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 Paper IV.— NOTE ON AN INCIDENT OF EARLY 
 CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 By JOHN LANGTON, Esq. 
 (Read before the Society, Wednesday, 16th December, 1803.) 
 
 In my opening address at the commencement of the present 
 session, I spoke of the numerous discrepancies in the details of 
 almost all events in EomaD history, as they are handed down to us, 
 and I expressed an opinion that the modern critics lay far too 
 much stress upon these, as throwing a suspicion upon the general 
 authenticity of the narrative. As an illustration of the very vari- 
 ous versions, which may be given by difiFerent historians, of an 
 event, the authenticity of which is, nevertheless, perfectly un- 
 doubted, I propose to call your attention to one of the earliest in- 
 cidents in Canadian history, of which hardly any two authors give 
 the same account, whilst we know all the circumstances connected 
 with it upon the very best authority, that of the chief actor him- 
 self. The incident in question is CLamplain's expedition in 1615, 
 in which he first visited the great lakes, and by which civilized 
 man became acquainted with what is now Upper Canada. The 
 discovery led, indeed, to nothing at the time, as it was not till a 
 full half-century afterwards that the French obtained any perma- 
 nent footing in the upper country ; but it had, nevertheless, some 
 very important consequences. It was in his company, on that 
 occasion, that the RecoUet Faihers first penetrated to the country 
 of the Hurons, and paved the way for those missions whose fate 
 forms such an interesting episode in our early annals ; and the 
 unprovoked attack upon thj Iroquois, which formed the excuse 
 for the expedition, was the forerunner of those devastating Indian 
 wars, which cramped the energies of the French colonists during 
 more than a century, ar.d engendered a hostility which was never 
 thoroughly allayed, as long as their rule existed on this continent. 
 
68 
 
 AN INCIDENT OF EARLY CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 It is a remarkable expedition, moreover, from its boldness, and as 
 being the first example of that spirit of restless enterprize which 
 was characteristic of the French system of colonization, and which 
 presents such a strong contrast to the slow and cautious advances 
 of the early English settlements. To me it has always been 
 especially interesting, as Champlain's route lay through that part 
 of the country where I, more than two centuries later, was one of 
 the first European settlers. 
 
 Champlain's narrative is clear and un.uistakeable, as all his 
 geographical descriptions are, and if we could misunderstand his 
 words, his map, distorted and imperfect as it is, would leave no 
 doubt as to his route. The Iroquois village which he attacked is 
 laid down on it, and his course is indicated by references to expla- 
 natory notes which accompany the map. He started from Mon- 
 treal, ascended the Ottawa, crossed over by Lake Nipissing and 
 French River to Lake Huron, and then turning to the east, he 
 coasted along till he reached the Huron settlements, between Mat- 
 chedash Bay and Lake Simcoe. He remained some time at the 
 principal village, whilst his Huron allies were collecting their 
 forces. He calls it Cahiagu6, a name which does not subsequently 
 occur amongst the numerous villages in that coufined peninsula, 
 with which the narratives of the Jesuits make us familiar, and the 
 sites of most of which have clearly been identified, during the last 
 two or three years, by my friend Dr. Taohe ; but there can be little 
 doubt that it is the same as that subsequently c;illed St. Jean 
 Baptiste by the French, which was situated somewhere in the 
 township of Orillia. Carrying their canoes overland to the nar- 
 rows, they then crossed Lake Simcoe, made the portage to Bal- 
 sam Lake, and thence through that chain of lakcd, which are the 
 scene of some of my pleasantest recollectioDS, they followed the 
 course of the Otonabeeand Trent, and emerge<l into Lake Ontario 
 by the Bay of Quints. Passing round the lower extremity of 
 Lake Ontario, they landed, and after a four days' march through 
 the woods, in which they crossed the Oswego River, where it falls 
 out of Lake Oneida, they reached the Iroquois village which was 
 
AN INCIDENT OF BABLT CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 69 
 
 the object of their attack, near Onondaga Lake ; the site of which is 
 identified by Brodhead with the present town of Liverpool. Being 
 repulsed, they retreated by the same route by which they descend- 
 ed, and Champlain, being unable to obtain guides to take him down 
 the St. Lawrence, returned with them, and found his way to Que- 
 bec the next spring by the old portages at Lake Nipissing. 
 
