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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
The first Three English books on America. 
 
 [? 151 i]-i555 A.D. 
 
i/~^ 
 
The first 
 
 Three English 
 
 on 
 
 books 
 
 America 
 
 [? I5I1] — 1555 A.D. 
 Being chiefly Translations, Compilations, &c., by 
 
 RICH A R 1) E D E N 
 
 From the Writings, Maps, «&c., of 
 
 PIETRO MARTIRE, of Anuhicra (1455-1526) 
 
 A,.OSTOL.CAL PKOTONOTARV, AND COU.SX.LLOK TO TMK K.M,.,i,,„. ,, "juis V. 
 
 SEBASTIAN MUNSTER, the Cosmo^rapher (.4S0-1552) 
 
 I'ROFESSOK UF HE1.KE«, ETC., AT T1,K UMVEKMTV OK MASLK ^ ^^ " 
 
 SEBASTIAN CABOT, of Bristol (.474-1557), 
 
 tJKANU IMLOT Ol' HNCLANU 
 
 With Extracts, &c., from the Works of other Spanish, 
 Italian, and German Writers of the Time 
 
 li D I T E D B V 
 
 E D \V A R D .V R \>, R R 
 
 l'.S.A. ; FKLLOVV OF KING'S COI.LICGE, LONDON ; HON. .Ml.MBEH Ul' TIM 
 
 VIRGINI.A AND WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOClKTILs; L \T1- I.NG;is11 
 
 EXAMINKK AT THK LONDON fyiVKKSIIY; AND ALSO vt Tll|. 
 
 MCTORIA UNIVKHSITV, MANCIIKSTKR ; ICMKIilTL'S I-KOFLSSOU 
 
 01- ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITi:HA lUHl:, 
 
 MASON COI.I.KGE, IIIKMINGIIAM 
 
 W f: S T M I \ s T E R 
 ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO. 
 
 1895 
 
E K-i . A^^ 
 
 ...><^ 
 
 i -1 
 
To THE Reader. 
 
 Ach of the three Texts in this Volume is of 
 great rarity; the firft two are extraordinarily 
 fcarce. 
 
 The prefent impreffion of them was begun 
 fo far back as 1870, and was nearly finiflied by 
 1872 ; when it came to a ftand ftill through the 
 great preffure of other work on all concerned, 
 but more efpecially on myfelf 
 
 For then, there came to me the over- 
 powering vocation, for the fake of the Literature 
 of our Golden Age, of attempting (fingle-handed 
 though it might be, and when every one elfe forfook it and fled) the printing of A 
 Tran/cripi of the Rcgijlers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1 554-1646 a.d. 
 Through the toil and anxiety of the years 1873 to 1877, that great piece of work 
 was religioufly and accurately accompliflied, in four Demy 4to volumes, containing in all 
 fome 2,800//.: and thus the Bibliography of Sidney, Spenfer, Shakcfpeare, Bacon, 
 Ben Jonfon, and their contemporaries, was fafely fecured from deftruction or oblivion, 
 to the end of time. 
 
 Other circumftances then intervened ; fo that it was not till January 1885, on the 
 occafion of my firft vifit to Edinburgh (where the book was in hand), that I was able to 
 refume it. Once, however, the reproduction was again taken up, it was refolutely puflied 
 through to its completion. 
 
 I This Volume cannot fail to intereft the cultivated reader. One is able therem 
 
 % to look out on the New World as its Difcoverers and firft Explorers looked upon it. 
 f Now-a-days, this Globe has but few geographical myfteries; and it is lofing its romance as 
 I faft as it is lofing its wild beafts. In the following Texts, however, the Wonderment of 
 ^ its Difcovery in all its freflinefs, is preferved, as in amber, for all time : and they alfo 
 
 contain notices of not a few barbaric civilizations which have long fince paffed away 
 
 from oft" the face of the earth. 
 
 B3 t 
 
 
vi 
 
 To the Reader. 
 
 But this book has alfo fome very fpecial points of intcrcft : 
 
 It is in many refpects, an Englifli Cyclopaedia of the geographical and fcicntific 
 knowledge of its Age. 
 
 No one can read the portion of the Decades of Pietro Martire given herein, without 
 wifliing to know a great deal more about him and his writings. 
 ♦^^^ ^ large portion of what little we do know about Sebaftian Cabot, will be found in 
 
 the notices of him fcattered through this volume. 
 
 It may alfo be regarded as a fitting Literary Monument of one of the Private 
 Secretaries of Lord Burlegh, and a very worthy Englifhman, Richard Eden : of whom 
 fome account will be found at //. xxxvii.-xlviii. ; and who was certainly one of the 
 principal Authors of the reign of Mary Tudor. 
 
 It is alfo clear, that from the third Te-\t in this book (Eden's trandation of the 
 Decades of Pietro Martire), which was publifhed in 1555, Francis Drake muft have 
 obtained all the knowledge that Englifh books could give him refpecting the Weft 
 Indies and the Spanifh Main, before he first went out there, under Captain John 
 Lovell, in 1565. 
 
 Laftly, William Shakefpeare read this third Text alfo, and created the charaeter of 
 Caliban in the Tempcjl out of the defcription of the Patagonian giants given at//. 251-2. 
 
 But for us Moderns, the chief intereft in thefe three Works may be, that they are 
 the very beginning of a mighty Literature. The future of Mankind lies with the Anglo- 
 Saxon race : and of all Englifh books relating to the American portion of that race, the 
 three reprinted in this volume are the vciy firjl. 
 
 The large initial lettei"sare in the ftyle of the Spanifli defigns of the Bifcayan, Juan 
 de Yciar (b. 1523), as they are found in the two editions of his Orthographia practica, 
 Saragoffa, 1548 and 1550, 4to. Yciar, who evidently looked upon them as the gems of 
 his Work, calls them Letras de Compas pai'a illuminadorcs. 
 
 In conclufion I desire moft gratefully to acknowledge and record the very kind and 
 
 cordial help rendered to me in the reproduction of this volume at Edinburgh, by the late 
 
 Mr William Burnefs and the late Mr John Stevenfon, with whom it was commenced: 
 
 and alfo by Mr James Skinner, of the firm of Meffrs Burnefs & Co., and Mr James 
 
 Turnbull, of the firm of Meffrs TurnbuU & Spears, by whom it has been brought to a 
 
 succeffTul conclufion. 
 
 EDWARD ARBER. 
 
 Sir Josiah Mason's College, 
 Birmingham. 
 
Contents. 
 
 To the Reader ........... 
 
 Contents 
 
 Preface ........... 
 
 The First English book on America. 
 
 This Text is the first English book containing the word America (Armcnica). 
 
 C Of the newe landcs and of ye people fotmde by the messengers of the kynge^ 
 
 of portyngale named Emamiel. 
 
 Of the. X. dyucrs nacyons crystened. 
 
 Of pope John and his landcs and of the costely keyes and wonders molodyes 
 
 that in that lande is. [Antwerp, ? 1511,] 4to. 
 
 [T/ie voyage rounJ Africa to Iiulia 
 Of the blacke Mores [of Guinea] 
 [Of the lande of Allago] 
 Arabia .... 
 
 Of grcate Indycn . 
 Of Gutchin [Cocliiii\ that KyngLdome 
 
 Of the X, dyvcrce cristciieJ nacions , . 
 
 The fyrst nacion [ The Latins and Germans] . 
 
 The scconde fiitcyon [ 7'/ie Greets] 
 The thyrde nacyon \Thcy of India under Pofe/o/iii] . 
 
 The Life and Labours of Richard Eden 
 
 xxvii'xxix.] 
 xxviii. 
 xxviii. 
 xxviii. 
 xxviii. 
 xxix. 
 
 XXX'XXXI. 
 XXX. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 The fourth nacyon [7>5<r/(iccWto (? Abyssinians)] 
 
 The fyfih nacyon [ The Nestorians] . 
 
 The syxte nacyon [ The Marouites] 
 
 The seuenth nacyon [ The Armenians] . 
 
 The eyght nacyon [ The Georgians] . 
 
 The nynlhe nacyon [The Syrians and Samai itaiis] 
 
 The tenthe nacyon [7y« il/tfra^tV^] . • 
 
 v.-vl. 
 
 vii.-x. 
 
 xi.-xxii. 
 
 xxm-xxxvi. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 xxxi. 
 xxxi. 
 xxxl. 
 xxxi. 
 xxxi. 
 xxxl. 
 
 {An abridgeniettl of the medi,eval Legend of Presterjohn xxxii-xxxvi.] 
 Of the people named Pygnies . . • xxxiii. 
 
 xxxvii-xlviii. 
 
 \ 
 
 Richard Eden's Contributions to our Literature, during the reigns of Edward VL and Mary, 1553-155$, A.D. 
 
 The Second English book on America. 
 
 ^ A treaty se of the newe India, with other new founde landes and Ilandes, 
 aswcll eastwarde as westwarde, as they are knozven and found in these oure dayes, 
 after the descripcion of Sebastian Munster in his boke of vniversall Cosmographie : 
 wherein the diligent reader may see the good successe and rewarde of noble and 
 honeste enterpryses, by the which not only wordly ryches are obtayned, but also 
 God is glorified, and the Christian fayth enlarged. Translated out of Latin into 
 Englishe. By Rycharde Eden. [London. 1553.] 8vo. 
 
 (Richard) Eden. 
 (Richard) Eden. 
 The Table 
 
 [Dedication] To . . . the Duke of Northumberlande, hys Grace 
 To the Reader .... 
 
 Of the newe India, as it 
 
 [The description of the Navigations from Spain to the new 
 India, Eastward ...... 
 
 Of the Diamande stone, called in Latin Adamas 
 
 Of the kingdoms and cities of Narsinga and Canonor . , 
 
 How the Elephantes in India are prepared to warre . 
 
 Of the beaste called Rhinoceros .... 
 
 Of Calicut, the most famous market towne of India . 
 
 is knowen and found in these our dayes 
 
 Of the maners of the Indians in Calicut . , , 
 
 13] Of Pepper and other spices which growe in the region of Calicut 
 
 14 Of byrdcs and beastes which are found in the region of 
 
 14 Calicut: and of the wyne of the merueylous tree . . 
 
 15-16 Of the sundrye kindes of Spices, which are founde in Calicut, 
 
 16 and from whence they are brought thyther . 
 
 16-17 '^^ ^^^ Hand of Zaylon, and of Cinomome found there . 
 
 / 
 
 >* 
 
 3-42 
 
 1-8 
 
 ;-n 
 12 
 
 13-27 
 
 17-18 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 30 
 
 r 
 
VIII 
 
 Contents. 
 
 of llic cytiu of Taniassi-ri, and the mancr of the cytczins tlierc 
 
 Of the kingiloms and cities of I'ego and llnngclla , 
 
 Of the greale and ryxhc Ilandc of Siimalia, or Samo/ra, some 
 
 tyme called Tuprobatt* .... 
 Of the Ilandc of nornel . . • . 
 
 Of the Hand of Giaua ..... 
 Of the Hand of laiia ..... 
 Of the Hand of Maiiai;asiar .... 
 Of the Hand of Zaniibar .... 
 
 Of the two Handes, in one of the which dwell onely tnen, and 
 
 in the other onely wumcn .... 
 
 20 Jl Of the grcatc Kmpyrc of Cath%iy, boing vndcr the dominion of 
 31 the great Cham (whichc sonic call the great Can) Kniper- 
 
 I cure of Tartaria, in olde tyme called Scylhia . . 24-aS 
 
 33 Of certaine Proi'incefi ami regions subiect vndcr the dominion 
 33 of the greate Cham Emperour of Cathay , . 35-36 
 
 3J Of the rroiiince of Mau^i, and merueylous cyties conteyned 
 33 in the same ...... 36 
 
 23 j Of the region of Tan'^iif, and of the great desertes, ami 
 23 I voyces of dcuyllcs heard in the same, and of the Sala- 
 
 mandra ....... 36-37 
 
 C Of the nevve India, and Ilandcs in the West Ocean Sea, how, when, and by whom they were found, 28-42 
 
 [Of the new Islands and India found in the West Ocean sea, 
 
 from Spain Westward and South-west . . 38-31, 33-39] 
 
 Of the two Handes Manna and liisfaiia ... 28 
 
 Of the people called CanibaUs or Anthropophagi, which are 
 
 accustomed to eate mans fleshe .... 39 
 
 Of the maners of the inhabitantes of the Hand of llispana am) 
 
 of suche thynges as are found there ... 39 
 
 How Columbus, after he had found new Handes, returned 
 
 agayne to Spayne, where preparioge a newe nauie, he 
 
 toke his viage to ye Canibalts .... 29-30 
 How the Admirall passed manye Handes, and what thynges 
 
 chaunced to hym and his coinpanie in that viage . 30-31 
 
 How the Spaniardes abused the submission and frendeshippe 
 
 of the inhabitantes of the Handes . ... 31 
 
 IIow the Portugals sought new Handes in the East partes, 
 
 and how they came to Calicut .... 32-33 
 IIow Magellanu! by a strayght or narrow arme of the sea, 
 
 sayled by the west into the East to dyuers Handes : where 
 
 also he was slayne ..... 33-34 
 
 (Richard) Eden. To al aduenturers, and suche as take in handc greate entcrpryses 
 
 How the Spaniardes came to the Handes of Molucca, and of 
 
 the people with great hanging eares . . 
 
 The thyrde nauigacion of Christophorus Columbus . 
 Howe Pi-trus Alonsus soughte newe Handes . . . 
 
 Howe Pinzonus, companion to the Admirall, sought newe 
 
 Ilandcs ....... 
 
 Of the foure nauigacions of Americus Vtspulius to the newe 
 
 Handes ....... 
 
 The fyKtQ y/iage of Americus I'espufius . . . 
 
 The secondc viage of Vesputiui .... 
 
 The thyrde viage of V'esputius .... 
 
 The fourth viage of Vesputius ..... 
 
 How the king of Portugale subdued ccrtayn places in India : 
 
 and of the ryche Cytie of Malacha . , . 
 
 Of the Hand of Medera, and the fortunate Ilandcs, otherwyse 
 
 ciUed the Handes of Canaria , . . ', 
 
 Whether vnder the ^quinoclial circle or barningc lyne (called 
 
 Torrida zona) be habitable Retjions . , , 
 
 34-55 
 
 35-36 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 37-38 
 38 
 39 
 39 
 
 4C 
 
 40-41 
 
 41-43 
 
 42 
 
 The Third English book on America. 
 
 The Decades of the newe worlde or west India, conteynyng the nmiigationsK 
 and conqnestes of the Spanyardes, with the particular description of the nioste 
 ryche and large landes and Handes lately fotinde in the west Ocean pcrteynyng 
 to the inheritaunce of the hinges of Spayne. In the which the diligent reader 
 may not only consyder what cotnmoditie may hereby chaunce to the hole christian 
 world in tyme to come, but also lear"e many secreates touchynge the lande, the sea, ) 
 and the starres, very necessarie to I , knowen to al such as shal attempte any naui- 
 gations, or otherwise haue delite to beholde the strange and woonderfull woorkes 
 of God and nature. Wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of 
 Angleria, and translated into Englysshe by Rycliarde Eden, 
 
 Londini^ In sedibus Guilhelmi Powell. Anno. 1555. / 
 
 43-398 
 
 The Table of the Contents of this Booke (besyde the Decades) 45 
 
 (Richard) Eden. Latin Epistle to King Philip and Queen Mary ...... 46-48 
 
 (Richard) Eden. To the Reader 49-6o 
 
 [Section 1 61-204.] 
 
 (Pietro) Martire's Epistle to the Emperor Charles V., 30 September 1516 
 
 O3-64 
 
Contents. 
 
 IX 
 
 Tlic First Decade (or Ten Hooks) 
 
 26-27 
 
 34-55 
 
 35-36 
 
 36 
 
 3« 
 
 37 
 
 3738 
 38 
 39 
 39 
 
 4C 
 40-41 
 41-42 
 
 12 
 
 r><x)i< I. 
 
 llcoW It. ■ 
 
 Book HI. . 
 
 Book IV. . 
 
 BookV. . 
 
 Book I. . 
 
 Book II. . 
 
 Book III. . 
 
 Book IV, . 
 
 Book V. . 
 
 Book I. . 
 
 Book 11. . 
 
 Book III. . 
 
 Book IV. . 
 
 BookV. . 
 
 (For conUnts, st* fp. 
 
 391-3) 
 
 65-68 
 68-72 
 
 73-79 
 79-82 
 82-87 
 
 Itdok VI. . 
 Hook VII. 
 Hook VII :. 
 Hook I.\. . 
 Book .\. . 
 
 The Second Decade 
 
 (For tonttnis, stt //>. 
 
 393-4) 
 
 106-111 
 111-114 
 114-118 
 118-120 
 
 120-122 
 
 Book VI. . 
 Book VII. 
 Hook VIII. 
 Hook I.V. . 
 BookX. . 
 
 The Third Decade 
 
 (For conltnts, see ff. 395-7) 
 
 137-142 
 142-145 
 
 146- "50 
 150-156 
 156-160 
 
 Hook VI. . 
 Hook VII. 
 Book VIII, 
 Hook IX. . 
 Hook X. , 
 
 Of the Landes and Ilandes lately founde 
 Tope Alexander VI. Bull dividing the New World between the Spaniards and the Portuguese, 
 4 May 1593 .... In Latin and English 
 
 [Section II. . . . 205-243.1 
 
 (Richard) Eden. To the Reader . ... 
 
 (Gonzalo) Fernandez de Ovicdo yValdd's. Epi^le to the Emperor Charles V. • 
 
 The [Natural] Hystoric of the westc Indies 
 
 Of the ordinary nnuygatioi. irom Spsyne to lite Wcste 
 Indies ...... 
 
 Of twoo notable thynges as touchyng tli'* West Indies: 
 Anil of the great rjchesse luouglu from tlienseinto 
 Spayne ...... 
 
 Of the mynes of golde, and the maner of woorkyr.ge in 
 thcym ...... 
 
 Of the maner of fyshynge for perles 
 
 Of the familiaritie which ccrteyne of the Indiai)s haue 
 with the dcuyll, and howc they rcceaiic answcrc of 
 hym of thynges to coome .... 
 
 Of the temperature of the regions vnder or neare to the 
 burnt lyne cauled TorriJa zona or the Equinoctiall : 
 and of the dyuers seasons of the yeare 
 
 Of dyuers particular thynges, as woormes, serpentes, 
 beastes, foules, trees, etc. .... 
 
 or trees, fruites, and plantcs .... 
 
 :io 
 
 2tl 
 
 211-213 
 
 2I3-2'S 
 
 215-216 
 
 317-218 
 
 219-225 
 225227 
 
 Of Reedes or Canes ..... 
 
 Of venemous apples whcrwith they poyson theyr arrowcs 
 
 Of fysshes and of the maner of fysshyngo , , 
 
 Of th[c]increase and decre.ise, (that is) rysynge and 
 faullynge of our Ocean sea and Southc sea caullcd the 
 sea of Sur ...... 
 
 or the str.iyght or narowe passage of the lande lyinpe bet wcnc 
 the North and Gouth sea, by the whiche spyces may 
 much sooner and easlyer be brought from the llandcs 
 of Molutca into Spayne by the West Ocean then by 
 that way wherby the Portugales sayle into East India 
 
 Of the maners and customes of the Indians of the firiiio 
 lande, and of theyr women , , , . 
 
 Of the chiefe Ilandes Hispaniola and Cuba 
 
 Of the Ilande of Cuba and other .... 
 
 Of the lande of Bacoateos cauled Terra KaccaUarum, 
 situate on the North syde of the firme lande, . 
 
 CS-105 
 
 87-90 
 
 90-93 
 
 94-90 
 
 96-102 
 
 103-105 
 
 106-136 
 122-125 
 126-129 
 129 130 
 1 30- '34 
 134 "36 
 
 I37->8S 
 161-165 
 165-169 
 
 170174 
 175178 
 
 178-185 
 
 186-200 
 201-204 
 
 207 
 208-209 
 210-242 
 
 227-229 
 229-230 
 
 230233 
 233334 
 
 231-236 
 
 237-238 
 
 239-241 
 
 241 
 
 242 
 
 4S 
 46-48 
 49-60 
 
 63-64 
 
 [Section III. 
 
 Of the Universal Garde and Ncwe Worlde . . 245 
 
 (Richard) Eden. A Discourse of the Vyage made by 
 
 the Spanyardes rounde abowte the Worlde . . 246-247 
 
 Maximilian Transilvanius. Epistle to the Emperor 
 
 Charles V. . . . . . . 247-248 
 
 243-280.] 
 (Antonio) I'igafetta, A briefe Declaration of the Vyr.ge 
 
 or Navigation made abowte the Worlde 
 Of the prices of Precious Stones and Spices , 
 
 Cadamosto of the Dooues of the Ilande of Madera 
 Of the Ilande of saynt Thomas under the Equinoctiall line 
 
 249-262 
 
 263-269 
 
 270 
 
 27c 
 
 (Francisco) Lopez de G6mara. The Debate and Stryfe betwene tiie Spanyardes and Portugales 
 
 for the diuision of the Indies and the trade of Spices [at the Conference at Badajos, in 152.1.] 271-274 
 
 f Andreas') de Corsali \ ^^ *^^ ^°'^ Antartike and the Starres about the same, &c. 
 
 Of Moscouie and Cathay 
 
 (Galeazzo) Butrigarius . , 
 
 (Sebastian) Cabot . , 
 
 [Section IV. 
 
 =83 
 2S3 
 
 281-334] 
 
 (Sebastian) Miinster. (Jacopo) Gastaldo, A briefe 
 de.>ctiption of Moscouia . , . . 
 
 277-2S0 
 
 283-294 
 
 291-293 
 
Contents. 
 
 Of the North Regions 
 
 Lnponia , 
 
 Norwepia or Norway 
 295298 Succia or Svcthlande 
 298-299 Bothnia 
 
 299 Gothia or Gothlamle 
 
 300 Finland and Eningia 
 
 X 
 
 (Jacobus) Ziglcrus. 
 
 Of the Nortli Ki'{jii)ns and of the moderate and continuall 
 
 heate in coiilile rct;ions aswtll in the nyght as in the 
 
 day in the soununcr season .... 
 
 Schondia ....... 
 
 (ironlande ...... 
 
 Isl.inde ....... 
 
 (Girolamo) Carda.io. Of the dificrence of Regions, and causes of great cities 
 
 (Paolo) Giovio, Bishop of Nocera. The Historie ... of the Legation or Ambassade of \\\ 
 
 greate Basilius Prince of Moscouia to Pope Clement VII. of that name 
 (Sigismund) Liber. Other notable Things concerning Moscovia . . . . . . 
 
 The description of tlie regions, people, and ryiiers, lying 
 
 North and Easte from Moscouia . . . 322-324 
 
 Of the famous ryuer of Tanais .... 324-325 
 
 Edward VI. The Copy of the Letters Missive . . 
 
 More directly from Moscouia to Cathay , . 
 
 Of the Tartars ..... 
 The nauigation by the frosen sea . 
 
 sent to the Kyngcs, Princes, and other 
 
 potentates inhabytynge the Northeast partes of the worlde towarde the myghtye 
 Empire of Cathayc. 1553 . . In Latin and English. 
 
 [Section V, 
 (Francisco) Lopez de G6mara. ) 
 
 335-352.] 
 Other notable thynges as touchinge the Indies 
 
 (Sebastian) Cabot. 
 
 Of the foreknowleage that the Toet Seneca hiid of the 
 
 fyndynge of this new Worlde and other Regions not 
 
 then knowen ...... 337 
 
 Of the great Ilande which Plato cauled Atlantica or 
 
 Atlantide ...... 337338 
 
 Of the colour of the Indians .... 338 
 
 Why they were cauled Indians .... 339 
 
 The fyrste discouerynge of the Wcste Indies . . 339 
 
 What mailer of man Chrystopher Colon was : and howe 
 
 he Came fyrst to the knowlcage of the Indies . 340 
 
 What labour and trauayle Colon tookc in atteniptyng his 
 
 fyrst vyage to the Indies .... 340-342 
 
 Of newe Spayne cauled Noua Hispania, or Mexico . 342 
 
 Ofl'eru ....... 343 
 
 Of the great ryuer cauled Bio de la Plata (that is) the 
 
 r)uer of syluer ..... 343-344 
 
 (Richard) Eden. A demonstration of the roundnessc of the Earth .... 
 
 Diodorus, Siailits. What credit ought to bee gyuen to Wryters as touchynge the workcs of nature 
 
 [Section VI. . . . 353-369.] 
 
 (Richard) Eden. The preface to The Booke of Metals ...... 
 
 (Vannuccio) Biringuccio. Of the generation of Metalles, and their mynes ; with the mancr of 
 fyndingc the same .......... 
 
 Of the myne of golde and the qualitie therof in particular 362-366 | Of the myne of siluer and the qualitie therof . 
 
 Diodorus, Sicuhis. The mancr of wcrkynge in golde mynes in Egipt in owld tyme 
 
 Of the hygher East India cauled India Tcicera or Tcrcicra 
 
 Of the landes of Laborador and liaccalaos, lyinge west and 
 northwest, from Englande, and beinge parte of the 
 firmc lande of the West Indies . . . 
 
 The discouerynge of the lande of Floryda 
 
 An opinion that Europa, Africa, and Asia, are Ilandes : 
 and of certeyne nauigntions abowt the same . 
 
 Th.it the Spanyardos haue sayled to the Antipo<les (th.it 
 is) suche as go fiete to fiete ageynst vs, and inhabite 
 the inferiour hemisphetie or halfe globe of the earthe, 
 contrarie to th[e]oppinion of the owlde writers 
 
 Who fyrst founde the needle of the compasse, and the vfo 
 therof ...... 
 
 The Situacion and byggenes of the earth . 
 
 What degrees are ...... 
 
 205-306 
 
 30'-303 
 303-304 
 30s 
 30s 
 306 
 306 
 
 307 
 
 308-317 
 
 318-321 
 
 325-326 
 
 327-330 
 
 330-332 
 
 333-334 
 
 337-350 
 344 
 
 344-34S 
 345-346 
 
 346347 
 
 347-348 
 
 348-349 
 
 349 
 
 349350 
 
 350 
 351 
 
 355 
 
 356-362 
 
 366-368 
 
 369 
 
 [Section VIL . . . 37'-39o] 
 
 (Richard) Eden. The Description of the two Viages made owt of England into Guinea 
 (Richard) Eden. A breefe Description of Affrike ...... 
 
 The fyrst Vyage to Guinea ......... 
 
 The Second Vyage to Guinea ........ 
 
 Gemma Phrysius. The maner of fyndynge the Longitude of Regions by dyucrs waycs . 
 
 A BRYEFE REIIERSAL OF THE CONTENTES OF THE DECADES 
 (Richard) Eden. Th[e] Interprc'.ours excuse ...... 
 
 Index ........... 
 
 373 
 
 374 
 
 375-378 
 
 379-3^8 
 
 389-.;i90 
 
 391-398 
 
 398 
 
 399-408 
 
 t' 
 ]J 
 
 ti 
 la 
 
 m 
 
295-306 
 
 30'-303 
 303-304 
 30s 
 30s 
 306 
 306 
 
 307 
 
 308-317 
 
 318-321 
 
 325-326 
 
 327-330 
 
 330332 
 
 ^ m e if SI c e. 
 
 333-334 
 
 337-350 
 344 
 
 344-34S 
 345-346 
 
 346-347 
 
 347-34S 
 
 348-349 
 
 349 
 
 349-350 
 
 350 
 351 
 
 355 
 
 356-362 
 366-368 
 
 369 
 
 373 
 
 374 
 
 375-378 
 
 379-3^8 
 
 389-390 
 
 391-398 
 
 398 
 399-408 
 
 the united wit and genius of the nation (through all the 
 vicissitudes of earthly empire) can raise it. It rests not long 
 at the summit ; but first declines, and then decays. In its full 
 ripeness, it oftentimes lights up the mind of younger and suc- 
 ceeding races ; and so, at length, its life and vitality pass away, 
 'iluis has the now blazing, now dim, torch of human knowledge 
 and mind-craft been handed down to us over the heads of 
 the nations, through all the successive Ages of Time. 
 
 Human literature is also, like human nature, in many essen- 
 tials evermore the same in all .Ages. As is the life of a Man ; 
 so is the mind, that is, the higher life, which is the glory of a 
 Nation. Both alike pass through Inception, Growth, Flores- 
 cence, Decay, and Death : both alike but minister to the 
 purposes of a Power greater than they, until the cycle of His 
 plans shall be comi)leted. Then comcth the end, when the 
 World shall crack at the fiat of the Almighty Trinity. 
 
 Instances of this I*aw of successive Literary Cycles 
 inter-ringing one with the other, readily suggest themselves. 
 Such was the Literature of Greece in it earlier relations to Kgypt 
 and rhoenicia ; and in its later to Rome. Such also that of 
 t'le Jii-naissance in Italy, in respect Jo the Greek literature of 
 Dyzantium ; and to rts subsecjucnt influence (which, either as 
 to fulness or extent, has hardly yet been measured) on the 
 rawer nations of Spain, Germany, France, and England. 
 
 ITLL labouring in the diffusion of English Literature: we here, wldi heartfelt 
 pleasure, present the reader with reprints of three exceedingly rare, curious, 
 anil costly Cosmographical Works; which are also the very earliest printed 
 documents in our language, relating to South, Central, and North Amcric.-i. 
 
 It rarely falls to the lot of man to be .able to put one's hand on the very 
 earliest beginnings of a mighty literature. Yet it is not too much to say, that of 
 all the vast nniltilude of English books that have been, or ever will be, pro- 
 duced, either in, or relating to, what we call our New World ; the three Works 
 reprinted in this Volume are the very first and earliest. However mighty and 
 majestic, however subtle and eloquent, however deep anil far-reachiiv^, the 
 American-English literature may become; here are its first fruits ! Whatever 
 period of mental florescence and splendour may yet be in store for the English- 
 speaking races on that vast Continent; with these three Works begins the 
 printed English Story of their Action, their Mind, and their Progress. 
 
 Almost all nations light their lamp with fire borrowed from their predeces- 
 sors. They commence with translations ; progress to imitations ; and then, 
 often by distinctly marked steps, the Literature mounts up to the height to which 
 Such was that of Spain (which now we consider so dead), with 
 reference to the anterior civilisation and letters of the Moorish 
 kingdom there. Such undoubtedly has been, and will be the 
 literature of England ; now, it m.ay be, in the early afternoon 
 of its glory. And such has been, and will be that of English- 
 America; now in the morning of its strength and power. 
 In the words of the great and wise Preacher, " To every 
 thing there is a season, and a time to every i)urposc under 
 heaven." 
 
 Under any circumstances, therefore, the present Texts would 
 excite great interest; whatever might be the nature of their 
 contents. It is jileasant, however, to find that each of them has 
 for us modern readers, a distinct interest and a strong charm : 
 while all three do afford us a most vivid picture of those early 
 d.ays of oceanic discovery ; of the terrible real dangers, and the 
 still more terrible imaginary ones, undergone and dared by the 
 many noble-hearted Portuguese and Spaniards for themselves 
 and for us ; when they wan, in their little cockboats, for the 
 succeeding Human Race, a truer knowledge of the Globe in 
 which, by the Divine Providence, it has been placed. 
 
 But the first impression — the most salient and signitirant 
 interest of this volume — is that it contains reprints of T/te 
 first Three English books on Amerka. 
 
if 
 
 Xll 
 
 Preface. 
 
 II. 
 
 Ur next consideration respects their contem- 
 porary standpoint; their relation to the 
 story of the nation, for whom the three 
 Texts were printed: and especially to 
 supply Eden's omissions, as regards the 
 very early oceanic voyages of the English, 
 both East and West. 
 These publications are of great and perpetual interest, 
 inasmuch as they photograph for all time, the fragmentary and 
 imperfectly attrmed knowledge, and the vast and credulous 
 wonderment, prevailing in England in respect to far-distant 
 countries, during ♦he reigns of Henry VIII. and his two im- 
 mediate successors. The Texts of this volume embrace, in fact, 
 all that the gentry and merchants of England could, down 
 to the year 1555, a.d., read in the tongue in which they were 
 born, of the wonderful discoveries, and still more marvellous 
 conquests, of the Portuguese and Spaniards in the two Indies. 
 Neither was this amount of printed information much added 
 to, in Eden's lifetime. His greatest literary feat — the Compila- 
 tion of 1555 — found no immediate imitators : so that it was left 
 to himself (after twenty years more, of great vicissitude, had 
 passed over his head) to undertake its repetition, in the form 
 of a Second and much revised Edition of this labour of 
 love J in the preparation of which he died. This revised Com- 
 pilation finally appeared in 1577, "set in order, augmented, 
 and finished " by Richard Willes, under the fresh title of T/ie 
 History of Trauayle in the Wat and East Indies, and other 
 countreys lying either way, &'e. It was five years later (1582), 
 that R[ichardJ H[akluyt] published his first Collection, under 
 the title of Diuers voyages, &'c. 
 
 An enquiry into the printed naval literature of Queen 
 Elizabeth's reign, has also elicited the fact, that it was not 
 until about that same year (1577), that our Oceanic Literature 
 fairly began to constitute a distinct section of English books. 
 It soon, however, greatly increased in bulk, variety, and 
 interest ; until now, it has no compeer in any other language. 
 Eden is therefore, in very deed, the Pioneer of British 
 geographic research, the very First of our Naval Chroni- 
 clers, and the Herald and Forerunner of all our subsequent 
 discoveries and victories at sea. So that in English literary 
 history, Richard Eden stands in the same relation to Richard 
 Hakluyt, that Richard Hakluyt does to Samuel Purchas ; and 
 Samuel Purchas, to our present Hakluyt and Royal Geo- 
 graphical Societies. 
 
 This multifarious volume should be studied in conjunction 
 with the inland Chronicles of Halle, Grafton, Stow, and others ; 
 together with the more modern histories of the Reformation 
 Age. These are chiefly, if not exclusively, occupied with home 
 and continental affairs ; and but rarely travel further abroad. 
 In this direction, this Work will help, in a very important 
 manner, to complete for us, the external history of England, 
 during the period 1511-1555, a.d. 
 
 2. It will soon, however, be seen that it does this rather by 
 way of narrating the deeds of other nations, and thereby teaching 
 and guiding our forefathers to do the like ; than by describing 
 
 the English navigations of its own time. Indeed, there are 
 only two English voyages described in it with any detail, and 
 those are rather late ones, viz., the voyages to Guinea in 1553 
 and 1554. Yet these accounts (the very earliest of their kind 
 ever printed in our language) were not, as it is quite evident 
 from page 388, included in the original conception and plan 
 of the Work : but were added, just as the book was being com- 
 pleted, by way of a postscript; the extra expense of which, was 
 borne by Master Toy, the London printer and publisher. 
 
 It is also to be especially noted, that this omission did not 
 arise because there were no English Voyages to relate ; but be- 
 cause the custom of narrating them in print had not yet arisen 
 in our language. Sea-Histories had not, as yet, become an 
 section of our Literature. 
 
 Inasmuch, therefore, as so large a portion of this Volume is 
 occupied with the famous deeds of other nations, and particu- 
 larly of those of the Spaniards ; it may be well (as it is indeed 
 but just to our own race) to place in the forefront of them all, 
 a very slight account, by way of a rescue from oblivion, of the 
 sea-doings and sea-daring of our forefathers in the reigns of 
 Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Mary : — narrating the Oceanic 
 voyages with fuller detail than those to the Continent and the 
 Levant, as they were the more adventurous and difficult 
 
 3. From the capture of Constantinople in 1454, till after the 
 battle of Lepanto in 1572 ; there was an almost ceaseless fight 
 between the Christians and the Turks along the eastern shores 
 of the Mediterranean Sea. The Knights of St. John of Jeru- 
 salem, after they had been driven from Rhodes in 1522, finally 
 settled at Malta in 1530; where by their heroic valour in the 
 frightful siege in 1565, they materially contributed, with the 
 great naval victory of Don John of Austria, to stem the flow 
 of Turkish invasion, which else threatened to swallow up all 
 Christian States. 
 
 Recollecting that the formidable, ruthless, and barbaric power 
 of the Turkish empire was at this time ever surging onward 
 and westward in those eastern seas; it will interest most of us to 
 know that there was a regular organised and direct commerce 
 by sea between England and the Levant so early as 15 1 1, a.d. ; 
 and for many years afterwards. For our knowledge of this we 
 are indebted to our great English Worthy and famous Cosmo- 
 grapher Richard Hakluyt, Preacher; sometime a Student of 
 Christ Church in Oxford : who, in the second edition of his great 
 work entitled The Principal Navigations, Voyages, 'iyaffiques,and 
 Discomrits of the English Nation, ofc. dfc, London, 1599-1600 
 fol, has preserved for us the following important note on — 
 
 T/i( antiquilie 0/ the trade with EngUJIi Jliips into the Lcuant. 
 
 |N the yceres of oure Lord, 1511, 1512, &c., till thcyccre 1534. 
 (liucrstallflupsorZomA'>/, n,iincly, The Chiijhphcr Camf>wii, 
 wherein was Factor one Koger Whitcomc; the Aluiy Cicor^e, 
 wherein was Factor William Grejltam; the great Alary 
 Grace, the Owner whereof, was William Gun/on, rnd the 
 mafter one lohn Hely, the Trinitie FitzAvilliams, whereof was maftcr 
 Laurence Arkey, the Matthew of London, whereof was mafter William 
 Capling, with certainc other ftiips o{ Southamtton and Ihi/lon', had an 
 ordinarie and vfuall trade to Sicilia, Cattdie, Chio, and fomewhiles to 
 Cyprus, as alfo to Tripoli! and Barutti [Biyrout] in Syria. The com- 
 
Preface. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 , there are 
 detail, and 
 leain 1553 
 their kind 
 lite evident 
 a and plan 
 being com- 
 which, was 
 lisher. 
 
 on did not 
 te; but be- 
 lt yet arisen 
 become an 
 
 3 Volume is 
 ind particu- 
 it is indeed 
 of them all, 
 ivion, of the 
 le reigns of 
 the Oceanic 
 lent and the 
 flficult. 
 
 till after the 
 laseless fight 
 stem shores 
 ohn of Jeru- 
 1522, finally 
 alour in the 
 d, with the 
 em the flow 
 dlow up all 
 
 modities which they caricd thither were fine Kerfies of diuers colours, 
 courfc Kerfies, white Wefteme dozens, Cottons, certaine clothes called 
 Satutcs, and others called Cardinal-whites, and Calueflcins which were well 
 fold i'l Si<:i!ie, &c. The commodities which they returned backe were 
 Silks, Chamlets, Rubarbe, Maimefies, Muflcadcis and other wines, fwcete 
 oyles, cotten wooll, Turkie carpets, Galles, Pepper, Cinamom, and fomc 
 other fpices, &c. Befides, the uaturall inhabitants of the forefayd places, 
 they had, eueu in those dayes, traffique with lewes, Turkes, and other 
 forreiners. Neither did our merchants onely eniploy their owne Englilh 
 (hipping before mentioned, but fundry ftrangers alfo : as namely, Candiots, 
 Ka^uftatn, SUitiam, Genoucut, Venetian galliafles, Spanish and Poriiigale 
 (lups. All which particulars doe mod euide:.tly appeare out of certaine 
 auncient Ligier bookes [i.e. Ledgert] of the K[ight]. W[orfliipful]. Sir 
 llVliam Locke Mercer of London, of Sir If^illiam Bouyer Alderman of 
 London, of mafter lohn CreJJiam, and of others; which I Richard Hakluyt 
 haue diligently perufcd and copied out. — Vol, II,, Pare I.,/. 96, £d. 1599. 
 
 4. Next in the order of time comes the mythical voyage of 
 1517 of Sebastian Cabot and Sir Thomas Pert from England 
 towards Cathay ; the sole authority for which is Eden's state- 
 ment at page 6 of this Volume : in which, so far as we have 
 been able to inquire, we believe him to have been utterly 
 mistaken, and that the voyage had no existence ; and the more 
 especially because Sebastian Cabot was at that date in Spain, 
 where he remained until after the Conference of Badajos in 
 1524, which (as Gomara tells us at/. 272) he attended as an 
 expert on behalf of the Emperor Charles V. 
 
 5. Important and authentic as is that early Levant traffic ; 
 it was a very different thing from a voyage across the then but 
 half discovered Atlantic. As Pietro Martire vaunts, few or 
 none but Spaniards were licensed to go from Spain to the 
 
 ^ New World. It is, therefore, very striking to find, ere Cortes 
 had consolidated his marvellous conquest of Mexico, or Pizarro 
 had finally set forth to imitate him in Peru ; and while at home, 
 the great Cardinal was in serene prosperity and unruffled 
 power, our first printed New Testaments were being secretly 
 read in the principal English towns, and our nation's Reforma- 
 tion was just beginning to bud forth : it is indeed surprising to 
 trace one Englishman at least in the West Indies j to learn, of 
 a certainty, that one, if not two English expeditions had 
 reached the American coast ; and, most startling of all, to 
 know that one of these squadrons found in the harbour of 
 St John's, Newfoundland, not another royal fleet of discovery, 
 but a fleet of fourteen fishing-boats (and, if Spanish reports be 
 conect, thirty or forty more in the neighbourhood), that had 
 ventured (at a time when, to us, so little appears to have been 
 known of the north-eastern seaboard of America; and so much 
 to have been dreaded in a voyage thither) across the wide 
 Atlantic, simply for the sake of codfish. 
 
 6. Hakluyt gives the following account of Thomas Tyson 
 orTison, the first Englishman known to have reached the 
 West Indies : — 
 
 A briefe note concerning an ancient trade of the Engtijh Marchants to the 
 Canarie-ilands, gathered out o/an olde ligier booke [Ictlger] of M, Nicolas 
 Thome the elder a worJhipfuU marchant of the city of Uriftol!. 
 
 JT appeareth euidently out of a certaine note or letter of remem- 
 brance, in the cuttody of me Kichard Hakluyt, written by M. 
 Nicolas Thorne the elder a principall marchant of Brifloll, 
 to his friend and factour Thomas Midnall and his owne 
 feruant William Ballard at that time refident in S. Lucar 
 Id Andeluzia ; that in the yeere of our Lord 1526 (and by all circumstances 
 
 and probabilities long before) certaine Englilh marchants, and among the 
 reft himfelfe with one Thomas Spacheford exercifcd vfuall and onlinary 
 trade of marchandife vnto the Can<zrie Hands. For by the fayd letter 
 notice was giuen to Thomas Midnall and William Ballard aforefayd, that 
 a certaine fliip called The Chrijlopher of Cadiz bound for the Wejl Indies 
 had taken in certaine fardels of cloth both courfe and fine, broad and nar- 
 row of diuers forts and colours, fome arouas \arobas'\ of packthreed, fixe 
 cerons or bagges of fope, with other goods of M. Nicolas Thorne, to Ix; 
 deliuered at Santa Cruz, the chiefe towne in Tenerifa, one of the feuen 
 Canary-Hands. All which commodities the fayd Thomas and William were 
 authorized by the owner in the letter before mentioned to barter and fell 
 away at Santa Cruz. And in lieu of fuch mony as (hould arife of the falc 
 of thofe goods, they were appointed to retume backe into England good 
 (lore of Orchell (which is a certaine kinde of mode growing vpon high 
 rocks, in thofe dayes much vfcd to die withall), fome quantity of fugar, and 
 certaine hundreds of kid-lkinnes. For the procuring of which and of 
 other commodities, at the belt and fird hand, the faid Thomas and William 
 were to make their abode at Santa Cruz, and to remaine there as factours 
 for the abouefaid M[after] Nicolas Thorne. 
 
 And here alfo I thought good to fignifie, that in the fayd letters mention 
 is made of one Thomas Tifon, an Englilh man, who before the forefayd 
 yere 1526 had found the way to the We/l Indies, and was there refident, 
 vnto whom the fayd M[after] Nicolas Thorne fent certaine armour and 
 other commodities fpecified in the letter aforefayd. — Principal Navigations, 
 &'c. &'c. of the English Nation, Vol, II., Part 11.,/. 3, Ed. 1599. 
 
 Hakluyt, referring again to this note, hazards the following 
 surmise : — 
 
 This Thomas Tifon (fo farre as I can coniecture) may feeme to haue bene 
 fome fecret factour for M. Thorne aud other Englilh marchants in thofe 
 remote partes, whereby it is probable that fome of our marchants had a 
 kind of trade to the Weft Indies, euen in thofe ancient times and before 
 alfo. — Idem, Vol. III.,/. 500, Ed. 1600. 
 
 This conjecture is confirmed by the fact that Nicolas Thorne, 
 at his death in 1527, owed this Thomas Tyson the sum of 
 £1 2 : ss. (probably on account of business). — See Letters and 
 Papers on the Reign of Henry VII/,, Edited by the Rev. J. S. 
 Brewer, M.A., IV. (2),/. 1256. 
 
 7. Imbedded in Halle's Chronicle is the following note, 
 quite unconnected with anything going before or after, and to 
 which also he makes no subsequent allusion whatever : — 
 
 This fame moneth [May 1527, 19 Hen. VIII.], the kyng fent two fayre 
 Ihippes, well manned and vitailed, hauing in thcim diuers conning men, to 
 feke ftrange regions; and fo furth thei fct, out of the Thamis, the twentie 
 day of May, if thei fped well you (hall here at their retorne. fol. 158, *. 
 
 This note Richard Grafton, who had printed Halle's Chro- 
 nicles in 1548, transferred (with but variations of spelling) top. 
 1 149 of his own Chronicle, printed by Henry Denham in 1569. 
 
 Richard Hakluyt, in his Principal Navigations, Voyages, ami 
 Discoveries, thus records his researches as to this expedition : — 
 
 ND whereas mafter Hall and mailer Grafton fay, that in thofe 
 ftiips there were diuers cunning men, I haue made great 
 inquirieof fuchas, by their yeeres and delight in nauigation, 
 might giue me any light to know who thofe cunning men 
 (hould be, which were the directers in the aforefayd voyage. 
 And it hath bene told mee by Sir Martin Frobiflier, and maflcr Richard 
 Allen a Knight of the Sepulchre, that a Canon of S. Paul in London, 
 which was a great Mathematician, and a man indued with wealth, did much 
 aduance the action, and went therein himfelfe in |>erfon, but what his name 
 was, I can not leame of any. And further they told mee that one of the 
 (hips was called the Dominus vobiscum, which is a name likely to bee giuen 
 by a religious man of thofe dales, and that failing very farre Northwell- 
 ward, one of the (hips was caft away as it entred into a dangerous gulphe, 
 about the great opening, betwcene the North partes of New found land, 
 and the countrey lately called by her maieftie Mela Incognita [i.e, Labrador]. 
 
XIV 
 
 Preface. 
 
 Whereupon the other fliip fliaping her courfe towards Cape Brittof, and the 
 coaft of Norumbega [Ilakluyt substitutes Aramhec in his 1600 Etlition], 
 and oftentimes putting their men on land to fearch the flate of thofe 
 vnknowen regions, returned home about the beginning of October, of the 
 yeere aforefaid. And thus much (by reafon of the great negligence of the 
 writers of thofe times, who (hould haue vfed more care in preferuing the 
 memories of the worthie actes of our nation) is all that hitherto I can leame, 
 or find out of this voiage.— /. Si7> Ed. 1589; also, iii 129, Ed. 1600. 
 
 Of this enterprise, Purchas some thirty-five years later has 
 preserved for us, at pp. 808-91 of the Third volume of his 
 Pilgrimes, 1625, the following more authentic testimony: — 
 
 I EE will recreate you with a plaine Mariners Letter endorse<l 
 in homely phrafe. To the Honourable Kings Grace of Eng- 
 land, here (as I thinke) giuen you from the Originall. I 
 haue alfo another written to Cardinal Wolfcy touching the 
 fame voyage in Latin, by Alhertus de Praia ; for the 
 nntiquitie rather then any remarkable raritie, worthy here to be mentioned.' 
 " I mentioned before Mafter 7>ior«« fathers finding out Neto-found Land, 
 with Mafter Eliot. Thefe animated King ffenrie the eight to fet forth 
 two (hips for difcouerie, one of which perithed in the North parts of Neia- 
 found Land. The Mafter of the other, John Rut, writ this Letter to King 
 Henrie, in bad EngliJIt and worfe Writing. Ouer it was this fuperfcription. " 
 Mafter Grubes two (hips departed from Plymouth the 10. day 
 of lune, and arriued in the Nexv-found-Land in a good Harbour, 
 called Cape deBas, the 21. day of luly : and after we had left the 
 fight of Selle [? Scilly], we had neuer fight of any Land, till we 
 had fight of Cape de Bas. 
 
 'Jcafing your Honorable Grace to hcare ofyourferuant lohn Rut, 
 witlt all his Company here, in good health, thanks be to God, 
 and your Graces Jhip, The Mary of G[u'lil[d]ford wit'- all 
 her thanhs be to God: And if it pleafe your 
 
 honorable Grace, werannein our courfe to the Northward, till 
 we came into 53. degrees, and there we found many great Hands of Ice and 
 deepe water, we found no founding, and then we durfl not goe no further to 
 the Northward for feai e of more Ice, and then we cafl about to the Southward, 
 and within foure dayes after we had one hundred and fixtie fathom, and then 
 wee came into 52. degrees, and fell with the mayne Land, and within ten 
 leagues of the mayne Land we met with a great Hand of Ice, and came hard 
 by her, for ii was flanding in deepe water, andfo went in with Cape de Bas, 
 a good Harbor, (fd many small Hands, and a great frefh Kiuer going vpfarre 
 into the mayne Land, and the may ne Land allwilderneffe and mountaines and 
 woods, and no naturall ground but all moffe, and no inhabitation nor no people 
 in thefe parts : and in the woods we found footing of diners great beafls, but we 
 faw none not in ten leagues. And pleafe your Grace, the Samfon and wee kept 
 company all the way till within huo dayes before wee ma with all the Hands of 
 Ice. Thatwasthefirfl day of luly at night, and there rofe a great and a mar- 
 nations great florme, and much foule weather; I trufl in Almightie Itfu to 
 hcare good newes of her. And pleafe your Grace, we were confidering and a 
 writing of all our order, how we would wafh [? watch] vs, and what courfe 
 wee would draw, and when God doe fend foule weather, that with Cape de 
 Spcry/fc- [i.e. each fhip\ fliould goe, and he that came firfl fhould tarry the 
 fpace of fixe weeks one for another, and watered at Cape de Bas ten dayes, 
 ordering of your Graces fliip, andfiflung, andfo departed toward the South- 
 ward to feeke our fellow: the third day of Augufi we entered into a good 
 Hauen, called Saint lohn, and there we found eleuenfaile of 'Normans, and 
 one Brittaine, and tivo Portugall Barkes, and all a fifhing, and fo we are 
 readie to depart tmoaidCape de Bas,* and that is huentie fiue leagues, as 
 
 • The very high antiquity of these letters— which are the earliest ever known to have 
 been sent home by Englishmen from America— constitutes their great modern value. 
 
 ' The next two sentences are a jumble of error. It is clear from the text that the 
 expedition consisted of three ships : Master Grube's or Grub's two ships one of which was 
 called the Sampson, the name of the other does not transpire (if it could be ascertained 
 to be the Dominus Vobiscum. the chain of testimony would be complete) ; together with 
 the King's ship, the Mary o/CuiMford. commanded by John Uut. 
 
 '* Purchas evidently intends us to understand that the endorsement is contemporary 
 with the letter. 
 
 * This is evidently a mistake through the hurry in wri(ing. It should be Capt de Spet 
 [Cabo de Spera, " the Cape 0/ the Spear "]. For the two ships, after having stayed 
 
 xiv 
 
 fiwrtly as we haue fifhed, and fo along the coafl till we may mcete with our 
 fellow, andfo with all diligence that lyes in me towards parts to that Hands 
 that we are commanded by the grace of God, as we were commanded at our 
 departing. Aiul thus lefu faue and keepe your honorable Grace, and all 
 your honourable Reuer., in the Hauen of Saint lohn, the third day oj Auguft, 
 written in hafle. 1527. 
 
 By your feruant lohn Rut, to his vttermoft of his power. 
 
 I haue by me alfo Albert de Prato's'^ originall Letter, in Latin ftille, 
 ahnoft as harsh as the former Englifii, and bearing the fame date, and was 
 indorfed, Reiierend in Chri/lo Patri Domino Domino Cardinali et Domino 
 Legatt Anglia: and began, ReuerendiJ/ime in Chrifio Pater falutem, 
 Reuerendifilme Pater, placeat Reuerendifiima: faternitati vefine fcire Deo 
 fauente poflquam exiuimus h Plemut quafuit x. lunij &'c, (The fubftance 
 is the fame with the former, and therefore omitted.) Datum apudle Baya 
 Saint lohan in Terris Nouis, die x. Augu/li 1527. Reuer. Patr. vcft. 
 humilisferuus, Albertus de Prato (the name written in the loweft comer ol 
 the fiiect). 
 
 We are fortunately able to trace this expedition still further. 
 By " towards parts to that Hands that we are commanded," 
 John Rut meant the West Indies ; and we have accounts by 
 two Spanish historians of his arrival there, which will demand 
 of us some further attention. 
 
 Gonzales Fernandez de Oviedo y Vakle's — b. at Madrid 1478, 
 d. at Valladolid 1557, and who resided for many years in the 
 West Indies — wrote, in addition to the Natural hystoria de las 
 Indias printed at Toledo on 15th February 1526, from which 
 Eden has translated large extracts at pp. 20S-242 of this 
 Volume; another and his most important work, entitled La 
 historia general de las Indias, the printing of which was com- 
 pleted at Seville on 30th September 1535 (or about eight years 
 after Rut's expedition) ; every copy of which is attested with 
 Oviedo's written signature. It does not appear that Eden had 
 met with this important work, or he would have assuredly 
 have made the following extract from it. 
 
 On folio clxj. of this work, being the Thirteenth chapter of 
 the Nineteenth book, is the following passage, for the literal 
 translation of which we are much indebted to the courtesy 
 and kindness of the celebrated Spanish scholar, Don Pas§ual 
 de Gayangos. 
 
 Before we come to the extract ; an error as to its date (which 
 misled Ilakluyt, and may mislead others) must be noted for 
 avoidance, in the Third Volume of J. B. Ramusio's Navigationi 
 e Viaggi. Each Volume of this celebrated Collection was printed 
 in a different year by L. A. Giunti at Venice. Vol. I., of which 
 a First Edition had been printed in 1550, appeared corrected 
 and enlarged in March 1554. Of Vol. II., the Preface of which 
 is dated 7th July 1554, the earliest known is that of 1559; 
 while Vol. III., the Preface of which is dated 20th June 1553, 
 appears to have been first printed in 1556 ; that is to say, in 
 the year after Eden's Compilation was published in London. 
 
 Now, at p. 204 of this Third Volume, o' ', occurs this 
 important typographical error. Oviedo in is 55 begins Elanno 
 
 ten days, 21-31 July 1527, at Cape de Bas, sailing southwiird. had reached St. John*t 
 harbour on the 3d of August, and then purposed to go 75 miles more, evidently to the 
 southward, to Cape de Sper, the appointed rendezvous, where they hoped to meet the 
 Sampson. From the date of the priest's letter, however, it is evident that the two 
 English ships stayed a week longer at St. John's. These letters were probably sent to 
 England in one of the Norman or Drcton fishing boats, 
 
 1 I have quite failed to find any notice of this Albertus de Prato. Af ight tliat be a 
 latinised furm of Albert Prat ? or was the bearer of the name a foreigner? I can trace 
 no such name in Le Neve's Fasti or Newcourt's Repertorium. It would be interesting 
 if ho could be identified with Hakluy t's mathematical Canon of St. Paul'i. 
 
Preface. 
 
 XV 
 
 \eetc ivith our 
 'u thai Hands 
 landed at eur 
 race, and all 
 'ayoJAugu/t, 
 
 his power. 
 
 1 Latin ftille, 
 date, and was 
 ttli et Domino 
 ater /alutem. 
 Irin fcire Deo 
 Tlie fubftance 
 1 apudle Bay a 
 <r. Pair. vcjl. 
 )weft comer ol 
 
 Still further, 
 jmmanded," 
 accounts by 
 will demand 
 
 Madrid 1478, 
 years in the 
 ystoria de las 
 , from which 
 I-242 of this 
 entitled Za 
 ich was com- 
 it eight years 
 attested with 
 hat Eden had 
 ve assuredly 
 
 h chapter of 
 or the literal 
 the courtesy 
 Don Pas9nal 
 
 date (which 
 be noted for 
 
 Navigathni 
 in was printed 
 
 I., of which 
 red corrected 
 face of which 
 hat of 1559; 
 h June iS53i 
 
 is to say, in 
 in London. 
 
 o'jcurs this 
 legins Elanno 
 
 ■eachcd St. John'* 
 , evidently to the 
 loped to meet the 
 lent that the two 
 re probably sent to 
 
 Might tliat be a 
 jncr f I can trace 
 oiild be interesting 
 lurs. 
 
 \de MJ.xxTij. antws, &'C.; which Ramusio in 1556 tra' " ' s 
 
 ■ Nel 15 17 instead of Nel 1527. Hakluyt in 1589, not su., Jt- 
 
 ing any falsification, thereupon adduces the following extract 
 
 , in support of fabulous English voyage of 1517, hereafter 
 
 .asserted by Eden at /. 6 : but the date being wrong, his 
 
 argument, of course, falls to pieces. 
 
 J It would also seem that Oviedo was residing in the city of 
 
 vlSanto Domingo, when he wrote this portion of his history. 
 
 .\^wln AFTER 13. Of certain foreign corsairs which passed to these parts and 
 Indies, and what has been the cause ind origin of their bad thoughts. 
 
 N the year Mdxxvii. an English cor.'air, under colour or pre- 
 tence that he was going to discover land, came with a large 
 ship to the Brazil on the coast of Tierra Firme, and from 
 thence crossed to this Island Ilispanola, and arrived clo.se to 
 the mouth of the harbour of this city [Santo Domingo]. I le 
 Wt his boat properly manned, and asked for permission to come into port, 
 a^ing that he came with merchandise and to barter [with the inhabitants]. 
 At the same moment the Governor, Francisco de Tapia, ordered a gun to 
 In fired against the said [English] ship, which was coming straight into 
 fie harbour ; which being observed by the English, they went away, after 
 ng on board the said boat's crew. And, to toll the truth, the Governor 
 pia] was wrong in what he did, for had the English vessel entered the 
 ibour, armed though she was, she could not have left without the con- 
 of this city and castle. 
 lO that the English, seeing the reception that was made to them, sailed 
 tt the direction of the Island of San Juan, and having entered the Bay of 
 Sn Germ-tn, spoke to the inhabitants of that town, and asked for provi- 
 tions : uttering complaints against the people of this island [Mispaniola], 
 and saying that they had not come to annoy the people, but to traffic with 
 tfwm, if they consented, for money or merchandise . Provisions were given 
 to them, and they gave pewter vessels and other goods in return. After 
 Vifeich the ship sailed for Europe ; but it is supposed that she never reached 
 iMr destination, for nothing more was heard of her. 
 
 Considering that Oviedo printed the above less than eight 
 
 jftars after the event, there can hardly be any mistake as to the 
 
 Ifar being 1527. Yet in a later Spanish historian we find these 
 
 umstances, in much fuller detail, narrated as occurring in 
 
 19. So that of the three dates 15 17, 1519, and 1527; the 
 
 t is the true one. 
 
 ntonio de Herrera Tordesillas, \b. i SS9 at Cuella de Segovia; 
 
 29th March 1625 at Madrid], was born two years after the 
 
 (diath of Oviedo. The first four Decades of his Historia General 
 
 A los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas i tierra fir me were 
 
 piintcd in 1601, the last four in i6i5;both at Madrid. In the 
 
 :ond Decas, which was published seventy-four years after 
 
 it's voyage, we have an account of him and his doings, evi- 
 
 tly derived from a written deposition ; as Oviedo's had been 
 
 er from hearsay or from personal observation. It consists 
 
 the narrative (for the translation of which I am indebted 
 
 my friend, the late H. Pyne, Esq., Assistant Tithe 
 
 mmissioner) of Ginbs Navarro, master of a Spanish caravel, 
 
 apparently piloted Rut's ship from Porto Rico by the 
 
 nd of Mona to Santo Domingo, and then back again to 
 
 Germano in the island of Porto Rico. 
 
 tiiE Arrival of an English Shii' in the Indies, and the State 
 OF Affairs in the Islands, 
 
 »FTER the departure of the ships which carried [? to Spain] 
 the gold pearls and ordinary merchandise ; a caravel of 
 Saint Domingo being in the island of San Juan [de Porto 
 Rico], loading with casava ; there arrived [at Porto Rico] a 
 ship of three masts, and of the burden of 150 tons. The 
 
 master of the caravel, [who] went out in his bo.it to this ship, supposing 
 it to be a Spanish vessel, discovered [coming towards him] a pinnace 
 containing twenty-five men armed with corslets and cross-bows, and having 
 two pieces of artillery in its prow. 
 
 They said that they were Englishmen, and that their ship was from 
 England ; that, in company with another armed ship, they had sailed to 
 seek the country of the Great Khan, but that the ships had been separated 
 in a tempest : and that theirs, proceeding on its voyage, came to a frozen 
 sea, where they found large islands of ice ; that they had then altered their 
 course, and come to a hot sea [? the Gulf Stream], which seethed like water 
 in a caldron ; and in order that the caulking of the ship might not be 
 melted, they went in search of the Baccilaos,' where they found fifty" 
 Spanish, French, and Portuguese ships, and that they wishing to land there 
 in order to obtain an Indian interpreter, they [the Indians] killed the pilot, 
 who was a Piedmontcie. From thence, they had coasted as far as the 
 Rio de Chicora [the River of Chicora, i.e. Kii'cr in Carolina], and had 
 crossed over from that river to the island of San Juan [tie Porto Rico]. 
 
 Upon being asked, What they were searching for in those islands? thty 
 said that they were desirous of .seeing them, for the purpose of giving an 
 account of them to the King of England, and to take a cargo from Brazil. 
 
 They invited the master of the caravel, who was called Gines Navarro, 
 to come on board their ship, and to show them the course to Saint Dom- 
 ingo. He saw in the ship a quantity of wine, flour, and other provisions ; 
 as well as much cloth, linen, and other articles of merchandise. They 
 carried much artillery and a forge, and carpenters for ship-building, andau 
 oven for baking bread ; and there were [in the ship] threescore men. 
 
 Gines Navarro further stated that, if he could have read them, the 
 captain of the ship wished to show him the instructions which he brought 
 from the King of England ; that they had sent a company ashore at the 
 Island of Mona,* and that they had bartered some pewter in the Island of 
 San Juan, 
 
 This ship went to the port of Santo Domingo, and sent the bark ashore, 
 saying That they were desirous of trading ; and [it] tarried there two days. 
 The governor of the Castle, upon the arrival of the ship, sent to inform the 
 Magistrates [? the Royal Audience'\, for the purpose of their giving him 
 orders what to do ; and as they returned no answer, he discharged a gun 
 at the ship, in consequence of which, she forthwith recalled the bark, and 
 by and by set sail. 
 
 The ship then returned to the back of the island of San Juan, and 
 tarried a short time there, trading with the inhabitants of the town of 
 Saint Germans ; and did not appear again. 
 
 The magistrates [of Saint Domingo] arrested the governor, saying that 
 he ought to have waited for their answer ; and sent information of this affair 
 to the King [of Spain], as well as of the bad condition of the fortress, so 
 that orders might be given for the fortification of it, and [that] there should 
 be directions [given] for the providing it with men, artillery, and military 
 stores. — Decades, ii.. Book v., Chapter 3., Ed. 1601. 
 
 Thus from four perfectly distinct and independent sources, 
 comes to us the certainty of this English voyage .across the 
 Atlantic in 1527; for a further discussion of which see that 
 masterpiece in its way, and rare book (in the Eastern 
 hemisphere at least), Mr. J. G. Kohl's History of the Discovery 
 of Maine, published by the Maine Historical Society at Port- 
 land, in 1869; and Mr. Biddle's Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, 
 London 1832. Both these writers think that the Piedmontese 
 pilot was the celebrated Verazzano. 
 
 It is interesting to know that John Rut got back safely to 
 England. For in Sept.-Dec. 1528, while still in the command 
 
 I The Indi.in word for codfish, applied by S. Calwt to the land he first discovered, 
 and afterwards loosely and vaguely applied to the American coast from Labrador far to 
 the southward. Here it evidently includes Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the north- 
 em seaboard States of the United States. 
 
 • This number m.iy be an ex,iggcratiun. If it be correct, the English squadron mi st 
 have met thirty or forty other fishing-boats on the Newfoundland ' banks,' beside the 
 fourteen they saw in St. John's harbour 
 
 i Mona is a small island in the track from Port Rico to Santc Domingo. 
 
 nv 
 
XVI 
 
 Preface. 
 
 of the Mary of Guildford, he was employed in freighting 
 home, on the King's behalf, wine from Bourdeaux. See Royal 
 M.S. 14. B, xxix., in the British Museum. 
 
 8. We have seen by the above that the King's ships left the 
 Thames on 20th May 1527. Whatever else may be doubtful, 
 that is certain : and therefore it is equally certain that the 
 ' Book ' which Robert Thome, the Bristol merchant, wrote at 
 Seville in that year, and sent to Doctor Leigh, the King's 
 almoner, and the English ambassador in Spain, had nothing to 
 do with the fitting out of that London expedition. 
 
 This far-seeing discourse, with its preliminary exhortation to 
 the King, was first printed by R[ichard] H[akluyt] in his 
 Diuers Voyages, csr-c. in 1582. Its only date is 1527, which 
 occurs twice ; each time after the author's signature — ' Robert 
 Thome. 1527.' As Hakluyt reproduced Thome's curious 
 ' Carde ' or map, it is quite evident that he had before him, in 
 1582, the original and autographic book penned by the author ; 
 and therefore the date 1527 must be accepted by us without a 
 doubt. 
 
 Now it was the English custom at that time, to reckon the 
 year from the 2Sth March, the Feast of the Annunciation of 
 the Virgin. The ' Book ' was therefore written at the earliest 
 after the 2Sth March 1527. 
 
 The two following passages in it, taken together, would seem 
 to show that it was not ivrilten till the summer was far advanced, 
 probably while Rut's expedition was skirting the American coast. 
 
 In a flote of three fliippes and a caraucU that went from this citie, armed 
 by the merchauntes of it, which departed in Aprill lad pad, I and my 
 partner hjiue 14CX). Ducatcs that we employed in the fayd fleete, principally 
 for that two Engliflimen friends of mine [see p. xiii.] whiche are fomewhat 
 learned in Cofmographie, Ihoulde go in the fame (hippes, to bring mcc 
 certaine relation of the filuation of the countrey, and to bee experte in the 
 Nauigation of thofe feas, and there to haue informations of many other 
 things, and aduife that I defire to know efpccially. Seeing in thefe 
 quarters are ftiips, and marrincrs of that countrey, and cardes [charts] by 
 which they fayle, though much vnlike ours, that they (hould procure to 
 haue the faid cards, and learne howe they vndcrftande them, and 
 efpecially to know what Nauigation they haue for thefe Ilandes North- 
 wardes and Northeaftwarde. B. 4. 
 
 But if it pleafe God that into Englande I may come with your Lordfliip, 
 I will fliewe fome coniectures of rcafon though ogainft the general! opinion 
 of Cofmographers, by which ihall appeare this that I fay not to lacke fome 
 foundation. And tyll that time I befceche your Lordfliip let it bee put to 
 filence : and in the meane feafon, it may pleafe God to fende our two 
 Engliflimen, that are gone to the fpicerie, which may alfo bring more plainc 
 declaration of yat which in this cafe might be required. . . i>. 3. 
 
 It would seem that Thome by ' April lad parte ' means April 
 1527 ; for if he had intended April 1526, and wrote this * Book ' 
 in the seven days of 25-31 March, then by English custom 
 reckoned as the first days of 1527, he would assuredly have 
 said ' April lad year.' It is also evident from the allusion that 
 a considerable time had elapsed since the two Englishmen had 
 left for the West Indies; and that, at the time of writing, Thome 
 was looking forward to their return. The earliest approximate 
 date that can therefore be assigned to its composition is the 
 summer of i527> Dr. Leigh did not return to England till 
 January 1530. 
 
 We must therefore assign the occasion and preparation of 
 this English voyage of Oceanic discovery of 1527 to other 
 
 persons than Robert Thome. Such an important effort, as this 
 expedition most certainly was, could not have been suddenly 
 determined upon, and probably originated in the previous year. 
 Thome's ' Book ' is also interesting for another reference to 
 a very early English voyage across the Atlantic. 
 
 So that as afore is fayde, if betweene our Newe founde landes or Norway, 
 or Iflande the Seas towarde the north be Nauigable, wee flioulde goc to 
 thefe Ilandes a fliorter way by more then 2cxx>. leagues. And though wee 
 went not in the faide Ilandes, for that they are the Emperours or Kinges 
 of Portingale, wee flioulde by the way, and comming once to the line Equi- 
 nocti.ill, finde landcs no lefle riche in Golde and fpicerie, as all other landes 
 are vnder the faide line Equinoctiall : and alfo flioulde, if wee may paflc 
 vnder the North, enioyc the Nauigation of all Tartaric. 
 
 Which fliould bee no lefle profitable to our commodities of clothe, then 
 thefe fpiceries to the Emperour, and King of Portugale. 
 
 But it is a gcnemll opinion of all Cofmographers that pafl'ing the fcuenth 
 clyme, the fca is all ice, the colde fo much that none can fuflcr it. And 
 liitherto they had all the like opinion that vnder the line Equinoctiall for 
 muche heate the lande was inhabitable. 
 
 Yet fince by experience is proued no lande fo much habitable nor more 
 temperate. And to conclude, I thinkc the fame flioulde bee founde vnder 
 the North, if it were experimented. For as all iudge. Nihil fit vacuum in 
 rerum naturic, fo I iudge there is no lande inhabitable [i.e. uninhabitable], 
 nor Sea innauigable. If I fliould write the reafon that prefenteth this 
 vnto me, I flioulde be too prolixe, and it feemeth not requiflte for th.s 
 prefent matter. God knoweth that though by it I flioulde haue no great 
 intereft, yet I haue had and flill haue no little minde of this buflncfle : So 
 that if I had facultie to my will, it flioulde bee ye firil thing that I wouldc 
 vndcrflande, euen to attempt, if our Seas Northwarde be nauigable to the 
 Pole or no. I reafon, that as fome fickcneflcs are hereditarious, and come 
 from the father to the foimc, fo this inclination or defire of this difcouerie 
 I inherited of my father, which with another merchant of Brillowe named 
 Hugh Eliot were the difcouerers of newe found lands, of the %vliich there 
 is no doubt, as now plainly appeareth, if the marriners would then haue 
 been ruled and folowed their pilots mind, the lands of the Wed Indies, 
 from whence all the gold commcth, had beene ours. For all is one coaflc, 
 as by the carde appeareth, and [as] is aforcfaide. . . . Z>. 2. 
 
 A most excellent account of the merchant family of the 
 Thomes of Bristol will be found in English Merchants, 
 1869, written by my fellow-student at King's College, Mr. H. 
 R. Fox Bourne. 
 
 9. The next English Voyage on our record introduces us to 
 a very famous name. It is thus preserved to us by Hakluyt. 
 
 A VOVACE TO BRASILL, MADE BY THE WORSUIPFULL M[^STER] WIL- 
 LIAM llAUKINS OF PLIMMOUTH, FATHER TO SIR lOHN UaUKINS, 
 
 Knight, sow living,' in the veere 1530. 
 
 Lde M. William Jlaukins of Plimmouth, a man for his wifdomc, 
 valure, experience, and flcill in fea caufes, much efteemed and 
 beloued of King //enry the eight, and being one of the prin- 
 cipal! Sea Captaines in the West piirtes in his time, not con- 
 tented with the fliort voyages commonly then made onely to 
 the knowen coafles of Europe, armed out a tall and goodly fliip of his owre 
 of the burthen of 250 tunnes, called the Pole [Paule, Ed. 1600] of Plim- 
 mouth, wherewith hee made three long and famous voyages vnto the coafl 
 of Brafill, a thing in thofe dayes very rare, efpecially to our Nation. In 
 the courfe of which voyages he touched at the Riuer of Sejlos vpon tlie 
 coafl of Guinea, where hee trafiqued with the Negroes, and tooke of them 
 Oliphants [Elephants, Ed. 1 600] teeth, and other commodities which that 
 
 1 As this was primed in ISS9, old William Hawkins lived to see the overthrow of tl>c 
 Spanish Armada, and so is very properly introduced by the Rev. Canon Kingsley, with 
 his usual truthfulness in details, in his celebrated Elitabethan romance of Wtttamrd II a ! 
 as a very old man, present at Plymouth with the Captains who were waitins the arrival ot 
 the great Spanish Fleet. 
 
Prhhace. 
 
 XV 11 
 
 •tant effort, as this 
 re been suddenly 
 the previous year, 
 other reference to 
 tic. 
 
 ie landes or Nitnvay, 
 
 , wee flioulde goc to 
 
 :s. And though wee 
 
 Emperours or Kingcs 
 
 once to the line Equi- 
 
 rie, as all other landes 
 
 Ide, if wee may palTe 
 
 ie. 
 
 Klities of clothe, then 
 
 ale. 
 
 lat pairing the feuenth 
 
 e can fuffer it. And 
 
 e line Equinoctiall for 
 
 ch habitable nor more 
 ulde bee founde vndcr 
 ;e. Nihil fit vacuum in 
 )le [i.e. uninhabitable^ 
 n that prefenteth this 
 I not requifite for th.s 
 (houlde haue no great 
 e of this bufincfle : So 
 rft thing that I woulde 
 rde be nauigable to the 
 lereditarious, and come 
 defire of this difcouerie 
 lant of Briftowe named 
 ids, of the which there 
 riners would then hauc 
 uds of the Weft Indies, 
 For all is one coaftc, 
 . . D.2. 
 
 hant family of the 
 English Merchants, 
 s College, Mr. H. 
 
 rd introduces us to 
 to us by Hakluyt. 
 
 FULL M[aster] Wil- 
 
 SIR lOHN HAUKINS, 
 
 ', a man for his wifdomc, 
 ifes, much efteemed and 
 id being one of the prin- 
 rtes in his time, not con- 
 only then made onely to 
 
 goodly (hip of his owre 
 ule, Ed. \(io6\o{Plim- 
 
 voyages vnto the coaft 
 dly to our Nation. In 
 
 .iuer of Scjlos vpon the 
 roes, and tooke of them 
 commodities which that 
 
 to see the overthrow of tie 
 Rev. Canon Kingsley, wiih 
 
 I ronuince of Ifeslwanl //•> ! 
 
 o were waiting the artival ot 
 
 f 
 
 place yetldclli : and fo arriuiiij; on the coaft o( /<i;i/i/, vfcd there fuch dif- 
 crction, and beh.iued himfelf fo wifely with thufe fau.igc pcojile, that he 
 grew into gre.it familiaiitie and frienddiip with them. Infumuch that in 
 his 2. voyage, one of the fauage kings of the countrey of lirafdl, was con- 
 tented to take (hippe with him, and to bee tranfportcd hither into 
 England, whereunto M[aJlei-\ Ilaiikins agreed, leaning beliinde in the 
 Countrey as a pledge for his fafetie and rctume againe, one Marlin Cocke- 
 ram al Ptimmoulh. This Brafdian king being avrlued [i.e. in 1531], was 
 brought vp to London, and prefentcd to King Ilcniy the 8. lying as then 
 at Whilchatt: at the fight of whomc, the King and all the Nobilitie did not 
 a little marueile, nn<l not without caufe : for in his cheekes were holes made 
 according to their fauage maner, and therein fniall bones were planted, 
 ftanding an inche out from the fald holes, which in his owne Countrey was 
 reputed for a great brauerie. lie had alfo another hole in his nether lippe, 
 wherein was fet a precious ftone about the bignelTe of a peafe. All his 
 apparell, behauiour, and gefture were very ftrange to the beholders. 
 
 Ilauing remained here the fpace almoft of a whole ycre, and the king 
 with his fight fully fatiffied, M\i\ftci-\ Haukius according to his promife 
 and appointment, purpofed to conuey him againe into his Countrey : but it 
 fell out in the way that, by change of iiyre and alteration of diet, the faid 
 fauage king died at Sea, which was feared would turne to the lolTe of the 
 ' life of Martin Cockcram his pledge. Neuerthelene, the Sauagcs being fully 
 Vperfwadetl of the honeft dealing of our men with their Triuce, reftored 
 againe the faide pledge, without any harme to him, or any man of the com- 
 panic : which pledge of theirs they brought home againe into England, 
 ivith their lliippe fraighted and furniflied with the commodities of the 
 Countrey. Which Marline Cockcram, by the witnelTe of Sir lohn Ilaukius, 
 being an ofTiccr in the towne of riimmotitli, was lining within thefe fewe 
 jreares.— /. 520, Ed. 15S9. 
 
 10. Let US now look eastward. In 1592, (three years after 
 
 the appearance of the First edition of his Voyages, &c.), Hakluyt 
 
 became acquainted with a very old man, a Londoner named 
 
 John Williamson, then apparently the sole smvivor of our first 
 
 traffic in the Levant; which dying out, ha;l been revived in 1580. 
 
 These early Levant voyages were veiy important; inasmuch 
 
 • as they were the school in which some of the princii)al Agents 
 
 'and Captains of the Moscovy Company, like Richard Cray antl 
 
 Richard Chancellor, received their chief training. 
 
 A voyage made with the JItipf'es called the Holy CroHTe, and the Matthew 
 Gonfon, to the lies of Candia and Chio, about the ycre 1534, according to 
 a relation made to Majler Richard Ilackluit by lohn Williamfon, Cooper 
 and citizen of London, who lined in the yere 1 592, and vient as cooper in 
 the Mathew Gonfon the next voyage after. 
 
 'lie fliippcs, called the Holy Croffe and the Mal/hao Gonfon, 
 made a voyage to the I landes of Candia and Chio in Turkic, 
 about the yeere 1 534. And in the Mathnv went as Captainc 
 M [after] Richard Gonfon, fonne of old Mafter William 
 Gonfon, paymafter of the kings Nauie. In this firft voyage 
 [/.(■■ of the two described by IVilliamson] went William Ilolflocke (who after- 
 wauls Wi.s Controuller of her Maiefties \i.e. Queen Elizabeth's] Nauie, lately 
 ; •kccafcd) as page to M[after] Richard Gonfon aforefaid, which M[after] 
 VGonf'i. died in Chio in this his firft voyage. The fl)ip called the Holy 
 \Croffe was a fliort (luppe, and of burden 160 tunnes. And hauing beene 
 la full yeere at the fea in performance of this voyage, with great danger llie 
 In'turned home, where, vpon her arriuall at Blackii)all, in the riuer of Thames, 
 her wine and oyle caike was found fo weake that they were not able to 
 lh')yfe them out of the fliip, but were conftraincd to draw them as they lay, 
 land put their wine and oyle into new veffels, and fo to vnlade the fliippe. 
 iTheir chiefe fraight was very excellent Mufcatels and red Malmefie, the like 
 Iwhcreof were feeldome feene before in England. They brouglU home alfo 
 igood quaiUitie of fweeto oyles, cotton woolles, Turkic Carpets, Galles, 
 ICynamon, and fome other fpices. The faide Ihippe called the I/oly Croffe 
 ■was fo fliaken in this voy.ige, and fo weakened, that (he was layd vp in the 
 Iducke, and neuer made voyage after.— ^'0/. XL, Fart I.,/. 98, Ed. 1599. 
 
 K.UEN. 
 
 rlnothcr royatx to the lies <yCauclia and Chin made by tlu-Jhfpc, the Mathew 
 Gonfon, about the yccre \t,},^,aicordiiiglo the relation of V\\\\\ Williauifiin, 
 then Cooper in the fame Jhip, made to .I/[iy/.v] Kichanl llackliut, in the 
 
 He gooil lliippe called the Matluto Gonfn, of bi'rthen 300 
 tumies, whereof was owner old M[after] William Gonfon, 
 payniailer of the Kings Nauie, made lier voyage in the yere 
 '535- In tliis (hip went as Captaiue, Richard Gray, who long 
 after died in Raffia. Mafler ll'dliam lloljiocke, afterward 
 Controuller of the (jiieencs Natiic, went then as purfer in the fame voyage. 
 The Mafter was one lohn Pichcl, feniant to old M[after] ll'dliam Gonfon. 
 fames Rumnic was Matters male. The mafter cooper was lohn ll'dliam- 
 y<'«, citizen of /.<>Hi/i'«, lining in llie yeere 1 592, and dwelling in Sa[i\nt 
 Dnnjlons parish, in the Irlaft. Tlic .M[after] Gunner was lohn Godjrey of 
 ISriJloll. In this fliip were 6 gunners and 4 trunipetters, all which foure 
 trumpetters at our relume homewards went on land at Mtffina in the Hand 
 of Sicilia, as our (liip road there at anker, and gat them into the Gallics 
 that lay neere vnto vs, and in them went to Rome. The whole number of 
 our companie in this (liip were abuul 100. men, we were alfo furniflied with 
 a great bote, which was able to carry 10 tunnes of water, wliich at our 
 returne homewards we towed all the way from Chio vnlil we came through 
 the ftiaight of Gil)[r]altar into the maine Ocean. We had alfo a great 
 long boat and a (kilT. We were out vpon this voyage eleuen months, yet 
 in all this time there died of fickncfle but one man, wliofe name was George 
 Eornfl, being feruant to our Carpenter called Thomas Vlummcr. — Idem. 
 
 The Island of Scio, the extreme point of the above two 
 voyages, had long been the property of a Genoese family, the 
 Justiana, under the sovereignty of the Senate of that city. 
 How the Turks first put it to tribute, and finally took posses- 
 sion of it in 1568, is thus narrated in two letters, written on 
 the 14th of February 1569 by an Englishman, Caspar Campion, 
 who had " traded in this countrey \i.c. the islanil and its vici- 
 nity] about this 30. yeres \i.e. 1539-1569], and haue beene 
 maried in the towne of Chio full 24. yeres \i.e. 1544-1569]." 
 
 T^^^^Slr, you fii.iU vnderrtand that the Ifland of C/;/V in time part 
 5KV^*<^i-5 '••''''' ''cne a Signiorie or lordlhip of it felfe, and did belong 
 5\\^^ r3 '" ''"^ Genowaies. There were 24. of them that gouerned 
 C ^\L!^ 2 ''"^ illand which were called Maumfcs. l!ut in continuance 
 of time the Turke waxed fo ftrong and miglitie, that 
 they, confidering they were not able to keepe it, unletTe they fliould 
 become his tributaries, bccaufe the Illand had no come, nor any kind of 
 vitailes to Uillaine thcmfelues, but onely that which niuft of neccffitie come 
 out of the Turkes dominions, and the fayd illand being inclofed with the 
 Turks round about, and but 12. miles from the Turks Continent, thercfijre 
 the faid Ctnoioaics did compound and agree to be the Turkes tributaries, and 
 topay him 14000. thousand ducales yeerely, Alwayes prouided that they fliould 
 keep their l.awes both fpirilual and temporall, as they did when the Hand 
 was in their owne hands. Thus he granted them their priuiledge, which they 
 inioycd for many yeeres, fo that all llrangers and alfo many Englifli men 
 did trade thither of long continuance, and went and came in fafely. In this 
 meane time, the prince Pedro Doria ^l)eing a Genouois) became a captaine 
 to feme the Emperour with 30. or 40. g.illies againft the Turke. And fince 
 that lime diners other captaines belonging to Genoa h.aue beene in the 
 feruice of king Philip againll the Turke. Moreouer, whenfoeuer the Turke 
 made out any army, he perceiued that no nation diti him more hurt then 
 thofe Genouois, who were his triljutaries. I.ikewife at the Turkes fiege of 
 Malta, before which place he lay a great while, with lolTe of his men, and 
 alfo of his gallies, he found none fo troublefome vnto his force as one 
 luanette Doria, a Clenouois, and diuers others of the Hand of Chio, who 
 were his tributaries. At which fight, he looke fuch <lifpleafuic againft them 
 of Chio, that he fent certaine of his gallies to the Hand, for to feife vpon all 
 the goods of the 24. Mauncfes, and to turne lliein with their wiues and 
 children out of the Hand ; but they would let none other depart, bccaufe 
 the Hand (liould not be vnpeopled. So that now the Turke hath fent one 
 of his chiefe men to rule there.— Hakluyt, I 'ol. II., Part I., /. 1 14, Ed. 1 599. 
 
XVlll 
 
 Preface. 
 
 Another letter of Campion's, begins thus : 
 
 jT may pleafe your worfhip to vndcrdand, that as concerning 
 the voyage to CAio, what great profit would be gotten, both 
 for merchants and alfo for owners of (hippes (as it was well 
 knowen in thofe dayes when the Afatl/inv Gon/on, the Trinitit 
 Fitstvilliams, and the Sauiour of Brijltno, with diuers other 
 fliips, which traded thither yerely, and made their voyage in ten or twelue 
 moneths, and the longefl in a yecre), M[after] Francis Lambert, M[after] 
 Mm Brooke, and M[afler] Drauer ctn trucly inform you hereof at large. 
 And by rcafun that wee haue not traded into thofe parts thefc many yeeres 
 \i.e. previous to 1569], and the Turlic is giowen mighty, whereby our fliips 
 doe not trade as they were woont . . . . — Ilakluyt, Voyages, Vol, 
 II., Part I.,/. 116, Ed. 1599. 
 
 Finally we may take leave on this occasion of the interesting 
 subject of the early English trade in the Mediterranean, with 
 the following note of Hakluyt's. 
 
 &IIis trade into the Lcuant. , . . was very vfuall and much 
 frequented from tlie yeere of our Lord 1511 till the yecre 
 1534, and afterwards alfo, though not fo commonly, vntil the 
 yeere 1550, when the barke Aucher under the conduct of 
 M[.ifler] Roger Bodenham made a profperous voyage into 
 Sicilia, Caiidio, Sio, and other places within the Leuant. Since which 
 time the forefaid trade (notwithllanding the grand Signiors ample priuilege 
 granted to M[afterJ Anthony Icnkenfon 1553, and the ftrong and weighty 
 reafons of Ga/par Campion for that purpofe) was vtterly difcontinued, and 
 in mancr quite forgotten, as if it had neuer bene, for the fpace of 20. yeares 
 or more \i.e. from the date of Jenkinson's privilege of 1553 until 1 575 ; when 
 the preliminary steps which resulted in the formation of the Turkey Com- 
 pany, were taken]. Voyagt^, Vol. II., Part !.,/>. 136, £d. 1599. 
 
 11. We now come to the tragical English voyage to New- 
 foundland, in 1536 ; as narrated by Master Oliver Daubeny, a 
 London merchant, to Hakluyt's cousin and namesake, Richard 
 Hakluyt of the Inner Temple ; and by Master Thomas Butts 
 of Norfolk, to himself It will ever be thought one of the 
 worthiest acts of our younger Hakluyt's worthy life, that, for the 
 simple assurance, with further details, of this voyage, he travelled 
 200 miles on horseback, probably into Norfolk and back. 
 
 TAe voyage of innjler Ilore and diuers other Gentlemen, to Neiofound land 
 and Cafe Breton, in the yeere 1536. and in the 28. yeere of King Henry 
 the eight. 
 
 .Ne mafler Hore of London, a man of goodly (lature and of 
 great courage, and giuen to the ftudie of Cofmographie, in 
 the 28. yeere of King Henry the 8. and in the yeere of our 
 Lord 1536. encouraged diuers gentlemen and others, being 
 aflided by the kings fauour and good countenance, to accom- 
 pany him in a voyage of difcouerie vpon the Northweft partes of America ; 
 wherein his perfwafions tooke fuch effect, that within fliort fpace many 
 gentlemen of the innes of court, and of Chauncerie, and diuers other of good 
 wordiip defircus to fee the ftrange things of the world, very willingly entered 
 into the action with him, fome of whofe names were as followeth : M[a(ler] 
 Wickes, a gentleman of the Weft countrey of fine hundred markes [cr/«- 
 valent to an income of £2yx) of the present day] by the yeere liuin^. Mafler 
 Tucke, a gentleman of Kent. Matter Tuckfield. M[after] Thomas Buts, 
 the fonne of Sir William Buts, Knight of Norfolke, which is yet aliue, and 
 from whofe mouth I wrote moft of this relation. Matter Hardie, Matter 
 Biron, Matter Carter, Matter Wright, Matter Raftall Sarieant Rattals 
 brother. Matter Ridley, and diuers other, which all were in the admirall 
 called the Trinitie, a fliip of feuen fcore tunnes, wherein M[after]. Hore him- 
 felfe was imbarked. In the other ftiippe, whofe name was the Minion, 
 went a very learned and vertuous gentlemen, one matter Armigil Wade, 
 father to the worfliipfull matter William Wade, now clerke of the priuie 
 counsell, Master Oliuer Daubeney merchant of London, M[afler] loy after- 
 ward gentleman of the kings chappell, with diuers other of good account. 
 The whole numl)er that went in the two tall fliips aforefayd, to wit, the 
 
 Trinitie and the Minion, were about fix fcore pcrfons, whereof 30. were 
 gentlemen, which all were muttered in warlike maner at Grauefend, and 
 after the recciuing of the facrament, they embarked themfelues at the end 
 of Aprill, 1536. 
 
 From the time of their fetting out from Grauefende, they were very long 
 at fea, to witte, aboue two moneths, and neuer touchctl any lande vntill 
 they came to part of the Weft Jndies about G7/»t' Breton, ftiaping their 
 courfe thence Northeaftwards, vntill they came to the Ifland of Pengiun, 
 which i very full of rockcs and ftones, whereon they went and founde it 
 full of great foules white and gray, as bigge as gecfe, and they fawe infinite 
 nombcrs of their egges. They draue a great nomber of the foules into their 
 boatcs vpon their failes, and tooke vp many of their egges, the foule they 
 flead and their Ikinnes were like hony combes full of holes being flead off: 
 they drcffed and eate them, and found them to be very good and nourittiing 
 meate. They fawe alfo ftore of beaies both blacke and while, of whome 
 they killed fome, and tooke them for no badde foode. 
 
 M[atter] Oliuer Daxobemy, which (as it is before mentioned) was in this 
 voyage, and in the Minion, tolde Mlaflerl Richard Ilakluyi of the middle 
 Temple tliefe things following: to wit. That after their arriuall in Neiifound 
 land, and hauing bene there certaine dayes at ancre, and not hauing yet 
 feene any of the naturall people of the Countrey, the fame Daivbeny walk- 
 ing one day on the hatches fpicd a boate with Sauagcs of thofe partes, 
 rowing downe the bay towarde them, to gafe vpon the lliippe and our people, 
 and taking viewe of tlieir comming aloofc, hee called to fuch as were vnder 
 hatches, and willed them to come vp if they would fee the naturall people 
 of the Countrey, that they had fo long and fo much defired to fee : Where- 
 upon they came vp and tooke view of the Sau.iges rowing toward them and 
 their fhijipe, and vpon the viewe they manned out a fliipboote to meete 
 them and to take them. But they fpying our fliipboote making towards 
 them, returned with maine force, and fled into an I Hand that laye vp in the 
 bay or riuer there, and our men purfued them into the Ifland, and the 
 Sauages fledde and efcaped: but our men founde a fire, and the fide of a 
 beare on a wodden fpit left at the fame by the Sauages that were fledde. 
 
 There in the fame place they founde a boot of leather gamiflied on the 
 vtter fide of the calfe in certain braue trades, as it were of rawe filke, and 
 alfo founde a certaine great warme mitten : And thefe carried with them, 
 they returned to their fliippe, not finding the Sauages, nor feeing any thing 
 elfe befides the foyle, and the things growing in the fame, which chiefly 
 were ftore of fire and pine trees. 
 
 And further, the faid M. Dawbeny told him, that lying there they grewe 
 into great want of victuals, and that there they found fniall reliefe, more then 
 that they had from the neft of an Ofprey, that brought hourely to her yong 
 great plentie of diifers forts of fiflies. But fuch was the famine that increafed 
 amongft them from day to day, that they were forced to feeke to relieue 
 themfelues of rawe herbes and rootes that they fought on the maine : but 
 the famine increafing and the reliefe of herbes being to little purpofe to 
 fatiffie their infatiable hunger, in the fieldes and defertes here and there, the 
 fellowe killed his mate while hee ftoupetl to take vp a roote for his reliefe, 
 and cutting out pieces of his body whome hee had murthered, broyled the 
 fame on the coles, and greedily deuoured them. 
 
 By this meane the company decreafed, and the officers kncwe not what 
 was become of them ; and it fortuned that one of the company driuen 
 with hunger to feeke abroade for reliefe, founde out in the fields the fauour 
 of broyled flefli, and fell out with one that hee would fuffer him and his 
 fellowes to fterue, enioying plentie as he thought : And this matter growing 
 to cruel fpeaches, he that had the broyled meate, burtt out into thefe wordes, 
 If thou wouldett needes knowe, the broyled meate that I had, was a piece 
 of fuch a mans buttocke. The report of this brought to the fliip, the 
 Captaine found what became of thofe that were milTmg, and was perfwaded 
 that fome of them were neither deuoured with wilde beattes, nor yet deftroyed 
 with the Sauages : And hereupon he ttcod vp and made a notable Oration, 
 containing. How much thefe dealings offended the Almightie, and vouched 
 the Scriptures from firft to laft what God had in cafes of diftrelfe done for 
 them that called vpon him, and told them that the power of the Almightie 
 was then no lelTe, then in al former time it had bene. And added, that ii 
 it had not pleafed God to haue holpen them in that diftrelTe, that yet it had 
 been better to be puniflied in body, and to haue liued euerlattingly, then 
 to haue relieued for a poore time their mortal bodies, and to bee con- 
 demned eretlastingly both body and foule to the vnquenchable fire of hel. 
 
 .«■» 
 
 v'®. 
 
P R E F A C F. 
 
 XIX 
 
 s, whereof 30. were 
 r at Graucfcncl, and 
 lemfelues at the end 
 
 they were very long 
 led any lande vntill 
 'reton, Ihnping their 
 
 Ifland of PengiHii, 
 ' went and fuunde it 
 id they fawe infinite 
 
 the foules into their 
 gges, the foule they 
 oles being flead off: 
 good and nouridiing 
 nd while, of whomc 
 
 intioned) was in this 
 ii-/iiyi of the middle 
 irriuall in Nm/oitnJ 
 , and not hauing yet 
 inie Dawbeny walk- 
 jcs of thofe partes, 
 ippe and our people, 
 3 fuch as were vnder 
 I the nalurall people 
 ired to fee : Where- 
 ng toward them and 
 fliipboote to mcete 
 >te making towanis 
 d that laye vp in the 
 the Idand, and the 
 e, p.nd the fide of a 
 that were fledde. 
 ler gamiflied on the 
 : of rawe filke, and 
 carried with them, 
 lor feeing any thing 
 fame, which chiefly 
 
 ig there they grewe 
 11 reliefe, more then 
 liourely to her yong 
 miine that increafed 
 to feeke to relieue 
 
 on the maine : but 
 to little purpofe to 
 
 here and there, the 
 roote for his reliefe, 
 
 thered, broyled the 
 
 rs knewe not what 
 lie company driuen 
 he fields the fauour 
 
 fuffer him and his 
 his matter growing 
 t into thefe wordes, 
 I had, was a piece 
 It to the (hip, the 
 and was perfwaded 
 s, nor yet deftroyed 
 
 a notable Oration, 
 ightie, and vouched 
 f didrelTe done for 
 ;r of the Almightie 
 And added, that if 
 eife, that yet it had 
 
 euerlallingly, then 
 
 and to bee con- 
 ichable fire of hel. 
 
 Ql And thus hauing ended to that efiect, he began to exhort to repentance, and 
 
 ' befought all the company 10 pray, that it might pleafe God to looke vpon 
 
 ] . tlieir niiferable prefent ftate, and for his owne inercle to relieue the fame. 
 
 And fuch was the mcrcie of God, that the fame night there arriued a 
 
 French (hlpiie in that port, well funiilhed with vittaile, and fuch was the 
 
 imlicie of the Kngllfli, that they liecome mafters of the fame ; and changing 
 
 ' fliipj and vitayling them, they fet failc to come into England. 
 
 In their ioumey they were fo farre Northwards, that they fawe mightie 
 
 Illands of yce in the funimer feafon, on which were haukes and other 
 
 ■ foules to reft themfelues, being wearle of flying oucr farre from the 
 
 -'.'.'. maine. They fawe alfo certaine great white foules with retlde bils and 
 
 :S redde legs, fomewhat bigjjer then I Icrons, which they fuppofcd to be rtorkes. 
 
 ?, 'I'hey arriued at S\iti>it\. lues in Comewall about the ende of October. 
 
 jIBe From thence they departed to a certaine Caftle belonging to sir Mm 
 
 SB Liittn-l, where i1/[<j/?c/'] T/iomas ljufsa.m\ Mlajier] KaJliiH a\v\ other gentle- 
 
 •* men of the voyage were very friendly intertained : after that they came to 
 
 . the Earle of Bathe at Balhe, and thence to Brijloll, and fo to London. 
 
 ' M\iiJ}cr\ Buts was fo changed in the voyage with hunger and niiferie, that 
 
 sir William his father and my Lady his mother knewe him not to be their 
 
 fonne, vntill they found a certaine fecret marke which was a wart vpon one 
 
 of his knees, as he tolde me Richard Hakluyt o/Oxforde himfelfe, to whome 
 
 I rode 200. miles onely to leanie the whole trueth of this voyage from his 
 
 owne mouth, as being the onely man now aliuc \i.e. in or about 1589] that 
 
 Aras in this difcoueric. 
 
 Certaine moneths after, thofe Frenchmen came into England, and made 
 complaint to king Hairy the 8 : the King caufing the matter to be exa- 
 mine<l, and finding the great diftrelTe of his fubiects, and the caufes of 
 jthe dealing fo with the French, was fo moued with pitie, that hee puniflied 
 not his fubiects, but of his owne purfe made full and royal recompenfe vnto 
 the French. 
 
 In this diftrefle of famine, the Engliih fomewh.it relieue their vitall 
 fpirits by drinking at the fprings the frclli water out of certaine wooden 
 cups, out of which they h.id drunke their Aqua coinpojita before. — Hakluyt, 
 Voyases.pp. SI7-S«9. Ed. 1589. 
 
 12. These are all the oceanic voyages performed by the 
 English in the reign of Henry VIII. which we have been 
 able to trace. It was under Edward, that our sailors first began 
 to creep down the African coast. The special significance of 
 these voyages lay in the then accredited proprietorship (through 
 the Papal Bull, repiinted at pp. 201-204) of the Portugese to 
 i the entire continent of Africa; and in the intentional and studied 
 ignorance of its coast line, in which the World was kept by that 
 nation. Every English voyage to its west coast was therefore 
 at once an act of revolt against the Papacy, and a challenge to 
 ,^the pretensions of Portugal. 
 
 The Levant trade was open to all who would dare to run 
 Ithe gauntlet of the Turks. The Spaniards recognised the claim 
 lof the English discovery, by the Cabots, of Baccalaos ; and had 
 Inot yet worked up northward to it. But the African sea coast, 
 ■so honourably and so patiently discovered, was (by all laws, 
 Ihuman and divine, hitherto accepted) the possession of its brave 
 Idiscoverers. It was therefore a new impulse, that made our 
 JEnglish ships, passing the familiar Straits of Gibraltar on their 
 [left hand, to go forward southward, first to Barbary, and then 
 [to Guinea ; cost what it might 
 
 Discoveries are made by successive steps, one after another ; 
 [and the passage of English ships around the world and to the 
 I Eastern seas was but the succession and development of these 
 [first attempts to Marocco. All that we know of these Barbarj- 
 [voyages is preserved to us by Hakluyt, who collected his 
 [information forty to fifty years after the event, and has thus 
 [transmitted it to us. 
 
 The First Vovace to IIakiiary in 1551, Dr.scRini-.i) uy Ja.mes 
 Aldav, Skrvant to .SEnASTiAN Cabot. 
 
 The originall of the firft voyage for traflique mto the kingdom of Marocco 
 in Barlmrie, begun in the yeere 1551, with a tall fliip calleil the l.ion of 
 London, whereof went as caplaine Mailer Thomas Windham, as appeare'.h 
 by this extract of a letter of lames Aldaie, to the worlliipfull mafter Michael 
 Locke, which Aldaie profeflcth himfelfe to haue bene the firft inucntcr of 
 this trade. 
 
 Orlhipfull Sir, hauing lately bene acquainted with your intent 
 to profecute the olde intermitted dircoucrie for Calai, if 
 therein with my knowledge, trauell or induftrie I may iloe 
 you feruice, I am readie to doe it, and therein to aducnlure 
 my life to the vttermoft point. Trueth it is, that 1 Imuc bene 
 by fome men (not my frienils) euill fpoken of at London, Hiying that 
 although I be a man of knowledge in the Arte of Nauigation and C'ofnio- 
 grapliie, and that I haue bene the inucnter of fome voyages that be now 
 growen to great effect ; yet fay they malicioufly and without iufl caufe, that I 
 haue not bene willing at any feafon to [iroceeil in thofe voy.iges that I haue 
 taken in hand, taking exani| le efpccially of two voyages. The one was 
 when I was mafter in the great Darke Aucher [r«'///<-/< left Gravcsend on 
 xyh jVo^'eml>er 1550] for the Leuant, in which voyage I went not, but the 
 caufes they did not know of my let from the fame, nor of the other. Hut 
 firft the very trueth is, that I was from the fame voyage letted by the 
 Princes letters, which my Mafter Sebajlian Cabota had ubatineJ for that 
 purpofe, to my great griefe. 
 
 And as touching the fecond voyage which I inuented for the trade of 
 Barbaric, the lining God knoweth that I fay moft true, that when the great 
 fweate was [The s^oeating sickness began in London on qth jfuly 1551, and 
 continued till the follmoing September} (whereon the chiefe of thofe with 
 whom I ioyned in that voyage died, that is to fay. Sir /ohn lAitterell, Mm 
 I'letcher, Henry OJlrich and others), I my felfe was alfo taken with the 
 fame fweate in London, and after it, whe.her with euill diet in keeping, or 
 how I know not, I was caft into fuch an extreame feuer, as I was neither 
 iible to ride nor goe ; and the ftiippe being at l^ortfmouth, Thomas Wind- 
 ham h.id her away from thence before I was able to ftand vpon my leggf ;i, 
 by whom I loft at that inftant fourefcore pound [ = ;£'8oo of the present day], 
 Befides I was ajjpointed by them that died (if they had lined) to haue had 
 the whole gouernment both of ftiippe and goods, becaufe I was to them 
 the fole inuenter of that trade. 
 
 In the firft voyage to Barbary there were two Moores, being noble men, 
 whereof one was of the Kings blood, conueyed by the faid Mafter Thomas 
 Windham into their countrey out of England. 
 
 Yours humble at your commandcnient, James Aldav. 
 
 The Second Voyage to BARnARV in 1552, descrided by 
 Master James Thomas. 
 
 The fecond voyage to Barbary in the yeere 1552. Set foorth by the right 
 worfliipful Sir lohn Yorke, Sir William Cer[r]ard, Sir Thomas Wroth, 
 Mafter Frances Lambert, Mafter Cole, and others. Written by the rel.ition 
 of Mafter fames Thomas, then Page to Mafter Thomas IVindham, chiefe 
 Captaine of this voyage. 
 
 He ftiippcs that went on this voyage were three, whereof two 
 were of the Riuer of Thames, That is to fay, the Lyon of 
 London, whereof Mafter Thomas Windham was Captaine 
 and part owner, of about an hundred and fiftie tunnes : The 
 other was the Buttolfe [Botolph] about fourefcore tunnes, and 
 a Portugall Carauel, bought of certaine Portugals in Newport in Wales, and 
 fraighted for this voyage, of fumme fixtie tunnes. The number of men in 
 the Fleete were an hundred and twentie. The Mafter of the Lyon was 
 one Lohn Kerry of Mynhi\a]^ in Somerfetfliire, his Mate was Dauid 
 Landman. The chiefe Captaine of this fmall Fleete was Mafter Thomas 
 Windham a Norfolke gentleman borne, but dwelling at Marjltfeeldparke in 
 Somerfetfliire. 
 
 This Fleete departed out of King\s\rode ncere Brifloll about the begin- 
 ning of May 1552. being on a Monday in the morning [ 7"/;/ zdandcjth of 
 
XX 
 
 P R E 1' A C F. 
 
 May 1557, K'lVv ,1/)«(/i;i'j], and the Monday fortniglit next cnfiiint; in the 
 eucninK camo ti) an ancker at tlicir full part in the roade Zajia or A/>tfi on 
 the coall of liiirbaric, ftandin); in 32, dcjrrces of latitude, and tiicrc |>ut on 
 land part of our niarchandifc to he conucid hyland to the citie of .Vij/wri' : 
 which being done, and haue rcfrcflied our fclucs with victuals and water, 
 we went to the fecond port called Santa Cruz, where we difchargc<l the 
 reft of our goods, being good (luantitio of linnen and woollen cloth, corall, 
 anil)cr, let, and diuers other things well accepted of the A/oorfS. In which 
 road we found a l''rencli lliip, which not knowing whether it were warre or 
 peace between /ui^/aiii/ atv\ Fraiiif, drewc her felfe a;* neere vnder the 
 towne wals as (lie could polViblc, crauing aide of the towne for her defence, 
 if need were, which in deed feeing vs drawe neere, (liot at us a piece from 
 the wals, which camo ouer the Lion our Admirall, between the mainc 
 made and foremaft. Whereupon we comn>ing to an anker, prefenlly came 
 a pinnes aboord vs to know what we were, who vnderftanding that we 
 had bene there the yere before [ '/'/ih confinns AUay's slakiiu-nt], and came 
 with good Icaue of their king in merchant wife, \rere fully fatiftied, and 
 gaue vs gocxl leaue to bring our gooilsjieaceably on fliore, where the Viceroy, 
 whofe name was Sibitl Manachc, within rtiort time after came to vifite vs, 
 and vfed vs with a.l curtefie. Hy diuers occafions we fpent here very necie 
 three moneths before we could get in our lading, which was Sugar, Dales, 
 Almonds, and Malaffos or fugar Syrrojie. Anil for all our being here in 
 the heate of the Sommcr, yet none of our company peridied by fickneflfe. 
 
 Our (liips bein^' laden, wee drew into the Sea for a Weflenie wind for 
 England. Hut being at fea, a great leake fell vpon the Lion, fo that we 
 were driuen to I.anccrota and J-'ortciientuni, where, betweene the two 
 Hands, we came to a road, whence we put on land out ol our fayd (liip 70. 
 cheftes of Sugar vpon I.anccrota with fomc dozen or fixteene of our com- 
 pany, where the inhabitants fuppofmg we h"'' made a wrongfull prize of 
 our carautU, (uddenly came with force vpoi. our people, among whom I 
 my felfe was one, tooke vs prifonors, and fpoiled the fugars : which thing 
 being perceiued from our fliips, they manned out three boates, thinking to 
 refcue vs, and draue the Spaniards to flight, whereof they flewe eighteene, 
 and took their gouernour of the Hand piifuner, who was a very aged gentle- 
 
 man about 70. ycercs of age. lUit chafing the cnemie fo farre for our 
 recoucrie, as pouder and arrowes wanted, the S|>anlardes perceiuing this, 
 returned, and in our mens retire \rtlrcat\ they flewe fix of them. Then a 
 I'arle[y] grew, in the which it was agreed, that we the prifoncrs fliould he 
 by them reftore<l, and they rccciue their old gouernour, giuing v» a tefti- 
 monic vnder his and their hands what damages wee had there receiucd ; 
 the which damages were there rcftored, and made good by the King of 
 Spaine his marchantes on our returne into Kngland. 
 
 After we had fearched and mended our eake, being returned aboord, 
 we came vnder fade, and as wee were going to the fea on the one fide of 
 the Hand, the Cacafmxo and other fliips of the King of Portugah Armada 
 entered at the other, and came to anker in the road from whence we were 
 but newly departed, and fliot ofl" their great ordinance in our hearing. And 
 here by the way it is to bee vnderftooil that the Portn^ih were much 
 ofl°cnded with this our new trade into Barbarie, and both in our voiage the 
 yecre before, as alfo in this they gaue out in England by their marchants 
 that if they tooke vs in thofe partes, they would vfe vs as their mortall 
 enemies, with great threats and menaces, liut by God and good proui- 
 dence wee cfcapcd their handcs. 
 
 From this Hand fliapiiig our courfe (or England, we were feitcn or eight 
 weekes before we coulil reach the coaft of England. The firft port wee 
 entered into was the haucn of I'timmouth, from whence within fliort time 
 wee came into the Thames, and landed our merchandife at London, about 
 the ende of the moneth of October 1552. —HakUiyt, Voyagts, Vol. II., 
 Part II., //. 7.9, Ed, 1599. 
 
 13. All these English Voyages, therefore, had been planned 
 and carried out before either of the two following Works, trans- 
 lated &c. by Eden, had come from the press. As he has 
 given no account of them ; it has been all the more necessary 
 to say thus much here, in order to shew that in these very 
 early days of oceanic discovery, our forefathers were not 
 altogether idle. 
 
 III. 
 
 Unique, imperfect, copy of A nm> interlude 
 and a niery oj the nature of the . iiij. clementes, 
 ^fc, written in the reign of Henry VIII., and 
 probably printed [ ? by John Rastel] about 
 1519, is in the Garrick Collection of Plays, 
 in the British Museum (Press mark, C. 39, 
 b. 17). 
 This interlude contains [at C /.] the following reference 
 
 to the New World, in a dialogue between Experycnce and 
 
 Studyotis desire: — 
 
 Ex. C Syr this ys ynglande lyenge here 
 
 And this is skotlande yat loyneth him nire 
 
 Compassyd a boute euery where 
 
 With the occian see rownde 
 
 C And next from them westwardly 
 
 Here by hym selfe alone doth ly. 
 
 Irelande that holsome grounde 
 
 C Here than is the narowe seey 
 
 To Calyce and Boleyne the next wey 
 
 And flaunders in this parte 
 
 Here lyeth fraunce next hym ioynynge 
 
 And spayn south warde from thens standynge 
 
 And portyngale in this quart 
 
 This contrey is called Italye 
 
 Beholde where Rome in ye myddes doth ly 
 
 And Naples here be yonde 
 
 And this lytell Sec that here is 
 
 Is callyd the Gulfe of Vcnys 
 
 And here venys doth stande 
 
 € As for almayne lyeth this way 
 
 Here lyeth denmarke and norway 
 
 And northwarde on this syde 
 
 There lyeth Iselonde when men do fyshe 
 
 But be yonde that so colde it is 
 
 No man may there abyde 
 
 C This See is called the great Occyan 
 
 So great it is that never man 
 
 Coude tell it sith the worlde began 
 
 Tyll nowe within this. xx. yere 
 
 Westwarde be foumle new landes 
 
 That we neuer harde tell of before this 
 
 By wrytynge nor other meanys 
 
 Yet many nowe haue ben there 
 
 C And that contrey is so large of rome 
 
 Muche lenger than all cristendome 
 
 Without fable or gyle 
 
 For dyuers maryners haue it tryed 
 
 And sayled streyght by the coste syde 
 
 Aboue. v. thousand myle 
 
 Q But what commo<lytes be within 
 
 No roan can tell nor well Imagin 
 
 But yet not longe a go 
 
 Some men of this contrey went 
 
 By the kynges noble consent 
 
 It for to serche to that entent 
 
 And coude not be brought therto 
 
 O But they that were the ventere[r]s 
 
Preface. 
 
 XXI 
 
 Ilaue cause to curae their mnrynen 
 
 Fall of promya and diisemblen 
 
 That falsly them Itet rayed 
 
 >Vh!ch wold take no paine to laile farther 
 
 Than their owne lyst and pleasure 
 
 Wherfore that vyage and dyuers other 
 
 Suche kaytyfles haue distroyed 
 
 C O what thynge a had be than 
 
 Yf that they that be englyshe men 
 
 Myght haue ben the furst of all 
 
 That there shulde haue take possessyon 
 
 And made furst buyldynge and habytacion 
 
 A memory perpetual I 
 
 And also what an honorable thynge 
 
 Bothe to the reatme and to the kyngc 
 
 To haue had his domynyon extendynge 
 
 There into so farre a grounde 
 
 Whiche the noble kynge of late memory 
 
 The most wyse prynce the. vij. IIe[n]rry 
 
 Causyd furst for to be founde 
 
 C And what a great meritoryouse dede 
 
 It were to haue the people instructed 
 
 To lyue more vertuously 
 
 And to leme to knowe of men the maner 
 
 And also to knowe god theyr maker 
 
 Whiche as yet lyue all be[a]stly 
 
 For they nother knowe god nor the deuell 
 
 Nor neuer harde tell of heuyn nor hell 
 
 Wrytynge nor other scripture 
 
 But yet in the stede of god almyght 
 
 The[y] honour the sone for his great Iyge[h]t 
 
 For that doth them great pleasure 
 
 C Buyldynge nor house they haue non[e] at all 
 
 But wodes / cotes / and cauys small 
 
 No merueyle though it be so 
 
 For they vse no maner of yron 
 
 Nother in to[o]Ie nor other wepon 
 
 That shulde helpe them therto 
 
 C Copper they haue which is founde 
 
 In dyuers places aboue the grounde 
 
 Yet they dyg not therfore 
 
 For OS I sayd they haue non[e] yryn 
 
 ^'herby they shuld in the yerth myne 
 
 To serche for any wore 
 
 C Great haboundaunce of woddes ther be 
 
 Moste parte vyr and pyne aple tre 
 
 Great ryches myght come therby 
 
 Both py[t]che and tarre and sope asshys 
 
 As they make in the eest landes 
 
 By brynnyng therof only 
 
 O Fyshe they haue so great plente 
 
 That in hauyns take and slayne they be 
 
 With stauys withouten fayle 
 
 Nowe frenchemen and other haue founden the trade 
 
 That yerely of fyshe there they lade 
 
 A boue an. C. [AutK/red] sayle 
 
 C But in the south parte of that contrey 
 
 The people there go nakyd alway 
 
 The lande is of so great hete 
 
 And in the north parte all the clothes 
 
 That they were / is but be[a]stes skynnes 
 
 They haue no nother fete l/tat] 
 
 But howe the people furst began 
 
 In that contrey or whens they cam 
 
 For derkes it is a questyon[.] 
 
 Other thynges mo I haue in store 
 
 That I coude tel therof but now no more 
 
 Tyll a nother season 
 
 Stu. C Than ot your pleasure shew some other lliingo 
 Yt lyketh me so wcl your commyninge 
 Ye can not talke a niys 
 
 £x. C Than wyl I tome a gayne to my matter 
 Of Cosmogryfy where I was err [tvr] 
 Beholde take hede to this 
 C Loo estwarde buyonde ye great occy.in 
 Here entereth the see callyd meditermn 
 Of. ii. M. [hva t/ioiisaiiJ] myle of lengtliu 
 The Soudans conlrcy lyclli here liy 
 The great Turkc on ye norlli syile doth ly 
 A man of merueylous strengthe 
 C This sayde north parte is callyd curopa 
 And this south parte callyd afTrlca 
 This eest parte is callyd ynde 
 But this newe landes founde lately 
 Den callyd america by cause only 
 Americus dyd furst them fynde 
 Q Loo Iherusalem lyeth in this contrey 
 And this be yonde is the red see 
 That moyses makelh of mencyon 
 This quarter is India minor 
 And this quarter Imlia maior 
 The lande of prester lohn 
 C But northwarde this way as ye see. 
 Many other straunge regions iher be 
 And people that we not knowe 
 But estwarde on Die see sydc 
 A prynce there is that ruleth wyde 
 Called the Cane of catowe ' 
 O And this is called the gre.it eest see 
 Which golh all a longe this wey 
 Towardes the new landis agayne 
 But whether that see go thytlier dyrectly 
 Or if any wyldernes bytwene them do ly 
 No man knoweth for certeyne 
 But these newe landes by all cosmografyc 
 Frome the cane of catous lande can not lye 
 Lytell paste a thousand myle 
 But from those new landes men may sayle playne 
 Estwarde and cum to englande againe 
 Where we began ere whyle 
 C Lo all this parte of the yerth which I 
 Haue here discryuyd openly 
 The north parte we do it call 
 But the south parte on the other syde 
 Ys as large as this full and as wyde 
 Whiche we knowe nothynge at all 
 C Nor whether ye most parte be lande or see 
 Nor whether the people that there be 
 Be be[a]styall or connynge 
 Nor whether they knowe good or no 
 Nor howe they beleue nor what they do 
 Of this we knowe nothynge 
 
 The Voyage referred to, clearly took place in Henry VIII.'s 
 reign. It was probably the Bristol expedition sent out by N. 
 Thome's father and Hugh Eliot, which discovered Newfound- 
 land ; of which Thome tells us, at /. xvi, " There is no doubt, 
 as now plainly appeareth, if the marriners would then haue 
 been ruled and folowed their pilots mind, the lands of the 
 West Indies, from whence all the gold commeth, had beene 
 ours." 
 
 • Kha't oj CaHuiy. 
 
 C 3 
 
^TTT 
 
 XXII 
 
 Preface, 
 
 IV. 
 
 IHE special purpose of this Preface has now 
 been carried out. It has been to shew 
 what our forefathers actually accomplished, 
 ere Eden set about the following Trans- 
 lations, or during the time he was actually 
 engaged upon them : and so to supplement 
 the other accounts of Oceanic Discovery 
 contained in the volume. 
 
 We have, in conclusion, only space briefly to touch upon one 
 other point, and that is but a simple act of justice. 
 
 Most notable is Eden's position as a Man of Science in the 
 Tudor Age. He had the true modest scientific spirit ; as 
 when he wrote in 1562, to Sir W. Cecil, "Syth only the 
 respecte of suche vertues as it halhe pleased you to thinke 
 commendable in me, hath moved your Honour not only in 
 mancr to seemc careful! for me howe I maye hereafter with 
 cjuietnesse spende my tyme in studie (as is my most desire)," 
 /. xliii.; and likewise when, in 1574, he thus dwelt at large 
 upon what he did not know, a list of disqualifications that 
 must not be pressed too literally, " For yf there be any thing in 
 me, wherein I maye by good reason please my selfe, it is 
 cheefely this, that I haue euer loued and honoured men of 
 
 singular vcrtue or nualitie, in what so euer laudable Art or 
 Science, eucn of those whereof mee selfe have litle know- 
 ledge, as are Gcometrie, Astronomic, Architecture, Musicke, 
 Payntyng, feates of Armes, inuentions of Ingens, and suche 
 lyke," f, xlvi. 
 
 Hut whatever may have been his knowledge or his ignorance, 
 actual or relative ; Eden had already grasped the Inductive 
 Method. His life overlapped that of Lord Bacon. May he 
 not be regarded as a near Herald and Forerunner of the 
 Father of Scientific Enquiry, when he uses such language as 
 this ; of which his whole life was but the fuller expression ? 
 
 "Experience, the teacher and mestres of all sciences, for 
 Inckc of whose ayde (ex|)eriencc I meane) lyke as many greate 
 wittes haue fallen into great errours, so by her ayde, many 
 base and common wittes haue attayned to the knowledge and 
 ])ractisc of such wonderfull eflectes, as could hardcly be 
 comprehended by the discourse of reason 
 
 " Nought els to say, but that exi)erience to be most certayn 
 which is ioyncd with reason or speculacion, and that reason to 
 be most sure which is confirmed with experience." p. 9. 
 
 And thus, from henceforth will the reputation of Richard 
 Eden continue to increase, both as a Scholar and a Scientist, 
 
 «A 
 
[The First English book on America. 
 
 G #f tfte nttue Innltt^ tintr ot yit ptaplt 
 tmtirtt 6s tfte mt&^tn^tv^ at tfte lign 
 fle at pavtyinsalt namelr emnnuet 
 
 M tfte. If. Issuers* iiacsonf^ nryj^tenetr. 
 
 #f jpojie ytaftn aiilr fttsi lanlfejS anJit at 
 tfte e«^tels ftegejS nnlr ioonHreiri^ mala 
 J»gejS tftat in tftat latrtre i&] 
 
I 
 
XXV 
 
 [A Note on 
 Jan van Doesborch, 
 
 a printer at Antwerp, between 1 508-1 530 a.d. 
 
 Nything that concerns the printer of the 
 first English W^ork relating to America, 
 must henceforth be of increasing interest. 
 There does not appear to be in exist- 
 ence, any typographical history of Ant- 
 werp for the period during which the 
 first Text in this volume was produced. 
 The learned and most courteous 
 Librarian of the Royal Library at the Hague, Dr M. F. A. 
 G. Campbell, the author of the well-known Annaks de la 
 Typographie nierlandaise au XVe st'Me, I^ Hayc, 1874-8, 
 8vo, thus writes, on the 21st April 1885. 
 
 How glad should I have been if T had beer able to give you full 
 inrormation about Jan van Doesborch, the Antwerp printer in the first 
 half of the sixteenth century. Hut, alas, the History of Printing in 
 that century has Iwen, without any sound reason, neglected to that 
 [loint that even sixteenth-century books are now-a-days moie rare than 
 their predecessors of the fifteenth. If Jan van Doesborch hud had only 
 one foot in the fifteenth century, I should have lieen able to give you 
 matter enough to compose his hi; -ory : because I, and my predecessor 
 as Librarian of this Library (Mr Holtrop), hav.; devoted the lietler part 
 of our lives to the study of the ty|K)graphy and typographers before the 
 year 1500. Now John of Doesborch did not print till after 1508, 
 because in that year, he entered the Guild of St Lucas at Antwerp, as 
 verliclUcre, "miniature painter." 
 
 When such an authority as Dr Campbell writes thus, 
 the present Editor may be excused of his ignorance on this 
 subject Nevertheless the following is offered as a mere 
 beginning of this study. 
 
 2. Doesburg is a Dutch town, about ten miles to the east 
 of Amheim. 
 
 Jan van Doesborch, Doesborrke, Doesburgh, or as he 
 styles himself in (/) the xv. tokens, lohan fro doesborch, may 
 have succeeded to the printing business of Roeland van der 
 Dorpe, at Antwerp. He was contemporary with our 
 Wynkyn de Worde and Richard Pynson : and occupies a 
 similar position in Antwerp typography, to that filled by 
 those two English printers at Westminster and London. 
 
 He seems to have printed in three different houses. His 
 earliest books were jirinted at the sign of Aen dijsere wage, 
 "the Iron balance." Those produced about 1518, .ire 
 printed " besides the Camer ported' His latest books, 
 finished about 1530, are at die Lombaerde teste, "the Lom- 
 bard fortress." 
 
 It is very remarkable th-it Doesborch should, at such an 
 early date, have printed the English books that he did; 
 
 especially such an important work as Arnold's Chronicle. 
 He was probably employed in this work by some 
 of the merchants of the English House at Antwerp. He 
 stands in the same relation to our Literature at this time, 
 that Hans Luft of Marburg did fifteen or twenty years later. 
 No books are so scarce as the early English books printed 
 by foreign printers on the Continent ; of which the following 
 Text is one of the earliest. 
 
 3. The first book attributed to this printer, by P. C. 
 van der Meersch, in his Rechenhes sur la vie et les travaux 
 des impiimcitrs Beiges et Ncerlandais etablis d, Vetranger, i. 
 131, Gand 1856, is — 
 
 (a) Diedcslructievan Troyen, " the destruction of Troy." Antwerp, 
 folio, no date. 
 
 The late eminent bookseller of Amsterdam, Mr Frederick 
 Muller, issued, in 1872, a Catalogue of Books, Maps, Plates 
 in America; and of a remarkable Collection of Early Voy- 
 ages, offt "''. by him for sale. At /. 6, he states that he 
 acquirer , in 187 1, at the sale of an in.'ignificant library at 
 Antwerp, a volume containing four pieces, "all printed 
 there in the first ten years of the 16th century." 
 
 One of these was — 
 
 (i) Van der nieuwer werell oft landtscap niemoelier ghenodeii vaden 
 doortuch tif^hcn conn, van rortitgacl door den alderbesU fyloit ofle zeeken- 
 edr iCwcrelt, " Of the new world or landscape, newly found for the 
 illustrious King of Portugal by the l)est pilot or mariner in the world." 
 This is a translation from the Italian (through the I^tin) into Dutch, 
 of the Third Letter of Amerigo Vespucci. The colophon runs, 
 Cheprcnt 'J'/ianiwcrfett aen Dyseren xvaghe. Bi Jan van Doesborch, 
 " Printed at Antwerp, at the iron balance, by Jan v.in Doesborch." 
 
 It consists of eight unnumbered leaves, [with] 6 woo<lcuts. The verso 
 of the last leaf is filled up by a wood engraving. On the recto of the 
 first leaf [is the identical cornerwise engraving that is described here- 
 after at p. xxix., to', 2] ; on the verso of leaf i, Jonas thrown into the 
 mouth of the whale ; recto of leaf 3, four female aborigines [see p. 
 xxviii.]; verso of leaf 4, fighting Indians [see /. xxix.]; verso of leaf 6, 
 repeated from the recto of leaf I ; and verso of the last leaf, repeated 
 from the recto of leaf 3. 
 
 Mr Muller states — 
 
 The book bears no date, but it is out of question, that it has been 
 nrlntod in the period 1506-9, the time when all the separate editions of 
 Vcspuccius were published. It is one of the first productions of the 
 famous printer, Jan van Doesborgh, at Antwerp; whose publications 
 (principally romances of chiv.ilry with woodcuts, curious popular books, 
 &c,) rank among the rarest of the Antwerp printers. Tust the kind 
 of publications that makes it e.isy to understand that they have dis- 
 appeared, as it were, under the hands of the reading public. 
 
xxvi [^ Note on yan van Doesborch, a printer at Antwerp, between 1508- 1530 a.d.] 
 
 Another text in this precious volume is thus described, at 
 /. 277, by Mr MuUer — 
 
 (c) Van lie tuondcrlkhoJe en cosUHchen van Pape tam landmdes, 
 " Of the wonders and precious things of Pope John's lands. " 
 
 The remainder of the first page filled with four curious woodcuts, 
 representing i°, a wild man with a lieast's hea<l bearing a fish [see /. 
 XXXV.] ; 2°, an elephant [see/, xxxii.] ; 3°, a grilTon with a man in his 
 paws [see /. xxxiv.]; and 4°, three men fighting against three birds 
 [see/, xxxiii.] 
 
 Kecto of the last leaf, Gheprint Thanhuerpen. Aen dljsere tvage by 
 my Jan. van Doeshorch. " Printed at Antwerp at the iron balance by 
 me, Jan van Doesborch." 
 
 Eleven different woodcuts in the text, four of them repeated from 
 the recto of leaf I. On the Sth leif, a woodcut of the bint Pha-nix in 
 flames [see p. xxxiv.] The verso of the last leaf filled with two wood 
 engravings, one representing the Virgin with the Child, the other the 
 printer's mark of Koeland van der Dorpe, used in 1497, &c. [a herald 
 with his attributes, holding a trumpet]. 
 
 It is therefore perfectly clear that the First English book 
 on America is nuiinly a translated compilation from these 
 two early Dutch tracts ; and that most of the woodcuts 
 of the English text had already appeared in its Dutch 
 originals. 
 
 We therefore place next — 
 
 ((/) Of the new landes, &'c. 
 
 Clearly, the latest date that can be assigned to this tract 
 is 151 1. Had it been written later, the information con- 
 tained in it would not have been so crude. See the pro- 
 gress of knowledge as shewn in the English Interlude of 
 15 1 9, quoted at /. xx. It would seem to have been 
 translated by a priest in the Low Countricb, who had but an 
 imperfect acquaintance with English ; for he uses /i£m/s for 
 heavens; drycantyche, for three-cornered, ferswynmygnes, 
 ketters, &c. 
 
 The Catalogue of the Grenville Collection, in describing 
 the unique copy here reprinted (Press mark, G. 7106), 
 states — 
 
 "From mentioning Emanuel, King of Portugal, and exclaiming 
 against Luther, the present tract may be about ■S2l or 1522, when 
 Kug Emmanuel died, and Luther was burned in effigy." 
 
 There is not a word about Luther in the tract ; and it is 
 typographically evident from the above, that the tract can 
 hardly be later than 1511. 
 
 4. It is quite impossible, at present, to give a chrono- 
 logical list of books produced by Jan van Doesborch. A 
 few only can be cited. 
 
 (ir) [The compilation by R. Arnold, known as Arnold's ChronicleJ] 
 In this booke is conteyned the names of ye biiyliffu of the cite of Lon- 
 don from the tyme of king richard the furst, and also th[e] artycles of 
 the CUartur and libarties of the same Cyto, &c. No date or pluce of 
 printing, British Museum (Press mark, 21, a. 10). 
 
 This is attributed to Doesborch's press, and was a very 
 large work to hz undertaken by him, in whi.'t was probably 
 a foreign language to him. It contains the original text of 
 the poem of The Nut-broum Maid. 
 
 In the British Museum (Press mark, C. 25, e. 29) there is 
 an imperfect copy of a tract on the Fifteen tokens of the 
 Day of Doom. It wants the title page. The colophon is 
 as follows : — 
 
 (/) " A lytill trcatyse that whiche is called thexv. tolsem which been 
 ate translated out of frenshe in to Englishe. 
 
