IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) * ^ s*?* 1.0 I.I 21 125 ■^ lU |2.2 2.0 lU Bi 14.0 Ml 1.8 L25 l|y_U iL6 7. vQ Photographic Sciences Corporation M \ (V <^ ^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)873-4S03 ^1%. ^'^W^ V CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian tnttitute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microraproductions historiquas Tachnical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachniquaa at bibiiographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attemptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. □ Colourad covara/ Couvartura da eoulaur pn Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagta □ Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raatauria at/ou palliculAa □ Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua □ Colourad mapa/ Cartaa g4ographiquaa an eoulaur □ Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da eoulaur {> a. autra qua blaua ou noira) r~n Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/ D D D D Planchaa at/ou iiiuatTationa t* eoulaur Bound with othar matariai/ Rail* avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa shadows or distortion along intarior margin/ Laraliura aarrte paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatoralon ■• tong da la marga intAriaura Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibia, thaaa hava baan omittad from filming/ II sa paut qua eartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dans la taxta, maia. lorsqua caia Atait possibla. caa pagaa n'ont paa 4t« fiim^aa. Additional commanta:/ Commantairas supplAmantairaa: L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a it* poasibia da aa procurer. Las ditails da cat axamplaira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa du point da vua bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modif iar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dans la mAthoda normaia da filmaga oont indiquto ci-daaaoua. □ Colourad pagaa/ Pagaa da eoulaur □ Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagAaa r~n Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ Tha tot D Pagaa raatauriaa at/ou palliculias Pagaa discoiourad. stainad or foxai Pagaa dAcolorias, taehatias ou piquAas Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa dAtach^aa Showthrough/ Tranaparanca Quality of prir QualitA inigala da I'impraaaion Includaa aupplamantary matarii Comprand du matArial supplAmantaira Only adition availabia/ Saula Mition diaponibia rri Pagaa discoiourad. stainad or foxad/ r~n Pagaa datachad/ rri Showthrough/ rn Quality of print variaa/ F~| Includaa aupplamantary matariai/ I — I Only adition availabia/ Tha poa oft filrr Orii bat tha aioi oth fira aloi ori Th« aha whi Ma diff ant bad rigl raqi mat Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by errata aiipa. tissues, etc.. hava been refilmed to enaura tha best possible image/ Lea pagaa totalement ou partiailement obacurciaa par un fauiilet d'errata. una palure, etc.. ont M fiimAea A nouveau da fapon A obtanir la mailleure image poasibia. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux da reduction indiquA ci-deaaoua. 10X i^y • IflX 23X MX anv ' * " " ~ ■ , y 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32X The copy film«d htr* hat bMn r«producMi thanks to tho gonorosHy of: Bibliothiquo nationalo du QuAbac L'axamplaira filmi fut raproduH grica i la ginArotitA da: BibliothAqua nationala du QuAbac Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha fc^aat quality poaalbia conaldaring tha condition and iagibillty of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacif icationa. Original coplaa In printad papar covars ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or llluatratad Impraa- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copies ara fllmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or llluatratad Impras- slon, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or llluatratad Imprassion. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microflcha shall contain tha symbol — ^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. Laa imagaa suhrantas ont 4tA raproduitas avac la plua grand aoin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da I'axampiaira fllmA, at an conformity avac las conditions du contrat da fllmaga. Laa axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast ImprimAa sont fiimis mt commanpant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant salt par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'iHustratlon, soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmte an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprasslon ou d'lllustration at an tarminant par la damlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un dae symbolas suivants apparaltra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microflcha, salon la caa: la symbola — ► signifia "A 8UIVRE", la aymbola y signifia "FIN". Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba fllmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly Included in ona axposura ara fllmad baginning In tha uppar laft hand corner, laft to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: l.ee cartas, pianchea, tableaux, etc., peuvant Atre filmfe i dee taux da reduction dlffirants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul clichA, 11 est film* A partir da I'angle supArleur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, an prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 E I / ' ■ ■' "^'' ' ■■•' *" ' \ •,•■•1 . r:c.; . ' ,-.. ■ ABttlDGBMlNI' o» MURRAY'S ENGLISH BRAmIIi I !''^V- 5*i:,. T"'' :,.::'.':'•-■ J'- :r: APPEKDIX; CONTAINING EXEBCISISS IN OETHOGBAPUT, IN vAmtVQi IN 8TNTAX, Ain> Il« PUNCTUATION. DBSIGNED FOB THE YOUNGER CLASSES OF LEARNERS. i BY MNfil^EY MURRAY. & u • * t ^J^ • • ^» • <■ ♦ e ^ ••;o FQBTTx^IFTH EDITION! ;«^^^. :« o ■'*■".■' * »i „• >3 , ' • • • , ■ , • • o 1. f *< o ! o ,^ » . . » MONTREAL: JPITBLISHED BY CASIPBELL BRTSON, ST. P11AN90IS XAVIEE STBEET. 40488 1 <■ i' f . 1 . -5 ■ J*t;t;.i^ '. f -^L ^H » ,fi '>iir K.>\r^^ ; . ^:r^^''i ,4 . ; .f > •' 4 • • -», • ►» < J ■ • •■■• • >[■■*'• • • • \ k ' ~ :! ■h m\ ^ m Wll rm ■ • im M l«W W . -J W(M ^^« > mi au€ the ' ma • \ . .»Ts\ji;i'n.'^-'\" INTBODUOTION. ■■*-'. » 4f/. The Compiler and priated ^1^' i^ Mf l^ttefT^ and op good p^^per. i^^W t A#light inspe^Qii 4^ t^e mann^ in whi(^ liM^ WfifH^ is exeentedt wilt show that it is noi^t^tended 1^ sii^y the place or superiiede theusoiMf tbi eirigjjsal Qrantimar. If»bQi^eyer>theli0aQbarsof SQ^li diildren as can devote but % iniaU pinrt /of their time to this stady, should tiiink propev lo make use of it, they will noW it is iniagiiMldy fin^ 4 Introduction. it more defi^olive than abridgements commonly are* It exhibits a general scheme of the subjects of Grammar ; and contains definitions and rules, which -the Compiler has endeavoured to render as e;Kact, cojacJis.e land intelligible, as the nature ^ tb|Q lubjiect would admit. V The tutors wbp may adopt this abridgement, nierely as an introduetiou to the large Gramiiuur> wil^ perceive in it a niaterial ^vantage, wQich OtIiOT short worjkjs do not possess;, namely, that the progress of their piipils will be accelerated, ^xA the. pleasure of study increased, when |bey find jthemsejyes advanced to a grammar, whiobi exactly pursues the plan of the book diey have studied ; aiad which does not perplex them wi^b new idefinitions and discordant views of the stib-^ jeef • The scholars idiso, who, in pther seminaries, may be tiffined to this ejntome, will be inore readily invited afterwards to pursue the study of grammar, when they perceivi^, Jrom the intimate jDonnexion of the books, the facility with whi^h ijiey may improve themselves in the art. Itmay justly be doubted, whetheir there is any girdulld for objection to the foUbwingcompilation, on account of the additional cost it will occasion; Ilie preseriration of the larger grammar, by using the abridgement, may in most instances make amends for the charge of the latter. But were this not'the case, it is hoped the period has passed IRway^ in which the important business of educa- tioB was too often regulated or influenced by a parsimonious econo^)y. ' * Introduction* unoti]y ubjects 1 rules, render V i t V erpent, nnnUMTy wHicli y, *at Dra(ed, in Ihey y liaye w with le stib-f iiiarie8» ) inore ^udy of ktimato I is any ilation, casioB; fusing make t; were passed Bduca- i by a The Compiler presumes that no objection can properly be nfui4^ to the, plmaseoloff y» from an ideii that, in boo&s of' this kind, the laiignage should be brought down to the level of what is ftuniliar to children. It is indeed indispensable, that our words and phrases should, without requiring much attention aiid explanation* be int^UigiUe Ui yoting persons ; but it will scarcely be controTerted^ tb^l It is better to lead them forward, and improve their language by proper examples, than to exhib&t such as will confirm them in a feeble and puerile mode of expression. Children have langnage, wk well as other things, to learn and cultivate ; and if ^ood models are set before then), int^tmcljon and diligence will soon make them v^der^tood, an4, habit will render them familiar and pleasing. Perhaps there is no method by whic^ thiis advan- tage may, in general, be more readily and effiectq- ally produced, than by accustoming ADVEETISEMENT. ■V.., '- ^rN^»^r^y»^^i^^^^M»^^»*N* The nirUh ^nd elmewth editions of this work k^ ke^ maeh enlarged and improved, £xer- dses adiqpted to the rules have, in^any instances, bi^en copiously supplied. In particular, the exerf cises in parsing have not only heen very consider- ri>ly augmented ; they have also been moulded into a new form and arrangement^ which the au- thor hopes will focilitate to young persons the anquisHion of this fundamental part of grammati^ C$1 knowledge* An Abridgement must necessarily be concnsef, and it will in some points be obscure. Those teachers, therefore, who do hot make use of the author's larger grammar, in their schools, will find ail advantage by consulting it themselves. Many oltlie rules and positions* are, in that work,sup« ported and illustrated by particular disquisitions ; and the connection of the whole system is clearly exhibited. The ^lo^^een/A edition of the duodeemo Grammar has, in these respects, received consi- derable improvements. The Grammar and Ex- ercises in two volumes octavo^ may be consulted with still greater advantage. HoiiDGATE, nei^r York, 1803. , , ., . wr OR let ai El ar A v< # / BNaLISH GRAMMAR. is work £xer« Cnoesf 5xerT mridor- lonided the aa- ons the mmatif-f cQndse^, Those I of the rill find Many rk^sup- sitions; clearly ^eimo 1 consi- nd Ex- nsiilted Ui--M:i \ ; English Grammae is the art of speaking and writing the English language with propriety. It is divided into four parts, viz. Ortho- graphy, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody* ORTHOGRAPHY/ LETTERS, Orthography teaches the nature and powers of letters, and^tbe just method of spelling words. A letter is the first principle, or least part of a word. The letters of t}ie English language, called the Edglish Alphabet, are twenty-six in number. These letters are the representatives of certain^ articulate sounds, the elements of the language. An articulate sound, is the sound of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech. 8 English Grammar. Characters* Roman* A B C b E F G H Small. a b c 4 e I J K • i L 1 M m N n O P Q R P q r S s T jfc U U V V W w X X- Y Z y z Italif* Cap. A B E F 6 H I J K I' M O P Q R S T U V X Y $ Small. a b c d e f 9 k I m n o P r s ( u V X y «. in and Italic N^ro^-i; Vo ai nc bee vc see ei dee ee ai jee aitch i or eye VH hay el em tf en . C pee 4.1 cue ¥ ar a ess tee ^ u or yau « vee a double u eks t ^y zed 1 9 .;..