dieB of negroes, some residing at the settlen^ents laid out for them at Preston, six miles trom Dart- mouth ; and at Hammond's Plains, twelve miles from Halifax. Others are scattered throughout the Province, These miserable settlers are frequently aided by the Legislature, and are perpetually begging and receiving charity ; yet in general they are neither ^prosperous nor useful. In August, 1837, the Lieutenant Governor hu- ^manely applied to Lord Glenelg, the Colonial Se- cretary, for permission to remove the "refugee negroes" to various parts of the Province, and to locate them at the charge of the British Government to the Crown Lands, in the different counties of the Province of a better quality than that allotted them near Halifax. His Excellency set forth their mi- serable condition, and referred to their repeated refusals to remove to Trinidad. He added that one hundred and fifteen out of the one hundred and fifty families of which they consist, remained unwil- ling to remove in a body to some other part of the Province. The Colonial Minister replied unfavor- 4ibly to this application, so that these improvident u. 71 people, from year to year, still receive irom the Legislature) sums occasionally amounting to JBIOO. Questions on Chapter 2ith» Repeat Cowpcr's lines on slavery ? How many negroes came to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution ? How many negroes were removed to Sierra LeonQ ? What was the fate of some, and conduct of others ? Whence were the Maroons brought ? Relate particulars concerning them ? How were they employed ? To what settlement were they removed ? Whence came another body of negroes ? How did they behave ? What became of them ? How many negroes are there now in Nova Scotia, and what is their state ? What application as to them was ineffectually made by Governor Campbell to the Colonial Secretary P t •■■1 ■<> : B- 72 CHAPTER XXV. " In order to discover where man's true honor lies, we tnust look, not to any adventitious circumstances of for- tune, but to the whole of what forms a man, what entitles him as such to rank high among the class of beings to which he belongs. luja word^ wo must look to the mind and>Uio soul. Blair. War WIT^ FRANCE. FR£SS WARRANTS. SUBSCRIP- TION IN HALIFAX. LOSS OF TRIBUNE. BUILD- * INOS £R£CT£D BY FRINGE EDWARD. In April, 1793, a war having^ commenced be- tween England and France, Halifax again became the North Amencan station for the British Navy and Army employed in that contest. Rich prizes were frequently brought into the Port, and the large number of Troops and Navy spread around wealth and energy. The lato Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, (Father of our Gracious Sovereign) during this war, greatly advanced the prosperity of Nova Scotia. On His Royal Highness leaving Nova Scotia, 1798, in order to assume the chief military command in North America, the Assembly voted him Five Hundred Pounds tor the purchase of an ornamental star. Press Warrants were granted on five separate occasions, in this and the four succeeding years, in order efficiently to man the King's ships.' In 1795,- two of those ships brought into Halifax, two French Men of War, captured by them on the voyage fromGuadaloupe to Virginia. Subscriptions having been raised throughout England to aid the Government in bearing the expenses of this war, the Inhabitants of Nova Scotia contributed a considerable sum, Halifax alone raising nearly j£5000. No In November, 1797, La Tribune, one of tlio finest Frigates in tke Navy, and carrying forty lour guns, was lost at the entrance of Halifax harbour. She had sailed fromTorbay, on the 2Sd September as convoy to vessels bound for Newfoundland and Quebec. Contrary to the prudent solicitations of the Captain, the master declined laying too for a Pilot. In attempting to wear the ship, she struck at mid-day. Boats soon approached her, and aRho^ their crews diligently labored with that of the up- fortunate ship, in endeavoring to preserve her, yet about ten at night she sunk to the bottom, near the entrance of Herring Cove. The captain, most of the officers, and all but eight of the crew of two hundred and forty men, with several women and children, perished. It is supposed that the frigate would have been saved, after having been lightened, had not the water poured with such tremendous rapidity into her. Prince Edward distinguished himself by his generosity towards the survivors. In 1795, Governor Wentworth received the dignity of Baronet, and seems well to have deserv- ed that distinction. In 1797, Prince Edward erect- ed the Lodge and Rotunda, near Bedford Basin, six miles from Halifax. These beautiful premises still, although in ruins, bear evident marks of for- mer grandeur and glory. On the 5th June, 1800, the corner stone of Mason Hall was laid by His Royal Highness, who had returned to the Province. Long will his memory be had in honor and grate- ful remembrance m Nova Scotia ! Towards the end of the year 18C1, peace between the great European powers was declared. The people of Halifax exhibited their loyal joy on this happv event by a brilliant illumination. As E t ^v-^i m. t II '■A I i 74 far, however, as the Parent Country and France were concerned, this peace lasted but for a year. The Legislature this year passed an Act improving the Revenue and militia systems. Questions on Chapter 2bth. In what year did the war between England and France commence ? How frequently were press warrants issued ? What captures were made ? What sum was subscribed in Halifax towards defray- ing the war expenses ? When and where was the *' Tribune'* wrecked ? How many lives were lost ? What buildings did Prince Edward erect ? When was peace declared ? H«w long did it exist u tween England and France ? What important laws passed during the session of this year ? CHAPTER XXVI. '* The highest praise is due to the Nova Scotia Legisla^ ture, which had the good sense and liberality to commence this laudable establishment.'^ Haliburton. DESCRIPTION OP THE ISLE OF SABLE. SES, &C. THERE. WILD HOR- The Isle of Sable is within the boundaries of Nova Scotia. It is distant from Cape Canso about eighty five miles, and \p about thirty miles long, though less than two mHes wule. It is low. with n.i appearance in colour resembling that of the sea, and therefore not to be discovered at a distance. As it lies in the course of vessels from Europe, &c. 75 )t is in a most dnngerous position. Notwitlistand** ing it had been the sad cause of loss of Hves and treasure, no establishment had been formed on it until 1801. Up to the year 1804. £1500 had been expended out of the Provincial Treasury in erect- ing buildings, and establishing a family thereon. In that year the Legislature commenced the grant to the establishment of £400, which has ever since been annually continued. To that sum has annu ally been added, since 1827, a similar £400 from the British Treasury. The sandy soil of this " terror of navigators^' produces nothing but grass and cranberries. Not a single tree or shrub grows on it ; but on the southern end are to be found rude heaps of timber and plank, repeating (as it were) their mournful tale of desolation, destruction, and death. There is on the Island a lake or pond, 18 miles long, and providentially water can be obtained throughout the Island, four or five feet below the surface. There are several hundred wild horses on the Island. Each year some of them are used for food ; others are caught by stratagem, and brought to Halifax for sale, for the benefit of the establishment, the proceeds being appropriated towards the support of it. They are small, but hardy and strong. Seals, Rabbits, and the eggs of wild birds, are also to be obtained here. It is now in contemplation to erect either one or two Light Houafes on Sable Island, notwith- standing its flat situation, and its sandy and shift- ing soil. In the 17th century, ihis Island was resorted to for the teeth of the sea horse, and for seals and black foxes. In 1598, La Roc he landed there a number of convicts, after being some time on the Nova Scotia coast, his vessel was driven to France, and these unhappy people were left in a \ 76 miserable plight. Henry IV. of France sent for them : but 12 had survived. Questions on Chapter 26th, What is the distance of Islo of Sable from C arise ? What is its length and width ? Why is it indisccrnablo at a distance ? When was an establishment placed on it ? What sums are annually granted for its support, and from what sources aro they derived ? What does Sablo Island produce ? What aro the dimensions of the Lake on the lb- land ? For what was this Island resorted to in the 1 Tth cen- iury ? Were there any convicts landed there in 1508 ? What was their fate ? CHAPTER XXVH. .-.4f ',y ! "^ " Nova Scotia has been peculiarly fortunate in having "', ^ had its administration intrusted generally to good; and in most instances, to great meu.'^ McGregor. FROSFEAOUS ADVANCEMENT OF NOVA SCOTIA. REt VENUE IN 1806. ADMINISTRATION OF SIR GEORGE PREVOST. REVENUE IN 1808 AND 1809. DECLA** RATION OF WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES. (From 1804 to 1812.) From the period of the accession of settlers, many of them intelligent and educated men, in the year 1783, the Province ra- pidly advanced in population and prosperity — new settlements were located, and those which had for- merly been established continued to improve. Tho commerce of Halifax increased, and roads were 77 improved. In 180(1, llio Revenue Iiad increased to £20,577, and tite pariiumentary estimate was i:7,l(»5. In July, 1804, the Council and Assembly disagreed, so that no appropriation Itill was passed, and the Governor found means of paying public salaries. In 180G, the House of Assembly having appointed William Cotman Tongue, Esquire, as Speaker, Governor Wentworth rejected the nomi- nation, and Lewis Morris Wilkins, Esquire, suc- ceeded to the chair. In addition to these domestic and temporary differences, there were reasons, the following year, for anticipating foreign and more serious conflict. A war with the United States was anticipated, and in consequence n deserter taken from on board an American fri'^ale, and three seamen, convicted of mutiny, were executed. About seven hundred militia were drafted into Halifax, and its own militia were furnished with arms. (A.D 1808.) Sir John Wentworth having left the Province, after a satisfactory administration of fifteen years. Sir George Prevost was sworn in as his successor on the 13th April, ISOd. This ofdcer was well calculated for the administration of the government entrusted to him. The situation of affairs gave ample employment to his active mind. The United States exhibited conduct hostile to Great Britain, perhaps under the impression that France might prove victorious, and that there would thus be afforded an opportunity of seizing on the northern colonies. The Governor, there- fore, soon after his arrival, accomplished a tour through the Province. In his address to the Le- gislature, he congratulated his people on the vast increase of imports and exports, notwithstanding the embargo of the United States, and on other unquestionable proofs of the prosperity and in- • i\ ■:•>»>■ F I i( 78 B'-',r * 31!''''-'*' m' i'li (,.;*; %^ tsrease of this valuable Province." He caused twenty-six Battalions of Militia to be organised, and a large proportion of them to be armed and ficcoutred. In 1808t the Revenue increased to £25.641 In 1809, it amounted to 36,598 Bromley enumerates amon^ the benefits of the administration of Sir George Prevost, ** regularity in public departments ; establishment of Schools ; founding the Province Building ; and amending the Road Service." From December, 1808, to Febru- ary, 1809, His Excellency assisted in the reduction of Martinique. During his absence, Alexander Croke, Esquire, administered the Government, with great firmness and ability. The Legislature voted two hundred guineas to Sir George, lor his conduct at Martinique. On His Excellency having been appointed Go- vernor General of the Provinces in North America, he was succeeded by Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, in October, 1811. "Unfortunate disputes between the Government of Great Britain and the United States, led to a v/ar between two Countries which similarity of language and ancient connexion ought to Lave kept in amity. The Americans unBuccess. fully invaded Canada, but at sea some of their fri- gates being better built and equipped, obtained some triumphs over British vessels."^ On the American Government declaring War, in June, 181*2, patriotic feelings were exhibited throughout the Province, and the Assembly voted large sums, for puttmg the Province in a state of defence. As the interests of Nova Scotia were deeply af- fected by this War, we add that its alleged causes were :— the Impress of American seaman by the ; ' * Taylor's England, p 452. 