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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 
 
 -Nil .i"d ISO ffST CHART No 2 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 "^ IB 
 
 ^ mil 2.0 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 ^ ,4PP|_IErQ ||V1^(3£ 
 
I i / 7 
 
 "l 
 
 > < 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 ON 
 
 Water in Relation to Disease, 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM l!AVAi;i), \\. I).. I.L. D. 
 
 Chnirman aj Ihf I'rorinriat linaul 0/ Health. 
 
 ' 
 
 
udMrtMHto. 
 
 JUL 3- 1953 ^^^ 
 
 i MUSEUM 
 
 \\ 
 
 i'J 
 
>" ''-"il^liinir.. wifl, tl„. r..,u..st nf tl... ,n..,nlK.rs ,.f tli. 
 
 "'""•"' <'""•"■■' "'■ ■^•- -'"I"," .. ••Xa„n„:,l Co.ui.il 
 
 <'t U.mun ,,|- Cana,!.," to .j- ,1,,,,,, ,.„ ,„,,,,,.,, .^, „,_, 
 
 '"'""•'I "uvtii.ir of tlu.ir us>,.,,atin„, I sdo,-t..,l tor ,nv 
 Mil-i-.t, -W-Mrv in K,.|afin„ f„ I .is,.as,.," I,..li,.vi,„.. a/| 
 •l"- tl'^" •!"■ 'ieatl... froM. tvpl.oi." frvrr i,, this -itv an, 
 """••■ >nnH..ro,.s tl.an tl...v sl,o„i.l !.,■, an.l lookin- Cnr ,1... 
 •■aiiM.. I ,a., not h.I,, f....|in.r that the water is a iar-e tiietor. 
 If my .•on,.ln>ions an. .orr,..'!. it is ,nv .I.ity t.. irivo a warn- 
 in- unu: \ a.u ^u^U awa.v that many l.dieve the eause to 
 exist m .L.teelive .in.ina-e. This is fallaeious. The -erin 
 is not .onveye.l l,y th.. atnu.-phere: it nn.st he sualhrxve.l. 
 While yiehlin^r t„ the re,|,uvst of nianv to publish the 
 '•"""vvin^^r remarks. I ,nnst elaitn th- privilege of savin.r 
 that the Mihjeet is hy t.u tnea.is exha.iste.l : ti.ne vvo.il.l" i.ot 
 Jierinit. 
 
 St. ,W,„. Kb. «,l,, ,,,01. W.llAVAKD. 
 
 l\ 
 
Ik' 
 
WATER IN RELATION TO DISEASE, 
 
 in- \VII.I,I.\\| |{\V.\|;|). \I. I)., L.i,. [,., 
 
 Ch'iinnun „/ the l\.uii„i„l llnir.t „f llf.ilih. 
 
 \.\h\ I'UKSIliKMS : 
 liAIUKS A.NI) (iKNlI.KMKN : 
 
 U.hhI luniltli U tl,e ^'n.at.'st l.l...si„ir that ci.i, l,.- con- 
 kTre.i npcn inaiikin.l, an.l ul.m it in a.v.,nipa.,i...l l,v 
 in.M.tal aii.l ImmIHv viir-.r it in priroliss. Without it. woaltl, 
 «aii not h.. .■,.j,,v...l; with it. povortv can W oii.Iiirvd. Y.'t 
 h<'vv tow vahic it until they lu'iriii to |,..s,. it. 
 
 A wisi. physician has Kii.l : "The fat., of man is in l,is 
 own lian.ls. Me ,,,n now chooso iK'tw,..,, hoalth an<l .lis- 
 oas,., not pi.fhai.s always individually. Cor tlu- sins of tlu- 
 fatlHTs may 1... visit.-.! u|.oii us, ,.r tho .'untoms „f lifo. an.l 
 thf .hains .,f .•ivilizati,)n and s.n-ial .Mistoms may t^all ws, or 
 ev.-n ..ur f..||.,w man may deny us health, or the' iTnowle.'l.re 
 which lea.is to h.-alth. I{ut as a ra.-e n.an h.dds his ow-n 
 destiny, and ean .hoose hetwe.n i^ood an.l evil, and as time 
 unrolls the s.-henie ..f the worl.l, it is not too much to ho],e 
 tliat the choice may lie sro.xl." 
 
