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Th< shi TIR mi 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 7 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X It u ifi«r ig« Thti copy film«d h«r« ha* bMO r«produe«d thanks to th« ganaroslty of: Library Division Provincial ArcMvti of Britiih Columbia Tho imagot appaaring hara ara tha baat qualtty potalbia conaMarlng tha condition and laglbllity of tha original copy and In kaaplng with tha filming contract apacif icatlons. Original coplaa in printad papor uovara ara fllmad baglnning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or lllustratad impraa- slon. or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiat ara fllmad baglnning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad Impraa- alon. and anding on tha last paga with a printad or Illuatratad imprassion. 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Maps, platas, charts, ate. may ba fllmad at diffarant reduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly inciudad in ona axposura ara fllmad beginning in tha uppar iaft hand cornar, laf t to right and top to bottom, as many frames as requifod. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 Un des symboles sulvents apparattra sur la darnl4re image de cheque microfiche, selon ie cas: la symbols — »> signifle "A 8UIVRE". Ie symbols V signifle "FIN". Les cortes. pienches. tobleeux. etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs i des taux de rMuctlon diffArents. Lorsque ie document est trop grond pour Atre reproduit en un seui ciich*. 11 est film* i pertir de I'angie supArieur gauche, de geuche i droite. at de haut en bes. en prenent Ie nombre d'Images nAcesseire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent Ie mAthode. 1 2 3 4 S 6 O y. CD O u (/J w y. a: o a **• a cs I / NORTH AMKUICA. LAIiUADOlI: TIIK KSKI>rOS. I Ox the shores of Lal)ra(lor jiiul Grociiljuul, and aloiii; all tlic northern shores of Auieriea, are found the northernmost family of the human race: — nuMi and women, who spend their whole lives in a con- dition wliich, to most Englishmen, would seem scarcely bearable for a single fortnight : — families, who pass their time, from childhood till old age, in almost perpetual snow. With the Eskimos, or Escpiimaux, fish, and the flesh of the seal or the walrus, constitute almost the only articles of food upon which they subsist. The annexed engraving shows at once their winter-habit- ations, and t!«eir chief employments. In the sununer, such as it is in these wintry climes, the Eskimos can dwell in tents, can gather wood for fuel, and catch and dry the salmoii for winter stores. In winter, when seal-hunting must be their chief occu[)ation, they raise in a fcv. hours, near the sea, snow-houses, built of solid blocks ot snow, in the manner shown in the illustration. So adroitly is this done, that the dwellings are both comfortable, air-tight, and lasting. Even windows are provided, by cutting large round holes in the walls, and inserting therein ])lates of ice, carefully fitted, and securely fixed in their places. Sir W. E. Parry says, of the temperature of one of these snow- houses : — " A thermometer placed on the net over the fire indi- cated a temperature of .'58° — placed close to the wall it fell to 2.')°; — while in the open air the temperature at the same time was 2.')° beloic zero.'" In their lii^ht canoes, or kavaks, one of which is shown in the engraving, they venture forth on the ocean, to attack and spear the /. 28(i;.(i LAni{AlJ()U; TIIK IvSKIMOS. walrus or the seal. In the winter, when tl»(^ ice covers and conceals the seal-trihe, the Eskimos make themselves snow-huts, from which they watch the seals, as they come to the surface for air : when the spear, even through the ice, will still reach them. The capture of a walrus, after a season of scarcity, is an occasion of vast rejoicing in an Kskimo village. Oil then abounds — every dwelling is lighted up : — and the flesh, cut up and distributed, fur- nishes many barbarous feasts. Yet Sir John llichardson, the Arctic traveller, says of these people: — '' As to intelligence and suscepti- bility of civilization, I consider the Eskimos as ranking above the neijrhbourins: Indian nations." " The success of the Moravian Mis- sionaries, in introducing printing and the arts of reading and writing among the p( pulation of the Lalu'ador coast, is a strong inducement to attempt an extension of the same system of instruction to the multitudes that frequent the estuary of the Mackenzie." The Eskimos are said to line the coasts of the northern seas for nearly 5000 miles, " from the straits of Belleisle to the peni.isula of Ataska." " Traces of their encampments have been found as far north in the new world as Europeans have liitherto penetrated ; and their capability of inhabiting tliese regions is chiefly owiiJg to their use of blubber for food, and their use of ice and snow as building materials." Is h IC n ■y r- Ic 1- IC 3- g It IC )r if ir id ir g NORTH AMEllICA. lim»KRT\S LAND: INDIAN HUT AND FAMILV H P a 'A 5 ;3 Cd SouTinvARD of tlic Eskimo countrios \vc moot with tlic* vju-ious trilu'S of Indians of North Aniericji, who are Ibiuul in all ])arts of the vast diocese of Rupert's Land. One large tribe, tlie Kutchin, or Loucheux Indians, are thus described by Sir John Richardson: — " Each family possesses a deer-skin tent or lodge ; the skins used in winter being prepared without removing the hair, that the cold air may be more eft'ectually excluded. In summer, when the family is travelling in search of game, tiie tent is rarely erected. Tlie