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V 
 
 >o-^ '"' 
 
 TH ill 
 
 CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 
 
 By SEPTIMUS FIELD. 
 
 It $~ 
 
THE 
 
 CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 
 
 By Septimus Field. 
 
 Many pamphlets and descriptive letters 
 have been written by men with able pens, 
 who have visited this country for the pur- 
 pose of giving reliable information to those 
 who may have a desire to seek ** fresh fields 
 and pastures new," but who have neither the 
 means nor the tim.e to spare to see it for 
 themselves and make a choice of locality, and 
 the result is that so much satisfactory evi- 
 dence of this kind is now available that it 
 might be supposed that there could be no 
 more to write and little more to learn of the 
 resources of the great Canadian North-west. 
 But as all do not see with the same eyes, 
 each succeeding description may still contain 
 some new features and be read with fresh 
 interest, and with this idea I take up my 
 pen to jot down my opinion of the country 
 as a field for emigration and investment. 
 
 \ 
 
I dare not hope that It may be a success 
 as a literary composition, but I trust that 
 what I write may be accepted by my brother 
 farmers in England and elsewhere, as a prac- 
 tical and truthful account of what I have 
 seen ; the conclusions I have come to being 
 the result of three years' close personal obser- 
 vation on the spot, backed by a previous 
 practical knowledge of agricultural pursuits 
 in England, extending over a period of thirty 
 years. The development of the land is most 
 undoubtedly the first consideration in the 
 Canadian North-west, and the country offers 
 the finest field of enterprise to the agricul- 
 turist. 
 
 There are no doubt large deposits of all 
 kinds of minerals ready to be brought to 
 the surface when the proper time arrives, 
 but that time will best be hastened by the 
 settling up of the farming lands, and it is my 
 intention to address myself therefore to the 
 agriculturist alone ; and this I do with the 
 greatest confidence, feeling sure that any 
 one with any practical knowledge of farming, 
 and capital sufficient to start with, can m 
 this country make a home for himself and 
 family and in a few years reap both pleasure 
 and profit. 
 
 To those farmers in the old country whose 
 capital is diminishing, but not yet all gone, I 
 
 2 
 
 fc(k ^nAi «^^i 
 
more particularly address myself, and know- 
 ing the struggle they are having for existence 
 I bid them hasten to break away from their 
 old moorings, come out here and start afresh. 
 To such I would advise that where possible 
 this should be done collectively ; if twenty 
 men from one or more districts would make 
 up their minds to come out here in a body 
 with such capital as they can command, a 
 good district could be chosen, their several 
 quarter sections of i6o acres each selected, 
 and a colony would be established at once. 
 They would be in touch with each other and 
 their interests being furthered by mutual in- 
 tercourse and assistance, their advancement 
 would be hastened, and success would follow, 
 where single individuals, as sometimes hap- 
 pens, might tire of the isolation and the 
 sudden abandonment of social relations with 
 their friends. Co-operation in the use of 
 farm machinery, stud animals, etc., would all 
 promote the economy so necessary for new 
 settlers. Schools would at once be formed, 
 and everything required for the comfort and 
 convenience of the settlers would be obtained 
 more readily and quickly than might other- 
 wise be the case. I most strongly advocate 
 this system where it is at all possible to 
 adopt it. Let me, therefore, advise any one 
 reading this, whose circumstances may be 
 forcing him to try this country as a means of 
 retrieving his old position, to speak to his 
 
 3 
 
neighbours and friends upon the subject, and 
 try and form such a bar i and come out 
 here under the guidance of some one familiar 
 with the country. But failing this let him 
 come in any case, and I am sure such a step 
 will never be regretted. 
 
 The land is ready to fulfil all that is re- 
 quired of it, if properly managed. It is rich 
 in natural grasses, and cattle quickly fatten 
 upon them. The North-west Territories are 
 perhaps the most suitable for mixed farming 
 of any part of Canada, and it has often struck 
 me as an unfortunate circumstance for the 
 country as a whole that the most difficult 
 lands to be brought under cultivation should 
 have been the first to be settled upon. If all 
 the immigration had come in on the West 
 instead of the East of the Dominion, the 
 country would have advanced with more 
 rapid strides, and there would have been no 
 such term as the " settler in the backwoods " 
 to frighten people from coming here. Still, 
 it is fortunate for the present generation of 
 colonists that the best and most easily culti- 
 vated lands have been left to them to take up. 
 
 The North-west offers facilities to its 
 pioneer settlers which are in marked con- 
 trast to the drawbacks encountered by the 
 early eastern settlers, many of whose sons 
 and grandsons have now come out to do in 
 the West what their ancestors did in Eastern 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
Canada, but find it mere child's play in 
 comparison. 
 
