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Chnirman aj Ihf I'rorinriat linaul 0/ Health. ' udMrtMHto. JUL 3- 1953 ^^^ i MUSEUM \\ i'J >" ''-"il^liinir.. wifl, tl„. r..,u..st nf tl... ,n..,nlK.rs ,.f tli. "'""•"' <'""•"■■' "'■ ■^•- -'"I"," .. ••Xa„n„:,l Co.ui.il <'t U.mun ,,|- Cana,!.," to .j- ,1,,,,,, ,.„ ,„,,,,,.,, .^, „,_, '"'""•'I "uvtii.ir of tlu.ir us>,.,,atin„, I sdo,-t..,l tor ,nv Mil-i-.t, -W-Mrv in K,.|afin„ f„ I .is,.as,.," I,..li,.vi,„.. a/| •l"- tl'^" •!"■ 'ieatl... froM. tvpl.oi." frvrr i,, this -itv an, """••■ >nnH..ro,.s tl.an tl...v sl,o„i.l !.,■, an.l lookin- Cnr ,1... •■aiiM.. I ,a., not h.I,, f....|in.r that the water is a iar-e tiietor. If my .•on,.ln>ions an. .orr,..'!. it is ,nv .I.ity t.. irivo a warn- in- unu: \ a.u ^u^U awa.v that many l.dieve the eause to exist m .L.teelive .in.ina-e. This is fallaeious. The -erin is not .onveye.l l,y th.. atnu.-phere: it nn.st he sualhrxve.l. While yiehlin^r t„ the re,|,uvst of nianv to publish the '•"""vvin^^r remarks. I ,nnst elaitn th- privilege of savin.r that the Mihjeet is hy t.u tnea.is exha.iste.l : ti.ne vvo.il.l" i.ot Jierinit. St. ,W,„. Kb. «,l,, ,,,01. W.llAVAKD. l\ Ik' WATER IN RELATION TO DISEASE, in- \VII.I,I.\\| |{\V.\|;|). \I. I)., L.i,. [,., Ch'iinnun „/ the l\.uii„i„l llnir.t „f llf.ilih. \.\h\ I'UKSIliKMS : liAIUKS A.NI) (iKNlI.KMKN : U.hhI luniltli U tl,e ^'n.at.'st l.l...si„ir that ci.i, l,.- con- kTre.i npcn inaiikin.l, an.l ul.m it in a.v.,nipa.,i...l l,v in.M.tal aii.l ImmIHv viir-.r it in priroliss. Without it. woaltl, «aii not h.. .■,.j,,v...l; with it. povortv can W oii.Iiirvd. Y.'t h<'vv tow vahic it until they lu'iriii to |,..s,. it. A wisi. physician has Kii.l : "The fat., of man is in l,is own lian.ls. Me ,,,n now chooso iK'tw,..,, hoalth an i I M.,..| M,.| ,a.S t„.VnM tlu.f;.l|,„,,,,|i.., ..ItVosI, wutrraiv ''':'"•;' "•"•" ""• ' "ns.tion nf tl,.. .,,„. , vapor ..,.„- '"""•''>•"•'•■ """H-|.h.n.. Ir is iriv,,. ,„ „. in tlu. furm of Ul.trr ln„M ;•„,„, -/•,//,.. .v/„„„/.y. ;•„•,,•.. ,,„,| /„/,... T|„,,,, ,,^,. ••"■'•.• ..M.lho.U of ,..„,i„:r 1,'o.mI uat.r >u,,|,|i.., ,,„■ .i.i,. Ill- tn-t l,v irnpoMM.iin.i: tii.. wat.r lV,.„i ii„i„l,al,it. ,1 wat.r- ""': """ '— ■'■^"i'--; -•■mhI. In M.,U,i,.^r .,. , „,,..,^ that I-, uatrr.lraut, |roi,i tli.. int.-rMi.rH of M.ij ,„• ,,„.k j.^. "•■IIh; an.l tl.ir.l. In tl,.. |„.rili,.ati,,„ „f .iv. r uai.-r, l.V '■'"■""•••'I •"■•!"" aii.i liltiMlion, nr l„.t|, .ui.il.iti,,!. In rv.,„.,t t., u|iol,.M.iii. .„.■.-. |.,,tal.ilitv a. Ml irni.Tal tif- ".- lor ..nnki,,^, an.) l,.,u-.|,o|,| iM.rpn.,,. .,,ri,.^. uaU-r >Im.mIs (,r,t. th.n .l....|, u,.|| „;,t..,, 'n,,,,.. ,.,.,^,,„, .^^ ^^^__ I'l'i-"^ :<••<■ «tor..i rain uafr. an,| -uria. -■ «atrr Iron. '•"!'i-""l '^'"'1. Tho-. a, .ian,..ron^ ar. >i,allou w.!! nal.M-. an.l river uaf.r t..ul,i.|, >.ua-c -ain. a.^es. IJviN Wm,:i, i. hi-l.ly ..rat...!, an.l -.vhen nn..ontaininat...l ■v tl,.. r..v.Mnir M.ri;,,.... or l.y air ini|,..riti..