 There is only one difficulty with regard to the route, viz., that 
 
 Champlain mentions five portages below Balsam Lake, some of 
 
 which, he says, are of four or five leagues, whereas there is only 
 
 one considerable carrying place of about seven miles. This may 
 
 have arisen from their not following the main stream, but passing 
 
 through the Lakes of Belmont and Marmora, and so entering the 
 
 Trent by C'ow River ; a supposition which is rather strengthened 
 
 by the fact, that the large lake on which they encamped on their 
 
 return until the ice had formed, and which is clearly Rice Lake, is 
 
 not mentioned, as if they had already become acquainted with it in 
 
 descending. The exaggerated length of the portages, however, is 
 
 no serious objection, as this always occurs in such descriptions — that 
 
 from Lake Simcoe to Balaam Lake, for instance, being called ton 
 
 leagues by Champlain, whilst it is really only about fourteen miles. 
 
 This wil; not be very surprising to any one who has carried a canoe 
 
 or a heavy pack through the woods, under which circumstances a 
 
 mile assumes very formidable proportions. I myself used to frequent 
 
 a place in those same waters, wlich was always called and believed 
 
 to be the three mile portage, but which, having been of late years 
 
 included in a surveyed township, is found by admeasurement to 
 
 be somewhat less than a mile and a quarter. These, however, are 
 
 unimportant details. As to the main course of his journey there 
 
 can be no doubt ; but the most contradictory accounts of it are 
 
 given by almost all suceeeding historians, and I have found none 
 
 who relate it correctly, except Brodhead in his history of New York, 
 
 before mentioned. 
 
 The first edition of Lescarbot, published in 1611, cannot, of 
 course, contain any notice ol an occurrence in 1615, but it does 
 mention a mythical expedition to Lake Ontario as haying been 
 
70 
 
 AN INCIDENT OF EABLT CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 made in 1610, which might easily be confounded with it. This 
 account Lescarbot professes to have had from the lips of Champlain 
 himself, who told him that he had ascended the St. Lawrence above 
 Sault St. Louis (Lachine Rapids) and fought a battle on a great 
 lake ninety leagues long. Now, Champlain had certainly never 
 seen Lake Ontario at that date, though he had heard of its exist- 
 ence, and in his map, published in 1613, he indicates this large 
 lake, and appears to have made the curious mistake ot placing the 
 great fall, of which he had heard, at its outlet instead of at its in- 
 let. Lescarbot, no doubt, mixed up his account of the real skir- 
 mish with the Iroquois on Lake Champlain in that year, with the 
 rumors of a great lake above the St. Lawrence In his third 
 edition, published in 1618, Lescarbot brings down the history of 
 Canada to 1615, but he makes no mention of Champlain's journey. 
 
 Sagard ought to have known all about it, for he was a mission- 
 ary amongst the Hurons only eight years afterwards, and he had 
 then, as a companion, Father Joseph Caron, who had formed part 
 of Champlain's original expedition. He does indeed mention, in 
 his History of Canada, that Caron had spent the winter of 1615- 
 16 amongst the Hurons ; but Caron cannot have been very commu- 
 nicative, for he adds : " De lafagonqu'ilfut traictS en son voyage, 
 et regu dans le pais, ie ne scay pas les particular itez pour ne m'y 
 estre pas trouve." But as to Champlain, he not only does not 
 mention his warlike expedition, which, perhaps, was not in his 
 line, but he does not even allude to him as having been amongst the 
 Hurons along with Caron. 
 
 Lalemant also should have been well informed, as he was the 
 head of the Huron Mission, some years later ; but in speaking of 
 the establishment of the Mission at St. Jean Baptiste (Cham- 
 plain's Cahiagu6), in the year 1839-40, he says that this was the 
 place where Champlain principally resided when there twenty-two 
 years before, thus misdating the expedition by two or three years. 
 
 Ducreux is more the historian of the Jesuit Missions than of 
 Canada, and he only commences his regular history in 1625, and 
 does not notice any of Champlain's earlier adventures. 
 
 tw 
 th( 
 
AN INCIDENT OF EARLY CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 71 
 
 La Potherie enters into some detail with respect to Champlain's 
 two first forays against the Iroquois, when he approached them by 
 the Richelieu River, in company with the Algonquins and Monta- 
 gnets ; but he makes no mention of the last, and much the most 
 important one, in which the Hurons were his allies. 
 
 Cadwallader Colden, in his History of the Five Nations of 
 Canada, is equally silent about the last expedition, though he too 
 mentions the two former ones. 
 
 The Abb6 Raynal, Jeffrey, and Wm. Smith follow the same 
 course, mentioning only the two earlier expeditions. 
 