-v>-?i-- ' 5 Orthography. 9 Letters are divided into rbyrels and consonants. A vowel ill an articulate sound, that can be perfectly uttered by itself : as a, «, o ; which are formed ivithout the help of any other sound. A conspnant is an {^rticulate sound, which can* tlot be perfectly utt^i^d without the lelp of a vowel : as b, d, f, /, which reqnbre vowels to express them fully., The voxels are aye^i^o, u, and sometimes t^ and y. W and y are consonants when they begin a Wprd or syllable ; but in every other situaftton ttey are vowds. i ^ Consonants 4re divided into mutes and semi- vowels. The mutes cannot be sounded at ail widiont the tiid of a vowel. They are b,pf t, d, k, acid c and g hard. The semi- vowels have an imperfect sound of fhen^selve^. "they bx^ fi /, w> n, r, v, s^ a, x^ and c and a soft*. ,^ tewm »oth the I ounce. lof the >at. ,• *\ w com- 3 of the I worn ; \ words by its ommdn otibsyl- ible ; a a word yative. idard of A primitive word is tliat which^ cannot be re-^ duced to any simpler word in the language ; as, rmm^ good, content. A.derivaiive wordis that which maybe reduced to another word m English of greater siipplicityi as, rnanjuly goodness^ contentment^ Yorkshire* Ti^e second part of Grammar is Etymology ; which treats of the di^rent sorts <»f words, their various modificatiofisi, and their derivations. There are iti English nine sorts of words, or ai^ they are commonly called parts of speech ; namely, the article, the substantive or noun ; the ADJECTIVE, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb, the preposition,, the pqjj^junction, and the interjection. 1. Ati Article is a word prefixed to Substan- tives, to point them out, and to show how far their signification ,|||tends ; as, a garden, an eagle, me woman. ' 2. A Substantive or Noon is the name of any thing that exists, or of which we have any notion ; as, London^ many virtue. A sabstantlve may, in general, be distinguished by its taking an article before it, or by malcin^ sense of itself ; as, a bookf the aun, an apple ; temperance^ induttry, chastity, 3. An Adjective is a word added to a Sub- stantive, to expre!9site quality : as, an industrious man, a rsreicoies woman. 12 EngH^' Gr^pmmar. An Ale, a pleasant ptospeeU 4. A Pronbttn id ii word used itistead ^ed to connect sentences ; so as, out 0f two or more sentence, to raakehut one; it some- times contie<;t8 (inly words'; as, ** Thou and he are hh^f^y because yoii are good* ^XifrO afut three are five." 9* Interjections are words thrown ia between the parts or a sentence, to express the passions 6r amotions ^of the speaker; as, O virtue T how ;aililU)le thou art r ARTiqiiE. JVn Article is a word prefixed to Suhstaitives, to point them out^ and to show how far their ^igmfieation^extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, ih^ woman. , In English there are but two articles « j|f|d ihe; a becomes an before a vowel, SMid b^fo^^ii ssilent h ; as, an an acorn, an hour. But if the h he sounded, the a only is te4)e used ; as, <8 hand, a heart, a highway. * A or a» is styled the indefinite artlde ; !| is used in a vague sense, to point joutone uog^ tthing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate^ as, **Giv« me a book ;** ^ Bring me an apple.** The is called the definite article, because it as- certains what particular thing or things are n^an^ ; as, ^y Give me the book f '* Bring me /^ apples ;*' mining some book or apples, referred to. A Substantive, without any article to limit it, is generally taken in its widest sense ; as, << A candid temper is proper for iuan i* that is, for all mankind. 14 Englkh Qraimhuar. j| ppilxBtjintlve or Noun ig the name ofjuijf d^ifigr th9t€f^isi»» Of of winch we have any njp>(ifin; mr Lti^fiifiy fian^ virtue, Sohstantives are either proper or opmin^n. Proper pames, or Substantives, are ^t\e names appropriated to individuaJs ; as, George^ JLqifiiQnf, Common names, or Substantives, stand^ for kinds containing tnany sorts, or for 9orts contain- ing many individuals under them ; as, animal^, man, tree, &c. To Substantives belopg gender, number aiid case ; and they are all of the third person, Xirhen spoken o/f and of the second, when 8poken,i^ as, *f th^ inde l{ifi4>, BSf a 09^, a hors^, a bull* Thet^nma gender signi^es animads of 4be female kiiiiil ; as, a womaniudu^pk) ahen*^^^^^^^^ Tbe peiuter gender denotes oijocts wbljokave neithei^ males nor females ; as, a Q^ld^.^ mm^» a gard^i|.._^^ V v^ * ' Some Simstantives natiirnlTy neuter are, py a fignre of speech, converted into tbei mas^almeiir feminiiie igender ; as, when we say of tiie sun, &; IS setting, and of a ship, she sails well, &c. „ , « The English language has three raethclaisi of disting^uishing the sex, viz.; ^ ^;;y I. By different word^rii^ ■ • Ito.-. • Female*' Male. Female. BacMor. Maid. ' Husband. Wile. f Boar« ; Sow. King. Quee!*. ' Boy. Gi#]. Lad. Lass.' ^ Brother. Sister. Lbrd. LadJ^ Buck. Doe. Man. 'WomiW. Bull. Cow. f Mftiter. Mistn^. Ballockorl Steer. ) Heifer. MiUer. Nfphew; ^pawner. Niece. Cook. - Hen. Ram* Ewe. ■ ■■ "'U Dog. Bitchy 4 Singer. Soiigtstres^ d> - Brake. Duck. finger. Earl. Couiiteaa, ,^j Sloven. Slut Fattii^r. Mother. Sun. Daughter. , Friar, Nun. Stag. Hkid- <^«"^«^iav^ Goose.. - Uncle., J,,,, M^ Hart. itoe. Wizard. Wltfc*f. Horse. Mare. s ■ .■ • ' Ifi '-CWDflMPItff* Arbiter. 2. Bymdiifinreiiceof lerminAtioni iur, ' AbM. Ailwii, Landgrate. liMMJgrmyhie. Jk^otk AottVii* I^iDii* Aiiflitaiftralor AdinliibtrtfdxMarqiiis. AdalterflM. MMter. AiiilMMadreM.1lfayor4 Arbitrcit. * Patrou, Baroness. Peer. Bride. Poet Benefectreai. Priest Cateress. Prince. Chahtrete. Prior. ConductreiB. Prophet CoanieAk Protector, Beaooneas. Sheplherd. BridcjipRMMB* Cauirer. dhiiiiter. Condoctor. Count* Beacon. Dolce.' Elector. Emperor. Epoliantor* Execatpr. QoveriMM^ , Heir; ^ Hero. Hunter. Hoet Docli^w. Eleokreat. Empress. Enchantreaa.' Executrix. . OoYen^ss. ^Heiress. Heroine. ^ Huntress. .Hostess. .Jewess. Songster. Sorcerer* Sultan. Tiger. Traitor. Tutor. Viscount Votary. Widov«r. s Mardiiiifiete^ Bliliresi. 'Sfay^Nreaa. yPatroUess. Peeress. Poetess. Priestess. * l^rihoesB. Prioress. Prropbetess, Protectress. Shepbertfess^ Songsti^ Sorceress 8ultaness» Sulteufi. , Tig^ress. Tftiitress. . Tutoress, Viscountess^ Votaress. .; Widow. Jew. 3. By a noun, pronoun or adjective, hAtnf pre- fixed Ui the substantivd : as, A obdc-sparrow. A ben-spanrow. A tdan-servant Aiiiaid«^iervant A lie^goat .^^.vM' Astra-goat A hiB>bear. Jk sbe>b«ar. ASr • 17 A male-ehild. Male-descendants. A female-diild. Female-desoeudants. NUMBER. Niiinber is the qonuderation of aii ol^ji^ct:} as on^ or more. ,. Substantives are of two numbers, the sicgular iind the plural. The siiigular number expresses but one object; AS» a chair^a tablow The plural number signifies more objeetas tbai^ ^^ne*; as, chairs, tables. SoiBe nouns, from the nature of the things •which t{iey express, are used only in the singi|lj^» (Other? ouly in the plural, form ; as, wh^at,^ pijtch, . ^(»ld, slot^, prtde,i^c.,,find hello w^y scissors, ^he^ . rich^, &c. :, SofiM^ words are the ^ame in both oxHijJb^rs; Jis, deer, sheep, swine, &c. The plurjal number of nouns is generally formed by adding^ to the singular ; a?, dove, doves ^s face^ faces ; thought, thoughts^ But ,wheii the substan- tive singular ends in «, ch, sh^ or ss, we add ^^ in the plural; as, box, boxes; church, churches; lash, lashes ; kiss, kisses. Nouns ending inforfe^ are generally rendered plural hy the change of those terminations into ves; as, loaf, loaves ; wife, wives. , Those which end in J^ have the regular plural ; as, ruff, rufis. . Such as have ^ in the singular, with no other vowel in the same syllable, change it into te^ in the plural; hs> beauty, beauties ; fly, flies; but the ^ is not changed, whea there is another vowel in> thft avllahln : ii«. k»v. kov^e • Hflnir ^Inlavs J? «*..J.7 , ^Ji 16 Englkh Gfommartf CASfi. In Enfflish) substantives have three cases, t6e Noaiina!tive» the Possessive, and the Objective.* The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, or the subject of a verb i as, '' The hoy plays ;'' '* The girts learn." ' The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possessioii ; and has an apostrophe, with the letter s coming after it ; as, " The scho-st lar's duty ;" " My father's house." ')yhen the< plural ends in «, the other « i|S omit-i ted, but the apostrophe is retained; as, ^ Oi| eagles' wings ^ v^' The drapers' company." \ Sometimes also, when the singular terminates in #, the apostrophic s is not added; as, *' For goodness' sake ;" <* For righteousness' sake." xThe objective case expresses the object of aq action, or of a relation ; and generally follows a verb active, or a preposition ; as, " John assistsi Charles ;" << They live in London." English substantives are declined in the follow-^ ing manner; Singular, Ptural, ^ Nominative Ceute, A mother. Mothers. foiteisipe Oate, A mother's. Mothers*. ^ O^etive Case. A mother. Mothers. ' .-■ .' • Singular, Plural, Nominative Case, The man. The men. Potsemve Case, The man's. The men s. Objective Caee, The man. The meorv * On the propriety of this objective case, se6 th^ larger grammar, twelfth or any suhsequent edition, pp. 54, 55. /the E$ymi^offif, 1868, tfie jective.* he Dame I, « The lation of strophe, he scbo?) i|S omitn 8, « On • ininates \, « For ike.'' ctof aq (>l]ow8 a A assists! follow-^ en. er»*. - BTS. aen. aeiiV Aep. b4 larger M, 55. ADJECTIVES. An adjecjiiye is a word adcM to a substantive exjpress its quality ; as, '* An industrious man;'' >< A virtuous woman ;" '< A benevolent mind.'' In English the adjective is not vajried on ao 4^UQt of gender, number, or case. Thus we say, V A earetess boy f <* Careless girls." The only variation which it admits, is that of llie degrees of comparison. There are commonly reckonisd three degrees of coippari^n ; the positive, comparative, and ^p«r]ative. The positive state expresses the quality of an obj^t without any ioicrease or diminution: as^ good, wise, gr^^t. The comparative degree increases or lemens |;he positivj^ in signification i;^ as, wiser, greater, less wise. . , The superlative degre^^ increases or lessens the positive to the highest or lowest degree ; as, wisest, greatest, least wise. The simple word, or positive, becomes the com* parative by adding r orers and the superlative, by adding si or est to the end of it; as, wise, wiser, wisest ; great, greater, greatest. And -the adverbs n^e and mosty pliEused before the adject tive, have the same effect ; as, wise, more wise, most wise. Monoisiyllables, for the most part, are compared by er or ^tj and dissyllables by more and most; as, mild, milder, mildest; frupl, more frngid, most frugal* « Englah Grammar. Some words of very conmion use are irregular-^ ly formed; as, < Singular. ) yPlnrafc <^^ The numbers of pronouns, like those of, sub* .stantives, are two, the singular and tlie plural ; as, /, th(m, he $ we, ye, they. Gender has respect only to the third person /, is the first person Thou, is the second person He, she, or it, is the third person, Wisy is the first person Ye, or youy is the second person^ T%ey, is the third person. ral, or ' ",K irregular-^ id, worse* f a noun, the same ( benevo-* the Per- VonounsJ i. /, that*,, or ^ouy number^ I each of ingulf. lurat. ■■^u of. sub^ plural i person n 8fii|pii1ar of the^pronoiiift, M «A«, ie. \%iliiitah culine ; ihe i« &iiiiiiiti0 ; U it neiildr. '' ^onouiii Imire thtee ennefi i the nominiirey thrpotiMve, and Ch» objecliv^e. '. ^ The ehjective case of a proaeoifl bai, ki gene- ral, nibriiii jlifferent frpm iiiat of the nonbtnafeive or the possessive case. The personal pronouns are thus declined Penott. Cfle. Singularl Fhti, Norn, I. Poa$e98, Mine. .