79 caused fed, and 'd and .641 ;,598 of the ularity 'hools ; ing the Febru- luction xander It, with ) voted [>nduct 5d Go- nerica, ►rooke, tween -Jnjted which ought ccess. lir fvU aiaed War, bited ^oted le of yaf- uses the British ; British orders in Council ; and injury to American Trade by British Blockades of the ports of her enemies. Questions on Chapter 27th. From what period had the Province been increasing ? To what sum had the Revenue increased in 1806 ? What differences existed between the Governor and Assembly in 1804 and 1806 ? What steps were taken in anticipation of a war wiih the United States ? What was the public character of Sir George Provost ! What proceedings did he adopt ? When was war declared ? What were alleged by the American Government as the causes which led to it ? CHAPTER XXVIII. " On these Governor devolved the aokumn obligation of protecting their country from their foes j and this they did most effectually by preserving their own independence, and doing their duty to their conntry fearl«»*;sly. Far abovk and far beyond the factious and faithless demagogues^ stand those of whom my country proudJy boasts." BiDVLH (altered.) EFFECTS OF IHE ^AR ON NOVA SCOTIA. INCREASE OF REVENUE. ADMINISTRATION OF SIR J. C SiJER- BROOKE. VOTE FOR BENEFIT OF CANADIANS. ADMINISTRATIONS AND GOVERNMENT OF LORD DAL- HOrSIE AND SIR JAMES KEMPT. During this war, which raged from Jane 1812 to Decetnber 1814, Halifax became of vast importance, as the Naval Station— valuable prizes were fre- quently brought iato the Port, and the inhabitanti^ ,1 : • w,.i y ^u 80 realised large sums from the purchase atri resale of their cargoes, and from the expenditure of the British Army and Navy. Fortunes rapidly made, were frequently lavishly expended. Many seemed to forget that the wealth and prosperity flowing from casual and temporary causes, must cease with the circumstances which created them. Thus expensive living ; extravagant and rash purchases of real estate at an over valuation, combined with other causes in inflicting much distress on the transition from the lavish expenditures of the great war, to the quiet times of peace. Amidst many injuries arising to Halifax from this war, great benefits ensued. The Roads were materially im- proved; and a rich Revenue (amounting in 1814 to £114,533) was beneficially expended under the superintendence of the wise and indefatigable Go- vernor. A new road from Halifax to Annapolis was opened by him ; and Sherbrooke, in the coun- ty of Lunenburg, was formed and settled by dis- banded soldiers, and some of their officers. The lull length pictures of Governor Sherbrooke and his Predecessor, have long ornamented the Halifax Exchange Room, but even without these memen- toes of these excellent Governors, Nova Scotia will long venerate their memories. And Nova Scotia had other causes for gratitude. While during the American War^ many of their fellow Colonists in Canada met with a death of suffering on the battle field, and others endured " ths sad variety of pain,*' her favored inhabitants could exclaim : — " The actuai agonies of war, Thank God, have been from us afar . We have not seen the silvery flood, Run crimson with our kindred's blood :— Ws have Lot seen the strangers tread. ll tioi of wa^ 81 nd resale fe of the ^h inade, y seemed flowing ease with !• Thus ui'^hases led with on the the great St many fr, grea*t ially im- J814 to der the ible Go- inapoiis e coun- by dis- '. The ke and Halifax demen- tia will ti tilde their ?ath of idured •itantg Profane the Church where slept our dead j JNor hoard the thundering vollies come^ And tremble at the beaten drums." In 1814 the Legislature granted £1500 in addi- tion to £300 received from England, for the erection of ♦he Admiral's House, and the further sum of £2500 for the benefit of Canadian sufJerers by the war. In the atrtumn of 1814 Sir John Sherbrooke captured Castine and Machas in the State of JMaine, with a tract of upwards of one hundred miles on the American coast. On the 24th Decem- ber 1814, peace between the United States and England, was agreed on by the Treaty of Ghent. In 1815, the Governor accepted from the Legisla- ture, one thousand pounds for the purchase of a sword. In June, 1816, Sir John Sherbrooke having been appointed Governor General, embarked for Canada, and was succeeded as Lieutenant Governor, by the Ilight Honorable Earl of Ddlhousie. Halifax this winter suffered materially from fires. • The latter of the two, (on 17th December) destroyed Giassie's Buildings, and other property, to the amount of £40,000. In 182J, twenty three Houses in Sack, ville Street, were consumed by anothek fire. The Right Reverend Edward Burke, was thif=i year cre- ated Roman Catholic Bishop, in Nova Scotia. On 23rd of January, 1820, Nova Scotia's benefac- tor, the Duke of Kent, died. King George the third hia father, also died the following week. Being promoted to the command in Canada? Lord Dalhousie removed there in 1820, alter hav- ing endeared himself to the Province, by his brief l)u satisfactory administration of four years. The Legislature devoted £1000 to the purchase of a sword and star for his Excellency, and he was E2 :>»■* ■Js.'.- }, ^ .V ;ii Mi] m 82 pleased to preseut the Province with a full lengtlt portrait oi King George the secopd, and another of His Queen. They continue to adorn the Coun- cil Chamber. Lord Dalhousie actively patronised Agricuhuial Societies, and founded Dalhousie Col. lege. The ^'Letters of Agricola'* which nnaterially advanced our Provincial Agriculture, were pub- lished during his Administration. Sir James Kept assumed the charge of the Go- vernment in June, 1820. In this year Cape Breton was re-annexed to Nova Scotia and constituted one of its counties. This fine Island now forms the three counties of Cape Bretot?, Richmond and In. verness. In May, 1822, George's Island, at the en- trance of Halifax Harbour, was occupied by the officers and men of the French Frigate L'Africane, which had been wrecked on Sable Island. Out of her crew of two hundred and fifry men, six only had been lost. The hospitality of Nova Scotians to their suflering fellow creatures, induced the French Governtnent soon after their return to France, to send a Corvette to Halifax, with the Em- blem of the Legion of Honor to the Governor, and a Gold Medal to Mr. Hudson, superintendent of Sable Island, and another to Mr. Darby, command- er of a small vessel} which had aided in saving the crew. In March, 1824, the Governor being about to visit England, the Assembly addressed His Excel- lency, and desired his acceptance of five hundred guineas for the purchase of a piece of plate ; but he declined acceptance. While this popular Gro- vernor presided over the province, a President of Sessions, and Law Judge of the Court of Common Pleas wa«,(on his recommendation,) established by Law, in each of the four districts into which the Province was divided : the Pictou Coal Mines were o| lij tl] o| ii d e ifcl- LL 83 ^"11 length d another the Coun. patronised ouaie Col. 'Materially 'vere pub- f the Oo- ie Breton tuted one brms the and In, It the en- i hythe ^fricane, Out of iix only Scotians Jced the ^urn to he Em- for, and dent of imand- ing the 3out to Excel- in dred 5 ; but r Go- ent of nmon edby 1 the were opened, and a Bapk, Whaling Company, and Piib- lie Library were established. During the temporary absence of the Governor, the Honorable Michael Wallace assumed the reins ot Government, and performed its duties with great industry and benefit. In October, 1825, an awful tire at Miramichi, N. B. laid waste 100 miles : and destroyed 500 lives, and property valued at £22d>- 000' Great Britain, United States, and the North- ern Colonies subscribed £43,067 towards relief of the sufferers. By a sad coincidence Fredericton was iDJured by fire. Questions on Chapter 2Sth, IIow was Nova Scotia affected by this War ? What was its duration ? What was the amount of the Hevcnuc, in 181i ? Had the enemy entered the territory of Nova Scotia ? What sum was presented, and by whom to Sir J. Sherbrooke ? Had he been successful on the American coast ? Didllalifax suffer by fires this year,and to what extent? W^hat events took place, during the Administration of Lord Dalhousie ? What mark of respect was shewn him, by the Legis- lature ? How did the French Government display its gratitude, and for what services ? What events occurred during Sir James Kempt's ad- ministration ? What melancholy event happened at Miramichi, in 1825 ? What aid >Ya!3 cgntributed; m^ from wliat quartgj* ? 84 CHAPTER XXIX. L. E. L. 11^ ;«BED PRO,, 1828 TO jssa"^ '^"^^•"^s. i/",^ ^'^D /TS SOURCES. "*• ^EVEWrjE qf I83a' In November, IS3« c- t> which he f.i^?"""""'' ^"'•neaWy si- vf "^^ !'=°"«- "nae .he mo^^SoseTj^l T" '!.'« -S w i^eh for five vi!'*. ^^^semWv vo'^d Lot '''''^^'^^eg. Ji'" provided iLv . '"^^^» ««''ftxi XL^"=" «iso passed., Svin"''^^^'' ""^ mafis in°lP°- P-sed P^orditV.^r•S -''"'?^'' -^ a A' ■ to elZT- ^^'"•' *mponan? La^ ''^^""''i«''men, ./g^V«rsiSori^';-/fc.'Sfe^^ '^f^toie had received from 85 L. E. L. fRANT FOR S- liAWs 2 OF 1832. ^nd, Who Jccessor) ^he oaths a Scotia. ' ; during •eJlency, Ije Duke icial ex- s which rnvv(Li«»d Dykus, were also provided for. An \>' .%■ 'i .f'l lf:« into operation on the 30lh March, 1832. A privates Bank had been established in 1825. In 1833, the honorable Samson Salter Blowers resigned the important office of Chief Justice, the duties of which he had performed for 36 years, with great learning and inflexible integrity. Judge Brenton Halliburton succeeded him, instructions to that effect having been sent by the Secretary for the Colonies, dated December, 1832. Questions on Chapter 29th. When did Sir Peregrine Maitland succeed to tlic Govcrnniont ? Were the examples of Ilis Excellency and Lady of material benefit, and why ? What sum was granted by the Legislature, in aid of the Western Stage Coach Company ? What important Laws were passed in 1830 ? What step was taken by the Assembly as to Timber duties ? When was the Bank of Nova Scotia incorporated ? Who succeeded the honorable Samgou Salter Tlowers as Chief Justice ? coloj beci timei oftl tVHi A' -A privare Blowers tioe, the 36 years, • Judge tructioiis Secretary J to the Lady of n aid of Timb er itcd ? viewers 87 CHAPTER XXX. *< A broad and lasting foundation for the prosperity of the colony has now been laid ; excellent Instltiitioas have been established, and much of tue prejudice of former times has become removed, and the commercial character of the country has begun to display itself." WHALE FISHERY COMPANY CHARTERED. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS. CEMETRY. AGRICULTURE. CASUAL REVENUE IN 1833. EXPORTS AJ«D IMPORTS. LAW COMMISSIONERS. BRIDGES AT C0RNWALLI9 AND WINDSOR. We have not yet disposed of the period, during which Sir Peregrine Maitland was Governor, when the Province continued to increase in importance. tt had become the object of the Legislature to endeavour to make its resources more available, f\nd to promote its commercial and other interests. We find, therefore, that in the year 1833, a sum not to exceed £2000 was appropriated as bounties to such owners and native seamen of the first six vessels (not less than 200 tons burthen) as should *^ be fitted out in the Province and cross the Equa- tor, in tht prosecution of a whaling vo3^age." Neither the earlier nor the present progress of the Province furnished any very lucrative or successful results from these adventured, although w« find that, upwards of half a century since, they were considered as the probable source of wealth . In 1784, twenty families removed from Nantucket in the State of Massachusetts, to carry on the Fishe- ries, among " The far Islands of the Southern Seas ;" And Government furnished them with aid. Before eight years had elapsed, the Nantucket men, dis- couraged by a failure of a similar attempt in Hali- 'it I m ■ 'it * ' ' '■• 'I '■ t - ■ ., 4 88 •1, Yi' t:.|!l r < fa'x, abandoned their designs, and removed to Mil ford, in England. Encouraged by the fact that there are now out of St. John, New Brunswick, six fine new whale ship^. (two of them commanded by NovQscotians) — and ihat ships and their outfits can now be procured at far less expense than for- merly, a company is now about being formed in HaVitax, for the purpose of sending vessels on si- milar voyages. In February, 1842, exf^rtions were pui forth in Halifax to renew an attempt made in 1838, which then proved abortive. There are to be 1000 Shares, at £30 each. Nor was the public health neglected. It was dotermified by the Legislature, that " the practice of interment within the Town or Suburbs of Hali- fax should be discontinued." A law was then passed, allotting a portion of the Common for a Cemetry, The City officers now have the control of the matter, and have appointed *^ Commission- ers of the Cemetry'* from their own body. The Committee on Agriculture put forth an interesting report, (recorded in the Journals] which concludes with this remarkable paragraph : — " Agriculture should employ our ablest hands and wisest heads, and it will employ our purest hearts. It is the source of sustcnonce to the King and to the Beg- gar, as well as the source oi individual and national prosperity." In 1833, the eceipts and disbursements of His Majesty's Casual Revenue was £6677 currency. The Custom House returns presented the follow- ing enumeration : — IMPORTS. VgsIs. JVlcii From G. B. &- Brit. Possess. 417* 3144 Coastways 1289 4661 Foreign Countries . . . 1362 4532 Value. Tons. 410,2251. 59,254 169,9281. 78.219 505,4771. 116;378 To Coae Forei tI oftll the rep< Coi vin( tha^ ed to Mii,. ^act that ninswiclc, fTirnnncled eir outfits than for. formed in els on si- ions were t made in ere are to It was practice sofHali- ivas then non for a e control ^mission- *y. The terestingr includes liculture 31 heads, t is the he Beg. national of R,s rrency. lollow- Tons. 5,9,254 78.219 116,378 fi 1 ■ i^W Value. Tonn. •■.« llB doZ,2V,lU 2'J,ne pier, lined in pstanttai Jd there, Shares lose who le Fish- entered ^lifax iK Agricul- rts and Jar ? 