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Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la m«thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MiaoCOfr RBOIUTION TOT CNACT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHAT T No 2) a\NADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES , AiTSca MncuEH, MimsTBa; R. G. McComiibll, Dnin* MINES BRANCH EvGfcwK Haamil, Ph.D., Dimctoi. eport on the Clay Resources of Southern Saskatchewan BV N. B. DAVIS. M.A., B.Sc OTTAWA GovEKHMEtn Pbimting Bukeau I91S No 46S i , 1 .t 1 CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon. AmvB Mucmbn, MiwitTta; R. C. McConnu-l, DtPtTV Ministii MINES BRANCH EuMMi Haanbl, Ph.D., Dircctm. Report on the Clay Resources of Southern Saskatchewan BV N.B.DAVIS, M.A., B.Sc. ^ 30695c OTTAWA Government Printing Bureau 1918 No. 468 PREFACE The following report on the "Clay Resources of Southern Saskat- chewan W£^ prepared by Mr. N. B. Davis, Assistant Engineer. Ceramic S'loir* 7.!/.^^"! •" ^f^ °" ^'''^ ^•"■'^ "^^^ °" d"ring the seasons of 1915 and 1916. and on laboratory tests conducted in the ceramic labor- atory of the Mmes Branch during 1915. 1916. and 1917. in accordance with my mstructions. Its publication is a further contribution to our knowl- edge of the economic minerals of Canada, and may be deemed specially opportune at the present time, when the commercial demand for refractory materials .s-and has been for years past-altogether in excess of the supply. The greater part >f the supply was obtained from foreign sources. .K .^I*^ Province of Saskatchewan excels in the quality and quantity of that class of raw refractories known as fireclays; and in addition to this valuable material, possesses other argillaceous deposits, from which can be manufactured practically the whole range of structural clay products- a fact of vital importance to a region almost entirely devoid of native timber and building stone. The report of Mr. Davis contains information not only regarding the geological position, exact locality, and availability of each deposit from which the clay samples were collected, but gives an account of the behaviour of the materials tested in the laboratories; thus determining, scientifically their qualities, and adaptability for use in the clayworking industry. (Signed) Joseph Keele. -' Chief Engineer, Ceramic Division. f CONTENTS Paor Introductory 2 The dayworking industry ^ Railways and fuel aupply " Future of the clay industry ^ General geology of the area ^ Cretaceous . Pierre shale Fox Hills sand Tertiary Eocene Fort Union formation ^ Estevan beds Whitemud beds Ravenscrag beds Oligocene Cypress Hills beds " Quaternary Pleistocene formation '^ Recent formation General technology . Classification of Saskatchewan clays |* Methods of manufacturing Mining Preparation Tempering Moulding Drying ^^ Burning Control of temperature Seger cones Veritas firing system Thermoelectric pyrometers ^ Methods of overcoming scumming and drying defects 24 Records of tests Clays of the Cypress Hills district 2^ „ „ „ Swift Current „ ** . „ „ Wood Mountain , *° , „ „ Big Muddy valley ' „ , , Lake-of-the-Rivers district ^' „ . , Dirt Hills district ^ „ „ „ Estevan- VVeyburn district '^ „ „ „ northeastern part of the area °^ . „ » northwestern part of the area " ILLUSTRATIONS Photographs. Pace Plate I. Panoramic view of Eagle butte, in the Frenchman River valley, near Ravenscrag, Sask., showing Whitemud beds at the base of the section Frontispiece. , II. Substantial type of prairie school house built of brick 4 , III. Substantialtypeof prairie farm house, built of brick, Bayard, Sask. .. . 4 , IV. Standard clay tests and seger cones 22 ,' v. An outcrop of the Whitemud stoneware clays in the Frenchman River valley, west of Eastend, Sask 36 „ VI. Whitemud stoneware clays, Eastend, Saskatchewan 36 . VII. Stone\/are pottery and sewerpipe, made from Eastend clays illustrated on Plate VI 40 , VIII. Outcrop of white fireclays, Twelve Mile lake, Sask 54 „ IX. Estevan, Whitemud, and Ravenscrag beds, exposed in the badlands west of Big Muddy lake, Sask 54 „ X. Pit of the Alberta Clay Products Company, Willows, Sask 56 , XI. Fireclay outcrops, along Canadian Pacific Railway, east of Willows, Sask 56 „ XII. Clay and shale outcrops. Dirt hills, Sask. View looking south from margin of hills. Deposit being worked by the Dominion Fire Brick and Clay Products Company 66 „ XIII. Plant of the Dominion Fire Brick and Clay Products Company, Clay- bank, Sask. (Outcrop of white fireclays shown in the background.) 70 „ XIV. Plant of the Alberta Clay Products Company, Medicine Hat, Alberta 70 „ XV. Plant of the Estevan Coal and Brick Company, Estevan, Sask 74 „ XVI. Clay pit of the Estevan Coal and Brick Company, showing top bed of bulT burning clay; intermediate bed of lignite coal; and lower bed of red burning clay 74 , XVII. Plant of the Shand Coal and Brick Company, showing kilns and coal tipple, Shand, Sask 76 „ XVIII. Plant of the Weyburn Brick Company, Weyburn, Sask 76 „ XIX. Common brick plant of the Broadview Brick Company, Broadview, Sask 82 , XX. Outcrop of Odanah shale along the Canadian Pacific railway, between Rocanvilie and Tantallon, in the Qu'Appelle valley, Sask 82 „ XXI. Red burning glacial lake c'ays, near Lancer, Sask 88 Drawing. Fig. 1 . Diagrammatic section of clay and shale outcrops. Dirt hills, Sask. 66 Maps. No. 468. General geological map of southern Saskatchewan . No. 469. Map of southern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills): showing outcrops of the Whitemud clays, near Eastend, along the Frenchman River valley .... Pocket at end. REPORT ON THE CLAY RESOURCES OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN CLAY RESOURCES OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN INTRODUCTORY. The following report is the result of field investigations and laboratory tests on samples of clay collected in that part of the Province of Saskat- chewan lying south of the 51st parallel. During the summers of 1915 and 1916 some one hundred and sixty samples of clay were collected and tested in the laboratory during the following winters, short reports of progress lieing given in the summary reports of the Mines Branch for those years. Previous work on the clays of the area consisted of preliminary economic surveys by Dr. H. Ries and Mr. Jos. Keele, and general geological work by- Mr. Bruce Rose on the Wood Mountain-Willowbunch coal district. The results of their investigations pointed out tne need of a more intensive study of the clay resources.' The clays of the western provinces often prove defective in their drying qualities, and prospective workers are advised to be particularly careful in making this test under commercial conditions. It is well known that small scale laboratory tests only serve to indicate the desirability of making larger tests on a commercial scale. The records of tests included herein are, therefore, but a first step, and are not to be taken as conclusive evidence of the value of any particular clay for manu- facturing any particular article. If a clay is defective to any extent the laboratory tests will reveal where the defect lies, and point to the best methods of overcoming the trouble. If the clay can be worked in the laboratory without difficulty, or the defects can be readily overcome, it is safe then to consider tests on a commercial scale in some existing plant located outside the range of comp)etition. In the field work I had the hearty co-operation of the clayworkers of the Province and of those outside the Province interested in this resource. In particular I wish to mention Mr. F. Newcombe of the Elstevan Coal and Brick Co., Mr. J. H. Kern of the Dominion Fire Brick and Clay Products Co., and Mr. R. P. Stewart and Mr. John Dixon of the Alberta Clay Pro- ducts Co. In the laboratory I had the invaluable direction of Mr. Jos. Keele, Chief Ceramic Engineer. Further, I wish to acknowledge the kindness of Mr. Jas. McCabe, of the Frontenac Floor and Wall Tile Company, Kingston, and of Mr. R. New, of the Toronto and Hamilton Sewerpipe Company, Hamilton, in burning test pieces in their commercial kilns. 'Rim and Keele; Geol. Surv. of Cuada, Memoir* 24E, 25, 60. Rose: Geo). Surv. o( Canada, Memoir 89. THE CLAYWORKING INDUSTRY. Saskatchewan is comparatively a new Province wiih respect to the rest of the Dominion. Within the last fifteen years settlement has been very rapid, and the handiest and easiest materials of construction have been used. In the early days there was a lack of stone or wood for the con- struction of places of habitation for man and beast, hence the settler turned to the sod, and built himself rude shelters of this material. With the dissemination of the knowledge that the prairie lands promised rich harvests of grain, small settlements, favourably located regarding transportation, rapidly grew to towns and cities. During this feverish and optimistic period building materials of the best were required in abiB. F. Hauwli Report No. 299, Mine* Branch. Teitt on lignite coal from Taylorton, Suk., Mine* Branch, Department ot Mine*, Ottawa. Rept. No. 83, VoL II. p. 111. I'l Ml II Siil)st.iiili.il l>|H- III iir.iirii- -. li,„,| l„,ii-r ImiIIi i.I l,ri. k. I'IMI III '^-^'.rr'^'^i^^ ."•^ Substantial t>|K' of prairie l.iriii Iioum-, liiiilt of b.ick, Haj.ird, Sask. THE FUTURE OF THE CLAY INDUSTRY. The importance to the whole Canadian we»t, of the clay rt-jtourcett of ■outhern Saskatchewan, cannot be overentimated. There is an abundance of high grade clays suitable for the manufacture of ittoneware, Rockinghuni ware, and white earthenware. The fireclays of the eastern ."w^tion will make a No. 2 grade of refractory, while the more plastic clays should find a use as bond-clays in the making of retorts and other special refractor> shapes. They are also adapted to the manufacture of architectural terni- cotta, paving brick, face brick, and all varieties of burned clay proclucls for structural purposes. Before the outbreak of the war in Eu ■, the immediate future of the clay industry in Saskatchewan promised well. The railways were spreading lines »f transportation over the country, crops were fair, and the western farmer was beginnmg to appreciate something better than a sod shack to live in. Lumber had to be hauled great distances and the price was accord- ingly high. Prairie fires were teaching the builders with wood the value of more fireproof construction. Altogether, the countr\ was ripe for a better supply of burned clay products. With the war, needs have not materially changed. Business is simply marking time for a better monetary condition. The country is es.'>entially a farming or , and with wild boom days v.,-er, and the var at an end, normal conditions should soon return. GENERAL GEOLOGY.' The (geological history of southern Saskatchewan is essentially tha' of the great plains of which it forms an important part. Throughout tlie Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras it was an area of alternate elevations and depressio'^s, during which the sea was admitted, and great thicknesses of sediment were laid down. Partial evidence for this is to be found on the plains, as the oldest rocks there, namely, the Pierre shales, are Upper Creta- ceous. In passing eastward towards the Pre-Cambrian rocks of Manitoba, across the great plains, a series of Mesozoic and PaUeozoic sediments, with gentle westward dips, are met with; and drill holes put down at various points in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, have shown that these extend westward under the areas now occupied by the Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary sediments. None of the elevations or depressions were extensive enough to cause dislocation of the strata in the great plains area, but were rather in the form of broad, gentle, uplifts and sinkings of continental extent. The sediments remained, approximately, flat-lying, and only one minor case of faulting has been recorded. McConnell' describes a small area covering township 1, range 27, west of 3rd. meridian, near the international boundary. 'Main outline* aftrr Roe. G.S.C. Mrmoir 80. •McConiMll, Ann. RepoR of G.S.C.. Vol. I. 18«5. p. 42C. The periods of eroaion, which were marked by the interval! in the nurccMion of the itrata when the area muat have been above lea-level, did not leave any great unconformities between the strata of the different ages, except between ihe Tertiary and the Quaternary. Cretacboits Period. PIERRE FORM.\TION. (SHALE). The upper Cretaceous sediments are the oldest known in southern Saskatchewan, and are represented by the Pierre shale and Fox Hills sandstone of the marine Montana stage. During this stage the whole of the interior / the continent was depressed, and occupied by the eea. In the .vatersof this sea greatthicknessesof clay were deposited, represented by the Pierre shale of the area. Towards the latter part of the existence of this sea, there were fluctuations in the depth of the water and a tendency to shallowing, with consequent variation in deposition; the character of the n"'terial laid down in the eastern part of the basin differing somewhat from that deposited in the west. This state of flurtuation gradually gave place to the shallow water shore conditions which prevailed during the deposition of the succeeding Fox Hills sands. The most important beds of the Pierre formation from the clayworker's standpoint are found outcropping in the Qu'Appelle valley near Tantallon station on the Canadian Pacific railway. For a few miles east and west of this station, and south up a tributary coulee, the upper hundred feet of the valley sides consist of a hard, grey shale, referred to the Odanah horizon. This is uiderlain by soft unconsolidated shale of a chocolate-brown colour, which weathers to a very sticky claylikc gumbo, and may be referred to the Millwood. Similar shale outcrops in the Assiniboine valley near Virden, Manitoba, and in the upper part of Turtle mountain. The Odanah is not known to outcrop west of the Tantallon district ; but other beds of the Pierre shale are found in the deeper river valleys west to the Alberta boun- dar>-. Contacts of the Pierre with younger formations in the Dirt Hills, Wood Mountain, and Cypress Hills districts, do not show the Odanah. It does not appear to have been laid down west of the general line of the Saskutchewan-Manitoba boundary. In all the area west of this the Pierre consists of dark grey, clay shale: sometimes sandy towards the top, but always weathering to a very sticky gumbo clay of little value to the clay- working industry. '. was sampled at numerous points, and found, in every case, to have an excessive shrinkage in drying and burning, as well as giving a dirty scum on the burned material. The following list gives a number of localities "vhf '? the Pierre shale has been sampled and tested: — LEGEND fttm'^a" \ I Gcolo.Y compUed from Map No. S5A Ti. S. C. with minor Kologkal ukUtioaa by N. B. Davii. 1916. nm UNION ^ Pmvmnmermf !> OLiaoetNM o I o r a d o General geological section on line DEPARTMENT OF MINES. MINES BRANCH Ban mtp from pUUi. Dtpl of Uu InUrior H f, B»i". Ckitf Drouthlsman. Genera/ geological map of Southet Scale 35 Milks to I inch LEGEND Ptmrrt. Foxhills \ m > mOMTANA > 5 CTJ Rav»nscr9g ) > FORT UNION ^ f£oc*n0t j ^ ^ I? ! ^* OU&OC£Ne C/preas Nills ) r 408 uthern Saskatchewan TO I INCH G«oloiy compiled bom M*p No. S5A G. S. C. with minor leolotiol addition* by N. B. Dnvi*. 1916. Elbow, Old Fort Walsh, Ravenscrag, Regina beach. Rocky creek, Seward, Swift Current, Tilney, Willows. Wherever examined, the Pierre, other than the Odar.ah and Millwood, was found to contain crystals of gypsum or selenite, and concretionary iron masses of various sizes. The weathered surfaces of the exposures are often whitened by crystals of scluble salts, brought to the surface bv the •noisture drymg out. FOX HILLS FORMATION. (S.AND). • V'^'FT ^^"^ ^"dstone succeeds the Pierre, and represents a shallowing period of the Pierre sea. It is restricteti mostly to the southwestern part ^l^ P™^'"f<^. and occurs at the base of the high elevations, such as W ood mountain and the Cypress hills. The rock is a fine-grained sandstone or unconsolidated sand, and usually yellow to brownish in coSur on the exposed surface. Beneath the weathered surface it is light grey in colour, and, under the microscope is seen to consist mainly of quartz, with a minor amount of dark green and black grains recognized as hornblende and pyroxene. Some feldspar and the white and black micas are also present. Tested with acid, it was tound, generahy, to be quite calcareous, lime bein^r he chief cementing Ti T^n ^ "^'^^^'^ '''""^^^^ "^^' '^^''^"^ ^'"''"^ ^o a light red colour, at 1 750 degrees F. By selecting the sand of this fo. mation, a good material tor moulding common brick may be had. wJf^n"!' ^""^^ ^''^ ^'^""^^^^ thickness of the Fox Hills sandstone in the Wood Mountain district as 75 feet, but it is usually less. McConnell gives the maximum thickness in the Cypress Hills district as 150 feet, but a large pare of it is clayey sand or sandy clay, and may be only the sandy top ol the Pierre. Tertiary Period. The sand described above, appears only in the western part of the area, and probably represents the shore deposits of a Pierre sea retreating w-estward, accompanied by a differential uplift of the country to the east ot an axis passing northeast and southwest through Wood mountain The country- to the east of this was occupied by fresh water lakes and swamps in which sands, silts, clays, and lignites, were deposited. 'B. Row. G.S.C. Memoir 89. p. 31. This change from marine to fresh water conditions marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Tertiary. The change was slow and gradual, and a Tertiary flora developed on land; while the water life was still influenced by Cretaceous types. Remains of land reptiles of Mesozoic type are reported by Dawson' in beds to the south of Wood mountain along Rocky creek, and these beds have been referred by Rose' to the Lance formation. This is the only part of the area in which Lance beds have been described as occurring. Formerly, they were included in the old Laramie by Dawson and McConnell. They are here included in the Estevan beds of the Fort L^nion. EOCENE OR FORT UNION FORMATION. Up to the present, the Fort Union formation has not been subdivided, although the necessity for doing this was recognized by McConnell and Dawson' in the early reports on the area. McConnell states that the Laramie (Fort Union): — May be separated lithologically over most of the district into two distinct divisions. The lower one, which succeeds the Fox Hill con'ormably wherever the contact plane of the two formations waa observed, bears a strong resemblance to the upper part of the Belly River series, and consists of about ISO feet offeebly coherent, greyish and pure white clays, sandy clays, and sands, with occasional beds of carbonaceous shales and lignite. A small bed of black clay was also found to be pretty widely distributed. The beds of pure white sands and clays form the most distinctive feature of this band, and were observed, with fev/ exceptions, wherever the base of t'.ie formation was exposed. In the badlands south of Wood mountain this division consists almos; -exclusively of clay. The upper division is more arenaceous, and is predominately yellowish in colour. It has a maximum thickness in the district of 750 feet, and is composed of sands passing into soft sandstone, silts, and clays, and also holds a few beds of hard sandstone, part of which is of nodular character, together with some carbonaceous shales and lignite. Leonard^ describes the western half of the state of North Dakota to be underiain by strata which have been referred to the Laramie, but undoubt- edly some of them are Tertiary in age (Fort Union). Just where the dividing line between the Laramie and Tertiary occurs is doubtful and can only be determined by paleontological evidence. But lithologically ihe so-called Laramie formation may be divided into three parts. At the bottom is a great series of beds consisting of impure, low grade clays, sands, many of them calcareous, and lignites. -Above, there is a horizon not more than 150 feet thick in which occur the high grade, light burning, more refractory clays, although some of these are highly calcareous and fuse at very low temperatures. Overlying these cla>'s are some 300 to 400 feet of sand, part of which is cemented by a calcareous cement. In the Cypress Hills area the white clay beds rest directly on the Pierre and Fox hills, and are overiain by the yellow clays, silts, and sands. In the Big Muddy valley, the white clay beds are separated from the Cretaceous by a considerable thickness of dark grey clays, sands, silts. •Dawaon. Geology and RetourcM of th« 49tb. Parallel, 1875. p. 103. >Roae. Memoir 89. G.S.C. p. 38. •McConnell, Ann. Rep. G.S.C. Vol. I, 1885. p. 67.68C. Dawson. Geol. and Rewurcei of the 49th. I'aiallei. 1875. p. 103. •Leonard. State Geol. Surv., N. Dakota. 4th. Biennial Rep., i.. 108. and lignites (see Plate X). They are overlain by the same yellow beds as in the Cypress hills. In the Souris valley the middle and lower divisions are present near Halbrite and what appears to be the upper and lower di . jiuns minus the middle division at Estevan. Whether these lower beds lielong to the Lance formation has yet to be definitely established, but in the meantime they can at least be separated from the other beds of the Fort Union on a lithological basis. To this end the following new names pre proposed, using names of type l(K'alities: — {Ravenscrag beds, Whitemud beds, Estevan beds. Estevan Beds. Beds of the Estevan group are exposed in the Souris valley from Halbrite to f^stevan; in the Big Muddy valley from the international boundary 'o the forks; in the Dirt hills at Claybank, and south of \^'()• -«-" but n'e able ber:n:;jtrVhe'f'n'°" '''"^' .