winter encampment is generally made in a grove of firs. The ground ])eing cleared of snow, the skins are stretched over willow- poles, which take a semi-circular form. These lodges of the Kutchin resemble the Eskimo snow-huts in shape. Snow is packed on the outside for half the height, and within, the lodge is lined with the young spray of the spruce fir. The doorway is closed by a double fold of skins ; and the apartment has the closeness and warmth, but not the elegance, of a snow-house. These Indians are described as a treacherous people, warring against the Eskimos and amongst themselves to such an extent, that, in one portion of Rupert's Land, the population has diminished one-half within the last twenty years. A mission was commenced in this vast territory in the year 1822, and in 1840 a considerable increase began to be made. The Church Missionary Soci(M|S has now thirteen stations, numbering 766 communicants; and 24 schools, with 1009 scholars. But these are scattered over the largest diocese in the world. " Eastward, the mission has extended to the Cree Indians of the East Main, , \ UUI'Kirrs LAND: INDIANMIl'T AND FAMILV. Upwards of lAOO miles; while, inoro than 2000 miles westward, a station has been commenced at Fort Simpson, on tiie shores of the Pacific." This latter district, however, will soon form i>art of the new diocese of British Columbia. The first liisliop of Rupert's Land arrived in his diocese in Auuust 181!>; and within the last year another diocese has been created for Vancouver's Island, and the Pacific side of Noith America ; the liishop of which see, styled " of British Columbia," has recently embarked for the scene of his future labours. NORTH AMKIUCA. lail'EUTS LAND: ICNCAMI^MKN T OF CHI-K INDIANS. We are still in tliis imuicnse dioccso, though the country iiilii»l)ito(l by the Crce Indians is distant more than l')00 miles iVom that iidiahited l)y the Kntehin. Hut the North-Ameri(;an Indian though known under many names, is in the main one of the same family, in all parts of that vast continent. I$ut the Cree Indians arc les3 distant from tlie uhtxles of civilized man than the Kskimos or the Kutchin. They have also been accustomed, for more than a hundred years, to the visits of the European or United States hunters, in their search for furs. Still, they have not yet the least touch of civilization. Their climate, however, and their hunting-grounds, are far pre- ferable to those of the more northern tribes. INfr. lUidd, the mis- sionary at Ne])Owewin, himself an Indian, thus describes them, in March 1853:— "The Indians are busy this morning in putting up a large tent, where they intend to keep their feast and dance. The first feast is to be in honour of their god Pahkuk, for having preserved, as they believe, the Indians through the last winter, and giveu them plenty of animals to live upon." " April 3. The Indians have been dancing and drumming the whole of yesterday and last night ; and this will probably con- tinue some time yet." " May 7. The Indians are coming and going the whole of this day into my house, so that I am not able to do any writing. They, however, give me an opportunity of making known to theui a Saviour's love, their own condition by nature, and the means i RUPERT'S LAND: ENCAMPMENT OF CREE INDIANS. of obtaining the favour and mercy of God, to which they listen attentively." " July 8. The ]5ishop went across the river, and visited all the houses of the Christian Indians on that side. He could not but notice the great improvement the Indians hr^'e made since he was here three years ago. At the evening prayers a great number of the Indians attended, so that we had to open the church. "July 11. The Bishop held his confirmation this morning; there were about fifty persons confirmed. His visit has revived our spirits, strengthened our hands, and encouraged us much in the work of the Lord." Sir John Richardson, after spending a considerable time among them, thus writes : — " Such is the life which these poor creatures lead. Occasional feasting and rejoicing, with intervening periods of want ; sometimes of absolute famine. Yet, with proper management, the natural resources of the country would support a population ten times as great. The first step in advance must be the formation of fishing -villages, and the culture of barley and potatoes ; and, under tJie guidance of intelligent missionaries, this might be ef- fected without much diflSculty ; while, at the same time, the truths of Christianity might be brought to bear upon them." all [lot ICC eat the ig; v^ed ia ong )nal Qies Liral mes 1 of wid, ef- Liths I H > P I CO NORTH AMERICA. IIUPERT'S LAND : ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH, RED RIVER. The Red River station is the original or parent station of tlie Church Missionary Society in North- West America. It was here that, in 1822, at the earnest recommendation of the Rev. J. West, who had been chaplain to the Hudson's Bay Company, the Society agreed to place a missionary. From this first feeble plant has sprung up the important mission, which is now superintended by one of the most earnest and faithful of Missionary Bishops. In February of the present year, 1851), the Bishop of Rupert's Land thus wrote of this church and station: — *' I paid my annual visit to St. Andrew's on January 9, the second Sunday in the new year. We had p noble congregation ; the church well filled in every part. At the close of the morning service the communicants were 161. This day closed Mr. Kirkby's fourth year of missionary labour since ordination — four years of very