 Losrislators, re.-oirnizinir th.' fact that manv diseases are 
 largely pu-ventable, have i'lia.te.l laws for that object uiid 
 appointed 15oanls of Health t.. enforce the laws. But man 
 is so tenacious of his liberty of action, that he will not he 
 dra,i,OH.ne.l int.. the ohservanee of them until he is e.Iu.'ate.l 
 as t.. their hemtit. Henee it is tlie .luty of the Sanitarian 
 to educate him up.ui the vari.-us points connecte.l with his 
 health, an.l that of th..se .lependent upon him. It is with 
 this view that I a.ldress y.iu this evenin- An.l, when 
 doniiT so, I purp,,se saying a few words to" you up..n Fre.'^h 
 Wi(trr.;\ necessary in<rre<lient in animal an.l vetretahle life. 
 
mtm 
 
 > i 
 
 I M.,..| M,.| ,a.S t„.VnM tlu.f;.l|,„,,,,|i.., ..ItVosI, wutrraiv 
 
 ''':'"•;' "•"•" ""• ' "ns.tion nf tl,.. .,,„. , vapor ..,.„- 
 
 '"""•''>•"•'•■ """H-|.h.n.. Ir is iriv,,. ,„ „. in tlu. furm of 
 
 Ul.trr ln„M ;•„,„, -/•,//,.. .v/„„„/.y. ;•„•,,•.. ,,„,| /„/,... T|„,,,, ,,^,. 
 
 ••"■'•.• ..M.lho.U of ,..„,i„:r 1,'o.mI uat.r >u,,|,|i.., ,,„■ .i.i,. 
 Ill- tn-t l,v irnpoMM.iin.i: tii.. wat.r lV,.„i ii„i„l,al,it. ,1 wat.r- 
 
 ""': """ '— ■'■^"i'--; -•■mhI. In M.,U,i,.^r .,. , „,,..,^ 
 
 that I-, uatrr.lraut, |roi,i tli.. int.-rMi.rH of M.ij ,„• ,,„.k j.^. 
 "•■IIh; an.l tl.ir.l. In tl,.. |„.rili,.ati,,„ „f .iv. r uai.-r, l.V 
 '■'"■""•••'I •"■•!"" aii.i liltiMlion, nr l„.t|, .ui.il.iti,,!. 
 
 In rv.,„.,t t., u|iol,.M.iii. .„.■.-. |.,,tal.ilitv a. Ml irni.Tal tif- 
 ".- lor ..nnki,,^, an.) l,.,u-.|,o|,| iM.rpn.,,. .,,ri,.^. uaU-r 
 >Im.mIs (,r,t. th.n .l....|, u,.|| „;,t..,, 'n,,,,.. ,.,.,^,,„, .^^ ^^^__ 
 I'l'i-"^ :<••<■ «tor..i rain uafr. an,| -uria. -■ «atrr Iron. 
 '•"!'i-""l '^'"'1. Tho-. a, .ian,..ron^ ar. >i,allou w.!! 
 nal.M-. an.l river uaf.r t..ul,i.|, >.ua-c -ain. a.^es. 
 
 IJviN Wm,:i, i. hi-l.ly ..rat...!, an.l -.vhen nn..ontaininat...l 
 ■v tl,.. r..v.Mnir M.ri;,,.... or l.y air ini|,..riti..<. is n..t nn- 
 li':ilil">. I'Mt It is ..^l.h.ni nl,iain,.,i lutiv. 
 
 WriKK KUoM \Vkm,s vari.s in -hara.l.r a-.-oniin- to tl,,- 
 •''•!'"' "t tl,.. W..II tn.tn Nvli..n....it is taken, ami tl,.. -e..l,,iri,,,i 
 >lrata tl,r,.n.|, u|,i,.|, i, ,„,..„. ,, j, ,.,,,i,„^,^, ^,^.^^-_^ ^,^^;,|^^^^ 
 
 )v..i] uiij .Irani its .M.rronn.lin- ^.r,.,,,,,! ..,,ual t.. lonr times 
 
 Its <le|,tll. 
 
 KiVKi! W.ATKK is >o|t..r that, well uat.r, hut it is very 
 
 '='''!*' •" >in|„iriti..s Iron, the intak.. of .Iraina-e al.m- it's 
 
 ^<wk>. lis .•on.taiit iii,.venient. a.i.l th.. |,r. -en...- ,.f fr.s),. 
 
 w^tt.r plants in it, help t,. purity it, hut they .1,, not .l,.>tr..v 
 
 all th". irern.s it may contain. 
 
 Laki: Watkk is a sta.irt.ant wat...-. an.i ol.tains its ..hara.'- 
 ''•'• l'-"M. the surr,.un.lin- .listriets whi.l, .Irain into if 
 ll"i>-<' It shoul.l 1... .•aivfnlU pr..t....te.l. fn.lee.l, lik.. river 
 wat.r. It IS s,.|,|oiii safe \vitli(.iit tiltratioii. 
 