^"^^' ^^^ -"^^ ^'^^^ --^ -->^- °* "^"''^- ^^^ following section, measured by McConnell,' at 'McConnell. Ann. Rep. G.S.C. Vol. I, |88.'i, p. jgC. 11 the junction of Concrete coul6e with the Frenchman River valley, near Ravenscrag, is illustrated in the frontispiece. Top 1. Yellowish very fine-prained clays passing into pure clays and sands 1 10 i^t. 2. Greyish clays, carbonaceous shales, and thin-lieds of lignite, yellowish sands, clays, and sandy clays ' ^" " 3. Greyish shales " •• 4. Carbonaceous shales ■» - 5. Lignites ^ •• 6. (ireyish shales •''' •• 7. Brown carbonaceous shales J^ •• 8. Greys and almost pure white sand and clays 50 .. 9. Coarse rusty sands (Fox Hills) 125 ., 10. Lead grey and dark shales (Pierre) 50 ., The upper seven lx;ds of this section arc referretl to the Ra\eiiscrag division of the Fort Union. Numl)er 8 is the Whilemud division. The Estevan beds are entirely absent. Numljer 9 is the Fox Hills s;indstone. The Ravenscrag division contains beds of red and buff burning cla\s that are of value to the clay industry, mainly for the manufacture of common brick and fire proofing. Buff burning beds are being used at Estevan and Shand for making wire-cut brick. OLICOCKNE. Cypress Hills Beds. An erosion interval followed the deposition of the F^ort I'nion, and in Oligocenc time a great fan of gravels, sands, silts, and clays was spread eastward from the Rocky mountains. At present these beds cap all the higher elevations of the western plateaus, extending from the west encl of the Cypress hills to the east end of Swift Current ^Veek plateau, a distance of about 1 40 miles. Thev are unconformable to the betis below, and in their western extension rest on the Fort Union. East of Eastend coulee they overlap the Fort I nion and continuing eastward are underlain by the Pox Hills sandstone and Pierre shale. The Oligocene beds of the Cypress hills are largely represenle' ^'^ «f '^ and northwest has been dSnil'tl^ewh ,""""' '™'" '"^'^ ^''^ "-^''-^^ been from the northeast. '' movement having apparently The maximum thickness of the ice ma«« :„ fU ■ ■ ■ l"ll« is estimated by McConnell' as 2 Z feT/ T '"""'■ "' '^' ^'P'^^' part of the Cypress hills was ont r f , ■ ^""^ '°P ^^ ^he western island in the glacial se ^^S'^ ^'?T' T' ""^' ''^^^ ^^^^^ ^ elej^^ation of 4,000 feet above sIa!|eveT. " "*' " '' ^"""'^ ^^°''*-" "" clayl'yn'clnilts! Ind irkeXr'was'tt '""""^ ^^P^^'^'"" «^ ^^-Wer end of the first stage o the tl'retl f' ""l ""'"'■'""' P"^"-" ^^ ^^e north of the Cypress mII ^^tcTen^^^^^ T ''' "^ ^^"^ ^° ^''^ •me of Pinto Horse butte to Wn;^ ^"^ P'""*^^"' ^"^ ^^e general their waters to the south and L'^rp,?'"- ''^'■^' ^^^^^ Po--^ n.an River valley and its tributr^reat floZ^^^^^^ Su,ft Current, dammed large lakes against the ■McConn-ll. .^n. R^p G.S.C. \'ol. I. 1885. t3 Cypress hills to the south, which probably had their overflow through Medicine Lodge coulee. A large lake or scries of lakes, to the north of Wood mountain, probably drained through Twelve Mile Lake valley to the Big Muddy outlet. With a further retreat to the northeast the ice front halted for a con- siderable period, judging by the great thickness and width of the moraine system along the Coteau. At this stage a large lake occupied the basins of Lakes Johnston and Chaplin and probably extended some distance westward over the country at present drained by the Wixxl river. The outflow from th'^ lake went by way of Lake-of-the-Rivcrs valley to the Big Muddy. In the n- the South Saskatchewan river a series of lakes formed and outflowed to Lake Regina near Caron. .As the ice front continued to retreat these found an outlet down the Qu'Appelle depression. A further retreat to the northeast was markei'i by wide low moraines and numerous intermorainal lakes and outwash i)lains in which clays, sands, and gravels were laid down. This glacial distribution of clays, sands, and gravels has l)een of great importance to the area. The large glacial lake Ixjttoms form the most important grain growing Ijelts, but have little value to the clayworker because of defects of the clays in drying and burning. The clays of the smaller glacial lake Iwttoms, particularly in the northeastern part of the area in the outwash basins where the clays are calcareous and silty, are being used for making common brick. In the northwestern part of the area the silty clays of the extinct lake near Lancer are also an impwrtant resource for this purpose. The sands, gravels and boulder moraines are of value for building construction and form a potential resource for building good roads. RECENT FORM.\TION. With the complete retreat of the ice from the continent there was a return to a temperate climate, followed by semi-arid conditions. The deep valleys, cut by the large rivers outflowing from the melting ice front, continued to be water courses, but of streams of greatly diminished size. Some of these streams have a free outflow while others drain to local saline lakes. The valleys, with outflowing fresh water streams such as the French- man, the Qu'Appelle, and the Souris, have Iwcn deeply silted up by the inwash of material from the valley sides. Their wide, flat bottoms contain 14 d.P«u C cv ^„. ,h., .„ ^ „,„^ ,„ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^_^ of intent scumming and doing defecr clayworker because Hepth a:, c^^ot ,. d ^'^'^of^^ -tended tJ^ny Ontario. Often where The m^ • , ^^^ >;«l-hummg surface clay as in concentrat Jllublcslusln TT f " •^-^"''"•"K' '^^ evaporation has colour in the b^ nt brkk bttS f " ^""' '"■/^"' ^"'^ 'f"^ «»>'^"'* the red t,urnt bnck by the forniation of a white scum on their surfaces. GENERAL TECHNOLOGY tl..ASSIFICATIO\ OF S.ASKATCHEWAX CL\YS vicinity of Kastend "'""■'"'' "' *^" ^« **>« »«P f>^- •" the crucible melting furnaces, Bessemer onverte" gts fur." T''' '"'I cement kilns, for flues, boiler settings, stov" lim'ngt etc " ' '""' '"' .u:drtrse":;rde'rorart''"^^^^^"^ ^^'"^^^^^^^^^ clu'sive are of No 2 gtde 11^'".? "^^T"" ^""^ ^° ^^ ^^ -- considered No. 1 grade "" *''^' ^'^"'■'" ^^^« ~"« ^^ "« ILS™ ret^of ^2^^^^^^^ '' -- - '- ^^- proposed by the 'Bfcinfnger anj Brown. Tech. Paorr Va ; ii •,- ■> •»"« ) "^ '*"• '■ '^•"- """»•' »' Staad«d. (Cone 28 to 30 .UM»ted u N* 3 ts Certain fireclayi are non-pla»tic and because of thin are called flint claya. A thin bed of flint clay occurs in the fireclay beds near Dickenson, North DakoU, but it was not found in Saskatchewan. Many of the fireclay deposits of the world ocrur underlying coal seams, but such is not the case in Saskatchewan. The clays under the thickest seams of coal, such as in the Kstevan district, are non-refractory. The fireclays of the VVhitcmud beds arc not dir *\y associated with any well defined coal seams. Clays that are very plastic, refractory, and white burnmfj qre called ball clays. They find a use as a plastic inRrwIient of white ware btxlies to give working strength. The clays of the up|)er part of the Whitemud b«ls at Willows are good enough to l»e cla.ssed as ball clays. An analysts of a sample collected in the pit of the Allierta Clay Products Company at W illows is given in the following table, in comparison with standard ball clays:— ao, AW), FeiO, FeO CaO MgO K*0 Narf) TiO, Hrf) Total nhrinkage at cone 9. i. II. 58- 2H 26-07 1-79 (••68 t) 34 1-46 12-02 17« 4» 09 43 21 iil 9-63 III. 45 SI 38-87 1-14 U 016 1-30 UIO 20-0 IV. 46-11 39 55 0-3.S 13 1 20 13-78 lS-0 I. Willows clav: 474. II. English ball clay. III. New Jerov / ball clay. IV. Florida ball clay. The clays from the following localities were found to be sulficiently refractory to be classed as fireclays: — Sample No. 436 474 476 477 478VV 469 467 470 471 481 1648 1649 1650 486 565 556 551 , Locality. Sec.36, 6. 22, 3r(l. Willows Sec. 14, tp. 11, r. 28, 2ncl Clayhank Sec. ll,tp! 13, r. 26, 2n(l Yellow Grass Halbrite Sec. 17, tp. 21, r. 10, w. ol 3ru. Refractory value. Cone 26 » .30 28] 27 30 3o; 31 1 29 30j 28 321 32) 28 28 27 26 Thickness. 6 ft. be"'>«' Pror> The clays of the Whitemud btxls of ih.. iv u tastend. are mainly of stonewaa- grade Thev I't*"'" '*'"^" ^'''"^•>- "^^^^ to Medicine Hat for use in the L„i, J. ^ y*" t*'"* ""ned and shipped the Alberta Clay IWucts TomZy andl^ T ""''" '" ^''^ f'^' "^ Plant^of the Medalta Stoneware Ud '''"ntware pottery in the 438 ^MTo^are'!;:;^^^^^^^ t|,o«e de^ribed as Nos. of the Province and of the adj IL "^J ""^f "'"^^ ^'^^^ '" the schools All of these clays are suhaWe f^.r SrT "'.''"T'''" ^"^ ^'^'"■^"ba. -;>r .i..ud pr_. and ce^t^:; 7^z^::j;i^^^:i:;^;- ^Joi :j ti^i::;;^i:srs: ti^fSr^'ii; :^"- ^^^ odanah dc.s not deform until the temiHifu ';7 "^15 'I^k'k'"^.^''^'^ ^■'"■'^'' are such as to preclude its use for sowen i, ^ f . '• ^* ''"''"'"K '»"'»"»'e8 Kavens^:^!:r;::^-;S'--commo„tothePier^^ materials suitable for making f^^TbrLk ' ^'"'^ ormations. and include field drain tile. Six of ,he s^ven Ja y i.nTT'" '''"'[.• ''' ^'^^'^^' -^ clays of this class. ^ ''"''""8 P'«"»« '" the area are working METHODS OF MANUFACTURING. The manufacture of briclr fi-^ /: standardized, but the details of hanTn^an"'"''""/''' '^ '""'^ - '-- -th the physical properties of the nSl and T" "'^ "' ^'"'^ -«"- ufactured article is to be put. ^ ^^^ "** »« ^^ich the man- 17 Mining. The mining nr winning of Mr workable rlayH at Saitkalchewan \n a comparatively simple matter, be< *e of the open nature of the exixmiireit in cnul^ «ide« easy of nrretw. 1 hey are nearly all workable l>y the o|H>n pit method. Kven the hiRh grade refractory clays arc so well exposed that underground mining will not be necessary for some time tc- crmu-. All except the Odanah shale at Tantallon, are soft clays and for winter workinK ha\"e to be stored. For breaking the clay out of the pit. Malting and undercutting methods are used, and the clay hauled tfi the plant by mean!* of hori»e ancl cart or dtiitip cars on a wire cable. The methcnls of underground mining do not differ materially from those uswl in the lignite mines «>f the iVovince. Preparation. The preparation of the clay consists in breaking it ^'^'^ ^^- o^soft-mud briSTt otn" Kots direct to the mouldmg machine The mitr mtii ^„„ • * r cylMHcal .™gh i„ .hich a .haft, c.„, '.'^L^ ~ tL\"""' Moulding. hand but arc „»„„I|y „„do W macLln!: T ,'"" '^' """''' ''> „f „ , . ' '^ "> "latntnc. Pins consistB of an iiDriirht Imix min ^."[h T r'^'Tl "" ^"'■^'^"' ^•'^^f^ ^' -"^h blades asbthe pug an, the mould „ automatically pu.hed out of the front of the mirn, f.ff vL-,-f K o I -c u L r ^ ^"^ '^^P '^P'^" ^'"'' "f the mould is struck :l';:t,tdr't;;ettt°^t-rtn:-;ti™ -' '^' "^'-^ "--' ai,i.' t'^z:,: rrL«lJ"::t"„ri *'t " ="'■' -''■ rc-pros,txl when Icthc, dry ^' ''* """ P'"^' ""'I „,,.,!" "'fi"i-'.»«re I'V Ihe .till-mud proce.s the clay mu.t have ,„o,l j::;uS;^--X'-;r;o:^^^^^ :rr;;::r:,:rot- s rn^tr' "-"* » - ^" » »-— St.flf-mud machines are of two types, the plunger and auger machines The former are commonly used for making sewerpipe. whfle the iXr are u.sed n. the manufacture of face and common bdc^ard fire p. finT In the plunger machine the clay is fed into the barrel and the ulun^er ana the barrel is filled again. It is an intermittent process On the other h Lrfn a CO . '■"'" ""^''^ "" '"^'-"^ P"^''^^ '^ through the dVe. tahirtr h h ^'""''"^ ''''^"' '^"'^ ^^^' ^-^ ^ ^°"veyer to a cutting tabic to be shaped into pieces of the desired length. The ware is then stacked on suitable cars and sent to the drier 19 In the dry-press process the clay is not wetted with more than 10 per cent of water. It is used just damp enough to retain its shape when pressed firmly in the hand. _ The dry-press mar'.lr.e consists of a very heavy iron frame containing a press box (usual' coniainins; f.->ir moulds), two sets of plungers working vertically against ihe rhargt. ar.'' ware:!^^C^'l~1^ ^;^]^^ the unco.bined water in t . mined by the character of the clay anifhl. '^^T^^ ^' ^ ^^^e deter- the great water holding caLitv of ll Jl!" ''"" "^^ ^^-^ ^"^-"P'-- brick at Estevan requLT a -erv ' ''"^-^^^"-^ -'ay used for pressed buflr-burning clay uS for mal ^ """'"^ ^'""'^'"^ P«"«d. while the lower wate? holLg^catirrequ^ Tjrh" ''''■ ^"^ ^ --»' smoking. It is usually a slow pTce" and the t '""' ^°' ""'^'• must not be raised much above fhpT!.V temperature of the kiln in the form of steam has b^en drit„ "ff ' '°'"' ""'" "°^^ ''^ ^''^ ^-^- u.x,ntdi.tm;::;r iiii^'T r'?^ ^'^ -^'^-^ -^^ '^ ---^ bined water. Thfs occurs at a^il r^ V" ^"'! ""^ '''^ ^•^^""'^^"y <^«'"- at 700=C or 1,292°F. " '"^ ''"^^ ^"^ '« practically complete and ?rr.'^:i;tde?::dtu;t:ef aT; z' '' ''' -^'— ^^ '- break down at this temperatuTe and, her '^'"!^"^^^°"« "'^terials begin to state. The combustibrr^l«:;"lh,r T ^'"^^ '"^'' ^'^'^ ^'''d^'-" off and the iron is all chang^ t'o^h A ' ' "'^^";.^.'^- '« 'completely driven Pleted at about 900OC or ? 652°F '°"'^'"°"- '^^'^ ''^^^ '« <^«'"- oa t J^r; S:;Sf^d;;^;;r:?^-P'- -dation depends materiarandTeTeTn?rmZ\r r ^^^^ '?-"'"^ — ' clay must be carefully studied InTe pll't '"' " '"™"« "">' «'-" carri2lr:S^r^,-JS-^»-i„g brick, stonewa.. etc.. a. change takes place, fhe clay plticle tT- ?T^ "^'^ '''^' ^^^ ^^^^'^^^ the temperature is slowly raiXhUn fl!i ^""^ °" ^''^ ^"^f^^^' ^"^ as whole mass is involved the dSityeacrelt' ""''' ""^" ''^^^^'■'^^"^ ^''^ or vitrified body is produced maximum and an impervious days of the Willows district reVuire to J 7 ^ example, the fire- vitrified body, while the stoneware Lt iTTe p° TZ V" '''^'''' ^ between cones .S and 7. ^ ''^ Eastend district vitrify down!ir:ft''" '" '""'"^ ^'^^ ^^^^ -^ °^ ^- general types, updraft and 21 The up<;raft type includes the common scovc and the permanent walled case or Dutch kilns. The former is the simplest and consists of a rectangular pile of brick to be burnetl coated with a veneer of burnt brick two layers deep. The whole is then plastered with soft clay mortar to help to retain the heat. The Dutch kiln consists of two permanent side walls and ends left open sufficient to allow for loading and unloading. In both forms the lower courses of brick to be burned are set to make arched tunnels across the width of the kiln. The end of each tunnel is a fire l)ox and the heat travels along the tunnel and up through the brick piled alxne. in this way burning the ware. This is the most wasteful method of burning and can only be applied with success to the cheapest of ware, such as com- mon brick. The downdraft kiln works like the .reverbatory furnace of the metal- lurgist and may be intermittent or continuous. The walls are jK-rmanent and roofed in. The\' vary in shape from round to rectangular. Fire boxes are built into the walls at regular intervals, and suitable ojK'nings left for loading and unloading the kiln. P'iring is cirried on with coal, wood, or gas, the fire passing to the tjp of the kiln chamiier and down through the ware to flues under the floor and leading to a stack. The ordinary continuous kiln consists of a numlier of downdraft chambers arranged in a rectangle or oval form and connected with a central stack. When the first chaml>er is under fire, the heat from it carries on the water smoking and heating up of two or three chambers ahead. As soon as the first rha Tiber is finished it is shut off from the chambers ahead and allowed tc ^e fire being directly applied to the second chamber. This is continuv -hamber to chamber, the cooling chamlx'rs furnish- ing heated air for . uustion. The cooled chambers are unloaded of i)urne(l brick and reset for the burning pnx-ess. In this wa\- the process is con- tinuous and there is little or no waste heat. A recent application of the continuous principle has been made in the form of a tunnel with four or more fire boxes near the centre. The ware is loaded on cars suitably insulated, and these are pushed into the tunnel at a regular rate. The fire in the centre of the tunnel is pulled towards the loading end, making the opposite end the cooling sectio!). This method of burn! '• said to be very cheap and efficient, but to date it has l)een applied on this continent only to the burning of sanitary ware and firebrick. Control of Temperature. The means of controlling temperature varies somewhat from plant to plant. Some use the old rule-of-thumb method of judging the temper- ature by the colour of the hot kiln and have to employ men with consider- able experience. On the other hand there are several mechanical methixls that can be more generally used and give better control over both the kiln and the burner. 22 Seger cones. side ixr: ::7,T;!,H'„7r:^s « r; ^'""' -."v-* '" - imhes. (See Hate IV) Th., , ° P"'"' •" *<■ '»P '" a lenph of three graded al to "v a^r Jrf'ruirZT^ f™- »' "ay and fl„,« so ^.n:trjotZi,tT; L"^:eJi'rr%t"* 'h™"-^ ^• gardrf a. the finishing ,en,pe,atnre to, that ^l!^ '"' """"" " ''■ No. of Cone. 010... 06..., 03.... 1.... 3.... 5.... 7.... 9.... 11. .. 13.... IS.... 20. . . , 25.... 27.... 29. . . . 31.... Approx imate Fusing Point. Degrees C. Degrees F. 1,742 950 1,886 1,0.S0 1,994 1,090 2,102 1 , 150 2,174 1,190 2,246 1 '^O 2,318 1,270 2,390 1,310 2,462 1,350 2,S.?4 1,390 2,606 1,430 2,786 1,5.^0 2,966 1,630 3,0.S8 1,670 3,110 1,710 3,182 1,750 loximate cones to which the various The following table gives the appi, types of ware are burnt: — Building brick -, , ^, Paving brick ^]^~^^ Sewer-pipe Buff face brick Y^ Hollow blocks and fireproofing. , f,^^. Terra-cotta . . Conduits '■■ ""^"^ Firebricks ^~* White earthenware ^~]^ Red earthenware Zl Stoneware "^^^ Porcelain ^^ Electrical porcelain VJo o— 12 I'l.VTK I\ Top row, clav test cones. Middle row ssta'ndard scger cones bottom ro . J f 23 Veritas Firing System. A refinement in the old method of controlling the firing hy use of draw trials has resultein,. hut tEis" utl^^ff i '^^r ''"' ^^ '*'" """ '" 'he (|uantitv of barium «^l^ « • ■ roughly de.ermin:Kj|,vmalcin^'un..„''"'T ^" f •"^^''"^ scumminR can be ."K amounts of salt f om up to 2 n "^ '"^^''^" "^ '■'^>- -'^h vary- [HT o,.nt. After dr^in^ ami burn n' Z^T ""' '"' ^"^^'""^ »»' ^ half ■n the .series showing no scum an" 1 tS '"""'; ''''""' ^'^'-' '""^^ -"^--t A more refined meth" fT T ''^'^ """""' "^ '-"»- -'t 'ndicated. and ^oung^ require, a ^ r^tr ^f £d ""J"' T"--''"' I'V Emley Krams (2 oz.) of the ci is Z on i '" '"''''''^ "^ ^^ese is place,! loi) ^"■•- They are then 2 in Trm' ^^^^ ^" '^'' ^'^^' ''°"'- ^"ree quartet "u. dy until the day ^.^CoZ^^^:^ ^^f^^r """' '^^'^^" ''^- the barium chloride or fluoride is th.n m "^ ' ^' '^*^"' ^'"t'on of first lx,ttle. 2 c.c. in the s^co^d ^ c Stort '" "''^ '"'"'" ' ^-- '" '^e with cxrcasional shaking. \M a ninch r".-'' '"''"^ P''^'*^ ^"^^ ^^'^'^'^ hours the clay has .^ttled, draw off 1 Jofihe ""',•" '^"^ '"^"''^' ^'«'' ^^'^^ drops of sulphuric acid. If tXdifv d ,'"" \"'^ '^"^ ^^^ *° '^ ^ ^^^^ excess of barium salt. If. for examnl r r'''-.")" ''""''^ '=«"*^'"«1 a" mains clear on the addition o subhuric . H T',^ ^""^ '^"'^^ » ^« ^ re- turbidity, then the ratio of bari^ ".t to ^7 T ^^ ' '" ^"^"^-'^ •;atm to be used in working the X. ^'' '" ^°"'^ ^ '■" ^he proper *• ^'^ '^'"- C"- Soc., Vol. XVII. 1915. p. 24S. 25 Drying Defects. Many of the Saskatchewan days arc defective in their • the plasti. process they require to be partially dried. Clays that crack in drying are also, as a rule. ver% stiff and sticky in their working qualities. In eliminating the cracking defect some attention is necessary to overcome the stiff ami sticky nature. Several methods have been devised to o\erconie .•ra the leiii(xTing water, in anioimts of one half to one per cent of the cl;n' used, .jecreases the rale of drvinn, .nul .l.creas.-s or eliminates the cracking. It tends to cure this defect l)Ut ii has no appreciable effect on the working qualities. The salt causi-s a scum to appear on the air drieo ware but this disiip- pears in the burning, and, as pointed out by Stalej', teiuls to pr.Kluce clearer and brighter colours. The salt has further lH;neficial elTecis m reducing the vitrification temperature and increasim- ;he vitrification range, the temperature of overfiring remaining the siime as for the untreated clay. The addition of a per cent or two of lime to defecliv e clay at the iem|)\r- ing stage has been found to improve the working tri«|. ^ ^'^ preheating and salt treatment miRht RECORDS OF TESTS. wet pan f.,r tnm; ..,.., Hand mnl T^ i^ • '"""''''"K and a small process were ma, c of tho " davs ^^I-h "1 I" ;'""^""" «^ '^' -'^-'""d the stiflF.m.,d machine. ' ^ "''""''"• '" '^^>''"K ^'^^n made in Nocks approaching fu„ .J bH^rm^^crrcktdi;'^'*^'""^' "'"'^^^ '''''' sman^tSr^Z'^:,':''"^ ^'"^ '""' ^''""•'^^- ^^ -asur^l on the pass a sixteen-mesh scr en. r^sten«i' o thT, ' "''''""r' ^'^^ "'^"'^"^ ^« sized i,nck pre..d I ^:^::i:^ ^z:^::"'^''"''''''^ '^' '^^^ °" ^"" while'r Tr rt!ri:r t^mXtiral^ ^" ^" 't '^"^^^^ -- ''"-. -rcial kilns, in Sngstc!n and hIX" " "" "" '"""* '" ""■ an.1 ^"Sss:;:^^^- ;;;j: -ts;;.^^in,mer^ I 27 CLAYS OF THE CYI'RESS HIILS UISTRKI. South of the C>-preM hilU, the Frenchman river has cut a deep trench in the Tertiary and Cn'taceou» formations and exposed the valuable re- fractory and semi-refractory clays which occur at the Iwne of the Tertiary. A typical section measured on the big butte at the junction of Concrete coul6e with the main valley near Ravenscrag resulted as follows: — Top— Yellow silts and sands, calcareous 40 feet HaH yellow sandstone ' » Yellow clays and silts 20 „ Dark grey carlionaccous clay '• » Yellow sands and silts IS „ Dark brown carlx)naceous clay 11 » Fine sands and thin lignite seams 12 „ Dark brown carljonaceous clay 1 » Strong greenish-yellow clay ^ <• Dark grey clay 2 „ Yellow silty clay ^ " Yollow sands partly indurated 7 „ Hard calcareous material 1 « Yellowish silty clays and sand 10 » Black carbonaceous clay 1 » Light brown clay ^ " Carbonaceous silty clay and thin lignite seams .. 