91 CHAPTER XXXL " Where are they bound, those gallant ships, That here at anchor lie ; tiow quiet as the sleeping birds. Beneath a summer sky ? A little while the wind will rise. And every ship will be, With splashing prow, and shining sail , Afar upon the sea " L. E. L. PRESENT OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE RECORD COMMIS- SIONERS. NUMBERS, &C. OF SCHOOLS IN 1835. REVENUE. WRECKS ON SABLE ISLAND. QUIT RENTS. CHARTER TO MARINE INSURANCE COAT- PANY. At the commencement of 1835, the Duke of Wellintrton, then Premier of England, forwarded to the Governor of each British colony on the f;oast of North America, a set of the expensrve publica- tions of the Record Commissioners in Eliigland. His Grace accompanied this valuable donation with the assurance that *' a strong wish was felt to seize so favorable an occasion of offering to his Majesty's subjects in North America, a token of the regard felt for them by the Government of the Mother Country ; and also of furnishing them with the means of cherishing that interest, which it is to be hoped they may long retain, in the history and institutions of the kingdom.'' This valuable and important public Library consists of 257 volumes ; among which are Domesday Book — Statutes of the Bealm and of Scotland^- Ancient Ordinances of Privy Council, &c. The more general difiusion of Education is a gratifying feature in this period of our history. .r ■I 11 H 'I •; i1 ., 'I ftu 92 The returns of the Commissioners in the several Counties, furnish the following information :— . Total nnmber of Schools, A. D. 1835 630 Number of Scholars 16,445 Amount raised by the people £12,458 Sum drawn from Provincial Trea- > ^ nnn sury under the School Acts, ) '" ' Considerable additions were this year made to the number of vessels owned in this country, or sent to England for sale. The Revenue of 1835 from Impost and Light Duties amounted to £53,247 and the Customs duties on Flour and Brandy alone irealised, in currency, £7276. The twelvemonths ending November, 1835, was remarkable for the dismal numb' »• of wrecks on Sable Island. Five vessels had & *>k on this fatul spot ; the lives were saved, but tne cargoes were nearly all lost. In addition, ihQ bng Abigail and schooner Grecian were in company, — the former became a total wreck, and the crew perished ; the latter struck on the north west bar, but beat over without any loss of lives. Two of the Commis- sioners urged that two Light Houses should be erected. The expenditure for Light Houses during this year amounted to £1412. The subject of Quit Rents had now become highly important, as the Secretary of the Colonies was urging its speedy adjustment. A law there- fore was passed, and met with the special sanction of His Majesty, by which the Provincial Parliament granted the annual sum of £2000 sterling, to be applied towards the support of the Civil Establish- ment ot this Province. The Crown, therefore, burrendered and transferred the Quit Rents to the Province. on Go and di Sessio Scotia is £5( £20,01 added Fire a Capita •z^^-**^^ the several ilion :-^ ...630 [.16,445 '12,458 4,667 »r made to Jouiitry, or ue of 1835 to £53,247 andy alone 1 1835, was wrecks on n this fatal ffoes were Kigali and he former shed ; the beat over Com mis- should be 3es during ^ become Colonies iw there- sanction irliameni |ig, to be !stablish- herefore, ^s to the 93 A company at Halifax for making " Assurances on Goods, Ships and Freight, against the perils and dangers of the seas and navigation," was this Session incorporated by the title of the '< Nova Scotia Marine Insurance Company." Each Share is £50, and the original joint stock was fixed at £20,000, to which no more than £10,000 can be added. A charter was also granted to " the Albion Fire and Life Insurance Company." Shares £50, Capital not to exceed £10,000. Questions on Chapter 31 st. What present was made by the British Government to the North American Colonies ? In what year ? Of what number do the valuable works thus presented consist ? What number of Schools were then established ? What was the Revenue in 1835 ? What number of vessels were wrecked that year on Sable Island ? What was their fate ? By what mode was the Quit Rent question settled ? What Marine Insurance Company was then incorpo- rated ? What other Company assumed a Chartef ? What limits are assigned to each of these Coin])a- nics ? ^ 94 CHAPTER XXXIL •*/ With nothing in our past history to discourage us, and with something in our present condition and prospects to animate us, it is our fortune to live in an age when we may behold a wonderful advancement in the country, in all its great interests." D. Webster. tiain inga STATE OF AFFAIRS IN ENGLAND. TRADE TO INDIA AND CHINA THROWN OPEN. REVENUE IN 1836. MILITIA. HUMANE GRANTS OF THE LEGISLATURE. FISHERIES. Umu While the Province was increasing in population and prosperity, the Parent State (with which the interests and feelings of its inhabitants are so near- ly connected) was happily surmounting the diffi- culties of a period of great public excitement. On the ]2th March, 1831, the Ministry introduced th« celebrated ** Reform Bill." The debate on the Bill being introduced into the House of Commons, occupied seven nights ; eventually there was a majority against it. The following year it passed into a law. Pestilence and insurrections mean- while had been raging in Ireland ; and soon the Revolution disturbed France. An important change took place in the British Empire, which, in its results, must bear on the Commerce ot Nova Scotia. Slavery was totally abolished in the Bri- tish West Indies. About the same period, tho Trade with India and China was thrown open to all British subjects, and of this privilege our mer- chants have not failed to seek the advantage. Up to 3lst Deconiber, the impost duties secured amounted to £54.258 cur. The funded debt amounted to 62,026 " Province notes in circulation were 59,968 " Paid into Treasury by Col. ot Cust. 14,021 <* 95 >urage us, and prospects to age when we e country, in >. Webster. E TO INDU tJE IN 1836. SGISLATURE. population which the are so near- g the di£fi. >ment. On oduced rh« >ate on the Commons, ere was a ir it passed ons mean- d soon the important ire, which, ce of Nova n the Bri- •eriod, tho n open to our mer- tage. Js secured ►4.258 cur. 12,026 « 9,968 " 4,021 <* There had been sold 14,884 acres of Crown Land for the sum of £1951 Stg. In Cape Breton 1909 acres 279 ** The following contrasted general return of mili- tia in the whole Province is interesting as exhibit- ing a gratifying increase in its available foroe :^* Number of officers in 1830—1060 « •» 1836—1297 Number of rank and file in 1830—24.371 " " 1836—28,376 There were this year numerous demands on the humanity of the Legislature, and it is gratifying to perceive how liberally they were responded to. The necessities of numerous families in Parrsbo- rough oblifi^ed its magistrates to apply to the Go- vernment fbr aid. The failure (for three years) of their crops of grain, " the scarcity and diseased state of the herring on the shores, and the limited resources of the Poor during the winter,*' were alleged as the chief causes of the prevailing dis- tress. They were probably relieved from a grant of £100 for seed to the Agricultural Committee* Nearly 400/. were granted to poor settlers at C&pe Breton, and " towards the support of the humane establishment at Scatarie ;" besides 75/. for the relief of the coloured people; nearly 50/. for Indian meal for the inhabitants of Country Harbour, &c., and 100/. for relief of Indians. A considerable portion of 3800/. were expended throughout the Province under the Law of this year, the Legis- lature having authorised a loan by the government for that sum, under the apprehension that unless Legislative Provision were made for furnishing seed, grain and potatoes to the poorer class of set- tlers, much distress would ensue. The newly formed Horticultural Society, intend- ing to form a public garden in the western suburbs 11! ' ''i i 96 t' 11 mi- of Halifax, in order to create and extend a taste for Horticultural pursuits, &c., the Leginlaturo granted them a favorable lease of part of the public Common. A subject of vast importance now attracted the attention of the Legislature, viz., the Fisheries, and the infringement, by Foreigners, of existing Trea- ties relating to them. The Journals of the Assem- bly furnish (Appendix No. 79) an excellent sum- mary outline of the Treaties connected with this long agitated subject, together with upwards of fil\y pages of evidence, decisions, &c. relative to the state of the Sea Fisheries, &c. Thia valuable report led on to the passing an important Law in protection of these Fisheries, and to the employ « ment of revenue cruisers each Spring for the same purpose. Questions on Chapter 32d. What is stated in this Chapter as to the English Reform Bill ? What was the amount of Provincial Duties of Impost in 1836? What was the militia force in 1830 ? What was the increase in the militia in 1836 ? What humane acts were passed in the Provincial Le- gislature in 1836 ? When was the Halifax Horticultural Society esta- blished ? What arc its designs ? What was done by the Legislature as to the Fishe- ries ? jec to whi wai assi JSoJ den md a taste ^egifllaturo the public racted the iieries, and tine Trea- he Assem- lent sum- with this pwards of elative to 3 valuable It Law in employ* the same e English of Impost 6? incial Lc- oty esta- te Fiehe- 97 CHAPTER XXXIll. '^ The attachment of all classes of Her JVJaicsty's sub- jects in Nova-Scotia, which they have invariably displayed to the Mother Country — the liberality and gallantry with which, at a crisis of peculiar difficulty, they have come for- ward to tender to her JMajesty their pergonal and pecuniary assistance, in the maintenance of Her authority on the North American Continent, entitle them to every consi- deration which it is in the power of the Crown to bestow/' Lord J. Russeirs Despatch, Slst Aug. 1839. Marshall's work, companies incorporated, laws as to election and militia. legisla- tive council. Among the Legislative appropriations for 1838 is a grant of £289 to J. G. Marshall, Esquire, for expenses of publishing his work, calio :1 " The Justice ofthe Peace, and County and Township Officer." The work thus becanoie the property of the Province, and Fifty Pounds were added as a compensation for the Author's services in compila- tion, &c. The following are among the other proceedings of the Legislature this year. A company for erect- ing Dams and Mills for sawing lumber, &c. at Moose River, in the district of Parrs borough, was incorporated. The Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society, and the Wilmot Pier Company, were also incorporated. Laws were passed regulating Elec- tions of Representatives, and establishing the mode of deciding contested election returns. A new and improved Militia Law was passed. A Law was passed regulating Copy Rights ; and persons im- prisoned under a writ of Capias were allowed the benefit of the Insolvent Debtors Acts. At the opening of the Session, His Excellency F '!TH<« 9Sr Sir Colin Campbell laid before the Legislative Council additional Instructions from the Colonial Secretary, dated 9th March, 1838, confirming the appointmeni of the new members of that body. The old Council had previously been dissolved, agreeably to instructions to Earl Durham, dated 6th February, 1838. The Council, in Session, published in their Journals, a code of Rules, ninety in number, for their future guidance. One of the principal matters in discussion by that body, during this Session, was the proposed measure of the late Governor General, (Lord Durham) for the union of the North American Colonies. His Excellency proposed to ** form a Government for the British Colonies in North America, which, whilst it main- tains the supremacy of the Mother Country, and protects the common interests of all the Colonies, shall leave to each the arrangement of its own pe- culiar affairs.*' The Legislative Council decided against the adoption of this plan,"^ and directed the Delegates, whom they were about sending to Eng- land, to oppose it. During the Session of 1839, the Assembly deter- mined on sending from among the Members of that House, two delegates to England, to represent the views of the majority. They wore instructed to apply — 1st, for reduction of Salaries of officers of the Customs, The Colonial Secretary conceded that the salaries of the chief officers of that depart- ment, and of several of the outport collectors should be reduced on vacancies for the future. 2d. For uniting the establishments for collection of the Imperial, Colonial, and Light House Duties — the whole services to be performed without any addition to the sum of £7,144, assigned in 1839 by * See Appendix to Journals of Legislative Council; A. D. 1839 • / egislative Colonial ming the lat body. iissolved, D) dated Session, ;s, ninety ne of the y) during frhe late he union (cellency e British it main- itry, and Cobnies, own pe- decided 3cted the ; to Eng- ►ly deter- mbers of epresent istructed r officers lonceded t depart- ollectors ) future, ollection e Duties ^lout any 1829 by icil; A. D. 99 'the Legislature, tor the support of the Custom House establishment. This has resulted in a cor- respondence betweeu the different departments- 3rd. The Delegates were to urge, that every port where a Custom House officer is or may be esta- blished, should be a free port. This request re- mains ungranted to the full extent. 4th. They were to urge, that in the re-election of officers to fill up vacancies in the Customs, that natives should be favourably considered. The Assembly was referred to the Despatch of Feb- ruary 4th» 1838~-wbich to consider such claims* 5th. The assistance of armed cruisers was to be craved, in order to lessen or remove the oppres- sion and illegal encroachments of American citi- zens upon our Fisheries. The Dispatch in reply states, that the Admiral had been instructed to take the necessary steps. 6th. The confirmation by the Royal Assent of the Bill of 1838) relative to Crown Lands, was to be strenuously urged. This Bill was subsequently sanctioned — 3 Victoria, Chapter 12th. 7tb. The distinctions between the form of State Oaths required from Protestants and Roman Catho- lics in Nova Scotia, to be abolished. This was referred to the Attorney and Solicitor General of England, to report bow far the oath could legally be modified. 