 * Emprintcd by me lohan fro doesborch dwcllinge at Anwerpc by 
 the Iron ballaunce, &c. 
 
 These six texts are probably among the earliest productions 
 of Doesborch's press. 
 
 5. We now come to the middle period of his life's work. 
 
 In the British Museum (Press mark, 1073, b. 32) there is 
 a Dutch life of the fabulous necromancer of the Middle 
 Ages, Virgilius. 
 
 ( g ) Virgilius J[ Van tijn letien doot / ende vatilen, &c. No date or 
 place of printing. 
 
 This tract is probably the original of the rare English 
 Virgilius among the Douce books at the Bodleian, which 
 has been reprinted by Mr Utterson, and also by Mr Thoms, 
 in his Early English Prose Romances, Vol. 2, Ed. 1858. 
 
 (li) The title runs thus : 
 
 The lyfe of Virgilius and of his deth and many marvayles that he dyd 
 in his lyfe tyme by whychcrafte and nygramancye thorowgh the helpe 
 of the devyls of hell. 
 
 The colophon is 
 
 Thus endcthe the lyfe of Virgilius with many dyuers con- 
 saytes that he dyd. Eniprynted in the cytie of Anwarpc By me 
 lohnn Doesborcke dwellynge at the earner porte. 
 
 Mr W. C. Hazlitt, in his Handbook of Popular Lite- 
 rature, ^c.,f>. 381, Ed. 1867, quotes the follow ing title of a 
 Work apparently at present in an English private library. 
 
 (j) Here begynneth a lytell story that was of a trewthe done in the 
 Lind of Gelders, of a mayde that was named Mary of Nemcgen that was 
 the dyuils paramoure by the space of vij ycrc longe. 
 
 Imprinted at Anwarpe by me lohn Uuisbrowghc dwellynge besyde 
 the earner porte. 
 
 Dr Campbell states that in the Royal Library at the Hague, 
 is a copy of the following Work, printed by Doesborch. 
 
 (/■) Den ooslpronck oiiser Solicheyt. Printed at Antwerp on 31 May 
 1517. With woodcuts and printers mark. 
 
 Also, a Work, sometimes erroneouslyattributed to Jan van Naeldwyck, 
 {k) Die alder excellentste Crony ke va Brabant 1518. With wootlcuts 
 and printer's mark. 
 
 Of this work, there is a copy of an earlier edition printed 
 in October 15 12 in the British Museum (Press mark, G. 405, 
 f.) This may also have been printed by Doesborch. 
 
 The next Work that we can quote is, for the time it was 
 produced, a wonderful book. It is a pictorial representa- 
 tion of all the birds, beasts, and fishes, real and imaginary, 
 of the time. It is in three Parts. 
 
 (/) Der dieren palleys en die vgaileringe vanden beesten. The colo- 
 phon is Ghcprent bi my Jan van doesborcli Thantiuerpen Int iaer ons 
 heercn M.ccccc, ende. xx, den vijfslen dach in Meye. [S May 1520.] 
 
 Copies are in the British Museum, the Royal Library at 
 the Hague, and elsewhere, 
 
 Mr Hazlitt, Handbook, &c., /, 8, gives the following 
 account of Lawrence Andrewe's translation of this work. 
 
 (w) The noble lyfe and natures of man, of beestes, serpentys, fowlcs, 
 and fysshcs, that be maile known, 
 
 Andwarpe by John of Doeslxirowe, n.d, fol. 
 
 In the prologue, Andrewe, the translator, says, " In the name of oure 
 Saviour criste lesu maker and redemour of al mankynd, I Laurens 
 andrewe of the towne of Calls haue transKited for lohnes doesborrowe 
 book prenter in the cite of Andwarpe this present volume deuyded in 
 thre partes which was neuer before in no maternall langage prentyd till 
 now, 
 
 6, One other Work will complete our present provisional 
 list of this printer's productions, 
 
 («) X'an Brabant die excellcnte Cronike, Of which the colophon runs, 
 C/ieprent tot Antwerfen op die Lombaerde vesle, bi mi Jan van Voesbercli, 
 int iaer ons hertn M,ccccc.xxx, in luino. 
 
 Copies of this work are in the British Museum, the Royal 
 Library at the Hague, and elsewhere. 
 
 7, This is all we have been able to learn, so far, of the 
 printer of the First English book on America, Much 
 more, no doubt, remains to reward the researches of the 
 bibliographer.] 
 
30 A.D.] 
 
 XXVll 
 
 life's work. 
 32) there is 
 the Middle 
 
 ;. No date or 
 
 rare English 
 leian, which 
 Mr Thorns, 
 /. 1858. 
 
 les that he dyd 
 iwgh the helpe 
 
 dyuers con- 
 iwarpe By me 
 
 \ipular Lite- 
 \ingtitleofa 
 .te library. 
 
 the done in the 
 megen that was 
 
 rcUynge besyde 
 
 at the Hague, 
 jesborch. 
 verp on 31 May 
 
 van Naeldwyck, 
 With woodcuts 
 
 dition printed 
 
 mark, G. 405, 
 
 iborch. 
 
 le time it was 
 
 al representa- 
 
 id imaginary, 
 
 ten. The colo- 
 
 ■pen lilt iaer ons 
 
 S May 1520.] 
 
 yal Library at 
 
 the following 
 this work. 
 irpentys, fowles, 
 
 the name of oure 
 ynd, I Laurens 
 les doesborrowe 
 uiiie deuyded in 
 gage pruutyd till 
 
 int provisional 
 
 le colophon runs, 
 It van Voesbonh, 
 
 um, the Royal 
 
 so far, of the 
 lerica. Much 
 ;archcs of tlie 
 
 C m tftr netoe XanlrrjS airt 0C ae people 
 Imxiot 6a the xat^^tw^tx^ of tfte Iian 
 ge of portaitflaU namelr emanitrl* 
 
 m tftr* )i% iratterjS nacgotuS cvafitriirlr* 
 
 m pope ffiofin nixa fttjss lanlrejS antr of 
 tite cojStelB feegeS antt tooirter«S molo 
 aaeg that in that lanlTv i& 
 
 iFre aforetymes in the yere of our Lorde god. M.CCCC.xcvi. [1496] and fo be/ wc 
 with fliyppes of Luffeboene fayled oute of Portyngale thorough the commaunde- 
 nient of the Kynge Emanuel So haue we had our vyage/ For by fortune 
 \landes ouer the great fee with great charge and daunger fo haue we at the lade 
 f junde oon lordfhyp where we fayled well. ix. C. [900] mylee[s] by the coofte of 
 Selandes there we at ye lade went a lande but that lande is not nowe knowen 
 far there haue no mailers wryten therof nor it knowethe and it is named 
 Armenica/ there we fawe meny wonders of beefl.es and fowles yat we haue neuer 
 fsen before/ the people of this lande haue no kynge nor lorde nor theyr god 
 liut all thinges is comune/ this people goeth all naked But the men and women 
 1 aue on tlieyr heed/ necke/ Amies/ Knees/ and fete all with feders bounden for 
 tliere bewtynes and fayrenes. Thefe folke lyuen lyke belles without any refon- 
 iblenes and the wymen be alfo as comon. And the men hath conuerfacyon 
 with the wymen/ who that they ben or who they fyrll mete/ is (he his fyller/ 
 his mother/ his daughter/ or any other kyndred. And the wymen be very 
 hoote and dypofed to lecherdnes. And they ete alfo on[e] a nother The man 
 etethe his wyfe his chylderne/ as we alfo haue feen and they hange alfo the bodyes or perfons flceflie in the fmoke/ as men 
 do with vs fwynes fleflie. And that lande is ryght full of folke/ for they lyue commonly, iii. C. [300] yere and more as with 
 fykenefle they dye nat/ they take much fyfflie for they can goen vnder the »vater and fe[t]che fo the fyfrties out of the water, 
 and they werre alfo on[e] vpon a nother/ for the olde men brynge the yonge men therto/ that they gather a great company therto 
 of towe partyes/and come the o::[e] ayene the other to the felde or bateyll/ and flee on[e] the other with great hepes. And nowe 
 holdeth the fylde/ they take the other pryfoners And they brynge them to deth and ete them/ and as the deed is eten then 
 fley they the reft And they been than eten alfo/ or otherwyfe lyue they longer tymes and many yeres more than other people for 
 they haue coftely fpyces and rotes/ where they them felle recuuer with/ and hele them as they be feke. 
 
 xxvii 
 
ir- 
 
 xxviii \ThefirJl Englijh book containing the luord America (Armenica), &c!\ 
 
 [(Here follows a woodcut of the Natives of) G E N N E A] 
 
 Of the blacke Mores. 
 
 T the fyrfle cam we in the lancle of Canarien/ 
 whyche is. C. and. 1. [i 50] myles from Lyffe- 
 bone. And ther belwyn been. ij. ylandes. 
 In yat one is well made people and men 
 make there moche cheefe of great wylde 
 gootes. alfo is ther fifflie and suykere good 
 cheep. That other yland is not enhabite 
 ther be lytell people therin/ and they be all a frayde and 
 wylde/ alfo ther ayeen lyeth the lande of Barbera/ and is from 
 them in to ye Gennea. CC.l. [250] myles. and that is the 
 blackes mores land, and ayen ye begynnyng of this lande is 
 oon aforemontayen and booth caput viride/ and thereby is ye 
 towne Bitfagitfch. v. C. [500] myles from Luffebonen there by 
 be many w[h]alefyflhes and flyinge fyffhes on the on fyde of 
 Bifagitfche. ij. C. and 1. [250] myles fayle men vnderyat fone 
 fo ferre/ that men the northe fayle fterre or pollumarticum/ or 
 the waghen called/ no more may be feen/ but pollum ante 
 articum or yat fowth layd fterre fawe we fourth with[.] the 
 forfayde Morelande is M. iiij. C. [1400] myles great/ there 
 ye people goeth all naked with golden rynges on handes 
 and fete. 
 
 [(Here comes a woodcut of Natives) IN ' ALLAG O] 
 
 [Hat lande of Allago is. v. C. [500] myles 
 greater And gothe ayenfte the begynnynge 
 of Arabien and there is that kyngdom 
 Safale[.] in this lande Allago is the people 
 clothed as aboue is marked/ the[y] were 
 and bere for there clothes fkynnes of wylde 
 bcftes. The men bere clokes made of barkes 
 of trees and ledder to kyuer theyr members with. And the 
 women kyuer theym with (kynnes of beftes. and take vpon 
 there heddes for kerchers (kynnes of oxen or other be(les[.] 
 alfo py[t]che the[y] theyr mennes forhed lyke as men pytche the 
 fliyppes/ and there dwellynge is vnder the erthe. There is 
 many cowes. oxen/ great (hepe and other fayre beftes. This 
 is on fayre and lufty lande of good water and fwete herbes. 
 This people hathe a fwyfte hafty fpeche. There is no money 
 but of yrou [? iron\ and that euery body take it for there ware 
 they bere whyte ftaues there wepyns is lange pykes and ftoncs 
 ther they cafte myghtly with. That Lande is fo full of fande 
 yat they roufle goo vpon brode trenchers that they falle not i 
 and fynke. After that cometh men into the lande of arabycn. | 
 
 xxviii 
 
 [(Mere is another woodcut representing Natives) IN: ARABIA] 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Omyng in Arabia fawe we ye people clothed 
 lyke as here is figured ftande. and out [of] 
 this kyngdome hath be oon of the three holy 
 kyngys. Item ther bynde they ther oxe fon 
 with Arabic gold about ther homes/ and 
 erys. And alfo goldyn rynges aboute th[e]yr 
 legges. And for gold take they of mar- 
 chaundes fylkyng kerchers and lynen clothe. Item ther after 
 fe we now. v. ylandes. the fyrft yland named Momfabith. 
 fixty myles from Safalen. is leeid ye towne Quiola that was 
 founde of the kynges folke of portyngal And they flewe 
 there moche people and robbed the towne. And there without 
 had there kynge edyfyed on caftell that is named feynt lacobis 
 caftell there in lyeth a. C. [100] bolde and hardy men that 
 lyeth and kepeth it 
 
 [Here is a striking woodcut representing, with great life and action, a 
 spirited attaclc on the gate of some European town; which has evi- 
 dently been borrowed by John of Desborough from some other pr nted 
 book, chronicle, or other work, printed by himself or other printer.] 
 
 He[n] feuente myles from Quiola lyeth the 
 towne Bombafla that they alfo byrned and 
 robbed that alfo there they gatte moche 
 goodes. From thens nowe. xxiiij. myle[s] 
 lyeth the great towne Meli[n]da and they 
 be frendes/ and there be many floueynes 
 and fell people out of Geneen From 
 Melinda it is. iiij. fcore and. x. myles to on Perfia there gowe 
 they ouer the fee. For by the towne Megha into the ylande. 
 Auxendia There is alfo one that hath be of ye three holy 
 kynges of the eeft. C. [100] myles into the Kyngdome of 
 Canenor and there begyn the fpyces to growe and from thens 
 fare they forthe in to the great lande of great Indyen. 
 
 C Of great Indyen. 
 
 [(Here follovra a woodcut of the Inhabitants of) M A I O R : INDIA] 
 
 Hey gowe from Cananor into great Indyen 
 there the people goo all naked but yat 
 the[y] kyuer there members with lynen 
 cloth and they be brounde blacke/ with 
 longe here and of tho women is not wryten 
 but on kaute the fee fawe men manye mer- 
 ueloufe people of manereren the women 
 bere there chyldren and theyr houfeholde ftuffe. Here fynde 
 men gynger/ peper/ comeyn/ and all manerc of fpyces/ and 
 
.] 
 
 {^A Jhort dcfcription of Africa ami India: written after 1509 a.d.'J xxix 
 
 ARABIA] 
 
 )eople clothed 
 J. and out [of] 
 the three holy 
 ;y ther oxe fon 
 :r homes/ and 
 abouteth[e]yr 
 they of mar- 
 Item ther after 
 d Momfabith. 
 luiola that was 
 nd they flewe 
 \ there without 
 \ feynt lacobis 
 lardy men that 
 
 life and action, a 
 1; which has evi- 
 ;ome other pr'ated 
 >r other printer.] 
 
 uiola lyeth the 
 
 ilfo byrned and 
 
 y gatte moche 
 
 , xxiiij. myle[s] 
 
 n]da and they 
 
 nany floueynes 
 
 leneen From 
 
 irfia there gowe 
 
 ito the ylande. 
 
 |f ye three holy 
 
 Kyngdome of 
 
 nd from thens 
 
 idyen. 
 
 |0R: INDIA] 
 
 great Indyen 
 
 haked but yat 
 
 Irs with lynen 
 
 blacke/ with 
 
 is not wryten 
 
 ■en manye mer- 
 
 \n the women 
 
 Here fynde 
 
 of {yjOi&l and 
 
 H 
 
 ,* 
 
 ' «# 
 
 collely ilones for lytel? nioncye. There be alfo many maner 
 of frute fygges of good fauyour. vij. yncl.es longe and. iij. 
 ynches brode. There be bulfeldes and coyes but the coyes 
 nepe they not/ there groweth good wyne/ muche honeye/ ryfe/ 
 coftely come whyte as wete mele/ Ther by ftandeth the 
 towne of Banderana and it is. vij myles into Callienten 
 from thens is. xl. myles there men goo for all maner of 
 fpyces that men were wonte to caray and conuey ouer the 
 redde fee thorowgh Alexander but nowe is there one newe 
 way founden ouer the the fee[.] in Calacuten is many folke out 
 of feynt thomas lande yat alfo be cryftened/ and folke of other 
 landes and nacyons they goo ouer into that kyngdome Kyng- 
 r}che Gutfchyn as hereafter flandes wryten. 
 
 € Of Gut f chin that Kyngcdome. 
 
 [Here is a wooJcut representing two Natives fighting, see/, xxv.] 
 
 Nd than cam we in the kyngdome of Gut- 
 
 fchvn and ther hath the kynge of portyngale 
 
 do m.ike. ij. Cafteyles from here was the thre 
 
 holy kynges. there groeth much peper and 
 
 the propereft ftapell therof. That kyngdom 
 
 Colen is. xxiiij. myles from there/ and there 
 
 been many kryftened men/ we fynde alfo 
 
 great Olyfantes and many dyuers maner and wonders belles and 
 
 other thynges that men cannot wryghte all. gardeynes frutes is 
 
 there muche gretter than in our landes of Europa. That ylande 
 
 itlelaqua is from thens. viij. C. [800] myles/ There alfo is 
 
 inoche coflely fpyces. There is nowe. ij. ylandes the on is 
 
 Bandan and therin groweth the clones. That other Tanagora 
 
 or Narnaria and there groeth not no other wodde than whyte 
 
 tnd red fondelen wodde/ This is fortuned that for a bell of a 
 
 ^afle men may haue one handful! of peerles. In Gutfchin 
 
 ere fome tymes there kynge but that do the people of his 
 
 [)urte and holde obedyance vnder theym one with a nother 
 
 iey doo all there thynges all fleyghtly For as as they be 
 
 ITembled in one gatherynge/ than cryeth the capitayne I will 
 
 kwe/ and as the fubiectes here iheyr capitayne cr)'e fowe than 
 
 kke they parte of/ the fede and no man fayth the contrary and 
 
 fctteth the other iyc and tliat takethe the lorde with out any 
 
 dy contrary faynge/ and fo do they in all merchaundyfe. 
 
 lorthe by that kyngdome Gutdiyn/ Colum/ Bandan/ and 
 
 Yagaria. xxx. [thirty] niyles[.] in Arihiia tliere liath the kynge. 
 
 pj. kynges vnder hyni/ and there lyeth buryed feynt Thomas 
 
 poilell. 
 
 [IIei« is a woodcut of a tree apparently intended to represent a fig-tree. 
 It might do equally well for many other kinds of trees.] 
 
 N fome of thefe aforfayde wrytten landes ben 
 great and fayre frutes and they be greater 
 than in thefe our landes of Europa In Ida 
 mandra be great hygh trees for the people of 
 yat contrey hewe great fleppes aboute to 
 clyme vp in to the tree to gatlier the frutes 
 that groweth there on for whan they be a 
 thnill to take there of. In Arfmia is great brode fygge Trees 
 with great fygges well. vij. ynches longe and. iij. ynches brode 
 and the Fygge tre is fo brode of braunche and leucs that. xl. 
 [forty] men may be hydde vnder the forefayd braunches and 
 leues for the hete of the fonnc/ and there for to rede all to 
 gather at theyr one pleafure. 
 
 [Here are two woodcuts cornerwise, one representing two Indians, the 
 other two men and a woman of Europe, see/, xxv.] 
 
 E haue in this vyage fayled aboute the forth 
 parte of the worlde for to reken from Liif- 
 fyngboren whiche is ferre equinoccyall fcher 
 linicn. x.xxix. [thirty-nine]grades and on halfe 
 fo haue we fayled ouer ye linie equinocciall. 
 1. [fifty] grades that maketh xc. [ninety] 
 grades therfore they of Luffbonc is vnder yat 
 forfayde linie. xxxix. grade and one halfe in the hygh lied of the 
 hemels is the breyde of wedes/ fo is them of Luflbone to thefe 
 folke to fene the. 1. [fifty] grades is ouer the felfe lync foth 
 cornerwyfe. v. grades in perpendiculer linia whiche linie as we 
 flande ryght of yat poynt the hemls hange vpon our hed anil 
 thefe folke in theyr fytles or rybbes and woort fet in the maner 
 of on tryanghel or on drycantyche cornard. therfore it mud ncdcs 
 be yat the fowth landes be tenii)ered with fwete erthe for the 
 northe wyndes can nat there blowe. 
 
 [Here, across the middle leaf of the tract, is an excellent representation o. 
 the King of Cochin seatetl on a kind of tre.sscl, carried by four men, sur- 
 rounded with armed attendants : and with an umbrella borne by one 
 man, and not a canopy borne by four men, as stated below in the text. 
 The woodcut extends across about two-thirds of the folio, in the margin " 
 of which occurs the following note.] 
 
 Fter this maner of fourme is the Kynge of 
 Gutfchym borne with the noblcde of his 
 lande/ And before hym is borne many 
 inftrumentes of nuifyke as trompettes and 
 other and. iiij. of the nobled.e bereth the 
 canapie ouer his hed led. that the foon 
 diuld burne hym/ and this kynge is bcloued 
 of all his edates and common people. 
 
 mix 
 
T?r 
 
 XXX [ Thejirjl Englijh book containivg the word America (Armenica), &c?^ 
 
 [Tliis fresh tract is hoaded by a woodcut representing angels bearing the pyx.] 
 
 €1 Of the. X. DYVERCE CRISTENED NACIONS. 
 
 is to knowe that 
 ye people of cry (l- 
 indomisdeuided 
 and ben in. x. 
 Nacyons. That 
 is to vnder- 
 flandtheLatyne/ 
 Grekes/ Indien/ 
 lacobites/ncftor- 
 ijnes/moronites/ 
 Armenes/ georg- 
 ianes/ Surianes/ 
 mororabes/wher- 
 ofyemooftdeyle 
 is kettersand kyt 
 of/ of the holy 
 Romes chyrche. 
 
 C Thefyrjte nacyon. 
 
 [T 'o woodcuts, evidently taken from some Martyrology, come in here. 
 One reprcsciils an angel standing by the cross, the other a female 
 saint with a sword sticking in her breast.] 
 
 Irfte nacyon is the I.atynes and they haue to 
 theyr lorde the Eiiiperour of Almayne and 
 many Kynges/ as the kynge of caftyly an 
 of Aragon/ of portyngale/ of nauaryen, and 
 thefe kynges is for fpaynnes nacyon. In 
 yat nacion of the frenche lande is one kynge 
 of Fraunce and many dukes and Erles. In 
 the nacion of Italian is the kynge of Cicylian/ the kynge of 
 Naples and many dukes and Erles and there is alfo many lord- 
 (hyppes as Veneyfe Florence feuen lenuen [? Simiia, Gctwa\ 
 
 N the nacyon of Germanien is nowe many 
 kynges with out the emperoure/ as the Kynge 
 of Englande/ of Scotlande/ of Vngerien/ of 
 Bohemen/ of Polen/ of Denmarke/ of fweden/ 
 of Northwegen/ of Dalmacyen/ and there is 
 many Dukes and Erles &c. In that ylande 
 of Syiiers [? Cyprus] is the kynge of Sypers/ 
 
 All thefe a fore wryten is vnder the obeyifaunce or [?</] the 
 
 chyrche of Rome. 
 
 C The feconde nacyon. 
 
 |He Grekes haue fpyrytually the Patriarcke of 
 Conftantynnoplen/ and many Archebyffliops/ 
 byfihops/ and abbottes. And in ye tem- 
 peralte haue they one Emperour and many 
 dukes and erles/ and there is but fewe of 
 them that be cryllened/ For the Agarenen 
 and Turkes hath nowe the mood parte of 
 Grekes/ and is not obedient to the chyrch of Rome. And they 
 haue a great erre for they faye that the holy ghoft cam not of 
 the fone but alone of the fader. And they fay alfo that there 
 is no purgatory/ that is all a yende our belefe. 
 
 C The thyrde Jtacyon. 
 
 [Here follows a woodcut representing St. Thomas kneeling to our Saviour.] 
 
 Hey of Indyen hath one prynce and that is 
 pope lohn whofe myghtynes and rychedome 
 amounteth aboue all prynces of the world 
 for he hath vnder hym. Ixxij. [feuenty-two] 
 kynges and as pope lohn dayely rydeth he 
 bere a fore hym one croffe of wode for to 
 thynke on at all tymes and remember vpon 
 the paflion of I[es]hu and to the batayle doth he bere. xij. 
 crofles of golde made and fet with precyoufe (lones for his 
 baners/ in this lande is the body of feynt Thomas. 
 
 C The fourth nacyon. 
 
 Acobyten named alfo of on kettcr lacob and 
 was be one dyflyple of the Patryarche of 
 Alexandryne/ and this helde the one great 
 land in Oryenten and Afyen and is named 
 that lande of Mambrone and it is by Egyp- 
 ten and gothe to Ethyopen and into Indien 
 to/ and hathe vnder hym well. xl. [forty] 
 kynges rychedom/ thefe be kytte and chryftened with a byrn- 
 ynge yren for they branne the token of the holy crofle in theyr 
 forehed/ vpon the brefte/ vpon the arme/ they confefle them to 
 God alone and none preftes/ and they fay that in chrillo is alone 
 the godhed without the manhod/ and fome of them fpeketh 
 Caldefche fome Arabier/ fome other fpe[e]ches after theyr lang- 
 age of the lande/ and thefe been condemned of the holy 
 chyrche in that counfayll of Ceden. 
 
,&c.] 
 
 'm 
 
 \0f the ten divers chrijlian nations.] 
 
 XXXI 
 
 in. 
 
 y the Patriarcke of 
 anyArchebyffliops/ 
 And in ye tem- 
 mperour and many 
 leie is but fewe of 
 For the Agarenen 
 the mood parte of 
 ' Rome. And they 
 ly ghoft cam not of 
 r fay alfo that there 
 ;fe. 
 
 on. 
 
 Heeling to our Saviour.] 
 
 prynce and that is 
 nes and rychedome 
 ynces of the world 
 Ixxij. [feuenty-two] 
 in dayely rydeth he 
 offe of wode for to 
 ,nd remember vpon 
 doth he here. xij. 
 oufe ftones for his 
 homas. 
 
 m. 
 
 in kettcr lacob and 
 
 the Patryarche of 
 
 lelde the one great 
 
 fyen and is named 
 
 and it is by Egyp- 
 
 )en and into Indien 
 
 rm well. xl. [forty] 
 
 flened with a byrn- 
 
 holy crofle in theyr 
 
 ey confefle them to 
 
 It in chrifto is alone 
 
 ne of them fpeketh 
 
 les after theyr lang- 
 
 mned of the holy 
 
 C Thefyth nacyon. 
 
 Here be alfo Neftorijnen named of the ketter 
 Neflorinus that was one byflhope of the 
 byfiliops of Conllantynenoplen and they 
 fett ij. perfones in chriflo that is the Godhed 
 and ye perfones/ and they forfake that 
 maria is the moder of god/ but they belcue 
 well of I[es]hu. and theyr wrytynge is in 
 caUlenfflicr fpeche and they make the facrament in broune 
 brede and there be great multytude of theym and they dwell 
 in Tartarien and in great Indyen/ and theyr lande is as great 
 as a thoufande of Italy/ and thefe ketters be condamned in that 
 thyrde counfayll of Ephefyn and is departed of the holy Romes 
 chyrche and abyde in theyr opynion. 
 
 C The fyxte nacyon. 
 
 JY the ketter Moren they be named Moroniten 
 they fay alone in chriflo is one vnderflande 
 and one wyll and thofe dwell by Lybien in 
 the lande of Phenicen and there be great 
 multitude and they be bolde and hardey 
 men. and great warryars with the bowe/ 
 And they haue theyr byflliops clothed as 
 flie Latynes with the biflhops myter on his hed/ and with the 
 (Croyfers ftaffe and rynges/ Thefe hath ben fome tyme vnder 
 ihe obeyiflaunce of the chyrche of Rome whan Innocentius 
 Was pope/ but afterwarde came they ayen in theyr opynion 
 (Uid there abyde in theyr opynyon. 
 
 C The feuenth nacyon. 
 
 iJRmcnnyten is alfo named for that they dwell 
 in the lande of Armeneten nere vnto Anthi- 
 ochyen and there is whr}'thyn feruyce of the 
 mafles. and theyr other tydes is all in theyr 
 one comon fpeche fo that they all mey 
 vnderflande it what they fynge or rede/ and 
 they haue theyr hed or fader to whome they 
 i reuerence as we do the pope. And they fade the lenton 
 Kth greatter deuocyon than we doo/ for they ete in the lenton 
 fyflhe/ nor they drynke no wyne/ but they ete flefftie vpon 
 ydays. 
 
 lore is a woodcut representing a squadron of English knights, with St. 
 ticorge's flag, armed cap h pie, and galloping in battle. It has nothing 
 whatever to do with the text.] 
 
 C The eyght nacyon. 
 
 His nacyon is named Georgidni of feynt 
 George for they haue hym in theyr batelles 
 for theyr patrone/ and they dwell in the 
 lande of Oryenten/ and they be fayer/ lufty/ 
 and llronge pepyll/ and they be fore a drad 
 of the Medon perffen Afliryen there they 
 aboute dwelle And they haue theyr fcryp- 
 
 ture in ye Greekes fpeche and they haue theyr flicramentes as 
 the Grekes/ and the clarkes haue rounde crownes/ anel they 
 leke the holy graue to Iherufalem with open or fprcd bancrs. 
 And they gyue the farafons no trybute for the farafons fereth 
 thofe folke very fore/ there women here harneyfe lyke the 
 men and they haue alfo bcardes as ye men and they here 
 vpon theyr heddcs and vpon hye cubettcs hye hattes and 
 as the[y] wryte to the Sodan than gyueth he them that they 
 dyflyre. 
 
 €1 The Nynthe nacion. 
 
 He Surianen is named after theyr townc Siirio 
 that is the grettcR in all Suryen or AlTyrycn 
 theyr fcrypture and feruyce of god in ye 
 Grekes fpeche but they fpeke farafons 
 fpeche anil they holde tiie nianere of ye 
 grekes/ and haue byfflioppes that in all 
 thynges be obedyent and they make theym 
 facrament of browne brede and they haue the opynyon of the 
 Grekes ayen the Latynes there be fome cryftened that in the 
 holy lande is namyd Samerytanes that were conuerted in the 
 tyme that the apoflels preched but they vndcrfl.ande them not 
 well in the cryflen beleue. 
 
 «: The tenthe nacyon. 
 
 Ororaben fo called aflfter the laten for theyhoMe 
 and vfe the maner of the cryflen of Ar[a]bicn/ 
 and of thefe were wonte to be manye peojjle 
 in Afrijken and in Spaengnien but nowe is 
 there lytell in the tellyng/ They haue in 
 theyr feruyce of god lateyne as we do/ And 
 they be vnder the obeyifaunce of the chyrche 
 of Rome. And the latynes prelates but in many thynges ben 
 they dyuerfe departed for alfo the day hath xxiiij. houres/ Alfo 
 many tymcs hymnes and pfalmes and other orafouns haue they 
 and very longe/ And that that ye Latyns rede in the begyn- 
 nyng of theyr feruice that rede they in the mydle or in the 
 lafle ende. And that facrament of the auter bruketh fome of 
 them in. vij. partes and fome in. x. partyes/ and thefe people 
 be very deuoute and they mareye but ones in tlieyr lyfe and as 
 the women hath lofle theyr fyrfl hufbond fo dothe they meddle 
 no more with no man/ but abyde fro thenfTourth in chaflyte. 
 
 Or. ij. caufes cometh the departynge of ye 
 cryflen nacyons. The fyrfle caufe is that 
 men in olde tyme myght the cryflen haue 
 only haue generall confilium/ Therfore 
 as the ketters flode vp ayen the cryflen 
 belefe fo was there no body turned nor 
 faught counfayll there ayen. The other 
 caufe was the ferfwynmyngnes of ye opprefl pope of ye fchole 
 of Rome that no melTengere nor lemed fhulde to the kryflen 
 thow that were come in feche lodyng/ for had they do that 
 they fhulde haue be conuerted to the ryght belefe. Thorowfth 
 whiche ryght belefe brynge vs to the hyghefl glorye the fader 
 the fone the holy ghofle thre perfones and one god. Amen. 
 
fWr 
 
 in 
 
 xxxii. \Thc Jirjl EiigliJJi book containing the woyd America {Armenica\ &c.\ 
 
 [An Abridgment of the MEDiiEVAL Legend of Prester John]. 
 
 [This third Tract has a very large initial letter I, containing what appears to be a representation of Prester John, and of a Roman Catholic monk or 
 
 pilgrim kneeling beneath him.] 
 
 
 Pope lolin by ye 
 grace of god the 
 nioofte myglityfte 
 kynge a boue all 
 kyngys of ye 
 worlde gyue fal- 
 uyte the Eraperour 
 of Rome, and alfo 
 thekinge of France. 
 Oure wel be- 
 louyd frynde We 
 late you vnder- 
 flande and knowc 
 of our lande And 
 the maner of oure lyuinge and of our people beefl.es and fowles. 
 C And you faye that we beleue not in god and praye not 
 to hym as you do. So late we you vnderftande that we be- 
 leue in god the father, in god the fonne. and in god the holy 
 goofte. The whyche be vnpartyble and one very god. and is 
 all thynge myghty. 
 
 And alfo certefye yow with oure lettres fealed and doo you 
 knowelege of oure folke or people and of our lande. And yf 
 there be ony thynge yat we kan doo for you. fende vs worde 
 and we (liall it doo with good herte and wyll. And yf it pleafe 
 ony of you to come in oure lande we fliall gyue theym gold 
 and fyluer to th[e]yr necelTitie/ and make them great lordis. and 
 gyue to them alfo lande and good[s] to lyue on. and do to [t]hem 
 worfliyp and honor. For the goodnes that we haue herde lay 
 of you. And we do you knowledge that we haue the richefte 
 crowne of the worlde as of golde and syluer and of precyous 
 ftones in great multitude And we haue alfo vnder vs mighty, 
 xlij. kingdomes and al good criften people, and we kope alfo 
 the poure people with our almes alle that cometh be it (Irenger 
 or of oure owne people thorough the loue of almyghty god 
 "oure lorde Ihefu Crifte. 
 
 f[ Item Oure lande is parted in. iiij. For the landes of 
 Indian/ there be two. and in that grettefl Indien is the body 
 of feynt Thomas. And this lame Indien is partiner of ye code 
 
 of orient for it lyeth befyde a toure ye whych is caalled babel/ 
 and it id [? is\ not ferre fro Babilonyen. And alfo that other 
 parte of Indien is aboute Septentryon. and there is great 
 plenty of wyne/ bredde and all maner of vytayle. 
 
 ^[ Item alfo 'n our lande be gryflbns/ and it is a great oyrde 
 and a myghty. for he wyll well cary in his nelle an oxe/ or an 
 horfe for hii yonge byrdes to ete. Alfo in Saxen is a towne 
 whych is called Grounzwyk ther is one of the clawes yat which 
 is well as great as an horn of an oxe. 
 
 [Here comes, in the original, at the side of the page, a woodcut of an 
 elephant with a castle on its back.] 
 
 f[ In our lande be olyphantes/ dromedaries/ wylde oxcs 
 the whyche haue. vij. homes, alfo Beeres and Lyons of dyuers 
 colours/ as ye redd/ grene/ blacke/ and whitte 
 
 ^[ Item and also be wylde afles the whych haue longe ecres/ 
 and haue twoo fmale homes. &c 
 
 N our lande be alfo fowles ye whyche that 
 haue the mayftery of all birdes of the worlde/ 
 and haue a colour lyke ye fyer/ and his 
 wingis kyt ^cut\ lyke a rafour. and this byrdes 
 ben called Ilerion. and in alle the worlde is 
 no more than two. and they lyuen. iij. Ikore 
 yere and thenne they laye eggis and fytte vpon theym. xl. 
 dayes and as fone as they haue yonges they flee awaye/ fader 
 and moder to the zee and ther they drowne theym felf. and 
 alle tho byrdes yat come ayenfl them do them company to the 
 zee. and as fone as the[y] be drowned all the other byrdes 
 tourne ayen to the nefle there they yonge byrdes ben lefte/ 
 and gyue them mete and drinke to the tyme that the[y] can 
 flee and nurter them felfe. &c. 
 
 f[ Yet ben there other byrdes the whyche ben called 
 Tygris/ and they be fo flronge that they wyll bere or cary in 
 theyr nefle a man fytting vpon an horfe all armyd fro the hede 
 to ye fote. 
 
&r.J 
 
 [The MedicBval Legend of Prejler yo/in.] 
 
 xxxiu 
 
 ohn]. 
 
 ti Catholic monk or 
 
 
 1 is caalled babel/ 
 
 
 nd alfo that other 
 
 
 id there is great 
 
 
 lyle. 
 
 
 it is a great oyrde 
 
 
 efte an oxc/ or an 
 
 
 Saxen is a towne 
 
 
 e clawes yat which 
 
 
 ge, a woodcut of an 
 
 
 aries/ wylde oxcs 
 
 
 id Lyons oi dyuers 
 
 
 tte 
 
 
 1 haue longe eeres/ 
 
 
 ;s ye whyche that 
 irdes of the worlde/ 
 
 ye fyer/ and his 
 our. and this byrdes 
 n alle the worlde is 
 hey lyuen. iij. (kore 
 ,te vpon theym. xl. 
 !y flee awaye/ fader 
 ne theym felf. and 
 em company to the 
 1 the other byrdes 
 
 byrdes ben lefte/ 
 me that the[y] can 
 
 irhyche ben called 
 fyll bere or cary in 
 armyd fro the hede 
 
 [Here, at the side of the page, is the representntion of a naked man with 
 'h one eye in his forehead, and bearing a club.] 
 
 C Item In our lande is alfo a grete deferte or foreft therin 
 dwcleth people bothe men and wymmen the whyche haue nomore 
 than one eye afore, and behinde they haue. iij. or. iiij. eyen 
 
 <[ Yet is in oure lande an other maner of people the whiche 
 ete none other than rawe fleflie. and they care not yf it were 
 of man or woman or of beeftis and alfo the[y] care not of thcr 
 owne deth. and as fone as there one of them dyeth the[y] ete 
 theym all rawe/ both there one [? own] fader or moeder. And 
 they faye yat mans fleyftie is good and natur[a]ly to ete rawe/ 
 
 ' for they faye that they doe it for parte of penaunce for there 
 fynnes. And they be alfo curfed of god/ and they be called 
 
 ; Gog and Magog And of them be no more than one maner 
 of people of this worlde and they fhall be dyftributed or parted 
 
 . thorough all the world whan Antechryft (hall come, and thefe 
 fame were the people or folke the whych they hadde put in 
 pryfone or in holde the great kynge Alexander of Macedonicn. 
 But for all that he wente his way And of this people fhalbe 
 no iugement at the dredefull day of dome lyke the prophete 
 fayeth. |[ Nefcio quis.&'C. 
 
 But neuertheles thonder and lytenynge (hall come fro heuen 
 and bourne theym all in po[w]der And whan that we haue 
 ony enemyes thanne gyue we theym lycence to put theym 
 downe and ete them that be ayenfle vs and then make we 
 them to toume ageyne into there owne lande. For if they 
 (liolde abyde longe with vs they Ihuld vndo vs all and ete vs 
 lyke as they do there owne propre folke. 
 
 ^[Ilcre, also at the side, is the pictorial representation of the creature 
 described in the next paragraph.] 
 
 C And yet is there another manere of people/ the whyche 
 hath rownde fete lyke an horfe/ and alfo they haue. iiij. fharpe 
 clawes behynde/ at there Heles. Wherewith they (Irongely 
 :%ght that there is no manere thyng can (londe ayenfle them/ 
 'iiether harnayfe/ yrone/ nor ftele they pafTe all thorowth/ and 
 Ihis people gyue vnto vs great trybute. and they be alfo with- 
 put dowte great labourers. 
 
 f[ Yet is there a nother fmale lande in a parte of that fame 
 
 |brefl aforefayde/ and it is. xlij. [forty-two] dayes loumeyes longe. 
 
 Ind it is called Feminie the great. And in that fame lande 
 
 bere be thre Quenes without all other landes/ thowe that 
 
 liolden there been of thefe quenes forcfayde And whan thefe 
 
 quenes fhall goo to felde/ then eche of them hath. iij. hondered. 
 
 [300,000] wymen and all in harneyfe/ with out all the 
 
 i>ther women the whych that caray vytayle with carte horfe 
 
 find alfo with olyfauntes. And thefe women be very manly 
 
 fytynge and hardy. C And in this fame lande may come 
 
 EuiH. 
 
 no men but. ix. daycs in the yere and no lenger/ and than 
 they haue conuerfacion and felyllbyp with the men and nomore 
 of the hole yere. For if the men there wolde abyde the 
 women fhulde them flee all. 
 
 C And this fame lande is clofed all aboute with a water 
 called Cyphon comynge out of paradyfe And in this fame 
 lande may come no man without a great fhyp or a great barke. 
 
 C Of the people named Pygnies. 
 
 [Here is a woodcut representing the battle of the Pigmies and the storks.] 
 
 Nd yet is there a nother fmale lande and alfo 
 another Ryuer called Pyconye that is. x. 
 dayes ioumeye longe/ and. vij. brode and 
 this people of this forfayde lande be not 
 great/ but they be lyke chyldren of. vij. 
 yere of age and they haue horfeys as great 
 as a great dogge and they be good cryftened folke and they 
 haue no warre ayenfte noman/ But they haue warre ayenftc 
 the fowles euery yere/ whan they fhall haue in there frute and 
 come And than the kynge putteth on his harneyfe. and than 
 they fyght ayenfle the byrdes. And than there be flayn on 
 bothe partyes many on/ and alfo they be great labourers/ and 
 whan the fylde is don than the byrdes ilee a waye fro them. 
 
 [Here, at the side, is a circular woodcut of Sagittarius, evidently one 
 of the signs of the Zodiac taken from some illustrated almanac] 
 
 C Alfo in our lande been ye Sagittary. the whyche ben fro 
 
 he myddel vpward lyke men/ and fro ye myddell donwarde 
 
 ben they lyke the halfe neder parte of an horfe. and they bere 
 
 bowes and arowes. And the[y] fhute flronger than ony other 
 
 nacyon of people. 
 
 C And in our lande be alfo vnicomes and they been of the 
 manere with blacke and grene/ and thefe vnicornes flee many 
 Lyons, and the Lyon fleeth the vnicome with fubtylnes. 
 Whan the Vnicome hath put hym to refl at a tree/ and than 
 Cometh the Lyon and ronnyth aboute the tree and after hym 
 than ronnyth the vnycome and wolde fayne fley hym/ and than 
 he ronnyth hym felfe into the tree with his home fo harde that 
 he cannot pull it out a geyne. than commeth the Lyon and 
 hath the maftery vpon the vnicome. 
 
 C Item there is a nother parte of a forefl therin dwelleth 
 another maner of folke and this people ben. xx. Cubettes of 
 heylhe. But they were in tynie pafle to be of the heyth of. 
 xl. Cubettes. And they haue nat the pore to come out of that 
 deferte or forefle and all is thorowe the myghte of almyghty 
 god. For if they fholde come out by there (Irength and 
 hardyncfTc lhe[y] wolde conquere all the worlde. 
 
^^^ 
 
 xxxiv \The firjl Englijh book containing the word America {Armcnica), &c.'] 
 
 [Mere, at the side, is • curioui cut represcntiti); the Phanix burning.] 
 C Here begynnith of ye birde the whyche is called Fenix. 
 
 C In cure lande is alfo a byrde ye whyche is called Phenix 
 and is ye fayred byrde of all ye world and there is nomore 
 than one in all ye cours of nature, and he lyucth C. [loo] yere. 
 and thenne flyeth he fo hyghe that the fonne fett the fyre in his 
 wynges/ and thenne comcth he don ayen to his nefl and there 
 he bumeth to p[o]udre and of the adhes comyth a worme/and 
 within. C [loo] dayes after growyth there out another byrde 
 as fayre as euer that other was. 
 
 CL Item Alfo in our lande is plenty of wyne bredde/ fleftie. 
 All that is neceflary for mannys body 
 
 f[ Item In our lande maye come none venyn beetle on that 
 one fyde 
 
 f[ Item Betwene oure lande and the Turkes lande is a ryuer 
 ronnynge and is called Sydon it commeth out of paradyfe of 
 the erthe/ and is full of precyous (lones. 
 
 Q And alfo in oure lande ben ronnynge many finale riuers 
 the whyche that come out of this forfayde riuer. and thev alfo 
 ben fulle of precyous ftones. As Yfmaraddus lafpis Saphyrus 
 Scobaffus Dyamant Topafius/ Carbonkel. Rubin, and yet more 
 other they whyche I not all can reherce. 
 
 f[ Alfo in oure lande groweth on herbe and is called Par- 
 manabel/ and that fame herbe is fo myghty euer foo who that 
 fame herbe beryth a boute hym he may coniure the deuyll of 
 helle and do hym faye what fo euer he wyl axe of hym and 
 therfore the deuyll dare not come in to our lande. 
 
 Item alfo in our lande growith pepper in foreflis full of 
 fnakes and other venym beetles, and whan it is rype than fende 
 we for our folke and they put that fyre ther in/ and than they 
 venym beeflys flee awaye. than we gadder it and cai}'ed to 
 oure houfes and waflhed in two or. iij. waters/ and than we 
 drey it ayen/ and alfo it waxed black and good 
 
 ^ Item ab'jute this paflage is a fonteyne or a conduyte/ fo 
 who of this watere drinked. iij. tymes he fliall waxe yonge/ 
 and alfo yf a man haue had a fykenes. xxx. yere and drynked 
 of thys fame water he (hall therof be hole and fonde. And 
 alfo as a man therof drinked hym femeth that he had occu- 
 pyed the bede mete and drinke of the worlde. and this fame 
 fonteyne is full of the grace of the holy goolt and who fo we 
 in this fame water woilhed his body he (hall become yonge of. 
 XXX. yere. 
 
 And ye (hall knowe that I am haloweth in my moder wombe/ 
 and I am old. v. C. Ixij. [562] yere. and I haue me wefllied. vL 
 tjunes in that fame water. 
 
 [Here, at the side, is a woodcut of a flying griflbn carrying a man.] 
 
 4[ Item In our lande is alfo a zee vcty peruulyous/ and 
 there can we haue noo paflage with noo maner of (hyppyng 
 and than do we vs cary there ouer with our gryfTons. 
 
 fl Item at that one fyde of this zee ronnyth a fmale r}'uere 
 and therin be many precyous (lones. and alfo thcr growyth a 
 certen herbe that is good to all maner of medycyne. 
 
 Q Alfo ye (hall vnderdande that betwene vs and the lewes 
 ronnyth a great ryuer that is full of precyous ftones and it is 
 fo ftronge in here ronnyng yat noman ther ouer can pa(re/ 
 excepte ye faterdaye/ and than parted (hehere and toke with 
 here all that (he fyndeth in here waye. And this fame lande 
 mofte we ftrongely kepe for oure ennemyes. an[d] vp thefe 
 codes haue we. x]ij. [42] dronge cadels none dronger in ye 
 world, and ben well kepte of people. To vndedande. x. M. 
 [10,000] knyghtes on horfbacke. vi.M. [6000] CrotTe bowcs. 
 XV. M. [15,000] longe bowes. and. xLM. [40,000] othere men 
 on horfbacke well armed, ye whyche thefe Cadels haue in 
 kyping by caufe that the great kynge of Ifrahel (hall not ther- 
 pa(re with his people. For he is twyes as dronge as I am. 
 And his lande is twyes as grete as all Crydente and turkey. 
 For he hath in his kepynge the feconde parte of the worlde. 
 And the great kynge of Ifrahel hath vnder hym iij. C [300] 
 kynges. iiij.M. [4000] princes, duces, eries. barons knyghtes/ 
 fquyers without nombre. and all thefe be fubgette to the great 
 kynge of Krahel. But yf he myght pa(re ouer this forfayde 
 ryuer with his people they (holde (lee both cryden and turkes. 
 And ye (hall knowe that we all faterdaye late paiTe. viij. C. or. 
 M. [800 or a 1000] men for beye fuche nianere good[s] or mar- 
 chaundyfe as they wyll haue. but we late them not come with 
 in ye wallis of thys cade's, for they bye it without ye walles 
 of thys fortreflTes. and they paye ther marchaundyfes with 
 platis of fyluer or of gold for they haue none other money, 
 and whan they haue don ther befynes they toume home ayen 
 in theyr owne lande. and thefe forfayde cadels be fete to gyder 
 within a bowe (hotte. And ye (hall vnderdande that within a 
 myle of thefe cadels is a great Cite and a fayre and it is the 
 dronged of all the worlde. the whyche cite is in our kepyng of 
 one of our kyngis. and he receyueth tribute of the great kyng 
 of IfraheL And alfo gyueth vs euery yere. ij. C. [200] horfes 
 laden with golde/ fyluer/ and precyous dones. Except alle 
 charges and codes that men doth in the cyte and in thyfe 
 forefayde cadels. And whan that we haue warre ayend them/ 
 than flee we them alle and late noman alyue. and therfore 
 they wyll kepe no warre ayende vs. and the wymmen of the 
 lewes be very fayre none fayrer in erth nowe a dayes lyuinge. 
 And by this forfayde ryuer is a zee ther noman may pa(re/ but 
 
&€.] 
 
 [ The Mcdiccval Legend of Prcjler yohn\ 
 
 XXXV 
 
 carrying • man.] 
 
 peruulyous/ and 
 iner of (hyppyng 
 rryfTons. 
 
 ■th a finale r)'uere 
 
 b ther growyth a 
 
 iycyne. 
 
 vs and the lewes 
 
 i ftones and it is 
 
 ■ ouer can paffe/ 
 ;re and toke with 
 1 this fame lande 
 s. an[d] vp thefe 
 le ftronger in ye 
 vndedande. x.M. 
 )o] Croffe bowcs. 
 >,ooo] othere men 
 e Caflels haue in 
 ihel fliall not ther- 
 3 (Ironge as I am. 
 lente and turkey, 
 irte of the worlde. 
 
 ■ hym iij.C [300] 
 barons knyghtes/ 
 )gette to the great 
 mer this forfayde 
 ryften and turkes. 
 
 paffe. viij.C. or. 
 
 e good[s] or mar- 
 
 !m not come with 
 
 without ye walles 
 
 rchaundyfes with 
 
 me other money. 
 
 :oume home ayen 
 
 be fete to gyder 
 
 inde that within a 
 
 ayre and it is the 
 
 in our kepyng of 
 
 of the great kyng 
 
 ij. C. [200] horfes 
 
 les. Except allc 
 
 :yte and in thyfe 
 
 arre ayenft them/ 
 
 ue. and therfore 
 
 wymmen ot the 
 
 a dayes lyuinge. 
 
 in may paffe/ but 
 
 whan the wynde blowythe fro benethe flrongely than parted ftie 
 f here/ and thannc tlic[y] paffe with great iiad. and than they 
 take with hym all maner of precious ftones. but they may 
 felle none therof [be]for[e] that wee haue taken therof our chofe. 
 C In a parte of our lande is an hylle there noman may 
 dwelle for hete of the fonne/ and there bee wormes many on 
 without fyre can not lyue. And by this fame hylle we kepe. 
 «J.M. [40,000] people that no thyngeclls but make fyre/ and 
 jWhan this wormes fcele the fyre than thei come oute of the 
 he and goo in too that fyre. and there they fpynne lyke the 
 ormes yat the fylke fpynncth And of that fame fpynnyng 
 e make our clot[h]ynge that we were on fefte dayes. and 
 han they be foule/ than they be caft in to ye fyer and they 
 com as fayre as euer they were afore 
 And ye (hall vnderftande that faint Thomas doeth more 
 lyracles/ than ony feynt in heuen For he comyth bod[i]ly 
 fluery yere in his chirche and doth a fermon/ and alfo in a 
 iialays there ye here after of hym fliall here. 
 
 ^ere, at the side, is the representation of the creature descrilied in the 
 V' next paragraph.] 
 
 G And ye fliall alfo knowe that there be dyuers of people 
 ff fafon in our lande/ alfo there be people that haue the body 
 4|f a man and the hcde lyke a dogge and they be good takers 
 of fyfflie. and they be good to vnderftande of theyre fpeeche. 
 •nd they W7U goo in to the zee a hole daye longe to the tyme 
 jfcat they haue taken fuche as they wolde haue/ and than ye 
 p//^'] come ayen charged with fyflhe. and bere them in to ye 
 fcoufes for they haue there dwcllinge places vnder erthe. and 
 ftenne t.ake we part of there fyfdies that vs befte lyketh. and 
 fljey do great harme among our bee thow yat be wylde. and 
 ^ey fyghte alfo ayenfte our archers. &c. 
 
 4[ In oure londe is alfo one mancre of byrdes and laye ther 
 is in the zee. xxi. and ther out growen yonge byrdes. and 
 ,n the[y] flee away and we take fomtyme of theym for they 
 good for to ete whan they be yonge For yf theyr were 
 ly man that hathe loft his nature and ete of this fame byrde 
 ftioll it gete ayen and becom as ftronge as euer he was 
 re. 
 
 ■ere is a woodcut of a tree dropping oil, guarded by a dragon, as described 
 in tlie next paragraph. 
 
 j C Alfo in our lande is that fame tree/ ther yat holy creften- 
 bm or olye [? oyle\ out ronnith. and this tree is dreye/ and 
 er is a great ferpent which yat tree hath in kepynge all the 
 ble yere nyght and daye but alone vp[on] feynt lohns daye 
 ^d night and than flepyth the ferpent or dragon, and than 
 we to the tree and take yat crifma. and of this fame is 
 bmore than iij. po[u]nd. and than tourne we ayen fecretely 
 
 with great drcde and fere yat he vs not fee/ for ells he wyll 
 flee vs. and this fame tree is a dayes iourney fro ye paradys of 
 ye erthe. but whan this ferpent is a waked than maked he 
 great mone and forow. and this dragon hath. ix. hedes and. ij. 
 wynges. and is as great as twoo horfes. But for all yat it 
 foUoweth vs Aylle tyl we ben come to the zee ayen. and than 
 toumed it ayen. and thenne bere we that crifmx to ye patriarch 
 of feynt thomas and he haloweth it/ and ther with they make 
 vs al cryften. and ye remenaunt fende we to ye patriarche of 
 Iherufalem. and he fende it forth to the Pope of rome. and he 
 puth therto olye tof lyfe ^oylt of lyfi\ and than halowyth it/ 
 and then he fendeth all cryftente through 
 
 Q Alfo ye fliall vnderftande whan we fliall goo to warre than 
 doo we afore vs bere with, xiiij. [14] kynges. xiiij. [14] cofers 
 with golde and fyluer really wroght with precious (lones. and 
 the other kynges come after vs with grete ftremers and baners 
 of fylke and fyndale very rychely wrought Ye fliall knowe 
 alfo that afore vs gone. xl. M [40,000] clerkis and alfo many 
 knyghtis. and men afote there be ij. C. M. [300,000] without 
 cariers and cariers that go with the olyphantes and cary our 
 hamcys and vitales. 
 
 f[ Ye fliall vnderftande alfo as we goo to fylde than put we 
 oure lande in the kepyng of the Patriarche of feynt thomas. 
 And whan we peccfably ryde than do we bere afore vs a croffe 
 of wodde in worfliyp of oure lorde Ihefu Cryfte. Alfo in the 
 incomynge of euery cyte ftande. iij. croffes made of wodde/ for 
 to remembre ye paffion of oure lord Ihefu cryfte. And whan 
 we ryde pecefably than do we alfo bere afor vs a bafyn full of 
 erthe to remembre yat we be come of erthe and that we fliall 
 waxe erth ayen. and we do alfo bere for vs another bafyn full 
 of fyne gold to a token that we be the noblefte and myghtyeft 
 kyngis of all the worlde. 
 
 <[ There is alfo in our lande noman fo hardy that dare breke 
 his wedloke. but yf he dyde he fliolde be incontynent be 
 bumyd. For our lorde hym felfe hath ordeyned wedlok ther- 
 fore it fliold be kept by reafon yf that we louyd oure lorde 
 Ihefu Cryfte. For it is one of the facramcntes of the holy 
 chyrche. 
 
 <[ Alfo there dare noman make a lye in oure lande. for of 
 he dyde he fliolde incontynent bee fleyn and we be feythful in 
 oure faying and doying. 
 
 f[ Alfo ye fliall vnderftand that we euery yere goo vyfite 
 the holy body of the prophete danyel in oure foreft/ and we 
 take with vs. x M. [10,000] clerkis and as many knyghtys. 
 and. CC. [200] caftels. made vpon Olyphantes fore to kepe vs 
 from ye dragons ye whyche haue. vij. hedes. the whych that 
 haue theyr dwellynge in that foreft. 
 
 f[ And there bee alfo in that fame place dates ye winter 
 and fomer hange on the trees fayr and grene. And ye forefte 
 is great a. C. and xxx. [130] dayes journey, and ye. ij. 
 
xxxvi \ThefirJi Englijh book containing the word America {Armenica), &c\ 
 
 ,i 
 
 r ! 
 
 patriarches ben before vs at table for they hauc the myght of the 
 pope of rome. And we haue twyes as many abbotes in oure 
 landc as there be dayes in the yere. [and] xv. more And cucrich 
 flne of them cometh ones in ye yere and faythe maflc vpon 
 faint Thomas auter. And I my felf feye alfo malTc in the grete 
 feAis of ye yere. and ther for I am called pope lohn. For I 
 [am] priAe after the outfhewyng of facrificie of the auters. and 
 kinge after outfhewing of luftice. C And I pope lohn was 
 halowid afore T was borne, for oure lordc fende his angell to my 
 fader and fayde to hym make a pallays the whyche (hall be of 
 the grace of god and a chamber of that paradyfe for your fonne 
 comynge For hi (hall be the gretteA kynge of the worlde. and 
 he (halle a longe tyme lyue. So who that in this pallays 
 comyth he (hall haue no hongre or thryAe. and he (hall not 
 deye and as fone as my fader was a wakyd he was very mery/ 
 and incontynent he began to make thys pallays lyke ye (hall 
 here. At fyrA of ye incomynge of thys pallays is made of 
 criAall and the couerynge of it is of precious Aones and with 
 in realy wrought with Aerres lyke yf it were ye heuen. and 
 that pauing is alfo of criAall and within this fame pallays 
 be none wyndowes. and within this fame pallays be. 
 xxiiij. [24] pyllers of fyne gold and of precyous Aones of all 
 maner fortes, and ther am I at great feAe dayes of the yere 
 and feynt Thomas prechyth in middell of this pallays to the 
 
 people. And « 'Mthin this fame pallays is a conduyte or a fon- 
 teync is lyke wyne in drynkyngn/ fo who thereof drincketh he 
 dcfyred none other mete nor drinke and noman can telle fro 
 whens it cometh or whyther it gothe. Alfo ther is another 
 great merucyll in this fame pallays whan we (hall goo to oiur 
 dyner/ fo is there no maner of mete made redy (or vs/ nor 
 there is no manner of inArumentcs to make mete redy with 
 all. but there comith before vs all maner of delycious mete 
 that comyth there thoroughe the holy gooA. And it is 
 not wel polTyble to wrytte all maner of goodnes they [haue] 
 whiche yat be in oure lande. And ye Aiall vnderAande that 
 we wntte nothinge to you but trcwe is. For if we (holde wryte 
 lyes to you/ god and feynt thomas (holde punyflhe vs/ for we 
 (holde lefe all our dignyte and oure worfliyp. 
 And we praye you that ye wyl writte vs ayen with the berer 
 of this lettre. and fende to vs ayen a good knyght of ye genera- 
 cyon of fraunce. 
 
 And we praye the kyngr of Fraunce that he wyll vs recom- 
 maunde to the myghty kyng of Englande. and alfo to all other 
 kynges the whyche yat dwelle be ^'onde the zee thow that ben 
 cryAened and we praye god that he you wyl gyue the grace of 
 the holy gooA Amen. 
 
 Written in oure holy pallays in the byrth of my felfe. v. 
 [(ive] hondred. and feuen. 
 
 (SBmpnntctj^ bg mr Sojbn of Botsborotoc: 
 
xxxvu 
 
 The 
 
 Life and Labours 
 
 of 
 
 Richard Eden, 
 
 Scholar, and Man of Science. 
 
 [?i5si]— 1576. 
 
 * Probable or approximate datei. 
 The best Life of our Author hitherto, is in Cooper's Atktna CanlabrigitHses, ii., 2, Ed. 1861. 
 
 1S09. Apr. 22. flrnrjt VIS!, ramn to tf)e ti)ronr. 
 
 1521.* The jrear of our Author's birth has not yet been ascer- 
 
 tained, but it cannot be much later than 1531. He 
 would therefore be of nearly the same age as Sir 
 
 William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, who was bom on 13th September 1520. 
 
 He stated in 1573 (see under that year) that * he was of a respectable 
 
 bmily in Hertfordshire ; where he, in that year, had a sister still living.' 
 
 1526*-1534.* He is well educated as a boy. ' When I was a yonge 
 Koler, I haue read in the Poet Hesiodiu.'^p. xli. col, 2. 
 
 1526. Fietro Martire of Anghiera dies. 
 
 1526. Feb. The printing of the Sumario de la MOiuml y general 
 
 ittoria de las Indias, written by Gon9alo Fernandez de 
 Oviedo y Valdes, is finished at Toledo. 
 
 1530. Jan. 25. Sir Thomas Smith \b, 38th March 1514 at Saffron 
 Walden], being then B. A., is elected Fellow of Queen's 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 1633. Aug. 31. The printing of the Third edition of Fietro Martiie's 
 Latin Decades is linLihed at Basle. It is undoubtedly 
 the text from which Eden translated pp. 63-200 of 
 this present work. 
 
 1633-1539> Sir T. Smith is resident U Cambridge. 
 
 1540. Vaunuccio Biringuccio's Pyrotechnia is first printed ; 
 
 at Venice. 
 
 1535-1544. Eden studies at Cambridge for ten years (see under 
 
 1573)- What he states there, he confirms elsewhere, see 
 p. 1. etl. I, < that the ryght wurfliyptull and of fingular 
 
 D 
 
 leamynge in all fcience^ Syr Thomas Smyth, In my tyme the floure of 
 the Vniueriitie of Cambridge, and sometyme my tutor.' He does not, how- 
 ever, seem to have taken any degree, while up at the University. 
 1539-1541. Sir T. Smith is travelling abroad. 
 
 1542. A folio edition jf Chaucer's works Is published, re- 
 
 markable for being an early instance of joint enterprise 
 among English printers, 'each having his own name alone 
 as printer, in the colophon of so many copies as were his proper share.' — 
 Herbert's Typographical Antiquities, p. 557, Ed, 1785-90. The joint 
 partners in this edition were W. Bonham, F. Petit, R. Kele, and R. Toy. 
 1842-1547. Sir T. Smith Is again resident at Can-*- " 
 
 was probably during this period, that he ' .nt ilden: 
 who had, for his fellow pupils unde' '. T. Smith, 
 Edward Vere, afterwards the Earl of Oxford and a mos' laislu put-'; 
 and John Ponet, afterwards Bishop of Winchester. 
 
 1544-1546. Eden comes to Court, and holds a 1 -itinn in the 
 
 Treasury, for about two years j which is his . *' " nnoini- 
 
 ment in the Civil Service. 
 
 1545. Oct. The First edition of Thomas Geminus' important 
 
 ' Epitome of The Fabric of the Human Body, by A. 
 
 Vesalius,' is published in Latin in London, In folio size; 
 
 illustrated with remarkable engravings, 'all drawen out, and graven 
 
 in brafTe, and fo impriented by my own labour.' The dedication to 
 
 Henry VHL is dated London, 4 Kal. Oct. [28th September] 1545. 
 
 Geminus, in his next edition of 1553, states that King Henry very mnch 
 wished that this anatomical work should be widely published abroad : and 
 thnt he himself had subsequently heard that it had been ' notably well 
 
T" 
 
 xxxvin 
 
 The Life and Ladours of Richard Eden, 
 
 I i 
 
 accepted, and hath doen muchc good in Italyc, Fmuncc, Sixiinc, and 
 Cermaine, and other foren parties. ' 
 
 1547. Eden is destined to the office of the Distillery ; when 
 
 the King dies : see p. xlv. 
 
 1547. Jan. 28. 
 
 1547. 
 
 1547. • 
 
 1548. Sept. 
 
 1549. Oct. lO. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1550. Jan. 25. 
 
 Sept. 5. 
 1551. July 3. 
 
 £l)toai1i StJ. i<uccc(1)0 to tl]t (TrcVun. 
 
 The Lord Protector, however, gives the Distillery to 
 one, who held it down to, at least, so late as 1573. 
 
 Eden marries; and has by his wife twelve children in 
 the next fourteen years ; who all apparently grow up to 
 manhood ; else the argument and appeal then used by 
 him in IS73, would seem to be fauUy. 
 
 Mastor William Cecil, a;t. 28, is appointed Secretary 
 to the Lord Protector .Somerset. 
 
 In the political revolution, occasioned by the advent 
 to power of the Earl of Warwick, aftenvards the Duke 
 of Northumberland — to whom Eden, in 1553, dedicated 
 his Trcalyfe of the nnve India — Master W. Cecil is 
 confined to his house (Oct. 10) ; and in November is 
 sent to the Tower ; from whence he is set free on the 25th 
 January following. 
 
 The First edition of Girolamo Cardano's work, De 
 SuhtUitate, is printed at Nuremberg in folio. It was written in eight 
 months ; but under constant correction for three years before it appeared. 
 Eden thought very highly of it. 
 
 1550. May. The First edition, of the First Volume only, of Ntn'i- 
 
 gationi e Viai^gi [collected by J. H. Kamusio] is printed 
 
 at Venice. It was probably this First impression ; and 
 
 not the Second edition of the same Volume printed in March 1554, that 
 
 Eden made use of in his Compilation. 
 
 Master W. Cecil is appointed one of the Secretaries 
 of Slate and a I'rivy Councillor. 
 
 Tlie sweating sickness, which had begun on 15th 
 April at Shrewsbury, l)egins in London ; where 500 
 persons die in the first week. At this time, the first 
 English ship that ever went to liarbary, leaves Portsmouth; nder the 
 command of T. Windham (see /. xix). 
 
 Oct. 11. Sir W. Cecil is knighted. 
 1552. Spring. Eden writes thus, at p. 355, about the middle of 1555, 
 ' And wheras as concernynge the knowleage of metals, 
 I was once mynded to haue tranflated into Englyflic 
 the hoole worke of Pyrotechnia, wherof I fynyffhed. xxii. chapitures now 
 more then three yeares fence, and lefte the copie thcrof in the handes of 
 one of whome I coulile neuer get it ageyne (omyttynge to fpeake of other 
 ingratitudes) I was therby difcouraged to proceade any further in that 
 woorke.' From this, it is evident that, by this time, Eden was a good 
 Italian scholar. His translation of the first three cluipters will be found at 
 PP- 356-368. 
 
 1552. About this date, Eden was, I believe, acting as private 
 
 secretary to Sir W. Cecil. I have, however, lost the 
 
 reference to the authority for this. 
 
 1552. April 22. Sir W. Cecil is made Chancellor of the Order of the 
 
 vjurier. 
 
 May 2 or 9. The second English voyage sets out for Barbary, 
 
 /. xix. 
 June 3. Girolamo Cardano, on his way from Italy, reaches 
 London ; and after a rest of three days, travels in 
 twenty-three days to Edinburgh: where he somewhat 
 successfully prescribes for Cardinal Beaton. After a 
 stay of seventy-five days there ; he leaves Edinburgh on 
 Sept. 12. I2th September, on his return towards Italy. 
 See lurther respecting this famous Italian magician or physician— this 
 considerable genius — this prolific author (he wrote in all 222 treatises, large 
 and small) — this most impudent liar and profligate liver, in Professor 
 Morlcy's Life of Jerome Cardan, 1856. It is quite possible that Eden saw 
 Cardano — whose works, he quotes as of the highest authority — while he 
 was staying in LondotL 
 
 1552. July 20. Geminus, in the Dedication prefixed to the Second 
 edition of his "Epitome of Vesalius' Anatomy &'c." 
 x\xviH 
 
 common weale. 
 1552. Dec. 2 
 
 1553. May 9. 
 
 (with the explanations 'to the plates, greatly augmented and in English), 
 which is dated " At Wiiulfore, the. xx. July 1552," (the engraved 
 title is, however, dated 1553) goes on to state, after wh.it we have already 
 quoted above, under 1S45, as folIo\fs : — ' And now of late by the informa- 
 cion of fundrye frendes and alfo of diucrfe furgeons, I haue ben borne 
 in hande, that the fame worke beeyng fet foorth in the Englifli tounge 
 might greatly auaile to ye knowledge of the vnlatined Surgeons, 
 and by meane of them, fliould bee muche more beneficiall, then in latin 
 it is to an infinite nombre of i)eople in ihys your Malefties Royalme of 
 Englande. Wherefore myndyng to rendre vnto this Countrey, in which 
 by your graces prolccclon and bounteous liberalitle I Hue, as muche 
 fruite as my poore in<lullrlc and continuall trauaile m.iy polTibly bee liable 
 to yelde, I haue earncflly applyed my felfe to make common and familiar 
 to all Englifhe people that which hath ben found profitable among fo 
 many foren nacions. W'hereunto forafmuch as I am not my felfe fo 
 perfeict and cxpertc in the Engllllie tonge that I dare wariaunt or trull 
 myne owne dooynges, I haue vfed the ftudious pcines of Nicholas Vdall 
 [the author of Koister Doister, our earliest known English comedy] and 
 certain other learned men whole exercife in tranllacciuns and pennyng in 
 this tounge hath ben (as I vnderftande) not without fome fruite to the 
 
 Eden edited the next edition in 1559. 
 The printing of the first edition of Francisco Lopez de 
 
 Gomhra's Istoria de las Indias y conqnisla de Mexico, is 
 
 finished at Saragossa. 
 The date of the Ordinances &c. for the English fleet 
 
 going for the discovery of Cathay by the North-East ; 
 
 given by Sebastian Cabot, as ' Gouernour of the myfterie 
 and companie of the Marchants aduenturers for the difcouerie of Regions, 
 Dominions, Hands, and places vnknown j' who were not, however, incor- 
 porated by royal charter, until 6th February 1555 (i and 2 Philip and Mary). 
 For these Ordinances, see Ilakluyt's Voyages, &'c., p. 259, ed. 1589. 
 1553. May 20. The first English licet, consisting of the Bona Esfe- 
 
 ranza, 120 tons. Captain Sir Hugh Willoughby, General 
 
 of the whole fleet ; the Edward Bonaven/ure, 160 tons, 
 Captain Richard Chancellor, Pilot Major, with Stephen Burrough (or as 
 Eden calls him at /. xll. col. 2, Steucn a Burrough), for Master ; and the 
 Bona ConfdentiU, qo tons, Cornelius Decrfoorth, Master : leave RatclilT 
 on their voyage, and t,"et as far as Deptford. 
 
 May 21. About 2 P.M. they leave Deptford. Then occurred 
 
 the scene thus vividly described to us by Clement 
 
 Adams ; of which it is almost certain that Eden was 
 
 an eye-witness. 
 ' The greater fl.lppes were towed downe with boates, and oares, and 
 the mariners being all ajiparelled in watchet or flile coloured clothe, 
 rowed a maine, and m.ide way with diligence. And being come neere to 
 Grecnewich (wiiere the Court then l.iye) piefently vpon the newes thereof 
 the Courtiers came running out, and the common people flockt together, 
 (landing very thicke vpon the flioare : the priuie Counfell, they lookt out 
 at the windowes of the Court, and the reft ranne vp to the toppes of the 
 towers ; the fliippes hereupon difcharge the Ordinance, and flioote ofi' their 
 pieces after the maner of warre, and of the fea, infomuch that the tops of 
 the hilles founded therewith, the valleys, and the waters gaue an Eccho, 
 and the mariners they fliouicd in fuch fort, that the flcie rang againe 
 with the noyfe thereof. One ftoode in the poope of the flilppe, and by 
 this gcllure biddes farewell to his friends in the beft manner he coulde. 
 Another walkes vpon the hatches, another cllmLcs the flirow[d]es, another 
 ftandes ''pon the maine yarde, and another in tlie toppe of the iiiippe. 
 To bee Ihort, it was a very triumphe (after a fort) in all vcfpects to the 
 beholders. But (alas) the good King Edwarde (in refpect of whome 
 principally all this was prepared) hee only by rcafon of his ficknefli: was 
 abfent from this fliewe, and not long after the departure of thefe fliips, 
 the lamentable and mod forowfull accident of his death followed.' — 
 Hakluyt, Voyages, p. 282, Ed. 1589. 
 
 May This voysige seems to have aroused a general interest 
 
 in cosmography. People began to think of the great 
 
 unknown world outside and bey ' igland. Some 
 one printed a tract or single sheet, entitled Of the new j^und lands, which 
 Eden derides at /. 5. This publication stirred him up to a rapid trans- 
 lation of a part of the Fifth book of Mucnster's colossal Cofmo^raphy, 
 
nd in Eiist"!')' 
 
 (the engraved 
 we have already 
 by the informa- 
 haue ben borne 
 
 Englilli tounge 
 tined Surgeons, 
 all, then in latin 
 (lies Royalme of 
 untrey, in which 
 ; Hue, as muche 
 lofTibly bee hable 
 aon and familiar 
 filable among (o 
 
 not my felfe fo 
 wan aunt or trull 
 if Nicholas Vdall 
 lish comedy] and 
 s and pennyng in 
 ime fruile to the 
 
 rancisco Lopez de 
 •lista Jc Mexico, is 
 
 the English fleet 
 1 the North-East ; 
 our of the myfterie 
 juerie of Regions, 
 It, however, incor- 
 : Philip and Mary). 
 59, ed. 1589. 
 of the Bona Esfe- 
 illoughby. General 
 avfiiiure, 160 tons, 
 n Burrough (or as 
 ir Master ; and the 
 ter : leave RatclilT 
 
 Then occurre<l 
 us by Clement 
 that Eden was 
 
 and oares, and 
 coloured clothe, 
 :ing come neere to 
 the newes thereof 
 lie flockt together, 
 ell, they lookt out 
 the toppes of the 
 and flioole off their 
 ich that the tops of 
 ers gaue an Eccho, 
 fliie rang againe 
 the fliippe, and by 
 manner he coulde. 
 llirow[dles, another 
 ppe of the iiiippe. 
 all vcfpects to the 
 refpect of whome 
 his fickneffe was 
 ure of thefe fltips, 
 leath followed.' — 
 
 I a fjeneral interest 
 think of the great 
 igland. Some 
 ri/(<«rf lands, which 
 to a rapid trans- 
 issal Cofmos,rafhy, 
 
 The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 June.* 
 
 i 
 
 Aug. 22 
 
 1554. 
 
 Thus appcired Richard Eden's first literary work, 
 (see title at A 3). printed by Edward Sutton. He 
 dedicates it to John Dudley, Duke of Northumber- 
 land, the then all-powerful Protector. The Dedication is important 
 in relation to the controverted life of Sebastian Cabot. It is to be noticed 
 that in il Eden boasts of having already rcail the Dccaks, To this month 
 and year is therefore also to be assigned the composition of his address 
 'To the Reader' at //. 7-1 1 ; in which he so manfully strives to uproot 
 the general ignorance and timi<Iily of his time. 
 
 1553. July 6. fHavo'a tcian rommtntta. 
 
 1553. Aug. 12. The first English voyage to Guinea leaves Ports- 
 mouth, see /. 375. 
 
 Aug. 20. The printing of Jie second edition of Lopez de 
 Goinara's ffistoria is finished at Medina del Campo. 
 
 John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (to whom, 
 
 E<lcn had dedicated, within less than three months before, 
 
 his first work), is beheaded at the Tower ; with Sir T. 
 
 Gales, and Sir T. Palmer. 
 
 Summer.* Richard Chancellor's ship, the Edward Bonaventtire, 
 
 roliiins to England ; but is rolibed on the way home, by 
 
 some Flenilnj^s. The crews of the other two ships, 
 
 Spring.* under Sir Hugh VVilloughby, to tlie number of seventy 
 
 persons, are frozen to death ; while wintering at Ar/.lna fiord, for ' want 
 
 of experience to have made ciiues or stoues.' It appears from a will 
 
 found in one of the ships, that Sir Hugh Willougliby and most of his 
 
 "company, were alive In January 1554. 
 
 1554. July 25. Queen Mary is married to Philip, Prince of Spain, at 
 
 Winchesier. 'Shortly after King /Vii/ifi and Queene 
 
 Jl/ary reinooucd from Winchester to Basing, [and] from 
 
 Aug. 5. thence to Windsor, where, on the fifth of August, the 
 
 King was stalled in the noble order of the garter, where he kept a great 
 
 fesisl, and at that time the Earle of Sussex was made knight of the garter.' 
 
 — S/on; p. 1057, Ed. 1600. 
 
 Aug. 17. 'The King and Qucne remooucd to Richmond, from 
 
 thence by water to Southwa.ii": accompanied with the 
 
 noble men and ladies, the King in one barge, the Queen 
 
 In rinother, and landed at the liishop of Winchesters staires neere to S. 
 
 Maries Queries church, and so passed through th.it place and park into 
 
 SuiT:!'" -ilace, where they resteil that night.' — Stoav, idem. 
 
 Aug. 18. 'And the next day, lieing the 18 of August, they rode 
 
 through Southwarke oucr the bridge, and so through 
 
 London, where they were with great proulslon received of 
 
 e citizens, pageants In places accustomed, the crosse In Cheape new gilt, 
 
 ;c. , and jiassing through Panics churchyard, a man came sliding, as it were 
 
 Jjyingupon a rope, from Paulcsstccplc down fothe deans w.ilU' — .SVitc, iVA.-w. 
 
 As Eden tells us, at /. 46, intoxicated by the shows, the triumphs, and 
 
 Iversal acclamations that greeteil the gorgeous royal procession through 
 
 le Cily, he was led first to debate within himself as to whether he could 
 
 ly any original publication perpetuate to future Ages, not so much the 
 
 [lorious reception, as its wt .thiness and significance : but thinking of 
 
 iolhing sulTicienlly wortiy, he was led to consider the marvellous 
 
 iscoverles, rimquests, and empire of the Spanairds ; all of which bade 
 
 to become (should th'; royal pair have issue) the joint heritage of 
 
 ngland. Hence his grea; Compilation is distinctly the result of the 
 
 arriage Procession of this day. 
 
 Within the following twelve months (working incessantly, and for 
 ^Jolhing), Eden translated or wrote all that is reprinted in this volume, 
 itween //. 43 and ,798. Inasmuch as the work was one of great bulk 
 lhoMj;h, at the time, of national importance), several printers combined 
 igetlicr for its iisk of its publication : while the printing of it was 
 holly intrustcl to William Powell. There are copies extant with the 
 ilojilions of Robert Toy, Richard Jugge, Edwanl Sutton, and also, as 
 erbert states at /. 738, William Seres, and perhaps others. These are 
 le " piirteners ■' to whom Eden refers at/, 330. — See 1542 alrave. 
 Leonhardus tjoreclus, a Polish kniglit, writes a congratulatory Latin 
 'ration to the p-ople and nobles of England on the royal marriage, which 
 ■a« printed by William Powell, who was aho, at the same time, busily 
 igaged on Eden's Compilation. Eden refci to this Oration at/. 47. 
 
 1554. Oct. 11. 
 
 Oct 12. 
 
 1554. Oct. 2. 'Tlicrccame to the Tower In twenty carts made for ihc 
 show, accompanied with certain Spaniards of the King's 
 Guard, ninety-seven little chests, of a yard long and four 
 Inches broad, of silver, which will make by estimation fifty thousand 
 jiounde' [equivalent to ;f 750,000 of the present day]: I/arl. MS. 194 
 [which is a ' Pocket Diary of a resident in the Tower between July 1553 
 .and October 1554 '] reprinted by the Camden Society under the title of 
 77ie Chronicle of Qtiren Jane, 1S50. John Foxe, in his Acles and Momiinentes, 
 iSt'c, Ed. 1563, states th.at the silver wtis 'matted about with mats, and 
 inayled in little handles about two fc'.'t long and almoin half a foot thick, and 
 In euery cart fixe of thofe bumlles.' I presume this is what lulen refers 
 to at /. 56, as the l8,oo3 pounds ' weyght of fyluer which was coyiied 
 to the Kynges vfe in the towre of London where neuer fo much hath 
 byn feene at once as fuche as haue byn owlde ofTicers in the mynte doo 
 afTirme.' It was brought there from Peru and Rio de la Plata, by the 
 celebratetl Spanish historian Augustin de Zarate ; whose I/isloria del 
 dcscuhrimicnto y conquista del Vera was published at Antwerp in the 
 next year. 
 
 It was probably after the fonnalinn of this acciualnlanceship with Zarate, 
 and while his great Collection, here reprinted, (itself an honour to the 
 Spanish nation) w.as In the press ; that by the favour of certain S|).inish 
 nobles, Eden obtained a place In the English Treasury of the Prince of 
 Spain. 
 
 The second expetlltion to Guinea leaves the River 
 Thames, see /. 379. 
 
 The third edition of Guui.ira's llistoria is finished at 
 Saragossa. 
 1554. Nov. 28. The Council of Slate annonnce by letter, at Dr. Chcd- 
 sey's sermon at Paul's Cross, that the (Jueen is enceinte. 
 
 1554. Nov. 11. ) Parliament sits at Westminster. 
 
 1555. Jan. 16. ) Among other Acts jiassed by it, was the fol'.iwing 
 
 short or.c, 1.1. w known as I & 2 Philip am' Mary, 
 
 c. 6^emille>l ./// .Icte for renueng of three EJlatntcs 
 made for the fun'-flumcnt of Ilerefies: — " Eor tli[e]excluilng and 
 avoiding of Errours and Ilerefies which of late haue ryfen growen 
 and much cncreafed within this Realnie, for that lh[e]()idinaries 
 haue wanted auctlnnitce to proccde agaynfte thos that were infected 
 therwilhc : IlK IT therfore ordeined and enacted by th[e]aucthorlle 
 of this prefente Parliament, That the Statute made in the fifihe yere of 
 the Relgne of King RIcharcle the Seconde, concerning th[e]arre(llng and 
 apprehencion of erronlous and heretlcall Preachers, And one other Statute 
 made in the feconde yere of the Reignc of King Ilenryc the Fourlhe 
 concerning the reprelTing of Ilerefies and punlfliment of Heretlkes, And 
 alfo one other ICftatute made in the feconde yere of the Relgne of King 
 Henrye the Elfllie, concerning the fuppreffion of Herefie and Lollardye, 
 and euery Article, Uranche and Sentence contained in the (iiine three 
 feuerall Actes and every of them, fliall from the xxil' day of lanuaiye next 
 coming [1555] be revived and l>e in full force flrengthe and effecle to all 
 Intentes conflruccions and purpofes for ever." — Statutes of the Realm, 
 iv. 244, ed. 1819. 
 
 The date of John Elder's letter describing the mar- 
 
 riiigc of the King and Queen In the previous July ; which 
 
 letter was immediately printeil. 
 The burning of Protestants becomes la>vfiil on and 
 
 after this d.iy, by the above Act of Parliamen'. 
 John Rogers, the first of the Maruin martyrs, is \,:"-'. 
 
 at Smithfield. 
 The Moscovy Company is incorpomted by Royal 
 
 Charter: having for Its Executive ; Scb.isllan Cabot, 
 
 Governor ; four Consuls ; and twenty-four Assistants, 
 Eden must have watched the proceedings of this Company with the deepest 
 Interest. Indeed, it is probable that the entire section. Of Moseonie a nd 
 Cathay (which has nothip^, whatever to do with the litle-p.ige or original 
 plan of his Compilation j at which he must have been working hard, nil 
 through this winter) was suggested by the return of Richard Chancellor 
 and the subsequent Incori«)i-ation of this Com|>any ; and put forth by liiiu, 
 as a goixlwlll offering towanls their success and information. 
 1555. Feb. 8. Laurence Saunders is burnt at Coventry; and so the 
 legalized religious massacre goes on. 
 
 1555. Jan. 1. 
 
 Jan. 20. 
 Feb. 4. 
 FeU 6. 
 
^^HW' 
 
 Xl 
 
 The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 May 21. 
 
 July.' 
 
 Aug.* 
 
 Sept.* 
 
 Is the latest actual date in Eden's Compilation, and 
 therefore in the three Works here reprinted. It will 
 be found towards the bottom of /. 382. On this day 
 the English ships, returning on their way home from 
 Guinea, were in 39° 30' N. At their rate of progress 
 they could hardly have rea-^hed England before the end 
 of July. 
 
 Therefore Section VII. of Eden's Compilation was 
 written and printed in August ; and, at the earliest, 
 his newly printed Compilation and the printing of the 
 entire book could hardly have been finished before 
 September. 
 
 Immediately after which ; Thomas Watson. Bishop of 
 
 Lincoj I,— the fellow-student of Roger Ascliam ; by 
 
 whom his Latin play of Absalom [? if the MS. is 
 
 now at Wilton House] is exceedingly praised in his Schoolmaster, 1570 
 
 — accuses Eden before Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, for heresy j of 
 
 which his newly printed Compilation would afford ample evidence. 
 
 Oct. 24. Bishop Gardiner, however, dies ; and Eden somehow 
 escapes punishment, with simply the loss of his office : 
 and then seems, for the next three years to be living in 
 retirement ; his family steadily increasing all the while. 
 
 1556. Jan. 10. The printing of Martin Cortes' Breve compendio de la 
 
 sphtray de la arte de nauegar is finished at Seville. 
 Nov. 7. Richard Chancellor, in the wreck of his ship the Philip 
 and Mary in Pettislego Bay, Scotland, is drowned — while 
 endeavouring in a boat to save the Russian Ambas- 
 sador's life ; in accomplishing which, he loses his own. 
 
 1557. Feb. 27-28. Eden probably witnessed the splendid reception 
 
 by the Moscovy Company, of Osep Gregorevitch 
 Napea, the first Russian Ambassador, on his arrival 
 in London, for the prods verbal of which, see Hakluyt, Voyajies, &'c., 
 f. 321, Ed. 1589. From the omission in (his notarial document of all 
 allusion to Sebastian Cabot ; it is evident that he was but recently dead. 
 For Eden's account of his death — the only one extant — see/, xlvii., col. 2. 
 It probably occurred nliout this date ; for when Eden, about the Summer 
 of 1555, wrote the heading at/. 283, ' that wcorthy owlde .nan Sebadian 
 Cabote, yet liuynge in Englande,' was stii! ' Gouemour of the coompany 
 of the marcliantes of Cathay.' 
 
 1558. Nov. 17. ISIi'tabttf) durcrrUs to tl)e tf)ronr. 
 
 We now come to the two earliest printed notices of Eden. His reputa- 
 tion had travelled over the Continent to the English Protestant exiles 
 in Switzerland ; and two of them thus vaguely and incorrectly refer to his 
 literary labours, but give him the wrong Christian name. 
 
 1558. Lawrence Humphrey (who died Dean of Winchester, 
 on I Feb. 1 590), in his three books of Interpretatio 
 linguarui. the Dedication of which is dated, Basilix, 
 
 Feb. 3, 1559, thus refers to oui Editor. Author, at/. 520. ' Petrum quoque 
 Martyrcm Arglcricnscm Joannes Eden, Cosmographus et Alchumista uertit 
 De insulis Huper inventis.'' 
 
 1558. Bp. Bale, at/. 1 10 of his Supplement (written in 1558), 
 to his Scriptorium illustrium, &-c. the printing of which 
 was finished in Feb. 1559, is a little more CAplicit ; but 
 
 still follows Humphrey closely. "Johannes Eden, Cosmographus et 
 alchumista ut Ik quibusdam [i.e. L. Humphrey] narratur, ingeniosus ac 
 peritissimus, inter alia scripsit De nauigcUioitibus Portugalensium, Lib. I. 
 [This is evidently Eden's first publication, 0/the newe India.] Transtulit 
 Petrum Marty rem Angleriensem. De insulis nuper inuentis. Lib. i. [or 
 x^lha <^e Decades], Aliaque fecit multa. Clariut anno Domini. 1556." 
 
 1559. Sept The printingof the Third editionofGeminus'^no/omj', 
 
 &'c., ' enlarged, amplified, and fo corrected and diligently 
 
 perufed, that it maye seeme a newe worke, and rather an 
 
 other than it was before,' is finished. Richard Eden is, this time, the English 
 
 reviser ; and the fresh Dedication to the new Queen is evidently written by 
 
 bim for Geminus, as its smooth connected style abundantly demonstrates. 
 
 1561. Eden's next literary work seems to have been the 
 
 translation (and probably also, in part, the devising of 
 
 the numerous, and, for that time, difficult woodcuts of 
 
 xl 
 
 this work of Martin Cortes' Arte de Navigar, at the expense of certain 
 members of the Moscovy Company : towards which, Eden appears, at this 
 time, to have stood in the same relation as Hakluyt did, fifty years later, to 
 our East India Company. This work is remarkable not only for the num- 
 ber of the wood engr.ivings (some of them moveable; of different mathe- 
 matical instruments ; but also for a small outline map of The Neioe Worlde, 
 or more properly of the North Atlantic basin. This is probably the 
 earliest printed map of America ever produced in England : and is 
 evidently copied from the original in Cortes' Compendia. 
 
 To this translation, Eden prefixed the following excellent Preface : 
 in respect to which, it is significant to notice that Sebastian Cabot's name 
 is omitted from the inscription. 
 
 To the ryght loorfliypfull fyr VVyllyam Garrerd Knyght, and 
 Majltr Thomas Lodge, Aldermen of the Citit of London, and 
 Couemours of the honorable felvuijltyp or focietie, afviell ofcerteine 
 of the Nobilitie, as of Marchauntes adueHturers,for the difcouery 
 of Landes, Territories, Ilandes, and Seignories vnknowen, and not 
 before their firft aduenture or enterprife by Seas or Nauigations 
 commonly frequented : 
 
 And to the right tvorthypfull the Confulles, Affiflentes, and com- 
 minaltie of the fame j ttie, Richarde Eden wyffheth health and 
 profperitie. 
 
 Hat foeuer he was (ryght honorable and worihypfull) that 
 fyrfte beleued that the frame and coaptacion of the bodye 
 of man, with the functions, offices, and duities of the partes 
 and members of the fame, knytte together in a certen 
 vnitie to a common miniftration, dyd reprefent a lyuely 
 Image and fimilitude of a perfecte common wealth : I thynke that he was 
 a man of no vulgare iudgement or abiecte mynde, but rather of fingulcr 
 wyfdome and prudence in the i, mtcr"- lacion of Diuine and humane 
 thynges. For he fawe, that f i in thr ''"nn," nuliue feede of all growyng or 
 lyuing thinges, is conteyntl the ioi : ■ 'hat bryngeth them to theyr 
 perfection: fo in certeyne t'u,i:i iin.I ./.cure members of the common 
 wealth, confifleth no fmall increnft to the perfection of the whole. 
 He fawe lykewyfe that herein, as in the bodye of man reprefentyng 
 the partes and members of the wi ride (as I haue fayde) are dyuers partes 
 of dyuers and fundrye actions and motions, greatly dyfferyng in fourmc, 
 number, and quantitie, yet all the fame to be fo knytte together, and fo 
 to confent in one vniformitle to the common profyte of the whole, 
 that a greater concorde and harmonye can not be imagined, then is 
 proportioned by the frendly vnitie of dyuers and contrarye. He fawe lyke- 
 wyfe in the fame, fuch a mutuall compaffion of parte to parte, and member 
 to member, by one common fence exiftent in them all, that no one part or 
 member can feele eyther ioye or payne, but that in maner all the other 
 are parttakers therof more or Icffe, yf they be lyuely members, and not 
 wythered or otherwyfe vnfenfate by reafon of dead fleflie, which onely 
 by cuttyng and burning ought to be deuyiied from the founde and 
 whole. But as in man (whom Plato callelh the leffe world) the 
 vigour and agilitie of the immortall foule and mynJc, neuer ceaffeth 
 from continuall mouyng, but is euer exercyfed in cxoo:;!t.icioas and inuen- 
 tions of great thinges (herein releniblyng God, wJio'i; carictc it beareth) 
 by prouidencc forefeing, and by intelligence vnd"iiUudyn;; and deuyfyng 
 what is to be done, and what to be efchewed, do;': i 'ii.,c .'atiy moue and 
 rayfe vp ihe faculties, powres, and members f t ■ 'oiy to execute the 
 fame : Euen fo in the greater worlde, the proiMUf nc; of I'ou, and vniuerf- 
 all counfayle and confent of men, hath elecicd rnJ app' nted i '.:i..en prin- 
 cipall men, to beare lyke rule and aur'.oritie in the boJ^ . ^' we common 
 wealth, as hath the intellectiue foule in the members of our bodye to moue 
 and commaunde the fame. To Princes therefore counfaylours, rulers, 
 gouemours and magillrates, as to the molt intellectiue and fenfitiue partes 
 of the focietie of men, hath God and nature geuen preeminence and gouern. 
 aunce of the common wealth, that by theyr prouidence, wyfdome, and ayde, 
 it may vniuerfally florylh, not onely by iufte adminiftration of good lawes, 
 with due correction of malefactours, but alfo by lybcrall rewardyng of 
 fuche as haue well deferued : and efpecially by maintenaunce of fuche artes 
 b'.d fciences, as the common wealth can ii< well be without. And to 
 draw nearer to the applyinge of my fimil: < : I fayc, that whatfoeuer 
 vei tue, whatfoeuer arte, or the ingenious ^: - :< ' ry :\'. men hath to tliis day 
 inuented, all the fame is to be imputed to tin- ' .volence and liberalitie 
 
The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 xli 
 
 expense of certain 
 len appears, at this 
 , fifty years later, to 
 )t only for the num- 
 oi different malhe- 
 r The Neive Worlde, 
 lis is probably the 
 England : and is 
 
 excellent Preface : 
 istian Cabot's name 
 
 / Knyght, and 
 f London, and 
 fwfll ofctrttint 
 ir the di/cotury 
 nowen, and not 
 or Nauigalions 
 
 Units, and com- 
 "htlh health and 
 
 nd worfliypfuU) that 
 ptacion of the bodyc 
 I duities of the partes 
 together in a certen 
 d reprefent a lyuely 
 t thynke that he was 
 mt rather of fingulcr 
 Diuine and humane 
 de of all growyng or 
 geth them to theyr 
 bers of the common 
 ction of the whole, 
 if man reprefentyng 
 le) are dyuers partes 
 [iyfferyng in fourme, 
 ytte together, and fo 
 ofyte of the whole, 
 e imagined, then is 
 irye. He fa we lyke- 
 :o parte, and member 
 , that no one part or 
 maner all the other 
 y members, and not 
 fleflie, which onely 
 am the founde and 
 le Icffe world) the 
 ikU, ncuer ceaflTeth 
 ;it.iciniis and inuen- 
 c.iricli; it beareth) 
 ;dvu/ and deuyfyng 
 <c 'atly moue and 
 \</ to execute the 
 f < .ovl, End vniuerf- 
 nted I -.1 ..en prin- 
 3^ iie common 
 )f our bodye to moue 
 counfaylours, rulers, 
 and fenfitiue partes 
 iminence and goucrn. 
 wyfdome, and ayde, 
 ition of good lawes, 
 ^bcrall rewardyng of 
 !naunce of fuche artes 
 without. And to 
 "aye, that whatfoeuer 
 ncn hath to this day 
 olence and liberatitie 
 
 of fuche as haue honourablye maintayned and freelye rewarded the trauay- 
 les, paynes, and charges of them that haue fpente theyr lyues, goodes, and 
 wyttes (as many haue done) in the inuentions of neceflarye and profytable 
 artes and fciences. For p- jn as holfome and temperate ayre with feafun- 
 able wether and fauc ■'■■'• ' n':""rp of the heauens and pianettes, ciufeth 
 fruitefulnes on theearth,and contraiywyfe, barennelTe by the contrary e : Euen 
 fo the fauour of Princes and Magiftrates nory(heth, augmenteth, aiid amp- 
 lyfyeth all artes and fciences by liberalitie, and extynguyflieth the fame 
 by miferable couetoufnes and parcimonie. And althoughe in fome men of 
 ' rare and noble nature, the defyre of honour and fame onely for vertucs 
 fake, and fludy toward theyr countrye and common wealth, hath moucd 
 them in maner to theyr owne vndoyng through theyr greate lofTe and 
 hynderaunce, to fette foorlh and inuent diuers thynges for the commoditie 
 of the common wealth and other, rather then for theyr owne : yet vndoubt- 
 edly, who fo wel confidereth and indifferently wayeth that I haue fayde, 
 (hal fynde and fee by daylye experience, that in maner one'y munificence, 
 liberalitie, and rewarde, or the hope thereof, geueth fpurres to them tliat 
 •ttempie great and vertuous enterprifes, as I coulde more largely proue by 
 fo many teflimonies of Hyflories, both holy and prophane, that the rehear- 
 iall therof fhoulde be but tedious and not grcatelye necelTarye for my 
 purpofe, cfiiecialiy wrytyng vnto your hon^urcs and worfhyps, of whofe 
 inunificence and liberalitie, I haue had great experience, bothe in my felfe 
 #nd others, who by your ayde and mainteynaunce haue attempted and per- 
 faurmed many goodly inuentions, viages, nauigations and difcoueries of 
 landes and Seas heretofore vnknowen. Wherein, what great charges you 
 Iwue fufteyned, and howe lybcrall and conflant you haue ben in furtherynge 
 flie fame, doth well declare that hyther to you are rather lofers than gayners 
 therby. The whiche thyng doubteI"(Ie is the more fo your commendation, 
 In that it niaye hereby nppeare that you haue attempted the fame rather 
 Ibr knowleilge and vertues fake, then for couetoufnes of gaynes : as is 
 Ibrthcrmore well knowen by your fyrfle viages of difcouerye attempted to 
 Cathaye by the Northeaft fcas, vpon certen lode and detriment, for vncer- 
 teyne hojie eyther of gaynes, or of any fuch way to be founde, otherwyfe 
 then by certen lykely coniectures : not much vnlyke to the (hynyng flowres 
 of Marchafites, which outwardly appearyng in mincrall mountayncs, are 
 iignes and token wherby is coniectured what metal is conteyned therein, 
 fnd whether the fame is to be folowed or not. And although it fometyme 
 fo chaunce that fuch fignes are fayleable, (liewyng more in appearaunce 
 Jhcn they conteyne in fubflaunce : yet are not fuch fignes tokens, or fhewes 
 |o be contemned, but rather eameflly to be folowed, forafmuch as it hath 
 ben often proued and founJe by experience, that by folowyng the fame, 
 kaue ben founde great and riche mynes of metalles : as G eorgius Agricola 
 in his bookcs De rebus metalUcis, doth largely declare and proue by manye 
 fxamples. I3ut to wryte at large what greate thynges haue proceaded of 
 jknall and obfcure begynninges, and in maner mere coniectures : it wouUle 
 % farre exceade the meafure of an Epiflle or Preface, that it woulde rather 
 , HlKrcafe to the iufl quantitie of a booke. For in maner all the late dif- 
 coueries both of the Spanyanles and Portugales, had theyr begynnyng of 
 'Ach finall coniectures, with vncerteyne hope (as it were preter /pern fub fpe\ 
 ^Stityll God and good happe, by the conftant trauayle and valiaunt mynde 
 F fuch as fyrll attempted the fame, gaue them to enioye that tliey hoped 
 Br. But whatfoeuer they haue obteyned and do enioy, this may I boldly 
 ly in your behalf (right honorable and worfhipfull) that there hath not 
 eked in you eyther the lyke or greater promptnefie of mynde, forwardnes 
 attemptyng, magnificence in expences, and liberall in rewardes. For 
 efyde the great charges and lolfes that you haue ben at otherwyfe, what 
 Sould I fpeake of the great gyftes that you haue fente to the Emperour of 
 l>;(fia? What of your lafl chargeable vyage of difcouerye among the 
 numerable Kockes, Ilandes, and moueable mountaynes of Ice in the 
 ofen fea, by innumerable landes and Ilandes vnknowen to the Antiques, 
 Ben vnder and farre within and beyonde the circle Artike, where they 
 jlought that no lyuynge creature coulde drawe breath or Hue for extreme 
 Dlde : wheras neuertheleffe the fame hath ben by you difc mered euen vnto 
 |ie myghtye ryuer of Ob, that falleth into the Scithian Ocean, or Oceanus 
 (lerboreus, not farr from the mountaynes cilled Hyperborei, fo named 
 caufe they are fituate almofl vnder the North pole, and thought iherfore 
 » be inacceffable. A vyage doubtlelTe of fuch dilficultie and in maner 
 DpofTibilitie, that confyderyng the infinite daungiours therof (as I haue 
 »mcd by tli[e]informalion of Steucn a Burrough, that was then the chicfe 
 
 Pilote of the fame vyage) it may feme impolTible that they flioulde euer 
 haue efcaped, excepte the myghtye hande of God, by the experte fkylful- 
 neffe of fo excellent a Pilot, h.-id delyuered them from thofe dauiigers. 
 And although in dede (as religion byndcth vs) it is conuenient in all 
 thynges to geue all honour, glorye and thankcs to God, yet are we not 
 therel)y reftrayned to be thankfuU to fuch men, as by theyr arte, ingeniouf- 
 nes, trauayle, and diligence, haue dcforued botli iuflc commendation and 
 large rewarde. And therfore referryng the rewarde to you (ryght honor.-ilile 
 and worlliypfull, to whom it appcrteyneth) yf I fhould not here geuc hym 
 at the leafle fuche commendation, as in my iudgement he hath well deferued, 
 I myght feme both to defraude hym of his worthye dcfcrtes, and alfo to 
 forgette the frcndlhyp and good wyll I beare hym, onely for his vertucs 
 and exccUencie in his profelTion. For certeynly when I confider how 
 indigent and deflitute this Realm is of excellent and expert Pilottes, I can 
 do no lefTe of confcience, then in refpect of your owne commoditie, yea 
 rather for the commo<Iitie of the Queenes Maicl\ie and the whule Kealiuc, 
 to exhort you and put you in remembraunce (although I may herein fume 
 to put the fpurres to a runnyng horle, as faith the Prouerbe) fo to regard 
 hym and efleme hym and his faythfull, true, and painefuU feruice towarde 
 you, that he maye thereby be further encouraged, and not difcouragc<l, 
 eythei for lacke '•f maintenaunce, or other wyfe by the iniurious alTauItcs 
 of fuch his en' ..ies, as onely his vertucs and excellencie haue moued to 
 beare hym difpleafure, as enuye doth euer folowe vertue, as faith the 
 Latine Prouerbe, Virtuti comes inuidia. And howe true a fentence this is, 
 is well verified by the faying of a certaync Philofopher (whofe name I do 
 not remember) who hearynge one vayncly reioyce that he had no enemies, 
 aunfwered that that was a token he hadde done lyttle good : Mcanyng 
 thereby (as dayly experience proueth) that yf he had excelled in any vertue, 
 he coulde not haue lacked fome enemies. And hauyng here touched to 
 fpeake of enuye, I remember that when I wiis a yonge fcoler, I haue read 
 in the Poet Hefeodus of two kyndes of enuye, whereof the one is called 
 Inuidia, and the other Aemulatio, which is more tollerable then the fyrfte, 
 for that it is ioyned with fome vertue, and enuyeth that anye flioulde excell 
 hym in any excellent qualitie that he profclTeth. But forafmuch as this 
 enuy of emulation proceadeth of fome finguler vertue of them that are fo 
 maliced, they maye herein reioyce, that they fliall euer haue a hundreth 
 frendes for one enemie : yea and although they hadde none, yet is vertue 
 a rewarde to it fclfe, and to be embrafed for it felfe onelye, as the Philo- 
 fophers affirme. What then lh.ill we fay to fuch, as forgettyng this rewarde 
 of vertue, do not onely [not] fauour, but rather hynder the preferment anil 
 m.iyntenaunce of fuch experte men, more eflcmyng certayne Fyfhermcn 
 that go a trawlyng for fyflie in Catches or mongers, and dradgies for Oyftors 
 about t'.ie fandes, betwene the South furlande and Wynterton neffe, and the 
 fandes about Temmes mouth, then they do fuche excellent Pylotcs as are 
 able without any Rutter or Carde of Nauigation, not onlye to attcmpte 
 longe and farre viages, but alfo to difcouer vnknowen landes and Ilandes, 
 as haue doone of late yeares many excellent men, to the great honour and 
 enrychyng of their Prynce and countrye. But as touching Steuen A Bur- 
 rough, the chiefe Pylote of your viagies of difcoucry, it may hereby well 
 appeare yat he is neyther malicious nor enuious of his arte and fcience, in 
 that he defireth ye fame for the common profite to be commen to al men ; 
 And for the fame intent was the fyrft that moued certen worfliypfull of your 
 company, as Syr William Garrcrd, Maifler William Mericke, Maifter lilafe 
 Sanders, and Maifler Edwarde Cafllen, to haue this worke tranllated into 
 the Englifh tongite. Who of their own good nature fauouryng al vertuous 
 fludies and the profelTours of the fame, did fone incline to his honefl requcfl 
 herein : and therewith not only defired me, but alfo with liberall rewarde 
 enterteined me, to take in hande the tranflation, Whiche being nowe 
 finiflied as well as my poore learnyng may perfourme, I defyre your honours 
 and worlliyppes, to accepte in as good parte as I haue ment herein to 
 gratifie you, and doe fuche feruice as my abilitie may fuffice. Nowe ther- 
 fore this worke of the art of Nauigation, beyng publyfiied in our vulgar 
 tongue, you may be affured to haue more flore of fkylful Pilotes. Pilotcs 
 (I faie) not Pirottes, Rulers, not Rouers, but fuche as by their honoft 
 behauour and conditions ioyned with arte and experience, m.iy doe you 
 honefl and true feruice : whiche is not to be looked for of fuche as bcynge 
 deflitute as well of the feare of God as of all moral vertues, fuperbounde in 
 all notorious vyces, accoumpting defperatnelTe for boldnclte, raflincfre for 
 hardinelTe, imnudcncic for P • -.efie, and crueltie for manhod. What other 
 
 xll 
 
rn 
 
 xlii 
 
 The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 thyng (I faye) is to bee looked for of fitche, then of fuclie trees fuch fruites, 
 £t mali corui malum ouum. But for as muclio as tliefe haue no place 
 appointed them in the bodie of our common wealth, whiche we haue here 
 before compared to the members of the bodie of man : therefore are they 
 no otherwyfe to ijc cuemed then as cxcrementcs of the bodye, to whom 
 nature hath appointed no place in the fame, but laboureth continuallye to 
 cad them forth dyucrs waves, leafte by theyr filthyneffe they Ihould infecte 
 the other members, cuen as the pompe of the fliyppe if it be not auoyded, 
 is noyous to the fhippc und all that are therein. Hut the wyfe and honell 
 Pylot, fyrfl hauyng b-.iore hii eyes the feare of God, and puttyng his chief 
 truft in hym, (hall fecondarely t.-uft to his arte and fcicnce, without any 
 fuche vayne obfeniations as the fuperflitious Ilorofcopers (Aftrologiers I 
 meane, and not Aftronomers) are accuftomed to vfe in the elections of 
 houres, tymes, and daycs, by conllellations and afpectes of the Starres and 
 Planetes, as many fonde mcnne haue doone, thynkynge thereby to haue 
 efcaped fuche daungcrs, as they haue thereby the rather fallen into, throughe 
 contempte of arte and fcicnce by folyllie confidence in fupei-flilious Aftro- 
 logic ; which for the vanitie and vncertaintie thereof, the ryght worfliyp- 
 fuU and of fmgidar leamynge in all fcien^..-. Svr Thomas Smyth, in my 
 tynie the flourt of the Vniuerfitie of Cambridge, and lonictyme my Tutor, 
 was accuftomed to call IngeniofiJJimam arUm mcntiendi. (That is) the mofte 
 ingenious arte of lyinge. Omitting therefore the fuperftitious and phanta- 
 nicall obferuations of the iudicials of Aflrologie, it fhalbe better and more 
 neceffary for all Pylotes that defyre to excelle in theyr profeflion, to leame 
 and obferue t^c principle . of thys booke, whereby they may haue fuche 
 knowledge of the Sphc !. ■ "iiy inftructe them the makynge and vfe of 
 dyuers goodly Aftronom. .' .:ntes perteyninge to the arte of Naui- 
 
 galion, by knowledge of tiR :cs of the Sunne and Moone in their 
 
 Spheres, and the other Plant . d fixte Starres : thereby to attayne to 
 the true knowledge of houres, tymes and tydes, with the variation of the 
 Compafle, and many other goodly naturall obferuations of weathers, 
 tempeftcs, and calmes, by certain infaileable fygnes and tokens of the fame, 
 very necelfary to be obferued. And this by the true principles of Aftro- 
 noniie and not of Aftrologie. And this is the true Aflronomie wherof 
 the Diuinc I'liilofopher Vlato hathe wryltcn fo diuine a fentence, that 
 I haue tlioughte the fame here worthy to be alleaged, that by the auctho- 
 ritie of fo famous an aucthour, we maye knowe what is true Aftronomie, 
 with the vfe and commoditie thcrof. Therfoie in his booke intituled 
 Timciis vel De XiUura, thefe are his wordes. Rcrum autcm optimaium 
 coi;Hitioiicm, nobis ociili attiilcrunt. Nam hivc qtus de mundo difputantiir, 
 nunqiiiim iiiiicnta fiiij/cnt, ft ueijiie fydcra, ncqiie Sol, tivqiie Calum fufpki 
 fotuiJJ'cl. Co:;iiilio vcro did ac noctis, ab ociilis oiia, fecit vl dimenfione quadeiii, 
 meiijinm aimonimqiie ambitus metiremur, tempiis cognofceremus, ac vniuer/ic 
 nciturin ordiiiem fciutaremur. Quibiis ex rebus, pliilofophiain adepti fumus. 
 That is to faye. Our eyes haue brought vnto vs the knowledge of mofte 
 excellent thingcs. For what fo euer is difputed of the worlde, had neuer 
 bene inuentcd, yf neither the Starres, neither the Sunne, neither hcauen, 
 CDulde haue bene fecne. For the knowledge of the daye and nyght, 
 takyng beginning at ye eyes, caufed vs as it were by ccrten limitcs and 
 boundes to meafure the circuitcs of nioncthes and yeares, wherby we came 
 to the knowledge of tymes and the order of vniuerfall nature. And hereby 
 alfo we obteyned the knowledge of Philofophie. &c. And thus by the 
 aucthoritie of Uiuine Plato (whome for hys excellencie Cicero called Deum 
 rhilofophorum (that is) the Gotl of Philofophers) we maye vnderftande that 
 the true Aftronomie, is the pcrfecte knowledge of the miraculous mouinges 
 of ye Planetes, Starres, and heauens (and cfpecially of the Sunne and 
 Moone) whereby is caufed the varietie of times and dyuerfitie of all natu- 
 rall thyngcs, by naturall caufes : as by the qualities of Elementes, as hoate, 
 colde, moyfte and chyc, whyche are augmented or dymynyftied by the more 
 or leffe inlluence of thefe twoo Luminaries, as they comme nearer vnto vs 
 at fome tymes, or depart further from vs at other tymes, with diuers motions 
 in diuers climates wliiche caufclh not onely varietie of tymes in fundry 
 climates, but alfo the varietie of diuers complexions, formes, and difpofi- 
 tions of all creatures vnder the face of heauen, none other accidentall con- 
 tyngent, voluntarie or violent caufe to the contrarie notwitliftandinge. 
 And this is it that I'tato mcaneth by thofe wordes. Vt tempus cognofceremus 
 ac vniiieific nature ordiiiem, &'c. That is, to knowe the tymes and vniuer- 
 fall order of nature. And doubtlelTe, who fo well confidereth the maruci- 
 lous cnTucles that are caufed, cfpecially by the variable nioutng of the Sunne 
 »'ii 
 
 in the Zodiac, muft needes acknowledge it to be the chiefe inftrument and 
 meane that God vfeth in the generation, perferuation, and alteration of all 
 creatures that are conteyned in the worlde of generation and corruption. 
 And for this confideration, certcn of the auncient Philofophers called it the 
 foule of the worlde : Other the eye, and other alfo the heart of the worlde 
 J'lato alfo affirmeth that the foule of the worlde is in the Sunne : And that 
 all other lining thynges, receyue lyfe from hence. And hereof commeth 
 the fayinge of the Philofopher, Sol et homo generant homincm : (that is) the 
 Sunne and man, begette man. And therefore (as wryteth Marcil'ms 
 Fieinus) of all Idolaters they are mod tollerable that honour the Sunne for 
 God. The whiche although it bee not, yet vndoubtedlye are his eftcctes 
 fo greate and wonderfull in this inferiour worlde, that it may feme in manor 
 to be Gods Viceregent, Lieftenant and Viceroy in al the woorkes of nature, 
 excepte where and when it pleafeth hym in any thyng myraculouflye, 
 otherwyfe then by the common order and courfe of nature, to commaunde 
 the contrarie. 
 
 And yf it may not be tedious vnlo you (ryght honorable and worftiypfull) 
 it Ihalbe a pleafure vnto me, for the better declaracion hereof, to make a 
 briefe difcourfe of the marueilous and (Iraunge eflectes that are caufed by 
 the Sunne : whiche perhappes fcwe haue done, otherwyfe then difpearfedly 
 here and there, as occafion hath ferued. Fyrft therfore let vs confider wh; t 
 it hath done ouer the Equinoctiall line, and vnder both the poles at one 
 inftant, yet diuerfely and contrarely the one to the other. For fo hath the 
 infinite wyfedome of the greate God of nature, the fupreme Architecture o( 
 the vniuerfall worlde, difpofed all thynges in fuch perfecte order, that to 
 them that are vnder the Equinoctiall, and haue theyr Horizon paftyng by 
 the two Poles, the daye is of xii. houres and the nyght as much, and theyr 
 yeare alfo is deuyded inta xii. monethes : But they that dwell iuft and 
 perpendiculerly vnder our pole, and that haue their Horizon paftyng ouer 
 the fayde line, haue the daye of fyxe monethes. That is to faye : begyn- 
 nyng from the tenth daye of Marche, when the Sunne commeth ouer the 
 fayde Horizon, whyle it returne to palTe vnder the fame at the tenth of 
 September. And contrarywyfe one nyght of fyxe monethes haue th[e] 
 inhabitauntes vnder the Pole Antartyke : whofe yeare (that is to faye, all 
 the courfe that the Sunne maketh by the. xii. fignes of the Zodiac) is 
 accomplyfflied in one daye and one nyght. A thyng doubtlelTe mofte 
 wonderfull and marueylous. I.ykewyfe, when we haue Sommer, they th-it 
 are vnder our Pole haue the daye of fyxe monethes, and they of the 
 oppofite or contrary Pole, haue theyr nyght of the fame length. Agayne, 
 when it is wynter with vs, then vnder our Pole is the nyght of the fayde 
 fyxe monethes : and vnder the oppofite Pole, is the day of the fame length. 
 So that as it were courfe by courfe, when we haue the night, they haue 
 the day : And contrarywyfe, when we haue the day, they h.aue the night. 
 The which although it be fo longe and of fo great fpace of tyme, yet is it 
 not continuallye obfcured with darkenefle. For the Sunne maketh Ms 
 courfe in fuch order, that th[e]inhabitauntcs of that parte, lyue not durynge 
 that tyme altogether in darkenelTes, as Moles lyue vnder the grounde, but 
 as other creatures that lyue vpon the globe and face of the earth, they haue 
 fuche lyght as maye fuffice to fuftayne and mayntayne theyr lyfe. For the 
 bodye of the Sunne declineth no more eyther beneath the Equinoctiall line, 
 eyther aboue the fame line (which is the Horizon to both the Poles) than. 
 23. degrees : That is to faye, no lower or hygher then the Tropikes, whiche 
 are no more then 23. degrees or there about from the layde Equinoctiall 
 that is theyr Horizon, as is aforefayde. And yet in thefe 23. degrees lie 
 maketh not his courfe by the oppofite Diameter, but goeth continually 
 rounde about in circuite ; fo that his beames reuerberatyng heauen, rrpre- 
 fente fuche a mancr of lyght, as we haue in Sommer two houres before the 
 Sunne ryfe. And this example which we haue taken of the diuerfitie of 
 the Hori/uns of the Equinoctiall and vnder the two Poles, is to demonftnitc 
 the marueylous effecte that the Sunne maketh departyng flfiom the. xii. 
 houres of the Equinoctiall (that is to fay, from Aries to Libra) and commyng 
 by lyttle and lyttle, illuminatyng the globe of the earth, and fo rcduceyng the 
 yere of. xii. monethes, into one onely day and one nyght, as is fayde liefore. 
 Vnder the infinite varietie of the which courfe, fonietyme with long daycs 
 and fometyme with fliorte, all the inhabitauntes of the worlde are (ourmcd 
 and difpofed of fuche complexion and ftrength of body, that euery of them 
 are proportionate to the Climate aftigned vnto them, be it hotte or ci.lde : 
 And maydwcl and abyde there, as in theyr natural place and temperament, 
 not lamentyng or dcfyryng to dwell elfwhcre, fo grcte a luuc refteih in 
 
The Life and Labours of Richarp Eden. 
 
 xliii 
 
 iefe inftrument and 
 ind alteration of all 
 on and corruption, 
 bphers called it the 
 heart of the worlde 
 e Sunne : And that 
 .nd hereof commcth 
 lincm : (that is) the 
 
 wryteth MarciUus 
 onour the Sunne for 
 dlye are his effectes 
 
 may feme in mancr 
 5 woorkes of nature, 
 lyng myraculouflye, 
 iture, to commaunde 
 
 ,ble and worfhypfiiU) 
 jn hereof, to make a 
 ;s that are caufcd by 
 yfe then difpcarfcdly 
 e let vs confider wh::t 
 oth the poles at one 
 ler. For fo hath the 
 ireme Architecture of 
 nfccte order, that to 
 Horizon palTyng by 
 t as much, and theyr 
 that dwell iuft and 
 Horizon palTyng ouer 
 at is to faye : begyn- 
 ne commeth ouer the 
 fame at the tenth of 
 monethes haue tli[e] 
 e (that is to faye, all 
 ics of the Zodiac) is 
 yng doubtlelTe mofte 
 ue Sommcr, they that 
 les, and they of the 
 me length. Agayne, 
 e nyght of the fayde 
 ly of the fame length, 
 the night, they haue 
 they haue the night, 
 lace of tyme, yet is it 
 Sunne maketh lii.-i 
 irte, lyue not durynge 
 ider the grounde, but 
 f the earth, they haue 
 theyr lyfe. For the 
 the Equinoctiall line, 
 both the Poles) than, 
 the Tropikes, whiche 
 le fayde Equinoctiall 
 thcfe 23. degrees lie 
 )Ut goeth continually 
 ratyng heaucn, n-pre- 
 two houres before the 
 of the diuerfitie of 
 3les, is to demonllrate 
 artyng ffrom the. xii. 
 Libra) and commyng 
 and fo rcduceyng the 
 rht, as is fayde liefore. 
 yme with long daycs 
 ,e worlde are (ournied 
 ly, that euery of them 
 be it hotte or ciJde : 
 [ice and temperament, 
 rcte a louc rcftelh in 
 
 them to their natiue fituation. But not to departe from the vyage whiche 
 the Sunne maketh in one whole yeare, as fometyme approchyng neare vnto 
 vs, and fometyme dcpartyng from vs. I faye that at one felfe fame tyme 
 in dyuers partes vpon the rounde globe of the earth, it caufeth the Spryng, 
 Sommcr, Aulumne, and Wynter. And neuerthelelTe at the fame inftant 
 and punct of time it maketh day and high noone in one place, and nyght and 
 mylnyght on the oppofite part. The which varietie although it appeare 
 incomprehenfible to the nendemelTe of our W7ttes, yet beholdynge the fame 
 with the eyes of vnderftandyng, and therwith confideryng the vneftimable 
 mouyng that the Sunne maketh continually, we fliall fynde it to be true, 
 h.iuyng ref|)ecte to the dyuers fitur.tions of the earth, as it is continuallye 
 illuminate more or Icfle by the Sunne. And this varietie is made with fuch 
 a I Inrmonye and confonancie, and fuch a lawe perpetuall and immutable, 
 that yf any poynt or pricke therof (houlde fayle, it is to be doubted leaft the 
 ekmentes fliould be confounded together, and retume to their fyrft Chaos. 
 And to haue fayde thus muche of the wonderful! effectes of the courfe of 
 the Sunne, it maye fuffice for an example to proue howe neceflary a thyng 
 it is, not onlye for all Pilottes and Sea men to haue the knowledge hereof, 
 but alfo for all other such as (hall attempt great and farre viagies in vnknowen 
 landcs and flraunge countryes, as dyd of late mailer Jenkynfon a worthye 
 gentleman, fette foorth by you and mainteyned at your charges, more lyke 
 an AmbalTatoure fente from anye Prince or Emperour, then from a com- 
 panyc of marchaunt men. Wherein, what commendation you haue defer- 
 ,ncd, to the encreafe of your perpetual fame and honour, I rcferre it to that 
 .1 haue fayde before. And as touching mafter lenkynfon, what trauayles, 
 .p.iynes, and daungers he hath fufteyned, and hardely efcaped, and what 
 diligence and arte he hath vfed in the fearching of llraunge countryes, and 
 in the dcfcription of tliofe his viages, it were but in vayne for me to wryte 
 inuch vnto you, vnto whom the fame is better knowen then to me. And 
 therforc to conclude, with rendring iufl commendations both vnto you 
 and him, I can fay no more, but as Plato wryteth in his booke De Legibus. 
 Deceits ejl COS ciucs taiuiibus ornare, qui corporis vel animi viribus, res ardiias 
 frcclarafqiie gefscrunt, et Ici^iius libcnter paruerunt. That is to fay : It is 
 decent to commende thofe Citifens that by theyr induftry of bodye or 
 mynde, haue done greatc affayres, and haue willingly obeyed good lawes. 
 And thus eftfoncs defy ryng your ITinours and Worfliyppes to accept 
 in good parte whatfoeuer I hau^: faide of good wyll and affection 
 towarde you and your proceadynges, and with your fhielde 
 of luflice and auctoritie, to defende me agaynfte the 
 affaultes of fuch as are enemies to vertue, and cap- 
 tious of othermens doinges: I refle at yourcom- 
 maundement to the vtlermofV of my powre, 
 to do you what feruice I maye. 
 
 1562. March 1. John Taisnier, Doctor of Laws \b. at Ath, in Brabant], 
 a writer in astrology and chiromancy, publishes at 
 Cologne a tract, De natura mastietis et ejus effectibus. 
 Graesse, in his Trisor, states that it is a gross plagiary from Pellegrine 
 4e Maricoutt's De Magncte, printed in August 1558. 
 1862. The f ivil Wars in France begin by the unpremeditated 
 
 /;' massacre of Hugenots at Vassy by the Duke of Guise. 
 
 '1B62. Eden's wife is apparently dead, and he himself 
 
 I residing in the house of a friend ; when the following 
 
 |i- Aug. 1. letter was written. It is manifestly addressed to Sir W. 
 
 4 Cecil, who was brother-in-law to Sir John Cheke. Both 
 
 Pe writer and the Secretory of State were now about forty-two years of age. 
 Apparently Eden was to receive ;^20 [=£iyi now] as an earnest penny 
 ■!i|>r a tnnslation of Pliny into English. 
 
 1, HE only fearcher of mens hartes the etemall god I take to 
 wytnelTe (right Honorable) that neuerthegreefesofaduerfe 
 fortune (wherof I haue had my parte), dyd fo muche proftrate 
 my mynde and pearce my harte with forowes, as the vnder- 
 ftonding of your honours fauour and goodneffe towarde me in 
 bur lately erneft travaile in my behalfe (as I was informed by the Mafter of 
 lavie) hathe reioifed me and revived my Difcouragied fpirites, heretofore no 
 IflTc languyflhed for lacke of fuche a Patnme, then nowe encouragied by the 
 luoure of fndie a Ma-cims, as I haue iuft caufe to name your honoure, fyth 
 Vly the refpecte of fuche vertues as it hathe pleafed you to thinke commend 
 ble in me, hath moved your Honour not only in maner to feeme carefull for 
 
 me howe I maye hereafter with quictncnfe fpcnde my tyme in fludie (as is my 
 moft defire) but alfo to be more crncfl in folowing tlie fame, then I might 
 without prefumption demaundc, and nniche lefTe without dcfcrles dequire. 
 As touchinge the which matter (riglit Honorable) as it was no parte of my 
 diuife, but fuche as the Mafter of Savoy had then in liandc as I fuppofe no 
 lefTe to pleafure hym felfe and his frcndc then for xx'i therof to be lotted 
 to me for an eamell penye to begynne the booke (as he faith). Even fo 
 am I right .'brie that for fo fm.tule a matter, and not fo favorable a futc as 
 I wolde have wyflhed, not only your Honour hathe taken fuche paynes, 
 but that alfo fuche contention is ryfen therof bctwene the Mafter of Sauoy 
 and Mailer Baptift of the privie chamber, that by reafon theiof the pardon 
 being fteyed be your Honour, the younge gentleman his kynfman (as he 
 hathe informed me) is in Daungiour of his lyfe. But vndor your honours 
 fauour to fpeake playnelye as I thinke, I fuppofe that here AHqtiid latct 
 quod tion apparel, ffor as this fute for dyuers confydcrations at the firft 
 dyd not greatly like me, yet perceauing his cmeftnefTe therin for the fafe- 
 garde of his kinfmans life and gratifying his frendcs, I no lefTe willing 
 therin to do hym pleafure alfo, was well contented to alTent to his requeft, 
 and to ftande to his appoyntment, not fufpecting his frcndeflilppe, but 
 rather commending his wyfdome, fo to doo for his frende as therwith not 
 to forget hym felfe, quia nihil fapit quifibi n mfapit. But if at that tyme, 
 I might fo boldelye haue prefumed vppon your honours fauour, as by your 
 emeftneffe in my behalfe I nowe perceaue I might haue doonne, I wolde 
 haue moued your Honour of an honefter fute (for a leafe to be had at the 
 queenes liandes) wherof I made hym priuie, and was loiige fenfe fo myndeil 
 to haue doonne, but that he Deterred me frome the fame, allcaging cerlen 
 commifTionars to haue the Doinges therof, and that therforc no fuche thing 
 might be had at her Maiefties handes : Albeit, I haue fythens hard of 
 Dyvers that haue obteyned the like. Notwithftonding (as in my former 
 letters I wrotte to your Honour) my meaning is, fo to move your Honour 
 hereof, as neyther to be an importunate futer ; or otherwyfe to thinke the 
 fame to be folowed, then fhall feeme good vnto your Honour, vnto whof[e] 
 will I fubmitte my felfe in all thinges : Only putting your Honour in re- 
 memberaunce of the commodious place and tyme that I noweenioye for that 
 purpofe : for the contynuance wherof, I was a futer vnto your Hont ur for 
 your letters vnto the gentleman my frende in whofe house I yet rem.-iyne. 
 Who alfo being one that fauoureth learninge, and my greate frende, and no 
 lefTe gladde to further fo good a purpofe, is well willing the rather to my 
 vfe, to departe frome a piece of his commoditie, in fuche forte as appeareth 
 by the byll herein inclofed. Wherof, further to aduertyfe your Honour if 
 you ftiall fo thinke it convenient, he will hym felfe repayre vnto your Honour 
 to giue you perfecte informacon of all thinges as touching the fame. 
 
 And wheras the Mafter of Savoye tolde me that your Honour fum- 
 what Doubted that the booke coulde not be tranflatcd into the Englyffhe 
 toonge, I afTure you Honour that this I Dare faye without arrogancie, that 
 to tranflate the variable hiftorie of Plinie into our toonge, I wolde be 
 afhamed to borowe fo muche of the Latine as he Dothe of the Greke, 
 althowgh the Latine toonge be accompted ryche, and the Englyfflie indigent 
 and barbarous, as it hathe byn in tyme part, muche more then it nowe is, 
 before it was enriched and amplyfied by fundry bookes in manner of all 
 artes tranflated owt of Latine and other toonges into Englyfflie. And it 
 isnot vnknowen vnto your Honour that the Latins receaving bothe the 
 fcience of philosophic and phifike of the Grekes, Do ftill for the moft parte 
 in all ther tranflacions vfe the Greke names, in fo muche that for the 
 better vnderilondyng of them, one Otto ISnimfclfms, a learned man, hathe 
 writen a large booke Intiteled Onomajlicon mediciiia; where he hathe thcfe 
 woordes. Res ip/as, atqueartium vocabula,fcite, appo/ite, de/ignatirque efferre, 
 atqueadPolycletiresulam (quodaiunt)expriinere, res eft non minus difficilis 
 quam gloriofa. Quo, nullum ftudii genus, maiori conftat moleftia. Id quod 
 in ecu/a ejfe rear, quod hodie tarn pauci in ta paUrftra fcfe exerceant etc. 
 Agen, it is not vnknowen vnto your Honour that ons all toonges were 
 barbarous and needie, before the knowleage of thinges browght in plentie 
 of woordes and names. Wherby it maye well appeare that men in the 
 firft age of the worlde, had a fliorte language, confiftinge of fewe woordes: 
 which euer after increafed by the knowlcige and inuention of thinges. 
 Exercife alfo maketh fuche woordes familier, which at the firft were 
 Difficulte to be vnderftode. fTor children at the firft (as faithc Ariftotle) 
 caule all men fathers. But fliortely after by exercife, caule them by there 
 names. And I haue learned by experience, that the maryncrs vfe manye 
 
 xliii 
 
^ 
 
 xliv 
 
 The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 ?. 
 