4 „ Yellow silts and silty clays 18 „ Yellow sands ^^ » Brown carbonaceous shale ^ » Lignite fpoor quality) ^ » Yellowish-brown sticky clays containing selenite crystals ^ ' " Dark brown carbonaceous clay, 2 „ Brown clay showing iron oxide stains 5 „ Thin irregular bed of limonite i » Fine grey clay weathering white 1 1 « Dark brown carbonaceous clay 1 « Light brown clay weathering white S „ White clay silt (mostly fine quartz) 6| » Lignite and carbonaceous material 1 » Light grey clay ••■ ^ » White to grey sands made up of angular quartz grains, clay matter, and minute limonite concretion?. .55 „ Coarse rusty sands and clays 125 „ Lead grey shales S" » Total 483 feet BmideH the cInyH of the CrctaceouB and Tertiar>- mentioned aliove. the glacial or recent alluvial clayn of the valley bottom are of tior.ie im- portance. The Bertion in the valley side can l»e divided into five distinct colour horizonx; (1) the dark slate coloured Pierre shale at the bottom is followed by (2) rusty sands and clays, (3) a light grey band consisting of grey sand at the base passing into light grey or white clays and sands towards the top, (4) dark grey clays and silts and tliin lignite scams, (5) and vcllow clay silts and sands tf» the top. In all, there is a total tiiickncset of 480+ feet exposed. (St^e Frontispiece). Above the Pierre shale the indivi- irregular and lens like in character, seldom being continuous for any distance. The most striking feature of the exposures along the valley from Palis- ade to Eastend is the white band at the base of Fort Union. This band though only 20 to 50 feet in thickness forms a very conspicuous feature of the section. Exposures of it in the distance look like great snow banks. The clays and sands in it, like those above, graduate almost imperceptibly one into the other and seldom remain pure for any distance. They are usually as.s dip some 9 feet to the mile in an caxtcrly direction, and, from the top of the valley udea near Palisade, decline to the liottom of the valley some 12 miles southeast of Eastend. The white clays are also founi in the west facing escarpment of Bound- ary plateau. The white clays of this section of the Province are not as refractory as those farther east and arc l)cst suited for making stoneware pottery and scwerpipe, or clay products that are burned to vitrified Ixxlies in a range from cone 5 to 9. The tiavs vary from place to place in their working (|ualitie8, some- times Ixting silty, and again very fine and plastic. Selcnite is present in most of the beds and soluble salts arc to \>c (intended vith in the more plastic ones. Some of the clays contain small concretions of iron oxide, usually developed around grains of sand, but these can lie removed by washing. Occasionally masses of concretionary iron oxide (clay ironstone) c. if at the top of the section of white clays and strin^jers of it have penetrated vertical joint plan s in the ciay. In this connexion it is imjH)rtant that plenty of good clean water is to lie had from the Frenchman river for washing the clays. Old Fort Walsh. In the valley of Battle creek near the old Mounted Police station, known as Ff)rt Walsh, there are numerous outcrops of the white clays. 401. On the S E. } sec. 15, tp. 7, range 29, west of the 3rd mer.. the quartzite gravel at the top of the valley side is underlain b\- a thick bed of sandy white clay. A sample of this clay required only 18',' of water to develop maximum plasticity. It dries without defect to a shrinkage of 2-3%. At cone 06 it has a total shrinkage of 2-6% and an absorption of 10 -5%. At cone 7 the total shrinkage is 6-3% and the absorption 4-6%. Vitrification is complete at cone 9 and deformation follows with cone 15. This material could be used for brick or mixed with other clays of the vicinity for hollow ware. 402. On the N.W. i sec. 8, tp. 7, range 28, west of the 3rd. mer., a cut bank in a coulee shows a section of sands, clays, and thin lignite seams. About half way up there is a five-foot bed of yellowish coloured clay under a thin lignite seam. This clay is defective in its drying proper- ties, when wet moulded, but works well when moulded dry-press. At cone 06 the shrinkage is 5-0% and the absorption 19 •0'^. The burnt colour is a pleasing pink with a speckled effect. 30 Top— Oligocene gravel S feet + Dark brown clay ^ n • . Thin lignite seam ■.■.■.■.■.■.■.;■.■.; q " I Cream coloured clay 4 " « " ... Yellowsilt J " J .No.404. White clayey sand 4 " „ " White clay , " " '' . Black carbonaceous clay.', '.'.'.['///.'.'.'.'.[.'a I q ^ °- ^*'^- 50 J^' 7?'^ '^ ^ ^"^ P'^*^''' '^'^y °^ stoneware grade. It reauires snnnKage is 100%, the colour is buff and the bodv steel harH «,.>!, ,„ ^5_0%. Deformation takes place with cone 13 This clay is well adapted to the making of stoneware pottery. 409. The sample collected from the bed indicated as 405 was lareelv bourhood and used for mud plastering houses and bams. Belanger. 416. North of Belanger post office and sec. 32, tp. 7, ranee 25 w of mud r; V -''"^" ^"^^'•''P °^ -'^'^^ ^"dy fi-'ay dug cKail^fo Z2 h ?•■■ '1^°"*^'"^ a considerable proportion of clay whU makes a good^bond and the sandy nature of the material gives it a low air shrinkage Burned at the temperature of cone 9 the total shrinkage is fi-oo/ anH absorption 4%. Deformation takes place at cone 37 ^' " ' ""^^ ^"^ impoItance'^The °'ttf " Tf''. ?"" '* "^^ ""'^ -^^'^^ -^-^o-ic mportance. The settlers of the vicinity will find it of value for makine L'TseTpriTt.''"'"^^ '' ^^" ^ ''^'^^'^^ ''^ -«^ ^y^ ^^^^^^ Palisade. n( J'' ^^l Frenchman River valley the white band was not found west t. 'ZZr °' """r" ^'"'^- '' '^ -^ *"- -low by 3 fett of liRnitu of poor quality. Tests on the clay (No. 544) show fairly good working and drying qualities. The air shrinkage of 8-3% is within working limits for stone- ware, but grog would be necessary for rougher goods such as sewerpipe. The body is steel hard at cone 07 with an absorption of 8-2^;. Vitri- fication is complete at cone 7 with a total shrinkage of 16-5%. Complete deformation occurs about the temperature of cone 15. This material is 2 miles from the railway on the opposite side of the nver, ana hence not so easy of access as outcrops to the east. Ravenscrag. 417. Near the village of Ravenscrag there are numerous outcrops of the white band clays. They can be seen along the valley to the east and west as a white line half way up the slopes and in masses included in slip blocks in the valley bottom. Sample 417 was collected from a point on the north side of the valley on sec. 30, tp. 6, range 23, w. of 3rd. mer. It is a sandy clay with fair plasticity, requiring but ?3% of water to mould in the stiff-mud condition. The drying properties are good and the air shrinkage is 5%. Burned to cone 03 the test pieces show swelling characteristic of siliceous clay; the total shrinkage being 4-4%. At this cone the colour is a dirty cream, and the body is fairly dense.giving an absorption of 13 • 3%. Vitrifica- tion is not quite complete at cone 9. Deformation takes place at cone 20. The raw material contains minute iron oxide concretions and these appear in the bricklets burned above cone 1 as black specks. They are particularly prominent when burned under reducing conditions 418 to 423. The most important beds exposed in Eagle butte, at the junction of Concrete couUe and the Frenchman River valley, were sampled and tested as follows. (See page 27 for measured section.) No. 418A is a six-foot bed of clay near the top of the section. It is slightly calcareous and contains lignitic matter and numerous leaf im- pressions It works up to a rather stff mass with 27% of water and dries safely without checking. However, a white scum is very prominent and in the burned peces !t completely covers the red colour of the body. The air shrinkage of 7-6% is not excessive. Burned to cone 06 the total shrinkage is 8-6% and the absorption 20-4%. When mixed with 25% or even 50% of the yellow calcareous silts overlying it, this clay would make good common brick and hollow ware by the stiff-mud process. 32 The heavy scum developed on the brick would make them of no value for facmg purposes. No. 418 is a thick bed of dark brown carbonaceous clay. The laree amount of finely divided carbonaceous matter present makes this clay S little value to the c ayworker. tK K^!i ^^V^ ^" f"^°°' ^ ""^ greenish-yellow clay about 66 feet below the hard sandstone horizon of the top part of the section. It works up to a stiff, but not sucky plasticity with 25% of water. Slow drying can be accomplished without cracking but the shrinkage of 9% is excessivT Mixed With some of the sand, found a few feet Mow it. the drying Td i>urnmg shnnkages could be reduced and the material made workable Burned to the temperature of cone 06 the body is steel hard and the colour a fair red. A small amount of scum is present, but the addition of a very small percentage of barium salt cures it. Mixed with 30% sand the drying properties would be improved and the shrinkage reduced to within practical limits for making soft-mud brick This clay could also be used for red face brick, moulded by the dry- press process. ' 420. About half way up the section there is a hard band of non- plastic clay, which appeared much like flint clay. On testing a sample in the laboratory ,t was found to be a hardened calcareous clay of little value. ^ u^ *?*•,• '^'T* ^'^''^" ^^* ^^^^ ^^^ '^^'^' °f ^mple 420 there is a 6-foot bed of a light brown or yellov.ish clay. It is in a part of the section that consists largely of jellow silts, and differential erosion causes the clay to project beyond the general line of the section as a ledge. „^^,'^'"P'^ °^ V^'' ^ '*'°^' it to be a very sriff plastic clay, requiring 27% of water to obtain the best working consistency. It dries ver>' slowlv and u-ill not stand fast drying. The air shrinkage of 7-0% is within practical limits and may be considered low in view of its stiff plasticity. At cone 06 the body is hard and promising as a common stiff-mud brick matenal. The colour of the body is salmon bnt is obscured by a heavy white scum. Deformation takes place about cone 2. This clay, like many other red-burning calcareous clays of the district develops so much scum in burning that it must be considered doubtful as a face brick matenal. Its stiff nature when wet would make it hard to break down with ordinary crushers and rolls so as to mix in sand or other non- plastic matenal. If this could be done it could be used for making common stiff-mud bnck, and perhaps hollow block. 422. The thickest bed in the white band of this localtiy is a greyish- white clay of the stoneware type. A thin layer of limonitic sand overiies the white clay but does not extend its effects into the clay except along a few %-crtical joint planes. The clay has excellent plasticity when wetted f**- T 33 with 24% of water and dries to a good strong body, without cracking, with a shrinkage of 7-6%. Burned to cone 06 the colour is cream-white, the body dense and steel hard, the total shrinkage 9%, and the absorption 12-3%. Vitrification takes place between cones 5 and 7, and bloating starts at cone 9. Defor- mation is complete at cone 18. The burning properties of this material suggest its use as a stoneware or sewerpipe clay. 42?^. A mixture of equal parts of 421 and 422 made a very suff body with ai. excessive shrinkage; 30-40% of burnt clay grog would be neces. ' e it workable. Sewerpipe .ests burned in a commercial kiln to cone 01 came out a yellowish-green colour without the least sign cf salt glaze. The material of 421 is too calcareous for this purpose, but makes a good bond clay uith grog for manufacturing hollow block or tile. 423. A bed of some 6J feet of white silt is the most prominent material between the white clay and the thick sands at the base of the section. Under the microscope it is seen to consist largely of fine angular grains of quartz coated by white cay. Musco\ ite mica and black particles of horn- blende are present in minor amounts. This material has very little plasticity or b nding power and hence would be of no value used alone, but mixed with the 17 feet of clay over lying it, the who'e would make a good basis for a sewerpipe mixture. On sec. 20, tp. 6, range 23, w. of 3rd. mer., to the south ot the rnlway, some stripping has been done on a 4-foot coal seam occurring at the level of the white band. The coal is overiain by some 10 feet of plastic clays, four distinct beds n all separated by thin lignite seams. These light coloured clays are followed by yellow calcareous silts and grey plastic clays similar to those described as occurring at Eagle butte. 424. Number 424 is a light grey clay immediately overiying the 4-foot bed of lignite. It requires the laige amount of 30% of water to develop maximum plasticity, and at its best this is excessive or sticky. Slow drying can be accomplisheil, but, without grog, it would not stand fast drying. The air shrinkage of 10% is excessive. Burned to cone 06 the colour is a light pink shade, the Ixxly is steel hard, the total shrinkage is 12-0% and the absorption 12-0^( . Vitrification takes place at about cone 4 and bloating of the body starts at cone 7. Deformation is complete at cone 1 1 . 425. Number 4?'! is the thickest bed in the section. It consists of 4 feet of greyish-white clay, which worked up into a mass of sticky plasticity with 28% of water. The air shrinkage of 8-5% is on the verge of being excessive. Slow drying can be acxumplishcd, but for fast drying consider- able grog would be necessary to open up the body. 34 Burned to cone 06 the total shrinkage is 9 • 6% and the absorption 12-3% At this temperature the body is steel hard and pink in colour. Vitrification takes place at cone 5 with a total shrinkage of 14-6%. Bloating of the body starts at cone 6 and deformation follows at cone 9. 426. Number 426 is a 2-foot bed of greyish-brown clay next in order above 425. It requires 31% of water to n ake it workable and at that it IS very sticky. The air shrinkage of 13-0% is excessive and full sized bnck could not be dried safely. Burned to cone 06 the colour is dark cream. At this temperature the body IS steel hard with a total shrinkage of 130% and an absorption of HO/c Vitrification is complete at cone 1, and deformation occurs at cone 7. Number 427 is a light yellow or cream coloured clay, requiring 32% of water to develop the maximum plasticity. The working qualities are not good, the mass being stiff and sticky. Large pieces could be dried with difficulty, the air shrinkage of 10 0% being excessive. Burned to cone 03 the body is steel hard and of a light salmon colour. At this temperature the total shrinkage is 14 0% and the absorption 9 0%. Vitrification takes place at about cone 4 and bloating starts with cone 7. At cone 10 the body is completely deformed. These clays (424-427) are characterized by an excessive or sticky plastiaty. They take up large percentages of water, and, with the drying out of this water, the shrinkage is correspondingly high. A mixture of the clays, in the proportion shown in the bank, showed no improvement in working qualities over the individual clays. The addition of 33i% of grog (through 12 mesh) improved the drying and burn- ing qualities. Better results would be obtained by mixing in about 25% of a clay found on the north side of the valley. Unless used in connexion with other clays of the district these beds have no value in themselves for plastic ware because of the defects in drying and burning. They can, however, be used for making dry-pressed face brick. On the north side of the Frenchman River valley in sec. 23, tp. 6, range 23, w. of 3rd. mer., the following measurements were taken on the outcrop of the white band from bottom to top. i*^-. 35 Carbonaceous sand 1 + foot Lignite 2 „ Carbonaceous silt J „ Lignite 1 „ Fine white sand } „ Grey clay with rusty spots 2 „ Dark brown clay | „ Greyish-white clay 2 „ No. 429. Grey clay containing rusty spots 1 „ Fine white silt 2J „ No. 428, Greyish-white clay IJ „ Greyish-white sand containing numerous iron oxide concretions 6 „ Grey clay containing much selenite 5§ „ 26 feet At this point the white band does not contain as much clay as in exposures farther east near Eastend. Two of the cleanest beds were sampled and the tests resumed as follows: — No. 429 is a fine . - clay, greyish-white in colour. Mixed with 25% of water, the mass ..a. cellent plasticity and dries safely, both slow and fast, with a shrinkage 1%. Soluble salts are present and appear at the edges and corners of the drying ware, as feather crystals. Burned to the temperature of cone 06 Lhe body is hard and cream coloured. The total shrinkage is 8-0% and the absorption 15-0%. Vitri- fication is complete at cone 5 with a total shrinkage of 14-5%. Bloating of the body starts at cone 7. The vitrified body is a dark stoneware grey. Deformation takes place at cone 13. Number 428 is a clay silt in which the silt particles are mostly of angular quartz. It has very low plasticity and required only 20% of water to mould in the soft-mud way. The silty nature of the material makes drying of the test pieces proceed very fast. The drying shrinkage amounts to 5%. Burned up to cone 5 the body shows swelling, but beyond that cone shrinkage proceeds to 8 • 3% at cone 9. At the latter cone the body is white and steel hard with an absorption of 5-8%. The body is deformed com- pletely at cone 22. The highest bed in this section is the thickest but it is badly con- taminated by selenite and iron oxide nodules. It would have to be washed to be of use for stoneware or sewerpipe. The whole section would make a good face brick mixture worked either by the stiff-mud or dry-press process. Because of the presence of considerable concretionary iron oxide material it would not be a gooo section to work for sewerpipe clay. 36 Eastend. On sees. 7 and 8, tp. 7, range 21. W. of 3rd. mer., there are excellent exposures of the white clays at an elevation of about ISO feet above the railway in the valley to the east. The amount of overburden is not great and the amount of good clay shown is exceptional. An opening has been made in the side hill and the following beds exposed :— Glacial drift i_io feet Grey plastic clay g ^ No. 430. Yellowish clayey sand 2 White plastic clay s ^ No. 431. Purplish-grey plastic clay 2 „ No. 432. White plastic clay 6 "„ No. 433. 23 „ below glacial The beds in this particular outcrop are good sewerpipe clays but for iking stoneware they must be selected. The presence of appreciable amounts of soluble salts requires an extra amount of water in the washing of this material, otherwise trouble is caused by the clogging of the pores of plaster moulds by crystallization of the salts. 430. This is a dull grey-coloured clay, very stiff and .sticky in its working qualities, requiring 27 per cent of water to develop maximum plasticity. It contains very fine grained concretionary iron particles, and p'psuin lumps up to J inch in diameter. Soluble salts are also present making washing necessary for use in making stoneware potterj-. The drying qualities are good and shrinkage of 7 per cent not excessive. It burns to a cream-coloured body at all temperatures up to cone 5, but the unwashed material is speckled with fused iron spots at cone 7 and more so at cone 9. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is 14-3 per cent and the absorption o • 8 per cent. Complete vitrification does not take place until cone 11 is reached and the body deforms at the temperature of cone 23. The same bed sampled one mile east on sec. 36, 6, 22, w. of 3rd. is slightly more refractory, not \atnfying until burned to cone 11 and requiring the temperature of cone 26 to cause deformation. 431. This is a very plastic greyish-white clay which works up to maximum plasticity with 26% of water. It dries well in large pieces with a shnnkage of 6%. It is fairiy free of concretionary iron grains and gypsum, and soluble salts are not as prominent as in the overiying clay (430). The burnt colour is white to cream up to cone 5, beyond which it assumes the typical stoneware grey. Vitrification takes place at cone 7 and the body begins to bloat at cone 9. hiiL r *^ i' '» I'l ATK \ All om,ro() of the Whili'timd .stoiifwarr .l.ivs in tlir l'r,.n, hinan Kiv.r v.ill.-v, west of Kastend, Sask. I'l ATK VI , Whitemud stoneware clays, iK-ing worked on sec. 36, tp. 6, ransje 12. w. of 3rd. mer , near Kastend, Sask. u, 37 The total shrinkage at cone 7 is 15 per cent. 432. Particular attention must be paid to this bed by those using these clays for stoneware because of the rather high content of soluble salts. In casting or pressing pieces from this clay the pores of the piaster of pans mould soon get clogged by the salts crystallizing in then«, after the mould has been used several times, thus causing the ware to stick to the mould. It also contains fine-grained iron oxide concretions. This clay has excellent plasticity, requiring but 23% water to mould stiff-mud. It dries well with an air shrinkage of 8-3%. The small amount of water required to attain maximum plasticity in this clay do»«s not appear to accompany a low air shrinkage. The burnt colour is a dirty cream up to cone 5 where it assumes a grey tint, characteristic of the vitrification range. Vitrification is com- plete at cone 7 and bloating begins at cone 9. The total shrinkage at vitrification is 15 per cent. 433. The lowest workable bed is the thickest and best white clay of the section. It has excellent working qualities, requiring 24% of water to develop the l)est plasticity, and drying to a good strong body with an air shrinkage of but 5 %. It is free of concretionary iron jxidc lumps but there is a small amount of crystalline gypsum present, making washing necessary for pottery. The burnt colour is cream up to about rone 5, wliere the tone becomes grey. Bloating does not become serious until cone 10, giving a wider range for burning than the fvo overlying beds. This lied is the Ixist stoneware clay of the district and can Ik- recog- nized in other outcrops within a couple of miles southwest. 