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I ■ •>.***?"?:■ '^^vvi:;^^,;^ ^00 ftwrn^jj^ie?* V ; AiLWAY FROM Lake Superior westward AJtLWAY FHOM CHXCAGO wkstward. \vc lunl Filevation. )!l, '• ll,>i"l'.ii I.MI.l'Mj ^ *• r-s Si«^;;i' ?S«»^>#-'?e^!'/r //A ^ ^ 5 //j/r/; srrhHioii \ t ^ ^ .VA'J IshlVKIj JOO 200 /oo ■ » J)red<^U\ PLANT NOW EMPLOYED Hiffhf fUvfUor /Jnp^pM (sin^U set of hu^rt^ enriless r/iain^J On 4' .Wpoon /)recf^e (employed ptirt or time J 7h(f hontft^r (fm/jp/i/i^ dftre^e^ J'li€f/it /y/^ tioaJ,v /uie coal tenders /\J^uitpe^f /topper scows (90 to ,90 cyds. ccipoLcity Dcttly ((i/)ar^tv of drezfx/es varuM tvU/ty lAe ^rtatiire^ of nor/c /rotn ISO n4/)tc ja^ds S/vaJje^ t/? ^XOOO ctdtvc yards soft CUvy . . ■> ,i ' y"; f* t^*WJ' * •■■ 70 'ijikW-''- •'•JP' " '"*TrTt' ■*"»'"" "^ "^*''''^iM:.' ;^:|fr^i^ '^ ■"■#■■■■ 'S(V!t-''*' ' ■•J'!^'*|il Lake ST Peter jSecli(?n of'E^tcfivatlori ctxLow Waler LenptJv of Chanftel tirpyd^e^f. ]6i StctttuXe MUe^ Qu>antUy tciken out S, 620, WS citltlc ycirds , ^) THE RIVER ST LAW /mm Flata (if fjokA' !&»**; SHEWING THE\ yards . Sealery —lOEn^. rrdles to an inch horl^A PROFILE OF THE RIVER ST LAWRENCE BETWEEN MONTRE SHEWING THE DEEPENING OF THE SHIP CH. hy the Harbour Ctj/nmisslonen? of Monlr^eal Z o w % ^ Water ^ Lc v et^ 4— I § J - -IL I DredpeS t*,^ft f}^> .WO fk ■ ..h % 1 5 -t- ,J//>wi<'/l:^.f/^-^^<£l('^ V ~ JO En^. nUles to a/i i^tch horizontal — 30 ft to an wx:h vertlcaZ MONTREAL AND QUEBEC SHIP CHANNEL of Montreal. ^i^'.aZ SHIP CHAN histaiice /ram Mo/U/val fo (fue/M'c />7ir4/f/uu/ t/t/' Shift Oiawwl heou/i in hS44 and r /hrffpmi/ /r.s'/4/iied in h'iSt and contiftned to i^66 M/rd/fin^ fo aUain 2,7 /i. dept/i resutned m WT.I Pepdi of Skip Chaimel at U)w wiua^ be/bm dred^i fju/etJA'e ofdepfh e^fisr^ed ap to W66 /)eptA aZUuiied in lfi66 Jiepth w/uch iviU be ^itiauied in i&7<9 Le^ojft brea^Uh (^ dredifer iiJjfe i?*/}Ji fr i.nw \>, p u p m w w * '"■F I 462 ■ Tm^. /iV / A'u a: 1 1 z^^: ///o. \ ' <>v/ ■•.. Mihtf. ^^mKjK^^Km^m >-;•?'-;;. '■ » ""i ' . jj BET WEEN LAKE ERIE /^ N m tdO I/O 160 ISO lf€ IZO 120 ERIE AND TIDE WATER. 427 /■/ ABOVt TiDt L£V£L ■ - " ' — ■ ' ' ■■ii^i' i ip ni III I . . 1 ! 'j-^: •vik«:',> 'ri^'-Y.^o^^-^ 1 :^_ "L>. AND "S : '" / z? t V 1 I. V < ^^ ky Mi/r.s- Comparative Si \ iff htuc Coifii LaJi'r Hrir ft* J I'art ((tlftnrne ///*/ /Vy/Ay (o tnh' «v/// (,s r('/tr/i/*(/ iff M oJ f/ti f/t <:.?»« .^ "L., ^ /I T £ R ('A .\'J h ll''M. 70 LAK i: 60 T MILI.8 MILCa MILKS T^ »"*e OMPARATIVE STATEMENT, canal lank rivcr NAV. NAV. NAV. via lu'iv faff a/ Xftv. Liiii'r l\f'ir /ff JAv/ //•//// r/V/ V^ I nwi'fm'r ,\tf\ » It* « I __.4. 7/ I :v/,v I />// Nf or LOCKS 7/ TOTAL QlMfl4»>0NI OCPTH ILOCHACKOI^TAMCII or MILKS ; LOCKS or cArACiry TONS 6'.;/ .v.ii' h — Z/^v >/.' :'//> /,v / // f> />VV/ irf.s fo (nh' wafrr hy f/n' fuo routes mr ahotif ^t/ffff/. huf its (J^^tut Xtnitjttf ion rr/fr/t/*(/ ftf Mimfrca/ whU** ttf Athftn\ if in A50 A/t/^s (ffsfanf fhrfr in (ir/fCff/h f/uf/ (li/TereftfY /// favor of' ////• Canatffaft roufr itn i/uinn\ift/i'S ttf S! Af/tt/y/w/' nftrffffffto/i art' f/to.sf 29S'/»' t. c.y^' *< "h^ ^_._ -^ L 1^0 ^ N Y t R LAKE SO M N T R E A sr I' li A sr I s I8Q 55 IS *0 30 ~^ A. .v unis I. / ' / M 20 "K II II. "^ ' ' 2 DOMINION OF CANADA. MANITOBA, I'^v THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST, AND ONTARIO. CONTENTS— Introductory, MANITOBA, Homes of your own, British Farmers' Dele- gates' opinion of Canada, Description, Climate, Soil, Fertility of the Country, Inducements for Settlers, Free Homes, Prairie and Wood Lands, Price of Improved Farms, Stock Raising, Average Returns of Crops, Cost of Farming, The Buffalo Half-breed, Canada Pacific R. R., now building. Labour, Wages Paid, Cost of Provisions, Clothing, &c.. Lakes and Rivers, Fuel, Coal, Game, Grand Sporting, Fish, Distances from Liverpool, ONTARIO, City of Toronto, Northern Lakes, Free Lands, Cost of going. What to take. How to go. When to go. Letters from Old Country Farmers, Who should go, &.C., &t., &c. BT GEO. H. WYATT, TORONTO, CANADA. 1.8 8 0. * » PREFACE. The compilation of this little work has been undertaken with the desire of conveying really useful and valuable information to intending settlers in, or travellers through) Canada, Manitoba, and the great North-west. The points kept steadily in view have been to give accurate informa- tion respecting the character and resources of the various districts of the Dominion ; and to offer such hints as to what to take — what to leave behind — how to go — how to pack and, indeed, all those odds and ends which the guide books generally contrive to omit, but which are of the utmost use. A residence of nearly 30 years in Canada, an intimate connection with . leading railroad and steam-ship lines throughout the Dominion, and having answered thousands of questions from intending settlers, have especially qualified the compiler for the work he has undertaken ; and he sincerely trusts that the bulk at least of the practical information so much needed by those looking out for new homes in the great North-west, or in the older Provinces, will be found in the following pages. Many valuable sources of information have been put under requisition, and space will not admit of a detailed list. It is hoped, however, that all the writers whose labours have to some extent been appropriated, will accept this acknowledgment. G. H. W. *-r VJ' DOMINION OF CANADA. « > 1 MANITOBA. Before entering into a description of tiie New North-west Territories, of the Dominion of Canada, it may be as well to answer a question frequently asked, '• Why this great and magnificent country has only been lately brought before the notice of the World ?" It would occupy too much space to answer fully all that could be explained. For over 100 years, this vast country was held by the Old North- West Company, until 1826; then It became the property of the present Hudson Bay Company, who in 1870 sold it to the Government of the Dommion of Canada, retaining certain portions of the land. During the occupancy of the N.W. Company, it was the policy to keep the fur trading, in their own hands, and no one could remain in the country many days without its being known to their Agents and Traders. But since 1871, when it became the property of the Government, and a large staff of Engineers, &c., was sent to survey the route of the great Canada Pacific Railroad, of nearly 1,700 miles in length, through the heart of this great Province, and their reports with those of the pioneer settlers who followed into the country became known, it was then discovered to be the finest Wheat-growing and famous Territory in the world, and the thousands of settlers who are yearly pouring into this new country all endorse that opinion. Nearly 200 million acres of fertile land has been discovered to be contained in this New Manitoba, and Canadian North-west, which is now being offered to those seeking new homes and independence, from the overcrowded cities and countries of the Old World. Who does not wish for A Home of their own? Any one conversant with manufacturing districts will be struck with the almost universal yearning among the better class of mechanics and operatives engaged in the works, to possess a farm — a home of their own — a place for their children, a retreat for their declining years. It is the end of their ambition, the object for which they deny tliemselves present luxuries and gratifications and lay by their earnings. The hope of accomplishing this end, of pos- sessing a portion of the all-bountifid earth as their very own, has nerved the arm, sustained the energy, and encouraged the heart of many a toiler in the shops, the mills, and the furnaces of our manu- 6 facturing towns. It is the homo instinct — a noblo impulse ; and the man who labours with this cad in view is a happier man, a bet- ter husband, a kinder father, and a more valuable citizen. Can this end be obtained f Land is too high in price in England to b« purchased and paid for by their accumuhited savings, and some- times too poor in quality to justify a partial payment, with the hope of earning the balance on the farm. But it can be done in Ontario and Alanitoba. Thousands of people living on their own farms, in independent circumstances, happy and contented, with no- fear of the wolfs coming in at the door, commenct'd with scarcely any means at all. The man who has saved £100 has capital suf- ficient, if supplemented by a fair share of pluck and energy, to- secure the land and make an excellent beginning in the North-west. Many have done this with much less, and succeeded well ; a larger sum would be an advantage. With land secured, a small house erected, a few farming tools and live stock, oxen, cows, hogs and poultry, in a country of fertile soil and genial climate, a man is thenceforth independent. Times may be " hard," money scarce, and he handle but little of it, but food and shelter are secured. He is his own master and employer. Banks may break, merchants fail,, and manufactories stop, but so long as the sun continues to shine, and ihe rains and dews of heaven to water the earth, his home and support are sure. Besides a rich soil, a healthy and — for the hardy populations of northern and central Europe — a pleasant climate, law and order, and all the advantages of British connection, Manitoba offers other inducements to the emigrant. Each Province presents special inducements, but no part offers so many as Manitoba. The land farther west and to the north-west is equally ^ood, but, untd opened up by railway or steamboats, it is comparatively valueless to the settler ; for there is little use in raising stock, wheat, or potatoes, if they cannot be conveyed to market. But Manitoba is now within reach of the emigrant, and there is a good market in Winnipeg. Houses are springing up in all directions with a rapidity known only in the history of western towns ; and the demand for provisions, stock, farm implements, and everything on which labour is expended, is much greater than the supply. We now stand on a more favourable vantage ground than before, not only positively but comparatively, for our vast virgin prairiea are thrown open, while there is but little good land left in the United States available for settlement under the homestead laws." The great lines of communication from the seaboard are beglnning^ to touch our North-west territory ; and if we act with the vigour and wisdom of which our neighbours have set the example, the ever-increasing current of emigration from the Old World must flow into Manitoba, and up the Assiniboine, and Saskatchewan, rivers. Until our North-west was opened up and proved to contain farms for the million, we could not well compete with the United \ and bot- Uan ) be une- tho 10 in own thno" rcely isuf- jy, to west, arger house s and tan is carce, He ts faiV shinCy neand lations order, other special land opened to the )tatoe8, now ket in with a nd the ling on supply, befoi-e, prairie* in the i laws." ginning } vigour pie, the Id must tchewan. contain United 18 't • t SStates. What the maas of emigrants wanted was prairie soil, and that they could plough at once without the tedious and exhausting labour of years required in woodland farming, chopping, rolling, burning, grubbing, and levelling. A. fact to bo remarked ia that the farmer who migrates from the British Islands to any part of Canada docs not change his flag, nor docs he, except to a very slight degree, change his mode of life nor his companionship. He goes among his own people, to con- ditions of lite and society the same at those he leaves behind. He is not obliged to swear — before he can exercise the rights ot citizen- ship, or in some States hold land — that he " renounces for ever all allegiance and fidelity" to his Sovereign and the land of his birth. The following is a very important clause in the "Homestead Act" showing how advances may be secured when made by those who wish to assist intended settlers as friends or sending out others to form a colony : — " The expenses, or any part thereof, incurred by any person or persons, for the passage money or subsistence in bringing out an immi- grant, or for aid in erecting buildings on the homestead, or in providing farm implements or seed for such immigrant, may, if so agreed upon by the parties, be made a charge on the homestead of such immigrant, and in case of such immigrant atttempting to evade such liability by obtain- ing a homestead entry outside of the land withdrawn under the provision of the next preceding section, then, and in such case, the expense in* curred on behalf of such immigrant, as above, shall become a charge on the homestead so entered, which, with interest thereon, must be satisfied before a patent shall issue for the land, provided as follows : — (a.) That the sum or sums charged for the passage money and subsistence of such immigrant shall not be in excess of the actual cost of the same as proved to the satisfaction of the Minister of the Interior. (&.) That an acknowledgment by such immigrant of the debt so incurred shall have been filed in the Dominion Lands Office. (c.) That, in no case, shall the charge for principal moneys advanced against such homestead exceed in amount the sum of $200. (d.) That no greater rate of interest than six per cent, per annum shall be cliurged on the debt so incurred by such emigrant." Extracts of the opinion of a few of the Delegfates, sent from England, Scotland, and Ireland, to report as to the Dominion of Canada, as a field for settlement for Tenant Farmers (just pub- lished.) Mr. James Biggar, the Grange, Dalbeattie, Kircudbright says • — ** We now come to the question of emigration. I feel that there is much responsibility in answering that question. I am satisfied that some men with capital could not make more of it 9 \ Canada than in this country. I think thcro is most money to be made in theNorth-wc«t, hut even in Ontario and the other pro- vinces I think prospects arc good. I do not advise people who are doing well here, with a prospect of providing for their families, to change ; but those who are working for nothing, and cHpecially those who have a working family, need have no hesitation in ffoing to Canada. They will find in n;any parts of it as good farmers, ns good houses, as good schools, and as good neighbours RB they have here. They also will remain under the British flag." ** On the whole, I wns favourably impressed with Manitoba, and the other delegates I met expressed the same opinion. No one who sees the immense extent of fertile soil and the excellence of its products can doubt for a moment that there is a great future before that country. Nearly every one we met who had •een anything of the North-west spoke of it in glowing terms ; and though it is necessary to allow considerable discounts on the state- ments of those who have not much experience in agriculture, we were satisfied that settlers with industry, experience, and some capital, could not fail. A man with £100 can make a start on a homestead; a man with £200 to £300 can start well; but as a rule, men with most capital have the best chance. Stock do well, but require shelter and hay in winter. There is a good home trade in cattle, large numbers being imported at present from Minesota. The cattle we saw in Manitoba were good and strong, rnther short of breeding, but infinitely superior to the Texas and native Cohirado cattle we afterwards saw in the the Chicago mar- kets. We think Galloway cattle wor»ld suit the country well." Mr. John Logan, of Legerwood, Berwickshire, says: — "My opinion is that this is the country for British farmers to go to, as if we remain much longer at home our means will be all gone. Every year it is being drained away, and landlords make no concession. We are all aware that a bargain is a bargain ; but if landlords would show a little consideration in such bad times as we have of late years experienced, they would be no losers in the long run. We had no idea, when we entered on our present leases, that we were to have such a succession of bad seasons, and, combined with this, the great increase of wages and tradesmen's bills. Few farmers willXe able to renew their leases. In their determination to get all their rents^ landlords are only killing the goose that lays the golden eggs. My advice is, that as long as we have a little capital left, to secure some of it in that countrv beyond the Atlantic, where plenty of Land can be bought from the Canadian •Government for one dollar per acre, equal to 4s. 2d. British money. Notwithstanding all the beauty of Ontario, I must give a preference to Manitoba as the place to which we farmers must all emigrate. Any one going to Manitoba having £160, can take up one-half section (320 acres of land), viz., 160 acres homestead, which he gets free from the Canadian Government by agreeing to reside on My as me. no It if as the ises. tnd, ken's their the Is we rond Ldian )ney. ^ence [rate, l-half he Le on the property and cultivate it for three years ; he can also take up another 100 ucrcH, 'pre-emption,* for which he iuis to pay 43. per acre, payable liy instalments, being payable at the end of three years. Mr. Gi<:onoE Cowan, GUiiluco, Wigtownshire, says:— "First in order comes Manitoba and the North-vvcHt, in which I spent the first few weeks of my visit to Canada. This immense tract of country, the extent of which seems boundless, has only become known to the outer world during, I may say, the last decade of years, and it is a matter of wonder