 1 
 
 Englyfflie wojrdes vliich were as vnknowen vnto me ns the Chaldean 
 toongc before I w" conucrfant with them. It maye therfore fuftice that 
 the woordes and termcs of r. tc-j and fcicnces be knowen to the iJiofelTours 
 therof, as partciy by experience, and partely by the hclpe of dictionaries 
 defcribing them, rcr proprium, genus, et differentia m, as the logitians 
 tcache, and as Geotxiiis A erieo/ii^yklh to do in the Germanye toonge : 
 which as well in that parte of philofophie as in all other, was barbarous 
 and indigent before it was by longe experience browght to perfection. 
 Uut not to trouble your Honour any longer with this m.itter, one thinge 
 remayneth wherof I wolde gladlye haue certified your Honour at my laft 
 being at the courte at Urcnewich, if I might haue had conuenient accefle 
 vnto you. And this is. That pcrceauinge your Honour to take pleafure 
 in the wonderful woorkcs of arte and nature (wherin doubtlefte fliyneth the 
 fparke of the diuine Spirite that god hathe gyuen you) I was then mynded 
 to ha[ue] delyuered vnto your Honour this philofophicall booke, whe[r]in 
 is dcfcribed (as appearcth in folio, ii.) fo ercellent and precious an experi- 
 ment, wrought by arte to the fimilitude of the vniuerfall frame of the worlde 
 made by the omnipotent and greate God of nature, that I beleue the like 
 was ncuer doonne fynfe the creacion of the worlde. And maye therfore in 
 my iudgement, more woorthely be caulcd MUhroco/?nps, then eyther man 
 or any other creature that euer was made of corporall fubftance. Angcliis 
 Pclitianus in his epiflells, dcfcribeth an inftrument caulcd Automaton made 
 in his tyme in the citie of Fflorence, obferuing the exacte mouing q{ Primum 
 Moiile and Octaua Sphara, with alfo the mouinges of the 7 planetes in there 
 fphcres, in all poyntes agreable to there mouing in the heauen. Of the 
 like inftrument alfo, our Roger Bacon wrotte longe before in his booke De 
 Mirabili potejtate artis et natura; where he writeth in this maner. Maim 
 omnium figurationum et rerum figuratarum eft vt Cichftia defcriberentur 
 /ccundum fuas longitudines et latitudines in figura eorporali, qua mouentur 
 corporaliter motu diurno. Ei ,'uec valeret Regnum homini fapienti etc. The 
 which inllrumente doubtlefle, althowgh it be of a diuine inucntion : yet 
 dothe this Michrocofmos fo far furmount it, as n.iture palTeth arte, and as 
 Motus animalis paffeth Motus violentus, for as the other is moued only by 
 waight or wynde iiiclofcd (as is fecne in clockes and organs) fo is this 
 moued by the fame Spirite of life whcrby not only the heauen, but alfo all 
 nature is moued : whofe mover is god hym felfe as faith .S. Paule : fp/us 
 efl in quo vivimus, mouemur, et/wnus. As alfo Ariftotle., Plato, and Philo, 
 in there bookes /?/■ Muitdo, ''o aflirme. And efpecL^Iiy Marcus Manilius 
 in Aflrottomicis ad Auguftum Cic/arem, writing thus : 
 
 JIoc opus immenfi conflructum corpore Mumii, 
 Membraqut natura diucrfa condita jorma, 
 yEris atque ignis. Term, pclagique iacentis. 
 Vis auima: diuina regit : Sacroque meatu 
 Confpirat Dens, et tacita ratione gidernat, etc, 
 ALre libratum vacuo, quifuftinct orbcm. Item Lucanus 
 
 Totius pars magnus fouis. 
 And whcras the autoure that defcribeth this Michrocofmos aflirmeth that 
 the Chaos therof, is Materia Lcf''dis Philofophorum (which is alfo Chaos, vel 
 Ouum, vel prima Materia Mundi maioris) it feemeth to agre with that 
 Cornelius Agtippa hathe written in his feconde booke De Occulta philo- 
 fophia, in Scala ynitatis, where he wryteth thus : Lapis philofophorum eft 
 vmim fubicctum et inftrumentum omnium virtutum naturalium et tranf- 
 naluralium etc. And that this greate and diuine fccreate of this Michro- 
 cofmos maye not feeme incredible vnto your Honour, I alTure you that I 
 that am Minimus Philofophorum, dyd long fenfe (as I haue to wytneffe Mr 
 Thomas Whalley, th[e]elder fcoune of Mr Richard Whalley) woorke a 
 recreate practife fumwhat like vnto this, in maner as foloweth. I diflblued 
 two fubftances in two waters. Then I put the waters togythcr in a glaflfe, 
 fullering them fo to remayne for a tyme. Then I Hilled of[f] the water 
 frome the maffe or Chaos Icfte of them bothe. And put it on ageyn. And fo 
 dyd dyuers tymes. In line, the malTe being dilToIued in the water, I let it 
 reft all night in a coulde place. In the morning, I founde fwymming on 
 the water and in the myddeft therof, a little rounde Hand as brode as [a] 
 riall or fumwhat more, with at the leaft a hundreth fyluer trees abowt an 
 ynche high, fo perfectly formed with trunkes, ftalkes, and leaves, all of 
 moft pure and glyftering fyluer, that I fuppofe no lymne[r] or paynter is 
 able to conterfecte the like. Then (baking the glalTe, all fell in pieces into 
 the water, and lille[d] it with glyftering fparkes, as the firmament Ihyneth 
 w[ith] ftarres in a cleare wyntcr nyght. Then putting the glalTc to a fofte 
 xliv 
 
 fyre vppon warme aflhcs, all turned agen into cleare water, which agen 
 being put in a colde place all night, made an Hand with the like tees as 
 before. What this wolde haue byn in fine, god knoweth, and not I. But 
 of this I am fure, that if the floure of learning of our tyme and fumtyme 
 Tutor and brother in lawe vnto your Honour Mr [».«., Sir John'] Cheeke» 
 had feene any of thefe two fecreates, he wolde greatly haue reioyfed : As I 
 knowe the diuine fparke of knowleage that is in your Honour partely receaved 
 of hym, will move you to doo the like, fythe to a philofophicall and vertuous 
 man, there is nothing fo delectable as to beholde the infinite poure and 
 wyfdome of God in his creatures, in the which, his deitie is not only vifible, 
 but in maner palpable, as fum philofophets haue written. And as touching 
 thefe matters, I haue red a maruelous fentcnce in an olde written booke 
 where thefe woordes are written : Qui pote/lfacere Mediam naturam, poteft 
 creare Mundos nouos. But to difcourfe of this omcle, or to interprete the 
 fame, it were to muche to moleft your Honour therewith : and an argument 
 muche meetcr for a feconde Socrates then for me. And of thefe fecreates, 
 writeth Roger Bacon in his booke before alleaged, where he hathe thefe 
 woordes ; Multa funt archana admiranda in ofieribus artis et natura: Qutr 
 licet multam vtilitalcm non habeant (habent vera majcim[am] vt fapientibus 
 cognitum eft) tamen fpectaculum ineffabile fapientia prabent et poffunt 
 applicari ad probationeir omnium occultorum quibus vulgus inexpertum 
 contradicit, et indicat fieri per opera Dirmoniorum, etc. 
 
 And thus moft humbly defyring your Honour to pardon my boldnelTe in 
 writing vnto you, and according vnto your accuftomed clemencie to accept 
 in good parte this my prefumptuous attempte which only the loue I beare 
 to your vertues hath moued me vnto, my tnift is that thefe thinges fliall 
 not be all togyther vnpleafaunt vnto your Honour otherwyfe occupied in 
 greate aflayres bothe in the courte and common wealthe, as was Plato with 
 King Dyonifius, Ariftotle with greate Alexander, and Cicero Senator and 
 Conful of Rome. The etemall God and immortall mover of the greate 
 worlde and the lelTe, preferuc your Honour in healthe and profperitie. 
 
 Ffrome the ffolde byfyde Bamet. The firft of Auguft. 1562. 
 Moft bownde to your Honour. 
 
 RicHARDE Eden. 
 
 Tuir Dominationi addictus, alios Hon quaro panates. 
 Sententia Hippocratis. — Infecretis et occultis,fecretus et occultus efto. 
 Endorsed — Primo Augufti. 1562. Richard Eden. 
 
 Lands. MS. lOI, art. 5. 
 The advancement which Eden sought, came almost immediately after he 
 wrote this letter : but it is sad to know, that it ultimately ruined him both 
 in health and fortune, and brought him to a premature grave. 
 
 We must now intro<luce a celebrated historical personage, with whose 
 wanderings and trials Eden's life was for the next ten years indissolubly 
 identified ; and in the narration of which, we shall be telling the story of 
 our Author's life during the period he was on the Continent. In doing 
 which, we thankfully acknowledge our obligations to the Vie de Jean de 
 Ferriires, Vidame de Chartres, Seigneur de Maligny, by a Member [Count 
 L. de Bastard] of the Historical and Natural Science Society of the 
 Yonne. 170 copies only of which, were printed at Auxerre in 1858. 
 
 A VidamJ was originally the principal lay officer of a bishop. In 
 France, however, only five bishops had such an officer, viz., those of 
 Rheims, Amiens, Mans, Laon, and Chartres ; together with certain 
 Abbeys. In process of time, however, it became a mere hereditary title ; 
 dependent for its renown on the person who held it and the wealth where- 
 of he was possessed. 
 
 Jean de Fekri^res, disinherited by his father, Francois de Ferriires, 
 in 1540; became Seigneur de Maligny in 1544; went to Rome in the 
 embassy of M. de Urfe in 1549 ; accompanied the then Vidame, Franfois 
 de Vendome, to the relief of the Siege of Metz in 1553 ; and went to 
 Piedmont in 1557- Franfois de Vendome having died on 22d December 
 1560: the Seigneur of Maligny then became Vidame of Chartres; and 
 thereby immensely rich, if he could have enjoyed his own in peace. But 
 not daring to administer to his vast estate in person, for fear of attracting 
 the attention of his enemies to it : his sister Beraude, by secret agreement 
 with him, presented herself as the sole heir to Franfois de Vendome. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Civil Wars, Conde sent the new Vidame 
 (whose riches gave him great influence among the Protestant party) over to 
 England, with the Seigneur de Saint Aubin, to induce Elizabeth to join 
 
The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 xlv 
 
 water, which agcn 
 th the like t eesas 
 th, and not I. But 
 
 tyme and fumtyme 
 , Sir John] Cheeke. 
 laue reioyfed : As I 
 lOur partely receavcd 
 phicall and vertuous 
 B infinite poure and 
 ie is not only vifible, 
 1. And as touching 
 I olde written booke 
 /iam naturam, poteft 
 , or to interprete the 
 h : and an argument 
 nd of thefe recreates, 
 ^here he hathe thefe 
 irtis a naturce: Qua 
 m\am\ vt fapientibus 
 p pncbmt a pqfunt 
 r vulgus inexpertum 
 
 irdon my boldnelTe in 
 \ clemcncie to accept 
 only the loue 1 beare 
 lat thefe thinges (hall 
 itherwyfe occupied in 
 the, as was Plato with 
 I Cicero Senator and 
 mover of the grcate 
 lithe and profpcritic. 
 guft. 1562. 
 
 IDEN. 
 
 s tun quan fanatcs. 
 
 etus et occultus ejio. 
 
 brd Eden. 
 
 h. MS. loi, art. S- 
 
 immediately after he 
 lately ruined him both 
 ire grave. 
 
 lersonage, with whose 
 ten years indissolubly 
 telling the story of 
 Continent. In doing 
 the Vie de Jean dt 
 by a Member [Count 
 ience Society of the 
 \uxerre in 1858. 
 
 of a bishop. In 
 officer, viz., those of 
 together with certain 
 mere hereditary title ; 
 Mid the wealth where- 
 
 Francois de Ferriires, 
 went to Rome in the 
 hen Vidame, Francois 
 
 1553 ; and went to 
 lied on 22d December 
 me of Chartres ; and 
 
 own in peace. But 
 I, for fear of attracting 
 >, by secret agreement 
 
 lis de Vendome. 
 sent the new Vidame 
 
 itestant party) over to 
 
 ice Elizabeth to join 
 
 in so holy and just a quarrel. Being joined by U Ilaye, they fin.illy 
 arrived in England about isth August 1562 ; and after many secret con- 
 ferences, the Treaty of Hampton Court was signed by tliem, on 20th Sep- 
 tember following. Co!t. MS. Cat. E. v. f. 1 13, is a copy of this Treaty 
 bearing the signature of the Vidame. 
 
 At this moment, Eden, who was an excellent I'nguist, entered the service 
 of the Vidame. Time pressed. 30CX) men under Sir Adrian Poynings, and 
 with them the Vidame and Eden, left Portsmouth on 2d October, and 
 wore in Havre on the 4th : the majority of them to be killed, or die of 
 the plague by the 29lh of July following, when Havre was surrendered to 
 the French. Such as survived brought with them to England, the plague 
 which they had there caught. 
 
 In the meantime, the Civil Wars had been stopped by the Edict of the 
 Pacification of Ambois on 19th March 1563. 
 
 All the goods of the Vidame were pronounced confiscateil, under 
 pretence that he had broi-ijht the English into Havre, The French Court, 
 While in progress after the '"icification, reached Troyes on the 23d March 
 1564 ; when the Vidame [and '"den] joined on the 8th April the Prince de 
 Conde there, and received a simulated welcome from Charles IX. and 
 Catherine de Medecis. Leaving the Court at Vitry on 27th April, he 
 icjoined Conde, at Paris ; where he appears to have chielly resided for 
 fte next two or three years. 
 
 Eden states below, and at /. xlvii., that he had been in Germany, and, among 
 ^her pKices, at Strasburg. He probably accompanied the Vidame there. 
 ^ A fresh rising of the Protestants occurred on 27th September 1567, when 
 ttey nearly captured by a cotip de main the entire French Court. Then 
 Oune the Battle of St. Denis on loth November, and the Pacification of 
 Longjumcau on the 23d March 1568. 
 
 The Vidame and his newly married wife (Francoise Joubert, widow of 
 Ch. Chabot) and suite [including, it is presumed, Eden] arrived on the 
 Cornish coast, on 28th April 1569 ; and after some delay, were allowed to 
 0>me to London. The Vidame was received by the Queen, on i8th July, 
 IK Greenwich. On the 23d September 1569, he was burnt in effigy, for 
 -|be second time within a year, on the Place de Grhie, at Paris, by an arret 
 'flf the French Parliament. 
 
 ; In consequence of the Peace of St. Germain ; the Vidame, after about a 
 jwar's stay in England, returned in October 1 570, by Dieppe, to Paris; 
 where some of his servaius being attacked in the street, he retires to Boubige, 
 ^ Poitou. In February 1572, he was at La Ferte, on private affiiirs. 
 ij Soon afterwards he returned to Paris ; where he found all the chiefs of 
 |ke Huguenot party lulled into a belief of perfect safety, through their trust 
 jp the King's word. He, however, did not trust the Court, and would not 
 ifeside in the city, but in the Faubourg of St. Germain. When questioned for 
 ^e reason of this ; he replied ' that the air of the Faubourgs was better than 
 ttat of the City, and that of the fields better than that of the Faubourgs.' 
 i Maurevert, the assassin of the Count de Mouy, attempted the assassination 
 ifi Admiral Coligny ; but fails to kill him. Charles IX. had hardly left the 
 funded Huguenot chief ; when the Vidame called on him, and let loose 
 |ii indignation at the dastard cowardice of the act. 
 pOn the next day, Saturday, 23d August, at a meeting of the Protestant 
 ipiefs at Coligny's house, the Vidame urged that the Admiral should be 
 " Bveyed out of Paris ; and that the Protestants should quit the city : but 
 I was overruled. 
 
 I That night, occurred the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, com- 
 
 encing on the right bank of the Seine. The Vidame, his brother-in-law 
 
 nn de la Fin, and ten others [including probably Eden], who were living 
 
 I the left bank of the river — warned by the firing — escaped for their lives, 
 
 iing first to La Fertd. Hearing, however, that the Duke de Guise had 
 
 nt the Sleur de St. Leger to take them : they hurriedly left the Chateau, 
 
 i — after some wandering up and down the country — managed to reach 
 
 ! coast ; where they found a ship, which carried them safely to England. 
 
 he Vidame arrived in London on 7th September 1573. 
 
 173. Sept. The Vidame, in a very flowery letter, solicits of the 
 
 Queen, that Richard Eden, who had gi- on him good 
 
 and faithful companionship for the space of ten years, 
 
 |ly be admitted one of the poor knights of Windsor. He also refers to 
 
 I erudition, and the experience he had acquired in the secrets of Nature. 
 
 Ic further encloses the three following autographic memoranda ; by the 
 
 lie of which, we luive put an English translation : — 
 
 Sipl.iceat sure M!\iesl.iticoncedere 
 Ricliardo ICilen proxiinam vocation- 
 em Mllitum illorum, <iui Winsori 
 Mllites Oratorij vocantur, it. Kege 
 Henrico 8^ fundati. 
 
 If It may please Her M.ijesty to 
 grant to Richard Eden the nest 
 vacant pl.ice among tlie Knights, 
 who are called the Knights of tlie 
 Oratory of Windsor, founded by 
 King Henry VHI. 
 
 II. 
 
 Richardus Eden natione Anglus, 
 ex honesta faniilla natus in .igro 
 Herfordcnsi, ubi adhucsororem hal>et 
 viventcm, SUK Maiestati bene cogni- 
 tam, nempe uxorem equestrisordinis 
 viri lohannis Butleri de Lamer : A 
 puerltia educatus in bonis Uteris, 
 studuit in Achademia Cantabrlglcnsi 
 dccem annis sub tutore doctissimo 
 viro, domino Thoma Smyth, nunc 
 Secretario sua; Maiestati, qui de elus 
 eruditione et morum integritate satis 
 testari potest. 
 
 Delude a serenissimo Rege Hen- 
 rico Octavo ab achademia vocatus, 
 ipsius Regis mandato, in i^rarlo 
 officium obtinuit, ubi usque ad 
 mortem Regis, hoc est duobas annis, 
 permansit ; qui etiam moriens illlus 
 non immemor assignavit illi domus 
 distillatorii officium. Quod tamen 
 Rege mortuo Sumerseti Dux illi 
 concessit qui nunc fniitur. 
 
 Postea uxorem duxit, ex qua in 
 xiiij. annis xlj. infantes generavit, ut 
 vel hac ratione videatur de , .aria 
 bene meritus. 
 
 Qui etiam tempore aliquot Rei- 
 publicoe utiles libros ex sermonc 
 Latino Italico Hispanico traduxit, 
 qui typis impressi extant, ut Decades 
 de Novo Orbe, liber iusti voluminus, 
 vizt. 600 foliorum ; ac delude librum 
 de Arte Navlgandi a Martino Cor- 
 tesio in lingua Hispanica ad Carolum 
 V. scrlptum ; insuper ex I'yrotechnia 
 Italica multade rebus metallicis, qux 
 antea in nostra lingua extitere. 
 
 Tempore vero Marise Reginoe HIs- 
 panorumquorundamnobiliumfauore, 
 denuo in Regis Philippi i'Erarium 
 electus : hereseos apud Wintoniense 
 Episcopum accusatus a Watsone Lin- 
 colinensi Episcopo, officio privatus 
 est. 
 
 Mortua vero uxore, illius fama ad 
 illustrissimi Domini Vidami aures 
 pervenit. Cum quo, quomodo his x. 
 annis et amplius in Germania et 
 Gallia vixerit in utraque fortuna, nee 
 mercenarius nee desertor, et semper 
 illi charissimus, ipsemet Domiuus 
 Vidamus pro sua humanitate, veri- 
 tate testimonium feret. A quo etiam 
 multis amplissimis muneribus dona- 
 tus, si tfimen non ditatus nulla pro- 
 fecto illustrissimi Domini incuria vel 
 
 Richard Eden, an Englishman, 
 born of a resi)ectable family in Here- 
 fordshire, — where he still has a sister 
 living, well known to Her Majesty, 
 being the wife of a knight, John 
 ISutler of Lamer, — was well educated 
 as a boy, studied at Cambridge for 
 ten years under that most learned 
 man, Sir Thomas Smyth, now Her 
 Msijesty's Secretary [of State], who 
 can testify to his erudition and blame- 
 less chara.ier. 
 
 Afterward?, being summonetl from 
 the University by the most serene 
 King Henry VHL, he held, by his 
 order, an office in the Treasury, 
 where he remained for two years 
 until the King's death ; who, when 
 dying, did not forget him, but as- 
 signed to him the office of the distil- 
 lery. After the King's death, the 
 Duke of Somerset granted the office 
 to the present holder. 
 
 Afterwards he married, and in 
 fourteen years begot twelve child- 
 ren, so tliat for this reason also he 
 seems to deserve well of his country. 
 
 At this time he translated from the 
 Latin, Italian, and Spanish several 
 books useful to the State, which are 
 still in print, as Decades de Novo Orbe, 
 a book of good size, viz. six hundred 
 folios ; andabookZ>i.'.,4^/t.'A'ijz'4'(i«</», 
 written by Martin Cortes to Charles 
 V. in Sp.inish ; and in addition many 
 portirins of Pyrotechnia Italica con- 
 ccrning metals ; which did not exist 
 before in our language. 
 
 In the tin'" of Queen Mary, he 
 was again placed in the Treasury 
 of King Phillip, through the favour 
 of certain Spanish nobles : but being 
 accused of heresy before [Gardiner] 
 the Bishop of Winchester by Watson, 
 Bishop of Lincoln ; he was deprived 
 of his office. 
 
 After the death of his wife, his 
 repute came to the cars of the most 
 illustrious Lord the Vidame. How 
 he lived [with him] for ten years 
 and more in Germany and France, 
 with varying fortune, neither a mer- 
 cenary nor a deserter, and alw.iys 
 most dear to him j the Lord Vidame 
 himself will kindly bear witness. 
 From whom also he received many 
 large gifts. And assuredly it is not 
 through carclessnec^s or oblivion on 
 
irn 
 
 xlvi 
 
 The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 n 
 
 oblivio in causa fuit, sed sola volu- 
 bills et noucrcx fortuna culpa. 
 
 Nunc vero, scnio aflcctus, et cor- 
 porisinfirmitate, cogitur percgrinandi 
 fincm fjcere ; nihil magis habcns in 
 votis quani ut sux Maicstatis gratia 
 et favore, possit tandem in patria 
 honestis studiis et Kcipublicv utili- 
 bus vitam finire. Nulla vero niagna- 
 rumdivitiarum,aut honoris ambitione 
 fingrans solam vitam tranquillam et 
 studiis commo<lam exoptat. 
 
 Deus optimus maximus suam Cxi- 
 situdinem semper seruet incolumen. 
 
 the part of his illustrious Lord, but 
 only in consequence o( changeful and 
 adverse fortune ; that he was not 
 enriched. 
 
 Now affected by age and bodily 
 infirmity, he is obliged to make an 
 end of wandering ; desiring nothing 
 more than, by Her Majesty's favour, 
 to end his life in his own country, 
 in honourable studies, and useful to 
 the State. He has no ambition 
 for great riches or honour ; but only 
 desires a quiet life, suitable for study. 
 
 May God ever preserve Her Ma- 
 jesty. 
 
 III. 
 
 Quandoquidem maxima parshomi- 
 num non est semper melior pars, sed 
 reperiuntur quamplures Ardeliones 
 quibus nihil est m.igis gratum quam 
 ex quauis leuissima occisione bonos 
 viros calumniari. Ideoque ut agni a 
 luporum faucibus in tuto vivant, ne- 
 cessum erit ut leonisanimalium regis, 
 hoc est, Kegia autoritate tucantur. 
 
 Quis cnim nunc in Anglia potest 
 Paracclsiadmiranda medicamenta ex 
 mctallis et mineralibus componere 
 (quxcum Alchimiaaliquomodosym- 
 boliz.intur) nisi statim ab ignaris et 
 calumniatoribus Alchimix legibus 
 probibitx infamiam et periculum in- 
 currat. Cui malo obuiando Principis 
 diplomats: opus erit. Nee dubito 
 quin quum Brocardo multisque aliis 
 peregrinis libcre permittitur exerccre. 
 Idem mihi requiori iuditio Principis 
 autoritate concedatur. 
 
 Since, indeed, the greater part of 
 mankind is not always the better 
 part, but many busybodies are found 
 who have no greater pleasure than 
 in calumniating good men on the 
 most trifling occasions ; therefore 
 that lambs may live safe from the 
 jaws of wolves, they must be pro- 
 tected by the lion, the king of beasts 
 — that is, protected by royal autho- 
 rity. 
 
 Who can at this present time, in 
 England, comixiund the admirable 
 medicaments of Paracelsus from 
 metals and minerals (which are sym- 
 bolized by an alchymical method), 
 without immediately incurring from 
 ignurant calumniators the infamy 
 and peril of practising alchmy, 
 which is prohibited by the laws. 
 To obviate this evil, a royal license 
 is needed. Neither do I doubt that 
 since it is permitted to lirocardus 
 and many other foreigners freely to 
 practise [the art] ; that the same will, 
 with more justice, be granted to me 
 by the royal authority. — S(a/e Papers, 
 Dom. Eliz., Vol. 92, No. 32. 
 
 There wore thirteen poor knights of Windsor, whose annual allowance 
 was paid by the Dean of Windsor. It consisted of £ii x^s. in money ; 
 a gown or coat of red cloth ; and a blue or purple cloth mantle with 
 the badge of St. (Jeorge embroidered on the left sleeve. Eden's application 
 dues not appear to have been successful. — See Tighe and Duvis, Annals 
 of iVmJsor,\. 223. £■</. 1858. 
 
 1573. Sir W. Winter is knighted this year. — See Sylvanus 
 Morgan's Spitre 0/ Geiilry, Book 3,/. 14, £J. 1661 
 
 1574. 'Win- Eden writes the following dedication to Sir W. Winter 
 tertide. of his translation of John Taisner's book £>e tiatura 
 
 masnetis, i&v., which he designed as a complement 
 to a new edition of his previous translation of Martin Cortes' Artt de 
 Navigar. Though written at this time, it did not appear in print for four 
 or five years afterwards, in consequence of the successive deaths of Eden, 
 Richard Ju^e the printer, and his son John Jugge. 
 
 The most important allusion in it is the account of Sebastian Cabot's 
 death, the only one on record. 
 
 A very neceflarie and profitable Booke conceminge Nauigation, 
 compiled in Latin by loannes TaiJnUrus, a publike profelTor in 
 Rome, Ferraria, and other Vniuerfities in Italic of the Mathema- 
 licalles, named a trcatife Of continuM motions, Trandated into 
 Engliflie, by Richarde Eden. 
 
 Imprinted at London by Richarde Jugge. 
 
 Xlli 
 
 To tht ryght tuoorjltipfull Syr Wylliam Wynlcr, Knyghl, AfaiJJcr 
 of the Ordinaunce of the Qutenes Maitjlits Shiffi-s, and Sur- 
 veyor of the fayd Shiffes, Richarde Eden tvyjiuth health and 
 prosperitie. 
 
 ,T is nowe about twelue yecres pafle (gentle Maider Wynter) 
 fincu the curtefie and fauour which long before I founde at 
 your hande, mooued me no IciTe for the good wyll that I 
 haue euer borne you and your vertues, to excogit.ite or 
 deuife fomethyng, within the compafle of my poore abilitic, 
 that myght be a witnefle, and as it were a feale, to tellifie both that I haue 
 not forgotten your gentlenefTe, and alfo how defyrous I am to pay the 
 debtes of frendefliyp which then I promifed you, and alfo attempted to 
 perfourme : But beyng at that tyme preuented, by mcanes of my fodaync 
 departyng out of Englande, with my good Lorde the Vidame, with whom I 
 remayned for the fpace of ten yeeres, vntyll the calamities of that miferable 
 countrey, with lolTc of goods, and danger of lyfe, hath dryuen me home 
 agayne into my natiue countrey : Where fyndyng my fulfe at fome leyfure, 
 and defyrous to palTe foorth parte of my tyme in fome honeft exercifo, 
 which myght be profytablc to many, domagable to none, and a meanes to 
 geat me newe freendes, the olde in my fo long abfence, in maner vtterly 
 wafted : I chaunced in the meane tyme, to meete with my olde acquayn- 
 tance and freend, Richard lugge. Printer to the Queenes Maiellic, who 
 had many yeeres before, printed the Booke of Marten Curtes, of the Art of 
 Nauigation, by me tranllated out of Spanyfhe tongue. Whereof, hauyng 
 with him fome conference, he declared that he woulde prynt that booke 
 agiiyne, yf I woulde take the paynes to deuife fome addition touchyng the 
 fame matter, that myght be ioyned thereto. At whiche tyme, hauyng with 
 me in theLatine tongue, thefe books here folowyng printed, whiche I brought 
 with me out of Fraunce, I foone agreed to his honeft requeft, to tranflatc 
 them into Englyflie : Whiche beyng accomplyllicd, this onely remayned, 
 accordyng to the common cuftome, to confecrate and dedicate the fame to 
 fome worthie perfonage, whofe fame, auc[t]horitie, and dignitie, myght 
 defende them from the euyll tongues of fuch as are more redie rather to 
 reprooue other mens dooynges, then to doo any good them felues. And 
 therfore (gentle Maifter Wynter) knowing your aucthoritie and fame in 
 well deferuyng, and honorable feruice vnto your Prince and Countrey, to 
 be fuche as all men thynke fo well of, and fo greatlye efteeme, to whom 
 (rather then to you) may I dedicate this booke of Nauigation ? In con- 
 fyderation whereof, and the hope that I haue in your approoued curtefie, 
 fauourably to accept this dedication, as procee[d]yng from one that defyreth 
 nothyng more then to doo you feruice, and remayne in your grace, I fliall 
 thynke my trauayle wel beftowetl, and fufliciently rccompcnced, yf it fliall 
 pleafe you to accept the fame as thankfully, as I wyllyngly offer it vnto 
 you. 
 
 For yf there be any thyng in me, wherein I maye by good reafon 
 pleafe my felfe, it is cheefely this, that I haue euer loued and honoured 
 men of finguler vertue or qualitie, in what fo euer laudable Art or Science, 
 euen of thofe whereof I mee felfe haue litle knowledge, as are Geometric, 
 Aftronomie, Architecture, Muficke, Payntyng, feates of Armes, inuentions 
 of Ingens, and fuche lyke : Of the whiche, this our age maye feeme not 
 onely to contende with the Auncientes, but alfo in many goodly inuentions 
 of Art and wyt, farre to exceede them. For (not to fpeake agaynft all the 
 marueylous inuentions of our tyme) what of theirs is to be compared to the 
 Artes of Printyng, makyng of Gunnes, Fyre woorkes, of fundry kyndes of 
 artificial Fyres, of fuche marueylous force, that mountaynes of mofie hanle 
 rockes and ftones, are not able to refyft their violence, but are by them 
 broken in peeces, and throwen into ihe ayre with fuche violence, tlint 
 neyther the fpirite of Demogtrson, or the thunderboltes of infernal Pliiio 
 can doo the lyke. What fltoulde I here fpeake of the woonderfull inuen- 
 tions of Fartalio, in his booke De Arte maiori ? or of many other, whereof 
 Vannueius Beringocius wryteth in his booke, entituled, Pyrolechnia. As 
 touchyng which terrible inuentions, and the lyke, although fome men he of 
 opinion that they were inuented by the inftigation of the deuyll, for tlie 
 deftruction of mankynde : yet other weyghyng the matter more indifferently 
 thynke that the inuention rf Gunnes hath ben the fauyng of many mens 
 lyues, becaufe before the vfe of them, men were not woont fo long tyme 10 
 lye batteryng in the befiegyng of Townes or Fortreffes, but in fhort fpace 
 to come to hande ftrokes, and to foughtcn feeldes, to the great llnughter of 
 great multitudes. And feeyng that nowe our enimies the Turkes, and 
 
Tiiii Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 xlvii 
 
 le Maifter Wynter) 
 ; before I founde nt 
 ic good wyll that I 
 5, to excogitate or 
 if my poore abilitic, 
 fic both that I haue 
 s I am to pay the 
 il alfo attempted to 
 ines of my fodayno 
 idamt, with whom I 
 ics of that miferabte 
 h dryuen me home 
 clfe at fome leyfure, 
 >me honeft exercifo, 
 ne, and a meancs to 
 ce, in maner vtterly 
 h my olde acquayn- 
 eenes Maieftic, who 
 Cur/(S, of the Art of 
 . Whereof, hauyng 
 Je prynt that booke 
 ddilion touchyng the 
 letyme, hauyng with 
 ted, whiche I brought 
 \ requed, to tranflate 
 this onely remayncd, 
 dedicate the fame to 
 and dignitie, myght 
 more redie rather to 
 )d them felues. And 
 cthoritie and fame in 
 nee and Countrey, to 
 lye efteeme, to whom 
 Nauigation ? In con- 
 ir approoued curtcfic, 
 rom one that defyreth 
 in your grace, I lliall 
 compenced, yf it fliall 
 •yllyngly offer it vnlo 
 
 naye by good reafon 
 loued and honoured 
 idable Art or Science, 
 ge, as are Geometric, 
 of Armes, inucntions 
 age maye feeme not 
 lany goodly inuentions 
 fpeake agaynll all the 
 to be compared to the 
 s, of fundry kyndcs of 
 itaynes of mofle hanle 
 snce, but are by them 
 fuche violence, that 
 Kjltes of infernal riii/n 
 the woonderfuU inucn- 
 )f many other, whereof 
 lied, PyroUtliuia. As 
 though fome men l)e of 
 of the deuyll, for the 
 atter more indifferently 
 fauyng of many mens 
 woont fo long tymc to 
 :ffes, but in fhort fpace 
 o the great (laughter of 
 imies the Turkcs, and 
 
 otlicr Infidels, haue the vfe of thefe deuylyihe inucntions (as they name 
 them) it may be thought requifite for vs, agaynft fuche deuylles to vfe alfo 
 the lyke deuylydie inuentions, left refufyng the fame, and (jcuyng place to 
 euyl, we Ihoulde wyllyngly fuffer the kyngdome of the deuyll to triumphe 
 ouer vs, not otherwyfe able to rcfyft, and much leffe to ouercome fo puiffant 
 and horrible cnimies (except befyde al hope) myght aryfe in our defence 
 fome newe Moyfes, or Elias, or the Prieftes of lericho, whiche onely with 
 tlie noyfe and founde of Homes or Trumpcttes ouerthrewe the walles of 
 tlie townc. Ncylher wyl the example of Uauid and Goliath, or of Samfon 
 and the I'hiliftines, ferue our tnme at this tymc, although I bclecue that 
 the arme of the Lorde is not weakened, yf there lacked not a Moyfes with 
 his rodde, and woorthie Ah.'Aentes, which myght helpe to holde vp his 
 J. wecrye arme. 
 
 Hut to rcturne to fpeake of ingcns, and ingenious inuentions, whiche 
 inuentcd and vfed to the glorie of God, and defence of his people, 
 ngninft the furie and tyrannic of Inlidelles, tlicy may as woorthyly be 
 calloil the gyftes of God, as were the inuentions and Art of them that 
 buyUled eyther the Temple of Hicrufalem, or the Arke of God : And 
 Exni! XXXV y*' '' '' ' "^^ wryttcn of thofe Artificers, that God gaue 
 BezalcL'l :inJ them the fpirite of knowledge and cunnyng in fuche Artcs. 
 Alulub. ^uj therefore I thynke it may alfo be fayde without offence, 
 
 that the knowledge of Arcliimcdts, and other men in fuche commendable 
 inuentions, are the gyftes of God, for as muche as the gyftes of God are 
 free, and not bounde to any nation or perfon. 
 
 And yf it may be graunteil that the fpirites of men, or the fpirite of 
 Cod in men, may be cliuided (as was the fpirite of Moyfes to twelue other) 
 •c otherwyfe that the fpirites of dead men may reuiue in other (after 
 tte opinion and tranfanimation of Pythagoras) we may thynke that the 
 Ibule of Archimedes was reuiued in Bejfon, that excellent Geometer of 
 <Mr tyme, whom I knewe in P'raunce the Maifter of the engins to the 
 Freiiche kyng, Charles the nienth, vnder whom that lamentable flaughter 
 ■t Paris was committed, in the whiche were flayne fo many noble men. 
 Whiche crueltie the fayde Be/son abhorryng, fled hythei into England, 
 ttid here dyed, in the ycerc. 1573. and left in witneffe of his excellencie 
 jb that Art, a booke in prynt, conteynyng the fourmes or portractcs of 
 lyxtic engins of manicylous ftrange and profytable deuice, for diuers 
 fommodious and neceffary vfcs. Of the whiche, for as muche as 
 three of them, that is to me.ine, the 54. 57. and 60. be engines cheefcly 
 partoyning vnto Shyppes, it fliall not be from my purpofe here to make a 
 brccrc rehearfal of them. 
 
 , The. 54. therefore (as he wryteth) is an engin not vnlyke vnto that 
 Srhiche in auncient i/me Archimedes inuented for the Syracujiaiis, where- 
 with a man with the ftrength of onely one hande, by helpe of the 
 inftnimcnt called Trifpajlon (which in our tongue fome cal an endlcffe 
 Seme), bro 'it a Shyp of marueylous greatneffe from the lande into 
 tlie fea, in the fyght of kynge Hieron, and an infinite multitude, whiche 
 ^th .ill their force coulde not doo the fame. &c. Of the which alfo, our 
 (i^ntrey man, Roger Bacon, a great Fhilofopher (and no Nicromancer, as 
 tfnt ignorant age flaundered him) feemed to haue had fome knowledge : 
 Vor ill his booke of the marueylous power of Art and Nature, he maketh 
 iths i St mention of an Inftrument (as farre as I remember) no bygger 
 nt rcacie, the 'hen a mans hande, wherewith one man myght drawe to 
 'lie of iiyn, the ftrength of three hundred men. And I well re- 
 member, that at my beyng in Fraunce, I hearde credible 
 (jporte, that the Earle of Pocumdol/e, an Almaine, made an engin, where- 
 ^h the fayde kyng Charles when he was but. xvi. yeeres of age, lyfted 
 1 the grounde a weyght, whiche the ftrongeft man in the courte was not 
 fie to rcmoouc. Almofte the lyke deuice we vfe in the bendyng of a 
 offcbowe. Alfo at my being in Germanic in the citie of Strofburge, a 
 orthy and learned Gentleman, Monfitur de Saleno, tolde me that in that 
 le one had inuented an engin of iron, no bygger then a mans hande, 
 erevnto faftenyng a rope, with a hooke of 'ron, and caftyng the hooke 
 t>n a wal, free, or other place, where it myght take holde, he coulde with 
 t engin lyft hym felfe vp to the wal, or other place. But to retume to 
 other two engines of Beffon, parteynyng to our purpof Therefore 
 , 60. fygure (as he there wryteth) is the inuention of an engin, fcarfely 
 iible, wherewith by ballance and eafie motion, beyond the order of 
 are, a Shyp may be fo framed and gouemed, that in the calme fea it 
 1 mooue forcwarde, and in litlc wynde haften the courfc.and in too much 
 
 wynde temper and mo<lcrate the fume : A thyng woorth tl.e knowledge to 
 a kyng, as he fayeth. Of the ihyrd cnfjin, which is the. 57. fyt;urc of his 
 booke, he wryteth thus. An Artifice not yet diiuilg.ite or fct forlli, whiche 
 placed in the pompe of a Shyp, whyther the water h.illi rccourfo, and 
 mooued by the motion of the Shyp, with wheelcs and wcyylites, dooth 
 exactly fliewc what fpace the .''hyp hath gone. &c. Ity whiche dcfcrip- 
 tion, fome doo vnderftand that the knowledge uf the lonpitude niy^ht fo bo 
 founde, a thyng doublleflc greatly to be ilcryred, .-ind hythcrtu nut cert.-iynely 
 knowcn, although SdniJliitH Cabot on his death bed told nic that he had the 
 knowledge thereof by diuinc rciiclalion, yet fo, that he niy^ht not tcaclie 
 any man. But I thinkc that the good uUle man, in that extiLmc ago, fuiiie- 
 what doted, and had not yet cucn in the article of ilcaih, vtterly fliakcn of 
 all worldlye vayne glorie. 
 
 As touchyng whiche knowledge of the longitude, to rehcarfc the faying 
 of that excellent learned man, Johannes Ferncliiis, in his incomparable 
 booke Z>^ abditis rerum caiijis, where in the Preface to King lleiirie o( 
 Fraunce, he writeth in this maner. We haue put our helpyng haixlu 
 to the Arte of Nauigation and Geographic : forby ubfcruation of the huiircs 
 of the Equinoctialles, we haue inuented liowc, in what fo cuor region or 
 place of the worldc a man flialbc, he may knowc in what longitude it is : 
 which cert.aynly we haue not taken of the fountayncs of the ancieiitos, but 
 fyrfle, of all other (as I thynke) haue drawen it of our ryuers, as our owne 
 inuention. &c. So that (faith he) whiche way fo cuer you turne your eyes, 
 you may fe that the pofteritie hath not ryotoufly wafted the inheritance of 
 Artes and sciences, left them by their predeceffors, but haue greatly on- 
 creafed the fame, and inuented other : For certaynely, the multitude of 
 thinges incomprehenfiblc, is infinite, and fo therfore inucntions muft 
 needes alfo be infinite, and without cnde. And therefore, as touchyng this 
 thing (fayth he) to fpeake freely what I thynke, they fccme to mo to ollendc 
 as muche, whiche contende that the auncientcs haue inuented and compre- 
 hended al thynges, as doo they whiche attribute not vnto them the fyrft 
 inuentions, fo depryuyng them of theyr right poflcffion. Forwhcrcasnoweby 
 the benefite of almightie God (who hath geuen vs his Chrifte, and with hyni 
 all good thynges) the lyght of trueth fhyneth in our vnderftandyng by godly 
 infpiration, there is no iuft ciufe why we flioulde in fuche thynges thinko vs 
 inferior to the auncientes. Of which Argument, who lyftcth may rcade more 
 in the fayde Epiftle of Fernelius. 
 
 And for as much as I haue made mention of fuch inucntions, it flial not 
 be from the purpofe, to defcribe the goodly inftrument wherof 
 Angelus Policianus in the fourth booke of Epiftlcs to Fran- h, mllti,",' aRrec- 
 ciftis Ca/a, wryteth in this manner, I haue receyued your yiK.wiih the 
 Epiftle, wherein you fignifie vnto me, that you haue hearde heau™." 
 of the ftrange engine or inftrument Automaton inuented, and 
 made of late by one Laurence a Florentine ; in the which is 
 expreffed the courfe and motions of the Pianettes, conformable ami 
 agrceyng with the motions of heauen ; And that (for as muche as the 
 reporte thereof is hardly beleeucd) you greatly defyre that I fliould wryte 
 vnto you, what cerfayne knowledge I haue of th.it thing, wherein I am 
 redie to obey your requeft. And although nowe it be long fince I fawc 
 it, yet as farre as I bearc in memorie, 1 wyll breefely declare the fourino, 
 reafon, and vfe thereof. And yf the defcription of it flial feeme vnto 
 you fomcwhat obfcure, you fliall not afcrib" '► "'•ogcather to my declara- 
 tion, but partly to the fubtiltie and nouiltie of the thyng. It is in fuurnic 
 of a fquare pyllcr, fliarpe towarde the top, in maner of a Pryamis, of 
 the height of almoft three cubites : ouer and abouc it, in maner of a 
 couer, is a flat or playne rounde plate of gyltod copper, garnyflied 
 with fundry colours, on whofe other part is expreffed the whole courfe of 
 the Planets, and whofe dimention or meafure is fomewhat (hortcr then a 
 cubite, and is within fumed or moued with cerlayne litle denticle wheeles, 
 an immouable circle comprehendyng the hygheft border or margent, and 
 diuided with the fpaces of xxiiii. lioures within it, in the hygheft furnyng 
 rundel, the twelue lignes are difcemed by three degrees. Further, within arc 
 fecne eyght rundels, in maner all of one greatneffe. Of thefe, two obteyne the 
 myddle poynt,the one faftened in the other, fo that the loweft beyng fome- 
 what bygger, reprefcntcth the Sunne, and the hygher the Moonc. From the 
 Sunne a beame commyng to the circle, flieweth in it the liourcs: and in the 
 Zodiacke, the monethes, dayes and number of degrees, and alfo the true 
 and halfe motion of the Sunne. From the Moonc alfo procetleth a pynne, 
 or wyre, whiche bencathc or downwardc in the border or margent of the 
 
 xlvii 
 
 Anno Domo. 
 
 1584. 
 
'f (' 
 
 xlviii 
 
 The Life and Labours of Richard Eden. 
 
 I, 
 
 1 
 
 1 i 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 il 
 
 Brciilcfl rumlell. (licwcth ihe hoiircs : nnd pafTing by ihe center of the Epi- 
 cicic uf tlic Moonc, anit cxtciulyng to the Zodinckc, lliuweth the halfe 
 motion of his I'Innct. Another nlfo ryfyng from thence, and ciittyng the 
 border of the center of the Moone (that is of the Epicicle) lliewcth her true 
 place, whercl)y are fccne the flownelTe, fwyftneffe, nl motions and courfes, 
 coniunctions alfu, and ful Mooncs, About thcfe are fyxc other rundels : 
 of the whiche, one, whom they calle the heml and tayle of the Dragon, 
 (licweth the Kclipfcs lioth of the Sunne and Moone. I'he other are attri- 
 bute<l to the Planets : from euery of whiche, procec<le two poyntes, alTign- 
 ing the motions (as we haue fayd) of the Moone : but they alfo goe back- 
 warde, whiche chaunceth not in the Moone, whofe Eclypfe is mooued 
 i:ontrarywyfe. And thus the rcafon of coniunctions, departynges, and lati- 
 tudes, is manifcH in all. There is alfo an other border lyke vnto a Zodi- 
 »cke, cutting or diuidyng vpwarde or abouc, thofe fyxe litle rundels (whereof 
 we haue fpoken) being the rundels of the Pianettes : whereby appearcth 
 the degrees of the Eaft fignes, and the fpaces of the dayes (that is to fay) 
 at what hourc the Sunne rifeth, by the whiche, euery of the Pianettes are 
 carried In their rundels or circles by courfe, in the day tyme to the Eaft, 
 and in the nyght to the Weft. Agayne contrarywyfe, the greatefl rundel 
 of al, drawcth with it al the Pianettes, in the nyght to the Eaft, and in the 
 day to the Weft, in the fpace of. 24. houres. Az which, to agree with the 
 motions of heauen, both rcafon and experience doo confyrme. And thcr- 
 forc ought ye not to marueyle, yf thefe thynges feeme incredible to many. 
 For (as fayth the wyfe Prouerbe) fayth is flowlye geuen to great thynges, 
 for euen we fcarfcly belceue our owne eyes, when we fee fuche thynges. 
 And therefore, whereas in tyme part I read, that fuche a lyke inftrumem 
 was made by Arc/iimedis, my faith yet fayled me to geue credite to fo great 
 an Aucthour, which thyng neuerthclefle this our Florentine hath perfounncd. 
 The worke doubtlclTe beyng of fuch excellence, that all prayfe is inferior to 
 it, and can not therfore for the woorthynefle thereof be otherwyfe praifed, 
 then to fay that it pafleth all prayfe. The Artificer him fclfe alfo being a 
 man of fuch intcgritie of maners, that the funne is nothing inferior to the 
 exccllcncie of his wyt : in fo much that he may feeme a man fent from 
 heauen, where he learned the makyng of this heauen, by the example of the 
 other, llylherlo Po/icia/ms. Of the lyke inftrument, Roger liacon alfo 
 maketh mention in his fayde booke, of the maruellous power of Art and 
 Nature, afTyrmyng the fame to be woorth a kyngdome to a wyfe man. 
 
 But for as muche as the fubicct whiche I haue nowe in hande, is cheefely 
 touchyng inuentions parteinyng to Shyppes, and the Art of Nauigation, I 
 thynke good to fpcakc fomewhat of the inucntion of a ccrtaync Italian 
 wryler, nametl Zrt»//(i/-i/i»/7<»-(7«(i«C/, who in his booke, entitled 
 ''**■' ^ft-i/z/o (iVyt'/W/i'/a f «;«.!•//(;/<•, doeth greatly glory in the in- 
 uention of Shyppes, whiche can not perydie eyther on the fea, or the lande, 
 affyrmyng that the lyke was ncuer inuented fince the creation of the worlde. 
 But I feare me, left vayne glorie of difcourfyng in the Italian tongue, hath 
 caufed him more then needes, to commende his owne inuention, as for the 
 mofte parte is the maner of the Italian writers. Therfore 
 of a Sl"yp"°" committing the iudgement hereof to men of greater experi- 
 which can not ence and knowledge in thefe thynges, I wyl onely tranllate 
 ro»n«. j^j^ woordes, whereby in the booke before named, he 
 
 defcribeth the fayde Shyppe in this maner. Take beames of Fyre, or 
 Pyne tree, which of their owne nature can neuer goe downe, or fyncke, or 
 abyde vnder the water, and with thefe beames forme an engine (Mac/iina, 
 yf I may fo call it) of the length of three fcore foote, and of the breadth of 
 twentie foote, and of the heyght of fyxe foote, laying the fyrfte ranke in 
 length, and the other trauerfe, or ouerthwarte, and the thyrde againe in 
 length, faihionyng the fore parte lyke vnto other Shyppes, and in lyke 
 manner, bryngyng the poupe or hynder parte to good forme ; then with 
 fuch irons as apparteyne, bynde it, and ftrengthen it in fuche maner that it 
 can not breake. And vpon this frame or fundation buylde your Shyppe, 
 of fuche falliion as you thynke beft. &c. It were here too long to rehearfe 
 with what proude woordes and oftentation he magnifieth this inuention. 
 But whether this frame or engine fhoulde be bylden vpon the keele or 
 bottome of the Shyp, or othenvyfe, I commit it to them of better iudge- 
 ment, as I haue fayde. 
 
 But wheras it may for this tyme fuffife to haue wrytten thus muche 
 
 of thefe thynges, I wyll make an ende with onely a breefe rehearfal of 
 
 the inuention and encreafe of the Art of Nauigation. After that the Art 
 
 of Nauigation was founde, euery man began to chalenge vnto hym the 
 
 xlviii 
 
 dominion of the fca, and there to dwel and kcpe warre euen as on the land. 
 Minos (as wrytcth Str.ibo) was the fyrft that rulc<l on the fea, whiche 
 ncuerthelefrc, other afcribe to h'cfluuus, who fyrft founde the Art of Naui- 
 gation, and was therefore (as wrytelh Diodorus) appoynted by Salurnui to 
 I)e Admiral of the fyrfte Nauic : and thereby the pofteritic aflerwarde 
 afcril)cd to him the gouernaunce of the fea, and named him the God 
 thereof. After whom the Cretcn/es eucr were cfteemed moft expert in the 
 Art of Nauigation. But (as wrytcth I'linie) boates were fyrft inuented, 
 and with them was the fyrfte faylyng in the Ilandes of the reddc fca, vnder 
 kyng Erythra, as alfo witneffcth Quintilian, faying. If none had proceeded 
 further then the inuentions of our predccelTors, we had had nothyng in the 
 Poets aboue Androniais, and nothing in hiftories aboue the Annalts or 
 Cronicles of Byfflioppes, and h" 1 yet haue faylcil in troughes or in boates. 
 Other haue afcribed this inuent.on to diuers other nations and perfons, ,is 
 to the Troiansand Myflans in HdU/fonto, and alfo that the ancient Britancs 
 made boates of leather or hydes, and fayled with them in the Ocean fea. 
 Plinie wryteth, that Dunmis was the fyrft that brought a .Shyppe out of 
 Grece into Egypt. Some alfo gcuc the f»me to Atiiienia. But moft ryght- 
 fully, the inuention both of the Shyp, and Art of Nauigation, is afcribed to 
 Noe, who (as wryteth Eiifebm) was longe before Neptune or Danaus. 
 For doubtlelTe (fayth he) the Arke of Noe w.^s none other then a Shyp, and 
 the fyrfte and onely exemplar of the buyldyng of all other Shyppes or 
 vclTelles of faylyng. Alfo the mofte ancient wryter Bcrofus the Chaldean 
 (as wryteth lofefhus) callcth the Arke of Noe, a Shyp. The fame Jofephus 
 alfo fayth, that the Nephues of Noe, dcpartyng to inhabite diuers partes of 
 the worlde, vfed many Shyppes. &c. Long after Noe, the Tyrians were 
 counted moft expert in the Arte ol Nauigation : and after them, diuers 
 other nations. For whereas no Art is fo perfect, but may receauc encreafe, 
 hereof doth it folowc, that this l\x\. alfo hath been greatly augmented, and 
 brought to further perfection b; ■ witty inuentions of the pofteritie, euen 
 vnto our age : whereof, who fo lyfteth to know further more particulerly 
 who inuented all other partes and inftrumentes partcyning to al fortes uf 
 Shyppes, and Art of Nauigation, may read ye thyrde booke of Polidor 
 Virgil, Cap. xv. De Inuentorib. Ker. and Bayfiiis, de re nauali. 
 
 Thus gentle Maiftcr Wynter, bcfeechyng your woorlhyp to take 
 
 in good part this teftimonie of my thankfull hart (fuche as it 
 
 is) I befecche the immortall God to profper all your doo- 
 
 ingcs to his honor, and the bencfitc of your Countrey. 
 
 1576. The last work which it was permitted to Eden to 
 
 undertake, w.is an English translation from a Latin 
 version of Ludovico Barthema's Trazvls in the Eaft in 
 
 1503, which was posthumously printed by R. Willes, the next year. 
 
 lie was also endeavouring to collect the Reports of the Agents of the 
 
 Moscovy Company, which form so important a part of Hakluyt's Collection ; 
 
 when death exchanged his earthly life of troubles and labours, for, we can 
 
 but think, the blessed peace of heavenly rest. 
 
 I am indebtetl to my friend the late Mr. C. Bridger, Hon. Mem. of the 
 Soc. of Ant. of Newcastle, for the following note : 
 
 1576. July 20. Letters of Administration were granted, in the Pre- 
 
 rogative Court of Canterbury, to the estate of Riclmnl 
 
 Eden, of the parish of St Dunstan's in the East, (the same 
 
 parish in which Sir John Hawkins lived), in favour of Alban Eden, his son. 
 
 1577. Summer. R. Willis published a second and altered edition nf 
 
 the Third Work here reprinted, under the title of T/ie 
 History oj Trauayle in the lyest and East Indies, &^t: 
 1586. April. It would appear from T. A. D'Aubigne's Histoire Vni- 
 
 7'ersclle, iii. book i. c. 3,/. 15, Ed. 1620, that the Vidamc, 
 after many wanderings, was captured by one Captain 
 Carles: who (not crediting that a member of so good a 
 family was unable to pay his ransom) suffered this distinguished Nobleman, 
 whom the King of Navarre had called his Uncle, and who was now about 
 sixty-six years ; to die like a dog, while bound to the magazine at the bottom 
 of the hold of his galley. A prisoner so placed would be situated immedi- 
 ately below the planking of the passage which extende 1 between the two 
 rows of galley slaves from the prow to the stern of the galley : and there- 
 fore, when the galley was in motion, would ceaselessly suffer from all the 
 noise of the sixty or eighty rowers ; from whom he would be separated] only 
 by the thickness of the planking above his head. 
 
e cucn OS on tlie Innd. 
 . on the fea, wliicho 
 inde the Art of Naui- 
 ynte<l by Saturnus to 
 pofterilie nfterwnrtle 
 lamecl him the Gotl 
 :(1 mod expert in the 
 were fyrll inuented, 
 f the retUlc fca, vndcr 
 r none had proceeded 
 id had nothyng in the 
 boue the Annalts or 
 troughes or in boatcs. 
 iitions and perfons, as 
 »t the ancient Uritancs 
 em in the Ocean Tea. 
 •ight a Shyppe out of 
 rua. Butmoftryght- 
 ligation, is afcribcd to 
 Neptune or Danaiis. 
 )thcr then a Shyp, and 
 all other Shyppes or 
 Bcrefus the Chaldean 
 •>. The fame lofephus 
 habite diners partes of 
 oe, the Tyrians were 
 ind after them, diucrs 
 may receaue cncreafo, 
 really augmented, and 
 of the pofteritic, cucn 
 thcr more particulcrly 
 rteyning to al fortes of 
 'rde booke of Tolidor 
 ' re itauali. 
 (voorlhyp to take 
 lart (fuche as it 
 all your doo- 
 : Countrey. 
 
 permitted to Eden to 
 nslation from a Latin 
 
 Travels in the Eaft in 
 Villes, the next year. 
 
 of the Agents of the 
 )f Hakluyt's Collection ; 
 nd labours, for, we can 
 
 Iger, Hon. Mem. of the 
 
 :re granted, in the Pro 
 ) the estate of Richard 
 I's in the East, (the same 
 if Alban Eden, his son. 
 1 and altered etlition of 
 under the title of The 
 and East Indies, &'i: 
 'Aubigne's Hisloire Ihii- 
 '. 1620, that the Vidainc, 
 ptured by one Captain 
 a member of so good a 
 listinguished Nobleman, 
 and who was now about 
 magazine at the bottom 
 tuld be situated immedi- 
 ;tende 1 between the two 
 r the galley : and there- 
 essly suffer from all the 
 would be separated, only 
 
 Richard Eden's 
 
 lontributions to our Literature, 
 
 during the reigns of 
 
 Edward VI. and Mary. 
 
 I553-I555 A.D. 
 
 
iri 
 
 TTTwry 
 
 '.^1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 by 
 
 i 
 
[The Second English book on America.] 
 
 C SI tvtnt^tt of tfir tirtor India, 
 
 tuitlf other nrin Cottntirr lantirfiS 
 
 nntf Mnntft^f nttotll tn^ttx^nvttt n^ 
 
 iotSHonxtftf ni titrg nvt itnotorti 
 
 antr fountr in thrCe oure tiaseis^t 
 
 after the trej^cripcion of ^thn^- 
 
 tinn iHuiijS^ter in ftii ittht of bnu 
 
 uerf all Cof mosraphie : toltertn the 
 
 iriltsent realrer mag jfee the floolr 
 
 5Suaeffe nntf retoarDre of tiofile 
 
 antr honesSte enterprgfes?, 
 
 &S tit( )ji)fiicft nat tfnls UivrlTr^ 
 
 1$ rscfteff avt ahta^ntXt, 
 
 Ibut alia <B0tr iff glor^ 
 
 mrtt antt tfit mvu 
 
 «;ratTf{late)r aut at %atin inta ensUiftt* »^ 
 
 Prater spent sub spe. 
 
Ill,-*— 
 
 r ^iH 
 
 i' It 
 
 I: i 
 
 t'it 
 
 >v 
 
|[ To THE RIGHT HYGHE AND MIGHTY PrINCE, 
 
 THE Duke of Northumberlande, 
 
 HYS grace. 
 
 Rcadc in auncicnt writer;) (moft nohlc prince) how 
 that mishtic kynj:f and conciucrour of the worltl, 
 Alexander the great, at fiich tyme as he beheKl ye 
 tonibc of fearfe Achilles, and therewith called to his 
 reniembraunce howc excellently the Poet I lomere 
 had fet forth his heroical factes, which notwithUand- 
 ing he thoughte to be nuichc inferiour vnto .lis, he 
 fighed and faydc : Oh the nioft fortunate, which hafte 
 founde fiiche a tronipe to magnili thi doinges, mean- 
 ing hereby, that the fame of Achilles was no leffe 
 notable to hys pofteritie by homers writing, then 
 it was in hys lyfe tyme by hys ownc marcial 
 affayres. Wherby we maye perceuc fuch niagna- 
 nimitie to haue ben in our prediceffours, men of 
 IioMc and (lout courage, yat they thought it not fufficiente in their life time to defenie prayfe 
 iintl honour, except the fame might alfo redounde to theyr pofteritie, yat they mighte therby 
 bee encouraged to do the like. VVhyche thing truely hath ben ye caufe, yat in al ages 
 noble enteri)rifcs haue ben commended, and fuch as haue attempteil ye fame, haue 
 bene lionoiu-ed. Wherfore u honeft commendacions be a iuft reward dew to noble 
 enterprifes, fo much do tin y robbc and fpoyle from yc dignitie therof, which in any 
 poynt diminiflie the fame : no leffe confoundinge the order of thinges, than he whiche 
 cloteth an ape in purjjle, and a king in fackecloth. This I fpeake ye rather, beef^aufe 
 th' re chaunfed of late to come to my handes, a Ihiete of printed paper, (more worthy fo to 
 '^ee called then a boke) entytuled of the newe founde lancles. The whyche tytle when I 
 *rcadde, as one not vtterlye ignoraunt hereof, hauynge before in my tyme readile Decades, 
 Und alfo the nauigations dc iioiio orbc, there feemcd too me no leffe ineipialifye betwene the 
 tytle and the booke, then if a man woulde profeffe to wryte of ICnglande, and 
 ,,,.,„„#Siitre;!ted onelye of Trumpington a vyllage wyth'n a mylc of Cambrydgo. Wherefore 
 iartelye moued | by] the good affeccion, whyche I iiaue cuer borne to the fcience of 
 !!ofmographie, whyche entreately of the defcripcion of tlu; worlde, whereof the newe 
 juiule iantles are no fmal part, and much more by ye good vyll, whych of iluetie I 
 ^eare to my natjuc countrey ami countreymen, which haue of late to their great praife 
 irhatfoeuer fuccede) attempted with new viages to ferche ye feas and newe found 
 mdes, I thought it worthy my trauayle, to their better comfort, (as one not otherwife 
 Ible to further theyr cnterprife) to tranllate this boke oute of latin into l-'nglidie. 
 'he which, albeit il ilo not fo largely or i)articulerlye entreate of euery part, region or 
 >mmoditie of yc fayd new fouii'l landes, as the worthines of the thing might recpjyrt; : 
 jret furc I am that afwel they which fet forth or take vpon them this viage, as alfo 
 lliey which Ihal hereafter attempt ye lyke, may in this fmal boke as in a little glaffe, 
 se fomc clearc light, not only how to learnc by the example, dammage, gooil <*ucceffc, 
 
 Urn. 
 
 V.i 
 
Iff 
 
 \Dcdication to the Duke of Northumberland^ 
 
 v\ 
 
 and aduentures of other, how to behaue them felues and direct theyr viage to their 
 nioft commoditie, but alfo if dew fucceffe herein (houlde not chaunce according vnto 
 theyr hope and expectation (as oftentimes chanceth in great affaires,) yet not for one 
 foyle or fal, fo to be difmayd as with fhame and difhonor to leaue wyth loffe, but 
 rather to the death to perfift in a godly, honefte, and lawful purpofe, knowing that 
 whereas one death is dewe to nature, the fame is more honourably fpent in fuch 
 attemptes as may be to the glorye of God and commoditie of our countrey, then in 
 foft beddes at home, among the teares and weping of women. Which manlye 
 courage (like vnto that which hath ben feen and proued in your grace, afwell in forene 
 realmes, as alfo in this oure countrey) yf it had not been wanting in other in thefe 
 our dayes, at fuche time as our fouereigne Lord of noble memorie Kinge Henry the. 
 viij. about the fame yere of his raygne, furnifhed and fent forth certen fhippes vnder 
 the gouernaunce of Sebaftian Cabot yet liuing, and one fyr Thomas Perte, whofe 
 faynt heart was the caufe that that viage toke none effect, yf (I fay) fuch manly 
 courage whereof we haue fpoken, had not at that tyme bene wanting, it myghte 
 happelye haue comen to paffe, that that riche treafurye called Pcnilarta, (which is now 
 in Spayne in the citie of Ciuile, and fo named, for that in it is kepte the infinite ryches 
 brought thither from the newe found land of Peru,) myght longe fince haue bene in 
 the towre of London, to the kinges great honoure and welth of this his realme. 
 What riches the Emperoure hath gotten oute of all the newe founde landes, it 
 may wel appeare, wheras onlye in the I landes of Hifpana or Hifpaniola and Ctiba 
 and other I landes there aboute, were gathered in two monethes twelue thoufand 
 poundes weyght of gold as youre grace maye reade in this boke, in the defcripcion of 
 the Ilandes. Yet fpeake I here nothynge of perles, precious flones, and fpices. 
 Neyther yet of the greate aboundaunce of golde, whiche is engendred almoft in al 
 regions neare vnto the j^quinoBial line. And whereas I am aduertifed yat youre 
 grace haue bene a greate fortherer of thys viage, (as you haue bene euer ftudious for 
 the commoditie of your countrey,) I thought my trauayl herein coulde no wayes be 
 more worthely beftowed, then to dedicate the fame vnto your grace : Moft humbly 
 defiringe youre honoure fo to accepte mine intente herein, as one whofe good will 
 hath not wanted to gratifie your grace with a better thing if mine abilitie were 
 greater. Thus Almighty God preferue your grace in health and honour long to 
 continue. 
 
 C Your graces poore o- 
 ratour Rychard Eden. 
 
: to their 
 ling vnto 
 t for one 
 loffe, but 
 ft'ing that 
 It in fuch 
 r, then in 
 h manlye 
 
 in forene 
 ;r in thefe 
 -lenry the. 
 )pes vnder 
 rte, whofe 
 Lich manly 
 it myghte 
 bich is now 
 nitc ryches 
 lue bene in 
 his realme. 
 
 landes, it 
 I and Oiba 
 le thoufand 
 ifcripcion of 
 and fpices. 
 almoft in al 
 d yat youre 
 
 ftudious for 
 o wayes be 
 
 oft humbly 
 "e good will 
 
 bilitie were 
 3ur long to 
 
 lore o- 
 Iden. 
 
 3 
 
 € Rycharde Eden to the reader. 
 
 Hereas in this Booke (welbeloued Reader) thou mayeft 
 reade many llraunge thinges, and in maner incredible, except 
 the fame were proued moft certayn by dayly experience, and 
 approued auctoritie, (as fliall hereafter appeare) I thought it 
 good for thy better inftruction to make this Preface, wherby 
 thou mighteft more playnly and fenfibly comprehend the reafons 
 and caufes, yf not of al, yet of fome of the chiefeft thinges, 
 which are conteyned in the fame. Therfore wheras thou flialt 
 reade of the great abundaunce of gold, precious flones and 
 fpices, which tiie Spaniardes and Portiigales haue brought from 
 the South partes of the worlde, as from the newe founde landes 
 and Ilandes, the fodeyn (Iraungenes or greatnes of the thing 
 Ihal not fo much aniafe thy wittes, and gender in thee 
 incrudelitie, yf thou confider the faying of wyfe Salomon, who 
 affyrmeth yat there is no new thing vnder the Sunne, and that 
 the thing that hath been, cometh to paffe again : which faying 
 doeth greatly confyrme the trueth, of fuch thinges as are fpoken 
 of in this Boke, wiieras the fame perhappes to fome men might othenvyfe feme in maner incredible, 
 yf the lyke had not been A-ne in tyme pafle, and approued by auctoritie of mode holy fcripture, which 
 declaring tlie great wyfdom, ryches, and noble viages of King Salomon, fayth that God gaue him wifdom 
 and vnderdanding exceding muclie, and a large heart, and that he prepared a nauie of fliippes, in the 
 porte of AzioH Gahr, by the brinke of the redde fea, which fayled to Ophir, and brought from thence, 
 xxi. fcore hundreth (which is. xlii.M. [forty-two thousand]) weyght of golde. Agayne, that the weyghte of 
 golde which was broughte to Salomon in one yere, was. vi. hundreth, thre fcore and. vi. talentes of goltl, 
 wheras the Hebrue talente, called Taknte Hicbrakum fannuarij, was of our (lerling money 500. pounde, 
 and Talent ILcbraicum uul^are, was halfe fo much Lykewyfe yat filuer was nothing worth in the dayes of 
 Salomon, and yat he made filuer and gold in Hierufalem as plentious as Hones Agayn, that he oucrlayd 
 the lioufe of the Lord with precious ftones beautifully, and the gold wherwith he couercd it, was golde of 
 Paruaim. Alfo that the kinges nauie of fliippes went once in thre yere to Tharfis, and brought Gold, 
 Siluer, Apes, Pcacockes, ai»d Elephantes teeth. ^Vhich wordes furely feme fo to confirme fuch thinges ab are 
 fpoken of in the nauigacions wherof this boke entreateth, that nothinge can make more for the truth of the 
 fame : and briefely to fpeake of the places whether Salomons fliippes fayled for Gold, as Thar/is and Ophir. 
 This ought to be confydered for a general rule, that nearell vnto the fouth partes of the world betwene the 
 two Tropikcs vnder ye EquiiwHial or burning lyne, where the funne is of greateft forfe, is the chiefeft jilace 
 where gold is engendred, although it be fometymes founde in colde rt-gions as in Scotland, in Crayford 
 more, likewyfe in Hungary, yet nether pure of it felf, nor in great quantitie : the reafon whereof is largely 
 declared in the Bookes of George Ag ric, and Albertus Magnus. And wheras it is written in ye Boke of 
 Kinges in the Act'.'s of Salomon that he prepared his fliippes in Azion Gabcr, beyng by the brinke of the 
 readde fea, and fayled from thence to Ophir for Golde, it is apparaunt, that (howfoeuer the names of thinges 
 haue altered and perifrtied in tyme) he fayled from thence fouthwarde towarde the F.ciuinoctial lyne, for 
 afmuche as there is none other pafliige oute of the narowncffe of the readde fea, but onely into the mayne 
 South fea, by the which the Portugales euen at this daye make theyr viage to Calicut, Samotra, Madagafcar, 
 and fuch other Ilandes in the South eaft partes of the worlde, where Golde, Spyces, Apes, and Elephantes 
 are nowe founde in lyke manner. But as for Tharfis beynge a cytye of Cilicia in Afia the lefle and the 
 natiue countreye of S. Paule the Apoftle, and fituate muche more toward the North, then is ludea, and in 
 maner dircctlye ouer againfte ludea on the otherfyde of the fea called Mare Mediteraneuni, and in the 
 fame clime, in the which ftandcth the llanile of Sicilia, and the cytie of Ciuile in Spayne, it hardelye agreeth 
 with the principles of Philofophie and common experience, that golde fliould be there engendred in lyke 
 abundaunce as in Regions more towarde the fouth, much leffe Elephantes and Apes, which are no where 
 engendred farre from the ^quinoflial lyne, or beyonde the two Tropikes, nor yet wil engendre yf they be 
 
 Nothinjy new 
 vnder the Suiin& 
 
 3- ^^^- 4 
 
 3- i<*-'e- 9 
 
 3. Re. 10. 
 
 I Tar. 3. 
 
 Tharsis. 
 
 Ciulde ApcA 
 
 Klcphimics. 
 
 SalniiKins 
 
 shippcs. 
 
 Wliere floM is 
 engendred 
 Scut land, 
 Hungary 
 
 3- Reg- 9 
 AtioH Caher. 
 
 The Eguinih.-'a/ 
 line. 
 
 Caiitut 
 
 Thttrsis in 
 
 Ciuile ill Sp.iyne 
 
iin 
 
 8 
 
 \Epistle to the Reader^ 
 
 t 
 
 Spyces. 
 
 Pepper. 
 Orange tree. 
 
 E.ist India. 
 
 Solomon boiighte 
 golje of 
 iiiorchauntes. 
 
 The south and 
 southeahL 
 
 Mit. II. 
 3 Keg- X 
 1. P.ir. 9 
 
 The qucnc of 
 S.itia, the iiuune 
 of the south. 
 
 3 par. 9 
 
 3 Reg. X 
 
 Saha in Ethhfta 
 viijcr Kgipt. 
 
 Saba in Arabi.a. 
 
 Irte quenc of 
 Saba cattle from 
 the Hand uf 
 
 Frotii Rome to 
 Ktigland. 
 
 The viaRe of nt r 
 llteti to iiithiiy 
 
 N'lrw.ay. I.appia, 
 Kitiiitarchia. 
 
 Ciliibcs and 
 mappes. 
 
 Ptoloincus. 
 
 America^ 
 
 The strayghtcs of 
 Mttgellauus. 
 The Ilatides of 
 Mfllttci'a. 
 Pass-tge by the 
 tiortli sea into 
 Ibe Kasl. 
 
 rius secundus. 
 lib. i. Capit a. 
 
 Note wel the 
 passage by ye 
 North sex 
 Att^ustus 
 lh(e)etiiperaur 
 Chiihriiu 
 Citspi'a. 
 
 The warrcs of ye 
 M iceduni.ant 
 
 broiighte into thofe partes of the world. The lyke is to be vnderftande of Popingiaycs and fpyces, and 
 dyiicrs other beaftes, fruites, and trees, which are engendered in certayne cHmes of the worlde, and 
 wyll not profpere in other places : the reafon wherof were here to longe [to] declare. For lyke as pepper 
 wyll not growe in Si)ayne, no more wyll the Orange tree bringe foorth fruite in Englande. Wherefore, it 
 may feme by good reafon, that the Golde, Apes, and Elephantes teeth which were broughte from Tharfis (yf it 
 were Tharfis of CUicia) were not engendered there, but rather brought thether by merchauntes from the fouth partes 
 of the world, out of Mauritania, Marmarica, Ethiopia, Libia, and Arabia, or otherwife by lande, from the Eaft 
 India, lyke as at this daye, the greate multitude of Spyces, Golde, Precious denes, Sylke, and luerje, whyche is at 
 Calicut and Cambaia, growe not al in the regions there about, but arc brought thether from dyuers other countreys, 
 as doeth more largely appeare in this Boke. And that Salomons factours for exchaunge of other marchaundyfe, 
 bought the fame in Tharfis, beyng brought thether from other countreyes, as it is written in the thyrde Boke 
 of the Kinges, that Salomon had great plentie of Gold of Marchauntes and Apothecaries. So that to 
 conclude, I would rather thinke (Hiuing reformacion of other better learned) that this Tharfis (and not 
 Tharfis of Cilicia,) from whence Salomon had fo great plentie of (Jold and luerie, were rather fome other 
 countrey in the fouth partes of the world, then this Tharfis of CUicia. For, not onely olde and newe 
 Hidories, dayly experience, and the principles of natural Philofophie doe agree, yat the places mod apte to 
 bring forth gold, fpices, and precious dones, are the South and Southead partes of the world, but alfo our 
 Sauiour Clirid approueth the fame, declaring that the Queue of the South (meaning the Quene of Saba) 
 came from the vtniode partes of the worlde to heare the wyfdom of Salomon. And lyke as by the auctoritie 
 of thefe woordes it is playne from what partes of the world flie came, the fame to a philofoi)hical head is 
 apparent by fuche ryches and prefentes as die broughte with her. For albeit that in the Chronacles of 
 Salomon it is not written by expreded wordes tliat flie came from the Southe, yet is it wrytten that fl>e came 
 to Hierufalem with a vtry great trayne, with camels laden with fpyces, fwete odours, and exceading much 
 gold and precious dones, which defcripcion doeth well agree, both with the fituation of the cytie of Saba iu 
 Ethiopia vnder Egipt: and alfo with the countrey of Saba, being in the middel of Arabia, inuironned about 
 with great rockes wherein is a great wood of Precious trees, fome of Cinomome and Caffia, and fome bring- 
 ing forth frankenccnfe and myrre, as writeth Pliniiis lib. 12. and Thcophrafliis li. 9. dc Ilijl. Plant. Wherefore 
 the Quene of Saba myghte worthely be called the (juene of the South, forafmuch as bothe Saba (or rather 
 Sabat) in Ethiopia, whiehe lofephus thinketh to be the Hand of Mcroc, now called Eifaba, beinge in the r>'uur 
 of Niltis, and that the quene came from thence, and alfo Saba in Arabia, are fituate farre Soulhwarde from 
 Hierufalem, euen in maner in the midded of the lyne, called Tropicus Cancri, and the Equiiwnial lyne, where 
 the Pole Artike is eleuate not paffing. 13. degrees or thereabout (as in Meroie) where as the fame pole is eleuate 
 at Hieruftilem. 32. degrees ; whereby it may appeare yat the quene of Saba (whom Chride calleth the quene 
 of ye fouth,) came from the fouth partes about, xi. hundreth and. xl. miles from Hierufalem for the fimie 
 didaunce is from Saba in Mcroc to Hierufalem, as betwene Rome and iMigland. But as touching this 
 matter, it diall fuffyfe to haue fayde tlius muche. Nowe therefore to returne home from thefe farre countre\s, 
 and to fpeake fomewhat of this viago which oure counlrjymenne, haue attempted to fayle into the l'",ade 
 partes, by the coades of Norway, Lappia, and Finmarchia, and fo by the narrowe tracte of the Sea by tlie 
 coades of Grouelande, into tlie frofen fea, called Marc Coii^cia!iim, and fo forth to Cathay (yf any fuclie 
 pafiage may be found) whiche onely doubte doeth at this daye difcorage many faynte hearted men, fpeciallyc 
 beecaufe in the mode parte of Globes and Mappes they fee the coritinente or fyrme land, extended euen to 
 the North Pole without any fuch paffage. Whicli thing ought to moue no man greatly, forafmuch as the 
 mod parte of Globes and mappes are iiiade after Ptolomeus Tables: Who, albeit he was an excellent man, 
 yet were there many thinges hyd from his knowledge, as not fudicientelye tryed or fearched at thofe dales, as 
 manifedly ai)peareth in that he knc-.v nothing of America with the hole f}rme lande adherent thereunto, 
 which is nowe found to be the fourth parte of the earth. Neyther yet knew he any tiiinge of the paffage by 
 the Wede into the Fade, by tlie drayghtes of Magcllantts as you dial reade in tliis Boke. Nejther of the 
 Uandes in the Wede Ocean Sea, nor of the Ilandes oi Molucca fituate in the mayne Eade Indian Sea. Ami 
 as touchinge this paffage, albeit, it were not knowen in Ptolomeus daycs yet otiier auclors of later time, who 
 perhappes haue ludde further experience of the thing (as good reafon is) doe wryte not onely that there is 
 a paffage by the Northe Sea into the mayne Eade Sea, but doe alfo further declare, howe certayne fl>i])pcs 
 haue fafely fayled throughe the fame, as Pius fcctindus (otherwyfe calletl /Eiicas Siliiiits) an excellento 
 auctour dcfcrybelh in his Boke of Cofmographie, where he hath thefe wordes folowing. Of the North Ocean 
 Sea, whether it may be fayled aboute or not, the contencion is greater, yet is it apparaunte that the greatefle 
 parte thereof aboute Germanic, hath been fearched by the commauiulemente of Augudus th[e]eniperour, euen 
 vnto the promontorie or landes ende of the people, called Cinibri. The feas alfo and coades of Cafpia were 
 fo fearched during the warres of tlie Macedonians viider the dominion of Sclcuciis and Anthioctis, that al 
 
\Epistle to the Reader?^ 
 
 d fpyces, and 
 worlde, and 
 yke as pepper 
 Wherefore, it 
 I Tharfis (yf it 
 he fouth partes 
 from th>' Eaft 
 e, whyche is at 
 ther countreys, 
 marchaundyfe, 
 le thyrde Boke 
 . So that to 
 xarfis (and not 
 ler fome other 
 )lde and newe 
 !S niofl ajJte to 
 .1, but alfo cur 
 >ucne of Saba) 
 y the auctoritie 
 jphical head is 
 : Chronacles of 
 n that file came 
 ixceading much 
 cytie of Saba in 
 luironned about 
 md fome bring- 
 vit. Wherefore 
 Saba (or rather 
 ige in the ryucr 
 loulhwarde from 
 Hial lyne, where 
 e pole is eleuate 
 illeth the queue 
 m for the (iime 
 IS touching this 
 farre countreys, 
 into the Eafle 
 the Sea by the 
 y (yf any fuche 
 men, fpeciallye 
 xtendcd euen to 
 orafmuch as the 
 n excellent man, 
 It thofe daies, as 
 lerent thereunto, 
 of the pafllige by 
 Neyther of Iho 
 idian Sea. And 
 later time, who 
 lely that there is 
 ccrtayne fliippcs 
 r) an excelleiitc 
 the North Occnn 
 hat the greatello 
 Jcmperour, eiuii 
 ;s of Ciifpia were 
 ntfiioais, that al 
 
 mo^t all the Noith on euery fyde was fayled about. Plinie rehearfeth the tellimonie of Cornelius Nepos, who 
 
 wr/teth that the King of Sueuia (or Swethelande) gaue to Alctcllus celcr, proconfuU or leauetenaunte of 
 
 I'raunce, certayne Indians or menne of Inde, whiche faylinge out of India for marchaundyfe, were by 
 
 tempeil drieuen into Germanic. We alfo reade in Otho, that vnder th[e]emi)yre of the Germaynes, there was 
 
 a fliijipe of Indians taken in the North fea of Germanie, and drieuen thether by contrary wynd from the 
 
 Eaft partes: which thing coulde by no meanes haue comen to parte, yf (as many menne thinke) the North 
 
 fea were not nauigable by reafon of extreme cold and Ife. And thefe be the very woriles of rius Secuiidus, 
 
 whereunto I adde, that thys, notwithftandinge, yf it fliould fo chaunce, that ether there can no fuch paf- 
 
 fage be found, or the fame fo daimgerous, or otherwyfe that the very cutte thereof by which onely perhappes 
 
 any (hippes might pafle, could not be founde, yea, or to cafte the worfte, yf they flioulde pcriflie ii'. iMs vjaL^e, yet 
 
 I woulde wiflie all men to be of fuch corage and conftancie in thefe aflayres, as are valiaunt capitaynes 
 
 in the warres: who, yf by miffortune they take a foyle, doe rather ftudie how by fome otlier wayes to recuner 
 
 theyr honour and reputacion diminid-ied by the fame, then with fliame, lofie, and tliflionour, euer afterwarde 
 
 to geue place to theyr enemyes, or forfweare the warres. Wherefore, to conclude, yf no good can be done this 
 
 way, it were worthy the aduenture to attempt, yf thp fame viage may bee broughte to paffe, another waye, as 
 
 by the ftrayght called Fretutn trium fratrum, weftward and by North from England, whiche viage is fufticienlly 
 
 knowen to fuche as haue any fkyll in Geogra])hie. As for other landes and Ilandes in the weft fea, where 
 
 the ICagle (yet not in eucry place) hath fo fi)led his wingcs, that other poore byrdes may not without offence 
 
 feke theyr praye within the compaffe of the fame, I wyll fpeake nothing hereof, bycaufe I wold be loth to lay 
 
 an egge, wherof other men might hatche a ferpent. Wherfore to let this jiafle, and to entre into another 
 
 matter. Forafmuch as in thefe our daies hath chaunced fo great a fecret to be found, as the like hath neuer 
 
 been knowen or heard before, (what foeuer God meant to kepe this miftery hyd fo long) I thoughte it good 
 
 to f[)eake fomwhat hereof: trufting yat the pleafaunt contemplacion of the thing it felfe, flial make the length 
 
 of this preface leffe tedious, efpecially yf it find a reader whofe foule delyteth to prayfe God in his workes. 
 
 The thing therfore is this, how the hole globe of the world (of the earth and water I meane) hath been fayled 
 
 aboute, by the Weft into the Kaft, as doth more largely appeare in this boke in the nauigacions of Magtllaniis, 
 
 who from Spayne fayled Weftward to the Ilandes of Molucca being in the Eaft fea, fiirre beyond ye furtheft 
 
 partes of Eaft India: and the portugales came to the fame Ilandes from Sjiayne fayling Eallward by the 
 
 coaftes of Aphrica, Arabia, and the vttermoft India beyond the ryuer of Ganges where, in yat Inilian fea the 
 
 fayd Ilandes of Molucca are fituate. A thing furely moft wonderful, and in maner incredible, but tliat the 
 
 fame is proued moft certayne by experience, the teaclier and meftres of all fciences, for lacke of whofe a\(!e 
 
 (experience I meane) lyke as many grcate wittes haue fallen into great errours, fo by her ayde, many bafe 
 
 and common wittes haue attayned to the knowledge and practife of fuch wonderfuU effectes, as could hardely 
 
 be comprehended by the difcourfe of reafon. Which thing or other lyke, I fuppofe was the caufe wliy the 
 
 noble Philofopher Ariftoteles fayde : Quod nihil cjl in intdlectu quod non fuit prius in / ///"//, that is, that 
 
 nothinge is in vnderftandinge, but the fame was fyrft in fenfe, that is to (iiye subject to ye feiifes. Vet woukl 
 
 1 not that any raflie witte flioulde hereby take holde, as thoughe eyther Ariftotle or I, meant that fence 
 
 vere more excellent then reafon, but rather that reafon vfing fenfe, taketh his principles and fyrft fedes of 
 
 thinges fenfyble, and afterwarde by his owne difcourfe and fearching of caufes, encreafeth the fame from a 
 
 feede to a tree, as from an ac >rne to an oke. Nought els to fay, but that experience to be moft certayn 
 
 which is ioyned with reafon or fpeculacion, and that reafon to be moft fure which is confirmed with 
 
 .experience, accordinge as the Phificians determen in theyr fcience, that neyther pract}fi.' is iafe without 
 
 fpeculacion, nor fpeculacion without praciyfe. \Vherfore, whereas men of great knowledj;e and exi)eiien(:e, 
 
 are to great affaires, theyr attemptes haue for the mofte parte good fucceffe, as doeth niofte i)laynly appeare 
 
 in all hiftories : notwithftanding that fome ignoraunt men wyl alledge that certayn raflie aduentures haue 
 
 jprofpered well : which tiyinge proueth no more then yf a man fliould f ly, that twife or llirife a man vnarmeil 
 
 [flew a man armed (as dyd fometyme the wyld Iriflimen at bullen) Erg(j, it were better to fight vnarmed 
 
 [then armed. And wheras I haue here fpoken of knowledge ioyned with experience, I meane by knowledge 
 
 lyat which we commonly call learning, whether it be gotten out of bokes (which are the wrilinges of wyfe 
 
 land expert men) or otherwyfe by conference and etlucacion with fuch as are lerned : meaning nought els by 
 
 llearning, but ye gathering of many mens wittes into one mans head, and the experience of many yere; , 
 
 •and many mens lyues, to the lyfe of one, whom we call a learned, wyfe, and exjiert man. The which 
 
 ulefynicion and effect of learning, the noble and learned cortier Baltaflar Caftaglione (the auctour of the boke 
 
 icalled in the Italian tongue il cortegiono,) diligently confitleringc, doeth greatlye blame and reproue the 
 
 Ifrenflimen in that they thinke yat the knowledge of letters doeth hinder the affayres of warre, ye which 
 
 jperfwafion he proueth by many reafons and examples to be moft falfe. But as concerninge the matter 
 
 [whereof this boke entreateth the greate Philofoiihcr Albertus Magnus, onelye by learninge, wyihoute 
 
 rtinius, 
 
 Cornt'/iiiS .Vr/ot. 
 SiieHUl, c;illcil ;il>o 
 Stu-tia ii»:ru vntu 
 Gothland and 
 nurway. 
 
 A ship (if IndinnH 
 driiicn rriiiii (hu 
 KastiiitudicNurtli 
 
 :>uaii. 
 
 Tile vi.igc lo 
 Calluiy 
 
 Wuslw.irdc and 
 liy iiurtli. 
 
 The earth 
 cutiipab&cd alfuuk 
 
 The vi.ipe nf 
 The IlaiHies uf 
 
 l-'xpcriciice, ye 
 If.ii her uf al 
 sciences. 
 
 S'.Mise and 
 vnJerslandinge. 
 
 A sentence tf 
 ArislutcIL 
 
 rxpcricnrc inined 
 witli speculatiuM 
 
 A pertinder 
 prnncth nil 
 vninersall. 
 
 What is 
 knovvleil^e and 
 learning 
 
 linitassttr 
 
 A false 
 
 |)Lrswasii<n of ya 
 I'renbhinen. 
 
 Alltrrtut Iil,i^»iit 
 
1^'' 
 
 ( 
 
 i! 
 
 10 
 
 Temperat regionx 
 vndcr ye 
 EqubuKiial line. 
 
 An error of S. 
 AiiKustiiie :iiid 
 Lacttintius* 
 Antipodes. 
 Apianut* 
 
 LactanHttt, 
 
 The roundncs of 
 
 yc earth. 
 
 S. uiigustync 
 
 A pi mi us. 
 
 The ap<istte«, 
 Antiptuiesihe 
 (MIC :);;:lin^te 
 
 thicjuihcr. 
 
 The spinynr()cs 
 aiul the Iiidi:ii)!i 
 Mn Anii/oJes. 
 
 S. ntigii^ttnc of 
 ihc hcrcsie of 
 Manicheus. 
 S. augiistines 
 boke uf rulractes. 
 
 Mountayncs, let 
 nut ye ruuiulnes 
 of the earth. 
 A g.ille. 
 
 A Sentcnre of S. 
 aususiincs. 
 
 Commendaclun uf 
 s. auguitlin 
 
 iMctnntiuM^ 
 
 \Epistle to the Reader] 
 
 experyence, aflfyrmed that habitable or temperate Regions myghte be vnder the Equinoctial or buminge 
 lyne, as appeareth in hys Boke de Natura locorum, contrarye to the opinion of other wryters whyche were before 
 hys tyme, and yet is nowe proued by experience to bee mofle true, albeit not in all places vnder the fayde 
 lyne, the caufe whereof were here to longe to declare. And lyke as Albertus Magnus by knowledge of 
 Aftronomye (wherein he excelled) came to the vnderftandinge hereof, euen fo that greate Gierke (but better 
 dyuyne then Phylofophcr) Sayncte Auguftyne and alfo Lactantius, for lacke of lyke knowledge in that fcience, 
 fell into a chyldiflie erroure, denyinge that there is anye people, called Antipodes, of whom the greate 
 Af .ronomer of our tyme, Apianus wryteth in thys maner. Antipodes are they, whyche walke wyth theyr fete 
 dyrcctelye contrarye agaynfte oures, and haue the heauen dyrectelye ouer theyr heades as we haue. Yet haue 
 we nothinge common wyth them, but all thinges contrarye : for when the Sunne caufeth Sommer wyth vs, 
 then is it Myddewynter wyth them : and when it is day wyth vs, it is nygh e wyth them : And when the daye 
 is longefte wyth vs, then is the longefte nyghte wyth them, and the Ihoi telle daye. Whiche, Lactantius, a 
 manne otherwyfe well learned, in his thyrde Booke, Capittulo foure and twentye, childiflhelye erringc, wyth 
 hys lyghte and opinionate argumentes, denyeth that there is anye fuche, and mocketh the Allronomcrs, 
 beecaufe they affyrme the earth to bee rounde, whiche neuertheleffe they proue \vyth mode certayne and 
 apparente demonftracions of Geometrye, and vnfayleable experymeiitcs. Whome, Sayncte Auguftyne 
 folowing, in his fixtenth Booke. de Ciuitat Dei. Capittu. ix. wryteth after thys forte. Suche as fable that 
 there is Antipodes, that is to faye, menne of the contrarye parte, where the funne ryfeth when it falleth to vs, 
 and to haue theyr feete agaynfte oures, we oughte by no reafon to beeleue. Thofe bee the woordes of 
 Sayncte y^uguftyne. Nothwithftandinge (fayeth Apianus) putte thou no doubte Gentle Reader, that the 
 Apoftles of Chrifte were Antipodes the one to the other, and ftode feete to feete the one agaynfte the 
 other, when lames th[e]elder and brother to lohn the Euangelifte, the fonne of Zebedeus, was in Spayne in 
 Galitia, and Thomas the Apoftle in the hygher India, they were moofte certaynelye Antipodes, walking feete 
 to feete one agaynfte the other, almoft as directly as a diametrical lyne. For the Spanyardes are Antipodes 
 to the Indians, and the Indians in lyke maner to the Spanyardes. Which thinge alfo the excellente and 
 aunciente Auctour Strabo confyrmeth to bee true, and likewife Plinius Nat. Hijl. lib. 2. Cap. 67. Dolateranus 
 alfo, and all other Cofmographers and Aftronomers. Hetherto Apianus : and to declare my opinion in fewe 
 woordes, I thinke it no greate marueyle that Saincte Auguftyne flioulde fall into an erroure in the fcience 
 of Aftronomie in whiche li trauayled but as a ftraunger, forafmuche as he erred in many thinges in diuinitie 
 which was his chief profeflion : and was longe of the herefye of Manicheus beefore he was conuerted by 
 Saincte Ambrofe ; and wrytte alfo at the lengthe a Booke of retractes, in whych he correcteth hys owne 
 errours. And I beleue playnely that, that excellent witte of hys, could not haue remayned in yat errour )f 
 he had been wel exercyfed in Aftronomy, or had knowen any fuche experyence as is fpoken of here beefore, 
 howe the Spanyardes by the Wefte and the Portugales by the Eafte compafled aboute the earth, whiche 
 coulde neuer haue come to pafle yf the earthe were not rounde (Quantum ad maximas fui partes) as they call 
 it. For, as for hylles and Mountaynes, though they be neuer fo greate, yet in refpecte to the byggenes of the 
 earth, they doe no more lette the roundneffe hereof, then doe the lyttle knobbes of the berrye, whicli we call 
 a galie, lette the roundneffe of the fame. Wherefore I am certaynely perfwaded, that yf Sayncte Auguftyne 
 had continued hys ftudye in Aftronomye (as it hadde been pytye he fhoulde) or were alyue at thys daye, he 
 woulde alfo haue retracted this erroure. But yf here anye fuperfticious head (hall thinke it a heynous matter 
 in any poynte to contrary Sainct Auguftyne, lette hym hearken howe Auguftine hym felfe fayeth : that 
 he wyll neyther hys writynges or other mennes, of howe greate name or fame foeuer they be, otherwifo 
 to be beleued then the fame fhall, by reafon bee approued to be true : Neque quorumlihct di/putacioncs, &^c. 
 And lyke as the greate Philofopher Ariftotel, when he wryte agaynfte hys mayfter Plato of the queftion 
 de /dais, and agaynfte Socrates who by the oracle of Apollo was proued to be moft wyfe, and certayne 
 of hys frendes afked hym why he durfte be fo boulde, he aunfwered that Plato was hys frende, and 
 fo was Socrates : but trueth hys frende more then they bothe, euen fo I thinke it no iniurye nor 
 contumelye to Saynct Auguftyne, yf the fame were fayde of hym alfo geuynge hym otherwyfe hys dewc 
 commendacions, as he was furelye an excellente man, of dyuyne witte, and knowledge, and fo trauayled in 
 fettynge foorth Chriftes true Relygion in thofe turmoylous dayes, in perpetual conibatte, agaynfte learned 
 heretykes and Prynces of the worlde, that he is worthelye c..l;ed a Doctour and Pyller of Chriftes Churche. 
 And as for Lactantius, the intente of whofe wrytinges was chiefelye to thys ende, to dyminiflie th[e]eftimaci()n 
 of Philofophye, (as at thofe dayes it was neceflarie to doe amonge the Gentyles) and to aduaunce Goddcs 
 woorde, (whyche they contemned for the fimplicitie of the fame,) albeit, he attempted as farre as hys learn- 
 inge woulde feme hym, to make all thynges in Philo[fo]i)hie vncertayne, yet are hys argumentes fo flender, 
 that vnleffe G O D by the fecrete working of hys fpyryte, hadde called the Gentyles to the true Faythe, I feare 
 me leafte fewe or none of them, (fpecyallye of the greate wyttcs) woulde haue been conuerted by lactantius 
 
\Episth to the Reader.] 
 
 II 
 
 I or buminge 
 le were before 
 [ider the fayde 
 knowledge of 
 ■ke (but better 
 in that fcience, 
 >m the greate 
 iryth theyr fete 
 lue. Yet hauc 
 mmer wyth vs, 
 when the daye 
 ;, Lactantius, a 
 e erringe, wyth 
 ; Aftronomers, 
 ; certayne and 
 cte Auguftyne 
 e as fable that 
 it fulleth to vs, 
 the woordes of 
 eader, that the 
 le agaynfte the 
 as in Spayne in 
 s, walking feete 
 ; are Antipodes 
 excellente and 
 7. Dolateranus 
 opinion in fewe 
 e in the fcience 
 iges in diuinitie 
 as conuerted by 
 cteth hys owne 
 in yat errour yf 
 of here beefore, 
 e earth, whiche 
 ■tes) as they call 
 byggenes of the 
 e, which we call 
 mete Aiiguflyne 
 at thys daye, he 
 hey no us matter 
 fe fayeth: that 
 ;y be, otherwife 
 U/puiacioncs, d~r. 
 of the queftion 
 and certayne 
 liys frende, and 
 no iniurye nor 
 rwyfe hys dewe 
 fo trauayled in 
 igaynfte learned 
 hrilles Churche. 
 ; th[e]e(limaci()n 
 iuaunce Godtlcs 
 re as hys learn- 
 ntes fo flender, 
 Faythe, I feare 
 d by Lactantius 
 
 argunientes. Howe he dalyeth in denyinge the yearth to bee rounde, and that it is poflyble that it 
 myghte bee longe and rounde, (lyke an Egge,) or otherwyfe longe and holowe lyke a bote, (meanynge I 
 fupi)ofe that the Sea myghte bee conteyned in the holowneffe of the fame, wyth fuche other opinyons 
 grounded of no reafon, it were to longe to rehearfe. Yet, forafmuche as he was a learned manne, and 
 for the better fatiflyinge of fuche wyttes as are defyreous to know fome apperaunce of truth by naturall 
 reafon and demonftracions, lette vs admytte that the earth were rounde after anye of thofe faffhions whiche 
 he defcrybeth : yet can it not bee denyed, but that it is conteyned wythin tlie holowenefle (yf I maye 
 fo call it) of the ayre, hauynge the heauen in euerye place dyrectelye ouer euery parte of the fame, as fayeth 
 the Poete and Philofopher Virgi/l, Gv/iim undique furfum : Excepte perhappes lactantius (hoi .de thinke 
 that it honge by fome thynge, or were othenvyfe borne vppe wyth pyllers as the Poetes Fable, that the 
 Clyaunte Atlas beareth the worlde on hys (boulders, whereby they meane that a manne of valiente mynde 
 mud ftoutelye beare the chaunces of the worlde. Of whyche hangeinge or bearynge of the earth, 1 rcade 
 a better and more true fayinge in the holye Scripture, where it is written, Fert omnia ucrbo oris fui, that 
 is, that God fuflayneth and beareth all thinges with the woorde of hys mouth. 
 
 Holye lob alfo fayeth, that the LORD ftretcheth oute the Northe ouer the emptye, and hangcth the 
 earth vpon nothynge : Meaninge by nothinge, the ayre, becaufe to oure fenfes it appeareth in maner as 
 nothynge : Or otherwyfe that it is not dependynge of anye other fubftaunce, but to bee fufbyned onelye by 
 the power of G O D who hath appoynted the Elemcntes theyr places and lymittes, and caufeth the heuye to 
 ftande fade : as wytneflfeth Moyfes in hys fonge, faynge : By the wynde of thy noftrels the waters gathered 
 together, the flouddes ftoode ftyll as an heape, and the deepe water congeled togeather in the heart of the Sea. 
 Wherefore yf the heauen be rounde (whiche no manne can reafonably denye that euer fawe the Sunne and 
 (lerres moue.) And yf the earth bee the center of the worlde dependinge as we haue fayde beefore, then 
 mufte it needes folowe, that they whiche inhabiting the Northwelle partes of the earth, haue the Pole Artike 
 eleuate thyrtye degrees, muft needes bee Antipodes to them whiche inhabitinge the Southeafte partes of the 
 earth, haue the Pole Antartike eleuate in the fame degree, and fo the lyke to bee vnderlland of all other 
 eleuacions and degrees. And yf here anye wyll obiect, that eyther the earth or firme land is not fo large, or 
 fo farre extended, or other wyfe not inhabited althoughe it were fo large, or that the fea is greater then the 
 laiide, to thys I aunfwere, that no man knoweth further hereof then is tryed and founde by experience, as 
 we haue fayde beefore. And albeit that the fea were larger Ihen the (irme lande, yet forafmuche as there are 
 Ilandes founde in all places of the mayne Sea, and in maner all inhabited, there is no reafon to the con- 
 trarye, but that the people of thofe Ilandes maye be Antipodes to fuch as dwel on the fyrme lande, on the 
 contrary parte, whether the earth bee round and longe, yea or fquare, (yf you wyll) notwythftandynge. But 
 wyth what certayne demonrtracions the Aftronomers and Geometricians, proue the earth to bee rounde, and 
 tlie Sphericall or rounde forme to bee moofte perfecte, it were to longe to declare. I wyll therefore make 
 an ende of thys matter wyth the fayinge of Sayncte Paule in hys Oracion, to the menne of Athens. That 
 GOD made of one bloudde, all nacions of menne, to dwell vpon the hole face of the earth. 
 
 C I hadde entended here (well beeloued Reader) to haue fpoken fomewhat of fuche (Iraunge thynges 
 and Monftcrs, whereof mencion is made in thys Booke, to th[e]ende that fuche as by the naroxvnes of theyr 
 vnderdandinge are not of capacitie to conceaue the caufes and natures of thynges, myghte partely haue been 
 fatiflfyed wyth fome fenfyble reafons. But beynge at thys tyme othenvyfe hindered, it fhall fuffife al good 
 and honefl wittes, that whatfoeuer the Lorde hath pleafed, that hath he done in heauen and in earth, and in 
 the Sea, and in all depe places. 
 
 fl Ecclefiafticus. Capit. i. 
 C The eye is not fatiffyed with/yght, and the eare is notfylled zvith hcaringe. 
 
 n 
 
 Of the roundcnr# 
 of ye earth. 
 
 'I'he earth hangeth 
 in ye aire 
 
 The fable of 
 Atliu. 
 
 The word iif Oixl 
 beareth vppe the 
 world. 
 
 lob. ifu 
 
 The elcn.ente&. 
 
 Exo. XV. 
 
 The eleiiation of 
 the pole. 
 
 The lareenes of 
 the earth. 
 
 Ilandes 
 
 Astronomers and 
 Geoinetrici;iiis. 
 
 Act xvij 
 
 Ps.1. 13s 
 
 i I 
 
if 
 
 12 
 
 C The Table, 
 
 C Of the Ilande of I.iua. \p. 23. 
 
 Of the llandc of Madagafcar. [/• *3-. 
 
 Of the Ilande of Zanzibar. [/>. 23. 
 
 Of the two Ilandcs in the wliich men and women dwell a funder. [/. 24. 
 Of the mightie Empyre of Cathay, fubiect vnder the dominion of the great Cham or Cane, 
 
 Emperour of Tartaria. [/». 24. 
 
 Of certayn Prouinces fubiect vnder the dominion of the great Cham. [/. 25. 
 
 Of the Prouince of Mangi. [/. 26. 
 
 Of the Region of Tangut. [/. 26.' 
 
 Of the newe Ilandes, howe, when, and by whom they were founde. [/. 28. 
 
 Of the two Ilandes lohanna and Hifpana, [/. 28. 
 
 Of the Canibales, which eate mens flcflie. [/. 29. 
 
 OC the mancrs of the inhabitantes of Hifpana. [/. 29. 
 How Chridophorus Columbus, after that he had founde the ncwe Ilandes, returned to Spayne : 
 
 and prei)aring a new nauie, failed agayn to ye Canibales. [/). 29. 
 
 How Columbus the Admiral, pafled many Ilandes and what chaunced to hym and his in that viagc. \J>. 30. 
 
 Of the newe India, as it is founde and knowen in thefe oure dayes. [/. 13. 
 
 Of the Adamant (lone, otherwife called the Diamant. \p. 14. 
 
 Of the Kingdoms and cities of Narfinga and Canonor [/>. 14.' 
 
 Howe the Elephantes in India are prepared to the warres. [/. 15. 
 
 Of the beafle called Rhinoceros. [/. 16. 
 
 Of Calicut, the mode famous markette towne of India. [/. 16.' 
 
 Of the maners of the Indians in Calicut. [/. 17. 
 
 Of Pepper and other fpyces which growe in the Region of Calicut. [/. 18. 
 
 Of the byrdes and beailes which are found in the Region of Calicut : and of the wyne of the tree. [/>. 19. 
 
 From whence all kyndes of fpyces are brought to the cytie of Calicut. [/. 20. 
 
 Of the Hand of zaylon, and of the cinomome tree. [/. 20.' 
 
 Of the cytie of Tarnafleri, and of the mancrs of the cytezyns. [/. 20. 
 
 Of the excellent cytie and Kingdom of Pego. [/. 21. 
 
 Of the Ilande of Sumatra, or Taprobana. [/. 22. 
 
 Of the Ilande of Bornei. [/. 22. 
 
 Of the Ilande of Giaua. [/. 23.' 
 
 Howe the Spanyardes abufed the fubmiflion and frendfliip of the inhabitauntes of the Ilandes. \p. 31. 
 
 Howe the Portugales foughte newe Ilandes in the F^d partes, and howe they came to Calicut [/. 32. 
 Howe Magellanus by a ftrayght or narow arme of the Sea, faylcd by the Wcde into the Eade 
 
 to dyuers Ilandes, where alfo he was flayne. [/. 33. 
 
 Howe the Spanyardes came to the Ilandes of Molucca, and of the people with great hanging eares. [/. 34. 
 
 The third nauigacion of Chridophorus Columbus. [/. 35. 
 
 [How Petrus Alonfus foughte newe Ilandes. p. 36. 
 
 How Pinzonus companion to the Admiral, fought newe Ilandes. [/. 36. 
 
 The foure nauigacions of Americus Vefputius to the newe Ilandes. [/. 37. 
 
 The fyrde \nage of Vefputius. [/. 37. 
 
 The fecond viage of Vefputius. \p. 38. 
 
 The thyrde viage of Vefputius. \p. 39. 
 
 The fourth viage of Vefputius. [/. 39. 
 
 Howe the Kyng of Portugale fubdued certayne places in India, and of the ryche cytie of Malacha. \p. 40.] 
 
 Of the Ilande of Mcdera, and the fortunate Ilandes, othenvyfe called the Ilandes of Canaria. [/>. 40.' 
 [Whether vnder the /Equinoctial circle or burninge lyne (called Torrida Zona) be habitable Regions. /. 41. 
 
 Q Finis. 
 
13 
 
 lae 
 
 ha. 
 
 [A 23-1 
 [/>■ »3l 
 [A 23-1 
 [/• 24-1 
 
 [/». 24-1 
 [A 25-1 
 [A 26.] 
 [A 26.] 
 [/. 28] 
 [/• 28-1 
 
 [A 29] 
 
 [A- 29-] 
 
 !>• 29I 
 [A 30] 
 [A 13I 
 [A 14] 
 [A 14] 
 [A I Si 
 [/>. 16.] 
 [A 16.] 
 
 [i>. I7-1 
 [/. 18.] 
 
 y>. 19] 
 [A 20] 
 [A 2°-] 
 ■ lA- 20.] 
 [A 21] 
 [/. 22.] 
 
 [A 22] 
 [A 23] 
 [A 31] 
 [A- 32] 
 
 [A 33-1 
 [A 34-1 
 !>• 35-1 
 A 36.1 
 [A 36.1 
 [/. 37] 
 f/. 37.] 
 [A 38.] 
 [A 39] 
 [A 39] 
 [A 40] 
 [A 40] 
 /• 41] 
 
 lions. 
 
 m 
 
 t Of the newe India, 
 
 as It Is knowen and found In thefe our dayes. 
 
 In the yeare of oure Lorde. M.D.LI 1 1. 
 
 After the defcripcion of Sebaflian Munfler in 
 
 his Booke of the vniuerfall Cofmographie. 
 
 Li'df. V. De terris A sice Maioris. 
 
 And tranflated into Engliflie 
 
 by Richard Eden. 
 
 Here are two viages or nauigacions made oute of Europa into 
 India. The one foutheaH from fpayne, by the coaftes of 
 Aphrica and Ethiopia, cuen vnto Arabia to tli" citie called 
 Aden. And from thence to the Ilande of Ormus, and from 
 Ormus to the citie of Cambaia, and from thence eucn vnto the 
 citie of Calicut. Cambaia is fituate nere vnto the flouddc Indus. 
 This citie is of great powre, riche, and abundaunt in al kyndes of 
 grayne and come. The foyle hereof bringeth forth fondry 
 icyndes of fwete oyntmentes, and cotten which groweth on certain 
 trees called Gofsampini, this cotton, is otherwyfe called Bombage 
 or fylke of the trees. The Kynge of Portugall fubdued tiiis 
 cytie, and bylded hard by the fame a (Irong fortreffe : with 
 which thing the Turke bccmg fore greued, commaunded a greate 
 nauie of (hippes with greate fumptuoufnes to bee furniflied in 
 the goulre called Sinus Arabims : to the ende that he might 
 dryue the Portugalles out of India, and the better to accom- 
 pliflie this his purpofe, he appointed one Soliman a noble man of 
 warre (beyng alfo the Captayne of Alcayre,) to be the admiral general, or gouemour of his nauie, hauing in his 
 retenue. xx. thoufand fouldiers beefyde mariners and gonners, whiche were in numbre foure thoufand. This 
 nauie was appointed in the hauen Suezio, beeinge a port of the redde fea, in the yeare of Chrill. 1538. And 
 arryued fyrde at the citie Aden : where laying anker, the gouemour of the nauie fent letters to the king of 
 Aden, certifying him that he woulde take his viage into India, from thence to expell the King of Portugall. 
 The Kinge of Aden whiche was then tributarye to the King of Portugall, receyued the Turkes letters thanke- 
 fully, offering him felfe and all that he might make, to fo mightie an Emperoure, defyringe the gouemoure to 
 come forth of the (hip, and to beholde the cytie obedient and readye at his commaundemente, in the which alfo 
 accordinge vnto his dignitie and office, he Ihould be worthely interteyned : but the gouemour agayne allured and 
 entyfed hym to come out of his citie, and fo \>^ crpfte circumuentcd him, that he toke him priefoner, and com- 
 maunded him to be hanged on the fayle yarde of the fliyp, and with hym foure other of the rulers of the citie of 
 Aden, affymiing that he was commaunded of the Turke fo to handel them, becaufe the cytiezins of Aden had 
 not only made a leage with the Portugales, but had alfo payde them tribute : whiche nacion the Turke playnely 
 entendcd to drieue out of India. And thus after the Kynges death, that mod riche and beautiful cytie, was euer 
 a praye to theues, fpoylers, and murtherers without refyftaunce. Then the gouemoure departing from theuce, lefte 
 there behynde him a garrifon of two thoufand men of warre, and faylyng for^varde on hys viage, he came to the 
 citie called Dium, whiche the Portugales held : and his amiie was greatly encreafed by the waye, as wel by land 
 I as by fea, by reafon of the great confluence of the Turkey which on euery fide reforted to him, fo that in a fliort 
 fpace they rowled before them a bulwarke or countrer.iure of earth, in maner as bigge as a mountayne, which 
 by little and litle they moued neare vnto the trenche or ditche of the caftell, fo that they might fafely (land 
 Dehynde the bulwarke, (thus rayfing a mount,) they befieged the cadell on euery fyde, and battered the walles 
 ; and towres thereof very fore : yet ;hat notwithflanding, were at the length, enforfed to departe, not withoute 
 \ greate loflfe and flaughter of thcyr fouldiers : for this Dium, is the (Ironged citie that is vnder the dominion of 
 
 »3 
 
 The — 
 ther \% 
 Southweste. 
 
 The citie »f 
 Cambaia. 
 
 Calicut. 
 
 Cossifiium^ 
 Hoitwatit or 
 cuttun uf the trt-es. 
 
 The turkcB n.iiiie 
 n^nynste the 
 king uf rurtu(;.ile. 
 
 The cytie of Ailen. 
 
 The kince of 
 Aden is hanged. 
 
 I I 
 
 The destruction 
 of the citie of 
 Aden. 
 
 The turke 
 bcsicgcth the 
 cytie of Uiu.-n. 
 
 The turke is 
 repulsed. 
 
 l! 
 
14 
 
 \Pf the newe India, as it is knowcn & found, &c?^ 
 
 The excel lencie 
 of the citie uf 
 
 Lacka ift gumme 
 of a tree, and is 
 vsed in dyiiiK uf 
 ulko. 
 
 The Kyngdom of 
 
 7*he Kyngdom of 
 Dtckam 
 
 The diamonde 
 
 Mone. 
 
 M 
 
 The stniw 
 SidtriUt. 
 
 The hardnea of 
 the duunonJ. 
 
 How the diamand 
 is made softe. 
 
 The montayne of 
 diamantea. 
 
 The citie of 
 Nartinga, 
 
 The Vin^- of 
 Nartinga. 
 
 Canibnia : but the cytie of Cambaia, is fituate in the goulfe called Guzcrat, and is well inhabited, and in manor 
 mod excellent of all the cities of India, and is therefore called Cayrus, or A/cayr, or Babilon of India. It is 
 enuironned with a walle, and hath in it very fayre byldinges. Ye Soldan or chefo ruler hereof, is of Mahumcts 
 fccte as are ye Turkes. Lacha groweth there more plentifully then in any other countre. The inhabitauntes, 
 for the mode parte goe naked, couering only theyr priuie partes : they bynd theyr hcadcs about with a clothe 
 of purple color. The Soldan or prince of this citie, hath in a redines for the warres. xx. thoufand horfenien, 
 he hath alfo a mightye and magnifical court. When he waketh in ye morning there is heard a great noyfe of 
 cimbals, drumflades, timbrelles, fliames, pipes, flutes, trumpettcs, and diuerfe other mufical inftrumentes, hereby 
 fignifying that the king lyueth and is in health and merye : in lyke maner doe they whylc he is at dyner. To 
 the kyngdom of Cambaia, is the Kingdom of loga nexte adioyning, which reacheth farre on euerye fide. In this 
 kingdom, by reafon of the greate heate of the fonne, the bodyes of men begin to waxe blacke and to be fcorchcd: 
 the people of thys countreye haue ringes hanging at their eares and colers aboute theyr neckes of fundry fortes, 
 al befet and fliyninge with precious ftones. The foyle hereof is not very fruitful, this region is rough witli 
 mountaynes, the byldinge[s] are defpicable, and euyl to dwel in : there is beyonde this, another Kingdom 
 called Dechan : this cytie is very beautiful to behold, and fruitful in maner of al thinges : the king hereof vfetli 
 great pride, and folemnitie : his pompes and triumphes are in maner incredible, they that wayt vpon the kinge, 
 weare on the vpper partes of theyr (hoes certayne fliyning precious ftones, as Piropi (whiche are a kind of 
 Rubies or Carbuncles) with Diamandes and fuch other. But what maner of lewelles they vfe in ye ftede of 
 collers, eareringes, and ringes, you may well confyder, whereas they geue fuche honour to theyr fete. In this 
 kingdom is faid to be a mountayne, out of the which Diamandes are digged. 
 
 C Of the Diamande flone, called in Latinc Adamas. 
 
 He Diamande is engendred in the mynes of India, Ethiopia, Arabia, Macedonia, and Cyprus, 
 and in the golde mynes of the fame countries. That of India excelleth all other in beautie 
 and clearenes : that which is of the coloure of yron, is called Sidcrites, it is often tymes found 
 in colour like vnto criftal, and though it be fometimes lyke thereto in whytnes, yet doth it 
 differ from criftall in hardnes, in fo much that if it be layd vpon an anuil and (Irongly ftrikcu 
 with a hammer, the anuyl and hammer ftiall foncr be wounded and leape away, then the (lone 
 perifhed or diminifhed: it doth not onelye refufe the forfe of Iron, but alfo rcfifleth the power 
 of fyre, whofe heate is fo farre vnable to melte it, that it can not fo muche as heate it, if we geue credit 
 to Plinie, and is alfo rather made purer therby, then anye wayes defyled or corrupted: neuertheles, the 
 finguler and excellent hardnes of this (lone, is made fo fofte with ye hoate blood of a Goate or a Lyon, 
 that it may be broken : and if it be put with molten lead in hoate fomaces, it waxeth fo hoate that it wylbe 
 diffolued : yet are not all Diamandes of fuch hardneffe, for that of Cyprus, and alfo that of the coloure of 
 Iron called Siderites, may be broken with hammers and perced with another Diamand: his vertue is to 
 bewray poifons, and to fruflrate th[e]opperacion therof, and beeing therefore greatly eflemed of Kinges and 
 Princes, it hath euer been of great price. The mountaine of India out of the which the Diamandes are 
 digged, is compaffed with a walle on euery fyde, and kepte with a flrong defence. 
 
 C Of the kingdoms and cities of Narfmga and Canonor. 
 
 He King of Narfmga, in riches and dominion excelleth all other Kinges in thofe parte". Tiie 
 chiefe cytie where the King is refident, is in fitu-'cion and fynenes, much lyke vnto the cytie 
 of Milayne, but that it ftandeth in a place fomewhat declyning and leffe equalL Thir ' ' 
 hath euer in a redines manye thoufandes of men of armes, as one that is euer at warre win. 
 other countreys, borderers nere aboute him. He is geuen to mofle vile Idolatrie, and 
 honoureth the deuyll, euen as doth the king of Calicut. The maners and fafhions of the 
 inhabitantes, are after this forte. The gentlemen or fuch as are of greatefl reuenewes, vfe to 
 weare an inward cote or peticote, not very long : hauing theyr heades bounde aboute with liftes and rowles of 
 fundry coloures after the maner of the Turkes. The common people, couer onli their priuie parts and are 
 befyde all together naked. The Kynge weareth on his head a flately cap made of the riche cloth of AJlti, 
 beyng two handfulles in length. When he goeth to ye warres, he weareth a vefture of ye filke called Goffampine, 
 which he couereth with a cloke adorned with plates of gold : ye hemme or edge of his cloke is befet with all 
 maner of ouches and lewelles. Hys horfe is iudged to be of fuch valure if you refpect ye price, as is one of 
 
 J I 
 
\0f the ucivc India, as it is knowm & found, &c\ 
 
 15 
 
 ,nd in mancr 
 India. It is 
 of Mahumcts 
 inhabitauntes, 
 ; with a clothe 
 ind horfemcn, 
 great noyfe of 
 Tientes, hereby 
 at dyner. To 
 2 fide. In this 
 tobefcorchcd: 
 r fundry fortes, 
 is rough with 
 (ther Kingdom 
 ng hereof vfeth 
 ;pon the kingc, 
 : are a kind of 
 in ye ftede of 
 r fete. In this 
 
 /rt, and Cyprus, 
 other in beautie 
 ten tymes found 
 tnes, yet doth it 
 I (Irongly llrikon 
 y, then the (lone 
 iReth the power 
 we geue credit 
 leuertheles, the 
 jate or a Lyon, 
 te that it wylbe 
 the coloure of 
 is vertue is to 
 of Kinges and 
 Diamandes are 
 
 
 fe parte". Tlie 
 vnto the cytie 
 jialL Thif" 
 \t at warre win. 
 Idolatrie, and 
 fafliions of tlie 
 nenewes, vfe to 
 ; and rowles of 
 parts and are 
 cloth oiAfuh 
 \qA Goffampine, 
 i befet with all 
 be, as is one of 
 
 i^^ 
 
 our cities. ^ nd this is by the nieanes of ye innumerable multitude and fundrie kindes of precious ftones, and 
 pcrles wherewith ye trappers, barbes, and other furnitures of his horfe are couered, with an incredible pompe and 
 glori. The foyle of Narfinga, bearcth nether wheate nor grapes, and is in maner without al kinde of fruites, 
 except citrons and gourdes: the inlubitantes eate no bread, but ryce, fifhe and Heflie, and alfo walnuttes, which 
 that countrey bcareth, there begin fpyccs to be found, as ginger, pepper, mirabolanes, Cardamome, CafTia, and 
 dyucrs other kyndes of fpyces. 
 
 Canan„. is a very excellente cytie, fayre and beautiful! in all thinges, fauing that the Kingc thereof is an 
 Idolater. This citie hath a hauen whether the horfes of Perfia are brought, but theyr tribute or cuRome, is 
 exccdinge great: the inhabitantes lyue with ryce, fleflhe, and fyflie as do they of Narfinga: in the warres they vfe 
 the fwcorde, the round target, fpeares and bowes, and haue nowe alfo the vfe of gonnes, they are all naked 
 fauing thi;ir pricuie partes, and go beare headed, e.\cept when they goe to the warres, for then they couer thcyr 
 hcades with a redde hatte which thei folde double, and bind it faa with a lyll or bande. In the warres they 
 %-fe neither horfe, mule, or afle, neither that kynde of camels which we commonly call dromedaries : but 
 vfe onely Eleijhantes. There is alfo in the kingdom of Narfinga another godly citie called Bifinagar : it is 
 compafll-d aboute with a walle, and fituate on the fide of a hyll, beeyng. viij. myles in circuite hauinge alfo in it 
 a famous market place. The foyle is very fruitful, there are all delicate thinges to be found th.a: may encreafe 
 the pleafures of this lyfe. There maye no where be found more pleafaunt feldes and woddes ior hauking and 
 huntinge, a man woulde thinke it were a very Paradyfe of pleafure. The king of this citie is of great power, he 
 keepeth dayly many thoufandes of men at amies, vfinge Elephantes in the ilede of horfes. And hath euer foure 
 hundreth Elephantes prepared for the warres. 
 
 € How the Elephantes in India are prepared to warre. 
 
 f,He Elephant is a bead very docible and apte to be taught, and little inferiour from humaine 
 fenfe, excellinge all other beaftes in fortitude and ftrength. Therfore ye Indians, when they 
 prepare them to the warres, put great packfaddels vpon them, which they bind fall with two 
 chaines of Iron, comming vnder thcyr belyes. Vpon the packfaddels, they haue on euery fide 
 a little houfe or towre, or cage (if you lift fo to call it) made of wood. Thefe towres ar made 
 faft to the necke of the beafte with certayne fawed hordes of the thickenes of halfe a hande 
 breath. Euery towre receyueth thre men. And betwene both the towres, vpon the back of 
 the bcaft fytteth an Indian, a man of that countrey which fpeaketh vnto the beafte. For this beafte hath 
 marueylous vnderftanding of the language of hys natyue countrey, and doth wonderfuUi beare in memorie 
 benefytes fhewed vnto him. It is alfo niofte certayne that none other beaft draweth fo nere to the excellence 
 of humayne fenfe or reafon as doeth this beaft, as maye moft playnly appeare, yf we confidre, how he is geuen to 
 loue and glory, to a certeyn frendly gentlenes and honeft maners, ioyned with a marueylous difcrecion, to know 
 good from euil, more redy to recompence benefites then reuenge iniuries, which excellent properties are not to 
 be found in other brute beaftes. Therfore when the Elephantes go forward to ye warres, leuen armed men 
 are appoynted to be caried vpon one Elephant, bearing with them, bowes, iauelins, fweordes and targettes : 
 alfo the longe fnout of the Elephant (which thei cal his hand) is armed with a fweorde of two cubites in length, 
 and in bredth and thickenes a handfull, ftandinge righte forth, tyed fafte to the fnowte of the beaft, and thus 
 beeing fumiftied, they procede to the battaile: and whereas occafion requyreth to go forward or backwarde, 
 the ruler of the beaft geueth him warninge, whofe voyce he vnderftandeth and obeyeth: ftryke hym, fayth the 
 niler, forbeare hym, be fearfe agaynft thefe, abftayne from thefe, the beafte obeyeth hym in all thinges, as 
 though he had humayn reafon, but yf it fo chaunce that being made afrayd with fire (which thinge they feare 
 aboue all other) they begin ne to flye, they can by no meanes bee allured to ftoppe theyr courfe, or retoume 
 agayne, for the people of that nacion, can with many fubtyl deuifes as often as them lifteth, raife vp fires to make 
 thofe beaftes afrayde. There be fome men which thincke that Elephantes haue no ioyntes in theyr legges, 
 which opinion other affirme to be vntrue, for they haue ioyntes as haue other beaftes, but that they are very low 
 and almoft at tlieir fete. The females are of greater fiercenefle then the males, and of much greater ftrength 
 to beare burdens : they are fometime taken with madnes, declaring the fame by theyr furious tunning. An 
 Elephant excedeth in greatnes thre wilde oxen called Bubali, and is much lyke of heare, and eyed lyke a fwine, 
 hauing a long fnout, hanging downward, with the which he putteth into his mouth whatfoeuer he eateth or 
 drinketh, for his mouth is vnder his throte, not muche vnlyke the mouth of a fwyne : his fnowte hath holes in it, 
 and is holowe within, with this they ouerthrow ye ftumpes of trees: and that of fuche bignes, that the forfe of. 
 xxiiij. men is not able to do the lame. The two great tufkcs which they haue comming farre oute of theyr 
 
 IS 
 
 The riche trapping 
 u( th« lunget 
 hon*. 
 
 Spicen of 
 ^lilnulga• 
 
 The cylic uf 
 Canaiur. 
 
 The v»« of 
 Elephanlei in the 
 warres. 
 The cytie 
 Biiinagar. 
 
 Hauking anil 
 huntinge. 
 The kinge of 
 tuiHagar. 
 
 The ElephanlM 
 lowrc 
 
 Elephantes 
 vnilerst-iiideth the 
 language of theyr 
 countrcL 
 
 Seuen .irmeil 
 men vpon one 
 Elephant 
 
 The ruler 
 speakcth to the 
 Elephant. 
 
 The Elephantes 
 ioyntes. 
 
 The Hgnes and 
 shape uf the 
 Elephaut 
 
 ]/i 
 
 1 t. 
 
/ 
 
 11 
 
 i6 
 
 l*ha painters cm 
 hersin. 
 
 Vitiientande Iha 
 handebredlh with 
 the thumb* 
 iiretched forth. 
 Tho IClephautct 
 
 pOM. 
 
 Thr Elephante is 
 vexed with tlycs. 
 
 Hnw the F.Iephani 
 kylleth tlyet. 
 
 Fninitie hclwcne 
 the- Klcphant aiiU 
 
 The RkhiiKfros 
 ii. huriies 
 
 The fight betwcne 
 KhhhHi'ros and 
 the Elephant 
 
 f\hint*refvs 
 naturally armed. 
 
 /Cfti'nflceros sene 
 ill i'urlugale. 
 
 oiiercnmeth the 
 Elephant 
 
 Lowe and simple 
 houseit 
 
 [Of the nmve India, as ii is knowcn & found, &c\ 
 
 mouth, or placed in the vpper iawe, hauinge on eucryc fydc lappcs hanging downe of the bigncs of two hand 
 brea[d]th. Thcyr fete are round like vnto a tlat trcne diflie, hauing fyuc toes Hke hoeues vndeuided, of the bigncs 
 of great oyfterflielles. Theyr taylcs arc lyke vnto the tayles of wilde oxen, thre liandful in length, hauing but 
 few heares. The males are hygher then the females. They are of fundry bignes: fome arc of. xiij. handfullo 
 hye, fome of xiiij. and fome. xvi. Their pafe in goyng, is fomewhat flowe and walowinge, by reafon whereof, 
 fome whiche ryde on them and hauc not been accuftomed thereto, are prouoked to vomitte, euen as they were 
 tofled on the fea. Yet it is great plefurc to ride on the yong Elephantes, for they goe as foftely as ambelini; 
 moiles. When you attempt to geat vp, to ryde on them, they bow downe toward you, as though they would 
 eafe you with a (lerope, that you may the eafelier geat vp, which neuertheles cannot wel be done without 
 helpe. They are all vnbrideled hauinge neither withe nor coller aboute theyr ncckes, but goe with theyr headts 
 al together lofe. And becaufe they are not couered with briflels or bigge heares, they hauc not fo muche as in 
 theyr tayle anye helpe to dryue awayc flyes. For euen this greate beafte alfo (faycth Tlinie) is trr bled with 
 this lyttle vcrmyne. Theyr fkinne is very rowghe, and full of chappes, and riftcs, like the barkc of a tree, beiiiK 
 fomwhat filthye and full of fwette, whiche by heate refolued into vapoure, by fauour draweth flyes vnto it: there- 
 fore when any flyes or other creping vermen are entered into the fayde riftes of theyr fl<innes, fodeynly bentlint; 
 anil drawing together their (kinne, they hold them fall and kyl them, and this is to them in the llcde of a taylc, 
 a mane, or rough and briReled hearc. 
 
 € Of the beafle called Rhinoceros. 
 
 Iliiwccros is comonly found in the fame countrey, where Elephantes are engendred, and 
 is borne an enemy to the Elephant (as faith IMinie) no leflfe feking his deftniction then doth 
 the dragon : wherfore the Romaynes confidering the natures of thefe beaftes, were wont to 
 put them together vpon the theater or (lage, for a fpectacle, ther' v- to declare the natures of 
 enemies. This Rhiuoccros hath two homes, whereof the one is of notable bignes, growinj,' 
 cute of his nofethrilles, and is of flatte forme, and as hardc as Iron. The other groweth aboiic 
 in his necke, and is but a little one, but wonderful (Irong : when this bead attemjjteth to 
 iiniade the Elephant, he fyleth and whetteth his home on a (lone and flryketh at the belly of the Elephant, 
 •••'lich plaf", iie knoweth to be mod open to his (Iripes, and eafycft to receaue hurt, becaufe of the foftenes thereof, 
 which ne cutteth with his home as with a fweord. Some auctours write that Rhinoceros is vnciiuall in bignes to 
 the Elephante : but lulius Soliiius (liith, that he is as long as the Elephante, but hath (liorter legges : when 
 Rhinoceros therfore and the Elephant ioyne together in fighte, they vfe theyr naturall weapons : the Rhinoceros 
 his home, and the Elephante his tufkes, wherewith he fo violentlye bea i^th and tcareth the (kinne oi Rhinoceros 
 being as harde as home or fliell, and fear lye able to be pearfed with a dart, that he mu itheles enforfeth him 
 to fall downe. Rhinoceros agayne on the ouier partie fo woundeth the belye of the l^!ci)li;i ite with the home of 
 hys nofethrilles, yf he doe not preucnte hys (Irokes, yat he fainteth with bleding. In the ycre of Chrift. 11513, 
 the (ird day of Maye, was broughte oute of I- Jia to Emanuel the king of Portugale Rhinoceros alyuc, of tlio 
 coioure of boxe, fomwhat variable and as it wer chekered, couered with flielles lyke fcales, or rather lyke fliieidis. 
 This bead was in bignes equall to an Elephante, but had fliorter legges, and was armed on euery parte. He 
 had a dronge and (liarpe home in his nofethrilles, the whiche (as 1 hauc fayde) he fyleth, when he preparcih 
 him to fight. All this great hatered betwene thefe two bi.'ades, is for ye bed padurcs which one driueth to take 
 from the other as fome wryt.>rs faye. In the yeare of Chride. 1515. King Emanuel fet forth a fpectacle in the 
 citie of Lifbona, in which was a combat betwene the Elephant and Rhinoceros. A fight doubtlelTe worthy grcii 
 admiracion. But in this fight, the Elephant h:id the ouerthrowe. 
 