433A. A mixture consisting of the three lower ix.is 431, 432, 4.?3, in the proportions represented in the bank: 35% 431, 20^^ 432, 45'^,' 433. Twcnty-fi\e per cent of water was required to develoj) maximum plasticity. The working and drying qualities were good, showing an air shrinkage of 6%. The burnt colour is cream up to cone 5, beyond which it is grey. Vitri- fication takes place at cone 7 with a total shrinkage of 15%. It takes a good salt glaze in a range from cone 1 to cone 7. On sec. 36, 6, 22, 3rd. there are several good exposures of the white band, particularly on a long pointed erosion form (see Plate VI) north of Wm. Days house. The beds resemble those of the previously described section except in the absence of a bed corresponding to 432. A considerable quantity of clay from this section was shipped to Medicine Hat during the latter pait of 1Q16 for the manufacture of stone- ware goods. 434. The lowest clay bed of the section is a light grey, almost white plastic clay requiring 25% water to mould in the sti(T-mud condition. It dries safely with a shrinkage of 6% to a body of good strength. Burned » in a ranRc fn.m 06 to 9 the colour chanRcs from a creamy-white tORtoneware grey. The total shrinkage at cone 5 is 12% and the ab«>rption 5-4%. The body is completely vitrified at cone 7 and continues good to cone 9, with a total shrinkage of IS';!^. Deformation takes place at the temper- ature of cone 16. 435. This is a rather silty white clay, requiring only 23% water to mould. It dries safely with a low shrinkage of 4-5%. The colour is cream in a range from cone 010 to 7, beyond which it turns grey. The body is nearly vitrified at cone 9, having only 2% absorption and total shrinkage of 11%. Deformation takes place about cone 19. 435A. A mixture of half and half 434 and 435 has fair plasticity and dries well. It acts much like 434 in the fire, giving a vitrified body at cone 7, with a total shrinkage of 13-3%. Deformation takes place at cone 20, indicating an increase in refractoriness. 436. The topmost l)ed of the white band is similar in colour and refractoriness to the corresponding bed on sees. 5 and 6, tp. 7, range 21, and represented by No. 430. It is a dark grey clay largely coloured by organic matter. The plasticity with 25% water is excellent and moulded pieces dr>' safely with a shrinkage of 7%. The burnt colour is cream- white up to cone 9 at which temperature the total shrinkage is 9-6% and absorption 9-3%. Complete vitrification takes place at cone 12 and de- formation starts at cone 26. This is a No. 3 fireclay and the most re- fractory clay in the district. The three clays described above make a good sewerpipc mixture but only the lower two beds should be used in a mixture for vitrified stoneware. The top clay is a good refractory material. South of Eastend near the top of the valley side on sec. 25, tp. 6, range 22, 3rd. mer., there are several buttes showin^r e white clays. One of the largest sections of the white band in the dip . was found on one of these buttes. Six individual beds were sampled Glacial drift ver^ thin. White clay, becoming sandy towards top, selenite and iron concretions present. ... 8 feet No. 437. Greyish-white clay 5 ^ Xo. 438. White plastic clay containing iron con- cretions 4 "I White clayey sat. 1 [[ 1 J ^'o- 439. Dark grey clay 1 Wh! clay with thin sandy bands 4 „ No. 440. WhK^ clayey sand 2 „ No. 441. Light grey clay with thin sandy bands 3 „ No. 442. Brown sand, lignite and clay 1 J „ Brown sand 4 ^ n Yellow and grey coarse sands 25 ^ 39 Thf upper part of the 8CcU«>n ronsim* wholly of day but louanln the haw it l)W)m€ti more sandy and roncntionary, iron uxiile lump* are prominent. Be . h dries well with a shrinkaKe of 6"/;. A minor amount of soluble s;ilt is apparent at the corners and edges of the (IriH test pieces where exapcration is most intenst-. Burned to cone 1 the colour is cream-white, the Uxly haviuR a total shrinkage of 7 -6' J and an absorption of 21 -Tf,'. Vitrification takes place with cone 7 at which temix>rature the colour is a light grey and the total shrinkage 12 -OS'^ Deformation takes place with cone 16. This is a gooti stoneware or scwerpipc clay and could also he used for making brick or structural hollow-ware if mixed with the other l)cds of the section. 438. This is a fine white or light grey clay that darkens on the surface in weathering. It is one of the best working clays of the district. Soluble salts are present in small amount and appear at the corners and edges of moulded pieces when air drying. Howc\cr, there was no trouble <;xpe- rienced with the washed clay when cast or pres.sed in moulds. The plastidty is excellent and the maximum develops with about 25% of water. The drying qualities are good and the air shrinkage of 7% is within practical limits. The burnt colour is cream at temperatures up to cone 3. Be>'ond this the colour changes to stoneware grey and vitrification is complete at cone 7. Bloating of the body starts at cone 9 and complete deformation takes place about cone 20. The total shrinkage is 7% at cone 03 and the absorption 14 6^c. At \itrification the total shrinkage is 14 0%. 438W. Washing this clay reduces the vitrification temperature to cone 5 and the shrinkage to 12-3%. This clay is an excellent stoneware or modelling clay and should l)e saved for this purpose and used in the manual arts departments of the schools of the Province or in small potteries. 40 AnalysM ot Clays from EastMid, Saak. SIO... AhOb. Ferf>, FeO . CaO . Mip. Na,0 CO,.,. HiO.. 434. 435. 69-04 21 ^.^ t-K4 •35 •4ft ■ fttt 2.-2 •43 •07 68^24 22 33 I ftl •30 K. ■4H 2-77 •08 •07 .his 436 43* W. 21 -m .'10 •24 ftft^94 1-40 ■37 l(N) 49 •4H •31 •(*» ■SO •10 5 ■SO 100-43 ■ Mt -28 2-58 04 ■10 3 Mi 100 -.^6 's iii.i by ni Iv v:<-' .s much like No. 4.?8 in appearance, bin nlastirity it is incline is not so apparent as in No. 440. Deformation takes place at cone 20. This clay when washed and mixed with one of the more silty clays makes a good stoneware body. 440. The lower three !)cds of this section are not as thick as the upper ones and except for No. 440 the>- are more sand\'. Bed No. 440 consists of white or light gre\- clay bands with thin sandv- partings. It works up to a body of excellent plasticity with 26% water and dries safely with a shrinkage of S-e*;;. Soluble salts are quite evident as scum. The colour of the burnt body is a dirty cream up to cone 3 beyond which it turns dark grey. The total shrinkage at cone 03 is 12%, and vitrification is about complete at cone 5, the total shrinkage at this temper- ature being 13%. Bloating of the body occurs at cone 7 and is very bad at cone 9. Complete deformation takes place approaching cone 14. Near the vitrifying point the body is fineh- speckled by fused iron oxide spots. It would be nece»sar>' to wash this material for potter\ ^ I'l Ml VII >ll' : is ies*. ity lie lr> to ike tal ICC •lit on ,vs ;ly er tit n<\ nd ;r- m] Stoniw.iri' |K>irwerpi|)e Ixxiy. It is (luite refractory, standing up to the temperature of cone 25 without deformation. 442. The lowest l)ed in the section consists of a light grey clay with thin siindy lenses and partings. It is discolourwl here and there by streaks of iron oxide concretions. Selenite lumps are also [>resent as an imi)urity. The i)lasticity of this material is fair, inclining to be short. The drying properties are go»Ki and the shrinkage of 7 •()',' not exces,sive. Burnefl up to cone 06 the total shrinkage is 7-.V;; and the absorpli(m 14-0%. At this temperature the colour is a light pink. Vitrification is alx)ut complete at cone 5 and deformation takes place at cone 12. This Ix'd if, \iA) thin (.? feet) to be of value alone but would work int«) a sewerpi()e lxxl>- with the rest of the section. 442A. Near the alx/ve <1. i riljcd secti(m and on the same lot there is a .? to 4-foot l)ed of lignite. Ii occurs at an elevation higher than that of the white band. Overlying the coiil there is a four-fiK)t IhkI of red-burning clay, which, in turn, is co\ered by 8 feet or more of sand. The clay is defective in having a very high shrinkage and soluble salts that cause a scum to appear on the burni-d brick. The |)«)sition the clay (x^cupies lx?tween the sand and lignite would not allow it to be mined with the lignite. It would be re(|uire a high bluff containing one of the most complete si-ctions of Fort I nioii anti OligfKX'nc IkkIs known in the district. The white baml is represented by only 25 feet of grey clays, \er> stiff and stivky in their working qualities. The white or light grey sands, found la>low the white clays, in the exi)osuri>s to the southwest, are no.t present here. Near the top of the bluff there is a thick Ik-iI of a green and red mottlwl clay similar to the clays at the top of the sc-ction exptjsed in the escarpment south of Elkwater lake, All)erta. This reti and green clay is calcareous but it cracks badly in air-drying. Bricklets moulded dry-press burned weak and porous at 06 and firechcnked badly at higher temperatures. 42 Mixing with grog iUh:s not help the working qualities because the clay shrinks so much in drying and burning thai the brick jjecomes weak and jxirous. 445. North of Kastcnd in a small coulee on sec. 29. tp. 7, range 21, w. of .?rd. nier. the settlers of the vicinity are mining lignite from a 4J-foot l)ed. Another lignite seam only a few inches in thickness occurs .l>o\e the main seam and is separated from it by 4\ feet of grey carl)onact>ous cla>-. This clay works up into a stiff mass with 32% water. The air shrinkage IS 9 0':f and large pieces, dried slowly, do not crack; but it would lx> too tender a clay to us<> in the stiflf-mud process. In burning, the total shrinkage, at cone 03. of 10- 69c is excessive and t hi red colour is obscured by a heavy scum. This material is of little value to the clay worker. 446. About half way up the bluflf on sec. 29, tp. 7, range 21, w. of 3rd., there is a hardened band of clay which resembles a flint day T.-sts on it in the laboratory show it to Ik- a hardenetl calcareous clay or impure lime- stone. In gliicial and early post-glacial time the Frenchman River valley was occupied by a much larger stream than at present. This river was over a mile wide in the vicinity of the present town of Eastend, where Fastend coulee joins the main valley. The character of the sediments, mostly clays and cla> silt, indicates a wide sluggish river. With the comi)lete retreat of the continental ice the climatic conditions changed from moist to semi-arid and the river was reduced to a small stream some 30 feet across. It is now entrenching itself in the former flood plain and has reached a depth of about fifteen feet. Near the town of Fastend a number of excellent cutbanks are to be seen along the ri\-er. and sample So. 500 was collected from a lO-Umt section on the north bank of the river, about a quarter of a mile west of Strong's ranch house 500. This is a clay silt of gcxxl plasticity requiring Is'/'f of water to mould in the stiff-mud condition. It can l)e tlnai slow Iv with care, but would ne«l 25'', to 35';; of s;md to reduce the shrinkage (8-6^";), and overcome checking in dr>ing. Sand is available in the ri\er bottom rear at hand, but k-tter results would be obtained with the red-burning Oiigocene siind found to the northwest of Ravenscrag, some 4 miles distant. Burned in a range from 08 to 03 the colour of the body is a fine red, darker at the higher cones and Iwst at 06. At the latter temperature the total shrinkage is S-e'; and absorption le^":,. Deformation takes i)lace alK)ut cone 2. This material treated with sand or burnt clay grog is valuable for making retl common brick and drain tile. It can be worked either soft-mud or stili-nuiti. 4,1 Southwest from Eastend along the F"rcnchniaa River valley, the white band outcrops near or at the top of the valley sides as far south as Watsons ranch. Southward from this locality the band dips In-neat h the valley and its place is taken by thick l)eds of grey and brown RunilM> clays, of no value to the ceramic industr>'. These clays take up large (juantities of water and in wet weather lH>come very sticky. I.arge exfX)sures are to In.- seen in the deep valley of Mule creek in tp. .S, range 17, w. of .Srd. mer. On sec. 33, tp. 5, range 20, w. of .^rd. mer. along the east side of the valley, very prominent exjwsures of the white band arc to Ik- seen, i he lower exposc'il part consists of 30 feet of coarse grey siind, somewhat claye\' in places and discoloured here and there l)y iron oxide from the weathering ot concretions. The sands pass into fine white silty clay and this again is covered by white or light grey plastic clays. The silty clay bed is some 30 feet thick and the plastic clays total but h.df that amount. The silty clay is represented by sample numlx-r 448 and the plastic clays by number 447. On sec. 20, tp. 6, range 20, w. of .Ird. mer., extensive outcrops are to lie .,een in a couli-e tributary to the main valley. Here llie material is largely white silty clay similar to sample No. 448. The overburden is very light, consisting of a couple of fe^t of boulder clay. 447. The mixture of clays in this sample works up into a mass of excellent plasticity with 26*^ of water. Drying may l)e carried on fast witii >ut danger of cracking, the air shrinkage lieing but 6' ; Soluble salts are present and appear as a white scum or encrustation at the corners and edges of the flried pieces. Burned to the temperature of cone 06 the body is cream-white in colour and of fair hardness. The absorption at this temperature is I.VS'y . At hightr temperatures the colour changes to stoneware grey and vitrification is complete at cone 6 with a total shrinkage of 1 2 •()' J . Bloating of the bort but can be worked. Drying is (luite safe with an air shrinkage of .S-O'/c. When burned to the temperature of cone 06 the IkkK' is fairly hard, the total shrinkage 5','. and the absorption l.'^O';. Vitrification is complete at cone 7 with a total shrinkage of 12 3%. Deformation takes place at cone 15. The silt contains minute iron oxide concretions and when burned under reducing conditions above cone 1 these appear as fine black six'cks on the faci's of t he test pieces. 44 A mixture of 447 and 448 in the proportions found in the bank would nnke excellent sewerpipe material. The good working qualities, low 6hnnka?e. and low vitrification temperature are all points in its favour hrom the foregomg descriptions it is apparent that the Eastend district IS well supplied with good clays suitable for making sewerpipe. stoneware, and structural day products. The presence of these clays along the railway and along a clear fresh water stream is particularly fortunate, and should a cheap fuel supply, such as gas. be stn.ck within a commercial radius of the district the town of Eastend should develop as a clayworking centre for the middle west. CLAYS OF THE SWIFT CURRENT DISTRICT. Swift Current. The town of Swift Current is a railway centre for the Canadian Pacific railway and an important distributing point. An examination of the vicin- ity aied to discover any good cla>s. The valley silt of Swift Current dMcult*i^s '"'°'"'*'"'^' ''"^ '* P'*^"^"'^ ^^^ "*"^' ^l^'ng and scumming The Pierre shale outcrops in th.- terraces along the west bank of the creek just north of the town, beginning near the hospital. It is dark grey to brown in colour and contains a considerable quantity of flakes and rosettes of gypsum. This shale is defective in so many qualities that It IS useless for the manufacture of burned clay products. 538. On the outskirts of the town southeast of the bridge over Swift Current creek two terrace levels show stratified clay and silt to a depth of uha. f '"'''^ °^ ^'"^ "PP*^*" 2^ ^^^ *°''« "P t« a mass of fair plasticitv with 28% of water. The air shrinkage amounts to only 5% but ne>orthc- less the brick crack in the drjing process. Burned to cone 05 the total shrinkage is 4 • 3%, the colour a din % salmon due to scum. It would be possible to make a soft-mud brick from this material by adding about 25% of sand and 01% of salt. The product would be a low grade common '.rick suitable for backing purposes only. 539. A second sample collected near the Canadian Pacific railwav siding east of the bridge acted similar to 538. Beverley. South of Beverley on sec. 33, tp. 14. range 15, w. of 3rd. mer., the upper part of the Pierre shale outcrops in a coulee tributary to the valley traversed by the Canadian Pacific railway. The Pitrre is here quite light- coloured, and sandy, with thin bands of dark clay shale. Civpsum is present m noticeable amounts. Samples of both the sandy and fat clavey beds were collated (540 and 541) and teste;ng. When moulded in the dry-press way and burned the body proiluced from such material is punky and weak, with an excessive shrinkage. Neville. South of Swift Current, along the Vanguard branch of the Canadian Pacific railway near Neville station, a small coul6e contains an exposure of Oligocene clay and clay silt. The material consists of light grey and reddish-brown interstratified calcareous clay and silt, the upper few feet being contaminated by limestone concretions. Below the concretion zone there is some twenty feet of clay and silt. 535. A sample of the lower twenty feet was made up into a full sized stiff-mud brick, but it failed to survive the drying test. A large quantity was then taken and mixed with 20% of sand and this mixture was pugged and put through a stiff-mud brick machine. Made into solid brick and hollow brick the mixture dried without cracking to a shrinkage of 4 0%. Burned in a range from cone 07 to 03 the brick were all good and sound and of a pink to brownish-red colour. Treated with sand in amounts of 20 to ,10 per cent this material will make a fair grade of face brick and hollow brick by the stiff-mud process. The l(x:ation of the deposit along the railway near the town of Neville is very favourable, but no good sand occurs in the immediate neighbourhood. Woodrow. 532. The flood plain of the WootI river near Woodrow contains a deposit of clay that looks prLimising in the field, but laboratory tests show it to be very defective in its drs-ing properties. It cracks very badly even in very slow drying. Burned to cone 07 the colour is a good red. If a good deposit of sand could be located near hand it might be possible to work the clay by the soft-mud process, adding 25 to 30% of sand. The sample collected was too small to try this, but the addition of a large percentage of sand is mentioned as the only possible means of working the material. ii 46 Ponteix. 533. West of VVocxlrow near Ponteix a similar clay to that described al)ove occurs in the flood plain of another branch of the Wood river. It cracks slightly in drying and would require the addition of 25% of s;»nd to overcome this defect. A small amount of scum is present and barium salt would be necessary to overcome this. Burned to cones 010 to 03 the colour of the body is a go fliiv containing numerous lenses of iron-stainetl sand. Burnwl up t<» n>n«' 7 (2320°F) it makes a gtKxl strong body with a total shrinkage of «•()',' and an absorption of \\6%. It deforms at alwut 26(K)°K. (cone 15). The sandy character and limited amount of the material constiluiinn the white band in this part of the area is a contrast to the thi«k cla\ and sand sections found to the northeast and northwest. No trace of the white band was fouml in the Tertiaiy exposures to the east iis far as R(Kk\ creek in tp. 1. range 4, w. of 3rd. mer. In a large coul^- which cuts across the plateau through sec. 16, tp. .?. range 6, w. of 3rd. mer. two beds of Fort I nion clays have In-en usid by the settlers of the vicinity for adobe. These two Inxls, 453 and 453.A. are rather conspicuous because of the contrast ng colours blue-grey and yellow 453. This is a four-foot lietl of clay, blue-grey in colour. It reciuin-s only 24% of water to work into a very stiff plastic mass. Small list pieces cracked badly in air-drying. Dry-press tests indicate a Imk1> of fair strength and a good light red colour at cone 06. 453A. A seven and a half foot Ix-d of yellow clay (>\erlies Ix'il 453. Like most of the yellow fat clay beds of the Fort I'nion it is calcareou . The air shrinkage of S% is not excessive but a 3" block cracked in air-dr\ ing. Burned in a range from 010 to 06. the colour is a gixxl a-d but turns pink to buff, approaching cone 1. Deformation takes place about cone 3. These two clays are of small value from a ceramic standpoint liecause of the drying defects, but the tests ser\e to illustrate the character of the Fort Union clays in this part of the area. Along the north slope of VVo(xi Mountain plateau, across township 4, ranges 4 and 5, there are numerous exfxjsures of lignite, and clays immeut 4 feet of grey clay and the future working of the 1 gnite would Ik* much more profitable if the clay could be mined and used in some wa>'. The upper seam is overlain by a bed of yellow calcareous clay. A sample of the grey clay requires 31% of water to attain maximum plasticity for working in the stiff-mud condition. Even with this large percentage of water the mass is stiff to work. Slow dryng of full size ing and the shrinkage is very excessive. No. 458 works up rather silty, but the small fjuantity indicated in the above section condemns it as a commercial material. When addctl to No. 457 in the proportions found in the bank the working qualities of the mixture showed little improvement over 457 alone. The drying defects of these clays make them of no value from a clay- wot king standpoint. At Henderson's lignite mine on sec. 16, tp. 4, range 4, w. of 3rd. mer., the section over the lignite is much the same as described at the locality of samples Nos. 456-8. except that the lignite is thicker and the grey clays above are thinner. Also the yellow silty clay on top is much thicker. Yellow s.ity clay 8 fcetXo. 