 Ti.K <2rAMiTV OF Watkr re.,uire.l for h..alth an.l other 
 |;Mrp,.ses has lu.en plaee.l at ten ,i:ali.,ns .lailv per in.livi.iuul 
 »"■• .loinestie purposes, ten *■ - nu.ni..ipal purposes, a.i.l ten 
 '"'■ tra'le. |<or .•xaii.pl..: (ilas-ow receives 3o i^allons per 
 
AiUnss ,,„ Wiiirr ,,i l{.l,il„,„ i,. />/v,„.v, . f 
 
 'lav i-.r lu-ii.l: I,iv<r|.<.ol, HO; K.liiil.nrirli, ;!.'.; I'ari-*. 31; 
 I.HiHinn, :U. While tl.r |M.u,.|.. „| It,,, , iiv a,., onlinir f.'. 
 tln> rfiM.rl ..ftli.' ICiiiriiir.r ut' liir S.w.nii.'.' iiinl Wafor Sup. 
 |,ly_n..-,.i\v ii|.uar.lH ..f 1I7 irall.Mm |...r .lav. ..l.taii.r.l l-v" 
 irravitatioM. \u>n\ l/iftio RivtT mi f|,r ..a..f si.l... aii.l Spni.",. 
 Lake ni, thr w,M. Tliat for il„. .,s,' of tl.c .iiv pa-v- .|,,\vm 
 til.' riv.r into a poml — | .an not .lii,'iiiiy it l.v tli.- nanir of 
 rf:„.iv..ii— Iroiri tlifii.i- it i> .li-tiil.iit.'i| l.v pipc^. 
 
 N'"\v, ii will not !..■ .rHpiii.'.l that a rfsrrvoir, li..!.iiiii: 
 
 vvati.'!' tor .Iriiikiiiy piirpos.>. .] |,| I,,. i,s .loan an. I as pun- 
 
 an the tiiiiiM.T from wh.ii.c th.' water is >\vallo\v.M|. (In.- 
 woul.l not vvillin,i.'k drink from a soilcl v..ss,.|, nor .an w,. 
 .•xpi'.-t to r.'ct'ivc piir.' wjii.M- from a rnhhi-h hoi... L,.t no. 
 sec what the KiiirirH.rr .-avs in ITw report .if lH!t7: 
 
 " M.' inform^ in thai in th.- ^prinir li.- rem..vf<l ll.-,0 tn-ert 
 :mi.1 5L't; var.K of rnl.hi,}, fr.-m it. Later ..n in summer, 
 uh,n fh.. water iia.i fall.n. an.) tla- shallows wheiv tliJ 
 timher wa^ [...lire.! heeaine hr... th.- i^r.-nn.! wiis seen to he 
 .'over.'.l with lo^'s. roofs, ,tiimp> an. I fallen tiv.s. ,,v.r a t..tal 
 area of aho-it W\\ acres; in.le.'.i. s,. ahnn.lant was th.' .I.'hris 
 that th.' w..rk ..f th.' pre.'e.lim; m.>nlhs .li.l n.it sh.iw at all. 
 Th.' writer walk.'.! a.'r.iss the main area of tiie reservoir, 
 two Imn.lre.l feet to the ..pposit.' si.l.. an.l ha. k airain. on' 
 this expanse of deeaye.l and deeaNin-,' woo.l. 
 
 -On Se|.teml.er Kith a f.'w men were pla.-ed heri' i,Mther- 
 iii^' the rnhhish and iMirninir it. This w.,rr: was eoiitimied 
 for two weeks while the water remaine.l low, ami an area 
 of about an a.'tv cleaned wy at a .'.ist of $«!t.4<>. It must 
 lu' home ill min.l that thissurfa.-o was entirely covered with 
 roots, rnhhish, an.l .L'.'ayed l..j.'s, many <,f whi.di di.l not 
 i'ven float when the water was up. tlie overiiii; heiiii,' so 
 complet.' that the surface soil was invisihle from the slmre, 
 and we eouhl walk over the .lecayinir matter in anv .liroe- 
 tioii. A eontiniianco of this work, as opportunity offers, 
 woul.l teii.l to iarj,'ely improve the water. It would also be 
 well in this .•onnoction tor the city t.) acjuire the title in 
 fee for the lands surroumliiiLr tliis part of the reservoir." 
 
:,' - .! 
 
 JiA^^i-.S 
 
 
 ' '.""'"■"""•"".-hlv drain..] s„I.;„ir 
 ■'■y '•'■^••i-v..ir. Tl„. ..|,erati,.n .if' 
 
 ^ iis it ri'iiiaiiis uur ,>iil\ mtnI. 
 