 € O/" Calicut, the moft famous market totvue of India. 
 
 He cytie of Calicut is in the continente or may 
 the fea. It is not walled about, but " m 
 together as the maner of bylding i 
 fjiace. It is extended in length a th 
 lowe, not palTmge the heygth of a 
 of a roofe, they are couered with bowes 
 hereof is, that yf the earth there be in anye place digged fyuc handfull depth, the water 
 
 landi . .\..'\ the houfes therof adioyning to 
 
 in circuite. vi. thoufand houfes, not adherent 
 
 -, liut one heir ' didant from another, a further 
 
 pafes. The hoii lliereof, are but fimple and vciy 
 
 ' on V febacke from the groundc. In the dde 
 
 trcc^ i.irde and thicke couched together, the caufc 
 
 ^fj- 
 
cs of two hand 
 d, of the bigncs 
 gth, hailing but 
 xiij. handfullc» 
 rcafon whereof, 
 en as they were 
 Lely as ambelinj; 
 ugh they would 
 ic done without 
 •ith theyr hcadcs 
 t fo muche as in 
 is trr bled with 
 ; of a tree, being 
 es vnto it : thcre- 
 bdeynly bending 
 : ftede of a taylc, 
 
 \Pf the newe India, as it is knowen & fotmdy &c^ 
 
 17 
 
 le 
 
 I engendrcd, and 
 ruction then dolh 
 [les, were wont to 
 lare the natures of 
 e bignes, growing 
 lier groweth abouc 
 eafl. attempteth to 
 y of the Elephant, 
 he foftenes thereof, 
 [ciiuall in bignes to 
 .rter legges: when 
 the Rhinocinn 
 innc of Rhinoceros 
 ;les cnforfeth him 
 with the home of 
 TC of Chria. I.SI3. 
 Tos alyue, of tlic 
 thcr lykc (lucldis. 
 cuery parte. Ho 
 when he preparcih 
 jne flriueth to take 
 a fi)ectacle in the 
 alclTe worthy groat 
 
 la. 
 
 therof adioyning to 
 
 oufes, not adhori'nt 
 another, a further 
 ut fimple and veiy 
 
 ndc. In the ftcde 
 togcthej, thecaufe 
 
 1 depth, the water 
 
 
 fpringeth forth, by rcafon whcrof they can lay no depe foundacions for theyr houfcs, fufiicientc to bcare anye 
 hcauye roofe. The Kinge of thys citic is gcuen to Idolatrie, and honourcth the deuyll himfelf. Yet he dcnieth 
 not but that there is a God which made heauen and earth. And the fame to be the chiefc auctour and fyrfle 
 caufe of all thinges. But fayth that he hath committed the rule and iudgenicnte of the world, to the dcuil, to 
 whom he hath geucn power to rewarde men with good or bail according to their defertes. This deuil they cal 
 Deumo, but the mightie Gotl and maker of the world, they cal lamcrani. The king hath in his Chappell the 
 Image of this deuyl Divuii, fytting with a diademe or crowne on his head, much lyke vnto the myter which the 
 Roma)ne Biflioppus wcare, faue that this dcuils myter hath foure notable homes. He fytteth gapingc and hath 
 a greate \vyde mouthc, with foure teeth and a deformed nofe, lowringe eyes, a grimme, terrible, and threatening 
 countenaunce, with hooked handes lyke tlefliehookes, and fcete not much vnlyke the feetc of a cockc. Al fuch 
 as behold this horrible monfter, arc fodeynly adoniod. For it is furely a thing mod vyle to beholde, and no 
 leflc terrible. The chappel is on euery fyde ful of painted deuyls : and in eucry comer thereof fyttet.i a deuyll 
 made of cojii)er, and that fo workemanly handeled, that he femeth like flaming fire, niiferably confuming the 
 foules of men. This deuyl with his righte hande, putteth a foule to his mouth, and with his Icfte hand, he 
 taketh another from a place beneth. Euery morning their Pric(\es (called Bramhti) waflie the Image of the 
 deuyll with rofe witer, or fuch other fwcte liciuourc, and perfume hym with dyuerfe fwete fauours, kneling on 
 theyr knees and praying vnto him. Euerye feucnth day, thei take the bloud of a cocke and put it in a filucr 
 vefiel, ful of burning coales : addinge thereunto innumerable odoriferous gunmies and pouders to make a fwcte 
 fmokc or fumigacion. Then the Priefte taketh his fenfer with burning coles, putting therto frankencenfe, and 
 thus maketh his oblacion to Sathan, during which tyme of facrifice, a lyttle fyluer bell, is ronge continuallye. 
 The king fytteth not downe to his meate, vntyll foure of his chapleins haue ofTred parte of the fame meate to 
 the deuyl. And when the Kynge goeth to dyner, he fytteth on the grounde withoute eyther carpet or table 
 cloth. And as he fytteth at diner, foure of the prieftes wayte vpon him flanding : not approchinge nere vnto 
 hym by the diflaunce of foure pafes, geuing reuerent attendaunce vnto the kinges talke. When he hath dyned, 
 the Prieftes take the meate that is left, and geue it to the crowes to eate : which byrdes they haue in fuch 
 eftimacion, yat it is not lawful to hurt them. AVhen the king fhal marie a wife, he goeth not to bed with 
 her, vntil flie be defloured of ye high Pried, whom the king for his paines rewardeth with. v. C. [five hundred] 
 pieces of golde. 
 
 •E Of the maners of the Indians in Calicut. 
 
 Ext after the King, ye prieftes which ferae ye Idols, are had in chiefe rcuerence. Nexte vnto 
 them, the Magiftrates, called Ncrl, are no lefle eftemcd thcnarionge vs Scnatoures or Lordes 
 of the counfayl. When thefe goe abroade, they cary with them fwordes, targettes, bowes and 
 iauelins. Such as are counted of the thyrde order, are in like p!ace with them, as are Arti- 
 ficers with vs. They of the fourth order, lyue by fidiinge. Antl to them of the fyfthe order, 
 perteyneth the gathering of pepper, wyne, and walnuttes. The bafi^ft and poore'"' fort, are 
 'hey which fowe and gather ryce, beyng contemned both of the prieftes and Senatou.s. The 
 Kinge, the Queue, and the inhabitantes of the cytie, haue almoft no apparel, couering onely theyr fylthy partes 
 with cotton of the tree called Goffampine, and not with filke; and are befide altogether nuked. They goe 
 barefoted and bareheaded. When the King is dead, yf th.cre remayne alyue any heyres, males, ■either children 
 or brethren, or brethers children, they Aicceile not in the kingdome : for by cuftome of the countreye, the 
 fyders fonnes are inheritours to ye crown: but yf there bee no fuche lyuingc, he fuccedeth in the kingdom 
 which IS neareft of bloud to ye king, of whiche coftume the reafon is (as they faye) becaufe the Prieftes defloure 
 the Queues. When the King taketh any farre ioumey, or rydeth a hunting, the Prieftes wayte vpon the Queue 
 at home, and kepe her company: for nothinge can be mere thankefull to the kynge, then to haue the Queue 
 thus accudomed in adulterye with the Prieftes, by whiche common proftitucion of the queue, he mayc well iudge 
 that the chyldren bome of her, are not to be eftemed as his owne: and therfore afTigneth the right of his inheri- 
 taunce to his fyders children, as to the nered of his bloude, becaufe his brothers children (as is fayd before) may 
 not fuccede him in the kingdome by the cuftome of the countrey. The noble men and marchauntes vfe this 
 fafluon among themfelues. Such as haue ^vyues, do often tymes chaunge theyr wyues. one frende with an other 
 for th[e]encreafe of further frendlhip. At which exchaunging of wyues, one of them fpeaketn to another after this 
 manner. Forafmuch as you are my veri frend, let vs chaunge wyues: on fuch condicion, that I maye hau- 
 yours and you myne. The other alketh him yf he fpeake in eamefte. He fweareth ye?. : let vs goe then (fayth 
 hisfelow)to myhoufe: when they are come thether, the good man calleth forth his wife, faying vnto her- 
 
 Eden. f 
 
 • 
 
 Tlie king honorelh 
 the dtuiX 
 
 The Im.ise of ihi- 
 
 •luuill. 
 
 The liisshnp of 
 
 Knniet vicir at 
 
 CMicHt. 
 
 The deuil Mlelh 
 
 toute<. 
 
 The deuile* 
 chaplins. 
 
 S.icrifice to tha 
 deuyl. 
 
 The ch.inleini 
 ofl°er to the deuyl 
 
 llie prienles w.iil 
 on the kyng. 
 
 Crowes had in 
 esiimacion 
 The prieitei 
 defloure ye 
 queen*. 
 
 Prieste>. 
 Magituates. 
 
 Artificers. 
 Labourers. 
 
 The succession of 
 the kingdom. 
 
 As .ire ye priestes, 
 such is ye people. 
 The priesles kepe 
 the quene. 
 
 h 
 
 Exchaunginge 
 of wyues. 
 
 < 1 
 
TT^" 
 
 i8 
 
 \pf the newe India, as it is knowen & found, &c:\ 
 
 \ 
 
 Obedience ii 
 euylL 
 
 One woman 
 maried to seuen 
 men. 
 
 The punishment 
 of murther. 
 
 Sinne redemed 
 for money. 
 
 Supentition. 
 
 Outeward 
 clenlynes. 
 
 Deuylishe 
 gestures. 
 
 M 
 
 Howe pepper 
 growetn 
 
 Fruiiful grounde 
 without tillage 
 
 Otogw. 
 
 A role for a rede. 
 
 Fruytes vnknowen 
 to Uk 
 
 AtM. 
 
 Woman, come hether and folow this man: for he (hall from henceforth be thy hufband. She afketh him yf he 
 fpcake in eameft: he anfwereth, in good eameft. Then fayth the woman : I wil folowe him gladly. He taketh 
 her away with him, and in lyke maner fendeth his wyfe to his frende. And this is the cullome which thei vfe 
 in chaunging of wyues. But the children remainc with theyr fyrfte father. Other of thefe Idolaters vfe dyuerfe 
 other cuftomes. For among fome of them, one woman is maried to feuen hufbandes, which lie with her by 
 courfe one after another. And when (he hath broughte fonh a child, (he fendeth it to whiche of her feuen huf- 
 bandes (he lift: who maye in no cafe refufe it When they eate, they lye along on the grounde, and haue theyi 
 meate in great didhes, or treys of copper. In the ftede of fpones, they vfe leaues of trees. Their meate, is ryce, 
 fifli", fpyces, and fruites of the common forte. Yf any man committe murther, and bee appre'iended, he is 
 pun»;1ied after this maner. 
 
 They haue a kynde of gallowes made, with a pofteof the lengthe of foure pafes: On the whyche, not farrc 
 from the toppe, are faftened two ftaues with (harpe endes, ye one lying ouer the other after the maner of 
 a croffe : then the body of ye offender is thruft through vpon one of ye ftaues. And fo the miferable wretche 
 hangeth vntyil he haue geuen vppe the glioft. But yf any man wound another, or beate hym with a (la(fe, 
 he redemeth ih[e]o(fence, payinge to the king a certayn of golde. When they pray, they go fyrft before the 
 ryfmg of the mnne, to fome ryuer or ftandinge water, wherein they plunge themfelues, to th[e]intent to waflie them 
 cleane : And fo beeinge waflied, they touche nothing vntyil they haue at home at theyr houfes, poured torth 
 theyr prayers before theyr Idols. When they laye them felues down on the grounde, fecretely to pra/e, they 
 make certayne deuyli(he geftures lyke vnto madde men, llaring with theyr eyes, and turning them inward 
 after a ftraunge forte, wyth no leffe deforminge their countenaunce, very monftrous to beholde. When the 
 king prepareth him to ye warres he hath in a readyneffe a hundreth thoufund fotemen. For of horfcmen they 
 haue no vfe, but only of fuch as fyght on Elephantes. Al that are of the Kinges bande, have a filken 
 fyllet of fcarlet colour, tied about their heades. When thei go to the warres they vfe round (w.ardes, targets, 
 iauelin!<,and bowes. 
 
 € Of Pepper and other fpices which growe in the region of Calient. 
 
 |Epper groweth in ye fuburbes of the citie of Calicut. There is fome alfo gathered within the 
 citie. The ftalke of pepper is veri weake: fo that it can not ftande vpryghte, without a ftakc 
 or proppe to fuftein it, as haue ye vynes. It is not much vnlike vnto luie : and in like maner 
 crepeth and ftretcheth forth it felf embrafmg and ouerfpreading fuch trees as grow nere vnto 
 it. This tree (or rather (hrubbe) is deuided into many braunches, of the lengthe of two or 
 thre hand bredth. The leaues are lyke the leaues of an Orenge tree: fauinge that thefe arc 
 fomewhat groffer and fatter, with fmall vaynes running betwene on the contrarye fide. On 
 euery twigge ther hangeth fixe thicke clufters of beries, a hand breadth in length, and of the colour of wild 
 grapes. They are gathered in the monethes of October and Nouember: Inclininge yet to a grcne colour, and lo 
 laying them on mattes or couerlettes, they fet them in the funne to be dried: where, within the fpace ot 
 thre dayes, it waxeth black, eucn as it is brought hether. They vfe neyther cutting nor digging, or other tilbgi', 
 but onely the Ample and pure fruitfulnes and encreafe of the earth. Plinie fayth that the trees of pepper are lyke 
 vnto oure iuniper trees. And that in his time, fome affyrmed yat they were brought foorth only in the front of ye 
 mount Caucafus on the fouthfyde toward the fonne. But the Portugals, whiche in this our daies fayle into the 
 Eaft partes, haue found it othenvife. The region of Calimt, beareth alfo Ginger: which doubtles is a roote, and 
 is often tymes founde of the weighte of xii. vnces : but al are not of lyke bignes. This roote entreth no depcr 
 into ye ground, then. iii. or. iiii. handbredth, like vnto the rede. When ginger is digged out of ye ground, they 
 leaue the knotte or ioynte of the roote, in the pytte out of which they digged the ginger : couering ye fame with 
 earth as a fede, agaynft the next yeare to encreafe and bring forth more ginger. It is found in playn ground of 
 a redde erth, as ar Mirabalanes. Ther groweth alfo diuers other frutes and flirubbes vnknowen to vs, as laccri, 
 gratcara, amba, Carocapel, Comolanga, and fich other of which fome haue the tafte and fauoure of quinces, fome 
 of peaches, fome of damafke prunes, fome of melones, and fome of (igges, etc. Ahe groweth alfo in that region : 
 and is a certayn gumme, gathered from a litle tree, which is faftened in the earth, onely with one roote after ye 
 maner of a flaffe, pytched in the grounde. The bodie of the tree, is tender and redde, of ftrong fauour and 
 bitt>-;r toft. It fonr.iyme putteth forth droppes of gumme withoute anye cuttinge. And this of India, is muciic 
 better then that which groweth in Iiiil,a, 
 
 
 i 
 
eth him yf he 
 r. He taketh 
 ivhich thai vfe 
 ;rs vfe dyuerfo 
 ; with her by 
 her feucn huf- 
 ,nd haue theyi 
 meate, is rycc, 
 i'lcnded, he is 
 
 yche, not farrc 
 the maner of 
 "arable wretchc 
 n with a ftaffe, 
 yrrft before the 
 t to wafhe them 
 5, pourea torth 
 • to praj'c, they 
 g them inward 
 le. When the 
 horfcmen they 
 have a filken 
 .ordes, targets, 
 
 ilictif. 
 
 lered within the 
 I without a (lake 
 id in hke maner 
 grow nere vnto 
 igthe of two or 
 that thefe arc 
 rarye fide. On 
 colour of will! 
 colour, andlo 
 the fpace ol 
 or other till.igo, 
 pepper are lykc 
 the front of yc 
 fayle into the 
 is a roote, and 
 itreth no depir 
 ■e ground, they 
 ye fame with 
 tlayn ground of 
 ;o vs, as laca-i, 
 quinces, fonic 
 in that region : 
 roote after yc 
 ing fauour and 
 ndia, is muciie 
 
 [0/ the newe India, as it is knowen & found, &c\ 
 
 19 
 
 'Mi 
 
 C Ofbyydes and beajles which are found in the region ^Calicut 
 
 of the wyne of Ike merueyious tree. 
 
 and 
 
 Here is found in Calicut, diuers and fundry kyhdes of foure footed bcaftes and foules. As 1 ons, 
 wilde boores, hartcs, hyndes, wolues, kyne, wylde oxen, goates, and Elephantes : whych n uer- 
 theles are not engendred there, but brought thether. There bee alfo grene popingiays ind 
 fome [of] white ft 'hers of variable colours, lying like fcoutchins. Some alfo of purple co) jure. 
 Of thefe there is fuch plentie, that they are fayne to appoint men to kepe them from tl e rice 
 which (Toweih there in the feldes. They are merueilous chattcringe and of fmal' price. 
 There are alfo birdes called Sarau, fomwhat lefle then popingiayes, but make a much fweter 
 noyfe. Tliere are alfo manye other kyndes of byrdes vnlyke vnto oures : Of which, euerye morning and euening 
 is hearde fuche a harmonic and fo fwete a noyfe, that nothing can be more delectable : In fo little mouthcs 
 confifleth in maner al muficke, and therfore the inhabitauntes lyue in greate pleafure, as though they were in an 
 earthly paradil', where floures arc euer fpringing, and trees continue grene al the hole yeare. The heauen is 
 beneficiall vnto them, and the ayre mod temperate continually. So that thei are nether bytten with colde in 
 winter nor burnt with heate in fomer, but lyue as it were in continual fpringe tymc. The fame region bringeth 
 forth alfo Marmafets and Munkcys, whiche are great hinderaunce to ye men of the countrey : and fpecially to the 
 poore forte, bcecaufe they clynie the walnut trees, and fpylle the fweete liquoure of the fruyte thereof, of which 
 the Indians make mod pleafaunt wyne. For thefe Indians hauc a tree mod excellent aboue all other trees of 
 the world, whicn bringeth foorth dates lyke vnto the Palme tree. This tree ferueth them for firewood : and 
 licareth a kynde of walnuttes mod delicate to be eaten : Alfo a kind of cordes, fofte cloth, wine, oyle, and 
 fuger. But chiefly it bringeth foorth this excellent kynde of nuttes like vnto dates. From thefe they take awaye 
 the fyrde rynde or barke and cad it in the fire. The other fruite is not muche vnlyke Goffampine cotton, or fylke. 
 Of tlie floures they make cloth lyke filkc : the flaxe whiche is lefte, they fpinne agayne, and make therof fmal 
 roojjes or cordes. The lad barke or rinde, conteineth the nutte, whofe thickenefle is no more then the lyttle 
 fynger of a mans hande. Furthermore the fweete liquoure or wyne, is engendered with the nutte, fo that as the 
 nutte growelh, the liquoure alfo encreafeth : In fo much that when the nut is full growen, the lyquoure fyllethc 
 the inn^ warde partes of the fame. And thys licjuoure or wyne, is mod cleare, not muche vnlyke vnto lofe- 
 water ; Of which neuertbcles is made a very fatte oile. They cut alfo the trunke or docke of the tree in ye 
 morning and euening : by whiche mcanes they gather a mod excellent licjuour, which they feeth on the fyre, 
 and make thereof fo merueyious a drinke, that if a man drinke thereof beyond meafure, he is drieucn into furie 
 and madnes. This liciuour is vfed there in the dede of wyne. But let vs nowe retume to the bcades which are 
 found in Calicut. Serpentos growe there vnto fuch houdge greatnefle, that they are in maner as bigge as fwyne. 
 They haue heades muche larger then bores heades. Thei arc foure foted, foure cubitcs in length, engendered 
 and conueriaunte in fennie and inarriflie groundes. The men of that countrei faye that thefe beades are without 
 poyfon. There are alfo found r>i her kyndes of ferpentes : of the wliiche one kynde hath fo mortall venime, that 
 yf they drawe neuer fo lyttle blud, it caufeth prefent death. There are other ferpentes which in quantite 
 reprefent the ferpent called Afpis. Again, otherfome are much higher of whiche there are greate plentie. 
 The men of the countrey thinke yat they are fpirites fallen from heauen : and therfore hrae them in great 
 reucence. Thei haue conceaued this opinion of them, becaufe that in maner with touching, they bringe 
 prefent death. And this is the caufe whi there is fo great abundaunc[e] of ferpentes, that by the kinges 
 comniaundement it i> not lawful to hurt them : and therefore they wander fafelye where them lideth, and 
 are edemed of them as thinges that bring good fortune. For whereas the men of yat countrey, goe abroade 
 aboute anye bufmes, thei take it for good luck to mete any of them by the waye. The popingiayes of India 
 are for the mod part, of grone colour befyde ye head, which is ether redde or yelowe like golde. They haue 
 a great and large toung, and are ♦herfore of a louder voyce, and fpeake more plainly. They leame the 
 fyrd and fecond yeare fuch thinges as are taughte them. And beare them longer in memory. They drmke 
 wyne, and vfe thcyr fete in the dede of handes when they feede. 
 
 Papinciayes of 
 dyuen kynde*. 
 
 Sweete singinge 
 of birdes 
 
 Earthly paradise 
 Temperate ayte. 
 Continual spring. 
 Munkeyt, 
 
 A treeefsundrye 
 coniniudities. 
 
 Silke of trees. 
 
 Ropes of trees. 
 Wyne of tre«« 
 
 Oyle of water 
 
 Seipenis as liigge 
 as swine 
 
 Serpents without 
 poyson. 
 
 Serpentes counti;d 
 for neaucnly 
 spirites. 
 
 Grene 
 poping[iJaie^ 
 
 ^. 
 
20 
 
 [Cy* the newe India, as it is knowen & found, &c\ 
 
 It 
 
 Cauonor. 
 Dayton. 
 
 Corimucoi. 
 
 Meluza. 
 Molucha, 
 
 Pegv. 
 
 Ofynut 
 
 Camhaia. 
 
 Arabia, 
 aiiua. 
 S a motor, 
 Darnasscri. 
 
 F.lcphantes. 
 Precious stones. 
 Ctiioinotnc. 
 
 The F.(|uinoctia! 
 lyiie 
 
 Weapons of rcdcs 
 
 l^'arsin^a. 
 
 The be;»st whiche 
 be.irL'tli ilie furre 
 callutl Sables. 
 
 ■nurucluub biffncs. 
 
 C 0/ the fimdvye kindes of Spices, which are fotmde in Calicut, and from 
 
 whence they are brought thyther. 
 
 Inger groweth in Caliait, vet is there much broughte thether from the cytie of Canonor. 
 
 Cinamome commeth from the llande oiZayloii, whyche is fyftye leages beeyonde Odiatt 
 Eaftwarde. 
 
 Pepper groweth in Caliatt : but muche more is broughte thetixer from Corimucoi, whiche 
 is. xij. leages beyonde Calicut. 
 
 Clones are gathered in a place, called Mcluza, certayn leages diftant from Calicut. 
 Nutmcgges and Mace, growe in Molucha, beyng diflante from Calicut hundreth and thre 
 fcore leages, and foniewhat more. 
 
 Muflce and Cafloreum, is brought from the region of Pcgo, whiche is from Ca.icut, almolle hundreth 
 and fyftye leages. 
 
 Pearies of the biggeft forte, are gathered neaie vnto the Hand and cytie of Ormus, fituate in the goulfe 
 called Sinus Perficus : And are fente from thence to Calicut, as to the generall market towiie of all the Eaft partes. 
 Spikenarde, and Mirabalanes, are brought from Cambaia to Calicut. 
 Frankencenfe, and Myrre, come from Arabia. 
 
 Aloe, and Camphyre, are brought from Kyui, or Chiua. 1. [fifty] leages from Caliait. 
 Long pepper cometh from Samoior Cardamome ye greater, is brought from Cauonor. 
 Prefilium, or brafyll, cometh from Dartiafseri, otherwyfe called Tarmafferi, almoft. CC. [two hundred] 
 leages from Calicut. 
 
 C Of the Hand of Zaylon, and of Cinomome found there. 
 
 Aylon is a very large region, and bringeth foorth chefelye Elephantes in greate plenlie. It hath 
 alfo Mountaynes of mcrucylous length : at the rootes wherof are found Rubines, Hiacinthes, 
 Saphyrcs, Topafes, and fuche other precious (lones. In this Hand groweth the Cinomome 
 tree, not much vnlyke yc bayetrec, fpecially in the leaues. It bringeth forth graynes much lykc 
 vnto baye beries, but fomwhat lefle and whytiflie. That which we commonly call Cinomome, 
 is nothinge els but the barke or rynde of a tn.e, which is gathered after this maner. Euery 
 thyrde yeare they cut of the braunches of the trees, and take of the barke or lynde thereof, 
 which is our Cinomome. They cut not the body of the tree, but only the branches. When it is firft gathered, 
 it is grene, and not perfectly fwete vntyll it be kept a moneth. This Hand is fituate vnder the Equinoctial line, 
 where is continuall fpringe all the yeare. The inhabitauntes weare clokes, with one arme oute vncoucreil, 
 and haue clothe made of Goffampine cotton, or of filke. A rede is to tlicm in the llede of fworde, rapyrc, 
 and iauelyne. And are tiicrcfore feldome llayne in the warres. 
 
 C Of the cytie <7/"Tarnafseri, and the maner of the cytezins there. 
 
 He cytie of Tarnafferi, is diftaunte from the Kingdome of Narftnga. xiiij. daycs fayling 
 EJlward, and hath a king of great puylTaunce and marueylous riche. The foyle of this citic, 
 bringetli forth whcate, cotton of Gofsampine tiees, and plenlie of filke. The fieldes bringe 
 foorthe all kindes of fruites ; (juinces alfo and oranges. It is replcniflied with manye anil 
 fundrye kyndcs of beaftes afwell wyld as tame, as kyne, fliepe, gotes, fwyne, hartes, hyndes, 
 wolues and lyons. There are alfo feene thofe kyndes of cattes which beare the riche furres 
 railed Zibdlini, which we call Siibles, In all the fieldes and woodes of this region are foundc 
 
 many IVacockes, Faulcons, and mod fayre Popingiayes of white colour intermingled with feuen variable coloures. 
 
 There is alio marueloui pkntye of hares and partryches. There are manye of other (Iraunge kyndes of foules ; 
 
 and f|)ecially fuch as lyue by jmiye, whiche are muche higher then Eagles : whofe vppcr beakcs arc of fuche 
 
 bi^nts and hardnes, that handles for fweordes are made lliereof Alfo the cockes and hennes of thys region are 
 
 U 
 
 
\0f the newe Indian as it is knowen & found, &c^ 
 
 21 
 
 ttd from 
 
 iwnor. 
 ^onde Cttliait 
 
 mucol, whiche 
 
 Caliatt. 
 Ireth and thre 
 
 )fte hundreth 
 
 in the goulfe 
 Eall partes. 
 
 two hundred] 
 
 enlie. It hath 
 ps, Hiacinthes, 
 ;he Cinomome 
 mes much lykc 
 all Cinomome, 
 naner. Euery 
 r)'ndc thereof, 
 
 firft gathered, 
 luinoctial line, 
 ite vncoucrod, 
 
 worde, rapyrc, 
 
 tere. 
 
 dayes fayling 
 le of this citic, 
 fieldes bringc 
 ith manyc and 
 lartes, hyndes, 
 he riche furres 
 ion are founde 
 iable coloures. 
 ides of foules : 
 arc of fuche 
 hys region are 
 
 muchc hygher and bigger then ours. When the people of the countreye goe to theyr meate, they lye downe on 
 the grounde withoute carpet or cloth : Yet vfe they woodden veiTelles, workemanlye made. Theyr drinke 
 is water myxte with fuger : but the poorer forte, drinke onclye water. Their beddes are made of Goflampine 
 cotton, wyth couerlettes alfo of cotton or fylke. They goe all in gcnerall barefooted excepte the Prieftes. The 
 Kynge of this cytye, doeth not commytte his wife to the Prieftes to bee defloured, as doth the king of Calicut, 
 but to whyte men, as are the chriftians and Turkes. For this office is not committed to the Idoloters. But 
 after that the new maried queue hath been thus defloured the fyrft night, yf cuer after (he doe diflionour 
 the Kyng her hufband, by violating the faith made to him, from thencefoorth neuer to knowe any other 
 man carnally, her punifhment is death incontinently. When the Kynges or the Prieftes dye, their bodies are 
 laid on a great fyre, and the afties thereof referued in erthen pottes, putting thereto a porcion of falte petre, 
 and buryinge the fame in theyr owne houfes. While the bodies are burning, they caft into the fyre al 
 kyiides of fwete fauouring gummes, and fpices : as Aloe, Frankencenfe, Myrre, Storax, Coralle, fandalles, 
 and fiiche other innumerable : In the meane tyme blowing tnuupets and fhawmes, after the maner of them which 
 anionic the gentiles were canonized into ye numbre of the goddes. And within xv. dayes after ye hulbandes 
 death, tiie wyfe calleth to her all her kinftblkcs, bidding them to a banket : and fo being decked with al her 
 iewels, (lie procedeth with them to the place where her hufbanile was buried, where a graue is redye digged lor 
 iier, inclofcil about with filken cloth, hauinge in it a fyre made of fweete wood. When the woman hath 
 thus feafted her kynlTolkes, flie eateth much of the herbe called Bfto/a, wherby flie is driuen into a madnes. In 
 tlijs meane wliyle, innumerable trumpetters (wearing fuch veftures as they vfe in the deuyls feruice) go as it were 
 on procellion aboute tlie graue, while the woman runneth vp and down, daunfmg continually hke a frantike 
 bodie. And thus when the ceremonies are fyniflied, ftic cafteth her felfe headlong into the fyre and graue : 
 aiul that with no lelTe cherefulnes then yf (he fliould be receaued into heauen. And vnleflc the woman fliould 
 performe thys cuftome, flie fliould incurre nioft vyle infamie, and be a mocking ftocke to all her nacion, as one 
 that loued not her liufliand. liut the common people vfe not thys cuftome : but only the rulers and 
 princes. And therforc the king him felfe is often tymes prefente at thefc folemnities. 
 
 C Of the kingdoms and cities of Pego and Bangella. 
 
 Rom the cytie of Tanialfcri, to the cytie of Bii>iga//a, is. xi. dayes faylinge. This cytie hath a 
 kynge : and the countrey is \ery fmyteful with great plentie of wheat, fleflie, fuger, ginger, and 
 gotVaniiiine cotton : and hath therforc very rich marchantes. There yearely pafleth from this 
 citie fyftie fliyppcs fra)ghted wyth gofliinipine cotton, and fdke clothes: which arc caried from 
 thence to the Turkes, Syiians, Arabians, Perfians, I%thiopians, and Indi^ns. Here are alfo 
 founde certayne Chriftian merchaunt men, which come out of Tli[e]empire of the great C/uim 
 of Cathay : bringing with them Aloe, Caftoreum and the fwete gumme called Laferpitium, with 
 other fwete fauours. In this cytie, the men fpinne and cardc and make clothe, anil not the womenne. From 
 this cytie Eaftwarde, is another great citie called Pego, beyng fituate by a verye fayre ryuer. The Kinge of 
 tliys cytie, is an Idolater, and hathe innumerable mcnne of warre, both horfemenne and footemcnne. The 
 foyle beareth wheate plentifullye: and bringcth foorth in maner all kyndes of beaftes, and hath therfore great 
 abundaunce of fleflie, yet are there but fewe Elephants : But of other beaftes and foules, great plentie as is at 
 Calicut: and fpeciallye of popingiayes, whiche are of louder voice then in any other place. There is little 
 traflicque or niarchaundifc in this region, except iewels and precious ftoncs, and fpeciallye Rubies, called Pyropi, 
 whiche are broughte thether from the cytie of Capelan. 'I'hefe precious ftoncs fliyne fo brighte in the darke 
 nyghte, as thoughe it were the fonne beames. The countrey adioyning, bringcth forth Lacha, Sandalum, called 
 faunders: Alfo brafi'e, goflampine cotton and fylke. From l\o to the cytie of Malaccha (whiche fome call 
 Mclaqua) is eygh[t]c dayes faylinge: where on the other fydc is fene a great Hand called Sumatra, otherwife 
 Samotra, and was in time paftc called Taprobana. This Malaccha, hath a goodly and commodious hauen : by 
 reafon wherof, moe fliippcs arriue there then in any other place: bringinge with them fpyccs and other 
 marchaundife in great abundance. The region is not generally fniytful, yet hath it wheat and fleflie: but 
 greate fcarcencfle of wood. The foules wander in the feldcs as they doe in the region of Calicut. But the 
 popingiayes are here much fayrer. It bringeth foorth alfo fpices, faunders, tinne, elephantes, horfes, fliepe, 
 wilde oxen, pecokes, and fuch other kyndes of beaftes. It is not lawfidl there to bye and fell, except you bye 
 fpices and fylke. It is alfo there very daungerous to walke in the citie in the nighte feafon, beecaufe of the theft 
 and cruelnes of the inhabitantcs, which kil one another like dogges. And therfore the marchaund ftraungers 
 lodge not out of their fliippcs. How the Portugales fulxlued Malaccha, flialbe faid hereafter in the defcripcion 
 of the newe llandes. 
 
 F3 
 
 Ileddooriilke. 
 
 The qiiene 
 delluured Of' while 
 ineiine. 
 
 Adiilteri punished 
 u'ith de.itn 
 Howe the kiiige 
 is buried. 
 
 Ministrels. 
 
 The queue dyeth 
 willingly. 
 
 The herbe BrMa. 
 
 What cretlnlllif 
 ni;)ye doc in f.iUe 
 religion. 
 
 Honour dcrc 
 bonghte. 
 
 The king .ind 
 ciiie of UaHgeUa 
 
 Silke. 
 
 Christian men of 
 Cath.iy. 
 
 The citie of IVga 
 
 Rubies thyning by 
 
 night. 
 
 Lacha, Lacca, or 
 
 Lacta, is ye 
 
 g\imme of a tree 
 
 wherewith silke i> 
 
 colored. 
 
 Atitlatrhtt- 
 
 Shmatra. 
 
 7'fl/ttfitlHil 
 
 'h 
 
 J 4 
 
22 
 
 \Pf the newe India, as it is knowen & founds &c^ 
 
 li- 
 
 The Hand of 
 Taprobana. 
 
 Menof ahundreth 
 y res of age. 
 
 Shelles of fishes 
 fur houses. 
 
 Great pcarles. 
 Coyned guide and 
 silucr for uiunuyc. 
 
 Fishes of 
 monstrous 
 bignessc- 
 
 Lacha. 
 
 Pepper sotde by 
 
 measure. 
 
 Cuthny. 
 
 The Hand of 
 baiida. 
 
 The nutmeg tree. 
 
 M;icc. 
 
 The Ilniul of 
 
 t'litues. 
 
 Charles W.iine. 
 IVile Antartike. 
 
 Idolotert. 
 
 Camjthirfr 
 
 C Of the greate and ryche Ilande ^Sumatra, or Samotra, sometyme 
 
 called Taprobana. 
 
 |Ome thinke this Sumatra, to be that Hand which of the old \vriters is called Taprobana. It is 
 verye great and riche : and hath in it foure Kinges crowned with Diademes. They are 
 Idolaters; in religion, nianer of lyuinge, and apparell, not muche vnlyke the Kinge of 
 Tarnafseri. They exceade all other men in bigneffe of bodie. They haue greye or blewe 
 eyes, and are of cruell countenaunce, and terrible voyce. They are long lyiied and lyue euen 
 vntyl an hundreth yeares of age. The fea in certaine chanels is of fuch heigth and depth, that 
 no anker may come to the bottome therof The inhabitantes are great fyfliers on the fea, and 
 Iiaue great pleafure to take the flielle fyflie, called the Tortoyfe of the fea : of whiche, fome are of fiiche houdgo 
 bignes, that the flielle of one of them may fuffife to make a houfe well able to receaue a hole fixmelie. For 
 fome of them beare flielles of xv. cubites in length : and are therefore apt for that purpofe. The mod part of 
 this Ilande is burnte with heate, and hath in it many defolate jilaces and wildemelTes. There are founde many 
 and greate Pearles. For theyr money, they vfe coyned golde, fyluer and tynne. The golden coyne, hath on 
 the one fyde a deuils head grauen, and on the other fyde a chariot which Elephantcs draw. This region 
 bringeth foorth more plentie of Elephantes, of greater (lature, and a better broede, then are found in any other 
 place. In the fea about this Ilande, are often tymcs fene the great monflrous fyflies, and kynde of Whaks, 
 called Balene, which bring many incommodities to the inhabitantes. They are of fuch monflrous bignes, that 
 when they approche to the Sea bankes, they feeme lyke vnto hylles: they haue rough backcs full of fliarpc 
 prickes. And except men walke very warely by the fea bankes, they are in daunger to be fodcynly fwalowcii 
 vp of thefe monfters. Some of them haue fo greate and wyde mouthes, that they fometymes fwallowe whole 
 fliippes with the men. This countrey bringeth foorthe Lacha, Lacca, or Ladn, which fleyneth filke and clotli 
 in liigh redde or crimifon coloure. It is engendred in a tree, not much vnlyke vnto our walnut trees. Ther is 
 alfo great plenty of pepper, higher then is founde in other places. In their mother tonge pepper is callcil 
 Molaga. It is folde there by nicafure, as wheat is with vs, and not by weight. There is fo great plentie hereof, 
 that there are yearely certayne ftiippes laden tlierwith to Cathay, where ye aire is colder. From Sumetna to 
 the Hand of Banda, which is but rude and barren, and of playne and lowe grounde, whofe inhabitantes arc 
 barbarous, and liitle difi'eringe from bcafles, hauing lowe houfes, and no apparell but fliertes, barefoted and 
 bareheaded, with long heare, of defpicable flature, duUe witted, of no ftrength, and Idolaters. In^ foyle of 
 this countrey, oringeth forth nothing but nutmegges, and a few other fruites. The flalke or bodi of ye nutmeg- 
 tree, is not much vnlike ye flalke of a peache tree, bringing fortli lyke braunches and leaues, but fomewlwt 
 narower. Before tliefe nutts be rype, ye mace creptth on the tree, lyke a florifliing rofe. And when the nutto 
 waxeth rype, the mace embrafeth it round about. And fo they gather both together in commune, at a tyun' 
 appointed : for tliey vfe no diflribucion thereof, but he that gathereth moft, hath mofl. This tree bringcih 
 forth his frnyte plentifully without any arte of hufbandrye or tyllage. They are gathered at fuch time as wo 
 gather cheflnuttes. From this Hand within fixe dayes fayling, is the Hand oi Monuch, in the which clones .ire 
 founde, as alfo in other Ilandes, therto adioyninge. The tree whiche beareth clones, hath his flalke not murli 
 vnlike vnto the boxe tree, with leaues lyke the Cinomome tree, but fomewhat rounder. And when the cloins 
 beginne to waxe rype, they beate the trees with redes, fpreding fyrfl couerlettes or mattes vnder ye fame. 'I'lic 
 grounde where thefe trees grow, is of ye colour of cleye or fand. This region is fituate fo low, that ye fciKii 
 flarres called Scpttntiionts (being not farre from Vrfa maior, called charles wayne) can not there be feiu', 
 becaufe ye fouth pole (called pole Antartike) appeareth aboue the earth. 
 
 C Of the Ilande of Bornei. 
 
 He Hand of Bornei (which fome call Pome) is diftant from Monoch fiftie leages. The inhalii- 
 tantes are Idolaters, very cjuick witted, and of maner of lining not greatly to be difcommendod 
 Thei vfe not al one kynde of apparell. Some woarc fliertes of golTanipine cotton, fome 
 beafles fliinnes, and fome high cappes lyke niyters, of redde colour. This Hand bringeth 
 forth yearely great plentie of Camphora, called camphyre, whiclie they affinne to be the 
 gumme of a certa)n tree. Of this Ilande 1 wil fpeake more hereafter in the nauigacitms 
 toward the F.afl partes. 
 
^tyrne 
 
 '■obana. It is 
 ;s. They are 
 the Kinge of 
 reye or blewe 
 and lyue euen 
 nd depth, that 
 )n the fea, and 
 " fuche houdge 
 fixmelie. For 
 le mod part of 
 e founde many 
 :oyne, hath on 
 r. This region 
 id in any other 
 nde of Whaks, 
 us bignes, that 
 i full of fliariic 
 eynly fwalowcil 
 fwallowe whole 
 filke and cloth 
 trees. Ther is 
 )epper is calkMl 
 t plentic hercot, 
 rem Sumetra to 
 jnhabitantes arc 
 1, barefoted ami 
 Tn. foyle of 
 of ye nutniog- 
 but fomewhat 
 when the nutto 
 nine, at a tynn' 
 is tree bringcih 
 iich time as wc 
 ■hich cloues arc 
 ^alke not murli 
 •hen the cloues 
 ye fame. 'I'lic 
 IV, that yc fcucii 
 there be fcnc, 
 
 [Of the newe Indian as it is knowen & founds «S'c.] 
 
 23 
 
 The inhahi- 
 difcoiiimcndcd. 
 le cotton, fonic 
 Hand bringcth 
 irme to be the 
 tlie nauigacions 
 
 € Of the Hand of Giatia. 
 
 He Hand of Gyaua, is diftant from Boniei. v. dayes fayling towarde the fouth. This Hand is 
 fo great, yat it conteineth in it many kingdoms : ye inhabitantes ar geuen to idolatri. It 
 bringeth forth filke, which of it felfe groweth there jilentifuUye in the vooddcs. The precyous 
 (lone called Smaragdus (which is ye true Emerode) is found there more excellent, then in any 
 other place of the worlde. It hath abundaunce of golde and copper of the befl kynd. The 
 foyle bcarcth wheat and other come, with al kiniles of fniites in great plentie. When the 
 men of this countrie goc to the fea, theyr weapons are bowes, and arrowes of redes. They 
 vfe alfo to infect theyr arrowes with venime, and to blowe them oute of a tnmke as we doe pellets of clayc : 
 with the which yf they drawe neuer fo little bloud, prefente death foloweth immedia[t]lye. They haue alfo this 
 cullome, that when they fee theyr parentes by reafon of age to be vnprofitable, they bring them to the market 
 towne, and there fell them to the people called Anthropophagi, which eat mens flcflie, of whom they are incon- 
 tinently flayne, and eaten. The fame doe they with the yonger forte alfo, yf they fiill into any defperate difeafe. 
 
 C Of the Ilaud of Imta. 
 
 Here are two Tlandes of thys name, as laua the more and laua the leffe. The biggeft 
 reacheth forth toward the South, and is fayd to haue in it many kingdoms. The 
 inhabitantes are Idolaters and haue a peculier language. In this Hand is greate plentie 
 of pepper, Nuttemegges, Spikenarde, Galangale, and other fpices. Mani marchauntes of 
 other countrcies are wont to reforte thether, and geat great riches by ye fpices which 
 they carie from thenfe. In this Hand alfo are people called Anthropophagi^ which are 
 wont to eate mens fleflie. 
 
 C Of the Hand of Madagafcar. 
 
 His Hand is counted to be one of the greateft and rychede Handes of the worlde. The 
 inhabitantes are of Mahumets fecte as are the Turkes. It bringeth forth many Elcphantcs, 
 by reafon wherof there is greate plentie of luerye which is the Elephantes tothe. For it 
 is thought that there is no greater plentie of luerie, then in this Hand ;mu1 in the Ilaml of 
 Cuzibet. They eate the fleflie of none other beaftes, but onely of Camels, becaufe the Ilande 
 is full thereof, and alfo that it is founde to be more holefome for the people of that 
 countrey then any other fleflie. There are alfo in this Hand many woddes that bringc 
 foorth redde fiiiiders, for the which many marchauntes refort thether. In the fea about this Hand, great 
 whales are taken, out of the which amber is gathered. There are lions, leopardes, hartes, hyndes, goates, and 
 many other bealles and foules, by reafon whereof, they vfe muche haukinge and huntinge. 
 
 C Of the Hand of Zanzibar. 
 
 He Hande of Zanzibar, hath a peculier Kinge and language. The inhabitantes are idolaters, 
 and are of grofle and fliorte flature : but yf theyr hcygth dyiklt: aunfwere to theyr thick:nefl"e 
 and breailth, they mighte feme to be giauntes. 'i'hey are all blacke, and goe naked, 
 onely couering theyr pryuie partes. The heare of theyr heades, is merueylouflye corlde. 
 They haue greate mouthes, nofethrilles flyrtting vpwarde and wyde, with great eares 
 and cruell eyes. Theyr women are deformed by reafon of theyr greate eyes, greate mouthes, 
 and greate nofethrilles. They hue with milke, flefflie, ryce, .ind dates They lackc wync : 
 
 yet they make a pleafaunt drinkc of ryce, fuger, and other fpices. Many marchauntes reforte thether for yuerie 
 
 and Amber, for there is greate plentye of Elephantes and greate whales. 
 
 Silke growcllj in 
 
 wooiles. 
 
 The sninrngde or 
 
 ciiicrode. 
 
 Gu!tic and coppci 
 
 Arrowes of redes 
 
 Arrowes infected 
 with venime. 
 A str.inge 
 customc. 
 
 Anthtopophagi, 
 
 Spyces 
 
 Mahumctistes 
 
 Elephantes. 
 
 tueric 
 
 The Hand of 
 
 Cuzibet. 
 
 Camels tieshc 
 
 eaten. 
 
 Woddes oi redtie 
 
 Sanders. 
 
 Wlialcs 
 
 Amber. 
 
 l.ions, and 
 
 Leopardes. 
 
 r.iijpe men of 
 low stature. 
 
 People deformed 
 
 Kyce and Dates. 
 Drinke of tpicei. 
 Amber 
 
 K 
 
 t; 
 
24 
 
 'r 
 
 The Ilaiul 
 
 uf men 
 
 l*he lUiiJ 
 
 i.f 
 
 women- 
 
 
 Christians 
 
 
 Fishing. 
 
 Thf great Cham 
 uf Tartari 
 
 Famous cities 
 vndur the greate 
 Cham. 
 
 Manye wyiics. 
 NVhit natiirull 
 aflcctiuii may doe 
 
 A strange 
 cu&tume 
 
 The people of 
 Catltay. 
 
 Idoiutonn. 
 
 Money of paper 
 
 [0/ the newe India, as it is knowen & found, &c^ 
 
 € Of the two Ilandes, in one of the which dwell onely men, and in the 
 
 other onely women. 
 
 N the maync fca, there arc two Ilaiules, diftante the one from the other aboute. viiij. or. ix. 
 leages toward the fouth, fituate betwene the cytie of Adat ami Calicut. In one of the which 
 dwel onely men without the company of women, anil is called the llande of men. Antl in 
 the other dwell onely women, without men, and is calleil the Ilande of women. They 
 are Chriftians and contract matrimonie. The women ncuer come to the Ilande of men, but 
 the men are accuftomed to vyfyte the women once in the ycare, and tar)e with them 
 thre monethes continually, euery man with his owne wife in his owne houfe : after which time 
 they returne agayn to [tjher owne Ilande, where they remayne all the yere after. The women kcpe the 
 men children with them vntyll they bee xv. yeares of age, and then fend them to theyr lathers. The 
 women haue nought els to do, but to take charge of their children, and to gather certayne fruitcs. But 
 the men labour and haue care how they may fynde theyr wyfe and chyldren. They are exercyfed in 
 fyfliing, and fell fyflies both newe taken and olde dryed, to marchaunte flraungers, whereby they receaue 
 great conmiodities. 
 
 C Of the greate Emfiyre of Cathay, being vndcr the dominion of the great 
 Cham (whiche fomc call the great Can) Emperonre of Tartaria, in 
 
 olde tyme called Scythia. 
 
 He fuperiour or high India, whiche is nowe called Cathay, is a region exccdinge large and 
 of greate power, whofe Emperour is ye great Cham of Tartaria, hauinge vnder him many 
 Prouinces, people and Princes, and innumerable Ilandes in the great Eaft fea, called 
 the greate Ocean. He hath vmler his dominion great and famous cit'-v, as are thefe : 
 Cambalu, Qtiatquinajti, Mien, Cacaiifu, Canglu, Tadinfu, Tin^iii, anil dyi-.ers other. Among 
 the people of this countrey, one man hath manye wyues, whiche declart theyr loue to 
 their hulbandes after this fort. When the hufband is dead, euery om of his wiucs 
 pleade their caufe before a iudge, to proue which of them was mod louing to her hulband and belle beloued of 
 him : fo yat (lie which by the fentence of the iuilges is found to haue been mod (iiythful and diligente, decketh 
 her fclfe mode gorgioufly in all her fumptuous arayc, and procedeth like a Virago (loutly and cherefully to the 
 fire, where the corps of her hulbande was burnte, caftinge her felfe into the fame fyre, embrafmg and kilfing the 
 dead bodi of her huHjand, vntyll flie alfo be confumed by the fyre, whiche flie reputeth for an honourabli- 
 fepulture : whereas his other wyues are eflemed to lyue in lliame and infamie. They ioyne in mariage, neyther 
 in refpect of riches or nobilite, but onlye for loue and beautie : and rather for ye encreafe of poderitie, then for 
 pleafure. There is alfo another draunge cudome among thefe Indians : and yat is, that whereas the 
 poorer fort are not able to geue any dowry with theyr doughters to mariage, they bringe them forth, euen in yo 
 floure of their age to ye market place, with trumpettes and fuch other indrumentes as they vfe in the warrcs. 
 Where, the multitude beynge called together, the maydes fyrde of all, difcouere theyr backe partes, euen vp \o 
 the fhoulders, and after^vard theyr forepartcs in lyke nianers. And vpon this declaring their pouertie and 
 nakednes, are maried to fuch as lyke them bed. This people of Cathay, are of the nacion of them 
 which in tyme pad were called Scythians, a kind of men (as faith Haitho) of fubtill wyt : affyrming that 
 onely they fee with two eies, and that all other men befyde them are blind of the one eye. Theyr ([uickenes ot 
 witte is great, but their boading is more. The hole nacion is perfwaded that they greatly excel all other men 
 in fubteltie of wit and knowledge. The inhabitrntes are whyte men, with fniall eyes, withoute beanies, 
 and vtterly voyde of all godly knowledge. For fome of them pray to the funne, fome to the mono, 
 fome to Images, fome to an oxe, and fome to other monders of theyr phantadirall fuperdicion. They haue no 
 law written, and are of no faith. And albeit that in workemanfliip and artes they are manieylous wyftie, 
 yet haue they no knowledge of dyuine or godly thinges. It is a timorous kynde of men, and greatly fearinge 
 death. And are therefore in theyr warres, more politike then valient. In the warres, they vfe arrowes, and 
 certayne other kyndes of weapons vnknowen to men of other countreis. The monie which they vfe, is made of 
 a certayne paper, beeinge foure fquare, with ye Kinges ymage printed theron. Theyr houdiolde dufle is 
 
 i 
 
 •* 
 
\0f the newe India, as it is knowen & found, &c\ 
 
 , viiij. or. ix. 
 of the which 
 en. Anil in 
 imcn. They 
 ; of men, but 
 • with them 
 ;r which time 
 en kepc the 
 hthcrs. The 
 fruites. But 
 exercyfed in 
 they receaue 
 
 nge large and 
 ier him many 
 la foa, called 
 as are thofe : 
 ther. Among 
 theyr loue to 
 of his wiucs 
 :fl,e beloued of 
 gente, decketli 
 lerefuUy to the 
 and kifling the 
 an honourablo 
 ariage, neythcr 
 eritie, then for 
 t whereas the 
 rth, euen in ye 
 : in the warres. 
 :es, euen vp to 
 pouertie and 
 icion of them 
 [affyrming that 
 T (luickencs oi 
 all other men 
 loute beardes, 
 to the mone, 
 They haue no 
 leylous wyttio, 
 ;rcatly fearinge 
 arrowcs, and 
 fc, is made of 
 Uldc ftuftc is 
 
 
 of golde and fyluer and other metals. They haue greate fcarcencs of oyle. The great Empcrour of Cathay, 
 keepeth his courte in the riche and mightie cytie called Cambalu, being tlie chefeft citie of all the Empyre, anil 
 of fuch greatnefle that it conteyneth in circuite fixe leages. This citie is foiire fquare, fo that euery quadrature 
 or fyile of the wall, hath in it thre principal portes or gates. Alfo in all the corners of the walles, are veri faire 
 palaces, in which the artillery or armure of the cytie is refenied. The (Iretes are made very flreyght and right 
 forth : fo that from any one gate to the other beinge directly ouer againft the fame, a man may fe plainly 
 through the cytie, hauing ye houfes on euery fyde lyke palaces, placed in goodly ordre, mod beautifull to 
 behold. ^Vithout the cytie, there are twelue great 'uburbes, adherent to the. .xii. gates of ye cytie, whether the 
 marchauntes and (Iraungers, haue their continual recourfe as to ye burfe or ftrete. It can not be fpoken what 
 great abundaunce of marchaundife and riches is brought to [t]his citie : a man wold thinke that it were futlicient 
 to ferue all the worlde. Precious flones, jiearles, filke, and fpices of dyuers kindes are brought thether, 
 from India and Afangt, and other regions. There pafleth not a dayc in tlie yeare in which there are not about a 
 thoufand wayncs laden with filke which are brought to this citie by ftraimge marchauntes. ^^'hat greate pompc^ 
 glory, and forniture of all thinges, is obferueil in the Emperours courte, it can not be fpoken. He hath 
 in his courte twelue thoufand horfemen, whiche haue the cullodie of his body : and diflribute their 
 waytinge dayes after this order, yat whereas one of ye cajitaynes of this garifon with his thre thoufand fouldiers 
 hath wayted vpon the kinges perfonne, three dayes, another captayne in lyke order wyth as manye 
 menne fuccedeth in hys rowme for other three dayes, and lykewyfe an other after hym, executethe the 
 fame ofiyce. When the Emperoure maketh anye bankette, it cannot be faid what great pompe is 
 obfenied. He hath fytting at his lefte hand his chefell ([uene whom he moll eftemeth : and at his 
 right hand hys fonnes, and fuche as are of the kinges bloud : but thei fyt fomwhat lower and further of. 
 The other noble men which wayte not, fytte in a place yet fomewhat lower. All fuch as in the court fyt 
 at meat, vfe none other drinking cuppes then of gold, 'ihe Princes whiche wayte on the Emjicroure at 
 hys meate, haue all theyr mouthes coucred with fyne filken clothes, lead in any cafe they ihould blow or 
 breath on the kinges meate or drinke. And when the Emperour lifteth vp his cup to drinke, al the muficions 
 and minflrels that fland about him, playe on theyr inflrumentes, while in tlie meane time all fiiche as wayte on 
 hym, (loupe downe and make lowe curtefie. How great honoure is exhibited to this Emperour, and howe many 
 precious and riche prefentes are oflred vnto him by his Princes, Dukes, I.eauetenauntes and prefydentes 
 of prouinces, and rulers of cities, no man is able to exprefic, forafinuche as he hath vnder him in maner 
 innumerable Kingdomes, Prouinces, Nacions antl Dominions, which are on euery fyde about Cathay, and 
 acknoweledge him to be theyr onelye Lorde and King, whom they honoure and reuercnce as a great Goil 
 and migiui Mahumet. In what pompe and triumphant magnificence he iheweth him felf when he goeth 
 to hauke or hunt, and how many tentes he pitcheth in the feldc, which being fenc afarre of, a man 
 would thinke to be a greate cytie, he that dcfyreth to knowe, let him reade Paulus Vauttis, in the fecond 
 boke of hys nauigacions into India, where he flial find tliinges to marueyl at. In Cathay they make a pleafaunt 
 drinke of ryce and certayne fpyces, which in drinking e.xcelleth the fwetenes of wine. In many places they haue 
 great lackc of wood : In the (lede wherof, they digge out of the mountaynes a ccrtayn kinde of blacke (lone 
 whiciie burne in the fyre like coles, and continue fo long, that yf they be kyndled ouer night, they kepe 
 fyre vnto the morning. 
 
 C Ofccrtaine Prouinces and regions fubicct vnder the dominion of the 
 greate Cham Empcrour of CaXh^y. 
 
 Here pafieth through the kingdom oi Cathay, a certayne greate ryuer called Pulifathnites, which 
 
 emptieth it felfe in the great Ocean Sea, by the wiiiche ryuer, fliyppcs haue their paflage 
 
 into that lande. Ouer this ryuer is a very fayre bridge of marble, beyng in length three 
 
 hundreth pafes, and in breadth, eyghtc pafes, with, xxiii. arches, and grauen Lions on euery 
 
 fyde, adourning the rayles or higliell margentes of the fame. Erom hence it is not farre to 
 
 the fayre and greate kingdom of Tainfti, in the which arc many gooilli vyncs. For in the 
 
 kingdom of Cathay there growetii no wyne, but is brought thether from this region. In this 
 
 tkuigdome is greate vfe of manhaundyfe, and hath plentie of conning artificers, fo that al the armure which the 
 
 [great Clum vfeth in his warres, is made there. Toward the region of Man(;i, is fituate the ryuer Caromoram, 
 
 whiche fi»r the greate breadth and depth, halh no bridge. In this region is greate abundaunce of (linger, filke. 
 
 byrdes, and fpeciallye Phefantcs. Somewhat beyonde this, is the great cytie of Qiunquiuafii, beynge the chief 
 
 [cytie of the fume kingdome. In this region are founde many mulkecattes. This beall in this countreye, is 
 
 <5 
 
 25 
 
 Guide and Sylucr. 
 
 The cytie of 
 {Siimbiitu. 
 
 M.ircIuuKlyse. 
 
 Precious stunes 
 nnil spy CCS. 
 
 Note. 
 
 The kiDK of 
 OiMii_>' Ills court 
 
 The (Juciie. 
 
 GoKIcn pl.itc. 
 Workily glory. 
 
 Aliuin^ liK.I. 
 
 P.UlIuS ViMICtUS. 
 
 Drinke of lice .iiij 
 .spycub. 
 
 Diggcil cole 
 
 A Rfeatc briJge o( 
 m.irhlc. 
 
 The kingilomc of 
 Ttiinfu. 
 
 Coniiyngartirii cr» 
 
 Ginger. 
 QueNqMinafu. 
 Tlie nmske catt& 
 
 n 
 
a6 
 
 \Pf the newe India^ as it is knowen & founds &c?[ 
 
 i i 
 
 but lyttle and fayre, aboute the bignefTe of a meane catte, with grolTe heare lyke a harte, hauinge blunte clawes 
 on his fete, with two longe teeth in the vpper iawe, and two in the nether iawe : and hath nere vnto the nauell 
 Smet or muske. a bladder full of a certayne matter like vnto bloud, being of wonderful fragrant fauoure, and is the true 
 muflce. 
 
 C Of the Prouince of Mdingx, and merueylous cyties conteyned in the fame. 
 
 Marchandyse. 
 
 Salte. 
 
 Sylke. 
 
 Cloth ofgoKlc. 
 
 Ryce. 
 
 vi. M [^ix 
 thuusandj bridges 
 of stone. 
 
 The great citie of 
 
 Quinsai. 
 
 xij. M, [twelve 
 
 thouHandJ bridges 
 
 of stone. 
 
 Artificers. 
 Marchauntcs. 
 
 Common 
 banketinge houses. 
 
 A good prouysion 
 
 againste fyre. 
 
 Flesh of horses 
 
 eaten. 
 
 A prouision 
 
 against rebellion. 
 
 A n thropophag i. 
 
 Hennes hauinge 
 heare in the stede 
 of fe titers. 
 
 The way from 
 Persia to Cathay. 
 
 The cytie of Loj . 
 
 The iomcy by > ! 
 ilcsertcfti 
 
 BUtcr w.itcis. 
 
 ! 1 I 
 
 |He Prouince of Afaiigi, hath in it many notable and great cities, in the whiche is great exercyfc 
 of marchaundyfe: and fpecially in the citie of Co'ii^angui, is folde great plentie of fait. In 
 the cytie of Paitchi, there is great fale of filke. In the cytie of Sianfu, is made great plentie 
 of clothes of goltle and filke. In the cytie Singtii is a famous market where great abundance 
 of marchaundife is brought by the ryuer. Nere vnto the citie of Caigui, groweth plentie of 
 blade and ryce, that it is caried from thence to the court of the greate Cham. In ye citie of 
 Siiigiii, are numbred to be about fixe thoufande bridges of (lone, hauinge fo highe arches, that 
 greate fliippes maye paflfe vnder the fame without bowing down of the mall. There is another citie called 
 Quinfai, which is fo fayre and great, that there is thought to be no bigger in al the worlde. It conteyneth in 
 circuite, a hundreth Italien miles, which make. xxv. leages. It hath twelue thoufande bridges of (lone, and thofe 
 fo highe that greate (liippes with the made (landing vp right, maye paflfe vnder. This cytie is fituate in a marifdie 
 ground, muche lyke vnto venes. Therfore if they (hould lack bridges, they could not paflfe ouer from the one 
 fyde of the (Ireete to the other. It hath innumerable artificers and many marchauntes. The cytezins \y\w 
 pleafantly, and fpecially the women, which are fayrer then in other partes oi India. Toward the South fyde of 
 the cytye, there is a great lake or poole within ye walles of the cytie, whiche conteyneth in circuite about, viii. 
 leages, hauinge about the bankes therof many noble mens houfes, very fayre both without and within. In the 
 middefte of this lake, there are two litle Ilandes and in euery of them a goodly palace, in ye which are refenicd 
 al fuche omamentes and veflfels as they vfe for theyr mariages and folemne feaftes, for whereas any of the 
 cytezins entende to make any great banket, or feaft, they bring theyr gedes to one of thefe palaces, where they 
 are honorably enterteined. In the (Iretes of ye citie, are certaine comon towres, into ye which, al fuch as 
 dwell neare therto, carie theyr goodes and (luffe, yf it fo chaunce, yat fyre be in the cide. The inhabitantes 
 are Idoloters : and eate the flelhe of horfes and camels, and of other vnclene beaftes. The great Cham hath in 
 this cytie a myghtie garifon to the intente to auoyde rebellion, thefte and murther. For on euery bridge there 
 wayteth dayly and 11:1,' -tlye. x. watchmen for the fame purpofe: and becaufe the Prouince oi Mangi is excediiig 
 large, the great Cham hath deuyded it into nyne Kingdomes, afllgninge vnto euery one a peculier Kyngo : 
 whiche are al of greate po\vre, and yet fubiecte to the greate Cham. One of them dwelleth in the citie of 
 Quinfai. In thys Prouince of Mangi, is an other Kyngdomme, called Fugui, in whiche the people eate mannes 
 fleffhe, fo that they dye not of any difeafe. They drinke the bloud and eate the flefhe of fuch as are flayne in 
 ye warres. There are hennes found in this region, which in the (Icde of fethers, haue heare much lyke cattes 
 heare of blacke colour: And laye very goode egges. 
 
 € Of the region of Tangut, and of the great desert es, and voyces of deny lies 
 hearde in the same, and of the Salamandra. 
 
 URom the Kingdome of Periia, there are two iourneyes to the region of Cathay. For 
 either the fouth fide mull be obferued towarde India, or elles to paflfe by the , lOuinccs 
 of Carcham, Cotam, and Pcim, Northeadwarde to the citie of Lop, beynge the greatcll 
 and mod notable cytie in all that region, lying betwene the F^d and the North at the 
 entraunce at the great defert. In this cytie, al fuche marchauntes, as entende to palTe 
 the defertes, make preparacion for all thinges neceflfarye for their youmeye : And red in tlie 
 fame, vntill they are well prouided of drong aflfes and camels to carye there vitaylcs, 
 And when in ye defert their vitayles begin to fayle them, they kyl their aflfes or leauc them there in tlio 
 wyldemes, becaufe they can no longer prouide them of padure, vntyll they haue paflfcd ouer the defcrte. 
 But they preferue theyr camelles, beecaufe they are fudeyned \vyth leflfe meate, and beare greater burthens. 
 In this deferte are often tymes founde bytter waters ; but more often freflihe and fweete waters : fo th.it 
 in maner euerye daye for the fpace of thyrtye dayes, a man maye fynde freflihe water, but that in fo 
 lyttle quantitie that it doeth not fulhce al the marchauntes whiche pafle that waye together. Tiiat 
 36 
 
\0f the newe India, as it is knowen & found, &c.] 
 
 27 
 
 deferte is verye full of mountaynes. And when you are come to the lowe and playn ground, the refidue 
 of the ioumey is all together by the f ides : it is throughout baren and (hluage, fo that it is not able to nouriihe 
 any beaftes for lacke of pafture. In tnis wildernes are often tymes heard and fene, as well by daye as by night, 
 fundrie illuflons of euyl fpirites. And therefore fuche as trauayle throughe the fame, haue ncdc to take great 
 hede lead they diflcuer or depart farre in fundre, or leafte any linger behynde his companie, afwel for that he 
 may hereby lofe the fight of them by reafon of mountaynes or hilles, lyinge beetwenc, as alfo bccaufe 
 there are heard voyces of deuyls, calling them that wander alone, by theyr proper names, conterfeyting 
 the voyces of theyr companie that goeth beefore, by this meanes withdrawing them from the right waye, 
 and bringinge them to dellruccion. There is often tymes heard in the ayre, as it were a noyfe of muficall 
 inftrumentes : but more often like the founde of drumdades or timbrels. This great defert being pafled ouer, 
 they come to the cytie called Sac/iioti, which is fituate in the enteraunce of the greate I'rouince of llui^tit, where 
 amonge certayne Maliumetiftes, are found a fcwe Chriftian men called Nejloriani of the fecte of Nejlorius. 
 Tliere are alfo manye Idoloters, hauinge theyr monafleries confecrated to tlyuers Idols, to which they 
 offre many facrifices and attribute greate honor to deuyls. And when a man hath a fonne borne, he 
 forthwith commendeth him to fome Idol, in whofe honoure he nouriflieth a ramme al that yeare, which 
 after that his fonne be twelue monethes olde, at the nexte feafte of the fame Idoll, he and his fonne 
 offre with many ceremonies. When this oblacion is finiflied, thei bringe the facrificcd fleflie to a place 
 ajipoynted, where al his kinfiblkcs being gathered together, they eate that fleflie with great religion, and 
 kepe the bones reuerently in a certayn veflell : but in the funeralles of tlie dead tliey vfe thefe ceremonies and 
 fuperfticions. Al the neighbors of the dead, prouycie that the dead corps be burned : which cullome all 
 the people of the Eaft partes do obferue. Yet fome of them kepe ye dead bodye by them certayne 
 dayes beefore they bume it ; As fome, feuen dales : fome for the fpace of a moneth and fome fixe 
 monethes, preparing for the fame a clofe cliefle, fo inuoluingc with cereclothe, and pouderinge with fpyces the 
 bodye therein inclofed, that no euyll fauoure maye parte foorth. Thys done, they paynte tlie chefte very 
 curiouflye, and couer it with a precious clothe, placinge theyr dyninge table harde by the fame, where they 
 dyne continually as long as the dead bodie is thus referued at home. And in the dyner tyme for the 
 fpace of one iiole hoiire, they fette wyne and meat vpon the chefte, fuppofing the foule of the dead bodye 
 to be partaker of the fame. The Region of Taiigtit, is verye large, and conteyneth in it many priuate 
 Prouinces, as the Prouince of Cainul, of Cinc/iilal, and Stichur, wyth dyuerfe fayre Cyties, whiche are all 
 Subiecte and obeye to the great Cham of Caihay. Some of tlie inhabitantes beleue in Mahumet : fome 
 acknowledge Chrifle after the herefye of Ntflorius. In the land of Chinchital, is a Mountayne oute of the whyche 
 is ilygged the myne of fl.cle and Audanici. There is alfo founde the Serpente called Salamandra, which 
 lyueth in the fyre wythoute any hurte. Of the lieare of this ferpent, is made a certayne cloth, which 
 being cad in the fyre when it is foule, is thereby made cleane and very white if it rcmaine there for ye fpace of 
 an houre. Such other innumerable and marueilous thinges, writeth Paulus tiaicliis that he hath lene and 
 founde in his nauigacions into thefe partes : of whom alfo I haue gathered thus muche, lettinge pafle 
 manye other thinges whereof he fpeaketh more at large. 
 
 C Here endeth the defcripcion of the Nauigacions 
 
 from Spayne to the neiue India Eaflward, 
 
 andfoloweth 
 
 Of the newe Ilandcs and India found in the Wejl Ocean fea, 
 
 from Spayne We/huard and Southwejie. 
 
 llliiKionsoreuyl 
 spiritei 
 
 VoicM of dcuylft- 
 
 Stmtinf.c noiscf 
 in tile ayre. 
 
 The cilie of 
 
 SachioH. 
 
 Christians 
 
 or the heresie 
 
 (if Xt'storius. 
 
 Monnstcrics of 
 
 Iduluten. 
 
 A itrangc custome 
 
 Ceremonies tn 
 
 funerals 
 
 A grossc and 
 vaync iicrbwasion 
 
 The region of 
 Tartgut. 
 
 Mahunictistes. 
 
 Stele. 
 Siittimarttfra. 
 
 fau/iu I'eNi'/Ms 
 
 '1 
 
 f 
 
 » 1 
 
 v 
 
 «7 
 
 .,1 
 
Coiutnhts. 
 
 
 Orynt enterprises 
 have cut-r bcii 
 
 CnijIltCli 
 
 phaiUjMicall. 
 
 The fyrst viage 
 i)f ChrisUphortts 
 Colnmbm. 
 
 The Ilnndes 
 called GaM's. 
 Tlie llatules ci 
 
 lohitHua, 
 
 Hi spa Ha or 
 Hispamola, 
 
 Cold for earth 
 and glaKse. 
 
 The king of the 
 Hand. 
 
 Flylding without 
 the vsc of iron. 
 
 28 
 
 fl Of the newe India, 
 
 and Ilandes in the West Ocean Sea, 
 
 how, when, and by whom they 
 
 were found. 
 
 Hrijlophorus Columbus, .i Gentleman of Italic, and borne in the 
 citie of Genua, when he had been longe conuerfaunt in the Kyng 
 of Spaynes courte, he applyed hys niynde to fearche vnknowen 
 partes of the worlde. And for his better furtheraunce herein, 
 made humble pcticion to the kinge, to ayde him in this his 
 enterpryfe, which doubtleflfe flioulde redownde to his great 
 honour, and no little commoditie to all the hole countreye of 
 Spayne, yf by his hulpe and charges, he might fynde new regions. 
 But the Kinge and Quene laughed him to fcorne, faying : that 
 his yniaginacion was but vayne and phantafticall. At the length, 
 cyght yeares beyngc passed ouer, and Columbus flyll perfiftingi.' 
 in his purpofe and fute, the Kyng began to geue eare to his 
 talke, and after nniche reafoninge and debating of the matter, 
 determined to trie the witte of the manne. And there vpon 
 commaunded a foyfl and two brigantines to be furnifhed with 
 all kynde of ordinaunce and vitalyes: which being pre- 
 pared, the fyrfl, of September, in the yere of Chrifl. 1492, Columbus departed from the coaftes of Spayne, and 
 wente forwanle in his viage longe dcfyred. And when he had paiTcd the Ilaniles called Gades, he diuertud 
 toward the fortunate Ilandes called lufuU Fortuiialte, which arc now called Caiiarue, bccaufe they are full of 
 dogges. They were in time pad called Fortunate, for the cxcellcnte tempcratenes of the ayre, and greate 
 fni}tefulncs. Columbus departinge from henfe, fayled towarde the AVefle, and at the length founde certaync 
 Ilandes, of the whiche two were \ery greate, wherof the one he called Ffijpana, and the other lohanna. 
 
 C Of the two Ilandes lohanna ami Hifpana. 
 
 jlS Columbus came to the Ilande whiche he called lohanna, he hearde a menicylous fweete no) fc 
 of innumerable byrdcs, and efpeciallyeof Nightingalcswhiche wandred in the thicke wooiklcs 
 in the Moneth of Nouembre. He founde alfo moofte fayre Ryuers, fwete to drinke, and many 
 goodly hauens. And as he fayled by the codes of the Ilande Southwefte warde, and coulde 
 fynd no ende, he thought it had been the niayne land, and therfore detcrmyned to drawe 
 backe, being i)artly enforfed by roughnes of the fea : and thus returning fome what Kaftward, 
 he came to an Hand whiche heafierwarde cnWcA Hi/pa na, where arriuing to the land, he and 
 his companye was fene of the Inhabitantes of the Hand, which fodeinly fled into the thicke woodes: whom tlic 
 S])anyardes purfewingc, toke a womanne whome they brought to theyr fliippe, entreatinge her verye gentillyc, 
 fyllinge her with delicate meates and wync, and clothing her in fiiyre apparel, and fo let her depart: for thei uoe 
 naked, and are not vfed to delicates. And as this womanne returned to her companie, fome beyng moued l>y 
 the l)beralitie declared vnto her, came by greate multitr.des to the fea bankes, bringinge golde with them, wliidi 
 they chaunged for earthen pottes, and drinkinge glafles. Thus a further frendfliip by this meanes contractid. 
 the Spanyardes begonne more diligently to fearche theyr maner of lyuinge and maners, and fo vnderflotle that 
 they had a king. And therefore entering further into the Hand, they were honorably receyued of the kin(^. Thei 
 vewyde their houfes, and merueyled to fee them fo bylded without the vfe of Iron, which they are vtterly without: 
 in the (lede whereof they vfe a certeyn ftone, whereith the cut and fawe theyr timbre. 
 
 i i 
 
[0/ the neive India, and Ilandes in the IVest Ocean Sea^ &c?^ 
 
 29 
 
 « Of the people called C2ixC\hv\^s or Anthropophagi, 'K'hich are accujlomed 
 
 to eate mansflejlie. 
 
 |Mcras the people of the forenatned Ilandes, fled at the fight of our menne, the caufe thereof 
 was, that thty fufpectcd them to hauc l)ct'n Canibals, that cri' a and fcarfe people which eate 
 mans fleihe, which nacion our men had ouerpaflcd, leaui"^ ge them on the fouthfydc. But 
 after they had knowiidge of the contrary, they made greuous compiaynt to our men, of the 
 htaftly and fearfc miners of tliefe Canibales, whicli were no lefle cruel agaynll them, then 
 tlie Tyger or the I._\uii agaynde tame bcalles. Declaring furthermore, yat when foeuer they 
 take any of them vnder the age of .\iiij. yeares, they vfe to gelde them, and francke them 
 vntyll tiiey be very fat, as we are wont to iloe with capons or hennes: and as for fuche as drawe towarde. xx. 
 yeare olde, to kyll them forthwith and pull out theyr guttes, and eate the fame freflie and newe, wyth other 
 extreme partes of the bodye, pondering the rcfiiUie with falte, or keping it in a certayne pickle as we do iegottes 
 or fanfages. Yet eate they not the women, but referue them to encreafe, as we doe hennes to lay egges. And 
 if thei take any old women, they kepe them for drudges. And therfore when the Canibales make incurfion, the 
 peojile of thefe Ilandes llye with all fiictle. For albeit they vfe arrowes, yet are they not able to refyfte theyr 
 fearfenes. 
 
 C Of the maners of the inhabitantes of the /land of H'lfpana. and of fuche 
 
 thyngcs as are found there. 
 
 He inhabitantes of this Ilande, vfe in ye ftede of bread, certayne rotes like vnto nauie rotes, 
 hauing the tad of foft and grcne chellnuttes. Clold with them is in eftimacion, for they hange 
 certayne peces therof at their cares : they go not out of ye limities of their own contrie, nor 
 exercife any marchandife with ftrangers : thei gather gold in ye fandes of a ccrten riuer which 
 fpringcth out of veri high montainesi They gather it with great laboure and melte it and 
 cade it, fyrfte into maffes or wedges, and aftenvarde into brode plates. They haue no foure 
 fotcd bcaftes, except connies : they haue ferpentes of monllrous greatnes, but without hurte 
 or venime. They haue alfo wylde turtle doues and duckes, muche greater then ours, and gefe whyter then 
 fwannes, Ciuing yat they haue redde hea(' s. Thei haue alfo many popingiayes: fome grene, fome yelowe, 
 and fome not muche vnlyke them of Inilia, with redde circles about their neckes. This Hand bringeth forth 
 alfo Majlix, Aloe, and fuche other gummes: and efpecially certayne redde graynes, which are fliarper 
 then pepper. 
 
 C How Columbus, after he had found ne^v Ilandes, returned agayne to 
 Spayne, ivhere prepay inge a newe nauie, he toke his viage to 
 
 ye Canibales. 
 
 Olumbus, not a little ioyeful of the landes newly found, the fpring tyme drawing nere, he 
 determined to retunie to his countrey: leaning with the king of the Hand. 38. men wliich 
 (liould diligently fearche the fituacion of the Ilande, the maners of the people, and the 
 natures of trees and fruitcs. But he, hoyfeninge vp his fayles, directed hys viage towarde 
 Spayne, bringing with him tenne menne of the fayd Ilande, to th[e]ende that they mighte 
 leame the Spaniflie tonge, which they might eafely doe, becaufe al the wordes of theyr 
 language may well be written with our letters. Columbus, after thys his returrr, and fortunate 
 fucceffe in his fyrfte viage, was honorablye receyued of the Kynge and Quene, and greatlye magnified with 
 innumerable glorious tittles : willinge that he fliould no more thenceforth be called Columbus, but the Admiral 
 of the great Ocean Sea: and prepared for him towarde his fecond viage. xvij. foiftes and. xij. brigantines, wel 
 fumilhed with al kynd of artillerye and plentie of vitayles, and in them twelue hundreth men wel appoynted: 
 
 CtlHlbittft 
 
 Anthti't^'Phagi, 
 
 The fcnr^encs nf 
 the L'anibitlis. 
 
 Mahk fleshc 
 puudcreil. 
 
 Rootes In ye 
 stcdc uf bread 
 GulJines'iiiP.icion. 
 
 Howe glide is 
 gathreJ, 
 
 Serpents wythout 
 veiiime. 
 
 Popingl.?ye 
 
 Spices and 
 Giuunics. 
 
 The Indian ton( 
 
 Coiumhia, at hit 
 rutume, is made 
 Admiral of the 
 Ocean sex 
 
 The second viag« 
 of Columbus 
 
 I ■ 
 
 V « 
 
TT^ 
 
 . / 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 Ilia lUndeft of 
 
 Caxarid. 
 
 Tht Hand of 
 Damiuka. 
 
 Insula C -Hcii. 
 Liwrtet. 
 
 HuuHcs of ircc"*. 
 
 t<i bv iii.ulc lutte. 
 Fine cokerye. 
 
 Canihah'S alliircii 
 wylh lybcralitc. 
 
 Matinina An 
 
 Hand of women 
 onelye. 
 
 The names of 
 suudrye Ilandes. 
 
 Arrowes infected 
 u iili vciiime. 
 
 Afxhiptlogus. 
 Buchema 
 
 1^' 
 
 [0/the newe India, and //nudes in the PVest Ocean Sea, &c.] 
 
 Come alfo to fowe, and al kindes of feedes and plantcs. For, excepte pine apple trees and date trees, there 
 growe none in thefe Ilandes *hut arc knowen to vs. The Admirall toke alfo with him al fortes of Iron toolcs 
 to th[e]intent to byld tow-.cs and fortrefibs where his men might lye in fofcgardc. Therfore the firft day of 
 September departing froi.i the Ilandes called Gadis, with a profperous wind he arryued at the Hand of Canan'a 
 the fyrft daye of October: from whcnfc directing his viage towardc the Icfte hande, he faylcd toward ye South, 
 and at ye length came to the Ilandes of the Caniba/s. And becaufe he came thether on the Sundaye called the 
 Dominical day, he called the I land where he arryued, Dominica: which when he perceyued to be but tiluage 
 and rude, he iayled on further: and in twentie dayes fa) ling, came to another Hand replenilhed with al kindes 
 of trees, from which came a marueylous fragrant fauour: By reafon whereof, fome being allured by the pleafant- 
 nes of the place, went aland, where they fa we no kynfle of lyuinge beaftes, fauinge lyfertes of wonderful houdge 
 greatnes. 'I'his Hande he called IiifuUi Criicis, whiche was alfo an Hande of the Caniliafes, as afterward they 
 proued in dede. For as they fayled about the Hand, they founde ccrtayne lowe cotages made of trees, lyke 
 vnto (lagies. For they fet trees vpright in order round about, faftening poftes in them crofle ouer, where vnto 
 the trees cleaue fade, fo that by this meanes they cannot fall. They frame the roofes of thefe cotages, with 
 diarpe toppes after the maner of rownde tcntes. And lad of al, th y inclofe and couer thefe trees thus fet in 
 order, wyth the leaues of date trees, and certen other trees, to th[e]intent to make them a (Ironger defence 
 agaynft wynd and wether. And within the cotage, they tye the pofles together with ropes of bombage cotton, 
 and a certayne longe roote. They haue couches made, one aboue another, the flowres whereof they ftrawe 
 wyth heye and cotton. And as foonc as they hadde fpied our men, they fled incontinente. And when ourc 
 men came into theyr houfes, they found in theym certayne young men bound to poftes, and kept to be made 
 fatte, and lykewyfe many olde womenne whiche thefe Canibales kepte to be their drudges. They founde there 
 alfo earthen veffelles of all fortes, in which they fodde mens fleftie with popingiayes, geefe, and duckes flefhe, al 
 together in one veflell. They rofted alfo mans flelhe vpon fpyttes, refeniing the bones of the armes and legges, 
 whiche they vfe in the ftede of Iron, to piece and typpe theyr arrowes. For they are vtterlye without Iron. 
 The[y] found alfo the head of a yong man, yet bleding and faftened to a pofte. But certayne womenne whiche 
 had fledde from the Canibales to oure menne, the Admiral commaunded to be gorgioufly decked after the 
 maner of our women, and with manye rewardes to be fent agayne to theyr owne companye. By meanes 
 whereof, the Canibales beynge allured by the lyberalitie and gyftes of our men, hoping that they alfo fhoulde 
 be lykewyfe rewarded, came running toward our men : but when they drew fomwhat nere vntu them, they 
 fled immediatly into the nexte wooddes. And thus our men departing from thence, returned to the Hande 
 of Hifpana. 
 
 € How the Admirall pajfed manye Ilandes, and what thynges chaunced 
 to hym and his companie in that viage. 
 
 S the Admirall departed from the Hand of the Canibales, and went foreward on his viage, 
 he pafled by many Ilandes : among the whiche was one called Matinina, in whychc 
 dwell only women, after the maner of them, called Amazones, as he learned of the men 
 of the Ilandes which he brought with him into Spayne at his fyrfte viage, and faucd 
 them from the fearfenes of the Canibales. He paffed alfo innumerable other Ilandes of 
 which to fome he gaue names, as Mons Farratus, SanHa Maria rotunda, Sanfla Martiniis, 
 SafiHa Maria antiqua, and SanHa Crtix, Into the which oure men entering to th[e]intent to 
 fetche freftie water, found foure Canibales, which had taken foure yonge women: who, as foone as thei 
 had fpied our men, wringed theyr handes, feming therby to defyre ayde of oure men : at whofe cominj; 
 to delyuer them, the men fled into the woodes and left the women. Shortly after, our men faw a bote coming on 
 the fea with. viij. men and as many women : with whom oure men bickeringe loft one of theyr companions, 
 by reafon that thefe barbariens are accuftomed to infectc theyr arrowes with venime : yet oure men preuaylcd 
 and flewe parte of them, and broughfe the refydue by forfe to the Admyrall. As they departed from 
 hence, they found many other Ilandes, but fuch as they could not come to for the roughnes of the fea 
 and multitude of rockes. But fome of the fmalleft brigantines which drewe no great depth, went fomewhat 
 nearer, and noumbred aboue feuen and fortie Ilandes, and called the place Archipelagus. Sayling from hence, 
 they found another Hand called Biickema, into the whiche ye Canibales make fundry incurfions, by reafon 
 wherof the inhabitantes are at continual warre with them. Thus at the length, the Admiral with his hole nauie 
 returned to the Hand of Hifpana : but in an euyl tyme. For they which he hadde lefte there for a 
 
 ! I 
 
\pfthe newe India, ami Ilandes in the IVest Ocean Sea, &c.] 
 
 31 
 
 trees, there 
 Iron tooles 
 firft day of 
 of Canaria 
 d ye South, 
 e called the 
 but laluage 
 th al kindes 
 Lhe pleafant- 
 :rful houdgc 
 erward they 
 f trees, lyke 
 , where vnto 
 cotages, with 
 s thus fel in 
 nger defence 
 ibage cotton, 
 if they ftrawe 
 id when ouro 
 )t to be made 
 founde there 
 ekes flelhe, al 
 es and legges, 
 without Iron, 
 menne whiche 
 eked after the 
 By meanes 
 :y alfo (houUle 
 to them, they 
 to the llancle 
 
 taunced 
 
 on his viage, 
 (I, in whychc 
 1 of the men 
 e, and faucd 
 er Ilandes of 
 t<7a Marthius, 
 th[e]intent to 
 foone as thei 
 rhofe coming 
 ite coming on 
 companions, 
 len preuayled 
 eparted from 
 les of the fea 
 [ent fomewhat 
 from hence, 
 [ns, by reafon 
 tis hole nauie 
 there for a 
 
 garrifon, wer. all dead : as were alfo they whiche he toke with him from the fame Ilande into Spayne to 
 vfe them lor intrcprctou.s. Of whiihc feuen dyed by chaunge of the ayro. One of them was pcnuitted of the 
 Adminill to departe, when the nauie came neare to hys countrey. The rcfiduc dole awaye priuclye, and 
 fwamnie to landc : but the Admirall doubting whether all his men were dead or no, whiche he Icfte in 
 the Ilanil, commaunded certayne ordini,mcc to be (hot of, that by the noyfe thereof they niyghte haue 
 warning to come forth, yf any laye lu' .inge in corners : but none appeared, whofe fatall tlayes had 
 fyniflhed theyr lyfe. At the len'j'.ii, the kyng of the Ilande bcyng thcrto enforfed, declared the hole 
 matter to the Admyrall as ,.oll as he coulile by interpretours : atTyrming that there were in the llanil 
 other Kynges bcfyde him : and of greater power then he, which were fore otVendcd that the Spaniardes 
 hadde fubdued the Ilandes: and in reuenge therof, came to the town where tlie Spaniardes lay, which 
 they ouercame and burnt, and flew al the men therin : and that he alfo at the fame conflicte, taking part 
 with or.r men, was fore wounded with an arrow on the arme, for the better tryall whereof he bore hys 
 arme in a towell, becaufe it was not yet hole of that wounde. But fliortelye after they had knowleilge, 
 that the King f;>3:ied this tale : fo that he hardely efcaped the handes of the Admiral, who was determyned 
 wy h fome kynd of punifliment to haue examined him further. But he fufpecting the matter, fled into ye 
 inner partes of the lland, declaring therby, that he was the dearuction of our men : whom, certayn of 
 our companie, jjurfuinge, founde manye marueylous thingcs : and efpeciallye ryuers in whiche is founde muche 
 golde, and a mountayne, whofe fande is fparkeled with gold. In this place, the Admiral bylded a citie, which 
 he compaflcd about with a walle. And departing from hence, he fearched almoft all the Hand : in ye 
 inner partes wherof he bylded a towre, and named it S. Thomas towre, whiche he made to th[e]intent that 
 he might the more fafely fearche out the fecretes of fo plentifull a region, and efpecially the gold mines of the 
 fame : and thus leauinge a garrifon there, he departed, takinge with him three foyfles, wherwith he fayled to 
 feke newe Ilandes, and came firfl to the Ilande of Cuba, and from thence to /amaica, being greater then Sicifia, 
 very fruytfuU and wel inhabited. Which, when he had vewed, he departed from thence, and fayled about the 
 fea codes where he fawe innumerable other fmall Ilandes, flandinge fo thicke, that the (hip was in maner 
 borne a landu : and was therfore enforfed to returne home, the (ame way which he came. 
 
 C HoTi) the spaniardes abufed the fubmij/ion and frendejhippe of the 
 
 inhabitantes of the Ilandes. 
 
 N this meane tjine, the Spaniardes which the admiral had left in the iiand of Hifpana, 
 had cuyll entreated the inhabitauntes : fo that for wante of vitayles and foodc, they begonne 
 to famyne : iniputinge the fault hereof vnto the Chriftian men, which had digged vp al the 
 rootcs wherwith thei were accuftomed to make theyr bread. And whereas they yet per 
 ccaued, that ye Chriflien men entendeil to continue there, thei fent an anibafladour to the 
 admiral to defyre him to rellrayne the outragioufnes and crueltie of his men, at whofe handes 
 they fullained fuch iniuries and violence, as they fcarcely loked for at the handes of mortal 
 enemies. Dedaringe further, that vnder the pretence of feking for gold they committed innumerable wronges 
 and mifchieuous actes, fpoyling in nianer all the hole region : and that for the auoyding of fuch enormities and 
 oppreflTions, they hadde rather paye tribute, then to be thus dayly vexcil with incurfions, and neuer to be at 
 quiete. Vpon this coniplaynte it was agreed, that they flioulde paye yearely tribute to the Chriftian king and 
 that they (hould applie them felues to gather and encrcafe theyr rotes, whiche were to them in the ftede 
 of flowre and wheat, and fo confumed that with great labour they coulde fcarcely fynde any in the wooddes. 
 They payde therefore for their tribute, euery thre monethes, certayn pound weyghtes of gold : but fuche as had 
 no gold, payde fpyces, and golTampine cotton. In the meane time the Spaniardes, who fliould haue been 
 occupied in digging for golde, gaue them felues to play, wantonnes and idlenes, contemning, and falling 
 into hatered with their gouernour, by which theyr licentioufnes, the people of the Hand beyng prouoked, became 
 more difobedient and wyld, degeneratinge from al kind of honeftie and faithfulnes : yea ye fpaniardes alfo 
 became fo negligent in feking for gold, yat fometyme the charges exceaded the gaynes. NeuerthelelTe in the 
 yere of Chrift, 1501. they gathered within ye fpace of two monethes twelue thoufand poundes weyght of golde. 
 But the Admirall appoyntinge his brother Bartholomeus Columbus, to be gouernour of the Hand, he in the 
 yeare. 1495. determined to retume to Spayne, to certifye the kyng of al thefe matters. In which viage, 
 he manfullye defended him felf in battayl againd the rebclles of certayne other Ilandes which had confpyred 
 agaynft. the Spanyardes. 
 
 C'haunft of ayra 
 i> dauotfiruiu. 
 
 The kins 
 tliiisL-nililcih with 
 the AihiiyralL 
 
 noldrruunil in 
 riuer» iind 
 niountaincfc 
 
 The Ilandes 
 nf Cub<i and 
 lamaUa. 
 
 A multitude uf 
 lUndeft 
 
 The ciiicllie of the 
 Christi.in men 
 
 Cnieltie of 
 couetousncA. 
 
 Bread of rotes 
 
 The tribute of 
 the barbarians 
 
 Disoliedicnce 
 foluwcth Idlenct 
 
 Note. 
 
 Bartkohmriu 
 Columbui, 
 
 d 
 
 
 V 
 
32 
 
 \Pfthe newe India, and Jlandes in the West Ocmn Sea, &c.] 
 
 The liislinn "f 
 roiiic dtitiiilcth yc 
 wt.rl.l. 
 
 Hcs^ridi's or 
 Ciipnt ueridt, 
 I low the 
 Spnnyartlcs and 
 yc I'ortuealcs 
 deiiidcd tl)c world 
 bctwene them. 
 
 Cold and Pearles 
 
 The Eqninoitial 
 
 lync. 
 
 The ryucr of 
 
 Ct/iiut. 
 Tafrobana. 
 Samotra. 
 The great cytie 
 of Malaccha, 
 The regif^n of 
 Siuarum 
 The Ilandes of 
 Molucca. 
 Sayling into the 
 East by the west 
 The roundnes of 
 the erth 
 The firue land 
 
 Spices 
 
 The viagc from 
 the West vnlo 
 the E^te. 
 
 // merica. 
 
 The firme l*nA 
 
 Efgio 
 
 Biuraifttrum 
 Terra Fhrida. 
 
 The king of 
 ipayne si-ndcih 
 foorth shippcs. 
 
 The viafic of 
 
 M<tf^eltii*ius by 
 
 the west into ye 
 
 east 
 
 Ihc lUndcsof 
 
 Moiucca 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 caMaria. 
 
 Profttfltorium S, 
 
 Marie. 
 
 Canibnlea 
 
 The clcuacion of 
 the south potc. 415 
 degrees 
 
 The Ki-gion of 
 giaunte->. 
 
 € How the Porttigals fottght new Ilandes in the Eajl partes, and how 
 
 they came to Calicut. 
 
 N this meane tyme that ye Spanyardes foughte newe and vnknowen landes in the Wuft 
 partes, the PortugalcG attempted to doe the fame in the Eafle partes. And Icall one of 
 them Ihould be a lette or hinderaunce to the other, they deuyded the world betwene them 
 by the aucthoritie of the Biftiop of Rome, Alexander the. vi. of that name. And that on 
 this condicion, that from the Ilandes called Hcfpcrides (whiche are now called Caput ueridc) 
 the one (hould fayle Weflwarde, and the other towarde the South pole, thus deuyding the 
 world betwene them in two ecjual partes. So that whatfoeuer vnknowen landes (houkle be 
 difco;iered in thi; Eifte partes, the fame to be dewe to the Portugales : And all fucho as (houlde be founde in 
 the Weile partes, to appertayne to the Spanyardes. Whereby it came to pafTe, that the Spaniardes, euer by the 
 South, I'ayled into the Wefte, where they founde a large mayne land, with Ilandes great and litle innumerable, 
 hauing in them great plentie of golde and pearlcs, and other great riches. But the Portugales, by the Soutlu-, 
 and cofl.es of the Ilandes called Hefpcridcs, and Equiiionial lyne, and Tropicus Capricortii, came into ye Kafl, 
 by the goulfe called Sinus Paficus, euen vnto the code', of India, within the riuer of Ganges, whereas is now the 
 great market towne, and kingedom of Calicut. And from thence to the Hand of Taprobana, (now called Sumcfra, 
 Zamara or Snmolra) and fo forth to Aurca C/icrfo/icfus, whereas is nowe tlie great cytie of Malaccha, beyng one 
 of ye mod famous market tovvnes of al ye Eaft partes. From Malaccha, they ente-ed into a great goulfe, 
 by which they came to the region of Siuarum. Not farre from Ma/acc/ia, are the Ilandes called Moluccic, 
 in which al kyndes of fpyces grow c .ind are brought to the cytie of Malaccha. Bi t the Spanyardes hauing 
 knowledge what greate coinmoditie tiie Portugales had receyued by the Handes of Molucca attem[pjted to 
 proue yf they alfo might find the fame Ilandes in fayling fo farre Weftward toat they mighte at the length by 
 Weft and fouthweft come into the Eaft, as by good reafon they prefuppofed the roundnefle of the earth v.-ould 
 permitte, if they were not otherwyfe lette by the fyrme or mayne land lyinge in the waye and ftoppinge theyr 
 paflage, whereof as yet was no certeyntie knowen. And this dydde they to th[e]intent that by this meanes they 
 myghte more eafelye and ^vyth leffe charge bringe fpyces from thence into Spayne. Therefore, the mancr of 
 this viage was, that they (hould fayle from trie Wefte, vnder the loweft hemifpherye or halfe compalTe of the 
 earth, and fo to come into the Eaf.. A thinje furelye that myghte feeme verye harde to attcmpte, beecaufe it 
 was vncertaine whether that, moft prudente and bcneficiall nature, (who worketh al thinges with moll 
 high prouidence) had not fo deuided and feperated the Eaft from the Weft, partely by fca, and partciy 
 by land, that there might by this way haue been no jiafTage into the Eaft. For it was not yet knowen, whethir 
 that great region of America, (whiche they call the fynne or mayne lande) dyd fepcrate the Wefte fea from the 
 Eaft : But it was founde that that fjTme lande extended from the Weft to tlie South. And that alfo towards 
 the North partes were found two other regions, whereof the one is called Rc^io Baccalcarum, and the other 
 Terra Florida: which, if they were adherent to the fayde fyrme land, there coulil be no pafTage by the Wefte fcas 
 into the Eaft India, forafmuch as thcr was not yet founde any ftrayghte of the fca, whcrby any enteraum c 
 mighte be open into the I^aft. In this meane whiie, the kyng of Spayne beynge elected Emperoiirc, prcparcil 
 a nauic of fyuc fliippcs, oucr the whiulie he appointed one Ma^cllanus to be captayne, commainidinge him that 
 lie fhould fayle tow.mi .■ the coafles of the fayd fyrme land, dyrectinge his vi.ige by the fouth partes thereof, untyl 
 he had eyther found the ciuic of the fame, or e'les fome ftreyghte wherhy he mighte paffe to thofe otioriferoiis 
 Tlandes of Molucca, fo famoufly fpokcn of for the great abundaunce of fwcte fauours and fpices founde thi.Ttii' 
 The (liijipes therefore, beyng well furnifdied with al' thinges neceflarie, Ma::;clhiius departinge from Ciuile in 
 Spayne, ilie tenth d.iy of Auguft, in tiie yeare of Ciirift. 1519. came fyrft to ye Ilandes ot Canaria, ami 
 from thence to ye Ilandes calletl Hrfpcridcs: from wuiche dyrectinge hys courfe betwene the Weft .iml 
 the Eaft toward tlie fayd fynne land, in few daycs with ])rof|)crou:. fayling, he difcouered a corner or pL.}nt ^.^ 
 the lixyd mayne land, called Promoiitorium S. Mariie, where the people dwell, called Ctinihnlcs, whiche .iir 
 accuftomed to eate mans fleflie. From hence he faylcd on fouthwarde by the long tracte of this firiiu 
 land, which reacheth fo farre into ye fouth and extenc'.eth fo niany degrees beyond ye circle caileil Tropiiii> 
 Capricortii, yat the fouth pole (called pole Antartike) is there eleuated fortie and fyxe degrees. And 
 thus beyng brought into the Eaft, they faw certayn Indians gatheringe (liel fyflies by tiie fea bankcs : 
 beyng men of very iiigh ftature, clotiied with beaftos (kinnes. To whom, whereas certayne of the Spaniank -- 
 went a land, and (hewed them belles and payntcd papers, they begon to daunce and leape aboute tlu' 
 Spaniardes, >vith a rude and murmuring fonge. At the length there came three other, as thoughc tii' v 
 
[Cy the ncwc India, and Ihindes in the West Ocean Sea, &c.] 
 
 were ambafliidours, whiche by certayn fignes defyred ye Spaniardcs to go with them further into the land, 
 making a countenauncc as though thei wold inturtayn them wel, where vpon, ye ca[itayne Afd^v/Ai/ins Cent with 
 Iheni. vii. men well inrtructed, to th[e]intent to fearche ye region and maners of the peoijle. And thus 
 they went with them into ye defertes, wher tlfy came to a low cotage couered with wylde bealles 
 Ikinnes, hauing in it two manfions, in one of ye which were women and children and in the other only 
 men. 'I'hey interteined their gefl.es after a barbaros and beaflly maner, whiche neuerdieles fcnied to 
 them princelike : for they killed a beafl, not much vnlikc a wylde alfe, whofe fleflhe (but halfe rolled) they fet 
 before our men, wiihout any other kind c*" meate or drinke. Here were our men of neceffit'e conflrained 
 to lye al night vnder tliffe fkinnes, by reafcn of the great abundauncc of fnowe and wynde. And when it was 
 day, our men were very carneft. with them, and woulil in maner haue enforfed them to goe widi iliem to 
 the Ihiiipe: which diing thei perceauing, couered them felues from the head to the foote with tertayn horrible 
 bealles fkinnes, and paynted theyr faces with fundryc colours. Thus taking their bowes and arrowes, and 
 bringing with them other of theyr companie, of much greater llature and terrible afi)ect, then they were, they 
 (hewed them felues to oure men in araye, as thoughe they were ready to fight. But the Spanyariles, whiche 
 thoughte that the matter would haue comen to hand flrokes, commaunded a pii;ce of ordinaunce to be Ihotte of 
 The which although it dyd no hurte, yet thefe hardy giauntes, which a little before femed to be as bold 
 as though they durll haue made warr(; againfl. lupiter, were by the noyfe thereof put in fu( he feare, that 
 they foorthwitli beganne to entreate for peace. Our men entended to haue brought fome of thefe ( Jy.unitts 
 wyth them into Spayne for the flraungeni s of the thinge : but they all efcajied oute of tlicyr landes. 
 Mii;^ti/anui therfore vnderflandinge that it were vnprofyt.dile to tarie there any longer, and that alfo die fea was 
 very rough, and th. Aether ftormie and l)oyfle[r]oiis, anil that furthermore the lirme lande e.xttnded further 
 toward the u/ath, in lo muche, that the further they fayled that waye, they fl-.ould fyn<le it fo mu. Ii y colder, 
 he deferred hys proceding vnto [in?] the moneth of may, at whiche tyme, ye Iharpenes of winter, txccadeth with 
 them, when as with vs, fommer is begon. He found there greale plentie of wootl. The fc<t a/lfo minillred 
 vnto them grca'. abundaimce of flielfidie, befyde other fyllu's of fundrie kyndes. He fownd lykewyfe 
 many fpringes oi" freflie and holefome waters: and vfed Inintlnge and taking of loules. Only bread and 
 wync, was lackiage in the fliippe. The fouth pole was there eleuated forlie decrees. 
 
 C How Magcllanus by a Jirayght or naryoiu arme of the fea, fayled by the 
 weft into the Eafl to dy iters I landes: icheyc alfo he was Jlayne. 
 
 He wynter r ;w bein^ pad, the. xxiiij. day of Auguflo, MiX-^eHanits departed from the place 
 aforefayde, and fly 11 lolcjwed the tracte of the firme land toward tiie fouth, vntyl at the length, 
 the. .\xvi. day of Noueniber, he found tn that finne land, certayn ci|)en places lyke vnto 
 ftrayghtes or narrow feas. Into the wl.ich entring with his nauie, lu- (^juimaunded that 
 certayn fliippes flioiild fearche the goulfes on euerye fyde, yf .inye way or paffage might be 
 found into the Kail. Al tiie length, they found a certayn depe llraight, by the whidi they 
 were i)erfwaded yat there vvas enteraimce into fome other mayne !'e.i, infoimich diat Mag,il- 
 liVius attempted to fe.arche yt' fame. This flraiglit n.is found to be Ibnuiine (jf ye bredth of thre Italian myles, 
 runietyme ""two, and fonietime of tenne, and reached fomwhat toward tlie Well. The altitude or eleuacion of 
 ilie fouth puiv,' in this place, was founde to he. lii. degrees. They coulde fee no people ilering in the colles of 
 this entraunce Therfore jUii}^c//iiiiits feing thys lap.ile to be rough and filuage. and vnpleafaunt to abide in, 
 by reafon of extreme cold, he thought it not w rthye the trauayle, to fptnd anytime in fenhingihe fame, 
 'i'hirfore failing forward in his viage thus attempted by ye liiid ilrayghte, (which is now called the llrayght of 
 .\f(ii;il/tvius) he was thed)y brought into anot'ier mayn fea, \er>'e grcate and large. Tlie length of this llrayght 
 or n.irrow fea, is eflemed to be a hundreth fijaiiiflie miles. The land which he had on his right hande, he 
 (toubte<l not to be mayne lanile; and tliat on the lef hand, lie fii])[)(>fed to bee Ilandes. J/(/.i,''''/iw/.f fawe 
 l)kewyfe the fyrme lande to be extended directly towanl ye North; '■ herefore letting pafTe that great lande, he 
 Kiyled by that greate and large fe.i betwene the Well am. theN'Mh: and that for tliis intente, that at the length 
 he might by the Wefl come into liie Kafl, and agayne vnder the burning lyne < ailed Zv/,r 'J'orriihi, beynge well 
 alVuretl that the Ilandes of Afoiiuut (which he foiiglUe) were in the I'^ilU , and not i'arre from the F.ciiiiih^flial lyne. 
 When thry hadde thus fayled tortie dayes, and came now .igayne vnder the line or cirde called 'J'rcf'iais Capri- 
 (I'lni, they founde two lyttle Ilandes inhaliyted, but very barren, and therfore called them inforlunate Ilandes. 
 Uepartinge from thence they faileil on for a great fpace, and found a certaync llande which ye inhabitantes called 
 
 33 
 
 Colnge^ couered 
 
 with T)caslc» 
 i>kiiti)c». 
 
 Onngtr. 
 
 Almint.iiipce of 
 
 The rii.Ttintf^ jr« 
 (JUlte tu dygliL 
 
 Kxtrcm« winler 
 lu tiuy<:. 
 
 The ^'Hiiti |K*!»* 
 1 atcuitc.:tl.Ucgjcci 
 
 
 The altliiiHr ..f 
 ihv ^nuth \nj\*^ hi. 
 
 The main scA 
 t>cyoiti1 itic 
 hlrayghtc^. 
 
 The fyrmc Litd. 
 
 The liur.inf lin* 
 Torrid t /(««*•. 
 
 MclH* .< 
 Tropi ut 
 ca/rtt arni. 
 
 uf 
 
 iph 
 
 i 
 
 ¥ 
 
 M 
 
 U ; 
 
 1 
 
 i. 
 ^ ■ 
 
 i 
 
 r\ 
 
 1 ' \ 
 
 
 1' 
 
 ;■ 'til' 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
34 
 
 \0f the ueivc India, and Ilandcs in the IVest Ocean Sea, &c.] 
 
 Tlie n.iml of 
 The ll.m.l.scf 
 
 <;,i,/is cmiiciI 
 
 C.tlcs M;ilcs. 
 Adit tn. 
 
 JIfiistitnii. 
 Sui'Ulli. 
 
 nrc.nl of llic 
 triiitkc of (rct-s. 
 llruikcf llic 
 ilr>ipiiiii>; iifdatc 
 tri'cs. j 
 
 Guide and (iiiigcr ' 
 
 Jtftlt:i-//tftus U 
 klayiiu. 
 
 Tlic new 
 
 c.tpt.llllc Srrritniis 
 i> l>vlraicd uf hik 
 bundtlian. 
 
 The khiK of 
 
 ag.iyn'ft the 
 Siwnyardcft. 
 
 Tlie rnpt.iyne 
 Scrmnu!* u uken 
 
 pri sutler. 
 
 The Il.initc* '.f 
 Silo/i. 
 
 Peace .tfiil IiilL-nc', 
 
 Itrcad uf Ktcc 
 
 CMMphire 
 
 r<MrIc^ .IS hiK;:e 
 (IS tllritu d<jlte!i 
 eKl(<!». 
 
 A mnnnloun big 
 •helflnha 
 
 Cihna 
 M< ri »iih 
 hanging c.ire^. 
 
 Inuagana, where ye eleuacion of the Northe pole, (called pole Artike) was. xij. degrees: And the length from the 
 Ilanik's called Gadcs,hy the Wefte, was iudged to bee. c.lviii. [one hundred and fifty-eight] degrees. Thus preceding, 
 they faw d yuers other I landes, and that fo nianye, that they fuppofed they had been brought into a great fea lyke vnto 
 that callctl Ari/ii/>i-/t7^us, where with fygnes and poyntinges (as the dunime are wont to fpeake with the dumme) 
 they alked of tliefc Indians, the names of the Ilandes, whereby they learned that thei were in Aiafaii, and not 
 farre from the Ilande railed Si'/ani, wel inhabited and repleniflied with abundaunce of al thinges ncceffarie for 
 the commodities of this life. Sayling therfore toward the Ilande of Sc/ani, thei were with a contrary wind 
 driet'en on the Il.md of J/I?//(;//(7, from whenfe they came to the greate Hand of Siil'iif/i, where ye Spanyardes 
 were wel '.-nterteyned of the Kinge of the Hand, who brought them into a certayn cotage, and fet before them 
 fuch delicates as he hadde. Theyr bread, was of the tnmke of a certen tree, cut in pieces, and fried with oyle. 
 rheyr drinke was of the hunioure or ioyfe which ilroppeth out of the braunches of the date trees, when they are 
 cutte. Tlicyr meate was fuche as they toke by foulinge, with fuch fruites as the contrei brought forth. This 
 Ilande was very riclie of gokl and ginjjer. In thefe partes Mtij^dlamis made warre agaynfle the inhabi 
 tauntes of certayne other Ilandes: In whiche conflicte, the fpaniardes hauing the ouerthrow Miij;cllanus w;is 
 flayne with feuen of hys men. When the Spaniardes hadde thus loft theyr captayne, they elected a new 
 gouernoure of theyr nauie, ajipointing one loluiimes Scrvanus to that office. Miii^Miniis had alfo a bondman 
 borne in llie Ilamles oi Mo/itaa, whom he had bought in the citie of Afa/tta/ia. This bondman vnderftode the 
 Spanillie tonge: and where as the captayn Scrranus could do nothing without him, who now lay ficke by 
 reafon of the woundes which he had receaued in the fiiitl conflicte, fo that he was fayne to fpeake fliarjjely to 
 him and threaten to Iteate him or he could geat him out of the fliyppe, he here v])on conceaucd fo great hatered 
 and indignacion agaynfte the .Spanyardes, that he wente immediately to the Kinge of Suhut/i, declaring the 
 couetoufnes of the Spaniardes to be vnl'aciable, and yat thei wold Ihortely vfe cnieltie againft him alfo, and 
 bring him into fubiection and feniitude. The barbarous king beleued his wordes, and therwith pryuelye with 
 the ayde of the otlier Ilamles, confi)ired againft the Siianyardes, and toke or flew as many of them as came to 
 a banket wheretinto they were bidden vnder pretence of frendfliip. Among the which alfo, Scrranus the 
 Cajjtaine was taken priefoner. But the refydue of the Spanyardes which remayned in the ftiijjpes, bcyng taught 
 and warned by the euyll < haunce which befell to theyr companions, and fearing greater deceytes a d confjiira- 
 cies, lyft v|) their ankers and gaue wind to their fayles. In llie meane tyme was Serranus brought bound to 
 the fca Itankes, defiring his companions to delyuer or redeme him from that horrible ca|)tiuitie of hys enemies. 
 \\\\. the Spaniardes, albeit they toke it fi>r a diflionour, to leaue or forfakc theyr Captayne, yet fearing fraude or 
 furtlier ilillinndacion, they (iiyled afyde from that Il.ind, and came to the Ilandes of Gibft'' and IWiie. In this 
 mayne fea. wi re two great Ilandes, wlicrof the one was calleil Siloli, and the other Poi ■;< i.! . lefTe, where our 
 men were wel entreated. The inhabitanies of J'l'riir iionoure the funne and the mone: tlu v pe alfo a certayn 
 ciuile iuftice and frendly loue one to another. And aboue all thinges, defyre peace and yillenes. Therfore 
 theii (hieiV ftmlie is, in no cafe to molefte thi'ir neyghboures or ftraungers, or to be iniurious to anye man. 
 They haue lyttle houfes, made of earth and wixxi, and couered p.irtely with rubbiflie, and pardy with ye bowes 
 of date trees. They take as manye wyues as they are able to kepe. Theyr comon meat, is fuch as they take 
 by foulinge or fifftiinge. They make bread of r)'ce: and drinke, of the liquor whiche tlro])petli from tlie 
 braunches of date trees, rutte. Some vfe marchaundyfe in tiie Ilamles n< about them; fonie applie them- 
 fehies to luintinge and fyflhing, and fome to hufb.indry. Theyr apparell, is of Gofliunpine cotton. They haue 
 greate abundaunce of <ximphyre, ginger and cinomume. 
 
 C Iloict the spaniardes came to the Ilandes <>/■ Molucca, and of the 
 people ivith great hanging eares. 
 
 He Spaniardes takinge theyr leauc of the king of Ponii\ departed : dyrccting thc)'r vi.age 
 towarde the Ilandes of Mo/iiuu. whiche were lliewfd vnto them by the fame King. Tluy 
 c^ime fyrft to the coftes of the Ilande called Si>/,>, where are found Pearles as bygge as 
 turtle tloues egges : but they are gathered in the depth of the fea. The inhabitantes 
 of this Ilande, at fuche tyme as the Spanyardes came thether, toke a flielfyfflie of fuche 
 houdgc bignes yat the fliflie therof wayed. xlvij. jioimd weyghf. Wherby it is apparaunt yat 
 great pearles fliould be found there forafmuch as pearles are the byrth of certayn flielfirties. 
 From hence thei came to the Hand of Giloiia, in which are certayn people hauing hanging cares of 
 fuch length, that they hang downe to theyr (boulders. Wherat as the Spaniardes marueyled, the men 
 
\0f the newe ImHa^ and Ilamks in ilie West Ocean Sea, &c\ 
 
 of the Hand tolde tliem, that not farrc from thence was another Hand in wliich were a kind of men, not onely 
 with hanging eares, but alfo with cares of fuche breadth and length, that witli one of them tliey myghtc ct)uer 
 theyr hole head. But the Spanyardes, who foughte for gold and fpyces, and not for monders, fayled dyrcctly to 
 the Ilandes ol Molucca, where they arryued, the eyghte nroneth after the death .if their gouernour Mtii^Mviia. 
 Thefe Ilandes are fyue in noumbre, the names wherof are thefe Tharant, Miit/ii/, T/niiori, Mare, and Malh'un. 
 Some of them are fytuatc on thys fyde the Equinonuxll lyne, fome vndei' it, and fonie beyonde it. Some 
 bearc clones, fome Nutniegges, and fome Cinomome. They are not farre diftaunt the one from tht; other. 
 They are but litUe and narowe. The inhabitantes are very poore, becaufe ther is no en< reafe of anye 
 other thinge fauing onely of fpyces. They lyue with bread and fyflie, anil fometime popingiayes. They 
 hirke in lowe cotages : And in fyne, all thinges with them are defpicable and vile, l.efide peace, idlcnes, 
 and fpyces. In Tlicdori is great plentie of clones, as alfo in Taraiite and Afal/iifii. The trees whi( h bringe 
 forth clones, growe not, but on rockes and broken rlitiles, which fometime they grow fo thicke, that they 
 appeare lyke a lyttle woode or groue. This tree, bothe in leaues, biggenes, an<l heyght, is much lyke vnto the 
 baye tree. It beareth the fniite in ye toppes of cuery braunrhe. The budde fpringcth out fyrfl, and then in 
 it the tloure, not riuch vnlike the flourc of an orange tree. The clone is fyrft redde : but after beyng fcon hed 
 by the heate of ths fonnc, it is ma<le blacke. The inhabitauntes denide the groues of tluTe trees betwene them, 
 as we doe the vyncs. The Hand of Miif/ii/, bringeth forth cinomome. This tree, is ful of fmall braunches and 
 baren, bed lyking in a dryo foyle, and is very like vnto the tree, that lieareth the ])omgranale. The barke of 
 this tree, by reafon of the great heate of tlie fonnc, ryfing from the braunches, or bodie of the fame, is gathered 
 and dried at the fonne, and is fo made perfecte cinomome. Neare vnto this, is another Hand, called 
 Bidit, greater and larger, then anye of the Ilandes of Mo/ucca. In this Hand groveth the Nntniegge, whofe tree 
 is bigge anil highe, and much lyke vnto the wahnitte tree, for as is the walnutte, fo is this fruite ilefendeil with 
 a double coneri'g, as fyrfte with a grcne hnlkc, vnder the «liii he is a thiniie flcinne or rimme like a 
 nette, cncomiiaffing the Ihell of the nutte : wliich fkinne we i.dl tlie flowre of the nutnieg,L;i', but of the 
 Sjianyardes, it is called mace, an excellent and holefome fpyce. The other couering, is the fliell of the nutte, 
 within the which is the fruite it felfe, which we call ye nntniegge. (linger groweth here and there in all 
 the Ilandes of this .InVii/t-Aii^us, or mayne fea. Of thr whiehe, fume is fowen, md fome groweth of it 
 felfe. lint that which is fowen, is the better. The h« rbe of this, is lyke vnto that which beareth filli.ine 
 and hath hys roote, (v.biih is Ginger,) much lyke vnto the fame. In this meane time came two other fliyppes 
 ont of .Spayne : whereof the one fiyled directely to the poynte nf /}/>// ri'id, called Pri'moiitoi iiim /'oiuc /pti : And 
 ihc other by the greate mayne South fea, to the i lafles of that (ontinent or fvrme l.ind whereof we haue fpoken 
 herebeefore. It Ihallfufiyfe that we hanehetherio declared of thenauigacions wliche theSp:m)-.iriles .iiu inpted by 
 the Welle to fayle into the Eafle, by the ftrayghte of Mai^Mviiis, where the p.illage by Sea is open into tiic I'^lle, 
 by the continenle or fyrme lande of the newe worlde, called AnuriCii. Nowe therefore lette vs retnurne to tlie 
 other Nauigacions of Columbus, otherwyie called the Admyr.UI, wlio longe beelore was the lyrll fyniKr of 
 the newe Ilandi-s, and of the fayde mavne or fyrme land, and yet foundi.' not that llr.iyght or narow fea, b) tlie 
 which Ma^^illanus fajlei! from the Well into the Mall, 
 
 C The thyrdc uaiiigaciou ^Chriftophorus Columbus. 
 
 N the yeare of Chrill. i4r).S. Columbus the Admyral departeil from Sp.iMie with lyght foifles, 
 and arryued f)rll at the Ilandes of Mulcra, where he deuyded hys nauie into two partes. 
 For. V. of thefi' fliippes he directed to the Hand of /////<///(/; and with the refidiie, he filled 
 towarde tlie fouth, entendiiige to palVe oner tlie .l-ii/iiiuotluil line, and from theiife to tnriie 
 tovvarde the Wefle, to fear, he fuche landes as were hetherlo viiknowen to the Chrilli.in m< n. 
 ( oming therfore to Caput uaidc, he faile<l to the burning hue, calkd Totrida zona where he 
 foiiiul fo great heate, that he was in daimger of death ; but returiiiiige his fliy])pes towarde 
 the W'efl, he f</utid a inori' holefome ayre and (as i ,o<l woulde) came at the U n;;th to a lande well iiihabyted, 
 where there came agaynll him and his, a liote with. \\ iij. young men, armed with liowes, arrowes, ami Ihieldes, 
 couering only theyr priuie members with a clothe of Ciolfampine cotton, haning alfo very longe heare. The 
 .Thiiirall, (as well as he could by fignes) allured them to comninnicai ion. lint they trnlled not onr nun. fearing 
 foine dereate. The Admirall iiernaning that he could nought preu.iyle, by fignes and tokens, he deliriii'iKd 
 »iih Mufical inllrnmentes to appeal'e their wildnelVe. As tiie ininllrelles therefore blewe theyr fliaiilims, 
 the barbarous j)eo])le drew neare. fuf|)ecting that noyfe to bee a token of warre, whereupon they made ready 
 theyr bowes and I'rrowes. Hut the Spaniardes drawinge nearer \iUo them, cade ccrlayne apparell into theyr 
 
 35 
 
 The ^p.iny.inlet 
 arritie ;it the 
 I Kindles of 
 
 il/f'/jMiO. 
 
 The tree l!i.il 
 hcarcth i'loiii-s. 
 
 The cinomone 
 true. 
 
 The nuimi-g trie 
 
 Mace. 
 
 The mitincj:,;*. 
 
 Pt< K •ntntiutit 
 
 :i<lniyr:il, first 
 
 fllnil-T "if tliC IIL 
 
 1 Unties 
 
 The Ilindcs nf 
 ihyf>,in,i or 
 
 Create !ic.»tc\i'ilei 
 the turnttig lyne. 
 
 t' uiiting 
 
 I: 
 
 t 
 
 \ 
 
 M'il'! 
 
 \ ^ 
 
36 
 
 The faire region 
 
 of Pa Hit*. 
 
 Ould and Pcarlct 
 
 Fcarsc bc.istcs. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 refuse to obey the 
 admirsiL 
 
 [O/ilie ncwe India, and Ilandes in the West Ocean Sea, &ci\ 
 
 bote, willing by this token of frendfhippe to concile them, although all were in vaync. T'or they fled all awaye. 
 Wherefore the Adniyrall departing from thence, came to a region called I'arias, wel inhabited and ful of ciuile 
 people, declaring muche humanitie toward flraiingers. They flie.ved our men Pearlcs and Gold, and fuch other 
 riches, dcfyring them to come a land, where they gentelly entreated them. When our men a(ked them where 
 they had fuche jilentie of golde : they (with home poynting was in the (lede of fjiecch) declared by fignes and 
 tokens, that thei had it in certayne mountaines, and that thei coul<l not without great daunger refort thether, by 
 reafon of certaine fearfe beafles in thofe partes, and alfo becaufe of the cruell people called Caiiibaks, whiche 
 inhabite thofe mountaynes. But the Admiral, becaufe his wheate fayled, was enforfed to dejiarte thence. 
 Dyrectinge therfore his viage toward ye North eafte, he came to the Hand of Ilifpana, where he found 
 all thinges confounded and out of ordre. For the Spanyardes which were lefte in the Ilandes, refufed to obeye 
 the Admirall and his brother, mouinge greuous complayntes agaynfte them before the King of Spaine, and at 
 the length fentc them thether bound. 
 
 C Howe Petrus A\on{\xs fong/ite newe Ilandes. 
 
 Piintts 
 ( 'Hfta»(f. 
 Pearlcs for belles 
 and neJIes 
 
 Pe.icockes. 
 IMiusanU. 
 
 Tlic Region of 
 ( 'ariihiirtfs 
 The region uf 
 Ciniittiti 
 
 1'u.irleA 
 
 Ftcr that the Adniyrall hadde incurred the indignacion of the Kynge, manye of his companions, 
 fuche as hadde been broughte vppe with him, and were experte Sea mcnne, decrecde to 
 fearche other partes of the worlde yet vnknowen. Among which number was Petrus A/onfiis, 
 who with a fliippe wel furniflied, fayled to Parias, and from thence to Ciirtami, where he 
 begon to exercyfe merchauntlife with the inhabitantcs, receauinge Pearles for belles and 
 nedles. Entring alfo into the land, he was honourably entertayned. In their woodcs, he 
 faw innumerable Peacockes, nothinge vnlyke vnto oures, failing that the males differ litle 
 from the females. In this region are great plentie of Phefantes. Aloiiftis departinge from henfe, foiled to the 
 region of Canchietcs, beynge fixe dayes fayling from Curtami, toward the Weft. In this region is great abun- 
 daunce of golde, Popingiayes, GolTami)ine cotton, anil mofte temperate ayre. From hence he fayled into 
 another fruiteful region, but inhabited with wilde menne, which could by nogentilnes be allured to frendniip])e. 
 Departinge therefore from thence, he came to the region of Ciniima, whereas pearles are found in great jilentie: 
 but before he came tliere, he chaunced to come anionge the Canibaks: agaynft whom, difchargeing a piece of 
 ordinaunce, he droue them eafely to flight. But Alonfus laden with pearles, returned home into Spayne. 
 
 C Howe Pinzonus, companion to the Adniimll,fonght newe Ilandes. 
 
 Nakcil people. 
 GulU fur belles. 
 
 A conflict iK-twetie 
 the wild triett and 
 Ihe SpanyardcH 
 The Keginn of 
 
 \Vi»(Mics tif 
 
 Sanders. 
 
 The tree yal 
 
 bcarrlh Caisitt 
 
 JistuUi. 
 
 A inonstcrous 
 
 beaiL 
 
 \Itucr.tiuSy othervvife called Pinzonus in the yeare of Chrifte. 1499. prepared foure brigantincs, 
 an<l failed lyrft to tire Ilandes of Camiria, and from thence to CiiJ>nI ucriih'. From whence 
 directinge his viage toward the foulli farre beyonde the Ju/Niih>(liii/\y\\Q, he found men in a 
 certayne Ilind, but fuch as he could by no nieanes concyle viUo him. Therefore leauinge 
 them, he cniiie to another lande, in whiche were innumerable naked people, diflinuiling that 
 thei defired to ioyne frendfliip with the Spaniarde.s. And whereas one of our men cafte a 
 bell amonge them oute of the fliip|)e, they againe cafl to the Spanyardes a maffe or piece of 
 golde: which, one of oure companye fomewhat to bolde, atteinptinge to take vp, they fodeynlye toke him and 
 caried him awaye with merueylous fwiftenes; but our men leaning their fliippes, made haft to hel]) their fellowe, 
 in fo muclie that the matter came to handftrokes. This conflict was fo fliar|)e, that our men hadde much a doe 
 to efcape wyth theyr lyues, by reafon of the fearfenes of the barbarians. Departing therefore from thence, tluy 
 fayled toward the Northeafte, and came to the region of Puyrit, and to the Ilandes neare aboute the fame in 
 the whiche are woodes of fanders wherewith the marchauntes lade theyr fliipiies, anil carie it into other coun- 
 treys. In this Region alfo growe the trees, whiche beare Ciifsia Jljtiila of the befte kynd. 'I'liere is alfo foundc 
 a foure foted beaft of monllrous fliajje, whofe former parte is lyke vnto a wolfe, fauing that the feete are lyko 
 vnto the fete of a man, with cires like an owle; Hauinge alfo beneath his comon belye, an other belye lyke 
 viuo a purfe or bagge, in whiih he kepeth his yonge whelpes fo longe, vntyll they be able fafely to wander 
 abrode alone, and to geat theyr meate withoute tliC helpe of tlieyr parents. The whelpes wliile tiiey are very 
 yong, neuer come out of this bagge but when they fucke. This portentous beaft with her three whelpes, was 
 broughte to Ciuile in Spaine, and from them e to Granafa. 
 
gantincs, 
 whence 
 lien in a 
 Icauingo 
 ling that 
 1 cade a 
 piccu of 
 him anil 
 fellowe, 
 ch a (k)C 
 ice, they 
 fame in 
 icr coun- 
 [o fountlc 
 are lyke 
 |clye lykc 
 wander 
 are verv 
 pes, w.'s 
 
 \PJ the newe India, and Ilandes in the IVest Ocean Sea, &c.\ 
 
 €[ Of the fourc nauigacions r/" Americus Vcfputius to the ncivc Ilandes. 
 
 Vcrkiis Vcfputius, bcyng fent with ChriJlopJwrus Columbus, in the yeare of Chrid. M.cccc.xcij. 
 at the comniaundement of Ferdinando King of Caftile, to feke vnknowen landes, anil wel 
 indructed in ftiyling on the fea, after a fewe yearcs, fet forwaril foure viages of liys ownc 
 proper charges. That is to nitte, two vnder the fayd King Ferdinando, and two other vnder 
 Emanuel, king of Portugale, of the which he himfelfe wryteth after this maner. 
 
 € Thefyrjle viage ^Americus Vcfputius. 
 