459. Grey clay J ^ I'ignite 21 „ Grey silty clay | Lignite 9 Sample No. 459, representing the 8 feet of silty calcareous clay at the top, tievelops excellent plasticity when worked with 26^f, of water. Drying can lie carried on slew or fast without sign of checking, the shrinkage being S0%. Burned in a range from cone 010 to one 03 the body is of fair hardness and light salmon in colour. At cone Oo the total shrinkage is 7 0'^ and absorption 21 0%. Approaching cone 1 the colour changes lo cream, and deformation takes place with cone 4. This clay will make good common brick and field tile bv thi - f?-mud process. Twelve Mile Lake. North of Wood mountain in creek valleys cut through the Fo'-t Union into the Pierre formation along Twelve Mile lake, there are numerous exposures of the white band. 49 284.' Sample is from one of the prominent white IkxJs on the north escarpment of the Wood Mountain plateau. The sample was taken across a 7-foot seam. The material consists of a sandy clay of gixid phiH- ticity and working qualities. It can be dried safely without checking after moulding, the shrinkage on dr>ing Ix-ing 5-5^', . Burned to cone 9 the colour is grey, the total shiinkage 8-5';t and the absorption 12 0%. Deformation takes place at cone 14. This materia' is only semi-refract or>- and could be used for making sewerpipc. If mixed with a clay fusing at a lower temperature a hard burned face brick could lie made from it by either the - as follows: — Yellow silts 4 fet-t Thin lignite seam 1 „ Sticky brown clay 8 „ Clre\ ish-white clay 4 „ No. 460. „ „ sandy clay 3 ,. No. 461. Dark giey clay 3 „ .No. 462. Greyish-white sandy cla\ 30 „ No. 463. Along the coul^ the beds were noted to Ik; very lenticular and the thick bed of sandy cla>- at the ba.se varies from place to place in the content of -lay. The thick l)ed of brown clay near the top of the section is wry stiff and sticky, and hence was not sampled. There is a pos.sibility that it may have some refractory value, anfl, when mixed with the rest of the -section would make a good binder for the other rather sandy materials in the manufacture of sewerpipe or structural clay protlucts, such as hollow building blocks. 460. This is a greyish-white clay ha\ ing excellent moulding qualities when mi.ved with 22^^ of water. It dries well with a shrinkage of 7-6%. Soluble salts appear at the corners and edges of test pieces. Burned to cone 06 the cream-coloured Ixxly is steel hard with a shrinkage ot 9 09^ and an absorption of 14-2'^. At higher temperatures the colour changes gradually to a light grey and the Ixxly is neariy vitrified at cone 7, with a total shrinkage of 1 1 •0«'f . The edges are fused due to accumulation of soluble salts in the drying process. Deformation takes place with cone 22. 461. Although this is a sandy clay it requires 28% of water to develop the maximum plasticity. Drying may Ix; carried on with rapidity without fear of cracking, and, when complete, the shrinkage amounts to 7-6%. A minor amount of soluble salt is brought to the surlace. 'Sr. 15. tp. 5. range 4, w. of 3rd . mer. 50 Bumitl to cone 06 the white (wcly has a total shrinkaKe of 8 ■ .V i and an abdorption of 19-8%. At cone 9 the .^alour is cream-white, the total hhrinkage is 12'O^j, and the almorption liO'J,. Althou|{h the body is not vitrified at thiit hiKh temperature, it is hard and dense. It is the most refractory material in the section, deformation takes place with cone 27. It is um) open burning to make sewerpipe but would make a fair grade of refract(ir>' brick. 462. This bed is contrasted with those immediately alxive and below by its dark grey or brownish colour and fat nature. It requires 32*^ of water to develop the best working consistency and at that it is rather stilf . However, drying was accomplished without difficulty with a shrink;, ge of 9-O^J. No soluble salts were apparent. Burned to the temperature of cone 06 the colour of the body is cream, the total shrinkage 12-CJ and the absorption 17-8%. At cone 7 the colour has darkened slightly, the total shrinkage amounts to 16 6'!^ and the absorption 7 • 2%. Deformation takes place with cone 20. 463. The lowest l»ed in the white Ixind is not wholly exposed but the part in sight is a very sandy clay. It requires 24% of water to work it and the limits between the sti(T-mud and soft-mud consistencies are very narrow. Drying is quite safe with a shrinkage of 7 -0%, but large amounts of soluble salts come out on the edges and, in burning, cause fusion. Burned to cone 06 the total shrinkage amounts to 7 0%, the colour of the body is a dirty cream, and the absorption 13' 2%. Although a very sandy material it appears to burn fairly dense at low temperatures, and the density is not much increased up to cone 9. Burned at the temperature of cone 7 the body is cream in colour, the edges being fused and discoloured by the presence of the soluble salts; the total shrinkage amounts to 9-0% and the absorption 10'5%. Defor- mation accompanies the bending of cone 22. These four clays (460-63) are all semi-refractory, except perhaps No. 461, which is equal to a No. 3 fireclay. A straight mixture would be tfxj refractory for sewerpipe manufacture and not refractory enough or a good firebrick. However if a small percentage — 25% — of the less refractory- yellow clays of the vicinity be added to the mixture a very good face brick or hollow ware body would result. Similar sections to the one described above occur on sections 20, 21, 29, and 30, tp. 5, range 2, w. of 3rd. mer. East of Wood Mountain P.O., along the valley of Hay Meadow creek, a small exposure of the white band was found on sec. 23, tp. 4, range 3, w. of 3rd. mer. It occurs in the north bank of the valley at an elevation about 100 feet above the creek bed. Eastward along the valley a few small out- iTops oi' the white clays were noted, but the sections were not very thick, usually amounting to only four or five feet of rusty white clay. 51 Near the ea«t end of Twelve Mile lake on set-. 9, tp. 6, ranKe I , »'. of 3rd. mer., a ten-foot bed of Kreyinh-white sandy rluy ouicro|>H at the waters edge (see Plate IX). Roue' dcttcrilieT* u wimple rolkfteB. Rmc G.S.C., Memoir 89 p. 77. 52 rciiunin a workut)lf seam of liRnitf . A dark grey day fi^^rnw the roof of the liKnite lift! and a Kitinple (No. 464) was collortcd and thr tt'MR may l»c num- mari/cd an follows: — 4*4. This* is a ver>' stiff workinjj day re(|uirinK the larxf amount of .U'^v water to obtain a maximum plastidty for mouldinK stitT-mud. Soluble salts appear in air-dr>inK and the shrinkaKi- is 100';. It will not stand fast tlryinR. In burning, the test |)ie(Ts all shf)W rrarkinK and althouKh tlu colour of the l)ody is a fair retl. a bad scum spoils it. Dry-press piens rh«Tk very badly in burninK. The defects of (his material are too great to make it of value to the day- worker. Ka.stwar(l along this vicinity, near Mullraney P.O., the white ban«l is not st*n and the elevations indicate that it pinches out in this vicinity. 'Rose collectifl two samples in this \icinity from beds immediately overlying co.-il seams. 173. A coal seam in the \alley side on sec. 12, tp. 6, range 29, w. of 2nd. mer., is overlain by a 10-fo«n bed of yellowish-grey silty day. It requires 2.S''; of water for tempering. It will stand fast drying with artificial heat, the drying shrinkage being 5 -S^r. Itburnstoa (lorous salmon- coloured iKxIy at cone 06 and deforms approaching cone 6. It is suitable for the manufacture of common building brick. 174. This is a dark grey clay shale occurring over a coal seam on sec. 6, tp. 6, range 29, w. of 2nd. It requires the extraordinary' amount of 44% of water for temjxTing and is very stiff to work. The drying shrink- age of 10- 0% is excessive and cracking results. These defects make it of little value for the manufacture of day products. 465. On the north side of he valley in sec. 13, tp. 6, range 30, w. of 3rd. mer. a very thick section ol the Fort Union beds is exposese described iM'ar Mullraney I'M. are to be found in coiil^-s tributary to the main valley. Most of the l«.|» have seiiixiii defects »uch as (rarking in lirHlrxinK and scunmiinR. I he m<«t promising b«ls occur in the upper part of the section. .No «x|K»iiires of the white band clays were nnti>d In'tween Mullramy and Willowbiuu li village but small outcrops were found at the head of a large couli'e lo tin- southwest of Willowbunch on or alx)Ul sf « . 22, tp. 5. rainjc 28, w. of 2nd. nH>r. A section measured from the top ( the bank downwarfl to th yrass covered part of the slope resulted as follows; Gla« iai bouldir clay 6 ftet Fat yellow clay containinp selenite 8 ., Fine grev clay 10 „ X,,. m2. Light grey sandy clay ri>ni.iinit i; many iron oxide concentration"! '' , Purplish-grey clay 2 „ Yellow sand .^ ,. The most likely Icjokin^ piirt of this sci ( ,11 i .i' I(|-f(M)t bed of grey clay and tests on the ni.iterial bear this otii 492. Sample of the ten-f«K>t bed desrmation h >ilows at rone 16. This is a good semi-refractory clay of the stonewan- ty(H- and riMild Ik> used for any of the purposes to which a stoneware clay s |)ut. CLAYS OF THE M.MX BIG MLUOY V.XI.I IV Southeast from Willowbunch village along the south branch of the B"g Muddy valley to the vicinity of Big Muddy lake, the oiinro|)s of the white l)and are most prominent along the north side of the valley. It is very irregular in thickness and changes rapidly from {)lace to place in the character of its material. All the white clay outcrops in the valley from Willowbunch to Big Muddy lake are charactcrizetl by the presence of considerable quantities of soluble salts, which, in dry weather appear as white featherlike crystals coating the outcrops of the more sandy beds. The clay part of the white band is particularly rich in soluble salts, and, where sampled, it was found to be very sticky in its working qualities and difficult to dry without cracking. 54 172. This is a Kn-yish-white gritty clay collected hy Rose from an (■xj)osiire on sec. M, ip. 3, ranjje 24, w. of 2n(i. mer. It requires 24*;c of water f(»r tenijX'rinK and is very plastic, stifT and pasty in the wet state. It dries very slowly and exudes soluble salts. Small test pieces do not crack in dryiuK l)Ui large pieces probably will. The air shrinkage is 10%. The burnt colour is pink at all temperatures up to cone 5. The Ixxly is vitrified at cone 9 and deforms around ci)ne 20. This material couhl lie usetl in a mixed Ixxly for making sewerpific, face brick, fire pnK)fing, etc., by the stilT-mud process or could be used alone lor making face brick by the dry-press pnnx'ss, burning of the ware l)eing tarrie. 15. I-I Ml Mil i-'-Si tSs f^Ul"- IT*' ;r V i^^'^f^S rijfa'-nii ^ ^i:-^ t)iM. Kip 111 wliitr liui'l.iv- r\|Ki-nl cm m.. '). ip, u. i.mm 1, «. ol .lr\.iii, Wliiti'iMiiil, .111(1 K.iM'iiMi.i^ l>ril~ artl>- lo an inUTinorainal ression in tht- nMwainis (() (ht ifMl n( thv \,i\\v\ lo ihi' Miuth ..t tin uuun iMNh ,,f tl„. lake immc-nsf thi(kn«-.s«-s of sand. MUh, am' i\avs '^ ijic hirt I nion arr ix|j<»«r| in the deep <-..uU'es .»f the («wllands. IjiH! ^f t« Itt- found l^f^ .rf th. (»»«■«' di\i-.ions of the Fort I riioii /he F.sUvan f«w|» (ofw ih. linaust part of the section, the W/)i(|[/m)d U-ds l)ei(/|jf /.(;,/ /^^/. ,,if,,,l the valley .%ides. AJag/iifi(eiu ex|M)sui/s <#t f/j f)r w-mi m-^t kU-h.* - Mn.h in ip 2. ran(!. - 22 and 23, w of 2m| riK f 4te' Hi ' arKle .tnd Huntley a>ul.'fs to th: i.: r aof/ wesf of iJ/fj Wuddy /' O (%i| Male IX). ( Jn or a/,(Hif ilf< :\\W. J f,.ll.... ..... a .. . ,' i.,, , , , ... •\ t|)( most important llj f.el I I . < ^ 1 Minple 4'J,? Ui liiilfh. fht' /oII"\\i/ifj snffon v>li< lUlliillfiil yci/ow ^j/H ./ai ffafd yellow linus(o//( ('(ir()li.sh-pri y clay 'Ireyish while sjndy cla\ y>|lovv //,iy full of jro;( I \ifli I r:ii(r( liipii /i^and fed .iw.i\ in aiNjilii r (aiKrop llic (i,i\ ImiU i4% and 4<>7) near the lia>c of ilic .-(dion gixin .d /,>/■ ^f,. imrgiil Itllli Dili- |rf'd aliout 7 fict thick. 493. This is a \ellow sili> < l.i\ . r. (/uiriun 27', of wall r In allaiii niaxiim.m i)lasti(iiy for working in ih<- Miff iiukI (oiidiiioii. It ran iii dried Willi .-afely l.y either naiiiral ot arii(i(i.d means. Th. .lir shrink i^e .iiiioiini- lo 6-0' ,'. Hiirrid lothe K'mpenilureofconf liMhe IhkK- is salmon-colound, ilie tol.d shrinkage is ft <)' , aiwl liic alisorpiion 2.M',. At cone I ihe Uxly is liidT in colour, .shrinkage int rcascs lo SO' , and the ahsorplion decreases lo 12 1.',. Deformation lakes place al cone .v The (ol.,ur of the l««ly. .11 .ill the temperatures uctd, is largely ohscured iiy a while s( urn. I his material could be used for m.ikiiii; ( omnion Lacking liric k luirncd ,ii .in\ icmicr.iuire fn m cone 010 to coiu 1. 495. The tof) \hh\ < f the while hand i- purplish-grey day, wealhering while .n the surface. It dexelops .Aolliiii plasiiciiy when welted wiih 2V , of water ai. '. .hies .-^afely with a ^hrinkage of 7 0' , . Hunu-d locom Oft i he IkkK i. i ream-i ( lourecl, ihe toial shrink.ige is 7-0', and the alM.ption MH',. |.i|.I,. change i> .ippareiit up K. cone 7. at which lemperatun- ihe shrinkage is 8 0', and the .disorpiion IIK; 1 )el<.rn>alion takes |;l,iie ,ii ccne 20. 56 The most valuable u.si- to whiili this matiTial triRht l)0 put, ,houl(l l and 496 and a suitable amount of grog to rcnluce the shrinkage, nn excellent sewer- pipe IxhK- couki be made, to make a salt glaze in a range from cones 5 to 7. In the bald buttes around the sides of Carlyle coulee the white band is si'en to thicken and thin out from place to place, and. in small tributary couk'-es towards the international Iwundary, its place is largely taken by a thick Ix'd of yellow to grey sand. Ip the coulee on sec. 7, tp. 1, range 21, w. of 2n slay band is quite thick and the exposure consists of the following: - Top Yellow silts 8 feet White clay lull of iron concretions .S 1 )ark grey clay s (irey carlK>naceous sill 5 (irey plastic clay y .. Sample 498 498. This is the thickest .md ino.st continuous l)e, .iliiii; C.in.uli.iii 1'- iril'.r U.iilw.iy, cj-t ui \\iIlov\;., Sask. 57 Although the shrinkages of this clay in (lr> ing aiul burning are exccssiN c the defe. t could be taken care of by the atkiition of grog Mixi-d with the other materials of the section IhjIow the yellow silt, it would make excellent face brick, and with the proper amount of grog to take care of the evrcssive shrinkages it could also be used for making sewerpipe, burncl and salt glazed m a range from cone 1 to cone 5. 499. In the badlands to the north of Kehoes ranch and aj)proxiniatel>' on sec. 12. tp. 2. range 23, w. of 2nd. mer. the white band consists of a single bed of white plastic clay some 20 feet thick. A sample of this clay requires Sl^l of water to mould in the siiflf-nuid condition and tl-e working properties are excel I- nt. t)|)cn air-drying of test pieces and a full sized brick can be accomplished without crackinu the shrinkage being H-3%. Burned to cone 03 the body is cream-coloured, and steel hard, with a shrinkage of 11 -3^0. and an absfirption of 11 -S^c- N'itrification takes place around cone 7 with a shrinkage of 16 • 6^, ■ Bloating of the Inxly is apparent at cone 9 anfl deformation follows with cone 12. Material of this sort could be used for making high gratle face brick, hollow ware, or sewerpipe. CLAYS OF THE LAKE-()F-T1IK-RI\ ERS DlSTkK T. Willows. The Canadian I'.icific railway cros.ses the Lake-of-the-Rivers valley near Willows, and in this vicinity close to the railway there arc large ex- posures of the white band clays. For sexeral years the Alberta Clay Pro- ducts Co.. of Medicine Hat (see Plate XI) has been mining clay in the northeast bank of the main valley on sec. 1. tp. 8. range 29, w. of 2n(l. mer This material was shipped to Medicine Hat and used as a whole, ami later as a part, in their sewcrpijie body. The section exposed in the pit is as follows:— (See Plate X). Top— Thin covering of boulder clay 2 feet Sticky dark grey clay with selenite 4 Lignitic clay 1 Purplish-grey clays 15 '[ X,,. 474. Lignitic claj- i Dark grey clay _^" Light grey sandy clay 4 ^ Purplish-grey clay 5 I \„. 475 (irey clayey sand jj Bottom — Carbonaceous sandy clay 2 Floor— Dark giey clay, much selenite. The upper part of this section, where observed in the district, is dis- tinctly clayey, while the lower part is ,,.,ite .vindy. Th.^ run-of-bank 5 al 58 is not quite vitrified at cone 10 and consequently burning «werpipe n,ade from ,t .s a rather costly procens. During the past year the stoneware clays of the vic.nity of Eastend have In^n mined and shipped L mS^ Hat to be m.xed with the Willows clay. A Ix^tter sewerp^ has LsS from this mixture and the burning temperature has been rXced toTne 7 474. The most important part cf this bank is the fifteen-f,x>t bed of purphsh-grey cays near the top. Examined in the laboratory Tsa^p^ nuritv TTL'T ^°"u^ '" '"""^^ °^ " ^'^ ^^™"« plastic day of fa r ^r^n There , "'' l''.° "'"*' '^''"" ""'^ '^^ remained on the screen. The res.due consisted of iron oxide replacements of plant forms and a lew clear quartz grains. and SlnlT'*'"^ '*'"' ^'? °^*^'''' '^"^ '^"'^^"^ P'^^t'^'^y « excellent anci nd day." ■"'' """""'^ '" ''"■ ^' *"' '" ^'^ P'"'^^''^" °^ ^ «^ 1 2 fic^ ''"" /'!'k"''^u'° ^°"'' °^ '^^ ""'""■■ ''^ ^ ^"^ ^f"'^*' the total shrinkage 12-6 c and the absorption le-orc The test pieces developed fire checks at ail temperatures to which they were burned up to cone 9. The bodv remains a go«l white colour and is not vitrified at cone 9. In these respSs It acts very^ much like a ball day and the similarity is extendi:^ S to the fleformation temperature of cone 30. Analyses of Clays from Willows. Sask. ' t. Z ",r^c"' " " "^^'^ '''''"'' '^^ t°^' shrinkage is and th. ' . '^'^.»'"".' ' -^'^^ At cone 9 the total shrinkage is 13 3^1 and tho l„xl>- .s n,H quue vurihed, the absorption being 4-5^;. Deformati, tion sy takes place at cune 22 indicating an open burning sicmi- refractory clay suitable for face brick, a« part of a sewerpipe mixture, or for stove linings. The remaining Iwls of the section are sandy tiays or clayey sands in which the cotirsor material is principiilly angular quartz grains. When these beds are mixed with the rest of the section the refractory value is about cone 28 or a number three grade of refractory. On sec. 33, tp. 7, range 28, 2nd. mer., about six hundred feet south of the railway, an exposure of some twenty feet of white clay is to be found. The proportion of good plastic clay in it makcH it one of the most important outcrops in the district. A measured section resulted as follows: — Top — Thin covering of boulder clay Yellow silty clay (calcareous) 6 feet Purplish-grey clay 10 „ No. 476. Greyish-white clay 2 „ .No. 477. White clay 7 , .\o. 478. This if further illustrated in Plate XI. 476. Ihc top clay of the white band is purplish-grey in the fresh cut bank, but weathers greyish-white on the weathered surface. It is a very plastic material requiring 32% of water to temper it to a stifT-mud consistency. Drying of ware made from it can be accomplished without cracking, the shrinkage being 8-3%. Soliihle sails in minor amounts appear at the corners of test pieces. When burned to cone 03 the total shrinkage amounts to 13 0% and the absorption Ifi-S^t. The burnt colour is a poor cream-white. At higher temperatures up to cone 9 the colour remains cream-white, but dark fused spots caused b>' iron oxide impurities are prominent at cone 5. At cone 9 the total shrinkage is 18-3% .ind the absorption 3-8';y . Deformation takes place with cone 28, indicating a body of No. 3 refractory grade. The excessive shrinkage of this material in burning caused it to crack badly at all temperatures to which it was burned. Like the other high grade clay of the district it is a good bond clay and must not ?"-• used alone. A washing test on this material produced 15% of material that would not pass a 200 mesh screen. The residue consisted of fossil plant forms, fruits and stems hardened by replacement by iron o.xide, minute iron oxide concretions, and fine quartz sand grains. 476W. The washings were hard to settle and appeared to consist of a large proportion of colloidal clay matter. When settled, dried and reground it required the large amount of 35^J of water to develop a rather sticky type of plasticity. Drying of small pieces can be accomplished without checking but large pieces crack. The air shrinkage of 8-3% produces a body of great tensile strength. Burned to cones 5 and 7 the colour is a clean cream-white and the body steel hard but nor vitrified. Deformation takes place with cone 30, show- ing an improvement oser the unwashed material of two cones. to ATI, on mZ^ lwit;!,^",;r ""'"I """ '""-^''' ■'"-■ -""• »'^. oxide co„ere.io„?.T, few lnl.T ",''"■■"" -"'•" ""' '""""' i™ cond;?:„:;revXs7r:rs°' rrr ,"'°"" %i," "- •""■■■"■^ atnre b,...g advanced (mn, cone 27 ,„ „„o 2, ' *'"""»""" '^Pef ot » "v tmolXeX^';,::*',';' ■"'' "r' •" ""••"•™ °»«"' excelien. pla..ici.y TheT, 5 , " '""^ ^' « °' "»'" •" *velopan working excop, ,o influence .hedcfonna i„ e:Sr« e '" '^'""' .^"r?.:iZci;^i;ritt^^L'-°« f. '^^ »■-"■■'■>" form , f mi„„„ !„>„ „J' „„™;2 ^'J "" '; '"'P"""". i" 'h' Lriel. A, cone , ,h. toS .ZTa f ,5 ';. L^He",!::? •■"" '" '"^ "inlied, ll,c al>s„,pii„„ |^„. . 'j^: ^'^<' '"O «'" '»^>- " not quite cone 22. ' "■ ■J^'o'mation talces place witl, The re.idue, consiu,! '. ^ '" ,"*■"• "'«' ™'" «' "a*"! cJa pacicie,, ^cZ™ ii „r£ gTartd':;'"""^. •""' '"'^"'" •"'-" Bn^ned ,o Z- 5 the .".iuHH^eri^l^ra^Ti^aL:,';!.;"',^'!^: 61 Two cones higher the shrinkage is 17 0% and the absorption reduceil to 37. practically vitrification. The refractoriness of the washed clay in increased over the unwashed material by 8 cones, deformation taking place with conv> 30. About two miles west of the above described locality and on sec 30, tp. 7, range 28, w. of 2nd. mer., a large couk-e tributar>' to the main valley shows a much more complete section of the white band. The section mei jurwl as follows: — Top, thin covering of bouldtr clay Yellow sand, and silty clay 10 feet Sticky brown dav with selenite prfw-nt ... 