 '^v.^v,.a,■.a^oha,| a'n.a:,i,.al WK.,., in..l..ansi,,:,'tlH;ua;..r; 
 
 I-atshH.tan.nH.nt,lKa--TI..lan,l.suno;n,.li„,Mh k 
 t^lnmld a, I Ik- acjiiiivd/- ~ 
 
 Can iictfcr I'vidmrf I,,' r»i|iiir,.,| i|,.,,, tl i 
 t . » 1 r 1 T |innii man the al((i\c ivnort 
 
 ^"•:"--;'-l'm.,.f,„.,„i,„-...l i„ tl,.. waM-. l.v , " 1 . 
 ^-nu,. tlK. ,,,.n,l .......iv..., ,„ ls:.7. .,.. not , .p^a d H 
 
 t''->y-u-: an.l why tlK. auM,.,ntk.s n-„„M . ',„. XV 
 
 ^ Avonl.l asstniu. the n 
 "t th.'ir Kni'iiM...r mif^n 
 
 l'"nsil,ility,.n.„„,in;rth.. a.ivi.... , '''"''' 
 
 exIiihitL.ns, ,.t,. it <|,„m1.I 1,. <■ ..1 ■ ' 
 
 . I .. It Ml. ,111. 1 |„. t.,rtl,c.,„ninir t.. prc.Vfnt Avk 
 ■H'>s. [atnv.Tv ii-la.! to K.^irn tli..t tl 1 i '"r-Hk- 
 
 th.. iM.n.i 1,., r ''^^ '=""' ■^"••'•(.iindinir 
 
 n. pon.i ha> b.,en lanvha.,.,!. tlu.r..l,v piwrntin.. .„..!, .,Z 
 
 'I'liis state ,)f afrair: 
 
 K'r..f the- I'n.vin.-ial I{„ani .,f He: 
 
 •'■■; " '"" "^■"■- '" >ny n.jH.rt as nn-n 
 
 I 111 ],s,s8, I l.n.uu-ht 
 
 ^-w..Mun.,..th.n.>ti......th..a.,;h;;;.it;::^^^r 
 
 ''''••• V*^J- --tor is n.,r..hr..unH.an it sh.,nl,ll,.TM^^ 
 'I'"-- - 1;.- U0..I hy ti,.. .I.....,ni,„.iti,.„ ,,■ K,„,J , 
 stumps.., .h.a.I tn.es ail.,w...l t.. .-..main ;., ,..,.";'"'' 
 
 I 
 ■main in tho n.scrv.)ir. 
 
 ,,,1; 11,,,. ■■i.iiii III ii(,. roscr\'.)ir 
 
 "■l-h.>ul. V,n.nK..liat..Iy,vm.nv.l: a fLm-.. sh.m . J 
 
 s;;U'r:;n".:;:--';:jL:t:^',::r:r'- 
 
 IHro.l intil lS<t7 if,,,,. , ' ' ''"'" that 
 
 "'"." .'•^^''; JI "i.v Mppoal was .•„nsi.h.r,..i w.>rtlil,..s 
 •'Muther opunon sh..uhl have l,..en .,htain..,|. ' 
 
.■-X,,-' ,rf 
 
 A,Un.s nn \\\,t,r n, Ihh.tu.n U, DIsm.r. 
 
 1 liavc aliviuh s;ii.| that riv 
 
 <■!■ Wiitor is lial.l,. t„ ini|niri. 
 
 '— , M.,,,.lu.,ll,vLi,rl..Knv. V.-n luuvals.. h.anl u 
 l;r...r ... th,. u.,., partial .l.a.nn, it .v..iv.I in l^^ ! 
 
 ;-'n---.sal..,,.M.i.,,..,,.).a,,,i,,.a.,,,.ui, taL on v 
 
 • An.l I >a, , a. ha.l h. sai,l ,l,o„san.|. ins,.a.l of Inni- 
 <i-ls 1... w..ul,i hav.. l....n n-anr tl... ,„ark. I ,1., not 
 
 nH.an u, a,v,,s. Inn. of wiln.lly ,l,...r..asin^ tlu. n„n,U.rJm 
 that [lis apparatus tor .'onnti 
 
 \ liavr nodoiil.t patliocriMiic ,r,l 
 
 I'li: iim-t hav.. U'nn (K-fi-.tivc. 
 
 'I' lllScas(.-pi-o,||,,.i|,jr j,^.,., 
 
 -W..V not lou„,l in tiu. wat,.r. This is .x.nsal.l., h.:..a„s. 
 