% .' Obj, M«. . S«eotuU Norn, ■ Thoa. Posmt. Tbina. Obj, i Thee. Tma. ' Norn. -^ lie. TThey; itfa#. PoMteM, ^ ^ Hh. Thein. Oy. Him, Them. Plmml. We. Ours. Ye 4»r yaa. ^ Yourt. You. i».: *: Neuter, Poeeeu. Ohj. Norn, Poueu^ Ohj. She. Her^ it Its. • It Thfti^k. Thein.. They. Theirs. Them. • . M iiiA^iv^"pidk^6. Relative Pronouns are such as relate>^ui gene- ral, td some word or phr^ise going hefore,,.«|ich is thence caHed the totecedent; they are i&Ao) as Engiiih Grummar. ■4% whick, and thai g at* ** The man » happy u^ live.- virtuouily." * WhcU it a kind of oMnpcMind relative, isidading both the antecedent and the relative, and is moit- ly equivalent lo Mci/ which g a«, " Thifis uAat I wauted;" that is to say^ *^ihe thing which I wanted." Who is applied to persons, which to animals and inanimate things ; as, *' He is afriendt who- is faithful in adversity ;" << The bird which 8u«>r so sweetly, is flown f " This is the tree whi h produces no fruit." Thaty as a relative, is often used to prevent the too fretpent repetition of who and which. It is* appKed to both persons and things ; as, *< He that acts wis^y deserves praise ;" ** Modesty is a qua- lity Mo/ highly adorns a woman." Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined : Singular and Plural, No.ninative, Who, FoMsetsive, Whose. Objective* Whom. WhOf which, what, are called Interrogatives^ when theyare used in asking questions; as, ^^Who is he?" ''Which is the book?" « Whafate you doing?" ' ' ' > .• ■ ^ . ADJECTIVE PROXOrNS. Adjective lVonouns*are r^ ^^ v ixed Luture, participating the properties botn of pronouns and adjectives^ » > ^* diM Orammar, lith, or anf subeequetit edition, p. 62 ^i'i>ot€. ■ .%■ lappy wka » indiicling td is most- lie t0i^^ I r which I ;o animals iendt who fhichiuv.^t ree whi h revtnt the 'ch. It is* '^ He that y is a qua- declined : Etymoioff^ 98 "ogativesn 18, ''Who ^are you i Li«iure> ouns and tion, p. 62 The adjective prononnn may be ttilidividiBd into four sorts, namely, t Uepossfssivet the dUtrihutivey the demonstrative^ aud the indefinite, 1. The passessii" are iiiose which relate to possession of property. There are seven of them ; viz. my^ thy^ hiSy her^ our^ yowr, their. Mine wndthinet instead et my and thy, were y^y nerky used before a snbstantive or adjective ijbeghming with a vowel', or silent h ; as, '* Blot ^ut all mine iniquities." 2. The distritmtive ^re those which denote tlie persons or things that make up a number, as ta*- ken separately and singly. They are each every^- either i as, " Each of his brothers is in% favora- ble situation; '^ Every man must aoceunt for himself^" *< I have not^een tfifAci* of them." 8. The demonstrative are those which precisely int out the subjects to which they x'emte ; this ndthatf these wad those^ are of qiis class; as, < This is true charity ; that h only its ima^ie.^ 7%t$ refers to the nearest person or thing, and hat to the more distant ; as, ** This man is more ntelligetit ihsxi that** This indicates the latter, r last mentioned : that, the former, or first men- ioned ; as, ** Wealth and poverty are both temp- tions ; that tends to excite pride, this discaik- ent." * 4. The indefinite are those which express their ubjects in an indefinite or general manner. The bllowing are of this kind ; some, other, any, one, II, Sf'ch, 8fC» '■:- .V :^ 24 English Orammar, O^er is declined in the followingf manner ; Singular, ■ s Plural, Nom. other, others. Poss. others. others*, Obj. other, others, VERBS. A verb is a word which signifies to be, to i>(^f or to. suffer; as, *< I am, I rule, I aniruled/' Verbs are of three kinds; AcxrvE, passive, and NEUTER* They are also divided into regu- lar, irregular, and defective* uA Verb Active expresses an action, and neces- sarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon ; as, "to loFe;" 1* I love Penelope." • A Verl^, Passive expresses a passion or a«^f- fering, or the receiving of an action ; and neces- sarily implies an object acted upon ; ^nd an agent by which it is acted upon ; aSi t9 (relayed i f* Be- nelope is loved by me. v A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion; but being, pr ^, state qf. being; as, *^ I sleep, I sit. ^^ ' ' Auxiliary or Helping Verbs, are those by the help of which the English Verbs are principally conjugated ; they are, dfo, be, have, shall, will, may, can, with their variations ; and /^^ and must, which have no variation. To verbs belong number, person, mood, and tense, NUMBER AND PERSON. Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the plural ; as, " I love, we love." anner ? ral. its*, tr8. BE, to DOy I ruled/* PASSIVE, ntO RECIU- ind neces- $ted upon ; •« ■ I or a««uf- und neces- d an agent ed ; " Pe- action nor 1 5 as, " I ose by the }rincipally hally wilif ^mdmusL moody and ar and the .:.> Etymology. ^ In, each number there are three persons ; as>. Plwal. We love. Te love. They love. ^ MOODS. H '^ ' Firit Penon. Second Person, Third Peraon, Singular. I love. Thou lovest He loves. Mood or Mode is a particular form of the verb, showing the manner in which the being, action, or pi»8ioiH is represented. 1 ^ nur ^ There are five moods of Verbs, the Indicative^ the Imperative, the Potentialy the Subjunctive^ waA ^Q Infinitive* Th^ Indicative Mood simply indicates or de- clares a thing; as, <* He loves; h^ is loved;" or it asks a question ; asj *' Does he love ? Is he loved?" /'^^,,: n..,;,„,^:,j/-..:-^i,r , . The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, ^xhorting, entreating, or permitting ; as, *' De- part thou ; mind ye ; let us stay ; go in peace." The Potential Mood implies possibility or liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, <* It may run ; , he may go or stay ; I cim rido.i^ be would walk; they should learn^^ - > /^t -i Th6 Subjunctive Mood represents a thing un-^ der a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c. ; and is. preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and attended by another verb ; as, '* I will respect him, though he chide me ;" '* Were he good, he would be happy ;" that is, " if he were good." The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a general and unlimited manner, without anv dis- »• 2^ EnglUh Gramfiiar. tinctioti of ntimb^i^ or persbh ; t^^io act^to gpeak, to be feared." The Participle is a certain form of the' ^elrb, and derives its name from its participating, not only the properties of a verb, but also those qf an adjective ; as, *' I am desirous of knowing him f <^ Admired and applauded^ he became vain ;" \*' having finished his work, he submitted it/' &c» Theie are three Participles, the Present or AcUye, the Perfect or Passive, s|,nd the compound Perfect ; as, " loving, loved* haying lov^d.'* TENSES. , Tense, being the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the present, past, and future ; but to mark it more accurately, it is made to, consist of six variations, viz. the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, and the^r,f^ and second fiUure tens^. V The Present Tense represents an action or events as passing at the time in which it is men- tioned ; as, <* I rule, I am ruled, I think, I feai*."* The Imperfect Tense represent the action or event, either as past and finished, or as remaining unfinished at a certain time past ; as, ** I loved her for her modesty and virtue :" " They weie travelling post when he met them." ' The Perfect Tense not only refers to what is past, but also conveys an allusion to* the present time ; as, " I have finished my letter ;" " I have seen the person that was recommended to me." The Pluperfect Tense represents a thing, not only as past, bnt also as prior to some other point of of ■',;■ ." »> 'tio act; to the Yeth, )ating, not those qf an ^ing him ;" ne vain ; edit/'&c. ^resent or xtmpoittid ved." le, might past, and it is made ?sentf the Ithe^r^^ t^tidn'or ; is men- iction or ^maining ' I loved ey were IS present * I have o me." ing/not Et^molosiif'. 27 of time specified, in .the sep|;eDce ; as, " I had finished my letter before he arrived." The first Future Tepse represents the action as yet to cpme, either with or without resped; tp the precise time when ; as, " The sun will rise to-morrow ;" " I shall see them again." The second Future intimates that the action will be fully accomplished, at or before the time of another future liction or event : as, " I shall have dined at one o'clock ;" <' The two houses will hail'e finished their business, when the king comes to prorogue them.^' The Conjugation of a verb is the regular com- bination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, moods, and tei^ses. ^ v The coiijugatiou 'of an active verb is style^f th^ (wtive voice ; and that of a passive verb, the pas- sive voice" .,, V / n^ The aus^iliary Iin3 active verb To havei' is cpnr jug^M^ in the following manner : , ^u^isp^iu^ii ll<^.|«^ ;?H:' :C ■ nM ^,0^^!' i,m^* :Hfi -^ 1j.t TO HAVE. ii' -..nnm^m i^'S. . Indicative Mood.' '' ' ;'^*^* ^''* ■ ^^J^esent Tense. drm.^-'.^--^. ^ ■r 'H'jt Singular. 'lr.PiH^ ff"" 1. Pets. J ham ,. ,^ ij ' 2. Pers, Thou Blast. 3. Pers, He, she, pr it hath or has, 1. Wchave. , .^.^ 2. Ye or you have. ** "J 3. They have, h*^-?'^* '28 EnglUh Grammar, Imperfect Tense, Singular. l.Thad. 2. TboeJiadst^ 3. He, &c. had. Plural. L We had.* *2. Teor you had. 3. They bad^ Perfect Tense. ^ Singular. Plural. 1. T have had. I. We have had. 2. Thou hastliad. ]^ i^e ^^ .2. Ite or you have had. S« He has had. ' ^ 3. They have had. I .'1,1 t. 4.^ Pluperfect Tense. Sini^ae*'^ ^ ^^ ;, Plural. 1. Wehadhad. 2t Ye or you had bad« 3. They had h^d., 1. I -had had. 2. Thou hadst had. 3..Hehadhad,;-.;/i;^l|^||^^^,v.^ Singular. ..Ak.,^.::^.,;.-^^ , Plural. .,:^-::,,^;:-, ^.,;„,r|-. 1. T shall or will have. 1. We shall or Wilt have. 2. Thou shalt or wilt have. 2. Ye or you shall' or will have 3. He shall or will have. 3. They shall or will have. * The Verbs, though conjugated at large through all iheir tenses, that the learners may, by a full and r^ular display of them, more completely understand their nature and use, need not be v^holly conimitted to memory, by young persons who are b^inning the study of grammar. If the iimph tenses, namely, the prea^nt and the imperfeei, together with the first JrUure tense, should, in the first in- stance be committed to memory, and the rest carefully perused and explained, thO business will not be tedious to the scholars* and their progress will be render^ more, ob- vious and pteaedog. The general view of the subject, thus acquired, and Impresaed, may be afterwards e&tiebded with «a8e uid advantage. 8 Id *,. He V>'iJ ,'^ ■i\ u. f^ m Singular; !.-i^if^i > ' Plorid. ..-iS^r^nt-a ■' ^ K fT*«n wlH liw^ 1^ . r %> ¥* or y^u 4*m Immt* J11WI4 k He will bft|re liad..n;;4 3. They will h«imrlMi4^ ImpfMve Mood. '^? Singular* nufal . Let me bare. ' t 1. Let us have* fi^ HaTe then, 4>r do tbon S. Haine'ye, or do Jfedl^^^u hwwi9y4a*>l'i;ttl{t{-vh.„,,^ < have.. - rai,;>b*5^ii«_ ^Lethli^hKvf.. V ;■ >S. Lifcs*liem:^hat0«^^f^ ^>-«ifH- • . . :,■ ;'.„a tj! . ,F^tial Mood. -«"' '■'""'• infest*!* ^f»tfcS*i->,,>''-;jM> V'^j'f ■'■' .*■»• • ' * s ,,1 (''i Ui Slngnlaf. PktraU |l.' I mtiy er can have. 1. W^ may or 4an have. \. Tbdd mayst or canst 2. Ytf or you may or can hfive. V have. }. He may or can have. 3. They may or cats have. ft.^l * '.^ .».■■»:•.■■■ i; '■■.•' ;' ■Ws»:. Imperfect TenseJm . ••U'lvj^i Stngutar^ " Plural. I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, would ,#9llWi¥yfff ..M .^» ^ ^,9 ,,iml!i«llM?«hottI4aib(ive<. i WouUlof^ €koui^Mvtti-^( b. Memi^ oenkli would 3. They m{^t,«cduld^ ^dufd I ^ ' or ihbfi^ havitf ^^*'*'^#^1^^^'^^ ^b^l8H^i<^u^>'Wor.l. (Will lOtght, (Ceiald, fV4i«il(l'> should have had; '• ' or should have IMS.' Ji. Thou , mlghttti(!'