 N the yore of Chrirt, M.ccco.xcvij. the. xx. daye of Mayc, we came with fourc fliippes, to 
 the fortunate Ilandes, called Injuhc jorlunahc, where the North jiole hath his eleuacion. 
 xxvij. degrees, and, xl. nimutes. And from tliencc witliin the fpace of. xxvii. dayes, 
 we came to a kmd more Wedwarde tlien the fortunate Ilandes, where the North jiole 
 was eleuate. xvi. degrees ; where alfo we founde a nacion of naked people, of innumerable 
 multitude, whiche as fone as they fliwe vs, fled to the next mountayne. From hence 
 within two daycs fayling, we came to a fafc port wher we founde manye men, which 
 with much adoe, we could fcarcely allure to communicacion, although wo profered them belles, lokinge 
 glaffes, cridallyne cuppes, and fiche other icwelles. 15ut at the lengih {>erceauing our good wyll and 
 liberalitie towarde them, they came to vs by heapes, and ioyned frendfliy]. w ith vs without all feare. 'I'hey 
 goe all as nakeil as they came forth of their motliers womb.;. 'I'hey fudre no lioare on their bodie fauing 
 only on theyr head, in fo much that they pulo[f]ye heares of their browes. They are all fo ])errectelye 
 exercyfed in fwimminge, that tliey can continue therein, for the fpacc of two kagcs without any tliingo to beare 
 them vp and cfi)eciallyc the women. Theyr weapons are bowes and arrowes. They arme theyr arrowes with 
 ye teeth of beades and fyfhes, bycaufe they lackc Iron and other metals. They kepe warre againd their 
 borderers whiche arc of draunge language. They fyght not for the enlargeing of theyr dominion, forafmuche 
 as they haue no Magnlrates: nor yet fvir th[e]increafe of riches, becaufe thei are contentc with their owne roni- 
 niodities; but onely \.vt reuenge the death of theyr prediceHburs. At theyr meate, they vfe rude and birberons 
 f.ifliions, lying on the ground without ai y table clothe, or couerlet. They depe in certayno greate nettes made 
 of ('ioffani[)ine cotton and hanged a lofte in the ayre beetwene trees. Theyr bodies arc verve fmothe and dene 
 by reafon of theyr often wafliinge. They are in other thinges fylthy and withoute fliame. Thei vfe no lawdil 
 coniuaction of mariage, but euery one \\ ilh as many women as him lilUlh, and leaueth them agiyn at his 
 pleafure The women are very fruiteful, and refufe no lahoure al the whyle they are with cliikle. They 
 trauayle in maner witlioute payne, fo that thj nexte day they are cherefuU and able to walkc. Neyther 
 haue they theyr bellies wrimiK-Ied, or loofe, and Iianginge pappes, by reafi,':; of bearinge manye children. Theyr 
 houfes and cabbcns, are all in common. Theyr iioufes are fadiyoned lyke vnto belies : are made of greate trees 
 tadencd together, couered wyth the leaucs of date trees, and made very dronge againd wind and tempcdes. 
 They are alfo in fome places fo great, that in one of them fixe hundreth pcrfons may lodge. 'I'liei vfe euery 
 feuenth or eyght yeare, to remoue and chaunge theyr dweliiiig places, becaufe that by theyr longe continuaunce 
 in one place, the ayre flioulde bee infected. They vfe no kynd of marchauiulife or bying anil felling, beyng 
 content onely with that which nature hath lefte them. As for (Jolile, I'earles, precious dones, iewelles, 
 and fuche other thinges, which we in luiropa edeme as pleafures and delicate.s, they fetle noughte by. 'I'hey 
 liaiie no kynde of come. Theyr common fedinge, is a certayne roote whiche they <lrye and bcate a:u! make 
 lloiire or meale tlierof. They eate no kynd of ileflie except mans deflie : for tliey eate all fuche as they kyll in 
 tluvT warres, or o[t]hcr\vife take by chauuce AV'hen we had thus vewed the coimtreye, and confydered the 
 iiKUK-rs of the i)eople, we determyned to fayle further, downe by the landes fyde, and c.ime alter a few diies, to 
 a cer'ayn liauen, where we fawe about twentie groate houfes, rayfed vjipe muche .after the falhion of belles. 
 Tliere came vnto vs a great multitude of men vmler pretenfe of frendefliip. Some fwimminge, and fome in 
 botes. \\'lu), as fone as thei drew neare vnto vs, foileynly bent theyr bowes againd vs, where we defended oure 
 fihies manfully. In this bickeriiige, we (lewe of them about twentie, beefyde manye that were wotmded ; But 
 ol ( ur men, were onlye fyue hurte, whiche were all i)erfectelye healed. Thus departinge from this hauen, we 
 i.i)leil on, and came to another luicion, in conuerfacion and tongue \tterlye dilVering from the fyrd. For 
 
 37 
 
 Fcrtlin.imlukinge 
 of coktile. 
 
 Insuhr fortuna ttw. 
 
 N.ikcil nicnne. 
 
 Wyldc men 
 iilhircd with 
 guiulcncs 
 
 People expert in 
 
 swiiiitniii>;e. 
 
 Calwns liaii>;inK 
 lictwccnc tree*. 
 
 Women in 
 r mil men. 
 
 W.tmcu very 
 NlronKe ;iii(l 
 fruitful. 
 
 Hnn^r^ mnttc of 
 trees. 
 
 HouMjt of 
 maruelous t)if(ne%. 
 
 Rychcs .ini! 
 Miperfluttrs 
 ('ni)temiic(i 
 
 Prcnd of it cert.iin 
 
 rnole. 
 
 y[M\% flesh tulen 
 
 A conflict 
 
 \ 
 
 t 
 
 ;>-• 
 
 
38 
 
 A gentle iiacion 
 Parias. 
 
 Fruilesvniikc 
 VI) I o oures. 
 
 Guld everywhere, 
 
 An expedition 
 aK.^yll^^ yc 
 CnmbtiLs 
 
 TTie EgMHOcfial 
 line 
 
 CanifittUs 
 
 Fyiie hundrclh 
 pfarlesfiironc hell. 
 Willi; of the iuyse 
 uf frutet 
 
 An Hand wylhoul 
 fresh wiiicr. 
 
 Broad leauei. 
 
 The I.ind of 
 
 Pearles 
 
 A hundreth nrnl 
 XXX. pearlcs m one 
 ihclfislic. 
 
 CaUiium 
 
 \Ofthe ncwe India, and Ilandes in the IVest Ocean Sea, &c.] 
 
 comming oute of our fliippc, we were very frendly entreated of them, where we continued for the fpace of nync 
 dayes. 'lliis region is verye fayre, and fruitefuli, hauinge manye plcafiiunt woodes, which continue grenc all tlie 
 ycare longe. They haue fruites innumerable, vtterlyc vnlyke vnto ourcs. The Region is fituate dyrectelyc vnder 
 the lyne, calletl Tropicus Calicri. The inhabitantcs them felues, call it Parias. Saylinge farrc beyond this 
 Region, and ouerpaflinge manyc countrcyes and nacions, fyndinge Gold cuery wlicre, (but in no great 
 {luantitif) we came to another nacion full of gcntlencffc and humanitie, where we refteil. xxxvij. dayes. Thefc 
 people made grouous comijlaynte vnto vs, that there was not farrc from them, a certaync fearfe and crucll 
 nacion, whiche vexed them fore, and made incurfion into theyr countreyc at a certaync tynie of the yearc, 
 kyllingc them and violentlyc carying them awayc, to th[e]intent to eato th(.m, in fo muche that they were not 
 able to defcntl tlioni felues ngainfle theyr fearfeneffe. Whiche thingc when they hadde fo lamcntablyc declared 
 vnto vs, and we hailde made them promyfc that we wouldc reuenge theyr fo manye. iniuries, they ioyncd vnto 
 oure company fcuen of theyr men. Thus we wente fonvard : and after feuen dayes, came to an Ilantle, called 
 Ity: whore ihci'e fearfe people dweltc. Who, as fone as they hadtle efpyed vs, came armed agaynllc vs. 
 We ioyned with them in battailc, which contynued for the fi)ace of twoo houres. At the length we 
 droue them to tlyglue, and flewe and wounded a greatc numbre of them, and toke. xxv. captiucs. Hut of our 
 men w.is oiicly one flayne, and. xxi. wounded, anil fliortely after reftored to health. Wc gaue to thofc fcuen 
 men which went wiiii vs, thre menne of oure prifouners and foure women, whom with greatc rcioyfingc 
 they caricd with them into theyr countreye : anil we rcturninge home toward Spaine, with many captiucs came 
 fyrfte to a porte of Si)ayne called Caltcium, where wc folde oure priefoners, and were ioycfullye receaucd : In 
 the ycare of Chrift. M.cccc.xcix. the. xv. daye of Octobre. 
 
 C The fcconde viage ^Vcfputius. 
 
 N the moneth of May folowing Vefputius attempted another viage and came by Ilandes of 
 Canaria, caen vnto the burninge lyne, called Torrida zona, and founde a landc beeyonde the 
 Riptinoflial line, toward the South, wiierc the South pole is eleuatc fyue degrees. And wher."s 
 he collide fynde no apte enteraunce into the land, and fayled vp and down alonge by the 
 fame, he efpyed a bote in which was aboute twentie men : who, as fone as they faw the Sj)an- 
 yardcs, lejjte into the Sea and efcaped all, exceptc two, which they toke. In theyr bote wliich 
 ihty forfoke, were founde foure young men which they hail by force taken oute of another 
 countroy, hauinge theyr i)riuie memhers newclye cutte of. Thefe, Vifputiiis toke into his fliippcs and learned by 
 theyr figiv.'s and tokens, tiiat thiy hadde been taken of the Canibah-s, and Ihoiild fliortly haue been eaten. IJiit 
 ilejiartinge from thefe coftes, and faylinge on forward, they came to a commotlious haucn, where tluy founde 
 nuiche i)eople, with whom they ioyned frcnilfliyp, and fell to chaungeinge of svarc, receauinge for one boll, fyue 
 hundreth I'oarles. In this lande they drinke a certaync kynde of wyne, nmle of the iuyfc of fruites and fedes, 
 being lyke whyte anil icdde fyilar. Deparlinge from hence, and faylinge yet further, they founile a certayne 
 llaiule in wliii h was a beadly kind of people, and fimple, yet very gentle. In this llande is no fre(lie watir : 
 hut they gather tlio dew which in the night feafon falleth vpon certiyne leaucs muchc lykc vnto the care r.f an 
 AlTe. They lyuo for the mode parte, by fea fiflie. They haue no cotages or houfes : but liaue certayne broaile 
 leaues, wherewith they defcnde them felues from the heate of the Sunne, but not from ftiowres : but it is verye 
 lykoly, that it r.ayneth but lyttle in that Hand. Vefputius wylh his companye departinge from hence, fayled 
 vnlo another ILandc : into the whiche when he hadde entered, he founde certayne cotages, and in them two old 
 women, and three young wenches, whiche were of fo greatc Ilature, that they marueylcil thereat. \w\ whcrc.is 
 r menne llryued with tliem to bringe them to the fliyppe, to th[e]intente to haue carycd them into Spayne, 
 ihey efpyed cominge toward them fyxc and thyrtie men, yet of mudic greater Ilature then were the women, 
 bearing with them bowes, arrowes, and great (lakes lykc vnto clui)bes : at tiic fyghtc of wiiome, oure menne 
 beinge afrayd, made hade to theyr fliy])|)os. lUit thefc (lyauntes folowinge them euen to the Scafyde, bended 
 theyr arrowes towardes the Si)anyar(leh, vntvll they difcharged two i)ieces of ordinaum cs, wyth the horryble 
 fuuiule whereof, they were iminediatly drieucn to flight. Oure menne therefore departinge from thence, called 
 that llande, the llande of Giaunles. And came to another nai ion, wiiii.h frendlyc entreated them, and offered 
 them many Pearlos: in fo muche that tlicy boughte. .\ix. markes wcyghte of pearles, for a fmal price. They 
 gaue vs alfo certaync fhclfyflies, of the whiihe fome conteyncd in them a hundreth and thyrtie Pearles, 
 •ind fome fewer. Deparlinge from thence ihey came to the llande of Antig,lio, A-hich Columbus had difcouereii 
 a few yearcs ht •ore. Leauinge this, they fayled dircctely to Ca/Htmm, a iiortc of .Spayne, where lliey wtfo 
 honourablye rt-ccau«d. 
 
if nync 
 all the 
 : vndcr 
 lid this 
 > great 
 Thefo 
 I crufll 
 ; yearc, 
 rcre not 
 Icclarctl 
 cd vnto 
 .«, called 
 nftc vs. 
 ngth we 
 It of our 
 ifc feuen 
 cioyfinge 
 ics came 
 lucd: In 
 
 landes of 
 jTonde the 
 nil wherr.s 
 lye by the 
 the Spun- 
 )Ote which 
 (f another 
 learned by 
 itcn. Hut 
 cy foiindc 
 boll, fyiic 
 :in(l fedcs, 
 certayno 
 \(\\c watir : 
 are of an 
 ■ni' briwdc 
 it is vcrye 
 icc, faylid 
 ■ni two old 
 (I whereas 
 |to Spayne, 
 lie wonKii, 
 lire mennc 
 If, benikil 
 le horryblf 
 ice, calk'il 
 ind offered 
 icc. They 
 le PearU'', 
 (lifcfjueieii 
 they wetc 
 
 \pf the ncwc Indiay and 1 landes in the PVe^J Ocean Sea^ &€.] 
 
 39 
 
 Q T/te thyrde viage of Vefputius. 
 
 •\. ./■ 
 
 \E//>uliiis beyng called from Caftile to feme F.manuel the King of Tortugale, in the yearc 
 of Chrifte. M. ccccc. ij. the tenth daye of May, departed from the haiien of lilbiiriiu, and 
 fayled downe by the coaftes of the fea Atlantike, vntil he came vnder the Jii/iiiiwHiitl lyne. 
 And the. xvij. daye of Augufle, they arryued at a certayne lande where they found a kind of 
 beadly people. 'I'liis land is filiiate toward the South, fyue degrees beyonde the Jii/iiinoflial 
 lyne. A gicate multitude of the inhabitantes wer gathered together, and as wel as they coulde 
 by fignes and poyntinges, dcfired oure men to come alande and to fee theyr countrey. 'I'here 
 were two in the fliippe, which toke vpon them to vewe the lande, and learne what fpyces ami other conimodilies 
 init;l:t be had tlierein. They were appoynted to returne within the fpacc of fuie daies at the vttermoll. lUit 
 wlien eyght dayes were now parte, they whiche remayncd in the fliippes, heard yet nothing of theyr relume: 
 wheras in the meane time great multitutles of other people of the fame lande reforted to the Sea f)de, but could 
 by no meanes be allureil to commimicacion. Yet at the length thi-y broughte certayne women, which fliewed 
 ihem felues flimilier towanle the Spaniardes : Whenipon they fent forth a young man, beyng very flrong and 
 (luieke, at whom as the women wondered, and (lode gafinge on him and feling his apparell : there came fodeynly 
 a woman downe from a mountayne, bringing with her fecretely a great (lake, with which flie gaue him fuch a 
 (Irokc behynde, that he fell dea<l on the earth. The other womenne foorthwith toke him by the legges, and 
 drewe him to the mountayne, whyle in the mean tyme the men of the countreyc came foorlh with bowes and 
 arrowes, and fliot at oure men. Hut the Spaniardes difchargeing foure pieces of ordinaunce agaynfl. them, 
 (Iroue them to flighte. The women alfo which had fl.iyne the yong man, cut him in pieces euen in the fight of 
 tlie Spaniardes, (liewinge them the pieces, and rolling them at a greate fyre. The men alfo made certayn tokens, 
 wherby they declared that not pad. viii. daies before, they had in lyke maner ferued oilier chriflian men. 
 Wherfore ye Spaniardes hauinge thus fudayncd fo greuous iniuries vnreuenged, departed wilh euyl wil: fayling 
 iherfore further toward ye fniiiii, tiiey found a nacion of great multitude, and of much gentclcr condicions, wilh 
 whom ihei remaineil. viij. ilayes, bartering ami changcing ware with them. Sayling on yet farllier, they went 
 beyond ye line railed Tropicus CiiJ>riconii, Vi\\{:rc ihe fouth jwle is cleuate. 3*. degrees: and wheras in tliofc 
 parls thei found no great riches, they (ailed yet furlher fouthward vnlill ye [lole was eleuate. lij. degrees: where 
 tliei came into fuch a tempede, thai they were enlorfed to gather vppe iheyr fayles, and to rowe only with llie 
 made, direciingc theyr viage toward tlic codes of Ethiopia, from whence they returned againe to l.ilburne 
 in I'ortugale. 
 
 C The fourth viagc of Vefputius. 
 
 [Ills nauigation was aUempte<l in the yearc of Chrid. M.rrccc.iij. but was not brought to the 
 ende hoped for, by reafon of a miflbrtune wliiih chaunced in the goulfe of the fea Atl:mlike. 
 \'ijt<iitius emended in this viagc to fayle to the 1 lande of J/< /(//</, beyng in the I-'.;id, in 
 which is fayde to be great ryches, and the dacion of redingc i>la<'e of all fl)ii)pes coniming 
 from the goulfe diin^i/iais, and from the Indian Sea. This Mckha, is fiuiale more toward 
 the Wed, and ' 'aiiiiti more enrlininge towarde the foiith. Vfff'ulius came fyrd to ye grene 
 Il.tndes, called liifiihe unidis: imd fayled from them to Stmi/ioiiii, beynge in the Soiithe 
 furtes of Kthiopia: from whence faylinge on yet further, he fawe in the middell of the fea an Hand, high and 
 inerueylous: where alfo the M[asder]. I'llale of this naiiie, !od his fliipjie by running vpon a rocke: but all the 
 mariners efcape<l. This fliippe was of thre humlreth tunne, and had in it al the ])ower of the nauie. When 
 /^////////f had entered into the Hand, he found it nule and vnhabited: yet w.as it full of byrdes: but had no 
 liealU's extejit Lifertes with forked tayles, and Ser]>entcs. 'llius makingc prouillon for necelVarics, he was 
 enforced to rctum« to portugale, failing of his puq)ofc 
 
 The SCI Allanlike; 
 
 Tlircc nf ilie 
 .S|i.)ny.irile!» »l.iyn« 
 uiul catcii. 
 
 Fonrs*? niul cnii'l 
 
 UOIItCIL 
 
 A t iiiilc pruple. 
 
 Tile •.milli l>*>Ii» 
 cicii.ilc. hj.(UxrL-c: 
 
 1 jikburno. 
 
 Tlic Il.ind uf 
 
 ftU'ii Im. 
 
 CitliiHl. 
 
 lusuUr h('» /./.■( 
 A shi|>iH: wr.H Le. 
 
 l.lMMle^ and 
 bcritontft 
 
 :l I 
 
 »,! 
 
 1 
 
 I \ 
 
 |.l!ii 
 
 U'i 
 
4Gf 
 
 \0f the ncivc India, ami Ilaitdcs in the West Ocean Sea^ &c?[ 
 
 U' 
 
 The Piirlup.iIcH 
 Mid fortes 111 ihu 
 K.iMu p:irlc% 
 
 A ttrfii 
 
 *l"hc grc.ir anit 
 ryt he cytic of 
 
 S.ir.iL-t:iiik 
 Mattuhtt bcsicj;c(l 
 The kint; t)t;hteih 
 uii AW cle|ihaiit. 
 
 J'lenty of copitcr. 
 
 M.irchniintfc 
 Spy-ci. 
 
 The cytic of (lOo- 
 
 The Amh.'us.iil.irs 
 iii.ikc J league 
 wyth Alphontui 
 
 The ufst I'antles 
 
 IiUiitixna. 
 
 Cozunu'l or 
 iiaH< ttt Cm r. 
 
 Siigcr prcsie-i. 
 The W00.1 cillc.l 
 
 
 Sawc niilte^- 
 Fay re Irre 
 
 C IliTii) the king of Port u gale fubducd cert ay n places in India: 
 and of the rycltc Cytie of Malacha. 
 
 Onifmticlie as therefore in the yeares folowinge, there were more often nauigacions made from 
 the Wefl by tlie fouth into the ICafl, anil tlie I'ortiigales hail now founilc a fafe paflagc by 
 ye fea, they thought it expedient for thcyr better fafetie, to make certaine fortifications and 
 places of refuge in the Kafle. 'Ihe which theyr intent the better to accompliflie, King 
 I'.nianuel appoynteil one Alplwtijiis an experte man on the fea, to lie captayne of this viage. 
 Who, ikfyring to reuenge tiie loflTes and iniuries which the Portugales had before fuflained, 
 fa)led directly to Auna C/ur/ontfiis, now calleil Mixlachii, a merueylous great and riche 
 citic, wtiofe king is an infydel of the fecte of the Moores; for euen thus farre was the fectc of Mahumet extended. 
 AI(<ltoiiJ'iis tlierl'ore at his coming tiiether, befieged die cytie, and made warre agaynft the Saracens whichc helde 
 the fame. In ihi.s conflict a greate nouniber of dieyr enemies beynge llayne, the Portugales entred into the 
 citie by forfe and kept the fame, permitting free libertie to theyr fouldiers to fpoyle, kyll, and burne. The 
 king himfclfe, fyghting vpon an Klejjhante, and beyng fore wounded, fledde with the refydue of his companye. 
 A greate ninnbre of the Muores were flaine with the lolTe of a fewe Portugales: nianye were taken, and great 
 fpoyle caried awaye, in the wliiche were feuen Klephantes, and all kyndes of ordinaunccs perteyning to the 
 warres, made of copper, to the noumbre of two thoufande pieces. 'J'hc cytye beinge thus taken and facked, 
 and the enem)es ilrieiien to llyghte, AlphonJ'us the Capitayne the better to jirouyde for the fauegarde of the 
 Chril\ians, Imylded a flrong forte at the mouth or entraunce of the riuer which runneth through ye citie. At 
 thi^ time, that iu to witte, in the yeare of Chrift. M. ccccc. xij. there were in MalacJia nuiny ftraungers and mar- 
 chauntes of dyuerfe nacions, w hereby the cytie was repleniflied with great ryches and abundauncc of fpyces. 
 'I'lu'v of the)r owne mocion, defyred to make a leage with Alphouftis, and were of him gently rcceaued : So 
 tii.it for thcyr better fafetie, he jjermitted them to dwell in the houfes neare about die forte. And by this 
 incanes, this m.irkette towne was reedified and broughte to muche better ftate than euer it was before. Thefe 
 tliinges thus liappely al( liiiicd, and al tliingcs in Ma/adnt fet in good order, AlphoiiJ'us leaning in the forte a 
 garrifon of. vi. iumdrctli vaiiante foutdiours, returned into India, where he befieged the chiefe caflell of the 
 lytic (if Goa, whicli (he) a fcwe yeares beefore, h.idde with no final daungcr of our men, and great (laughter of 
 lluir enemies, fiibdued \ iider the dominion of MmanucI kynge of Portugale, and was now ijofieried of the mures, 
 he manfully recouered agayne, and enforfed them to render vp the fame. Alfo the ambaflfadours of the Kinge 
 of .\'i//////i,',;, the Kingc of Camlhiia, and the Kiiif of d'nifii/'/iii widi the legates of dyuers other kinges and 
 Princes, olVercd llicni fellies to be at a Icagi.' wyth .•/(^//rv////j-, and tliereii|)on brouglitc thcyr prefeiitcs Mito hyiii. 
 .\o lelTe power and dominion obtayned the king of Spayne in the llandes of the Wc(\e partes: In fo niiiihe 
 that at his commaundement, were buyldcd fixe townes in the llande of Ciiht. I.ykewyfe in the Ilande of 
 IiiuiliDia, was buyldcd a greate cytie wjtli fayre houfes. 'I'lie llande of CoziimMt, the Spanyardes called 
 Siiiiita Crux, beecaufe tiiey came fyrlle thellier in Maye, on the daye of the Inuencion of the Crofl'e. In the 
 llande oi Jlifp,uia or Jlifpauuh'a, were erected. 28. fiigcr prelTes, to prefl"e ye fugre whiche groweth plcntifiilly 
 in certaine c-ines or redes of the fame countrey. I'rom hence alfo is l)rought the wood of Giiiiitu-iini, other 
 wyfe called, Lii^niim Sanctum, wherewith dyuerfe thfeafes are healed by the order of the newe djete. 
 
 Q Of the Hand of Medcra, and the fortunate Itandcs, ot/iericyfe 
 called t lie llandes ^Canaria. 
 
 |I'.twene Sixiine and the llandes of Cmarici, is the llande q^ MctUra, which the Spaniardcs in 
 our time founde vphabited and faluage. Put perceauinge that the foylc tiitreof, was very 
 fruitefull, tlK-y biu-nt tlw woodes, and made the ground apt to bringe foorth come, and 
 buyldcd many houfes, and fo tilled the f;iJive, tlwt at this day is no where founde a more 
 fruitefiil l.mde. It hath in it many fpringes of frefihe water and goodly ryuers, vpon the 
 which are Inlded manye fawe myllos, wherewith manyc fayre trees, lyke vnto Ceder ami 
 CyiirelTe trees, are fawcd and cut in funder, whereof are made mod fayre tables, coberdcs, 
 cofers, and cluyres, and fuch other curious workes made of wood. 'I'hefe trees arc of redde colour, and fwete 
 
\0f the ncive India ^ ami Ilandcs in the IVcst Ocean Sea, &c.] 
 
 41 
 
 fauour, the bodies and br.iunchcs whereof are broujjhte into Spayne in great ])lentie. The Kynge of I'ortugalc 
 thought it goode to plante in this Hand, that kynde of re<les in winch fuger growutli : wiurein lie was not 
 deceaued in his opinion: For they growc there mode fniitefuUy, and beare fiiger wiiieh exceiletli tlie fugre of 
 Candye or SicUia. There were alfo vynes brougiue out of Candye and planted in this liande, where they 
 profper fo wel, that for ye mode parte they bring forth more grapes then leaues, and thofe very great. In tliis 
 Hand is alfo great plcntie of I'artriches, wyld doues, and Peacockes, wild bores, and diuers kindes of other 
 bealles, which onely ])o(reired the Hanil before men dyd inhabite the fame. Alfo the Handes called Infuhe 
 fortiinala, (whichc arc now called Canaria, for the multitude of dogges which are in them) are fayd to be no 
 lefle fruytcfuU. Thefe Handes are tenne in noumbre, of the which feucn are inhabited, and thrc remaine 
 defolate. They which are inhabited, are calleil by thefe names: FraHa laitccit, Mtigna fors, Grancamiritt, 
 Tcncriffa, Gincra, Pa/ma, and Ferrum, At Columbus firft comming thether, the inhabitantes went nakeil, 
 without fljame, religion, or knowledge of God. 15ut in fucccflTe of time, foure of the greateft Handes embrafcd 
 the Chriftian faith : They haue eche of them a priuate kinguage. Tcncriffa and Grancanaria, arc bigger then 
 the other. Tciurlffa may be fene afarrc of, to the diftaunce of fiftie leages, in a fiiyre and clere dayc. The 
 reafon whereof is, that in the middeft of the Hand, ryfeth a marueylous great and flrong rock, which is thought 
 to be. XV. leages high, and cafteth foorth continuallye greate flames of fyre and pieces of brimflone, as doth the 
 mount Etna in the Hand of Sicilux, The jjcople of thefe Handes, lyue with barlye bread, flefihe, and mylke. 
 Tliey liaue alfo greate plentie of Uoates, wyldc Afles, and Fygges. 'Ihey lacke wyne and whcate. 
 
 C IVhcthcr vndcr the yliquinodial circle or bnrninge lyne 
 {failed Torrida zona) be habitable Regions. 
 
 Tus fccundus (othenvife called Eneas Si/uius,) of this queftion, wrytcth in this manor. 
 It hath been muche iloubtcd whether habitable regions niaye be founde vnder the Fqui- 
 tioHitil lyne. Eratojlhcncs is of th[e]opi)inion, that the ayre is there verye temperate. So 
 thinketh Polybius alfo, alhrming that the earth is there verye highe, and watered with 
 many fliowers. FofsUonius fuppofed tliat there is no Mountaynes vnder the Equinoflia/. 
 Some tlioughte that the EquinoilUil lyne was extended beyond the earth oner the niaync 
 Ocean fea : whiche thinge the Poete Homcre femcth to infmuate, where he faineth 
 th.it the horfes which drawe the chariote of [the] funne, ilrinke of the Ocean fe;i, and the funnc it felfe to tike 
 iiis norifliement of the fame. AVhiche fentence Macrcbius alfo foloweth. Neither was Albcrtus Magnus farre 
 from this oi)inion, who fuppofeth yat Uie funne draweth vp fo much moyfture vnder the E(/uinonial c\xc\c, as 
 cngcndrelh the cloutles vniler the poles, where by reafon of th[e]excedinge coldnefle, ayre is continualli turned 
 into water. But Ptolomeus thinketh the earth to bee extendeil beyonde the EquinoHial, whereas he placeth a 
 part of the Hand of 7'a/»obana, vnder the EquinoHial, and alfo many nacions of the Ethiopians. Many 
 li.uic thought that th[e]earthly Paradyfe was fette vnder that lyne : which opinion is contrary to th[e];iuctoritie of 
 lliu iiuly fcripture \> hich witneffeth the two famous fluddes Tigris and Euphrates to fpringe oute of Pamdife : 
 wliiche neuertheleffe we know from the North partes to fal into the goulfe called Sinus Perfictis : but as 
 conccrninge the heate vnder the EtjuinoHial lyne, the nearenefle of the funne, or the directe beames of the fame, 
 are no futViciente caufcs why vnder that line fljould be no habiuible regions, if we confider how thofe places are 
 (itlunvyfe fliadowed, and tempered with the moyftenes and dewes of the nightes, which are all the ycare 
 tlirougiie of equal length with the dayes. Yet wyl no man denye, but that vnder the Equinofual throughoute 
 all the burninge lyne there are manye wildemefles and defolate places, lacking water, and incommodious for the 
 lyfc of man : Albeit euen in Ethiopia, peojile dwell neare to the ryuers and wooiles. Plinie alfo fayth that one 
 Jhlion, and Arijlochvn, and Pion, and PaJiliJcs, went Southward beyonile Mcroic whiche is almofte vnder the 
 Ei/iiiuonia/. And that Simonidcs who writte the defcriiKion of Kthiopia, dwelte fyuc yeres in Mcroa : whiche 
 liande, (beeynge in the fyrmc lande and conii)a(Ted aboute wyth the Ryuer of Nilus) he affynned to bee fituate. 
 972. thoufanile pafes beeyonde Syenes of Egyptc, as the fearchers of Nero declared. But at Sienes the 
 .\Rronomers appoynte the fommer conuerfion of the funne : and that there the burninge lyne beginneth, being 
 ilillaunte from the ^'EquinoHial foure and twcntie degrees, that is twelue thoudinde furlonges. Wherby we maye 
 licrccaue that Mcroic is fitiiate fome what beeyonde the myddeft betwenc the K(iuino(flial and Sienes. 
 rtolomeus alfo defcrybeth the Region of Agifimba to bee inhabited beeyonde the EquinoHial. Lykewyfe the 
 Mount.aynes of the Mone, called Montes Luna, out of the which, the fennes or marifes of the riuer Nilus haue 
 tlicir fpring and originall. He atldcth hereunto that there are certayne Ethiopians called Anthropophagi, 
 
 Sni-ir 
 Vyncl 
 
 'Hie Ilimlei of 
 I'liMiirio. 
 
 Chmtians 
 
 A mount uf 
 
 liriinnliiiit.'. 
 FyggM. 
 
 Libr, i. Cn^it- n. 
 EnilkoilhtHft, 
 
 VottiJifnius. 
 
 The EytuHtk-tiitl 
 
 line 
 
 The poet lluliiera 
 
 MacrvhiHt. 
 AlterlHS Miigmit. 
 
 rtulomeuf. 
 Taprol*ittiti 
 
 Ti/iyii .inil 
 Eu/hmt.-s. 
 Sinus J\'tsti-ut, 
 The neareiic» of 
 the sunne. 
 
 TcilipcratcncJ 
 viulcr the 
 EifuiMMtitiL 
 
 TorriJa tomd. 
 
 Elhiof.%. 
 rUHit. 
 
 The ILinJ of 
 Merott 
 
 SyeMts in Egipte. 
 The conucrsiun 
 of the sunne. 
 Of the furlonces 
 of Italie viiL diHS 
 make one Itahen 
 myle, rontcyniiig 
 a . HI. (thousand] 
 pases. 
 AgUimbtt. 
 Montr s Luntt, 
 t\ttuHdet Niti. 
 Elkhftt 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 MM 
 
 i' 
 
 », !■ ' 
 
 '!! 
 
 k Hli. 
 
A2 
 
 \Ofthe ncwc India, and Ilandes in the IVest Ocean Sea, &c.] 
 
 Anihnptplutfi. 
 
 Il.iljit:ililc rci(iuii9 
 how f.irra 
 CKtendciL 
 
 that is, fuch as catc mans fluflic, which inhabitc regions beyond the EquinoHial about the fpace of. xvL 
 degrees. And thus the inhabitation of men is found to be extended, x. hundreth thoufand pafes beyonde the 
 Equinoniiil iyne. Whiche fpaee conteyneth no lefle then two clymcs of earth. And a clyme is a poFcion 
 of the worlde betwenc South and Nortli, wherein is variacion in length of the daye, the fpace of halfe an 
 hourc. 
 
 C Finis. 
 
 fl Thus endeth the fyfth boke of Sebajlian Mnnjier, 
 
 of the landes of Afia the greater, and of the 
 
 newe fonnde landes, and Ilandes. 
 
 1553- 
 
 a Imprinted at London, in Loin- 
 
 bardc Strcte, By Edward 
 
 Sutton. 
 
 € To al adiicntut'crs, andfnche as take in hande grcate cnterpryfes. 
 
 Who hath not of fowrcnes feltc the bitter taft, 
 Is not worthy of fwetenes to take his repaft. 
 To cracke the nutte, he mufl. take the payne, 
 The which would eate the carnell fuyne. 
 Who that of bees fearcth the ftinge, 
 Shal •.-.euor by hcny liaue great wonningc. 
 As the fwete Rofc bringeth forth the tiiornc, 
 So is man truely to ioye and payne borne. 
 The byrde vjwn hope byldetli her neftc, 
 Where oftentymes (he hath but euyll rede, 
 Yet is (lie not therby drieuen to fuche feare, 
 lUit yat (he pcrformeth the fame the nexle yeare. 
 Much calling of periles doth noble corage fwage 
 Yet do not I conmiende raflienes or outrage. 
 What foles do fable, take thou no hede at all. 
 For what they know not, they cal phantiftical. 
 Nought venter nought haue, is a faying of old. 
 Hetter it is to blow the coL', then to fyt a cold. 
 Fortes fortuna adiuuat, the I.atin prouerbe faitli, 
 IJut fayleth to fuch as faynt and lacke fayth. 
 God giueth al thingcs, but not ye bul by ye home 
 The plowman by trauaile encreafeth his corne. 
 As fortune faue'cththoumayd be riche or poorc, 
 As Crefus or Irus that beggeth at the dore. 
 
 C Omnh iiiflafit aUa. 
 
43 
 
 [The Third English book on America.] 
 
 »i») 
 
 'St^M 
 
 THE DECADES 
 
 £0ttttpn{tt8 tlic nmmtW9 anD conimcats 
 of tl}(i&panp«i^c6,tottU t(|(paRftoI» us 
 Xctijfiiotmt the moQc tptdc and large lanots 
 mtosilanoca lanlp foim&efn t^c lutai^Kait 
 pcnepnsng to tiie in(icr<tatiticc or tijs kfttgcs 
 or<^pa|?nr«3iiitb(toUicllt|)eOttfscmi;iat)» 
 map not onip conrpDct toOat commoouuma? 
 UcRbp cijanncc to tbe Dole cbUQlan teojiti tit 
 ^__^_^_ tpme to come, but alfo Icantt waup recreates 
 insvsflKS^ toncbpnge tiic lanDCttbe ftaianfi t9c oarreo, 
 w\a w wiaiif^ I, jjp u(ct(fai^e to be fcnolbi to al fucft as (bal 
 attcmptc anpnanfsationstO) otfjcrtotft 
 S^auc Dehte to bc^olDe tiie aranse 
 anb tooonbetf iill Uiootftcs ol 
 iffitirai H"'— B BH 'S'^b anb natnre* 
 
 liljj^j^^ Itftpttcn in tlje Zatine tonii0e by tdtttc 
 Hygl^S^ filiactp) oE anfilcna, ano tranTs 
 
 iattbintotZnglt'irOcbp 
 i!tpciiarDeiSDen» 
 
 fLOKDlMl^ 
 
 Iiljcdibus Giiilhelint PoweU> 
 
 AH NO. 1555, 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 11.25 
 
 U|21 125 
 
 ISf 1^ 12.0 
 
 Uteb 
 
 U il.6 
 
 Hiotographjc 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporatioii 
 
 2i WKT MAIN STRUT 
 
 WIBSTIIII,N.Y. USM 
 
 (71^)172-4503 
 
 

c c 
 
 The 
 
 The 
 
 Fere: 
 
 The 
 
 Of t 
 
 and I 
 
 OftI 
 
 The 
 
 Tiie 
 
 Of t( 
 
 tiall : 
 
 Of (i 
 
 beafl 
 
 Oftre 
 
 Ofth 
 
 theyr 
 
 Ofth 
 
 foiith 
 
 Ofth 
 
 foiitli 
 
 I \ow( 
 
 jilace 
 
 or ihi 
 
 laiide 
 
 Ofthi 
 
 Ofthi 
 
 Of the 
 
 Other 
 
 and ol 
 
 A dif< 
 
 yardes 
 
 'J'lie Ol 
 
 The pi 
 
 and m< 
 
 (lentyl 
 
 Of the 
 
 Of the 
 
 Of the 
 
 'I'he de 
 
 gales fc 
 
 Of the 
 
 and of 
 
 clenien 
 
 fecreatt 
 
 A difa 
 
 fpices, 
 
 tvmefn 
 
 Alfo of 
 
 fea : Ai 
 
 Of the ' 
 
 A breef 
 
 The de 
 
 hahilabl 
 
 Scondia 
 
 Laponin 
 
 Suutia c 
 
 Knilandi 
 
 'Jhc dyf 
 
 <r Con/h 
 with M 
 
 A Cdiai, 
 
 IIemif(<ht 
 water. 
 
 Ptfus, a 
 
 C Canoa 
 Caciqui, 1 
 Zemcs an 
 Tuyia, th 
 
 C N 
 
C The table of the contentes of this booke. 
 
 45 
 
 Befyde the Decades (the table of whofe contentes yow may rcadc in the ende of the booke [see pp. 391-397.]) ^'''^ contcyned 
 
 furthermore in this boooke thcfe thynges folloivyu^e. 
 
 Folio. 140. [/. 186. 
 167. and. 171. [/>. 201. 
 
 Of the landes and Ilnndes lately founde, 
 The popes buUe and donation 
 The hyftorie of the Wefle Indies, wrytten by Gonzalus 
 
 Kerdinandus 174- [/■ 208. 
 
 The ordinarie nauigation from Spayne to the Wefte Indies. 175. [/. 210. 
 Of two notable thynges ss touchynge the Weft Indies: 
 
 and of the greate ryohes brought from thenfe into Spaine. 176. [/. 21 1. 
 Of the golile mines and manerof woorkynge in them. . 177. [/*. 211. 
 
 The maner of fyffliynge for pearles 180. [/. 213, 
 
 The familiaritie that the In(iians haue with the deuyl. . 181. [/. 215, 
 Of temperate and habitable regions vnder the Equinoc- 
 
 ti.ill line. &c 184. [A 217' 
 
 Of dyuers particular thynges, as woormes, ferpentes, 
 
 beaacs, foules. &c 185. [/. 218. 
 
 Oftrces,frHites,andplantes,&c. 194. [/.225.] [Of Reedes orCanes.196. /. 227. 
 Of the venemous apples whenvith the Canibales inueneme 
 theyrarrowes.l99.[/.229.] Of fyfflies&theyrmanerof fyffliynge. ?0i. [A230. 
 Of the ryfynge and faulynge of owre Ocean fea and the 
 
 fmith fea called the fea of .Sur 204. \p. 233. 
 
 Of the ftreight of lande beinge betwene the north and 
 
 fouthfca 205. |>. 234. 
 
 1 [owe thynges of one kynde, dyffer by the nature of the 
 place: and of the beaftes cauied Tygers. 
 Of the maners and cuftomcs of the Indians of the firme 
 
 lande and of theyr women 
 
 Of the Ilandes Hifpaniola and Cuba 
 
 Of the I l.\nde of Cuba and other. 
 
 Of the lande of Baccallaos 213. [/. 242.] 
 
 Other notable thynges gatheretl owt of dyuers autours: 
 
 and of the vniucriall carde and newe worlde. . . 2 14. [/. 245.] 
 
 A difcourfe of the maruelous vy.ige made by the Span- 
 
 yardes rounde about the worlde 215. [/. 246.] 
 
 The order of the ftarres abowt the pole Antartike. . 222. [/. 253.] 
 
 The prices of precious ftones and fpices with their weightes 
 ami meafures as they are foulde bothe of the Moores and 
 tJcntyles. 
 
 206. [p. 235.1 
 
 208. \p. 237.] 
 210, 
 
 213- 
 213' 
 
 [A 239, 
 [A 24 «. 
 \p. 242. 
 
 233. [/. 263, 
 Ofthe weightes of Portugale and India, and howe they agree. 239. [A 269 
 
 " 239. [/. 270, 
 
 240. [/. 270, 
 
 Of the dooues of the Ilande of Madera. 
 Of the Ilande of faynt Thomas vnder the Equinoctial line. 
 The debate and ftrife betwene the Spanyardcs and Portu- 
 gales for the diuifion of the Indies and the trade of fpyces. 
 Of the pole Antartike and the ftarres about the fame: 
 and ofthe qualitie of the regions and difpofition of the 
 elcmentes abowt the Equinoctiall line: Alfo of certeyne 
 ferreates touchynge the arte of faylynge. 
 A difcourfe of dyuers vytiges and wayes by the which 
 fpices, precious ftones, and golde were brought in owlde 
 tyme from India into Europe and other partes of theworlde. 
 Alfo of the vyage to Cathay and Eafte India by the northe 
 And of the viages of Sebaftian Cabot. . 
 
 240. \p. 271.] 
 
 245- [/• 277-] 
 
 249. 
 249. 
 259. 
 
 [A 283. 
 [A 283. 
 [>. 291. 
 
 Ofthe vyages to Mofcouia and Cathay. 
 
 A breefe defcription of Mofcouia 
 
 The defcriplion of the north regions : and how they are 
 
 habitable, contrary to th[e]opiniou of the owlde wryters. 264. [/. 295.' 
 
 Scondia. 267. [/. 298.] Gronlande. 268. \p. 299.] Iflande. 269. [/. 300. 
 
 Laponia. 270. [A 301.] Norway. 273. [/. 303. 
 
 Suctia or Sucthlande. 275. [/. 305.] Gothia or Gothlande. 276. [A 306. 
 
 I'inlande and Eningia. 276. [/. 306.] Bothnia. 275. [/. 305. 
 
 The dy (Terence of regions and caufes of great cities. . 277. [/. 307. 
 
 311- 
 3H- 
 312. 
 
 [A 
 [/• 
 [/• 
 
 The hyftorie of Paulus louius of the ambalTade of great 
 
 Uafilius Prince of -Mofcouia t<. pope Clement the feuenth. 278. [/. 308.] 
 
 Other notable thynges as concernynge Mofcouia, gathered 
 
 owt of the bookes of Sigifmundus Libenis. . . . 289. [/. 31S.] 
 
 The defcription of the regions and people lyinge North 
 
 and Eafte from Mofcouia to the ryuer Petiiora and the pro- 
 
 uince of lugaria and the ryuer Obi. &c. . . . 294. [/. 322.' 
 
 Of the famous ryuer of Tanais 297. \p. 324. 
 
 More directly from Mofcouia to Cathay. . . . 298. \p. 325. 
 
 Ofthe Tartars. 299. [/. 327.] The nauigation by the frofen fea. 303. [/. 330. 
 
 The letters miffiue which kynge Edwarde the. vi. fent to the 
 
 kynges, princes, and other potentates inhabitynge the north 
 
 eaft partes of theworlde towardethe Empire of Cathay. 306. and. 308. [/. 333.] 
 
 The letters of the prince of Mofcouia fente to kynge 
 
 Edwarde. 319. \Tltesc are not included in the work\ 
 
 Other notable thynges as touchynge the Indies : and of 
 
 the foreknowleage that the poet .Seneca h.id of the fynd- 
 
 yngeoftheneweworldeandotherregionsnotthenknowen. 310. \J>. 337.] 
 
 Ofthe greate Ilande whiche Plato cauied Atlantica or Atlan- 
 
 tide. 310. 0.337.] Cf the coloure of the Indians, 
 
 Why they were cauied Indians 
 
 The fyrft difcouerynge of the Weft Indies. 
 
 What maner of man Chriftopher Colon was, and howe he 
 
 came fyrft to the knowleage of the Indies. . . 3'3. [/. 340-] 
 
 What k-iboure and trauailc he tooke in attemptynge his 
 
 firfte vyage to the Indies 313. \p. 
 
 Of newe Spaine cauied Nona I Iifp.inia or Mexico. . 315. [/■ 
 Ofl'eru.316. [/.343.] Ofthe great ryuer cauied Kiode la Plata. 316. [/. 
 Of the hygher or fujierior India cauied India Tercera 
 
 or Terciera 317, [a 
 
 Agcyne of the landes of Labora<lor and Baccalaos. 318. [A 
 
 The difcouerynge of the Lande of Florida. . . . 3'9. [A 
 An opinion that Europe, Africa, and Afia, are Ilandes ! 
 and of certeyne Nauig.atiuns abowt the fame. 
 That the .Sp,anyardes haue faylcd to the Antipodes whiche 
 inhabite the vndermoft halfe ofthe baule ofthe earth, con- 
 trary to th[e]oi/,mons of the owlde wryters. . 
 Who fyrft founde the ned le of the compaffe and the vfe there- 
 of. 322. \J>. 348.] The fituation and byggeneffe ofthe earth. 323. \p. 
 
 What degrees are. 324. [/. 
 
 A demonftration of the roundeneffe of the earth. . . 324. \p. 
 What credit owght to be gyuen to wryters as touchynge 
 
 the woorkes of nature 325. \p. 
 
 The preface to the booke of metals. .... 326. [/. 
 Ofthe generation of metalles and theyr mines, with the 
 
 maner of fyndynge the fame. 327. \p. 
 
 Of the mine of golde and the qualitie therof. . . 334. \p. 
 
 Of the myne of fyluer 340. \J>. 
 
 The maner of woorkynge in the golde mines of Egypte 
 
 in oulde tyme 342. \p. 369.] 
 
 The difcription of the two vyages made owt of Englande 
 
 to Guinea in Afrike 343. \p, 
 
 A briefe defcription of Afrike 344. [/. 
 
 The fyrfte vyage to Guinea 345. [A 
 
 The feconde vyage to guynea. ..... 350. \p. 
 
 The maner of fyndynge the Longitude of regions by 
 
 dyuers wayes 360. [/. 
 
 A newe maner of fyndynge the I. ongitiules of regions. . 361. [/. 
 
 338] 
 339-1 
 339] 
 
 340] 
 342] 
 343] 
 
 34+] 
 344] 
 345] 
 
 320. [/. 346.] 
 
 321. [/. 347.] 
 
 3491 
 349) 
 35°] 
 
 35'] 
 355] 
 
 356.] 
 362.) 
 366] 
 
 A briefe rehearfall ofthe contentes ofthe bookes ofthe Decades,&c. [/, 
 
 373-: 
 374- 
 375- 
 379-] 
 
 389.1 
 390] 
 39>.] 
 
 ^^ 
 
 % 
 
 \ < 
 
 i I n 
 
 ■iM; 
 
 :\^ 
 
 !1 ! 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 € The interpretacion of ccyteyne woordcs. 
 
 C Continente (thiit is) the firme lande not inclofed 
 
 with water, or no Ilande. 
 A Cnrmid or Camel, a kynde of (liyppes. 
 Jlcnii/plieriiim, the halfe globe of the earth and 
 
 water. 
 rt/its, a. ducate and a halfe. 
 
 C Canoa, a boate or barke. 
 
 Equinoetial, the line that diuideth the heauen and 
 the earthe in the myddeft betwene the two poles, 
 in the which when the fonne commeth, the days 
 and nyghles are of equal length 
 
 Clime, is a portion of the worlde betwene north 
 and fouth. 
 
 The Indian language. 
 
 ParaiUles, are lines whereby the fonne palTynge 
 
 caufeth variation of tyme. 
 Gaiii Alammoni, Monkeys. 
 Se/ioeiiiis, Vi a fpace of. xl. furlong(a. 
 U'e>yi, is an Italian [? Ru£iiiu\ mile. 
 Colonic, an habitacion. 
 
 Maehana, a fworde. Qiiiues, preftcs. 
 
 Areitos, fonges or balades. Chiuy, a man. 
 
 Tona, the moone. Ira, a woman. 
 
 Tonatico, the foonne. Boa, a hoiife. 
 
 C Note that the Ilande ol Hifpaniola, is nowe cauied San Domingo by reafon of the chlefe city fo named. 
 
 cauied lancti lohannis, or liurichena, is othcrwyfe cauied Boriquen. 
 
 Caciijui, kynges or gouemoun. 
 Zemes an Idole. 
 Tuyra, the deuyll. 
 
 Caitiii, golde. 
 Mayani, nothynge. &C. 
 
 Alfo faynte Johns Ilande 
 
 Ik; 
 
 \\\:\ 
 
I ! Htfi 
 
 i i 
 
 46 
 
 « POTENTISSIMO AC SERENISSIMO 
 
 PHILIPPO, AC SERENISSIMO POTENTISSIMOQVE MARIO, 
 
 Dei gratia Regi ac Reginae, Angliae, Franciae, Neapolis, lerufalem, et 
 
 Hiberniae : Fidei defenforibus, Principibus Hifpaniarum et Siciliae, 
 
 Archiducibus Auftriae, Ducibus Mediolani, Burgundia^, et 
 
 Brabantiae, comitibus Hafpurgi, Flandriae, et Tirolis, 
 
 Richardus Edenus perpetuam optat foelicitatem. 
 
 
 VM IN PRIMO VESTRO ingreffu in lianc cele- 
 berimam Londini vrbem (illuftrifsimi Principes) 
 cernerem quanto omnium applaufu, populi con- 
 curfu, ac ciuium frequentia, quanto infuper 
 fpectaculonim nitore, nobilium virorum fplendore, 
 equorum multitudine.tubarum clangore, ceeterifque 
 magnificis pompis ac triumphis, pro dignitate 
 veftra accepti eftis dum omnes quod fui eft officij 
 facere fatagebant, vbi in tanta hominum turba vix 
 vnus reperiatur qui non aliquid agendo aduentum 
 veftrum gratulabatur, ccepi et ego quoque aliorum 
 exemplo (propius prefertimad me accedentibus Cel- 
 fitudinibus veftris) tanto animi ardore ad aliquid 
 agendum accendi ne folus in tanta hominum corona 
 otiofus viderer, quod vix me continebam quin in aliquam extemporariam orationem 
 temere erupi-iifem, nifi et praefentioe veftrae maieftas, et mea me obfcuritas a tarn audaci 
 facinore deterruiffent. Verum, cum poftea penitius de hac re mecum cogitaffem, con- 
 fyderaffemque quam haec omnia alioqui per fe laude digna, veftris tamen meritis ac 
 regii-^ dignitatis eminentiae comparata, plebeia ac ludicra videantur, ccepi denuo cum 
 animo meo reputare qua in re ita cum immortali rerum memoria fcelicifsimum veftrum 
 aduentum gratularer, vt inde nominis veftri fama et fplendor, non vllis fpeflaculorum 
 temporarijs oftentis, fed rerum geftarum gloria, ad pofteros perpetuo emanaret. Excutio 
 ftatim diuitias meas. Perfcrutor fi quid ex penu meo depromere poffum quod me ad 
 aliquid agendum veftris heroicis virtutibus dignum excitet. Sed cum penes me niliil tale 
 reperio, agnofco nuditatem meam, atque ad vos confugio. Patrum, auorum, proauorum, 
 atque atauorum vitas et fadla recolo. Syluam rerum geftarum video, totque precla- 
 rifsimorum principum propagines, vt merito ab ipfis heroibus, Saturno videlicet, loue, ac 
 Hercule, caeterlfque theanthropis, originem duxiffe videantur. Quod cum ita fit, non 
 aliunde profedlo quam ex hac fylua materies mihi petenda erit quo in mentibus 
 hominum et aeterna rerum memoria, perpetua fpe6lacula rerum a vobis et progenitoribus 
 veftris prceclare geftarum, in mundi theatro ab omnibus cum fumma nominis veftri fama 
 ac veneratione cernantur. Cum itaque inter ccetera a maioribus veftris praeclare gefta, 
 nihil fit admirabilius aut maiori laude dignum, quam quod incredibili fiducia et plus quam 
 Herculeis laboribus fuperato Oceano, foelicifsimo tandem euentu, Indiae Occidentalis 
 
 in 
 
The Epijlle. 
 
 ri 
 
 fama 
 gefta, 
 s quam 
 lentalis 
 
 ditifsimas Insulas atque Continentis amplifsimas regiones, mortalium primi inuenerunt, 
 in quibus infinitas incolarum myriades ad fidem Chrifti conuerterunt (quo nihil auguftius 
 aut Chriftianis principibus magis dignum excogitari poteft) vifus fum mihi quod non alia 
 in re magis poffem foelicitati veftrae merito gratulari, quam fi noftris quoque hominibus 
 quibus haec ha6lenus nihil aut parum cognita funt, innotefcere faciam, vt perfpe6lis 
 illorum fimul et veftrorum amplifsimis imperijs non fine diuina prouidentia (vt credere 
 par eft) ad ipfos vfque Antipodes et PLVS VLTRA terminatis, omnes boni, ipfa rerum 
 magnitudine in admirationem du6li, vos anient et venerentur : Malis vero et improbis, 
 OS obftruatur fi quam in maledicendo voluptatem capiunt, Hsec dum cogito, venit mihi 
 in mentem quod olim adolefcens perlegi Decades de Nouo Orbe a Petro Martyre ab 
 Angleria, illuftrifsimi Ferdinandi regis Catholici, ac tui (Serenifsime rex) proaui oratore, 
 Latine confcriptas, atque facrse Caefariae maieftati patri tuo dedicatas. Tanti itaque 
 autoris fide et eruditione motus, eum prse caeteris in noftram linguam traducendum fufcepi, 
 quod non folum vt hiftoricus res Indicas cum fumma fide fcriptis mandauit, fed etiam vt 
 philofophus (quod in caeteris fi:riptoribus defyderatur) naturalium rerum occultas caufas 
 reddit, ac admirabilium naturae operum (quibus haec veftra India plena eft) rationes 
 inueftigat. Atque vt huius Indiae pofterior flatus cognofcatur, quantufque thefaurus auri, 
 gemmarum, aromatum, aliarumque ditifsimarum mercium ac annul cenfus inde quotannis 
 in Hifpaniam aduehitur, adiunxi do6lifsimi viri Gonzali Ferdinandi Ouiedi libellum 
 quem ille Indicae hiftoriae generalis Summarij titulo infcripfit, eiufdemque illuftrifsimi 
 Caroli Imperatoris patris tui nomini confecrauit : Caeteraque plurima ex recentioribus 
 fcriptoribus excerpfi, quae mihi in tam immenfa rerum memorabilium bibliotheca, praecipue 
 adnotanda videbantur. Quae, quanta et qualia funt, quantifque parafangis, omnium 
 heroum ac Argonautarum res geftas toto terrarum orbe tantopere celebratas fuperent, 
 haec mea fequens praefacio vulgari fermone ad huius hiftoriae lectores populumque 
 Anglicum confcripta, fatis prolixa oratione indicabit, adeo vt idem hie repetere fuperua- 
 caneum fit, minimeque neceffarium, quandoquidem Anglica lingua tibi Serenifsima 
 Regina vernacula eft, idemque illuftrifsimo Regi quod tibi fcriptum aut dicftum exiftimen, 
 non folum quod diuino vinculo vnum fitis in carne vna, fed etiam quod eadem animi 
 lenitate, humanitate, afifabilitate, caeterifque virtutibus, non minus animi moribus quam 
 carnis vinculo vnum fitis. Sed neque hie opus eft vt ego Latino fermone veftras 
 virtutes, animi moderationem, clement' xm, religionem, pietatem, educationem, caftitatom 
 foelicitatem, fortunas, opes, munificentiam, vi6lorias, imperia, ftemmata, caeteraque huiuf- 
 modi multa enumerem, cum praefertim vir nobilis et doctus Leonhardus Goretius Polonus 
 de his omnibus deque fcelicifsimo veftro matrimonio, orationae fatis fufa tradlauit, in qua 
 nihil pretermifit quod ad Celfitudinis veftrae et progenitorum veftrorum gloriam virtute 
 partam, pertineat. Caeterum cum regiae veftrae virtutes nominifque fplendor ac regnorum 
 amplitudo alias per vniuerfa Chriftiani orbis imperia fatis nota fint, nifi forte ibi minime 
 vbi maxime nota effe deberent, nempe in hoc Angliae regno, ideo opere priecium et rem 
 omnibus bonis gratam, quodque mei eft officij erga Celfitudines veftras me fa6lurum 
 exiftimaui, fi haec noftris (vt dixi) hominibus, noftraque lingua ob oculos contemplanda 
 propofuero. Quod quam foeliciter aut dextre a me factum fit, aliorum efto indicium 
 Quam vero fidelitur, fyncere, ac animo in Maieftatls veftras propenfo hoc idem aggreffus 
 fum, teftis eft mihi confcientia mea in confpectu illius qui hominum cor' et renes 
 fcrutatur. Macte igitur virtutis iftius animi veftri eftote Serenifsimi Principes, atque Diuino 
 auxilio freti, pergite ea qua ccepiftis fiducia, huius deploratae ac collapfae reipublicae noftrae 
 ftatum, priftino decori reftituere, id quod omnes a vobis expe6lant atque eftlagitant, 
 
 i H 
 
 i •! 
 
 I ,■ 
 
 ♦; 
 
IfW 
 
 48 
 
 T/ie Epijlle. 
 
 pollicentes infuper vobis in eo negotio fuam operam in nullo defuturam. Ne terreat vos 
 quorundam canum latratus qui bonis omnibus oblatrant, et tunc definent latrare cum 
 definent viuere. Vulgatifsimum femper fuit improbos homines viris probis vel propter 
 inuidiam vel propter difsimilitudinem, folere latrare. Et tamen ille probus femper habitus 
 eft, quem peruerfi maxime improbauerint. Non eft igitur curandum quid de nobis 
 homunculi, fed quid virl boni loquantur. Cogitate (Serenifsimi Principes) quod mag- 
 nanimitate ac maiorum infignijs, aquilis et leonibus fimiles eftis. Aquilae natura 
 eft, alta petere, et aduerfus folis radios in altum volare. Leonis proprium eft parcere 
 fubie6lis et debellare fuperbos. Generofus equus per plateas incedens, canes vt 
 animalcula imbella prseterit non perturbatus. Virtus non exercita (inquit Seneca ad 
 Neronem) paruam laudem meretur. Non admodum magnificum fuerit mediocrem 
 fortunam probe adminiftrare : Sed tanta rerum omnium licentia non abuti, hoc vero 
 admirabile eft : Multo autem admirabilius in iuuenili ac lubrica aetate cui accedat aetas 
 magiftra : hijs prsefertim qui contumelia lacefcuntur, quse alioqui homines vel placidifsi- 
 mos folet de gradu dejicere. Sed (vt fupra dixi) non eft hie mei propofiti (Serenifsimi 
 Principes) veftras laudes pro meritis decantare, aut exprimere quo modo in fummo rerum 
 faftigio vos humiles praebuiftis, de quare fufius in prsefacione ad lectores tradlaui. lam 
 itaque vt huic epiftolse dedicatoriae finem imponam, rogo Serenifsimas Maieftates veftras 
 vt has meas lucubrationes in hijs autoribus vertendis, (quas veftro nomini confecraui) ea 
 humanitate ac fauore fufcipiatis. quibus omnes beneuolo animo ad vos accedentes, facile 
 admittitis ac neminem rejicitis. Quem admodum enim qui pomarium aut vineam 
 plantauit ac maturos inde fructus collegit, illi merito primitias foluit a quo prima femina 
 primafque arborum infitiones habuit, ita et ego qui a maiorum v ftrorum rebus geftis 
 primis fumptis feminibus, hos qualefcumque frudlus aedidi, videor profedlo mihi, debito 
 veftro honore vos defraudaffe, nifi eofdem veftro nomini ac numini obtuliffem. 
 Deus. Opt. Max. Celfitudines veftras perpetuo feruat incolumes, 
 faxitque vt foecunda fobolis propagine, fummaque pace 
 ?C tranquillitate, huius regni habenas ad Diiiini 
 nominis gloriam, diu gubernetis. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
•I 
 
 '1 
 
 49 
 
 Ryciiarde Eden to the reader. 
 
 He mode famous oratoure and learned Phylofopher Marcus Tullius 
 Cicero, wryteth, that in all confultations as touchynge owre 
 behauoure and order of lyuynge amonge men, it behoueth 
 vs euer to beare in mynde howe farre the dignitie of mans 
 nature, excelleth the condition of brute beaftes. For they, 
 beinge ruled altogether by fence, delyte in nothynge but beaftely 
 appetites, whereunto they runne headlonge as to theyr onely 
 felicitie. But the mynde of man, beinge of more noble nature, 
 is nuryflhed with knowleage, and taketh pleafure in diuifynge 
 or excogitatynge fume honed thynge, whereby it not onely 
 leaueth amonge men a memorie of his immortall nature, but alfo 
 engendereth the lyke affection in other that delyte to fee and 
 heare fuch thinges as are commendable in theyr prediceffours. 
 And this furely thynke I to bee the caufe that eyther the famous 
 factes of woorthy men, or ingenious inuentions of experte arti- 
 ficers, haue not onely nobilitate the autours and diuifers of the 
 fame, or fuch to whom they haue byn dedicate, but alfo that parte 
 of theyr commendations haue redounded to all fuche as haue fpciue iheyi tymc and taken peynes in 
 illuftratynge and fettynge furthe theyr doynges. For who fliulde at this daye haue knowen Maufolus 
 the kynge of Caria, with his w^fe Artcmifia, or thefe famous artificers, Scopa, Bryaccs, Timothcus, 
 Leochares, or Pythis, if the wonderful! and fumptuous woorke of the fepulcher whiche Artemifia made for kynge 
 Maufolus her hufband (beinge of fuch woorkemanfhyppe that it was accompted for one of the marueyls of the 
 worlde) had not geuen vnto all thefe immortall fame, whereas neuertheleffe it coulde not defende it felfe ageynd 
 th[e]iniurie of tyme confumynge all thynges. There remayneth at this daye no token of the laborious Tabernacle 
 whiche Moifes buyldcd, or of the renoumed and marueilous Temple that was buylded in Hierufalem by Salomon 
 and renewed by Efdras. Yet fliall the name of the excellente artificers Ooliab and Befelchel, and Hyram the 
 kynge of Tyrus, lyue for euer in the memory of men. Furthermore alfo, Salomon hym felfe, although he were 
 many other wayes famous, yet gaue he a greate parte of his glory to that princely buyldynge. But certeynely 
 the mod trewe and permanent glory, procedeth of fuch monumentes as brynge fume great and notable commoditie 
 and profile to the lyfe of men, rather then of the hugious heapcs of dones of the Pyramides of Egypt, wherin is 
 nought els to Tec but the fondc and barbarous odentation of fuperfluous riches: Or of the Mazes cauled Labyrinthi, 
 or of horryble groat Images cauled Coloffi, of knottes inexplicable, of brafen caudrons of mondrous byggeneffe, 
 of hauens with echo feuen tymes reboundynge, and dyuers fuche other portentous inuentions, the which as they 
 do delite vs in confiderynge the manielous arte and witte of fuche artificers as diuifed and made the fame, fo 
 are they otherwyfe vnprofitable : And brynge rather a fame to theyr inucntoures, then trewe glorye. Perillus was 
 famous by diuifynge his brafen bulle : yet fo, that it had byn better for hym to haue byn obfcure and vnknowen. 
 They haue therefore deferued more trewe commendation whiche in buyldynge of cities, townes, fortreffes, bridges, 
 cundites, hauens, fliyppes, and fuche other, haue fo ioyned magnificence with profecte, that bothe may remaine 
 for an eternal tedimonie of abfolute glory, whofe perfection extendcth to the gratifyinge of vniuerfal mankind as 
 farre as mans mortalitie wyW permit. The whiche thinge whyle I confider, and caule to memorie howe Cicero 
 defineth trewe glory to bee a fame of many and greate defertes eyther towarde owre citizens, owre countrey, or 
 towarde all man kynde, and the fame to bee of fuch excellencie that the owlde poetes for fume effecte fayned it 
 to bee the fweete Ambrofia and Nectar wherwith the goddes are fedde, and that of fuch force that who fo may 
 drynke therof, fhal alfo become a god, (that is to fay immortall and happy) mee thynke verely that (yf man maye 
 be a god to men as holy fcripture fpeaketh of Moifes and other) the kynges of Spayne of late dayes (if I may 
 fpeake it without offence of other) may fo much the more for theyr iud defertes and good fortune be compared 
 to thofe goddes made of men (whom the antiquitie cauled Heroes and for theyr manyfolde bencfites to man 
 kynde honoured theym with diuine honoure) as theyr famous factes fo farre cxcell al other, as I dare not fpeake 
 to fuch as haue not yet harde or rcddc of the fame, lead the greatneffe therof fluildc at the fird brunte fo muche 
 adonyflie the reader that he myght geue the Icfl'e credite to the autoure of tliis bookc, who neuertheleffe hath 
 mode faythfuUy wrytten this hydorye of fuche thynges wherof he hath feene a greate parte him felfe (as being by 
 
 ■H *9 
 
 Commendation 
 uf noble factes. 
 
 Mausnluo. 
 Cunnynge 
 artiticurs. 
 
 The Tal)crnacle 
 of Moiscs. 
 
 The Temple of 
 
 Salomon. 
 
 Hyram. 
 
 Trewe glory. 
 
 Great and 
 sumptuous work& 
 
 Kamedin*ereth 
 from true glury. 
 
 Absolute glory. 
 
 What is true 
 glory. 
 
 The kynges of 
 
 Spayuc. 
 
 Heroes. 
 
 The certentic uf 
 this hystory 
 
 * I 
 
 i ^ 
 
 t ' 
 
 i \ 
 
 'HI 
 
 f 
 
 i] 
 
 1 ;! 
 
 i . 
 
 i! ,M 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ■>k 
 
 111 : 
 
 1 
 
 
so 
 
 The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 ■I 'i 
 
 The home of the 
 contractes of 
 India. 
 
 The eounsayl for 
 the Indies 
 The hernicall 
 fades of the 
 Spanyardcs. 
 
 Great Alexander. 
 
 The Sp'inyardes 
 warres in the 
 Indicii 
 
 The Iwnefitcs thai 
 the Indians haiie 
 receaued by the 
 Spanyardes. 
 
 Lyhcrtie. 
 The Canibales, 
 
 Feareful idlenessc. 
 
 Isai. 65. 
 
 The wanes of 
 Moiscs. 
 
 The Indians 
 subdued to the 
 fayth. 
 Isai. 42. 
 
 The contemplation 
 of gods workes. 
 
 The Christian 
 Empire enlarged 
 
 The cnnuersion of 
 the gentyles. 
 
 I.^uiath.in. 
 
 the mode catholyke and puidfaunt kynge Ferdinando appoynted a commiflionaric in th[e]aflfayres of India) ami 
 
 gathered the refidewe partly by information and partly out of the wrytinges of fuch as haiic byn (as Vyrgyll 
 
 wryteth of Eneas, Et quorum pars »ia;^iafui) that is, doers and parte of fuch thyngcs as are conte)ned in the 
 
 hyftorie : as Gouernours, Lieuetenauntes, Capitayncs, Admirals, and Pylottes, who by thcyr paintful trauayles 
 
 and prowes, haue not onely fubdued thefe landes and feas, but haue alfo with lyke diliger ce commytted th[e]order 
 
 therof to wrytinge : And not this onely, but for the better tryall of the trcwth herein, haue and yet doo in maner 
 
 dayly fende from thenfe into Spayne fuch monumentes as are moil certeyne tefliinonies of tiieyr doynge, as yow 
 
 may reade in dyuers places in this boke. This newe worlde is nowe fo much freiiucnted, the Ocean nowe fo 
 
 well knowen, and the commodities fo greate, that the kynge erected a houfe in the citie of Siuile (cauled the 
 
 houfe of the contractes of India) perteynynge onely to th[e]affayres of the Ocean, to the which al fuch refortc for 
 
 necelTaries as attempte anye vyage to tliis newe worlde, and lykewyfe at theyr returne make iheyr iiccompte to 
 
 the counfayle for the Indies for the golde and fuche other thynges as they brynge from thenfe. It is therefore 
 
 apparent that the heroical factes of the Spaniardes of thefe days, deferue fo greate prayfe that th[e]autour of this 
 
 booke (beinge no Spanyarde) doth woorthely extolle theyr doynge aboue the famous actes of Hercules and 
 
 Satiimus and fucli other which for theyr glorious and vertuous enterpryfes were accoumpted as goddes amonge 
 
 men. And furely if great Alexander and the Romans which haue rather obteyned then deferucd immortall fame 
 
 amonge men for theyr bluddye victories onely for theyr owne glory and amplifyinge theyr empire obteyned by 
 
 flawghter of innocentes and kepte by violence, haue byn magnified for theyr doinges, howe much more then flial 
 
 we thy .ike thefe men woorthy iu(l commendations which in theyi mercyftill warres ageynfl thefe naked people 
 
 haue fo vfed them felucj towarde them in exchaungynge of benefites for victorie, that greater commoditie hath 
 
 therof enfewed to the vanquifflied then the victourers. They haue taken nothynge from them but fuch as they 
 
 them felues were wei wyllynge to departe with, and accoumpted as fuperfluities, as golde, perles, precious (lones 
 
 and fuch other: for the which they recompenfed theym with fuche thynges as they muche more eflemed. But 
 
 fum wyll fay, they pofTeffe and inhabyte theyr regions and vfe theym as bondemen and tributaries, where before 
 
 they were free. They inhsbite theyr regions indeede: Yet fo, that by theyr diligence and better manurynge the 
 
 fame, they maye nowe better fufteyne both, then one before. Theyr bondage is fuche as is much rather to be 
 
 defired then theyr former libertie which was to the cruell Canibales rather a horrible licencioufnelTe then a 
 
 libertie, and to the innocent fo terrible a bondage, that in the myddeft of theyr ferefull idleneffe, they were eucr 
 
 in daunger to be a pray to thofe manhuntynge woolues. But nowe thanked be God, by the manhodde and 
 
 pollicie of the Spanyardes, this deuelyfflie generation is fo confumed, partely by the flaughter of fuche as coulde 
 
 by no meanes be brought to ciuilitie, and partly by referuynge fuch as were ouercome in the warres, and con- 
 
 uertynge them to a better mynde, that the prophecie may herein bee fulfylled that the woolfe and the lambe 
 
 (hall feede together, and the wylde fieldes with the vale of Achor, (halbe the folde of the heard of gods people. 
 
 Moifes as the miniller of the lawe of wTath and bondage geuen in fyer and tempeftes, was commaunded in his warres 
 
 to faue neyther man, woman, nor chylde, and yet brought no commoditie to the nations whom he ouercame and 
 
 poffeiTed theyr landes. But the Spaniardes as the myniflers of grace and libertie, browght vnto thefe newe gentyles 
 
 the victorie of Chryftes death wherby they beinge fubdued with the worldely fworde, are nowe made free from the 
 
 bondage of Sathans tyrannie, by the myghty poure of this triumphante victourer, whom (as fayth the prophet) god 
 
 hath ordeyned to be a lyght to the gentyles, to open the eyes of the blynde, and to delyuer the bounde owt of 
 
 pryfon and captiuitie. What other men do phantafic herein, I can not tell : but fuer I am, that lyke as the flowe 
 
 and brutyflhe wyttes, for the felendernefle of theyr capacitie and effeminate hartes, do neuer or feldome lyfte vp 
 
 theyr myndes to the contemplation of goddes workes and maieflie of nature, but lyke brute beaftes lookynge 
 
 euer downewarde, thynke the worlde to be in maner no bygger then theyr owne dungehyllcs or cagics, 
 
 lyttle paflynge whether the Chryftian fayth do fpreade through the worlde, or bee dryuen to one comer : 
 
 Euen fo al good wyttes and honed natures (I doubte not) wyl not onely reioyce to fee the kyngedorae 
 
 of God to bee fo farre enlarged vppon the face of the earthe, to the confufion of the deuyll and the 
 
 Turkyflhe Antichryde, but alfo do the vttermod of theyr poure to further the fame. For furely, as 
 
 Gonfalus Ouiedus wryteth to the Empc ours maiedie in his hydorie of the Wede Indies, that he thynketh 
 
 hym no trewe Spanyarde whiche reioy^eth not in the good fortune of thcyr kynges by whofe ayde and 
 
 godly zeale this myghtie portion of the worlde hath byn added to the flocke of Chrydes congregation, 
 
 Euen fo do I thinke them no trewe Chrydian men that do not reioyce with the Angels of heauen for the 
 
 deliuerie of thefe owre brootheme, owre flefdie, and owre bones, from the handes of owre commune enemie the 
 
 oulde ferpente who hath fo longe had them in hys pofleffion, vntyll the fulnefle of the gentyles be accomplyfllied 
 
 accordynge to the time prefinite by hym, who vnto the yeare after his incarnation. M. CCCC. Ixxxxii. hath 
 
 fuflfered the greate ferpente of the fea Leuiathan, to haue fuche dominion in the Ocean and to cade fuch 
 
 mydes in the eyes of men, that fence the creation of the worlde vntyll the yeare before named, there 
 
 hath byn no paffage from owr knowen partes of the world to thefe newe landes, whereas nowe the fame 
 
 50 
 
The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 51 
 
 are mofle ccrteynely knowcn to be not pad. xxx daycs faylynge from Spayne. Neyther yet had the 
 church of luirope any knowlcage of the niyghtie Chryftian Empire of Prcciofus lohanncs, othcrwyfe caulcd 
 Prcfljyter lohanncs, Emperour of many Chryftian nations in Ethiopc, vntyll the yeare of Chryfte. 
 M. CCCC. xxxiii. as largely appeareth in the nauigalions of the rortugales, and cfpecially in the booke of 
 Damianus a Goes, wrytten to the byfihop of Rome, Taule the thyrde of that name, of the fayth and 
 religion of the Ethiopians which they haue hadde fence the tyme of the Apoftles. A thynge certes mod 
 woonderfull, and fuche, that yf the fame were not hydde hetherto by gods vnfercheable prouidence, I can 
 not but thynke much negligence or ignorance in owr forefathers and prediceflburs vntyll the dayes of the 
 ryght noble, prud-^nt, and Catholike kynge of Aragon Don Ferdinando grandfather to Th[e]emperours 
 maieftie by his elded dowghter, and to the queenes hyghnefle by his feconde dowghter the mod vertuous 
 lady queene Catherine her graces mooti.er : A prince doubtelelTe of fuche nobilitie, prowes, magnificence, 
 and all other vertues commendable in a prince, that who fo (hall indifferentely way all his doinges and 
 good fucceffe in all his affayres, comparinge the fame to th[e]entcrpryfes and doinges atchyued by fuche 
 famous princes in whome the Greekes and Romans haue fo greately glor}'cd, maye with one eye pcrceaue 
 not onely howe fiirre his noble factes do furniount theyrs, jut alio wel confyder what noble braunches 
 of iflliewe were lyke to fpr>nge owt of fo woorthy a docke. And fuerly if fen<;e the begynning of the 
 worlde, the fauour of god toward men hath byn knowen by fuch benefites and bleffynges as he hath 
 gcuen to men, it feemeth to me that in maner (onely Chryde excepted) there neuer lyued man to whom 
 god hath geuen greater benefites and (hewed more fauoure. Great doubtlefle was the fauour and mercie 
 that god fliewed vnto Noe, by whom he faued the remanent of mankynde beinge but fewe in number. 
 But much greater was the grace which he fliewed to kynge Ferdinando vnder whom and by whofe meanes 
 he faued not onely the bodies but alfo the foules of innumerable millions of men inhabytynge a great 
 part of the worlde heretofore vnknowen and drowned in the deluge of erroure. What fliulde I here 
 fpeake of Abraham the father of fayth whofe promyfes were great, and he cauled the frende of god : Dyd 
 he or his poderitie fee Ifraell increafe to fuch multitudes and nations as kyng Ferdinandos poderitie may 
 foe th[e]increafe of this fpirituall Ifraell vnto whome as a feconde Abraham he was the father of fayth? 
 Moifes was fo great in the fyght of god that he dilclofed vnto hym his fecreate name, and miraculoufly 
 caufed a comer of the fea to open at his prayer. But howe greater a myracle was it that he opened 
 vnto the nauie of Don Ferdinando the greate Ocean thowght before that tyme to bee without endc, 
 where neuerthelefle he and his poderitie the kynges of Spayne haue nowe planted a newe Ifraell muche 
 greater then that whiche Moifes ledde throughe the red fea. It were here fuperfluous to fpeake of Dauid 
 whom Godde founde a man accordynge to his hartes defyre : and yet maye it be doubted whether his 
 plages and fcourges were greater then his benefites? His fonne Salomon for al his inconftant ind 
 wauerynge wyfedome and his great ryches obteyned by his nauigations to Ophir, yet was there at this 
 tyme no knowleage of Antipodes, neyther dydde any of his ftiyppes fayle abowt the hole worlde, perce 
 the Ocean, and trauerfe the Equinoctial line to th[e]inferiour hemifpherie or halfe globe of the earthe and fea 
 as dyd the famous fliyppe Victoria fent furth by Th[e]emperours maiedie. A thyng doubtlefle fo ftrange 
 and marueylous that as the lyke was neuer done before, fo is it perhaps neuer lyke to be done ageyne : 
 fo farre haue the nauigations of the Spanyardes excelled the vyage of lafon and the Argonauta to the 
 region of Colchos, or all that euer were before. And although in the booke of kynges and Paralipomenon it 
 bee hyperborically wrytteii that in the dayes of Salomon golde and fyluer were in Hierufalem in maner 
 as plentiful as dones, and that his feruantes brought from Ophir foure hundreth and fiftie talentes of gold, yet 
 do we not reade that any of his fliyppes were fo laden with golde that they foonke, as dyd a fliyppe of 
 kynge Ferdinandos as yow maye reade in the lad booke of the fyrde Decade. Neyther was the dominion of 
 Salomon extended from the ryuer of Euphrates to the lande of the Philidians and th[e]extreme confines 
 of Egypte to be compared with the large Empire whiche the kynges of Spayne haue in the wed Indies : 
 Nor his ryches of golde to be thought much in refpect of that which hath byn browght from thenfc into 
 Spayne as fliall playnely appere to al fuche as wyll feeke to knowe the truth hereof. But to let pafle to 
 fpeake any further of the myracles which god hath wrought by the handes of this noble prince in this 
 newe world among thefe newe gentyles. Is it not well knowen to all the world what a defence and 
 brafen wall he hath byn to all Chrydendome in that he hath quite diyuen out of Spayne the Moores 
 or Sarafens and lewes which fo many hundreth yeares poflefl"ed a greate parte of Spayne to no fmaule 
 daungioure of the hole Chridian Empire, and yet coulde neuer before bee cleane vanquyflhed vntyll 
 the dayes of this noble and Catholyke prince fo named for his warres ageynde the infidelles, whom God 
 rayfed for a Capitayne of his people as an other Gedion vnder whofe banner they myght ouercome theyr 
 enemies and pourge his vineyarde from fuche wycked weedes. The which thynge doubtelefle may feeme 
 fo much the greater and more difficulte, forafmuch as in the mydded of the chiefe heate of his chargeable 
 
 5' 
 
 PrcMer lohn 
 the ChriMian 
 Knipcrour uf 
 Kthiu|)e. 
 
 Don Ferdinando 
 kynge uf Aragun. 
 
 Thfi fauour tf god 
 knowen by hi» 
 bcnefilck 
 
 Noc. 
 
 What Rod hath 
 w -ought by kynga 
 Kerdinandu 
 
 Abraham. 
 Spirituall Israeli 
 
 Moifes. 
 
 Dauid. 
 
 Salomon. 
 
 Ophir. 
 
 Antipodei. 
 The nauigation 
 rounds about tha 
 worlds. 
 
 The dominion 
 uf Salomon. 
 I'aral, 9. 
 
 The Indies. 
 
 The wanes of 
 kynge Ferdinando 
 ageynst tho 
 Sara*eiis> 
 
 f 
 
 1' 
 
 I 
 
 i \ 
 
 \ , > 
 
 '* i 
 
 'l 
 
 III 
 \\ 
 
 ii;| 
 
 li n. 
 
 !■■ , !■ 
 
 il 
 
 ^ ,. ■ r 
 ■ I 
 
 
h i 
 
 52 
 
 T/ie Preface to the Reader. 
 
 I 
 
 The conqunia of 
 
 the Irnliet 
 
 i'he conqueste 
 ut Naples. 
 
 The Kmperours 
 maiu&liu. 
 
 Gen. 17, 
 
 The ktnge: 
 maicbtie 
 
 Apostrophe to 
 EngluuJe. 
 
 ItaLi. 
 
 warrcs agcynllc the Moores of Granada, he eucn then and at the fame tyme fente furth fl)yi)pcs for the 
 conciueflynge of the Indies, as thowgh he and the nation of the Spanyardcs had byn ajjpoynteil by god 
 cyther to fubdue the enemies of the fayth or to bringe theym to Chriftes religion. The felfe fame kynge 
 Ferdinando alfo abowte the yeare of Chryft. 1503. fente a nauie of fliyppcs into Italy, where they vancjuyfOied, 
 chafed, and flewe the Frenchemen, and recouercd the kyngedome of Naples with all the dominions belongynge 
 tliereunto. By which noble victory, his fucceflion and polleritie as the[e]mperours maieftie and nowe his fonne 
 the kynge owre mafter and foueraigne lorde haue euer fence enioyed th[e]inheritaunce of the fame as of 
 antiquitie by iuft and ryght tytle dewe to them and theyr prediceflburs. And as it is the nature of god 
 not only to (hewe his loue and fauour to fuch as haue pleafed hym, but alfo to poure furth the plentie 
 of his grace vppon theyr Oif-ceirion from generation to generation, fo hath he with lyke felicitie profpered 
 the reigne of Th[e]emperours maieftie who by his wifdome and prowes hath not onely pollitikly gouerned, 
 but alfo augmented and inlarged fuch dominions as fel to hym by difcente of inheritaunce. What fliuld I 
 fpeake of his warres and conqueftes in India, in Aphrike, in Italic, in Fraunce, in Germanic, and in Flaunders : 
 all the which to be declared accordyngely wolde rather require hole volumes then fewe flieetci of paper. Yet 
 hath one in fewe woordes effectually expreffed his dominions and conqueftes in thefe verfes folowynge, 
 
 Impiger expauit rapidas tranfirepcr vndas 
 
 Oceani Alcides ; continuitque gradum. 
 Maximus at Ccefar, PLVS VLTRA tendere atr/iim 
 
 Aufus, et ignotis efl dare iura locis. 
 Et domita aurifcra nunc viHor getite retier/us, 
 
 Catcra fub fceptro ponat vt ipfefuo. 
 Nam pater omnipotens vt/amam terminet ajlrit 
 
 lufsit, et imperiiim fincat Oceano. 
 
 fl An other alfo breefely hath declared the fame in thefe verfes. 
 
 Confortem Imperij voluit quia luppiter orbis, 
 AJlra Deo eedunt, Carole terra tibi. 
 
 And certes who fo well confidereth the progenie of kynges that in fo (horte a time haue linially defcended from 
 
 Don Ferdinando, and howe many kyngedomes they poffeffe, may fee that God hath fulfylled in hym alfo the 
 
 promifes and bleffynges of Abraham, as to make hym the father of many nations, and his fecde to growe great 
 
 vpon the earth : Alfo that many kynges fliulde come furth of his loynes, and to make a perpetuall league and 
 
 conuenaunt with hym and his pofteritie to bee theyr god for euer. And here to omytte to fpeake of other : Was 
 
 there euer better hope or more likenes then now, that thefe bleffynges and promyfes of god fhulde continewe in 
 
 this princely progenie, fyth the vertues and felicitie of them al doo fo ftiyne and florifllie in o\vr noble and gratious 
 
 prince kynge Phylyppe, to whom euen in his youth his father (occupied in the warres of Italye and Aphrike) 
 
 commytted the hole gouemaunce of the kyngedomes of Spayne and the Indies. Of his behauoui in Englande, 
 
 his enemies (which canker, vertue neuer lacked) They I fay (if any fuch yet remaine) haue greateft caufe to 
 
 reporte well : ye fo well, that yf his naturall clemencie were not greater then was theyr vnnaturall indignation 
 
 they knowe them fclues what myght haue folowed. The properties of fooles and wyfe men are declared in 
 
 thefe owld veries. 
 
 Quid Jlulti proprium ? Nonpoffe et velle nocere. 
 
 Quid fapientis opus : Non velle etpoffe nocere. 
 
 That is to fay : AVhat is the propertie of a foole? To wyl to doo hurte and can not. What is the woorke of a 
 wyfe man ? Not to wyll to hurte though he may. But whether he hath lacked poure or wyll, it is knowen to 
 barbers and blere eyde men. Who lamented theyr folly more then he ? Who more humbly admytted theyr 
 futes and fupplications ? Ye who obteyned theyr pardon but he ? Beynge a Lion he behaued hym felfe as a 
 lambe, and ftrooke not his enemie hauynge the fwoorde in his hande. Stoope Englande ftoope, and leame to 
 knowe thy lorde and mafter, as horfes and other brute beaftes are taught to doo. Be not indocible lyke Tygers 
 and dragons, and fuch other monfters noyous to man kynde. God by the mouth of Ifaias the prophet reproueth 
 the Ifraelites that they knewe not fo well theyr dewtie towarde hym as dyd the brute beaftes the mangiers of 
 theyr mafters. The oxe and the affe (fayth he) knoweth the mangier of theyr mafter, but Ifraell knoweth not 
 me. For (hame let vs not be woorfe then oxen and affes, and lyke vnto horfes and mules in whom is no vnder- 
 ftandynge. But O vnthankefuU Englande and voyde of honeft (hame ? Who hath geuen the the face of a hoore 
 and toonge of a ferpent withowt (hame to fpeake venemous woordes in fecreates ageynft the annoynted of god. 
 O paynted hoore that haft Chryfte in thy mouth and the deuyl in thy harte. Hathe not the pocke of thy 
 licentioufneffe brufte furth in maner to thyne owne deftruction. Howe longe wylt thou nuryffhe in thy boofome 
 
ce of a 
 ven. to 
 theyr 
 feasa 
 xne to 
 Fygers 
 oueth 
 ers of 
 ;h not 
 vnder- 
 hoore 
 if god. 
 if thy 
 ofome 
 
 T/ic Preface to the Reader. 
 
 53 
 
 that ferpente whofu nature is to deuoure her moother? Take a vomyte in tyme lead thy difeafe become 
 vncurablc. What iietcle I nhcarfe vnto the thy manyfoldc intirmilies and deformities wiiiihe tliou arte faulen 
 into by thyne owne owtra^'oiunelTe ? If the greefes of them bee to thee vnfenfible by reafon of thy feeblcnclTe 
 ami longe fickenes, take vnto the that ghifle wlierin thou gloryeft with the lewe and thynkeft that thou feed al 
 thynges and canll iudge all myfteries : Looke I fay in that pure glalTe and beholde thy owne deformities, which 
 thou canlle not or wylte not feele. I feare greatly that if thou looke therein diligently and looke euen throughe 
 thy felfe, thou Avyltc abhorre thy felfe to fee howe many monders lye hid in the vnder the fliape of man. There 
 is euen nowe great talke of the in the mouthes of all men that thou haft of late yeares brought furthe many 
 menders and ftraunge byrthes, wherof dyuers men make dyuers interpretacions more mondrous then the 
 monders thcim felues. But fliall I breefely and fimply declare vnto thee the fignification of thy monders ? Fyrd 
 then confytler that they are monders of mankynde and not of other bealles. Secundarily marke well that in 
 them al, the headde is i)erfect, fo that the mondrofitie groweth owt of the body, although not owt of the hole 
 body but certeyne jiartes therof. But not to go to farre. Confyder ageyne that diforder of the partes is a 
 dcformitie to the hole. One hath well interpreted that fuch mondrous byrthes fignifie the mondrous and 
 deformed myndes of the people myflhapened with phantadical opinions, diflblute lyuynge, licentious talke, and 
 fuch other vicious behauoures which mondroufly deforme the myndes of men in the fyght of god who by fuche 
 fignes dooth certifie vs in what fimilitude we appere before hym, and thereby gyueth vs admonition to amende 
 before the day of his wrath and vengeance. ^Vhat deformed beades are more mondrous then lyinge, rebellion, 
 drife, contention, priuie malice, flaunderynge, mutteryng confpiraces, and fuch other deuilyfdie imaginations. 
 But O Englande whyle tyme is gyuen thee, circumcife thy harte. Put to onely thy good wyll, and thou mayde 
 fynde grace and fauoure to recouer thyne aunciente bewtie whiche hath fo longe been defaced. Thou hade 
 nowe a kynge and queene that defyre thee to remember thy dewtie, and holde theyr armes abrode to embrafe 
 thee yf thou wylt drawe nere vnto them. They are fory to occupie the whyppe yf thou mighted otherwyfe bee 
 brought to obedience. But yf thou take pleafure to perfid in frowarde doobberneffe, knowe thou that they are 
 Lions whelpes and conquerours of monders whereof thou had had fuche experience, that proudely trudynge in 
 thyne owne drengthe, and attemptynge lyke an other Nemroth to buylde a newe towre of confufion, the 
 woorkes of thy giantes were miraculoufly ouerthrowne by a woman who deliuered thee from that captiuitie, 
 whereby thou oughtede to knowe the daungiour thou wad in, and bee thankefuU to thy deliuerer. Beware 
 therefore leade whyle thou contemne the jjcaceable princes that god hath fent the, thou bee lyke vnto Ifopes 
 frogges to whom for theyr vnquietneffe, lupiter fent a hearon to picke them in the hedes. Confider what bene- 
 fites thou mayft reccaue at theyr handes if thou doo thy dewtie towarde them. Confyder ageyne that as they 
 are able, fo may thy gentelneffe make them wyllynge to recompenfe the fame. Stoppe thyne eares from vayne 
 fables as from the inchauntynge Mermaydes. For as manye fpeake of Robbyn Hoode and of his bowe that 
 neuer fliot therin, fo doo fooles prate of fuch thynges as they knowe not. But O god ? what phantafies are 
 nowe in the heades of men ? Howe icdy they are to inuent lyes and tales ? and of howe fmaul fparkes they 
 kyndle great flames ? Summe are fo curious to fynde faute in other, that for lacke of iud matter woorthy reproche 
 in them whom they defyre to depraue, they fpeake euyll of theyr parentes and kynred of whom they knowe as lyttle. 
 And not fo fatiffyed they difpife and with lyinge difprayfe theynr hole nation and countrey. Ye fum take fuch 
 pleafure herein, that if they can fynde noughte els to difprayfe, they wyll fynde faute in fuche as they fauour 
 not, bycaufe they weare not theyr apparell as they doo, or perhappes are not fo effeminate as they, or eate not 
 as they eate, or fight not as they fyght, fo parciall is the iudgement of fooles in theyr owne rudeneffe, thynkyng 
 them felues the better for difprayfynge of other. Spayne is a beggerly countrey fayth one : Th[e]emperour is 
 but poore fayth an other : He is deade fayth an other : The Indies haue rebelled fayth an other, and eyther 
 there commeth no more golde from thenfe, or there is no more founde nowe : with fuche other falfe and licentious 
 talke diuifed by vnquiet braines in whofe heades the hammers of fedition feafe not to forge ingens of iniquitie. 
 If I diulde here anfwere to all thefe querels particularly and as the woorthyneffe of the thynge requireth, I 
 myght fynde matter fufiicient to make a volume of iude quantitie and perhappes be tedious to fumme. Yet not 
 to paffe ouer fo great a matter vntouched, and partely to doppe the mouthes of fuche impudente lyers, I haue 
 thought good to fpeake fumwhat hereof. Fyrd therfore to fpeake of Spayne, and by the tedimonie of oulde 
 autours to declare the commodities therof: Plinie a graue and faythful autour, in the lad boke and lad chapiture of 
 his natural hidory greatly commendynge Italy aboue al other contreys, giueth the fecond prayfe vnto Spaine, 
 afwel for al fuch thynges as in maner the heuen can geue and the earth brynge furth for the commoditie of this 
 lyfe as alfo for the excellente wittes of men and Ciuile gouemaunce. Alfo Diodorus Siculus in the fixt bookc of 
 his Bibliotheca fpeakynge of Spayne (cauled of the Greekes Iberia) writeth that when in the mountaines named 
 Pyrinei th[e]inhabitantes bumte vp the wooddes, there ranne owt of the mountaynes as it were dyuers dreames of 
 pure fyluer molten by the heate of the fyre. But the edimation and price of fyluer beinge at thofe dayes to 
 them vnknowen, the Phenician marchauntes bought the fame of them for thynges of fmaule value: And caryinge 
 
 Edkn. 
 
 Ha 
 
 MonMrcHM 
 byrthei. 
 
 The tignificaliuni 
 of monmnja 
 byrUici. 
 
 The deformily 
 of monstruut 
 myndes. 
 
 ■ ( ! 
 
 I' 
 
 The kyng and 
 
 Queene. 
 
 How curious 
 summe are to 
 fynde faute in 
 other. 
 
 Lyei Imagined. 
 
 i 
 
 Commendalioiit 
 itf Spain 
 
 li, 
 
 Ryche syluer 
 mynes in Spayna 
 
 i 
 
 
54 
 
 The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 ii 
 
 The Roman* 
 inriL-heil by the 
 sylucr uf Spayne. 
 
 The 
 
 CarihaHiiiunsi« 
 iiirichuu hy (lie 
 sytuer of Spain. 
 
 The cnminoditics 
 uf bpain 
 
 The sygne of 
 the sieeplu 
 
 Englande 
 iiii[H>ucnsshed, 
 Spuynu inriched. 
 
 SiUier mines 
 founde of late 
 in Spaync 
 
 Syluer brought 
 friiiiit! Peru uitu 
 Knglandc 
 
 Thfelemperours 
 reocniics from 
 the Indict 
 
 The Il.indes of 
 the Suuthti sua. 
 
 The Ilandes ol 
 Malud 
 
 it into Grecia, Afia, and other countreys, got great rycheffc thcrby. For the defyre of gaynes (fayth he) fo greatly 
 nioiied the marchauntes, that when more fyluer rcmayned then myght lade theyr fliyppcs, they tooke the leadc 
 frome theyr ankers, and put fyluer in the place therof. The I'henices by thefc gaynes beinge made very ryche, 
 dyd afligne many colonies both in Sicilic and the llandes there abowt, and alfo in Libya, Sardinia, anil Iberia. 
 But after many yeares when the Iberians (that is the Spaniardes) kncwe the price of fyluer, and applyed them 
 felues to the feekynge of metals and founde great plentie of fyluer, they obteyncd greate rychcs thcrby forafmuch 
 as in mancr al that earth of the mountaynes is fo replenyflhed with fyluer that it is a marueylous thynge to con- 
 fyder the nature of the region and the continual laboure of the woorkemcn in thofe mynes, I.ykewyfe when 
 afterwarde the Romans fubilued the Iberians, the Italians which for the defyre of gaynes fearched thofe metals, 
 gotte great rycheffe by the fame. For they deputed to that laboure a multitude of bowghte feruauntcs, whiche 
 fearchynge the vaynes of metals in dyuers places, and percyng the earth dyuers wayes for the fpace of many 
 furlonges, browght furthe great plentie of golde and fyluer. But the rycheffe of thefe mynes was fyrft founde at 
 fuch tyme as the Carthaginenfes (the enemies of the Romane Empire) had the Iberians in fubiection: which 
 was the caufe that theyr poure afterwarde increafed. For, with monye hyringe the bed and mofle experte 
 fouldiers, they kepte greuous warres ageynft theyr enemies. And not vfynge the ayde eyther of theyr owne 
 fouldiers or theyr affociates, they were a terrour to the Romanes, Sicilians, and Libyans, whom they browght 
 into great daungiour by reafon they paffed them al in abundaunce of golde and fyluer. With better fortune 
 therefore, and greater hope of gayne are ryche metals fought in Spayne, the goodneffc of whofe foyle yekleth 
 cloddes of earth conteynynge much golde and fyluer. And thefe be the very wordes of Diodorus Siculus, which 
 the later wryters doo alfo confirme. For lulius Solinus in his Polyhiftor, compareth Spayne to the bed contreys 
 in plentie of grayne, vyttayles, oyle, fyluer, golde, and Iron. Likewyfe Strabo, Statius, and Claudius, do no lefle 
 commende it. It were to longe here to fpeake of the greate plentie of fine woolles lyttle inferiour vnto owrs: 
 alfo abundaunce of fugar, vines, pomegmnates, limondes, and orangies in fuch plentie that they fuffice not only 
 Spayne, but alfo in maner all Europe : whereas the apples and crabbes of Englande arc fcarfely able to feme it fclfe. 
 And althowghe here fumme wyll obiecte, that they lacke come, woodde, and certeyne other thynges, yet are theyr 
 commodities fo greate otherwyfe, that al fuch thynges are browght them owt of other countreys for theyr wares : 
 and that in fuch plentie, that they are there better chepe then euer they were in Englande fence the figne of the 
 (lecple the poore mans Inne was pulled downe in all places. Summe for lacke of other matter, fynde greate 
 faute that in trauaylynge in Spayne, men flialbe fenied with halfe a henne, and go to the cookes for theyr meate 
 and to the tauerne for theyr drynke. And what then I praye yow? What inconuenience enfeweth hereof? Is it 
 not better fo to doo then to pay thryfe for one thinge as is the maner to doo in fumme of owre Innes and ir 
 tauernes where all that eate rofle meate are beaten with the fpitte, as where they that of late in Barthelmewe 
 fayre payde fortie penfe for a pygge, where the good man of the houfe was not a fliamed to make his vaunte that 
 he had made foure fhyllynges of a pygge, and had in one day taken foure pounde for pygges. But if I fhukl 
 here particularly and at large declare howe Enghnde is in fewe yeares decayed and impoueryfllicd, and howo 
 on the contrary parte Spayne is inryched, I fliulde perhappes difpleafe more in defcrybyng the myferie of the 
 one, then pleafe other in expreffynge the floryffliynge flate of the other, which by all reafon is lyke dayly to 
 increafe, afwell for the great rycheffe that are yearely browght thyther from the Indies, as alfo for the ryche fyluer 
 mynes that aie founde of late in Spayne in the countrey of Afturia as I was credably informed by the woortliy 
 and lemed gentelman Auguftinus de Ceratta, Contador (that is) the auditour of the kynges myntes who had 
 longe before byn furueyoure of the golde mynes of Peru, and browght from thenfe and from Rio de Plata, xiii. 
 thoufand pounde weyght of fyluer which was coyned to the kinges vfe in the towre of London where neuer fo 
 much hath byn feene at once as fuche as haue byn .vide officers in the mynte doo affirme. What fliulde I 
 heare fpeake of the golde which th[e]emperours maid tie receaueth frome all the Indies, whereas onely in the two 
 meltynge flioppes of the gold mines of the Ilande of Hifpaniola, is molten yearely three hundreth thoufande 
 pounde weyght of. viii. vnces to the pound, wherof the fyfte parte is dewe vnto hym, whiche amounteth to three 
 fcore thoufande weyght yearely. Yet doo I not here fpeake of the golde mines of the other llandes and the 
 finne lande reachynge. viii. thoufande myles from the north to the fouth: Neyther of the ryche llandes of the 
 fouth fea cauled Mare del Sur, where the kynge of one lytrte Ilande named Tacarequi, Margaritea, or de las 
 Perlas, lying in the goulfe of Saynt Michael, payeth yearely for his tribute a hundreth pounde weight of perles: 
 Neyther yet of the fyfte parte of other thynges, as precious (lones, brafile, goffampine cotton, fpices, and dyuers 
 other thynges, wheras alfo the ryche llandes cauled the Maluchas perteyne to the inheritaunce of Caftile, 
 althowgh the kynge of Portugale enioy them for certeyne yeares by compofition. But the Indies haue rebelled 
 (fay they) and there commeth no more golde from thenfe. But what if fumme of them haue rebelled ? dooth it 
 therby folowe that there commeth no more gold from the other that lyue vnder obedience ? But if thou wylte fay 
 that they haue al rebelled at once, thou mufl. proue that thou fayefl. eyther by hyftorie or \vytneffe of fuch as 
 know the truth herof, as I (hauing made diligent fearche for the iame) am able to proue the contrarie, and that 
 
 54 
 
The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 fiichc talkc is oncly imagined by biifiu hcaddcs. Ageync: what if they haue rchcllcd in funimc proiiinrcs ? 
 dooth it folowc that they niaye not ageyne be browght vnder fubiection as were oftentynies tlie iiroiiinces of the 
 Romanes and as were in owre dayes dyuers countreys of Eiiglandc whiche haue byn fore attlicted with tiiat 
 plage. Hut whether the fandes of the ryucrs and th( mountaynes of the Indies bee fo emptied with golde that 
 no more can be founde tJiere, I thinkc it here fupcrfluous to anfwere to this obicction, forafmiich as it is here- 
 after confuted in the booke of metals where yow fliall fynde by experience that metals growe and increafe, and 
 that after certeyne yeares. fuche owlde caues of the mynes as haue byn dygged, are ageyne replenyfllieil with vre : 
 Alfo that the fprynges of fuche mountaynes turnynge theyr courfe and breakynge furth in other ])laces, brynge 
 with them greate i)lentie of fuch goklen fande as is founde in the ryuers into the \ hich they faule. What 
 inii)udencie is it therfore with woordes of reproche to caule hym poore whofe pourc is fo greate, his treafure fo 
 infinite, and his doinges fo chargeable, that I beleeue that when fo eucr it pleafi; uluiyghtie God to caule hym 
 fromc this lyfe to the greate domage of all Chryftentlome, it flialbe hardc to fynile an other that fluill in all poynles 
 bcc fo well able to fupplye that roomc and maynteyne th[e]imperiall dignitie. Let al honed natures therfore learne 
 to fpcake well of princes accordyngc to the fentcncc De Prindpibus nil tiifi bonuiu, forafnuich as they are the 
 miniilers of god who hath theyr hartes in his hande and ruleth the fame as feemeth beftc vnto hym. For there 
 is no pourc neyther ^ood nor badde, but of god : and he that refyfteth or fpeaketh cuyll of the poure, refilleth 
 and fpeaketh euyll >» .-od. Thou flialt not fpcake cuyll of the prince or ruler of thy people faith famt Pau'ic. 
 
 I3ut whera'. no ,c by the poure of Neptunus (I wot nere with what wynde) I hr.ue byn dryuen thus farrc 
 from my nauij^ai' iis, I haue thought gowl to turne my fayles and tofolowe the ordinarie courfe which I b ';anne, 
 and by th[e]e} ■• riple of this woorthy capitayne kynge Ferdinando, encourage al other to theyr poure to attemptc 
 the lyke vyagcs : As touchynge the which in fewe woordes to declare my opynyon, if any man fliulde alke me 
 what I thynke thefe thii ;j[es wyll grov.e to in tyme, I wyll anfwere as dooth the autourc of tliis booke, 
 that when I confyder howe farre owre pollcriiic linll lee the Chriftian religion enlarged, I am not able 
 with tounge or penne to exprefle what 1 conceaue \\ir.o{ in my mynd. Yet one thyng I fee whi«;h enforn-th 
 me to fpcake and lament, that the haruell is fo great and the workemen fo few. The Spanyanlcs haue fliewcd a 
 good excmi)le to all Chryftian nations to fok o. Bnt as god ir ^reat and woondcrfuU in all his woorkes, 
 fo befyde the portion of lande perteynyng < the Spanyardc;; (beinge eyght tymes byggcr then Italye as 
 vowe maye reade in the lade booke of the feconde Dcindo) and befide that which pcrteineth to the Portugales, 
 ■here yet remayneth an other portion of that maviie l.mde reachynge towarde the northead, tliought to be 
 as large as the other, and not yet knowen but onl/ by ihe fea coadcs, neyther inhabyted by any Chridian men : 
 whereas neuerthelene (as wryteth Gemma I'hrifms) in this lande there are many fayre and frutefuU regions, 
 hygh mountaynes, and fayre ryuers, with abundauncc of golde and dyuers kyndes of beades. Alfo cities 
 and towrcs fo wel buylded and people of fuch ciuilitie, that this parte of the worUlc feemeth lyttle inforiuur 
 to owre Europe, if th[cjinhabitauntes had rcceaucd owre religion. They arc wyttie people and refufe not 
 barteryngc with draungers. Thefe regions are cauled Terra Florida and Regio Baccalearum or Racchallaos 
 of the which yow may reade fumwhat in this booke in the vyage of the woorthy owlde man yet lyuing 
 Sebadiane Cabotc, in the. vi. booke of the thyrile Decade. But Cabote touched only in the north corner 
 and mod barbarous parte hereof, from whenfe he was repulfed with Ife in the moncth of luly. Neuertheleffe, 
 the wed and fouth partes of thefe regions haue fence byn better fearched by other, and founde to bee 
 as we haue fayde before. The chiefe citis in the fouthwed partes of thefe regions, is cauled Temixtetan, 
 or Mexico in maner vnder the circle cauled Troiiicus Cancri, and drongely defended by the nature of 
 the place. For it dandeth in a very great lake hauynge abowt it innumerable bridges, and buyldynges 
 to be compared to the woorkes of Dedalus. Th[c]inhabitauntes alfo can wryte and reade. Summe wrytcrs 
 connecte this lande to the firme lande of Afia : But the truth hereof is not yet knowen. And althoughe 
 the Spanyaides haue certeyne colonies in that part of this lande that is nowe cauled Nona Hifpania, yet are 
 the people for the mode parte Idolatours. Howe much therfore is it to be lamented, and howe greatly 
 dooth it founde to the reproche of all Chridendome, and efpecially to fuch as dwell nercd to thefe landes 
 (as we doo) beinge muche nearer vnto the fame then are the Spanyardes (as within, xxv. dayes faylinge 
 and leffe) howe muche I faye fliall this founde vnto owre reproche and inexcufable flothfulnefle and 
 negligence bothe before god and the worlde, that fo large dominions of fuch tractable people and pure 
 gentiles, not beinge hytherto corrupted with any other falfe religion (and therefore the eafver to bee allured 
 to embrafe owtcs) are nowe knowen vnto vs, and that we haue no refpecte neyther for goddcs caufe nor 
 for owTe owne commoditie to attempte fumme vyages into thefe coades, to doo for owr partes as the 
 Sjianiardes haue doone for theyrs, and not euer lyke fheepe to haunte one trade, and to doo nothynge 
 woorthy memorie amonge men - thankes before god, who niaye hr rein woorthely accufe s for the 
 flackeneffe of owre dewtie towarde hym. Saynt Paule the doctoure of the gentiles (to whofe Apodelfliippe 
 alfo thefe newe gentiles doo perteine) was of 'uch zeale toward the lewes whom god had reiected, that 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 The niiiig.itinns 
 of the Spuiiyardci* 
 
 It.ili i^. tn?oniyIck 
 in lcti(;LhL- aiiit. 
 ii6. in bruatllhc. 
 
 TTie Innde entiled 
 'I'urni tloriila, and 
 regie b.icc.ilc:iruiii. 
 
 I.mike the last 
 Ixmke, thirdti 
 decide. 
 This region is 
 nuw cauled Nona 
 Hispani.i. Sum 
 thinkc that (his 
 citie is (^uinsai of 
 Marctii Pau'uH, 
 T^noke the last 
 booke of llie 3. 
 decade, and ine 
 beginning of the 
 booke of the 
 landes lately 
 found. 
 
 The godlyc zeale 
 01'. 3. Paulc 
 
 1.^ 
 
 • I 
 
 .J. 
 
 f (|i| 
 
 fl 
 
 \\ 
 
 ' 'ill I 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 
 l» ' 
 
 i'r 
 
m 
 
 * - 
 
 56 
 
 T/ie Preface to the Reader. 
 
 Isai. 6& 
 
 Gregoric the FirsL 
 
 Threloffice of 
 bykhoppM. 
 
 England 
 converted to the 
 faith of Christ 
 
 This vnifride was 
 afterwarde 
 named Boneface 
 
 Whether any may 
 bee compelled to 
 the faythe. 
 
 The tyme of 
 miracles. 
 
 Miracles of late 
 dayes. 
 
 Howe Israeli 
 possessed the 
 lande of 
 promesse. 
 
 Bnlra. >. 
 
 he wyflhed hym felfe to bee accurfed of god for theyr fakes. He went from Damafcus to Arabic, preached 
 the gofpell in Grecia, came prifoner to Rome, was fcourged and ftoned, and fuffcred thryfe fliypwrackc, 
 what then thinke yow he wold do if he were now ahue ? Is it to be thought that he wolde not aduenture. 
 XXV. dayes faylynge to come to fuch a marte of foules in fuch redineffe to bee eafely obteyncd ? I beieue 
 verely that neyther death, nor the deuyll, nor Leuiathan, nor the worlde, fliulde let hym but that he wolde geue 
 th[e]onfet ageynft them all in hope of victorie by hym by whom he fayth he can doo all thynges. He was not 
 negligent in his office nor ignorant of his rewarde, but trufted to the promeiTe of him that fayde by the 
 mouth of the prophet Ifai : Oi them that Ihalbe faued, I wyl fende fum to the gentyles in the fea, into 
 Aphrike and Libia, Italie, and Grecia, and into the Ilandes a farre of, to them that haue not harde of nie, 
 and haue not feene my glorie. The like zeale that Paule had, and proceadynge of the fame fpirite, hath 
 euer fence Chryftes tyme, moued not only the Apodlcs, but alfo many other fomous and godly men (as 
 fupeniifours of his teftamente) to fende owte preachers into dyuers partes of the worlde to Ihewe furth the 
 gladde tydynge of the gofpell. By this zeale dyd Gregorye byfflioppe of Rome and fyrftc of that name, 
 when he fawe Englyflhe mens chyldren in Rome and alked what nation they were, when anfwere was 
 made hym in the laten tounge that they were Angli, (that is, Englyflhe men) he fayd (alludyng to the 
 fimilitude of the worde) that they myght wel be cauled Angeli, that is. Angels ; Meanyng thcrby that 
 lyke as god had done his part in geuyng them bodies of natural bewtie and comelynefle, fo it apperteyned 
 to his office beinge the cheefe paftoure of goddes flocke, to prouyde that theyr foules might be made 
 woorthy to inhabite fuch bodies and the hole nation confccrated vnto god by baptifme. For he fayde 
 furthermore : It is meete that % nto thefe alfo, the gofpell of life bee preached : And hereuppon immediatly 
 fent preachers into Englande whereby the hole nation was in fliorte tyme conuerted to Chriftcs faitli, 
 although fum had receaued the gofpell long before euen from Chryftes tyme by the preachyng of lofeph 
 of Arimathia who aflced the body of Chryfte of Pilote, and buryed it reuerently. I wolde to god that 
 there were now many mo fuch Gregories in the worlde : And that there might lyke zeale and gentelneflTe 
 bee founde in vs Englyflhe men towarde other nations, as we haue founde in other towarde vs. Owre 
 prediceffoures were not vtterlye vnmyndefull of thefe benefites, but api)lyed them felues lykewife to fpreade 
 the gofpell in other nations, For Vadianus in his booke De tribus terra; partibus, wryteth, that more then 
 feuen hundrethe yeares after the death of Chryfte, one Vnefride an Englyffhe man and byfflioppe of Mogunce, 
 (nowe cauled Menfe) was the fyrfte that tawght the fayth of Chryfte amonge tlie Germaynes, at fuch tyme 
 as the Frankes and Almaynes had pafled ouer the ryuers of Rhene and Danubius, and by puttynge the 
 garryfons of the Romans to flight, had poflefled a great parte of theyr moft notable prouinces. For albeit 
 that thefe rude and barbarous nations then accuftomed oncly to warre and robberie did hardly admitte 
 that holfome doctrine at the beginning. Yet by the pollicie and wifedome of the Frankes, it came fo to 
 pafle that in maner through owt all Germanic, greate incrcafe of the Chriftian religion folowed there mofte 
 ample victories, as the lyke fucceffe is alfo feene in thefe barbarous nations fubdued by the Spanyardes. 
 Whereby it is apparent, that although fum holde opinion that none owght to bee compelled to the faythe, 
 yet we fee by experience that withowt difputynge of opinions (lefte the pacientes ftiuldc dye before the 
 phifitians agree of the remedic) thefe entreprifes haue taken good effect to the great glory of god who cauleth 
 men vnto hym by dyuers meanes and at dyuers ages of the declinynge worlde, other\v7fe nowe then in 
 the tyme of Chryfte and his Apoflles when the poure of miracles was giuen vnto men to confirme the 
 newe fayth which had yet preuaiied i.o where in the worlde. Albeit, I beieue verely, that if we wolde take 
 the matter in hande accordyngly, god wolde not forget to ayde vs with miracles if it fliuld fo be requifitc, 
 as yowe may reade in this booke howe he wrought miracles by the fayth of a fimple mariner euen in 
 th[e]infancie of faythe. And fuerlye, lyke as there is no caufe why we fliulde anyc thynge doubte of goddes 
 goodnefle in this behalfe if the faut be not in owre felues. Euen fo, if we wolde fyrfte fctte owre handes 
 to the plowe, we ought to hope that he wolde giue encreafc and woorke with vs as he hath doone with 
 other, by whofe profperous fuccefle we may plainely foe that it was his wyll that fuche thynges fliulde 
 go forwarde. For euen Ifraell to whom promefle was made by fignes and miracles that they fliulde poflefle the 
 lande to th[e]inheritaunce wherof, the fea opened it felfe to giue them free paflage, yet were they commaunded by 
 the poure of the fwoorde to make way, with greate lofle and flaughtcr of men and by force of annes to obteyne 
 the lande promyfed to theyr fathers, whichc neuerthelcfle fewc of them poflefled that firft fought for the fame, 
 but lefte theyr carkefes in the wildernefle. Is it not alfo written of the luwes which repayred the wallcs 
 of the citie of Hierufalem after theyr captiuitie in Babilon, that Nehemias theyr capitaine fct the people in 
 order with fwoordes, fpcares, and bowes to defende the woorkemen ? And that alfo euen the Princes of luda 
 wrought vppon the walks and caried burdens ? lykewyfe that they wrought with one handc and held theyr 
 fwoordes in the other ? And if it were lawful for Ifraell accordynge to the flefllie, to vfe all meanes antl 
 pollicics to buylde vp the walles of earthly Hierufalem, howe muche more then ought the fpirituall Ifraclites to 
 
The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 vfe all poflible ineancs to biiylde vp the walles and temples of fpirituall Hienifalem, whofe fundation is Chrifte, 
 wyllynge all th(; nations of the worlde to be buylded vppon the fame. It is the propertie of a wyfe buyklcr to 
 vfe fuch tooles as the woorke requireth. And not at all tymes or in all woorkes to vfe one toole. For that 
 that ferueth in fofte tymber, wyll not feme in knottie pieces, nor yet for ftones. Th[e]expert phifitian vfeth 
 vehement remedies for defperate difeafes : And cunninge furgians vfe bumynge and cuttynge if the cafe fo 
 require, as in cuttynge of the fynger to faue the hande, or in cuttyng of the hand to faue the hole body. Ye it 
 hath fumtymes fo chaunfed that wheras men haue entended hurt, there hath good proceaded therof in fine : As 
 he that wokle haue flaine Prometheus, wounded his wenne with his fwoorde, whereby he was healed of that 
 difeafe. So is god able to tume euyll into good, and to make thynges that are not, as thynges that are. Euen 
 fo although fumme wyll obiecte that the defyre of golde was the chiefe caufe that moued the Spanyardes and 
 Portugales to fearche the newe founde landes, trewly albeit we (hulde admitte it to bee the chiefe caufe, yet dooth 
 it not folowe that it was the only caufe, forafmuch as nothyng letteth but that a man may bee a warrier or a 
 marchaunte, and alfo a Chriftian. Therefore what fo euer owre chiefe intente bee, eyther to obteyne worldely 
 fame or rycheffe, (althoughe the zeale to encreafe Chriflian religion ought chiefly to moue vs) I wolde to god we 
 wokle fyrft attempte the matter: And then I doubte not but that it wolde fo comme to palfe with vs as it dyd 
 with them who of longe time after the beginning of the worlde before menne were accuftomcd to eate flefflie, 
 thought it firfl. fufficient fo to vfe them felues amonge beafl.es that they were not hurte of them : but fliortly after, 
 vfed them for theyr commoditie : Then begunne to weare theyr fkinnes : And in fine, fell to eatynge of theyr 
 fleflhe, and to vfe certeine partes of them for remedies ageinft difeafes. Euen fo may thefe barbarians by the 
 only conuerfation with the Chriftians, (although they were enforced therto) be brought to fuch familiaritie with 
 ciuilitie and vertue, that not onely we maye take greate commoditie thereby, but they may alfo herewith imbibe 
 trewe religion as a thing accidental although neyther they nor we flnilde feeke the fame. For lyke as they that 
 goo much in the foonne, are coloured therewith .although they go not for that purpofe. So may the conuerfation 
 of the Chriftians with the gentyles induce theym to owre religion, where there is no greater caufe of contrarye 
 to refyfte as is in the luwes and Turkes who are alredy drowned in theyr confirmed errourc. But thefe fimple 
 gentiles lyuinge only after the lawe of nature, may well bee lykened to a fmoothe and bare table vnpainted, or 
 a white paper vnwritten, vpon the which yow may at the fyrft i)aynte or wr)'te what yow lyfte, as yow can not 
 vppon tables alredy paynted, vnleflie yow rafe or blot owt the fyrfte formes. They may alfo th[e]enyer bee allured to 
 the Chrift^ian fayth, for that it is more agreable to the lawe of nature then eyther the cerimonious lawe of Moifes, 
 or portentous fables of Mahomctes Alcharon. If we were therfore as defyrous to enlarge the fayth of Ciiryfte 
 as to feeke worldly gooddes, why do we deferre to aduenture that wherin we may doo bothe. We mufte not 
 nowe looke for a newe Paule or doctoure of the gentiles to bee conuerted by heauenly reuelations : Or for a 
 newe Moifes to leade men through the fea: Or for an Angel to carymen in the ayer from one place to an other 
 as Habacucke the prophete was caryed by the heare of his heade from ludea to Babilon : Or as Phylippe 
 tli[e];ippoftle was caryed by the fpirite from Gaza to Azotus: but mufte (as fayth the prophete Ifaias) euery man 
 exhorte his neyghboure, and bid his brooth'^r be of good chere : That the mafon and carpenter may buylde 
 togythcr, and fay to the glewe or cemente, it is good and fafte byndynge. What negligence and flackenefle hath 
 hytherto byn in Chriftian men in this kynde of buyldynge of goddes lyuely temple, the greate clerke Erafmus 
 hath declared in his booke intiteled Ecclefliaftes, whofe woordes for the woorthynefle of the autoure, I haue here 
 thowght good to rehearfe as they are wrytten by hym in the laten tounge in tlie fyrfte booke of the fayde woorke. 
 He wrytetli therfore as foloweth. 
 
 Audimus quotidianas quernnonias dcplorantium collapfam Chrijlianam reli(;ioncnt, eainqtie ditiomm qum qiwudam 
 coinpkxa cjl vniucrfum tcrrarum orbcm, in has angujlias effe contraBam. Hoc igitur quibus ex animodoM, eos deal 
 ardentilms afsiduifque votis flagitare a Chrijlo vt opaarios dignelur mittere in meffcmfuam, aut (vt melius dicam) 
 feminatorcs mittere in fcgetem fuam. Deum immortakm, quantum in orbe patet agrorum in quibus aut non dum 
 iaflum ejl femcn Euangelicum, aut ita iaflum ejl, vt plus fit zizaniantm quam trilici. Orbis minima pars ejl 
 Kuropa; Omnium florentifsima pars ejl Grcecia et Afia minor in quam magna fttcceffu primum a Iuda:a demigrauit 
 Kuaugelium. At hae fere tola, nonne tenetur a Mahumetanis et ijs qui Chrijli nomcn Itabent inuifum? lam in 
 Ajia maiore qu(B latifsime patet, quid obfecro noflrum ejl? quum ipfa Palcjlina vnde primo effluxit lux Euangelica, 
 fcruiat Allopliylisi In Aphriea vera quid nojlrum ejll Nee d ibitandum ejl quin in tanta vajlitalc regionum fmt 
 popuH rudes etfimplices qui facile pojfent ad Chrijlum alici,fi mitterentur qui facerent bonam femcntem. Quid quod 
 quotidie regiones haHenus incognitce reperiuntur, ferunturquefuperejfe quo nullus adhuc nojlratium perucnit. Omitto 
 nunc infnitam Iud(Corum vim nobis admixtam: omitto plurimo: jui titulo Chrijli tegunt Ethnicos: omitto tantas 
 Jchifmatieorum et hxreticorum phalanges. Quantus in his ejfet prouentus Chrijlo, fi gnaui ac Jiddes mitterentur 
 operatij qui iaciant Jemen bonum, qui reuellant zizaniam, qui plantent plantulas bonas, malas exterpent, qui extruant 
 domum Dei, detnoliantur JlruHuras non innitentes petra Chrijlo, daiique qui metant maturam Jegctem, fed Chrijlo 
 
 57 
 
 The buylding 
 of spirituaU 
 Hienualcm* 
 
 The cnntiersion of 
 the gentiles. 
 
 The christUa 
 faythp. 
 
 Isal 45i 
 
 August in 
 Chris tianiM 
 ditioHtt, 
 
 if \ 
 
 X . 
 
 n* 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 l;-' 
 
 \', 
 
 \\ -'^ 
 
 'I 
 
 i . 
 
 I 
 
i ( . r '.^i 
 
 * V ^ 
 
 58 
 
 The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 Pretltian 
 Aetliiafia rtx. 
 
 Filatii. 
 
 Francticani 
 
 Serafihici. 
 
 DomimcitfU 
 
 Chtnbicu 
 
 Lingmt 
 
 imptrUia, 
 
 Miracula. 
 
 Damianus a does 
 
 To the christian 
 princes 
 
 The sheepe of 
 Europe 
 
 The docfoure 
 of diuinitie 
 
 An admonition 
 tu riche men. 
 
 The marchant 
 
 me taut nonfibi, et animas Domino col/igant, tion opes fibi. Ntiper Aethiopia rex quern vulgus appcllat Pre/Ieian, 
 per oralorem fuum fubmifit fe fedi Romana, non nihil expojiu/ans cum pontifice quod ea gens quum a fide Chrifli 
 nan fit aliena, tarn diu fucrit a tocius or bis pafiore ncgUna. Quidam viri boni, et propaganda religionis fiudiofi, 
 queruntur Pilapios Scythim fieptentrionalis populnm ntire fimpliccm acrudem, a nefcio quibus principibus Chrifiianis 
 teneri ditione, fed ita duro premi iugo liumano, vt eis non imponatur fuaue iugum Chrifli, atque ita fpoliari bonis 
 extern is, vt non ditentur opibus euaitgelicis. Pulcherrimum, Deoque gratifsimum erat dare pot ius quam accipere ijs 
 quos fludemus Chriflo lucrifaccre, acfic eos in ditioncm noflram recipere vt gaudeant fe fubieHos effe principibus fub 
 quorum impcrio commodius dt^ant quam ante degebant. Nouimus cimrare hefliasferas et horribiles, vel ad volup- 
 tatem, vel ad vfum vulgarcm: et non nouimus manfuefacere homines vt feruiant Chriflo i Monarches alunt qui 
 doceant elcphantos ad faltandum, qui doment Icones ad lufum, qui domcnt lynccs et leopardos ad venatum: et 
 monarcha ecclcfice non inuenit quo homines alliciat ad amabile Chrifli feruiciumi Scio vtx vllam reperiri beluam 
 domitu difiiciliorem quam efl ludaus obflinatus, et obduratus hareticus : quanquam nullum efl animal tarn immite 
 quod non cicuretur bencficentia etfuauitate. E rcpertis regionibus mchitur aurum et gemma: : Sed triumplw dignius 
 erat illuc inuehere Chrtjl'.anam fapicntiam auro preciofiorem, ac margaritum euangciiaim quod omnibus diuenditis 
 bencc comparatur. Dominus iubctfuis rogare dominum mcfsis vt extrudat operarios quod mrfsis effet ampla, operarij 
 pauci. Non minus opus efl nunc rogare dcum vt in tarn late patentcs agros ejiciat operarios, Sed excufant omnes, 
 alius aliud. Atqui Christiana ditio tot habet myriadas Francifcanorum in quibus probabile efl quamplurimos 
 effe qui vere flagrant igni feraphico ; nee pauciores fiint myriadcs Dominicanorum, et in his confentanatm efl 
 permultos effe Chcrubici fpiritus. Ex his cohortibus eligantur virt, mundo vere mortui, Chriflo viui, qui fyncere 
 apud barbaras gentcs doceant verbum Dei. Exaifatur lingua impcritia. Atqui principes ob humanas legationes 
 inueniunt qui varias linguas pcrdifcant : Et Themifloclcs Athenicnfcs vno anno fie didicit fermonem Afiatiaim 
 vt abfque interprcte aim rege loqui poffet: An idem non fludcbimus in tarn fublimi negociol Inter barbaras 
 et ignotas nationes Apostoli inuencrmit viHum et amiHum : et Deus pollicitus efl nihil defuturum qucerenti- 
 bus regnum Dei. Nee miracula quidem defutura funt fi res poflulct, modo ad fit fyncera fides cum feraphica 
 charitate, &'c. 
 
 Furthermore Damianus a Goes, wrj'teth in his booke De drploratione Lappiana gentis, that he was tlie 
 fyrft that moued Erafmus to fpeake fiimwhat hereof: And that he (Erafmus I nieane) was determined to 
 write a iuft. vohime of this matter yf he had not byn preuented by death. Albeit (fayth Damianus) in 
 his booke entiteled Ecclefiaftes, he dyd not keepe filence of fo wicked an vngodlynefle, whiche furely is 
 fuche, that it may in maner make all Chriftian men (and efpeciallye fuch vnto whom god hath gyuen 
 poure and knowleage) giltie of fo heyghnous a crime, that he may take vengeance of them in the day of 
 iudgement before the iufle iudge Chryll. Nowe therfore (fayth he) let the Chriftian Monarches take heede 
 what accoumpte they (hall make before the tribunal of Chryfte at the lafte daye, when neyther fauoure, 
 nor pardon, or flatterie can take place to bee any excufe for the loffe of fo manye foules. And thefe be 
 the very woordes of the woorfhipful and lerned man Damianus a Goes, wr)'ttcn to the byfflioppe of Rome 
 Paule the thyrde of that name, whom he further chargeth to looke diligently hereunto, as a thynge mofte 
 chiefcly perteynynge to the office of Chriftian prelates. Mce thynke verely that the flieepe of Europe 
 fhulde by this tyme be fo well fedde, that they ftiulde by good rcafon be fo ftropge and mightie in Chriftcs 
 religion (exccj)te they be infected with the dyfeafe which the phificians caule Cachexia, beinge an euyl 
 difpofition of the botly whereby the more they are fed the worfe they lyke) that many (heppardes myght 
 well bee fpared to ber Tent to other flieepe which ought to be of the fame foulde. For this purpofe the 
 doctoure of diuinitie when he commenfeth, hath his fcapular caft ouer his headde in token that he hathe 
 forfaken the worlde for Chriftes fake : And his bootes on his legges in token that he fliall euer bee in a 
 redineffe to go fonvarde in preachynge the gofpell, as I double not there bee many in Englande wolde 
 gladly doo euen amonge thefe newe gentyles if they were therto mainteyned by the ayde of the fecular 
 poure as in this cafe it flialbe requifite for the furniture of neceflaries hereunto apperteynynge, I muft 
 nowe therfore appele vnto yow, yow riche men and rukrs of the worlde, to whom god hath giuen gooddes 
 as thynges neyther good nor badde of them felues, but onely as they are vfed wel or euil. If yowe vfc 
 them well, they are the gyftes of god wherwith yow may doo many thynges acceptable both to god and men. 
 And if yow vfe them otherwyfe, yowe pofleflfe not them, but they ponfefle yow, and theyr canker and nifte 
 (as faythe the Apoftle) flialbe a teftimonie ageinft yow in the day of the great audit. Thinke not therfore 
 that this thynge perteyneth not vnto yowe, if yowe perteyne vnto Chrifte and looke to haue any parte 
 with hym. Confyder with yowre felues if it were onely to get worldely ryches, howe redye and greedy 
 yowe wolde bee to venture a greate deale to get a thyrde part, withowt caftynge of any perell by lande or 
 by fea, as the wyttie poet Horafe hath in fewc .vordcs defcrybed the marchauntes defyre and aduenture' 
 to obteyne rychcITe. 
 
 S8 
 
The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 59 
 
 Impiger extrcmos cur r it mcraxlcr ad Iiiiios, 
 Icr mare paupepicm fugims, per faxa, per ipus. 
 
 The which yerfes are tlius much to fay in eifecte. 
 
 The marchaunt in hope greate rycheffe to fynde, 
 By fyer and by water pafleth to Inde, 
 By the bumte line or Enuinoctiallj 
 To flye from pouertie and hafarde all. 
 