 ^. U. Uu.h th.y a,. r,.adilv W.,..t..l in ,1... hntuan ho.l^^ 
 an.l ,, thi. c.x.Mvtx.ns ,rn,n th.. houds or ki.ln.vs 
 
 Tl;« nnyority of infectious ,lis,.as..s an. ..a„s;.,l hv>„i..ro- 
 -^an,sn.s. Th.r. ar. tWur wav. in wind, th.v n.av ! . ^ 
 
 o body nan.dv: hv ingestion, hv inhahuio„;hv ino..ula- 
 tion. and hy r.ui.r,.n.tal transmission. 
 The. .ni,.roor^.n,i„„, ,,,,•,,, ^^.|, ^ 
 
 tins ovcnu,. ,s tiu- Typhoi.|.Khc.rths.I{a..ilius. a v. tali" 
 
 l.laut, knou-n as th. ..aus. of that .loadly .lis^aso-t^phoid 
 n.v..r-a proventahK. .lis.as.. and on. standing touV h . 
 l^HermV"' l^'^^"' •■•"'•■'• ^•"- "---op;., and ,na: 
 
 house fly, w,th us w.n.^s ro.uov.d, and al.out tu-o-thirds its 
 ..ze. It ,s very U.nadous of lif., ,..,hl not att;.,.tin,. it, hut 
 five •"■MUtc.s ho.hn,. kills it. It hasheen known to livo 
 
 three .nonths ,n a d..ad hu.nan hody. nin.tv davs in water 
 an< on,, euou.h to travel hundreds of ndles in that ^!^^. 
 It las also heeu known to travel a n.ile u..,Ier i.rouu.1 
 ro.u.h,n. a well and produein. the disease. lU..^ ijjii 
 ;-'-- hut flows with the streatn. It reaehcs the water- 
 l.ere ,f ,s too often found-throu,,^h .Iraina.^e eonvevi,.,. 
 the exeret.ons tron. a hun.an h..in,.. havin,. tvphoi.l feVer' 
 when there, ,t nu.ltipiios with marvellous rapi.litv It is 
 
10 
 
 Ai/ihrss u)t Wdtir in Hifnlinn ti, Dlsinsi. 
 
 '*•'. 
 
 ' ■'■"I 
 til 
 
 I'liiiincd tliiit iihoiit Diic ill torty wlio drink tlio water con- 
 tainiiiir if take tiic ilisca-o, and tiiat ninety {ler cent, ot' the 
 eases are caused liy driiikiiii,'' water, and h\ the water in 
 which tlic cans tliat c.iitain milk are washed. The irernis 
 are never toimd in milk except thn»uii-h water and soiled 
 hands. Tiny ^jrow rajiidly in milk, and more ra]iidlv in 
 skim-milk. 
 
 'I'yplioid fever is ;.l\\ay> caused hy tiie i^eriiis deserihed. 
 Tliey can ol.tain ai'ce.-s hv the mouth only to tlie liunian 
 hody. not l.y the lireath; they must lie swallowed. The 
 uorms may he conveyed Ky water, tliroiiirh milk; hy the 
 ever-]ire>ent house tly: hy oysters icrown near drains; hv 
 cockles; hy ctlery when soiled hy polluted earth; and hv 
 soiled hands, clothes, etc. Let lis suiniose an individual to 
 have swallowed the 1,'ernis; the iiicuhation stai,'e of the 
 disease — that period in which tlu' cause lies dormant in 
 the system liefoi'i' the symptoms develo]i — varies troni six 
 to thirty days, with an avera<,'e of twelve days. The tem- 
 perature ri'acho its heiijht in ahoiit eiirlit davs. In the 
 event of death, it usually takes place hetwi'cn the tweiitv- 
 tirst and the twenty-eiirhtli days, the majority (,f deaths 
 Ofciirriiii; hctween the ai^'es ot' 1") and .■).-). .\iid the i,'eneral 
 mortality — so I'ar as has hecii ascertained — is ahoiit seven 
 per cent. I!ut the disease is too often mistaken for malaria. 
 The sickness liviierally lasts iietweeii three and eiii'ht weeks, 
 and tlie convalescent may retain tlie irerms for weeks after 
 he considers himself well. A mother can not transmit tlie 
 disease to her mirsiiii:: infant except l)y want of eloanliness. 
 