 The enormous extent of territory which is 
 capable of successful settlement and well 
 within the fertile belt, makes it unimportant 
 for me to bring before the reader's notice 
 any lands that are in a more northerly lati- 
 tude ; the time may come when even these 
 may be required, but it is not my intention 
 to suggest the necessity of any one going 
 further North than within easy distance of 
 the neighbourhoods of Prince Albert and 
 Edmonton. The present flow of settlers 
 into these districts is, however, steadily re- 
 ducing the number of " prizes " in the way 
 of homesteadi, the first comers of course 
 securing the choicest locations. The popu- 
 lation of the North-west Territories increased 
 21,276 between the date of the census of 1891 
 and the summer of 1894, when a census was 
 taken by the North-west Mounted Police, 
 i.e., in tw^o and a half years ; still the area of 
 good land remaining available runs up into 
 millions of acres, and those who come now 
 will have no difficulty in getting suited. 
 
 The country has everything to recommend 
 it. The soil is deep and of the richest de- 
 scription ; well adapted for the growth of 
 all cereals and cultivated grasses, and it is 
 well and evenly watered and timbered, two 
 
 S 
 
of the most desirable and necessary things 
 required by the settler. 
 
 The climate is not more severe, in fact is 
 milder in the lower Territories than in Man- 
 itoba. There is the same clearness and dry- 
 ness which so greatly modifies the extrenie 
 frost in mid-winter, and it has all the early 
 warmth of the spring monthjthat the eastern 
 provinces are favoured with. The western 
 markets are increasing their demands yearly 
 for agricultural products and are already in 
 strong competition with the markets of 
 Montreal and other eastern centres. So 
 that the settler will be in as good a position 
 if not a better one, in regard to markets for 
 his produce than were the eastern settlers 
 in the early days of the country. We have 
 here, in short, a new country holding out 
 advantages in many ways greater than were 
 ever enjoyed by colonists of a former gener- 
 ation, and which an ever increasing number of 
 people are recognizing and taking advantage 
 of. The rising towns of Regina, the capital, 
 and Calgary, will soon develop into manufac- 
 turing centres, where all the machinery and 
 implements required by farmers can be pro- 
 duced at a lower cost than in the eastern cities. 
 They have all the materials necessary for this 
 at their very doors, such as wood, iron and 
 coal, only awaiting the demand to justify the 
 investment of capital in their development. 
 
 6 
 

 The progress of an agricultural country 
 like this must be slower than that of the 
 gold-mining districts of Australia and Africa, 
 which have absorbed such large numbers of 
 emigrants. But the steady settling up of 
 the agricultural districts will bring about a 
 more en-luring state of prosperity. We bave 
 Africa now as our chief opponent m bidding 
 for population, but there are still many who 
 will be too wise to overlook the less glitter- 
 ing but more solid advantages offered by 
 the Canadian North-west as a field for set- 
 tlement. 
 
 The people of this country are just now 
 giving increased attention to the develop- 
 ment of dairying, and are being actively 
 assisted thereto by the Government, and 
 from this they will undoubtedly reap great 
 advantages. The low cost of production, 
 climatic influences, and great fertility of soil, 
 must always be in the Canadians' favour when 
 brought into competition with other coun- 
 tries in supplying dairy and general agricul- 
 tural products, and the increased knowledge 
 and facility in manufacturing and in bringmg 
 out perfection in quality, will make Canada 
 a formidable competitor in the markets of 
 the old country. 
 
 There has been a good deal said about the 
 system of old country farming not being 
 adapted to this, but I must say I fail to see 
 
 7 
 
the force of it. Even the mode of breaking 
 up new soil, which the farmers here lay claim 
 to a special knowledge of, pertams to both 
 countries, as also does the system of crop- 
 pine 1 do not r,ay that the old countr> 
 farmer follows the system here as far as 
 autumn sowing goes, bu he ^a^ give the 
 Canadian some pretty straight pointers in the 
 matter of cultivation and rotation of grain 
 ?rops, and he wou'd not, like some Canadian 
 farmers, allow his land to become exhausted 
 before taking measures to renovate it and 
 that in a proper manner. Nor would he be 
 extravagant enough to waste hisstraw, when 
 he has proved iis value as a fodder for cat- 
 tle at home. 
 
 The great want of a proper knowledge of 
 cultivation has been one cause of the back- 
 ward condition of this country ,-the settling 
 up of districts by inexperienced men.-men 
 who have come out with capital but Lttle or 
 no experience, who by the time they have 
 gained some of the latter, the former has 
 taken wings and flown away, to their morti- 
 lication and the getting this country a bad 
 name, as every excuse has been given for 
 their failure but the right one. 
 