<. is n..t nn- li':ilil">. I'Mt It is ..^l.h.ni nl,iain,.,i lutiv. WriKK KUoM \Vkm,s vari.s in -hara.l.r a-.-oniin- to tl,,- •''•!'"' "t tl,.. W..II tn.tn Nvli..n....it is taken, ami tl,.. -e..l,,iri,,,i >lrata tl,r,.n.|, u|,i,.|, i, ,„,..„. ,, j, ,.,,,i,„^,^, ^,^.^^-_^ ^,^^;,|^^^^ )v..i] uiij .Irani its .M.rronn.lin- ^.r,.,,,,,! ..,,ual t.. lonr times Its o|t..r that, well uat.r, hut it is very '='''!*' •" >in|„iriti..s Iron, the intak.. of .Iraina-e al.m- it's ^. lis .•on.taiit iii,.venient. a.i.l th.. |,r. -en...- ,.f fr.s),. w^tt.r plants in it, help t,. purity it, hut they .1,, not .l,.>tr..v all th". irern.s it may contain. Laki: Watkk is a sta.irt.ant wat...-. an.i ol.tains its ..hara.'- ''•'• l'-"M. the surr,.un.lin- .listriets whi.l, .Irain into if ll"i>-<' It shoul.l 1... .•aivfnlU pr..t....te.l. fn.lee.l, lik.. river wat.r. It IS s,.|,|oiii safe \vitli(.iit tiltratioii. Ti.K <2rAMiTV OF Watkr re.,uire.l for h..alth an.l other |;Mrp,.ses has lu.en plaee.l at ten ,i:ali.,ns .lailv per in.livi.iuul »"■• .loinestie purposes, ten *■ - nu.ni..ipal purposes, a.i.l ten '"'■ tra'le. |/v,„.v, . f 'lav i-.r lu-ii.l: I,iv rfiM.rl ..ftli.' ICiiiriiir.r ut' liir S.w.nii.'.' iiinl Wafor Sup. |,ly_n..-,.i\v ii|.uar.lH ..f 1I7 irall.Mm |...r .lav. ..l.taii.r.l l-v" irravitatioM. \u>n\ l/iftio RivtT mi f|,r ..a..f si.l... aii.l Spni.",. Lake ni, thr w,M. Tliat for il„. .,s,' of tl.c .iiv pa-v- .|,,\vm til.' riv.r into a poml — | .an not .lii,'iiiiy it l.v tli.- nanir of rf:„.iv..ii— Iroiri tlifii.i- it i> .li-tiil.iit.'i| l.v pipc^. N'"\v, ii will not !..■ .rHpiii.'.l that a rfsrrvoir, li..!.iiiii: vvati.'!' tor .Iriiikiiiy piirpos.>. .] |,| I,,. i,s .loan an. I as pun- an the tiiiiiM.T from wh.ii.c th.' water is >\vallo\v.M|. (In.- woul.l not vvillin,i.'k drink from a soilcl v..ss,.|, nor .an w,. .•xpi'.-t to r.'ct'ivc piir.' wjii.M- from a rnhhi-h hoi... L,.t no. sec what the KiiirirH.rr .-avs in ITw report .if lH!t7: " M.' inform^ in thai in th.- ^prinir li.- rem..vf an. I fallen tiv.s. ,,v.r a t..tal area of aho-it W\\ acres; in.le.'.i. s,. ahnn.lant was th.' .I.'hris that th.' w..rk ..f th.' pre.'e.lim; m.>nlhs .li.l n.it sh.iw at all. Th.' writer walk.'.! a.'r.iss the main area of tiie reservoir, two Imn.lre.l feet to the ..pposit.' si.l.. an.l ha. k airain. on' this expanse of deeaye.l and deeaNin-,' woo.l. -On Se|.teml.er Kith a f.'w men were pla.-ed heri' i,Mther- iii^' the rnhhish and iMirninir it. This w.,rr: was eoiitimied for two weeks while the water remaine.l low, ami an area of about an a.'tv cleaned wy at a .'.ist of $«!t.4<>. It must lu' home ill min.l that thissurfa.-o was entirely covered with roots, rnhhish, an.l .L'.'ayed l..j.'s, many <,f whi.di di.l not i'ven float when the water was up. tlie overiiii; heiiii,' so complet.' that the surface soil was invisihle from the slmre, and we eouhl walk over the .lecayinir matter in anv .liroe- tioii. A eontiniianco of this work, as opportunity offers, woul.l teii.l to iarj,'ely improve the water. It would also be well in this .