 As the poet hath in thefe verfes, by the marchaunt declared the defyre that couetous men haue to 
 obteyne flippery riches, the lyke aftection to obteyne worldly fame and honour, maye we fee in valiant 
 and noble capitaynes in the warres where they contende to put them fclues fonvarde to the mode daungerous 
 aduenture as to haue the forewarde of the battayle : a token furely of much nobilitie and manly corage. 
 But oh immortall god ? Is it not to bee lamented that men can be fo valient, ftowte, and in maner defperate in 
 theyr owne priuate matters, perteynyng onely to theyr bodies, and yet fo coulde, negligent, and fearefull 
 in goddes raufe and thynges touchynge the health of theyr foules ? If there were neyther deuyll nor lawe 
 to accufe men before god in this cafe, (hall not theyr owne confciences bee a lawe of condemnation ageynfte 
 theym in that they haue not fliewed that loue to mankynde, which the very lawe of nature moueth brute 
 beaftes to Ihewe one to an other in theyr generations? But what hope is there (excepte god wolde in 
 maner by myracle conuerte the hartes of fuch men) what hope is there I fay, that they wyll depart with 
 any of theyr gooddes, muche leffe aduenture theyr bodies, to the furtheraunce of Chriftes religion in thefe 
 regions beinge fo farre from them, wheras many fliewe lyttle loue, charitie, or libcralkie (if not rather crueltie, 
 tyrannie, and oppreflion) to theyr poore neighbours and brootheme dwelling eucn at home at theyr owne 
 tlbowes. But as this couetoufneffe is to bee reproued, fo is the libcralitie of fuch to be commended as haue 
 byn at greate coafte and charges in fettynge tbr\varde fuche viages : wherein not onely the marchauntes 
 of London, but alfo diueis noble men and gentelmen afwell of the counfayle as other, which bothe with 
 theyr money and furtheraunce other\vyfe haue fumyfflied and fent furth certeyne lh>ppes for the difcouerynge 
 of fuche landes and regions as were heretofore vnknowen, haue herein dcferued immortall fame, for as 
 much as in fuch attemptes and daungerous vyages, they haue (hewed no fmaule liberalitie vppon vncerteyne 
 hope of gayne : wherein they haue deferued fo much the greater prayfe as theyr intent feemed to bee rather 
 to further honed enterprifes then for refpecte of vantage. And here certeynely in the mention of thefe 
 viages I myght feeme vngratefuU if I (hulde omitte to giue dewe commendations to the two chiefe capitaynes 
 of the fame as the woorthy knyght fyr Hugh Wylloby and the excellent pilotte Rycharde Chaunceler who 
 haue therein aduentured theyr lyues for the commoditie of theyr countrey : Men doubtlelfe woorthye for theyr 
 noble attemptes to bee made knightes of the Ocean or otherwyfe preferred if euer god fende them home 
 ageyne although they fayle of theyr purpofe. For as fuche haue obteyned abfolute glory that haue browglit 
 great thynges to paflfe, fo haue they deferued immortall fame which haue only attempted the fame : forafmuch 
 as fortune (who fumtymes fauoureth the vnworthyed) is not in the poure of man. Xerfes obteyned glorie 
 in makynge a bridge ouer the fea Hellefpontus ioynynge Kurope to Afia, and Darius ouer Bofphorus when 
 he paired with his armye towarde the Scythians. No lelTe fame and commendation (although not lyke 
 glory) deferued Demetrius, Cefar, Calligula, and Seleucus Nicanor, whiche attempted to cutte in fundre 
 certeyne places cauled Idhmi, (beinge narrowe portions of lande fo diuidynge twoo feas, that there is no 
 palTage from the one to the other) and yet neuer finiflhed that they tooke in hande, beinge hyndered 
 eyther by deathe, warres, or other chaunces. The auncient Romans and Greekes gaue fuch glorye vnto 
 them that had eyther well deferued of the common welthe, or otherwyfe attempted fuch great enteqirifes 
 as might bee prolitable for mankynde, that after theyr death they caufed Images of golde, fyluer, brafle, 
 luery, and marble to bee made to theyr lykeneffe, and the fame to be placed in theyr folemne hauies, 
 palaices, or temples, with certeyne verfes made to the commendation of them whom the Images reprefented. 
 And this no lelTe to prouoke and encorage other forwarde natures to th[e]emulation of their vertues, then 
 alfo to geue them the due honoure of theyr iud defertes. And furely if euer fence the begynnynge of the 
 worlde any enterpryfe haue deferued greate prayfe as a thynge atchyued by men of heroicall vertue, 
 doubtlelTe there was neuer any more woorthy commendation and admiration then is that whiche owtc 
 nation haue attempted by the north feas to difcouer the mightie and riche empire of Cathay, by which 
 vyage not only golde, fyluer, precious dones, and fpices, may be browght hether by a fafer and (liorter 
 vay, but alfo much greater matters may hereof enfewe in tyme if it (hall pleafe God to gyue vnto Chridian 
 men fuch paflfage into thofe regions, whereby fuch familiaritie may further growe bctwene the Chridian princes 
 
 n 
 
 The doyre of 
 wurdely fuite. 
 
 Men are slethMI 
 ia g«4des cauM. 
 
 Vyages from 
 EngUuidu. 
 
 Syr Hugh 
 Wylloby and 
 Rychariic 
 Chaunceler. 
 
 Glory and fame. 
 
 The rewards of 
 nuble enteipmck 
 
 The vyage to 
 Cathay by the 
 nortli teas. 
 
 'II; 
 
 ,;( 
 
 ' ,1 
 
 '\ I ' 
 
 \' ! 
 
*^J 
 
 60 
 
 The Preface to the Reader. 
 
 Socictie betwene 
 the Tartars and 
 the Christians 
 The Turl-.e. 
 The Sr.phie. 
 Tainlulanei> 
 E'uasete^ 
 
 of Europe and the greate emperoure of Cathay, that (as wryteth Haytho De focietaie Chriftianorum et 
 Tartaroruni) there can nothynge be imagined more effectuall for the confufion of the Turke if the great 
 Cham of Cathay and the Sophie of Perfia on the one fyde, and the Chriftian Princes on the other fyde, 
 (hulde with one confent inuade his dominions, as dyd Tamburlanes Th[e]emperoure of the Tartars who abowte 
 the yeare of Chrifte. M. CCC. Ixxxxviii. toke prifoner Baiafetes Ottomanus Th[e]emperoure of the Turkes and 
 flewe. XX. thoufande of his men in one battayle befyde many other great victories, as yowe may further 
 reade in this booke in the hydorie of Paulus louius. And to haue fayde thus muche in maner of a preface it 
 may fufiice. 
 
6i 
 
 [The Third English book on America, 
 
 Which is also 
 
 The First English Collection of Voyages, Traffics, & Discoveries. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Pietro Martire. 
 
 The First Decade, 
 
 Of the Ocean. 
 
 First printed in 151 1. 
 
 The Second Decade, . Of the supposed Continent, 
 
 The Third Decade, 
 
 \l^he discovery of the Pacific by 
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa ^on the 
 2^th September 15 13. 'The 
 voyages of Pedro Arias, and 
 Sebastian Cabot,^ 
 
 The Second ai\d Third Decades were first printed in 1516. 
 
 Of the new found islands (i.e. Yucatan and Mexico.) 
 
 First printed in 1521.] 
 
 : 
 
 .1 i 
 
 111' 
 
 Hi 
 
 ! 1! 
 
 
 
 i.! 
 
 ; n 
 
t — Tn 
 
 J. J 
 
The epistle of Peter Martyr. 
 
 63 
 
 ttiu»« •»^»ik » •• • » **»»» A|fc««« 
 
 [This eloquent DcJication first appeared in the Second and enlarged Edition of the DccaJcs, the printing of which was finished at 
 Alcalaon gth Noveml)er 1516. Nearly the whole of the following First /Jiruj (//. 65-105) had, however, been previously 
 printed in 1 51 1, and was for the most part ■written even earlier than that year.] 
 
 C To THE MOSTE NOBLE PrINCE AND CaTHOLIKE KYNGE, CiIARLES, 
 
 Peter Martyr of Angleria wysheth 
 perpetuall felicitie. 
 
 He diuine prouidence, frome the tyme that he fyrfte 
 created the worlde, hatha referued vnto this day the 
 knowleage of the great and large Ocean fea : In the 
 which tyme he hath opened the fame, chiefely vnto 
 yowe (mofte mightie Prince) by the good fortune 
 and happie fucceffe of yowr grandfather by yowr 
 mothers fyde. The fame prouidence (I knowe not 
 by what deftenie) hath brought me owt of my natiue 
 countrey of Milane, and owt of the citie of Rome 
 (where I continued almoft. x. yeares) into Spaine, 
 that I myght particularlye collecte, thefe marueylous 
 and newe thynges, which Ihoulde otherwyfe pcr- 
 happes haue line drowned in the whirlepoole of 
 obliuion : forasmuch as the Spanyardes (men 
 woorthy [of] greate commendation) had onely care to the generall inuentions of thefe 
 thynges, Notwithftandinge, I doo not chalenge vnto me only, the thankes of the traualle 
 bcftowed herein, wheras the chiefe rewarde therof is due to Afcanius vicounte Cardinal, 
 who perceauynge that I was wyllyng to departe owt of the citie to be prefent at the warres 
 of Granatum, diffuaded me from my purpofe. But feing that I was fully refolued to 
 departe, exhorted and required me to wryte vnto hym fuch newes as were famous in Spayne 
 and woorthy to be noted. I tooke therfore my iorney into Spaine chiefely for the defyre I 
 had to fee th[e]expedition whiche was prepared ageynft the enemies of the fayth : 
 forafmuche as in Italye, by reafon of the diffention among the Princes, I coulde fynde 
 nothynge wherewith I myght feede my wytte, beinge a younge man defyrous of knowleage 
 and experience of thynges. I was therefore prefente at the warres : from whenfe I writte 
 to Cardinal Afcanius, and by fundry epiftels certifyed hym of fuch thynges as I thought 
 mofte woorthye to be put in memorie. But when I perceaued that his fortune was turned 
 from a natural moother to a fteppedame, I ceafed from wrytynge. Yet after I fawe, that 
 by th[e]ouerthrowe of the enemies of owre faythe, Spayne was pourged of the Moores as 
 of an euyll weede plucked vp by the rootes, Leafte I fhulde beftowe my flippery yeares 
 in vnprofitable Idleneffe I was mynded to returne to Italic. But ihe finguler benignitie 
 of bothe the Calholyke Kynge and queene nowe departed, and theyr large promifes 
 towarde me vppon my returne from my legacie of Babilon, deteyned me frome my 
 purpofe. Yet dooth it not repent me that I drewe backe my foote : Afwel for that I 
 fee in no other place of the worlde at this time the lyke woorthy thinges to bee done : 
 As alfo that in maner throwgh owt all Italy, by reafon of the difcorde of the Chriftian 
 
 The largenes of 
 the Ocean 
 vnknowen to this 
 day. 
 
 Cardinal Ascanitis. 
 
 The warres of 
 Granatum .igeyns* 
 the Moores. 
 
 The autour wa^ 
 sent ambassadotir 
 to the Soltane of 
 Alcayr in Egypte. 
 
 Italy disquieted 
 with walrus. 
 
 il t 
 
 i' t 
 
 I ' 
 
 i 
 
 
 %\ 
 
 1 ■ I 
 
 ILl! 
 
 
 ''M 
 
 :|1:! 
 
 
 t 
 

 ll 
 
 h i 
 
 64 
 
 T/ie epistle of Peter Martyr. 
 
 The sequelct of 
 waire. 
 
 Kyngc Fredcrike. 
 
 \ito the tenth, 
 by&huppe of Rome. 
 
 Spayne subdued 
 from the Moores. 
 
 The kyn[g]doine of 
 Naples. 
 
 Note, frome the 
 bcgynnyng of the 
 wurlde. 
 
 The temperatness 
 of the Equinoctial 
 vnknowen to the 
 owlde wryten. 
 
 Continente or firmc 
 Innde as bygge as 
 thre Europcs 
 
 Ryches are the 
 instrumentes of 
 conquestes. 
 
 Princes, I perceaued all thynges to runne hcadelonge into ruine, the countreys to be 
 deftroyed and made fatte with human bludde : The cities facked, virgines and matrones 
 with theyr gooddes and poffeffions caried away as captiues and miferable innocentes 
 without offence to be flayne vnarmed within theyr owne houfes. Of the which 
 calamities, I dyd not onely heare the lamentable owtcryes, but dyd alfo feele the fame. 
 For euen the bludde of mine owne kinffolkes and frendes, was not free from that crueltie. 
 As I was therfore mufynge with my felfe of thefe thynges, the Cardinal of Arragonie, 
 after that he had feene the two fyrfte bookes of my Decades wrytten to Afcanius, 
 required me in the name of kynge Frederike his vncle, to put foorth the other eyght 
 epiftell bookes, In the meane tyme alfo, while I was voyde of all care as touchynge the 
 matters of the Ocean, the Apoftolicall meffengers of the byffhoppe of Rome Leo the 
 tenth, (by whofe holfome counfayle and autoritie we trufte the calamities of Italy fhalbe 
 fynyffhed) rayfed me as it were frome fleape, and encoraged me to proceade as I had 
 begunne. To his holyneffe I writte two Decades compryfed in fhort bokes after the 
 maner of epiftels, and added them to the fyrft, which was printed withowt myne aduife, 
 as fliall further appeare by the preface folowynge. 
 
 But nowe I returne to yow (moft noble Prince) from whom I haue fumwhat 
 
 digreffed. Therfore wheras yowr graundefathers by your moothers fyde, haue fubdued 
 
 all Spayne vnder yowr dominion except onely one corner of the fame, and haue alfo lefte 
 
 yowe the kyngedome of Naples with the frutefuU Ilandes of owr feas, it is fuerly a greate 
 
 thynge and woorthy to be noted in owre cronacles. But not offendynge the reuerence due 
 
 to owre prediceffors, what fo euer frome the begynnynge of the worlde hath byn doone 
 
 or wrytten to this day, to mv iudgement feemeth but little, if wee confyder what newe 
 
 landes and countreys, what newe feas, what fundry nations and tounges, what golde 
 
 mynes, what treafuries of perles they haue lefte vnto yowre hyghneffe, befyde other 
 
 reuenues. The whiche, what they are and howe greate, thefe three Decades fhall declare. 
 
 Come therfore mofte noble Prince elected of God, and enioy that hyghe eftate of 
 
 thynges not yet vnderftode to men. We offer vnto yowe the Equinoctiall line hetherto 
 
 vnknowen and burnte by the furious heate of the foonne and vnhabitable after the opinion 
 
 of the owlde wryters a fewe excepted : But nowe founde to bee moft repleniffhed with 
 
 people, faire, frutefull, and mofte fortunate, with athowfande Ilandes crowned with golde 
 
 and bewtifull perles, befyde that greate portion of earth fuppofed to bee parte of the firme 
 
 lande, excedynge in quantitie three Europes. Come therfore and embrafe this newe worlde, 
 
 and fuffer vs no longer to confume in defyre of yowr prefence. From henfe, 
 
 from henfe I faye (moft noble younge Prince) (hall inftrumentcs 
 
 be prepared for yow, whereby al the worlde flialbe 
 
 vnder yowr obeyfaunce. 
 
 And thus I byd yowr maieftie farewell : To whofe tafte if I (hal 
 
 perceaue the fruites of this my tyllage to be delectable, I wyll 
 
 hereafter doo my endeuoure that yowe maye receaue the 
 
 fame more abundauntly. From Madrid. The 
 
 day before the Calendes of October, 
 
 In the yeare of. Chryfte. 
 
 M. D. X V I. 
 
 jrfix«^. 
 
 (I 
 
6s 
 
 il THE FIRSTE BOOKE OF THE DECADES 
 
 OF THE OCEAN, WRITTEN BY PETER MARTYR OF 
 
 Angleria, Milenoes, counfiler to the kyng of Spayne and 
 
 Protonotarie Apoftolicall, To Afcanitis 
 
 SpJiorcia, vicount Cardinall. etc. 
 
 ^HE REVERENDE AND thanckefull antiquitewas accuaomed 
 to efteme thofe men as goddes, by whofe induftrie and mag- 
 nanimitie fuche Landes and Regions were difcouered, as were 
 vnknowen to theyr prediceflbures. But vnto vs hauynge onely 
 one god whom we honour in triplicitie of perfon, this refleth, 
 that albeit we do not woorfliip that kind of men with diuine 
 honoure, yet do we reuerence them, and woorthely maruell 
 at theyr noble actes and enterprifes. Vnto kyngcs and princes 
 we gyue due obeyfaunce, by whofe gouernaunce and further- 
 aunce they haue bin ayded, to perfurme theyr attemptes. We 
 commende bothe, and for theyr iuft defertes worthely extoll 
 them. Wherfore, as concernyng the Ilandes of the weft Ocean, 
 lately difcouered, and of the auctours of the fame, (whiche 
 thynge you defyre by your letters to knowc) I wyll begynne at 
 the fyrft auctoure therof, lefte I be iniurious to any man. Take 
 it therfore as foloweth. 
 
 ^ Chrijlophorus Colcnus (other wife called Columbus) A gen- 
 tilman of Italy, borne in the citie of Genua, perfwaded Fernando and Elyzabeth, catholike prynces, that he 
 doubted not to fynde certayne Ilandes of Iiitiia, nere vnto owre Occean fea, if they wolde fumyfflie hym with 
 fhyppes and other thynges apperteynynge. Affyrminge that therby not onely the Chriftian rehgion myght be 
 enlarged, but Spayne alfo enryched by the great plentie of golde, pearles, precious ftones, and fpices, whiche 
 might be founde there. At the length'* three Ihyppes were appoynted hym at the kinges charges; of the which 
 one was a great caracte with deckes: and the other twoo were light marchaunte fliyppes without deckes, whiche 
 the Spaniardes call Carauelas. Thus he departed from the codes of Spaine about the calendes of September, 
 in the yere of Chrifl. 1492. and fet for\vard on his viage, being accompanied with. CC.xx. [two hundred and twenty] 
 Spanyardes. The fortunate Ilandes (as manye thinke them to be, whiche the Spaniardes call Canarice, found but 
 of late dayes) are diftaunte from the Ilandes of Gades, a thoufande and twoo hundreth myles, accordyng to theyr 
 accompte : for they fay they are diftant three hundreth leaques : wheras fuch as are expert fea men, affyrme that 
 euery leaque conteynedi foure myles, after theyr fupputations. Thefe Ilandes were called fortunate, for the tem- 
 perate ayre whiche is in them. For neyther the coldeneffe of wynter is fliarpe vnto them, nor the heate of fommer 
 intollerable. Yet fome men are of opinion, that thofe were in olde tyme called the fortunate Ilandes, whiche 
 the Portugales call Capo Verde. Colonus therfore fayled fyrfle to the Ilandes of Canarice, to the intente there 
 to refreflie his fliyppes with freflie water and fuell, before he committed him felfe to thys fo laborious a vyage. 
 And bycaufe I haue here made mention of the Ilandes of Canarice: It fliall not be muche from my purpofe to 
 declare howe of vnknowen they became knowen, and of faluage and wilde, better manured. For by the longe 
 courfe of manye yeres, they were forgotten, and remayned as vnknowen. 
 
 Thefe feuen Ilandes (therfore) called the Canaries, were founde by chaunce by a frenche man, called 
 Betanchor, by the permiflion of queene Katharine, protectrixe of kyng lohn her fon, while he was yet in his 
 nonage, about the yere of Chrifte. M.CCCC.V. This Betanchor inuaded twoo of thefe Ilandes called Lance- 
 lotus and Fortifuentura, whiche he inhabited and brought to better culture. He beinge deade, his fon and 
 heire folde bothe the fayde Ilandes to certayne Spaniardes. 
 
 After this, Fernandus Peraria and his wyfe, inuaded Ferrea and Gomera. The other three were fubdued 
 in our tyme. Grancanaria, by Petrus de Vera, citezen of the noble citie of Xericium, and Michaell of Moxica. 
 
 E»BN. I 6s 
 
 The rcw.ir J c f 
 vcrtue 
 
 The ILindes of 
 the weste Occaii. 
 
 Christophoius 
 Colonus. 
 
 India. 
 
 Tlie fyrst viage 
 of Cufonus. 
 
 The Ilandes uf 
 
 Canarie. 
 
 Gades or 
 
 Cals mals. 
 
 A leaque, what it 
 
 conteyneth by sci 
 
 The fortun.itc 
 
 Ilandes. 
 
 Ctboucrde. 
 
 The seuen Ilandes 
 of Canarie. 
 Betanchor A 
 frenche man 
 subdued the 
 ilandes of Can.arie 
 Lancelotus. 
 Fortisuentura. 
 Ferrea. 
 Gomera. 
 Grancanaria 
 
 . ' i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 " ,1 
 
 I'^H , 
 
 t i 
 
 S :i 
 
 '\! ! 
 
 I 
 
 H.I. 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 . , i^ 
 
 
 1 1 
 
■ If^ii 
 
 66 
 
 The fyrjl Decade, 
 
 Palma. 
 Tcnerifcn. 
 Alphonsun Lugo. 
 
 Colnnus men rebel 
 against hyni 
 
 Faire wordcs and 
 promises. 
 
 Hispaniola. 
 lohanna. 
 
 Nightingales 
 mgc in 
 ouembcr. 
 
 syi 
 N< 
 
 The Ilandc of 
 Ophir. 
 
 The ilandes of 
 Antilia. 
 
 A shypwracic 
 
 The people of 
 the ilande. 
 Naked people. 
 
 Expert swimmers. 
 Gold for crth and 
 glasse. 
 Many kingcs 
 
 Rclygvous and 
 huniame people. 
 
 Canoas. 
 
 Monoryla. 
 
 They haue no 
 Iren. 
 
 Canibales or 
 Caribes 
 Antliropophtigi. 
 
 The crueltle of 
 the Canibales. 
 
 Palma and Tenerifen, by Alphonjus Lugo, at the kynges charges. Gntnera and Ferrca were eafely fubdued : But the 
 matter wente harde with Alphoiifus Lugo. For that naked and wylde nation, fyghtinge oncly with flones and clubbes, 
 droue his armie to flighte at the fyrde atTaulte, and flewe about foure hundreth of his men. But at the length he 
 ouercame them. And thus all the Ilandes of Canarice were added to the dominion of Spayne. From thefc 
 Ilandes Colonus directynge his viage towarde the wefte, folowinge the fallinge of the fonne, but declining fomi/hat 
 towarde the left hande, fayled on forwarde. xxxiii. dayes continually, hauynge onely the fruition of the heauen 
 and the water. Then the Spanyardes whiche were accompanied with hym, beganne fyrfte to murmure fecretely 
 among them felues : and fliortly after with wordes of reproche fpake euyll of Colonus theyr gouemoure, and con- 
 fulted with them felues, eyther to rydde hym out of the waye, orelles to cad hym into the fea : Ragyng that they 
 were deceyued of a ftraunger, an outlandiflie man, a Ligurian, a Genues, and brought into fuche daungerous places, 
 that they myght neuer returne ageyne. And after, xxx. days were pafte, they furioufely cryed out againfte him, and 
 threatned him that he (hulde paffe no further. But he euer with ientyll wordes and large promyfes, appeafed 
 theyr furie, and prolonged day after day, fome tyme defyring them to beare with hym yet a whyle, and fome 
 time putting them in remembrance that if they (hulde attempte any thinge agaynft him, or other wife difobey 
 hym, it wolde be reputed for treafon. Thus after a fewe dayes, with cherefull hartes they efpied the lande longe 
 looked for. In this fyrfl, nauigation, he difcouercd. vi. Ilandes, wherof twoo were exceding great : Of whiche, 
 the one he called Ili/faiiiola, and the other lohanna. But at that tyme he knewe not perfectely that Lohanna 
 (other wyfe called Cuba^ was an Ilande. As they coafted alonge by the fliore of certayne of thefe Ilandes, they 
 harde nyghtingales fynge in the thycke woodes in the month of Nouember. They found alfo great riucrs 
 of freflie water, and naturall hauens, of capacitie to harborowe grcate nauies of fliippes. Saylinge by the coaftes 
 of Lohanna, from the northe poynte to the weft, he rode lyttell lefle then eyght hundreth miles (for they call it a 
 hundreth and foure fcore leaques) fuppofyng that it had byn the continent or fyrme land, bicaufe he coulde 
 nother fynd the landes ende, nor any token of the ende, as farre as he coulde iudge with his eye : wherfore 
 he determined to returne backe agayne, bevng therto partly enforced by the roughneffe of the fea. For the fea 
 banckes of the Ilande ol Lohanna, by fondiye wyndinges and turnynges, bende them felues fo muche towarde 
 the Northe, that the northnortheafte wynde roughely tofled the fliyppes by reafon of the wynter. Tumynge 
 therfore the ftemmes of his fliyppes towarde the Eafte, he affyrmed that he had founde the Ilande of Ophir, 
 whyther Salomons fliyppes fayled for golde. But the defcription of the Cofmographers well confidered, it 
 feemeth that bothe thefe, and the other Ilandes adioynyng, are the Ilandes oi Antilia. This Ilande he called 
 LLifpaniola : on whofe northe fyde as he approched nere to the lande, the keele or bottome of the biggefte 
 vefTell ranne vpon a blynde rocke couered with water, and cloue in funder. But the playneneffe of the 
 rocke was a helpe to them that they were not drowned. Makynge hafl.e therfore with the other two ftiips 
 to helpe them, they brought awaye al the men without hurte. Here comming fyrfl, a land, they fawe certayne 
 men of the Ilande : who perceauynge an vnknowen nation comminge towarde them, flocked together and ranne 
 al into the thycke wooddes, as it hadde byn hares courced with grehoundes. Owre men purfuing them, tooke 
 onely one woman, whom they brought to the fliyppes : where fyllinge her with meate and wyne, and 
 apparelinge her, they let her departe to her company. Shortly after a greate multitude of them came runnynge 
 to the fliore to beholdc this newe nation, whom they thought to haue difcended from heauen. They caft them 
 felues by heapes into the fea, and came fwimminge to the fliyppes, bryngyng golde with them, which they 
 chaunged with owre men for erthen pottes, drinking glafles, poyntes, pynnes, hawkes belles, lokinge glafles, 
 and fuche other trifles. Thus growing to further familiaritie, owre men were honorably enterteyned of the 
 kynge of that parte of the Ilande, whofe name was Guaccanarillus : for it hath many kynges, as when 
 Eneas arriued in Italy, he founde Latium diuided into many kyngedomes and prouinces, as Latium, Mezeutium, 
 Turnum, and Tarchontem, which were feperated with narow boundes, as fliall more largely appere hereafter. 
 At the euen tyde about the faulyng of the fonne, when owre men went to praier, and kneled on their 
 knees after the maner of the Chriftians, they dyd the lyke alfo. And after what maner fo euer they fawe them 
 praye to the crofle, they folowed them in all poyntes as well as they coulde. They fliewed much humanitie 
 towardes owre men : and helped them with theyr lighters or fmall boates (whiche they call Canoas) to vnlade 
 theyr broken fliyppe : And that with fuche celeritie and cherefulneffe, that no frende for frende, or kynfeman for 
 kynfeman, in fuche cafe moued with pitie, coulde do more. Theyr boates are made only of one tree, 
 made holow with a certain fliarpe ftone (for they haue no yron.) And are very longe and narowe. Many afiimie 
 that they haue fene fome of them with fortie ores. The wylde and myfcheuous people called Canibales or 
 Cariba, whiche were accuftomed to eate mannes flefflie (and called of the olde writers, Anthropophagi) moleft them 
 excedyngly, inuadynge theyr countrey, takynge them captiue, kyllyng and eatyng them. As owre men fayled 
 to the Ilandes of thefe meke and humayne people, they lefte the Ilandes of the Canibales, in maner in 
 the middeft of theyr viage towarde the fouth. They complayned that theyr Ilandes were no lefle vexed with 
 the incurfions of thefe manhuntyng Canibales when they go forth a rouynge to feeke theyr praye : then are 
 
 66 
 
The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 67 
 
 other tame beaftes, of Lyons and Tigers. Such chyldren as they take, they geld to make them fat as we 
 doo cocke chikyns and younge hogges, and eate them when they are wel fedde : of fuche as they eate, they fyrft 
 cate the intralles and extreme partes, as handes, feete, armes, necke, and heade. The other mode fleflliy partes, 
 they pouder for (lore, as we do peftellcs of porke and gammondes of bakon. Yet do they abfteyne from 
 catynge of women and counte it vyle. Tlierfore fuche younge women as they take, they kcepe for increace, as 
 we doo hennes to leye egges. The olde women, they make theyr drudges. They of the llandes (which 
 we may nowc car.l owres) bothe the men and the women when they perceaue the Canibales coming, haue none 
 other fliyftc but onely to flie ; for althoughe they vfe very fliarpe arrowes made of recdes, yet arc they of fmall 
 force to reprefle the furie of the Gxnibaks : for euen tiicy them fehies confelTe, that tenne of the Canibah 
 are able to ouercome a hundreth of them if they encountre with them. Theyr nieate is a certeyne roote which 
 they aX Ages: muche lyke a nauew roote in fourme and greatnefl'e: but of fweete tafte, muche lyke a 
 greene cheftnutte. They haue alfo an other kynde of rootes, whiche they call lucca, wherof they make 
 breade in lyke maner. They vfe Ages more often rofted or fodden, then to make breade thcrof But 
 they neuer eate lucca, excepte it be firfte diced and prcfled, (for it is ful of lycoure) and then baked or 
 fodden. But this is to be marueled at, that the iuyce of this roote is a poyfon as flrong as Aconitum, fo 
 that if it be dronke it caufeth prefent death, and yet the breade made of the maffe therof, is of good tade 
 and holfome, as all they haue proued. They make alfo an other kynde of breade of a certayne pulfe, called 
 Panicum, muche lyke vnto wheate, wherof is great plentie in the dukedome of Mylane, Spayne, and Granatum. 
 But that of this countrey is longer by a fpanne, fomewhat (harpe towarde the ende, and as bygge as a manncs 
 arnie in the brawne: The graynes wherof are fette in a maruelous order, and are in fourme fomwhat 
 lyke a peafe. While they be foure and vnripe, they are white: but when they are ri|)e they be very blackc. 
 When they are broken, they be whyter then fnowe. This kynde of graync, they call Maizium. Golde is 
 of fome ellimation among them: for fome of them hangc certain fmall pieces thcrof at theyr cares and 
 nofethrilles. A lyttell beyonde this place, our men wcnte a lande for frefflie water, where they chaunccd vpon 
 a Ryuer whofe fande was myxed with muche golde. They founde there no kindes of fourc fotcd beaftes excci)te 
 three kyndes of lyttell conyes. Thefe llandes alfo nouridic ferpcntes : but fuch as are without hurt. Lykewife 
 wylde geefe, turtle doues, and duckes, much greater then ours, and as whytc as fwannes, witn hcadcs of purple 
 colourc. Alfo Popiniaies, of the whiche fome are greene, fome yelowe, and fome lyke them of India, 
 with yelowe rynges about theyr neckes, as Plinie defcribeth them. Of thefe they broughte fortie with 
 them, of mofte liuely and delectable coloures, hauyng theyr fethers entermengled with greene, yelowe, 
 and purple, whiche varietie, deliteth the fenfe not a litle. Thus muche thought I good to fpeake of Popingiaies, 
 (ryghte noble Prynce) fpecially to this intente, that albeit the opinion of Chriftophorus Colonus (who affirmeth 
 thefe llandes to be parte of India) dothe not in all poyntes agree with the iudgement of auncient wryters 
 as touchynge the bigneffe of the Sphere and compafle of the Globe as concernynge the nauigable portion 
 of the fame beynge vnder vs, yet the Popingiaies and many other thynges brought from thence, doo 
 declare that tiiefe llandes fauoure fomwhat of India, eythcr beynge nere vnto it, or clles of the fame nature : 
 forafmuchs as Ariftotle alfo, about the ende of his bookc De Calo d Mtindo, and likewife Seneca, with diuerfe 
 otiier authoi^rs nof ignorant in Cofmography, do affirme that India is no longe tractc by fea, diftante 
 from Spayne by the wefte Ocean, for the foyle of thefe llandes, bryngeth forthe Maftix, Aloes, and fundrye 
 other fweete gummes and fpyces as doth India. Cotton alfo of the goffampine tree, as in India in the 
 countrey of the people called Seres. 
 
 C The languages of all the nations of thefe llandes, maye well be \vritten with our Latine letters. For 
 they cal heauen Third. A houfe, Boa. Golde, Cauni. A good man, Taino. Nothing, Mayani. All other 
 wordes of theyr language, they pronounce as playnely as we doo the Latine tongue. In thefe llandes they 
 founde no trees knowen vnto them, but pyne app[l]e trees, and date trees : And thofe of maruelous heyght and 
 exceding harde, by leafon of the greate moyftneffe and fatneffe of the grounde, with continuall and temperate 
 heate of the fonye, whiche endureth fo all the hole yere. They playnely afiyrme the Ilande dlHifpanioIa to 
 be the moll fruiteful lande that the heauen compaffeth aboute, as ftiall more largely appere hereafter in the 
 particular defcription of the fame, whiche we intende to fette foorthe when we (hall be better inftructed. 
 
 Thus makynge a leage of frend(hyppe with the kynge, and leauynge with hym. xxxviii. men to fearche the 
 Ilande, he departed to Spayne takynge \vith hym. x. of the inhabitauntes to lerne the Spanifhe tongue, to the 
 intent to vfe them afterwarde for interpretours. Colonus therfore at his returne, was honorably receaued of the 
 kyng and queene: who caufed him to fytte in theyr prefence, whiche is a token of great loue and honoure 
 amonge the Spaniardes. He was alfo made Admirall of the Ocean : and his brother goue[r]noure of the Hand. 
 
 Towarde the fecond viage, he was furniflied with. x[v]ii. (hippes : wherof three were great caractes of a 
 thoufand tunne: xii. were of that forte, whiche the Spaniardes call Carauehs: without deckes: and twoo other 
 of the lame forte fomewhat bygger, and more apte to beare deckes, by reafon of the gretneffe of theyr maftes. 
 
 Ages. 
 
 KootcH in the 
 
 stccde uf iiieate. 
 
 lucci. 
 
 Ureade of rootei. 
 
 An hcrlic of a 
 straiuigu nature 
 
 Maizium. 
 
 Onlde in 
 cstiniatiun. 
 
 GoKlc in the 
 sondes of ryuuri 
 Serpentcs without 
 vcnnuu. 
 Turtle doues 
 Duckes. 
 Popiiigiayeit. 
 I'linL 
 
 These llandes are 
 parte of India. 
 
 The Indians are 
 Antipodes to tlic 
 spaniardes. 
 
 Aristotle. 
 Seneca. 
 India nut far 
 front Spaine 
 
 4 
 
 Masti.v. 
 
 Aloe. 
 
 Gossaiiipyne 
 
 cotton or bunihasa 
 
 Seres. 
 
 The lan^uige of 
 
 these Indians 
 
 Trees and frutes 
 vnknowun to vs. 
 Fat and moyste 
 grounde. 
 Heate continuall 
 and temperate. 
 The fruitfuhics of 
 htspaniula 
 
 The seconde viag** 
 of Coloniis. 
 
 I, 
 
 k1 
 
 % 
 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 ,!i. 
 
 . |;I 
 
 \A 
 
 \ \ 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
r ^ ' 
 
 68 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 \ ' 1 
 
 
 ? I ■ 
 
 
 9 : 
 
 , i 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 , 
 
 i 
 
 Corne and ledei 
 M towc. 
 
 Toolei and 
 anilltry. 
 
 Water droppyng 
 from a Ireu 
 cunliniully. 
 
 Mclhymna Campi. 
 CailolU Veliu. 
 
 Cades 
 
 The Il;ind of 
 I'errc.i. 
 
 Ihiulsuf the 
 Canibatus. 
 
 The Hand of 
 
 Dominica. 
 
 viii. hundreth and 
 
 XX. leaquesin. xxi. 
 
 dayes. 
 
 Lysertes, 
 
 I'he Ilande of 
 Calanta. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Uuadalupea. 
 
 Vilages of xx or. 
 XXX. houses 
 The building of 
 theyr bouses. 
 
 He had alfo a thoufand and two hundreth armed footcmcn well appoynted: Amongc whiche were many 
 artificers, as fmythcs, carpenters, niyners, and fiiche other; Ccrtaync horfemen alfo, wel ormed: Likewife 
 mares, fliiepe, heyghfers, and fuch other of bothc kindes for incrafe. I.ykcwife all kynde of pulfe or grayne 
 and corne, as wheate, barlyc, rye, beanes and pcafe, and fuclie oilier, as well for food as to fowe; Befyde 
 vynes, plantes and fecdes, of fuchc trees, fruites, and herbcs, as thofe countreyes lacke. And (not to be for 
 gotten) fiindry kindes of artillery and iron tooles, as bowes, arrowes, croffebowes, bylles, hargabufes, brod( 
 fwoordes, large Uirgettes, pikes, niattockcs, rtioouelles, hammers, nayles, fawes, axes, and fuchc other. Thus 
 beynge furnilhed accordyngcly, they fet forwarde from the Ilandes of Gadfs, (nowe called Ca/s,) the. vii. day 
 before the calendes of October, in the yere of Chrille. 1493. ''"'I arriued at the Ilandes of Ca/itin'e, at the 
 calendes of October. Of thefe llindes, the lafle is called Ferrea, in whiche there is no other water that may.' 
 be drunke, but onely that is gathered of the dewe whiche continually didilleth from one onely tree growynge 
 on the higheft backe of the Ilande, and fiiUeth into a rounde trenthc made with manncs hande. Wc were 
 infourmed of thefe thynges within fewe dayes after his departure. What flial fuccede, we wyl ceKifie yowc 
 hereafter. Thus fore ye well, from the courtc, at the Ides of Nouembor. 149 v 
 
 C The seconde booke of the fyrste Decade 
 to Afcanius Phorcia, viconnte Cardinally etc. 
 
 J Owe repete (ryghte honorable Prynce) that yowe are dcfirous to knowe what newes we haue in 
 Spayne from the newe worlde : and that thofe thynges haue greatly delyted you which I wrote 
 vnto yowre highneflTe of the fyrfle nauigation. Yowe flial now therefore receaue what hath fuc- 
 ceded. Alethymna Campi, is a famous towne in high Spayne in the refpecte frome yowe, and is 
 in that parte of Spayne whiche is called Cajlella Vitus: beynge diftante from Gades about, xl. 
 niyles. Here the courtc remayned, when aboute the. ix. of the kalendes of Aprell in this yere 
 of nynetie and foure, there were poftes fente to the kynge and queene, certifyinge them that 
 there were. xii. fliippes come from the newc Ilandes and arryued at Cades. But the gouemoure of the fhyppes 
 fente worde to the kynge and quene that he had none other matter to certifie them of by the poftes, but onely 
 that the Admiral with fiue fliippes and. iiii. fcore and tenne men remayned (lyll in IIifpanio/a, to fearche the fecretcs 
 of the Ilande. And that as touching other matters, he hym felfe wolde fliortly make relation in theyr prefence, by 
 worde of mouthe. Therfore the daye before the nones of Aprel, he came to the courte him felfe. What I learned 
 of him and other faythefuU and credible men whiche came with hym from the Adniirall, I wyl reherfe vnto yowe 
 in fuch order as they declared the fame to me when I demaunded them. Take it therfore as foloweth. The 
 thyrde daye of the Ides of October, departynge from Fenea, the lade of the Ilandes of Canarice, and from the 
 codes of Spayne with a nauie of. xvii. fliippes, they fayled. xxi. dayes before they came to any Ilande: inclyning 
 of purpofe more towarde the lefte hand then at the fyrll viage, folowyng the northnortheaft wynde : and arriued 
 fyrfl. at the Ilandes of the Caiiibaies, or Caribes of which, onely the fame was knowen to our men. Amonge 
 thefe, they chaunfed fyrfle vpon one, fo befet with trees, that they coulde not fe fo muche as an elle fpace 
 of bare earthe or flony grounde. This they called Dominica, bicaufe they found it on the funday. They taried 
 here no tyme, bycaufe they fawe it to be deferte. In the fpace of thefe. xxi. dayes, they thynke that they fayled 
 viii. hundreth and. xx. leaques, the Northenortheaft wynde was fo full with them, and fo freflhely folowed the 
 Heme of theyr fhyppes. After they hadde fayled a lyttel' further, they efpied dyuerfe Ilandes replenyflhed 
 with fundrye kyndes of trees, from thi whiche came fragrant fauours of fpyces and fweete gummes. Here they 
 
 rtayne lifartes of huge bignefle, as they reported whiche went alande to 
 cauled Galana, or Galanta. From the cape or poynt of this Hand, 
 yled thyther. Aboute. xxx. myles from this mountayne, they fawe a 
 *oken of fome great and large fludde. This is the fyrfle lande whiche 
 of Canarice, and is an Ilande of the Canibaks, as they lemed by the 
 .;m from Hifpaniola into Spayne at theyr fyrfle viage. Serchynge the 
 s of. XX. houfes or. xxx. at the moofte, fette rounde abowte in order, 
 makynge the ftreete in coompafle lyke a markette place. And forafmuch as I haue made mention of theyr 
 houfes, it flial not he greately from my purpofe to defcribe in what maner they are buylded. They are made 
 rounde lyke belles or rounde pauylions. Theyr frame is rayfed of excedynge hyghe trees, fette clofe together 
 and fafl rampaired in the grounde, fo ftandyng a flope and bending inward that the toppes of the trees ioync 
 
 61 
 
 fawe neyther man nor beafte, except < 
 viewe the countrey. This Hand tl 
 efpying a mountayne a farre of, they 
 ryuer difcending whiche feemed to be 
 they founde inhabited from the Hand 
 interpretours whiche they tooke with I 
 Ilande, they founde innumerable villa 
 
Thcfyrjl Decade. 
 
 69 
 
 together and beare one agaynfle an other, hauyngc alfo witliin the houfc, ccrtaync flronge anil (hortc props or 
 poftcs whiche fufteync the trees from fallyngc. They coiier them with the Icaues of date trees ami other trees 
 llrongly compact and hardened, wherewith they make them clofe from wynde and wether. At the fliort poftcs 
 or proppcs within the houfc, they tie ropes of the cotton of goflhmpine trees, or other ropes made of ccrtaync 
 long and toughe rotes much lyke vnto the fliriibbe called Sparltim, wherof in olde tyme they vfed to make 
 bondes for vynes and cabuls and ropes for fliyppes. Thefe they tye ouerthwarte the houfc from pofte to pofte. 
 On thefe they ley as it were certayne mattrefies made of the cotton of the goffampine trees, whiche growe 
 plentifully in thefe Ilandes. This cotton the Spaniardes call A/)iOtit»i, and the Italians Bombafine. And thus 
 tliey fleepe in hangynge beddes. At the enteraunce of one of theyr houfes, they Hxwe two Images of wooddc 
 lyke vnto ferpentes, whiche they thoughte had byn fuch idoles as they honour. Hut they lemcil afterwarde tha* 
 they were fette there onely for coomlynefle. For they knowe none other god then the Sunne and Moone, 
 althoughe they make certaine Images of goflhmpine cotton to the fimilitudc of fuch phantafies as they fay 
 api)ere to them in the nyghte. Our men found in theyr houfes, all kyndcs of erthen vcllels, not muche vnlyke 
 vnto oures. They founde alfo in theyr kichens, mannes flefllie, duckes flefflie, and goofo fleffhe, al in one pot : 
 and other on the fpittes redye to be layde to the fire. Entrynge into theyr inner lodgynges, they founde 
 faggottes of the bones of mcnnes armes and legges, which they referue to make heades for theyr arrowcs, 
 bycaufe they lacke iron. The other bones they cade awaye when they haue eaten the tkfflie. They founde 
 likewife the heade of a yonge man faftened to a pofte and yet bledinge. Tiiey haue in fome villages, one great 
 liaule or pallaice, aboute the whiche theyr common houfes are placed. To this they refort, as often as they 
 come together to playe. Wh ;n they perceaued the commyngc of our men, they fleddo, in theyr houfes thev 
 founde alfo about, xxx. chyldre.. and women captiues which were referued to be eaten, but our men tooke them 
 awaye to vfe them for interpretoures. Searchyng more diii^^ntly th[e]ynner partes of the Ilande, they founde. 
 vii. other ryuers, bygger then this whiche we fpake of before, runnyiig throughe the Ilande, with fruitcfull and 
 pleafante banckes, delectable to beholde. This Ilande, they called Giiada/itpca, for the fimilitude that it hath 
 to the mounte Guadalupus in Spayne, where the Image of the virgin MARIE is rcligioully honored. But the 
 iiinabitauntes caul it Carucueria, or Queraquiera. It is the chiefe habitation of the Canibales, They brought 
 from this Hand. vii. Popingayes, bygger then phefantes, muche diffcrynge from other in colourc : hauynge theyr 
 backes, breftes, and bealies of purple coloure, and theyr wynges of other variable coloures. In al thefe Ilandes 
 is no leffe plentie of popingiayes then with vs of fparrowes or flarlingcs. As we brynge vp capons and hcnnes 
 to francke or make them fatte, fo do they thefe bigger kyndes of popyngaies for the fame purpofe. After that 
 they hadde thus fearched the Ilande and dryuen thefe Canibales to ilyghte, (whiche ranne awaye at theyr fyrft 
 approche as fone as they had efpied them) they cauled theyr company together. And as foone as they had 
 broken the Canibah boates or lyghters (whiche they call Camas) they lowfed theyr ankers the daye before the 
 Ides of Nouember, and departed frori Guadalupea. Colonus the admirall, for the defyre he hadde to fe his 
 companions, whiche at his fyrft vyage he lefte the yere before in Hifpaniola to fearche the countrey, lette palTe 
 many Ilandes bothe on his righte hande and lefte hande, and fayled directly thyther. By the waye, there 
 appeared from the Northe. A great Ilande which the captiues that were taken in Hifpaniola, cauled Madaniiw, 
 ox Matinino: Aflirmynge it to be inhabited only with women: To whom the C(?«/^rt/<?J haue accefle at certen 
 tymes of the yeare, as in owlde tyme the Thracians had to the Amazones in the Ilande of Lefbos. The men 
 children, they fende to theyr fathers. But the women theye kepe with them felues. They haue greate and 
 (Ironge caues or dennes in the ground, to the which they flye for fafegarde if any men reforte vnto them at any 
 other tyme then is appoynted. And there defende them felues with bowes and arrowes, agenft the violence of 
 fuche as attempte to enuade them. They coulde not at this tyme approche to this Ilande, by reafon of the 
 Northenortheaft wynde which blewe foo vehemently from the fame, wheras they nowe folowed the Eaftefouth- 
 eafte. After they departed frome Madaniiio, and fayled by the fpace of xl. myles, they pafled not farre frome 
 an other Ilande which the captyues fayde to bee verye peopulous, and replenyflied with all thynges neceflarie 
 for the life of man. This they cauled Motts Serratus, bycaufe it was ful of mountaynes. The captyues 
 further declared that the Canibales, are wiinte at fome tyme to goo frome theyr owne coaftes aboue a 
 thoufande myle to hunte for men. The daye folowynge, they fawe an other Ilande the whiche, bycaufe it was 
 rownde, they cauled Sancta Maria Rotunda. The nexte daye, theye founde an other, which they cauled S. 
 Martini. Which they lette pafle alfo bycaufe they had no leafure to t'ir>'e. Lykewyfe the thirde daye they 
 efpyed an other, whofe Diametral fyde extendynge frome the Eafte to the wefte, they iudged to bee a hundreth 
 and fyftie myle. Theye affirme all thefe Ilandes to be maruelous fayre and frutefuU. This lafte, they cauled 
 Sancta Maria Antiqua, Saylyng yet forwarde, and leauynge many other Ilandes, after they had fayled aboute fortie 
 myle, they chaunced vpon an other muche bygger then any of the refte, which th[e]inhabitan[t]s caule Ay Ay, but 
 they named it Infula crucis. Heare they caft anker to fetche freflhe water. The Admiral alfo commaunded. 
 xxx. men to go a lande out of his owne ihyp, and to fearch the Ilande Here they founde fowre dogges on the 
 
 I 3 69 
 
 (iii^s.tnipiiic 
 cullon. 
 
 Itimili.'i^c. 
 l(.iiiKtiii;u bcdiieii 
 
 Itn.igcs. 
 
 Fync cookery 
 
 Arrowc hcdl of 
 bonei. 
 
 The mount 
 GuaJalupiu. 
 
 Carucueria. 
 
 Popyng.-iyej 
 bygger then 
 phcuuutes 
 
 The Canibale* 
 dryuen to flyght 
 
 Matinino an 
 Ilande of women. 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Mons Serratus. 
 
 Huntinge for men 
 
 Sancta Maria 
 Rotund.-!. 
 Sanctus M.-irtinu&. 
 
 Sancta Maria 
 Antiqua. 
 
 Insula crucis 
 An ILinde of the 
 Canib.-ils. 
 
 ! ) 
 
 I 
 
 
 : !; i 
 
 M I 
 
 )t ,' I 
 
 ; I 
 
 .\ 
 
 
 hi 
 
70 
 
 Thefyrjl Decade. 
 
 The Cinibales are 
 expert archers. 
 Arrowes infected 
 with venciiie. 
 
 A cimflict with the 
 Canibulcl. _ 
 
 The fierccnes 
 and terrible 
 countenulince of 
 the Canibales. 
 
 Methyinna Cainpi. 
 
 Innumerable 
 ilandes. 
 
 The myncs of 
 Mctalcs and 
 precious stuitcs. 
 
 The <;ea caulcd 
 Archipclagus. 
 Insula. S. 
 lohanne. or 
 Iluchcna. 
 
 Death for deathe 
 
 The mountnynes 
 are coiddcr then 
 the playncs. 
 
 From Dominica 
 (o Hispaniola fyue 
 hundreth luaques 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 lefte in the Hand 
 are slayne. 
 Kynge 
 
 GuaccanariUui 
 rebelleth. 
 
 Two images of 
 goulde. 
 
 Libertie and 
 idiencs. 
 
 A happy kind of 
 lyfd 
 
 fliore. The Inhabitants are Canibales, and maruelous experte in fliutinge, as well women as men : And vfe to 
 infecte thcyr arrowes with poyfon : when they had taryed there two dayes, they fawe a fane of, a Caiwa, in the 
 whiche were eight men and as manye women hauynge with them bowes and arrowes. They fearfly affayled 
 owre men withoute all fcare, and hurte fum of them with theyr venemous arrowes. Amonge thefe there was a 
 certen woman to whomc the other gaue reuerence and obeyde as though (lie were theyr queene. Her fonne 
 wayted vppon her, beinge a younge man, llrongly made, of terrible and frownynge countenaunce and a lyons 
 face. Owre men leafte they fliolde take the more hurte by beinge wounded a farre of, thowght it befte to ioyne 
 with them. Therfore with all fpede fettinge forewardc wth their ores the brigantine in whiche they were fette 
 alande, they ouerturncd their Canoa with a great violence, which beinge ouerwhelmed, they notwithftondinge, 
 as well the women as the men fwymminge, cafle theyr dartes at owre men, thicke and threefowlde. At the 
 lengthe, gatherynge them felucs together vpon a rocke coucrcd with the water, they fowght manfully vntyll they 
 were ouercome and taken, one being flayne, and the queencs fonne fore wounded. When they were browght 
 into the Admirals fliippe, they dyd no m.ore put of their fierncs and cruell countenances, then do the Lyons of 
 Libia when tlicye perceaue them felues to be bownde in chaynes. There is no man able to behowlde them, 
 but he fliall fecle his bowelles grate with a certen horroure, nature hath endewed them with foo terrible 
 mcnacynge, and cruell afpecte. This coniecture I make of my felfe and other which often tymes wente with me 
 to ff.-e them at Mdhymna Campi. But nowe to returne to the viage. Proceadinge thus further and further, 
 more then fiue hundrethe myles, firRe towardes the Weflefouthewefte, then towarde the Southweft, and at the 
 lengthe towarde the Wefle northe wefte, they entered into a mayne large fea hauinge in it innumerable 
 Ilandes, maruelouflye diflferinge one frome an other, for fum of them were verye frutefuU and full of herbes and 
 trees. Other fum, very drye, barren, and rowgh with high rockye mountaynes of Hone, wherof fum were 
 of bright blewe or afurine coloure, and other glyfteringe white : wherfore they fuppofed them by good reafon to 
 bee the mynes of metallcs and precious Hones. But the rowghnes of the fea, and multitude of Ilandes 
 (landinge fo thicke togyther, hindered them foo, that they cowlde cade no anker leafte the bigger veffelles 
 fliulde runne vppon the rockes. Therefore they deferred the fearchinge of thefe Ilandes vntyl an other tyme 
 They were fo manye and ftoode fo thicke, that they coulde not number them. Yet the fmauler veffelles which 
 drewe no grcate depthe, entered emonge them and numbered fortie and fyxe Ilandes. But the bigger veffelles, 
 kepte aloofe in the mayne fea for feare of the rockes. They caule the fea where this multitude of Ilandes are 
 fituate, Archipelagus. Frome this tracte proceadinge forrewarde, in the mydde waye there lyeth an Hand which 
 th[e]inhabitantes caule Burichena, or Buchena. But they named it Infula S. lohannis. Dyuers of theym 
 whome we had delyucred frome the Canibales, fayde that they were borne in this Ilande : affirminge it to be 
 very peopulous and frutefuU, hauinge a.'n manye fayre wooddes and hauens. There is deadly hatred and 
 continual battayle betwene them and the Canibales. They haue no boates to paffe from their owne coaftes to 
 the Canibales. But if it bee their chaunce to ouercome them, when they make incurfion into theyr countreye 
 to feke their praye (as it fumtyme happeneth, the fortune of warre beinge vncerteyne) they ferae them 
 with like faufe, requitingc deathe for deathe. For one of theym mangelcth an other in pieces, and rofte them 
 and eate them euen before their eyes. They taryed not in this Ilande. Yet in the wefte angle therof, a fewe 
 of them went a lande for frefflie water, and fownd a greate and high howfe after the maner of their buylding, 
 hauinge. xii. other of their vulgare cotages placed abowte the fame : but were all lefte defolate, whether it were 
 that they reforted to the mountaynes by refon of the heate which was that tyme of the yeare, and to returne to 
 the playne when the ayre waxcth cowlder, or els for feare of the Canibales which make incurfion into the Ilande 
 at certen feafons. In all this Ilande is only one kinge. The fouth fyde hereof extendeth abowte two hundrethe 
 myles. Shortlye after, they came to the Ilande oi Hifpaniola, beinge diftante frome the firfte Ilande of the 
 Canibales, fyue hundrethe leaques. Here they fownde all thynges out of order, and theyr felowes flayne which 
 they lefte here at their fyrfte vyage. In the beginninge of Hifpaniola, (hauinge in it many regions and 
 kyngedomes as we haue fayde) is the region of Xamana whofe kinge is named Guaccanarillus. This 
 Guaecanarillus ioyned frendediippe with owre men at the fyrfte viage, and made a league with them: But 
 in the abfence of the Admirall, he rebelled, and was the caufe of o^vre mens deftraction, althowgh he diffimuled 
 the fame, and pretended frendfliip at the Admirales returne. As owre men fayled on yet a litle further, they 
 efpied a longe Canoa with many ores, in which was the brother of Guaccanarillus with only one man waytinge on 
 hym. He browght with hym two Images of goulde, which he gaue the Admirall in ti." name of his brother. 
 And towlde a tale in his language as concerninge the deathe of owre men, as they proued afterwarde, but at 
 this tyme had no rcgarde to his communication for lacke of interpretours, which were eyther all deade, or 
 efcaped or ftoulne awaye when they drewe nere the Ilandes. But of the. x. [ten.] vii. [seuen] dyed by change of 
 ayre and dyet. The inhabitantes of thefe Ilandes haue byn euer foo vfed to Hue at libertie, in playe and paftyme, 
 that they can hardely away with the yoke of feraitude which they attempte to fliake of by all meanes they maye. 
 And fuiely if they had receaued owre religion, I wolde thinke their life mofte happye of all men, if they might 
 
The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 71 
 
 therwith enioye their aunciente libertie. A fewe thinges contente them, hauinge no delite in fuche fuperfluites, 
 for the which in other places men take infinite paynes and commit manie vnlawfuU actes, and yet are neuer 
 fatiffied, wheras many haue to muche, and none inowgh. But enionge thefe fimple fowles, a fewe clothes ferue 
 the naked: weightes and meafures are not needefuU to fuch as can not (kyll of crafte and deceyte and haue not 
 the vfe of peftiferous monye, the feede of innumerable myfcheues. So that if we (hall not be alhamed to 
 confeffe the truthe, they feeme to lyue in that goulden worlde of the whiche owlde wryters fpeake fo much: 
 wherin men lyued fimplye and innocentlye without inforcement of lawes, without quarrellinge ludgcs and 
 libelles, contente onely to fatiffie nature, without further vexation for knowelege of thinges to come. Yet thefe 
 naked people alfo are tormented with ambition for the dcfyre they haue to enlarge their dominions: by reafon 
 wherof they kepe warre and deftroy one an other: from the which plage I fuppofe the golden world was not 
 free. For euen then alfo, Ceik, non cedam, that is, gyue place, and I wyll not giue place, had entred emonge 
 men. But nowe to returne to the matter from which we haue digreffed. The admiral defyaus to knowe 
 further of the death of his men, fent for Guaccanarillus to come to him to his fliip, diflimulinge that he knew 
 any thinge of the matter. After that he came aboord fliyp, faluting the Admiral and his company gyuing alfo 
 certen golde to the Capetaynes and offycers, turned him to the women captiues which not longe before our 
 men had deliuered from the Canibaks. And emellly beholding one of them whome owre men caulcd Catharyne, he 
 fpake gen telly vnto her. And thus when he had feenc and marueyled at the horfes and fuche othc- thinges as 
 were in the fliyppe, vnknowen to them, and had with a good grace and merelye afked leaue of the Admirall, he 
 departed. Yet fum there were which counfeyled the Admirall to kepe hym llyll : that if they might by any 
 meanes proue that he was confentinge to the deathe of owre men, he might bee puniflied accordinglie. But 
 the Admirall confidering that it was yet no tyme to incenfe th[e]inhabitantes myndes to wrathe, dyfmyfled 
 hym. The next daye folowing, the kinges brother refortyng to the Ihyppes, eyther in his owne name or in his 
 brothers, feduced the women. For on the next nyght about mydnight, this Katherine afwell to recouer her 
 vne libertie as alfo her felowes, being fuborned therto eyther by the kinge or his brothers proniifcs attempted 
 a much more difficulte and daungerous aduenture then dyd Cloelia of Rome, which beinge in hollage with other 
 maydes to the kynge Porcena, deceaued her kepers, and rode ouer the ryuer Tiber, with the other virgins 
 which were pledges with her. For wheras they fwamme ouer the ryuer on horfcbacke. This Katharyne with 
 feuen other women, tniftynge onlye to the ftrengthe of theyr owne amies, fwamme aboue three longe myles : 
 and that alfo, at fuche tyme as the fea was fumwlut rowghe. For euen foo farre of frome the fiiore, lay the 
 iliippes at rode, as nigh as they could coniecturc But owre men folov.'inge them with the fliippeboatcs, by the fame 
 light leene on the fliore wherby the women were ledde, tooke three of them : fuppofingc that Katharyne with 
 tlie other foure, went to Gttaccanarillus. For in the fpringe of the mominge, certen mcflcngers beinge fente to 
 hym by the Admirall, had intelligence that he > .as fledde with all his familie and fluffe, and the women alfo. 
 which thinge miniftred further fufpection that he was confentinge to the death of owre n^en. Wherfore the 
 Admirall fente forthe an armye of three hundrethe men, ouer the which he appoyntcd iie Mckhior to be 
 capitayne, wylling him to make diligent fcarche to fynde owte GiiaccanariUiis. Mek/iior therfore with the 
 fmaulefte veflels enteringe into the countreye by the ryuers and fcouringe the fliores, chaunced into certen 
 croked goulfes defended with, v lyttle and fliepe hilles, fuppofinge that it had byn the mouth of fum greate 
 ryuer. He founde here alfo a verye commodious and fafe hauen, and therefore named it Partus Pegalis. 
 They faye that the enteraunce of this is fo crooked and bendinge, that after the fliippes are once within the 
 fame, whether they turne them to the lefte hand, or to the ryght, they can not perceaue where they came in 
 vntyll they returne to the mouth of the ryuer : Although it be there fo brode that three of the byggelle veffels 
 may fayle together on a froont. The fliarpe and high hilles on the one fyde and on the other, fo brake the 
 wynde, that they were vncerten howe to rule theyr fayles. In the myddle gulfe of the ryuer, there is a 
 promontoiii; or point of the lande with a pleafaiinie groue full of Popingayes and other byrdes which breede 
 therein and finge verye fweetlye They perceaued alfo that two ryuers of no fmaule largenes fell into the hauen. 
 Whyle they thus fearched the lande betwene bothe, Mekhior efpied a high houfe a farre of, where fuppofinge 
 that GuaccanariHus had lyne hyd, he made towarde it. And as he was goynge, there mette hym a man with a 
 frownynge countenaunce and a grymme looke, with a hundreth men folowynge hym, armed with bowes and 
 arrowes, and long and Iharpe (laues like iauelynnes, made harde at the endes with fyre. Who approchyng 
 tow-irdes owre men, fpake owte alowde with a terryble voyce, fayenge that they were Taint, (that is) noble men, 
 and not Canibaks, But when owre men had gyuen them fignes of peace, they lefte bothe theyr weapons and 
 fiercenes. Thus geuynge eche of them certen haukes belles, they tooke it for fo grtate a rewarde, that they 
 defyred to enter bondes of nere frendefhyppe with vs, and feared not inimediatly to fubmitte them felues vnder 
 owre power, and reforted to our fliyps with theyr prefentes. They that meafurcd the houfe (beinge made in 
 rounde forme) fownde it to be from fyde to fyde. xxxii. greate paces, compafed abowte with. xxx. other vulgare 
 iioufes, hauinge in them many beames crofie ouer, and couered with reedes of fundry colours, wrcthed and as it 
 
 Supetfluile. 
 
 M.iny haue to 
 niuch and iiune 
 iiiough. 
 
 The eoiilden 
 wurlilc 
 
 Naked men 
 troulilcd with 
 aiiibiciuiu 
 
 Gyue place. 
 
 The A(hiiiral 
 sendcth for tlic 
 kynge. 
 
 No horses in 
 the llanilc& 
 
 A tynic for all 
 thynj;cs. 
 
 A dcspL-nilo 
 adllL-ntlirc wi ;\ 
 woman. 
 
 Cloelia uf Home. 
 
 Cnarcanarillus 
 is songht. 
 Melchior. 
 
 Popinjpiycs and 
 byrdes. 
 
 Taini. 
 
 Itauket hclle!>. 
 A large huus 
 
 I i 
 
 
4 
 
 72 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 Reedes of 
 ■undry colours. 
 
 Cacci[c]us. 
 
 Hoiedus and 
 Gorualanus. 
 
 Golde in ryuers 
 faiilinge from 
 mountaynes. 
 
 The maner of 
 gathering golde. 
 Graynes of golde. 
 
 A masse of rude 
 golde weighinge. 
 IX ounces. 
 
 Caunaboa, kynge 
 of the house of 
 gold 
 
 Holsome water 
 and plentie of 
 fysshe. 
 
 Thedayandnyght 
 of equal length 
 in December. 
 Byrdes breed in 
 December 
 The eleuation 
 of the pole 
 The starres are 
 cauled gardens 
 of the pole. JQ 
 
 The Equinoctial 
 lyne. 
 
 A chapel and 
 preestes. 
 
 Marrhaunts 
 Sirophenicians. 
 
 The Cynamome 
 tree. 
 
 Xiloaloes or 
 lignum Aloes. 
 
 were weaued with maruelous art When owre men aflced fum of them where they myght fynde Gnaccanarillus. 
 They aunfwered that that Region was none of his. But theyr kynges beynge there prefente. Yet they feyde 
 they fuppofed that Guaccanarillus was gone from the playne to the mountaynes. Makynge therfore a brotherly 
 league with this Caccicus, (that is to faye a kynge) they retourned to the Admyrall to make relation what they 
 hadde feene and harde : whervppon he fent forth dyuers other Centurians with their hundrethes to fearche the 
 countrey yet further. Emonge the which were HoiaUis and Gorualanus, noble younge gentlemen and of great 
 courage. And as they went towarde the mountaines to feeke Guaccanarillus, dyuidinge the mountaynes betwene 
 them, one of them fowndc on the one fyde therof foure ryutrs faulynge frome the fame mountaynes : and the 
 other founde. iii. on the other fyde. In the fandes of all thefe ryuers is fownd great plentye of goulde, which 
 th[e]inhabitantes of the fame Ilandc which were with vs, gathered in this maner. Making holes in the fande 
 with theyr handes, a Cubette deape, and takynge vp lande with their lefte handes from the botome of the fame, 
 they picked out graynes of goulde with their ryght handes withowte any more arte or cunnynge. And fo 
 deliuered it to owre men : who affirme that many of them thus gathered, were as bygge as tares or fytchis. 
 And I my felfe fawe a maffe of rude goulde, (that is to fay, fuch as was neuer molten) lyke vnto fuche ftones as 
 are founde in the bottomes of ryuers, weighinge nyne ownces, which Hoieda him felfe fownde. Beinge contented 
 with thefe fignes, they returned to the Admirall to certifie him hereof. Tor the Admirall had commaunded 
 vnder payne of punylhement that they (huld meddle no further then their commiffion : which was only to 
 fearche the places with their fignes. For the fame went that there was a certayne kynge of the mountaynes 
 from whenfe thofe ryuers had their faule, whom they caule Caclcus Cannaboa that is, the lord of the houfe of 
 golde. For they caule a houfe Boa, goulde, Cauni : and a kynge or Lorde, Caciais, as we haue fayde before. 
 They affirme that there can noo where be found better fyffhe, nor of more pleafant tad, or more holfome then in 
 thefe ryuers : alfo the waters of the fame to be mod holfom to drynke. Melchior hym felfe towld me, that in the 
 moneth of December, the days and nyghtes bee of equal length among the Canibaks. But the fphere or circles 
 of the heauen, agreeth not thervnto. Albeit that in the fame moneth, fume byrdes make their neftes, and fume 
 iiaue alredy hatched their egges by reafon of the heate beinge rather continuall then extreme. He towlde me 
 alfo when I quellioned with hym as concemynge the eleuation of the pole from the horizontal lyne, that 
 al the fterres cauled Plajlrum or charles wayne, are hydde vnder the Northe pole to the Canibaks. And 
 furely there returned none from thenfe at this viage, to whome there is more credit to be gyuen, then 
 to this man. But if he had byn (kilfull in Aftronomye, he fliulde haue fayde that the day was almolle 
 equall wth the night. For in no place towarde the ftay of the fonne (cauled Soljlicium) can the night 
 be equall with the day. And as for them, they neuer came vnder the Equinoctiall, for afmuch as they 
 had euer the northe pole theyr guyde, and euer eleuate in fight aboue the Horizontal. Thus haue I 
 briefely written vnto yowre honoure, as muche as I thought fufficiente at this tyme. And (hall fhortly hereafter 
 (by Gods fauoure) wryte vnto you more largely of fuche matters as ihalbe dayly better knowen. For the 
 admirall hym felfe (whome I vfe famylyerly as my verye frende) hathe promyfed me by his letters, that he wyl 
 gyue me knowlege of al fuch thynges as fliall chaunce. He hath nowe chofen a ftronge place where he may 
 buyld a Citie nere vnto a comodious hauen. And hath alredy buylded many houfes and a chapell in the 
 whiche (as in a newe worlde heretofore voyde of all religion) god is dayly ferued with. xiii. preeftes accordinge 
 to the maner of owre churches. When the tyme nowe approched when he promyfed to fende to the kynge and 
 queene, and hauynge profperous wynde for that purpofe, fent backe the. xii. Carauelles wherof we made mencion 
 before it was no fmaul hynderance and greefe, vnto hym : Efpecially confyderynge the death of his men whom 
 he lefte in the Ilande at the fyrft vyage, wherby we are yet ignorant of many places and other fecretes wherof 
 we might otherwyfe haue had further knowleage. But as tyme fhall reueale them ageyne, fo wyll I aduertyfe 
 yowe of the fame. And that you may the better knowe by conference had with the Apothecaries and marchaunt 
 (Irangers Sirophenicians, what thefe Regions beare, and howe hotte theyr ground is, I haue fent you all kyndes 
 of graynes, with the barke and inner partes of that tree whiche they fuppofe to bee the Cinamome tree. And 
 yf it be your pleafure to tafte eyther of the graynes, or of the fmaule feedes the which you fhoulde perceaue to 
 haue fawlen from thefe graynes, or of the wodde it felfe, touch them firfle foftely mouinge them to your lyppes. 
 For although they bee not hurtefuU, yet for theyr excefle of heate, they are (harpe and byte the tongue, yf they 
 remayne any whyle theron. But if the tongue be blyftered by taftynge of them, the fame is taken away by 
 drynkynge of water. Of the come alfo wherof they make theyr breade, this brynger (hall delyuer fume graynes 
 to your Lordeihyppe bothe whyte and blacke : And ther\vith alfo, a Trunke of the tree of Aloes The which if 
 you cutte in peeces, you (hall feele a fweete fauoure to proceade from the fame. Thus fare you hartely 
 wel. From the courte of Methimna Campi, The thyrde day before the Calendes of May. Anno. Domini, 
 M.CCCC.XCIIII. 
 
 11 
 
Thefyrjl Decade. 
 
 %. The thyrde boke of the fyrst Decade, 
 to Lodouike Cardinall of Aragonye and Nettie to the kynge. 
 
 I Owe defyre that folyflie Phaeton fhulde ageine rule the Chariotes of the Sunne: And contende 
 to drawe fweete lycoures out of the harde flynte, wheras you requyre me to dyffcribe vnto 
 you the newe worlde, fo\vnde in the wefte by the good fortune and gouernaunce of the 
 Catholike Princes Ferdinandus and Helifabeth, your Vncle and Aunte : fliewyng me alfo 
 the letters of kynge Frederike your vncle, wrytten to me in the fame behalfe. But fythe 
 you haue layde this burden on my backe, in whofe power it is to commaunde me to take 
 vppon me more then I am wel able. Ye bothe ihal receaue this precious (lone, rudely 
 clofed in leade after my maner of workemanlhyppe. Wherfore when you (hall perceaue the lemed forte frend- 
 elye: The malicious, enuioufly: And the backebyters, furioufly, to bende theyr fclaunderous dartes ageynft, 
 owe fayre Nimphes of the Ocean, you (hall freely protede in howe (hort tyme, and in the myddefte of what 
 troubles and calamities, you haue enforced me to wryte of the fame. Thus fare you well frome Granata the 
 ninthe day before the Calendes of May. 
 
 g[ We haue declared in the boke here before, howe the Admirall pa(red by the coades of the Canibales to 
 the Ilande of Hifpaniola with his whole nauie. But nowe we entende further to (hewe what he fownde as 
 concernynge the nature of this Ilande, after that he had better fearched the feacreates of the fame : Likewyfe 
 of the Ilande of Cuba nere vnto it which he yet fuppofed to bee the (irme lande. Hifpaniola therfore 
 (which he aflfirmeth to bee Ophir, wherof we reade in the thyrde boke of the kynges) is of latitude, fyue fouthe 
 degrees: hauynge the northe pole eleuate on the northe fyde. xxvii. degrees: And on the Southe fyde (as they 
 faye) xxii. degrees. It reacheth in length from the Eade to the Wefle, feuen hundretbe and foure fcore mylcs. 
 It is didant from the Ilandes of Gades (cauled Cales) xlix. degrees, and more as fum uye. The forme of the 
 Ilande, refembleth the leafe of a chefnutte tree. Vppon a high hyll on the North fyde of the Ilande, he 
 buylded a citie, bycaufe this place was mod apte for that purpofe by reafon of a myne of dones which was 
 nere vnto the fame, feruynge well bothe to buylde with, and alfo to make lyme. At the bottome of ';his hyll, 
 is there a great playne of three fcore myles in lengthe : and in bredth fumwhere. xii. fumwhere. xx. myles where 
 it is broded, and. vi. myles where it is narowed Through this playne runne dyuers fayre ryuers of holfome 
 waters. But the greated of them which is nauigable, fauleth into the hauen of the citie for the fpace of halfe a 
 furlonge. Howe fertile and fruitfuU this valley is, you (hal vnderdand by thefe thynges which folowe. On the 
 (here of this ryuer, they haue lymyted and enclofed certeyne grounde to make gardeynes and orchiardes, in the 
 which al kyndes of bygger herbes, as radylhe, letufe, colewortes, borage, and fuch other, waxe rype within, xvl 
 dayes after the feede is fowen. Lykewyfe Melones, Gourdes, Cucumers, and fuche other, within the fpace of. 
 xxxvL dayes. Thefe garden herbes, they haue freflhe and greene all the whole yeare. Alfo the rootes of the 
 canes or reedes, of the lycour wherof, fuger is made, growe a cubette high within the fpace of xv. dayes : but 
 the lycoure is not yet hardened. The lyke they affirme of plantes or flirouddes of younge vines : And that 
 they haue the fecond yeare gathered ripe and fweete grapes of the fame. But by reafon of to muche rankenes, 
 they beare but fewe cluders. Furthermore, a man of the countrey fowed a lyttle wheat about the Calendes of 
 February, and brought with hym to the citie a handefuU of the rype eares of the fame the thyrde day before 
 the calendes of Aprell : which was that yeare the vigile of the Refurrection of owre Lorde. Alfo, al kyndes of 
 pulfe, as beanes, peafon, fytches, tares, and fuche other, are rype twyfe in the yeare, as all they which come 
 from thenfe, aflSrme with one voyce: Yet that the grounde is not vniuerfally apte to beare wheate. In the 
 meane tyme whyle thefe thynges were doinge, the Admirall fent owte a companye of xxx. men to fearche the 
 Region of Cipanga, otherwyfe cauled Cibana This Region is full of mountaynes and rockes : And the myddle 
 backe of the hole Ilande in the whiche is greate plentie of goulde. When they that went to fearche the Region, 
 were returned they reported maruelous thynges as touchinge the great ryches of this Region. Frome thefe 
 mountaynes, defcende foure greate ryuers, which by the maruelous indudrye of nature, deuided the hole Ilande 
 into foure partes, in maner equall, ouerfpreadinge and wateringe the hole Ilande with their branches. Of thefe 
 foure ryuers, the one reacheth towarde the Eade. This the inhabitantes caule lunna : An other, towarde the 
 Wede, and is cauled Attibunicus. The thirde towarde the Northe, named lachem : the lade reacheth into the 
 Southe, and is cauled Naiba. The daye before the Ides of Marche, the Admiral him felfe with al his horfe 
 men and foure hundreth footemen, marched directly towarde the South fyde of the goulden Region. Thus 
 palTmge ouer the ryuer, the plaine and the mountayne which enuironed the other fyde of the playne, he 
 chaunced vpon an other vale the which a ryuer muche bygger then the fyrde, and many other meane ryuers 
 
 n 
 
 The fable of 
 Phnctnn. 
 
 Kynge 
 
 Ferdinandus and 
 queene Helizabcth 
 
 Nereides. 
 He nieancth 
 the Ilandes. 
 
 Hispaniola. 
 
 11 
 
 Ophir whether 
 Salomons ships 
 sayled for golde. 
 
 Isabella. 
 
 A playne of 
 threescore myles 
 of lengthe. 
 
 A token of 
 marucluns 
 frnitfulnes. 
 
 Iltjrhcs grene al 
 the liiile yeare. 
 Silgcr rccds 
 plantes and vines. 
 
 Come and grayne 
 rype twise a yeare 
 
 The Region of 
 Cipanga or 
 Cioana. 
 Golde. 
 
 Foure greate 
 ryuers. 
 
 The golden 
 region of Cibana 
 
 1 
 
 IR 
 
 ■ 
 
 I' 
 
 Vli 
 
 I'i' 
 
 n 
 
 \ 'S^ 
 
 f 
 
 .'I i 
 
 ill 
 
 
 i 1 , II! 
 
li! 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 74 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 Vales ;ind 
 mourtayneii 
 
 The vale of 
 Cibana. 
 
 Oolde for haukes 
 12 
 
 Oraynes and 
 pipple stones of 
 jEolde. 
 
 They passe not 
 for goUic, in that 
 it is golde onely 
 but etc. 
 
 Stones of golde as 
 byg as the heade 
 of a chylde. 
 
 Spyces. 
 
 Wylde vines of 
 plcasauntc taste. 
 
 Fruitful 
 mountaynes 
 
 Golde in the 
 snndes of ryuers 
 faulingc from the 
 mountaynes. 
 1 Jbertie and 
 Idelnes. 
 
 The mountaynes 
 are couldc. 
 
 The llande of 
 Cuba. 
 
 Least any other 
 pruici., &c 
 
 Discencion 
 betweenc the 
 Portugalcs and 
 Spaniardes. 
 
 The Itandes of 
 Cobouerde or 
 Hispe rides 
 
 13 
 
 Thr Portugalei 
 viuge* 
 
 runne throwgh. When he had alfo conueighed his armye ouer the ryuer and paffed the feconde vale whiche 
 was in no part inferiour to the firfle, he made away through the thirde mountayne, where was no paffage before, 
 and defcended into an other vale which was nowe the beginninge of Cibana. Through this alfo runne many 
 fluddes, and ryuers, out of euery hyll, and in the fandes of theym all, is fownde great plentie of goulde. And 
 when he had nowe entered three fcore and twelue myles into the goulden region from the citie he entended 
 to buylde a fortrefle vppon the toppe of a hyll, (landing by the fliore of a certeyne great ryuer, that he might 
 the better and more fafelye fearche the fecreates of the inner partes of the Region. This he cauled the fortrefle 
 of faynte Thomas. The which in the meane tyme whyle he was buyldynge, th[e]inhabitantes beinge defirous 
 of haukes belles and other of owre thinges, reforted dayly thyther. To whom the Admirall declared, that 
 if they wolde brynge goulde, they fliulde haue what fo euer they wolde alke. Forthwith tumynge theyr 
 backes and runnynge to the fliore of the next ryuer, they returned in a fliort tyme, brynginge with them 
 their handes full of goulde. Amongefl al other, there came a owld mnn bringynge with him two pybble flones 
 of goulde weighinge an vnce, defyrynge them to gyue him a bell for the fame who when he fawe oure men 
 maruell at the byggenes therof, he made fignes that they were but fmaule and of no value in refpecte of fume 
 that he had f^ene. And takynge in his hande foure Hones the lead wherof was as bygge as a walnut, and the 
 byggeft as bygge as an orange, he fayde that there was fownde peeces of goulde foo bygge in his countrey, 
 beynge but halfe a dayes iourney from thenfe, and that they had no regarde to the gatheringe therof. Wherby 
 we perceaue that they pafle not muche for goulde in afmuch as it is goulde only, but fo farre elleeme it, as the 
 hande of the artificer hathe fafliioned it in any coomely fourme. For who doth greatly efteeme rowgh marble 
 or vnwrought luerye. But if they be wrought with the cunninge hande of Phidias or Praxiteles, and fliaped to 
 the fimilitude of the f-xyre nimphes or fayeres of the fea (cauled Neteiades) or the fayres of the wods, (cauled 
 Hamadriades) they flial neuer lacke byers. Befyde this owld man, there came alfo dyuers other, brynginge with 
 them pypple ftones of gold weighing, x. or. xii. drammes : And feared not to confefle, that in the place where they 
 gathered that golde, there were found fumtyme ftones of gold as bygge as the heade of a chyld When he had 
 taryed heaie a fewe dayes, he fent one Luxanus, a noble younge gentylman with a fewe armed men to fearche 
 all the partes of this Region. Who at his retume, reported that th[e]inhabitantes fliewed him greater thinges 
 then we haue fpoken of here before. But he dyd openly declare nothynge therof: which they thought was 
 doone bj the Admirales commaundement. They haue wooddes full of certeyne fpyces : but not fuche as we 
 commonly vfe. Thefe they gather euen as they do golde : that is as much as wyl feme for theyr purpofe, euery 
 man for hym felfe, to exchange the fame with the inhabitantes of other countreys adioyninge to them, for fuch 
 thinges as they lacke, as dyflhes, pottes, ftooles, and fuche other neceflaries. As Luxanus returned to the 
 Admiral, (which was about the Ides of Marche) he fownde in the wooddes, certeyne wylde vines, rype and of 
 pleafaunt tafte. But th[e]inhabitantes pafle not on them. This Region though it bee full of ftones and rockes 
 (and is therfore cauled Cibana, whiche is as muche to faye as a ftone) yet it is well replenyflied with trees and 
 paftures. Ye they inftantly affirme, that if the grafle of thefe mountaynes bee cutte, it groweth ageyne within 
 the fpace of foure dayes, higher then wheate. And for as muche as many fliowers of rayne doo faule in this 
 Region, whereof the ryuers and fluddes haue their increafe, in euery of the which, golde is fownde myxte with 
 fande in all places, they iudge that the golde is dryuen from the mountaynes, by the vehement courfe of the 
 ftreames which faule from the fame, and runne into the ryuers. The people of this Region are gyuen to 
 Idolnes and playe. For fuche as inhabyte the mountaynes, fyt quakynge for coulde in the wynter feafon, and 
 had rather foo wander vppe and downe Idelly, then take the peines to make them apparell, wheras they haue 
 wooddes full of goflampine cotton. But fuch as dwel in the vales or plaines feele no coulde in wynter. When 
 the Admirall had thus fearched the beginninge of the region of Cibana, he repayred to Ifabella (for fo he named 
 the citie) where, leauinge the gouernance of the llande with his deputies, he prepared hym felfe to fearch further 
 the lymettes of the llande of Ctiba or Johanna, which he yet doubted to bee the firme lande, and diftant from 
 Hifpaniola, onely three fcore and ten myles. This dyd he with more fpeedy expedicion, caulyng to remem- 
 braunce the kinges commaundement, who wylled hym fyrft with all celeritie to ouer runne the coaftes of the 
 newe Ilandes, leafte any other prince fliulde in the meane tyme attenipte to inuade the fame. For the Kynge 
 of Portugale affirmed that it perteyned only to hym to difcouer thefe vnknowen landes. But the byftiop of 
 Rome Alexander the. vi. to auoyd the caufe of this difcention, graunted to the Kynge of Spayne by th[e]auc- 
 toritie of his leaden bulles, that no other prince fliulde bee fo boulde as to make any viages to any of thofe 
 vnknowen regions, lyenge without the precinct of a directe lyne drawen from the North to the Southe a 
 hundreth leaques weftwarde without the paralelles of the Ilandes cauled Capud Viride. or Cabouerde, which we 
 thynke to bee thofe that in owlde t>Tne were cauled Hefperides. Thefe perteyne to the kynge of Portugale. 
 And frome thefe, his pylottes whiche doo yearely fearche newe coafte? and regions, directe their courfe to the 
 Eafte, faylynge euer towarde the lefte hande by the backe of Aphrike and the feas of the Ethiopians : Nejther 
 to this day had the Portugales at any tyme fayled Southwarde, or Weftewarde from the Ilandes of Cabouerde. 
 
 L 'i 
 
The fyrjt Decade. 
 
 Preparyng therfore three fliippes, he made hade towarde the Ilande of lohanna or Cuba whyther he came in 
 (horte (pace, and named the poynt therof where he fyrft arryued, Alpha and O : that is, the fyrfle and the lade : 
 for he fuppofed that there had byn th[e]end of owre Eafte bycufe the fonne fauleth there : And of the wefte, 
 bycaufe it ryfeth there. For it is apparente, that weftwarde, it is the beginninge of ///tfia beyonde the ryuer of 
 Ganges : And Eaftewarde, the furtheft ende of the fame : which thinge is not contrary to reafon forafmuche as 
 the Cofmographers haue lefte the lymites of I/itfia beyonde Gauges vndetermyned : where as alfo fume were of 
 opinion that Intfia was not farre from the coaftes of Spaine as we haue fayde before. Within the profpecte of 
 the begynnynge of Cuba, he founde a commodious hauen in the extreme angle of the Ilande of Hifpaniola. 
 For in this part, the Hand receaueth a greate goulfe. This hauen, he named faynt Nycolas porte, beinge 
 fcarfely. xx. leaques from Cuba. As he departed from henfe and fayled weftwarde by the fouth fyde of Cuba, 
 the further that he went, fo muche the more the fea feemed to bee extended in breadth and to bende towarde 
 the fouth. On the fouth fyde of Cuba, he fownde an Ilande which th[e]inhabitantes caule Jamaica. This he 
 affirmeth to bee longer and broder then the Hand of Sicilie : hauyng in it only one mountayne, which on euery 
 parte begynninge from the fea, ryfeth by little and little into the myddeft if the Ilande : And that foo playnely 
 mthout rowghnes, that fuche as goo vp to the toppe of the fame, can fcarfely perceaue that they afcende. This 
 Ilande he affirmed to bee very fruitfull and full of people as well in th[e]inner partes of the fame as by the (hore : 
 And that th[e]inhabitantes are of quicker wytte then in the other Ilandes, and more experte artificers and 
 warrelyke men. For in many places where he woulde haue arryued, they came armed ageynft him and 
 forbodde him with threatening wordes. But beinge ouercome, they made a league of frendeftiip with hym. 
 Thus departynge from lamaica, he fayled towarde the Wefte with a profperous wynde for the fpace of threefcore 
 and tenne dayes : thinkinge that he had paffed fo farre by the compaffe of the earth being vnderneth vs, that he 
 had byn nere vnto Aurea Cherfonefus (nowe cauled Alalaccha,) in owre Eafte India beyonde the beginninge of 
 Perfides. For he playnely beleued that he had lefte onely two of the twelue howTes of the fonne, which were 
 vnknowen to vs, for the owlde wryters haue lefte halfe the courfe of the fonne vntouched, where as they haue but 
 onely difcufled that fuperficiall parte of the earth which lyeth betwene the Ilandes of Gades and the ryuer of Ganges : 
 or at the vttermofte, to Aurea Cherfonefus. In this nauigation, he chaunced on many furious feas, running with 
 a faule as it had byn the ftreames of fluddes : Alfo many whorlepooles, and flielfes, with many other daungers, 
 and ftreyghtes by reafon of the multytude of Ilandes, which ley on euery fyde. But not regardinge all thefe perelles, 
 he determyned to proceade vntyl he had certaine knowledge whether Cuba were an Ilande or firme lande. Thus 
 he fayled forward coaftinge euer by the fliore towarde the wefte for the fpace of CC. xxii. [two hundred and 
 twenty-two] leaques, that is, abowte a thoufande and three hundreth myles|: And gaue names to feuen hundreth 
 Ilandes by the waye : Leauynge alfo on the lefte hande (as he feared not to reporte) three thoufande here and 
 there. But let vs nowe returne to fuche thinges as he fownde worthy to be noted in this nauigation. Saylinge 
 therfore by the fyde of Cuba, and fearchinge the nature of the places, he efpied not farre from Alpha and O, a 
 large hauen of capacitie to harborowe manye fliippes : whofe enteraunce is bendinge, beinge inclofed on bothc 
 fydes with capes or poyntes which receaue the water. This hauen is large within, and of exceadinge depthe. 
 Saylinge by the (hore of this porte, he fawe not farre frome the fame, two cotages couered with reedes, and in 
 many places fyer kyndeled. Here he fente certeyne armed men owte of the fliippes to the cotages : where they 
 fownde nother man nor woman, but roftemeate enowgh. For they fownde certeyne fpyttes of woodde lyenge 
 at the fyre, hauinge fyftie on theym abowt a hundreth pownde weight, and two ferpentes of. viii. foote longe a 
 piece, wherat marueylinge, and lokynge abowt if they coulde efpye any of th[e]inhabitantes, and that none 
 appeared in fyght (for they fledde all to the mountaynes at the comminge of owre men) they fell to theyr meate, 
 and eate the fyflie taken with other mens trauayle : But they abfteyned from the ferpentes, which they affirme to 
 differ nothinge from Crocodiles of Egypt, but onely in byggenes. For (as PUnie fayth) Crocodiles haue fumetymes 
 byn fownde of. xviii. cubettes long. But of thefe the byggeft were but of. viii. fote. Thus beinge well refrefflied, 
 they entered into the next woodde where they fownde many of the fame kynde of ferpentes hangynge vppon 
 bowghes of trees : of the which, fume had theyr mouthes tyed with ftr>'nges, and fume theyr teethe taken owte. 
 And as they fearched the places nere vnto the hauen, they fawe abowte. Ixx. men in the toppe of a hyghe rocke, 
 whiche fledde as foone as they had efpied owre men. Who by fignes and tokens of peace, caulinge them ageyne, 
 there was one which came nere them and ftoo<le on the toppe of a rocke, feemynge as thowgh he were yet 
 ferefulL But the Admiral fent one Didacus to hym, a man of the fame countrey, whom he had at his fyrfte 
 vyage taken in the Ilande of Guanahaini, beinge nere vnto Cuba : wyllinge hym to come nere and not to bee 
 afrayde. When he harde Didacus fpeke to him in his owne tonge he came bowldly to hym : and fliortly after 
 reforted to his company, perfuadinge them to come without all feare. After this meflage was doone, there 
 defcended frome the rockes to the fliippes, abowt three fcore and ten of th[e]inhabitantes, proferinge frende- 
 fliippe and gentelnes to owre men : whiche the Admirall accepted thankefuUy, and gaue them dyuers rewardes : 
 And that the rather, for that he had intelligence by Didaais th[e]enterpretoure, that they were the kynges 
 
 n 
 
 75 
 
 Alpha and O 
 
 I'hc cnde of the 
 Kaste and wcht. 
 
 Note. 
 
 India not far 
 from Spayne. 
 
 Saynt Nycolas 
 porte. 
 
 The Hand of 
 lamaica. 
 
 Tamaico. 
 
 Quicke wyttcd 
 people. 
 
 The compascinge 
 of the earth. 
 
 Aurea 
 Chcrsonesus, or 
 Malaccha. 
 A secreate of 
 Astronumie. 
 
 The ryuer of 
 Ganges. 
 
 Daungerous 
 strcigntcs by 
 reason of many 
 Ilandes. 
 
 The Admiral gaue 
 names to seuen 
 hundrethe Ilandc& 
 Thre thousand 
 Ilandes. 
 
 A large hauen 
 
 Rostcd fysshc and 
 sor^tents of. viii. 
 foote longc. 
 
 14 
 
 Crocodiles of 
 Egypte. 
 
 Di(l.ic\is 
 thlcjinterprctour. 
 
 I 
 
 ,( •■ 
 
 <-t . I 
 
 lrii.i 
 
 •1 
 
 \s 
 
 \\\ 
 
 
 (•'0 
 
 < 1 ! 1 ! 
 
 'fi^'l 
 
 The Ityngei 
 fv&»hur^ 
 
■mp 
 
 ) 
 
 TT 
 
 1 ; 
 
 Hi 
 
 76 
 
 The fyrft Decade. 
 
 Serpentes 
 esteemed for 
 delicate meat 
 Ophiophagl 
 
 Blossomes and 
 fruites bothe at 
 one tyme. 
 
 Trees which 
 bcare gourds 
 
 A multitude uf 
 Ilandcs. 
 
 Hotte water. 
 
 A straunge kynde 
 of fys-shynge. 
 A huntynge 
 fysshe. 
 
 Abundance of 
 tortoyscs. 
 
 15 
 
 Fyssher men. 
 
 The fysshe 
 Guaicanum. 
 
 Humainc people. 
 
 A mounUine 
 fruitefull and well 
 inhabited. 
 
 
 of strange 
 . ' iumme. 
 
 fyflhers, fent of theyr lorde to take fyflhe ageynft a folemne feafte which he prepared for an other kynge. And 
 wheras the Admirales men had eaten the fyflhe whiche they lefte at the fyre, they were the gladder therof, 
 bycaufe they had lefte the ferpentes. For there is nothinge amonge theyr delicate dyflhes, that they efteeme fo 
 muche as thefe ferpentes ; In foo muche that it is no more lawfull for the common people to eate of them, then 
 peacockes or phefantes amonge vs. As for the f)r(nies, they doubted not to take as many more the fame nyght. 
 Beynge aflced why they fyrft rofted the fyflhe which they entended to beare to their kynge. They anfwered, that 
 they might bee the freflher and vncorrupted. Thus ioyninge handes for a token of further frendefliip, euesy 
 man reforted to his owne. The Admirall went forwarde as he had appoynted, folowing the faulinge of the 
 fonne from the beginninge of Cuba cauled Alpha and O. The fliores or fea bankes euen vnto this hauen, albeit 
 they be ful of trees, yet are they rowgh with mountains. Of thefe trees, fume were ful of bloflbomes and 
 flowres, and other laden with fi-uites. Beyonde the hauen the lande is more fertile and peopulous, whofe inhabi- 
 tantes are more gentyll and more defyrous of cvre thinges. For as fone as they had efpied owre fliippes, they 
 flocked all to the Ihore, brynginge with them fuche breade as they are accuftomed to eate, and gourdes full of 
 water, offeringe theym vnto owre men, and further defyringe them to coome alande. In all thefe Ilandes is a 
 certeyne kynde of trees as bygge as elmes, whiche beare gourdes in the fleade of fruites. Thefe they vfe only 
 for drinkynge pottes, and to fetche water in, but not for meate, for the inner fubftance of them, is fowrer then 
 gaule, and the barke as harde as any flielle. At the Ides of Maye, the watche men lokinge owte of the toppe 
 caftell of the (hyppe towarde the Southe, fave a multitude of Ilandes ftandinge thicke together, beynge all well 
 repleniflied with trees, grafle, and herbes, and wel inhabyted. In the fliore of the continent, he chaunced into 
 a nauigable ryuer whofe water was foo hotte, that no man myght endure to abyde his hande therein any tyme. 
 The day folowinge, efpying a farre off a Canoa of fyflier men of th[e]inhabitantes, fearinge leaft they fliulde flye 
 at the fyght of owre men, he commaunded certeyne to aflayle them pryuily with the fliyppe boates. But they 
 fearinge nothinge, taryed the comminge of owre men. Nowe flial you heare a newe kind of fyfliinge. Lyke 
 as we with greyhoundes doo hunte hares, in the playne fieldes. So doo they as it were with a huntyng fyflhe, 
 take other fyflhes. This fyflhe was of fhape or fourme vnknowen vnto vs: but the body therof, not muche 
 vnlyke a greate yele: hauinge on the hynder parte of the heade, a very towgh flcynne, lyke vnto a greate bagge 
 or purfe. This fyffhe is tyed by the iyde of the boate with a corde lette downe foo farre into the water, that the 
 fyfftie maye lye clofe hyd by the keele or bottome of the fame, for fliee may in no cafe abyde the fight of the 
 ayer. Thus when they efpie any greate fyflhe, or tortoyfe (wherof there is great abundance bygger then great 
 targettes) they let the corde at lengthe. But when flie feeleth her fe)*" loofed, ftiee enuadeth the fyflhe or 
 tortoyfe as fwiftly as an arrowe. And where ftie hath once faftened her howld fliee cafteth the purfe of flcynne 
 wherof we fpake before: And by drawyng the fame togyther, fo grafpeleth her pray, that no mans ftrength is 
 fuflicient to vnloofe the fame, excepte by lyttle and lyttle drawinge the lyne, fliee bee lyfted fumwhat aboue the 
 brymme of the water. For then, as fone as ftie feeth the brightnes of the ayer, fliee lettethe goo her howlde. 
 The praye therfore, beinge nowe drawen nere to the brymme of the water, there leapeth foodenly owte of the 
 boate into the fea foo manye fyflhers, as maye fuffice to holde fafte the praye, vntyll the refte of the coompany 
 haue taken it into the boate. Which thinge doone, they loofe fo muche of the cord, that the hunting fyfllie, 
 may ageyne retume to her place within the water: where by an other corde, they let downe to her a piece of 
 the praye, as we vfe to rewarde greyhoundes after they haue Vylled theyr game. This fyflhe, they caule 
 Guaicanum, But owre men caule it Reuerfum. They gaue owre men foure tortoyfes taken by this meanes: 
 And thofe of fuch byggenes that they almofte fylled theyr fyflhinge boate. For thefe fyflhes are efteemed 
 amonge them for delicate meate. Owre men recompenfed them ageyne with other rewardes, and foo lette them 
 departe. Beinge aflced of the coompafle of that lande, they aunfwered that it had no ende weftewarde. Moft 
 inftantly defyringe the Admirall to coome alande : or in his name to fende one with them to falute their 
 Cazicus, (that is) their kinge: Affirmynge that he wolde gyue owre men many prefentes, yf they wolde goo to 
 hym. But the Admiral, leafte he fliulde bee hyndered of the vyage which he had begunne, refufed to goo with 
 them. Then they defyred to knowe his name, and towld owre men lykewyfe the name of theyr kyng. Thus 
 fayling on yet further euer toward the Weft, within fewe dayes he came nere vnto a certeyne exceding high 
 mountayne, wel inhabyted by reafon of the great fertilitie of the fame. Th[e]inhabitauntes of this mountayne, 
 browght to owre fliippe, breade, goflampine cotton, cunnies, and fundry kyndes of wyldfowle: demaundynge 
 relygioufly of th[e]interpretoures, if this nation defcended not from heauen. The kynge of this people, and 
 dyuers other fage men that ftoode by hym, informed hym that that lande was no Ilande. Shortly after, 
 enteringe into one of the Ilandes beinge on the lefte hande of this lande, they fownde no body therin : for they 
 fledde al at the commyng of owre men. Yet fownde they there fowre dogges of maruelous deformed fliape, 
 and fuche as coulde not barke. This kynd of dogges, they eate as we do goates. Here is great plentie of geefe, 
 duckes, and hearons. Betwene thefe Ilandes and the continente, he entered into foo narowe ftreyghtes, that 
 he coulde fcarfely tume backe the (hippes ; And thefe alfo fo flialowe, that the keele of the fliyps fumtyme rafed 
 76 
 
^jpl 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 77 
 
 on the Cindes The water of thefe flreyghtes, for the fpace of fortie myles, was white and thycke lyke vnto 
 mylke, and as thowgh mele had byn fparkeled throwgh owte al that fea. And when they had at the lengthe 
 efcaped thefe (Irayghtes, and were nowe coome into a mayne and large fea, and had fayled theron for the fpace 
 of foure fcore myles, they efpyed an other excedinge hygh mountayne, whyther the Admirall reforted to (lore 
 his fliyppes with frefflie water and fuel. Heare amonge certeyne wooddes of date trees, and pyneable trees of 
 excedyng height he fownd two natiue fprynges of frefflie water. In the meane tyme whyle the woodde was 
 cuttynge and the barrelles fyllyng, one of owre archers went into the wood to hunt : where he efpyed a certeyne 
 man with a whyte vefture, foo lyke a fryer of th[e]order of faynt Marye of Merccdis, that at the fyrfle fight he 
 fuppofed it had byn the Admiralles preefte which he browght with hym, beyng a man of the fame order. But 
 two other folowed hym immediatlye owte of the fame wooddes, fliortly after, he fawe a farre of a hole coompany 
 of men clothed in apparel, beinge abowte. xxx. in nomber. Then turning his backe and cryinge owte to his 
 felowes, he made hafle to the (hyppes with all that he myght dryue. Thefe apparelled men, made fignes and 
 tokens to hym to tary and not to bee afrayde. But that notwithftandinge, he ceafed not to flye. The Admirall 
 beinge aduertifed hereof, and not a lyttle reioyfynge that he had fownde a ciuile people, incontinently fent 
 forth armed men, with commaundement, that yf neede fliould foo requyre, they fliulde enter fortie myles into 
 the Ilande, vntyl they myght fynde eyther thofe apparelled men, or other inhabitantes of that countrey. When 
 they hadde pafled ouer the woodde, they came into a greate playne full of graffe and herbes, in which appeared 
 no token of any pathe way. Here attemptinge to goo throwgh the grafle and herbes, they were foo entangled 
 and bewrapte therin, that they were fcarfely able to pafle a myle, the graffe beinge there lyttle lower then owre 
 rype come. Beinge therfore weryed, they were enforced to returne ageyne, fyndyng no pathe way. The day 
 folowing he fent foorth. xxv. armed men an other way: Commaunding them to make diligent fearche and 
 inquifition what maner of people inhabited the land. Who departinge, when they had fownde not fane from 
 the fea fyde certeyne fteppes of wylde beaftes, of the which they fufpected fum to bee of Lyons feete being 
 (Iriken with feare, returned backe ageyne. As they came they fownde a woodde in the which were many 
 natiue vines here and there crepinge abowte highe trees, with many other trees bearinge aromaticall fruites and 
 fpyces. Of thefe vines they browght with them into Spaine many cluflers of grapes very ponderous and full of 
 lycoure. But of the other fruites, they browght none bycaufe they putrified by the waye in the fliippe, and were 
 cade into the fea. They fayc alfo that in the laundes or medowes of thofe wooddes, they fawe flockes of greate 
 cranes twyfe as bygge as owres. As he went forward and turned his fayles towarde certeyne other mountaines, 
 he efpied two cotages on the fliore, in the whiche he fawe onely one man : who beinge browght to the fliyppe, 
 fignified with heade, fyngers, and by al other fignes, that he coulde deuife that the lande which lay beyonde 
 thofe mountaynes, was very full of people. And as the Admirall drewe nere the fliore of the fame, there mette 
 hym certeyne Catwas hauinge in them many people of the countrey, who made fignes and tokens of peace and 
 frendefliyp. But here Didams th[e]interpretour whiche vnderftoode the language of th[e]inhabitantes of the 
 beginning of Cuba, vnderflode not them one whytte, wherby they confydred that in fundiy prouinces of Cuba, 
 were fundry languages He had alfo intelligence, that in the inlande of this Region, was a kynge of greate 
 power, and accuftomed to weare apparell. He fayth that all the tracte of this fliore, was drowned with water 
 and full of mudde, befette with many trees, after the maner of owre maryfflies, yet whereas in this place they 
 wente alande for frefflie water, they fownde many of the fliel fyflhes in the whiche pearles are gathered. But 
 that coulde not caufe the Admirall to tracte the tyme there, entendinge at this viage, only to proue howe many 
 landes and feas ho coulde difcouer accordinge to the kynges commaundement. As they yet preceded forwarde, 
 they fewe here and there al the waye alonge by the fliore, a great fmoke ryfinge, vntyll they caniv^ to an other 
 mountayne foure fcore myles diflant There was no rocke or hyll that coulde be feene, but the fame was all 
 of a fmoke. But whether thefe fyers were made by th[e]inhabitantes for their neceffary bufynes, or as we are 
 wont to fette beacons on fyre when we fufpecte th[e]approche of owre enemies, thereby to gyue warninge to 
 theyr neyghbours to bee in a redines, and gather togyther if perhappes owre men fliulde attempte any thinge 
 ageynll them, or otherwyfe as feemethe moft lykely, to caule them togyther as to a wonder to behould owre 
 tliippes, they knewe yet no certentie. In this tracte, the fliores bended fumetyme towarde the Southe, and 
 fumetyme towarde the Wefte and weflefouthwefl : And the fea was euery where entangeled with Ilandes : by 
 reafon whereof, the keeles of the fliippes often tymes rafed the fandes for flialownes of the water: So that the 
 fliyppes beinge very fore brufed and appayred, the fayles, cables, and other tackelinges, in maner rotten, and 
 the vytayles, (efpecially the byfltette breade) corrupted by takynge water at the riftes euyll clofed, the Admirall 
 was enforced to tume backe ageyne. This lade poynte where he touched of Cuba (not yet beinge knowen to 
 be an Ilande) he cauled Euangelifta. Thus turning his fayles toward other Ilandes lyinge not farre from the 
 fuppofed continente, he chaunced into a mayne fea where was fuche a multitude of greate tortoyfes, that 
 fumtyme they flayed the fliyppes. Not longe after, he entered into a gulfe of whyte water, lyke vnto that 
 wherof we fpake before. At the length fearing the flielfes of the Hands, he returned to the fliore of Cuba by 
 
 Whyte and thicke 
 water. 
 
 Wooddes of dale 
 trees. 
 
 Men appareled 
 like white fryers. 
 
 16 
 
 Grasse almost a?; 
 hyghe as curiic. 
 
 Steppes of wyld 
 beastes feetc. 
 
 Natiue vines 
 
 Trees bearinge 
 spyccs and svvccte 
 fruites. 
 Create Cranes. 
 
 Dyuers langunge^ 
 in the Ilande of 
 Cuba. 
 
 Pearles in 
 shelfybshcs. 
 
 The sea entangeled 
 with Ilandes 
 
 Euangelista. 
 
 A multitude of 
 great tortoyses 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 M 
 
 X ; 
 
 ;i4 
 
 Ml! 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 j 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ill 'I 
 
 
 ! 1 
 
 '!' 
 
iv^ 
 
 78 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 A goufe of whyte 
 water 
 Humaine people. 
 
 Stock doues of 
 more pleasaunt 
 Ust then 
 partriches. 
 
 17 
 
 The hiimnnitie of 
 a rcuurcnde owlde 
 Coiicriiuur. 
 
 An oration of the 
 naked goueniour. 
 
 Theyr opinion of 
 the wul of man. 
 
 Desyre of golde 
 foiinde that 
 which religion 
 coulde not fyndc. 
 Virtui post 
 uutnmos. ^r. 
 
 The Hand as 
 common as the 
 sunne and water. 
 
 The golden 
 worlde. 
 
 Prouision without 
 care. 
 
 Simple diete 
 
 18 
 
 The Hand of 
 lamaicx 
 
 Hispaniola. 
 The Canibales. 
 
 the fame way which he came. Here a multitude of th[e]inhabitantes, as well women as men, reforted to hym 
 with cheerefull countenaunce and without feare: bringynge with them popingayes, breade, water, and cunnyes: 
 But efpecially (locke doues much bygger then owres : which he affirmeth, in fauour and tafte, to bee muche 
 more pleafaunt then owre partryches. Wherfore where as vr eatinge of them he perceaued a certeyne fauoure 
 of fpyce to proceade from them, he commaunded the croppe to bee opened of fuche as were newely kylled, and 
 fownde the fame full of fweete fpyces, whiche he argued to bee the caufe of theyr ftrange tafte. For it ftandeth 
 with good reafon, that the fleflhe of beaftes, (hulde drawe the nature and qualitie of theyr accuftomed nuryfhemente. 
 As the Admirall harde maffe on the fliore, there came towarde hym a certeyne gouernoure, a man of four fcore 
 yeares of age, and of great grauitie, althowgh he were naked fauinge his pryuie partes. He had a great trayne of 
 menne waytinge on hym. All the whyle the preefte was at maffe, he (hewed hym felfe verye humble and gaue 
 reuerente attendaunce with graue and demure countenaunce. When the maffe was ended, he prefented to the 
 Admirall, a baflcette of the fruites of his countrey, delyueringe the fame with his owne handes. When the 
 Admirall had gentelly interteyned hym, defyringe leaue to fpeake, he made an oration in the prefence of 
 Didaais th[e]interpretoure, in this effecte. I haue byn aduertifed (mofte mighty prince) that you haue ot late 
 with greate power fubdued many landes and Regions hytherto vnknowen to you : and haue browght no little 
 feare vppon all the people and inhabitantes of the fame. The which your good fortune, you (hal beare with 
 leffe infolencie, if you remember that the foules of men haue two ioumeyes after they are departed from this 
 bi dye. The one fowle and darke, prepared for fuche as are iniurious and cruell to mankynde : The other 
 pleafaunt and delectable, ordeyned for them which in theyr lyfe tyme, loued peace and quietnes. If therefore 
 yo\" acknowleage your felfe to bee mortall, and confyder that euery man fhall receaue condigne rewarde or 
 punyfliement for fuch thinges as he hath done in this life, you wyl wrongefully huite no man. When he had 
 fayde thefe wordes and other lyke, which were declared to the Admirall by th[e]interpretoure, he marueylinge 
 at the iudgemente of the naked owlde man, anfwered, that he was gladde to heare his opinion as touchinge the 
 fundry ioumeys and rewardes of fowles departed from theyr bodyes : Suppofinge that nother he, or any other 
 of th[e]inhabitantes of thofe Regions, had bad any knowleage thereof. Declaringe further that the chiefe caufe 
 of his comminge thyther was to inftructe them \\i fuch godly knowleage and trewe religion : And that he was 
 fente into thofe countreys by the Chriftian kynge of Spayne (his lorde and maifter) for the fame purpofe : And 
 fpecially to fubdue and puniflhe the Canibales and fuch other mifcheuous people : And to defende innocentes 
 ageynft the violence of fuch euyl doers wyllynge hym and all other fuch as embrafed vertue, in no cafe to bee 
 afrayde : But rather to open his mynde vnto him, if eyther he, or any other fuche quiete men as he was, hadde 
 fufteyned any wronge of theyr neyghbours : and that he wold fee the fame reuenged. Thefe comfortable 
 wordes of the Admirall foo pleafed the owlde man, that notwithftandyng his extreeme age, he woulde gladly 
 haue gone with the Admiral as he had doone in deede, if his wyfe and chyldren had not hyndered hym of his 
 purpofe. But he marueyled not a lyttle, that the Admirall was vnder the dominion of an other: And muche more, 
 when th[e]interpretour towlde hym of the glorye, magnificence, pompes, greate powre, and fumymentes of 
 warre of owre kynges, and of ;he multitudes of cities and townes which were vnder theyr dominions. 
 Intendyng therfore to haue gonne with the Admirall, his wyfe and children fell proftrate at his feete, with teares 
 defyrynge hym not to forfake them and leaue them defolate. At whofe pytifuU requeftes, the worthy owlde man 
 beinge moued, remayned at home to the comfort of his people and famylie, fatiffyenge rather them then hym 
 felfe. For not yet ceafmge to woonder, and of heauy countenaunce bycaufe he myght not departe, he demaunded 
 oftentymes if that lande were not heauen, which browght foorth fuche a kynde of men. For it is certeyne, that 
 amonge them, the lande is as common as the fonne and water : And that Myne and Thyne (the feedes of all 
 myfcheefe) haue no place with them. They are contente with foo lyttle, that in foo large a countrey, they haue 
 rather fuperfluitie then fcarfenes. Soo that (as wee haue fayde before) they feeme to lyue in the goulden worlde, 
 without toyle, lyuinge in open gardens, not intrenched with dykes, dyuyded with hedges, or defended with 
 waules. They deale trewely one with another, without lawes, without bookes, and without Judges. They take 
 hym for an euyll and myfcheuous man, which taketh pleafure in doinge hurte to other. And albeit that they 
 delyte not in fuperfluities, yet make they prouifion for th[e]increafe of fuche rootes, wherof they make theyr 
 breade, as Maizium, lucca, and Ages, contented with fuche fimple dyet, wherby health is preferued, and 
 dyfeafes auoyded. The Admirall therfore departinge from thenfe, and myndinge to retume ageyne fhortly after, 
 chaunced to coome ageyne to the llande of lamaica beinge on the fowthe fyde therof : and coafted all alonge 
 by the ftiore of the fame, from the Wefte to the Eafte. From whofe laft comer on the Eaft fyde, when he fawe 
 towarde the North on his lefte hand, certeyn high mountains he knewe at the length that it was the fowthe fyde 
 of the llande of Hifpaniola, which he had not yet paffed by. Wherfore at the Calendes of September, enter- 
 inge into the hauen of the fame llande, cauled faynt Nycolas hauen, he repayred his fliippes to th[e]intent that 
 he myght ageyne waft and fpoyle the Ilandes of the Canibales, and bume all theyr Canoas, that thofe raueninge 
 wolues myght no longer perfecute and deuoure the innocent (heepi' But he was at this tyme hyndered of lus 
 
 t8 
 
The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 79 
 
 purpofe by reafon of a dyfeafe which he had gotten with to muche watchinge. Thus beinge feeble and weake, 
 he was ledde of the maryners to the citie of Ifabella, where, with his two brytherne which were there, and other 
 his familiers, he recouered his health in fliorte fpace. Yet coulde he not at this tyme affayle the Canibales, by 
 reafon of fedicion that was ryfen of late amonge the Spanyardes which he had lefte in Hi/paniola, wherof we 
 wyll fpeake more heareafter. Thus fare ye weL 
 
 C The fourth booke of the fyrst decade 
 to Lodouike Cardinall of Aragonie. 
 
 Olonus the Admirall of the Ocean, returning (as he fuppofed) from the continent or firme 
 lande of Eaft India, had aduertifement that his brother Boiliis and one Fetcr Margarita, an 
 owld familier of the kinges, and a noble man, with diuers other of thofe to whom he had 
 left the gouemement of the Hand, were of corrupted mynde ageynft him, departed into Spayne. 
 Wherfore as wel to purge him of fuch crimes as they fliuld ley to his charge, as alfo to make 
 a fupply of other men in the place of them which were returned, and efpecially to prouyde 
 for vitailes, as wheat, wyne, oyle, and fuch other which the Spanyardes are accuftomed to 
 cate, bycaufe they coulde not yet well agree with fuch meates as they fownde in the Ilandes, determined fliortly 
 to take his vyage into Spayne. But what he dyd before his departure, I wyll brefely rehearfe. 
 
 The kynges of the Ilandes which had hytherto lyued quietly and content with theyr lyttle whiche they 
 thowght abundante, wheras they nowe perceaued that owre men began to fallen foote within theyr Regions and 
 to beare nile amonge them, tooke the matter fo greuoufly, that they thowght nothynge elles but by what meanes 
 they myght vtterly deftroy them, and for euer abolyfflie the memory of theyr name. For that kynde of men 
 (the Spanyardes I meane which folowed the Admirall in that nauigation,) was for the mod parte vnruly, 
 rcgardynge nothinge but Idlenes, playe, and libertie: And wolde by no meanes abfteyne from iniuries: 
 Rauyfhynge the women of the Ilandes before the faces of their hufbandes, fathers, and brethrene : By which 
 theyr abhomynable myfdemaynour, they difquieted the myndes of all th[e]inhabitantes : In fo much that where fo 
 euer they fownde any of owre men vnprepared, they .lewe them with fuche fyercenes and gladnes, as thowgh 
 they had offered facryfyce to God. Intendynge therefore to pacifie their troubled myndes, and to punylhe them 
 that flew his men before he departed from thenfe, he fent for the kynge of that vale, which in the booke before, 
 we defcrybed to bee at the foote of the mountaynes of the Region of Cibaua. This kynges name was Guarionexius : 
 who, the more ftreyghtly to concyle vnto hym the frendefliyppe of the Admiral' ^aue hys fyller to wyfe to 
 Didacus, a man from his chyldes age browght vp with the Admiral, whom he vfeJ for his interpretoure in the 
 prouinces of Cuba. After this, he fent for Caunaboa, cauled the lorde of the howfe of goulde : that is, of the 
 mountaynes of Cibaua. For this Caunaboa, he fente one capitayne Hoicda, whom the ditionaries of Caunaboa 
 had enforced to keepe his howlde byfiegeinge for the fpace of. xxx. dayes, the fortreffe of faynte Thomas, in the 
 which Hoieda with his fyftie fouldiers, ftoode at theyr defence, vntyll the comminge of the Admirall. Whyle 
 Hoicda remayned »vith Caunaboa, many ambaffadours of the kynges of dyuers Regions were fent to Caunaboa, 
 perfuadinge hym in no condicion to permitte the Chriftians to inhabite the I lande, except he had rather ferue then 
 rale. On the other parte, Hoieda aduertifed Caunaboa to goo to the Admirall, and to make a league of frendefliip 
 with hym. But the ambaffadours on the contrary part, threatened hym, that yf he wolde foo doo, the other kynges 
 wolde inuade his Region. But Hoieda aunfwered theym ageyne, that wheras they confpired to maynteyne their 
 libertie, they fliuld by that meanes be browght to feruitude and deftruction if they entended to refift or keepe 
 warre ageinft. the Chriftians. Thus Caunaboa on the one fyde and the other, beinge troubeled as it were a 
 rocke in the fea, beaten with contrary fluddes, and much more vexed with the ftormes of his gyltie confcience 
 for that he had priuilie flaine. xx. of owre men vnder pretence of peace feared to coome to the Admirall. But 
 at the length, hauing excogitated this deceyte, to haue flayne the Admirall and his coompany vnder the colour 
 of frendfliippe if oportunitie wold foo haue ferude, he repayred to the Admiral with his hole familie and many 
 other wayting on hym, armed after theyr maner. Beinge demaunded why he browght foo greate a rout of men 
 with hym, he aunfwered that it was not decente for foo great a prince as he was, to goo foorth of his howfe 
 without fuche a bande of men. But the thinge chaunced much otherwyfe then he looked for. For he fell into 
 the fnares which he had prepared for other. For wheras by the way he began to repente hym that he came 
 foorthe of his howfe, Hoieda with many fayre wordes and promyfes, browght hym to the Admirall : At whofe 
 commaundement, he was immediatly taken and put in prifon : So that the fowles of owre men were not ionge 
 
 Siclcenes of to 
 much watchinge. 
 
 Easte India. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 rebclle in the 
 Adntiralii absence. 
 
 Thelcyngesnf ihc 
 Ilandu rcl)c|[. 
 
 The Spaniardcs 
 misbcnauuur. 
 
 Guarionexius the 
 kynge of the 
 great vale 
 Didacus the 
 interpretour 
 Caunaboa, the 
 kynge of the 
 house of goldc. 
 
 Capitayne Hoicda 
 
 19 
 
 Kynge Caunaboa, 
 had slain the 
 Spanyardes, 
 
 Caunaboa 
 cons|)ireth the 
 Admiralles death. 
 
 \ ■ ! 
 
 Fayre words 
 make foolcs faynOi 
 
 IP 
 
8o 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 1 
 
 \\ 
 
 Pamina In the 
 llande of 
 hup.iniolx 
 
 The hunger of 
 golde c.iuscth 
 great famine. 
 
 The towrc of 
 conception. 
 
 A mtissc of gold 
 wcighingc. xx. 
 ounces. 
 
 Tofu*. 
 
 Electrum is a 
 mctall naturally 
 mixt of one portion 
 of golde ana an 
 other of siluer 
 bcinge of propertie 
 to bewray poyson, 
 and was 20 
 
 therfore in 
 owlde tyme in ^ 
 gre.iter estimation 
 then golde. 
 
 The myne of 
 Electrum. 
 
 An other kynde of 
 amber is talvcn out 
 of greate whale 
 fishes 
 
 Orpement or oker. 
 Wooddes of 
 brasile trees. 
 
 Causes of 
 hinderance. 
 Licenciusnes of 
 to much libertic 
 
 And this only 
 
 §:Uhcred and not 
 igced out of the 
 bom of the mine 
 
 The people make 
 supplication to 
 stand to their 
 tribute 
 
 from their bodies vnreuenged. Thus Caunaboa with all his familie beinge taken, the Admirall was determined 
 to runne ouer the llande. But he was certified that there was fuch famine amonge th[e]inhabitantes, that there 
 was alredye fyftie thoufande menne deade therof : And that they dyed yet dayly as it were rotton Iheepe : The 
 caufe wherof was wel knowen to bee thcyr owne obdinacie and frowardnes. For where as they fawe that owre 
 men entended to choofe them a dwelling place in the llande, fuppofinge that they myght haue driuen them from 
 thence if the vytailes of the llande flioulde fayle, they determyned with them felues, not only to leaue fowing and 
 plantyng, but alfo to dedroy and plucke vp by the rootes euery man in his owne region, that whiche they had 
 alredye fowen of both kyndes of breade wherof we made mencion in the fyrft booke. But efpecially amonge 
 the mountaynes of Cibaua, other^vyfe cauled Cipanga, for as muche as they hadde knoweleage that the golde 
 which abundeth in that Region, was the cheefe caufe that deteyned owre men in the llande. In the meane tyme, 
 he fent foorth a Capitayne with a bande of men to fearche the fowthe fyde of the llande. Who at his retume, 
 reported that throwghe out all the Regions that he trauayled, there was fuche fcarfenes of breade, that for the 
 fpace of xvi. dayes he eate nowght clles but the rootes of herbes, and of younge date trees, or the fruites of 
 other wylde trees, But Guarionexius, the kynge of the vale lyinge bencth the mountaynes of Cibaua, whofe 
 kyngedoome was not foo wafted as the other, gaue owre menne certeyne vytayles. 
 
 Within a fewe dayes after, bothe that the iourneys myght bee the (horter, and alfo that owre men myght haue 
 more fafe places of refuge, if the inhabitantes fliuld hereafter rebell in lyke maner, he buylded an other fort[r]eire 
 (whiche he cauled the towre of Conception) betwene the citie of Ifabella and faint Thomas fortreffe, in the 
 marches of the kyngdome of this Guarionexius within the precincte of Cibaua vpon the fyde of a hyll, hauynge 
 a fayre ryuer of holfome water nmnynge hard by the fame. Thus when the inhabitantes fawe newe buyldynges 
 to bee dayly erected, and owre fliippes lying in the hauen rotten and halfe broken, they beganne to defpayre of 
 any hope of libertie, and wandered vp and downe with heuie chere. From the towre of Conception, fearchynge 
 diligently the inner partes of the mountaynes of Cibaua, there was a certeine kyng whiche gaue them a mafle 
 of rude golde, as bygge as a mans fyft, weighing, xx. vnces. This golde was not fownde in the banke of that 
 ryuer, but in a heape of drye earthe : and was lyke vnto the ftone cauled Tofus, whiche is foone refolued into 
 fande. This maffe of golde, I my felfe fawe in Caftile, v\ the famous citie ol Methymna Campi, where the 
 courte lay all that wynter. I fawe alfo a great piece of pure Ek6lrum : of the whiche belles and apothecaries 
 morters, and many fuche other veffels and inftrumentes maye bee made, as were in owlde tyme of copper of the 
 citie of Corinthus. This piece of EkHrum, was of fuch weight, that I was not onely with both my handes 
 vnable to lifte it from the grownde, but alfo not of ftrengthe to remoue it eyther one waye or an other. They 
 affyrmed that it wayde more then three hundreth pownde weight, after, viii. vnces to the pownde. It was 
 fo^vnde in the ho\vfe of a certen prynce, and lefte hym by his predeceflburs. And albeit that in the dayes of 
 th[e]inhabitantes yet liuynge, Ekllrum was no where digged, yet knewe they where the myne therof was : but 
 owre men with muche adoo, coulde hardely caufe them to fliewe them the place, they bore them fuche priuie 
 hatred. Yet at the length, they browght theym to the myne, beyng nowe ruinate and flopped with ftones and 
 rubbiflhe. It is muche eafier to dygge then is the iren myne : and myght bee reftored agein, if myners and 
 other woorkemen (kylfull therin, were appoynted therto. Not farre from the towre of Conception, in the fame 
 mountaynes, is fownd great plentie of Amber: and owte of certen rockes of the fame diftilleth a fubftance of 
 the yelowe coloure whiche the paynters vfe. Not farre from thefe mountaynes are many greate wooddes, in the 
 which are none other trees then brafile, whiche the Italians caule Verzino. But here perhappes (right noble 
 prynce) yowe wolde a(ke what flioulde be the caufe, that where as the Spanyardes haue brought owte of thefe 
 Ilandes certen fliyppes laden with brafile, fumwhat of goffampine cotton, a quantitie of amber, a lyttel golde, and fum 
 fpices, why they hsue r.ot broughte fuche plentie of golde and fuche other ryche marchaundies as the fruitfulnefle 
 of thefe regions feeme to promiffe. To this I anfwere, that when Colonus the admirall was lykewife demaunded 
 the caufe hereof, he made anfwere that the Spanyardes whiche he tooke mth him into thefe regions, were gyuen 
 rather to flepe, pley, and ydleneffe, then to laboure : And were more ftudious of fedition and newes, then 
 defyrous of peace and quietnefle : Alfo that beynge gyuen to lycencioufnes, they rebelled and forfooke hym, 
 fyndynge matter of falfe accufations agaynfl hym, bycaufe he went aboute to reprefle theyr owtragioufenes. By 
 reafon wherof he was not yet able to breake the power of the inhabytantes, and freely to poffeffe the full 
 dominion of the llande. And thefe hynderaunces to be the caufe that hitherto the gaynes haue fcarfely 
 counteruayled the charges. Albeit, euen this yere whyle I wryte thefe thynges at yowre requefle, they gathered 
 in twoo moonethes the fumme of a thoufande and twoo hundreth poundes weight of golde. But bycaufe we 
 intende to fpeake more largely of thefe thynges in theyr place, we wyll nowe retoume from whenfe we haue 
 digreffed. When the inhabitantes perceaued that they could by no meanes ftiake the yoke from their neckes, they 
 made humble fupplication to the Admirall that theymyght flande to theyr tribute, and apply them felues to reincreafe 
 the fruites of theyr countrey, beinge nowe almofle wafled. He graunted them theyr requefle: and appoynted 
 fuch order that euery Region fliulde paye their tribute, with the commodities of theyr countreys, accordinge to 
 
 it! 
 
IWl, 11' I 
 
 "was: but 
 
 rere gyuen 
 ewes, then 
 boke hym, 
 enes. By 
 re the full 
 I fcarfely 
 gathered 
 )ycaufe we 
 'e we haue 
 ekes, they 
 reincreafe 
 ppoynted 
 rdinge to 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 theyr portion, and at fuche tyme as they were agreed vppon. But the violent famine dyd fruftrato all thefc 
 appoyntmentes. For all the trauayles of theyr bodycs, were fcarfely able to fufHcc to fyndc ihcm nicate in the 
 wooddes, whereby to fufteyne theyr lyues, beinge of long tyme contented with rootes and the fniitcs of wyldc 
 trees. Yet nianye of the kyngcs with theyr people, euen in this extreme nccedUie, browght parte of theyr 
 tribute : Mode humbly defyringe the Admirall to haue compaiTion of theyr calamities, and to buarc with them 
 yet a whyle, \ntyll the Hand were reftored to the owlde (late. Promyfinge farther, that tiial wliich was nowc 
 wantinge, (hulde then bee dowble recompenfed. But fewe of the inhabitantes of the mountaynes of Cibatia, 
 kepte theyr promyfe, bycaufe they were forer opprefled with (iiminc then any of the other. They fayc, tliat the 
 inhabitantes of thefe mountaynes, differ no leffe in maners and language from them which dwel in tlie playnes, 
 then amonge vs, the rudicalles of the countrey from gentylmen of the courte : wheras notwithftandinge, they lyue 
 bothe as it were vnder one portion of heuen, and in many thinges, much after one faffliion, as in nakednes, and 
 rude fimplicitie. But nowe lette vs returne to Caiiitaboa, the kynge of the howfc of golde, beinge in captiuitic. 
 When he perceaued him felfe to be cade in pryfon, fretinge and gratinge his teethe as it had bin a lyon oi Libia, and 
 dayely and nightlye deuifinge with hym felfe howe he myght bee delyuered, beganne to perfuade the Admirall, that 
 for as muche as he had nowe taken vnto his dominion the Region of Ci/a>ii;a or Cibaua (wherof he was king) it 
 (hulde bee expedient to fende thyther a garryfon of Chriftian men, to defende the fame from the incurfions of liis 
 owld enemyes and borderers. For he fayde, that it was fignyfied vnto hym, that the countreye was wafted and fpoylcd 
 with fuche incurfions. By this crafty deuife, he thought to haue browght to paffe, that his brother whiche was in 
 that regyon, and the other his kynfefolkes and frendes with their adherentcs, (houlde haue taken, eyther by 
 fleyghte or force, as many of owre men, as myght haue redeemed hym. But the Adniyrall vnderftandynge his 
 crafty meanynge, fente Hoieda with fuche a coompany of men, as might vanquiflie the Cibauians, if they fliuldc 
 moue warre ageynfte them. Owre men had fcarfely entered into the Region, but the brother of Caunaboa 
 came agenfte them with an armie of fyue thoufande naked menne, armed after theyr maner with clubbcs, 
 arrowes typte with bones, and fpeares made harde at the endes with fyre. He dole vjjon owre men beyng in 
 one of theyr howfes: and encamped rownde about the fame on euery fyde. This Cibauian, as a man not 
 ignorant in the difciplyne of warre, abowte the diftance of a furlonge from the houfe, diuided his armye into 
 fyue batayles, appoyntinge to euery of them a circuite by equal diuifion : And placed the froont of his owne 
 batayle, directlye ageynd owre men. When he had thus fet his batayles in good array, he gaue certeyne 
 fignes that the hole army fliulde marche forwarde in order with equal paces, and with a larome frefflily a(rayle 
 theyr enemies, in fuch fort that none might efcape. But owre men iudginge it better to encounter with one of 
 the batayles, then to abyde the brunt of the hole army, gaue onfet on the mayne batayle aranged in the playne, 
 bycaufe that place was mod commodious for the horfemen. When the horfemen therfore hadde gyuen the 
 charge, they ouerthrewe them with the bredes of theyr horfes, and flewe as many as abode th[e]ende of the 
 fyght. The refidue beinge dryken with feare, difparcled, and fledde to the mountaynes and rockes: from 
 whenfe they made a pytifuU houlynge to owre men, defyringe them to fpare them : proteftinge tliat they wolde 
 neuer more rebelle, but doo what fo euer they woulde commaunde them, if they wolde fuffer theim to lyue in 
 theyr owne countrey. Thus the brother of Caunaboa beinge taken, the Admirall licenced the people to reforte 
 euery man to his owne. Thefe thinges thus fortunately atchiued this Region was paci(ied. Amonge thofe 
 mountaynes, the vale which Caunaboa inhabited, is cauled Magona, and is excedyngc fruitfull : hauinge in it 
 many goodly fpringes : and ryuers, in the fande wherof, is fo\vnde great plentie of golde. The fame yeare in 
 the mooneth of lune, they faye there rofe fuche a boyft[r]ous tempede of wynde from the fowtheade, as hath not 
 lyghtly ben harde of: The violence hereof was fuch that it plucked vppe by the roots what fo euer greate trees 
 were within the reache of the force therof. ^Vhen this whirle wynde came to the hauen of the citie, it beate 
 downe to the bottome of the fea, three (hippes which lay at anker, and broke the cables in fundre : and that 
 (which is the greater maruail) without any dorme or rowghnes of the fea, onely turnynge them three or foure 
 tymes abowte. The inhabitantes alfo affirme, that the fame yeare, the fea extended it felfe further in to the 
 lande, and rofe higher then euer it dyd before by the memory of man, by the fpace of a cubet. The people 
 therfore, muttered amonge them felues, that owre nation hadde trowbled the elementes, and caufed fuch 
 portentous fignes. Thefe tempedes of the ayer (which the Grecians caule Ttphones, that is, whyrle wyndes) 
 they caule, Furacanes: which they fay, doo often tymes chaunce in this Ilande: But that neyther they nor 
 theyr great grandfathers euer fawe fuche violent and furious Furacanes, that plucked vppe greate trees by the 
 rootes: Neyther yet fuche furges and vehement motions on the fea, that foo waded the landc. As in deede it 
 may ^ppeare, for as muche as, where fo euer the fea bankes are nere to any plaine there are in maner euery 
 where, flori(hing medowes reachinge euen vnto the (hore. But nowe let vs returne to Caunaboa. As kynge 
 Caunaboa therefore and his brother flioulde haue binne browght into Spayne, they dyed by the waye for verye 
 penfyuenes and anguyflie of mynde. The Admiral, whofe (hippes were drowned in the forfayde tempede, 
 perceauinge him felfe to bee nowe enclofed, commaunded foorlhwith two other fliippes (which the Spaniardes 
 
 Edin. K Oi 
 
 8i 
 
 F.iniine. 
 