 There is no need for a farmer to bring out 
 anything with him, other than a fair stock of 
 clothes and pood warm underwear, t-very- 
 thiig can bl got here at a moderate price 
 
 O 
 
 ■MMWM^^^^;^^^ 
 
i 
 
 and made to meet the requirements of the 
 country. There is no trouble m selecting 
 and purchasing all the stock he may require 
 to start with, of the very best description 
 and at such a moderate price that will 
 astonish him, after purchasing such stock in 
 the old country. A litt e casn goes a long 
 way here. The price of good stock of all 
 kinds is simply ridiculous when compared 
 with England I do not think 1 am wide of 
 The mark when I say that it is three-fourths 
 lower than it is in England. At the time of 
 writing three-year-old steers, that would 
 dress 160 lbs. per quarter, are being sold aU; 
 each, and good milking cows of any breed 
 at the same rate. There is money to be 
 made by sheep here, but 1 must say with re- 
 gret that they are not handled in a practical 
 manner by most of the farmers who have 
 ^vested in them. There are many other 
 thines that a practical farmer with capital 
 woufd very soon remedy after he had been 
 here a short time, such for instance as the 
 Sme for selling sheep and cattle for ship- 
 ment to England. The Present system m 
 this regard might very well, 1 think, be im 
 nroved^on, and there are many reasons why 
 ft should be changed ; reasons which a prac- 
 tical English farmer, knowing the state or 
 the markets at home at various times of the 
 year, would see and take advantage of. 
 
 9 
 
Let a man coming to settle in this country 
 make up his mind never to buy a thing unless 
 he can pay for it, and he will find the prin- 
 ciple will contribute very greatly to his suc- 
 cess. Let him begin with mixed farming 
 and stick to it. He will then always have 
 a flitch or two of bacon in his house and a 
 fat sheep in his flock, and he can live on the 
 produce of his farmt without going to the 
 stores for them, as many have done and are 
 doing now. This has been the ruin of many 
 men here, and I speak from what I have 
 seen. Farmers buying beef, bacon, butter, 
 eggs and cheese from stores, taking the 
 place of the consumer instead of being the 
 producer. There is no country in the world 
 where a farmer can live so well and so 
 cheaply as he can here, and at the same 
 time thoroughly enjoy the advantages he 
 has in the way of sport, the produce of his 
 gun helping out his larder wonderfully if he 
 is fond of shooting'. I have had the best of 
 shooting in England, but have never so much 
 enjoyed it as I have done here, merely shoot- 
 ing the quantity that was required for the 
 house or presents for friends. 
 
 Another great advantage is the freedom 
 from rents, rates and taxes, such bugbears 
 to the English farmer. One cannot appre-' 
 ciate the feeling of such relief until it has 
 been realized. The rates are very low in 
 
 10 
 
the agricultural districts, especially so in the 
 North-west Territories where municipalities 
 are not so general. The school rate being 
 the only one and that too trifling to be men- 
 tioned ; statute labour taking the place of 
 money payments, such labour being generally 
 allotted and done on the roads most used 
 by the settler himself. 
 
 Hired labour is fast finding its proper level, 
 and is now more in proportion to the price 
 of meat and grain. A farmer is now able to 
 employ a certain amount of hired labour, the 
 price before preventing him from doing so 
 in justi :e to himself. I have known several 
 men who dated their downfall from the time 
 they began to hire labour. So long as they 
 confined themselves to a certain number of 
 cattle and a limited acreage of grain, they 
 did well, but when they began to increase 
 them and outside labour was necessary, it 
 ^oon ate up both cattle and profit until the 
 time came when the servant hired the em- 
 ployer. Instances of this have come under 
 my own observation. Many of the now 
 thriving settlers owe their position to the 
 wa^es earned from others, coupled with their 
 own thrift, gaining capital and experience at 
 the same time. Many others starting with 
 capital and no experience, hired men to do 
 the work they should have done themselves, 
 and came to grief as above indicated. 
 
 II 
 
There is now in this country an opening 
 for any number of men with some experience 
 and capital, (say ;£ioo clear to start with) 
 where both can be applied with advantage, 
 when the same men would find such an 
 amount as I have mentioned practically use- 
 less in England. The taking up of i6o acres 
 of land under the homesteading conditions, 
 is subject only to the payment of an entry 
 fee of £2, There is no doubt that the class 
 of settlers most needed in the North-west 
 is the same as in any other part, that is the 
 steady working man with moderate means, 
 who will more likely be a permanent and 
 successful settler than the man with larger 
 capital going into grain or cattle on an ex- 
 tensive scale, or as an experimentalist. The 
 cheapness and ease of producing wheat have 
 in the past been sources of temptation and 
 failure to many, who applied their capital, 
 and that of others who believed in them, in 
 the raising of that cereal in large quantities, 
 flooding the grain markets at a time when 
 the tendency to low prices was showing itself, 
 and consequently bringing down all those 
 connected with the venture. But a steady, 
 progressive system in all farm products is 
 more likely to last and to keep prices at a 
 fair and paying rate. 
 