that the fertility of its soil, and its capabilities as a wheat-growing country, should so long have remained luiknown, seeing that it has been in possession of the Hudson Bay Company for upwards of 200 years. At present this great country, wliich is supposed to bo capable of sustaining a population of u[)ward8 of 80,000,000 of peoj)le, is comparatively speaking, almost unoccupied. During my short visit (and 1 was only able whilst there to travel over aoout 500 miles of its prairie lands, and my remarks, it must be borne in mind, are only strictly applicable to what I saw) I was very higlUy impressed with the icrtility of the soil, some of it being without exception the richest I have ever seen, and I have little doubt it will.conlinue for many years to produce excellent crops of grain without any manure, and with very little expense in cultivation ; and I would say to any one blessed with health and strength, who is possessed of moderate means, and who is of sober and industrious habits, that in Manitoba or the North-west he would have no difficulty in realising a com- petency in a very short time, and in many cases, in a few years, a fortune." Mr. George Hutchison, of Brougham Castle, Penrith, Cumberland, writes of Manitoba : — ** The snow goes away, and ploughing begins some years as early as the Ist of April, but generally not until after the 15th; the crops are harvested in August, the long sunny days of summer bringing vegetation to a rapid maturity. The buffaloes winter in thousands on the immense frairies of the Canadian North-west ; the half-breeds and the ndians camp out in the open plains during the whole of the winter with no shelter but a Duifiilo skin, tent, and robes. When I was there in the middle of October, I slept in a tent for ten nights and felt no inconvenience from cold or anvthinff else. *' The chief peculiar advantage of Manitoba as a field for settlement is the combination of prairie and woodland, the full advantage of which I should think can only be fully appreciated by those who have had practical experience in clearing off and cultivating a new farm in a thickly-wooded country ; that the existence of great areas of treeless prairies is a disadvantage there can be no doubt. This disadvantage is more than balanced by the ease with which the land is cultivated in comparison with heavy- wooded lands. When a man is doing well at home, and sees his 10 way to continuo ti) do so, pprcat onutlon hIiouIi] bo UMcd in ndvUing him to oii)i|(mt(> ; but tbiii I do Mnv. that thorn nro nmriv fnnners in Englitnd, oMpcciully thono with littlo capital, who could iuiprovo their position by going to Manitoba it' tluy arc not unwilling to undergo the hardtthioA ncccHttury to thono who Tito in now countries. What capital would no ro(|uirc^00 ; on the other hand, a man may take take considerable capital and start in a large way." Mr. Elliott, of Ilollybash, Galashiels, writes :—" The Dominion of Canada, from the energetic nature of its people and boundless rc8ourc»*8 of every kind, has a great futiu'o before it. With regard to farmers emigrating to the Province of Ontario, or the Eastern Townships, Province of Quebec, I have not the slightest Lositation in reconnncnding them to do so ; as I am satisfied, from what I saw, that men with moderate capital could do better than they can at home ; and that for several reasons. In the first place, you can buy and stock a farm for little more than it takes to stock one at home ; then there is no rent to pay, and taxes are very light ; they do not exceed from 4d to lOd per acre, according to the value of the property. You can make the most of the land by growing the most profitable crops, and those best suited to your soil and climate. There you have no lawyer factor prescribing in a long antiquated lease, which almost no man can understand, what crops you shall grow, and what seed you shall sow, as if you did not un- derstand your business better than he is able to teach you, and, generally speaking, binding you to protect the landlords' hares to eat your own crops. In my own case, however, I have been very liberally dcidt with, h^^^'i as regards cropping clauses and game. Again, a man going there with a family can get a first-chiss educa- tion free for his children, which at home costs a great deal of money. I consider their educational system one of the best possible. In a new country there are many more opportunities and openings turn- ing up than there are in an old country, that young men of intel- ligence and enterprise can take advantage of. Regarding men with large capital and wishing to farm extensively, I do not consider the older provinces so well suited, as a difllculty would be found in getting a large tract of land in one block at a moderate price. From all accounts, and 1 have the best information from practical 11 loney. In a tum- intel- \ with ler the md in From actical mon, Mnnitohn, or tho North-wost tGrritorion would be tho hett place for fanning on n largo ncnlo ; and I would nay these are also the plncoK for ti [nmr man. Thcro ho oan got 1()0 ncros of land free ; and if he had a family, each membor eighteen yearn of age f;etB the Hamo ; ho that he ha« a large tarm at onoo, hit own proport/ or ever, and no rent to pay." Mr. Snow, of Pirntatoii, Midlothian, says: — *• As to the extent of thin land, that is Manitoba, with ten miilion.s of acres. There, stretching to tho went and north-west, ii* a country ontiniated to contain 17t> million acres of fertilo land, which must in the very near future produce largely tliu food required in other parts of the globe. Ah to the right sort of people to go out, that largely (h^pcnds upon circumstances ; for working men there will be employment on railways for some years ; tho pay when we were there w. . Gs. per day, and the contractor fed them for 12.s. a week ; but in vs'iiitcr they would require to go to other employment, such ixn wood- cutting. For young men, say if two were joining together having £500 to £1,000, they would do well either wheat or cattle ruining, but they would require to be cautious as to their start. It would not be lost time boarding thomsclvus out'for a season with a farmer before making their final selection, and they must make up their minds to rough it. It seems to me to have a great future before it for cattle-raising, especially well-bred young stock, which <;ould bo fattened in Ontario and then shipped to this country. All the cattle seen, although going on dry withered grass, as the prairie was when we were there, looked healthy and in good (condition. There was any amount of hay to be got for the cutting ; and the country is so adapted for the cutting with machine, that no proision need be made, but a man at once goes in and outs away." Mr. 11. W. Gordon, of Annan, Dumfriesshire, writes : — " I now come to the important question — Is Canada the place to emigrate to ? and, if so, which of her provinces is tne most desirable ? The first question I will answer in the affirmative, (I) because of its boundless extent of cheap and at the same time fertile lands ; (2) because of its proximity to our own country, and therefore to the best market in the world ; (3) because of the siniihirity of its people to ourselves ; and (4) because of its loyal allegiance to the British flag. The traveller's first idea on gazmg across the vast prairie lands is that it deserves the name applied to it, or rather to the whole North-west, by Lord Beaconsfield, when he called it ' that illimitable wilderness.' But upon a closer examination he sees that beneath that surface of dried grass or ashes, consequent from tiie frequent fires, there lies hidden a treasure in fertility of soil, which when developed will sustain millions of the human race. All prairie lands are, you may say, almost level, and this Province forms no exception to the ride. It may not be out of place to remark here that Canada, and especially the smaller 12 cIticH in the Province of Ontario, i« a |(o«m1 country towhioli p than in tiuM country, Seven to nine per cent., according to tiie ability of the lender, n\n he made with perfect necurity, anil it in eMtiniated that a family tponding k'MM) a year at home can live as well there for i'2()(). There is aUo a wider field in which to Mtart rhl. C di hich young people in iliu world. lAinaiia itt u country m wnicii no one Hay* lie cannot work, hut where every one lays, * To beg I um iviihamed.' Perhaps tluM in the reuson there iH not a poorhouse in the Dominion." Mr. William Uiddki. (Kx-President of the Scottish Chain- her of Agriculture,) quotes from lottero received from hi;! houn in Manitoba.— '• 'i'he chiMMCH re(|uircd hero most ore farmern with capital, farm and railway labounirH, and domestic Hcrvantrf. At first we did not know how we were likely to succeed; but now we are in a position, from our own expt;rience and observation, to advise any plucky industrious man, with i'50() to £1000, to come out henv "The land is our own ; wo can farm as we like, sell what suits us best — either the land or its produce — hunt and sport without hindrance, neither law nor contract preventing. All this sweetens labour veiy nuuh, howevcT. All wlio may think of coming here ought to make up thoir ndnds to rough it for a time ; but with capital, patience, pluck, and perseverance, no man need be afraid of making a good thing of it. With no rent and almost no taxes, we have the prospect of doing much better here than in the old country." Mr. Geoiujk Wilkkn, of Aberdeenshire, writes regarding Manitoba: — " 1 lere uls?o anyone from this country will find a few of Ilia countrymen, even Aberdonians. He will find a good difference from home, and must be prepared to rough it for a start, lie will only find churches and schools near the town at present. He will not find tiie many running burnie.<) as at home. In short, he will have the cnrving out of his own fortune in a new land. The materials are there to his hand, and tlie Government present him on entry his choice of 160 acres ofus good land as tlie world affords. A hard working man with a growing family might face and get over the difliculties of a pioneer's start, landin'5 with a hundred pounds in h's pocket, many have done it with nothing ; with five hundred he would soon be independent. A man with means can buy as many sections as he pleases from one to five dollars an acre, and can invest hi.«* spare cash safely at from 10 to 12 per cent., at any rate on a first mortgage over liouses and lands taken at one- half their value ; and 1 do not think a safer investment could be found than lending 2s an acre (m land, and that only when a man has settled upon it, built a house, and broke up so much. I have good authority for stating that a farmer can easily afford to pay t n t a re CO nil dii 18 ith aid w cnce will will will The It ptr CAnt. !nt<«r««t for money rMh&r (Atrm ntlow hit Innd to bo oompnmtivcly wiuito. Tnut it Im a ooiiJiury with a irront fiittiro b«* foro it I liAvo no doubt, und I iiIno ilM'liovu it will bo fottlml up with a rapidity unknown ovtm in tho ('-^itcd Htatot. Thai 3<),s up his mind to rough it, and in poRsesMed of energy and peixeveraiiee, and if* iu»t lazy <»r drunkcai ; all these «iualitl(!s arc positivel} necessary tor one going to a new country. A rhiftlcss individual is of no use, and a lazy man ifl not n bit better, for whatever ntyle of farming one adopts, be it a homestead of IGO acres, where all the work is done by tlic farmer himself, or a largf*^ wheat farm of some thojisands of acrcH, personal presence and constant superintendence Ih neeoHsary to insure siu'ccss, and to transfer the balance from the wnmg to the right 8ivince8 e acre, irop, in fifteen, rnmost settle- 3raojing juthern ant too t of the ■itory is square e inter- s centre ;o sixty 1 waters ; at the dcnelles I million receives Saskat- 3 Rocky dies and rated by distance. IT as the I as fine jir whole ;th of the hat pour their accumulated waters into Lake Winnipeg is not less than 10,000 miles. The outlet of this magnificent water system is the large River Nelson, which discharges the surplus waters of the lake into Hudson's Bay, and which can be rendered navigable for Steamers from Port Nelson, a point eighty miles nearer to Liver- pool than New iTork is, to almost the foot of the Rocky Mountains. All this magnificent region of prairie, river and lake is British territory. Within five years it is calculated that 4,000,000 acres of this fertile prairie land will be under wheat cultivation. This means an addition to the wheat products of the world of 100,000,000 bushels. The exports of all America to the United Kingdom from the 11th of September, 1877, to May 11th, 1878,— the eight shipping months — was about 100,000,000 busliels. This amount, large as it is, is not more than may be expected within the next few years to be the annual production of this new wheat field of the Winnipeg water-shed. The influences of the opening up of this new district cannot but have a most important effect on the supply of the English market. " It will make the mother country •ntirely independent of foreign supply." POSITION OF CANADA. The intending settler in Canada should have a clear concep- tion of the general extent and position on the globd of the country which is to be his future home. It may therefore be stated that the Dominion of Canada comprises a vast territory of about 3,528,000 square miles. It occupies half of the continent of North America. From East to West it stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean ; and its extreme southern point reaches a little below the forty-second parallel of latitude. It occupies a greater area than the United States of America. Very large portions of this vast territory are cultivable ; and the other portions are rich in mineral and other kinds of wealth. The extent of cultivable land suited to the productions of the temperate zones compared in the uncultivable is proportionately greater in the Dominion than in the United States. Its rivers and lakes form one of the chief physical features of the continent, Miiiich are among the largest and most remarkable in the world. It possesses many thousands of square miles of the finest and richest forests of the continent ; and many thousands of square miles of the most fertile prairie land. It possesses the largest extent of land yet open for settlement, adapted to the growth of grasses and cereals, and other produc- tions of the temperate climates, not only on that continent, but in the world, B 18 It has fisheries of boundless tjxtcnt. unequalled on that con- tinent if not in <> inilcM of at(>utiil)o;it tuivi;r:itioii, of which iilxtut 100 iniluii uro tliu joint voliuuoM ot tlii> coiilhiciit rti, iihout 120 niilcN from itn niouiii, wluTc it (lischurj^^cs itito Luke Wiiiiiopt!)^; it is nuvij(ai)lo for iihouL -too niiU>.<«, aiiil IiimI 'icumoii four tino luul (U)tninoiliouii •tciinuMx, carryin;,' frci^^lit lunl panHcnj^for*, pliod th<» rivor, ftliio MeviMul Hinullcr iwr HtuunicrN. The nunih«>r will be continually incrousiii^r. '* ( 'aniiilu hiiM till} lutitudt's of Knmco, Prussia, Austria, thu British l.«liind<), Uussia aiul SwcdiMi and NorwM/ ; and aa many varletirs of < liiuutcM an havt; thoso countries. "That tho North west of liritisli America i« dotined to bocotui^ tiu' ijfnuiiiry of the (M)ntiueut, i« clear beyond all tloubt. Nature has doiid her share, and done it well and ;»;eiuM-ously ; maii'H labour niul industry arc aloiu* rcfpiircd to turn these broud, rolling praiiit's to f^ond account. A draubacK' at present is reinot(!no.s» from the oUIer parts of Ct last nuich h)nL;cr. Already a line of railway, cotmeetiti^' Manitol)a with Ontaria, is in course of beiiijL!; built ; this w ill be finished in a year or two, and then Manitoba will be in direct eoinmunication with tho outer woi hi thr()U};;h Canadian territory. \V^innipe<>f is already connected by rail with the United States' railway system. '• TaUin^all ihecireuinstanees and surroundinnjs into considera- tion, there is probably no country more suitable; iu every respect for settlement by persons Irom the ttimperate and northern jiarta of Europe than the Province of Manitoba. "The common settlers' route for fioin«^ to Manitoba from tho old provinces is via the Canadian JIuilway system and Tiakes to Duluth. Thence by rail to Winnipc<;. There is already commuuication by steamboat navi<»ation from Winnipejr City, via Lake \Viniiii)e<;-, and the JSa^katcbcwan, to the very foot of the Kocky Mountains. Kailway construction is also proceeding very rapidly within the Province of Manitoba. ''This tract of country to the east of the Hocky Mountains i contains under tiie surface of its ricb prairie landon<> of the largest coal fields in the world, which in some places crops out of the sur- face (»n the banks of the rivers. It is almost impossible to over- estimate the importance of this physical fact for the future of the Dominion. The rivers which run east from the Rocky Mountains are rich in gold deposits ; and in fact mineral wealth of almost every kind is found in this territory. " The measure of workino; the coal fields of the North-west is 27 of Mitch iiiiinciliaii* jmporttiiiro to iho country, timt tivcry iiuluco- inctit will (loiilttioAit tn* liclil out t«> priviitti coinpiinicM to (Iovi)Io|K} tlu'so ri« li ticliU, wliK'h iin* more iiuportaiit to llio proNprrity uud (l(Vclopni(M)t oi (lie Poiiiitiion tluiii tin; poinrMsioii ot ii inuiu of (liaiiiniidN. In iidviincr ut tlio coniplclion ot tinit ^n-iitxl ('nt(n-pri (intiri; di.stancu uimohm tho Continent. 