16 , Alternate grey clav and sandy clay biuuls .12 . No. 467. Cariionaceous cla\ and lignite 1 Light grey clay 2 " No. 468. Yellowish-grey clay 3 „ No. 469. Da k grey day 6 „ No. 470. Purplish-grey clay 3 ^ No. 471. Greyish-white clay 5 Xo. 472. Silt 1 Alternate silty grey clay and siiud l)and'«. .20 „ It will be noted that this section is somewhat different in the number and variety of beds from the other outcrops in tho v ciiiity. Working into the bank at this e.viJosure would require tl»e removal of considerable overburden should the material be required for refractories, but the quality of good rlay available would well repay its removal. 467. The toi) bed of the scries consists of some twelve feet of greyish clay containing a few thin silty cl.iy bands or lenses. It requires 26% of water to temper it and the resultant pla-ticity is excellent. The dr>-ing properties are gotxl and the drietl body h.is a high strength although the shrinkage of lOO':^ appears exces.sive. M all temperatures to which th. test iiieces \vcre burm-d they fire chtrkii! very ba at all teniiieratures at which the tests were burned, up to cone 9. This clay has a value as a white-burning lx)nd clay for making cheap earthenware, as well as for making face brick and refr.ictory shapes such as firebrick, glass pots, retorts, etc. 468. A thin lignite seam separates this bed from 467 abovr. The clay is light grey in colour and contains a relatively large percentage of fine sand. When moulded with 26% of water tin- plastirity is of a sticky iture, and even with the large content of sand, small test pieces cracked MKiocorr msouiTioN tbt chait (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ ^^^PPLED IK/HGE 1653 to»l Main Strnl RochMrtr Nn Yor* UtOS US« (716) 482 - OJOO - Phona (716) 2SS - 3M9 - Fo« 62 I- 11 in air-drying. It is a very low grade clay to be found in such association. Deformation takes place with cone 5. This material has no value used alone but could be mined with the rest of the section for manufacturing face brick. It would have to be avoided in making refractories. 469. This is a yellowish-grey clay which develops a stiff type of plasticity when tempered with 30% of water. Drying is safe by slow means but the air shrinkage of 9 0% is on the verge of being excessive. At all temperatures to which the tests were burned the pieces were badly cracked because of a further excessive shrinkage in the fire. However it has good refractory properties, not deforming under cone 30. 470. The thickest bed in the lower part of the section consists of six feet of purphsh-grey clay. Tested with acid it is found to be slightly calcareous. Tempered with 28% of water it works up into a stiff plastic "JTn^ *^^^ ^'^^^^ "'^'^^ ^'■°'" '^ ^"^ without checking to a shrinkage As with the other beds in the section the strong character of the clay base causes an excessive fire shrinkage with resultant fire checking At cone 03 the total shrinkage is 12-0% and the absorption 15-6. At the lower temperatures the colour is a dirty cream which changes to grey near the vitnfying point. About cone 7 the total shrinkage amounts to 1 7 • 0% and vitrification is neariy complete. Deformation follows at cone 29. The fact that this material cracks badly in firing throws it out of consideration as a clay to be used alone. It would require considerable grog to work and dry it when using the stiff-mud process for the manufacture of firebrick. I *l\ ^**'^ '^ * purplish-grey clay in a bed three feet thick. It requires only 24% of water to temper to a very excellent plasticity. The air shrinkage amou. ts to 6-6%. Burned to cone 03 the colour of the body is a good cream-white, the total shrinkage is 90 and the absorption 15-5%. At higher tem- peratures the body keeps its cream-white colour but shows a few fine- grained iron spots. Burned to cone 9 the total shrinkage is 16 0% and the absorption 5-1%, but little change from the results of cone 7. Defor- mation takes place with cone 30. . '*Ji' '^^^ '°^^®' distinctly clayey bed exposed in the section con- sists of five feet of greyish-white clay. It works up to a very smooth plastic mass with 26% of water, and resembles a stoneware clay in working qualities. No defects occur in drying, the shrinkage of 7-6 being within practical umits. in nS"™^ *° ^°"^ °^ ^^ ^^y '^ cream-coloured, has a total shrinkage of 10 0% and an absorption of 12-4%. Vitrification is practically complete at cone 7 and there is little change to cone 9. At the latter temperature the total shrinkage is 14 • 3. Deformation takes place with cone 22. 6.? In working this section of clays for refractories there would be a total thickness of about thirty feet available. Beds 467. 469, 470, and 472 are individually No. 2 refractory grade, and 472 is scmi-refractory. These beds mixed in the proportions found in the bank hwe a refractory value of cone 29. Bed 468 below the thin lignite bed is red-burning and not refractory. It is only 2 feet in thickness and most of it could easily be tl rown aside in mining the clay. For making face brick a great variety of shatlcs and textures could be obtained by mixing in various percentages up to 50% of the overhing red-burninj clays anJ moulding by the dry-piess procet« direct. To make clay ware in the stiff-mud way at least 30 per cent of grog would l)c neces- sary to reduce the shrinkage and avoid fire checking. The situation of this material neai Willows station and within one quarter of a mile of the Canadian Pacific railway makes it of particular value as a clayworking location. The bottom of the coul6e in which it occurs is wide enough to permit the location of a fairly large plant at an elevation such that gravity haulage could be used from the pit to the pi nt. A siding of about half a mile would be required to the railway. About a mile west of Willows station a deep coulte shows about \s feet of very sandy, white clay. Some of this material was shipped to Medicine Hat, but was found to be too gritty and refractory to use in the sewerpipe body. This sandy clay is overlain by a thin covering of yellowish- brown silty clay and boulder clay. 479. The yellowish-brown silty clay looks to be a promising material for making common brick and to this end a thicker deposit of it was located and sampled on the north side of a coulee on sec. 3, tp. 8, range 29, w. of 2nd. mer. The material has excellent plasticity but dr>'ing tests show the clay to crack in large pieces, although the shrinkage of 7-0% is not excessive. However, the cracking can be cured by the addition of 25% sand. Burned to cone 010 the colour is an excellent red with but a faint indi- cation of scum. The total shrinkage is 6-4% and the absorption 13-5%. At cone 06 the red bodv is at its best. It is hard and strong with a shrinkage of 7-0% and an absorption of 13-3%. Deformation takes place with cone 5. „, . i Made into dry-press bricks the body is good at cone 03, the colour being a deep red. This material is one of the best red-burning clays of the whole area. With grog it will make good stiff-mud or soft-mud brick and the dry-press body indicates promising results for biick. It flowed very smoothly from the die and three-inch drain tile made from it I'.ried and burned without sign of Southeast from Willows past Readlyn towards Verwood the white band thins and is represented by sand and a vei, sticky greyish-white clay very much contaminated by soluble salts. 64 Viceroy. On Willowbunch lake south of Viceroy on sec. 35. tp. 5, range 22 2nd mer.. two thick beds of clay above a coal seam were sampled as follows — 1 op, Yellow-grey clay silt (calcareous) 30 feet No 489 Darkgreyclay 15 ^ ^o. 490.' Lignite g The lo'ver bed was sampled by Rose in 1912 and, w"hen tested, it was found to be red-burning, but the shrinkage was excessive. A large sample of this material made up into full sized dry-press bricks with the minimum of water showed more cleariy the excessive shrinkage and the resultant fire CflCCKS. ■>AC.^r^ "'''^'' ^ '* """'^ promising. It is a calcareous clay requiring 26% of water to mould in the stiflf-mud condition. Drying can be accom- plished without checking, although the material must be considered tender in this respect. The drying shrinkage is 8 • 3%. Burned to cone 03 the body is hard and of a salmon colour; the total shrinkage being 8-3% and the absorption 16-8%. Deformation takes place with cone 3. Made up in the dry-press way the ware requires to be burned to cone 02 to 1 to get good results. In this way it will make a good buff face brick. Mitchellton. Between the north and south ends of the Lake-of-the Rivers there are no exposures of clays, the banks being well grassed. Near the forks in the north end of tp. 10, range 28. W. of 2nd. mer.. the white band outcrops at the water s edge on the W. \, sec. 27. tp. 10. range 28. In this outcrop the matenal is a sandy white clay, no real plastic fat clay being noted. Along the west shore to the north more exposures of similar material were found on N.E. \ sec. 33, tp. 10. range 28, and on sec. 3, tp. 11. range 28 The most prominent exposures are to be found on sec. 14. tp. 11, range 28 on the east side of the valley at the junction of a tributary coulee. At this point the following section was measured : — Top, Thin covering of glacial drift 5 feet Yellow silty clay 5 ^ No. 480. Yellow and grey silt g While sandy clay .12 ^ + No. 481. 480. This is a yellow calcareous clay which appears silty in the dry state but when tempered with 28% of water it develops a slightly sticky type of plasticity. A full sized brick cracked in air-drying. Burned to cone 06 the body is hard and of a good red colour but on stand- ing it becomes disrupted by the popping of lime particles. The shrinkage at cone 06 is 90% and the absorption 15-8%. The drying and burning 65 qualities of this clay make it a poor clayworlcing material. It is too silty to work dry-press and the preserxe of lime g;rains would reduce its value for face brick. A mixture of 50% sample 480 and .'0% sample 481 gave better drying results, but the resultant colour is not a good red. However, the mixture would make good common soft-mud brick or possibly stiflf-mud brick. Further testing on a larger scale would need to be done, particular atten- tion being paid to the dr>ing stage. The mixture has an air shrinkage of 7-0%. At cone 06 the body is hard and salmon-coloured, with a shrinkage of 7-0% and an absorption of 14 • 0^ . Deformation takes place with cone 8. 481. The lower bed consists of a greyish-white sandy clay which requires 25% of water to temper to the stiflf-mud consistency. It dries without difficulty either slow or fast to a shrinkage of 6-0%. Burned to cone 03 the body is fairly hard and cream-coloured. The total shrinkage is 6-6% and the absorption 12-7%. Little change takes place in the body up to cone 9, at which temperature the total shrinkage is 7 • 0% and the absorption 1 1 • 3%. Deformation takes place at cone 28. An analysis of a sample from this bed made by W. S. Bishop, at the University of Toronto, for the Consumers Coal Co., resulted as follows: — SiO, 66-30 AhO, 1902 FeO 5-10 CaO 0-11 MgO 0-60 Loss on ignition 7-29 This is a refractory clay of No. 3 grade. Its working properties are good and it could be used for making firebrick or face brick, by either the soft-mud, stiflf-mud, or dry-press process. A variety of colours could be obtained for face brick by mixing in various proportions of the overlying red-burning clay and flashing. It would also make fireproofing, flue lining, and wall coping. The Consumers Coal Co., of Moosejaw, have a lignite mine, worked intermittently, on sec. 36, tp. 10, range 28, w. of 2nd. mer. In the open- cut along the coulee across this section two thick beds of clay were sampled a' the coal. *82. This is a dark grey clay in an 8-foot bed immediately above the coal. It works up to a very stiflf sticky mass with 38% of water. The air shrinkage is excessive and test pieces crack badly. Scum also appears and masks the red colour of the burned samples. Made up in the dry-press way and burned to a strong body the shrink- age is excessive and there is a tendency to fire check. It is of doubtful value for clav ware. 66 483. The upper bed consists of 6 feet of grey calcareous clay. It cracks bad!" in air-drying and, when moulded in the dry-preus way, burns to a porous buff body with a tendency to fire check. Both these days, 482 and 483, are highly colloidal and consequently have high shrinkage. They have no value for making clay ware in the ordinary processes, but with lignite handy as a fuel they might be made workable by subjecting them to a preheating treatment. 484. OntheS.E. i. sec. 33, tp. 10, range 28, w. of 3rd. mer., a new coal mine has been opened and the roof of the coal is a six-foot bed of grey clayey sand. It has been stated by the owners that this material has a value as a moulding sand, but it is too clayey to be of use in that way. However, it has a value as a soft-mud brick material, if it can be mined cheap enough for this process. It has fair plasticity (sandy) when moulded with 27% of water and dries to a fairiy strong body with a shrinkage of 5 • 0%. At cone 06 the colour is a fine dark red and the body is strong and hard with a total shrinkage of . -6% and an absorption of 15-5%. This is but slightly changed at cone 03, indicating a burning range from cone 04 to cone 1. Deformation takes place with cone 6. The only advantage clays of this vicinity may have over the clays at the south end of the lake is the immediate association with a fuel supply. The nearest outlet to the Canadian Northern railway would be a siding about one and a half or two miles long. CLAYS OF DIRT HILLS DISTRICT. The only clayworking plant in Saskatchewan, using the white burning refractory clays, is located at Claybank on the north slope of the Dirt hills, some thirty miles south of Moosejaw. Several extensive landslides south of Claybank and again in the vicinity of sec. 11, tp. 13, range 26, w. of 2nd. mer., have exposed considerable sections of the Tertiary clays, sands, and lignites. As far back as 1873, Dr. Bell' of the Geological Survey described the white beds of this locality, but it was not until about 1909 that their true refractory value was known. Claybank. In 1912, Ries and Keele* made a detailed examinadon of the deposits near Claybank and in 1912 reported as follows:— (See Plate XII). The clays which w>?re examined occur in sec. 28, tp. 12, range 24, west of 2nd. mer. and form a series of knolls at the base of the hills. All the beds appear to dip westward, the knolls having a steep eastern face and a gentle western slope. 'Bell, Rep. of Progrew, Geol. Sarv. Can., 1873-74, p. 76. •Rlee and Keele, Memoir J4E.. Geol. Sarv. Can., 1912, pp. S442. *)lnf I 67 The general topography of those hills in which the clay occurs is well shown in Plate XII. They can be described as a aeries of white and greyish sandy clays, bluish and purplish clays, brown siliceous clay shale, and gypsiferous shales. At the west side of the ridge is a spur or knoll containing a series of alternating red and brown siliceous shales. The individual beds of this series differ somewhat in their sandiness, and, if used, the entire series should be mixed together. (Sample 1646). A few scattered sandstone layers are present, but these are soft and could be easily crushed up. 1646. When ground and tempered with water this material formed a stiff plastic mass which was hard to work and checked badly in air-drying. As the clay was useless in the natural state a portion of the sample was preheated to a temperature of SOCC. Under this treatment the clay changed to a red colour, became granular in texture, but retained sufficient plasticity to be wet-moulded. It also stood wet-drying and the air shrinkage was 3-3%. Cone Fire shrinkage. Absorption. Colour. 010 1-7% 9-3 13-3 9-7 5-5 vitrified light red red brown 03 1 This clay has too high a fire shrinkage, but it might be useful to mix with some of the more refractory clays of the locality in order to produce vitrified w?.re at lower temperatures or speckled effects in face brick. Hill No. 2 shows heavy beds of grey and greyish-white sandy clay and brownish rey "^lay, the two sets being separated by a thin layer of lignite. The bi - ) / clay (No. 1647) forms a bed about 20 feet thick in the lower ' I, section. I'"- 1 plastic clay, containing much fine grit, which worked up with 3^ >ater. Small pieces dried slowly without cracking but large or^.s cracked badly in rapid drying. The average air shrinkage was 8-5% and the average tensile strength 334 pounds per square inch. The wet-moulded bricks yielded the following results on burning : — Cone. Fire shrinkage. Absorption. Colour. 010 0-2% 4-4 5-4 5-3 16-38% 7-S2 4-28 439 pale red light red brown n 03 1 3 The air shrinkage is somewhat high, but in actual working it would be lower. The fire shrinkage at cone 1 is not excessive. The absorption at this cone is also low. The clay burned steel hard at cone 03, but if fired 68 too rapidly may develop a black core at :one 1. It burned to a good hard body and stands cone 3. The clay pave a dry.pre«8 bricklet of fair colour and ring at cone OS. but if moulded by this method should probably be burned to cone 03. ' The absorption at rone OS was 18o2, and at cone 03 it was 10-93 with the bricklet steel hard. Overlying the preceding is a grey and white sandy clay (1648) con- taming lenses of white clay (1649). Where the clav is exposed it would hardly pay to separate these lenses, but if they occur in greater quantity in other parts of the deposit it would be worth doing so. On this account a test was made of the run of the deposit, including the white clay, and also of the latter alone. The run of bank (1648), although containing considerable sand, worked up wuh 27% of water to a mass of good plasticity, and one which caused no difficulty in moulding. The average air shrinkage was 6- 1% and a full sized brick stood fast drying. The day appears to contair a noticeable amount of soluble salts, which collected on the corners r.nd edges of the brick in drying, and caused a slight enamel on those parts even at cone 03. Wet-moulded bricklets yielded the following results:— Cone. Fire shrinkate. Absorption. Colour. 010 03 0-0% 2-7 3-3 Fuseti 18-58% 15-41 10-70 981 white 5 n 9 » 32 n Small black iron specks began to appear at cone 1. The clay has a low fire shrinkage, and the absorption above rone 010 IS not excessive. It burned steel hard at cone 1 . This clay can be classed as a fireclay. A dry -press bricklet burned to cone 1 was not st-el hard with n absorption of 17-50 per cent. Since the clay is rather loose in texture, it was put through a washing test and 45% of washed product (1648W) obtained. The latter showed an average air shrinkage of 8-5%. Burned to cone 5. its fire shrinkage was 9 • 7%. absorption 7-11%, and colour light creamy-white. It was also steel I f ,'r^ I "^""^ ^""^ ^'"^" "^''^- ^^ *=°"« 9. the fire shrinkage was II -3%, absorption 3-7%, and colour greyish-white. Since there is a large quantity of this material it might pay to wash It and use it in pottery bodies. Some difficulty would be encountered in getting suffiaent water, but the springs on the neighbouring slopes could be drawn upon for this purpose. 69 The white clay (1649) forming lenses in 1648, although appearing smooth, nevertheless contains .considerable fine grit, and an appreciable quantity of soluble salts, which come out on the efi|{es a.<« needle shafied crystals in drying. It worked up with 30% of water to a mass of good plasticity, whose average air shrinkage was 7 • 79c. On burning, the wet-moul -"ed bricklets behavwl as below : — Cone. Fire ithrinkage. .\baorption. Colour. 010 0.35% S-3 6-6 6-6 Funed 16-74''i, lO.M 7-67 4-67 2 W) Creamy-white 03 J ** 5 9 31 The clay burned nearly steel hard at cone 010 and gave a pretty dense body at cone 5. Small black iron specks appeared at cone 1 . This is a dense burning fireclay and it is unfortunate it does not occur in larger quantities. The grey clay (1650) described here, overlies 1648. It does not appear in the steep southern escarpment of the hills but 'nuvs on the gentle north slope. Like 1648 it mixed up to a mass of good plasticity, whose average air shrinkage was 7 ■ 8 per cent. Wet-moulded bricklets were tested as follows: — Cone. Fire !ihrinlc3f;e. Absorption. Colour. 010 >o';; 3 6 6f 66 8-4 Fused 16.76'J 11 M) 8-23 4 -.17 2-25 Creamy-white 03 1 5 9 " 32 The clay burn 'arly steel hard at cone 010 and thoroughly so at com- 03. Small black sf s appeared at cone 010. This clay resembles 1649 but has a slightly higher fire shrinkage. It is a good dense burning fireclay and well worth working. Owing to the fact that 1646 cracked badly in drying it was d cided to try a mixture of equal parts of 1646, 1647, and 1648. This (1651) when tempered with 32 per cent of water was very plastic and small test pieces dried without checking. The air shrinkage was S per cent. The wet-moulded bn klets fired as follows: — Cone. Fire rhrinkagr. Absorption. Colour. 