 The naliirc of tim 
 Kejj'on ili>p> !•,(.■ til 
 thu m:mcr uf the 
 
 peujilu. 
 
 Kynge Caunaboa 
 in captiuitic. 
 
 The pcrsunsion 
 uf Caunaboa. 
 
 21 
 
 Caunaboa his 
 brother rubellctli. 
 
 A conflict btitwcnc 
 ihc Cibauians and 
 the Spanyardes. 
 
 The Cibauians 
 haue the 
 oucrthrowe. 
 
 A great tcmpcM 
 in the monclh 
 of lune. 
 
 Three ships 
 drowned lyinge 
 at anker 
 
 Whyric wyndes 
 Furacanes. 
 
 The death of 
 kynce Caunaboa 
 and his brother. 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 'b.i 
 
 I 
 
 m ' 
 
 A' 
 
 ' I 
 
 
 
 ! ]' 
 
 I' 
 
J'¥^ 
 
 8a 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 Barthotomtu* 
 
 ColonuR tha 
 leauelenaunt 
 learchcth the 
 golUe mines. 
 
 22 
 
 The golde mynet 
 of Salomon. 
 
 Golde in the 
 supcrliciall partes 
 of the uurth. 
 
 The Admiral 
 taketh his viage 
 to ipaine 
 
 The golden towrc. 
 
 Lackeofvytayles. 
 
 Huntinge 
 houndes. 
 
 Kynge 
 Manicautexitu. 
 
 Vytayles browght 
 from Spayne. 
 
 Saynt Dominikes 
 towr& 
 
 Groues of 
 date trees. 
 
 Isabella. 
 
 23 
 
 caule Car.vielas) to bee made. For he had with hym, all maner of artificers pcrteyninge therunto. Whyle thefe 
 thinges were dooinge, he fent foorth Bartlwlomcus Co/onus his brother, bcingc. leauetenaunt of the Ilande, 
 with an army of men to fearche the golde myncs beinge dyftant three fcore Icaques from the citie of J/abella, 
 which were fownde by the conducte of certeyne people of the Ilande, beefore the mynes of Cipanga or Cibaua 
 were knowcn. In thefe mynes, they fownde certeyne deepe pittes which had byn digged in owlde tyme, owte 
 of thefe pyttes, the Admirall (who affirmeth this Ilande of Bifpaniola to bee Ophir, as we haue fayde before) 
 fuppofeth that Salomon the kynge of HienifaUm had his greate ryches of golde wherof we reede in the owlde 
 teftamente : And that his fliippes fayled to this Ophir by the goulfe of Perfia cauled Sinus Perficus, But 
 whether it bee foo or not, it lyeth not in me to iudge, but in my opinion it is farre of As the myners dygged 
 the fuperficiall or vppermoft parte of the earthe of the mynes, durynge for the fpace of. vi. miles, and in dyuers 
 places fyfted the fame on the drye lande, they fownde fuch plentie of golde, that euery hyred labourer could 
 eafely fynde euery day, the weyght of three drammes. Thefe mynes beinge thus fearched and fownde, the 
 Lieuetenaunte certifyed the Admirall hereof by his letters. The which when he had receaued the. v. daye of the 
 Ides of Marche. Anno. 1495. he entered into his newe fliippes, and tooke his viage directly to Spayne to aduertife 
 the kynge of all his affayres, leauinge the hole regiment of the Hand with his brother the Lieuetenaunte, 
 
 C The fyfte booke of the fyrst decapk, 
 /(? Lodouikc C«/'^/;/«//<?/"Aragonie. 
 
 Fter the Admyralles departyng into Spain his Brother the Lieuetenaunte, buylded a fort[r]effe 
 in the golde mynes, as he had commaunded hym. This he cauled the golden towre, 
 bycaufe the labourers fownde golde in the earth and (lone wherof they made the waules of 
 the fortrefle. He confumed three monethes in makynge the inflrumentes wherwith the 
 golde fliulde bee gathered, waflied, tryed, and molten. Yet was he at this tyme by reafon 
 of wante of vitayles, enforced to leaue all thynges imperfecte, and to goo feeke for meate. 
 Thus as he with a bande of armed men, had entered three fcore myles further within the 
 lande, the people of the countrey here and there refortynge to hym, gaue hym a certen portion of theyr breade 
 in exchange for other of owre thynges. But he coulde not long tary here, bicaufe they lacked meate in the 
 fortrefle, whyther he haded with fuch as he had now gotten. Leauyng therfore in the fortrefle a garryfon of 
 tenne men, with that portion of the Ilande breade whiche yet remayned, leau)7;2[e alfo with them a hownde 
 to take thofe kyndes of lyttle beaftes which they caule Vfias^ not muche vnlyke owre conyes, he returned to 
 the fortrelTe of Conception. This alfo, was the moonthe wherin the kynge Guarionexius, and alfo 
 ManicauUxius, bortherer vnto hym, fliulde haue brought in theyr tributes. Remaynynge there the hole 
 moonthe of lune, he exacted the hole tribute of thefe twoo kinges, and v}'tayles neceflary for hym 
 and fuche as he brought with hym, whiche were abowt foure hundreth in number. Shortely after, abowte 
 the calendes of lulye, there came three Caraueles from Spayne, bringynge with them fundry kyndes of 
 vitayles, as wheate, oyle, wyne, bacon, and marckelmas beafe: whiche were dyuyded to euery man accord- 
 ynge as neede required. Sum alfo was loft in the cariage for lacke of good lookyng too. At the arryuall 
 of thefe (hyppes, the lieuetenaunte receaued commaundment from the kynge and the Admyrall his brother, that 
 he with his men fliulde remoue theyr habitation to the fowthe fyde of the Ilande, bycaufe it was nerer to the 
 golde mynes : Alfo that he fhoulde make dilygiin*: fearche for thofe kynges whiche had flayne the Chriftian men, 
 and to fende them with theyr confederateSj bOiiml into Spayne. At the nexte vyage therfore, he fent three 
 hundreth captiues with three Kinges : And when, he had diligently fearched the coaftes of the fouth fyde, he 
 tranfported his habitation, and buylded a Tour/e there, vpon the toppe of a hyll, neere vnto a fure hauen. 
 
 This fortrefle, he cauled faynt Dominikes towre. Into this hauen, runneth a ryuer of holfome water, replenyflicd 
 with fundrye kyndes of good fyfllies. They affyrme this ryuer to haue many benefytes of nature. For, where 
 fo euer it runneth all thynges are excedynge pleafaunte and fruitfuU: hauynge on euery fyde, groues of date 
 trees, and dyuers other of the Ilande frutes fo plentyfuUy, that as they fayled alonge by the fliore, often tymes 
 the branches therof laden with flowres and fruites, hunge foo ouer theyr heades, that they migiite plucke them 
 with theyr handes. Alfo that the frutefulnes of this grownde, is eyther equall with the foyle of Ifabella, or 
 better. In Ifabella, he lefte only certeyne ficke men and fhippe wrightes, whom he had appointed to make 
 certeyne carauels The refidue of his men, he conueighed to the fowth, to faint Dominickes towre. After he 
 had buylded this fortrefle, leauinge therin a garryfon of. xx. men, he with the remanent of his fouldiers, prepared 
 
 it I 
 
The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 them felues to fearche the inner partes of the Wcllc fyde of the Ilande, hytherto knowen onely by name. 
 Therfore abowte. xxx. Icaques, (that is) foure fcore and tenne myles from the fortreffe, he chaunccd on the 
 ryuer Naiba, whiche we fayde to defcende from the niountaynes of Cibdua, ryght towarde the fowth, by the 
 myddeft of the Hand. When he had ouerpaflcd this ryuer with a coompanye of armed men diuidcd into. xxv. 
 decurions, that is, tenne in a company with theyr capitaynes, he fent two decurions to the regions of thofe 
 kinges in whofe landes were the great woods of brafile trees. Inclyninge towarde the Icfte handc, they fownde 
 the woodes, entered into them, and felled the hygh and precious trees, which were to that day, vntouchcd. 
 Eche of the decurions fylled certeyne of the Ilande howfes with the tnmkes of brafile, there to be rtftrucd 
 vntyll the fliyppes came which (hulde cary them away. Hut the Lieuetenaunt dircctinge his iourney towarde 
 the ryght hande, not farre from the bankcs of the ryuer of Naiba, fownde a certeyne kynge wliofe name was 
 Beuc/iius Anacatic/wa, encamped ageynfl. th[e]inhabitantes of the prouince of Naiba, to ful)due them vnder his 
 dominion, as he had doone manye other kynges of the Ilande, bortherers vnto hym: Tiic palaice of this great 
 kynge, is cauled Xaragua: and is fituate towarde the Wefle ende of the Ilnndc, diflanlc from the ryuer of 
 Naiba, xxx. leaques. All the prynces which dwell betwenc the Wt'fte ende and his palaice, are ditionaries 
 vnto hym. All that Region from Naiba, to the furthefte marches of tlie wcfle, is vtterly withowte golde, 
 althowgh it bee full of mountaynes. When the kynge had espied owre men, layinge a parte his weapons, and 
 gyuinge fignes of peace, he fpake gentelly to them, (incerteyne whether it were of humanitie or feare) and 
 demaunded of them what they woolde hauc. The Lieuetenaunte aunfwered : That he Ihulde paye tribute to 
 the Admirall his brother, in the name of the Chriflian kynge of Spayne. To whom he liiyde : Howe can yowe 
 rcquyre that of me, whereas neuer a Region vnder my dominion bringeth foorth golde. For he had harde, 
 that there was a (Irange nation entered into the Ilande, whiche made greate fearche for golde. Kut he fuppofed 
 that they defyred none other thynge. The leauetenaunt anfwered ageyne : God forbydde that we fliulde cnioyne 
 any man to pay fuch tribute as he myght not eafely forbeare, or fuch as were not engendered or growinge in the 
 Region : But we vnderftand that your Regions brynge foorth great plentie of Goffampine cotton, and hempe, 
 with fuche other, whereof we defyre yowe to gyue vs parte. When he harde thefe woordes, he promyfed with 
 cherefull countenaunce, to gyue hym as muche of thefe thynges as he wolde requyre. Thus difmiflinge iiis 
 army, and fendynge meffengers beefore, he hym felfe accoompanyed the Leauetenaunte and browght hym (■ 
 his palaice, beinge dyftante (as we haue fayde). xxx. leaques. In al this tracte, they pafled throwgh the lun 
 diction of other princes beinge vnder his dominion : Of the whiche, fume gaue them hempe, of no leffe goodnc 
 to make tackelinges for fhippes then owre woodde. Other fume, browght breade, and fum goflampyne cotton ; 
 And foo euery of them payde tribute with fuche commodities as theyr countreys browght foorth. At the lengthe 
 they came to the kinges manfion place of Xaragua. Before they entered into the palaice, a greate multitude 
 of the kynges feruauntes and fubiectes reforted to the courte, honorably (after their maner) to receaue theyr 
 kyng Beucinus Anacauchoa, with the llrangers which he browght with hym to fe the magnificence of his courte. 
 But nowe (hall yowe heare howe they were interteyned. Amonge other tryumphes and fyghtes, two are 
 efpecially to bee noted. Fyrfle there mette them a company of. xxx. women, beinge al the kynges wyues and 
 concubines, bearinge in theyr handes branches of date trees, finginge and daunfinge : They were all naked, 
 fauynge that theyr pryuie partes were couered with breeches of goflampine cotton. But the virgins, hauynge 
 theyr heare hangynge downe abowte their (hulders, tyed abowte the foreheade with a fyllet, were vtterly naked. 
 They affirme that theyr faces, breftes, pappes, handes, and other partes of theyr bodyes, were excedynge fmoothe, 
 and well proportioned : but fumwhat inclyning to a louely brown. They fuppofed that they had feene thofe 
 moil beawtyfull Dryades, or the natyue nymphes or fayres of the fontaynes wherof the antiquites fpeake fo 
 muche. The branches of date trees which they bore in theyr right handes when they daunced, they delyuered 
 to the Leauetenaunt with lowe curtefy and fmylynge countenaunce. Thus enteringe into the kynges howfe, 
 they fownde a delycate fupper prepared for them after theyr maner. When they were well refreflied with 
 meate, the nyght drawinge on, they were browght by the kynges officers, euery man to his lodginge, accordyng 
 to his degree, in certeyne of theyr howfes abowte the palaice, where they reded them in hangynge beddes 
 after the maner of the countrey, wherof we haue fpoken more largely in an other place. 
 
 C The daye folowyng they browght owre men to their common haule, into the whiche they coome together 
 as often as they make any notable games or triuMphes, as we haue faid before. Here, after many daunfynges, 
 fynginges, mafkinges, runnynges, wreftlynges, and other tryinge of maftryes, foodenly there appered in a large 
 plaine nere vnto the haule. ii. greate armies of men of warre, whiche the kynge for his paftyme had caufed to bee 
 prepared, as the Spaniardes vfe the playe with reedes whiche they caule luga de Canias. As the armies drewe 
 neere together, they affayled the one the other as fierfely, as if mortal ennemies with theyr baners fpleade, fhulde 
 fight for theyr goodes, theyr landes, theyr lyues, their libertie, theyr countrey, theyr wyues and theyr chyldren. Soo 
 that within the momente of an howre, foure men were Uayne, and many wounded. The battayle alfo fhoulde haue 
 contynued longer, if the kynge had not at the requeft of owre men, caufed them to ceafe. The thyrde day, the 
 
 The ryuer uf 
 
 Nuiba 
 
 Wooddes of 
 bruile Ireci. 
 
 kinge Rcuchiut 
 Anacauchufi. 
 The p.ilaice 
 of x.tragua. 
 
 Mountaynei 
 without gold 
 
 Tribute. 
 
 The wootfe 
 enlreateth the 
 •hccpe. 
 
 Hempe and 
 gossainpine cotton 
 
 Howe the 
 Licuetenant was 
 reccaned at the 
 kynges palaice. 
 
 Thekyngeswyues. 
 
 Well faucrcd 
 women. 
 
 Dryades. 
 
 24 
 
 A delicate supper. 
 Hanginge beddes. 
 A common haule. 
 
 A pretie pastyme. 
 
 Foure men slaine 
 in sport 
 
 \ 'I 
 
 I I 
 
 s:\ 
 
 ■III 
 
 fi 
 
 ■""ii-i 
 
 
 H 
 
,-l»i 
 
 84 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 Prnuision for 
 discascil men 
 
 Tlic c.istets or 
 towrci of 
 hispaniolo. 
 
 The RoUIcn 
 niouuiayncs 
 of Ciluua. 
 
 Donftuinn 
 
 Tribute. 
 
 'I'lic kyngcs 
 rcbclle. 
 
 GuarinncxUif 
 
 tlic cunspiracic. 
 
 An army of xv. 
 
 lliousatule 
 
 Harti.iri.m!: 
 
 25 
 
 The kytiRcs are 
 t.ikeli priMjiiers. 
 
 Kyntje 
 (ttianoncvius 
 is pariluncd. 
 
 I-aclceof vyt.iylcs. 
 
 Rciicluus 
 AiiacauL-hua, the 
 Lyii|{e uf Xaragtia. 
 
 Lieuetcnant confclyngo the kynge to fowe more plentie of goffanipinc vppon the bankes ncre vnto the waters 
 lyde, that tlicy niyglite the better paye theyr tribute priuately accori'.ynge to the multitude of thoyr howfes, he 
 rcpayrcd to Jfabella to vy'lte tlie ficke men whiclie he had lufte there, and alfo to fee howe his woorkes wente for- 
 warde. In the tynie of his abfenco. xxx. of his men were confumed with diuerfe (hfeafes. Wherfore beinge fore 
 trowbled in. his mynde, and in maner at his wyttcs ende what he were bed to doc, for as muche as he wanted al 
 thynges necefl'arie as well to reftore them to healthe whiche were yet acrafed, as alfo vitayles to mayntaine the 
 hole multitude, where as there was yet no fliippe coome from Spaine, as at the length he determyned to fende 
 abrode the ficke men here and there to nnulr)'e Regions of the Ilande, and to the caftelles which they had 
 erected in the fame. I'or directly from the citie of Ifabella to faynt Dominikes towre, that is, from the north to 
 the foutli, tli; )wgh the Hand, diey had buylded thus many caftelles. Fyrfte. xxxvi. myles diftante from Ifabella, 
 they buylded the cartel! of Spiratilia, from S/'ctanliu. xxv. myles, was the caftell of faynte Catharine, from faynte 
 Catharines, xx. myles, was faynt lames towre. Other, xx. miles from faynte lames towre, was a ftronger 
 fortreffe then any of tiie other, which they cauled the towre of Conception: which he made the ftronger bicaufe it 
 was fituate at the rootes of the golden mountaynes of Cibaua, in the greate and large playne foo fruitefull and 
 well inhabited as we haue before defcribed. He buylded alfo an other in the mydde waye betwenc the towre 
 of Cimccption and faynt Dominikes towre. The which alio was ftronger then the towre of Conception, bycaufe 
 it was within the lymittes of a great kynge, hauinge vnder his dominion fine thowfande men: whofe chiefe Citie 
 and heade of the Kealme, beynge cauled Jiotiaiium, he wylled that the caftell lliu'de alfo bee cauled after the 
 fame name. Therforc Icauynge the ficke men in thefe caftels and other of the Ilande howfes nere vnto the fame, 
 he hym felfe rcpayred to faynte Dominikes, exactinge tributes of all the kynges whiche were in his waye. Whei. 
 he had tarjod tiiere a fewe dayes, there was a rumor fjiredde, that all the kynges abowte the borders of the 
 towre of Conception, had confi)yred with deQierate myndes to rebcll agenfte the Spaniardes. When the 
 Lieuetonaunte was certified hereof, he tooke his iorneye towarde them immediately, not beyng difcoraged eyther 
 by the lengthe of the waye, or feeblenefle of his fouldyers, beynge in maner forweried with trauayle. As he 
 drewe nere vnto them, he liad atlu'jrtifement that kynge Giiariotuxius was cliofen by the other j)rynccs to bee 
 the Capitaync of this rebellion : And that he was enforfed thcrto halfe vnwilling, beynge feduced by theyr 
 perfwafions and prouocations. The whiche is more lykely to be trewe, for that he had before had experience of 
 tiie power and policie of owre men. 'i'hey came together at a daye appoynted, accoomjianied with. xv. 
 thoufande men, armed after tlieir maner, once agen to proue the fortune of warre. Here the Lieuetenaunte 
 confultynge with the Capitayne of the fortrefle and the other fouldiers of whom he had the conducte, determyned 
 to fette vpon them vnwares in their ownc howfes before they coulde prepare theyr army. He fent foorthe 
 therfore to euery kynge, a Centurian, that is, a capitaine of a hundreth, which were commaundcd vppon a fudden 
 to inuade thjyr howfes in the night, and to take them fleepinge, beefore die i)Oople (beinge fcattered here and 
 there) might aflemble togytlier. Thus fecreatly enteringe into their vylages, not fortified with waules, trenches, or 
 bulwarkes, they broke in vppon them, tooke them, boinide them, and leil away eueiy man his prifoner accoriling 
 as they were ccnunaunded. Tlie 1-ieuetenaunt hym felfe with his hundreth men, afiiiyled kynge Guarumtxius 
 as the woorthier perfonage, whom he tooke pryfoner as dyd the other cajjitaynes theyr kynges, and at the fame 
 howre appoynteil. Fouretecne of theym were browght the fame nyght to the towre of Conception. Shortlye after, 
 when he had jiut to death two of the kynges which were the chiefe autours of this newe reuolte, and had fuborned 
 Gitiviontwiiis and the other kynges to attemjite the fame : leaft the people for forowe of theyr kynges fliulde 
 neglecte or forfake their countrey, whiche thinge myght haue byn greate incommoditie to owre men, who by 
 th[e]increafe of theyr feedes and fruites were oftentymes ayded, he freely pardoned and iliftniffed Guariotitwitis 
 and the other kynges. The people in the meane tyme flocked togyther abowte the towre, to the nomber 
 of fyue thowfainic withowte weapons, widi pytiful houling for the delyueraunce of theyr kynges: The ayer 
 thimdered, and the earth trembeled throwgh tiie vchemencie of theyr owtcry The Lieuctenaunt warned 
 Giiiirionexiiis and the other kynges, with threatenynges, with rewardes, and with promyfes, neucr hereafter to 
 attempte any fuche thyngc. Then Giiariotirxius made an oration to the people of the great power of owre men, 
 of theyr demencie towarde oflenders, and liberalitie to fuche as remayne faithful!: defyringe them to quiet theyr 
 myndes: and from henfefoorth nother in deede nor thowght to interpryfe any thynge ageynft the Chriftians, but 
 to obeye and ferue them, excepte they wolde dayly brynge them felues into further calamyties. When the 
 oration ,'is fynyrtied, they tooke hym vp and fet hym on theyr flnilders, and foo caryed hym home to his owne 
 palaice. And by this meanes, this Region was pacified for a whyle. But owre men, with heauy countcnaunce, 
 wandered vppe and downe, as defolate in a ftrange countrey, lackinge vytailes, and worne owte of apparel), 
 whereas, xv. moonethes were nowe pafled fence the Admirals departure : duringe which tyme, they coulde heare 
 nothynge owte of Spayne. The Leauetenaunt comforted them all that he coulde with fayre wordes and promyfes. 
 In the meane tyme, Baic/iiiis Anactiui/ioay the kynge of the Wefte partes of the Region of Xanigida (of whom 
 we fpake before) fente meflengers to the I.ieuetenaunt to fignifyc vnto hym, that he hadde in a retlyncs the 
 84 
 
Thefyrjl Decade. 
 
 goflampine cotton and fuche oflier thinges as he wylled hym to prepare for the paymente of his trybiite. 
 Whervppon tl»e Lieiietcnauiit tooicc his iorney thyther, and was honorably rcreaucd of tlic kyn};e and liis fyllcr, 
 fumtyme the wyfe of Caunaboa the kynge of Ciliaiia, bearing no IclTc rule in the gouernaunce of her brothers 
 kyngcdome, then he hyni felfe. For they aft'irine her to bee a wyfc woman, of gootl nianers, and plcafaiint in 
 company. Shee erneftly perfuaded her brother by th[e]example of l\er hutbande, to loue and obeye the 
 Ciirillians. 'I'his woman was cauled Amiciuniii. He fownde in the palaice of Bcuchius Anacauchoa. xxxii. 
 kynges whiciie hadde browght dieyr tributes with them, and abode his comminge. They browght with them 
 alfo befyde theyr trybute alVigned them, further to demerite the fanour of owre men, great plentie of vytayles : 
 as bothe kyndes of breade, cunnyes, and fyfflies, alredy dryed bycaufe they (bulde not putritie: Serpentes alfo 
 of that kynd which wee fayd to bee elleemed amonge them as mod delicate mcate, anil lyke vnto Crocodiles 
 fauing in byggenes. Thefe ferpentes they canle Iiuvdiiis, which owre men learneil fumcwhat to late to haue byn 
 engendred in the llantle. For vnto that day, none of them durrte aduenture to tafle of them by reafon 
 of dieyr horrible deformitie and lothefumnes. Yet the Lieuetcnaunt beinge entyfed by the pleafantnes 
 of the kynges fyfler, determined to talle of the ferpentes. But when he felte the fleflie therof to bee fo 
 delicate to his tonge, he fel too, amayne without al feare. The which thinge his coompanyons perceaiiingc, 
 were not behynde liym in greedines: In foo muche that they hadde nowe none other talke then of the 
 fweetenes of thefe ferpentes: which theyaftynne to bee of more jileafaunte tafle, then eyther owre phefauntes 
 or pertriches. But they lofe theyr tafle, excepte diey bee prepared after a ccrteyne faffliion ; as iloo peacockes 
 and phefauntes except they bee interlarded bcefore they bee rolled. They prepare them therefore after this 
 nianer. Fyrft takynge owte theyr bowels euen from the throte to the th)ghes, they walbe and rubbe theyr 
 bodies very cleane bothe within and withowte. Then rouling them togyther on a cyrcle, inuolued after the 
 nianer of a llepynge fnake, they thrufte them into a potte of no bygger capacitie then to houlde them only. 
 This doone, puttinge a lyttle water vnto them with a i)ortion of the llande pcjiper, they feethe them with a 
 foft fyer of fweetc woodde, and fuche as maketh no greate fmoke. Of the fat of them beinge thus fodde, is made 
 an excedinge pleafaunte brothe or potage. They fay alfo, that there is no meate to bee compared to the cgges 
 of thefe ferpentes, which they vfe to feethe by them felues. They are good to bee eaten as fone as they are 
 fodde : Anil may alfo bee referued many dayes after. But hauinge fayde thus muche of theyr intertaynement 
 and daintie fare, let vs nowe fpeake of other matters. When the I.ieuetenaunt had fylled one of the llande 
 howfes with the golTampine cotton which he hadde receaued for trybute, the kynges promyfed fmthermore to 
 t;yue hym as muche of theyr breade, as he wolde demaimde. He gaue them hartio thankes and gentely 
 ac(-e])teil theyr freendly profer. In the meane time whyle this breade was gatheringe in fundiy Regions to bee 
 browght to the palaice oi JSeiic/iiiis Anacaiic/tod kynge of A«.'-(?i,'//(», he lent meftengers to Ifabella for one of the 
 two carauelles which were lately made there: intendinge to fcnile the finie thyther ageyne laden with breade. 
 The maryners g'xlde of thefe tydynges, tiyled abowte the llande, and in (liort fi)ace browght the lhi[)pe to the 
 coaftes oi Xaragiia. The fyfler q{ kynge Beiidiius Aniuauc/toa,\.\\!Xi wyfe and jileafaunt woman Aiuicaomi, (the 
 wyfe fumtyme of Caunaboa the kynge of the golden howfe of the mountaynes of Cibaiia, whose huf bande ilyed in 
 tlu" way when he fluilde haue byn caryed into Spayne,) when Ihee harde faye that owre Ihyppe was arryued on 
 the fliore of her natiue conntrey, perftiaded the kynge her brother that they bothe myght goo togyther to fee it. 
 For the place where the fhyppe lay, was not parte, vi. myles diftantc from Xaragiia. 'Ihoy rclUd all night, in 
 the mydde w.ay, in a certeyne vyllage in the which was the treafuryc or iewell howfe of A/iaow/ia. Her 
 trcafure was nothcr goulde, fyluer, or precious flones, but only thynges nccelVary to bee vfed, as cheyar.s, 
 (look's, fettels, dyflhes, potingers, pottes, pannes, bafons, trcyes, and fiiche other howlholde rtuffe and inftru- 
 nicntes, workemanly made of a certeyne blacke and harde Ibyninge woodde which that e.vcellent lerned phifition 
 lohn bai)ti(le Elifius, atlirmeth to bee i^^uene. What fo euer portion of wytte nature hath gyuen to the inhabi- 
 tantes o\ thefe Tlindcs, the fame doth moll appeare in thefe kynde of woorkes, in whiche they ftiewe great arte 
 and cunnyng. B',: thofe which this woman had, were made in the Hand of Guanabba, fituate in the mouth of 
 llic wefte fyde of Ilifpaniola. In thefe they grane die lyuely Images of fuch piiantalics as they fuppofe they 
 foe walke by ni^'Jit which the .Vntiiiuitic cauled Lcmuns. Alfo the Images of men, ferpents, beafles, and what 
 loo euer other thyng they haue once feene. What wolde yowe thinke (moft. noble I'rynce) that they coulde 
 iloo, if diey hail !he vfe of Iren and lleele? For they onely fyrfte make thefe fofte in the fyre, and afterwanle 
 make diem holowe .md came iliem with a certeyne (lone which they fynde in the ryiiers, Of llooles and 
 cliayers, Ihee gaae the Lieuetcnaunt. xiiii. And of velVelles perteynynge to the table and kyihen, fliee gaue hym 
 three fcore, fum of wood ami fume of earthe. Alfo of goflhmpine cotton ready fpunne Ibure great bottomes of 
 excedinge weight. The day folowing when they came to the fea fyde, where was an Dtlier vylage of llv.. kynges, 
 the I.ieuetenaunt commaunil.'d the lliy|)pe boat to bee browght to the fliore. The kyng alio had prepared two 
 canoas, payntcd after tlioyr maner; one for hym felfe and certeyne of his gentelmen: an other for his fyfter 
 Aihuaona and her way tinge women. Bui Anaaiima defyrcd to bee caried in die lliyppe boate with the 
 
 85 
 
 Oucrnf Atmrannn, 
 
 Ctuii.il'oa. 
 
 x\\\\. kynges. 
 
 Ser|ictilcs c.itnv 
 
 26 
 
 srr|icnlus to he 
 eaten. 
 
 SerpciilPH 
 c^gcs c.iten 
 
 (lossuinpiiie 
 cotton. 
 
 IJilceuc AiKiCiiuii.1 
 
 TliL* Irc.i'mrie uf 
 (Juccne An.u.ton.t 
 
 Hellene woiule. 
 
 The llande ttf 
 (iuaiiabha 
 
 ConningeartifiteiN 
 
 A stone 111 the 
 stcetic ot Irun 
 
 Hi 
 
 ■.! 
 
 It ■ 
 
 Ss- 1 
 
 I : 
 I "i 
 
 \Y 
 
 , ! 
 
 I 
 
 !"'l 
 
 '■ I 1 
 
 ;i 1 
 i! ! 
 
 : 1 
 
 ; 
 
 \ 
 
 ,1'' 
 
 I • 
 
 * ■ ' k Tl 
 
 I,: m 
 
■: i 
 i / 
 
 86 
 
 Thefyrjl Decade. 
 
 Gunnes. 
 
 27 
 
 Musicnl 
 instriimentes. 
 lenorance causeth 
 aamiration. 
 
 Roldanus 
 
 Xeminus. 
 
 The intemperancie 
 
 and malice of a 
 
 seruile witte 
 
 aduaunced. 
 
 Ciguaians. 
 
 Maiobanexius, the 
 great kyiige of 
 the niuuntaynes 
 
 The inhahytantcs 
 of the mouutnyiies. 
 
 Guarionexius 
 rebelleth ageyne. 
 
 Koldanus 
 Xeminus rebellctli 
 
 28 
 
 Licenciousnes 
 in libertie 
 
 Hercules pyllers. 
 A violenM 
 psrsasion. 
 
 Lieuetenaunte. When they nowe approched nere vnto the ihyppe, certeyne great pieces of ordinaunce were 
 difcharged of purpofe. The fea was fylled with thunder, and the ayer with fmooke. They trembled and 
 quaked for feare, fuppofinge that the frame of the world had byn in danger of fauling. But when they fawe 
 the Lieuetenaunte lawgh, and looke cherefully on them, they cauled ageyne theyr fpirites. And when 
 they yet drewe nerer to the fhippe, and harde the noyfe of the fluites, flialmes, and drummes, they 
 were wonderfully aftonyed at the fweete harmony therof Enterynge into the fliyppe and beholdinge the fore- 
 fhippe and the Heme, the toppe caftel, the made, the hatches, the cabens, the keele, and the tackelinges, the 
 brother fixinge his eyes on the fyfter, and the fyfter on the brother, they were bothe as it were dumme and 
 amafed, and wyfte not what to fayc for too muche wonderynge. Whyle beholdinge thefe thinges they wandered 
 vp and downe the fliippe, the Lieuetenaunt commaunded the ankers to bee loofed, and the failes to be hoyfed 
 vp. Then were they further aflonyfhed, when they fawe foo greate a mole, to moue as it were by it felfe, 
 without ores and without the force of man. For there arofe from the earth fuche a wynde as a man woldehaue 
 wyfhed for c*" purpofe. Yet furthermore, when they perceaued the (hyppe to moue fumtyme forwarde and 
 fumtyme backewarde : fumtyme towarde the ryght hande and fumtyme towarde the lefte, and that with one 
 wynde and in maner at one inftante, they were at theyr wyttes ende for to muche admiracion. Thefe thynges 
 fyniflied and the fhyppes beinge laden with breade and fuche other rewardes, they beinge alfo recompenfed 
 with other of owre thynges, he difmiffed not onely the kynge Beuchius Anacauchoa, and 'ns fyfler, but lykewife 
 all theyr feruauntes and women replenyflied with ioye and woonderinge. After this, i.^ hym felfe tooke his 
 iorney by foote with his fouldiers to the citie of Ifabella : where he was aduertifed that one Roldanus Ximenus, 
 a nawghty felowe, (whom before beinge his feruante, he had preferred to bee capitayne of the myners and 
 labourers, and after made hym a ludge in caufes of controuerfie) had vfed hym felfe owtragioufly and was 
 malycioufly mynded ageinft hym, and further, the caufe of muche mifchiefe in his abfence. For kynge 
 Guarionexius (who a whyle before was pardoned of his former rebellion, and perfuaded the people to obeye the 
 Spanyardes) was by his nawghty vfage, and fuche other as were confethered wth hym, fo accenfed to reuenge 
 the iniuries which they fufteyned at his handes, byfyde the abhominable actes which they folowynge onely the 
 lawe of nature, abhorred to admytte, that he with his famelie, famylyers, and ditionaries, o." dofr>eia :e mynde 
 fledde to the mountaynes beinge diflant from Ifabella onely tenne leaques Weflwarde, lc-»vardeuK h rth fyde 
 of the fea. Thefe mountaynes, and alfo the inhabitantes of the fame they caule by one n.inu; Ci^uaios. The 
 greate kyng of al the kynges and regions of thefe mountayne[s], is cauled Maiobanexius: ar:d Lis courte or 
 palaice is named Capronus. The mountaynes are rowgh, hygh, and fuche as no man can psfle to the toppcs 
 therof. They are alfo bendynge: and haue theyr comers reachinge downe to the fea. Bctwene bothe the 
 comers of the mountaynes, is there a greate playne, by the which many liuers faule from the mountaynes into 
 the fea. The people are verye fierfe and warlyke men, hauing theyr original of the Canybales. For when they 
 defcende from the mountaynes to the playnes to keepe warre with theyr bortherers, they eate all fuche as they 
 kyll. Guarionexius therfore, flyinge to this kyng of thefe mountaynes, gaue hym many prefentes of fuche 
 thynges as are wantinge in his countrey : ther^vith declaringe howe vylely, vylaynoufly, and violently, he had 
 byn vfed of owre men : with whom he could nothinge preuayle nother by fayre meanes, nor by foule : nother 
 by humilytie nor by (loutnes. And that to bee the caufe of his refortinge to hym at that tyme: mode humbly 
 defyring hym to bee his defence ageynft th[e]opprcffions of fuche myfcheuous people. Maiobanexius here 
 vppon, made hym prom*. Te to ayde and helpe hym ageynft the Chriftians al that he myght. The Lieuetenaunt 
 therfore made haft to tiio fortreffe of Conception : why ther as foone as he was coome, he fent for Roldanus 
 Xeminus, who with fuche as folowed hym, lay in certeyne of the Ilande vylages, twelue miles diftant from tlv^ 
 fortres. At his comminge, the LeauPtenaunt a(ked hym what al thefe fturres and tumultes ment. He anfwer. i ; 
 without abafliement: Yowre brother the Admirall hath to do ther\vith, andfliall anfwere for the fame before ae 
 kynge. For we perceaue that the kynge hath foo put hym in tmfte, that he hath hadde no regarde o vs. 
 Here we peryflie for hunger whyle we foloweyowe: and are dryuen to feeke owre vnhappy foode in the d'^icrtc . 
 Yowre brother alfo, afligned me affiftant with yowe in goueminge the Ilande. Wherfore fyth yo".e bane po 
 more refpecte vnto vs, we are determyned noo longer to bee vnder yowre obedience. When Roldanus had 
 fpoken thefe wordes and fuche other, the Lieuetenaunte wolde haue layde handes on hym : but he efcaped 
 his fyngers, and fledde to the wefte partes of the Region of Xaragua, hauinge with hym a trayne of 
 threefcore and tenne men whiche were of his confetheracie. Here this fylthy fynke of rebels thus confpired, 
 played their vages and lyued with loofe brydels in al kyndes of myfchefe, robbynge the people, fpoylinge tlic 
 countrey, and rauyfliinge bothe wyues and virgines. Whyle thefe thynges were doing in the Ilande, the Admiral! 
 hadde eyght fliyppes appoynted hym by the kinge: Of the whic? • he fent two laden with vitayles, from Caksox 
 Cades of Hercules pyllers, directly to the Lieuetenaunt his brothei. Thefe Ihyppes by chaunce arryueO ' rft on 
 that fyde of the Ilande where Rolandus Xeminus ranged with his coompanyons. Rolandus in fliorte tyn : ; idde 
 feduced them: promyfinge them in the fteade of mattockcs, wenches pappes: for laboure, pleafure: f( , v.rer 
 
 t6 
 
 1 \ \'\\ I 
 
The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 87 
 
 abundance: and for weaiynes and watchinge, fleepe and quietnes. Guarionex'ms in the meane tymc, aflemblynge 
 a power of his freendes and confetherates, came oftentyines downe into the playne, and flewe as many of the 
 Chriftian men, as he coulde meete conuenientlye, and alfo of the Ilande menne whiche were theyr freendes : 
 waftynge theyr grounde, deftroyinge thr-^ r feedes, and fpoyHnge theyr vylages. But Roldanus and his adherentes, 
 albeit they had knowleage that the/i -}^\i2 noHe fliortly coome, yet feared they nothynge bycaiife they had feduced 
 the newe menne whiche came in the fyrfte fliippes. Whyle the Lieuetenaunt was thus toffcd in the middeft of 
 thefe dorm' in the meane tyme his brother the Admyrall fet forwarde from the coalles of Spayne: But not 
 directly to Hifpaiiiola : For he turned more towarde the fouthe. In the which vyage, what be dyd, what coaftcs 
 bothe of the lande and fea he coompafed, and what newe regions he difcouercd, wee wyl fyrfi declare. For to 
 what ende and conclufion the fayde tumultes and feditions came, wee wyll cxprcfle in th[e]ende of the booke 
 folowynge. Thus fare ye well 
 
 € The syxte booke of the fyrste decade, 
 to Lodouike Cardinail of AxsLgonxQ. 
 
 Olonus the Admyral, tlie thyrde day of the Calendes of lune, in the yeare of Chride. 1498. 
 hoyfed vp his fayks in the hauen of the towne Barramcdabas, not farre dillante from Calcs : 
 and fet forwarde on his vyage with eyght fliippes laden with vytayles and other necefl'aries. 
 He diuerted from his accuflomed rafe which was by the Ilandes of Canarie, by reafon of 
 certeyne frenchemen pirate ; and rouers on the fea, whiche laye in the ryght way to meete 
 with hym. In the way from Ca/es to the Ilandes of Canarie, abowte foure fcore and ten 
 myles towarde the lefte hande, is the Ilande of Madtra, more fouthwarde then the citie of 
 Ciuile by foure degrees. For the pole artyke is eleuate to Ciiiik, xxxvi. degrees: But to this Hand (as the 
 mariners faye) only xxxii. He fayled therfore fyrlle to Madera. And fendinge from tlienfe directly to 
 Hifpaiiiola, the refydue of the fliippes laden with vytayles and other neceflaries, he hym felfe with one fliyppe 
 with deckes, and two marchaunt carauelles coafl.ed towarde the fouthe to coome to the Equinoctial lyne, and 
 fo furth to folowe the tracte of the fame towarde the Weft, to th[e]intent to fearche the natures of fuche places 
 as he coulde fynde vnder or nere vnto the fame, leauinge Uifpaniola on the north fyde on his ryght hande. In 
 the myddle of his rafe, lye. xiii. Ilandes of the Portugales, whiche were in owlde tyme cauled Hefpcrides : And 
 are now cauled Caput Viride, or Cahotterde. Thefe are fituate in the fea, ryght oner ageynft the inner partes of 
 Ethiope, Weftwarde two dayes faylinge. One of thefe the Portugales caule Bonauijla. With the fnayles, or rather 
 tortoyfes of this Ilande, many leprous men are healed and clenfed of theyr leprofitie. Dcp-rting fodainly from henfe 
 by reafon of the contagioufnes of the ayre, he (ayled. CCCCLXXX. [four hundred and eighty] myles towarde the 
 Wefte fouthweft, which is the myddeft betwene the wefte and the fouthe. There was he fo vexed with maladies and 
 heate (for it was the moneth of lune) that his fliyppes were almofte fette on fyre. The hoopes of his barrels cracked 
 and brake, and the freflhe water ranne owte. The men alfo complayned that they were not able to abyde that 
 extremitie of heate. Here the northe pole was eleuate only. v. degrees from the Horizontall. For the fpace of. 
 viii. dayes in the which he fuffered thefe extremites, only the fyrft day was fayrc : but all tlie other, clowdy and 
 rayny: yet neuerthelefle feruent Iiottc. Wherefore it oftentymcs repented hym not a little that euer he tooke 
 that way. Beinge toflcd in thefe dangiours and vexations eyght contynuall dayes, at the lengthe an Eaftfoutheafte 
 wynde arofe, and gaue a profperous blafte to his fayles. Which wynde folowinge directly towarde the wefte, he 
 fownde the ftarres ouer that paralelle, placed in other order, and an other kynde of ayer, as the Admirall hym felfe 
 towlde me. And they al affirme, that within three dayes faylinge, they fownde mofte temperate and pleafaunte 
 ayre. The Admirall alfo affirmeth, that from the clime of the great heate and vnholfome ayer, he euer afcended 
 by the backe of the fea, as it were by a hygh mountayne towarde heauen. Yet in all this tyme, coulde he not 
 once fee any lande. But at the length, the day before the Calendes of luly, the watcheman lookynge foorth of 
 the toppecaftell of the greateft fliyppe, cryed owte alowde for ioy that he cfpyed three excedynge hyghe 
 mountaynes : Exhortinge his felowes to bee of good cheere, and put away all penfiuenes. For they were very 
 heauy and forowfuU, as well for the greefe which they fufteyned uy reafon of th[e]intollerable heate, as alfo that 
 their freflie water fayled them, which ranne owte at the ryftes of the barels, caufed by extreme heate as we haue 
 fayde. Thus beinge wel conforted, they drewe to the lande. Yet at theyr fyrft approche, they coulde not arryue by 
 reafon of the flialownes of the fea nere the fliore. Yet lookyng owte of theyr fliyppes, they might wel perceaue 
 that the Region was inhabyted and well cultured. For they fawe very fayre gardens, and pleafaunte medowes ; 
 
 87 
 
 The furie of 
 guarioncxius 
 
 The ihyrdc vyage 
 of Cotunus tlic 
 AduiiralL 
 
 Frt-ncbi: 1111,11 
 pyrats. 
 
 The Hand of 
 
 Madera. 
 
 The Admiral 
 fsjayleth to the 
 Kquinoctiall. 
 
 xiii. Ilandes of 
 Hespcridcs, now 
 cauled Cabuucrdc 
 
 Healynge of the 
 leper. 
 
 Contagious ayre 
 andcxtreumeheaie 
 
 'I'he pnlc eleiiale. 
 V degrees. 
 
 29 
 
 The starrcs placed 
 in other order. 
 
 A sea rysyng lyke 
 a mountayne. 
 
 Heate causirlh thu 
 barrels to breke. 
 
 Uii 
 
 1 1- 
 
 ii ■ 
 
 w ' 
 
 ■ ( 
 
 liii ^ 
 
 : 1 
 
 ( 
 
 ■li^il- 
 
 111 
 
 i \ .1 
 
 It' 
 
 !|(' 
 
 ^1 
 
 ...!l 
 
88 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 \ 
 
 Swete sauours 
 proceadynge 
 frome the fande. 
 
 The Hand of PuU. 
 
 People of [goodjly 
 conrarature and 
 longe heare nere 
 the Equinnctiall. 
 
 The higher the 
 coulder. 
 
 Difference 
 betwene people of 
 one clime. 
 
 Ethiopia. 
 
 Note the cause of 
 difference. 
 
 Musical 
 instrunientes. 
 
 30 
 
 The violent course 
 of the water from 
 the Easte to the 
 Wcste. 
 
 The goulfe cauled 
 Os Draconis. 
 A conflict betwene 
 the freshe water 
 and the salte. 
 
 A sea of fresh 
 water. 
 
 Marmasets and 
 monkeys. 
 
 frome the trees and herbes wherof, when the mornynge dewes beganne to ryfe, there proceaded manye fweete 
 fauoures. Twentie myles diftant from henfe, they chaunced into a hauen, verye apte to harborowe flii[)pes, but 
 it had no ryiier runninge into it. Saylinge on yet fumwhat further, he fownde at the lengthe a commodious 
 hauen wherin he might repjyre his fliippes and make prouifion of freflhe water and fuell. Arenalis cauleth 
 this lande Futa. They fcvvnd no houfes nere vnto the hauen: but innumerable (leppes of certein wilde beaftes 
 feete, of the whicli Ihev fownde one deade much lyke a goate. The day folo\vynge, they fawe a Canoa 
 commynge a farre of, hauinge in it. xxiiii. younge men of godly corporature and high (lature, al armed with 
 targets, bowes and arowes The heare of theyr beds, was longe and plaine, and cutte on the forheade much 
 after the maner of the Spanyardes. Theyr priuie partes were couered with fillettes of goflampyne cotton, of 
 fundry coloures enterlaced : And were befyde al ouer naked. Here the Admirall confideringe with hym felfe 
 the corporature of this people and nature of the lande, he beleaued the fame to bee foo much the nerer heauen 
 then other Regions of the fame paralelle, and further remoued from the groffe vapours of the vales and maryfflies, 
 howe muche the hyghefte toppes of the byggeft. mountaynes are diftante from the deepe vales. For he erneftly 
 affirmeth, that in all that nauigation, he neuer wente owte of the paralelles of Ethiope : So greate difference is 
 there betwene the nature of th[e]inhabitantes and of the foylcs of dyuers Regions all vnder one clyme or 
 paralelle: as is to fee betwene the people and regions being in the firme lande of Ethiope, and theym of the 
 Ilandes vnder the fame clime, hauinge the pole ftarre eleuate in the fiime degree. For the Ethiopians are all 
 blacke, hauinge theyr heare curkl more lykc >\u'.L then heare. But thefe people of the Hand oi Piita (beinge 
 as I haue fayde vnder the clyme of Ethiope) are whyte, with longe heare, and of yelowe colour. Wherfore it is 
 apparente, the caufe of this foo greate difference, to bee rather by the difpofition of the earthe, then conftitucion 
 of heauen. For wee knowe, that fnowe fauleth on the mountaynes of the Equinoctiall or bumte lyne, and the 
 fame to endure there con; inually: We knowe lykewyfe that th[e]inhabitantes of the Regions farre diflante frome 
 that lyne towarde the n. rthe, are molefted with greate heate. 
 
 f[ The Admiral tl. 1 ht allure the younge men to him with gentelnes, fhewed them lokynge glaffes, 
 
 fayre and bright veffelles o. r, haukes belles, and fuche other thynges vnknowen to them. But the more 
 
 they were cauled, fo much th : re they fufpected crafte and deceate, and fledde backewarde. Yet dyd they 
 with greate admiracion beholde owre men and theyr thynges, but ftyll hauinge their ores in theyr handes redy 
 to flye. A\Tien the Admirall fawe that he coulde by no meanes allure them by gyftes, he thought to proue what 
 he coulde do with muficall inftrumentes : and therefore commaunded that they which were in the greateft (hippe, 
 fhulde play on theyr drummes and fhalmes. But the younge men fuppofmge this to bee a token of battayle, 
 lefte theyr ores, and in the twyn[k]lynge of an eye hadde put theyr arrowes in theyr bowes and theyr targettes 
 on theyr armes : And thus directinge theyr arrowes towarde owre men, (loode in expectacion to knowe what 
 this noyfe myght meane. Owre men lykewife preparinge theyr bowes and arrowes, approched toward them by 
 lyttle and lyttle. But they departinge from the Admirals fhippe, and truftinge to the dexteritie of theyr ores 
 came foo neare one of the leflfe fhippes, that one of theym plucked the cloke from the gouernour of that fhippe, 
 and as wel as they coulde by fignes, requyred hym to coome alande, promyfinge feyth that they wolde common 
 with hym of peace. But when they fawe hym goo to the Admirals fhippe whether he went to aflce leaue that 
 he might common with them, fufpectinge heareby fume further deceate, they lept immediatly into the Canoa, 
 and fledde as fwyft as the wynde. So that to conclude, they coulde by no meanes be allured to familiaritie. 
 Wherfore the Admirall thowght it not conuenient to beflowe any longe tyme there, at this vyage. No greate 
 fpace frome this I lande, euer towarde the wefle, the Admirall faith he fownde fo owteragious a faule of water, 
 runninge with fuch a violence from the Eafle to the Wefle, that it was nothynge inferioure to a myghty flreame 
 faulynge from hyghe mountaynes. He alfo confeffed, that fince the fyrfl daye that euer he knewe what the fea 
 mente, he was neuer in fuche feare. Proceadinge yet fumwhat further in this daungerous vyage, he fownde 
 ..erteyne goulfes of viii. myles, as it had byn the[e]nteraunce of fume greate hauen, into the which, the fayde 
 violent flreames dyd faule. Thefe goulfes or flreyghtes, he cauled Os Draconis, that is, the dragons mouth. 
 And the Hand directly ouer ageynfle the fame, he named Margarita. Owte of thefe flreyghtes, ifThewed no 
 leffe force of freflhe water : whiche encounteringe with the faulte, dyd flryue to pafTe foorth : Soo that betwene 
 bothe the waters, was no fmaule conflict. But cnteringe into the goulfe, at the lengthe he fownde the water 
 therof very frefflie and good to drynke. The Admyrall hym felfe, and they which were his companions in this 
 vyage, beinge men of good credit, and perceauinge my diligence in fearchinge for thefe matters, towlde me yet 
 of a greater thynge. That is, that for the fpace of. xxvi. leaques, amountynge to a hundreth and foure myles, he 
 fayled euer by freflie water : In fo muche, that the further he proceaded, efpeci. My towarde the well, he aflirm- 
 eth the water to bee the frefflier. After this, he came to a highe mountayne, inhabited onely with moonkeys or 
 marmafits on that part towarde the Eafl. For that fyde was rowgh with rockye and (lony mountains : And ther- 
 fore not inhabytcd \vith men. Yet they that went alande to fearche the countrey, fownde nere vnto the fea, 
 many fayre ficldes well tylled and fowen : But noo people, nor yet houfes or cotages. Parhappes they were 
 
 33 
 
]' 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 89 
 
 gone further into the countrey to fowe theyr come and applye theyr hufbandry, as wee often fee owre hufbande 
 men to leaue theyr ftations and vylages for the fame purpofe. In the wefte fyde of that mountayne, they 
 efpyed a large playne, wliither they made hafte, and caft anker in the brode ryuer. As foone as the inhabi- 
 tantes had knowleage that a flrange nation was arryued in theyr coaftes, they came flockinge withowte all feare 
 to fee owre men. We vnderft.ode by theyr fygnes and poyntynges, that this Region was cauled Faria : and 
 that it was very large : In fo muche that the further it reacheth towarde the wefle, to be fo niuche the better 
 inhabited and repleniflied with people. The Admiral therfore, takynge into his fliyppe foure of the men of 
 that lande, fearched the wefte partes of the fatne. By the temperalenes of the ayer, the pleafauntnes of the 
 grownde, and the multytude of people which they faw dayly more and more as they fayled, they coniectured 
 that thefe thynges portended fum great matter : As in deede their opinion fayled them not, as we wyll 
 further declare in his place. The foonne not yet ryfen, but beginninge euen now to ryfe, beinge one day allured 
 by the pleafauntnes of the place and fweete fauours which breathed from the land to the fliippes, they went 
 alande. Here they fownde a greater multytude of people then in any other place. As owre men approched 
 towarde them, there came certeine meflengers from their Cacici, that is, the kynges of the countrey, to defyre 
 the Admirall in the name of theyr princes to coome to theyr palayces withowte feare, and that they and al 
 theyrs fliulde bee at his commaundement. When the Admirall had thanked them and made his excufe for 
 that tyme, there came innumerable people with theyr boates to the fliippes : hauyng for the moft parte cheynes 
 abowte theyr neckes, garlandes on theyr heades, and brafelettes on theyr armes of pearles of India : And that 
 fo commonlye, that owre women in playes and tryumphes haue not greater plentie of ftones of glafle and cryftall 
 in theyr garlandes, crownes, gerdels, and fuche other tyrementes. Beinge afked where they gathered them, 
 they poynted to the next fliore by the fea bankes. They fignified alfo by certeyne fcorneful gieftures which 
 they made wth theyr mouthes and handes, that they nothyng efteemed perles. Taking alfo balkettes in theyr 
 handes, they made fignes that the fame might bee fylled with them in fliorte fpace. But bycaufe the come 
 wherwith his (hyppes were laden to bee caryed into Hifpaniola, had taken hurt by reafon of the falte water, he 
 determined to deferre this marte to a more conuenient tyme. Yet he fent to lande two of the fhippe boates 
 laden with men, to th[e]intent to fetch fum garlandes of perles for exchange of our thynges, and alfo fumwhat 
 to fearche the nature of the Region and difpofition of the people. They enterteyned owr men gentelly: and 
 came flockynge to them by heapes, as it hadde byn to beholde fume ftraunge monfters. Fyrfte there came to 
 meete owre men, two men of grauitie, whor : » the multitude folowed. One of thefe was well in age, and the 
 other but younge. They thinke it was the fatner with his foonne whiche fliulde fuccede hym. When the one 
 had faluted and embrafed the other, they browght owre men into a certeyne rownde howfe, nere vnto the 
 whiche, was a greate courte. Hether were browg;it many chayers and ftooles made of a certeyne blacke woodde, 
 and very coonningely ^vrowght. After that owre men, and theyr Princes were fette, theyr wayting men came in 
 laden, fume with fundry delicate dyfflies, and fume with wyne. But theyr meate, was only fruites : and thofe 
 of dyuers kyndes and vtterly vnknowen to vs. Theyr wyne was both whyte and redde : not made of grapes, 
 but of the lycour of dyuers fruites, and very pleafaunte in drynkynge. After this banquette made in the owlde 
 mans howfe, the younge man browght them to his tabernacle or mancion place, where was a greate coompany 
 bcthe of men and women, but they ftoode deceauered the one from the other. They are whyte, euen as owre 
 men are, fauynge fuche as are much conuerfant in the fonne. They are alfo very gentyll, and full of humanitie 
 towarde ftrangiers. They coouer tlieyr pryuie partes with goffampine cotton wrowght with fundry coloures : 
 and are befyde all naked. There was fewe or none, that had not eyther a coUer, a cheyne, or a brafelette of 
 golde and pearles, and many had all. Beinge aflied where they had that golde, they poynted to certeyne 
 mountaynes, feemynge with theyr countenaunce to diffuade owre men from goinge thyther. For puttinge theyr 
 armes in theyr mouthes, and grynninge as thowgh they bytte the fame, ftylle poyntinge to the mountaynes, they 
 feemed to infinuate that men weri eaten there : But whether they mente by the Canibales, or wylde beaftes 
 owre men cowlde not well perceaue. They tooke it excedinge greeuouflye, that they coulde nother vnderftande 
 owre men, nor owre men them. When they which were fente to lande, were retumed to the fliippes abowte 
 three of the clocke at after noone the fame daye, bringinge with them certeyne garlandes and collers of pearles, 
 they loofed theyr ankers to departe, myndinge to coome ageyne fliortly, when all thynges were fette in good 
 order in Hifpaniola. But he was preuented by an other, which defeated hym of the rewarJe of his trauayle. 
 He was alfo hyndered at this tyme by reafon of the flialownes of the fea and violent courfe of the water, which 
 with continual tofling, broofed the greateft fliip as often as any great gale of wynde arofe. To auoyde the 
 daungiours of fuche flialowe places, and ftielfes, he euer fent one of the fmauleft carauelles before, to try the 
 way with foundinge: and tiie byggeft fliyppes folowed behynde. The Regions beinge in the large prouince of 
 IWia for the fpace of CCXXX. [two hundred and thirty] niyles, are cauled of th[e]inhabitantes, Cumana, and 
 Manacapana: from thefe regions diftant three fcore leaques, is there an other Region cauled Ciiriaiia. \\'heii 
 lie had thus parted ouer this long tract of fea, fuppofing ftyll that it had byn an llande, and doutinge that he 
 
 The fayre and 
 large region ul' 
 pai'ia. 
 
 Tcnipcralc aycr 
 and fnitful 
 
 gruunde. 
 
 Swete sauour* 
 pruccadyn^ie 
 fruiuc the lande. 
 
 flumayne people. 
 
 Chf /nes and 
 
 garlandes of gold 
 and perles 
 
 31 
 
 Baskette'i fnl of 
 pearles, I knowe 
 who had bags ful. 
 
 Howe the 
 Admirals men 
 were enterteyned, 
 
 Cheyers and 
 stoles of hehene. 
 
 Fruites and wyne. 
 
 Wyne nf the 
 lycour uf fruites. 
 
 Whyte men nere 
 the Ki|tiinoctial 
 
 NTountaync<i are 
 the [iiatriccs ul 
 guide. 
 
 Cunihutcs 
 
 Shalowncs of the 
 sea. 
 
 The vse of 
 carcucUes or 
 brigan tines. 
 
 Ciunana and 
 Manacapana 
 regions uf the 
 pruuince uf I'arix 
 Curian?, 
 
 ['i 
 
 Hi 
 
 ! « i' 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 ! 'i 
 
 ; 'l- 
 
 f'l 
 
 I'' 
 
 'li 
 
 1.1' 
 
Tt 
 
 m:. 
 
 \ 
 
 90 
 
 The fyyjl Decade. 
 
 A ryiter of 
 ntaruclmis depth 
 ami lircdth. 
 
 A sea of weeclcft. 
 
 I.cntisciis. 
 
 M.istix. 
 
 32 
 
 The ulcintioii <if 
 tllc pole at l*aria. 
 
 Nolc a sccrcate 
 as cunccmiiig the 
 pule starre. 
 
 An experience 
 
 A innnielous 
 secrcate. 
 
 That the earth is 
 not perfectly 
 rowniie. 
 
 Paradise is in the 
 
 inumitaynes tif 
 
 parix 
 
 Loukc the ninth 
 
 booke seconde 
 
 decade. 
 
 Paria is part of 
 the firine lande of 
 iiidia 
 
 Ty'ne renealetli al 
 thnigs 
 
 Paria more 
 southewardc then 
 hispaniula 
 
 The spanyardes 
 rebell in the 
 Admirals absence 
 
 might paffe by tlio Wefte ♦^o the Nortlie directlye to Hifpaniola, he chaunced into a ryuer of. xxx. cubettes 
 dcpthe, and of fuch breadth as hath not lyghtly byn harde of. For he affirmeth it to bee. xxviii. leaques. A 
 lyttle further toward the Wefle, yet fumwhat more fowthwarde as the bending of tiie fliorc requyred, he entered 
 into a fea full of herbes or weedes. The feede of the herbes whiche fwymme on the water, are muche lyke the 
 berryes of the tree cauled Leniifcus, which beareth the fweete gumme cauled Majlix. They grewe foo thicke, 
 that they fumetyme in manor flayed the fliippcs. The Admirall reported, that here there is not one daye 
 thorowglie owte all theyeare muche longer or fliorter then an other: And that the Northe pole is here eleaute 
 onely fyue degrees as at Paria, in whofe tractc all thefe coades lye. Hee alfo declared certeyne thynges as 
 concerninge the variete of the northe pole : The which bccaufe they feeme contrarye to th[e]oppinions of all the 
 Allronomers, I wyll touche them but with a drye foote as fayth the prouerbe. But it is wel knowen (mofle 
 noble prince) that the ftarre which we caule the pole (larre, or northe ilarre, (cauled of the Italians Tramontatia) 
 is not the very poynte of the pole Artyk^ vppon the whiche the axes or extremities of heauens are turned abowte. 
 The which thynge may well be proued, if when the (larres fyrft appeare, yowe beeholde the pole (larre throwgh 
 any narowe hole. For foo, applyinge yowre inftrument therto in the morninge fumwhat before the day 
 fpringe haue blemyflied theyr lyght, yf then yowe looke throwgh the fame hole, yowe fliall perceaue it to bee 
 moued from the place where yowe faweit fyrft. But howe it commeth to paffe, that at the beginnynge of the euenyng 
 twilight, it is eleuate in that Region only fyue degrees in the moneth of lune, and in the moniinge twylight to 
 bee eleuate. xv. degrees by the fame quaadrante, I doo not vnderflande. Nor yet doo the reafons which he 
 bringeth, in any poynt fatyffye me. For he fayth, that he hereby coniectured, that the earth is not perfectlye 
 rownde: But that when it was created, there was a certeyne heape reyfed theron, much hygher then the other 
 partes of the fame. So that (as he faith) it is not rownde after the forme of an apple or a bal (as other tliynke) 
 but rather lyke a peare as it hangeth on the tree : And that Paria is the Region which poffeffeth the fuper- 
 eminente or hyghefl parte thereof nerefle vnto heauen. In foo muche that he erneflly contendeth, the earthly 
 Paradyfe to bee fituate in the toppes of thofe three hylles, which wee fayde beefore, that the watche man fawe 
 owte of the toppe caftell of the fhippe: And that the outragious (Ireames of the freflie waters whiche foo 
 violentlye iffliewe owte of the fayde goulfes and flryue foo with the falte water, faule headlonge from the toppes 
 of the fayde mountayims. But of this matter, it fliall fuffice to haue fayde thus muche. Lette vs nowe therfore 
 retume to the hillorye from which we haue dygreffed. When he perceaued hym felfe to bee thus inwrapped in 
 foo greate a goulfe beyonde his expectacion, foo that he had now no hope to fynde any paffage towarde the 
 northe whereby ho .nyght fiyle directly to Hifpaniola, he was cnforfed to turne backe the fame way by the 
 which he came, and directed his viage to Hifpaniola by the northe of that lande lyinge towarde the Eafte. 
 They which afterwarde fearched this lande more curiouflye, wyll it to bee parte of the continente or firme lande 
 of India, and not of Cuba as the Admiral fuppofed. For there are many which affirme that they haue fayled 
 rownd abowt Cuba. But whether it bee fo or not, or whether enuyinge the good fortune of this man, they feeke 
 occafions of querelinge ageynlle hym, I can not iudge : But tyme fliall fpcake, which in tyme ap[)oynted, 
 reuealeth both truth and falfehod. But whether Paria be Continent or not, the Admirall dothe not muche 
 contende. But he fuppofeth it to bee Continente. He alfo affirmeth that Paria is more fouthewarde then 
 Hifpaniola, by eyght hundreth fourefcore and two myles. At the length he came to Hifpaniola (to fee his 
 fouldiers which he left with his brethren) the thyrde day of the calendes of September: In the yeare 1498. 
 But (as often tymes chaunceth in humayne thynges,) amonge his foo many profperous, pleafaunte, and luckye 
 affayres, fortune mengeled fume feedes of wormewoodde, and corrupted his pure come with the malicious 
 weedes of coccle. 
 
 The seventh booke of the fyrst decade, 
 to the fame Lodotiike Cardinall. etc. 
 
 I Hen the Admirall was nowe coome to the Ilande of Hifpaniola, he fownde all thynges 
 confounded and owte of order. For Roldanus (of whom wee fpake beefore) refufed in his 
 abfence to obey his brother, truftinge to the multitude of fuch as were confethered with him. 
 And not onely behaued hym felfe proudely ageynft. the Admiralles brother and Lieuetenaunt 
 fumtyme his maifl.er, but alfo fente letters to his reproche to the kynge of Spayne, therin 
 accufinge bothe the brethren, leying heynous matters to theyr charges. But the Admirall 
 ageyne, fent meffengers to the kynge, which myght informe hym of theyr rebellion : Inflantly 
 defyringe his grace, to fende hym a newe fupplye of men, wherby he myght fuppreffe theyr licentioufnes and 
 
T\\ 
 
 thynges 
 in his 
 ith him. 
 tenaunt 
 therin 
 dmirall 
 nftantly 
 nes and 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 91 
 
 punyfhe them for theyr mifclieuous actes. They accufed the Admirall and his brother to bee vniufl men, cruel 
 enemies and (headers of the Spanylhe bludde: dcclarynge that vppon euery lyght occafion, they wolde rackc 
 them, hange them, and heade them : And that they tooke pleafure therin. And that they departed from them 
 as from cmell tyrantes and ^vylde beaftes reioyfinge in bUidde, alfo the kynges enemycs. Affyrniingc lykewyfe 
 that they well perceaued theyr intentc to bee none otiier then to vfurpe 'I"h[e]empire of the llandes: whiche 
 thynge (they fayde) they fufpected by a thoufand coniecturcs. And efpecially in that tliey wolde perniitte none 
 to reforte to the golde niynes, but only fuchc as were theyr familiers. The Admirall on the contrary parte, 
 when he defyred aydc of the kynge to infringe theyr infolencie, auouched that al thofe his accufcrs, which had 
 dcuifed fuche lyes ageynfle hym, were nowghtye felowes, abhominable knaues and vylaynes, theues and baudcs, 
 ruffians aduouterers and rauifliers of women, foulfc periured vagabundes, and fuche as had byn eyther conuict in 
 pryfons, or fledde for feare of Judgment: foo efcaping punyflicment, but not leauinge vice wherin they (lyll 
 contynucd and browght the fame ."ith them to the Ilande, lyuinge there in lyke maner as before, in theftc, 
 lechery, and all kyndes of myfcheef \nd foo gyuen to Idlenes and fleepe, that wheras they were browght 
 thyther for myners, labourers, and fcullyans, they wolde not nowe goo one furlonge from theyr houfes except 
 they were borne on mens backes, lyke vnto them whiche in owlde tyme were cauled Ediles Curules. For, to 
 this office, they put the miferable Ilande men, whom they handeled mode cruelly. For leafte theyr handes 
 fluilde difcontinewe from flieadinge of bludde, and the better to trye theyr ftrength and manhod, they vfed nowe 
 and then for theyr paftyme to (Iryue amonge them felues and proue who coulde mod cleanely with his fwoorde 
 at one (Iroke (Iryke of the heade of an innocente. Soo that he which coulde with mofle agilitie make the 
 heade of one of thofe poore \vretches to flyc quytc and cleane from the body to the grounde at one (Iroke, he 
 was the bed man and counted mode honorable. Thefe thynges and many fuche other, the one of them laydc 
 to the others charge beefore the kyngc. Whyle thefe thynges were doinge, the Admirall fente his brother the 
 lieuetenaunt with an army of foure fcore and tenne footemen, and a fewe horfemen, (with three thoufande of 
 the Ilande men which were mortall enemies to the Ciguauians) to mecte the people of Cigiiaiia, v.ith Kynge 
 Gtiarionexius theyr graunde capitayne, who had doone niuche myfcheefe to owre men and fuche as fauoured 
 theym. Therefore when the Licuetenaunt had conducted his army to the bankes of a certeyne grcate ryuer 
 runnynge by the playne which we fayd before to lye betwene the comers of the mountaynes of Cigiiaua and 
 the fea, he fownde two fcoutes of his enemyes lurkinge in certeyne bufflies: wherof the one, cadynge hym felfe 
 head longe into the fea, efcaped: and by the niouthe of the ryuer fwamme oucr to his coompanyons. The other 
 beinge taken, declared that in the woodde on the other fide the ryuer, there lay in campe fy.xe thoiifande 
 Cyguauians redy, vnwares to adiiyle owre men paflynge bye. Wherfore the Lieuetenaunte fyndyng a (Irdowe 
 place where he '.nyght paffe ouer, he with his hole army entered into the ryuer. The which thyng when the 
 Ciguauians had efpyed, they came runnynge owte of the wooddes with a terrible crye and mode horrible afpcct, 
 much lyke vnto the people cauled Agathyrfi of whom the poete virgile fpeaketh. For they were all paynted 
 and fpotted with fundry coloures, and efpeciall with blacke and redde whiche they make of certeyne fruitcs 
 noory(hed for the fame purpofe in theyr gardens, with the ioycc wherof they paynt them felues from the for- 
 lieade, euen to the knees: hauing theyr hearc (whiche by arte they make longe and blacke if nature deny it 
 them) wrethed and rowled after a thoullinde faffliions. A man wold thinke them to bee deuylles incarnate newly 
 broke owte of hell, they are foo lyke vnto helhoundes. As owre men waded ouer the ryuer, they fliotte at 
 them and hurled dartes foo thicke, that it almode tooke the lyght of the fonne from owre men. In fo much 
 that if they had not borne of the force therof with theyr targettes, the matter hadde gonne wronge with them. 
 Yet at the length, many beinge wounded, they paflTed ouer the iyuer, which thynge when the enemies (iiwe, they 
 fledde : whome owre men perfuinge, llewe fume in the chafe ; but not many, by reafon of theyr fwyftenes of 
 foote. Thus beinge in the wooddes, they fliotte at owre men more fafely. For they being accudomed to the 
 wooddes and naked without any lette, palTed throwgh the bufflies and flirubbes as it had byn wylde bores or 
 hartes: wheras owre men were hyndered by reafon of theyr apparell, targettes, longe iauelens, and ignorance of 
 the place. Wherfore, when he had reded there all that nyght in vayne, and the daye folowynge fawe none 
 deringe in the wooddes, he went (by the councel and conducte of the other Ilande men which were in his 
 armye) immediatly from thenfe, to the montaynes in the which king Maiobanexius had his cheefe manfion 
 l)lace in the vylage cauled Capronum, by the which name alfo, the kynges palaice was cauled, beinge in the 
 fame vylage. Thus marchinge forwarde with his army, abowte twelue myle of, he encamped in the vylage of 
 an other kynge, which th[e]inhabitantes had forfaken for feare of owre men. Yet makynge dyligent fearch, 
 they fownde two, by whom they had knowleage that there was tenne kynges with Maiobanexius in his palaice 
 of Capronum, with an army of eight thoufand Ciguauians. At the Lieuetenantes fyrd approche, he durd not 
 gyue them battayle vntyll he had fumwhat better fearched the Region : Yet did he in the meane tyme flcyrmyflhe 
 with them twyfe. The nexte nyght abowte mydnyght, he fent furth fcoutes, and with them guydes of the Ilande 
 men which knewe the countrey. Whom the Ciguauians efpyenge from the mountaynes, prepared them fehies 
 
 33 
 
 The Spnnyanlci 
 accuse the 
 
 I Adiiiir.ill. 
 
 The Aihiiiralcft 
 aiibwcre. 
 
 Insolcncie.mt! 
 tiluhics of liticrlic. 
 
 Tlicse had the 
 custodies of tlic 
 temples. 
 
 A cnicl and 
 
 dcuelyshc 
 
 pabtyme. 
 
 Kyiifie 
 Ouanoncxius is 
 capit.iinc of. vi. 
 thousand 
 Ciifuauians. 
 
 Naked men 
 
 painted with the 
 
 loyce of certcii 
 
 fruites. 
 
 Hcnrc made long 
 
 TiPd black hy arte 
 
 The vm: of 
 
 targelles. 
 
 The Cignauians 
 
 are drynen to 
 
 flyght 
 
 34 
 
 Kynge 
 Maiubai 
 
 An army ofxiii. 
 
 thousand 
 
 Ciguauians. 
 
 ( . 
 
 %\ 
 
 • !i ! 
 
 '[',; 
 
 'r 11 
 
 'fir 
 
 
 
 1:! 
 
 'i1 
 
 iii'i|i 
 
rr 
 
 f'tfi 
 
 92 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 A Larome. 
 
 The Ciguaiii.iii!* 
 pul to llyght 
 aguiite 
 
 The I.iciietciiauiU 
 his ainbnssage 
 to kyngc 
 Maiobanexius. 
 
 Kynge 
 
 Guanuncxius. 
 
 M.iiqiiaiicxius liis 
 answcru. 
 
 Natural hatred 
 of vyce. 
 
 The 
 
 I.icuctciuiuntcs 
 Kciittilncs toward 
 inaiubancxius 
 
 35 
 
 A rare faytlifulnes 
 in a barbaruus 
 kynge. 
 
 Tlie 
 l.ieuctenauiitcs 
 messengers are 
 slayne. 
 
 Al the kirges are 
 dryuen to flyght. 
 
 to the battayle with a terrible crye or alarome after their maner: but yet durft not coome owte of the wooddes, 
 fuppofing that the Lieuetenaunt with liis mayne army liad byn euen at hande. The day folowynge, when he 
 brought his army to the place where they encamped, leaping owt of the wooddes, they twyfe attempted the 
 fortune of warre, fiercely affayling owre men with a mayne force, and woundinge manye before they coulde 
 coouer them with theyr targettes. Yet owre men put them to flyght, flewe many, and tooke many. The 
 refydewe fledde to the wooddes, where they kept them flyll as in their mofte fafe houlde. Of them which were 
 taken, he fent one, and wyth hym an other of the Ilande men which was of his parte to Maiobanexius with 
 coramaundement in this effect. The Lieuetenaunt brought not hether his army (O Maiobanexius) to kepe 
 warre eyther ageynft yowe or yowre people : For he greately defyreth yowre frendefhippe. But his entent is, 
 that Giiaiionexius who hath perfuaded yowe to bee his ayde ageynfte hym to the greate deftruction of yowre 
 people and vndoynge of yowie countrey, may haue dewe correction afwell for his difobedience towarde him, as 
 alfo for rayfing tumultes amonge the people. Wherfore, he requyreth yowe and exorteth yowe, to delyuer 
 Guarionexius into his handes. The which thynge yf yowe (hall performe, the Admirall his brother wyll not 
 only gladly admitte yowe to his frendefliyppe, but alfo enlarge and defende yowre dominion. And if herein 
 yowe refufe to accomplyfftie his requefte, it wyll folowe, that yowe Ihall fhortelye repent yowe therof. For 
 yowre kyngedome ftiall be wafted with fwoorde and fyer, and yowe fliall abyde the fortune of warre wherof 
 yowe haue had experience with fauour, as you fliall further know here after to yowre payne, yf with ftobemes 
 yowe prouoke hym to fhewe the vttermofte of his poure. When the meffenger had thus doone his errante, 
 Maiobanexius anfwered, that Guarionexius was a good man, indued with many vertues as all men knewe : And 
 therfore he thought hym worthy his ayde: efpecially in as muche as he fledde to hym for fuccoure, and that he 
 had made him fuch promeffe, whom alfo he had proued to bee his faithfuU frende. Ageyne, that they were 
 nawghty men, violent and cruell, defyringe other mens gooddes, and fuche as fpared not to flieede innocentes 
 bludde : In fyne, that he wolde not haue to doo with fuche myfcheuous men, nor yet enter into frendefliippe 
 with them. When thefe thynges came to the Lieuetenauntes eare, he commaunded the vylage to be bumte 
 where he hym felfe encamped, wth many other vylages there abowte. And when he drewe nere to the place 
 where Maiobanexius lay, he fent meffengers to him ageyne, to common the matter with hym, and to wyll hym, 
 to fende fume one of his mofte feythful frendes to entreate with hym of peace. Where vppon the kynge fent 
 vnto hym one of his cheefe gentelmen, and with hym two other to wayte on hym. WTien he came to the 
 Lieuetenauntes prefence, he frendly requyred hym to perfuade his lord and mafter in his name, and emeftly 
 to admonyfflie hym, not to fuffer his floryfliinge kyngedome to bee fpoyled, or hym felfe to abyde the hafarde 
 of warre for Guarionexius fake : And further to exhorte hym to delyuer hym, excepte he wolde procure the 
 deftruction bothe of hym felfe, his people, and his countrey. When the meffenger was returned, Maiobanexius 
 affembled the people, declaring vnto them what was doone, but they cried owte on hym to delyuer Guarionexius: 
 And beganne to curfe the daye that euer they had receaued hym, thus to dillurbe theyr quietnes. Maiobanexius 
 anfwered them, that Guarionexius was a good man, and had well deferued of him, giuinge hym many princely 
 prefentes : And had alfo tawght both his wyfe and hym to fynge and daunce, whiche thynge he dyd not lyttle 
 efteeme. And was therfore fully refolued in no cafe to forfake hym, or ageynfte all humanitie to betraye his 
 frende whiche fledde to hym for fuccoure : but rather to abyde al extremities with him, then to minifter occafion 
 of obloquye to flaunderes to reporte that he had betrayed his gefte whom he tooke into his houfe with warran- 
 ties. Thus difmiffinge the people fighinge and with forowfuU hartes, he cauled Guarionexius before hym, 
 promyfinge hym ageyne, that he wolde bee partaker of his fortune whyle lyfe lafted. In fo muche that he 
 thowght it not befte to fende any further woorde to the Lieuetenaunt : but appoynted hym whome before he 
 fent to hym, to keepe the way with a garryfon of men, to th[e]intent that if any meffengers fliulde be fent from 
 the Lieuetenaunt, to fleye them by the way, and admitte none to communication or further entretie of peace. 
 In the meane tyme, the Lieuetenaunt fent twoo, wherof the one was a captiue Ciguauian, and the other an 
 Ilande man of them which were frendes to owre men : They were bothe taken and flayne. The Lieuetenaunt 
 folowed them onely with ten footemen and foure horfemen. Fyndinge his meffengers deade in the waye, he 
 was further prouoked to wrathe, and determyned more extremely to deale with Maiobanexius. And therefore 
 wente fonvarde incontinently with his hole army to his cheefe palaice of Capronum where he yet laye in campc. 
 At his approche, all the kynges fledde, euery man his way, and forfooke theyr capitayne Maiobanexius: who 
 alfo with all his famelye, fledde to the rowgh mountaynes. Sum of the Ciguauians, fowght for Guarionexius to 
 fley hym, for that he was the caufe of all thefe troubles. But his feete faued his lyfe. For he fledde in tyme 
 to the mountaynes where he lurked in maner alone amonge the defolate rockes. 
 
 Whereas nowe the Lieuetenauntes fouldiers were forweryed with longe wirre, with watchinge, laboure, 
 
 and hunger, (for it was nowe three moonethes fence the warres beganne) many defyred leaue to departe to 
 
 the towre of Conception, where they had graneges and exercifed tyllage. He gaue them theyr paffeportes 
 
 wth alowance of \7tayles, foo that only thyrtie remayned with hym. Thefe three moonethes warre, they 
 
 93 
 
m^ 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 93 
 
 contynued very paynefull and myferablye : Soo that duryng al that tyme, they had none other meate but only 
 Cazibi: that is, fuche rootes whereof they make theyr breade, and that but fyldome to theyr fyll: Alfo VJias, 
 that is, lyttle beaftes lyke Conyes, if by chaunce now and then, they tooke fume with theyr houndes. Their 
 drinke was none other then water, fuch as they fownde, fumtyme fweete, and fumtyme muddy faueringe of the 
 maryflhes. Emonge thefe delicates, that lyttle fleepe that they had, was euer for the mode parte abrode vnder 
 the firmamente: And that not without watchemen, and in contynual remoouinge as the nature of warre 
 requyreth. With thefe fewe therfore, the Lieuetenaunt determined to fearche the mountaynes, dennes, and 
 caues, if he coulde in any place fynde the fteppes of Maiobanexius or Guarionexius. In the meane tyme certeyne 
 of his menne (whom hunger enforced to goo a huntinge to proue if they coulde take any conies) chaunced 
 vppon twoo of Maiobanexius familyers, whiche were fent to certeyne vylages of his, to make prouifion of breade. 
 Thefe he enforced to declare where theyr lord lay hydde. And vfed the fame alfo for guides to bringe owre 
 men to the place. Twelue of owre men tooke this enterpryfe in hand, painting them felues after the maner of 
 the Ciguauians. Soo that by this ftratageme or policie, they came fodenly vppon Maiobanexius, and tooke 
 hym prifoner with his wyfe, children, and familie, and conueighed them to the towre of Conception to the 
 Lieuetenaunt. Within a fewe dayes after, hunger compelled Guarionexius to coome owte of the dennes : 
 whome, certeine of the people fearinge the Lieuetenaunt, bovrayde to owre hunters. The Lieuetenaunt beinge 
 certified hereof, fent furthe a bande of foote men, commaunding them to lye in ambuflie vntyll fuche tyme as 
 Guarionexius wente from the playnes to the mountaynes, and then foodenly to intrappe hym. They went as 
 they were commaunded, tooke hym, and browght hym awaye with them. And by this meanes were 
 all the Regions nere abowte, pacified and quyeted. A certeyne noble woman of nere kynred to 
 Maiobanexius, and wyfe to an other kynge whofe dominion was yet vntouched, folowed hym in al thefe 
 aduerfities. They affirme this woman to bee the fayreft and mode bewetifuU that euer nature browght foorthe 
 in the Ilande. Whom, when the kynge her hufbande who looued her mode ardently (as her bewetie deferued) 
 harde faye that fliee was taken prifoner he wandered vppe and downe the defertes lyke a man owte of his 
 wytte, not knowinge what to doo or faye. But at the lengthe, he came to the Lieuetenaunte, promyfinge mode 
 faythfully that he wold fubmitte hym felfe and all that he coulde make, vnder his poure, foo that he wolde 
 redore hym his \vyfe. The Lieuetenant accepted the condition and redored him his wife, with certeyne other 
 rulers and gentelmen which he had taken prifoners before : Charginge them, and byndinge them with an othe, 
 to bee euer redye at his commaundement Shortly after, this kynge, of his owne free motion, came ageyne to 
 the Lieuetenaunt, bringyng with hym fyue thoufande men without weapons, fauynge onely fuche indrumentes 
 as they vfe in tyllage of theyr grownde. He brought with hym alfo, feedes to fowe : wherwith at his owne 
 charge, he caufed fuche plentie of theyr come and fruites to growe in fundry places of the large vale whereof 
 wee fpake before, that Ihortely after, were feene manye fayre and fruitefuU fieldes that came therof And for 
 his gentelnes beinge rewarded of the Lieuetenaunte with certeyne of owre thynges, he departed ioyfully. When 
 the report hereof came t'- the Ciguauians, it mooued the myndes of the kynges to hope of clemencie. Where 
 vppon they came togyther to the Lieuetenaunt wth humble fubmiflion and faythful promeffe euer after to bee 
 vnder his obedience : defyring hym to redore vnto them theyr kynge, with his famylie. At theyr requede, the 
 kynges wyfe and his houfeholde was fette at Libertie, but he kepte dyll as a prifoner. Thefe thynges dyd the 
 Lieuetenaunt in the Ilande, not yet knowinge what his aduerfaries and accufers had layde to his charge before 
 the kynge of Spayne : who beinge difquyeted with theyr querelinges and accufacions, and efpecially for that by 
 reafon of theyr difcention, of foo greate abundaunce of golde and other thynges, there was as yet but lyttle 
 browght into Spayne, appointed a newe gouemour which fliuld fee a redreffe in thefe thinges : And eyther to 
 punyflie fuche as were fautie, or elles to fende them to hym. What was fownde ageynde the Admirall and his 
 brother, or ageynft his aduerfaries whiche accufed hym, I doo not wel knowe. But this I am fure of, that both 
 the brethrene are taken, browght, and cad in prifon, with their goodes confifcate. But as foone as the kynge 
 vnderdoode that they were browght bounde to Cales, he fent meffengers in pode, with commaundemente that 
 they (hulde bee loofed and coome freely to his prefence : wherby he declared that he tooke theyr troubles 
 greeuouflye. It is alfo fayde, that the newe gouemoure fent letters to the kynge, wrytten with the Admiralles 
 hande in draunge and vnknowen fypheringes, to his brother the Lieuetenaunt beinge abfente, wyllynge hym to 
 bee in a redynes with a poure of armed men to coon e and ayde hym if the Gouemoure (hulde profer hym any 
 violence. Wherof the gouemour hauinge knowleage (as he faythe) beinge alfo aduertifed that the Leauetenaunt 
 was goime to his brother before the men which he had prepai i were in a redines, apprehended them bothe 
 vnwares, before the multitude came togyther. What wyl folowe, tyme, the mode trewe and prudent ludge, \vyll 
 declare. Thus fare ye well. 
 
 The Spanyardcs 
 arc pcinful in ihe 
 warrcs. 
 
 A desperate 
 ailucDture with 
 XXX. men 
 
 A pohc[i]e. 
 
 Kynge 
 
 Miiinbanexius 
 is talcen. 
 
 Guarionexius is 
 taken. 
 
 36 
 
 A Bcwtifull 
 woniait. 
 
 A kynge sendcth 
 the lieuetenaunt 
 fyue thousand men 
 to tyll the grownde. 
 
 The kynges subniU 
 themseUics to the 
 Lieuetenaunt 
 
 A newe gouernour 
 of the ilande. 
 
 An vnwoorthy 
 rewarde for soo 
 greate paynes. 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 ^11 
 
 ni 
 
 fl 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 :^li 
 
 i ■ I 
 
 [ ^ 
 
 Hi I! i'iii 
 
 [il'l 
 
 111 
 
 !i'i 
 
 m 
 
w 
 
 94 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 The Ocean sc.i 
 
 herctarure 
 vnkiiuwcn. 
 
 Sliipinasters viulcr 
 
 the Aihuinil. 
 
 Tho fiftf. portion 
 duwe tolhekynge. 
 
 37 
 
 The nauiffation of 
 l'etru<i Aiphonsus. 
 Parit%. 
 
 Cumana, 
 
 ManacaPtxna. 
 
 Curiana, 
 
 Pcrles for tryfel*. 
 
 Great plentic of 
 
 pearler 
 Humayne people 
 
 Shel fyshes in 
 which p«rle!i are 
 engendred. 
 Beastes and 
 foules. 
 
 Hunters and 
 archers. 
 
 Theyr maner of 
 bargening 
 
 The vse of pynncs. 
 
 Haukes bels in 
 great estimation. 
 
 Roringe of wyld 
 Leustcs 
 
 €1 The EYGIITII BOOKE OF THE FYRSTE DeCADE, 
 
 to Cardiuall Lodoitikc. 
 
 lIHe greate, ryche, and plentifull Ocean fea, heretofore vnknowen, and nowe fownde by Chrijb- 
 phoius Colonus the Admyrall, by th[c]autoritie and furtherance of the Catholyke kynge, I 
 haue prefentcd vnto yowre honoure (ryght noble Prince) lyke a golden cheync vnwoorkmanly 
 wrought. But yowe fliall nowe reccaue a precious iewell to bee appendaunt therto. Therfore 
 enionge fuche as were jjylottcs or gouernourcs vnder the Admyrall, and had dylygently 
 marked the courfes and differences of the wyndes, many had licences graunted them of the 
 kynge to feeke further of theyr owne charges, vppon condicion to pay hym faithfully his 
 portion, which is the fyft parte. But bycaufe emonge all other, one Pdnis Alphonfus (cauled Nignus by his 
 furnarae) fayled towarde the Soutlie with more profperous fortune then any of the other, I thinke it beil firft to 
 fpeake fumwhat of his vyage. He therfore, with only one fhippe, well furnyflied at liis owne charges, after that 
 he had his paffeporte with commaundement in no cafe to cafle anker pafte fyftie leaques diftante from any 
 place where the Admyrall hadde touched, ftiyled fyrfte to Paria where the Admyrall fownde bothe the men and 
 women foo laden with cheynes, garlaiides, and brafelettes of pearles, as wee haue fayde before. Coaftynge 
 therfore alongc by the fame fliore accordinge to the kynges commaundement, (yet leauinge behynde hym the 
 Regions of Cumana and Manacapand) he came to the Region which th[e]inhabitantes thereof, caule Curiana : 
 where he fownd a hauen (as he faythe) muche lyke the porte of Gades or Caks. In to the whic i enteringe, he 
 f:iwe a farre of certeyne howfes on the iliore, and perceaued when he drewe nere, that it was a vylage of onely 
 eyght howfes. Proceadynge yet further for the fpace of three myles, he efpyed an other vylage well replenylhed 
 with people, where there met hym fyftie naked men on a coompany hauinge with them a certeyne ruler, who 
 defyred Alphonfus to coome to theyr coaftes. He browght with hym at this tyme, many haukes belles, pynnes, 
 nedels, brafelettes, cheynes, garlandes, and rynges with counterfet flones and glaffes, and fuch other tryfelles, 
 the which within the momente of an houre, he hadde exchaunged for. xv. vnces of theyr pearles which they 
 wore abowte thejT neckes and armes. Then they yet more erneflly defyred him to fayle to theyr coaftes : 
 Promyfynge hym that he fliulde there haue as many pearles as he wolde defyre. He conde[f ]cended to their 
 requefte : And the daye folowynge, came to the place where they appoynted hym : Lyinge there at anker, a 
 great multytude of people reforted to hym, inflantely requyringe hym to coome alande. But when he confydered 
 the innumerable multytude of people which was there affembled, and that he had only, xxxiii. men in his coom- 
 pany, he durfte not commyt hym felfe to theyr handes, but gaue them to vnderftand by fignes and tokens that 
 they (hulde coome to the fliyppe with theyr canoas. For theyr boates (which the men of the Hand caule 
 Camas) are made only of one hole peece of woodde as in the Handes : yet more rude, and not foo artificially 
 as theyrs are. Thefe they caule Gallitas : They fwarmcd therefore to the (hyp as fafte as they myght, brynginge 
 with them great plentie of pearles (which they caule Tenoras) exchaunginge the fame for owre marchaundies. 
 He fownde this people to bee of gentyl nature, fimple and innocente, beinge conuerfant with them in theyr 
 houfes, for the fpace of. xx. dayes. Theyr houfes are made of woodde, coouered with the leaues of date trees. 
 Theyr meate for the mofte parte, is the (helfyfflies in the whiche pearles are engendred, wherof theyr fea coaftes 
 are fuL They haue alfo greate plentie of wylde beaftes, as hartes, wylde bores, and coonys lyke vnto hares, 
 both in colour and byggenes. Stocke doues alfo, and turtle doues, Lykewyfe geefe and duckes which they 
 nooryfhe in theyr houfes as wee doo. Peacockes flye abowte in maner in euerye woodde and groue: but they 
 are not diftinct with fundry coloures as ours are : for the cockes are lyke vnto the hennes. Thefe people of 
 Curiana, are craftie hunters and exceding cunning archers, foo that they wyll not lyghtly myffe any beaft or 
 byrde that they ftioote at. Owre men confumed certeyne dayes here very plefauntely. Durynge which tyme, 
 who foo euer brought them a peacocke, had for the fame, foure pynnes. He that brought a pheafaunt, had 
 twoo : And for a ftocke doue or turtle doue, one : And for a goofe, a fmaul lookyng glaffe or a lyttle ftone of 
 glaffe. Thus they bought and foulde with proferynge and byddynge, denyinge and refufinge as it had byn in 
 a greate market When pynnes were profered them, they alked what they fliulde doo with them, beinge naked. 
 But owre men fatiffied them with a craftie anfwere, declaring by tokens that they were very neceffary to picke 
 theyr teeth and to pul thomes owte of theyr fleflhe. But aboue al thynges haukes belles were moft efteemed 
 amonge them, for theyr founde and faire coloure : And wolde therfore gyue much for one of them. Owre men 
 lodginge in theyr houfes, harde in the nyght feafon horryble noyfes and rorynges of wylde beaftes in the 
 wooddes which are full of exceadinge greate and hygh trees of fundry kyndes. But the beaftes of thefe 
 
 «4 
 
The fyyjl Decade. 
 
 wooddes, are not noyfome to men. For the people of the countrey goo d;iyly a hunting, naked, \vi»h theyr 
 bowes and arrowes: Yet hath it not byn harde of, that any man hath byn flayne of any wylde beaftc. As many 
 hartes or wylde bores as owre men woolde defyre them to brynge, they wooldc kyll in the wooddes with their 
 bowes and arrowes, and not fayle to brynge theim. They lacke kyne, goates, and flieepe. Theyr breade is 
 made of rootes, as is theyrs of the Ilandes. This nation, hath blacke heare, grolTe and fumwhat curlde, yet 
 longe alfo. They keepe theyr teeth very whyte : And for that purpofo vfe to cary a certcine herbe betwenc 
 theyr lyppes for the mod parte of the day, and to waflhe theyr mouthes when they call it away. The women 
 (loo all theyr bufynes at home in theyr howfes, and haue alfo the cure of tyllage of the grounde. But the men 
 apply them felues to the warres and huntynge, to playe, fingynge and daunfing. They haue fundry kyndes of 
 water pottes, iuggcs, and drinckinge cuppes made of earthe in other places abowt theym and brought thether 
 for exchaunge of other thynges: For they vfe fayres and markettes for the fame purpofe: and are gretly 
 defyrous of fuch thynges, as are not brought forth or made in theyr countrey, as nature hath gyuen a difpofition 
 to al men to defyre and bee delyted with newe and ftrange thynges. Many of them, had hangynge at theyr 
 pearles, the Images of certeine beaftes and birdes very artificioufly made of golde, but not pure. Thefe alfo 
 are brought them from other places for exchange of other thynges. The golde wherof they are made, is natiue, 
 and of much lyke finenes to that wherof the florenes are coyned. The men of this countrey, iuclofe theyr 
 priuie members in a gourde, cutte after the fafliion of a coddepiece : or els, coouer the fame with the flielle of 
 a tortoyfe, tyed abowte theyr loynes with laces of goflampine cotton. In other places of that tract, they thrufl 
 the fynew within the flieethe therof, and bynde the fkinne fad with a (Iringe. The greate wylde beaftes wherof 
 wee fpake before, and many other thynges whiche are not founde in any of the Ilandes, teftific that this region 
 is part of the continent or firme land. But the chiefeft coniecture wherby they argue the fame, is, that by the 
 coaftes of that lande, from Paria towarde the wefte, they fayled aboute three thoufande myles, fyndynge no 
 figne or token of any ende. Thefe people of Curiana (whiche fum caule Curtana) beinge demaunded where 
 they hadde fuche plentle of golde, fignified that it was brought them from a Region cauled Canchieta or CauchUta, 
 being diftant from them fyxe foonnes, that is, fyxe dayes ioumey weftwarde : And that theyr Images of goulde, 
 were made in the fame Region. Where vppon owre men directed theyr vyage thyther immediatly : and 
 arryued there at the calendes of Nouember, in the yeare of Chrift a thoufande and fyue hundrcth. The people 
 of the countrey reforted to them withoute feare, bryngynge with them of the golde which we fayde to bee natyue 
 in that Region. This people had alfo collers of pearles abowte theyr neckes, whiche were brought them frome 
 Curiana for exchange of theyr marchandies. None of them wolde exchaunge any of thofe thinges which they 
 had owte of other countreys : as nother the Curians golde, nor the Canchietans pearles. Yet amongc the 
 Canchietans, they fownde but little gold redy gathered. They toke with them from thenfe, certen very fayre 
 marraafets or munkeys, and many popingayes of fundry coloures. In the monethe of Nouember, the ayer was 
 there mod temperate, and nothyng coulde. The guardens of the north pole, were owte of fyght to botlic thefe 
 people, they are foo nere to the Equinoctiall. Of the degrees of the pole, they can gyue none other accoumpte. 
 Thefe people, are wel difpofed men, of honeft. condicions, and nothinge fufpicious. For all moft all the nyght 
 longe, they reforted to the (hippe with theyr boates, and went aboorde ihip withowtc feare, as dyd the Curians. 
 They caule pearles, Corixas. They are fumwhat ielyous. Por, when any ftraungers coome emonge them, 
 they euer place theyr women behynd them. In this Region of Canchieta, the goflampine trees growe of them 
 felues commonly in many places, as doo with vs elmes, \vyllowes, and falowes. And therfore they vfe to make 
 breeches of cotton, wherwith they coouer theyr pryuie partes in many other Regions there aboute. When 
 they had yet fayled on forwarde by the fame coaftes, there came foorth ageynfte them abowte twoo thoufande 
 men, armed after theyr maner, forbydding them to coome aland. Thefe people were foo rude and faluage, 
 that owre men coulde by no meanes allure them to familiaritie. Owre men therfore, contented only with their 
 pearles, returned backe the fame way they came : where they remayned with the Curians continually for the 
 fpace of t;ventie dayes, and fylled theyr bellyes wel with good meate. And here it feemeth to me, not farre 
 from my purpofe, to declare what chaunced vnto theim in theyr returne, when they came nowe within the 
 fyght of the coafte of Paria. They happened therefore in the way, at Os Draconis and the goulfes of Paria, 
 (wherof wee fpake before) to meete with a nauie of. xviii. C nr.^, of Canibales which went a rouyng to hunt 
 for men. Who as foone as they had efpyed owr men, aflailed liityr (hippe fiercely and without feare enclofed 
 tlie fame, difturbing owre men on euery fyde with theyr arrowes. But o\vre men fo feared them with theyr 
 gunnes, that they fledde immediatly, whom owre mennc folowinge with the fliippe boate, tooke one of theyr 
 Canoas, and in it, only one Canibal (for the other had efcaped) and with hym, an other man bownde : \Vho, 
 with teares runninge downe his cheekes, and with giefture of his handes, eyes, and heade, fignified that fyxe of 
 his coompanyons had byn cruelly cutte in pieces and eaten of that myfcheuous nation : and that he (hulde 
 haue byn lykewyfe handeled the day folowynge. Wherfore they gaue hym poure ouer the Canyball, to doo 
 with hym what he wolde. Then with the Canibales owne clubbe, he layde on hym al that he might dryue with 
 
 95 
 
 II.ir(cH niui wylil 
 bores. 
 
 38 
 
 IMat-ke aiul curMc 
 
 liu.irc. 
 
 White teethe. 
 
 Earthen vessels. 
 
 Conntnge 
 artificers. 
 
 Uasc goluc. 
 
 A strange maner 
 of cducringe theyi 
 priuities. 
 
 Tokens of the 
 continent ur firmc 
 landc. 
 
 The golden 
 Region of 
 Canchieta. 
 
 Temperate aytr 
 in Nouember. 
 
 The EquinoctLil 
 
 lyne. 
 
 Humane people 
 
 Gossampine trees 
 Chorlyshc people 
 
 Alphonsus 
 returneth to Pari^ 
 
 Canibales in the 
 goulfes of Paria. 
 
 39 
 
 Death for death. 
 
 
 
 i! 
 
 I 
 
 I ', 
 
 i.'.i , 
 
 
 \ I 
 
 !■ I 
 
 ; 1 
 
 \ : 
 
 i • 
 
 % 
 
 lit 
 
 •Ml 
 
^ 
 
 96 
 
 Thefyrjl Decade. 
 
 \ 
 
 Huwe the 
 canihalcs Airtifio 
 theyr campe 
 
 Haraia. 
 
 Salte engendrcd 
 of the water of 
 the &ea. 
 
 .Sprynges of salt 
 water. 
 
 The bodies of 
 princes dryed and 
 reserucd 
 
 Threescore and 
 xvi. poundes 
 weight of perles 
 fnr. V. shillyngcs. 
 The course of the 
 sea toward the 
 weste. 
 
 Perlcs as common 
 as chaffti 
 
 Petnis Alphonsus 
 in priaun. 
 
 Orient pertes as 
 byggc as hasel 
 nuttcs. 
 
 Curiaiia 
 0.1 Dratonis. 
 Cumnna, 
 Manacapann. 
 The Hand of 
 U,i;;garita. 
 
 40 
 
 The nauigation )f 
 Vincentius and 
 Aries Ptnzomu 
 
 Licence and 
 passepone. 
 
 hande and foote, grinninge and fretingc as it had byn a wylde bore : Thinkynge that he had not yet fufticiently 
 reuenged the death of his companyons, when he had beaten owtc his braynes and guttcs. \Vhen he was 
 demaundcd after what forte the Canibales were woont to inuade other contreys, he anfwered that they euer 
 vfcd to carye with them in theyr Canoas, a greate multitude of clubbes : The whiche, where foo euer they 
 landc, they pitche in the grownde, and encampe them felucs within the coompaffe of the fame, to lye the more 
 fafely in the nyglit feafon. In Curiana, they fownde the head of a capitaine of the Canibale' nailed ouer the 
 doore of a certeyne gouemourc, for a token of victorie, as it hadde byn the ftanderde or hf taken from 
 
 the enemye in battayle. In thefe coaflcs of Paria, is a Region cauled Haraia, in t vhiche, grea c 
 plcntie of falte is gathered after a ftrange forte. For the fea beinge there toffed with the poure of the 
 wyndes, dryueth the falte waters into a large playne by the fea fydc: where: aftenvard when the fta 
 waxeth caulme, and the foonne begynnethe to fliyne, the water is congeled into mode pure and whyte falte, 
 wherewith innumerable fhyppes might bee laden, if men doo reforte thether for the lame beefore there faule 
 any rayne. For the rayne meltethe it, and caufeth it to fynke into the fande, and foo by the pores of the earthe, 
 to retume to the place from whenfe it was dryuen. Other fay, that the playne is not fylled from the fea, but 
 of certcine fpringes whofe water is more fliarpe and (alt then the water of the fea. Th[e]inhabitantes doo 
 greatlye efteeme this bay of falte. Which they vfe, not only for theyr owne commoditie, but alfo woorkinge 
 the fame into a fquare forme lyke vnto brickes, they fell it to ftrangers for exchaunge of other thynges whiche 
 they lacke. In this Region, they (Iretche and drye the deade bodies of theyr kinges and noble men, layinge 
 the fame vpon a certeyne frame of woodde much lyke vnto a hurdle or grediren, with a gentell fyre vnder the 
 fame, thus by lyttle and lyttle confuminge the fleflhe and keepinge the (kynne hole with the bones inclofed 
 therein. Thefe dryed carcafes, they haue in greate reuerence, and honour them for theyr houfeholde and 
 famylier goddes. They fay that in this place they fawe a man, and in an other place a woman, thus dryed and 
 referued. When they departed from Curiana, the. viii. day of the Ides of February to retume to Spayne, they 
 had three fcore and. xvi. poundes weight (after, viii. vnces to the pownde) of perles, which they bought for 
 exchange of o\vre thynges, amountinge to the value of fyue fhyllinges. Departinge therfore, they confumed 
 three fcore dayes in theyr ioumey (althowgh it were fhorter then frome Hifpaniola) by reafon of the contynuall 
 courfe of the fea into the wefte, whiche dyd not only greately (ley the fliippe, but alfo fumtymes dryue it backe. 
 But at the length they came home foo laden with perles, that they were with euery maryner, in maner as com- 
 mon as chafifc. But the mafter of the ihyppe, Petrus Alphonfus, beinge accufed of his coompanyons that he 
 had ftowlen a great multitude of precious perles, and defrauded the kynge of his portion which was the fyueth 
 parte, was taken of Fernando de Vega, a man of greate leminge and experience and "ouemour of Gallccia, 
 where they arryued, and was there kepte in pryfon a longe tyme. T^ut he flyll denyeth t euer he deteyned 
 anye parte of the perles. Many of thefe perles were as bygge as hafell nuttes, and ori' s we caule it) that 
 
 is, lyke vnto them of the Eafle partes. Yet not of foo greate price, by reafon that the ... ,0 therof are not foo 
 perfecte. When I my felfe was prefente with the lyght honorable duke of Methyna, and was bidden to dyner 
 with hym, in the citie of Ciuile, they browght to hym aboue a hundreth and twentie vnces of perles to be 
 fouldc : which furely did greatly delyte me with their fayrenes and brightnes. Sum faye, that Alphonfus hadde 
 not thefe perles in Curiana being diftante from Os Draconis more then a hundreth and twentie leaques, but 
 that he had them in the Regions of Cumana and Manacapana, nere vnto Os Draconis and the Ilande of 
 Margarita. For they deny that there is any perles fownde in Curiana. But fithe the matter is yet in con- 
 troueriie, we wyll paffe to other matters. Thus muche yowe haue whereby yowe maye coniecture what 
 commoditie in tyme to coome may bee looked for from thefe newe landes of the well Ocean, whereas at the 
 fyrfle difcoueringe, they (hewe fuch tokens of greate ryches. Thus fare ye well. 
 
 €1 The. IX. BOOKE of the fyrst Decade 
 to Cardynall Lodouike. 
 
 \Incentiagties Pinzonus, and alfo Aries Pinzonus, his neuie, by his brothers fyde, which accom- 
 panyed the Admiral Co/onus in his fyrlle vyage, and were by him appoynted to bee mailers 
 of twoo of the fmaule Ihippes which the Spaniardes caule Carauelas, beinge mooutxl by the 
 greate ryches and amplytude of the new landes, fumylhed of tueyr owne charges, foure 
 carauels in the hauen of theyr owne countrey which the Spanyardes caule Palos, bortheringe 
 on the welle Ocean. Hauynge therfore the kynges licence and paffeporte to departe, they 
 loofed from the hauen, abowte the Calendes of December, in the yeare 1499. Tli's hauen 
 
 |!H|I 
 
¥ ' i 
 
 The fyyjt Decade. 
 
 97 
 
 of Pahs is three fcore and tweluc myles didant from Gades, commonly cauled Caks : anil three fcorc and foure 
 
 myles from Ciiiilc. All th[c]inhabitantes of this townc, not one exix'iitoil, arc grealcly pyucn to fc;iri'hinj;e of 
 
 the fea, and continually exercyfed in fayling. They alfo dire( ted theyr vyage fyrfl to ib : Uandes of Canarie by 
 
 the Ilandes of Hcjpcriiks, nowe cauled Cabouenic, whirl) Aim caule Gorj^od,^ \l,,iiidas. Saylingo therfore 
 
 directly towarde the fouthe frome that Hand of the Ifi-fpcriiUs which the Poriiigalcs (being iiolTelTers of the 
 
 fame) caule Saudi lacobi, and dei)artinge frome thenfe at the Ides of January, they folowed tlu fcjuthw cfl wynde, 
 
 beingc in the myc'deft betwene the fouth and the wefle. When they fuppofed that ihey had faylcd aboute three 
 
 hundrethe leaques by the fame wynde, they fay that they lofle the fyght of the Northc llarrc ; and were (liorti lye 
 
 after, toflfed with excedinge temi)e(les bothe of wynde and fea, and vexed w ith intollon!l)le heate, Vet iayled 
 
 they on fi;rther (not without greatc daunger) for the fpace of twoo hundrethe and fortie leaques, folowing yet 
 
 the fame wynde by the lofl pole. Wherfore, whether habitable Regions bee vnder the Kquinoctiall lyne or not, 
 
 let thefe men and the owlde wryters, afwel Philofophers as poetes and cofmographers difcuffe. For thefe men, 
 
 aftirme it to bee habitable, and marueloufly repleniflied with peoi)le : and they, that it is vnhabitable by reafon 
 
 of the foone beames dependinge perpendicularly or directlye ouer the fame. Yet were there many of the oulde 
 
 wryters, whiche attempted to proue it habitable. Thefe niaryners beinge demaunded, if they fawe the fouth 
 
 pole, they anfwered that they knewe no (larre there lyke vnto this pole, that myght be decerned aboute the 
 
 poynte. But that they fawe an other order of ftarres, and a certeyne thicke myft ryfynge from the horizontall 
 
 lyne, which greatly hyndered theyr fyght. They contende alfo, that there is a great heape or ryfynge in the 
 
 myddell of the earth, which taketh away the fyght of the fouthe pole, vntyll they haue vtterly paffed ouer the 
 
 fame. But they verely beleue that they fawe other images of flanes, muche ii!.'''"'Tinge from the fituation of the 
 
 ftarres of owre hemifpherie or halfe circle of heauen. Howe foo euer the matter t)C?, as they informe vs, wee 
 
 certifie yowe. At the lengthe, the feuenth day of the calendes of Februarye, they efpied lande a farre of. And 
 
 feinge the water of the fea to bee troubelous, foundinge with theyr plummet, they founde it to bee. xvi. fathames 
 
 deepe. Goinge a lande, and tarienge there for the fpace of twoo dayes, they departed bycaufe they faw no 
 
 people fteringe, althowghe they fownde certeyne fteppes of men by the fea fyde. Thus grauinge on the trees 
 
 and the (lones nere vnto the fliore, the kynges name and theyrs, and the tyme of theyr comming thether, they 
 
 departed. Not farre from this ftation, folowynge the fyers on the lande by nyght, they founde a nation lyinge 
 
 vnder the open fyrmamente after the maner of warre. Owre men thought it not belle to trowbl"* them vntyll 
 
 the mominge. Therefore, at the ryfmge of the foone, fortie of owre men well armed, wente toward them : 
 
 ageynft whom came furth. xxxii. of them, \ ith bowes, flinges and dartes, euen redy to the feyght. The other 
 
 coompanye folowed them, armed after the fame maner. Owr men affirme that they were of hygher ftature then 
 
 eyther the Almaynes or Pannonians. They behelde owre men with frownynge and threatenynge countenaunce. 
 
 But owre men thought it not good to faule to bickeringe with them, vncerteyne whether it were for feare, or 
 
 bycaufe they wolde not dryue them to flight. Wherfore they went aboute to allure them by faire meanes and 
 
 rewardes. But they refufed all kynde of gentelnes, and ftoode euer in a redines to feight, declaringe the fame 
 
 by fignes and tokens. Thus owr men reforted to theyr fliippes, and they to the place from whence they came, 
 
 without any further bufynes. The fame nyght abowte mydnyght, they fledde, and left the place voyde where 
 
 they lay in campe. Owre men fuppofe them to bee a vagabunde and wanderinge nacion lyke vnto the 
 
 Scythians, withowte houfes or certeyne dwellinge places, lyuinge onely with the fniites of the earth, hauing 
 
 theyr wyues and chyldren folowinge them. Such as meafured their footefteppes in the fande, affirme with 
 
 greate othes, that one of theyr feete is almofl. as longe as twoo feete of owtc men of the meane forte. Saylinge 
 
 on yet further, they founde an other ryuer, but not of deapth fufficient to beare the carauels. They fent 
 
 therfore the foure Ihippe boates to lande, ful of armed men to fearch the countrey. They efpyed vppon a 
 
 hyghe hyll nere vnto the fea fyde, a greate multitude of people, to whom owre coompany fent furthe one man 
 
 with certeyne of owre thynges to allure them to exchaunge. And when he had call a haukes bell towarde 
 
 them, they call downe a wedge of golde a cubette longe. The which as he llouped to take vppe, they foodenly 
 
 inclofed hym, and caryed hym awaye. But he was fliortly after refcued by his coompanyons, to fum of their 
 
 Paynes: for they flewe eyght of owre men, and wounded many a farre of, with theyr arrowes, and dartes made 
 
 of wood hardened at the endes with fyre. After this, they encoompafed o^vre fliippe boates within the ryuer, 
 
 and came raflhelye within the reache of owre men, layinge houlde on the boates fydes, where they were thrufl. 
 
 throwgh and hewen in peeces as it had byn (heepe, by reafon they were naked. Yet wolde they not for al 
 
 this, gyue ouer: but tooke from owre men one of their boates, hauing noo men in it. For the gouernour 
 
 therof being flayne with an arrowe, the other fledde and efcaped. And thus they lefte this fierce and warlyke 
 
 people, faylinge towarde the northweflc clonge by the fame coailes, with forovvfull hartes for the death of theyr 
 
 coompanyons. ^Vhen they had fayled abowte. xl. lea(iues, they chaunced into a fea of fuche frefflie water, 
 
 that they fylled theyr barelles and hogges heades therwith. Searching the caufe hereof, they vnderstoode that a 
 
 vehement courfe of ryuers difcended with great violence from the toppes of certeyne greate hylles. They fay 
 
 Euen. 
 
 97 
 
 Calcs. Ciuilc. 
 
 'ihc i; M.ic-i 'jf 
 
 C'an.utc 
 CiiAv/rri/*'. 
 
 S, I.inivi II,iiiJe. 
 
 tl I 
 
 The N..nli p.,le 
 
 ouli- 
 
 !'■ I'l sygnt. 
 
 Haliilnltic Regions 
 viuler the 
 Kqiiinocti.il lyne. 
 
 An olhcr order of 
 
 starres 
 
 A thycke mist 
 
 A rysinge in the 
 
 niyddcrit of the 
 
 carlh. 
 
 41 
 
 People of hygh 
 btaiurc. 
 
 A vagabunde 
 kyndc of men 
 
 Giantes. 
 
 Desperate 
 boufdenes. 
 
 A sea of frc&hc 
 water. 
 
 ^.) 
 
 I 
 
 if 
 
 hi: 
 
 , 1 j 
 ■ i 
 
 1 
 
 
 !i 
 
 ■ 
 
 li:l 
 
 - . 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 1: 
 
rf ^' 
 
 98 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 \ 
 
 Many fniitt'ull 
 llanJes. 
 Humane people. 
 
 Mariataniball. 
 
 Camomorus. 
 Paricora. 
 
 Regions of Parix 
 Golde and perles. 
 Os Draconis. 
 Cutnaitti. 
 Manacapana. 
 Curiana 
 The hole earth 
 largely taken, 
 mayeocc cauleil 
 an llande. 
 
 Maragnonus 
 a ryuer 
 of exceadinge 
 breadth and full 
 of Hands looke 
 decade ii. liber, ix. 
 
 42 
 
 Boriostomea, and 
 Spirinstomea, 
 mouthes of the 
 ryuer of Uanuliius. 
 
 The con;modities 
 of the Refci'ti..-* 
 andllandes about 
 Paria. 
 Brasile. 
 
 Mani fruitful 
 llandes iefte 
 desolate. 
 Canibalcs. 
 
 Trees of Cassia 
 6stul.x 
 
 Trees of marveloU! 
 byggcncs. 
 A monstrous 
 beasle. 
 
 Alter.icion of ayer 
 and change of 
 meate 
 
 Cathay in India 
 beyonde the 
 ryuer of Ganges 
 A shipwrake 
 by tempest 
 
 al-'o that there lyeth within the fea, many fortunate and fruitful! llandes, and well inhabyted: And that th[e]in- 
 habitantes of this tracte are men of meeke nature and fuche as doo not r'-fufe ftrangers: Yet lyttle profytable 
 to them, bycaule they had noo marchandyes for their purpofe, as golde or prec ous (lones. For lacke wherof, 
 they brought from.e thenfe thyrtie captiucs to fell for flaues. Th[e]inhabitantas caule this Region Mariatambal. 
 The Region of the eafte parte of that ryuer, is cauled Camomorus: And that of the wefte parte, Paricora: in 
 the mid lande wherof, th[e]inhabitantes fignified that there is greate plentie of golde. For, folo\vynge this 
 ryuer directly toward the Northe (as the bendynge of the (liore requyred) they recouered ageyne the fyght of 
 the north pole. All the coafte of this tracte, perteyneth to Paria^ the which (as we fayd before) was fyrft 
 founde by Colonus hym felfe, and hath in maner in euery place, greate abnndaunce of pearles. They faye that 
 thefe coalles are adioynynge vnto, and all one with Os Draconis, ?nd alfo bortherynge vppon the Regions of 
 Cumana, Manacapana, Curiana, Cauchieia, and Cuchibachoa. Wherfore they thought it to bee parte of the 
 firme lande of India beyonde the ryuer of Ganges. For the greate and large coompaffe therof, dothe not 
 permit that it fliulde bee an llande. Albeit, the hole earth vncouered with water, largely taken, may bee 
 cauled an llande. From the poynte of that land where they loft the fight of the north pole, faylynge by a 
 continual! tracke abowte three hundreth leaqucs towarde the wefte fyde of Paria, they fay that almofte in the 
 mydde way, they chaunced into a ryuer cauled Maragnonum, which they affirme to bee of fuch excedinge 
 breadth, that it myght feeme incredible, if the antiquitie dyd not make mention of the lyke. Beinge 
 demaunded of me if it were not falte water where it diuided the lande, they anfwered, that the water therof 
 was very freflhe and fweete: And that the further it ranne, to bee foo muche the frefftier: Alfo full of llandes 
 and holfome fyflie. They dare auouche the breadth therof, to bee more then thirtie leaques. Yet if wee well 
 weighe and confyder the largenes and wydenes of Boriojlomea and Spiriojlomea, the mouthes of the famous 
 ryuer of IJler (nowe cauled Danubius) and howe fane they violate or corrupte the falte water with their fre(henes, 
 wee fhall ceafe to marueile, althowgh this other ryuer bee greater. For, who can diminyffhe the poure of 
 nature, but that it may make this bigger then the other, and an other bygger then this. And I fuppofe this to 
 bee the ryuer wherof Colonus the Admiral! made mention in the difcription of his vyage in thefe coaftes. But 
 wee flial! hereafter hauc further knowleage hereof. Let vs nowe therfore retume to the commodities of thefe 
 Regions. They fownde in many llandes abowte Paria, great wooddes of brafile trees : And brought awaye 
 with them, three thoufande poundes weight thereof They fay that the brafile of Hifpaniola, is muche bettCi 
 then this, to dye clothe wth a more fdyre and durable colour. From henfe, folowynge the wynde (whiche the 
 Spanyardes caule Nordufjl, and the Italians Grceco) they paffed by many llandes very fruitefull, yet leftc 
 defolate and wafted by reafon of the crueltie of the Canibales. For they went alande in many places, and 
 fownde the mines of many deftroyed howfes. Yet in fum places, they founde men, but thofe exceadinge 
 fearefull, flyinge to the mountaynes, rockes, and wooddes at the fi^ht of euery ftraunger or fliippe, and wan- 
 deringe without houfes or certeyne abydinge places, for feare of the Caniballes layinge wayte and huntinge after 
 them. Here they founde thofe great trees which of them felues in dyuers places bringe furth the fruite or fpice 
 whiche the Apothecaries caule Caffia fijlula: And that of noo leffe goodnes then that which the phifitians 
 minifter to fuch as bee difeafed with the ague. But it was not ripe at theyr beinge there. They affirme that 
 there are trees of fuche byggenes, that. xvi. men ioyninge handes togyther and ftandinge in coompaffe, car 
 fcarfely embrafe fum of them. Emonge thefe trees is fownde that monftrous beafte with a fnowte lyke a foxe, 
 a tayle lyke a marmafette, eares lyke a batte, handes lyke a man, and feete lyke an ape, bearing her whelpes 
 abowte with her in an owtwarde bellye much lyke vnto a greate bagge or purfe. The deade carkas of this 
 beaft, you fawe with me, and turned it ouer and ouer with yowre owne handes, marueylynge at that newe belly 
 and wonderful! prouifion of nature. They fay it is knowen by experience, that Ihee neuer letteth he whelpes 
 goo owte of that purfe, except it bee eyther to play, or to fucke, vntyl U"'he tyme that they bee able to gette 
 theyr lyuing by them felues. They tooke this beafte with her whelpes : But the whelpes dyed fliortely after in 
 the fliyppes. Yet the damme liued certeyne moonethes: But at the length, not beinge able to abyde foo greate 
 alteration of ayer, and chaunge of meate, fliee dyed alfo in the way. But of this beafte, wee haue iayde enowgh. 
 Let vs now therfore retume to the autoures of thefe thynges. Thefe twoo Pinzoni, the vncle and the neuie, 
 fufteyned manye grea.: trowbles and horrible tempeftes and perilles in this nauigation. For when they had nowe 
 fayled by the coaf.es of Paria abowte. vi. hundreth leaques, and (as they fuppofed) beyonde the citie of Cathay 
 and the coaftes of Eafte India beyonde the ryuer of Ganges, there rofe foodenly foo fierce a tempefte in the 
 mooneth of luly, that, of the foure carauels which they had with them, twoo were drowned euen beefcre theyr 
 eyes : and the thyrde lyenge at anker, with lyke foodennes caryed owte of theyr fyght throwgh the violence of 
 the tempefte : The fourth alfo lyinge at anker, was foo fliaken and broofed, that al the feames therof were almoft 
 loofed. Yet came they to lande owt of this lafte fliyppe, but vtterlye defpayrynge of the fliyppe. Wherfore 
 confultynge with them felues what war. beft to bee doone in foo extreeme a cafe, and how to prouide them a 
 fafe dwellinge place in thofe Regioi, •; beinge owt of al hope how to departe from thenfe, llioy determined 
 
 «8 
 
The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 to fley all t'ae inhabitantes of the contrey nere abowte them, leafte they with the other fliulde confpire togyther 
 to kyl them, but theyr fortune was better. For the carauell which the tempefle had caryed away, was coome 
 to them ageyne. This had in it. xviii. men : And the other that remayned, was faued and repayred. With 
 thefe two therfore, they tooke theyr vyage directly to Spaine And thus beinge tofled with tempeftes and vexed 
 with aduerfities, they returned to theyr natiue contrey of Palos, to theyr wyues and children, the day before 
 the Calendes of October, with the lofle of many of theyr dere frendes and neighbours. They browght with 
 them Cinamome and gynger: but not very good, bycaufe they were not there fully feafoned with the heate of 
 the foone before they brought them from thenfe. They browght alfo, certeyne precious (lones, whiche Baptijla 
 Elyfius, that excellent philofopher and yowre lordefliippes phifitian, affirmeth to bee trewe Topafes. After 
 thefe mens retume, other of theyr neighbours beinge moued thereto by a certeyne emulation, to proue yf theyr 
 fortune wolde bee anye better, lyke men of good corage, beinge nothing difcomforted by the harde fortune of 
 theyr neighboures, knowinge that it often tymes chaunceth that that which is one mans vndoinge is an other 
 mans makynge, attempted a newe vyage towarde the fowthe by the coaftes of Paria, folowynge the (leppes of 
 Colonus the Admiral, who had fyrft difcouered the fame. They alfo browght with them greate plentie of Caffia 
 fijlula: And fownde that precious medicine cauled of the Spanyardes, Atiimce album, whofe perfume is of moft. 
 excellent effect to heale the reumes, murres, and heauines of the heade. As touchinge this vyage, as yet I 
 knowe noo other newes that I thought worthy to certifie yowe of. Wherfore, I wyl nowe make an ende of this 
 booke, bycaufe yow put me fo often in rememberance of your departure. Yet to accomplyfflie the Decade, I 
 wyll declare fumwhat of the fuperftitions of Hifpaniola. Yowe (hall nowe therfore vnderfland the illufions 
 wherwith the people of the Ilande haue byn feduced after the errours of the owlde gentilitie, and wandered in 
 the ignorance and blyndenes of humane nature corrupted by the difobedience of owr fyrfl parentes, which hath 
 remayned in all nations vpon the face of the earth, except where it hath pleafed god by the lyght of his fpirite 
 by his woorde, to poure vppon his electe the grace of renouation, by the lyght wherof the naturall darkenes 
 receaueth fume clearenes as in a glaflb, vntyll impeifection ihalbe abolyflied. Owre men therefore, were longe 
 in the Ilande of Hifpaniola, before they knewe that the people thereof honorede any other thynge then the 
 lyghtes of heauen, or had any other Religion. But v,hen theye had byne nowe longe conuerfante with them, 
 and by vnderflandyng their language, drewe to a further familiaritio, they !iad knowleage that they vfed dyuers 
 lytes and fuperftitions. I haue therfore gathered thefe fewe thynges folowynge, owte of a booke wrytten by 
 one Ramonus an heremyte, whom Colonus had lefte with certeyne kynges of the Ilande to inftruct them in the 
 Chriftian fayth. And bycaufe in maner their hole .'^ligion is none other thing then Idolatry, I wyll begynne 
 at theyr Idoles. It is therfore apparente by the Images which they honour openly and commonly, that there 
 appere vnto them in the nyghte feafons certeyne phantafies and illufions of euyll fpirites, feducinge them into 
 many fonde and folyfhe errours. For they make certeyne Images of goffampine cotton foulded or >vrethed 
 after theyr maner, and harde ftopped within. Thefe Images they make fytting, much lyke vnto the pictures of 
 fprites and deuellcs -.vhich owr paynters are accuftomed to paint vppon waules. But forafmuch as I my felfe 
 fent yowe foure of thefe Images, yowe may better prefently fignifie vnto the kynge yowre vncle, what maner of 
 thynges they are, and howe lyke vnto paynted deuelles, then I can expreffe the fame by wrytynge. Thefe 
 Images, th[e]inhabitantes caule Zetnes : wherof the leafte, made to the lykenes of younge deuels, they bind to 
 theyr forheades when they goo to the warres ageynft their enemies : And for that purpofe haue they thofe 
 ftrynges hangynge at them which yowe fee. Of thefe, they beleue to obteyne rayne if rayne be lackyng, and 
 lylvcwyfe fayre 'vether. For they thinke chat thefe Zemes are the mediatours and meftengers of the greate god, 
 whom they acknowleage to be only one, eternall, withowte ende, omnipotent anrl inuifible. Thus euery kynge 
 hath his particuler Ztmes which he honoureth. They caule the eternall god, by thefe twoo names, locauna, 
 and Guamaonocon, as theyr prediceflburs tawght them. Affirminge that he hath a father cauled by thefe fyue 
 names: that is, Attabeira, Mamona, Guacarapita, Liella, Guimazoa. Nowe (hall yowe h' ire what they 
 fable on the earth as touchinge the originall of man. There is in the Ilande a Region cauled Caunana, 
 wher they fayne that mankynde came fyrft owte of twoo caues of a mountayne: and that the byggcft 
 forte of men, came furth of the mouth of the byggeft caue, and the leaft forte owte of the leafte 
 caue. The rocke in the which thefe caues are, they caule Caiita. The greateft denne, they name 
 Ciizibaxagua, and the leffe Amaiauna. They fay, that before it was lawful for men to come foorth of 
 the caue, the mouth of the caue was kepte and watched nyghtly by a "".an whofe name was Machochacl. This 
 Machochael, departinge fumwhat farre from the caue to th[e]intente to fee what thynges were abrode, was 
 foodenly taken of the foonne (whofe fight he was forbydden) and was turned into a ftone. They fayne the lyke 
 of dyuers other, that whereas they went foorthe in the nyghte feafon a fyffliynge, fo farre from the caue that they 
 coulde not retume before the ryfynge of the foone (the which it was not lawful for them to behold) they were 
 tranlTormed into myrobalane tiees, which of them felues growe plentifully in the Ilande. They faye furtlier- 
 raore, that a certeyne ruler cauled Vagoniona, fent one furth of the caue to goo a fyflliynge, who by lyke chaunce 
 
 99 
 
 rxtreme remedie 
 ■ a despcrat 
 
 43 
 
 Cinamome and 
 gynger 
 
 Topases. 
 
 Men of noblo 
 corage. 
 
 A nother vyage 
 Auima album 
 
 Tiie superstitions 
 of hispaniula. 
 The errours of the 
 owlde gentilitie. 
 
 The grace of 
 renouation. 
 
 Ramonus an 
 heremyte. 
 Idolatry and 
 Idoles. 
 
 Illusions of L'uyl 
 spirites. 
 Images of 
 gussampinc cotton 
 
 Zcmcs. 
 Vounge deuyls. 
 
 Mediatours. 
 
 Only one god 
 
 eternall. 
 
 The names ofgnd. 
 
 Thcfalher of trod. 
 
 The originall of 
 man kynde 
 
 F.ililes much lykc 
 Guide his 
 tran^f|)rmatio^s 
 
 44 
 
 'I'lie nriuin.il "f 
 Mirubalanc tree*. 
 
 I 
 
 •f 
 
 I, 
 
 i' 
 I' 
 
 ':f 
 
 ■x 
 
 •I 
 
 I ' 
 
 ^Hl'U^ 
 
 I -I 
 
 W |: 
 

 i / 
 
 n 
 
 \ 
 
 lOO 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 The nightingale. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Mathinino. 
 
 Children turned 
 into froggcs. 
 
 A spcciall grace. 
 
 Holy reliques 
 
 Women are 
 slippery cattayle. 
 Al vviscdome goeth 
 not by age. 
 
 Here nedcth sum 
 iropotogicall 
 interpret our. 
 
 Myrmidoncs 
 
 Preachers for tlie 
 deuyl. 
 
 A vengeable 
 greate gourd. 
 
 The orlgiiiall of 
 the sea. 
 
 45 
 
 I'he originall or 
 ll.indes. 
 
 A holy cane. 
 
 Images. 
 
 'I'he originall of 
 the soune and 
 inoone. 
 
 Pylgraiiiage. 
 
 Walkynge sprytes. 
 IhcuH. 
 