 The disease is most n>iially prevalent in the months of 
 .\uij:ust, Septemher, < >ctolier and Xovemher, hiit it often 
 appears in tiie sprinir months, after a thaw, the ,>ierni haviii<r 
 heen carried from the hanks into the rivers and shallow 
 Wells. When it is distrihuted in varioii.s jmrts of a district 
 furnished with water from rivers or shallow wells, we may 
 look for the cause in the water; when it ap|)ears ehietlv 
 anions; children, we should follow the milkman. The dis- 
 ease' mav, and often is. convevetl hv iced water. 
 
ityffv 
 
 .1 (/(//•». V.s ((/( Wlltl' 
 
 liiliiliiiii t(i Disi US 
 
 11 
 
 'riiiTi' is iil)tiii(i;mt cvidciiri' iirovitii; tliiit typlioid t'ovor 
 in a wnttT-liorti ilisoasf. Xd iii:m wlio oliscrvcs ninl ri'iids 
 can csfupf tilt' conviction. But there arc sonic minds not 
 easily convincid. It is such the Sanitarian must i-ducatc. 
 It" the iiiitieliever will look at tin' records of ls;i4. retrurdinir 
 places where thi' water is C()n>idei'ed i,''ood. lie will tind that 
 the mortality from tyjdioid fi'M-r varit's t'roni .'5 to 8 jicr 
 100,(10(1 jivinsr: if ahove that immhcr in a district, the 
 water is looked niioii as thr cause of thi' inci'ca-^c In dis- 
 tricts I'onsidi'ii-d doulitful, a> Chicaijro, rhilaiU'ljiliia. and 
 Allianv. until this year the death rate from that disease 
 varies from ol to ao. He woidd learn that in those towns 
 in the Tnited States, where the wattr is notoi'iousjy had, 
 the death rate from the diseasi' uenerally reaches loO or 
 mnre per loo.ooo. 
 
 lie would learri hy overwiiclmiiit^ cvideiu'c that the 
 excretions from a sinirle 4-ase of typhoid fever. ha\iii^ heeii 
 thrown on the snow at tiic hank of the rivei- siipplyini^ the 
 town of I'lymonth, I'a.. with water, so |)olliited it as to 
 cause 1,200 cases ot' the disease witidn a few weeks. Tlu' 
 town contained H,000 iidialiitants, and the <;ei-ms were 
 carried in the wati'r nearly 40 miles. He would learn that 
 germs have lived lon^- ti;oui:li in the Merrinnie river to 
 travel OS,') miles. 
 
 lie would learn that iioston is now spendinir §in.OOO,000 
 for the purpose of purityinLT the water tor its people; that 
 it i> reported that I'hiiadelphia will shortly spend $12,00<(.- 
 000 tor the same purpose; and that Alhany last year spent 
 ??jO0,O0O, with the result that already the inimhcr of deatlus 
 from tyiihoitl fever hasc decreased from n.") to "24 per 
 100,000. He woidd also learn that in all places where the 
 water has heen purified hy filtration hefore delivery, there 
 the mortality from typhoid (ever has heen prop(^rtionately 
 small. Kor example, after the introdiu'tion of yood water 
 into Vienna, the mortality fell from 12 per 10.000 livimr to 
 1. In .Munich it fell from 2!t j.er 10,000 to 1. 
 
 While it is universallv ueknowledijed that the hacillus 
 
 '-- . 
 
 m 
 
12 
 
 .\i/i/ir.-<.-: ni, Willi r :„ liihiliiiil In ])isiilS(. 
 
 I'l typlloicl ('ever nl.t;iil|s ;|,.,..-s t.. tlir lllllliail l)H(|y l,v Wlltor, 
 
 ill a very larL;c iiiajMrity <>t itisramr^. i'rut'cssor Victor ('. 
 \ auuiiaii was >v[\{ ia-t year l.y the liiifcd States (iovcrri- 
 iiKiit to iiiVfstiuatf the <aii~r <>\' t' I disease aiiioiiir .'}(),IM)0 
 troo|.. station. d at .la.l<.oi,viiic, I 'a. II,. t'oiiiid tliat tla- 
 inliahitaiii- ami (lie MiMi.T- <lraiil< tVoin tlic same artesian 
 "■'•"• 'ii '!'*■ '■ity tii.^i-r wrr.- very f.'- ■■ascs, l)iit cacli rciri- 
 lii'iil iia.l from :;()n to 4ii(i. The soMi r- lived in tents not 
 tar troni the latrines; their I'ooii was on tanles exposed to 
 tlie eoirimon house My. Lime w a < spread oil the contents 
 nf the latriiK's. and th.' Hie.-, were tra.-ed to the food l.y the 
 
 li'ii ' 'li''if f»'et. The troops were sent to different stations 
 
 without favourahle rcMilt, when tlie clothes, lilankets and 
 tents Were thoroughly clean-ed and disiiit'ecte(l. AtU'r ttiat 
 was done, am! iuo \veel<~ !,,..! < lapse. 1. iu.t a.a-.- .d' feVer 
 a|.p..ar.'il aiiioiiu- th.. sol,li,.r-. With siieli evid.'iiee hetore 
 lis it is l,ut [•.■as.iiialile to cm-lmle that the tly is a fa.-tor in 
 tlu- ^pi-eail .it' the diseas... Aiioth.r cause of the spread 
 may he found in the >..il.il han.ls .if the iii.ithcr or the 
 niirsi'. 
 