010 3-3 4-3 14 16':i 8-00 S3Ct light red red 03 1 brown 70 The mixture humetl to a Meel hard body at cone 010, at which temper- ature it would proliably make good common bricic either by the soft-mud or utiff-mud proccim. At cone 1 the fire shrinkage is rather high and the body not burned quite dense enough for scwerpipc, but would probably become more vitrified at cone 2. The mixture makes an excellent dr>-pre«w brick of gocxi colour and steel hardness at cone 05. with an absorption of 13 • 75%. Simc 'he almve report was made the Saskatchewan Clay Pralucts Company (now the Dominion Fire Brick and Clay Products Company) have been operating a drj-prcss brick plant (see Plate XIII) at this location, and the resulu have borne out the alwvc report. Until early in 1917 the chief product was a range of flashed face brick manufartured principally from the fireclays. An attempt »-a8 made to produce a red brick using a similar mixture to 1651, but the mixture did not work well in practice. The excessive shrinkage of the red-burning clay (1646) caused fire checking. However, there are possibilities in using less of 1646, or by calcining it and then using it in mixtures up to as high as 50 per cent. There is a possibility of finding red-burning clays in the series of beds above the white clays where they occur in place near the top of the main hills. At present the upper slopes are well grassed, but, when a red-burning clay is needed, a little prospecting above the level of the white band might prove of value. The reorganized company proposes the installation of a producer gas burning system and an expansion of the plant to manufacture firebrick and fireclay shapes. With this enlarged plant, the development of a greater range of face brick textures and colours should accompany the production of refractories. At Dickenson and Hebron, North Dakota, similar clays are worked for firebrick and face brick. In the earlier exploiting of these deposits the dry-press process was the only method used for moulding the brick, but with the increasing demand for rough textured bi <, sti(T-mud machines were installed and operated with considerable success. This appears to be a logical development in the Canadian plant. South of Claybank in section 24, tp. 12, range 24, west of the 2nd. mer., boring for lignite was in progress during the summer of 1911. An examination of the clay outcrops ' • 'x)rings at this locality was made by J. Kcele at that time, a com^ lete i... ount of the results with tests beinp: given in Memoir No. 25, of the Geological Survey. The white clays at this point are not so thick as those at Claybank, but heavier beds occur on section 1 1 of the same township. I'l Ml Mil I'l.mt 111 Itic Diiiiiiiiiiiii lire Hrii k .iiid I l.iv IVihIikIs ( ijim|;.iii\ . ( l,i\lj.ilik, S.i«k. '()iil.ro|i(il while tircihi\~-li(.wn in the iMikurmiml. \l\ J S\vcTpi|K' pliiiit of tiu' AllKTta (lay I'nxliKls ((hhikmiv. Mtdirir-i- H.it, AllRTIa. 71 A chemical analysis of a sample of the washed clay from section 24 is as follows: — Silica 51-94 Alumina 33.^2 Iron oxide j . 5 Lime 0-23 Magnesia trace Potash 0-82 Soda 0-22 Sulphur trioxide none Loss on ignition 1 1 • 44 This compares very favourably with analvses of whiteware clays from Woodbridge, X.J., and Salina, Pa. Blue Hills. Twelve miles due west of Claybank, on sec. 11, tp. 13, range 26, w. of 2nd. mer., the following bank of clays was measured, near the top of the east-facing escarpment of the Blue hills. Although this outcrop is some distance from a railway, the presence of the white refractorv clays may make it of importance in the future. Top, Gypsiferous yellow clays, thin lignite seam included 30 feet Purplish-grey clay 5 ^ Xo. 485. Alternate clay and lignite seams 4J^ Light grey clay containing some selenite 4 „ No. 486. Greyish-white sandy clay 6 No. 487. Greyish-white clay 3 Carbonaceous brown clay 2 Dark grey clayey sand 1 Purplish-grey clay . 6 I No. 488. The gypsiferous yellow clays and silts of the upper part of the section, wiien moulded into brick by the wet method, crack in air-drying. They are red-burning. The purplish-grey clay. No. 485, in the five-foot lx?d below, although chfferent in cclour from the yellow beds above, acts very much the same. It IS stiff and sticky and will not stand fast drjing. In slow drying a heavy scum is apparent, and on burning the brick this scum hides the salmon-red colour of the body. This clay has no value considered alone, but might be mixed m small percentages with the sandy refractory- clays below for making face brick. 486. This is a light grey clay which requires 24% of water to temper It to the stiff-mud condition. It has excellent working qualities and dries without difficulty to a shrinkage of 7 0rf . Burned to cone 03 the colour is cream, the total shrinkage 80%, and the absorption 11-3%. Defor- mation takes place with cone 28. 72 This is a No. 3 grade refractor>' clay of an open-burning character up to at least cone 9. It has a value for face and firebrick. 487. Immediately below bed 486 there is a six-foot bed of greyish- white sandy clay in which a few streaks of iron stained material occur. It works up into a mass of fair plasticity, but decidedly gritty, with ■>3% of water. The drying of ware made from it can be canied on either slow or fast without fear of cracking, the air shrinkage being 6 0%. Soluble salts m small amount appears where evaporation is most intense. Burned to cone 03 the colour is cream, the total shrinkage is 6 0. and the absorption 15-8%. At cone 9 the total shrinkage is 7-0% and the absorption 11.6%. indicating a rather open, burning body. Deformation takes place with cone 20. This material is only semi-refractory, and would have a use as part of a mixture with the other clays of the section for making face brick. The open-burning nature of both 486 and 485 would make them unsuitable for making vitrified ware, unless mixed w! h a low temperature (cone 1-3) vitrifying material. 488. The thickest bed in the lower part of the section consists of some SIX feet of a purplish-grey clay, A sample of this rec|uires 23% of water to develop a rather stiff and sticky type of plasticity. Drv-ing proceeds slowlv without cracking to a shrinkage of 10-3%, but it is doubtful if the material wi 1 stand commercial fast drying. The shrinkage is excessive and a further detect in the form of a heavy scum becomes apparent in the burning. Burned to cone 06 the colour of the body is a salmon-red but the surface IS covered by the scum mentioned above. Deformation takes place with cone 6. The uses to which this material could be put would depend en the work- mg of the rest of the section for making dry-press brick. CL.WS OF THE ESTEVAN-WEYBURN DISTRICT. Brooking. In a coul6e near Brooking station on the C.N.R., Bengough branch a 2-ft. seam of greyish-white plastic clay was sampled by Rose in 1913 It was completely hidden, in 1915, by the filling for a bridge, so its extent was not determined. When tempered with 21% of water this clay forms a ver>- plastic mass of good working qualities. Its drying shrinkage is ^•0 c and It will probably dry intact when made into full sized wares I his clay burns to a cream-coloured body at all temperatures up to cone ^ and the body remains open and porous, behaving so far like a firecla^- 1 he body is vitrified and grey in colour at cone 10. Deformation takes place with cone 20, indicating a semi-refractory material suitable for high grade face bnck, sewerpipe, and possibly stoneware. 73 The clays associated with it are stiff and sticky in their wori«ing qual- ities and defective in the drying process. Yellow Grass. Near Yellow Grass and Halbrite there are outliers of the Whitemud beds. That at Yellow Grass is not exposed at the surface but is covered by 20 to 30 feet of boulder clay on sec. 24. tp. 10, range 17, w. of 2nd. mer. That at Halbrite is exposed in a wide coulee tributary to the Souris valley, on sec. 30, tp. 6, range 12, w. of 2nd. mer. 565. The white clay at Yellow Grass was discovered in a well boring about 1907, and samples taken at depths of 50 feet were reported on by the Mines Branch. In 1916 a small sample was collected in the field, and a third sample was taken from a trial shipment made by the owners to an eastern refinery. The clay is sandy but has good plastic properties, requiring only 20% of water to temper to the stiff-mud consistency. It dries without defect, either slow or fast, to an air shrinkage of .SOf^;. It burns to an open porous body without much fire shrinkage at all timperatures up to at least cone 10. Deformation takes place with cone 28, indicating a material of No. 3 refractory grade. All three samples examined are of the sandy t>pe, and it is probable that the plastic clays noted in the white band at other localities have here been cut away by glacial erosion. Unless further prospecting shows this material to ha\ e less overburden than observed in 1916 its extraction will be costly. It would have the competition of the more refractory and easier worked clays found out- cropping at the surface along the C.P.R. Weyburn-Stirling branch at Willows. Halbrite. 556. Similar material to 565 of the Whitemud Ix-ds outcrops in a coulte about 2 miles west of Halbrite. It is underlain by a considerable thickness of the Estevan beds. The coulee sides are much disturbed by faults and slips, and the Whitemud material has been protected from erosion by being in a depression caused by the tilting of a fault block. In thi. vicinity the overburden is slight, and prospecting back from the coulee side may show up considerable good clay. Burning tests on this clay show it to be in all respects similar to that tested from Yellow Grass. The air shrinkage is 5 0%, and when burned to cone 7, this is increased to 7 0%. Deformation takes place with cone 27, so that it is a No. 3 fireclay. This material, as well as that at Yellow Grass, if the latter can be extracted profitably, should find a market in established brick plants, such 74 as thoM.. at Estevan and Weyburn. It could be mixed with the red-burnine on •?'' JfT ''*^".^' "^'^'"'^ ^""^^'^ ^«« •""'^h colloidal matter to be considered for cUyworking. The drjing defects are xery bad. Weyburn. At Weyburn a small brick plant was started in 1910 using a loamv surface clay of Pleistocene age. This clay is only six feet dip aST —bbe^^Th^^^ T'^k'^'^^ ^''"^^•"'■"^ """"--^ conctLTand s^)nK pebbles The top clay burns to a good red colour, but the body is not strong and .s easily over fired. The lower clay is too badly conUmin at«l by calcareous concretions to be of much value unless ground ve" fine. As was mentioned above, this plant might be turned over to use th^ UirS^urte t: "^"'^^ "^ '""^^- ^^^ ^" ^ '"^^^"^ -^'^^'^«^^- Estevan. The Nici^nity of Estevan is rich in resources of lignite coal and the common grades of clay. Hence it would appear to be the logJS p'ace for the^^^oiiomic production of structural materials such asTSictd fi^ The Estevan Coal and Brick Company has a well established plant at ^ce'brickT" T"""" '"'' ^^•''■'""^ (^'^^ -^> brick, and red dr^^^ tace bnck, from clays associated with the coal the cfav oit^L'hThr^ ""' ^'"''"' 'r '•°" °^ '^' P'^"*' ^-^ P'-te XVI the clay pit, with the surface outcrop of the coal seam showing The following is the section of clay and lignite mined :- Top. Glacial drift ,.„„, ... XT „ , very thin. \ allow calcareous and sandy clay 10 feet No. 1645. ureyish-yellow clay more plastic than that above . x r^, , . .^ 4 „ No. 566. Lignite g Parting clay j " Lignite - " Blue clay with sandy bands, particulariy towards the bottom 30 to th^T' ^"'""'^^*':^ "PP^"- yellowish clays as glacial, but they belong to the upper part of the Fort Union formation and may be referr^^ i^ the Ravenscrag division. The top day contains hardened sandrilyers very much ripple marked. ^ layers, 'Rie«, .Memoir 24E.. G.S.C., 1912. p. 79. 'I mi: W riant of the li?ttvaii Coa! and Hri( k (dntpany, Ks-tivan, Sa>k. I'l.ATK XVI t lay pit of tile l.^lcv.iii I oal ami lirkk (.'oiiipaiiy, showing lop Ud of l)iilT biiiiiiii^; i-lay; intermediate bed of lignite coal; and fower lH>d of reel biirniiii; day. I'owards RckHc Perc^v the yellow calcareous IrmIh increase in thickness and occupy the whole of the valley side. These clays are of great value to the common brick industry because they are easily worked and will dry fast in an artificial dryer without checking. 1645. This is a yellow calcareous clay which requires 2\% of water to temper to the stifT-mud condition. It can be dried slow, or fast (20 hours), without defects to a shrinkage of 5 0%. The best Ixxly is produced in a range from cone 03 to 1. Deformation takes place with cone 3. It is used for wire-cut brick and has t)ossibilities for hollow block. 566. The yellowish-grey clay under 1645 and immediately above the oal seam is of excellent plasticity and working qualities. It burns to a pink colour when made up stifT-mud, and the burning range is from cone OS to cone 02. Made up in the dry-press way the burnt colour is a speckled buff, and the burning range is from cone 04 to cone 1 . It deforms at cone 3. This clay has a value as a dry-press face brick matetial, and as little as possible should be used in with the upper calcareous clay for common brick. 5©4. Near the bridge south of Estevan there is a section of some ten feet of silty claj- in the river bank. This material is very short in its w orking qualities and requires careful handling in drying, when moulded in the soft- mud way. It burns to a porous weak bod\- up to cone 1, beyond which it shrinks rapidly. It has doubtful value for tnaking clay ware. 557. A grey calcareous clay, above the coal, was sampled in Anderson's coal mine in Long Creek valley. It requires 26% of water to temper to the StifT-mud condition. It moulds rather stifHy, and would require more power to work it than the other calcareous clays tested in the district. The air shnnkage of 6-3% is well within practical limits, and fast drying can be carried on without trouble. Burned in a range from cone 010 to cone 1 the body is salmon-pink in colour and has good strength. The total shrinkap'e increases regularly from 7-0% at cone 010 to 10-6% at cone 1. In this range the absorption remains around 24%. Deformation takes place rapidly at cone 3. This n-i :^rial would make a good common wire-cut brick or hollow blocks. Shand. Six miles southeast of Estevan, at Shand station, the Saskatchewan Coal, Brick and Power Company is operating a lignite mine and manu- facturing StifT-mud (side cut) common brick (Plate XVII). The coal is mined by underground methods at a depth of seventy feet. The clay is 7' S taken from a fifteen-foot open-cut to the went of the plant. I„ the pit the following section was measured:— ' '"® Top, Thin glacial covering Yellow clay 5'-0" Thin lignite scam O'-l" Grey clay and sand 4' n" w. nt^x I nm lignite seam q' 1" ^,'?y"'«y '■''■'■'.'.'.'. 2'AKy' So. 5603. I hin lignite seam q' 2" ^, ^'^yf^y- ^^^■i:::::::4':o"No.s6oc. •tiff m„H ""k" u ^"u '•' '"^""f««^'"'-«' i"to an excellent grade of common 8tiflF-mud bnck, pink to cream in colour. In the yard a number of th^ bru:k were observed to contain stiff lumps of red-burning Z J Z following tests on the lower three beds indicate that bed No 5608^ he only one free of red-burning clay bands. . ^^^' .T'l'Vf ^'^y calcareous clay which develops a silty tvoe of snrinlcage only 60%. It burns to a good hard body, pink to cream in colour in a range from cones 010 to 03. It is overburnS at cone 1 and the ^h'ctel """""^ """' °' '''' '"'""^ '^- '' '^'^f--^ --P'etely with^^^* J^'" '" ^ ^ry'^^ ^^"y ''^ ^"'■'^"^"^ plasticity when tempered «.th23%of water. Itdries without defects to a shrinkage of 6- C^, C'-'.S th"e totllT-l' '^"^^ '•'"^^ ^ ^^^"'"« ^yP'^-' °f -^'careous Lin,n/nf shrinkage being 50%. It has a burning range from cones 010 to 03 in which a good common brick can be made. At the lowe temperatures the colour is pink but this changes to cream at cone O.S. The deJormation temperature is cone 4. thP !^' 7^^ ^r-^' ^'7 *^'^y ''^"''■*'' 20% of water to temper it to the stiff-mud condition. It dries without defect to a shrinkage of 7 -0% is sX"'^^.^''' '^" '^^ '' '•^''* P'""^ '" ^'^'«"^' '^^ »"''-' shrinkage ^n^U- 1 / absorption 13-4%. This clay has a burring range for good bnck of cones 010 to 03. Above this temperature the shrinkage IhereT'a hl^".'?^'^.''''' ^'^'•^ '^", '°^' "' ^ ^^P''' "^ ^bo"^ «eventv feet iav n ?f ^^/-a'^areous silty clay very similar to those sampled in the (lay pit. It works up into a mass of excellent plasti, itv with 23% of water and dnes without defect to a shrinkage of 5 0% thecoZ^ '^°"' "*' ^IV^'al shrinkage is 6.3'?, the body is hard and the colour a good cream. The absorption is rather high at 27 • 5% At the higher temperature of cone 1 the cream colour turns'to a greenih-ye lot aLnTac;ir^^' ". '"^^ ^"^ '""^ ^^^---Pt'- 2.>.5%. Deformation taxes place with cone 5. I'l Ml Wll Briik plant ami nial ti|.|>le of the Si>kal. li.vv.m ( oal, Itri. k, ami I'ow.r ('"iiipany, SliamI, Sa-k. I'r vti; Will Plant of thf Wcyburn Hiiik <."oni|)any, Wcyhiirn, Sank. 77 This in a gotxl commun brirk rlay and ran lie workcti like the rlays already Ijeinp; used for wire-cut brick. Near Mileage 141 + 300 on the C.P.R., Mtuthfant of EHte»an, the ureyish-yellow calcarvouH ila>« outcrop at the iturface. A itain|)le collecti-d to the wcHt of the truck |)roved to lie similar in its working (jualitics to the clays of the same poHition at Kstcvan and Shand. C)n the west sitle of the Souris valley and for some distance up I-onn -s of the section it would make a gootl common building brick. Deformation takes place with cone 3. 510. Sample of a yellowish-grey calcareous clay which requires 23% of water to temper to the stiff-mud condition. It dries slow or fast without sign of defect, the shrinkage being 6-0^1 . Burned to cone OS the colour of the body is a pinky-cream, the total shrinkage is 6-0'^( and the absorption 21 -T'f . The body remains good up to cone 02, l)eyond which the shrinkage increases rapidly and the c(;Iour liecomes greenish-yellow. Deformatiou takes place with cone 3. The principal use to which this material might be put would lie for common brick and possibly hollow block by the stiff-nmd process. 511. The thickest bed in the upper part of the section consists of yellow .silty clay containing a few concretionary lumps. These were 7S .u«p.Tt«l »f l-'inK hiKh in lime but ihv burnt tct ,rie,-c« »h.m no ««„ .,f hmc ,«r,K- c„. lh,H day i. more .ihy than ,h<«. in the lower p«rt u{ h.' TT" ""; r"'' *"'^'•^•"'•^ "'''^' -"h 'hem. The air ,h^nk«L il *r«uWe eith!;Ti'"' P" T* '^' '^'^'"'' ^"" '•^' «'«-"'"P'i»»'«l without rouble either »low or fant It burn- to a very porou. pink to rream- L'orc3.cotut;S;.r^^^ '^•'"^'"- " ^^"'^ '^ -'" '"«^^- ~"- R™.k"p '" "'u '■•'*"''^' '•"""•" "' '^'' ^•""•'- "^•'" 'he Hch.K.! h»u«. at Koche Perm., the river cut* mto a luink. showing eight feet of silty clav rnvdeHam by ..n.l. Thin clay rc.,uires 2V, of water',.. tem.H.r it lo tie «.ft.miul conc..„on. ft .lne« without cracking ,o a .hrinkaRc of 7 0'; hurnecl m a range from cone 010 to erne 1 the colour change, from light red to dark red, and the fire shrinkage remains practicallN at zero. A Mnal rm 7") ',' "'"''■'"'•. ''"' '^^ '""''* •■*• '""^l ''y'h.- addition of a •mall amount of ktnum salt. Tr. JH one of the few gcKxl red-burning common brick clay, in the district. Itw..uldwork»H-stbythe»oft.mu.lpr,Kes«. Pinto. 1- •J'Hl''"'"^ ^'""' '*"'' "'''■'' ^ "'"Pany oiK-raied a mine in the upper hgmte bed m 19 0. anological Sur>ey. Bienfait. East of ihv Souris valley the glacial Iwulder clay thickens and the underlying formations are not well exposed to view. At Bienfait several companies arc mining coal at a depth of 80 feet. and. in sink-holes on the properties the boulder clay is seen to have a thickness of 15 feet It is underlain by the yellow and grey calcareous beils referreiuI», in whit li k'xxI bufT-burniriK common brick cluyit an* to In- foiintl. At Areola a !tiilT-iiiiin hack**, a reauopable amo'.int «>f care U-ing taken to prolin l the ware Iroin cxcesi^iM- wind and Hun. Burning Ih carriwi on in scove kilns to a ti'ni|H'ratiire of cone OS for good hard butT brick. Ware burned to cone 010 is pink in colour and shown white iKirticles ()f burnt gy^Mum. ()n standing in the air thvM.- particles take up moisture and himII the brick. Hence it is de>s, the surface covering being largely stony lM)ulder clay. .At Carlyle an attempt was made, a number of years ago, to make .soft-mud brick from surface clay to the north of the town. A small scove ki'n was set but ne\er burned. An examination of the brick showed the preseiue of numerous limestone pebble:). Stoughton. West of Areola, towards Stoughton, there are numerous depressitms containing clay similar to that used at Areola. Along the road U-tween stut the clay depos.tc-d .n the lake bottom was derived largely from the cro.s,on of the stiff and sticky Pierre shale. Hence wet-moulded bricks made from this material crack badly in air-drying, and when made up dry- press the clay has e.xcessne shrinkage, with a burnt hcxly of low strength and high porosny. The burnt colour is red but obscured to some extfnt ny w lute .scum. . 'i.^"'^'j"" "'.^'^■■■ved in the excavation of a trunk sewer in 1911 con- lamed the following material:— Top, Dark coloured loamy clay 4'.o" Stiff dark clay, jointed 15'-0" Yellow silty clay 2'-6" Stiff dark clay, jointed jq'. Tin- jointed clay forms the greater part of the section, and unless it could be preheated with success commerciallv it would have no ^•alue as a clay workmg material. The yellow silty clay (Sample No. 1809) is a workable material, but unless found in quantity at the surface somewhere it has no commercial value. A careful search of the stream Nalleys in the vicinitv of the city did not reveal any quantitj- of the yellow clay, but a flooti plain deposit of similar material was found in the valley of \\'a..kana creek one mile north of tond.e. The stream bank shows some six feet of gcxxl clax- oxerlving a bed of stony clay. ' ' * 521. laboratory tests on a sample of the bank show the material to be calcareous and to have fair working and drying qualities. The drving would lK» miproved by the addition of 20^; of ^m,\. The air shrinkage isO'JVf. " nef ""IT'u'' T" ^^^ "'"^ '■°'''"'' °^ ^'^^ '^°'^>' '« P'""^-- the total shrinkage 'J/o^nd the absorption 20-4^;. At higher temperatures up to cone 03 he colour changes to buff, the body is hard and the absorption decreases to 1 /•-<.,• At cone 1 the bcxly is hard burnt and .leformation takes place with cone ,■>. Cone 03 is the best burning temperature. This material promises well as a common brick clay, but more exten.sive (Irving tests would lie necessary to give it definite value. 