'l\u\ iiitroiluction of Mtcani navipitioii throughout thin oxtouhivt* water lino will rovolntinni/o tho whole traditionul ■yntcni of t rathe. *'Th(' I'acilie torniitniM of the Caiuulian Pacific Railway will pONMeRN one of the lineMi liarhour^ in th(> world, in u inihl eliinate, and Hupnlied with all the eHMontialN of a firMt-clu>4H nnvat station, in tho aujaci'ut coul mine?* and foront.'*. '* Its position with roHpvet to Aniatic! porta in Much as to ) miles 4,110 miloii. M tt M Slum^ihui r),2ir» „ bWWd Canton r),J)7.'» , 0,140 Calcuttu H,Ho:. 8,070 Molhouri.e (J,0;JO „ 7,205 •' From Manitoba to Vancouver, tlio diettance by Kailway will be about 1,700 ujiies. " As.siiuiinjjf the early development of this immense extent of fertilo country, tho North-west, with ita conunorciul radium ex- tended by Railways and Steamboat navi;,'ation, with an unlimited market, \)x)i\\ in tho 1,'astcrn and Western hemispheres, must occupy a p -ition without a parallel in the world. SALL'HUITY OF CLI.MATK AND AOAPTION TO ACJKIC'JLTUUE Of paramount importance to the emigrant is thehealthfulness of tho locality which is to be tlie scene of his future labours, and the home for himself and family. What to him are fail fields or Howeiiiig- meadows, buried in the luxuriant growth of fertile soils and tr(»pical suns, if they generate fever-producing miasma and vapour!' What are soft and pcrlumcd breezes, if they waft the seeds of pestilence. and death? — What are bountiful harvests of golden grain, rich any, and lays all the eggs that produce the bees, and that she will produce only the amount of eggs in accordance with the laws of her nature. She then becomes barren, and is superseded by a young queen, reared by the workers. The queen never lays an egg in a queen cell, or expressly to rear a queen. The control of the sex of her progeny is subject to certain con- ditions. Eggs deposited in small cells will produce females, in large cells, drones, providing she has been mated and in good laying^ condition. All the eggs in small cells would rear queeiw, if they were properly managed so that their generative organs were not contracted by being left in small cells. Whenever a queen is needed, if they have suitable larva, the dwarfed females or workers have the aj^ility by instinct to raise another. Tiie larvae should not be over two or three days old. The queen before she is mated mil ouly lay eggs that will produce drones, and that of an inferior size and worthless. The queeu will mature from the larvce in 12 days; will fly out to mate in .5 to 8 days, if the weather is favourable. She mates but once during her life, and will lay when in prosperous condition, 2,000 or 3,000 eggs in twenty-four hours. She may live, if no accident happens her, to the aiz^ oi four or five years, but may be induced to lay her wholu complement of eggs in about two years. There are three classes of bees necessary to con- stitute a colony — queen, drone and worker. They should be Provided with a comfortable house or hive in which to live, and eposite their stores. THE CANADA PACIFIC RAILWAY. That greatest of Canadian enteri)rises — the railway from ocean to ocean, exclusively through British territory — will be the means of shortening the distance between Liverpool and China — as, for example, take the following comparison of distances : — TO JAPAN AND CHINA. Canadian Route. Miles. Liverpool to Montreal, via Belle Isle 2,790 Montreal to Port Moody, Can. Pac. B.E... 2,870 Port Moody to Victoria, B.C 00 Victoria to Yokohama 4,108 Yokohama to Shanghae 1,045 Total 10,903 Difference in favor of Canadian Boute ... 1,022 United States Route. Miles. Liverpool to New Yorlc 3,040 New Yorli to San Francisco 3,370 San Francisco to Yokohama 4,470 Yokohama to Shanghae 1,04S Total 11,926 The route from Southampton via the Suez Canal is also longer than the proposed Canadian Hue, the distances being: — Southampton to Shanghai, China, 10,359 miles ; or to Yokohama, i I Japan, 11,119 miles — the Canadian route to the latter port, as shown above, being only 9,858 miles. A comparison of diiitnnces to Sydney, Australia, is alno considerably in favor of communication ■with Great Hritain via Canada. It will be noticed that the Lake Superior terminus of the Canada Pacific Railway is nearer, by water-carringe, than Chicago 18 to Montreal and Iscw York. And another moat importimt feature is that Sault Ste. Marie ia tlie shortest outlet to tide- water for Minnesota and points west of Salt Lake and San Francisco. In the l)uilding of this Grand Railroad through to British Columbia, the merchants, manufacturers, and others in Great Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, etc., are interested ; because tlirough the Gulf of St. Lawrence, via Montreal, all the facilities tiiat an increasing commerce with the North American Union an8 with this Dominion can demand, are now being rapidly provided, for tlie shipment westward of their vastly expanding commerce, and then the fact will be realized, of navigation from the seaboard to the base of the Rocky Mountains — when the millions of acres of rich agricultural land in the Saskatchewan Valley are peopled, and made to pour out their cereal treasures, to be carried along the great water highways of the Dominion to the proper distributing point, for the benefit of the teeming population of Canada and the United States — and when the railways are completed, aifording a direct communication with British Columbia via the Canada Pacific Railway. The distance from Quebec to Liverpool is 375 miles less than from New York to Liverpool, Kingston, at the foot of Lake Ontario, is 48 miles nearer Liverpool than New York. The distance from Hamilton, at the head of Jjake Ontario, is the same as from New York to Glasgow. Lakes Ontario, Erie, and the south(Tii point of Huron, are nearly in a straight line with the Ports of Groat Britain, through the straights of Belle-Isle. The following is a statement of distances on the Canadian Pacific Railway, of the portions of the line under contract: — Interme< Ottawa to Eastern Terminus •' Fort William " English River '^ Kccvvatin " Selkirk " Pontvincourt " Livingstone Ottawa to Saskatchewan " Battleford " Edmonton *' Yellow Head Pass (Sunomit in Rocky Mountains) •' Tete Jaune Cache diato Miles. Distances. 206 800 600 913 113 1,003 185 1,210 112 1,381 117 1,481 100 1,677 196 1,767 90 1,997 230 2,253 256 2,390 47 a 37 Ottawa to Port Moody, nurrard Inlet ... 2,746 " \Va(itii 4/0 ' Af^ood SiriKlo Ilnriiofit £3 to £4 'a good Double Do. jtG to £7 Above wo bdvo given tbo inicoM of nrticIcM in Manitoba, und it is for tbo intondinj,' sottlor to uccido wbnt to bring witb bim, or to j|)UrrbnH(; a now outfit on bis iirrival bero. lie will be nblo to judge bettor wb tbo trnnnportution oonipiinioi, tbo CO*?! of l)ringing obi urticlos to tbid country, wbotbor it will bo better to hoII tboin and purobi\f to £4 o £7 I, untl it n, or to jiblo ta iipnnioi, will bo monthji, X, and ft rtlizotl II vill find M fields licet tho ntioii to in civrly M family lin many iold and inue to not only t chanpo cncficial to go to dcsirahle then to 5 several itoba are has to- ns. All. but tho mshinpf, linjurious Ich stock ]aw piles irop. A over it, feed oTt of th& Thuro aro now 120 poHt-ofTicoii in th« Manitoba o« with ii«. I ho moaly quality, tho Htiowy whitonosn, the fannacooiw proportion, and tho oxiiuisito flavour whioh dif*tingui«h tho host article, reach perfection only in higli latitudes. TUB SAHKATCIIEWAN-IT8 TUinUTAUlE8 AND COUNTRY. In tho'po«ent sparsolv nettled state of tho country, the early pioneers of nnungration will have grout advantages in being able to appropriate iho l)0.st lands and most eligible situations for wood and water, niul from tho tendency of population being governed primarily by the diK.ction of tho navigal-h^ waters, so will tho pioneer lay tho foundation of thriving towns along their groat extent, to the foot of tho Kocky Mountains. Tho North and South branches of tiie Sawltatchowan, or Ki-sis-kah-clie-wun (tho rivor that runs ^wift), iiavo their sources in the Kt)cky Mountains, but a few miles apart. l"'rom their nearly conunon scourcc the North branch diverges North-eastward, and tho South branch, or How Kiver, South-eastward, till at two hundred and fifty miles duo eastward they attain a distance of three hundred miles from each other, the South branch being there within forty-five miles of tho frontier; then gradually approaching, they meet at five hundred and fifty miles eastward from their source. The lengtli of tho North br.vnoh, by tho manuscript field notes of a survey of it, is 772^ miles, and that of tho South or main branch is about 810 miles. From their junction the course of the main Saskatchewan to Lake Winnipeg is 282 miles by field notes, this makes the whole length of tho Saskatchewan, from the source of the South branch, (which is the main stream) to Lake Winnipeg 1092 miles. Its magnitude will be more fully understood by the follow- ing comparison: — The total length being 1864^ miles. It is 184 miles longer than tho Ganges. 1164 ,, „ ,, Uhine. 1G49 „ „ „ Thames. And only 376 miles shorter than the Nile. A few miles west is tho new and flourishing settlement of Prince Albert, situated on the South side of the North branch 41 i 1 1 f I of the Saskatchewan, about 45 miles below Carleton, This settlement extends for about 30 miles along the Saskatchewan, the farms fronting on the river and extending back two miles. The settlers, though principally Scotch, are composed of English, Irish, German, Norwegians, Americans, and Canadians, This settlement hiis increased rapidly, especially within the last two years, and now numbers about 500 souls, and the people are beginning to farm cxton&ively. Several of the settlers have commenced stock •raising on a large scale, and the facilities for this branch of industry are of no ordinary kind, inasmuch as there is abundance of hay and pasture. As an evidence of the prosperity of the s ^ttlemcnt, it may be mentioned that good horses, waggons, light waggons, and buggies are found everywhere. The settlers have also the most approved agricultural implements, mowers, reapers, threshing machines, &c. There are mills and stores and two schools in the settlement, one in connection with the Presbyterian Church, of wliich there are two, and the otlier in connection with the Episco- pal Church. The North and South Saskatchewan run in a North- easterly direction for about 120 miles before they unite. The channels are almost parallel, and with an average distance of 20 to 25 miles apart. The land between the rivers is all good. Along the South side of the South branch the land also is good and fertile. The seasons are much the same as in Manitoba, winter begins about the middle of November, and breaks up about the 10th of April. The rivers are generally open about the 20th of April. Snow falls to the depth of about two feet, and continues all winter. The climate is exceedingly heahhy, and, owing to the rolling character of the prairie and the loamy nature of the soil, ploughing can be commenced whenever the snow is off the ground, and especially on land cultivated for any length of time. Summer frost never injures anything. The wheat, barley, oats, roots and vegetables raised at this settlement could scarcely be excelled in any part of the world. The country drained by the North branch of the Saskatchewan from Prince Albert up to Edmonton — a distance of over five hundred miles by the river— as well as that by its extensive tribu- tary, the Battle river, (near the mouth of which the town of Battleford, the new capital and seat of the North-west Territorial Governnrent is located) is of a general uniform character, more or less interspersed with woods sufficient for many years to come, but not sufficient to supply the wants of a large population, how- ever this drawback will be overcome with the gradual develop- ment of the country, and opening up of the vast coal deposits and the forests westward on its immediate banks. It is highly probable, as will be pointed out hereafter, that we have the most extensive, perhaps the finest, coal fields in the world. Fort Calgarry, a station of the Mounted Police, on the Bow This wan, the a. The sh, Irish, jttlement and now to farm ik -raising ustry are J of hay ^ttlemcnt, waggonS; e also the threshing )ol8 in the Jhurch, of lio Episco- i a North- lite. The nee of 20 all good, o is good ater begins e 10th of of April, all winter, the rolling ploughing round, and Summer roots and excelled in ikatchewan over five isive tribu- le town of Territorial 3r, more or •s to come, ition, how- al develop- iposits and is highly 3 the most on the Bow 43 River, is situated at the junction of Bow and Elbow Rivers, on a beautiful flat, as level as a cricket ground, and of immense extent. Buffalo in great abundance, and the rivers filled with fine mountain trout of great size, and the climate much milder than in Manitoba or the N^ortli Saskatchewan, and, if not quite equal for farming in grain raising, will, from its vast extent of rich nutritious grasses, become the great stock-raising country of the North- West. It takes but little capital to make a commencement by which a man may soon become independent. At Fort McLeod, a few miles further South on the Belly River, where two troops of the Mounted Police are stationed, they have a theatre and billiard table, which proves how civilization is gradually stealing over the " Great Lone Land." Of the rivers not tributary to the Saskatchewan, but rumlinff within its country, and which invite settlement to their rich and beautiful valleys, the most important of which is the Assiniboine, by its very winding course, is over 600 miles in length. For 220 miles in direct distance from its mouth, its course is nearly west, and above that its course for upwards of 200 miles in direct dis- tam;e is North-westerly, lying nearly parallel to Lake Winnipeg, at a distance of 240 miles west of it. At 220 miles west from its mouth, where it turns northward, it receives its tributary, the River Qu'Appelle, which continues directly westward 250 miles further, having its source near the elbow of the South branch of the Saskatchewan, 470 miles directly westward from the mouth ■of the Assiniboine, at the City of Winnipeg in Manitoba. As- cending the Assiniboine from its mouth, for upwards of 70 miles, to the Sand Hills, the country through which it flows within the Province of Manitoba is of the same rich alluvial character as the Red River. Beyond that is a sandy tract, 50 miles in length westward. Then for about 100 miles further west, to where it turns northward at the mouth of the Qu'Appelle, and for nearly 50 miles north of that, the Assiniboine may be considered the boundary line between the rich prairie region and the inferior imd light sandy soil south and west of it. Between the Sand Hills and the Qu'Appelle, the Assiniboine receives on the north side five considerable tributaries, from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles in length. Their courses being through a very fertile region, oiie of them, the Rapid River, or Little Saskatchewan, indicates the general character. This stream is beautiful and rapid, navigable for one hundred miles for canoes and bateaux, flowing through a beautiful valley, large open flats frequently occurring on both sides of the river, where the richness of the grass and the beauty of the various flowers prove the great fertility of the soil, — places marked out by nature to be cultivated and inhabited by man. The Swan River enters a bay on the North end of Lake Win- nipegoos, and is about two hundred miles in length by its course. 44 it ; i ll fi i ) I Near its mouth there are Bome very valuable salt springs, as also on Lake Winnipegoos, the brine of which, taken from the surface, is as strong as any of the celebrated salt works in the United States. The brine is very pure, yielding upwards of a bushel of salt from 30 to 40 gallons of water from the surface, proved by the practical experience of the writer. These springs will prove a valuable source of wealth, when with the rapid development of the country, extensive fisheries are established and communica- tions improved. Ascending the river from Swan Lake, which is about six miles from its mouth, for two miles or so the bunks are rather low; in the succeeding ten miles they gradually attain a height of nearly one hundred feet, where landslips occur in many places ; the banks expose an alluvial soil of great depth, resting on drift clay. About thirty miles above Swan Lake the prairie region fairly commences. There the river winds about in a beau- tiful valley, the banks of which rise to the height of eighty or one hundred feet. Beyond this an apparently unbroken level extends on one side for a distance of fifteen or twenty miles to the Porcu- pine Hills, and for an equal distance on the other, to the high table land called the Duok Mountain. From this South-westward to Thunder Mountain, a traveller says : ** The country is the finest I have ever seen in a state of nature ; the prospect is bounded by the blue outline of the hills named ; in the plain, alternate wood and prairie present an appearance more pleasina: than if either entirely prevailed; it seems as if it wanted but the presence of human habitations to give it the appearance of a highly cultivated country." The line of the Pacific Railway crosses the Swan River in this region. LAKES MANITOBA AND WINNIPEGOOS. These lakes are each one bundled and twenty miles in length,, the greatest breadth of Manitoba is twenty-four miles, and of Winnipegoos tvsrenty-nine ; taken together they extend two hundred and twenty miles from North to South. The head of Winnipegoos being known as the Mossy Portage, which is only about four and a quarter miles in length, through low wet ground, and connects with Cedar Lake on the Main Saskatchewan. This important connection, which is now occupying the attention of the Govern-^ ment of the Dominion, would form a water line of communication of about one thousand five hundred miles in lentfth from the City of Winnipeg, in Manitoba, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains. BEAUTY, FERTILITY AND CLIMATE —OFFICIAL AND SCIENTIFIC TESTIMONY. In the capacity of this pamphlet as merely a hand-book or guide, affording only such general information of a practical nature as will be useful to the intending pioneer immigrant, and capitalist. 