8th. For the confirmation of the Bill of last year relative to Merchant Seamen's Act. This bill had been rejected by reason of its fifth clause limiting the jurisdiction of the Admiralty. This was referred to the Queen's Advocate. 9th. For confirmation of the Post Office Bill of 1838, which had been rejected, chiefly because a general measure of Post Office affiiirs for all the Colonies was in contemplation. U4 100 ir For the correspondence between the Colonial Office, and the Delegates from the Legislative Council and the Assembly, the reader is referred to the Assembly Journals, for 1840. Two delegates having been sent by the Legisla- tive Council, and two by the Assembly, they sub- sequently received £400 sterling each, from the Casual and Territorial Revenue of Nova Scotia. Newfoundland and Bermuda were detached from the Diocese of Nova Scotia, in 1840, and Rev. Dr. Spencer, Archdeacon of Bermuda, was appointed their Bishop. Questions on Chapter SZrd, What Law "Work was purchased by the Province ? What Companies were incorporated by the Legisla- ture in 1839 ? What laws are here mentioned, as having been passed ? How did the Legislative Council decide, as to the proposed union of these Provinces ? Briefly enumerate the purposes for which Delegates were sent to England, and the results ? Where is the correspondence, n, 15617 lillions of ropriated. are three capable of ^orth East e than six rhe north f Fundy, ivhich in • itorms/' inds, and of water fartnouth nty lakes, remarka- I the pro- :ogon are neap tide At Shu- it. tsof the irs/' and upland enrich it. The waters abound in Fish, and it is rich in Coal) Iron, and several other useful minerals. <^ Its numerous and beautiful lakes, its harbors studded with islands : its rivers, brooks and streams, of which it boasts a great profusion, enliven and embellish the Country naturally picturesque from its variety of highlands and prairies/'^ The Taxes in Nova Scotia are very light. Every individual is allowed to follow as many occupa- tions as they please ; the people are ingenious, soon learning any Trade or Business. The necessities of the Country require that the Farmer, should in numerous instances be his own mechanic The German settlers are distinguished for their Indus-' try ; the Scotch for their love and pride of Coun- ry ; and the Acadians for their simplicity in dress and heedlessness of Educational advancement. Population of Nova Scotia proper, during the following periods : In the year 1764 1Y72 1784: 1817 1827 A.D. 1838— County of Halifax Colchester Pictou Hants Kings Annapolis Yarmouth Shelburne Queen's Lunenburg Guysborough Digby Cape Breton say 13,000 • 18,320 21,000 82,053 123,84d 28,670 11,225 21,449 11,399 13,709 11,989 9,189 6,801 6,798 12,058 7,447 9;2C9 146,903 30,500 I'V * 2ud Haliburton, Total I77,40a /•■fc 108 ....it-' ^ i'' .• I 'c.- ■•■..' ■"'■(■ I |:»^i '' ^ I I -i-;'. i»' -4) "i Exclnsivo of County of Cumberland, and Military in Halifax. Questions on Cfiapter Q5th . "What Countries were ceded to England by Treaty A^ith France in 1*763 ? What distance is Nova Scotia from Ireland ? What distance is it from Liverpool, England ? What from St. John's, Newfoundland ? Where does the Boundary of Nova- Scotia commence ? Where does it terminate ? How many miles does Nova- Scotia proper contain ? Are its mountains high ? Do Lakes abound in Nova- Scotia ? Is its scenery much admired ? For what are the German and Scotch settlers re- markable ? What was the population of Nova- Scotia in 1838 ? CHAPTER XXXVL " When the mighty importance attached to Cape Breton by France ; its abundant Fibheries and Forests 5 the capa- bilities of its soil, and its Coal Mines, are considered, it seems difficult to account for this Colony having been so long neglected, except by supposing that the advantages and resources of British America have been imperfectly understood." 1st McGregor, p. 385 [Abridged.] DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, &C. OF CAPE BRETON. Cape Breton is bounded on the South and East by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the North and North West by the Gulf of St. Lawrenee, and is separated from Nova Scotia by the Gut of Canso. Its great- est length is one hundred miles ; its widest part is j; fj 3d Military hy Treaty d? md? iommcnce ? r contain ? ettlers re- 1 1838 ? ape Breton the capa- sidered, it ig been so idvaQtages mperfectly bridged.] ETON. lid East d North )parated ts great- It part is 109 eighty miles, and it comprises an area of two mil- lions of acres. It is romantic and mountainous, and many parts of the coast are of dangerous ac< cess. The Bras d'or Lake, that ** Mediterranean Sea,'' although narrow at its passages, spreads (tut and nearly divides the Island. It abounds in fo- rests, gypsum, coal, limestone, and iron ore, with upwards of 500,000 acres of good soil, there \n much rocky and incapable of cultivation. In 1713 it was known to the French as ** Isle Royaler On 13th August 1713, a French Man of War, took possession of Louisburg, which was fortified in 1720. In the first part of this little work, we have noticed the capture of Capo fireton by the New England Troops, in 1745. The English sei- zed upon Stores, Fish, &c. of great value ; and then erected a Fort at Indian Bay, and opened a coal pit. Cape Breton was ceded to France, in exchange for Madras, in 1748. The French re- tained possession of it, until the English became its final possessors by successfully besieging Lou- isburg, by sea and land, in the memorable expe- dition of 1758. On this celebrated Post, three miles long, and one mile broad, the French had expended 30 millions livres* (£125,000 Stg.) The English) in dread of this eminent post again falling into the possession of France, demolished its for- tifications. Where less than a century since, arose the " busy hum of men,'' and where shone tie brightness of military array, now are heard but the reverberating sea — now are seen but the straggling cattle and their herdsmen. Instead of the splendid edif]ces,(the stones of which had been brought from far off France), Churches, Hospital, and all, wo now find humble huts, where then stood, (as if in all the pride of strength), the Royal batteries, the G ■I* m Ft ■v^'i \m 110 inquirer now cati scarcely ascertain the mounds above wliicii they had risen. One spot, however, is stilt plainly distinguishable, that last resting place alike ot soldier and civilian, friar and nun : — where " All in their narrow home together lay." Cape Breton was formerly annexed to Nova Scotia, by Royal Declaration, on the 7th October, 1763, which was specially confirmed by the Colo- nial Legislature in 17G6. Although during the period of French Dominion, the Fisheries of Cape Breton had employed upwards of six hundred ves- eels, and twenty seven thousand seamen, yet the British made no material efforts to colonize it, until nearly a quarter of a century after its con- quest. In the year 1784 (in the time of Governor Parr,) a separate Constitution was granted to Cape Bre- ton, and it remained under the management of a Lieutenant Governor, Council and Assembly, until 3820, a period of thirty-six years. Numerous evils appear to have existed during that time, nor had there been any lawful mode of raising a Revenue. Governor Ainslie represented to the British Minis*' try, a few months previous to the annexation, that *' This is the only measure capable of doing justice to the Island's great resources. Above every thing it will contribute to the pure administration of justice." In 1820, an Act prepared by the Chief Justicei passed the Legislature of Nova Scotia, re-annexing Cape Breton to Nova Scoiia. The instructions from Earl Bathurst directed that it should be made in every respect an integral part of Nova Scotia, with members of Assembly to represent its inter- ests. The Secretary further recommended, that one or more members of the Island Council should be appointed to the Nova Scotia CouHcil. Numerous mounds lowever, resting nd nun : to Nova October, he Colo- ring the of Cape ired ves- , yet the Ionize it, its con- lor Parr,) ape Bre- ent of a biy, until ous evils nor had Revenue, sh Minis-' ion, that ig justice 7 thing it fjustice," Justice, annexing tructions be made r& Scotia, its inier- , that one ihould be [umerous Exported to Mova Scotia. 13107 2054 Exported to Colonies. 4542 G60 5 111 settlers have annually emigrated from Scotland to this Island, for the last forty years. Arichat is a flourishing town, but Sydney still remains the capital. The following is a statement of the numbers of chaldron of coal raised from the Mines in Cape Breton, during the year 1830: — Home Con< sumption. Sydney 4264 Bridgeport 2690 Little Bras D'or 25 At the entrance of the St. Lawrence, and on the eastern side of Cape Breton, is Scatarie Island, a fatal spot indeed ! A Light House (revolving lights,) and a keeper's house, have lately happily been erected there, by the Colonies. St. Paul's Island lies 10 miles from the north end of Cape i3reton, and although but one and a half tailes long it is stated to have been '^ the passive sullen cause of more serious disasters than any spot on the face of the globe." A Light House (single light) has just been erected there also. At the south of Cape Breton is the well known navigable canal, (Gut of Canso) '* arallyrng point of communication with all North America." There are now numerous set- tlements in Cape Breton. Population by census of 1838 21778 For County of Inverness, and some^ districts in County of Cape Bre- > ... 8722 ton, there were no returns, say ) 30,500 In 1841, Emigrants to the number of two thou- sand settled in this Island. *• This Colony (writes McGregor) " is capable of sustaining from one to three hundred thousand. Let not the English Nation lose sight of it." Re-echoing this hope, we shall close the account; ot this interesting portion of Nova Scotia. '^ " '111 112 '■;*'';?»; -• Questions on Chapter 36M* What are the boundaries of Cape Breton ? In what does the Island abound ? What was its former name ? What befel the Island in 1745 ? What is the present state of Louisburg ? When was Cape Breton last joined to Nova Scotia ? How long had it been disunited ? Did it thus become an integral part of Nova- Scotia ? What is stated in this Chapter as to the Coal Mines ' Jape Breton ? What as to its Light Houses ? What was the population of Cape Breton in 1S3S ? CHAPTER XXXVH. May Heaven preside over the Dominions of all in autho- rity in the Province, and may they tend to establish peace and happiness, and truth and justice, in the land. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF NOVA* SCOTIA. This Province has, ever since its earliest settle- ment, enjoyed the privilege of equitable govern- ment and of moderate freedom. It has been well observed in Murdoch's epitome, that " Freedom, who had gradually been winning her way as an emigrant, to these rocky shores, became firmly settled as a denizen, in 1749, when the British government gave to the settlers of the Halifax Colony, the distinct pledge, that they should enjoy all the rights and liberties of British subjects. This was renewed to the settlers from Massachu-^ setts, invited over by Governor Lawrence ; and in 1758 was finally confirmed in perpetuity by the establishment of a Representative Constitution.'' The English Common Law, breathing as it does the spirit of Freedom and Liberty, together with 113 icoiia ! »cotia ? Mines 83S? I authO' h peace COTIA. settle- overn- n well iedom, ^ as an firmly British lalifax enjoy bjects. sachii' and in ►y the an." t does • with Its Statutes up to 1749, so far as they apply, have the force of Law in the Province. The Commission to the late Earl of Durham, as Captain General and Governor in Chief, over Nova Scotia, may be seen in Appendix No. 82, to the Journals of Assembly for 1838. The Governor General, however, seldom inter- feres with the civil government of any Province, other than that in which he personally resides. During the visit ot the Governor General (after- wards created Lord Sydenham) he adopted steps ab to the function of the Councils. The Lieutenant Governor is the more immediate Representative of the Crown, and is assisted by tke advice of his Executive Council. That body at present consists of nine members, of whom three have seats in the Legislative Council also. The Legislative Council " is an humble imitation of the House of Lords,*** and now numbers eighteen members. The House of Assembly consists of its Speaker, ^elected i>y each new house,) and twenty seven county, and twenty four township members. On a division of the members of the City Council of Halifax, in February, 1842, upon the question, shall the Go- vernor be petitioned to submit to the Assembly as a government measure, '^ that the City should be granted the Franchise of two Representatives,*^ tiie members being equally divided, the casting vote of the chairman negatived the proposal. The Legislative Council and Assembly are annu- ally summoned by the Governor, and convene in their Representative chambers, in the Province Building. We have already observed, that the Legislative Council has formed its own Rules. Those of the Assembly are in Appendix to the .♦Stokes, p. 243. Mil iH'ln ■I' ■ '> \t .J\ 114 .