«k>uhidt, 2. Ye or yoil flitg^Mj «Hiilld, Jvouldst or shoUldst would or should have 3. He naigfit, could, would 3. They might, could, would or should have Sia4« i« or should have had. Present TcHse. ^i|4 . " Plural. \ j.>^ff; Singular. 1. tflh%ve. 2. li'thou have. 3. If he have." I J .' ' » ■;>,.im ■ ,' -' ''■'■' ' ^' The r«Maiati^i<^^es of the Bul^uiictHenhdHi^'^e in g^enecal,, siyttari'to' the ooiTei^Km^tipg ««niii» uf^^tKi^tlfKi^M^ tivc^isdml : with the addition td» thii<'^»*i»fw^ l!l >M ff i Wwi ^ «»^preti»(^ ;<»i; jniliU^d^ 4f mith?tr i^jcoiidfllftni^, iyiiljjl«fv #5th ^upposltioif, ,^. ,hM^i|l he proper to dic^ul f|lM«lKMrffa' to V ^^^} aj^ InfioitiV^ilfoiMl. Prestnt, To have, , - . ' , .<-M&mhei,v:^i\-s}l^ Compound f^fifecL Having ha<}. ■iXKV Theanxniitfy'ibtf'pettter verb 7V*0^a «t4T .s ((* "i V-'- , „..:fF^,.M-^.^^ ^ I Id*'' iy|iil|tive Mood. ._ t, , , ^ ?%l«^^1..' Singular. '♦.V' 1. Iain. ..i^^.^r v t Jn .1^* we. 2. Thou art. 2.' Ye or you are, S. He, 8b«, or it bi » -^^'^ 3. They are. - i*»^ W'^ >f3#.*^'? ^'l if^^^ ^^^m^^m A^km'X \ ' 'SlfigHlai^i^ftt!^^^!^ h ''^ piiwai-.:r«4«ir'rii^rte^ ,c 1. Iwt^ I. We were. 2. Thou wast. '%3«^;| 2.. ,Ye or y^u Were. 3. He was. v 3. They were. repeat all the ten:M|i.^f«ti|ib mood, with a GOnJjfi^tiDll pre- fixed to each of th«n:i. For the propriety of conjugating the tiil^uuctive mood, in this manner, s^ the larger mm^ iMilr^ J^Mi . ^ Singuliir. 2. Tboo kadsC been. 2. Ytm^^l^i^,^f^.^.,^, 8. H^lMKlbeeii. 3. They haA been. , «>■:: First Miure Ten&e. 1.1 shali or will be. ,. 1 . Wtf tlbib hsTe been. 2. Thon ehalt or wilt JHlt ^ %y«lS!% P>Lyott shidl or will' be. 3. He ahell or will he. 3. They ehall or vfiU li^, -:'4j V; '> I r f> \. I riiaU have been. 1. Wf shpU have been. 2. ThoQ wilt have lieeii. ' 2. !i^e dr you will have tieen. 8« Hei will have beem* ^'^ 3. They will have be^ii. * IS <»'4 I ff., 7 fx ..• r?' 'r $tite Mood. -?<'*'': r. fttiC me be. - * ., 1. Lrtualie. ,, y.. j 2^ i« *»M^ l^fl wJifr ^' 1* ye «»• yon or do y^ h«* 3. l^im/le^' ':f•■ri!>M'•,■x^ u3. L#t tbefli iic* Fotential Mood. Present Tense. ^ 'SUi|ttlar. Finn!. 1. r may oTMsAi be. 1. We miy or can tw. 2. Thoir mayat or canit be. 2. Te or you may or can be. 3. He may or can be. 3. They may or can be. Imperfect Tense, Singular. Plural. ; ; 1. I might, could, «weiild,'or 1. We might, oouLI; ivenlt should 4»e. ^^ i^^ .. or ^should be. * ' '^^ 2. Thou mightit, ooilclBt, 2^ ITe or you mighty oolild, wouldst or shouldst be. would or should be. 3. He might, ooul<|, would 3. They might, oduld, wo«ild or should be. ' !'j»^ H r or should be* ^ ?^<*^«^ ^m^'imi'^i'Perjfect Tense. ^'' / '[.iw-fr^mM VL .£ Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can have been. 1. We may or can have been. 2. Thou may8t.«r«an8t have 2. Te or you may or can have been. ,ii aj- ,ii-ivy^% \ii<'^\MeHi»'' ■,^^iMyi.:'imtm-*;\ 3. He may or can liave 3. They mt^ or can haive been. Bli ll'ji'J'il- eeen. >^-*^ >, ..**.' Pluperfect Tense* iii%?-fT \,vt«^2V^'^ .^wi^^ii^V^ 'Singular.. ■■; 4^ll^' -Plural.' ^^^^j^ . ;h* I i. I inight, could, wo«ld or T.'We might, ed^SMiKI, should have been. , or should have been. . 'ih-'f 84 Bngl^Qrqmmar. SioguUur. Plwftl. 2. Thou mightet^ couldst, 3. Te or you migkt, coul^ • wooMit or chouldst have * ^ould or should hare been. • been. 3. He might, cdiild, iiiould 3. They might, eould^^ouM or vhould hare befn. or shouW have btea* W Snbjiinctive Mood. Present Tense, Singular. 1. in be. 3. If thou be. 3. if ba*t; Singular.' 1. If I were. 3. Ifthouwert 3. If he were. Plural. 1. If we be. 2. |f ye or you be. '<* * 3. If they be. ,7,';<(, Imperfect Tense. Plural. I, If we wfere. 3. If ye or you were. 3. If they were.* Infinitive Mood. Verl brm tb ind the dy or c ^resenL favour, love. AR D]lowii ■•'I \ JjL . '4..wb Perfect. To hav« hpm. *i3!i»'*!i PreseiU Tense. To be. Participles. Preient. Being. Perfect. Been. Compound Perfect. Having Been. * The remaining t^feises of this mood are, In general, similar to,t^ coiiR9sp<^ndiag tenses of the Indloative AjLood. See Uie i|ote at page 30. lSin£ Hove I. Thou He, 8 love 8in{ I l0V€ Thou TT _ 1 ^ M 'Efyfktiogj^i 96 OF THE' CONJUGATlOlf 6P REGULAR VERBS. ACTIVE. Verbfl Active are called Regnlar whcHi f bey brm their imperfect tense of the indicative mood, nd their perfect participile^ by adding to the verb ^d, or d only when the verb ends in £/ a% ■ ; , :■ -Ml ,;,i>(i r ,. 'resent Imperfect P^A P<^fticiple, favour. I favored. Favored.i ■. , , ,■ love. I loved. Loved. A Regular Active Verb is conjugated in the allowing manner: i\, >■• f TO LOVE^ Indicative Mood. ? Present Tense. lingular. ' Floral. Hove*' i; v!y«ff 1. We loye. {.Thou lovest. 2. Ye^ or you love. He, she, or it luveth ov 3. They l^ye. loves. ■■^;r,-::i '.'v-^y "'"''■■'■■ ':'t^jmM\ Singular. I loved. Thou lovedst. ii« loveu. hnpeirfect Tense:* Plurd. ;, J. 1. We loved: 2. Te or you loved. Q rill. __ 1 ._„ J O. A uey lUVCU* 36 Bn^M$k Gmmmar. , Perfect Tense. Slogular. Plura). 1. I liaff loTed. 1. We haTe loTed. 2. Tkoa haU lotid. 9. Ye or you bate loTedi 3. He hith or hip IotmL 8. They haye k^. Pluperfect Tense. Siofwlar. lu j < r PlwaL ]p. I had loTed. 1. We bad loTed. 3. Theu hadit leted. 2. Ye or you had loved. 9. He had loted. - 3. They had loved; ■H' First Future Tense. » ■ ■ Sitogiilar; PlaraL 1. 1 ehaU or will love. 1. We shall or will love.' 2. Thoa ahalt or wilt love. 2. Ye or you shall or will love. 3. He shall or will love. 3. They shall or will love. Second Future Tense. Sfaigular. ; ^ Plural. « 1. I shall have hived. 1. We shall have loved. 2. Thoa wilt have loved. 2. Ye or you will have loved. 3. He will have h>ved. 3. They will have loved. Imperative Mood. ^"'rii . Sin^tohir. Plural. 1. Let me love. ,_ 1. Let us love. 2. Love thou or do thou 2. Love ye or you or do ye| love. love. -i'f*«' 3. Let him love. 3. Let them love. Folential Mood. n Prfsent Teme. 8iog«ikr. 'PhivtI. 1. I may or c$n Idve. 1. We whmj or ean lor*.' 2. Thou mftytt or o»Oit Ifre. a» T« or jpa nwj or eon loto. 3. Hi may or can love. 3. They may or can lore. Imperfect Tense, SiDgttlar. Plural. 1. I might, eouM, wooM, LWe might, eitoM, Witultit or should lore. or ihouM lore. 2. Thou mifhtet, couldst, 2. Ye or you might; eould, W^ttldat or ehoulditlovef wpnU^r . ^vMlim, 3. He might, could, would 3. They might, oould, would or abonld love. or should love. Peffict Tense, Singular. Plural. 1. I kay or can haviF loved. 1. We mayor Gaoha^iaye4« 2. iliott ntaya^ or eanst'I^*^« ^ or you m^y, ^ .^ ; hiMre loved. ''■*'. ' tiave loved;. ^ ,.,;.; . 3. He may or can have 3. They ma3^^^^j(|a||, * / 1 ' i- W M* ■•■^\ ^f^lt- ■' er/iist Tense. Siogular. PIttral. 1* I might, ooidd, would I. WrulKhit eoilU;; woiil^ or ftbottld' hate loved. oi^Aoaldfhat*liif«i9;'''^^ c ' dd EngUm^Wminm'* Singular. ' h^MvU'^. ..i^vfHf 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, wouldst or shouldst v^^ld or should have have loved. loved. 3. He might, could*. wpuld 3. They might, cofUdu would •iJl^havelQve^ ^ vor^^^^^y^^^ wmi 4?^* >> ^^mt s^biuhctive Mood: *' ''**^ ^^^^"'^ Present TenseM'^^' Singular. .^' ^^r^^^S :m\); Plural. ■'^^• 1. If I love. 1. If we love. . ? 2. If thou love, li <.i4*^l 2. If ye or you loveA«*^ ., V* U. . Infinitive Mood. ,j..j^ ^^4^'^- K'Wnift To loW.' '" P«f,*A To have ii^- •>,!«»w,,i^«N^^^^^^ 'ftirticiples. '*'''^:' :"' ■ Present. Loving. Perfect. Loved. Compound Perfect, ^ llaying loved. PASSIVE. ,4." ...i- ^.:'^.jt-,"^^i|3 , y^rbs passive are called regular, wh(^|i they forM'tfeieir perfect piqrtk^^ the addjtiojn iof 4 dt'ed, to theTerb ^ as, from the verb, **To lore," 18 formed the passive, "I am loved; I was Ibved^ i:8ttan^be-iovid-m' ' w^^^^*^^ 4^^ ■^F^ A passive vert' is conjugated by adding the perfect participle to the Auxiliary to bcf through all its changes of nunibeff pehon, mood and tense, in the follQi^ing manner. ;''^,*i; :^ * tr?^!liAJP?^naii4i}(ruteiJi08 of thia mood are, iHiiftneiral, '■imiliMr^to (he,jCf^{B«pondent tenseji 9^the Indicative Mood. ^mohgy^ /■' 9f ht, could, ould have ild^ would loVed. di ■■(*> JiLiB^^ 2:?'i 4fi they olore," iii^n?' mg the hrough 9(1 and ir»neiraV eMood. r f ^i TOVBEimfftD. ■'^ :^' -■ ■■ ^'- • lAcHcative Mddtf- ' ^*^^^' "^ ^^^**^ ^ -^ Singular. . ' Plural. 1. I am loved, i^^virlk ;t - x««v ^ ..I J.., {had beeii lored. „\i^.r 1.. IWTb, had^e^n loyea. 2. Thou hadst been l-■■ Singulir. Plaral. !• I ahall havrbeen loved. 1. We shall have been loved. 2. Thou wilt have been 2. Ye or you will have been loved. loved. 3. He will have been loved. 3. They will have been loved. Imperative Mood. .i^a-i'^^l",?-^ Singolarv ^^ t^^^JPlnral. 1. Let me be loved. 1. Let us beloved. 9. Be thou loved, or do thou 2. Be ye or yon loved, or do beloved* ye|||loved. 3. *litt Iftm beloved. ^ -3. Let them be loved. Potential Mood* Present Tense, ^ Singohur. Floral. 1* I may or can be loved. 1. We may or can be loved. 2. Thoa mayst or canst be 2. Te or you may or can be Wy«. loved. S. H« ^7 or dus 1^ bvai. 3. They may or dui be loved. * 41 Sinifular. ^, , ^J^t\. 1. I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, would should be loved); >-**^ or should bfrJof^d^f! 2. Thou mllghtst, cotd^^t, 2. Ye or you'ihlglit,^ eodld,) wouldstt or shouldiBt l^te would, itt «hou14 ' bef - loved. ' loved. 9. He might, could, would S^Othe^ might, could, would ' or sfiould be loved, if or should be loved. Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can hx^ beof^ 1. We ma,y or can have been loved. loved. 2. Thou maVst dr canst 2. Ye or you lirwy or can have been loved. have bieen loved. 3. He may or o&n have beea 3. They may or can have loved, been loved. Pluperfect IVnw^i ^* Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, would should have Ineen lovdd. ot should have ; been 2. Thou inigh^t^"*cbuMst, 2. Ye or you might,- coidd^H wotltdst or sh^uldst ' tfbuld or should htiye have D^n loved. ^' "*' v. been love JBiji^molo§fy. A3 IRRigOULAR VBftBQ ARE 6^ VARIOUS SORTS. 1. Such as htLve the present and imperfect tenses, and perfect participle, th^^ s^me: as, Present. Imperfect Perfect P^rt. Cost, cost, cost. Pot, put, put. % Such as have t|ie imperfect tense, and per-? feet participle the same : as, '^ r Present. Imperfect. * Perfect Part Ahide, * abode, abode. Sell, sold, sold. 'f < . ' ■ » 3. Sqch as hare the imperfect tense, and per? feet participle diflerent : as. Present Imperfect Perfect Part. i4r Arise, arose, arisen. Blovv, blew, i*j»i^. 'blown. '» The following list of the irregular verbs will) it is presumed, be found bot{i comprehensive and accurate. Present Imperfect Perf. or Ptiss. Ipurt Abide, abode, : abode. Am, wfis, ' , oeen. Arise, arose, Awake, awoke, r,' r^ arisen. '^ Be^ to bring r^^ Bear, to carry y bore. Beat, beat. Begin, began, p^nd, tent,; awaked- * * born. borne. :' beaten, be^t. begim, hent* 44> Pment. Bereave, Beseech, Bid, Bind, Bite, Bleed, Blow, Break, Breec^ Bring, Build, BursV Cast, English Grainfnar, ImperTeet. bereft, r. besoSj^t^ ibid, bad^, bound, bit, bled, ^^^:'j,.:'U. Feet, pv ^SK/m, 1^911%^ bereft, r. "besought i V lrtdd^n,bfd. bound; bitten, bit. bled. '3i.",f ..blevr,mr^< <.-ft'n blown. ;:■.;. i'^ .^ broken . ,, ,1 brokeptiw^^ . ^^,bred, ; •. .-; U- ■ bred. ^..^ i^. , brought, .. brqugbt f built, ^^sxy> built. „. , burst, burst. ^^^'^'■^boiight, -^^ ^^' ■ boug!iti^^««*^--^* - . ■■ cast, ■"■^ -^^'■^■tast.-H^^^*i'^n-^^^ Catchy ^--^^ caught, Ri t caught, R^i Chide, ; chid, i'>?'^- xhidden* cfhid. Chooser '^*'^*'^ ' choose, ^^3«I chosen^ I.. Cleaye^.«/»c^ h^^^^^^^Pl l.«.ws.M:iilT ' Cleave, to split,c\ove or cleft,^ cleft, clove^.!^,^.^^j CUng, _, .