•onnoction tor the city t.) acjuire the title in fee for the lands surroumliiiLr tliis part of the reservoir." :,' - .! JiA^^i-.S ' '.""'"■"""•"".-hlv drain..] s„I.;„ir ■'■y '•'■^••i-v..ir. Tl„. ..|,erati,.n .if' ^ iis it ri'iiiaiiis uur ,>iil\ mtnI. '^v.^v,.a,■.a^oha,| a'n.a:,i,.al WK.,., in..l..ansi,,:,'tlH;ua;..r; I-atshH.tan.nH.nt,lKa--TI..lan,l.suno;n,.li„,Mh k t^lnmld a, I Ik- acjiiiivd/- ~ Can iictfcr I'vidmrf I,,' r»i|iiir,.,| i|,.,,, tl i t . » 1 r 1 T |innii man the al((i\c ivnort ^"•:"--;'-l'm.,.f,„.,„i,„-...l i„ tl,.. waM-. l.v , " 1 . ^-nu,. tlK. ,,,.n,l .......iv..., ,„ ls:.7. .,.. not , .p^a d H t''->y-u-: an.l why tlK. auM,.,ntk.s n-„„M . ',„. XV ^ Avonl.l asstniu. the n "t th.'ir Kni'iiM...r mif^n l'"nsil,ility,.n.„„,in;rth.. a.ivi.... , '''"''' exIiihitL.ns, ,.t,. it <|,„m1.I 1,. <■ ..1 ■ ' . I .. It Ml. ,111. 1 |„. t.,rtl,c.,„ninir t.. prc.Vfnt Avk ■H'>s. [atnv.Tv ii-la.! to K.^irn tli..t tl 1 i '"r-Hk- th.. iM.n.i 1,., r ''^^ '=""' ■^"••'•(.iindinir n. pon.i ha> b.,en lanvha.,.,!. tlu.r..l,v piwrntin.. .„..!, .,Z 'I'liis state ,)f afrair: K'r..f the- I'n.vin.-ial I{„ani .,f He: •'■■; " '"" "^■"■- '" >ny n.jH.rt as nn-n I 111 ],s,s8, I l.n.uu-ht ^-w..Mun.,..th.n.>ti......th..a.,;h;;;.it;::^^^r ''''••• V*^J- --tor is n.,r..hr..unH.an it sh.,nl,ll,.TM^^ 'I'"-- - 1;.- U0..I hy ti,.. .I.....,ni,„.iti,.„ ,,■ K,„,J , stumps.., .h.a.I tn.es ail.,w...l t.. .-..main ;., ,..,.";'"'' I ■main in tho n.scrv.)ir. ,,,1; 11,,,. ■■i.iiii III ii(,. roscr\'.)ir "■l-h.>ul. V,n.nK..liat..Iy,vm.nv.l: a fLm-.. sh.m . J s;;U'r:;n".:;:--';:jL:t:^',::r:r'- IHro.l intil lSrtlil,..s •'Muther opunon sh..uhl have l,..en .,htain..,|. ' .■-X,,-' ,rf A,Un.s nn \\\,t,r n, Ihh.tu.n U, DIsm.r. 1 liavc aliviuh s;ii.| that riv <■!■ Wiitor is lial.l,. t„ ini|niri. '— , M.,,,.lu.,ll,vLi,rl..Knv. V.-n luuvals.. h.anl u l;r...r ... th,. u.,., partial .l.a.nn, it .v..iv.I in l^^ ! ;-'n---.sal..,,.M.i.,,..,,.).a,,,i,,.a.,,,.ui, taL on v • An.l I >a, , a. ha.l h. sai,l ,l,o„san.|. ins,.a.l of Inni- „i..ro- -^an,sn.s. Th.r. ar. tWur wav. in wind, th.v n.av ! . ^ o body nan.dv: hv ingestion, hv inhahuio„;hv ino..ula- tion. and hy r.ui.r,.n.tal transmission. The. .ni,.roor^.n,i„„, ,,,,•,,, ^^.|, ^ tins ovcnu,. ,s tiu- Typhoi.|.Khc.rths.I{a..ilius. a v. tali" l.laut, knou-n as th. ..aus. of that .loadly .lis^aso-t^phoid n.v..r-a proventahK. .lis.as.. and on. standing touV h . l^HermV"' l^'^^"' •■•"'•■'• ^•"- "---op;., and ,na: house fly, w,th us w.n.^s ro.uov.d, and al.out tu-o-thirds its ..ze. It ,s very U.nadous of lif., ,..,hl not att;.,.tin,. it, hut five •"■MUtc.s ho.hn,. kills it. It hasheen known to livo three .nonths ,n a d..ad hu.nan hody. nin.tv davs in water an< on,, euou.h to travel hundreds of ndles in that ^!^^. It las also heeu known to travel a n.ile u..,Ier i.rouu.1 ro.u.h,n. a well and produein. the disease. lU..