^. joiirnhls for 1837, p. 1G4. Expences of Council in 1840, were £521. Roman Catholics are eligible to either branch. The British Parliament occasion, ally binds the colonies by its laws, chiefly in mat. ters of general commerse, but without being spe- cially named, application does not extend to these Dependencies. An Act becomes a Law, when assented to by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council, and Assembly. It at once becomes in force, unless it contains a clause nullifying it until the royal assent is conceded, the royal negative must be given within three years*. For instructions to Governor General, see Jour- nals of Assembly, A.D. 18.38, appendix No. 87. For instructions to Lieutenaut Governor, see Journals of Assembly, A.D. 1837, appendix No. 40. Either House can adjourn itself from day to day, but the Governor only can prorogue or dissolve them. The Laws are administered by a Chief Justice, and four other Judges, who annun!^', A^ia Courts in Halifax three times, and in each county twice. Ecca county has m Justices of the Peace, who act in General Sessions, in Special Sessions, or indivi- dually f\a in England. A magistrate has jurisdic- tion whore 3aus() of action does not exceed £3, and the rrmgistrates decide when such sum is within £10. They also decide cases of common assault, &c. There is also a Court of Chancery, of which the Governor is Chancellor, but nearly the whole of the Chancery business is transacted in the Court of the Master of the Rolls. This Court was con« stituted by Provincial Act in 1826. Court of Vice Admiralty established by Act of Parliament, 2 Wil- liam 4th, chapter 57. There are also the Court of Marriage and Divorce, Court of Escheats and Forfeitures, and the Probate Courts ia each county. the Le ag dat 115 As the late clian^es regarding the Councils may not he generally understood, these Bodies demand our further attention. Wo have already seen that the former Council, uniting within itself as well the Legislative as Executive functions, was dissolved agreeahly to instructions to the Governor (General, dated February, 1838. The Council was then di- vided into two Chambers, each of which was to be composed of gentlemen representing the vari- ous portions of, and interests and creeds in, the Province Neither the Chief Justice, nor any other Judge was to be among its members. In conced- ing that the Councils should be sepnr ted into two distinct chambers, (as in Canada by act of 1791, and in New Brunswick since 1832 J the Colonial Secretary (Lord Glenelg) remarked — " Her Mhjcs- ty defers to the judgment of ihe Assembly on that que^ition, not without some distrust of the sound- ness of the conclusion" The minister added — *' the holding a seat in the Assembly is to be con- sidered as a murk of public confidence, and there- fore enhancinfif a claim to promotion to the Execu- tive Council." By letters patent, dated (Jth Feb- ruary, 1838, the Governor General (Lord Durham) was instructed to form ** two separate and distv^ict Vbuncils in Nova Scotia." Early in the Sessipn of lb4'2, Hue Executive Council claimed the privi- lege of preparing the answer to the Governor's opening speech. No Executive Councillor can in either branch of the Legislature, oppose a govern- ment measure, — nor can a crown officer be Speak- er of the Assembly, — oor can the holder of art office of emolument under government be Presi- dent of the Council. It is hoped that this is an unbiassed outline of the Constitution of Nova Scotia. The writer clo- ses it with a most sincere hope that the anticipa^ M ■^»^., 116 ''■,■■■1 fJ.,I':J> '".■•>' tions lately expressed by a disinterested spectator of the changes which that Constitution has under* gone, may be adequately fulfilled. *^ We have every reason to expect, that the political evils which have disturbed and agitated a large portion of these iine Provinces) will, under an improved system of Government, and thf^ sound feeling of British loy- alty existing there, speedily subside, and give place to that internal quietude, so essential to the advance of industry and prosperity.*' Questions on Chapter 37th. Has Nova- Scotia enjoyed political freedom ever since its settlement ? Has the English Common Law exteaded to it since it finally became a British Colony ? Does the Governor General usually act in the GO' vernment of this Province .•• What is the present number of each of the Councils? How many members are returned to the Assembly ? By what rules is each of those bodies regulated ? How many Judges are there in the Supreme Court ? What are the other Colonial Courts ? State generally the constitution and present power of Her Majesty's Councils in Nova- Scotia ? CHAPTER XXXVHI. *' It is absurd to represent the defence and government of the Colonies as a burden.'' Lord Brougham, REMARKS OF DUFIN AltD M*GtlE60R. HARBORS OF IfOVA SCOTIA, CONNECTION OF HALIFAX WITH STEAM NAVIGATION. Although the above* remark of Lord Brougham may accurately apply to the North American Colo- nies in general, yet the locality and mines of Ifovii 117 )ecCator under* ^e have 8 which of these stem of ish loy- d give to the »m ever it since the Go» ouncils? Jembly ? ed? Court ? i power arnment [HAM* )RS OF WITIf ugharn Colo- fNoy^ Scotia more particularly place it in an advanced position, as regards its value to the British Empire. Raynal and Dupin long since ranked Halifax among the places remarkable for the value of their localities. McGregor writes : *' The Province of Nova Scotia alone, it possessed by the United States, would render that republic independent of all Europe ; and, in the event of another war, when steam ships will become terrible to all others, the Americans would be enabled, by pos- sessing the exhaustless coal and iron mines of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, to defy the united naval forces of all Europe on the shores of ^the western world.*' In a communication in 1838, from the general post office in London, Nova Scotia is described as " The Key to British North America." The pre- atnble to one of the British Statutes eulogises the ** Fisheries in North America as the best nurseries for able experienced seamen for the Royal Navy.'' During the North American Revolution, — the subsequent war of the United States with Great Britain, — the attacks on Louisburg, Martinque, &c. what other port could have afforded the facilities and provided the secure and friendly shelter which pertained to the harbor of Halifax ? Nova Scotia, boldly projecting forth from the line of the main const, presents peculiar facilities to the British Navy, and its commercial marino. While gazing on the splendid harbors of Halifax and Shelburne, the writer has indeed believed, in the literal truth of the assertion, that either of them could shelter the whole of the British Navy. Almobt as much can be said of Head Harbor, Margaret's Bay* In the numerous harbors between Marie Joseph and Crown Harbor, the largest ships can be securely moored. Besides, the local position of Nova Scotia ti: 11 I-' }4 I If hi m YM rt It'' « 1 Ki' m hhs nb\Y become niore notable, by reason of the extension of steam navigation, (*' the chief feature of the 19th century."') The Cunard Steaitiers,with their swift voyaging to and iro; make Halifax their intermediate station, and their coal depots arei there. So also Halifax is to be one of the stations of the Havana and North American Steamers from Southampton. ** Steam is the Giant which will enable England to grasp more effectually the vast resources of her maritime Colonies.""^ The Clock- maker was not much oui of time in foretelling that ** a trip to America is going to be nothin' more than a trip to France. Do you Nova Scotians get your Legislature to interfere, for steam navigation will be the making of you, if you work it right.'' The Dyke Lande in Nova Scotia materially add to its value. The county of Cumberland contains 17^00 acres, Itesides salt marsh and intervale. Ou then* expulsion from Horton in 1755, the Acadians left 2100 acres of dyke within the Grand Prairie. That township contains 4000 acres of Dyke ; Fal- mouth 1185 ; Cornwallis2500, and Granville 2230. Questions on Chapter Z8th, Bepeat in general terms what McGregor observes as to the value of Nova- Scotia ? What Province has been called the " Key to North America ?" On what occasions was Halifax harbor of material service to Great Britain ? What does a recent writer say as regards Nova Scotia, and the increase of steam navigation. **^ *McGregor, 1st Vol., p 423. 119 CHAPTER XXXIX. *' Kvery clime affords ample opportunity fbr the proses* cution of ttiese studies to him who wallis tnrough the world with an open eye." Gosse. NOVA SCQTIA QUADRUPEDS, INSECTS, FISHES, AND BIRDS. BOTANY AND GEOLOGY OF NOVA SCOTIA. f. % The enumerations in this Chapter must be very brief. Yet it is hoped they may convey useful information, and encourage the habit and duty of endeavouring to discover the good and the beauti- ful in all that meet and surround uS} even in the most minute objects ot creation. Among the Quadrupeds of this Province, we must first notice the Moose iCervus alees,) It is the Elk of Europe. It is usually sixteen hands high ' — sheds its immense horns in February — legs long, with cloven feet. The flesh is very delicate and nourishing. The hunter shoots this animal, or catches it in moose pits< The Indians use the sinews as cords. Cariboo is smaller than the Moose, but exceeding fleet. Unlike that animal, it has brow antlers. The tendons are used as thread, the flesh for food, and the skin for leather. The Lynx (Felis) — elegant color, brilliant eyes, but fierce look, skin valuable. We have two kinds, Loup Cervler, and the Wild Cat. The Otter (Lutra) — its fur is much prized, lives on head and shoulders offish, strangely rejecting the other parts ; it is about four feet long. The Beaver — nearly three feet lung, the tail and hind i^uarters furnish well flavored food ; it uses the poplar and alder wood for the double purpose of food, and building its oval shaped house. These animals live in communities, erecting dams of twigs and mud, by which the isuperfluQUs ^ater is excluded. U i '• I, ill It 4 >i ^VfI ••.s^r> V % *;. \X..[ 120 1 m^ Many of our wild meadows have been formed by the efiects of these dams. The Mink is black, its skin is useful. It is the cunning enemy of poultry. The Porcupine is actively sought for by the Indi- ans, who eat the body, and use tho quills to orna- ment moccajins, baskets, &c. They first dye them with extracts from roots of plants, &;c. In Nova Scotia we also find the Bear, Fox, Weasel, Squir- rel, Martin, Raccoon, and Muskrat. The Hare (Lepus Americanus) is found in immense num- bers. It is white in winter, grey in summer, with a white tail. It is universally called Rabbit. It is found from Mexico to Canada. Insects. — Nova Scotia presents greater varieties than England, especially of the aquatic species. Many species are of great beauty. The Firefly (Lampyris Corusca) illuminates the evening air with its radiant and yellow light. They cast forth and conceal their light with great regularity and swiftness, at the interval of two or three seconds. It is a brownish and richly striped beetle. Their ** mazy evolutions'' are very beautiful. The Muse- um connected with the Mechanics' Institute at Halifax, affords beautiful specimens of Nova Scotia insects. But we must hasten to notice the Fishes. Ha- Jiburton furnishes a list of sixty seven kinds of Nova Scotia Fish, besides seventeen of shell fish. Our shores and harbors abound in Cod and Had- dock, and nearly every year we have spring and autumn visits of extensive shoals ot Mackarel and Herring. Our Lakes furnish Trout, and our Ri- vers afiord large quantities of Gaspereux aud Ale- wives. Salmon are caught in great numbers near Annapolis, up LeHave River, and at Gold River near Chester. At the latter place, the Indians pkilfully spear as well as hook the Salmon. iCd by k, its >ultry. Indi- orna- them Nova Squir- Hare num' , with It is rieties secies. REPLY ig air t forth y and conds. Their Muse- ute at Scotia . Ha- nds of II fish. iHad- >g and *el and ur Ri- d Ale- rs near River ndians 121 Among the ninety five BiRDd in Haliburton's list, the most common are the wihl duck, blue jay, ow), yellow bird, swallow, robbin, and partridge. The Plover and Pidgeon are now seldom seen in the immense flocks, which twelve years since used to cloud the air. The Wild Geese (Anas Cana- daensis) in immense flocks pay their " cloud cleaving" visit, and sound their trumpet-like notes usually in April, pursuing their eeriel course to- wards Hudson's Bay, and in October returning to the neighborhood of the Chesapeake. Who can guide their wondrous course but *' That Heavenly Power whose care Teaches their way along that pathless coast. The desert and illimitable air, Lone, wandering, but not lost.'* As to BoTAMY, the valuable list of Plants in 2nd Haliburton, p. 405, and Miss Morris's beautiful pamted specimens, may be beneficially referred to. The rich and beautiful varieties of wild Shrubs and Plants in Nova Scotia, (especially our water plants) demand space and botanical skilh This work can spare but little of the one requisite,— its author possesses but little of the other. Amply will the Botanist be rewarded for his daily ramble and his evening studies. The following information may be new to many, —perhaps it may be interesting to all : — This Province abounds in productions connect- ed with Natural History. The Rev- Dr. McCul- loch, one of the learned professors of Dalhoueia College at Halifax, some years since, ** made a collection of various objects of Natural History, to be found in this Province, which Mr. Audobon pronounced to be the finest private collection in North America, and to which he has frequently referred in his splendid work upon Ornithology.' ■i m \\ 122 it> f i'. '' .