 \\ e lia\.' no in. 'alls of knowiiiu the irern'ral death rate 
 in this i.ro\ine... IJiit wh.n we .•..nipare the typhoid death 
 rat.' of St. dohn with tlmse <.f similar climates havinir ir'>od 
 wat.u'. \\f timl, as I hav.^ alr.ady staled, that the death rate 
 raiiu'.'^ from three to eiulit per inii.dOi) liviii;r. While, 
 within th.. last eleven iiionths, we have had in St. didiii, 
 ■with its 40.(1110 iiihaliitants, seventy-four cases, with ten 
 deaths, ami the eases have proirressivtdy increased from 
 sev.Mit.'cii in ix'.t:} to seventy-nine in tlie present year, ex- 
 i-.-pt in lx!ts, when they fell from tifty-f.uir to ten. It niav 
 he presumed in ciu!se.|uence of tin- partial eleaniiii:- of the 
 ]>ond the year lut'ore, and the nuiioval of the " coinp.ist 
 heaji" from its hank. Do n.)t such facts stroii<rly j.oint to 
 the water as the .-ause'r Th.' pr.)]iortioii of' dc:iths is larjje 
 fertile numhir ot' casts, hut this may lie accounted for liy all 
 the cases not ha\iiii:- heen re|i.u'ted. ( )ne ease occurred in 
 January, .iiie in .May. Hve in .Vneust. si.xteen in Septeinher, 
 
Aihlriss III! \\'<it(r ill liiliitiiiii In /),s,i 
 
 Tlio 
 
 s<eviiitorii 111 ()ct.)l><T, and tliirty-toiir in XoviihIkt 
 ciisos wci-i" l(icatv(l ill various ]>arts nt' the <itv. 
 
 Krotii tilt' iiltuvo ri'|i<>rt. it is dear that there arc iiiuic 
 tvphdid (Icatlis yearly in tliis city than there siioiil.l he it" 
 rlio town liaii ln(»,(i(Mt iiihahitaMt>. It may he ( laiiiied that 
 the water shoiihl not be crcditcil with all the cases. It is 
 I)o»ii>lc that a convales.^crit fioiii the tever inii.'-ht iiitrudiiee 
 the tirst case in a coTiinninity, and tiie tiics and carelessness 
 cause its spread. \',\\t in such case tiie di-ease could he 
 traced to its oritrinal -nurce, and it wouhl imt I.e distriliuti-d 
 over the town, as in the in-esint in>tance. 
 
 Throwing aside the hunianitarian cuiisideration, and 
 reasoiiinif from a monetary stand|ioiiit, the i|Uestinii mav 
 
 he asked, what are those ten lives worth to the citv? lives 
 
 as they c-,nerall_\ are, takt'ii at the nio^t active period, he- 
 tweeii the a,>;es of 1,') and 40. It has heeii coin|.iited that 
 each adult life in thi^ country is worth -SlJlOK to the State. 
 Allowin-f thirty days of sickness to each case, wo have a 
 Tiioney loss of thousands of dollars for deatlis and sickness 
 that can and should he prevented. 
 
 Assiiniiiiir' that the iiicrcasi'd d.atii rate in this citv i.s 
 omitted hy the cliaracter of the water distrihuted to its people 
 liy the authorities, who do not forLT* t to charLte heavilv for 
 that which they sell, the (juestion may he aske(l. are tliev 
 not hound to furnish a wholesome article? It will ndt 
 al>solve them from tH'S](onsil)ility to say thev are doiii;; the 
 best tiiey can with tiie means at their disposal. If tliev 
 ajipreciated the danirer I well know they would seek u 
 remed3-. What is that remedy? It consists in the slow 
 and thorough t'lfm/inn of all water for drinkinir purposes 
 thronirh layers of sand before it is distril)uted to the people. 
 The necessity for such tiltration is appeciated. as appears i>v 
 the millions of money that has been, and is beini,^ >pent for 
 that purfiose. I know of no town in Kiiirland, or on the 
 continent of Kiirope. receivin-.^ its water supply from siieli a 
 source as ours, that the water is not filtered before it is 
 distributed. 
 
Hi J 
 
 14 
 
 Aili/ri>s nil Wiifir ill Hiliitiiiii /i, IMskisi. 
 
 V.' 
 