^^ . dang,^ 4V plung. Clothes |C,| jclothed, Conoe, Cost, j:*%l^*'ti^'-.. ' came, cost. I ; Crow, v^^; .crew, rV Creep, crept. Cut, cut, Dare, to vc«^wre,durst, Dare, R. p ^haU^nge, Deal, dealt, R. clad, R. come, cost, crowed. 5{t,) crept. . 3 . ' ■ dared. . '»';l.i^ ^' aealt, r. Do, did, R. aiig, done. R. ■ .■>■■ W-/ ■" W^moloffj^. 15 Present. ►rive, ^rink, [Dwell, Eat, Fall, Feed, Feel^ FigH Find, Flee, Fling, Fly, ■■ Forget, Forsake, Freeze, [Get, Gild, Gird,, Give, G<^, Grave, Grind, Grow, Have, Hang, Hear, Hew, Hide, Hit, Hold, »T nun;. Imperfedf. drew, drove, tirank, dwelt, R. eat or ate lell, felt, fought, found, fled, flung, flew, forgot, forsook, froze, gpt» gilt, R. girt, R. gave, went, graved, ground, grew, had, hung, R • heard, hewed, hid, hit, held. ff vlfir , per. or Pan. Pari drawn. driven. drunk. dwelt, R. eaten. fallen. fed. '\ felt. fought. ^ \lbund. fled. 'flung. flown. forgotten, forgoi^ forsaken. ;.^i**"j(Vozen« gilt, R. girt, R. given. vvK gone. graven. groutid. grown, fe had. ' hung, R« heard. hewn. hidden, hid. ^^^ hit. held. ■-■■ . l",! -.•H: A-:. ■ihQ:). '■5 ■ ■ :t'ii ^ ,' jiuri, mi, .■■' v^^l^iV 46 Present Keep, Knit, , Know, Lade, Lay, Lead, Leave, Lend, Let, Lie, to lie down^^yt Load, Lose, Make, Meety; :ft^»:^:v; Mow, English Grammar. Imperfeoft. kept, knit, R. knew, R. laded, laid, led, left, jj.lent, let, Perh or Fau. Part, kept. ■.>^^/'^. ',h Pay, Pat, Read, Rend, ^ Rid, Ride, Ring, Rise, Rire, Run, Saw, Say, See, Seekifi^i Sein Send, Shake^ loaded, r lost, made, »^>^et, mowed, paid, put, read, rent, rid, rode. •0: knit, R. known, r laden, laid, led. left, lent, let. lain. laden, R. 'lost, made, met. inown, R« s«i^ pa»d. *^ put. rode or riddei^ V .-i .„n r** ('• -'•■ill -i ^ r. 1^ ■! ^ rung, rang, rose, rived, * ran, sawed, .,, < isaid, saw, sought, . sold, N sent, rung, risen. '^^--•^f^iven. ;iy f shook, run. sawn, R. s^d. seen. sought. sold. sent. ■of shaken. i:n *Efyfnoldgy* 41 sent.' IShape, Shave, Ishear, Shed, Shine, I Show, jShoe, Shoot, Shrink; Shred, Shut, Sing^, Sink, Sit, Slay, {Sleep, Slide, Sling, ' Slink, Slit, ISmite, Sow, Speak, * Speed,^ ^^^ Spend, - ' I Spill, [Spin, I Spit, Split, Spread, Spring, Stand, Steal, Imperfect. Iihaped, shaved, she 3d, shed, shone, R. showed, shod, . sliot, shrunkj shred, shot. ■ ,1 ' Pref. or Pan. Part. shaped, shapeh. shaven, R. shorn. shed. ishone, R. shown. shod. shot. V I ' ' V shrunk, "^'"ishred. shut. >" sung, sang, sung, sunk, sank^ sunk, sat, slew. slept; aUd, ' slcmg, slunk, slit, R. smote, . sowed, spoke, sped, spent, #^-^ spilt, R. spun, spit, spat split, /i^read, *,P sat. 'Slain. ^1^'^': slept. H!'8lidden. ,?*'^ Slung. shink. ' slit or slitted. ,«^^^*Vtoitten, <^»n gown, R. i^'iif ,t spoken. sped. ^^" spent. *^^^^^pilt, R. *^% spun. ^>f-s». • spit, spitten. split, spread, sprung, sprang, sprung, stood, >**^ ^stood. stole, stolen. 48 SnglUh Gratpmar. Prfltent. Stick, Stinff, Stink, Stride, Strike, String, Strive, Strow or Swear, Sweat, Swell, Swim, Swing, Take, Teach, Tear, Tell, Think, Thrive, Throw, Thrust, Tread, Wax, Wear, Weave, Weep, Win, Wind, Work, * Wring, Write, Imperfect. Perf. or Pam. Purl. Stuck, 8tUck« stung, stung, stunk, stunk. , strode or strid, stridden, struck, struck or striken strung, strung, ./^strove, striven, v . I 8tro wed or ) strown, strowed, ^^^^"^ J strewed j strewed. swore, swet, R. swelled, swum, swam, jiwung, took, taught, tore, told, j^ thought, throve, R. ^hrew, ^ thrust, trod, waxed, wore, , wove,?^;-'-a"^'^ wept, won,, --jvj^;^ wound. ■M: %0' sworn, f swet, 7%. swollen, R. swum. swung. taken. taught. torn. told. thought. thriven. thrown, thrust, trodden. tr, i ; (;,,^ waxen, r. ,to|^orn, woven, wept* won. , wound. wrought, wrought or worked, wruijg, wrung, wrote, written. ^.^i! Btymblogy* 49 The verbs which are conjugated regularly, as well an irregularly, are marked with an R. Those preteritai and participles, which are first mentioned in the list» seem to be the most eligible. DEFECTIVE VERBS. ■.1, i Defective Verbs are those which are used only in some of their moods and tense,^ ; as, am^ wcls^ hi'en; can^ could j may^ might ; shally should; will, would, Sfc- ADVERB. ' i . ■ ■ ' t ■ An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb^ an adjectii;:e, and sometimes to another adverb to express some qviality or qircums|:ancv respect- ing ; as, " He reads well ;" "A truly good man »** ** }lid writes very correctly.** Some adverbs are compared thiis: *< Sopn, «ooner, soonest ; often, oftener, oftenest." iTh^pfe ending in ly, are, compared by more and most; as, " fViseij^ mpre wisely, most wisely.** The following are a few of tbe Adverbs^ Onee lastly ^^. presently . quickly not now , before ii||^{'J^p4'^en»" perhaps how lateW'v'i nauch PREPOSITION. liere indeed more. *i; : Prepositions serve' to connect words with one Another,^ and to show the relation between them. They are, for the most part, sat before nouns and yironouns ; as, " He went^^om London to York ;"t *• She is above disguise ;" ** They are supported % industry. :.m^^^-\- <50 EnglUh Grammar, The fi>llowiiig \% a.ljht of the principal pnipu- tjiition»: Of into abovn nt oflT to within b«li»w near un or upon fur without between up nmoirg by OVtT beneath down after with uiiiler from • l>eroi'e about iu tlirough beyond behind » against > • COKJUNCTION. ' ■^ A Conjunction is a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences ; so as, out of two or more sentences to make but one. It somethnes cmmects only woi*ds. joy jr*- ^- .^Ti- Conjtinctiond'are principally divided into two softs, the COPULATIVE and disjunctive. The Conjunction Copulative serves to connect or to <;ontinue a sentence^ by expressing an ad- dition, a supposition, a cause, &c.; as, ** lAeand his brother reside 4h London ;" ** 1 will go, //"he will accompany me ;" " You are hapfiiy, because you are good." The Conjunction Disjunctive serves, not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to •^xpr^ss opposition of meaning in different degrees: as, *'^Though he was frequently reproved, yet he did not reform ;" " They came with her, hut went aw^ay without her." - The following is a list of the prinqipal con- junctions : ' The Copulative, And, that, both, for, there- fore, if, then, since, because, wherefore. Eti/mologif, 51 The Di*ijunctivc, But, titan though, either, or, as, unless, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwith- standing, INTEHJECTIONS. Interjections are wortis thrown in between the parts of n nentence, to expj-ess the patusiohs or emotions of the speaker : as, <* Oh ! I have alie- nated my friend ; Alas ! I fear, for life ;" " O virtue 1 how amiable thou ait !'' The following are some cif the Inferje<'tiims : O ! pish I heigh ! lo ! b<>hold ! ah ! tush ! lie ! hush I hail!; OF DERIVATION. Words are derived. from one anothor in vari- « oiw. ways, viz^ ^ 1. Substantives are derived from verbs; as, from ** to love" ronoun, is referred to the pre- ceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number : as, " Ignofancp 6r negligence has caused this mistako ;" " John or James^ or ' Joseph, intends to accompand me ;" ** Thet^e w, in many minds, neither knowledge nor undeV- standing.** 'Mi:::^''^':^r4'i^rm^'k:^.¥rmj^.-- ■'■ ' ■ ■ i wm.;^:- 54 English Grammar, >» # RVtB IV. A noun of muUitude, or signifying many, may have a verb or pronoan agreeing with it, either of the singular or plural number ; yet not without re- gard to the import of the word, as conveying unity orplnrality of idea : as, "The meeting washrge ;" ^' The parliament is dissolved ;" " The nation is powerful ;*' " My people do not bonsider M'■ ■/■ ■ ■' ■■ , ;r,'^-' : ^ ' ■ ^KJk m English Grammar. Some conjunctions require the indicative, some t|^ snbjuncftive mood, after them. It is a general role, that when something contingent or doubtful is Implied, the subjunctive ought to be used : ncti ** If I were to write he would not regard it;" " He will not h^ pardoned unless he repent'^ Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute nature require the indicative mood. **-4!y virtue advances so vice recedes ;" " He is healthy be- cflfJt^e he w temperatet RULE XX. When the qualities of different things are. com- pared) the latter noun or pronoun is not governed by the conjunction YAa^i or a^; but agrees with the verb, or is governed hy the verb or the preposi- tion, expressed or understood : as, ** Thou art wiser than I;'* that is, "than I am." " They loved him more than me ; i. e. " more than they loved me ; ** The sentiment is well expressed by Plato, but much better by Solomon than him :" tlycit is, ** than by him." RULE XXI. To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ex- press our ideas in few words, an ellipsis, (»r pmis- »ion of some words,*is frequently admitted. lu- stead of paying, *' He was a learned man, lie v^as a wise man, and he was a good man V we, luse the ellipsis, and say, ." He was a learne|d, wise, and larood, man." Wheji the omission of words would ^»bscure the sentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an Fi teacl >ng and V0IC« it mj ed fr of tl «ylh Prosody* 59 frkl (fill |t;" lite impropriety, they mmt' 1>e .expressed. In the sentence, ** We are apt to love who love us/' the wwiiihem should b^ j^upplied. /' A beaiitiful field liud trees ;'' is pot proper language. It should be, ** Beautiful fields and trees ;" or, ** A beau- tiful field and fine trees." tl CLE XXII. . All the parts .of a sentence should correspond to ea^h other : a regular and dependent construction throughout, should be carefully preserved. The followipg sentence is therefore inaccurate; <* He was more beloved, but not so much admired, as Cinthio*:' It should be, ** He vvas more beloved thiin (Jitithio, but not so raiit'h admired^/' PfiOSODY.,.V PROSODY consists of two parts : the former teaches the true pronunciation of words, compris- ing Acemty quantity^ emphasis, pause and to^^'X md the latter the laws oi versification. 7^* Accent is the laying of a particular stress ofihe voice on a Certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better heard than the rest, or distinguish- ed from them : as, in the word presume the stress of the voice must be on the letter u, and second syllstble 2fume which take the accent. * Be« the 23d edit, of the larger Granriinar,^ p. 212. f:; 6o English Gtammar, QUANTITY. The quantity of a syllable is that time which is ociitipied ill pronouncing it. It is considered as long or short. A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent is on the vowel : which occasions it to be slowly joinedrin pronunciation, to the following letter : as, " Fdll^ hahy modd, hduse, feature J' ' • A syllable is short, when the accent is' on the consonant; which occasions the vowel to be quickly joined to the succeeding letter : as,>* an't bou'net, hun'gei*.*' A long syllable requires double the time 6f ti short one in pronouncing it: thus, ^< mate" and " Note," should be pronounced as slowly again as " il/a^l* and « Ao^" EMPHASIS. ■i^/m By emphasis is meapt a stronger and jfuller -sound of voice, by which we distins^uish some word or words on which we design to lay particu- lar stress, and to show how it ejects the rest of the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words must be distinguished by a particular i, tone of voice, as well as by a greater, stress^ , . i ■-^:, - ■ ^■- - • ■''■ ^ ''"^"'■'' ^ '' ■■''^" ■^-- ' ;'■ msi:;:k 'PAUSESi::;!.;^,,,. . ■: ^,, >*,. ;*,.', ,, ,. Pauses or rests, in speaking and readings are a total cessation of the voice, during a perceptible, and, in many cases, a measureable space of time. 1 '•*.-■■ ,*' Punctuation* 61 e which lis iidered as e accent is be slowly ng lettei' : is' on the i^el to be a»,>*an't time 6f k mate" and y again as ind fuller uish some y particu- be rest of tic words •ittono of '♦,i '». ^-fj h ?