 Charlevoix speaks of it, and comments severely upon the policy 
 of the undertaking itself, and upon the manner in which it was 
 carried out ; but he gives no indication of the direction followed, and 
 merely says that having collected their forces amongst the Hurons, 
 they marched against the enemy. In this he is followed by many 
 later writers, us Bidaud, Boyd, W. H. Smith, and Warburton, 
 most of whom even leave it in doubt as to where the expedition 
 rendezvoused. 
 
 As to the rest of the historians, the more they enter into par- 
 ticulars, the more they go astray. Garneau places Cahiagu6 on 
 Lake Ontario, and applies Champlain's name of Mer Douce to 
 that lake, instead of to Lake Huron ; and he says that they had 
 only to cross the St. Lawrence in latitude 43° in order to reach 
 the enemy. It would not be easy to see what the latitude has got 
 to do with the matter, as Ontario lies, through its whole length, almost 
 in the direction of a parallel of latitude, but altogether to the north 
 of 43°. The fact is that Champlain, who never saw anything of 
 the lake except its outlet into the St. Lawrence, places that in 
 latitude 43° — in which he is mistaken ; but the \i<e of introducing 
 the latitude is obvious in his case, but quite purposeless in Gar- 
 neau, even if it were correct, as it would not at all assist in fixing 
 the locality. Moreover, Garneau makes Champlain spend the 
 winter south of Lake Ontario, amongst the Neuters ; whilst we 
 know that he never visited the Neuters at all, and that they did 
 not live south of Lake Ontario, but in the western peninsula of 
 
78 
 
 AN INCIDSNT OF BARLT CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Canada, having only one or two outlying villages across the 
 Niagara river. 
 
 Boger makes Champlain find the Iroquois on Lake Huron, and 
 says that he returned to Quebec by way of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Miss Roy says he collected his allies somewhere near Green Bay, 
 on Lake Michigan, and supposes that the Iroquois fort, which he 
 attacked, was on the Georgian Bay. 
 
 MoMullen makes Cahiagu<5 at the extremity of Lake Huron, 
 and says that they proceeded thence through Lake St. Olair, and 
 attacked the Iroquois near where Detroit now stands. 
 
 Murray, in his " British North America," introduces the most 
 beautiful confusion. He calls the allies Algonquins, and not 
 Hurons ; and after giving a very detailed account of their collect- 
 ing at Cahiagu^, and their proceedings there, he makes them go 
 down a chain of small lakes, not to Lake Ontario, but to Lake 
 Huron; and after quitting Lake Huron, he says that they struck 
 into the interior to a lake, which he supposes to be Lake George-^ 
 evidently mixing this expedition up with that six years before 
 in 1609, in which they did defeat the Iroquois on Lake George, 
 having reached it by Lake Champlain. 
 
 But the most astonishing perversion of the story occurs in a 
 state paper, of which we have a copy in our own MS. collection. 
 It is a M6moire, prepared by the Marquis of Deuoaville, Governor 
 General of Canada, and signed by Louis XIV. himself, and 
 countersigned by Colbert. It bears date May IG, 1688, and its 
 object is to shew the prior claim of Fr.ince to the whole country 
 of the great lakes. After setting forth Charaplain's pi-evious dis- 
 coveries, it proceeds thus : " Et en I'annee 1611 et 1612, il monta 
 par la grandc riviere jusqu'au lac Ilurou, qu'oti appelle la 31er 
 Douce; tli; la il fufc i\ la nation du Petun, puis a la nation Neutre, 
 et h ct'Ue dcs 31ascoutins, qui demeuraient alors vers I'eudroitqu'on 
 appelle Sakiman. De cet endroit il alia vers (avec) les sauvagcs 
 Algonquins et Hurons, en guerre centre Ics Iroquois. II passa par 
 des lieux qu'il a d(?crits lui-meme dans son livre, qui ne sont autres 
 que le Detroit, et le lac Eri6." And later on in the same document, 
 
AN INCIDENT OF EARLT CANADIAN BISTORT. 
 
 78 
 
 it is said that Joliet and Marquet had taken formal possession of 
 Lake Erie^ " pour renouveller les prises de possession da Sr. de 
 Ohamplain en 1612." 
 