>^'i m mm The specimens were transferred to London, but that gentleiman and his family have advanced towards completing another collection, hoping to retain it in thid Province. It now consists of about ** four hundred native Birds, and a number of Quadrupeds, all of which are beautifully and skil- fully preserved." In October, 1837, the Colonial Secretary, at the request of the Trustees of the British Museum, addressed to each of the Governors of the Colo- nies, a Circular, requesting that colonists should transmit to them rare and curious objects, for a plac^ in the national museum. "The?e objects will be carefully preserved, and the names of the respective donors honorably recorded among the contributors to the museum." As to the Geology of Nova Scotia, much valua. ble information can be obtained in Gesner's excel- yent work, and in Haliburton's judicious summary, in his 2d volume. The formerauthor describes this Province as containing within her bosom, " im- mense and inexhaustible treasures — coal fields of great extent — copper and lead in rich supplies, — and iron ore, sand stone^ gypsum, and lime.'* From his geological map it appears that this Pro- vince may be thus geologically divided. The south side is the primary district, producing gran- ite, gneiss, and mica slate. The north division of the shore counties> from Shelburne to Sydney, (including both) form the Slate district. The coun- ties of Cumberland, Colchester, Hants and Pictou, are the Red Sandstone district. Beds of Iron Ore enrich Clements, Nictau, and Pictou, while the veins of Coal extend west from Pictou, and are repeated at Sydney, C. B. Gypsum to the extent of 52,885 tons was exported from Windsor from 5th July to lOth October, 1833. The Albion Mines . .,!i:JW£i 123 but ced g to )OUt of kiU ») (Pfctbu) stock is valued at £109,000, including bouses, rail roads, ^c. About the year 1828, Messrs. Jackson and Alger from Boston, put forth interest! rg letters on the Geology of Nova Scotia, which were re- published in the newspapers of the day. The following pa- ragraphs from letters of Students of Williams' College, Boston, tiie results of personal exploration in 1835, are too tempting for a Nova Scotian to omit. " In respect to physical resources. Nova Scotia appears to be highly favored. With mines of coal, iron, and copper — slate, grindstone, and plaister quarries, and in parts n soil which yields to none in fertility, — it possesses sources of wealth which need nothin>; but a spirit of enterprise to develope and appropriate them. We see no rea- son why the Nova Scotians may not be wealthy, intelligent, and happy.'' About six miles from Halifax, is a remarkable granite rockmg stone, of 2520 solid feet. A slight touch of a lever causes it to tremble " on its precarious base.'' A similar curiosity may be seen on the road to Prospect. Questions on Chapter Q9th, Enumerate the principal Quadrupeds in Nova Scotia? Can you repeat the descriptions of either of them ? Do beautiful insects abound in Nova- Scotia ? Describe the appearance of Fire Flies ? How many kinds ol Fish compose the lisi in Halibur- ton's work. How are Salmon secured by the Indians ? How many Birds are on Haliburton's list ? Of that number, which are most common in Nova- Scotia ? What is remarkable in the wild Goose ? Is there is a rich variety of Shrubs and Plants iu the Province ? t ■ i; It'; .1" '1, . "*: 1-1 124 v H r ,i *^K Who describeR the Province as having immense irea- mircs within its bosom ? What minerals have been discovered ? In what tracks are the veins of coal found ? CHAPTER XL. '* If God prosper us, there shall spring spacious femples to record His goodness. From our zeal for learniig, In- stitutions shall spring up, which shall scatter the light of knowledge tbrou^jhout the land/' D. Webster. PUBLIC RELIGION. DENOMINATIONS. SCHOOL LANDS. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. SCHOOL STATISTICS* The interests of Religion were not forgotten on the settlnment of this Province. In the instruc- tions of the first Governor, (Lord Cornwallis] near- ly a century since, they direct that a spot in or near each Town be set aside for the building of a Church, and that four hundred acres adjacent thereto be allotted for a minister, and two hundred acres for a School ; and that God Alnuighty be decently, devoutly, and duly served, throughout the Government. The Book of Common Prayer be read each Sunday and Holiday, and that Churches be well kept, — and their number increas- ed. Instructions to the following Governors tend to the same end. The last census which noticed the various denominations in the Province, thus classifies them, exclusive of those in Cape Breton. The second column shows the number of minis- ters in 1842. Church of England 28,669 41 Dissenters from it 4,417 — ^ Church of Scotland 37,225 ) ..„ Dissenters from it 406 > '* Church of Rome 20,401 16 vVesleyan Methodists, 9;40a... ..19 ISO irea- 'etnples niig, In- light of tSTER. LANDS. risTics* tten on nstruc- b) near- :>t in or ng of a idjacent iiiDdred ghty be >nghout Prayer d that fi creas- es tend noticed e, thus Breton, minis- .41 / I ^"^"^ ,16 19 125 Baptists 10,790 3« Lutherans, all but 70 at Lu- ) «, aaa i nenburg, 5 ^'^^^ ^ Other Denominations 255 3 Acknowledging no particular Church 313 — Of late years, there has been agitated the ques- tion as to the right to the Lands from time to time allotted to the support of Schools in Nova Scotia. The views of members of the Church ot England in this matter, are explicitly set forth in an able communication from their Bishop to the authori- ties at home, in a Letter published in No. 30 of the Appendix to the Assembly Journals for 1839. Again : the projected union of Kings College at Windsor with those of Dalhousie College at Hali- fax, has been strongly urged by one party, and promptly opposed by another^ The Governors of Kings College declining to yield their charter, both establish mentb are now separately in operation. In addition to the Pictou, and nine other Acade- mies, and to the common Schools in this Provi|M)6, there are four Colleges. 1st — Kings College, situate near Windsor. — It was founded by a charter from George III, and a Provincial Statute in 1787, aud has ever since re- ceived annually from the Province, j£400 Sterlipg. The Bishop, Lieutenant Governor, and the pi in. cipal officers of the Provincial Government, are, ex-officio its Governors. The British Government granted £>SQOO towards the erection of the College, which Wits completed in 1797. It is an oblong wooden building, of three stories, and can accom- modate the officers and 36 students. In 1813, the College obtained grants of 20.000 acres of Land, as yet unproductive. The College has an unin- cumbered income of £546 annually. The salaries of the officers ^exclusive of that of the President) pf t^^e CoUej^Q and Academy amount in sterling to u ■I .'.«".' fpi •U »a 1^1 %: 'S 1S6 £742 i four foundation Scholarships, £80 ; ten Di- vinity Scholarships, each £40 Sterling, £400. Ttie latiter are supported by the two ancient Church Societies. Up to the year 1829, Kings College had granted 95 degrees, among which are 8 honorary degrees of D. C L. In 1825, the Bishop procured in England, from the two Church Societies, and from private bounty, £4000. In 1888, among other splendid donations, was one of £J000 sterling. A legacy to that amount had previously been bf:;queathed. This College receives £550 sterling from the Society for the propagation of the Gospel, which thus makes some atonement for the withdrawal, in 1833, of £1000 sterling;, previously annually bes« tbwed from the British Treasury. Among the esteemed officers of this excellent University, was the Rev. Dr. Cochran, who, for upwards of forty years, filled the Vice President's Chair, with great learning and affectionate zeal. His grateful stu- dents have erected in the Collegiate Church, a marble tablet to his memory* The Academy was built of free stone, on the college grounds, in 1819, at the cost of £8000. It 18 believed that the Academy Scholarships are about to be renewed. 2nd. — Dalhousie College was built of stone, in a central part of Halifax, in 1818. The Legislature made a gift of £3000 And a loan, for 5 years, without interest 5000 And in 1820, it incorporated the College. It was to be conducted on tha plan of the University of Edinburgh. It cost, in addition to the above .....£8000 Dividends on Stock 2378 Appropriation from Castiae fund 2751 £13;129 127 1 ten Di- )0. The Church ege had onorary d, from bounty, nations, to that . This Society :h thus iwal, in l!y lies- >ng the ty, was cif forty h great ul stu- Jrch, a on the 00. It ips are stonOf )00 100 It was sity of loo 18 51 29 The Governors had, in 1832, the sum of £8,289 in three per cents. The College has now its pro- fessors and classes. 3d.— Acadia College at Wolfville. Incorpora- ted in 1840. Under the charge of the Baptists. 4th. — St. Mary's College, (Halifax,) under the patronage of the Roman Catholics, was incorpora- ted, March, 1841. PicTOU Academy has long been before the Pub- lic. In 1816, a voluntary society, principally coni- posed of Presbyterians, established a Seminary for the higher branches of education, on the model of the Scotch Universities. This was sanctioned by a Provincial Act of that yeir, and it was incorpo- rated. £1000 was raised from private subscrifi- tions, and the Legislative grants faom 1819 to 1827 amounted to £3100, which increased to £5000 by the year 1831. For the next four years the Provin- cial aid was withheld, but from that time it has usually received £400 each year. Since 1838, £200 of that sum has been deducted for salary of Rev. Dr. McCulloch, one of the Professors of Dal- liousie College, who had previously ably presided over the Pictou Institution. These Institutions are open to all, without dis- tinction of class or creed. '^ Institutes and Literary Societies are springing up in various parts of the country, and are all doing good by creating a taste for Literature and Science, and elevating the standard of general intelligence.''* The School Act of 1841, is operating very bene- ficially, — and the following contrast will shew aa encouraging progressive advancement. I- ^Report of Committee (of Assembly) on Educ&tio 128 f->. r- t ■i' *1 YMir. No. combinedl cummon and Grammar Scbuolt. No. com- mon Bchooli. No. of 8cho. lara. Amount paid by the peo- ple. Amount paid by the pro- vince. 1818 1835 1839 3 29 ♦26 375 498 12,940 16,460 649 18,662 13,500 12,198 13,260 4,600 4,607 6,464 ^The increaao of Academies accounts for this decrease. To secure the services of competent and moral TeAchers, -to bring Education home to all, espe- cially to the poor, — to encourage the devout peru- sal of the Holy Scriptures among the Scholars, should be among the most prominent objects of those who may enjoy opportunities for advancing Education. The last mentioned object was warmly recommended by one of the education committees of the Assembly. Questiont on Chapter iOthm Were the interests of Religion attended to on the settlement of this Province ? What are the proportions of Religious denominations in Nova- Scotia ? Did the Governors of Kings College decline to yield up tiieir charter ? In what year was Kings College completed ? What retrarkable benevolence has been applied to thai Institution ? What was the cost of Dalhousie College ? What other Colleges are there ? How many Schools were established in 1818; 1835 , and 1839; respectively ? The for cessarily decided an ticularly d period of ther a diff< other cau£ have caus< Province in authori all parts o built, (in and pro8p< as a refrc^ the servic edge of m: should bo the words cable to Educatioi fmements Colleges 1 largely in totally d€ freely enj force is n of our fisl molest us has not 1 blessings them, th€ colonists- the const pily, und Sovereigi ciples of These h^pe thai perhaps \ 129 OOlfOLUSZON. The foregoing Summary, though imperfeci and ne* cessarily brief, affords cause of congratulation at the decided and marked improvement of this Province, par- ticularly during the last twenty years. Reverting to a period of time still nearer, it appears evident that nei- ther a difference in political opinions, nor any of those other causes which too frequently retard improvement, have caused the great interests of the people of this Province to be slighted, nor lishtly esteemed by those in authority. As to Religion, it may be said, that in all parts of the Province, numerous Temples have been built, (in praise of Him from whom flow all our peace and prosperity,) to be turned to by men of all parties, as a refreshing relief from political or worldly care-^and the services of which may ** shed forth a lustre on the edge of many a dark cloud.'* As to that which ever should bo the handmaiden of Religion — Education— the words recently applied to England seem not inappli- cable to its transatlantic colony : — ** The system of Education is undergoing a silent Revolution. The re- fmements of Literature have found their way from the Colleges to the Schools, and the rising generation share largely in advantages of which their predecessors were totally deprived." Personal and political liberty are freely enjoyed — Commerce is encouraged^ and armed force is ready to aid in repelling injurious infringements of our fishery privileges — the midnight thief dare not molest us — the grievous calamity of an awful disease has not been permitted again to scourge us. These blessings should induce in the minds of all who enjoy them, the desire to cherish good-will towards our fellow colonists — "affection for our country" — reverence for the constitution under which our fathers have lived hap- pily, under freedom and equal laws — obedience to the Sovereign — and, above all, a veneration for those prin- ciples of morality and religion which exalt a nation. The second part is submitted to the reader, in the h^pc that it may bring to his memory practical, and perhaps useful information. 9 ,'• *i%, it ..