45 18 also urface, United shel of ved by I prove nent of [nunica- jrhich 18 nkd are attain a in many , resting 5 prairie a beau- ;y or one extcnila e Porcu- the high westward the finest anded by late wood if either resence of cultivated the Swan in lengthy es, and of vo hundred innipegoos lit four and id connects important he Govern-^ imunication. )m the City ountains. CIENTIFIC and-book or otical nature id capitalist. in the present ntate of the country, it merely aims to point out the best and most suitable localities for more immediate settlement throughout that vast regjon, and the cUss best suited for success in those localities. Those going to the Saskatchewan country as farmers flr stock- raisers, would require to command sufficient capital to make a fair start with, as estimated under the heading of outfit, after landing at Winninorr Qf coursc agilculLuriats with larger capital are the more eligible, and particularly those who desire to go into stock raising, profiting by their experience, and desiring larger and quicker returns for labor bestowed and capital invested. The climate is cold, but not felt more intensely than in many parts of Ontario, owing to the dryness of the air, and the steady, unchangeable temperature. The heat is not very oppresive in summer, owing to there being a constant breeze blowing over the prairies, and the nights are always very cool. The depth of the snow ranges from one to three feet, and will average about eighteen inches. The native horses feed out all winter without care, and cattle thrive well when stabled and fed on prairie hay. WHAT THE "CHICAGO COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER" THINKS OF MANITOBA. ** This great territory is also The land of magnificent prairies and great rivers, with fine navigations from the eastern almost to the farther western and north-western boundaries, by the Saskatchewan with the Peace, Athabasca and McKenzie, whose navigable waters, running through the north-west and centre to the western Arctic, furnish ready routes of transportation. Region of perfection. With a pure atmosphere, a genial, hea!thful climate of early springtimes, and soft, hazy autumns; with dry, steady, sunny winters and light snow falls ; with streams and springs of the purest water ; with no malaria, because there is nothing to develope It. The earth, sky, water and altitude, are all conservatory of health, insuring new comers, from distant lands even, against the acclimating sickness attendant upon their coming into more southern' and less perfectly situated sections, while here in this health-giving air — summer or winter — their strength continues and improves, from their arrival. 46 . II Wheat. The amount raised in the Proviace last year being about 450,000, busiicls, of a general average of 63 pounds to the bushel, while large fields were nxised in which the average weight was even more than this. One field had a straight average of 68 pounds to the bushelj nnd nnothnr field of 2,000 bushels average 66 pounds^ producing 46 nnd 42^ pounds of flour to the bushel. The wheat, bushel for bushel, produces a much larger per cent of naiddlings or "patent process" than tlie wheat of Minnesota. This is the peculiar property of the Minnesota Spring wheat, which has already given the flour of that State the supremacy in the eastern States and on the London market, making it in that city in price the peer of the flour of any country or mills that are brought to that great central market of the world. ■(•.■ '•n i if ■ The native Cattle one sees here, particularly the beef cattle, are very fine and large,.' the steers being a full half larger than those of Texas, and fully up to the size of those in the older States and Provinces. They are very hardy and are used generally on the road, instead of horses, in drawing the trains that go out all through the great Saskatchewan and Peace lliver district, 1000 to 1500 miles. They are much quicker walkers than horses; iheir feet being larger, they are less liable to mire in crossing streams and sloughs. They require less care and have more strength, easily drawing loads of 1000 pounds each, day after day They are never yoked together, but each harnessed singly, draw the light Red River carts which are made without a particle of iron. When used by the farmers for agricultural purposes they are sometimes yoked together, but the great mass of them are used for travelling, wliich they do with no feed but the wild grass. During their whole lives they do not know the taste of any kind of grain, while in winter they are seldom sheltered or fed except when there are extra heavy snow falls, though they do then require more or less feeding and some shelter. There are surely thousands in Great Britain, sons of wealthy farmers and tradciimen, second and younger sons of the nobility, as well as young Canadians, who can come here and secure, in point of domain, an earldom. Now, why don't they come ? It must be because of their ignorance of the above fact. New Zealand gives every man that pays his own passage 40 acres, while if he wants any more it costs him a pound, or five dollars an acre. The Province of Victoria offers lands, first at auction at an upset or starting price of one pound per acre. Australia offers to any one having a lease from the Government cf a sheep run,theprivilegeof making a pre-emption 47 ag atout 3 Dushel, was even ounda to poundSy le wheat, idlings or ! peculiar idy given tates and e peer of hat great nd large/ and fully i. They of horsc8, patchewan eet being 1 sloughs, injj loads cr yoked iver carts id by the together, they do s they do they are ivy snow ind some wealthy obility, as in point of their man that re it costs Victoria e of one jase from 3-emption of 640 acres, on which their buildings and other improvements maj be, at the expiration of their lease, but he must pay the one pound per acre at the expiration of his pre-emption! While hero (Manitoba) he has his homestead right to 160 acres, free, his pre- emption right of 160 acres, his tree-planting right to another 160 acres free, while if he wants any more he can get it at four shillings or one dollar per acre. The Horses that know the inside of a stable during winter, except in the larger settlements, are very few, in fact it is so near the custom, that it is but the truth to say that they are never fed the winter through, but stable ami board themselves. They are not as one would naturally suppose "little rats of things," like those of New Mexico, and the South-west generally, but good fair-sized horses. I have seen them coming into Winni- peg m trader's trains that have been continually on the road for 72 days, yet have never seen a really poor horse among them. They too, like the ox, have no feed but the wild grass ; no grain in any form being given to them. The horses and cattle of this section are Not a mixed race as it would seem natural from their location they would be, for more than fifty years ago stallions of the best blood then known in England were imported here, by the way of Hudson Bay, Nelson River, and Lake Winnipe^*^^ at a cost and expense of as high as £2,000. Fine Durham bulls were also brought the same way, and never since then has the province been without sires of the best beef and horse blood obtainable anywhere. I saw only live miles from Winnipeg, at Silver Heights, on the stock farm of the Hon. James McKay, a herd of 140 geldings, mares and colts, sired by as fine and clear, straight-blooded stallions as can be found in the whole Mississippi valley, from its source to the sea, that never yet in winter have seen the inside of a stable or received a measure or forkful of feed. The same is the case at all the trading posts and smaller settlements from Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountains, and up the great and magni- ficent valleys of the Athabasca and Peace rivers extending to tho North-west, up to and beyond latitude 58 north and longitude 120 west of Greenwich. The Mennonites (German Quakers from Southern Russia) who took a grant of eight townships on the east of Red river, beginning some 18 miles from the south line of the province. This is known as the t \ Rat River settlement. They have also taken another grant of 17 townships on the west side of the Red River, 7 of tlie townships being direct on the south boundary line. Some 8,000 of these peaceable, thrifty working people have already reached this province and are settled in tlieir own homes. They ate all workers, men, women and children ; no drones amon}:^ them. Being of theso thrifty working habits, 'tis but natural that they succeed. They are the most desirable foreigners that have come to this country for years. Most of them have more or less money and some are quite wealthy. Two years since a delegation visited this province from Iceland and made selections, by special arrange- ment with the Dominion government, of several townships on the west side of lake Winnipeg. Last year some 1,500 of them came out to Manitoba, and now, in their own homes are thriving as they never did in their native island. Of the great extent of the territory of this government to the north of the United States, I take the following from Mr. Grant's valuable work, *' Ocean to Ocean :" *' Travel a thousand miles up a great river ; more than another thousand along great lakes and a succession of smaller lakes ; a thousand miles across rolling prairies, and another thousand through woods and over mountains, and you have travelled from ocean to ocean through Canada. And this country is a single colony of the British Empire ; and this colony is to-day dreaming magnificent dreams of a future when it shall be the " Greater Britain," and the highway across whicii the fabrics and products of Asia shall be carried to the eastern as well as the western tside of the Atlantic." 4' i L But the class that new sections really present the best openings for are those men who are comfortably off themselves, who have a growing family, particularly of boys, and who wish to have their families grow up and settle about them, which I think is natural to all parents. Now-a-days in old sections it is almost certain that the boys will stray away and most of them to the West. Now, it is much better for the father tj sell out his high-priced land, come to the new country, take up the cheap acres, homesteads, &c., enough for all his boys, and thus enable them to grow up about the home nest; this is wiser and better for all, than for the sake of a few years more of present comfort to find themselves alone in middle life or old age with more or less of their sons drifting about away from them. While for the daughters there is no comparison between the two sections in the chances they will have to get 4U grant of ownshlps of these hcd this r aie all ifT them. that they five come 8S money m visited I arninge- iships on of them thriving le United ble work, 'cat river ; icesslon of id another ^ou have is country colony is t shall be e fabrics ell as the le best have a ive their latural to tain that low, it is come to |., enough le home \>i a few middle |ut away iparison [e to get huabamlH that can give them homes of their own, and pendenco tliat such jjossesslons give them and tlieirs. dhould come out and sec if tho-i^ things are not so. facilities are attainable anywhere, if not, it if^ largely the settlers, for the mimiHcenco of the school grant of ample enou«jh for all, if rightly managed. Again, the up with sued surroundings and setiled prospects, will more of the foppery and unsettled vi.ws of life, than tions that show no openings except clerkships, &c, nil the inde- Such men Edu(;ational the fault of Manitoba is sous growing escaj)e much in older sec- COAL. Referring to the vast and inexhaustible coal beds of the Sas- katchewan, Sir William Armstrong, some few years ago, raised the question in the Old Country of the |)ossibility of the coal mines of England, becoming after a time exhausted. The question was widely discussed at the time, and all became thoroughly con- vinced of what paramount importance to a country's prosperity were the coal fields. From Geological reports, and the Engineer's surveys, the Saskatchewan district possesses one of the largest coal fields in the world. « . Between the 59th parallel and the North Sea, it has been (Calculated that there cannot be much less than 500,000 square miles that are und^erlaid by true coal. The average breadth of this belt is about 280 miles. In addition to the coal, this country contains rich deposits of iron ore. On the North Saskatchewan River, coal prevails with little interruption in beds two and two-and a-half feet thick on the banks of the river, from a little below Edmonton, upwards for two himdred miles. On the Pembina River, 70 miles to the West, there is a seam ten feet thick, of a very superior quality. On the Battle River it is also noted, and in the Red Deer branch of the South Saskat- chewan, 170 miles from its mouth, are extensive deposits of coal, and at 100 miles further up it is there in beds so close, that, of 20 feet of strata exposed, 12 feet are coal, WOOL-GROWING IN MANITOBA. Attention has of late been drawn to the fine texture and Ien 50 4 1* 3 r ! \ i jl j '.X * the value of the fleece, both for home manufnrtiiro and for (export, is a con.siderjition wliich will corninond iu jnoductiou to the I'arnK'r and stock raiHcr ; and the expansion of the small hands of »hoep whieh now «;ra/,«' on the prairii-s into lar«if(3 floiks will he hut the matter of a little tinie. Tl;iH IVecdoni from disease is doubtless due in a f;reat measure to the usual dryncMa of I he climate ; and with a suffieieneyof bay, and the natural Hholterof the; bluffs in the woody distrietH, they tluivo well during tin; winter, and re(|uire but little care. Sheep under favourable cireimiHtances return a lar^^e profit to their owner, and in a climate adapted to their production they usually cluini a larn(; nhare of attentior. He had two p^iiuH, and a Mervunt l.mdin^ whtlo he was Hliootin^. TIte biifl'aloer^ have wintiMvd on the nutiilioiiH ^niMite.s of it* IirairicH, up to nn hi^h a latitude an liiike Athabanka ; ami the lah'-breeds nnottoniH. The niooMe in ntill al)umhint on botii sideH of the Peace River, and tlie wood bntYalo \h Htill found betwe(>n the Atliabasca and tho Peaeo River about hit. /i?