^ ijjii ;-'-- hut flows with the streatn. It reaehcs the water- l.ere ,f ,s too often found-throu,,^h .Iraina.^e eonvevi,.,. the exeret.ons tron. a hun.an h..in,.. havin,. tvphoi.l feVer' when there, ,t nu.ltipiios with marvellous rapi.litv It is 10 Ai/ihrss u)t Wdtir in Hifnlinn ti, Dlsinsi. '*•'. ' ■'■"I til I'liiiincd tliiit iihoiit Diic ill torty wlio drink tlio water con- tainiiiir if take tiic ilisca-o, and tiiat ninety {ler cent, ot' the eases are caused liy driiikiiii,'' water, and h\ the water in which tlic cans tliat c.iitain milk are washed. The irernis are never toimd in milk except thn»uii-h water and soiled hands. Tiny ^jrow rajiidly in milk, and more ra]iidlv in skim-milk. 'I'yplioid fever is ;.l\\ay> caused hy tiie i^eriiis deserihed. Tliey can ol.tain ai'ce.-s hv the mouth only to tlie liunian hody. not l.y the lireath; they must lie swallowed. The uorms may he conveyed Ky water, tliroiiirh milk; hy the ever-]ire>ent house tly: hy oysters icrown near drains; hv cockles; hy ctlery when soiled hy polluted earth; and hv soiled hands, clothes, etc. Let lis suiniose an individual to have swallowed the 1,'ernis; the iiicuhation stai,'e of the disease — that period in which tlu' cause lies dormant in the system liefoi'i' the symptoms develo]i — varies troni six to thirty days, with an avera<,'e of twelve days. The tem- perature ri'acho its heiijht in ahoiit eiirlit davs. In the event of death, it usually takes place hetwi'cn the tweiitv- tirst and the twenty-eiirhtli days, the majority (,f deaths Ofciirriiii; hctween the ai^'es ot' 1") and .■).-). .\iid the i,'eneral mortality — so I'ar as has hecii ascertained — is ahoiit seven per cent. I!ut the disease is too often mistaken for malaria. The sickness liviierally lasts iietweeii three and eiii'ht weeks, and tlie convalescent may retain tlie irerms for weeks after he considers himself well. A mother can not transmit tlie disease to her mirsiiii:: infant except l)y want of eloanliness. The disease is most n>iially prevalent in the months of .\uij:ust, Septemher, < >ctolier and Xovemher, hiit it often appears in tiie sprinir months, after a thaw, the ,>ierni haviiiidei'ed i,''ood. lie will tind that the mortality from tyjdioid fi'M-r varit's t'roni .'5 to 8 jicr 100,(10(1 jivinsr: if ahove that immhcr in a district, the water is looked niioii as thr cause of thi' inci'ca-^c In dis- tricts I'onsidi'ii-d doulitful, a> Chicaijro, rhilaiU'ljiliia. and Allianv. until this year the death rate from that disease varies from ol to ao. He woidd learn that in those towns in the Tnited States, where the wattr is notoi'iousjy had, the death rate from the diseasi' uenerally reaches loO or mnre per loo.ooo. lie would learri hy overwiiclmiiit^ cvideiu'c that the excretions from a sinirle 4-ase of typhoid fever. ha\iii^ heeii thrown on the snow at tiic hank of the rivei- siipplyini^ the town of I'lymonth, I'a.. with water, so |)olliited it as to cause 1,200 cases ot' the disease witidn a few weeks. Tlu' town contained H,000 iidialiitants, and the <;ei-ms were carried in the wati'r nearly 40 miles. He would learn that germs have lived lon^- ti;oui:li in the Merrinnie river to travel OS,') miles. lie would learn that iioston is now spendinir §in.OOO,000 for the purpose of purityinLT the water tor its people; that it i> reported that I'hiiadelphia will shortly spend $12,00<(.