*;- .'A ''* \ ling^ are a ^rceptible, ;e of time. "ONES. Tones are diflbi'ent both from emphasis and pauses ; consisting in the modulation of the voice, the notes or variation of dound which we employ, in the expression of our sentiments. VERSIFICATION. * Versification is the arrangement of a certain immber and/variety of syllables, according to cer- tain laws. '*'• Rhyme is the correspondence of the last sound of on6 Yerse, to the last sound or syllable of another. 's 'fl 1 /'^ ,.?*-5 • PUNCTTJATIOlf. . •??.-, Ifl^ the art of dividing a written composition in1;o sentences, or parts of sentences, by points or stops, for the purpose of marking the different pauses, which the sense and an accurate pronun- ciation require, r f^r;i^ -.X .. Tbe Comma represents the Shortest pause ; the Semicolon, a pause double that of the comma ; the Qolon, double that of the semicolon ; and the Period, double that of the colon. The points are marked in the following manner : ^The Comma ^ - / ^ * « The Colon •? ^ m^y The Semicolon ; ^ 4^^ The Period. 4 I'll M m English Grammar, COMMA. The condina usually separates tliote parts of a sentence, which though very cloi^ely connected in sense* require a pause between them s as, ** I re- member, with gratitude, bis love and services." *^ Charles is beloved, esteemed, and respected." ' SEMICOLON. • , The Semicolon is used for dividing a compound sentence into two or more parts, not sp^.closely connected as those which are separated by a com- ma, nor yet so little dependent on eacb, other, as those which are distinguished by a col^n : as, ** Straws swim on tlie surface ; but pearls lie at the bottom." COLON. The Colon is used to divide a sentence into two or more pa^ts, less connectl»d than those which are separated by a semicolon ; but not so independent as Separate, distinct sentences : as, ^< Do not flat- ter yourself with the hope of perfect happiness : there is no si|ch thing in the world." ' PERIOD. ' When a sentence is complete and independent, aiid not connected in construction with the follow- ing sentence, it is marked with a period ; as, ** Fear God. Honour the King. ,Un|^e ph^Uy towards all men." *^ ' ■■■ ■ . ,„ ;•■' . _^'^-lBf«f'^*«H> ■ '.■■ Besides the points which mark tjie pauses in discourse, there are others that denote a different Pknctuatron, m modulation of iroice> in corresponilencft to the sentew These are, The Interrogative point,? -The Exclamation poiiSt, ! * ' ' ' ' The Parenthesis, ( ) a8, *' Are you sincere ?" " How exciellent is a grateful heart !" ** Know then thU triith, (enough for ihait to know,) Virtue alone is happiness below." ^ .,.^^be following characters are also frecfuently used in composition. An Apostrophe, marked thus * : {is, ** thoV "judg'd." am A, Caret, mark^4 thus a : as, <' I diligent.'' lA liyphen, whichis thus marked - : as, *' Lap- dog, to-morrow." ^ ' i 5 V, The acute accent, marked thus ' : as, ** Fan'- cy." The grave accent thus ^ : as, " Favour." l^he proper mark to distinguish a long syllable, is this~ : as, ** Rosy ;" and a short one this^ : as, *' F511y.* This last mark is called a Breve. A Diseresis, thus marked" : shows that two vpwels form separate syllables ; as, '< Creator .'' A* Section is thus marked §. - A'Ptfragraph, thus f ^^^* ^^'^^ ' ^-^^ >^^^' ' -^ ■ ^ A, Quotation has two inverted commas at the beginning, i^nd two direct ones, at the .en iinites three poetical lines ; or > nni connects a number of words, in prose, with one common term. M' An Asterick or little star^ directs the reader to some note in the margin. An Ellipl^is is thus marked ; as **K gJ* for King. An Obelisk, which is marked thus f , and Pa- rallels thus ||, together with the letters of the al- phabet, and figures, are used as references to the margin. CAPITALS. t 4. The following words should begin with capitals. " ; 5>. 1st. The first word of every book, qhapter, letter, paragraph, &c. . . 2d. The first word after a period, and fre- quently after the notes of interrogation and ex- clamation. , if* « * Capilais* 65 # dd, The names of the Deity ; as, Gud, Jeho' f ah» the Supreme Being, &c. 4th, Proper names of persons, places, ships, &c. 5th, Adjectives derived from the proper names of places: as, Grecian, Roman, English, &c. I < 6th, The first word of an example, and of a quotation in a direct form : as, ^* Always remem- ber this ancient mttxim ; * Know thyself/" / 7th, The first word of every line in poetry. ♦ 8th, The pronoun /, and the interjection C / 9th, Wards of particular importanc e : as, the Reformation, the Restoration, the Revolution. '.4 . '^^ APPE'NDIX « ' ' cbxTAIIflMC ' EXERCISES fN ORTHOGRAPHY, IN PARSING, IN SYNTAX, AND IN PUNCTUATION. PAET t: % EXERCISES IN OUTHOGRAPHT. ■'Si ■■ A sprig of mirtle. Tlie liHy tff the vftlley. A tmrder of daysies. A fxid of Tilets. Tfie'Affrican maryguld. The vArigated geranium. Newington peecfaes. Italien iiectarins. Turky aprieocks. The Orleans plumb. A palate of satlet. ; A dish of pees. •^ . A bunch of sparagmss. A naess of spinnage T&is Portugial mellon. Dutch currans. Ked and white rasberrtes. The prickly coucumber. Red and purple reddi»hea. Meally potatoes. Earley Dutch Turneps. Late colli flowers. Dwarf uabages. A hauthorn hedge. A fine spreddiiig oak. A weeping willow. * The erroneous spelling h to be rectified by Dr. John* son's Dictionery. For the propriety of exhibiting errone- ifu» exercises in Orthography, see the Adverti&ieuient to (h« £icvetith •dition of the Eiigli^nh EAeiciiseis ixereises in t)rtfi(«§rapkp. iX, % ^itr< -\'- A pidgeofi pye. A plumb puddin. t A rich cheaMofdM. A beei^take. • ; ^' A mutten chop. A sholder of Lavb. a! fillett of veel. A banch of venason. A o|ip of choocdlale.^'^K ^ t : A bason of soop. %^ Ooalchester oistert. 'i^ Phessanto and Patridgea. A red herrin. - -■*. f A large lobstor. The gras in pmn* Safron Is yallow. Yinigar Is sowr. Sliugar is sweet. A pair of sciszon. A silver bbdken. A small pennkriifft^f Black lead pencils. Ravens* f tails. ' A box of waifers. A sticic of sdeling walc> Tba pint of a swordi Sammon is a finer fish than The edge of a ru«er. • turbot, pertch, or baddick. The tai 1 of a plow. The gras of the fields, iiisbon orranges. Spanish chessnuts. .A beach tree. A borcb tree, A floor f ardin. Afeildofrie. The wheat harvist. A bleu sky. ^l > ^^^is^tw A lovly day. ^y A beautiful! scenn. A Splendid pallace. 'M^^f A chcarful countenance. An ancient ca.stel. A utvaight gate. A strait l\ne^ K-'. y'f-yi-j "> ti'. A cl^an flore. « • An arm chara. The front dore. The back kitchim The little parlor. A frelndly gift. $ An aifectionnate parent. A dutifiiU child. An oblidging foehaivoor. A well(;ome messefiger. Improvcing con versa t4t»ii» An iri»portiinate bi'ggtjt-. An uccasiiinal viMttvi'. ■■'i m 68 AppewMx. A diwgreable joorpyv A wUlful errour. Blameable conductb^ Sincere repenteiice. Laudible persuits. Good behaivour. A reguler vissit. . A severe headake. A skillfull horsroaii. A lavorable rcceplion. Every seatton has ito pecuDef b'iautys. Avoid extreams. Never deceive. ArtifiUal flowers, .k^-t^i^mu Knowledge inlarges the mind. Chrystal streems. To acquire it it a great pr^vi- Murmering winds, >,,; ,;v' ledge. 14 • ' A tranquil retr«et*«f^^wK sr^' I'he school encreases«3^«i\'! A noixy school. '%t® i^t We must be 8tudeou».; * • A surprizing storey. Enquire before you resolve.^ * Spritely discourse. ;v % / Be not affraid to do. what i.% Frophane tales. ^. .7^*0 ;t**t;■^•^;«^..,. rights ..ip. i-^,!, ,,,.^,i.^i^tij^.,;.:4,r. >r* PART II. .*^v*.t*W«. EXERCISES m PAAiSlN6. " *#€#M,.ibiiivi. Exercises in Parsing, as it respects Etymology ■" alone. , -^f^^- ^^■ SECT. I, i,<%is^te.:n •. rAipmlogical Parking Table. What part of speech ? 1. An Ariirif. Tr rifir Kind r >> ny f Sxercuu in Parsing, 2. A st$bs€antwe. Common or tvoper ? What^ Oi^nder? Camber? Case? Why? J 3. AnddjeetwCf What degree of com{mri0oa ? To what doies it belong ? Why im adjective ? 4. Aj)ronoun, What kind ? Person ?, Uender ^ I^umber? Case? Why? .^^ 5. -4»cr5. Whatkind? Mood? Tense? NumTv her? Person?, Why? If a participle, Why ^ Active or Passive ?. .< 6. An adverb. Why is it an adverb ? .\ 7. A preposition. Why a preposition ? %, A conjunction. Why? ^ 9. An interjection. Why ? Sect. 2. Specimen of Etymola0(kd Parsing, Hope aninoates us. ZT^^e is a common substantive, of the neuter gender, the third person in the singular numbei!, and the nominative case* (Decline the suhstan^^ tive,J , Animates is a regular verb active, indica- tive mood, present tense, third person singular. (Repeat the present tense^ the imperfect tense^ and the perfect participle ; and sometimes conjugaU the verb entirely.) Usnti personal pronoun, first person plural and in the objective case. (Dedlin^ the pronoun.) A peaceful mind is virtue's reward. / A is the indefinite article. Peaceful is an ad- jective. (Repeat the degrees of comparison) Mind is a common substantive, of the neuter gender, the third person in the singular number, and th^ nominative case ^ (Heclifie the substantive.) /#is m m 7^ Appejidix, -^ ftfr UTisgular terb neuter, indtcitti vd ttibbd, present tense, and the tmrd pei^ii 8tnj|ii]si^. (Rej^tthe pteif^ltense^ike imperfidiietise, andtk^pattiei' jE>^> «^itM^^?deftoM(z% conjugate the verb eMrefy,) VWeif^ih a cohin^h substantive, of the third p^- son, in the singular nnihber, and the. pd^ie^sive caiij.^'' Y-^*^^*^* ti^^ ^stan^pe.) Reward is a ccinitiidti iit^h^^ of the tliird person, tti t^e sinfnilar nnmber, and the nominative case. 'mL. ■ r»- .ii .'♦ v*^ .^*l^^'ii' SECT, XII. - . m^w^^'h. ■ .'^■ \ ... Article and Substantive, ' ^j- A bush . , A pnnce ^* Atroe-' ■•- •;; .p^i.vi/ A rivulet .%^^;^.'1^\-' A ilotirer ■ ^ d 't*s J 3'i^v*i*i*;'.*iFt; *foTbe Haqfiber ■ pm-k't^iAifm An^iqnil^^ .^ 5*ift!W;\ . Gjntgwy .:nidmt'!:i^m-hm An aimona An abbesp t .'^ >^ A'boose ■■"■: ; ./• :^'Abnl1d^^'■vln'=^V^^^>^vvvi\^ Af|.>our ^r>f«^^^i>l<^^^.Aft Europe tvi;^,-. ' A|9 htpour — *^ The science* ^ j.^,^,|, An oostler ' ' Yorkshire The garden The planets The fields /, ,:^.i ,^ .,„,-;;, T?he sun ,iy,, ...,..,..:, ^x Th^ rainbow '» „A "volume Th^-d ,• A jj^rammar ,. ' : , Matbematlpa The eleinei|;t9 ^ An earthqijiHlc^ ^I>^JVJ» Tfie King's prfi^ogiitlTO, Africa ,.•";; •.'t^ A vacancy ,.H,ym, ^il!«j«>^ The stars y^t'^^^^i^:^\li^^ An idea.. s....^.^-..:.^,kfw^:A A come^-;?,,a^^i;^^j^^i^j, ■ A whim A miracle ,#^%jris^»4% r Something A -prophecy^. ,,^<.^,^ j.,j.^.NQthii*g.^ , ■fs^ SECT. IV. ArHd^, AdjecHvky and SuBsia^tw4^^y'^-*^-f A goodhfart, r.^^^p^An obedient scm ^^ A., wise bead ^ V L^^ .A diligent scholar A. **«^^ A^ strbhl; body ^* Shady trees A flagrant flower The verdant fitUds ^^^,*^>An obedient 80i;i , , A diligent scholar *^**^ ^ A hippT parent The cau'Jid realsoner Fair proponds .i ■ ^ n? r A mutual agr«eiiie|i|, t^.^ if "I! n ?P I ■■^;« 'Vi^MBrAQ! li Appendix. A peaoeful m\ni CompoMd tboiigbtt A aereiie aapeet An affiible deportment The whistling winds A boisterous S(?a Tbe bowling tempest A glocoay carers Sapid streams Unwholesome dciws A severe winter A li^ksft clrone T»*ft indsiaSi'Hous bee». H&rsalc*?;, dovm ' '^^^'^ ■ ■ Tb« c«i"\;le3i* ostrich " TJ be datifai atork Tb« spasious firmanient Cooliiig breezes '^^^^ A woman amiable A dignified character A pleasing address An open countenance ' A convenient macitlon Warm clothing A temperate climate Wholesome aliment An affectionate parent A iiree government The diligent farmir A fruitful field . The crowning hanrest A final rr~r td i;*«- A virtuous conflict'^ A plain narrative An historical fiction ilelentless wm' An obdari;it8 hfitiA Tempestttons pcisiGiie ' At^^mper ^.Hibai^i^i/l'V,''^ ■'■'■'' A ser?sual r;rnd Tbe bablling brook A Hmpid stre&m Tbe devious walk •■^»^^':^^'^'' A wiotisig canal ■/*^*v4 . The serpentine river A melancholy fact Aq interesting history A happier life The woodbine 8 fragranoa '" A cheering prospect An harmonious sound Fruit delicious Tbe sweetest incense An odorous garden The sensitive plant ' A garden enclosed Tbe ivy-mantled tower , Virtue s faik* form A mahogany table ; S weet scented myrtle A resolution wise, noble, dis- inters, »;Kd , Consolati lenient hand A b^**«r i id kl. ': »» .