^. From 500 to 1,000 head ia tho estimate of the hunt(!r.s. Black b 'ar« are very munerouH on tho upper part of the Peace Hiver, an( rider. Ah t\ llv-CiHlu'r, ^ll« cii«ily nmki'ii a cixnt of iiixty or Movcntjr feet, nml tli April. (Sarney fitm he nliol hcticeen. Peer I**'!! So|)ttMul)('r tol5thDocotnber. Partridge and (Iro\i80 ...lut OctobiT to Ist February. Duck Ist Septonibor to Ist .Jurmary. Woodcock iHt August to l«t .latuuiry. Snipe < l«'>th August to l.st May. Quail Ist October to 1st Jamuiry. Plover 1st November to Int May. Hares or Rabbits Ist September to lat Marclu !;. mNT8 AS TO CAMPING OUTFITS. Should the tourist not go the length of building a shanty, good tents are a matter of the highest importance to him. An ordinary " ridge tent " holds six or seven very comfortablv, and it is the most convenient form for general purposes. The ndge pole ahould generally bo carried about Irom place to place, and tho requisite number of tent-pins should always bo on hand ; uprights can easily be cut at any point on landing. Great care should bo taken in the selection of a site which will not be flooded in case of rain. A deep trench should be dug on tho upper side, opening at each side somewhat beyond the ends of the tent. The tent should be provided with a lantern which can be huug from the ridge, and also with a musquito bar. This allows good ventilation without affording admittance to musquitoes. Boats should be secured at some points on the lakes or be brought from elsewhere. Tiiey should be stoutly built, as they vonty ilnioii i rtico l)U lit jin lo- ll i>lli'n nockM nhould he worn, and n tolcnihly wann coat mIiouM ho tukrn up, %a the nights are often cool. Uhl gaiter ImxiIm aiMvvcr niost of the pnrposoH of th«' ordinary visitor. iJnle.MH lu' is very indilVcrcnt to IlicH and niUH«piitoes, ho will not care to vinit any swampM. Two donhle hlankiitn, wrapped find strajtped in two yards of waterproof cloth, will eonMtitnte his portable bed. A muHipiito net for tho head often cornea in con- veniently in the evening. aibor. ir. scomber. u-y. u»ry. ;h. IIINTH TO Sl'ORTSMKN. ..Don't point your gun at yourself. Don't point your gun at any one else. Don't carry your gun so that it« range includes all your hunting companions. Don't try to Hnd out whether your gun is loaded or not by shutting one eye and looking down tho oarre! with the other. Don't uao your gun for a walking-Htick. Don't climb over a fence and pull your gun through nui/zlo foremost. Don't tlirow your gun into a boat so that the trigger will catch on a Heat, and the cliargo be deposited in your stomach. Dun't uso your gun for a sledge-hammer. Don't carry your gun full cocked. Don't carry your gun with tho kanuncr down. Sportsmen must bear in mind tliut us civilization advances tho larger game retires further from settlement. shanty, An and it Hgo pole [nd the Uprights )uUl bo case of [ning at should Igc, and athout or be IS they IIOMEHTEAD RIGHTS Unappropriated Dominion Lands, tho surveys of which have been duly made and confirmed, shall, except as otlierwise heroin- after provided, bo open for purchase at tho rate of 4s per acre ; but no such purchase of more than a section, or six liundred and forty acres, shall bo made by tho same person, provided that whenever so ordered by the Minister of the Interior, such un- occupied lands as may be deemed expedient from time to time may be withdrawn from ordinary sale or settlement and offered at tt public sale (of which sale due and sufficient notice will be given) at the upset price of one dollar per acre, and sold to the highest bidder. Payment for lands, purchased in the ordinary manner, shall be made in cash, except in the case of paymtnt by scrip, or ia military bounty warrants, as provided by law. li Any person, male or fenialc, wlio is tho sjle head of a family, or any male who haw attained the age of eighteen years, shall bc^ entitled to be entered for one-quarter section, or a less quantity, of iina])|)ro|)riatcd Dominion Lands, for the purpose of securing n Homestead llight in respect thereof. Tho entry of a person for a homestead right shall entitle him to receive at the same time therewith an entry for an adjoining quarter section then unclaimed, and such entry shall entitle such person to take and hold possession of and cultivate such quarter section in addition to his homestead, but not to cut wood thereon for sale or barter; and at the expiration of a period of three years, or u})()ii the sooner obtaining a i)atent for the homestead under the fifteenth sub-section of section thirty-three of "The Dominion l^ands Act," shall entitle him to pre-emption of the said adjoining qufirter section at the Government price of one dollar ])er acre ; but the riglit to claim such pre-emption shall cense and be forfeited, together with all improvements on the land, upon any forfeiture of the homestead right under the Dominion Lands Act. The title to lands shall remain in the Crown until the issue of the Patent therefor ; aud such lands shall not be liable to be taken in execution before the issue of the Patent. In case it is proved to the satisfac'tion of the Minister of the Interior that the settler has voluntarily relinquished his claim, or has been nbsent from the land entered bv him for more than six months in nny one year without leave of absence from the Minister of the Interior, then the right to such land shall be liable to for- feiture, and 7nay be cancelled by the said Minister ■ and the settler so relinquishing or abandoning his claim shall not be permitted to make more than a second entry. I" Iff . I Fisn. The larger lakes abound in white fish, a delicious article of food, weighing from four to five pounds. The fisheries of the lakes, when properly developed, will form an important source of revenue. The rivers and streams abound in pickerel, pike, catfish, *- sturgeon, sun fish, gold eyes, &c., so that Manitoba, and the North west to the Kooky Mountains, present superior attractions to the tourist and sportman. In the fisheries of the great fresh water lakes, Ontario is possessed of no inconsiderable resource. The waters of Lakes Huron and Superior are teeming with life, and on the north shore of Lake Superior alone, 30,000 barrels of . hiti fish and salmon trout are yearly put up for market. Great numbers of siskawit, the fattest and finest species of the lake trout family ; and large lake trout, namaycush, and white fish, attihawmeg, are packed annually for market on the shores of Lake Superior. or 57 The siskawit may be said to be peculiar to this lake. They are caught readily by the hook, l)ut are more commonly taken by means of gill-nets, which are set a yard or two from the bottom, in water of about 20 feet depth — the lower edge of the net being anchored by means of small stones attached to cords, while the upper edge is sustained vertically by means of thin laths or spindles of light wood. Thes(5 nets are set at night, and are drawn in the morning. The siskawit weighs from five to twenty pounds, while the lake trout often weigiis as mucli as forty or fifty pounds. Of all the fish caught upon the lake the siskawit is most prized on account of its fatness. Wliite fish are, however, much more delicate, and are preferred to all others by the white inhabitants and travellers. The fisheries of Lake Suj)erior and Huron are of great value to the people living upon the shores of these lakes, and of import- ance to the countries on the other and lower lakes, and tlie Island towns, near there borders. To the poor Indian the bounties of the great lakes are of vital importance, lor, without the fish, the native tribes would soon perish. The fish which are the most plentiful in our lakes and rivers are the salmon trout, the common trout, maskinonge or maskelongc, white fish of great variety, pike, pickerel, bass, perch (a good pan fish,) and herrings. The sturgeon is caught in our waters fre- quently weighing from 80 to lOO pounds. The smaller rivers and streams teem with the speckled trout. Perhaps the chief favourites of our waters are the white fisli and maskelonnje Manv thousands of barrels of salmon, wliitc fish, and herrings are annually exported at present, chiefly to the United States. Trolling for bass, pickerel, and lake trout furnislies good sport in the Muskoka and Parry Sound Districts. A visit to the Maganetawan, and the south branch of the Muskoka liiver, as well as to Trading I.ake, amply repays those who go there. These watera are nuich resorted to by anglers from the United States. The above fishing grounds can all be reached from Toronto by the Northern railroads and its connecting steam boat lines. MINNESOTA v. MANITOBA. The London Times, of October 24, 1879, in an editorial, com- ments on a letter from Mr. Andrews, formerly United States Minister at Stockholm. This gentleman, writing from St. Paul, Minnesota, of course advocates the claims of his own State as the most desirable location for settlers, in opposition to Manitoba and other places in the Dominion. The Times falls foul of this idea, and shows (1) how ignorant English people are of the two countries ii \v ii' ^n w 58 in general, and of the United States in particular ; (2) tiiat it is easy to get hold of land in the latter country, but the problem is what to do with it, instancing tlio by no means imaginary case of Martin Chuzzlewit in Eden. *' Many an emigrant " says the article, *' becomes the pro- prietor of a farm in the Great Republic which he cannot cultivate at a profit, which ho cannot sell at any price, and in which he may have sunk his small capital. These considerations seldom receive duo woight from tho intending settler. His knowledge of the country is obtained at second iiantl, and most probably from the seductive and misleading dooum«ynts issued by the railway com- panies, which have large landed estates in the principal States of the Union. When these e!»tates aie sold a sum of money passes int3 the coffers of the companies, while tiie purchasers bring traffic to the railways. A citizen of the United States is an adept in advertising his wares, and all the citizens of that country are at one in desiring to encourage immigration from Europe. They know that nothing has paid their country butter than immigrants. The Iwies then explains the conditions and working of the United States Ilonicstead Act. and then after pointing out the hardships th? settlors have to put uj) with, even on Mr. Andrew's own admission, it adds; It is unquestionably that the facility for acquiring land in the United States has been the main reason why our agriculturists have gone thither. The same reason will contiuue- to be potential in the cases of any who may now think of improving condition by a change of country and of nationality. Liberal though the provision of the United States Homestead Act are, yet they involve on the part of our countrymen who profit by them a renunciation of their biitlirlght as citizens of the British Empire. This is a sacrifice even more keenly felt by most of them than severance from the place of their birth nnd beginning life anew in a strange land. This consideration has induced many emi- grants to {(refer the long voyage to New Zealand or one of the Australian Colonies to the far shorter trip across the Atlantic. The Dominion of Canada has always invited immigrants, but till recently that s[)lendid country had nothing to offer which could rival the prairie States of the Far West. All this is changed, however, au'l -le emigrant can now find in Canada as great in- ducements to settle there as ^linnesota, or any other State in the Union, can offer. The Canadians, if more scrupulous, are less energetic in advertising their country than the citizens of the North American llepublic. Conterminous with Minnesota is the Province of Manitoba. All that Mr. Andrews has said in praise of the former may be truthfully repeated with regard to the latter. The area of Manitoba is but small in comparison with that of some Western States ; yet it is twice a large as Massachusetts, and it can support many millions of people and furnish a large surplus of grain for exportation. Yet Manitoba is but a single 59 out Province in a territory which is open and ready for settlement — a territory covering i58(),00() square miles, exceeding in extent France and Germany combined, and eciual in fertility to any cor» responding tract on the globe. In the Canadian North-west there is a Homestead Act under which tlie settler is treated still more generously than in the United States. He pays but £2 for his title to the lOO acres which are granted to him on condition that he resides there three years, and he can obtain another piece of equal area on paying 4s. an acre. At the period of obtaining the land absolutely he must be a British subject by birtli or naturali- zation ; this provision is one that gives the immigrants from the Old Country no concern. The St. Paul Pioneer Press, referring to the visit of the delegates of the British tenant-farmers, says : — *' They have been deeply impressed with the amazing fertility of the North-west, and they entertain the same unfavourable opinion of the character of the system — or want of system — of agriculture pursued, c?!xpressing serious doubts as to the ultimate result, believing that it will tend to the ruin'of the land. They all concur in the idea that when once the British tenant-farmers are fully assured that the North- west is really what it has been represented to be, a large tide of emigrants will sweep forth to populate it. Especially will this be the case under the depressing iufluence of bad crops for the past five successive seasons. * When,' as one of them expressed it, ' capital is absorbed in the payment of rent, the tenant-farmer must seek other and more prolitable investments elsewhere.' That is the gist of the entire situation of the British tenant-farmers very succinctly condensed." anew emi- f the vntic. it till ould ,nged, t in- n the } lesa f the s the rp-ise atter. at of setts, large ingle DISGUSTED EMIGRANTS. Recent English arrivals in Texas returning : a York- shire farmer a victim to deceit. New York, Oct. 22, 1879 — Several English immigrants who been sojourning in Texas, have returned here disgusted with the soil and climate. They report nearly all the English immigrants leaving there. New York, Oct. 23. — David McCaib, one of the Yorkshire farmers who recently passed thraugh the city, on their way to Texas, returned to tliis city yesterday with his family, and com- plains that he was greatly deceived as to the character of the land, which he came here to cultivate. He accuses the agent of the Galvcton, Harrisburg, and San Antonio railroad, of misrepresenta- tion. He says that the land offered to immigrants at 3 dollars an acre is totally unfit for farming purposes, and that good land is held at 20 dollars an acre, and is only sold in lots of 800 acres. He says that most of the immigrants are already moving north- ward. 60 TABLE OF DLSTANCES. Livcrpoj I to Halifax... 2440 Miles. Toronto to Hamilton... 39 Mili )) Portland 2700 " ») Harrisburg. 58 55 M Boston ...2H 10 M »» London ...115 15 " Quebec ...2034 n M Ciiatham ...179 1» H New York 3010 »i M Wirdsor ...225 H • Montreal 2712 i> Northern R.R. ! Toronto.. .3 145 ») 55 to Richmond 51 Sarnia ...3333 5? Hill 18 11 ' M San Fran- 1 t) Newmarket 34 1) |i cisco, via i 1 >i Belle Ewart 53 )1 Quebec ...0080 1 »1 )) Barrie 64 »1 J ■ San Fran- )} Orillia 86 55 1 " * cisco, via 11 Washago...l03 55 "' New York 0338 ( *' i M Cravenhurstll6 5" Halifax to Quebec ... 0150 H H CollingAvo(»d 94 11 1 r " Montreal 858 »i ' 51 Meaford ... 215 5« n Ottawa... 1022 ■ 1 Hamilton and N. W. R. n Toronto... 11 91 M Hamilton to CoUing- 1) Detroit ...1422 1» wood... 110 15 M Chicago ..1700 M )5 Barrie ... 97 15 Portland to Montreal 297 U Toronto to Niagara Boston to Montreal 408 11 Falls ... 52 V Toronto and PortHoj le toPeterboro' 31 '1 Sarnia to Manitoba, 5) Lakefield.. 40 15 f "Rail&Lakeroiite" IIGO »> )l Lindsay... 43 15 Toronto to Manitoba, 55 Beaverton GQ 15 "all Rail route" ....1405 M Brockville to Perth ... 40 • . Toronto to Chicaj^o... 515 55 51 CarletonPl. 45 ^. ( in nd Trunk R.R. 55 Arnprior 09 5' Quebec to Montreal ...172 >> 55 Ottawa ... 73 51 n Cornwall... 239 5> 55 Sand point 74 5« >) Prescott ...284 1> Hamilton to Gait 31 )5 »i Brockville .217 1> ?» • Guelph... 47 >« ?j Kingston... 344 55 51 Elora GO 55 n Belleville. ..392 55 55 Fergus ... 63 H Cobourg ...430 ?) Hamilton to Harriston 95 5- >? Port riope..442 55 Prescott to Ottawa ... 54 15 M Toronto ...505 55 NewY'ork to Niagara n Ottawa ...338 55 Falls... 443 51 Toronto to Guelph ... 48 55 „ Hamilton M Stratford... 88 1\ (Canada) 486 s« «? London ...120 55 55 Toronto... 525 M ■)) Goderich ...133 55 Toronto to Orangeville 40 15 1? Sarnia 168 5) 15 Mt. Forest.. 88 .s ?1 LTxbridge... 43 55 »» 0. Sound... 127 1) 1> Woodville... 63 ")• 11 Sault Ste. 11 Cobocenk... 87 55 Marie ...348 51 01 it 1" >•■ 1' 11 1« • 1 •1 11 11 11 • • ^« J« 11 11 i1 Jl Jl 11 11 1» Lake Supf.rtou Ports. Saiilt Stc Mnrie to Point aux I'ins Point aux PiuH to liatchawaiiifr ... Batchawaing to Micliipicoton liivcr Michipicoton River to Pic River Pic River to Nepigon Ncpigon to Silver Islet ... Silver Islet to Prince Arthur's Landin;^... Prince Arthnr's Landing to Fort William Fort "William to Duluth ... Duluth to St. Vincent ... ... St. Vincent to Winnipeg Winnipeg to Poplar Pt. 40 Miles. „ High Bluff 53 „ „ Portage La Prairie. G2 ., Little Sas- katchewan 143 ,. Shoal Lake 180 .. FortEllice 210 „ South Sas- katchewan 500 Victoria... 800 6 Miles. 52 02 95 100 GO 21 5 108 400 63 17 ft Winnipeg to Fort Ed- monton 11 V 11 11 870 G2 Emerson., Icelandic Settlement 5(> Victoria ... 24 Rock Lake 115 IMorris ... 25 Selkirk ... 24 Oak Point GO i» 11 11 .1 >» 11 i« . « 11 11 •1 » 11 11 1) ■» i» j» l^'n^t^City 108 The distances in Manitoba arc only approximate, as in many casea ^ trail or road varies across the Prairie land. The Lakes. — Tlic following are measurements of the lakes luuned: — •' The length of Lake Superior is 335 milcp ; its breadth. 1 60 miles ; mean depth, 088 feet ; elevation, G27 feet ; area, 82,000 square miles. The length of Lake Micliigan is 300 miles ; its breadth, 198 miles ; mean depth, G90 feet ; elevation, 506 feet ; area, 23,000 square n.iles. The lengtli uf Lake Huron is 200 miles; its breadth is 160 miles; mean depth 600 feet; elevation, 274: feet; area, 20,000 square miles. The length of Lake Erie is 250 miles ; its breadth is 80 miles ; its mean depth is 84 feet ; olevation, 555 feet ; area, 6,000 square mdes. The length of Lake Ontario is 180 miles; breadth, 65 miles; its mean depth is 500 feet; elevation, 261 feet; area, 6^000 square miles.'' The International states that Mr. Stevens, tp. 2, range 7, ob- tained from seven and one-half bushels of oats planted an average of eighty bushels to the acre ; but as the weight of the grain was forty pounds to the bushel, this woidd make an average of ninety- four bushels to the acre. Mr. S. Ray, of the same township, had a' yield of thirty-five bushels to the acre of wheat that weighed sixty-six pounds to the bushel. Truly it may be said of this country that nature is in such good humour, that she has only to be tickled with a plough to laugh herself into a harvest. ii A NOVA SCOTIAN ON MANITOBA. S. S. Grant, formerly of Nova Scotia, writinj^ to the Montreal mtness, under a recent date, from Winnipep^, says: — '* There has been a ;;reat deal naid abuut the prairies, but it has been no exiio^njeratcd aroount, as 1 liave been an eye-witneH.s. It is the garden of the Dominion, and all that is wanted is people of energy and pluck to come here and make a home for themselves. Anyone having from £500 to £1,000 capital cannot do better than come here at once. Sometimes the black clay sticks pretty tight to a person's foot, but when the sun comes out it is soon dried up in the city ; but in the ploughed land in tiie country it is no worse than in our own homes. I have seen them ploughing the unbroken prairie, and jilanting potatoes in the furrow, and covering them with the i)lough, and when this is done, harrowing it over at the finish ; and farmers here say tliat tlie yield is 500 bushels to the acre, and turnips 1 ,000 and other grains and cereals the same accordingly. *' On account of so many people coming in there is a good market for all productions of the country. Potatoes were sold yesterday at 80c. per bushel, and oats at 80c., and other things accordingly. Beef and fiour quotes the same as the Montreal market. Canadian horseu sell for $220 per span, and heavy English horses which are mostly used here, sell for $300 ; oxen from $120 to S200, which are more profitable on account of being kept on prairie hay. They are much faster w^alkers tlian our own oxen, having been trained to it for long journeys. One word to wind up this long letter ; I have travelled most of the United States and all the Lower Provinces, and have seen nothing to compare to this Province. 