♦ . ¥ h 130 it AX EPZTOZaS OP THE HISTORY, 0£00RAPHT3 &e. OF NOVA-SCOTIA. PART SECOND. " If John Bull only knew the valy of these colonies, he would be great man 1 tell you — but he don't. You can't make an account of 'em in dollars and cents, the cost on one side, and the profit on t'other, and strike the ba- lance off the " TOTTLE OF THE HULL," as that are critter Hume calls it. You can't put into figures a nursery for Bcamen — a resource for timber if the Baltic is shot ag'in you, or a population of brave and loyal people — a growing and bure market — an outlet for emigration — the first fishery in the world — their political and relative importance — the power they would give a rival — converting a friend into a foe, or a customer into a rival, — or a shop full of goods and no sale for 'en>. — Figures are the representatives ofnum» hers and not things.^' Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick, 2nd Seriefii, CHAPTER A. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. It appears from the Journals of the House of Assembly, that, *^ The Public Revenue of this Province is tlerived, — first, from the Imperial Du- ties imposed since 1826 by Acts of Parliament ; secondly, from the Colonial Impost or Excise Du- ties on Goods imported from Great Britain and eUe where ; and thirdly, from Light House Duties. The average gross amount for the years 1835, 1806 and 1837, was respectively as follows : — 131 ^5 &C. lonies, he You can't he cost on Le the ba- ate critter nursery for shot ag'in -a growing Irst fishery ;ance — the end into a goods and f« ofnum- ;d Series. louse of of thia 3rial Du- iament ; cise Du- tain and Duties. J35, 1836 Imperial duties..... £14,62.1 Colonial duties 38,156 Light House duties 3,029 Making the annual average £56,407 cuf. To which is to be added the amount of the old Crown duties retained by the Customs, and yield- ing about £2,500 Currency. The annual average proceeds of the Casual and Territorial Revenue, for the years 1836, 1837, and 1838, appears, from the official returns, to be as follows : — Coal Mines £6,170 Crown Lands 1,634 Fees of Office , 675 Making the average of the gross > xh AffQ «,!« proceeds annually, J '" All of which is expended without the control of the Assembly. The annual average expenditure for the years 1835, 1836, 1837, and 1838, was— UNDER PERPETUAL ACTS. Salary of the Lieutenant Governor, granted in comni\i- tation of the Quit Rents £2,000 stg. In currency £2,500 Three Puisne Judges of the Supreme Court,\ , q^^ £600 each, J* '" ^'^^^ Master of the Rolls GOO The first Justices of the Inferior Courts 1,850 Travelling charges of the Judges of the Su- > ^qq preme Court, averaging, ) '**' Grant for support of Customs establishment 7,144 *' for Windsor College... 444 " Halifax Grammar School 150 Interest on public debt, viz. £52,026 at 5 per ) « aai cent., and £10,000 at 4 |)er cent. ) '" *^'" Treasurer ,.... 600 ^■}\ 41'^* i ■ ill: !lil i\ Jin" ll^■■ m M 132 Attorney Geperal, in addition to his salary > ^ . . out of the Casual Revenue, J Solicitor General 100 Expense of collecting Provincial Revenue, about 2,600 Light Houses 4,000 Post Office 1,500 Expense of the Legislature 4,500 Common Schools ■ 5,000 Academic^'* and Grammar schools •« 1,500 Support of the Poor 1,500 Interest for a loan on Shubenacadie Canal, > , xan up to the year 1839, J ^'^"" Support of Roads and Bridges 12,000 Pensions, Public Buildings,Militia, Packets, Ferries, Steam-boats, Breakwaters, Sa- ble Island, and miscellaneous services, averaging. i2,UUV 'I \^ > ... Y,000 £59,539 Local Revenue raised in each county for sup- "^ port of Poor, Public buildings, township \ 11 ,500 Officers, Statute Labour, <&c., amounts | cur'y* annually to about ^ Ab much discussion has taken place relative to the Casual or Crown Revenue, the writer hero submits a summary abstract of its sources and ex- penditure for 1840, viz : — Rent of Grindstone Quarries currency... £45 Sales of Crown Lands 1,423 Rent of Mines 3,333 Duty on quantity above 2000 chaldrons coal 1,315 Fees received in Secretary's Office 687 Gain on Dollars, &c 195 Currency £6,998 Paid to Delegates of Council and Assembly \ « OOO each £400 sterling currency... i '" inwards salary, &c. Lieutenant Governor f fl t • •• •• 1500 133 150 .... 100 t 2,600 4,000 ....1,500 .... 4,500 ,....5,000 ....1,600 ....1,500 1,500 ...12,000 ... Y,000 £59,639 11,500 cur'y* ilative to ter here and ex- ... £45 ... 1.423 ... OfOOO ... 1,315 68Y 195 • • • ...£6,998 ... 2,000 . 1600 Salary of Chief Justice, Secretary & Clerks, Master of the Rolls, Attorney and So- licitor Generals, Commissioner Crown Lands and Clerks, «bc. In 1841 there were raised and sold 24,656 chaN drons of coal ; all above 20,000 chaldrons subject to Crown duty. The following extract from a Despatch from Lord Glenelg, dated July 6th, 1837, in reply to the Address and Resolutions of the Assembly, will explain the present state oft the Civil List, or Casu- al Revenue Question : — " The claim of the Assembly to control and appro- priate the whole of the Public KoTenue arising in the Province, is frankly admitted by the Queen in the com- prehensive and specific form in which that claim is now preferred, subject only to the conditions by which his late Majesty was pleased to qualify the corresponding concession." This concession was that the Assembly shoiUd undertake the annual payment of the Civil List, to consist of specified salaries to certain Government Officers in Nova- Scotia. Differences, however, arose as to the amount of several of those salaries, and as to the permanency of the salaries to the Attorney and Solicitor Gene- ral, but in the Session of 1838, mutual advances having been made, there seemed a prospect of final adjustment. Still no final arrangement being effected, a Despatch in 1841 directed the Governor not to entertain any proposition of the Assembly on the subject So the matter remained at the opening of the Session, in January, 1842. " Her Majesty will continue as heretofore," thus proceeds the Despatch of 27th September, 1838, '' to apply those Revenues tc the payment of the local Go^ vernment, or to such other 4ibjects as may be d«emed conducive to the benefit of the Province." H, i 134 Comparative Ditties of Nova Scotia Dutiea, In 1806 £20,677 1809 25,641 In 1822 £36,634 1840 44,407 • • • • • f >• 114,455 Pd. in by CoUector Cust. 22,162 1814, 1818 42,481 £66,669 Expended on Roads and Bridges during 21 1 £040 600 years, between 1800 and 1821, > ' Paid by the Province between 1828 & 1838 ^ for encouragement of whale, seal, and > 22,040 other Fisheries, ) Grant for Roads and Bridges, 1841 24,000 Escheats, Fines, &c. accrue to the Crown. In the House of Commons there is an annual grant termed " The Parliamentary Grant,'' applied to Nova Scotia, amounting to about Five or Six Thousand Pounds, Sterling. The Military and Naval Establishments are kept up at the cost of Great Britain. Expenditure for fortifications and military establishments in Nova Scotia for 1831, was iiU5,000. CHATER B. ROADS, PROJECTED CANALS, AND LIGHT HOUSI^S The Assembly annually votes a considerable portion of the Provincial Funds, towards making, repairing and altering Roads and Bridges. With the particulars of this vote, the Council seldom interfere. Commissioners to expend each sum, as apportioned, are then appointed by the Governor, who usually confirms the selection of the Local Representatives. Sir James Kempt in 1828 strongly recommended that permanent Commis- sioners should be appointed on the great Roads. (See appendix to Assembly Journals A. D. 1840.) Each I ouseholder also works six days Statute La- 36,634 44,407 22,162 •66,669 }40,600 22,040 24,000 n. annual applied or Six ry and cost of bs and f 1831, iousi;s derable Tiaking, With BeMom sum, as )vernor, e Local 1828 iommis- Roads. >. 1840.) ;ute La- 1 No. of men performing it 14,725 135 hour in each year, and minors, &c. two days, be- sides labour with team, for four days, when requi- site. The Statute Labour performed in 1837, throughout the Province, (^excepting counties of Inverness and Richmond) ammounied to Days Labour. Days of Team 60,878 8,907 The sum ot £28,000 was granted for the Road Service for the year 1842. A short distance oi iron Railway is used at the Piclou and Sydney Mines, and Judge Haliburton has constructed at Windsor, a Railroad formed of blocks of timber. The Pictou line cost the Com- paq, £31,300. The Provincial Executive and Legislature exhibit an anxious desire to comply with the urgent re- quest of the Colonial Secretary, by " attention to the great importance of improving the main routes of tiommunication, and, to continue efforts in that respect, and meet, by a corresponding feeling, the exertions made by Great Britain for the purpose of keeping up a regular and rapid communication with the Colonies." The appendix to the Journals of the Assembly for the years 1834, 1840 and 1841, furnish able and minute reports on the state of the great Post Roads. In 1826, the Shubenacadie Canal Company was incorporated. Its history and fate are soon told. After the managers had expended the proceeds of Subscriptions in the Province, aid from the Pro- vincial Chest, and subscriptions raised in England — in all amounting to £96,000 — the Canal remains unfinished, and, (in its present statej uselePR. la 1837, application was made by addresses from the Legislative Council and Assembly to the mother country, for aid towards the completion of tjiis Qanal, bi)t i( was nol acpeijed to* I H Si ' '!l "y 136 We pass on to the proposed Bay Verte Canal. The route was explored by Mr. McKay in 1838, and he reports favorably of a line of 14^ miles from the mouth of the River Tidwish, at Bay Verte, to the mouth of the River LaPlanche, on ;he Bay of Fundy. The object of this Canal is to avoid the dangerous route round Cape Breton, and open a short communication between the Bay of Fundy and the Eastern Districts. For reports of the Route, &c. see Haliburton*s History, 2nd vol. ; appendix to Assembly's Journals for 1839 and 1841. The map is filed in the office of the Provin- cial Secretary. A Despatch from the Colonial Secretary in 1841, urged the attention of the Nova Scotia Legislature to this subject. Another Canal is proposed between St. Peters* Bay and the Bras d'or Lake^ across the Isthmus of St. Peters in Cape Breton. The expense is esti- mated at £17,150 for a Canal 52 feet in width at the top, and 13 feet deep. If this Canal were com- pleted, the voyage round the dangerous Scatarie would be rendered unnecessary to numerous coasters. In order to facilitate the work, an Act was passed (3 Victoria, chap. 35) incorporating *» The St. Peters Canal company." There are fourteen Light Houses in Nova Scotia. The amount of Light Duties received in 1840 was £3,500, A report on the efficiency, &c. of the North American Colonial Light Houses is append- ed to the Assembly Journals of 1840, and also a report of the Assembly Journals for 1841, No. 57. CHAPTER C. COftPOKATIOJVS IN NOVA SCOTIA. The principle of City Corporations was not ex- tended to Nova Scotia until the year 18i0j| wh$»n 0. 57. Halifax was incorporated by Statute. This mea- sure was n6t passed without much discussion in the Legislative Council and Assembly. We have seen that numerous charters have from time to time been granted to commercial and other companies. It seems important here to notice certain prin- ciples r^^'ative to Provincial charters to companies as laid down in a Despatch of the Colonial Secre- tary, (Lord Glenelg) dated 31st March, 1836. '* Act No. 1608 establishes a Fire & Life Insurance Company. This A^t omits almost all of those securities which are usually taken in laws of this class, against the abuse of the corporate privilege, such as rules determining the greatest number of votes of which any proprietor may be possessed- rules restricting the manner of voting in respect of several shares when held by the same persour- those wiiich provide for the regular or occasional holding ot public meetings — those which should prevent any encroachment on the capital for the payment of dividends — those which make provi- sion for the regular auditing of accounts, and against waste in granting salaries — those by which the general constitution and forms of proceeding of the corporate body are regulated, and those which are designed to prevent the establishment of bye-laws repugnant to the general law of the land, or otherwise objectionable. Now, although the inconveniences derivable to the people of Nova Scotia from these omissions may be small when compared to the bene€t accruing from the esta- blishment of a Society of this description, I never- theless think it necessary to call upon the Legis- lature io revise this Act," So the assent ot His Majesty was the same year witldield from *' An Act for deepening the East River ol'Pictou," until the Assembly should strike i\ 138 US Ft7 ■ <■ out that part of the preamble which adverted spe* cifically to the lease from the late Duke of York» the grant to whom was then in litigation in Eng- land. CHAPTER D. ropuLATioir, &c. of British north amxrioa and BERMUDA. Colony. Area in ■qaare miles. Population. OoTAnion. Number | Year Upper Canada Lower Canada Nova Scotia Newfoundland Newbninswick Fr. Ed. Island Bermuda 100,000 206,000 18,762 36,000 25,931 2,157 21 321,903 511,917 175,000 71,000 119,557 47,034 9,500 1834 1830 1839 1836 1834 1841 1838 i SirC.Bagot I^ord Falkland Sir John Harvey Sir W. Colebrook Sir H.V! Huntley Lt. Colonel Beld CHAPTER IL CANADA. The state of our fellow colonists in Canada occt>- pied a large shaire of the attention of the Briiistk JParliament in iis Session of 1835. " The Colonial House of Assembly opposed the measures of the government, and went to the extreme of withhold- ing the supplies. Commissioners were sent to ar- range these difficulties, but the Canadians ot French descent made claims, not only inconsistent with the continuance of British dominion, but with the fair claims to protection of the British emigrants who had settled in the country, and their demands were consequently rejected."