^ ^ ^'ff^^M^^' yh. A mlafrabie and f; A«j^tWTfrted|^lnt ,^ Jippu _ , I am slii«fi^ • ; '- T(Mi t9C9a«|^ lnii ^ .^*f1» llboa arl 4n.d|if trloufti^ n: • ^ They .4^^ H« b dUinterestdd ^ <■ -, Let him confti4«r . : 4< Thou dwt iiii|«ovl„a ,«»i « , il.et as impir«r# #wrj|«lvi« f a^^ He aairisted me m : Know yoanielvitii, ijff/, ; • ji Wfl ^ ;^f^tP(Minq^ted jHifjenrpfyj- J^et tbeiii.a4v«ift«)e »♦ »r n r 0ar bfipM did flatter us h They may oi^i|^,<^.) l^liey have^dit^ilftadme r^^' i^f can f(«^v« ) > ■' Tour expectatioQvibiui {felled He might eiirpadw tfaeili . -.w ltiftacold#iitlia(2:hapfieiiied We could overtake litfiB. ,» He ^l^ 'i\r'ii^,i^^ct 'I:' iCou shall nubniii He may have deceivj|d^,pa, ^e hoQoar Uten gmlE'hey may have i^^ff^^teiv E 71 Afpenm:: GtMdf liiiyblir'tKld) >rmil He will bart ik^iitmXntik ifft tluiH hayf agreed Let'nieilNipfeH D« fMi iiilCitKi him Pri^ire yofir leMbiis Thou ii)ifhtel liat« fAi^a- ' . Ted ' , We sbottld have toniilier- ed "•■■:■-' 7o see ^<»i^ iwO Tou may be discovered They searched those rooni^'f He mighi-'be eonvinced jEf'*i^-*be was gone y^tt^'t' It would bit car^esed The book Is bis; it was I may have heart' deceived ' mine ^< < -''<^ They might have; been li«fi« These are yours, those are '^''■' oured'- -'- ours vr„- Our h9S*#f ttM d^elllul / That Is what F feared i,^*^ J ^^ .'JAvi , None m( I* HisestM Her worl Eachmu tibn Every h tforn Which VI li wasni Hers hi do r, ■■ -.-^i' ri fl have s« napi Thirdly, cone Thetaik ed We pou thei We often perfi Exer4iffe$ m. Parsing, f^ T^r^oondttc^ m^ tli«ir aj^ TImI' ^,|he l|i|np ?f )Mch 1 4f- N<^n«met who could fvofd liThp/ipiia.pre^^pTf ]|iq|iM!lf? it , WboM book! art tlp«9«? Hit Mteon^ is my lioopur Wliom bat^ w« MHrred?' .^ Har wocic^doet her crodil Some are iiegl|||ent, others Each must anewer the ques- indaetri<|KMui tibn' Onft 9iajf . deoeiye oiff'e ETery heart kijiowa It, own self . . , / ^ iorrowt All have ,,a. taleot to i^» Which was hie choioe pro?e . <^ li was neither , • ^ Can a|iy dispute it ^ , ^^, ; Hers Is finished, thine b to Such is our condition. , ; y do 'Z/"' iSJsrcr. VL IS ■-■%.? ,. Uv Adverb, PrepoiitiQn, Car^'uncHon^ and Intsv' ■ Jection, el have see^ him once, per- This plant is foundibcre and hfljps twice elsewhere Thirdly* and lastlft I shall Only today is properly conclude ©ure ^'^' *'^ The taslc is ahready perform- Tbtey travelled through ed France in baste, towards We pottld not serTOj him i^- (Italy then^ but we will here- Trom virtue to vtce» the pro- |if^r grein is gradual, We often resolve but seldom By diligence and frugality, perform ^^ ^^m •\l'^' r^^^^tppen^'^'' DOW than fonMHitf \ Ve uni ofU^ below mW wishm, «^ iWW oi|r msert Some thing! inak« for hifQ, otliers ii^iost qIhi ^^ *^%^ci;; aiif i^e Wni ^ii-^ By ttis fmpriideii^ lie Wm bably satbe^a" m^ ewe^fiy Che birds sitjj^f "Why art thou so he«'^*?s;. ,' H« Iv litde 4ttiinti^#, nijr^ absolutely stupid ^^ When win thej* ai¥lW* *" ' )|>]unged in^o hew diffi- eulties • ^ii^'ottt t»i#'aS of charUy. he supported' titmMlf with credt^^ *" ' ' ' Of his talents tnubit m^g^t Where rtrtdl #• sto^?^ **^^^' f *ba' paid, **» ted with propriety Wf> in vain look for a He will be d(>tected though pfl& between yirtue aud') *^v1i^ deny the faM ^^ vice ^, i ^^ he has promisied, he should He lives within his income ^ act accordingly 3?]i8 iNMiaa was. (»>ld ^at a Shq will tranB^reas unkas great prl6fc> aaid tibove she be adoaoiflslifd •' ^ita Talne \>:^ Jf vbe weire eilcoura^^di iE^ She came down stairs ^ow- would amend |jt» but weut. briskly up TboUgbhe e«Bd6nei|^ioc(, I iftjij ,.||gaii|,«4^^.f ,. will respect him > His iktberand moHier n?id llieir tillent^ dre triore brit i>i>^ fBicle, reside :« Rome/ ^aiit than UisM *' ^ We most be t^nip^ e' we Notwithstanding bi^jpover- ■i4^t li^ouid be heaitny ^i)]- He b as old as his ■, olass- ty, be is a, wis* ud worthy person Hi «^.»' m' E 2 £kiNVHr*et m Paninig^ Tti iMtt, ^t iiol M 1«ih (ft* If Mir ^atlTM art. iBoi«» ed rati, «Mr wanto wUl^a lia U btoHi tdUeraat and Hape oAmi amawik ^ aek baueTdleiit dom satlsAfls ut ^€ wil itoy tilt Ike arrives Tfaough he U IWdy, j^ Im Ha raliret to rest tooii, that in uot ToUtlla ^, Va may rite early O, f eacel how deeihidMe ait We oiksbt 4a %e tbarikful, tlio« for wa liave received Ihavel^een* often ) p ec iiiel» ■ much ^ alae! wiili,trifle8 Though ha U Often advised, Scrange'!! that we sImniM he yet he does not eiforn •so Infiitiufted ' Hepraof eilber eoftent or X)1 the haijjiiillalians ta hardens Its etiject whicli vice reduces «is ' Neither prosperity, noT ad- Hackl how «weetly ^^ ▼eraity "has imprev fv ' '.^J: "^S .-/ ^ • ^ #, -^t • f •-s^'t^^W^ !' .f ^.j> I'r^ '"' . ^J'. . ^J a i ',^ vU. 4 '■*:<( 'fti-^i • K^i M "> * 1 f it ^ m • •78 Apptkdix* ' I SEVT. VII. •tH*^tf* A few instances of the same wards eonsiitiUin^ several of the< Parts iff iSpeechi »■ . f .1,., ■/ ', ■ Calm v?9a tbe ciay« pd U^t Damp air.^ !• ifnwholf' ineoe delightful some ' ^ , , Wt may expect a calm after Guilt often Wta a 43amp a storm To prevent panion, is easier tlian to calm it Better is a little with con- tent, than i^ great deal with anxiety The gay and 'dissolute think little of the* miseries over our ;iprightli«st hours . ' . ' ' ■■ ■ ■) Soft bodies damp thf, found much mor^ thf^bard Though she is rich and fair, yet sb^ Is uot ami.- i^bich are steijing soft- They are yei young, and ly after thena A little attention will recti- fy some errors Though he id dut^ o^ danger he is still afraid He laboured to still the tu- ■■ ,. ■■< • ' mule . must suspend their judg- ment yet a while ^|^,. Many persons are ^better than we s^^ppposiB them j.^to|b,e The few.an^ tbe mairiy have their preposset^ioiis Still Waters are commonly Few days pass with.oot some the deepes|! clouos Mueb money 1^ is corrupt- We are too apt to like par- ing ^ . nicious company Think Oijuch, and speak He may go or stay as he little likas He has seen much of tha They strive to learn world, and* been much He goes to and fro cafvaaeu * BIs.tyM ben The mo . the sno T^ de< is-r He baa e ioft She is b bnl den WeqSQs bet' Every b BebaTti! 'j! Nouns, Wai Ing no cdnyen p^btub Wri tive Oft boy, ft f » • r E.^t^i.i'^^. 79 Hit . poor, rich> great ^ ^^.p " ^ , ■ ^ ^ Obmpare the (bllowing adjectives : amiable, mo*" derate, disinterested, favorable, grateifUl, studious^ attentive, negligeitit> industrious^ perplexing. Write the following adjectives in the comparative degree; near, far, little, low, good indi£^rent, bad, WcWthy, cOttvetoienti Write the following adjcettve^ ttt thfe superlative degree!: feeblle, bold, good, ardent, cold, bad, base, tittle^ slrottg^ late, near, content. ,^ Coi^ligate the following verbs in th^ ini«,-.-UU, "J,;,: J. ■■A^,- - .'■A mood, perfect tense I dnte, ppepatef, star vte; omrt^ iodnlge, demonstrate. Conjugate the following: verbs in the imperative mood : beli«3Ye, depart, invent, give, abolish, con* trive.'.-- ' , ^ • ■. ' Write the following verbs in the infinitive mood^ present an4 perfect tepses: grow, decr^t^, ^ve, prosper, separate, incommode, ;, • Write the present, perfect, and coinpoand parti- ciples, of the following verbs : CQi^fess,, disturb, pleasCf know, beigin, sit, set, eat, lie, tay. ' Conjugate the following verbs im^the indicative mop^^ present and perfect tenses of tlje passive *foifee: honour, abase, am^se, s%bt, «iliigji|e^ please, envelope, heresyer^'''''^'^''^'^^'r^'^ : Conjugate the following verbs in the inciieftlive %Q^j^, pluperfect and first futur^* tenses ;4y> con- trive, know, devise, choose, coihe, see, firo. eati.groWt bring, forsake. ."^ !^ - \. Write the following verbs in the present and im- perfect tense*? of tlie potential apd ^iibjunc^iv^n^oods: know, shak|8i|fr„ilf.S^j, JP|^. bl9>r„;beiitj^,;|^- seech. ; ,'■ ■^■v-^' ■■■•-;,.■:■*'■ -f' ' "'^ ,.;:*',, , ?^v \fj\iQ tije following verbs in the indicative ^nood, imperfect and second future tenses, of the pa^isive voice : slay, draw, croyn, throw, defeat, grilid, hear, divert ■■ ■•°^'**^^^^ dii^ > .■■>**■ • ,. * .; .'_ *#* Exercuea i» F^tnng. sr i I»' yoitt youthful amufliementi let no unfairness be found. 'Engrsiire on your minds this sacred rule, **J)o unto others, as you wish that they should do unto you." '^Trath and candour possess a powerful chani^ ; thes^ bespeak jinfversainivour. 'After ' the iSrst depariure from sincerity, ti )s seldom in bxit power to stop : one artifice generally leads on to atiother. Temper the vivacity Of yttutn, ifith a proper mixture of serfous thought, . , , ,,. . '■ ■ 4 The spirit of true religion is social, kind, and 'Cheerful. ;.. , ... - «». .• ,^',.,.-a;;v . of others, eve^r betray you into profane sallies. - 4^^*r , ■In preparing for another world, we must not neglectthe duties of this life. h^^^ lil '-^he manner in which we employ oiir present time, onay decide our future happiness or misery. , Happiness does not grow up of its own accor^:. it is the fruit of long cultivation, and the acquisition ' of labout^ iind care. A plain undarstanding is often joined with great worth. * ^ The brightest parts are sometimes found without virtue or honour. How feeble are the attractions of the fairest fbmi, when nothing within corresponds to them. Piety and virtue are particularly graceful anil' - becoming in youth. , , Can we, untouched by gratitude, view that pro«^^ -I 'a •r 8* » Affpndixn fimfixi Qf i{9o4r w^ch tl^^ 41vi|^e hand povLT$ around uC ' ^ . .. . ^^ ^Xhere js nothing; in huma^ life n\ore . an4abl« and respeotable, (han the character of a truly ]jinunbl(^,, and i)enevolent man. >Y What feelings are more uneasy and painful^ than the workings of sour and angry passions ? .i^- No man can be actiye in disquieting others, who does liot, at the same time, dlisiauiet himself, , '• A life of pleasure and dissipation, is ai^ ^emy i||» i health, fortune, and character. To correct the sj^lri^ of discontent, let ns con-,, sider how little we deserye, and how much we' enjoy. , / » As far as happiness is to be found on earth, we ' must look for it, not in the wortd, dr the thhigs of the world; but within ourselves, in our tempei*,'^" J* and in our heart.:*|i:V->f ' --7'«f , ■ : ■ • ;; . '■i-^^i:- : r i 1: P^ Though bad men attempt to turn virtue into rfii'^* dicule, they honour it at the bottom of their hearts. (K what small momei^t to oiur real fiapfiineisi^i are many of those injuries whioh draw ^^rt^K. q^r resentment! . • ' ' -r '*^'- ' '.' .V?'^^' •'■^ In the moments of eager contention, every ^Jji^iifg , is magnified and distorted in its, appearance. , , Multitudes in the most obscure stations, are not less eager in their petty broils, nor less tormented by their passions, tMn if princely honoilrs were the prize for which they contended. '^f'' ': ' *^^' The smooth stream, the serene atmosphere, the mild zephyr, are the proper emblems of a gentle temper and a peaceful life. Among the sona of strife, all is loua and tempestuous. > e: % '■^ . :t Sxerci$0$. mj^arging. BX^. <# ll^/El^rSES IN PAJRsi?lGr AS IT. i|ESPECT8 BOTH ETYMOLOGY ANP ^TNTAX. fy;;^.. Syntactical Fwsim Tftbh, Article. Why is it the definite «r|icl« ? '^^4'^'^mM^T^^f^ indfifinite?^, ,,^l,. u,,^< ■ '■,.-. -,^ Why oualtted ? "^hy. repeated ? >?. Subst^i^ipe, Y^by is i| in the possessive ciisfi? *?^ i ^' -^--v #:!>;. ■H'Why;,i%*li^,pl4e9t^ye,qape?.,i^ -*■• :,^*,^K -. ./: :>tis>!^)iyJO;appo^|fjio|r?L?,,,^, ,, -.rif Adjective, What U Ijts sufcistftiifcive 1 ^*^ « .