devoted labour on his part, and of labour very full^ appreciated by the people. Of this I feel quite sure, from conversation with some of his flock." There is a Training School at St. Andrew's, for supplying native teachers for the whole mission, conducted by Mr. C. B. Mayhew, from tlje Highbury Training College. The pupils, last year, were 62. The vast distances which some of these children have travelled to reach this school, will strike every reader. " One scholar came upwards of four liundred miles from the east, another three hundred miles from the north, and a third no less than nine hundred miles from the west." RUPERT'S LAND: ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH, RED RIVER. In May, 1859, the translation of the New Testament into tlio language of the Cree Indians was laid, in a printed form, l)eforc the Committee of the :Missionary Society, 2000 copies of which had just been shipped for lUi])ert's Land. At the same time the translation of the Book of Common Prayer was jjresented in a printed form ; and Mi'. :Mason, the translator, expressed his readiness to carry through the press the Old Testament. Mr. Kirkby, the missionary, gives this general view of the state of the people at St. Andrew's : — " ^fy labours here consist of, generally, four full services a-week. The services are all well attended by anxious and devout wor- shippers. We have not, in the whole parish, one hal)itual Sabbath- breaker, or one that neglects the worship of God. Family prayer is beginning to be general through the parish ; and the Sabbaths, with us, are calm, quiet, holy days." 'P ^ NORTH AMERICA. UlIPERT'S LAND: INDIAN ^[KDICINE-FEAST. '1 B S H 5 ■(3 is '/. H The superstitions of the savage, in all ])arts of the word, generally bear a family resemblance to each other. The sorcerer, or the medicine-man, is found in Africa, in America, and in Asia, with only slight variations. In the ])resent engraving he is rc])resented as he appears among the North-West American Indians. "The ^ledawin is the society which professes to teach the higher forms of spiritual existence, and their inllnences upon man. There is no limit.-ition to its power. The Meda is ready to answer questions relative to the past, the present, and the future ; the seen or unseen." These followers of Simon ^Tagus initiate their discii)les by a process, part of which is described in the engraving. In the middle of the lodge, or vapour-house, a layer of sand is strewed, on which are placed heated stones, and then water being poured on them, vapour is pro- duced. In this vapour-lodge the mysteries of initiation into the Medawin ai'e carried on. A distinction must be made between the Medawin and the ordinary curers of tliseases or hurts. The Meda is a seer or sorcerer. He is asked, " Where the body of one drowned in Lake Superior may be found? Why the beasts of the chase have vanished, and where they are fled? and an infinite variety of such questions. The .answers given are, like the re})lies of the oracles of old, obscure and equivocal. Still, in all ages and in all countries, the fortune-teller will be certain of his dupes ; and it can be no matter of surprise that the poor Indians regard with awe and veneration the assumed powers of their Medawin." Mr. Duncan, the missionary at Port Simpson, says, " It lias been I; RUPERTS LAND : INDIAN MEDICINE FEAST. supposed that these persons are the physicians of the Red Indians ; because their proceedings are called ' medicine- work,' and they ' medicine-men; But the medical profession is altogether a distinct business, and the doctors a distinct class." The Medawin, or « medicine-men," are, as we have just said, the sorcerers, or pre- tended enchanters, of the Bed Indians. 1 ca 6 pa ca \ NORTH AMERICA. BRITISH COLr.MIUA : BlIMAL AMONG THE CHINOOK INDIANS. 6 s Thk torritory lying on tlic westward or Pacific side of the Rocky Mountains, is in many respects tin' preferable to that on the eastein or Canada side of that great continent. Tlie climate is far more temperate, ranging about 20° higher than on the Atlantic coast. Sir George Simpson, in his letter of February 1857, speaks of the Columbian territory as "remarkable for the salubrity of its climate and the excellence of its soil." British Columl»ia is the home of the Red Indian, and he is found here in larger numbers than on the Eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. The means of subsistence are obtained with greater ease, while the climate is less severe ; and the Indian has, as yet, suffered less from the encroachments of the white man, here, than in the Atlantic territories. Hence the Indians on the western side are estimated at 80,000 ; while those in the more extensive district of the Red River, Arkansas, &c., are reckoned at only 53,000. The Indians in the neighbourhood of Fort Simpson, opposite Queen Charlotte's Island, are advanced beyond most of their tribes in the arts of building, fishing, dress, &c. Their houses are generally bu^lt of timber, and are large and strong, requiring in the erection considera])le labour. Some of these houses are distinguished by figures, or crests, denoting the name or rank of the family ; as, in some cases, a whale, in others an eagle. Boxes, for goods and for food, are placed all round the house, and recesses arc left for sleeping accommodation. " One chief," writes ^Ir. Duncan, " is now finishing a house which will have a wooden floor and two small windows," BRITISH COLUMniA: UUUIAL AMONG THE CHINOOK INDIANS. The coinplotion and occupation of a liousc is cclobrated by Ji feast, similar to >vliat in Kiiu;lan