 Now, if one may be allowed to contradict such great persons as 
 Louis XIV and Colbert, I should say that they can either never 
 have read Charaplain, or they must have read him very carelessly, 
 for there is hardly a statement in the passage quoted which is 
 not incorrect. In 1611 Champlain sailed for Europe, about two 
 months after ho broke up his winter quarters at Quebec, and 
 never ascended the river higher than Montreal; and in 1612 he 
 never was in Canada at all. But even if wo amend the date to 
 1615, the details are equally untrue. He did certainly {after his 
 return from the Iroquois) visit the Petuns during the winter, 
 who lived in the northern parts of the present counties of Grrey 
 and Bruce, and he mentions the Neuters as living further south, 
 but he expressly says that he was dissuaded from visiting them. 
 As to the Mascoutins, whom he had heard of under their Huron 
 name of Asistagueronon or Nation du feu, they lived on Lake 
 Michigan, of which he knew so little, that in his map, published 
 seventeen years later, he makes it strotch away to the north, instead 
 of to the south, of Lake Huron. Neither did he ever see Detroit 
 or Lake Erie, and it is doubtful if he knew of the existence of 
 the latter even by report, for in his map in 1632, he merely con- 
 nects Lakes Huron and Ontario by a river.* The first certain 
 
 * In the note on the ancient geography of Canada, in the appendix to the 
 Rev. P. Martin's translation of Bressani's llelation (Montreal, 1852), Cham- 
 plain is quoted as an authority for tho name Lac Derii. If the name occurs in 
 his book, it has escaped me; it certainly is not to bo found in his map. I sus- 
 pect the compilers of that useful appendix have obtained the name, with that 
 spelling, from the map of 1043, which professes to be recuillie et dretaie aur 
 diveraea relationa modernea. In tho configuration of the country it is an exact 
 copy of Chatiplain's map, but it contains some half a dozen new names, indicat- 
 ing increased geographical knowledge, and amongst them Lac Derie under tho 
 river which occupies its place. It must bo from this map also, and not from 
 Champlain's is quoted, that the compilers obtained the name Kaoutotun for tho 
 great Manitoulin Island. 
 
 From about 1640 Lake Erie was well known, though lying out of tho usual 
 track, and it is not very unfaithfully represented by Sanson in 1657, and by 
 Ducreux in 1660 ; but there is, in the Parliamentary Library, a map of as late a 
 date as 1664, said to contain lea terrea nouvellement dccouvertea auivant tea mi- 
 moire* du P. du Val, la which Lako Erivi does not appear orea by name ; acd 
 K 
 
74 
 
 AN INCIDENT OF BARLT CANADIAN BISTORT. 
 
 account we haye of any one having visited the Neuters is the 
 letter of De la Roche Daillon, in 1626, published in Sagard's 
 History. As to Lake Erie, it appears doubtful whether even in 
 1640 Le Jeune knew of its existence, for ho gives a description of 
 the whole lake region, including Lake Superior, without any 
 allusion to it. Tho first clear account which we have of it is in 
 Luleraant's Relation of 1641, and the first journey through it, of 
 which I have found any mention, is that of two missionaries 
 named Dolier and Galin^e, as late as 1670. 
 
 When [ was examining into the manner in which the proba- 
 bility of ancient Roman history is tested by its internal evidences, 
 I could not help being struck with the uncertainty which would 
 rest upon this accident in our own early annals, if Champlain's 
 original journal had not been preserved. The ominous silence of 
 most of the earlier historians would be held to throw a doubt 
 upon there having ever been any such expedition at all ; and the irre- 
 concilable differences in all those who enter into any detail, 
 would appear incompatible with there having been any authentic 
 record to refer to. The special object which the French authori- 
 ties had in putting forth their version, would appear very sus- 
 picious, and would be held, and very justly so, to indicate that the 
 story had been got up to meet the requirements of their policy. 
 And Brodhead's narrative, the only true one, from its giving 
 minute particulars not mentioned elsewhere, and from its diver- 
 gence from all other accounts, would probably have been looked 
 upon as a pure fabrication of a later age. 
 
 Hennepin, in 1682, says that its western extension (which existed on]j in 
 imagination) had nerer been explored. 
 
 I will take this opportunity of correotinj» another error in the appendix to 
 Martin's Bressani. Lacua Ouentaroniu» is given as one of the names of Ontario 
 on the authority of Ducreux ,■ but Ducreux, in the body of his map, ealls it 
 Lacua Ontariu$, and the Ouentaronius in the enlargad " Chorographiu Region'is 
 Huronum," in the margin, is evidently Lake Simcoe, which was known by that 
 name (Wentaronk) down to the time of Governor Simcoe. 
 
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