1 have been an eye-witness to what I now write." THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. Ontario is essentially an agricultural country. The producing class, then, is that whicli the country needs — men to clear the forest lands, to cultivate the soil, to build houses, to make the or- dinary household goods, and to open up communication from one part of the country to another, by the construction of roads and railv ay3. The classes most uceded, consequently, are farmers, agricultural and other labourers, building mechanics, such as brick- layeis, stone-masons, carpcnteis, plumbers, painters, and glaziers; other mechanics, as cabinet-makers, tinsmiths, blacksmiths ; also tailors and shoe-makers. Men to whom plenty of work and good 6a wages are an otjcct, will find Ontario just the place for thcni. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the intending emigrant that of professional men, and of book-ftcepers and clerks, Ontario lias already enou'^h and to spare. Of the female sex the elass most in dcnuuul are household servants : tlicao are always sure of inuned- iate cm[)l()yment, at good wages. There is also a considerable demand for dressmakers, milliners, and seamstresses, all of whom can obtain much better wages than they can at homo. Farmers possessing moderate means can reach ly purchase or lease suitable farms of from one to two luuulred acres, more or less cleared and impi'ovcd ; and, by ordinary discretion and industry, can scarcely fail, if blessed with health and strength, very materi- ally to improve their condition in a few years, and to afford their children, as they grow up, a favourable start in life. Uncleared land varies in ))ricc from 2s. to 4()8. an acre, according to situation tind soil. (Jleared and improved farms can be bought at prices ranging from £4 to £10 an acre. The money can nearly always be paid in iustalnicnts, covering several years. The leasing of farms is an 'exception to the general rule, as most men desire to own the land they cultivate. own rd to United ing to ducing ar the the or- )m one Is and rmers, brick- aziers ; 5 ; also J good CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS. The climate of Ontario is warmer in hummer, and colder in winter, than that of England ; but the air being dry, the heat is not found to be oppressive ; while the clear sk)^ and bracing air of winter render that season, in the opinion of many, the most pleasant of the year. The frosts of winter have a j)oworful effect in opening the soil, and the snow protects the ground from the winds and sun of the early spring, then the melting snow fills the ground with moisture, and replenishes the wells with an abundant supply of water. The productions of Ontario are similar to those of "Western Europe. Cereals, grasses, and root-crops find here their appro- priate climate ; while fruit is produced in great abundance. Experienced farmers will find excellent chancer of acquiring suitable farms at moderate prices in different parts of Ontario. In the older settlement land is higher in value than in the newer districts, where farms are only partially cleared. There are always lauds of both kinds for sale. Men commencing as labourers, without, any capital but strong arms and willing minds, seldom keep in that condition very long, but after a period of more or less duration they generally become employers of labour themselves. It is this moral certainty of rising in the social scale, when the proper means are employed, tint brightens the hope and stimulates the exertions of the needy settler. 64 EMKiUATION. li !' ,'i Tenant Faumeijs. — Tm|)r()V(!(l farmfi, with (IwclHiif^rH and fnrm buildini^s, ciiu l)n piinthiisod at I'rom £1 to XlO sterllu;^ per aoro, or for the amo»ii»t re([uire(l to earry on a leased farm in (iroat Britain. There is no clans to which Canmhi offers a better field than to the tenant tarnuirs of (treat lirilaiii and Irehmd wiio are anxious to ehani^c tiicir condition of IcascholdcrH to that of owners of the soil. Canada is comparatively so close to Enj^land (Liverpool to Quohec beinfif the shortest sea passaji^o to America, avera<^o 9^ dnys), an(I the means of inter-communication are so numerous and expeditious, that within a very few years it is not unreasonable to expect that lliu Dominion will supply tJic homo market with farm produce as readily as did Ireland twenty years ii8 in tiincH of violonr'o and war. In many of iheso countries the tondcnry U wtili to k('0|) the wealth of tho nu'ion in the handrt of a lew individuals. The nms.ses toil in(;e.SMantly to accumulate ricdu's for their Huperiors. In this Province the large mass of tho people i^tartcd in life nearly on ecpial tfrins ; each man had his 100 or 200 iktcs of hush land, and very little else. Hy his own lidjoiir he cleared for him- self a valuable honiestead out of the forest. A large jiiirt of the population of Ontario is couiposed of these, who an; owners of their own farms ^uined from the wildornosa tl\iu\lj4l\ their own uelf-reliant exertions. The followiii;,^ is .s summary of tho Act respect injjf Free Grants in Ontario as amended in 18(50, and of the Orders in Council made thereunder: — The Lieutenant-Governor in (Council is author- ized to a|)propri!ite lands, not being mineral lauds or pino-timber lands, as tree grants to actual settlers, under regulati(-rs to be made for that puipose, no such grant is to bo made to any person under eighteen, or for more than 2U0 acres. Failures to perform the settlement duties forfeits the location. The mines and minerals are reserved to the Crown. Every head of a family having children under eighteen years of age can ol)tain, gratis 200 acres of land ; and any person arrived at the ago of eighteen may obtain a grant of lOO acres, in the Free Grant Districts. Any locatce under the Act, being the male head ot a family as afortsaid, is allowed to purchase an additional 100 acres at 50 cents per acre cash, at the time of sucli location, subject to the same reservations and conditions, and the performance of the same settlement duties, as arc ])rovided in respect of Free Grani loca- tions by the i)th and lOtli Sections of the Act, except that actual residence and building on land purchased will not be required. The settlement duties are : to have 15 acres on each grant cleared and under crop, of which at least 2 acres are to be cleared and cultivated annually for five yeais; to build a habitable house, at least 16 X ^0 feet in size ; and to rosi^lo on the land at least six months in each year. The settler may not cut any pine timber, except for fencing, building, or otiier farm purposes, and in clearing for cultivation, until the issue of the patent ; or if it be; cut, the settler nuist pay timber dues to the Crown. The object of this reservation of timber is to protect the bona fide settler, and to ensure the actual uettlement of the land. It is to prevent persons g'ling upon it, under pretence of settlement, but in reality for the j)urpose of stripping it of the timber, which is very valuable, it does not in any way interfere with the man who settles upon the land in good faith, as he is authorized to clear it as rapidly as his industry or means may permit ; and after the patent issues, all pine trees re- mftininp( on tho Innd bocomo hi« property ahsoluti'ly. On the d*»Rth of the locnfcjft, the land vcHtn In Iim widow, (luiiiig Iwr widow- hood, iimI(»s« hIjc prefoiM to except hoi (lower in it. The land cannot, h»» alieniiLe(l, except hy will, nor mfirtj^ii^'ed until tln^ patent iMuoB, nor within twenty years ot' the loeafion, without the eonHent of tho wife, iflivinj(. Nor will It ut any time he liable to be scdd under execution, for anv debt contracted before or vlurin;; the twenty years alter tho location, ((xcepl for a n»ort;^ii^e or pledge given after the issue of the patent. It nuty b(^ sold for tax(;s. In order to make a Hucce».wful Hcttlemfut upon a free ^rant, the fettler.s HJiould have at least £40 to X')() (200 doIlurH to 250 dollars) alter reaching his location. Jhit iiumi^rants on their arrival in the country are advised to go otit first ft)r a yenr or more as agricultural labourers. The experience thus acMjuired will far mor(? than eomT)ensate for the time lost. The settlt^s art always willing to help new coujers. A h'tise, such as is rcjpiin'd by the Act, coidd bo ejected by contiact for from t'S to £10 (40 dollars to /)() dollars) ; but with the assistance which the pcttlers would certai:dy receive irom hi-i lu'ighbours. it might be erected for even less. The best season of the vtar to gti on to a frc(3 grant is the month of k5eptend)er, after harvest work in the old s Icmcnts is over. There h time to ])ut up a house and get comfoitably settled before the winter sets in ; and diiruig the winter the work of chopping and cle.uing can go on. In this way a crop can bo got in during the first spring. The operation of putting in the first crop is a very simpl'» one. IMtMi^hing is at once iinprarolilic, and the roads built by the Ontario Government iiave, through their judicious location, contributed materially to the general uevelopment of the colony and the settlement of its lands. Along the north coast of Lake Huron the settlers have been favoured with very fine croi)8 of wheat, and the country is being rapidly settled. At Thunder Bay the mining prospects are better than thoy have l)een for several years past. Some very important new mines have been discovered, and there is a disposition on the part of American cat)italists to invest in that district. Several agents from France have also visited the district. They are desirous of taking up mineral lands ; also of constructing establishments along the Ontario shores for the canning of lake lish, especially trout A%. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ ^ >^ M^ ^ % V »^^ '^ 4' ,» 19 26 11 15 18 ADVICE TO SETTLERS AND TRAVELLERS. ■{ \ Vi U BAGGAGE. Baggage is understood to mean wearing apparel, &c., and should be securely packed in strong trunks or chests, with handles, Arrangements are made to check baggage from points in Canada to Winnipeg, Manitoba. Carry as little hand luggage as possible. In packing articles to transport, you should make a list of contents fnot items in detail, but the general conten*^s ; if household articles, say "Household Goods ;"which are admitted free as settlers effects. It is best to number packages or boxes, No. 1, No. 2, &c., and mark them plainly with marking ink or tags before shippings 75 MiU'kinf]^ with axnU nnd pajior in umcIohh, as th^y often get torn off in tninrtportiitiitn. !;')() il».s. l»ii<;pi;^o f'hocko*! free. ('Iiihlron uinlcr ixvo ycurs ot' ngo ride fren ; between five nnd twelve, lialffure; over twelve, full fare on railroads. i ' )V A LUOOAOE. IIouHeliold articles, such as beddinjr ai'd hcd-linen, carpetw, curtaiuH, oiitlery, and articles of ornament, whun already po^Hes^ed by the enii;;rant, should be brou<(ht out, ns the freight on these will ho much less than similar articles would cost if lioujjfht there ; and many other little household necessnries which if sold would not bring much, but would add greatly to the comfort of the emigrant in liis now home. There should also be brought wearing apparel ; also mechanics' tools and implemenis of trade, if not too cumbersome in their nature ; but tools should not bo bought for the express purpose of bringing them out to Canad.i, as those best suited to the work can readily be procured in onv part of the Province. Furniture of every kind should be disposed ot at home, as furniture more suitable in C/'anada can be bought there more cheaply^ The settler should, when able, pack his luggage in common wooden boxes, with iron bands at the corners, ordinary trunks and portmanteaus being liable to be broken on the journey. In these boxes should be placed all the property of the settler, except what is necessary for use during thf voyage. The name and destination of the settler, should be puitredon the box in letters at least 4 inches long ; it should also be numbered and marked whether wanted ?n the voyage or not. These boxes should not be more than 3 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet G inches in width, and the same in depth. Settlers are induced to make a clean sweep and pf.rt with everything they have before leaving the old country, because it is said that charges for excess of luggage are so largo that they would come to more than the things are worth. Now there are many little household necessaries which when sold wouldn't fetch much, but these same things if kept would be exceedingly valuable in the new country or the bush, and prove a great comfort to the family as well, It is not, therefore, always advisable to leave them behind ; they may not take up much room, and the cost of freight would be little compared to th^ comfort they will bring. The personal effiects of settlers are not liable to customs duty in Canada. Excess of luggage (unless very bulky) is seldom charged for on the Canadian Railways. Lay in as good a stock of clothes before leaving home as you possibly can. Woollen clothing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, house linen| etc., are cheaper in the United jii 70 Kinudoii) than in Cunudtv. Tlic riiii^rnnt'rt lHMl bought ; ntid it' he* hiiH iin old ikmi jacket or ^rcut rout he slioiild keep it by him, tor liu will fiiui it iiiomI UHufal on honrd shii). Aj^rirtdturiil liibourerH ncoil not hrinj^ thrir toolw with thcin, nM thcNO run ho oanily ^'ot in CimuuU, ut' the best dedcriptiun, uud Buitcd to iho ni'cdM of tlio <'oimtry. Mechanics are advincd to hrin;^' Kuch tools as they have, pnrticihtirly if Hpocially adaptttd to their tnidcM. Hoth clat).scH niUHt, however, hear in mind that tlutro \» nu difficulty in buyiiij^ any ordinary tools in the princii)al towns at reaMonuhie prices; and that it in better to have the means of purchaHin;^ what they want, after reacdiin^ their (h'slination, than to be hampered with a heavy lot of lujjjpipe on their journey through the country. It must also l)e borne in mind that the tools boujifht in Canada will likely be specially adapted to the u«e of the country. Settlers and othefH goinj^ out with means, as saloon pjissen- cers, sometimes take with thcni tlio H;reater portion of their housc- nold furniture, bedsteads, tables, pianos and other heavy and cum- bersome articles. Nothinjif rould be more absurd than this. The cost is very great, the articles an; likely to be damaged on the voyage ; and, even if they reach Canada uninjured, many wf them will be found to be out of place and the next thing to useless. All heavy household furniture nhould be sold off ; it is much better to make a clean sweep of it and go out, ho to speak, " in light marching order." Furniture of all kinds can bo bou.i;ht in Canada as cheaply as in England. The pianos made in Canada are second to none. Everything in the way ofhoust; furnishings is to be had at reason- able prices, and much better suite I to the country than the English made articles. By following out the advice given one may go to Canada with ease and comfort. The voyage is a short one, from eight to ten days; the steamships are of the very best class, and the watits and welfare of the passengers are carefully and constantly looked after, in fact, it is little else than a ]»leasnre trip on a large scale. Intermediate and Steerage Passengers are allowed ten cubic feet for Lugmige for each adult ; for all over that (quantity a charge of Is. for eacli cubic foot will be made. Cabin passengers are allowed twenty cubic feet, about four trunks. Steerage passengers are allowed ton cubic feet, about two trunks. Biggage not wanted on the voyage should be marked Below. Passengers should be on board with their baggage one hour before the time of sailing. Baggage for intending pjisaengers received on all Conipanys' Piers and cared for by the Companys' Baggae Master. iiee t n OUTFIT. TliQ fltrcniji^o oini^rniit \mn to provide Ii'im own IxMlding, and fentinj( and rul of one- niatirct<(«, 1m. Hd.; uno pillow, (Id.; ono hlunk(;t, ',\n. (Sd. ; one water cun, \h\.\ o\w (|uiirt nui^, 'M ; one tin pluto, 'M\.