^H'^'^l'^v •• 'Wbgf, ip.,|^ 8jngi;\lar^ W^^ tlio pliirjd ' ' number ii , ... -..^ ('*^t I. . > ' ' Wliji^ in ||;he qogopariiti ve degree, &g. ? ' ,' h bt>^Wh|y omitted, Why repeatfl^? JPronouH, , , What is its imtecedent ? "L t . ,f-» ?^<^w.'i iJ-i^ii'^^y <»^M*^ mascuIine^fWhy, of the feminiilf, 1 ^*^ id Why of the neuter gender ? ^ .. 'Why of the first, of the second, or of tho ,, third person? 4*i "ttt ^'•y ^* *' *^* nominative case ? Why the possessive, V/by ihe objective ? "Why is it in the -sing^ular, Why in t^e plu- ;i/. ri^v ralfiumber? ' V, n fKI Ftrh. i ^ .. ' • I WI17 oailled ? l^Si '■■f-f i.U ^.t' •»'.••. ^.,V ;../.£-. Exerciser mParmg^ ^ . . Sjpeeimens of ^ynla^tcal Parnn^, Tiee degtwftt ttti ^^;3 Ftc'tf 18 a commoti sabstsnttrtf, of to third person, singular number, and masculine gender. Who is a relative pronoun^ which |Uis for ttr antecedent ^^he," withv^hich it agrees in gpiid^r and num- ber, accordinr to Mule v. which says, &c. Lives a regular verb neuter, indicative mood, present^ lense, third person singular, agreeit>ff with its no- * mutative, /< who," according to Rme YU which lays, &c; Viriuo%ufy is an adverb^ of quality. Prepares a regular verb neuter, indieattve mood, present tense, third person sii^ular, agi-emng. with its nominative, '* he." For is a preposition. All is an adjective pronoun, of the indefinite kind, the* plural number, and belongs to its substantive^ *\ events," with which it agrees, according to Ruie^ ■ .1 -'■■:.•: 'yx'sr'/, ''w->i'»r.; rB/^-f' !■> *i: ■it m ■''^\;^^.:S Appendiso^^^ tin, which layS) &e, EtetUSitn a common suhstan- tive of the thii^d person, in the plural number, and the ohj^ti^e die g:^^«d'^by the ()^po8ition ** for," according JixK^j^v^^;^^]^,!^. which says, &c. i "^?^ I ^P^w^^'jy^^onj^nct^ ,F(illt/ in a, com- moid^uhstan^^ ii}t\}e singu- lar j^iYm^r, jpd iti^ nomfp^iiye caf e. J^niiceip a ^|"|egularyerTb active, iulyu^ctive ipp()d, prie^ent i^nse,^ tliirj per^Qii lingular, ^nd is governed . by i^e conXynctipn *| if,^accpi'ding to /ct(/e xix. which 'f^fiffi^^'^'^^e^k 1^ pertpnal prpnonn, ^^1^? *^" Gond person singular, in the omective case^ gp- Terned by the active verb **enfic6, agreeably to Rule ^l» which sa^ys^c* , Reject is a regular active verb, imperative mood, second person singular, AUd agrei^s with its nominatite ease^ " thou,'* im- pliedtf Its is a personal prononn, third person^in- gular nftimber, nnd of the neuter gander, to ag^ree w4«h iis substantive **foHy," according to Ruh v* which says, &c. It is iiv the ^oesessfve case, go- i^efned by the rioiin ** allurements,'* agreeably to J9u/^ X. which says, &cr AUwtements i« ae o^raf- «»i»ff suhstairtive, of the neuter gender, the tiiird pCFTSMi, in Ike plural ntimher', aird the objective lase^igoverned'hy the verb *^ reject," according 40 iMf'X. wMubinysi'&^Cii '^^^ »« ■^%%i... >.' >'\m'\ ' --ivX '*.<^ **,»??, ' '% ^"^':,'»s,:_ an- ind ion • c. Exerei$e$ in Panin^t SECT, m « Ex0rciie» oa^ the fir^t^ second, third ai%d fourth Mules of Syntax * • -r ■ . ^ • • 1 . The contented mind spreads ease and cheer- fulness around it. ' The school of experience teaches many nseful lessons. ' In the path of life are many thorns, as well ^s flowers. , '^ 'Thou shouldst do justice to all men, even to . enf^voies. ■ ■ ■ 2. Vanity and presumption 'ruin many a pro- ■ raising youth. ,,^,^::^^fpr,t;^^^ ,.- ' ' i Food, clothing, and credit, are the re wai'ds of 'industry. 4''MrW''\'^''¥^^-^'f^'^*^''^ • ' He and Williaqn live tocfether in great har- iDony. # ' . ' 3. No age, nor condition is exempt from trouble. Wealth, or virtue, or any valuable acquisition, is not attainable by idle wishes. 4. The British nation is great and generous. The company is assewbled. It is composed of persons possessing very different seuttnient^^^ ^ A herd of cattle, peacefully grazing^ affords a ' pleasing sight. , v W ■ ilJii parsing these exercisen, tue pupil shviiltivApcat Iflie respective rule of Syiititx, and shuw tiiat it Kppliea td the \ sentence ivhici|^j|c^w parking. ^|,, ^4)jt/ ■ ' \ «. ''f>''» • li.0f c » ihe fifthy sixth y seventh and si^hti Mulest^ of 'Syntax, ^ 5i>'Tbe man who is^ faithful iy^ attached to reli-^ gipn, may be relied on with confidence. ' t 'ir^be vice:} which we should especially a^oid, are those which most easily beset us. f 6. Th^y Fho are boni in high stations, we not always happy « Our parents and teachers are the persons whom ^e ought, in a particalar manner, to respect. If our friend is in trouble, M-e, whom he knows and loyes, may cdnsole him. 7. Thou art the man who has improved his ^irilegei, and who will reap the reward* I am the person who owns a fault comiliitte wise and virtuoi^s. > 11. Wisdom and virtue ennobl' us. Vice and^ folly debase .us« ' Whom can we so j !is*^ly ^'>v'e, »s them who have • endeatroured* to make us "nnl happy. 12. When a pewon ' nf- ing to do^.he » almost always tempted vr^ngi * We need not urge Chari< do good : he loves to do it. We dare not to teaire our studies without per- mission. ' '.,'1';'./' .-., 3MCT, VI ■'■;.",.'■ ■':, ^ ' ihfercises o^ the thirteenths fourteenthy^fteeiUh, sixteenth^ and seventeenth Rules of Sj^ntOtC,^ ' 18.* The bnsinesB is, at \M completed; but long agbi I intended to do it. * • I Expected to See the* KingJ' ^before* Iftie left Windsor. ' -v^ ^^ ^ ;The misfortune did happen ; biit we Wly tiopedand endeavoured to prevent it. * ' ; ' Td hiVebeen censurea by so judicious a friend^ ^voiiid have greatly discouraged me. •: /^i;, ' * , «, ,,H*4. Having early disgraced himself, he, becaime inean and dispirited.' ^ . ' '■ - KribWingwirti to be my superior, I el«serfdlly iBubmttted. . . IS*.^ We should yWays prepare for the worst 4iHd hope tor the best; ^^MA^^sfv^^ • ^ ^^^f^i^m 4 -■.4(iyvV^rv"4.r^' «•< •■S*" ^ ^ ^7^^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) yfO 4^ / 1.0 ^1^ 1^ iU ■ 22 I.I £f 1^ 12.0 llmflBI p^r-^i^ ^ 6" ► ffiotographic Sciences Corporation iV ^ •S5 <^ V i\ 23 WIST MAIN STRIIT WiUTIR.N.Y. 14SS0 (716) •73-4503 r I'tJW ■'.^"H. for «Twj tlHjjr m'-mr%mManmiom^^ \ l-t'-i^'' '*■■'' ■'■ ■ «■■■ J' SECT, mi \y >-' i'..^;s. ^^eteii^mthee^^i(^^ twmii^ twen^^ii €md tt/Mty-^i^ikM Jtuks Sf %filaa?. (- . ' :! 1*. '* ta^^i^^iiian, we ihda gfanhn^fBn fi^wn4^m iii||pimtobe^?ieaid8. ^ I ,,a^; pei^httiote. 4||ai|da9dff j)(k0rei#-- p^^ttiidllMifi we.are. ^ ^ '-u/-^ ^' r;ujj filial IP ^#ojp^ r am.peitoi^^n0t>i« Wtewtive than he, ^ t|(Hds;^ 1U m'> , '.<' 'imet'k i^sj mtik i / \t \ I . . M '^ '"tntP^^t^tr t^j tii -^v:"* f m itkiiimwttd b]f piety and virtue. ' 'K- !^x^> .tetranTi lol&gle with the feelii^ ot afiectieiii ieii- •QQ^fhtre of oommf)iida,tiot^ ^ Jiet tiot pur ejcpc^tlobs from ther^arf iim% mfm too kifrti ; li^S imf fei to * wfiter e9mp§i9^ti^ _io^ii»»¥ piNit iiw^'Mrttie. ioif^ ' "' " "" Jibiii9l heeiffi«id pleauir^, m oiuiA Is fl## ' ^;^ ia .* ; ■ I ». iirtj^s. '^ ->i> illiiigy at lUijr rate» in oQitopinsofi' * '/ Si' i Ci iMmd r . * rf iiiat I :«^- . y . i ■ i I \ I : jib..4MMileiiiii^ ^laippaff wm^^ of diii»ttl«iit, limlill^^ Sloth li like t|ie »Iovir|y-ilowing, palrid Jlr^iijmt' > ^^ ^^^- — fo llio liiii«db» bom JS«tioo9^t d poi|(iii|K^^ andinfeoiti irill^h ^''"ffmiffsi^^ 4evimg«>^ilfid^Wor«^t|i«i^^%iii*'' €QiiMioii60»|Mid Iho cbeepii^|jpv^poct of a wmY life; io M to $tlii ii^ dem^i Siftbo evtl o;KOfi(i<- O^'oneono iiniiiw> 1i>V IbnntoooiS { miuitefVi 1>ijr loirilMei «fPs^||oM»f«^^ iUMl|i^^. tho pNliont o ip d it ioi l^iMW^&iiJ^ catot, ThoilBoOitaiiiltf of ^Oigpyro "> im 0'-'^ .;.-t?. 9i^ M' y-y, t-j. '■* ?%5ifl'?l -m.-i BiirWfaiAfo .-*. 'S i 4 m- r# .-> « jr y^.-'t T'j ,,T ;.ji f^:r¥„f.;. ■'/'*'' '■'"■'''f ^' ' ' '■ V/ !* I *>''5 /- ■ And li^^iiiwri^i^ r-**-- ■ ■■M-:A^^ff '^''r.«„,,^ ':,-.* . ,; ■ -n, .,ii? ^ •:|N^:fW!ii|.iN^ . 4 *>i IE- "i* ■ ,J' . ■' ■ "s^''' .' '"'''■ Wli«it iMfiMitiilinll^l^ — "- M to lkiii^.n«vw ^#ipili!-^'^Mal 5' 'A ^ ttW* along th*.i»|8i#iiiiJ|ln^.M;^J7®^* /i'> ,.<>ai iiiJ^.^ ife'fSi ^ti«iM^ i^i» torn iOJ niiliire it but •ri,;ftiiiPim*«J^^ ' s»r" # •r iM. ^>A /* t «» , .t. ,i*r*:jtt„1i*' f|*^': ~'~ ' Tiiiii' Iwiifiilii ^'^ -' ' fW.ltil'^- %p*'%^'i-^~\uA^'w Milk aft tW eTtninjS ttoakt tilr«v»U, lij^ * f)«m^>'?i-X 1^ J#l!«il . ^:^i:w7: **:^;jif i F3 I '•?(9t»i$i%|MMHi». ) ^^.^I?k W« ire phce4 herefi^ J^ trial of our Tirlwi. bei« ' ll^miieMlors yirtotf if 1^^^ '|i^ «DOVWurv -TirtU^'if lMll^.I|0lf !tjt''.^' 1 / r*t ; . >Yt?9 ''I ht fiithers offisiHie If ill nol coodenm IhM. \»n ■ 1 tune* ^ ,.,|..,^*^.f l^i. i .•^|-;;,f..r, ,,,tiT ' .- ,-,|,;V^»J ^.R,.;' V-,,-,1J Who bave I VMlovtliK kHlW'inii^ B nuM wbolie raised jfirom owunu it dead* RULBXII. {■■ . /,:;am^ .^j(|j['v^*lkl5r (.■^;V?l)}ip ^;^|?^;,^«i;|v; :uu! v,'.i:^.i iiftlj'n^^ Voa ought not io^t9& too hastily. . ; . I hpese^n 8ai|fe ty$N9g fpnb to c^duei ROUS WI. three yvars.'- . ■ .^n.-* ^': -rvi?! Hjit x>>^'te-i j^p«ared to tiaVje heen a imut cifMllersk ; 1 ' ■: * ;f \ V .vmt»t:r,w.m ■■ 16* ' miff''' 'ii mm ■,)■»;' ^^^ -. ^ .»P «tiidhi«i to tToid all niterooiinie. ^« f;ti>^4i ^Mrenl ^iMlet, he entirely loct liisMpli|mi v i^^ He was pleasiiig iiQt||fc^^0MMe he im Ma.^^'* Wmm^m , rhm^cjuiDet i^e iioiiim{^^^ ▼ai%. ' ''•■'■'• ■■■■.' , iKMi hy no meaiit pernftit it ^ t H, ^ : /Itwai lien; tie that &ey were ib'Mgry il&fc^ ^ My brother and bim are|k^ler^kgi^mip^ i ■ ' ''^"i.-^ r'-'^ not ioi^P^ >i^^ «-.; ' '."■ .f .- . ■ ■ t' ' ' ' r,fr- They are much grease/ gaipi^rs than mehf iiir ' tfiiexjKBefc^d^vent. / TOf li(^ as well y ll»il^t be 18 Ji much better grammarian than them;' #'^ v^ ^were the dictates of true honoi?. m-KJ i; yc?fi^ nf? ; ^ i^,!^ "Ife mQst guard ag^iiift f^ither too great seVer- itY^or^^:^.w% m ^<^^k .^im ^'- . •' :... •■.>/'<¥ -.^--^r ;-•'; ■:■,"■ ■■■■ i'm'-^--^i ' 4 RtJtEJ XXIl. e. is more bohl and active, hqt not so. wise and ble, than knowledge* colnpani6ri.:^'^^c^;^^'^V^ " --^^^^^M^ \M as vihikWfe; Arid'itte teb^^fiSi ^..) Mi ■IM- Exereii^i^ AjifMiual^oii. m m linly S I tSii^'^ ver- '.«'j .kit %%f ??^>^' «*«f..ip«wit>:«i»-^ ■> t,-^^ ▼end ittmtUNift Miii aJditioiis lii^e^;fi(|fn PART IV. i v.-' •.»• .'i • feitiidiiidon of tKe puj^rs future honor. ^ / Setf-eoneeit presnmptioil and olntinacy i»liit j^en^s the wlioje duty. . C )/ 7|3^ifi|^ T«^ jpi^wf d, ,fii|^ finn i^d constant ij^rit will assiu^cal^ pinest. ' ■ . , v:''^* " '" ■ CoAtinne aciy dear ehild to iip«ke Tiifiie thy 4 He who is a stranger to industry may poi^Mi hnt he i^nbt enjoy; 8ei#iire of those ]^ li^ich mk^ alltehr^ %\m irH^ 'm\x. The path of truth it i^ ^bun and a safe path thai of falsehood is a petplexing maae. Jim^reir beet! '-'>''<. B^rmh th^ imghii of ;#:,,- ,:-Wf. ■',;;*'l*'*f'' al^ t^e i|f|S|^ of gaieti^ a^riied #htbf ^ iriilMiiig. , Thero 18 nd moHiNi^ wke and i^k ^md rf^if^f? ;■'*#■' Im;- ^ii^o^ -'r-^f . ■■' •>>^:. -rj^ i^ ^Siie & lA iiiitf^om W^ on vt fc-^'iJH^^Sfekii ^% j^ip <^ a^pUlow #&er ^ df^ M^ einpcirance in feenefi^W anlii^^i^i^. 8 P;*-i r,il cf wiut liii to nioirro# t(| |>^ Iip^|i|^s»^^^ 'UtimmjL-.Jka^'^ ^'■.•■*?-4,a^-.A^;^''*'''V^ '■- ^'.■' ' -■!! .*". uthr Ifh guiltf tilv ^y-rr> .-''1^ffi^w/y^' l: SipaH; do. t«rf«, prUx fji. . strongly bound ^n aMp ; i<^tiii«>, ^*Cullodi*s, Reid*t^ rHnttoiti^ Vo8ter*8, Gonglt^V Bonnycuti««| Ingnun^^ an^ Greece, Siippson'a Bng)ai)d, Rome l^d Greece.. ELOCtJf lOK— BwimrV Priii^lptes, M'CnMocKa Cogm •qipei^r, "Ufsirt^f* English Reader, cjiie^p edt^oli^ . • ^EOGRAFHTS— Ewing 8, Relf ». plney's, Hifedheire. Woodbridge's, Emerson's, ^ Steward's, Golidfn^^f Gramn;!^ of (^eograpby. ^TLAg9ES-^jffng*s Plalo pipd Col^pred, mm% ^\Mis>^ ¥'W a^- 'h'T ^f*^%^^*fS^.^^ ^f^H'Vf'i- f^.'-^M'.ti''..^ nv'^«^ .'i.t J 7, ^\'ci hKAi"'*''-: 4\ ^*^'^ ^'^'%n'l' ",'^H •s'*. • c . ^ 1, . ( < > > < >' > J" * « V - > ''in '» mm%, ii.*l-:' ,m^ '\\r ■mm^ V .4 4a" ^.. "■* r * , ■■'■• i X .'-••. tW ,• .M ijgjH^ H • ' ^1 M^ \ \