^ The ioUowintf year " In Upper Canada the refractory House of Assembly was dissolvedr and at the new ^faylor'8 England. i^ d spe* York, £Dg- A AND DTI. Bagot dand narvey lebrook luntley elBeid I occci- Brivisb olonial of the hhold- i to ar- ms ot sistent n, but British and The actory e new 'r 139 election, a majority of members favorable to the British government was returned. But in Lower Canada, the demands of the French party were not only renewed but increased, and the Governor* after a vain effort to conciliate the House of As- sembly, put an end to the Session."^ In the Session of the Imperial Parliament for 1837, that august body determined on administer- ing the Government of Lower Canada, by a com- mission and sp'jcial council. The standard of rebellion was r. jsed, but by the operation of British feeling mthin the colony, and the arrival of brave Troops from withoutt it is no longer raised. The late Lord Durham, being lord high commissioner, and captain general of Lower Canada and of the other North American Provinces, he assumed his high command in 1838, but hurried back to Eng- land in IMQi The right honorable C. Poulet Thomson f afterwards created lord Sydenham) suc- ceeded, but when about preparing for his return to England, died at Montreal on the 19th Septem- ber, 1841, a few days aAer the close of the first Session of the new Legislature, of the now united Province of Canada.: His lordship waa succeeded by the right honorable Sir Charles Bagot, who ar- rived at Kingston on the 12th January, 1842;* The Legislature of Nova Scotia evinced its loy- alty by passing a Law, on the 30th March, 1839, placing at the disposal of the Governor, a sum not to exceed £100,000 for the militia service, in case it should be required for defending thie* Province and New Brunswick from foreign invasion. Nu- merous loyal addresses were forwarded to Her Majesty, from Her subjects here, of all ranks and creeds* Taylor's Kngland -V-l.' 140 , Nor did its people fail to sympathise with so many of their fellow colonists, who endured suf- ferings, from which they happily were exempt. In addition to private suhscriptions, the Assembly voted, during the same Session, the sum of £1,025 towards relief of sufferers from the Canadian rebel- lion and American ** Sympathisers." In a skir- mish in November, 1837, the first blood of this re- bellion was shed. The reader desirine: information as to the views of the loyal party in Lower Canada, is referred to the Report of the Constitutional Society ofMon- treul, appandix to Journals of Nova Scotia Assem- bly for J 838. CHAPTER F. EMIGRATION TO NOVA-SCOTIA, &C. Notwithstanding there may be much truth in the picture which Bromley has drawn in his eleventh chapter, of the privations likely to be endured by many a settler in the wilderness, yet the prudent and industrious labourer will find numerous and powerful inducements to attempt the task. The times have gone by when there was but imperfect atonement for severed ties and exile from homo, the Roads have each year become improved and extended. The industrious settler almost invariably suc- ceeds, although for several years, privations must be endured, and industry and care will long con- tinue indispensible. The trees of the forest must be levelled, and for several seavsons crops must be raised from the midst of their stumps. But each year, while it adds to the comfort of the occupant* substantially improves his furm. Oihjr capital exhausts in the using — the capital of the settler increases with his exertions. i i 141 l! has long been considered, that the renioTal, under judicious arrangements, of a portion of the redundant population of the mother country to these colonies, would induce material benefits, and the trade, not only of the colonies but of England, would thereby be advanced. The subject in 1828 attracted the attention of the British rarliament^ and vhile the Report of the Emigration committee of thdt year points out the benefits of emigration, it cautions against the evils which would arise from pressing a mere pauper population upon the colo- nies. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick being nearer to Great Britain than Canada, and being free from agues and land feversj present favorable fields for limited emigration.^ The British Parliament in 1831, established the number of Passengers, &c. to be conveyed in emigrant ships; and the British Government is. now pledged to promote colonial emigration. In Nova Scotia, and several other of these colonies, there is a law requiring masters of vessels to giv6 bonds that their Passengers should not becomti chargeable as Paupers, within one year ; and lor levying a tax on Passengers. By an order of the Colonial Secretary, dated 24th August, 1840, all Crown Land in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick was to be sold at auction (for the next three years) at a rate not less than two shillings and six pence sterling per acre. The Canada and New Bruns- wick land companies regulate and promote emi- g ration. The former has an agent at Quebec* lontreal, and New York ; and the latter at St* John, N. B. The Government has established in London the Board of Colonial Land Emigration,, to which it refers for reports ; and an extensivoK *See l8t McGregor, p. 453. 142 company is about being formed for the same pur- pose. There are published in London, three newspapers furninhing information as to the colo- nies, viz : The Colonial Gazette, the London Pha* lanx, and the Emigration Gazette. The descendants of Home of the Baronets of Nova Scotia, have recently united with an associ- ation in London, for advancing systematic emigta- tion to this Province. Between May, 1827, and February, 1833, 34,154 acres of crown land were sold therein Mew Zealand has become a British colony and an Episcopal Diocese. The fertile Islands of the Polynesian Archipelago are becoming more and more occupied by British and American resldentSs and still present '* un immense field, into which, as yet, the plout;h of civilized cultivation has not set its tooth." Still of the 50,000 who annually emigrate from Great Britain, it is to be haped that the tide of emigration may flow towards those nor- thern colonies. From 1832 to 1836 (both inclusive) there emigrated , from the United Kingdom to the North American Colonies ' 186,000 persons. To the United States of America... 169,^73 " In .the year 1836, the number of emigrants settled in Lower Canada was 9,600 In Upper Canada 13,000 There proceeded on to the United States ,. 6,000 Of that number 4,640 had been sent by parochial Vid. The remainder at their own expense. :^' ■ ■ - 143 me pur- ii three he colo- on Pha- onets of I associ- ernigia- •27, and nd were >ny and I of the ore and isidentSt vihich, has not innually 3ed that Dse nor. nigratod •merican Tsons. ettlcd in 9,600 13,000 5,000 irochial CHAPTER G. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. America discorered by Columbus, 12th October, 14W2. La Roche lands convicts on Sablo Island in 1698. Nova-Scotia ceded to France, 1032. Nova-Scotia conquered by the English, 1656. •' ceded to Franco, by treaty of Breda, 1 66*7. " conquered by Phipps, 1690. ** restored to France, by treaty of Ryswick, 1697. " ceded to Great Britain, by treaty of U- trecht, 1713. Annapolis garrisoned by the English, 1^13. Louisburg captured, and Prince Edward Island taken Juno, IT-lo. French power destroyed in Nova-Scotia, 1755. Expulsion of the Acadians, 1755. First Assembly of Representatives for NovaScotia,1758, Nova- Scotia transferred by France to England, by trea- ty of Paris, 10th Feb., 1763. Stamp Act passed. 1764. Duties on Tea imported into the colonies, imposed 1767. Assembly petition Governor to appoint Sheriffs in each county, 1771. Fire destroys 60 buildings in county of Lunenburg, 1772. First General Congress assembles in Philadelphia, 1 773, General Thanksgiving, 18th November, 1774. " 8th July, 1802. American War commences, April, 1775. Martial Law proclaimed in Nova-Scotia, Nov., 1775. Independence of the thirteen American Colonies, de- clared 4th July, 1776. Peace between England and the United States, 1782. General Fa&t, 11th April, 1777. " V ordered 11 times between 1794 and 1814. New-Brunswick and Cape Breton separated from Nova- Scotia 1784. Grammar School, Halifax, founded by Statute, £1500 granted fgr building, 1780, 4i. r ,-^SE, 144 V- ^ s^- 3$ Members ofllSB8lh1bly receive pay ten shillings each per day (during the Session) excepting to those residing in Halifax ; fifteen shillings ner day to members of Council, in 1^84. Great number of Houses in Guysborough destroyed by fire, 1785. Samson Salter Blowers appointed Attorney Genl. 1785. , " " ** " Chief Justice, 1797. Cumberland, the celebrated author, agent of Nova Sco- tia, 1786. Packets between Falmouth & Halifax, established 1785. Key. Dr. Inglis appointed first Bishop of Nova Scotia, 1787. Bishop Stanser succeeded him, a^eeably to an address of the Assembly to the Prince Regent in 1816. Bishop I. Inglis succeeded in 1825. Sir T. Strange appointed Chief Justice, 1 789. * First Genl Agricultural Society formed in Halifax,! 790 Second " ** " •" " 1818 Third " " " " *' 1841 House of Assembly apply to the Governor for a Charter for Halifax, 1790. General Peace declared, November, 1801. Brenton Halliburton appointed Judge, 10th Jan. 1807- ** '* •* Chief Justice, 1833. Jordan, the pirate and murderer, hanged and gibetted on Tower Beach, November, 1809. Province Building, 140 feet long, 70 wide, and 42 high, erected 1810. American War declared, June, 1812. Peace between Great Britain and the United States ratified 24th February, 1815. St. John's, N. Fo almost destroyed by Fire, Feb. 1816 T^hree shocks of an Earthquake felt in New Hampshire, Boston, and Fredericton, May, 1817. Kev. Dr. Burke installed Roman Catholic Bishop in ' Nova-Scotia in 1818. Cape Breton re-annexed to Nova Scotia, October, 1820 Forgvy oif Province Noted by John Puttum, 1826. Ag0nt for working coal mineu sent to Nova-Scotia 1825. % A 1^;. ■ ^iV iJitA-isfc'-^i^ij 145 ngs each f to those per day estroyed al. 1785. e, 1797. ^va Sco- edl785. k Scotia, address in 1816. rax,1790 1818 1841 Charter Furnaces for Iron, &c. at Clements erected 1825. Baptist Church formed at Halifax, 1827. Sir James Kempt appointed Govertior General of Ca- nada, 1828. Accession of William IV. 6th July, 1830. Sir Colin Campbell arrived, 1834. Queen Victoria proclaimed, 1837. Troops sent express from Halifax to Canada^ 1837. Destruction of steamer Caroline, 1837. Public services and rejoicings in Halifax on the marri- age of Queen Victoria, 1840* St. Mary's Total Abstinence Society In Halifax, 3840 members in 1841. 2 Temperance Societies, 5 Public Libraries and Read' ing Rooms, 3 Hotels, 6 Benevolent Societies, 4 Masonic Lodges, 3 Banks and 1 Savings Bank, in city of Halifax in 1842. 8 Sunday Schools, 1629 Scholars in Halifax, in 1842. CHAPTER H. n. 1807. 1833. ^ibetted 12 high, i Statev b. 1816 ipshire, shop in r, 1820 26. a 1825. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, Section 2nd, Townships and Places settled, Stc, ' JPoifc Royal (now Annapolis) settled by the French in 1604 and 1608. ■ Louisburg built by the French, 1713. Halifax founded by Governor Cornwallis in 1749. Lunenburg founded in 1753. Falmouth granted, 1759. Horton (formerly Minas) 100,000 acres, settled 1760. Qnslow settled 1761. New Jerusalem (Shelbume) settled 1764^ ^: Jv Granville granted to 168|pojprietors, 1764; ^' ' "Windsor (formerly Pemaqi&d) granted 20th Dec 1764. ,-/ -f-i i^... ii.*: pi . 146 Cape Breton erected into a County, 1V05. Grant of Truro executed 3l8t October, 1765. ' Yarmouth granted to 153 persons, 1767. Clare named and surveyed, 1763. Pictou Township settled, 1770. Argyle, 187 square miles, granted 1772. Hants County formed, 1781. New Edinburgh, County of Annapolis, and St. Marga- rets Bay, settled I78e?. Antigonish, Rawdon and Douglas, partially settled, 1781 Dartmouth, 30 Nantucket families settled a», 1784. (jruysborough, Preston, Clements, Aylesford, and part of Manchester Townships, settled 1784, Sb. Mary's Township, (Sydney) formed in 1818. Kempt Township, (Hants) formed in 1824. VOOABUZiAHY. •s*-' Acquisition— something gained. Adjacent — near to. Antigonish, (Indian) — Forked River. Area — surface contained between the boundaries. Annulling— making vqid. Aversion — ^iislike. * Bastion — a bulwark or mass of earth, &c. Beau (Bo) Basin — beautiful Basin, Cumberland. Breda — a city of Brabant. Capitulate — to yield, Chedabucto — since Cumberland. Chebucto — since Halifax. Campaign — ^period in which an army keeps the field. Copyright — privilege of publishing a work. Papiiis — let, you may take, a writ taking the body. i^ i Col^ Con| *Con CorJ Dio( Epis • EraJ FunJ Fort Hab] Hoi f'i Im Imp( Mar Med Mun Mem Pren Pemj # . Press Pato Rati( Repr * Reta Rysv Tarii Utre r .*• "^rei "" --^k M.i'.i ■.«-■' -"—■T"' Marga- nd part eld. y. •*.., •■■.IF" 14T • :^^ Colonise — to settle with inhabitants. Convoy — a company for the sake of defence. Congenial — ^partaking of the same feelings or nature. Corpoiation — a political body. Diocese— extent of a Bishop's jurisdiction. Episcopal— belonging to a Bishop. Era— the account of time from any particular date. Functionaries — ^public officers. ^ Fort Sejour, (pr Scejure.) -^ Habitans — Canadian peasantry of French descent. IIoi , Itural-^belonging to gardens. Im ^ed — accused by public authority. Imperial — belonging to an empire. Martial Law — military authority. ■ Mediterranean — encircled with land. Municipal — belonging to a Corporation, ' ^resting — seizing. * "^ ' / ^.rj «• ,f£- % *''y. '"i- •■^*' > .'«.■? '■' %: Ikl k '^ M ■"^ i '■ • '«■-.. ■ '.'■.'i • - if • .. "* .-■ - • - ■/■' .■*-'i