 The best part of the North-west to go to 
 is the next question, and I may well say I 
 
 12 
 
pause for a reply. Where all are good it is 
 difficult to choose. 
 
 Let me take one line to start with. From 
 Yorkton, the present terminus of the Mani- 
 toba and North-western Railway, which 
 branches off from Winnipeg vid Portage la 
 Prairie, right up to Prince Albert (a distance 
 of 2150 miles), one passes through some of the 
 finest farming land in the world ; well 
 watered, well timbered and sufficiently open 
 for mixed farming, one large area between 
 Yorkton and Sheho Lake the road runs 
 through for about 20 miles, is of a park-like 
 appearance, and as 1 drove through it on 
 my return from Fishing Lake, in May last, 
 was perfectly enchanting, and one could 
 not grumble were he made to pitch his tent 
 upon any one spot. Everything looked fresh 
 and green, the only things needed to com- 
 plete the picture to a farmer's eye were 
 human habitations, cultivated fields and 
 herds of cattle. With the exception of a 
 small portion of stony land between this 
 and the Mill plains, the land is all good and 
 inviting to settlers. The same description 
 stands for all tLv rest up to Stony Creek, 
 where there are a number of settlers, all 
 doing well, and apparently persuaded in 
 their own minds that they are occupying 
 the pick of the country. Should any in- 
 tending settler wish to come to this district, 
 
 13 
 
the best thing for him to do is to proceed 
 direct to^ Prince Albert by the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, by way of Regina. He will 
 then be able to explore the district, and will 
 readily find all that he may require. In a 
 few years the more direct line of railway 
 will be extended from Yorkton, when all 
 along this projected line every acre of land 
 will be taken up. But fortunate are those 
 persons who, taking time by the forelock, 
 establish themselves along the route, in ad- 
 vance of the actual construction of the rail- 
 way. They will not have long to wait, and 
 their lanos will be greatly enhanced in value 
 when the road does come, but of course thev 
 must expect to have some inconveniences 
 to put up with as pioneers, for which, how- 
 ever they will be amply repaid when they 
 hnd the railway at their doors. 
 
 , Concluding this short pamphlet, let me 
 impress upon my readers that I place myself 
 in their position, and feel that I would Hadlv 
 give credence to what might be written by 
 one who has known farming in England in 
 its best days, and is able to judge of the 
 advantages of this country. What I have 
 written I can say is from facts which have 
 come under my own observation, and I can 
 truthfully say that this is the countn to 
 come to where true freedom reigns and 
 every help is given to those who will try to 
 
 r A 
 
 li ,i 
 
help themselves. I address myself as a 
 farmer to farmers, being well aware that if 
 the same energy is exercised here as in 
 Encfland to the purpose of getting a good 
 
 For copies of British Tenant Farmers' 
 Reports and other information relating to 
 the Canadian North-West apply to the 
 High Commissioner for Canada, No. 17 
 Victoria St., S.W., London, or to the Sec- 
 retary, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, 
 Canada. 
 
 IS 
 
the best thing for him to do is to proceed 
 direct to Prince Albert by the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, by way of Regina. He will 
 then be able to explore the district, and will 
 readily find all that he may require. In a 
 
 ^ TCkn *"/-• 
 
 i.1- 
 
 -waa A V^CII 
 
 in oay IS rrom tacts which have 
 come under my own observation, and I can 
 truthfully saj/ that this is the country to 
 come to, where true freedom reigns and 
 every help is given to those who will try to 
 
 14 
 
 — jp. 
 
help themselves. I address myself as a 
 farmer to farmers, being well aware that if 
 the same energy is exercised here as in 
 England to the purpose of getting a good 
 return for capital and labour, this is the 
 country to do it in. 
 
 The country is one of the healthiest that 
 can possibly be, far healthier than England 
 in any part of it. Far be it from me that 
 I should utter one word to draw any man 
 from his home to come out here to meet 
 with disappointment, but I know that the 
 country is all that one can desire, a^id that 
 there is every prospect for any industrious 
 man to maintain himself and provide a 
 home for his sons and daughters. 
 
 Population is the only thing the country 
 lacks to complete the measure of its perfec- 
 tion, and therefore I say come, and whilst 
 making good this deficiency do well for 
 yourselves at the same time ! 
 
 AsESSiPPi, Manitoba, 
 July, 1895. 
 
 ^ 
 
 15