 It is Will knnwii that tv|(lioi(i tcvcr is jn-fvuli'iit in comi- 
 trv districts. 'I'liis is lari;t'ly causcil I'v the water t'roni 
 shiilhiir ii-i/ls. A faniifr licilds a ln'usc, diirs a well tweiitv 
 ti'ct or less (lee|). rt'i:anlless of its proximity to liarii-vard or 
 jirivy, and possihiy on lower ijroiind than eithi'r. Ileaeeepts 
 the water I.ecaiise it. is hriujht, <lear, and ijood in taste — 
 a tallai-ions test — lucaii^e the water may ni'Vertheh-sM con- 
 tain jrerms. lie siionld he taii<riit that tlie location of t lie 
 Well is of the first consideration: it should l)e placed on 
 elevated Lfround, so as to prevent the possihilify of leakaije 
 from harn-yaril or |.rivy into it. As I have already said, 
 typhoiil Lrerms have licen conveyed under irroiind into wells, 
 so pollutini,^ the water as to cause disease. ,\nd the well 
 of every vendor of milk should he inspected hefori' lie ob- 
 tains his license to s.ll. as the water with which he washes 
 his milk-pails, or that which he may add to the milk, mav, 
 without his knowle(lir,.. 1„. ,(> pcHnted as to I'ause tvphoid 
 le\fr, or tuiterciilosis. 
 
 A> I have alrea<ly explained, the coninion hou^e tlv, 
 haviiii; visited latriiicH containine' the exciH'tions t'roiii a ease 
 of the disease, may carry the L''ernis on their fe»'t. Hence, 
 when the disease is in a lioiisi\ they should he ex<'liideil 
 from all kind- of food. The neLde<-t of this precaution 
 prohalily accounts for the spreail of the disease in tilthv 
 districts. Attendants upon the >ick can not he too careful 
 in ohserviiin- tln> strictest cleanliness. Soiled clothes should 
 he hoiled ; and all water u>c<l tor drinkin<,r should he hoiled, 
 placed in sterilized hottles, corked with cotton-wool, and 
 kept in a cool place. 
 
 In conclusion, ladies and i,'entlemen, let me sav to 
 you, that in hringiiiLr this >uiiject to your notice, [ have 
 no wish or intention to cast any retlcction upon those 
 who are respon>ihle for the character of the water dis- 
 tributed to the people in this city; doubtless, tliej accepted 
 their eliart,'0 as they found it. I do so as a dutv pertain- 
 inir to my position as a member of the Provincial Board 
 of Health. 
 
. I (/<//•( .v.s ■'/( Wall r in /{ih:>ii>ti to Jjisiii.'<i. 
 
 ir» 
 
 While all airn-f that tlic iiiciiiIkts of tlif IJuani of Maii- 
 airciiicnt of tin- WatiT Supply luivo ptTtoriiud tlii'ir tiiiancial 
 duties t'aitlit'ully, k-t rnc sav ti» tlniii, that tlicy cinhracc hiit 
 11 t'ractiiMiai |iart of tlicir rcspoiisihility. Money nin he 
 replaced, Imt life eaii not. If it is true, as I have elaimed, 
 tliat lives iiave heen lost, ill (•((llseipleliee of the ehara<'ter of 
 the water, which should not have lieeii lost, then the resjioii- 
 siliiiity must fall upon those in charire ot' the siipplv — a 
 heavy one, indeed. It' my conciusions are doniitcd. all I 
 ask is, that they study the siilijecl. an<l seek fiirther advice. 
 The matter is ot' too much importance to he passed over 
 with the assertion, that it i> a lad of I»r. liayard's. The 
 day has passed for such a conclusion, proviiiir, as it (h)es, 
 ignorance, prejudice, or want of study. This suKject has 
 heeii hefore thi' authorities for years; nothiiii^ has heeii 
 done, while (K'ath, sickness and misery follow in the wake 
 of iK'ijlect. And we have a riLrht to assume that iiothiiii; 
 will lie done until |iressurc lias heen lu-ouLrht to hear upon 
 them. .\nd may I ask you to aid iii iu'iiiirinir that pressure, 
 study the suhject, and, if you helieve what I have >aid, 
 educate your neighhour to the same lieiief. 
 
 The ri'iiu-<ly ^,ill cost much money, and should not hi' 
 adoptid witlioiit due consideration and upiui the hcsf eiiui- 
 
 iieering advice ohtainahle. Hut when sickness and clea^h 
 
 with their attendant misei'ics — ai'e placed iu one scale, it 
 sliould reipiiri' a lari^e amount of money to outhalaiice it- 
 Man, as a rule, will he impresseil hy that wliicji he sees 
 rather than hy that which he hears. I am (piite sure that 
 if r could take some of tlie sceptics to the hedside of the 
 sick and dying, and let them witness the suffering and 
 lamentation of those losing dear ones, it would touch the 
 soft spot of the heart, and they would support the measure 
 at anv cost. 
 
 L,