\ onu wuah biisin, Ud.; one knifo and fork, Txl ; two Hpoonn, *Jd.; onu Ih. of murine Konn, (Id.; one towel, H(\. — Total, \)». (Id. The whole of thoMO articles can be obtained at a sea-port in a lew minutes' timo, or may be hired on some of the SteaniHhip linert f(»r the voyaj^e at much lcfi« eoHt. The ji^reater part of thin iiifornuition the emigrant will doubtless Imve received by letter; but it should bo connrniod on arrival at t)ie port of embarkutlun, att tho published timo for steamers is sometimes changed. MONEY TABLE. Stkrmno Monkv is Canadian CuanENCT. StorlliiK Monoy. It! n(|iilvil'nnt In Uullan tiDil <^tN, 1 CnnaiUnn ourrfDi-y. ItH Aiulyalont In Ktrrllui; Mnuxy. £ 1. d. Doln. cm. DoIn, Cti*. £ t. d, 1 02 01 0^ 2 04 02 01 8 06 03 u 4 OH 05 2} 5 10 10 5 6 12 15 7i 7 14 20 10 8 16 25 1 Oi 10 20 50 2 1 11 22 1 00 4 1 1 24 2 00 8 3 13 30 3 00 12 5 1 6 36 4 00 16 6 19 43 6 00 1 6^ 2 49 6 00 I 4 8 2 6 61 10 00 2 1 1 5 1 22 20 00 4 2 2i 10 2 43 25 00 5 2 9 1 4 87 50 00 10 5 6f 5 24 33 100 00 20 10 llj For general purposes it will be sufficient to remember that the Canadian cent and the English half-penny are almost identical in value. The safest manner in which to bring or send out money in large suras, is by bill of Exchange or letter of credit on any fi Oil Hank in tint Provinrc. Tho«« ouii ho r>l)tfUiHMl from iiinkM ill tli<* llnitnl Kitii^'iioin. The imini^runt ii)ioiilrH(Miul iiikI iiiuiicdiiiti* oxpunitrii — l)rlngiiov«>rrigni4; or, for Hiitiill MuniH, I'ont Oflico Money Oidorit on Olllcvii in Onhifo will Im' I'tM-fcctly mifo. Tlie PoMt-otHoc SavinjifV Dunk allowrt tour cent. inluruMt. now TO GO AND WHEN TO 00. ProNuniin;^' timt tli(> intended r«>ttler )u\n niudo Win mind up to nmke hirt rt'Mideiieo in the Doininion of (unudn, either periiiu* nently.oruna triiveller.or on a HJiootiiigexpeditioii, tlie fust (pieNti(»n thought of In how to g co!«t. Any one looking over ii niup of Caniida, will nee the hhortent route from any I'orf in (ii'cat Hritain to Canada or Mtinitobii, Ia hy the St. Lawrence to Qnehec, in Siiiiimer, ami r/V/ llaliliix in Winter; nlthoii;^'li the roiito to vari(Mis pointu of ('ann(hi, rid New York, is in j)oint ot time ai nick, owin^ to shorter lailrond diMtanceM, and liiMt HteaniNliipH, he three principal HteaniHhip linen hookin;; panHen;;oniinion," and '* JJeiiver Liner*, ' Tlu' "Allan" \h the largest and pioneer Mail Steamship Con»|.any, owninj( 22 steamers, with a tomiaj^e of 66,(H»0 tons, and luwt Hcjason carried over KKOOO pasnengeis. The 3 l)oinini< L lav dded fine frei;;ht and p pasMen«;er steamships to their fleet, and the ** Heaver Ijine " are a!/ nw'i'u l)v tho Oovvrnmcnt A^f^nt fur Manitului, aod will be fotind rrlidlilc. Should till' nmtfl to ('aniidii niul Nfunitoha, viit Now York, ho Hclcctod tin* lin«H «)f MteaniMhipM nro. nun»<'rouM. Tho " Ionian/' "('unnni," •' White Stur," "Nutiunal," " Anchor," arc all w.dl known hs oI<1 c^tahli^liitd rotppatiiox. Tho rctiirnH at C'aNtIo (harden, Now York, from tho Ciovornnu'nt dopartiniMit, Hhow that the **Ininun" lino lawt yonr carri«rn to Collingwood, or if by Sarnia Lake route you <'ontinuc on to that plaoo by the (treat VVontern Rail- road. Should you wiwh to proceed by the all rail route, via Chicago atul St, I*aid'«, the boat ioiid« t^ tako from Detroit, will be the Miehijj;an Central, and from (Jhicai,'o to Manitoba, tho Chicago and North Western Railroad will bo found the most popular American road with iravcllerf. If tho settler intends tukin.,' up laml in Canada or Manitoba, for farmin;:, — uuIchh he has friendn to ^itjiy with before he can com- mence work in the Spring, it is of litrl<> use leaving the Old Country until the michlleoi April. Shouhl lus arrive earlier, before the snow and frost has left the ground, no work can be done. Expense is incuncd in lodgings, before settling on new lands, whereas, when be arrives in May, no timo is lost in putting np a house, and preparing a crop with Spring weather. A good tent will answer all purposes, until a building is erected, and expense saved. These remarks apply chiefly to any ono who intends settling in Manitoba, on new lands, not of course to those who purchase improved Isiima with suitable bulidings. Tho ])rairie sod muMt be broken in June or Juhiy when the grass roots are filled with juice, to secure a thorough rotting of tho turf; and, if turned early in dune, potatoes may bo dropped into the furrow, and covered by the plough with the tough sod, and will grow through it ; the yield will be about half a crop. Indian corn nuiy also be [ilantod on the sod, while turnip seed may be sown, and very lightly covered; but the ground will be in better condition for the succeeding year, when nothing is planted upon the turf. In the following spring the ground should be thoroughly harrowed, and the wheat drilled 80 ■;i- i;;f> in or sown broadcast. If town in May, it will be ready for the reaper early in August, and as soon as it is taken off, ploughing may commence for the next year's crop. An early variety of Indian corn should bo used. After the furrow is turned, it may be planted by chopping a place with a single stroke of the hatchet, dropping the corn in. and pressing it down with the foot. Squashes, pumpkins, and melons grow on the sod. IJeans also may be grown on the turf, and, by using early varieties of seed, an abundant sup- ply of tliesc articles of food may be raised for the use of the family. A great advantage to the new settler, in having a good yoke of oxen is that they will work better in the breaking plough, and grow fat on the grass that they eat at niglit ; whereas, the horses, accus- tomed to a liberal supply of oats, will not do so well on grass alone Settlers and others leaving England, Ireland, Scotland, &c. say about the IStli to the 30th April, will liave ample time to arrive at their Lands in Manitoba to sow their first crop, and will escape the spring rains in April and beginning of May which sometimes makes the roads heavy for travelling and also prevents early seeding, besides saving the expense of a month's lodging. Land can also be inspected to better advantage in May or June when the soil is dry than during the spring rains. The emigrnnts who go to Manitoba for settlement, should, for the present, be of the agricultural class, and possessed of sufficient means to begin with. Sometimes high wages are given to labourers and artisans, but the labour market, in a new country, being necesf?arily restricted, persons going to seek for employment should have special information before they start. The spring, or early summer, is the best time for the intending settler to coaie out, as it is also for farm and other labourers. Farm hands should recollect that although liarvest time is the best for them, and they obtain lifgher wages than, it is better to come out before harvest, and endeavour to get an engagement by the year, thereby securing steady employment during the dull season. It is also well for farm labourers to remember that there is some difference between farming in England and in Canada, and that they will be much more valuable after they have spent a year here and learned " the customs of the country," than on their first arrival ; and that, therefore, it is very unwise to refuse an engagement for a year because the wages appear to be a little low, or less than hands who have been for some years in the country are getting. Asa rule the settler should not come to Canada during the winter months, say, from December to April, as there is less chance of the mechanic or artisan obtaining employment then than at any other time; and as the ground Is covered with snow, there is, of course, no opening for the tenant-farmer or agricultural labourer until spring. 81 in ring the is less t then 1 snow, jultural ^.^ If you intend driving over the prairie, you would do well to provide yourself with the following articles, if you do not happen to have them : — A Tent. Frying pan. Kettle to boil water. Tea pot. Water pail. Axe. Hatchet. Tin cups. Tin plates. Knives and forks (common). Iron spoons. Some wrought nails. A piece of leather (strong), paper of wrought tacks, some stout twine. Butcher knife. One or two plough lines and Bedding. And your provisions as follows : Tea. Ham, bacon or pork. Sugar. Flour. Salt. Baking Powder. Pepper. Buttor. Biscuits. Matches. Some Pain-Killor, in case of sickness. Get hobbles made for your horses to prevent their straying away from you at night. Hobbles ai\- straps made to confine the fore-feet of the hcr-^e to prevent liis galloping away. These straps are fastened on just over the hoof above the fetlock, the legs being allowed a play of about a foot apart. In this way the animal can only hop along and cannot consequently travel any distance during the night. Hobbling horses does not in the least interfere with their feeding. When travelling, make it a rule to start as early as possible in the morning, take long rests in the middle and heat of the day, and travel again in the codI of the evening, so as not to wear out your horses. The pleasure of travelling over the prairie may be interrupted now and again by mosquitoes and sometimes bad roads, but taking it altogether, it is quite an enjoyable trip. You eat heartily and sleep well, and you have plenty to employ your time in looking after your team, making and striking camp, and meals. Occa- sionally you will find some shooting ; and at some seasons of the year, especially in the spring and in the fall, you will meet with numbers of ducks, pheasants, and prairie chickens. It is not improbable that you may come across a deer, a fox, or even a bear, but they are not numerous ; altogether you will not find the journey irksome, especially if you take care at starting to have everything in proper shape, according to the instructions we have given you. Clothing should be loose to allow free and full working of all th» organs of the body, as well as for the passage ot air. The material of winter clothing, which comes next the body, should be lu''' m t \ ;fi I ^■. made of flannel, or heavy wire-woven ^oods, or sufficiently heavy silk under irnnnenta. Wool is warm and preserves heat, and not- withstanding the faot that a porijon may keep himself warm iu cotton or linen, a sudden exposure to cool air quickly proves the superiority of wool, lor both .woollen and cotton allow a rapid radiation of heat. A necessary and important item in the outfit, is a good tent with poles, for the joiUTiey after leaving Winnipeg, as well as for accommodation until a small house can be built. A good supply of bedding with a largo sized water-proof or India rubber blanket, which will be found ojf groat value to lay next the ground, and thereby always keep the bedding dry and comfortable; each family should be possessed of a small assortment of the usual aperient medicines, &o., in case oi accidents. The necessary capital to make a fair start with depends very much upon circumstances: the construction of the Railway will afford lucrative employment ; and a settler with a iuinily who determines to commence farming on his arrival, ought to liave provisions for one year, or the wherewithal to procure thenu buch an one, desiring to start comfortably, should have the follow- ing: One Yoke of Oxen, say .' £24 One Waggon 20 Plough and Harrow 5 Chams, Shovel, Tools, 14 Stove, Beds, «S;c. ... 14 House and Stable, say 48 Seeds, Yoke, &c. 3 Total £128 A person having 1000 dols., or £200 sterling, can, if he wishes, carry on farming on a larger scale, purchase another quarter section or less, at the rate of one dollar per acre, and in addition cut all the hay he wants in the marshes. A very comfortable house, large enough for a family of several persons, may be built nt a cost of 260 dollars, or 152 sterling. It would be IG x 20 ft. inside, contain a living room 13 x 16, bedroom 7 x 12, paniry 4 x 7, on the ground floor, with stairs leading to the attic. The house would need five windows, one outside and two in- side doors. The items of expense would be approximately as follows, not including assistant labour, that may be required : — 4000 feet common lumber, at 30 dols £24 4000 shingles, at 6 dols 4 16' N?)ils,&c 5 Sheathing paper (to makj air tight) 6 Doors, windows, &c , 7 12 For contingencies, say 5 12 88 :\y heavy and not- warm iu roves the r a rapid the outfit, Vinnipeg, he built. f or India ' next the itbrtable ; the usual jnds very I way will jiily who to have re them, le foUow- The eaves sliould project a toot or more, to carry the rain from the sides of the building; until bricks can be obt'iined for the chimney, a joint of stove pine will serve instead, only groat care should be taken to protect tne surrounding wooil from taking fire. The house should front towards the east or west. 'J^he winds prevailing in Manitoba are from the north, and south-west. Easterly storms do not often occur. In building the house, oaken posts at each corner, five to six feet in length, and eight or ten mches in diameter, should be sunk into the ground nearly their full length, and the sills spiked firmly to tliem. This, with proper bracing, will give sufficient firmness to the structure against the strong winds which often prevail on the prairie. In the autumn, it should be well banked round with manure or earth, with battened walls. Such a house is very warm and will give good accommodation, till the owner is in circum- stances to replace it with one of more ample dimensions. 24 20 5 14 14 48 .S 28 le wishes, r section )n cut all se, large St of 260 contain a 3 ground two in ately 3d:- [) ) ) as FOR FE^X'I^G, Poplar will generally be found in small groves on the prairie or on the banks of streams, and if the bark is peeled off, makes a good and lasting fence, small Ash or Oak being used for the pickets, when it can be conveniently found. For the balance in farming, tact, energy and enterprise, with a well-settled purpose, will be a safe passport to early independence, growing in wealth with the development of the country, A poor man can adopt the mode of farming on a small rtcale for the commencement, as practised by the half-breeds. They have carts made of two wheels and a straight axle, with two poles fastened on the axle to form shafts, and a rack or box thereon. To a cart so mads is hitched one ox. The cart costs about ten dollars, and the ox and harness 50 to 60 dollars, or £10 to £12. With such a vehicle a man can do all the teaming that is required on a small farm — and after the first plough- ing one o.v can plough all that is required. Snow does not fall on the prairies to a great depth, and buffa- loes and horses graze out of doors all Avinter. They scratch the snow off the prairie grass on which they grow fat. Homed cattle graze out of door part of the winter but in some states of the weather they require to be brought in. Instances are, however, stated in which horned cattle graze out all winter. A light buggy may be driven for a thousand miles in a straight line over the open prairie, adapted to the production of wheat, not only in the largest quantity to the acre, but of the best quality. 84 THE CITY OF VVINNIPEO. % \yy V''< 'it I ' ' 1 / ■' The origin of Winnipeg was caused by its proximity to Fort Garry, the Hudson's Bay Company post, to which a few years back all the settlers had to resort from far and near for their supplies. This induced several free traders to establish stores in the vicinity to catch the stray pennies, and as the hunters and fur traders usually came to the fort twice a year from the Saskatchewan, Rocky Mountains, and Norway House for their trading outfits, a good deal of trade was picked up from them by these outsiders. The II. B. Company tried in every way (and who can blame them for it), to discourage this independent trading, which was in opposition to them; but the time of monopoly was drawing to a close, and the small village near the Fort gradually grew in size ond importance. The natural advantages of the place, situated as it is at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, which connect through Lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg, with the North and South Saskatche- wan, reaching to the Rocky Mountains, making it thefeby a centre of trade, assisted greatly towards building it up. Stores and dwellings increased in number ; strangers coming to the country made Winnipeg iheir headquarters, and in 1869 and 1870, during the rebellion, it became the principal scene of the acts cauaed by that uprising. This brought it prominently be- fore the public of other parts of the world, and its natural ad- vantages soon became acknowledged, for when peace was re- stored to the country, and Manitoba became one of the Pro- vinces of the Dominion, Winnipeg became its seat of Govern- ment. In consequence of this, it was and is the centre for all Government officials, Dominion or Provincial, to transact their business, and all the supplies for the interior have therefore to be taken from it. It was not incorporated until 1873, when it received the right to elect a Mayor and twelve Aldermen for the Civic government of the place. In regard to the future trade of Winnipeg, one has only to look at the immense country opening up westward to the Rocky Mountains which will have to hn supplied, to form an idea of what trade is likely to be. One more word in connection with the future Metropolis of the North- West, and we say it for the pur- pose of claiming the attention of capitalists to the splendid field here open for investments. Real estate, as we have already shown, has rapidly increased in value in Winnipeg during the past few years, and lots in the city are bringing fair prices, present value ; but there is not the least doubt that even the highest priced lot in the city will more than quadruple its value in the course of th» next five or ten years. There are, however, opportunities of 85 buying city property, in what is known as the suburbs, for com- panitively low figures, and it is to these especially we would like to draw attention. The present Huburbs will, without doubt in a few yeais, become more central as the city extends its limits, and the value of what are now considered suburban lots will increase to a wonderful extent. This is what the correppondent of an Ottawa paper thinks of the Prairie City : — " A siranger's first impression on arriving at Winnipeg is, that it is a dull, dreary place, but a walk through the principal streets completely disabuses his mind of that fallacy, and convinces him that there is not a livelier place of its size ill the whole Dominion of Canada. The amount of business done is indeed surprising. Stores are numerous, and they all seem to tfet plenty of custom. One thing certain is that, as in other Canadian cities, there are no failures or rumours of failures, but on the contrary, every merchant appears to be rolling up wealth. Without any exaggeration, I can say that there appears to be more business done than in Ottawa ; there is more bustle on the principal streets and. more evidences generally of business activity.' {The Times, Jan. 