- 000 tor the same purpose; and that Alhany last year spent ??jO0,O0O, with the result that already the inimhcr of deatlus from tyiihoitl fever hasc decreased from n.") to "24 per 100,000. He woidd also learn that in all places where the water has heen purified hy filtration hefore delivery, there the mortality from typhoid (ever has heen prop(^rtionately small. Kor example, after the introdiu'tion of yood water into Vienna, the mortality fell from 12 per 10.000 livimr to 1. In .Munich it fell from 2!t j.er 10,000 to 1. While it is universallv ueknowledijed that the hacillus '-- . m 12 .\i/i/ir.-<.-: ni, Willi r :„ liihiliiiil In ])isiilS(. I'l typlloicl ('ever nl.t;iil|s ;|,.,..-s t.. tlir lllllliail l)H(|y l,v Wlltor, ill a very larL;c iiiajMrity <>t itisramr^. i'rut'cssor Victor ('. \ auuiiaii was >v[\{ ia-t year l.y the liiifcd States (iovcrri- iiKiit to iiiVfstiuatf the \' t' I disease aiiioiiir .'}(),IM)0 troo|.. station. d at .la.l<.oi,viiic, I 'a. II,. t'oiiiid tliat tla- inliahitaiii- ami (lie MiMi.T- ..il.il han.ls .if the iii.ithcr or the niirsi'. \\ e lia\.' no in. 'alls of knowiiiu the irern'ral death rate in this i.ro\ine... IJiit wh.n we .•..nipare the typhoid death rat.' of St. dohn with tlmse <.f similar climates havinir ir'>od wat.u'. \\f timl, as I hav.^ alr.ady staled, that the death rate raiiu'.'^ from three to eiulit per inii.dOi) liviii;r. While, within th.. last eleven iiionths, we have had in St. didiii, ■with its 40.(1110 iiihaliitants, seventy-four cases, with ten deaths, ami the eases have proirressivtdy increased from sev.Mit.'cii in ix'.t:} to seventy-nine in tlie present year, ex- i-.-pt in lx!ts, when they fell from tifty-f.uir to ten. It niav he presumed in ciu!se.|uence of tin- partial eleaniiii:- of the ]>ond the year lut'ore, and the nuiioval of the " coinp.ist heaji" from its hank. Do n.)t such facts stroiiarts nt' the rt. it is dear that there arc iiiuic tvphdid (Icatlis yearly in tliis city than there siioiil.l he it" rlio town liaii ln(»,(i(Mt iiihahitaMt>. It may he ( laiiiied that the water shoiihl not be crcditcil with all the cases. It is I)o»ii>lc that a convales.^crit fioiii the tever inii.'