564. A calcareous clay was found in a flood plain in the valley of Bogg>' creek along the north side of sec. 1 1, tp. 18, range 9, w. of 2nd. mer. It cracks badly in drying and requires as much as 50% of sand to overcome 81 this defect. With this large amount of sand in the bodv it is i)ossil)le to make soft-mud brick of the material requiring to Ix; burned as high as cones 05 to 1 to produce brick of good strength. Plenty of sand is available in the large sand pit one mile to the east of the clay In-d. Pilot Butte. East of Regina towards Pilot Butte the Canadian Pacific railway line passes from the old glacial lake bottom onto a s;indy glacial outwash area of which Pilot Butte appears to be the centre. Two brick plants are in operation at this station, one using the sand of the outwash for sand-lime brick, and the other, the silty clay found in small basins within the sand. These basins are \cry small and irregular, and much trouble is experienced m making brick from the cl ,y l)ecause of the presence of lenses of stifl gumbo clay similar to that of the plain to the west. East and northeast of Regina, to the Manitoba boundary, the country changes from the level treeless plain u> rolling w-, the greater proportion remaining in hard splintery fragments. 515. This is a hard grey shale slightly darker than the underiying part of the section. When ground to 16 mesh and tempered with water to the stiff-mud consistency it has good working qualities. A large sample was put through a stiff-mud machine and found to work very smoothly with a small amount of lubrication. The dr>'ing properties of solid brick are fair, care being necessary to avoid unequal dr>ing. Trouble is experienced in making hollow brick or block because of checking due to strains set up in the die. The material is therefore regarded as tender in its drying qualities for this class of ware. I'l \ii MX ^^j^^^Si ' ' * V ■ ■,. -• ■ • "^•<^- . ('Dinnion liriik |)l.im ul tlic liro.idvi.w lirii k ( onii'.iiv. IJidadv iiw, S;i>k, I'l. All: \\ ^■''^):ym ^^■•^-''•:-fe.ii^Lt: I liHcnip ol Od.iTi.ih shalo alDiiy tlu' r.iii.iili.ui I'.iiilic r.iilw.iv. Iii'twi-cn l<(«,iiui!lr and Taiitalloii, in the Uii'ApiH'llf \alliy, Sa>k. 83 Burned up to cone 05 the colour is a beautiful red, the total shrinkage 9-7% and the absorption 24-6%. At cone 1 the total shrinkage is 11 O',' and at cone 5, 15-3%. At the latter temperature the burnt colour is a rich dark red. Deformation takes place with cone IS. 516. The lower thirty feet of the section consists of thinly iKflded light grey shale similar to that almve. A few hard concretionary mas.ses were noted towards the base. This shale, when ground to 16 mesh, acts much like 515 except that the air shrinkage of 5 0% is less. The working and burning properties are in all respects similar to 515. A mixture of these two samples works very well in a stiff-mud machine with lubrication in making cither brick or drain tile. Drying full sized brick requires some care, the moist air system being the most efficient. At cone 06 the total shrinkage is 7-5% and this increases to 8-3% at cone 03. In a range from cone 06 to cone 6 the colour changes from light red to a rich dark retl. Flashing in the burning results in beautiful red and burnt orange tones. Deformation takes place with cone IS. .■\ dry-press I, rick l)urned to cone 03 gave a total shrinkage of 6-2'^,'. Brick made by this process requires tc be burned to rone 1 to get a strong body. The mixture takes an e.xcellent salt glaze at cone 7, but the Ixxly is hot vitrified. It is not a gooH sewerpipe material but it will make a high grade face brick, either alone or mixetl with the underlying beds represented by No. 1810. No. 1810. The underlying Millwood beds are not exposed in the section described abo\e, but a considerable thickness is to be seen in the road cuttings up the valley side south of Tantallon. The lx?ds sampled at this point are dark brown to grey plastic shales. The material of which they are composed absorbs a large amount of water in developing maximum plasticity. Stiff-mud brick cracked very badly in air-drying. The burnt colour is a good red, partly obscured by scum. When liurned to cone OS the absorption is 1 ■$% and vitrification is complete at cone 1. This clay might L^ of use mixed with the hard shale above for making dry-press brick. The vitrifying qualities at cone 1 would produce a strong t)rick from such a mixture. The valley bottom contains flood plain clays that are inclined to be tender in their drying qualities, but prospecting near the valley sides may show up good workable material. The red-burning and semi-refractory grey shale of the upper part of the valley sides is, therefore, the most important clay working material in the Tantallon district. It will make dry-press and stiff-mud brick of excellent quality, at least a pound lighter in weight than the average shale brick. Further testing will be necessary o definitely establish its value for hollow- brick or block. The tender nature of the material indicates that the strains set up in the dies will cause cracking in air-dr>-ing, except under most 84 favourable conditions. So much depends on the structure of the die for this class of ware that extensive testing is necessarj-. Saltcoats. North of the Qu'Appelle valley to Saltcoats, the country has a rolling morainal topography and is well wooded. About three miles southwe.»t of Saltcoats there are wide flat treeless areas underlain bv stratified sity clay This material is yellowish in colour and very- calcareous. It would be suitable for making buff or cream common brick by the soft-mud process. Melville. Farther west to Melville the rolling morainal topography comes in agam and the town of Melville is built on a gravel outwash plain. This contmues to alwut one mile east c.f Duff, where extinct lake basins or flats are found. These treeless flats arc in striking contrast with the well wooded morainal areas. In a road cutting along the north side of sec. 5, tp. 22, range 8, w of 2nd. mer., and about 400 feet south of the railway track, some 4 feet of stratified clay, silt, and sand were found. This material is calcareous and burns to a buff or cream colour. It would be suitable for making common l»nck by the soft-mud process. Balcarres. Two or three miles south of Balcarres stratified clay was found in road- cuttmg, but the material is similar to that deposited in the larger glacial lake basins such as that at Regina. It is very stiff and sticky in its working qualities and cracks badly in air-drying. 519. More promising material occurs in smaller glacial lake basins in the glacial outwash area to the northwest of Balcar-es. The silty calcareous clay from one of these basins along the railway half way between Balcarres and Patrick has been used for making soft-mud brick. The small plant on the property is in ruins at present. A sample collected in a four-foot pit near the railway south of the brick yard was made up into soft-mud brick and found to have an air shrinkage of 4-0%. When burned to cone 03 the colour is buff and the total shrinkage 3-0%. The brick is hard but rather porous, with an absorption of 24-5%. Most of the brick in the abandoned scove kilns are salmon-pink in colouf indicating a burning temperature of about cone 07. Better brick could have been made by burning to the higher temperature of cone 03. In the Qu'Appelle valley, at the east end of the Qu'Appelle lakes a small soft-mud brick plant was in operation about 1900. Bricks were moulded by hand and burned in small scove kilns. The clay used was the top foot or two of the flood plain of the river south of the course of the present 85 stream. The product was a fair grade of salmon to buff-coloured common brick. Lebret. 518. At Ubret a stream tributary to the Qu'Appellc has built up an alluvial fan into the main valley, near the railway on sec. 1, tp. 20, range 14, w. of 2nd. mer. A cut bank shows some six feet of clay. This material requires only 21% of water to develop a silty type of plasticity. It has an air shnnkage of 6- 69c, which is not excessive, but it cracks in dr>ing. This defect could be overcome in making soft-mud brick by the addition of 25% of sand. Without sand it burns to a pink to buff body in a range from cone 010 to cone 1. The total shrinkage after burning is practicallv the .same as the air shrinkage and the absorption remains at about 17 59;. The sample collected was too small to try mixtures with sand, but the matenal will probably require 25'y, to make -ommon soft-mud brick. Re£ina Beach. Dark grey to brown shales of the lower part of the Pierre outcrop in the valley of Lost Mountain lake near Regina Beach. Samples of this matenal tested by Keele in 1912 were found to be defective both in drying and burning. A further examination of this material in 1916 confirmed the above. Lumsden. In the main Qu'Appelle valley at Lumsden the vallev bottom silt could be used for making a fair grade of common soft-mud' brick. This material burns to a salmon-pink colour at cone 07. CLAYS OF THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF TflE AREA. Moosejaw. An examination of the vicinity of Moostjaw failed to reveal material suitable for clayworking. An attempt has been made to work the boulder clay south of the town for soft-mud brick but considerable trouble wa.s experienced with small limestone pebbles. Three miles east of the town railway cuttings show nine or ten feet of stoneless clay, but this material is the typical gumbo of the district and cannot be dned successfully. When made up dry-pressed it burns to a body of low strength and high porosity at temperatures commercial for the material. m 86 Mortlach. Seven miles s«uth .,f Mortlach the Fort Union beds outcrop in the north-faang escarpment of the Coteau. In the east bank of a coulte on «tc. 1 7. tp. 16. ranKe 1 , w. of 3rd. mer., the following section was observed :- ^"''l*"'- «-'«> 3 feet Brown sticky clay 25 Lignite 1 " Greyish-white plastic clay 9 Yellow sticky clay > " In the west bank of the couWe the greyish-white clay is nearer the surface, but it is thinner than in the east bank. Tests made by Keele' on a^mpie of this clay showed it to have the very high air shrinkage of 100,,. It burns to a bu«T-co!oured body in the temperature range of cones 03 to 5. It %-,tnfies at cone 10 and deforms at cone 20. It resembles a stoneware clay but it could not be used alone for this purpose because of the excessive shnnkag... I* could be mixed with the other clays of the section for making dry-press face brick. It would also find a use in a sewer- pipe mixture. So much of the country in the vicinity is covered by a mantle of boulder c ay that it is impossible to form an estimate of the good clay available, nnlling in the areas along the railway west of Parkbeg might bring to SdnTHat** '"^ '"'""' '°' '''''""^"' '" '^^ sewerpipe worfa at Herbert. Rush lake occupies a depression between two morainic ridges, and its d shore hne indicates at least twenty feet more water than that in the basin at present A small creek enters the basin from the east and has built up a delta deposit of sand, gravel, and clay. 550. A sample of this clay was collected on sec. 3, tp. 17, range 10 w. of 3rd mer. Soft-mud brick made of this material cracked in air-drying' but not badly. The air shrinkage is 8-6%. When burned to cone 010 the 7,V \u" i!'""" ^,°'°"''' '^^ *°'^' shrinkage 8-6% and absorption 1 . 7 ^^^'^'°" «f sa"d to the amount of 20 to 25% would cure the drying defect, and a fair grade of soft-mud brick for backing purposes could Ardkenneth Post Office. fU kT)."*- ""! !*'"*'' Saskatchewan river, near Ardkenneth post office, thej-ort Union beds outcrop in the northeast facing hills of the Coteau. 'Keele. Memoir «6. G S.C. 1915. pp. 24- 2J. 87 On section 17, tp. 21, range 10, w. of .Ircl. mcr., the following section was ol>8erved : — Glacial boulder clay 24 feet Yellow clays 50 ^ \o. 552. Black lignitic clay 1 Greyish-white sandy clay 20 „ No. 551. Yellowish-grey clays ? 551. This is a sandy greyish-white clay which works up into a mass of fair plasticity with 20^*^ of water. It dries without defect to a shrinkaue of6.0rt. When l)urned in a range fronj cone 03 to cone 9 it expands rather than shrinks, the burnt colour is a dirty cream, and the absorption rei.iains aroumi l^OVi- Deformation takes place with cone 26. This is a \ery open burning semi-refractory clay and it could I. used alone fcr making a low grade of refractory or with other clays for dry-press face brick. 552. A sample of the yellow calcareous In-ds ovei lying the "white mud." requires 19% of water to develop a rather stiff typo of plasticity. In air-drying the material cracks very badly and hence could not be used alone by either the soft-mud or stiff-mud process. The air shrinkage is 8-69c and when burned to cone C5 the shrinkage increases to 10-3%. The burnt colour is a fine red. An excellent range of dry-pres.sed, flashed, face brick could l)e made by mixing 551 and 552 in various proportions. The proximity of this section of clays to the Saskatchewan river suggests the possibility of transporting the material in scows down stream to Saskatoon to be manufactured into brick at that industrial centre. Lucky Lake. Four miles north of Lucky Lake post office, on the N.E. J. sec. 1, tp. 24, range 9, w. of 3rd. mer., a cut bank in a coulee shows a F)eculiar mixture of bright coloured clays and glacial drift. Masses of yellow, red, black, and white clays appear to have been transported by glacial ice and dumped at this point along with the common boulder clay. Settlers of the vicinity have gathered the red ochreous clay for painting barns. However, the material is not in place, and prospecting in the district failed to locate the source. In this locality the glacial ice movement was from a northeasterly direction, and the source of the clay may have been near or far. Lancer District. Along the Empress branch of the Canadian Pacific ra" ay, from a point about two miles west of Shackleton, to Lemsford, the numerous railway cuttings show clay silt interstratified with very thin bands of stiff plastic clay. One mile west of Lancer a cut shows some ten feet of this sort of Is. material ami at a .Itpth „f dKht f«-t there i» a bami ..mtainiuK ^helU >^o.t c^^« i„ open air..,,.i... On test pi.es the air .Hri^ull^e brick"r"J';'hr.T'''^*^u'''*:' '^""^''^'' '' '■'"" "^'^ -'-'^ '^ - K-Hl excellent hardness, and the al,s.,rpti.,n is 150';. A small amount of jcum .s present but it could be cure,l by the ad.lition of half a ~nt o banum salt to the clay in the pug mill. 546. On sec .16. tp. 21. ran^e 2.?, w. of 3r,.. mer.. a railv.ay cuttinR hows ten fm of stratified yellow clay-silt A sample representative 3 the bank requires 25^;, of water to .levelop a fair degree of plastic y for mouldrng .n the stiflF-mud condition. The drying shrinkage ofToC^^^^^^^ well withm commercial limits. luwcw When burned to cone 010 the material shows no fire shrinkage, the body .8 of a dark salmon colour, and of good strength, the absorption being 20-3%. At cone 1 the body is dark red in colour and the total shrinkage matlTT^ ? '■''"\J^' ^y -"W be overfircl at cone 2 and deTor^ mation takes place rapidly with cone 3. Btiff mud Z!^l'u '" !!1''^^'' ^°'' '"^'''"•^ ^ ^"^ «^^"^^ «f either soft-mud or 8t.ff-mud bnck burned at temperatures ranging from cone 010 to cone 03. A mmor amount of scum .s apparent but less than a half of a per cent of barium -alt would cure this defect. cut mt ^"''' "/"""f ^T "^ ^^"'^'''■' "^^' ^"-"««f^ '" «" the railwaN-. a cut shows some twelve feet of .stratified silt separat«l by thin bands of Top. Yellow silty clay 6-5 inches. Orcasy clay q . ^ Silly clay i . , Creasy clay 0. - " Silly clay j Ij Greasy clay ^ Siltyclay '''.'.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'. 7.5 " Greasy clay q.^ " Siltv clay un " Cjrcasy clav r, e Siltyclay.; ''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 6^5 " Greasy clay q ,; " Silty day, etc '■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. W-O I I'l Ml NM .^j»^;**^5a gyki 1 lig ^ ^^mB B*^WIHfW s s ^. '■;•:>. 1 i Krtl luiniinu v.''" '''1 ' t^»'" ' l.i\'^i tu-.ii l.,iiiin , Si>k. A rcprfmntalivr m\mp\v of ih.- lunk rwiuin-H 27' ,' ..f w.,l.r to work it la the MilT-miul condition. Th.- workinn ciualiii.s arc cx.cll.nt an.l the •IryinK ol full hi/,^| l.ri.k can U- c iH«| on without .It f.ct. the air .hrinkiiuc iJcinK '*o';. Burnc-,1 K. com- 010 the t..tal shrinkaRc is HO' , . ihc |„hK i, l.ard an.l of a k'mmI rc.1 .-olotr. an.l the al.s..r|.tion i^ \>)V,. At .oik I th,- total HhrinkaKc is «>-.?' ; . il,,. 1h«Iv in Hteel hanl an.l of a .lark n.l or l.rown ...lonr an.l thealworption is l.S-0. Deformation tak.H place with .on.- 4. This material will make a kofi. mud ..r stiff-nui.1 pr.Kess an.l luinu-d in ,i ranK*- of ..me OKI to (M. The usual s seen. A si.tion mcasurul on the part of this butte resulte.1 as f.)||f)ws: — Top, Very fine siind or silt ) Sandy clay Sill an.l clay ' , . ^ f *" ^^'^'^ ^"- '^■*-^- Plastic clay I Boul.ler clay 30 Stratified Sijnd with some .lay K) B.)ulder clay |>artly oxidiz.-d 10 " River le\el. 545. A sample ..f the sixty-foot secti.m of dav, or and -ilt n- <|uircs 26% of water to work it in the stitT-mud condition. It requires extreme care in the drying ,)rocess t.> avoid cracking ; an.l a further defect is present in the form of a very ba.l s.-um. It would not be advisable to work this material for brick lR'.ausc- of th.-se def.-cts, and ilu- act that so much good clay is available along the railwa%- east and west of 1-ancer. INDEX Alliorta Clay Pro(lui:ls Co Analysis: h^stend clays . „ Mitchellton „ washed ria . Willows cl; Anderson's coal mine Areola Brick Works. . „ clays at Ardkennetli: clays at. .15, "l,ivl.ai PACK 16,57 41) 05 71 IS, 58 75 2 79 86 Balairrcs: clay at. Ball I ' I clays Belanger: fireclay Bell, Dr.— Dirt Hills white riays ilestrilied by. Beverley : clays at Bienfait : clay and coal at Big Miidflv Valley: clays of Blue Hills: days at Ilroailview Brick Co „ clay at Brooking : clays at M 15 30 66 44 7S 5.< 71 S2 K2 72 G Carlyle: clay at 79 Clay industry: future of 5 Clays: Cypress Hills district 27 Dirt Hills district f>6 „ Kstevan-Weyburn district 72 l.ake-of-the-Kivers 57 , Main Big Muddy valley 5.1 „ record oftcsts 26 „ S;iskalchcwan: classification of 14 Swift Current district 44 „ Wood Mountain district 46 Clayhank: clays .it 66 Coal seams 52 lignite mine. Consumers Coal ( o.- Cyoress Hills beds. . . „ „ district : clays of. 65 tl 27 Dirt Hills district: clays of 66 Dominion Fire Brick and Clay I'roilucts Co 2, 70 Drying defects Saskatchewan clays 25 E Eastcnd: clays at ^(> „ „ analysis 40 Estevan beds 9 clays at 74 „ Coal and Brick Co 2, 74 Estuary: clays at ^'' Fireclays 14, 15 Flint cl.iys 15 Fossil plants in Willows clay Fuel: transportation and source of supply 59 3 9i (>as producer tests on Soiiris tf).il . . . CicoloKV, general, of S. Saskatcla-wun , (ilaciation (iypsum G flalhrite: clays at Hebron Fire ami F-'acu Hrick Co. Herbert: clay al II liKMite useil l)> PAGB 4 5 U. 13 44 73 4 86 Introductory. I.ake-of-the-Rivers district; clays of. Lancer district: clays of I.ebret : clay at Lignite Lucky Lake: ochrcous clay Luinsden: clav at 57 87 85 41, 46, 47, 4N, 61, 0.<, 64, 65, 66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 87 85 NLinufacturinn: mctlicKls .Maple Leaf Mines, Ltd Medalta Stoneware, Ltd Melville: ciiy at Mitchellton: clays at NUxlellinK clays M<«)sejaw: t l.iyworkinK ni.ilerial |KH)r Mortlacli : clav at M Neville: clavs at. N Ochrcous clay, Lucky Lake Old Fort Walsh, clays of. . . O 16 2 16 84 64 16 85 80 45 87 20 Palisade: clays at. 30 Pierre shale 6, 44, 45 Pilot Butte Brick Co „ clays at Pinto ( oal and Brick Co „ shales Poiitcix: clay at Pyrometers, thermo-electric 3 81 78 78 46 23 Qu'appelle valley: clay working material. Ravenscrag lieds clays at . R Regina: clays at, poor quality. „ Beach: shales tested . . Roche Percte : clays at 82 10 31 80 85 77 S Saltcoats: clay at 84 Sand-lime brick made at Pilot Butte 81 Sandstone: Fox hills 6, 7 Saskatchewan Clay Products Co 70 „ Coal, Brick and Power Co 75 Scumming 24 Segcr cones 22 93 PACE Scwerpipe clays 1 <> Shale: Odan.ili at Tantallon 82 Shand : clays t "S Coal uid Brick Co 2 Stoneware clays l'> Stoughton: clays at ''' Siiiiiinerl«rry: clay at • • • S*! S*ift Current : clays at 44 T Tantallon: Olanah sliale f*2 Twelve Mile lake: clays of 48 V Veritas firing system 23 \ iceroy: clays at ^>4 W Wcyburn Brick Co _2 „ clays at "4 WhiteburninR refractory clays: only plant using Wi Whitemud beds '* U'illowbunch : clays at S3 Willows: flays at S7 Wood Mountain district: clays of 46 Wfxxlrow: clays at 4S Wolseley : quality of brick made at >*1 Y Yellow (irass: clays at 73 CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES MINES BNANCH r*(i'i M»>.riN HiiKHi II, M,>«i', 11 M. K ('. ( i .jnni 1 1 It ► n'» ,V,n CUOKMI HaaHKL Ph D DinffCTOf* ItIT ilittillAiril 7 -^ .: i^^^^^^^^^ttii^' ■■■■"■' 11 NES ifriiTr MiM'ittw LEGEND Culture Water 1 .*::*. '4^-^ BuUdtnga Lull «« and sUniKhft !«*j ! "^ "ntwtm Rtwn* and alroniia Wawr mm^) t=rz-r~^ r\ _ lUMute Marshes Relief Ml Contotira • P sf I m n u ii cimtoiicm L'lIT'J -3000-^ S<-cUaB tinmiilsslBs ftfana ■^ "*"^»'-*««- CcononUc gealo^ XX I , Ran^ numbers Haihrag^M Outcrops or WWt« cl^ 430 Sample number L * J <:h«lTrhsl , A ; FoMOCftoM CesMtsrtos ^4iV«MM^> H^fMAr ■f !• ":.,^- SOUTHERI^ SASKATCI CYPRESS HILLS SHEET SHOwiM* ouTcnop* or THE TVHITK CL.AVS NIAM lASTKND, ALOM* VALLtV OW THI ntCNCMMAN I Sraln 06.000 Srafa. /M ■«•> lo / tack Nor* Fof pracrical purpe*«« assuma l)k MlkSa TO I INCH ! Ml A 91 % j /;: "Vlj"' v" V' ■ XXI> ttlt. r1^ 1 MMrn' mrmi 4«t T AVS ICMMAN KIVKM TOMMHAPMV •COUMY ;>« XXi Hallway* Hc-hoola I'hiirrlMa l^wtomeM Caawtsvtaa f" 4.*- ri^ar ^^rtNMMiUv gMiluHy Ouicropa of WliMa rhfv ■•»' *i > i.