'ith, 1880.^ THE CAPITAL OF MANITOBA. FROM A CORKESPONDENT. '• Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba, surprised me more at first sight than any one of the countless cities which I have visited on the North American Continent. The older ones frequently sur- passed my utmost expectations ; the younger as frequently fell below the most moderate which I had formed of them in imao-ina- tion. Indeed, a pretentious city in the Far West is commonly on a par, in external appearance, with a paltry village elsewhere. I had read much about Winnipeg before visiting it, and the im- pression left on my mind was not favourable. The Earl of Southesk, who was here in 1859, says thai "there were houses enough to form a sort of scattered town." Lord Milton and Dr. Cheadle, who followed him three years later, saw nothing Avorthy of note. Captain Butler, who paid it a visit in 1870, refers to it in his " Great Lone Land," as '• the little village," and **the miserable-looking village of Winnipeg." I knew that changes had been made since Captain Butler came hither on duty connected with the Red River Expedition under Colonel (now Sir Garnet) Wolseley ; but I was not prepared to find that they had been so ^reat and startling as those which I actually beheld. 8K 1^. "Walking down Main Street on my way to the Pacific Hotel, I could hardly realize that I wns in a city incorporated so recently as 1^73, and suppused to be far beyond the confines of civilization. The street is l<521't. wide, and it is lined with shops, churches, and public buildings which would do credit to a much older and more famous place. The solid look of the majority of the edifices is as noteworthy as their ornamental design. They are built of white brick. As a rule, it is at a comparatively late stage in the growth of a Western city, either in the United States or Canada, that the structures are composed of anything but wood ; hence, a stranger in one of them is apt to arrive at the conclusion that what he -sees has been erected for a temporary purpose. Here, however, the effect is the reverse. Tiie Town Hall and the Market, the Post Office, the Dominion Land Office, and the Custom House, to name but a few of the public ediHccs, are as substantial buildings as can be desired. No one looking at them can feel here, as is so commonly felt in other places of rapid growth on this continent, that the citizens apprehend their city will decay as rapidly as it had sprung up. While the progress of Winnipeg is one of the marvels of the Western woild, there is good reason for believing that it will continue at an accelerated rate, and that Winnipeg will hereafter hold in the Dominion ot Canada a place corresponding with that now held in the United States by Chicago." RAILWAY LAMD INVESTMENT. In the railway reserves, each block contains a square mile or 640 acres. The homestead lots are IHO acres each, which can be secured by actual settlers on payment of a fee of £2 and three years' residence. Pre-emption lots are the same size, coi-ting lOs. per acre, the first payment to be made three years after settlement, and the balance in six annual instalments with interest at six per cent. Let us suppose that a family, consisting of father and grown up son, together with the usual assortment of women and children, decide to take up land in the North-west. They sell out, and, after paying all debts and providing for moving expenses, have £600 to the good. Arrived in the North-west, they determine to locate immediately along the line of railway and pay the highest f)rice for their lands. The father homesteads lot C, and the son ot F, each putting up a shanty and breaking a certain quantity of tr land. The father pro-empt« lot D and the son lot G. Tojircther thoy buy block E. They have then two sqiirre miles, or 1,280 Horee of hind, for which thoy must make the following jiaymenfa :— 1883.— Lot C ftlO, I) $10, F $10, O $10. E8320— $flR0.0O 1881.— Lot K 41»:'.80 18,-2,— „ R AT.UIO 188.3,— ,, I) $232 O $232 K $454 40 018 48 18H4.— „ D 54.40 O ft4.40 K 435.20 r)44.0O ' 1885.— „ U 62 G 62 E 410 520.00 1H8«.— ,, D 4».fiO O 49.00 E 890.80 4sm.00 1887.— „ D 47.20 G 47.20 E 877.00 472.00 IS88.— „ D 44.80 G 44.80 E 858.40 44\00 1889.— „ D 42.40 O 42.40 E 839.20 424.00 Xl,029 or $5,148,80 We have assumed that the father and son were the joint owners of £600 cash. Let them deposit 1'200 in the bunk at Winnipeg, pay £72 down at the time of purchase, and use the remaining £328 to build a house, purchase stock and implements, and provide food while waiting for a crop. A t the end of one year they will not have raised any great surplus to sell, and will have to make the payment, £v)9, with a part of the £200 left in the bank. The second year they will have a large crop of wheat, &c., and the construction of the railway will be goin^ on, giving them a market for all they can produce. Wheat will be worth not less than 38. a bushel, and there is no reason why thcjy sliould not have 40 acres with the average crop of 25 bushels to the acre, making 1,000 bushels, worth £150. The only payment that is large enough to make trouble is that of 1883, when the first instalment comes due upon the pre-empted lots D and (jt^ Suppose the father and son hold all the land, making their living and meeting their payments from the produce of lots C and F, upon which they reside, and setting out trees as they can find time, upon lots D, E, and G. The possession of the vacant block E compels thein to build only one m le of extra fen- cing. At the end of years, when the last payment is made, the father and son will own 1,280 acres of land, worth at a low calcu- lation, £2 per acre, or £2, WO altogether. Can they use £600 in the Old Country so as to make it increase four-fold in ten years ? What has been done has been simply to divide up and ar- range the land in the vicinity of the Line that all classes may be suited — the poor man seeking a homestead ; the rich farmer with enlarged needs ; the speculator seeking an investment rather thaii a permanent holding. The adjoining sections having a value of 8s., 12s., or IBs. an acre, those hom'»8teading are more apt to stay on their lots and cul- tivate them, than they were under the previous regulations. The Government scheme has thus a definite value, all the time on the increase, making it undoubtedly more favourable to actual settle- ment than anything formulated previously. 1 i,l I I To the lens fortunate imniigmnt, who nmy not have Huflicient means left after his arrival in the country, to go direct on h\n land, the extenHJve public works, in the construction of the Canadian Pacific kail way, fortunately offer immediate employment to the able and willing, until he ha.s naved suflicient means to enable him to commence farming on a small scale as his own master. And this will continue for years until the completion of the work across the continent. Mr. Ai.FiJKi) MouTON writes from the North-west Terri- tories to the Stratford Herald'. — It would Hiiri)rise tlie reader to see the amount of trafHc carried on from Winnipeg (the great wholesale house for the West and North-west) tor a thousand miles into the interior; trains after trains of carts passing and repassing down with furs robes, and pemmican, and up into the interior with provisions and general mercliandiye for the mounted police, Hudson's liay posts, and the Indians. Besides this, explorers, pleasure-seekers, tourists, Go- vernment officials, and mounted police may be seen driving along in light rigs, each on his own errand of pleasure or business. While working near where tlie trail crosses liird's Tail Creek 1 counted 55 carts in one train as they started off, leavmg many more still camped in the valley. Many people object to this part of the Dominion on account of the inclemency of the winter weather, great distance from market, want of timber, and destitution of schools, churches, and other luxuries of civilization. These I will answer in turn. That the mercury descends lower at Winnipeg than Strat- ford is quite true, but it is the unvarying testimony of all with whom I conversed on the subject, tlia* although the weather is colder, they do not feel any more inconvenience from it than they did in Ontario. ^00 miles further south, and that people when travelling in the North-west will lie out at nights during the coldest weather. I have also been informed that native horses will live out all winter and be seal fat in the spring. Now the (question is. are we to believe the experience of the inhabitants, or be led away by a mere speculative th^ry ? Again, with respect to markets, Manitoba is as well off as any new portion of country. There will be a good market for many years (at least till a railroad is built) at each farmer's door to im- migrants. The outlying settlers will, in pai'ticular, have an advantage of this kind. At 50 cents per bushel, wheat growing in Manitoba will pay as well as at 4s. in the County of Perth, because twice as much to the acre can be produced, and that with less labour. Besides all this, before a great many years, com- munication will be opened out through Hudson's Bay, thereby bringing W^innipeg within as direct intercourse with Liverpool as Toronto is, to accomplish which a railroad of only 375 miles is required to connect Port Nelson, on Hudson's Bay, with Lake Winnipeg, and Port NoUon ia some HJxfy niilen nearer to Liver- |)Ool than New York i«. It Ih an acknowlodi^od fuel, (except by persons having a contrary interest) that Hudsun'ri Strait is open tor navigation for about three months in each year, quite long enough to take out all the country can produce. In short, if the theory of never leaving home lor fear of getting away from a market had been always acted on, then would the three sons of Noah never have left \lount Ararat. A man willing to woik need m^t retury with the excuse that he cannot get employment. There are many farmers who would gladly hire a man and pay him with provisions, seed, grain, the use of oxen, etc., that would serve his purpose quite as well as money, and at the Hamc time be a market for his employer's produce. Contractors on the Canada Pucitic Railway employ industrious men readily at (Js. per day. Their board will cost I4s. per week. Although 1 have a very high opinion of the North-west, yet that win not satisfy the individual tastes of others, so that I would advise each person to see \t for him or herself, and not be in a hurry either locating or returning dissatisfied, for there is a very large extent of country to select from. Land may be had either with or without timber, with or without water, or with or without stone. ' A NEW RAILWAY ENTEKPRIZE. Ottawa, Dec. 8. — Application will be made to Parliament at its next session for power to construct a line of railway from the north shore of Lake Winnipeg to Hudson's Bay, with a view to forming a connection with a line of steamers to ply between Fort York at the mouth of Nelson River and points on the other side of the Ailantic. The Government have been considering the practicability of establishing an ocean route via Pludsons Bay and the Straits, and are likely to afford every encouragement to an enterprize that promises to open up a new outlet for the produce of the North-west of the Dominion. A settler's experience and opinion. On the 26th of March last I left my home in the far-famed township of Usborne, Huron County, Ont., en route for the Great Lone Land. On through High Bluff to Portage la Prairie, the land is high, dry and level prairie, well adapted for agricultural purposes. Froni the Portage we take the south trail to the Little I I SaHkat<*lM»wun rivor. Ynu \m\hh throiij^h nomo hruntifiil country, altlioii;^!! tlio firnt piirt of the road is very hml, tliu IhikI Im wet with MHuv iilktiliiu' U'tU und in uliiiost «mioii^}i to di-'toiinigo iiiiml- grantH <'<»iuin^ into tlu> country ; in fact H<»nic> do get diHcouragcd and turn Imck, atin, and already Iimh fourf», where there arc immenMC iorewts of excellent timher which will last (or hundredn of years. J{a|'id City i« unc(iiialled for water privileges, and the railwjiy is expected to croHs there. It is dcHtined to be one of tho most important cities in the West. It is surrounded on all sides by a splendid farming country. The land in fine rolling prairie, generally a rich black loam with clay Hubsoil unsurpassed for agricultural purposes. Phiuf^hing com- menced on the i*th of April, and on the 12th I saw flowers in full bluom on the prairie. Scarcity of timber may bo considered a drawback by a great many, but 1 think it is more than counterbalanced by having tho land cleared all ready for tho plough, as it is nmch easier to draw timber a few miles than to chop and clear a bush fiiriu. A weekly mail will run to Rapid City by the first of October, and cimrches and sciiools will soon be established, so that settlers will be sur- rounded by all the conveniences of the other provinces in a short time. Every person I saw that had succeeded in getting over the bad roads were well pleased witli the country, and jill seem to predict a brilliant future in store for the Great North-west. On tho lUtli of June I picked some beautiful r«pe strawberries on the opca prairie, and I hive no doubt that fruit of all descriptions can be grown to perfection, even in this frozen region, as some people choose to call it. In conclusion, I woidd advise any man who^ wishes to secure a home for himself not to be influenced by the lingo of those chickcn-jjeai ted fellows who turn back at the first mud-hole they ccme to, or can be chased by a inos(juito. The man who is afraid of a mud-hole, or can t stand a mos(|uito bite, need not go to any new country. Any man with ordinary int^ Uigence and a little pluck cannot fail to make himself a comfortable liome in a few years by coming to the Great North- West. Frank Middleton Little Saskatchewan, .June 21st. 91 NAVrOATION OF TFTK SASKATCHEWAN Nor in thin yn»i North-VVost unupnroachiihlo. You can, tiwluy tiiko mil from Diilutli t«» Fort (Juiry, Miiiiitobn, ♦>(M) inile« by rivrr (al)out 400 inilofl by liind). At Fort Oiiny tiiko a luku |iro|iell(;r (liko thoHo on liiiko Krio and othcrn oiiMtorn liikuri) through Ltiko \Vinni|H'^r, 27.'') to 'MM niib'H to 'ltt^ nortli-wcNtcrn i»nr .stciunor and j^o up tlio SaMkatchowan, and itii northern Inanch, to Fort Edmonton and boyon8 of tho wator« oi* the Pacific Ocean; and when you got there you can ^o ashore and telegraph the riatne (> to 08 lbs. per bushel. Some taken to C. P. Brown's mill, Palestine^ produced 4() lbs. of flour to the bushel. ''Another Sample of Fink Wheat. — A sample of the finest looking spring wheat we think we ever saw, has been handed us, raised by Mr. Joseph W. Johnston, of the Boyne. From a bushel and a half's sowing, forty bushels were harvested. The kemeld are large, and the skin is very ligtit in colour and thin. It weighs sixty-four pounds to the bushel. We do not know the name of the variety." n "An cxtrnonlinnrf yi<»lllion t\\o pnxluet of one oat ^ruin, u stool of 1>2 bIcmus. Oh oiir of tim Mtt'iiiM lie coiiiitcd 121 griiiiiM of oiitN. liu liuM II huiuIhm' of oilier very proliiic mIooIm, grown in Iim gardon in tli(> north wiird." *' Mr. A. II. Mnrruy, MIM*., Iuih iu«t coinph'tJMl th« threshing out of tli« lir»t Minrn twrvn of oiitf* thri'MJuHl in tho paridh of St. (*hiirlo(4 this ■euHon. tho gratifying rt'Hult heing ninety IhihIicIh to tliM aero." '•An(U*cw Nosh, of St. Chnrh's, M<»wod two hnsliclH oi Surprint' «)at8, und harvoHt"(l on<> hundrtMl from them. Tho groun}W(\ ik^weniy-AvQ buitlicU — nn nverngc of elovvii hiindrtMl hiiMhcU io tho ncre. Hrrcntly noventy sis |M)tfitoo8 w§re takoii from otio hill by Nfr. IlfiulorMon, of tliis c'ify, of >>hic'h fiftv-fivo wore Inr^nr tli^n hen cgj(H This in illiiHtrutivn of t\ui wonilrrfiii prodtirtivcncnn (rf tliii country, and nIiowm ihat it ie no '* Atntill potatoos, nnd fuw in a hill." TiiKMKNDOUH Y I KF.D. — Mr. MuHiird, of Victoriii, got one pound of iM>tat