-ht iiitrudiiee the tirst case in a coTiinninity, and tiie tiics and carelessness cause its spread. \',\\t in such case tiie di-ease could he traced to its oritrinal -nurce, and it wouhl imt I.e distriliuti-d over the town, as in the in-esint in>tance. Throwing aside the hunianitarian cuiisideration, and reasoiiinif from a monetary stand|ioiiit, the i|Uestinii mav he asked, what are those ten lives worth to the citv? lives as they c-,nerall_\ are, takt'ii at the nio^t active period, he- tweeii the a,>;es of 1,') and 40. It has heeii coin|.iited that each adult life in thi^ country is worth -SlJlOK to the State. Allowin-f thirty days of sickness to each case, wo have a Tiioney loss of thousands of dollars for deatlis and sickness that can and should he prevented. Assiiniiiiir' that the iiicrcasi'd d.atii rate in this citv i.s omitted hy the cliaracter of the water distrihuted to its people liy the authorities, who do not forLT* t to charLte heavilv for that which they sell, the (juestion may he aske(l. are tliev not hound to furnish a wholesome article? It will ndt al>solve them from tH'S](onsil)ility to say thev are doiii;; the best tiiey can with tiie means at their disposal. If tliev ajipreciated the danirer I well know they would seek u remed3-. What is that remedy? It consists in the slow and thorough t'lfm/inn of all water for drinkinir purposes thronirh layers of sand before it is distril)uted to the people. The necessity for such tiltration is appeciated. as appears i>v the millions of money that has been, and is beini,^ >pent for that purfiose. I know of no town in Kiiirland, or on the continent of Kiirope. receivin-.^ its water supply from siieli a source as ours, that the water is not filtered before it is distributed. Hi J 14 Aili/ri>s nil Wiifir ill Hiliitiiiii /i, IMskisi. V.' It is Will knnwii that tv|(lioi(i tcvcr is jn-fvuli'iit in comi- trv districts. 'I'liis is lari;t'ly causcil I'v the water t'roni shiilhiir ii-i/ls. A faniifr licilds a ln'usc, diirs a well tweiitv ti'ct or less (lee|). rt'i:anlless of its proximity to liarii-vard or jirivy, and possihiy on lower ijroiind than eithi'r. Ileaeeepts the water I.ecaiise it. is hriujht, pcHnted as to I'ause tvphoid le\fr, or tuiterciilosis. A> I have alreaick can not he too careful in ohserviiin- tln> strictest cleanliness. Soiled clothes should he hoiled ; and all water u>cuiiject to your notice, [ have no wish or intention to cast any retlcction upon those who are respon>ihle for the character of the water dis- tributed to the people in this city; doubtless, tliej accepted their eliart,'0 as they found it. I do so as a dutv pertain- inir to my position as a member of the Provincial Board of Health. . I (/ii>ti to Jjisiii.' a lad of I»r. liayard's. The day has passed for such a conclusion, proviiiir, as it (h)es, ignorance, prejudice, or want of study. This suKject has heeii hefore thi' authorities for years; nothiiii^ has heeii done, while (K'ath, sickness and misery follow in the wake of iK'ijlect. And we have a riLrht to assume that iiothiiii; will lie done until |iressurc lias heen lu-ouLrht to hear upon them. .\nd may I ask you to aid iii iu'iiiirinir that pressure, study the suhject, and, if you helieve what I have >aid, educate your neighhour to the same lieiief. The ri'iiu-