 A rciiicdyc 
 agcyii>t walkyiig 
 (iprituf 
 
 was turned into a nyghtyngale bycaufe the foonne ^Yas ryfen beefore he came ageyne to the caue : And that 
 yearelye abowte the fame tyme that he was turned into a byrde, he dothe in the nyght with a moomynge fonge 
 bewayle his myfibrtune, and caule for the helpe of liis maifter Vagonioiia. And this they thynke to bee the 
 caufe why that byrde fmgeth in the night feafon. But Vagoniona, beinge fore troubled in his mynd for the 
 loffe of his famiUer frendc whom he loued f;)0 intierly, leauinge the men in the caue, brought foorth onely the 
 women with theyr fuckyngc chyUlrcn, leauinge the women in one of the Ilandes of that tracte, cauled Mathinino, 
 and caryed the chyldren awaye with liym : which poc. e wretclies opprefled with famine, fainted and remained 
 on the banke of a certcine ryucr where the}' were turned into frogges, and cryed too, toa, that is, mama, mama, 
 as chyldren are wont to crye for tlie mothers pappe. And hereof they fay it commeth that frogges vfe to cry fo 
 pytifully in the fprynge tyme of the yeare : And that men were fcattered abrode in the caues of Hifpaniola 
 withowte the companye of women. They fay alfo, that whereas Vagoniona hym felfe, was accuftomed to 
 wander in dyuers places, and yet by a fpeciall grace, neuer tranffornied, defcended to a certeyne fayre woman 
 whom he fawe in the bottomc of the fea, and receaued of her certeyne pibple (lones of marble (whiche they 
 caule Cihas) and alfo certeine yelowe and bright plates of laton, whiche they caule Guanines. Thefe thynges 
 to this day are had in greate eftimation amonge the kynges, as goodly iewels and moil holy reliques. Thefe 
 men whiche we fayde before were lefte in the caues withowte women, went furth in the nyght (as they fay) to 
 wafflie them felues in a ponde of raine water and fawe a fane of by the way a greate multitude of certeine 
 beaftes in Ihape fumwhat lyke vnto women, creping as thicke as antes aboute the myrobalane trees : And that 
 as they attempted to take thefe bcalles, they flypped owte of their handes as they had byn yeles. Where vppon 
 they confulted, and determyned by th[ejaduice of the elders, that al fuche fliulde bee fowght foorthe amonge 
 them, as were fcabbyd and leprous, to th[e]intente that with tlieyr rowghe and harde handes, they myght th[e]- 
 efelyer take holde of them. Thefe men, they caule Caracaracoks : And fente them foorthe a huntinge to take 
 thefe beaftes. But of many which they tooke, they coulde keepe but only foure : The whiche as they wolde 
 haue vfed for women, they fownde that they lacked womans priuities. Wherefore caulinge th[e]elders ageyne to 
 counfayle, to confult what were befle to bee done in this cafe, theyr aduice was that the byrde which wee caule 
 the Pye, fliuld bee admitted with his byll to open a place for that purpofe, whyle in the meane tyme thefe men 
 cauled Caracaracoks, fhukle hould fad the womens thighes abrode with theyr rowgh handes. Full wyfely ther- 
 fore was the pye put to this office, and opened the womens priuities, and hereof the women of the Ilande haue 
 theyr original and offpringc. But nowe doo I ceafe to vr irueyle that the owlde Grekes dyd fable and wryte fo 
 manye bookes of the people cauled Myrmidones, which they fayned to bee engendred of antes or piffemeres. 
 Thefe and fuche lyke, the fagell and wyfefl of the people, preache continually to the fmiple forte, and reherfe 
 the fame as mofle holy oracles. But it is yet more chyldyfflie that they fable as touchinge th[e]originall of the 
 fea. For tliey faye that there was once in the Ilande, a man of greate power, whofe name was laia : whofe only 
 foonne being dead, he buryed hym within a greate gourde. This laia, greuouflye takyng the death of his 
 foonne, after a fewe moonthes, came ageyne to the gourde : The which when he had opened, there iflhewed 
 foorth many great whales and other monftcrs of the fea : where vppon he declared to fuche as dwelt abowte 
 hym, that the fea was enclofed in that gourde. By which report, foure brethren (borne of one woman 
 who dyed in her trauail) beinge moued, came to the gourde in hope to haue many fyfflies. The whiche 
 when they had taken in theyr handes, and efpied /a/a comming, (who oftentymes reforted to the gourd 
 to vifet the boones of his foonne) fearing leaft. he fluilde fufpecte them of thefte and facrileage, fodaynelv let 
 the gourde faule owte of theyr handes : which beinge broken in the fiiule the fea furthwith brake owte at the 
 ryftes therof, and fo fylled the vales, and ouerflowed the playnes, that only the mountaynes were vncouered, 
 whiche nowe conteyne the Ilandes wli.ich are feene in thofe coaftes. And this is the oppinion of theyr wyfe 
 men as concemynge th[e]originall of the fea. But now e (mod noble prince) you fliall heare a more pleafaunt 
 fable, 'liere is a certeyne caue cauled louanahoina, in the territorye of a certeyne kynge whofe name is 
 Machinncch. This caue they honour more religioufly then dyd the Grekes in tyme parte, Corinth, Cyrrha, or 
 Nyfa; And haue adournod it with pictures of a thoufand faflhions. In th[e]enterance of this caue they haue 
 twoo gmuen Zcmes, wherof the one is cauled Bintliaitel, and the other Marobu. Beinge demaimded why they 
 had this caue in foo greate rcuerence, they anfwered crnoftly, bycaufe the Soonne and the Moone came fyril 
 owt of the fame to gyue lyght to the worlde. They haue religious concourfe to thefe caues, as wee are 
 accuftomed to goo on Pylgramage to Rome or Vaticane, Compoftele, or Hierufalem, and moft holye and heade 
 places of owre Religion. They are alfo fubiect to an other kynde of fuf erftition. For they thinke that deade 
 folkes walke in the nyght, and eate of the fruite cauled Guannaba, vnkrowen vnto vs, and fumwhat lyke vnto a 
 quynfe. Aflirmynge alfo that they are conuorfant with lyuing people, euen in theyr beddes, and to deceaue 
 women in takynge vpon them the fliape of men, fliewynge them felues . thowgh they wolde haue to doo witli 
 them ; B it when the matter commeth to actual deede, foodenly to vany fllie away. If any doo fufpecte that a 
 deade body lyetli by hym when he feeleth anye ftraunge thynge in the bedde, they fay hee flialbe owt of ilout 
 
The fyyjl Decade. 
 
 lOI 
 
 by feelynge of the belly therof : affirmyng that the fpirites of deade men may take vppon them al the members 
 of mans body, fauinge only the nauell. If therfore by lacke of the naiiell he doo perceaue that a deade body 
 lyeth by hym, the feelynge is immediatly refolued. They beleue verely, that in the nyght, and often tymes in 
 theyr iourneys, and efpecially in common and hygh wayes, deade men doo meete with the lyuynge. Ageynfte 
 whome, if any man bee (loute and owte of feare, the phantafye vanyfflieth incontinentcly. But yf anye feare, 
 the phantafy or vyfion doth foo affaute hym and ftryke hym with further feare, that manye are thereby aftonyflhed 
 and haue the lynimes of theyr bodyes taken. Th[e]inhabytantes beinge demaunded of whom they had thofe 
 vayne fuperfticions, they anfwered that they were lefte them of theyr forefathers as by difccnt of inheritance : 
 And that they haue had the fu; .e (before the memory of man) compofed in certeine rymes and fonges, which 
 it was lawful for none to leme but onely the kynges foonnes, who commytted the fame to memorye, bycaufe 
 they hadde neuer any knoweleage of letters. Thefe they fynge beefore the people on certeyne folemne and 
 fefliuall dayes, as moft religious ceremonies : whyle in the meanv'; tyme they play on a certeyne inilnmiente 
 made of one hole peece of woodde funiwhat holowe lyke a tymbrcll. Their preefles and diuines (whom they 
 caule Boitios) indructe them in thefe fuperftitions. Thefe preeftes, are alfo phifitians, diuifmge a thoufande 
 ( raftes and fubtylties howe to deceaue the fimple people which haue them in greate reuerence. For they 
 perfuade them that the Zemes vfe to fpeak with theym familierlye, and tel them of thynges to come. And if any 
 haue bin ficke and are recouered, they make them beleue that they obteyned theyr healthe of the Zemes. Thefe 
 Boitii, bynde them felues to muche faftinge and owtcwarde clenlynes and pourgcinges : Efpecially when they 
 take vppon them the cure of any Prince. For then they drynke the pouder of a certeyne herbe, by whofe 
 ijualitie they are dryiien into a furye : At whiche tyme (as they fay) they leme many thynges by reuelation of 
 the Zemes. Then, puttinge fecreatly in theyr mouthes, eyther a ftone, or a bone, or a piece of fleflie, they 
 coomme to the ficke perfon, commaundinge al to departe owte of that place, excepte one or twoo, whom it (hall 
 pleafe the ficke man to appoynt. This doone, they goo about hym three or foure tymes, greatly deforminge 
 theyr faces, lyppes, and nofethrils with fundry fylthy gieftures : blowynge, breathinge, and fuckyng the forheade, 
 temples, and necke of the pacient, wherby (they faye) they drawe the euyll ayer from hym, and fucke the difeafe 
 owt of his veynes. Then rubbinge hym about the flioulders, thyghes, and legges, and dra\vynge downe theyr 
 handes clofe by his feete, holdinge them y .;t fade togyther, they nmne to the dore beinge open, where they 
 vnclofe and (liake theyr handes, affirminge that they haue dryiien away the difeafe, and that the pacient fliall 
 fliortely bee perfectly reflored to health. After this, commynge behynde hym, he conueygheth the piece of 
 fleflie owte of his owne mouth like a iuggeler, and flieweth it to the ficke man, fayinge, behoulde what you haue 
 eaten to muche : you fliall nowe bee hole, bycaufe I haue taken this from you. But if he intende yet further to 
 deceaue the pacient, he perfuadeth hym that his Zmes is angry, eyther bycaufe he hath not buylded hym a chapell, 
 or not honored hym religioufly, or not dedicated vnto him a groue or garden. And if it foo chaunce that the 
 ficke perfon dye, his kinfiblkes by wytchecrafte enforce the deade to confefle whether he dyed by naturall deftenye, 
 or by the neglygence of the Boilius, in that he had not faded as he (liulde haue doone, or not mynidred a 
 conuenient medicine for the difeafe. Soo that yf this phifitian bee founde fautie, they take reuenge of hym. Of 
 the dones or bones which thefe Boitii carye in theyr mouthes, yf the women can coome by them, they keepe 
 them religioufly beleauinge them to bee greatly effectuall to helpe women whiche trauayle with chylde : And 
 therfore honoure them as they doo theyr Zemes. For dyuers of th[e]inhabitantes, honour Zemes of dyuers 
 faffliions. Sume make theim of woodde, as they were admonyflied by certeyne vifions apperinge vnto them in 
 the wooddes. Others, whiche haue receaued anfwere of them amonge the rockes, make them of done and 
 marble. Sum they make of rootes to the fimilitude of fuche as appeare to them when they are gathering the 
 rootes cauled Ages, wherof they make theyr breade, as we haue fayde before. Thefe Zemes, they beleue to fend 
 plentie and frutefulnes of thofe rootes, as the antiquitie beleued fuche fayries or fpirites as they cauled Dryades, 
 llamadryadcs, Satyros, Panes, and Nereides, to haue the cure and prouidence of the fea, wooddes, and fprynges 
 and fountaynes, afligninge to euery thynge, theyr peculier goddes. Euen foo doo th[e]inhabitantes of this 
 Ilandc attribute a Zemes to euery thynge, fuppofinge the fame to gyue eare to theyr inuocations. Wherfore, as 
 often as the kynges aflce counfaile of their Zemes as concerning their warres, increafe of fruites or fcarfnes, or 
 healtii and fickenes, they enter into the houfe dedicate to theyr Zemes, where, fnuffinge vp into theyr nofethryls 
 the pouder of the herbe cauled Cohobba (wher^vith the Boitii are dryucn into a fur)'e) they fay that immediatly 
 they fee the houfes tume topfy turuye, and men to walke with theyr heeles vpwarde : of fuche force is this 
 pouder vtterly to take away all fenfe. As foone as this maddenes ccafeth, he embrafeth his knees with his amies, 
 lioldynge downe his heade. And when he hath remayncd thus a whyle adonyflhed, he lyfteth vp his heade as 
 one that came newe owt of fleepe : And thus loking vp towarde heauen, Fyrd he fumbeleth certeyne confounded 
 woonles with hym felfe. Then certeyne of the nobilitie or chiefe gentelmen that are about him (for none of the 
 common people are admytted to thefe myderies) with lowdc voyces gyue tokens of reioyfing that he is retumed 
 to llicni from the fpeachc of the Zemes, dcmaundynge of hym what lie hathe feene. Then hee opcninge his 
 
 L 3 loi 
 
 Phant.isics 
 proccadynge of 
 fcarc. 
 
 Al is not good that 
 is owlde 
 
 Synjjyngc and 
 playinge 
 
 Preestes and 
 diuines. 
 Phisitians. 
 Ignorance is 
 noryshed with 
 superstition. 
 
 Kjstynge and 
 outward clcnlyncb. 
 
 A pouder of 
 niaruclous effcctu. 
 
 luggelynge. 
 
 A strange nianer 
 uf curing 
 
 46 
 
 Aiigcry gods 
 
 dea< 
 
 ev ma 
 kUC to 
 
 speake. 
 
 DitierM liluU of 
 sundry shape. 
 
 Fayries urspirites 
 of the Rcntyleik 
 
 Peculier goddes. 
 
 They a-ike 
 cuuiiaile uf Iduls 
 
 'I'lic piiuilLT *\i the 
 hcrbc Cuhubba. 
 
 Secrcnte nii!itcric!4, 
 
 \ \ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ] t 
 
 I 
 
 i ! 
 
 ! 
 
 
 \ I 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 \\n 
 
 
 !■ 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 
 . \ 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
I02 
 
 The fyyjl Decade. 
 
 Reueiautj 
 
 The spirite of 
 Apollo. 
 The Sibilles 
 
 I haue harde the 
 Ivke of other in 
 *wngtande. 
 
 Hungcry and 
 luchcrous gods. 
 
 Children with two 
 crownes 
 
 47 
 
 Wanderingc 
 Images. 
 
 Akdintours. 
 
 A woman zemes 
 of great poure. 
 
 Fyiie dayes 
 fastinge. 
 
 A maruelous 
 illusion of the 
 deuyll. 
 The deuyll 
 iumtyme telleth 
 truth. 
 
 The IdoU 
 abolyshcd. 
 
 \ 
 
 mouthe, doateth that the Zemes fpake to hym duryng the tyme of his traunce : declaring that he had reuelations 
 ey ther concerninge victorye or deftruction : famyne or plentie : health or fyckenes, or what foo euer happeneth 
 fyrfl on his toonge. Nowe (moile noble Prince) what neede you hereafter to marueyle of the fpirite of Apollo 
 foo ihakynge his Sibylles with extreme furie? Yowe had thowght that the fuperditious antiquitie hadde 
 peryflied. But nowe wheras I haue declared thus much of the Zemes in general!, I thowght it not good to lette 
 paffe what is fayde of them in particuler. They faye therefore, that a certeyne kynge cauled Guamaretus, had 
 a 2^mes whofe name was Corochotum : who (they fay) was often tymes woonte to defcende <rom the hyghefte 
 place of the houfe where Guamaretus kepte hym fade bounde. They affirme, that the caufe of this his 
 breakynge of his bandes and departure, was eyther to hyde hym felfe, or to goo feeke for meate, or els for the 
 acte of generation : And that fumtymes beinge offended, that the kynge Guamaretus had byn negligent and 
 flacke in honouringe hym, he was woont to lye hyd for certeyne dayes. They fay alfo that in the kynges vylage 
 there are fumtyme chyldren borne hauing twoo crownes which they fuppofe to bee the children of Corochotum 
 the Zemes. They fayne lykewyfe, that Guamaretus beinge ouercome of his enemies in the battayle, and his 
 vylage \vith the palaice confumed with fyer, Corochotus brake his bandes and was afterwarde founde a furlonge of, 
 fafe and withowte hurte. He hath alfo an other Zemes cauled Epileguanita, made of woodde, in fhape lyke a foure 
 footed beafte : who alfo is fayde, often tymes to haue gonne from the place where he is honoured, into the wooddes. 
 As foone as they perceaue him to bee gonne, a great multitude of them gather togyther to feeke hym with deuoute 
 prayers : And when they haue fownde hym, brynge hym home religioufly on theyr fhulders to the chapell dedicated 
 vnto hym. But they coomplayne that fence the commynge of the Chriflian men into the Ilande, he fledde for all 
 togyther, and coulde neuer fence bee founde, wherby they diuined the deftruction of theyr countrey. They honoured 
 an other Zemes in the lykenes of a woman, on whom wayted twoo other lyke men, as they were minifters to 
 her. One of thefe, executed th[e]office of a mediatour to the other Zemes which are vnder the power and 
 commaundement of this woman, to rayfe wyndes, cloude:, and rayne. The other is alfo at her commaunde- 
 mente a meffenger to the other Zemes whiche are ioyned with her in gouemaunce, to gather togyther the waters 
 whiche faule from the hygh hylles to the valleys, that beinge loofed, they may with force burft owte into greate 
 fluddes and ouerflowe the countrey if the people doo not gyue due honoure to her Image. There remayneth 
 yet one thynge woorthy to bee noted, wherwith we wyll make an ende of this booke. It is a thynge well 
 knowen, and yet frefftie in memory amonge the inhabitantes of the Ilande, that there was fumetyme twoo 
 kynges (of the which one was the father of Guarionexius of whom we made mention before) which were woont 
 to abfteyne fyue dayes togyther continually from meate and drinke, to knowe fumwhat of theyr Z?»«« of thynges 
 to coome : And that for this faftynge beinge acceptable to theyr Zemes^ they receaued anfwere of them, that 
 within fewe yeares, there fhuld coome to the Ilande a nation of men couered with apparell, which fliulde 
 deftroye al the cuftomes and cerymonyes of the Hand, and eyther fley all theyr chyldren, or brynge them into 
 feruitude. The common fort of the people, vnderiloode this oracle to bee mente of the Canibales. And 
 therefore when they had any knowleage of theyr comm ng, they euer fledde, and were fully determyned neuer 
 more [to] aduenture the battayle with them. But when they fawe that the Spanyardes had entered into tlie 
 Ilande, confultinge amonge them felues of the matter, they concluded that this was the nation which was ment 
 by th[e]oracle. Wherin, theyr opinion deceaued them not. For they are nowe all fubiecte to th<» Chriftians. 
 all fuche beinge flayne as ftoobernely refifted. Nor yet remayneth there anye memory of theyr Zmi<v: for 
 they are al brought into Spayne, that we myght bee certified of theyr illufions of euyl fpirites and Idoles, the 
 which yowe yowre felfe (mofl noble Prince) haue feene and felte when I was prefente with yowe. I let palTe 
 many thynges bycaufe yow put me in remembrance that to morowe yowe take yowre iomey towarde yowre 
 countrey, to brynge home the queene yowre aunte, whom yowe accoompanyed hether at the commaundemente 
 of kynge Frederyke yowre vncle. Wherfore I byd yowe farewel for this tyme, defyrynge yowe to remember 
 yowre Martyr, whome yowe haue compelled in the name of the kynge yowre vncle, to gather thefe fewe 
 thynges owte of a large feelde of hyftorycs. 
 
The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 103 
 
 €[ The tenth and laste booke of the fyrst decade, 
 
 as a conclufwn of the former bookes: 
 Wrytten /^ Inacus lopez Mendocius, count ie ^Tendilla, and viceroy e ^Granata. 
 
 T the fyrft begynnynge and newe attempte, when Colonus had taken vppon hym th[e]entei- 
 pryfe to fearch the Ocean fea, I was emellly moued and requyred by the letters of certeyne 
 of my frendes and noble men of Rome to wryte fuche thynges as flioulde happen. For they 
 whyfpered with greate admiracion, that where as there were many newe landes foundc, and 
 nations which liued naked and after the lawe of nature, they coulde here noo ccrtentie 
 therof, beinge greately defyrous of the fame. In this meane tyme had fortune ouerthrowne 
 Afcanius (his brother Lodouike beinge call owt of Mylayne by the frenchmen) whofe 
 autoritie wold not fuffer me to bee idle, but euer to haue my pen in hande. To hym I wryte the twoo fyril 
 bookes of this decade, befyde many other of my hyd commentaries whiche yowe (hall fee (liortely. Fortune 
 dyd noo leffe withdrawe my mynde frome wrytynge, then difturbe Afcanius from power. As he was tofled with 
 contrary (lormes and ceafed to perfuade me, euen foo flacked my feruentnes to enquyre any further, vntyl the 
 yeare of Chrifte. 1500. When the court remayned at Granata where yowe are viceroye: At which time 
 Lodouike the Cardinall of Aragonie, neuie to kynge I ederike by his brothers fyde (beinge at Granata with 
 the queene Partheiwpea the fyfter of owre catholike kynge) browght me kynge Frederikes letters, wherby he 
 exhorted me to fynyflie the other bookes whiche folowed the twoo epyftell bookes, which I wryte to Afcunius. 
 For they both acknowleaged that they hadde the copie of all that I wryte to cardinall Afcanius. And albeit 
 that euen then I was ficke (as yowe knowe) yet tooke I the burden vppon me, and applyed my felfe to wrytynge. 
 I haue therfore chofen thefe fewe thynges, owte of a greate heape of fuche as feemed to me mod woorthy to 
 bee noted amonge the large wrytynges of the autoures and fearchers of the fame. Wherfore, forafmuch as yowe 
 haue endeuoured to wrefte owt of my handes the hole exemple of al my woorkes, to adde the fame to the 
 innumerable volumes of yowre librarie, I thowght it good nowe to make a breefe reherfall of thofe thynges 
 which were done from that yeare of a thowfande and fyue hundreth, euen vnto this yeare which is the tenth 
 from that. For I entende to wryte more largelye of thefe thynges hereafter, if god graunte me lyfe. I hadde 
 wrytten a hole booke by it felfe of the fuperftitions of the people of the Ilande, fuppofinge therwith to haue 
 accomplyftied the hole Decade confiftynge of tenne bookes. But I haue added this to the tenthe as a per- 
 pendiculer lyne, and as it were a backe guyde or rerewarde to the other: So that yowe may knytte the fyril 
 tenthe, to the nynthe, and impute this to occupie the place of the tenthe to fyll vp the Decade. This order 
 haue I appoynted, left I fliulde bee compelled often times to wryte ouer the hole woorke, or fende yowe the 
 fame defaced with blottes and interlynynge. But nowe let vs coome to owre purpofe. The (hippe mafters 
 and maryners ranne ouer many coaftes durynge thefe tenne yeares: But euer folowed fuche as were fyrfte 
 fownde by Colonus. For rafinge continually alonge by the tracte of Paria, which they beleue to bee parte of 
 the firme lande or continent of eafte India, fume of theym chaunced vppon certeyne newe landes towarde the 
 eafte, and fume towarde the wefte, in which they fownde bothe goulde and frankenfence. For they browght 
 from thenfe many iewels and ouches of golde, and greate plentie of frankenfence, whiche they had of the 
 l)eople of thofe countreys, partely for exchange of fume of owre thynges, and partely by force, ouercommynge 
 them by warre. Yet in fume places, althowgh they bee naked, they ouercame owre men, and flewe hole 
 armyes. For they are excedinge fierce, and vfe venemous arrowes, and longe ftaues lyke iauelens, made harde 
 at the ende with fyer. They fownde many beaftes, both creepinge and foure footed, muche differinge from 
 owres, variable and of fundrye flupes innumerable: yet not hurtfull, excepte Lyons, Tygers, and Crocodiles. 
 This I meane in fundry Regions of that greate lande of Paria: but not in the Ilandes: Noo not foo much as 
 one. For all the beaftes of the Ilandes, are meeke and withowte hurte, except men which (as wee haue fayde) 
 are in many Ilandes dcuourers of mans fleflhe. There are alfo dyuers kyndes of foules. And in many places 
 battes of fuch bygnes, that they are equall with turtle doues. Thefe battes, haue often tymes aflauted men in 
 the nyght in theyr fleepe, and foo bytten them with theyr venemous teethe, that they haue byn therby almofte 
 dryuen to madnes, in foo much that they haue byn compelled to flye from fuch places, as from rauenous harpies. 
 In an other place, where certeyne of them flepte in the nyght feafon on the fandes by the fea fyde, a monfter 
 commynge owte of the fea, came vppon one of them fecreatly and caryed hym away by the myddefte owte of 
 the fight of his felowes to whome he cryed in vayne for helpe vntyll the beafte lepte into the fea with her praye. 
 
 The r.-iwc of 
 nature. 
 
 Milnyiie in the 
 hands nf the 
 frenchmen 
 
 48 
 
 Epistel books 
 
 The historj'C 
 folowinc 
 contcyncth the 
 actus of ten ycurt- 
 
 Paria, part of the 
 finiie land of Eiisl 
 India 
 
 Goldc and 
 franken stance. 
 
 The fiercencs of 
 the naked pcuple. 
 Innumerable 
 beastes vnlyke 
 vnto owres. 
 
 Nothing hurtfull 
 in the Ilandes. 
 
 Battes as byK;{e 
 as turtle duut-s. 
 
 A man deuoured 
 of a monster of 
 the Hta 
 
 i f 
 
 \. 
 
 /'( 
 
 ! Mi! 
 I 
 
 
 'r 
 
 ;l n 
 
 m 
 
 f 1 
 
 {r 
 
 h 
 
 
rrrn" 
 
 TT 
 
 104 
 
 The fyrjl Decade, 
 
 \ 
 
 The Spanyardeft 
 prefer them schiea 
 to subdue the 
 iiewe Uinde«. 
 
 Note the largenes 
 of the newe lande<i. 
 
 Commendacion of 
 the Spaniardcs. 
 
 Antipodti. 
 
 49 
 
 The autoiirs 
 exciuse. 
 
 Hispaniola. 
 
 The nature of the 
 place, altereth 
 the formes and 
 qualities of 
 thynges. 
 Whcate. 
 Hcrbes. 
 Catayle. 
 Hogges. 
 
 Plentie of ben^tcs 
 and foule. 
 
 Cuba, is an 
 Ilande. 
 
 The description 
 of Cuba. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Burichema or 
 S. lohannis. 
 Golde mynes 
 
 The order of 
 woorkynge in the 
 golde mynes. 
 The kynges 
 brynge theyr 
 subiectes 
 to woorke in 
 the golde mynei. 
 
 Tyllage. 
 
 SO 
 
 They abhorre 
 
 laboure 
 
 They are docible. 
 
 The kynges 
 chyldrtn. 
 
 It was the kynges pleafurc that they fliulde remayne in thefe landes, and buylde townes and fortrefles. Where 
 vnto they were foo wel wyllynge, that dyuers profered them felues to take vppon them the fubduing of the 
 lande, makyng great fute to the kynge that they might bee appoynted therto. The coafle of this tracte is 
 exceadynge greate and large: and the Regions and landes therof extende maruelous farre: Soo that they 
 affirme the continent of thelo Regions with the Ilandes abowte the fame, to bee thryfe as bygge as al Europe, 
 befyde thofe landes that the Portiigales haue fownde fouthwarde, whiche are alfo exceadynge large. Therfore 
 doubtleffe Spayne hathe defenied greate prayfe in thefe owre dayes, in that it hath made knowen vnto us foo 
 many thowfandes f)f Antipodes which leye hyd before and vnknowen to owre forefathers : And hath thereby 
 mynyftred fo large matter to wryte of, to fuche lerncd wyttes as are defyrous to fette furthe knowleage to the 
 commoditie of men ; to whom I opened a way when I gathered thefe thynges rudely to gyther as yowe fee : 
 The which, neuerthelefle I trull yowe wyll take in good parte, afwell for that I can not adoume my rudenes 
 with better vefture, as alfo that I neuer tooke penne in hande to \vryte lyke an hiftoriogn.pher, but only by 
 epiftels fcribeled in hade, to fatiffie theym, from whofe commaundementes I myght not drawe backe my foote. 
 But now I haue digreffed enowghe. Let vs nowe therefore returne to Hifpaniola. Owre men haue founde by 
 experience, that the breade of the Hand is of fmaule (Irength to fuch as haue byn vfed to owr breade made of 
 wheate : And that theyr ftren[g]thes were much decayed by vfynge of the fame. AVherfore the king hath of late 
 commaunded that wheate Ihulde bee fowen there in diuers places and at fundry tymes of the yeare. It groweth 
 into holowe recdes, with fewe eares, but thofe verye bygge and fnitefull. Theyfyndc the lyke foftenes ordelicatenes 
 to bee in herbes, which growe there to the height of come. Neat or cattail, becoome of bygger ftature and 
 exceadynge fat, but theyr flefflie is more vnfauery, and theyr bones (as they fay) eyther withowte marye, or the 
 fame to bee verye wateryfftie. But of hogges and fwyne, they affirme the contrarye, that they are more holfoome 
 and of better tafle, by reafon of certeyne wylde frutes whiche they eate, beinge of muche better nooryfhement 
 then made. There is almofl none other kynd of flefflie commonly foulde in the market. The multitude of hogges, 
 are e.xcedingly encreafed, and becoome wylde as foone as they are owte of the fwyneheardes keepynge. They 
 haue fuche plentie of beaftes and foules, that they fliall heareafter haue noo neede, to haue any brought from 
 other places. Th[e]increafe of all beaftes, growe bygger then the broode they came of, by reafon of the rankenes 
 of the pafture, althowgh theyr feadynge bee only of grafle, withowte eyther barley or other grayne. But wee 
 haue (ayde enowgh of Hifpaniola. They haue nowe fownde that Cuba, (which of longe tyme they thowght to 
 haue byn firme lande for the greate length thrrof) is an Ilande. Yet is it noo maruell that th[e]inhabitantes them 
 felues towlde owre men when they fearched ilie length therof, that it was withowte ende. For this nacion being 
 naked and contente with a lyttle, and with the limittes of theyr owne contrey, is not greatly curyous to know 
 what theyr neyghbours doo, or the largenes of theyr dominion. Nor yet knewe they if there were any other 
 thinge vnder heauen, befyde that whiche they walked on with theyr feete. Cuba, is frome the Eafte into the 
 Wefte, muche longer then Hifpaniola : And in breadthe from the Northe to the Southe, much lefle then they 
 fuppofed at the fyrft : for it is very narowe in refpecte to the length : And is for the mofte parte, very frutefull 
 and pleafaunt, Eaftwarde not farre from Hifpaniola, there lyethe an Ilande, lefle then Hifpaniola more then by 
 the halfe, which owre men cauled SanSli lohannis, beinge in maner fquare. In this they founde excedynge ryche 
 golde mynes. But beinge nowe occupied in the golde mynes of Hifpaniola, they haue not yet fent labourers into 
 that Hand. But the plentie and reuenewe of golde of al other Regions, gyue place to Hifpaniola, where they 
 gyue theim felues in maner to none other thynge then to gather golde, of which woorke this order is appoynted. 
 To euery fuch wyttie and fltylfull man as is put in trufte to bee a furuoier or ouerfeer of thefe woorkes, there is 
 afllgned one or more kynges of the Ilande with theyr fubiectes. Thefe kynges accordyng to theyr league, coome 
 with theyr people at certeyne tymes of the yeare, and reforte euery of them to the golde myne to the which he is 
 afligned : where they haue all maner of dygginge or myninge tooles deliuered them : And euery kynge with his 
 men, haue a certeyne rewarde alowed them for theyr labour. For when they departe from the mynes to fowynge 
 of come, and other tyllage (wherunto they are addict at certeyne other tymes, leafte theyr foode fliulde fayle 
 them) they receaue for theyr laboure, one a ierken, or a dublet, an other a flierte, an other a cloke or a cappe. 
 For they nowe take pleafure in thefe thynges, and goo no more naked as they were wont too doo. And thus 
 they vfe the helpe and laboure of the inhabitantes both for the tyllage of theyr ground, and in theyr gold mines 
 as thowghe they were theyr femauntes or bondemea They beare this yoke of femitude with an euyll wyll : but 
 yet they beare it They caule thefe hyred labourers, Anaborias. Yet the kynge ^^oth not fufiier that they fliulde 
 bee vfed as bondemen : And onely at his pleafure they are fette at libertie or appoynted to woorke. At fuche 
 tyme as they are cauled together of theyr kynges to woorke (as fouldiers or pioners are aflembled of theyr 
 centurians) many of them ftele away to the mountaynes and wooddes, where they lye lurkynge, beinge content 
 for that tyme to lyue with wyld frutes, rather then to take the paynes to laboure. They are docible and apte to 
 lerne, and haue nowe vtterly forgotten theyr owlde fuperfticions. They beleue godly, and beare wel in memory 
 fuche thynges as they haue lerned of owre faith. Theyr kynges children are brought vp with the chiefcfl of owre 
 
 »«4 
 
If n 
 
 The fyrjl Decade. 
 
 105 
 
 men, and are indructed in letters and good maners. When they are growen to mans age, they fende them home 
 to theyr countreys to bee exemple to other, and efpecially to goueme the people if theyr fathers bee dead that 
 they maye the better fet foorthe the Chriftian Religion, and keepe theyr fubiectes in loue and obedience. By 
 reafon whereof, they coome nowe by fayre meanes and gentell perfuafions to the mynes which lye in twoo 
 Regions of the Ilande aboute thirtie myles diftante frome the citie oi Dominica: wherof the one is cauled Sanlli 
 Chrijlophori: And the other being didante aboute foure fcore and tenne myles, is cauled Cibaua, not farre from 
 the cheefe hauen cauled Partus Regalis. Thefe regions are very large : In the which in many places here and 
 there, are fownd fumtyme euen in the vpper cruft of the earth and fumtyme amonge the (lones, certeyne rounde 
 pieces or plates of golde, fumtyme of fmaule quantitie, and in fum places of great weyght : In fo muche that there 
 hath byn found rounde pieces of three hundreth pounde weyght, and one of three thoufande, three hundreth 
 and tenne pounde weyght : The whiche (as yowe harde) was fente hole to the kynge in that rtiyppe in the which 
 tlie gouemour Boadilla was comming home into Spayne, the (hyppe \vith all the men beinge drowned by the 
 way, by reafon it was ouer laden with the weight of golde and multytude of men. Albeit, there were moo then 
 a thowefande perfons whiche fawe and handeled the piece of golde. And wheras here I fpeake of a pounde, 
 I doo not meane the common pounde, but the fumme of the ducate of golde, with the coyne cauled Trims, 
 which is the thyrde parte of a pounde, whiche they caule Pefus. The fum of the weyght hereof, the Spanyardes 
 caule Cajlellanum Aiireitm. Al the golde that is dygged in the mountaynes of Cibaua and Porte Regale, is 
 caryed to the towre of Conception, where flioppes with al thynges apperteyninge are redy fumyflhed to fyne it, 
 melte it, and cafte it into wedges. That doone, they take the kyngos portion therof, whiche is the fyfte parte, 
 and foo reftore to eueiy man his owne whiche he gotte with his labour. But the golde whiche is fownde in 
 faynt Chriftophers myne and the Region there aboute, is carj'ed to the (hoppes whiche are in the vylage cauled 
 Bonauaitura. In thefe twoo flioppes, is molten yerely, aboue three hundreth thoufand pounde weight of golde. 
 If any man bee knowen deceatefully to keepe backe any portion of golde, whereof he hathe not made the kynges 
 officers pryuie, he forfiteth the fame for a fyne. There chaunce amonge them often tymes many contentions 
 and controuerfies, the whiche onleffe the magiflrates of the Ilande doo fynyfflie, the cafe is remoued by appellation 
 to the hyghe counfayle of the courte, from whofe fentence it is not lawfull to appele in all the dominions of 
 Caftyle. But lette vs nowe retume to the newe landes frome whenfe we haue digreffed. They are innumerable, 
 dyuers, and exceadynge fortunate. Wherfore the Spanyardes in thefe owre dayes, and theyr noble enterpryfes, 
 doo not gyue place eyther to the factes of Saturnus, or Hircuks, or any other of the ancient princes of famous 
 memorie which were canonized amonge the goddes cauled Hfroes for theyr fearchinge of newe landes and 
 regions, and bringinge the feme to better culture and ciuilitie. Oh God : howe large and farre flial owre 
 pofteritie fee the Chriftian Religion extended? Howe large a campe haue they nowe to wander in, whiche by 
 the trewe nobilitie that is in theym, or mooued by vertue, wyll attempte eyther to deferue lyke prayfe amonge 
 men, or reputacion of well doinge before god. What I conceaue in my mynde of thefe thynges, I am not able 
 to expreffe with penne or tonge. I wyll nowe therfore foo make an ende of this perpendiculer conclufion of the 
 hole Decade, as myndinge hereafter to fearche and gather euery thynge particulerlye, that I maye at further 
 leafure wryte the feme more at large. For Colonus the Admiral with foure fliyppes, and a hundreth threefcore 
 and tenne men appoynted by the kynge, difcouered in the yeare of Chrifte. 1502. the lande ouer ageynfte the 
 wefte comer of Cuba, diftant from the fame aboute a hundreth and thirtie leaques: In the myddeft of which 
 tracte, lyeth an Ilande cauled Guanaffa. From henfe he directed his vyage backewarde towarde the Eafte 
 by the fliore of that coaft, fuppofmge that he fliulde haue founde the coaftes of Faria: but it chaunced 
 otherwyfe. It is fayd alfo that Vincmtius Agnes (of whom we haue fpoken before) and one Johannes Diaz 
 (with dyuers other of whofe vyages I haue as yet no certeyne knowleage) haue ouer runne thofe coaftes. 
 But if God graunt me life, I truft to know the truthe hereof and to aduertife yowe of the fame. Thus fare 
 ye well 
 
 € The feconde Decade foloweth. 
 
 The two chiefc 
 Koldc niviics uf 
 nispamoU. 
 
 Golde founde in 
 the vpper part of 
 the earth. 
 
 A piece of goUle 
 
 wcighinge three 
 
 thousande three 
 
 hundreth and ten 
 
 pounds. 
 
 A coa.stIy ship 
 
 wrakc. 
 
 The fynynge and 
 distribution of 
 
 gold' 
 
 Three hundreth 
 thousand weyght 
 of gold nioUen 
 
 f merely in 
 lispaniola. 
 
 Controucrscs 
 
 The newe landes. 
 
 The Spany.nrdes 
 noble enterpryses. 
 are not inferiour 
 to the actes of 
 Hercules or 
 Saturnus. etc. 
 
 Enlarging of the 
 Christian Keligion. 
 
 The original 1 of 
 trewe nobilitie. 
 
 51 
 
 The Ilande of 
 Guanassa 
 
 The vyage of 
 ] uhannes Diaz. 
 
 1! ' 
 
 ;.t" 11 
 i j 
 
 !'; 
 
 I ' !i 
 
 ! Ml 
 
 111 I! 
 
 I 
 
 ')M 
 
io6 
 
 \ 
 
 \Ve^l Anli|H)ilcs. 
 
 I1ie increase of 
 the Christian 
 congregation. 
 
 Chrhtopfu>rtiS 
 
 Cohnus. 
 
 Of landesdistantc 
 
 from the 
 
 EUiuinoctialt from 
 
 fyue degrees to 
 
 ten. 
 
 The death of 
 
 Colonus. 
 
 Ageneralllycence. 
 
 The nauigation of 
 Alphonsus Fogeda. 
 
 52 
 
 Partus 
 
 Carthaginis. 
 
 The Re^on of 
 Caramairi. 
 People of goodly 
 stature 
 
 Apples whiche 
 tume into 
 woormes. 
 
 CTHE FYRST BOOKE OF THE SECONDE DECADE, 
 
 TO LEO BYSSHOP OF ROME, THE TENTHE OF THAT NAME, 
 Of the fuppofed Continent or firme lande. 
 
 ENSE the tyme that GaUatiusButrigarius of Bononie,and lohannts 
 Curfius of Florence (mode holye father) came to the catholyke 
 kynge of Spayne, the one, of yowre holynes ambafage, and 
 th[e]other for th[e]afiaires of his common welth, I was euer for 
 the mode parte in theyr coompanie, and for theyr vertues and 
 wyfedoome, had theym in greate reuerence. And wheras they 
 were greatly gyuen to ftudye, and continuall reuoluinge of 
 dyuers autours, they chaunced vppon certeyne bookes negli- 
 gently let flyppe owte of my handes, entreatinge of the large 
 landes and Regions hetherto lyinge hyd, and almoil wefl 
 Antipodes, fownde of late by the Spanyardes. Yei beinge 
 allured and delited with the newenes and Arangenes of the 
 matter althowgh rudely adoumed, they commended the lame : 
 Therwith erneftely defyringe me in theyr owne names, and 
 requyring me in the name of yowr holynes, to adde here 
 \ nto all fuche thynges as were fownde after that tyme, and to gyue 
 them a copie thereof to fende to yowre holynes, that yowe myght 
 therby vnderflande, bothe howe greate commoditie is chaunced 
 to the progenye of mankynde, as alfo increafe of the militante congregation in thefe owre dayes, by the fortunate 
 enterpryfes of the kynges of Spayne. For lyke as rafed or vnpaynted tables, are apte to receaue what 
 formes foo euer are fyrft. drawen theron by the hande of the paynter, euen foo thefe naked and fimple 
 people, doo foone receaue the cuilomes of owre Religion, and by conuerfation with owre men, fliake of 
 theyr fierce and natiue barbaroufoes. I haue thowght it good therfore to fatiffit the requeft of thefe 
 wyfe men, efpecially vfinge th[e]autoritie of yowre name, wherunto not to haue obeyed, I fliulde 
 efleeme my felfe to haue commytted a heynous offence. Wherefore I wyl nowe brefely reherfe in order, what 
 hyd coafles the Spanyardes ouerranne, who were the autours therof, where they reded, what further hopv"? they 
 browght, and fynallye what great thynges thofe tractes of landes doo promeffe in tyme to coome. In the 
 declaration of my decade of the Ocean, which is nowe printed and difperfed throwghowte Chriilendome 
 vnwares to me, I defcribed howe Chrijlophorus Colonus fownde thofe Ilandes wherof we haue fpoken, and that 
 turnynge from thenfe towarde the lefte hande fouthwarde, he chaunced into greate regions of landes, and large 
 feas, didant from the Equinoctial lyne, onely from fyue degrees to tenne : where he founde brode ryuers and 
 exceadinge hygh mountaynes couered with fnowe and harde by the fea bankes, where were many commodious 
 and quyet hauens. But Colonus being now departed owte of this lyfe, the kynge beganne to take care, howe 
 thofe landes myght be inhabited with Chridian men to th[e]increafe of owre fayth: Where vppon he gaue 
 licence by his letters patentes to al fuch as wolde take the matter in hand, and efpecially to twoo, wherof Diego 
 Nicuefa was one, and the other was Alphonfus Fogeda. Wherfore about the Ides of December, Alphonfus 
 departinge fyrd with three hundreth fouldiers from the Hande of Hifpaniola (in the which wee fayde the Span- 
 yardes had builded a citie, and planted theyr habitacion) and iaylynge in maner full fouthe, he came to one of 
 the hauens founde before whiche Colonus named Partus Carthaginis, bothe bycaufe of the Hande dandynge 
 ageynde the courfe of the dreame, and alfo that by reafon of the largenes of the place and bendynge fydes, it 
 is muche lyke to the hauen of Spaine cauled Carthago. Th[e]inhabitantes caule the Hande Codego, as the 
 Spanyardes caule the Hande of theyr hauen, Scombria. This Region is cauled of the inhabitantes Caramairi: 
 In the which they adirme bothe the men and women to bee of goodly dature, but naked. The men haue 
 theyr heare cutte rownde by theyr eares, but the women were it longe. Bothe the men and women are very 
 good archers. Owre men fownde certen trees in this prouince, which bore greate plentie of fweete apples, but 
 hurteful, for they tume into wormes when they are eaten. Efpecially the (hadowe of the tree, is contagious, 
 106 
 
they 
 
 The feconUe Decade. 
 
 107 
 
 for fuche as fleepe vnder it any tyme, haue theyr headdes fwolne and lofe thcyr fight. But if they flcepe but a 
 whyle, theyr fyght commeth ageyne after a fewe dayes. This porte is dyflant foure hundreth fyftie and fyxc 
 myles from that parte of Hifpaniola which the Spanyardes caule Beata, in the which alfo they furnyflhe them 
 feiues when they prepare anye vyage to feeke other newe landes. When Fogeda had entered into the hauen, 
 he inuaded, flewe, and fpoyled the people, whome he founde naked and fcattered. For they were gyuen hym 
 for a praye, by the kynges letters patentes bycaufe they hadde bin before tyme cruel ageynft the Chriftians, and 
 coulde neuer bee allured to permytte them quietly to coome within theyr dominions. Here they founde gold, 
 but in no greale quantitie, nor yet that pure. They make of it, certeyne bred plates and brooches, which they 
 weare for coomelynes. But Fogeda not content with thefe fpoyles, vfinge certeyne captiues whiche he had 
 taken before, for guydes, entered into a vyllage twelue myles diftante frome the fea fyde further into the lande, 
 into the whiche they were fledde whom he fyrft inuaded. Here he founde a naked people, but apte to warre. 
 For they were armed with targettes, (hieldes, loiige fwoordes made of wood, and bowes with arrowes typte with 
 bone, or hardened with fyer. As foone as they had efpyed owre men, they with their geftes whom they had 
 receaued, affayled them with defperate myndes, beinge therto more emeftly prouoked, beholding the calamitie 
 of thefe whiche fledde vnto theym, by the violence doone to theyr women and chyldren, in the fpoyle and 
 flawghter. In this conflicte owre men had the ouerthrowe : In the which, one lohanius de Lacoffa (beinge in 
 autoritie nexte vnto Fogeda the capitayne, and alfo the fyrfte that gathered golde in the fandes of Vraba) was 
 flayne with fyftie fouldiers. For thefe people infecte theyr arrowes with the deadly poyfon of a certeyne herbe. 
 The other with theyr capitayne Fogeda beinge difcomfited, fledde to the (hyppes. Whyle they remayncd thus 
 in the hauen of Carthago forowfull and penfyue for the lofle of their companions, the other capitayne Diego 
 Nicuefa, (whom they lefte in Hifpaniola, preparyng hym felfe towarde the vyage in the hauen Bcata) came to 
 theim with fyue fliippes and feuen hundrethe foure fcore and fyfteene menne. For the greater number of 
 fouldyers, folowed Niciie/a, both bycaufe free libertie was gyuen them to choofe which of tlie capytaynes them 
 lyft, and alfo that by reafon of his age, he was of greater autoritie : But efpccially bycaufe the rumoure was that 
 Beragua beinge by the kynges commiflion appoynted to Nieuefa, was rycher in golde then Vraba afligned to 
 Alphonfus Fogeda. Therfore, at the arryuall of Nieuefa, they confulted what was belle to bee doone: And 
 determyned fyrfte to reuenge the deathe of their felowes. Where vppon, fettynge theyr battayle in arraye, they 
 marched in the nyght towarde them whiche flewe Coffa with his coompanyons. Thus ftealynge on them 
 vnwares in the laft watche of the nyght, and encoompafinge the vyllage where they laye, confiflynge of a 
 hundreth howfes and more, hauynge alfo in it thiyfe as many of theyr neyghbours as of them feiues, they fet 
 it on fyer, with diligent watche that none myght efcape. And thus in fliorte tyme they browght theym and 
 theyr howfes to aflhes, and made them pay the raunfome of bludde wth bludde. For of a greate multitude of 
 men and women, they fpared onely fyxe chyldren, al other being deftroyed \vith fyer or fword except fewe 
 which efcaped priuilye. They lemed by the referued chyldren, that Coffa and his felowes were cutte in 
 pieces and eaten of them that flewe them. By reafon wherof, they fuppofe that thefe people of Caramairi 
 tooke theyr originall of the Caribes otherwyfe cauled Canibales. Here they founde fume golde amonge the 
 aflhes. For the hunger of golde, dyd noo lefle encorage o\vr men to aduenture thefe perels and labours 
 then dyd the pofleflynge of the landes. Thefe thynges thus fynyfflied, and the death of Cofj'a and his felowes 
 reuenged, they returned to the hauen. After this, Fogeda whiche came fyrft, fyrft lykewyfe departinge mth his 
 army to feeke Vraba, commytted to his gouemaunce, fayled by an Ilande cauled Fortis, lyinge in the mydwaye 
 betwene Vraba and the hauen of Carthago. In to the which defcendinge, he fownde it to bee an Ilande of tlie 
 Canybales, brynginge with hym frome thenfe two men and feuen women : for the refidue efcaped. Here he 
 fownde in the cotages of them that fledde, a hundrethe foure fcore and tenne drammes of golde, cafte and 
 wrought in dyuers formes. Saylynge forwarde from henfe, he came to the Eafte coaftes of Vraba, whiche 
 th[e]inhabitantes caule Caribana, from whenfe the Caribes or Canibales of the Ilandes are fayde to haue theyr 
 name and originall. Here he beganne to buylde a fortre.Te, and a vyllage nere vnto the fame, therein intendynge 
 to place theyr fyrft habitacion. Shortly after, beinge inftructed by certeyne captyues that there was aboute 
 Iwelue myles further within the lande, a certeyne vyllage cauled Ttrufi, hauinge in it a ryche golde myne, he 
 determyned to deftroye the vylage. To the which when he came, he fownde th[e]inhabitantes redye to defende 
 theyr ryght: And that foo ftoutly, that encounteryng with them, he was repulfed with (hame and domage. For 
 thefe people alfo, vfe bowes and venemous arrowes. Within a fewe dayes after, beinge enforfed for lacke of 
 vytayles to inuade an other vyllage, he hym felfe was ftryken in the thyghe with an arrowe. Sume of his felowes 
 fay, that he was thus wounded of one of th[e]inhabytantes whofe wyfe he had ledde awaye captiue before. 
 They fay alfo that he had firft frendly comoned with Fogeda for redemynge of his wyfe, and had appoynted a 
 day to brynge a portion of golde for her raunfome : And that he came at the daye afligned, not laden with golde, 
 but armed with bowes and arrowes, with ey^ht other confetherate with hym, whiche had bin before partetakers 
 of the iniuries doone to them firft at the hauen of Carthago, and afterward at the burnyng of the vyllage. In 
 
 107 
 
 A tree whose 
 shadowc Is 
 hurtfull. 
 
 Fogeda his 
 autoritie confiniicJ 
 by the kyngn 
 letters patents. 
 
 Warlyke people. 
 
 wrn 
 
 •■ I ', 'i! 
 
 ' ' b 
 
 i: 
 
 The Spunyardcs 
 haue the 
 ouerthrowe. 
 
 Arrowes infected 
 with poyson. 
 
 The nauigatidii of 
 Diego Nicuesa. 
 
 l*he regions of 
 Vntba and 
 Beragua. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 reuenge the 
 death of theyr 
 companyons. 
 
 t 1 'I 
 
 A greate 
 slawghter. 
 
 Canibales. 
 
 The hunger of 
 
 golde. 
 
 53 
 
 The Ilande Fortis 
 Wrought gold 
 
 Caribauti. 
 
 A gold myne. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 are repulsed. 
 
 Fogeda is 
 wounded. 
 
 Ransome. 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 1 ; 
 
 m 
 
 k. 1 
 
 !i 
 Niiiij:^'^ 
 
 ,11 
 
 Li 
 
 ' 1 
 
 '! 
 
 ■)-. 
 
F^T^ 
 
 <-i/J 
 
 io8 
 
 The feconde Decade. 
 
 \ 
 
 Fogeda coiiiumeth 
 by force nf the 
 [venenic. ) 
 
 Beragua and 
 
 Vraba. 
 
 NicuusiL 
 
 The goulfe Cuiba. 
 Dyuen lanpinges. 
 
 Mergantyncs or 
 brigantynes. 
 
 Barnardino dc 
 Calautra, 
 
 Atwisut, 
 
 54 
 
 Fogeda rettirncth 
 to hispaniolx 
 
 Famyne 
 
 A brigantiiic 
 drowned with the 
 ttrokeofafyshe. 
 
 The Ilande Fortis. 
 
 AttcUus, 
 The Region of 
 Cuchibacoa. 
 Boium gatii. 
 
 Mcuntaynes 
 couered with 
 inowe. 
 
 Strra ^euata. 
 Ot Dracoitit. 
 
 reuenge wherof they had defperatly confecrated them felues to death. But the matter beinge knowen, the 
 captayne of this confpiracie was llayne of Fogeda his coompanyons, and his wyfe deteyned in captiuitie. Fogeda 
 alfo throwgh the malicioufnes of the veneme, confumed and was dryed vp by lyttle and lyttle. Whyle thefe 
 thynges chaunced thus, they efpyed Nieuefa the other capitayne to whom Berngua the region of the wefle fyde 
 of Vraba, was afligned to inhabite. He gaue wynde to his fayles to take his vyage towarde Beragua, the day 
 after that Fogeda departed owte of the hauen of Carthago. He with his army which he browght with hym, 
 coafted euer alonge by the fhore vntyll he came to the goulfe Coiba, whofe kynges name is Carcta. Here he 
 founde theyr language to bee in maner nothynge lyke vnto that oi Hifpaniola or of the hauen of C(7rM<r^o; 
 wherby he perceaued that in this tracte there are many languages dififeringe from theyr owne bortherers. Niaiefa 
 departinge frome Coiba, wente to the prouince or Lieuetenauntfliippe of Fogeda his companion. Within a fewe 
 dayes after he hym felfe cnteringe into one of thofe marchaunt fliippes whiche the Spanyardes caule Carauefas, 
 commaunded that the bygger veffels, (hulde folowe farre behynde. He tooke with hym twoo fmaule (hyppes 
 commenly cauled bergantines or brygantynes. I haue thowght it good in all the difcourfe of thefe bookes, to 
 vfe the common names of thinges, bicaufe I had rather bee playne then curious : efpecially forafmuche as there 
 doo dayly aryfe manye newe thynges vnknowen to the antiquitie, wherof they haue lefte noo trewe names. 
 After the departure of Nieuefa, there came a ihyppe from Hifpaniola to Fogeda, the capitayne wherof, was one 
 Bamardino de Calauera, who had ftoulne the fame from Hifpaniola with three fcore men, withowte leaue or 
 aduice of the Admirall and the other goucrnours. With the vytayles whiche this (hippe browght they refreflhed 
 theym felues and fumewhat recouered theyr ftrengthes muche weakened for lacke of meate, Fogeda his 
 companyons whyfpered and muttered ageynfte hym daylye more and more, that he fedde them furthe with 
 vayne hope. For he had towlde them that he left Ancifus in Hifpaniola (whom he chofe by the kynges 
 commiftion to bee a ludge in caufes, bycaufe he was lerned in the lawe) to coome Ihortly after him with a fliippe 
 laden wth vytayles : And that he marueyled that he was not coome many dayes fenfe. And herein he faid 
 nothinge but trewth. For when he departed, he lefte Aneifus halfe redy to folowe hym. But his 
 felowes fuppofmge that all that he fayde of Ancifus had byn fayned, fume of them determyned 
 priuilie to fleale away the twoo brigantynes frome Fogeda, and to returne to Hifpaniola. But Fogeda 
 hauing knowleage hereof, preuented theyr diuife. For leauynge the cuftodie of the fortreffe with a 
 certeyne noble gentelman cauled Francifco Pizarro, he hym felfe thus wounded, with a fewe other in his 
 companie, entered into the (hyppe wherof we fpake before, and fayled directly to Hifpaniola, both to heale the 
 wound of his thygh if any remedy myght bee found, and alfo to knowe what was the caufe of Ancifus taryinge : 
 Leauing hope Avith his felowes (which were nowe browght from three hundreth to three fcore, partly by famyne 
 and partly by warre) that he wolde returne within the fpace of. xv. dayes: prefcribyng alfo a condition to 
 Pizarro and his companions, that it fhulde not bee imputed to them for treafon to departe from thenfe if he 
 came not ageyne at the day appoynted with vytayles and a newe fupply of men. Thefe. xv. dayes beinge nowe 
 pafte, whereas they coulde yet heare nothynge of Fogeda, and were dayly more and more oppreffed with fliarpe 
 hunger, they entered into the twoo brigantynes which were lefte, and departed from that land. And as they 
 were nowe faylynge on the maytie fea towarde Hifpaniola, a tempefte foodeynly aryfynge, fwalowed one of the 
 brygantynes with all that were therein. Sum of theyr felowes affirme that they playnely fawe a fyflie of houge 
 greatenes fwymmyng abowte the brygantyne (for thofe feas brynge furthe greate monfters) and that with a 
 ftroke of her tayle, the broke the rudder of the fhyppe in peeces : which faylynge, the brigantine beinge dryuen 
 abowt by force of the temped, was drowned not farre from the Ilande cauled Fortis, lyinge betwene the coaftes 
 of the hauen Carthago and Vral>a. As they of the other brygantyne wolde haue landed in the Ilande, they 
 were dryuen backe with the bowes and arrowes of the fierce barbarians. Proceadynge therfore on theyr vyage, 
 they mette by chaunce with Ancifus betweene the hauen of Carthago, and the Region of Cuchibacoa in the 
 mouthe of the rjiier whiche the Spanyardes cauled Boium gaiti, that is, the houfe of the catte, bycaufe 
 they fawe a catte firft. in that place: and Boium, in the toonge ol Hifpaniola, is a houfe. Ancifus came wyi!i 
 a (hyppe laden wth all thynges neceffarye, bothe for meate and drynke, and apparell, bryngynge alfo 
 with hym an other brigantine. This is he for whofe comming the capitayne Fogeda looked for foo longe. 
 He loofed anker from Hifpaniola in the Ides of September: And the fourth day after his departure, he efpyed 
 certeyne hygbe mountaynes, the whiche for the abundance of fnowe which lyeth continually in the toppes therof, 
 the Spanyardes cauled Serra Neuata, when Colonus the fyrft fynder of thofe Regions pafled by the feme. The 
 fyfte daye, he feyled by Os Dracouis. They whiche were in the brjgantyne, towlde Ancifus that Fogeda 
 was returned to Hifpaniola. But Ancifus fuppofmg that they had fayned that tale, commaunded them by 
 th[c]authoritie of his commiflion to tume backe ageyne. The brigantiners obeyed and folowed hym : yet made 
 they humble fute vnto hym that he woolde graunte them that with his fauour they myght eyther goo ageyne to 
 Hifpaniola, or that he hym felfe woolde brynge theim to Niaiefa : And that they woolde for his gentelnes 
 declared towarde them in this behalfe, rewarde hym with twoo thoufande drammes of golde. For they were 
 
 108 
 
The fcconde Decade, 
 
 109 
 
 ryche in golde, buf pooi>^ in breade. But Ancifus affented to neyther of theyr requedes: affirmynge that he 
 niyght by no meanes goo anye other way then to Vraba the prouince afllgned to Fogeda. Where vppon, by 
 theyr conduct, he tooke liis vyage directly toward Vraba. But nowe let it not feme tedious to yowre holynes 
 to heare of one thyng worthy to bee remembred, which chaunced to this Lieuetenaunt Aiici/us as he came 
 thether. For he alfo cafl anker in the coaftes of the region of Caramairi whiche wee fayde to bee famous by 
 reafon of the hauen of Carthago : and of the goodly ftature, flrength, and beawty of both men and women beinge 
 in the fame. Here he fent ccrteyne to goo alande on the fliore, both to fctche frefflie water, and alfo to 
 repaire the fliippe boate which was fore broofed. In this meane tyme a greate multitude of the people of the 
 countrey armed after theyr maner, came aboute owre men as they were occupied abowte theyr bufynes, and 
 ftoode in a redynes to feight, for the fpace of three dayes contynually : durynge whiche tyme, neyther durft they 
 fet vppon owre men, nor owre men affayle them. Thus bothe parties keepynge theyr arraye, (loode (lyl three 
 hole dayes the one gafynge on the other. Yet all this tyme owre men applyed theyr woorke, placinge the 
 (liippewrightes in the myddefte of theyr armye. As they (loode thus amafed, twoo of owre coompanye wente 
 to fyll theyr water pottes at the mouthe of the ryuer nere vnto them both, where foodenly there came furthe 
 ageynfte them a capitayne of the barbarians with ten armed men which inclofed them, and with terrible 
 countenaunce bent theyr arrowes ageynfte them, but (hotte theym not of One of owre men fledde : but the 
 other remayned, caulynge his felowe ageyne and rebukynge hym for his fearefulnes. Then he fpake to the 
 barbarians in their owne language which he had lerned beinge conuerfant with the captiues that were caryed 
 from thenfe longe before. They marueylynge to here a ftraunger fpcake in their natiue tonge, put of theyr 
 fiercenes and fell to frendly communication, demaundinge who were the capitaynes of that coompanie whiche 
 were arryued in theyr lande. He anfwered that they were flrangers paflfyng by: And that he marueyled why 
 they wold attempte to dryue them from theyr coafles and diflurbe theyr ftiyppes : arguinge theim of foUye and 
 crueltie, and further threatinge their ruine and dellruction, except they woold vfe them felues more frendely 
 towarde them. For hee aduertifed them that there wolde fliortly coome into theyr lande armed men, in nomber 
 lyke to the fandes of the fea : And that to theyr vtter deftruction, not only if they refyfted them not, but alfo 
 excepte they receaued them and enterteyned them honorably. In the meane tyme Ancifus was enformed that 
 his men were deteyned. Wherefore fufpectinge fume deceate, he browght furth al his target men for feare of 
 theyr venemous arrowes : And fettinge them in battell arraye, he marched forwarde towarde them which (leyed his 
 men. But he which communed with the barbarians, gyuinge him a figne with his hande to precede noo further, 
 he (leyed. And cauling to hym the other, he knewe that all was fafe. For the barbarians profered him peace, 
 bycaufe they were not they whom they fufpected them to haue byn : meanynge by Fogeda and Nicuefa, who had 
 fpoyled the vyllage (landinge there by the fea fyde, and caryed away many captiues, and alfo bumte an other 
 vyllage further within the lande. And therefore (as they fayde) the caufe of theyr commingc thether, was to 
 reuenge thofe iniuries, if by any meanes they coulde. Yet that they woolde not exercyfe theyr w capons ageynfte 
 the innocente. For they fayde it was vngodly to feyght ageynft any, not beinge prouoked. I^yinge a parte 
 therefore theyr bowes and arrowes, they enterteyned owre men gentelly, and gaue them great plentie of falted 
 fyfflie and breade of theyr contrey : And fylled theyr veflfels with fyder made of theyr contrey frutes and feedes, 
 not inferiour to wyne in goodnes. Thus Ancifus hauinge entered into frendlhyp and made a league of peace with 
 th[e]inhabitantes of Caramairi whiche were before fore prouoked by other capitaynes, he lanched from that 
 lande, and directed his courfe to Vraba by the Ilande Fortis, hauinge in his (hippe a hundreth and fyftie freflhe 
 men whiche were fubftitute in the place of fuche as were deade. Alfo twelue mares, and manye fwine, and other 
 beaftes both males and females for increafe. Lykewyfe, fyftie pieces of ordinaunce, with a greate multytude of 
 targettes, fwoordes, iauelyns, and fuche other weapons for the warres. But all this with euyl fpeede and in an 
 euyll houre. For as they were euen nowe enteringe into the hauen, the gouemour of the (hippe which fatte at 
 the helme, ftroke the (hyppe vppon the fandes, where it was foo faft enclofed, and beaten with the wanes of the 
 fea, that it opened in the myddefte, and al loft that was therin. A thynge furely miferable to beholde. For 
 of all the vytayles that they had, they faued onely twelue barels of meale, with a fewe chiefes, and a lyttle by(ket 
 breade. For al the beaftes were drowned : And they them felues fcaped hardly and halfe naked by helpe of the 
 brigantine and (liip boate, caryeng with them only a fewe weapons. Thus they fell from one calamitie into an 
 other, beinge nowe more careful! fo rtheyr lyues then for golde. Yet beinge browght alyue and in health to that 
 land which they foo greatly defyred, they coulde doo noo leffe then to prouide for the fufteynynge of theyr bodyes, 
 bycaufe they coulde not lyue onely by ayer. And wheras theyr owne fayled, they muft needes lyue by other 
 mens. Yet amonge thefe foo many aduerfities, one good chaunce olfered it felfe vnto them. For they founde, 
 not farre from the fea fyde, a groue of date trees, amonge the which, and alfo amonge the reke or weedes of the 
 maryflies, they efpyed a multitude of wylde bores, with whofe flelhe they fed them felues wel certeine dayes. 
 Thefe they fay to bee !e(re then owres: And with foo (horte tayles, that they thought they had byn cutte of 
 They dy(fer alfo from owres in theyr feete : for theyr hynder feete are hole vndiuided, and alfo withowte any 
 
 Rtche in gold .ind 
 pore ill breade. 
 
 TIic Region of 
 Caramairi 
 
 Feare on both 
 panes- 
 
 Ship Vryghtes. 
 
 55 
 
 i ' 
 
 r I 
 
 The vsc of 
 targettes ngcust 
 vcnemuus arrowes 
 
 ThebarKiriin^ 
 haue re!i(K:ct tu 
 iustice 
 
 Salted fishc. 
 
 Wyne of fruites 
 and secdcfk 
 
 ntdii. 
 
 Artilleric. 
 
 Anciftus ship 
 wracke. 
 
 Meale, cheeses, 
 and bysket. 
 
 A groue of date 
 trees. 
 
 Wylde bores. 
 
 ^illl! 
 
 I . I 
 
 I 
 
 h 
 
i 
 1 
 
 IT 
 i 
 
 ' ) 
 
 m; 
 
 ; 
 
 \ 
 
 IJ 
 
 no 
 
 The fccoude Decade. 
 
 66 
 
 Apples (if a 
 itraiigti kyiiil 
 
 Ceilen of Libane. 
 
 Surlier nrc cautcil 
 in french Cuntiicr 
 Ihey grow nut in 
 Eiigliuidc. 
 Thu friite entiled 
 zi/iplui or lilinlia 
 
 Canibaleit. 
 
 ^fen ofileitper.it 
 bulUne^ 
 
 Thegoulfe nf 
 
 Vraba. 
 
 The great n'ucr 
 of Darien, fuiilcih 
 into the goiilfe of 
 Vraba. 
 
 Prayer and vowes. 
 
 The sotildiers 
 make an othe. 
 
 The barbarians 
 are ciryuen to 
 night. 
 
 57 
 
 Chestnuttes, 
 
 The ryiier of 
 Darien, but vili. 
 degrees from the 
 Kquinoctial. 
 
 Oolde founde in a 
 thicket of reedes. 
 
 houfe. But they affirme that they haue proued by experience tlieyr fleffhe to bee of better tafte and more 
 
 holfooine then owres. Durynge this tyme, they fedde alfo of dates and the rotes of younge date trees, which 
 
 they eate hkewyfe in Ciuile and Granata where they caule them Pahnitos, jf the leaues wherof they make 
 
 biefomcs in Rome. Sumctymes alfo, they eate of the appels of that Region, whiche haue the tade of prunes, 
 
 and haue alfo Hones in them, and are but lyttle and of redde coloure. I fuppofe them to bee of that kyndc 
 
 wherof I eate in the citie of Alexandria in Egypt in the moneth of Aprell : The trees wherof, the lewes that 
 
 dwel there, beinge lerned in the lawe of Moyfcs, affirme to bee the Cedcrs of Libane, which beare owlde fruites 
 
 and newe all the yeare as dothe the orange tree. Thefe apples are good to bee eaten, and haue a certeyne 
 
 fweetnes myxte witli a gcntell fliarpnes, as haue the frutes cauled Sorbes. Th[e]inhabitantes plant thefe trees 
 
 in theyr orchyardes and garedens, and nooryflie theym with grcate diligence as wee doo cheries, peaches, and 
 
 <iuynfes. This tree in Icauos, heyght, and trunke, is verye lyke vnto the tree that beareth the frute cauled 
 
 Zizipha, which the Apothecaries caule luinba. But wheras now the wylde bores beganne to faile them, they 
 
 were ageyne enforced to confulte and prouyde for the tyme to coome. Where vppon with theyr hole army, they 
 
 entered further into the land. Tlie Canibales of this prouince, are mode experte archers. And/us had in his 
 
 coompany, a hundreth men. They mette by the way with only three men of th[e]inhabitantes, naked, and armed 
 
 with bowcs and venemous arrowes, who without al feare, aflayled owr men fiercely, wounded manye, and flewe 
 
 manye: .\nd when they had emptied theyr quyuers, fledde as fwyftely as the wynde: For (as we haue fayde) 
 
 they are excedynge fwyfte of foote by reafon of theyr loofe goinge frome theyr chyldes age They affirme that 
 
 they lette flyppe no arrowe owte of theyr bowes in vayne. Owre men therfore returned the fame waye that they 
 
 came, much more infortunate then they were before and confulted amonge them felues to leaue that lande: 
 
 efpecyally becaufe th[e]inhabitantes had ouerthrowne the fortrefle which Fogeda buylded, and had burnte 
 
 thirtie houfes of the vyllage, as soone as Pizarrus and his company lefte of Fogeda, had forfaken the 
 
 lande. By this occafion therefore, beinge dryuen to feeke further, they had intelligence that the weftc 
 
 fyde of that goulfe of Vraba, was more frutefuU and better to inhabite. Wherfore, they fent the one halfe of 
 
 theyr men thither with the brigantine, and lefte the other nere to the fea fyde on the eafle part. Ihis goulfe, 
 
 is. xxiiii. myles in bredth : And howe muche the further it entereth into the firme lande, it is foo muche the 
 
 narower. Lito the goulfe of Vraba, there faule many ryuers : but one (as they fay) more fortunate then the 
 
 ryuer of Niius in Egypte. This ryi'cr is cauled Darien, vppon the bankes whereof, beinge verye frutefull of 
 
 trees and graiTc, they entendef^ »o playnte their newe colonie or habitacion. But th[e]inhabitantes maruelynge 
 
 at the bryganiiuc l^inp"- bygger then theyr canoas, and fpecially at the fayles therof, fyrll fente away theyr 
 
 chyldren and weakelle forte of theyr people with theyr baggage and houfliolde (luffe, and affembled all fuche 
 
 togyther bothe men and women, as were meete for the warres : Thus beinge armed with weapons and dcfperate 
 
 myndes, they (loode in a redynes to feight, and taryed the comminge of owre men vppon a lyttle hyl, as it were 
 
 to take th[e]aduantage of the grounde. Owtc men iudged them to bee aboute fyue hundreth in nomber. Then 
 
 Ancifus the capitayne of owre men, and Lieuetenaunt i> the (leede of Fogeda, fettinge his men in order of 
 
 battayle array, and with his hole coompany kncelinge on his knees, they al made humble prayci^ t > - )d for 
 
 the victorie, and a vowe to the Image of the bleffed virgin whiche is honoured in Ciuile, by the name of SanHa 
 
 Maria Antigua, promyfmge to fende her manye golden gyftes and a (Iraunger of that contrey : alfo to name 
 
 the vyllage Sancta Maria Antiqua after her name: lykewyfe to erecte a temple cauled by the fame name: or 
 
 at the leafte to dedicate the king of that prouince his palaice to that vfe, if it fliulde pleafe her to afllfte them 
 
 in this daungerous enterpryfe. This doone, al the fouldiers tooke an othe, that noo man fhulde turne his backe 
 
 to his enemies. Then the capytayne commaundinge them to bee in a redines with theyr targets and iauelens, 
 
 and the trumpyter to blowe the battayle, they fiercely aflayled theyr enemyes with a larome. But the naked 
 
 barbarians, not longe able to abyde the forc(; of owre men, were putte to flyght, with theyr kynge and capitayne 
 
 Cemaccus. Owre men entered into the vyllage, where they Ibwnde plentie of meate fuche as the people of the 
 
 contrey vfe, fufficiente to afluage theyr prefent hunger, as breade made of rootes, with certeine fruites vnlyke 
 
 vnto owres, whiche they referue for (lore as wee doo cheftnutte-s. Of thefe people, the men are vtterly naked : 
 
 but the women from the nauell downewarde, are couered with a fyne clothe made of goflampine cotton. This 
 
 Region is vtterly mthowte any fliarpenes of wynter. For the mouthe of this ryuer of '^rrim, is onlye eyght 
 
 degrees diftante from the Equinoctiail lyne: So that the commone forte "*" owr aen, U.Li.i.,y perceaue anye 
 
 difference in lengthe betwene the day and nyght all the hole yeare. But 
 
 mie, they can perceaue noo fmaule difference. Therfore wee neede n 
 
 what from theyr opinion, for afmuche as the difference can not bee gre 
 
 the lande, they fayled alonge by the ryuer, where they founde a greatt 
 
 fpace of a myle in length fuppofing (as it chaunced in deede) that the borUui 
 
 " they are ignorant in ailrono- 
 
 i.iHe if the des ''^e do differ funi 
 
 Ihe day after th ihey arryued at 
 
 ket of edes continuinge for the 
 
 jrs tl re aboute which had fledde, 
 
 had eyther lyne lurkynge there, or els to haue hyd theyi ftuffe amonge thofe recdes : Where vppon, armynge 
 them felues with theyr targettes, for feare of the people lyinge in ambufflie. they fearched the thicket dilygentV, 
 
The fecondc Decade. 
 
 Ill 
 
 and founde it withowte men, but replenyfhed with houfeholde (luffe and gokle. They fowndc alfo a great 
 muhitude of flicetes, made of the fylke or cotton of the golTampine tree. I.ykcwyfe dyuers kynilcs of veflels 
 and tooles made of woodde, and many of earth : Alfo many breftc plates of gold anil ouchus wro\ight after theyr 
 mancr, to the fum of a hundreth and twoo pounde weight. For they alfo take pleafure in the bewtie of gold, 
 and worke it very artificially, although it bee not the price of thynges anionge them as with vs. They haue it 
 owte of other Regions for exchaunge of fuch thynges as theyr contrey bringcth fiirthe. For fuche Rc'tjions as 
 naue plentie of breade and goflampine, lacke gokle: And fuche as brynge furth goldc, are for the moll parte 
 rowght with montaynes and rockes, and therfore baren. And thus they cxercife marchandies withowte the vfc 
 of money. Reioyfing therfore with double gladdenes, afwell in that they fawc greate lykenes of golde, as alfo 
 that fortune hadde offered them foo fayre and frutcfuU a contrey, they font for theyr fclowes whom they haddc 
 lefte before in the ealle fyde of the goulfe of Vraba. Yet fume faye that the aycr is there vniiolfomc, bycaufe 
 that parte of the Region lyethe in a lowe valley enuironed with mountaynes and maryfflies. 
 
 €1 The seconde booke of the seconde decade, 
 Of the fnppofed continente. 
 
 Haue defcribed to yowre holynes where Fogeda with his coompany (to whomc the large 
 tractes of Vraba was alTigned to inhabite) intended to fallen there foote. Lette vs nowc 
 therfore leaue them of Vraba for a whyle, and returne ageyne to Nicucfa to whom the gouer- 
 naunce and Lieuetenauntefliippe of the mode large prouince of Beragua (beinge the wefte 
 fyde of the goulfe of Vraba) was appoynted. We haue declared howe Nicuefa departinge 
 wth one carauell and twoo brigantines frome Vraba the iurifdiction of his frende and com- 
 panyon Fogeda, directed his courfe weftwarde to Beragiia, leauinge the bygger fliippcs 
 fumewhat behynde hym, to folowe hym a farre of. But he tooke this diuife in an euyll howre. For he bothe 
 lofle his felowes in the nyght, and went pad the mouth of the ryuer of Beragiia, which he chiefely fowglit. One 
 Lupus 0/anus a Cantabrian, and gouemoure of one of the greate fliippes, had the conducte of one of the 
 brigantines. He commynge behynde, lerned of th[e]inhabitantes which was the waye Eaflewarde to the goulfe 
 of Beragua ouer paffed and lefte behynde of Nicuefa. Olaniis therfore directinge his courfe towarde the Eafle, 
 mette with the other brigantine which had alfo wandered owte of the way by reafon of the darkenes of the 
 nyght. The gouemour of this brigantine, was one Petriis de Vmbria. Thus bothe beinge gladde of theyr 
 meetinge, they confulted what was befl to bee doone, and which way they coulde coniecture their gouemour 
 had taken his vyage. After deliberation, they iudged that Nicuefa could no more lacke lum to put him in 
 rememberaunce of Beragua, then they them felues were myndful therof, hopynge alfo to fynde hym there. 
 They fayled therefore towarde Beragua : where they founde within, xvi. myles dyftant, a ryuei which Co/onus 
 named Lagartos, bycaufe it nooryfliethe greate lyfardes whiche in the Spanyfflie toonge are cauled Lagartos. 
 Thefe lyfertes are hurtfull bothe to man and beafte, and in fliape muche lyke vnto thj Crocodiles of the lyucr 
 of Nilus in Egypte. In this ryuer, they founde theyr companyons and felowes of theyr erroure lyinge at anker 
 with the greate fhippes which folowed behynde by the gouernours commaund';ment. Here the hole ailfcmbl[i]e 
 beinge carefuU and difquieted by reafon of the gouernours erroure, after confultacion, by th[e]aduife of the 
 capitaynes of the brigantines, who had rafed nere vnto the coaftes of Beragua, they fayled directly thetl.>er. 
 Beragua, in the language of th[e]inhabitantes of the fame prouince, is as much to faye, as the golden ryuer. 
 The region it felfe is alfo cauled by the fame name, takynge name of the ryuer. In the mouth of this ryuer, the 
 greateft veffels call anker, and cooueighed al theyr vytailes and other neceflaries to lande with theyr Ihippe 
 boates : and elected Lupus Olanus to bee theyr gouemour in the U°ede of Nicuefa whom they had lode. By 
 th[e]aduice therfore of Olanus and the other vnder capitaynes, that all hope of departure myght bee taken from 
 the fouldiers which they had nowe browght th ether, and to make them the more wyllinge to inhabite that land, 
 they vtterly forfooke and cade of thofe fliyppes beinge nowe rotten for age, and fuflfered them to bee fliaken 
 and broofed of the furges of the fea. Yet of theyr foundede plankes, with other newe, made of the trees of that 
 Region (which they fay to be excedinge bygge and hygh) they framed a newe carauel fliortly after, whiche they 
 myght vfe to feme for theyr neceflitie. But Beragua was founde by the vnfortunate dedenie of Fcff't de Vmbria. 
 For he, beinge a man of prompt wytte and apt forwardenes to attempte thynges (in whiche fumetyme fortune 
 wyll beare a droke notwithdandinge owre prouidence) tooke vpon hym th[e]aduenture to fearche the diore to 
 th[e]intent to find a waye for his felowes where they myght bede coome alande. For this purpofe, he chofe 
 
 Shcel«> of 
 
 llruHtc plates uf 
 UolJc. 
 
 Kc^ions, arc for 
 the nioste parto 
 barun. 
 
 1.; 
 
 Fnj;cd.i, the 
 I JuiictciMimt cf 
 Vral).i. 
 
 Nicucsa the 
 Licutitenaunt uf 
 lie rag ux 
 
 Nicucsnlo&tti lu.t 
 fclnwcs in the 
 night 
 
 Lu/ta Oiitnus 
 
 Pftrns de Tmbriti 
 
 The capitaynes 
 CDUsullu where to 
 fniJ theyr lost 
 gduernoiir. 
 
 The ryiicr 
 Lajjarlus. 
 
 58 
 
 The golden ryuei 
 of Ueragua. 
 
 The enterprise 
 and death of 
 Pctrus de Vmbria. 
 
 , ' If 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 ;■ 
 
 ! . 
 
 
112 
 
 The tI.iiiiiK^r«its 
 pl.icc of S( ill.i ill 
 ihe kuu uf Ctcilte- 
 
 The feconde Decade. 
 
 Swyiiiiiilngc 
 
 rite fy^^lher tm.ite 
 iif Nicticsa )its 
 lamuelc. 
 
 case uf i'lcucsj. 
 
 59 
 
 Tlie Rcciiiit iif 
 (iralia Oci or 
 i'LT.iban*. 
 Tlic rviitT ol' 
 Saiiill M.illlit'i. 
 
 'X\w riKorimsufs 
 
 r.mii' w.iX'lli 
 rypc fiii'ty fimrlh 
 innitlh 
 
 'riirinniniriiil.iliDii 
 of A yiiiiiiKt' man 
 liruw>;lil 1)1 uitli 
 
 C'oltlllU!*. 
 
 /•,■■ llli I'cUlli. 
 
 WV.iVi'llcs i»f 
 hunger. 
 
 C'.i/, Mittmor. 
 
 hyni tweliie mar>'nors, and wenlc al)oordc the fliippe boatc whichc fcnied the grcatefte fliyppes. The flowingc 
 of the fca, raged and rored there, witli a horrible whiirlinge as wee reede of the ilaungeroiis place of Scylla in the 
 fea of Scicilie, by reafon of the hoiigc antl ragged rockes reachyng into the fea, from which ti\e wanes rebounding 
 wiljj violence, make a grcate noyfe and rowghnes on the water, whiche rowghnes or reflowinge, the S|)anyanles 
 caule Kiu'aCiii. In thefe daungers wretched I'm find wrefteled a while. Hut in fliorte fpace, a wane of the fea 
 ahnofle us byggc ns a mountayne, rebounilinge from the rockes, ouerwhelni 'd tlie boate and deuoured the fame 
 with the men, eucn in the fight of theyr felowes ; So that of them all, onely one efcapcd by reafon he was 
 experte in fwymmynge. For gettinge hokle of the corner of a rocke, and fufteynynge the rage of the fea vnlyll 
 the nexte daye wiie:\ it wexed caulme, and the (liore was »lrye by the faule of the water, he cfcaped and reforted 
 to his coompanye. 'Jut I'mbria with the other eleuen, were vtterlye cade away. The refydue of the coompany, 
 durll not connnite them felues to the (hippe boates, but went alande with theyr brigantines. Where remaynyngo 
 a fewe dayes, and faylinge alonge by the ryuer, they founile certeyne vyllages of th[e]inhabitantes, which they 
 caule Mumu. Here they bcganne to build a fortrede, and to fowe feeiles after the maner of theyr countrey, in 
 a certeyne vale of frutefuU grovnde, bicaufe in other places the region is baren. As thefe thynges were thus 
 dooinge in Btragua, one of .heir loompanye llandynge vpiion the toppe of a hyghe rocke of efpeciall, and 
 lyftynge his eyes towarde tl'j \Verte, beganne to crye, Lynnyn fayles, lynnyn fayles. And the nerer it drewe 
 towarde hym, he perceaued it to bee a fliyp|)e boate connninge with a lyttle fayle. Yet receaued they it with 
 muche reioyfinge: for it was the fyflher boate oi Nicmfa his carauele, and of capaciiie to carye onely fyue men, 
 and had nowe but three in it, which had ftoulne it from NUiiefa bycaufe he refufed to gyue credit to theim that 
 he had palled Btra^iia, and lefte it behynde hym I*3;iftwarde. For they feinge Nicuffa and his felowes to 
 confimie tlayely by famynne, thowght they woolde prone fortime witii that boate, if their chaunce myght bee to 
 fynde Bcra^tM, as in tieede it was. Debatinge therefore with theyr felowes, of thefe matters, they declared 
 howe Nhiufii erred and lolle the carauele by tempell, anil that he was nowe wanderinge amonge the njaryflhe": 
 of vnknowen coalles, full of myferie and in extreeme pcnurie of all th)iiges, hauinge nowe lyued for the fpace 
 of three fcore and tenne dayes, only with herl)es anil routes, and fyldoome with fnites of the countrey, contented 
 to drinke water, and yet that often tymes faylynge, bycaufe he was inllant to trauayle wcftwarde by footc, fuppofuig 
 by that meanes to come to JitTiii^iui. Co/onus the fyrfte f) niler of this mayne lanile,' had coalled alonge by this tracte, 
 and nanied it Giatia Dd: but the inhabitantes caide it Cerabaro. Throwghe this Region, there runneth a ryuer 
 which owre men named SanHi Matthci, dillante from the welle fyde of litrii)^iui aboute a hundrethe and thirtie 
 niyles. Here I lette pafle the name of this ryuer, and of inanye other i)laces by the names which th[e]inhabitantes 
 vfc, bycaufe owre men are ignorant thereof. Thus I.upus Olaniis the conductor of one of the Ihippes of Niauj'it, 
 and nowe alfo vice I.eauetenaunt in his rteede, after that he hadde receaued this information of the maryners, 
 fente thether a briganlinc vnder theyr guydynge, thefe maryners thcrfore, which came in the fydflier lioate, 
 founde Aiiuifti, and browght hym to the place where Oitiims laye, whome at his commynge he calle in pryfon, 
 and accufed hym of treafon bycaufe he vfurped tii[e];iutoritie of the Lieuetenauntlhippe, and that for the defyrc 
 lie hail to beare nde and bee in autorilie, he looke no care of his errours: alfo that he behaued hym felfe 
 negligently: demaundinge further more of hym, what was the caufe of his foo longe delay. Lykewyfe he f])akc 
 to al tile vnder oHicers Iharplye and with a troubled mynile : And within fewe dayes after commaunded them 
 to trulTe vp theyr packes. and make them redye to de|)arte. They defyred hym to nuytt hym felfe, and to 
 forbeare them a while vntyl they had reaped the come that they had fowne, which wolde rtiortly bee rype. I'oi 
 all kynd of corne waxeth ryjie there euery fourth moonelhe after it is fowne. Itut he vtterly denyed to tarye 
 any whytte: but that he woolile foorthwilh departe from t!)at vnfortunate lande: .Vnd plucked vp by the rootcs 
 al that euer was browght into the goulfe of Biriii;;mi, and conunauuded them to directe theyr courfe towarde 
 the Kiirte. After they had fayled aboute the fpace of. xvi. myles, a certeyne younge man whofe name w;is 
 (Iregorie. a Cicnues borne, and of a chylde browght vp with Co/oniis, cauled to rememberance that therv' was a 
 iiauen not farre frome thenfe; And to i)roue his fayinge trewe, he gaue his felowes thefe tokens: that is, tjiat 
 they Ihulile fynde vpjMJn the Ihore, an anker of a lolle lhyp|)e halfe couered with fande: .\nd vnder a tree neMc 
 vnio the hauen, a fprynge of cleere water. They came to the lande: founde the anker and the fprynge, and 
 commendeil the wytte and m-.-morye of the younge man, that he only amonge many of the maryne[r]s whii In 
 had fearched thole coalles with Co/oniis, bore the thynge foo well in mynde. 'I'his hauen, i'o/otius cauled 
 J'ortiis Jkl/iis. Wheras in this vj'age for lacke of \ ytayles they were fumetymes enforced to goo alande, they 
 were euel entreated of the iidiabitantes. Uy reafon wherof, theyr llrengthes were foo wekened with hunger, 
 that they were not able to keejie warre ageynll naked men, or fcarfely to beare theyr harnes on their backes. 
 And therfore owic men lolle tv entie of theyr coompanie, which were llayne with venemous arrowes. They 
 confulted to leaue the one halfe of theyr felowes in the hauen of y'(V///j- liiilns\ .And the other jwrte AVW/(/i' 
 tooke with hym towarde tiie F-ifte- where abowte twentie anil eyght myles from IWliis Jidlus, he intended to 
 buylde a forlrelVe hardc by the fea fyde vppon the poynte or cape which in tymc pafle Co/onus named Mariiwi. 
 
f 
 
 The fccomic Decade. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Hut they were foo feeble by rcafon of lonpc hunger, that theyr nreni;lli (enuil them not to fiilleyne luehe 
 laluiiire. Yet lie erected a lyttle towre able to reiyll the tyrd alTiute of tlio iiihabitante-^. Tins lowre he 
 eaiiled Xomen Dii. From the tymc lliat he left JuTiii^iid, what in the iorney anionne tlie l.mihe playnes, then 
 alfo for hunger wliyle he buyldeil tlie towre, of the fewe whieli reniayned a lyue, he Iivlle twoo luMuhvlh. And 
 thus by lyttle and lyttle, the nuiltitiide of I'euen hundreth foure fcore and fyite n>en, v.as iiowe bunvght to 
 learfely one hundreth. Whyle Nicnr/ii lyned with thefe lew iniferable men, there arofe a contention ar.ionge 
 them of //i/A/, as coneerninge the l.ieuetenantlliippe. Tor one i'.'/,/ii/.\- A/i/im:. hy the indgemente of all 
 men, trullynge more to ins (Irengthe then wytte, lloured vp cerleyne lyght telowes agi'vull .inrifiis, f,iyin,;;e tli.it 
 .h/t/Yits had not the kynges letters ]),iiciites for that ollice: Ami tluit it was not liiliicii'iit that he was aiiiorifed 
 by /u'p't/ii, And therlbre forbodde that he Ihulde execute the ollice of the l.ieuelen.uintellii|i|ie: .And wylled 
 theym to chufe certeync of ihcyr owne cuoni|)anye, by tthofe eouiirayle and aiithoritie tliey myght hv^• 
 gouerned. 
 
 'I'lius beinge diiiided into factions by rcafon tliat /■••xrJii, their c.i|iil,i\ne c.tnie not ageviu', whom they 
 Uil>pofed to bee nowe ileadc of his venemoiis woiinde, they contended whether it were belle to liibllitiite .\i,ii,l\i 
 in his place. The wyfede forte ftu'he as were famylier with AViVAyi/, and coulde not beire tli|elinloleii(ie ol 
 I'li/'i/iit.t Xiihhi'z, thowglu it good that Niait-fa ihuld bee fowght owt throwgh owt all thole coalles. For they 
 had kiioweledge that he departed from />'<r'ii;//ii bycaiife of the b.irennes of the grounde: .\nd that by 
 ,!i|e]exemple oi Anafiis, and fuche other as had made Ihippewracke, it were pollible that he might wander in 
 fume fecreate place; .And that they coulde not be qiiiete ii\ theire myndes vnlyll they kr.ewe the certeiitie, 
 whether he with his felowes were alyue or de.ide. Ittit I'li/i/ii/s Xiinihz, feiiringe lealle at llu- commyng of 
 Xiiiitfa he Ihulde not bee had in autoritie emonge his felowes, f.iyde they were m.id nun to tliinke that Xiiiii/it 
 lyued: And althowgh he were alyue, yet that they hadde noo neade of his helpe. I'or he auoiiched that there 
 was none of his telowes, that were noi as meete to rule as A'i,w/<r. While they were thus re.il'on'. ngi- too and 
 Iroo, tine A*(i,/(77'iV/.f ('i'/w/7/,//7j- arryued in thole coalles with two greate lliippes liaiiinge in tluym three fcore 
 irefthe men. with greate plentic of vitailes and apparel. ( )f the navigation of this ( Wmrniiris, I intende to fpeake 
 I'limewhat more, lie therl'ore departed from the hatien v^'i llifl',in'u'la cauled />'<•,?/,; (where they prepare anil 
 liirnylTlie theym I'elues whielie make any viage into thefe landes) aboute the Ides of October in the yeare. 
 1510: .\nd landed the. ix. of Nouember in .1 Region in the large prouince of /'/'v> founde by ( 'i'/i'////.f betwene 
 the haiii-n Cixrlhag,i^ aud the Region yi CiichilhuluHi. In this viage what by the rowghnes of the fea and lierceiies 
 of the barbarians, he fiil'fered m.iny incoinmodities. l''or when his frcflhe watet f.iyled. he f.iyled to the mouthe 
 of a «:erteyne riiier whi<'li th[e|inliabitantes cauie (,\iirii, beiiige apte to receaue lliippes. This ryuer had his 
 coiirfe trom the toppe of an exceailinge hyghe moiintayne <-oiiered w ith fnowe, liygher then the which, all the 
 I oompanyons of this capitayne J\\'iiiriais, liiye that they neuer fawe. And that by good rcafon, yf it were 
 (oiu'icd wvth fnowe in that Region which is not pall ten degrees dillaule from the A -//////< '<//<// lyne. .\s they 
 begamie to dr.iwe water owt of their Ihippeboate, a certevne Kynge made towarde theym appareled with vellures 
 of golVampine cotton, hauinge twenlie noble men in his roompaiiye ;r]ipareled alfo: \Vliyclie tliinge feenied 
 ilr.itmge to owre men, ami not feenc before in thofe parties. The Kinges apinrell, hunge loofe from his 
 ilioiilders to his I'lbowes; And iVom the gerdle downewarde, it w.is nnii he like a womans kertle, reachinge eiien 
 to his heeles. As he drewe necre towanle owre men, he feemed frcndiy to admonyflhe theym to taki' none of 
 the water of that ryuer, allirminge it tti bee vnholfome for men: And lluwi'd theym that not firre liom thenle, 
 there was a ryuer of good water. 'I'hey came to the ryuer. .And endeuouringe to coome nere the ilmre, they 
 were dryuen backe by tenipelle. ;\lfo the biirbiilinge of the finde, declaied the lea to bee but ihalowe there, 
 riiey were therefore enforced to returne to the fyrlle ryuer where they myght lately calle .nnker. 'I'his Kiiige 
 l.iyde wayte for owre men. I'or as they were fyllinge theire b.irrelles, he fct on theym with abowt liuen 
 liundreth men (as owre men iiidged) armed after theire miner, althowgh they were naki'd. I'or only the 
 kynge and his noble men were app.ireled. They tooke away llie Ihippeboate. and brooke it in iiianer to (lii|is: 
 loo tiercely alVaylynge owre menne with theyr ve:iemous arrow es, that they llewe of thein fortie and feuen beilore 
 ihey coulde couer them fellies with theyr l.irgeites. |''or that poylon is of fiii h force, that albeit the woiindes 
 »i-re not great, yit they dyed therof iiiimedi.itly. I'or they yi't kiiewe noo reme<lie ageynlle this kvii<li- of iioylon, 
 .IS tlicy after lerned of lh[e|inhabil.intcs of Hilf<iV!i,>/,i. I'or this llande bringeth foorlh an lierjie which 
 'liiencheth .md mortitieth the \iolent poyfon of die heibe wherewith tluyr arrowes are infected, foo that it lu'c 
 luinillred in tyme. Yet of owre coompany v,hi< he went for waliT, fciun efcaped ih.il conllii te. anil Ityd them 
 (elues in a hollowe trci-, hirkynge there vnt)ll nyghl. \'ef efcapeil they not the h.indcs of theyr enemyes. I'or 
 the Ihiitpe departed from thenfe in the nyghl feafon and lelie them there, fuppolinge tli.it they had byn llayne. 
 Thus by nianye fuche jierels and daungers (which I lyghtly ouerpalVe bicanfe I wyl not bee tedious to yowre 
 liolynes) hearr)'ued at the length ,it the liaiien of /'/./Ar, an<l call anker U the ealle fyde therof, froiri wheiife not 
 longe before, owre men departed to the well fyde bv reafon of the barennes of that foyle. When he had 
 
 IllM'N. M IIJ 
 
 Xi'uh'n /V*. 
 Nil lirs.i his 1111-11 
 iilllMllllCll 
 
 I .tntlMK'IOll 
 
 I .ll>MUl llii: 
 
 i ll<'ll>-|tMI.1Unt>lM|l 
 
 I ..I Vi.,l..i. 
 \' isrlms Nil' .!■/ 
 inniuih M'lli III 
 Am isui 
 
 llril.liIl.l'.'M fol 
 
 l'\>i;c,ta. 
 
 60 
 
 A'/, ifsti 
 
 ( '.'.'*/;, ■•/,i*/.». 
 riic ti.iuii;.iii<»t 
 
 l\i|iiirii;iri>i. 
 
 1 .V. fu:\i,,-il. 
 
 'Hie ryucT »!.iii.i 
 
 An cxifilitij; hyuli 
 
 nioiiDt.tvnr 
 
 < ><iu-(t-tl with 
 
 Mir.Wf. 
 A|i)i,Mi-U >l I11i-lt 
 
 
 SflH'Il .lllil fitttV 
 
 ^l•.^lly.^r»i^•^ .11. ■ 
 sl.iiiic witti 
 VCtU'lUOUK ,uro«r , 
 
 A rriiR'ily .ik»'" tr 
 vciiciiumit uri<>» • 
 
 Sfiun mrn lift 
 
 I TIij haucii of 
 I Vr4l>4. 
 
 ! ( 
 
 I I 
 
 !i 
 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
11 
 
 114 
 
 The fccondc Decade. 
 
 61 
 
 The goulfe of 
 
 Vraba. 
 
 Daritna. 
 
 Famen. 
 
 What became nf 
 the CDiucnciuu uf 
 Vraba 
 
 Bemgna, 
 
 Nicucsa is tou^^lil 
 fuorth 
 
 Nicucsa is r<tiinUe 
 in a (iiiscral)le 
 case. 
 
 tiisoleitcje rtf lo 
 much felicitie. 
 
 62 
 
 NictlcKn fnult'lh 
 frnin one mi-'Mic 
 into .111 ulhcr. 
 
 contynued a whyle in the hauen, and fawe noo man (lourynge, maruejlinge at the filence of the places 
 (for he fuppofed there to haue fownde his fclowes) lie coulde not coniecture what this fhulde meane: 
 and there vppon beganne to fufpecte that eyther they were deade, or that they had chaunged the place 
 of theyr habitacion. To knowe the certentie hereof, he commaunded all the greate ordinaunce and other fmaiile 
 gunnes which he had in his fliippes, to bee charged: And fyers to bee made in the nyght vppon the toppes of 
 the rockes. Thus the fyers bcinge kyndeled, he commaunded all the gunnes to bee fliotte of at one inflantc : 
 by the horrible noyfe whereof, the goulfe of Vraba was fliaken, althowghe it were, xxiiii. myles diftante : for foo 
 brode is the goulfe. This noyfe was harde of theyr felowes in DarUna : And they aunfwered them ageyne 
 with mutual fyers. Wherfore, by the folow^nge of thcfe f} crs, Colmmaris browght his fliippes to the Well fyde. 
 Here thofe wretched and miferal)le men of DarUna which nowe thorowgh famen and feeblenes helde theyr wery 
 fowles in theyr teethe redy to departe from theyr bodies by reafon of the calamities which beefeil vnto them 
 after Ancifus fliippewrackc, lyftinge vp theyr handes to heauen, with the teares runnynge downe thejr cheekes 
 bothe for ioye and forowe, embrafed Rodcricus and his felowes with fuch kynde of reioyfinge as their prefente 
 necelTitie feemed to requyre. For whereas they were before his comminge, withowte vytayles and almod ; naked, 
 he brought them abundance of meate, drynke, and apparell. It reftethe nowe (mode holy father) to declare 
 Avhat came of the dilTention amonge them of Vraba, as concernynge the gouemaunce after the lofle of theyr 
 capitaynes. 
 
 C The thyrde booke of the seconde Decade 
 Of the fuppofed continent. 
 
 1,1 the cliiefe ofticers in Bcragua, and fuch as were mod politike in counfayle, determyned that 
 Nicuefa fliulde bee fowght owte if by any nieanes he coulde bee founde. Where vppon they 
 tooke from Ancifus the gouernoure refufinge the commynge of Nicuefa, a brygantyne vi-hiche 
 he made of his owne charges : And agreed, ageynll bothe the wyll of Ancifus, and the maftcr 
 of fence Vafclius A^umwz, that Nicuefa rtiulde bee fowght foorthe to take away the ftryfe as 
 touchinge the goucrnenient They elected therfore Colmcnaris (of whom we fpake before) 
 to take this matter in handc : wyllynge hym to make diligent fearch for Nicuefa in thofe 
 coaftes where they fuppofed he erred. For they harde that he had forfaken Beragua, the region of an vnfrute- 
 full grounde. They gaue hym therfore commaundement to brynge Nicuifa with hym, and further to declare 
 vnto hym that he fliulde doo rjght good feruice to coome thetiier, in takyng away th[e]occafion of theyr 
 feditions. Coliniiiaris tooke the thynge vppon hym the more gladly bycaufe Nicuefa was his very frende ; 
 Sujjpufuige th:it liis commynge with vytayles fliulde bee noo leflfe thankefuU to Niaiefa and his coompanie, 
 then it was to thcin of Vraba. Furnyffliynge therefore one of his owne fliippes whiche he browght with hym 
 and alfo tlie bri^jantyne taken froine Ancifus, he frayghtcd the fame with part of the \ytayles and otluT 
 iieceflaries which he browt.'lit with hym before from IIif/>anio!a to Vraba. Thus courfynge alonge by all the 
 coafles and goulfis nere there abowte, at the lengtli at tiie i)oynte called Marmor, he founde Nicuefa, of all 
 lyuynge men moll infortunate, in maner drycd vppe with extreeme hunger, fylthye and horrible to beholdc, 
 with onely three fcore men in his < ompany, kite alyue of feuen hundreth. They al feemed to hym foo 
 mifcrablc, that he noo lefle lamented thc-yr cafe, then yf he had founde them deade. But Cohnenaris confortcd 
 his frende Nimefa : and embrafinge Iiym with teares and cherefuU woordes, relyued his fpirites, and further 
 encornged hym with greate hope of better fortune; declarynge alfo that his commynge was looked for and 
 greatelye defyred ofal the good men of Iraba, for that they iioped that by his autoritie, theyr difcordc and 
 contention fliulde bee fynyfflied. Nicuefa thanked his frende Colmcnaris after fuch forte as his calaniitie 
 requyreil. Thus they tooke fliyppe to gyther, and fiyled directly to Vraba. Hut fo variable and vncorftant 
 is the nature of man, that he foone groweth owte of vfe, becommeth infolente and vnmyndful of benefitcs af:- i 
 to much felicitie. For Nicuefa, alter thus many teares and weepynges, after dyuers bewaylinges of his infortu 
 nate defleny, after fo many thankos geuynge, ye after that he had faulen downe to the grounde and kyfled the 
 feete of Colmcnaris his fauioure, be beganne to quarel with hym before he came yet at Vraba, reprouinge hym 
 and them all for ih[e]alterai:ion of the (late of thyngcs in Vraba, and for the galheringe of gohle: Aflirming 
 that none of them owght to liauo layth; hande of any golde with owte the aduicc of hym or oi Fogeda his cooni- 
 panion. When thefe fayingcs and fuche lyke, came to the eares of theym of Vraba, they foo (loured vp the 
 niyndes of Ancifus l.ieueleiiaunte for Ivg^edci, and alfo of Vafchus Nunnez, of the contrary i>arte, ageinflc Nicuefa, 
 
The feconde Decade. 
 
 115 
 
 that fliortely after his arryuall with his three fcore men, they commaunded hym witli threatenynge to dcparte 
 from thenfe. But this pleafed not the better fort. Yet fearynge leaft tumult fhulde bee anionge the people 
 whom Vafchus Nunnez had ftcred to facUons, the bell parte was fnyne to giue place to the greateft. This 
 wretched man therfore Niaiefa thus drowned in mifcries, was thrufte into the brigantyne whii Ik- lie hym felfe 
 browght: and with hym only fcucntene men, of his three fcore which rcmayned alyuc. lie tooke fliyppc in 
 the Calendes of Marche in the yearc. 1511. intcndyngc to goo to Hifpanwla to coomplaync of the rafihcncs of 
 Vafchus Niinnez, and of the violence doone to hym by Aiidfus. Hut he entered into the brigantinc in an 
 vnfortunate houre: for he was neuer feene after. They fuppofe that the brigantine was drowned with all the 
 men therin. And thus vnhappie Niatcfa faulynge hcadlonge owte of one miferye into an other, ended his lyfe 
 more myferablye then he lyued. Nicuefa beinge thus vylely reiccted, and al theyr vytayles confumed which 
 Colmenaris browght them, faulynge in maner madde for hunger, they were enforced lyke raucninge woolucs 
 fcakynge theyr praye, to inuade fuche as dwelte abowtc thc\r confynes. Vafchus Niiuncz therefore, the) r newe 
 capitayne of theyr o\vne election, aflembling togyther a luindrcth and thirtie men, and fettingc them in order of 
 battell after his fwoordeplayers faflhion, puffed vppe with pryde, placed his fouUlicrs as pleafed hym in the 
 fonvarde and rereward, and fume as pertifens abowt his cwne perfou. Thus alTociatingc with hym Colmenaris, 
 he wente to fpoyle the kynges which were bortherers there abowte, and came fyrfl to a Region ahowie that 
 coafte, caulcd Coiba, (wher of we made mencion before) imperioufly and with cruel countenaunce commaund- 
 inge the kynge of the region whofc name was Careta, (of whome they were neuer troubled as often as they 
 paffed by his dominions) to gyue them vytayles. But Careta denyed that he coulde gyue tliem any at that 
 tyme: alleagyng that he had oftentymes ayded the Chriftians as they paffed by thofe (oafles: by reafon wherof 
 iiis ftore was nowe confumed: Alfo that by the meanes of the contynuall warrc which he kcptc euer from his 
 chyldes age with a kyng whofe name is Poncha, borthcringe vppon his dominion, he and his famelic were in 
 greate fcorfenes of all thyngcs. But Vafchus wooldc admytte none of thefe excufcs: And thcrvppon tooke 
 Careta prifoner, fpoyled his vyllage, and browght hym bownd with his twoo wyues and chyldren and all his 
 fiimelie to Dariena. With this kynge Careta, they founde three of the felowes of Nicuefa, the whiche when 
 Nicuefa paffed by thofe coalles to feeke Jieragua, fearynge punyfflicment for theyr euyll defertes lloule away 
 from the fliyppes lyinge at anker: And when the nauie departed, commytted them felues to the mercie of 
 Careta, who enterteyned them very frendely. They had nowe bynne there, xviii. moonethcs, and were there- 
 fore as vtterly naked as the people of the contrey. Duringe this tyme, the mcate of th[e]inhabitantcs feemed 
 vnto them delicate difflies and princely fare : cfpecially bycaufe they enioyed the fame williowte any (Iryfe for 
 myne and thyne, which twoo thynges moue and enforce men to fuch liarde fliyftes and mifcries, that in lyuing 
 they fecme not to lyue. Yet defyred they to returne to theyr owlde cares, of fuche force is education and 
 natural effection towarde them with whom we haue byn browght vp. The vytayles whiche / 'afchus browght 
 fromc the vyllage of Careta to his felowes lefte in Dariena, was rather fumewhat to alTuage theyr prefent hunger, 
 then vtterly to take away theyr neceffitie. But as touchinge A ncif us hcingc Lieuetenaunt for /(;i,V(/(?, whether 
 it were before thefe thyngcs or after, I knowe not. But this I am furc of, that after the reiectinge of Nicuefa, 
 many occafions were fought agcnfl Ancifus by I'afcus and his factionaries. Howe foo euer it was, Aiicifus was 
 taJvcn, and cad in pryfon, and his goodes confifcate. The caufe hereof was, (as J'lifhus alleaged) that Ancifus 
 hadde his commiftion of the Licuctenauntfliippe, of /''oj^ri/a onely whonie lliey fayilc to bee nowe deade, 
 :uid not of the kynge. Sayinge that he woolde not obey any man that was not put in oflice by the 
 kyng hym felfe by his letters i)atentcs. Yet at the recjueft of the graucftc forte, he was fumwhat pacified, 
 imd delt more gentelly with hym, hauinge fum companion of his calamities. Anel thervppon commaunded 
 liym to bee loofed. Ancifus beinge at libcrtie, tooke fliyppe to deiiarte from thenfe to Ilifpaniohi. But beefore 
 he had hoyfed vppe his fayle, all the wyfeft forte reforted to hyni, humbly dcfyringe hym to returne ageyne : 
 promyfynge that they woldc doo theyr diligence, that Vafchus beinge reconciled, he mvght bee reflored to his 
 !,ill autoritie of the Licuetenauntfliii)pe. But Ancifus refufed to confent to theyr reiiuefl and foo departed. 
 \\t fume there were that murmured that god and his angels flieweil this reuenge \ pon Ancifus, bycaufe Nicuefa 
 w.is reiected throwgh his counfayle. Howe foo euer it bee, the fearchcrs of tiie newe landes, faule hcadlonge 
 into mine by theyr owne follyc, confuminge them felues with ciuiie difcorde, not weighinge foo greate a matter, 
 iiiir employingc theyr berte endeuoure aboute the fame as the woorthynes of the thynge recjuyreth. In this 
 ineane tyme, they determyned all with one agrcemente, to fende meffengers into llifpaniola to the youngc 
 Aihnirall and viceroy, fonne and heyre to Chrijlophorus Cohnus ti>e fynder of tliefe landes, and to the other 
 gcuieinourcs of the llande (from whom the newe landes reccaue theyr ayde aiul lawes) to fignifie vnto them 
 what (late they ftoode in, and in what neceffitie they lyued : alfo what they had founde, and in wiiat hope they 
 were of greater thingcs if they were furnyflicd with jilentie of vytayles and other neceffaries. For this purpofe 
 they elected at the affignement of Vafcus, one Vah/iuia, beinge oik- of his faction, an<l inftructed by hym ageinfl 
 Ancifus. And tu bee affiflant with hym, they ap|)oynte«l one /!<i/////i////j a Cantal>rian : So that commaundc- 
 
 «>5 
 
 The Kreatest part 
 oucrcuiiimeth the 
 best 
 
 The death of 
 Nicuusa. 
 
 Kamen enforseth 
 them to faule to 
 spoylynge. 
 
 Vaschus vsurpcih 
 
 lh(c|;iuliiriticiiftho 
 
 LicuctuiiaiitsliipiH:. 
 
 Careta, kinge of 
 Coiba. 
 
 Kyn(;e Careta Is 
 t.iUii and spoyled. 
 
 Hunger U the best 
 
 sauce. 
 
 Myne and thine 
 
 the sccdes of al 
 
 niischcfe. 
 
 Andsue, 
 lieuetenaunt for 
 Fogeda is cast in 
 priiion. 
 
 Ancisus taket 
 his vyage to 
 hispaniola. 
 
 63 
 
 The reucngCc] uf 
 God. 
 
 The 
 inconiiciiicnccs i>f 
 discordc 
 
 The iionne .ind 
 heyre uf (.-i>tiini)s, 
 is Adniirall and 
 Viceroy of 
 hivtpamola. 
 
 / 'aidima. 
 
 Iif 
 
 I 
 
 
 I ) 
 
 ! I •'! 
 
 f' I, 
 
 li 
 
■ ' ' 
 
 Ii6 
 
 The feconde Decade. 
 
 < I 
 
 \ 
 
 Zamudius and 
 Ancisiis, take their 
 vyage to Sjiayne 
 
 Kiiigc Puncha. 
 
 Swoordcs I'f 
 
 Kyngc Carcta 
 cimspircth with 
 the S|Kinyanlcs 
 iii-cn-i kyiige 
 I'uiich.i. 
 
 Wtmiglit g')!d 
 
 The rc^jinii of 
 ('4Hint>;r:i. (ii-iaiu 
 frDinc I >.irii:n.i. 
 x.\x. luaqucs. 
 
 Kyngc Cvtiiiogrus 
 
 llic kyiig:;^ 
 
 64 I 
 
 \\'yiie and syJcr 
 
 lilacke wine. 
 
 'I'he ImdyM of 
 tk'.ttli: kytigcs 
 religiously 
 honuurcd. 
 
 PeHtttfs. 
 
 'ITie ca^^l^ts of 
 men drycU 
 
 The kyngc!4 Sonne 
 n ynngc niiin of 
 excellent wytlu. 
 
 Foiirc tlimisandi- 
 MILX-S uf wruU|£lit 
 guide. 
 
 mcnt was gyuen to VaUiuia to returnc from Ilifpauiola with vytayles: And Zamudius was appoynted to take 
 his vyage into Spayne to the kynge. Tiiey tooke (hippe toyyther with Anciftis, hauinge in myndc to certifie the 
 kynge howe thynges were handelcd there, muche otherwyfe then Zamudius infonnation. I my felfe fpake with 
 both Andfus and Zamudius at their comnijnge to the courle. Whyle they were occupied aboute thefe matters, 
 thofe wrctclied men of Dariaia loofed Carcla the kynge of Coilui vjjpon condicion that he fliulde ayde theym in 
 theyr warres ageynfl his enemy and theyrs, kynge Poncha bortheringe vpon his dominions. Caieta made a league 
 with them, promyfinge that as they paflcd by his kyngedome, he woolde gyue them all thynges neceffarie, and 
 meete them with an armie of men, to goo forwarde with them to the baltaile agenft Poihha. Tlieyr weapons 
 are nother bowcs nor vcnemed arrowcs, as we .'■a)ile th[e]inhabitantes to hauc which dwel eaftwarde beyonde 
 the goulfe. They feight tlierefore at hande, with longe fwordes (whicii they caule Macauas) made of wood 
 bycaufe they haue noo Iren. They vfe alfo longe ftaues lyke iauelens hardened at the endes with fyer, or typte with 
 bo'ie. Alfo certeyne llynges and dartes. Thus after the league made \\ ith Canta, bothe he and owre men had 
 cer>eyne daycs ajjpoynted them to tyll theyr grounde and fowe theyr feedes. 'I'his doone, by the ayde of 
 Canta and by his conduction, they marched towarde the palaice of Poncha, who iledde at the) r comniynge. 
 They fpoyled his vyllage and mytigatcd theyr hunger with fuch vytayli.'s as they founde there. Yet coulde they 
 not heli)e their felowes therwith by reafon of the fiirre diflance of the place, althowghe they had greate plentie. 
 For the vyllage ol Poncha, was more then a hundrcth myles tlillant from Dariaia: wheras was alfo none other 
 remedy but that the fome fliulde haue byn caryed on mens backes to the fea f\(le beinge farre of, where they 
 left theyr fliyppes in the which they came to the vyllage of Cair/a. Here they founde certeyne powndes 
 weyght of golil, grauen and wrought into fundrye ouclies. After the facking of this vyllage they reforted 
 toward the fliips intendyng to leaue the kinges of the inland vntouched at this tynie, and to inuade onely them 
 wliich dwelt by the fea coafles. Not farre from Coiba, in the fame tracte, there is a Region named Coui([i;ra, 
 and the Kinge thereof, caiiled Como^nis after the fame name. To this Kinge they came fyrfl. ne.xt after the 
 fubvertion oi Poncha: And founde his palaice fituate in a frutefuU playne of twelue leacjues in bredthe, at the 
 rootes of the further fyde of the nexte mountaynes. Comogrus had in his courte a certeyne noble man of nerc 
 conflinguinitie to Kynge Canta, whiche had fledde to Comogrus by reafon of certeyne dilTenlion whiche was 
 betwene Canta and Iiym. Thefe noble men, they caule lura. Tliis lura thcrfor>; of Coit}a, mette owre men 
 by the way, and conciled Comogrus to them, bycaufe he was well knowen to owr men from the time that 
 Nicucfa paffed fyrfl. by thofe coaftes. 0«rc men therefore went quictlye to the i)alaice of Comogrus beinge 
 diflante from Daricna thirlie lea(]ues by a plaine waye abowte the mountaynes. This Kjnge Comoi;rus, had 
 feuen fonnes, younge men of comelye forme and flature, whiche he had by fundry wyues. His jjalaice was 
 framed of poftes or proiipes made of trees faftened logeyther after a flraunge forte, and of foo (Ironge bylding, 
 that it is of no leffe ftrength then waules of ftone. They which mcafured the length of the floure thereof, 
 founde it to bee a hundreth and fyftie pafes, and in breadthe, foure fcore foote: beinge roofed and paiied with 
 maruelous arte. They founde his llore houfe, furnyflhed with abuniiance of delicate vitailes after the maner of 
 theyr countrey; And his wyne celler rcpleniflied widi great velfelles of earth and alfo of woodde fylled wiih 
 theyr kynile of wyne and fyder. For they haue noo grapes. But lyke as they make tlieyr breade of thofe 
 three kyndes of rootes cauled lucca, agis, and Maizium, (whereof we fj>ake in tlie fyrfte decade) Soo make iIk \ 
 theyr wyne of the frutes of d.ite trees, and fyder of other frules and feedes, as doo the Almaynes, FlemyngLS, 
 Englyfllie men, and owre Spanyardes whych inhabite the mountaynes, as the Vafcons and Aflurians: likewife 
 in the mountaynes of the Alpes, the Noricians, Sueuians, and Heluetians, make certeyne drynkes of l)arley, wheat. 
 hopjies, and apples. They fiiy alfo that with Comogrus, they droonk wynes of fundry talles, both wh)te and 
 blacke. But nowe yow fliall heare of a thynge more monftrous too behoulde. Enterynge therfor into the 
 inner jiartes of the palaice, they were browght into a chamber hanged aboute with the carkefes of men, tyed 
 with ropes of goffampine cotton. Beinge demaunded what they nient by that fuperftition, they anfwered thai 
 thofe were the carkefes of the fiuhtr, graundefather, and great graundfathcr with the other aunceflours of tiie) r 
 Kyng Comogrus. Declaringc that they had the fame in greate reuerence, and that they tooke it for a godly 
 thynge to honoure them religioully : And therforc ap|)areled euery of the fame fumptuouflye with golde and 
 precious flones accordynge vnto theyr eftate. After this forte dyd the anticpiitie honoure theyr Penates, wh) ( he 
 they thowght had the gouernaunce of their lyues. Howe they drye thefe airkefes vppon certeine inflrumeiiies 
 made of wood, like vnto hurdels, with a fofle fyer vnder the fame, fo that onely the fl<ynne remayneth to houlde 
 the bones together, we haue defcribed in the former decade. Of Comogrus his feuen fonnes, the eldeft had an 
 excellente naturall wytte. He therforc thowght it good to flatter and plcafe thys wandrynge kynde of men 
 (owr men I mcane) lyuynge onely by fliiftes and fpoyle, leafl beinge ofl"ended and feekynge occafions ageynfle 
 hym and his familie, they fliuld ha.idle hym as they dyd other whiche fowglit noo meanes howe to gratitle theym. 
 Wherefore, he gaue I'afchus and Colmcnaris foure thoufande ounces of golde artificially wrought, and alfo fyftie 
 flaues wliycht' he had taken in the warren. For fuciie, lyther they fell for exchaunce of other thingcs, or 
 ii« 
 
li iliii 
 
 The fcconde Decade. 
 
 117 
 
 othenvife vfe them as thcym lyfteth : For they hauc not the vfe of money. This gohlc with as muche more 
 which they had in an other place, owre men wayal in the porche of Comognis his palaice to feparate the fyfte 
 parte thereof, whiche portion is clue to the Kynges efchcker. For it is decreed that the fyft parte of both golde» 
 perles, and precious Hones, fliulde be alligned to the Kinges treafourers: And the refydue, to bee diuided 
 emoonge theym feUies by conipofition. Here as brabblynge and contention arofe enionge owr men abowt the 
 diuidinge of gold, this eldefte foonne of Kynge Comognis beinge jircfente, whome we prayfcd for his wyfedome, 
 commynge fume what wyth an angery countenaunce towarde hym whiche helde the balences, he flrooke theym 
 wyth his fyfle, and fcatered all the golde that was therein, abowte the porche, fliarpely rebukynge theym with 
 woordes in this effecte. What is the matter yowe Chrillian men, tlut yow foo greatly cfteme foo litle a portion 
 of golde more then yowr owne ([uietnes, whiche neuerthelefle yow entend to deface from thefe fayre ouches 
 and to melte the fame into a rude niaffe. If yowre hunger of goulde bee foo infatiable that onely for the defyre 
 yowc haue therto, yowe difquiete foo many nations, and yow yowre felues alfo fufteyne foo many calamit[i]cs and 
 incommodities, lyuing like banilhed men owte of yowre owne countrey, I wyll fliewe yowe a Region tlowcingo 
 with goulde, where yowe may fatiflie yowr raueninge appetites. But yowe niulle attempte the thynge 
 with a greater poure: For it tlamlcth yow in hande by force of arnies to ouercome kynges of greate 
 puifiaunce, and rigorous defenders of theyr dominions. For befyde other, the greate kinge Tnmanama 
 will coome foorthe ageynlle yowe, whofe kcngdome is mofle ryche with golde, and diflante from henfe 
 onely fyx foonnes: that is, fyx dayes: for they number the dayes by the fonne. Furthermore, or euer 
 yowe canne coome thether, yow mull pafle ouer the niountaynes inhabited of the cruell Canybales 
 a fierce kynde of men, deuourers of mans flefflie, lyuing witliowte lawes, wanderinge, and withowte empire. 
 For they alfo, beinge defyrous of golde, haue fubdewed them vnder theyr dominion whiche before inhabited 
 the golde mynes of the niountaynes, and vfe them lykc bondemen, vfyng their luboure in dygginge and work- 
 ynge theyr golde in plates and fundry Images lyke vnto thefe whiche yowe fee here. For we doo no more 
 efleeme rude golde vnwrought, then we doo cloddes of earthe, before it bee formed by the hande of the worke- 
 man to the fimilitude eyther of fume veflell neceflarie for owre vfe, or fume ouche bewetifuU to be worne. 
 Thefe thynges doo wee receaue of theim for exchaunge of other of owie thynges, as of prifoners taken in warre, 
 whiche they bye to eate, or for (heetes and other thynges perteynynge to the furnyture of houfeholde, fuche as 
 they lacke which inhabite the mountaynes : And efpecially for vitayles whcrof they (lande in greate neede by 
 reafon of the barrennes of the niountaynes. This iorney therfore, mull bee made open by force of men. And 
 when yowe are paflinge ouer thefe mountaynes (poyntinge with his fynger towarde the foulhc niountaynes) yowe 
 dial fee an other fea, where they fayle with fliyppes as bygge as yowres (mcanynge the caraueles) vfinge both 
 fayles and ores as yowe doo, althowghe the men bee naked as wee are. All the waye that the water runnetne 
 fronie the mountaynes, and all that fyde lyinge towarde the Soutlie, bryiigeth foorth golde abundantly. As he 
 fayde thefe woordes, he poynted to the velTelles in whiche they vfe to ferue theyr meate, aftirmyngc that kynge 
 Tiimatiama, and all the other kynges beyonde the mountaynes, had fuche and al their other lioufeholde fluffe of 
 golde : And that there was noo lefl'e plentie of golde amonge thofe people of the Southc, then of Iren with 
 vs. For he knewe by relation of owre men, wherof owre fwoordes anil other weapons were made. t)\\ re 
 capitaynes mameylyng at the oration of the naked younge man (for they Iiad for interpretours thofe three men 
 whiche had byn before a yere and a halfe conuerfant in the court of kynge Cunia) pondered in theyr niyndes, 
 and emelily confidered his fayinges. Soo that his raflhenes in fcatteriiige the goUle owte of the balances, they 
 turned to niyrth and vrbanitie, commendynge his dooinge and fayinge therin. Then they aflced hym frendely, 
 vppon what certeyne knoweleage he fpake thofe thynges: Or what he thowght befle herein to bee doone yf 
 they fliulde brynge a greater fupplye of men. To this, younge Comognis, (layinge a wliyle witii hym felfe as it 
 were an oratour preparinge him felfe to fpeake of fume graue matter, and difpofynge his bodye to a giefture 
 meete to perfuade, fpake thus in his mother tonge. Gyue eare vnto me o yowe Chryflians. Albeit that the 
 gredie hunger of golde hathe not yet vexed vs naked men, yet doo we deftroy one an other by reafon of ambi- 
 tion and defyre to rule. Hereof fpringeth mortall hatred amonge vs, and hereof commethe owre deflruction. 
 Owre prediceflburs kepte warres, and foo dyd Comognis my father with princes beinge bortherers abowte liyni. 
 In the which warres, as wee haue ouercoome, fc haue wee byn ouercoome, as dothe a])|)ere by tiie number of 
 bondemen amonge vs, which we tooke by the ouerlhrowe of owre eneniyes, of the whiche I haue gyuen jowe 
 fiftie. Lykewyfe a", an other tyme, owre aduerfiiries hauinge th[e]upper hande agenfte vs, ledde away nianye 
 of vs captiue. For <^.iche is the chaunce of warre. Alfo, amonge owre familiers (wiierof a great number haue 
 byn captiues with them) beholde here is one whiche of longe tyme ledde a paynefull lyfe in bonilage vnikr the 
 yoke of that kynge beyonde the niountaynes, in whofe kyngdomc is fuche abundance of golde. Of Iiyni, and 
 fuche other innumerable, and lykewyfe bv the refort of free men on theyr fyde comminge to vs, and agcyne of 
 owre men refortinge to theim by fafe conduct, thefe thynges haue byn euer as well knowen vnto vs, as owre 
 owne poflfeflions. But that yowe maye bee the better aflured hereof, and bee owte of all fufpcction that yowe 
 
 M 2 
 
 The distribution 
 uf golUc. 
 
 Voiing Comugrus 
 lii& Dralion. 
 
 The hunger of 
 gokle. 
 
 A region llowiuge 
 wyth golde. 
 
 Kynge 
 
 '1 uinan.nn.(. 
 
 C'anibules. 
 
 65 
 
 The goK!e inyncx 
 uf the luuuiuayncih 
 
 Vnwrought golde 
 not estemed. 
 
 Exchaunge. 
 
 Alttiiidancc of 
 guide 
 
 Houwholde stufie 
 cf gold 
 
 N.lk*!(l ptnpic 
 tnrtiiuntcd with 
 aiubttiun. 
 
 A \chL>incnt 
 pcTbiuuiuu. 
 
 ;i. 
 
 ill 
 
 'i 
 
 'I ! 
 
 
 «■; 
 
' ( 
 
 \ 
 
 ii8 
 
 66 
 
 A tokenofhunjfcr 
 
 Kvnge Comogrus 
 is baptised with 
 his famely. 
 
 Vnldiuiareturncth 
 fruiu hispaniula. 
 
 Horrible thun(Ii.T 
 and lightnvMKc in 
 the inunuth vi 
 Noucmber. 
 
 Hrcad of Maiziiis 
 and hobba 
 
 ^ige^tinn 
 strcnRlh cited !)>■ 
 
 owlw.trdc Luldc. 
 
 Hunger. 
 
 A newc supply of 
 a thoii'i;uulu 
 
 souldycrs. 
 
 ^ Am* Art. 
 
 /V///J. 
 
 A ihousande and 
 fync htmdreth 
 puinids wcy>;ht 
 uf wrought gold 
 
 7Vic fccoiidc Decade. 
 
 67 
 
 dial not bee deceaued, make me the guyde of this vinge, byndynge me fail and keepyng me in fiife cuflodie to 
 bee hanged on the next tree, yf yowe fyndc my fayinges in any point vntrewe. Folowe my counfayle therforc, 
 and fend for a thoufande Chriftian men apte for the warres, by whofe power we may with alfo the men of 
 warre of Comogrus my father armed after owre manor, inuade the dominions of owre enemyes : where, bothe 
 yowe may bee fatiffycd with golde, and we for owtc conductinge and aydynge yowe in this enterpryfe, fliall 
 thynke owre felues abundantly rewarded, in that yowe fliall helpe to delyuer vs from the iniuries and perpetuall 
 feare of owre enemies. After thefe woordes, this prudente younge Comogriis hclde his peace. And owre men 
 moued with greate hope and hunger of golde, beganne ageine to fwalowe downe theyr fpettle. 
 
 C The fovrth booke of the seconde Decade, 
 0/ the fnppofed Continent. 
 
 Fter that they had taryed here a fewe dayes and baptifed Comogrus with all his flimelie, and 
 named hym by the name of Charles after the kynge of Spayne, they returned to theyr 
 felowes in Dariena leauinge with hym the hope of the thoufande fouldyers, which his fonnc 
 requyred to paflc ouer thofe mountaynes towarde the South fea. Thus enteringe into the 
 vyllage which they had chofen to inhabite, they had knowleage that Valdiuia was returned, 
 within fyxe moonethes after his departure : but with noo great plentie of vytayles, bycaufe 
 he browght but a fmaule fliippe : yet with hope that fliortely after, there fliulde bee fent 
 them abundance of vytayles with a newe fupply of men. For younge Colonus, the Admiral and viceroy of 
 Hifpaniola, and the other gouernours of the Ilande, acknowleaged that hetherto they had noo refpecte to theym 
 of Dariaui, bycaufe they fuppofed that Ancifus the Lieuetenant had fafoly arryued tliere with his fliippe laden 
 with vatayles : wyllynge them from hcnfefoorth to bee of good cheere, and that they fliulde lacke nothynge 
 hereafter : But that at this prefent tynie, they had noo bygger fliippe wherby they myght fende them greater 
 plentie of neceflaries by Valdiuia. Tl;e vytayles therfore which he browght, ferued rather fumwhat to mytigate 
 theyr prefent neceflitie, then to fatifiye theyr lacke. AMierfore within a fewe dayes after Valdiuia his returne. 
 they fel ageine into lyke fcarfnes : efpecially for afmuch as a great ftomie and tempeft whiche came from tlie 
 hyghe mountaynes with horrible thunder and lyghtnynge in the mooneth of Noucmber, browght with it fuche 
 a fludde, that it partely caryed away and partly drowned all the come and feedes whiche they had fowne in the 
 moonethe of September in a frutefuU grounde before they went to kyng Comogrus. The feedes which they of 
 Hifpaniola caule Maizium, and they of Vraba caule Hobba : Wherof they make theyr breade, which alfo wee 
 fayde to bee rype thryfe euery yeare, bycaufe thofe Regions are not bytten with the fliarpnes of wynter by 
 reafon of theyr nerenes to the Iviuinoctial lyne. It is alfo agreable to the principles of naturall philofophie, 
 that this breade made of Maizius or Hobba, fliulde bee more holfonie for th[e]inliabitantes of thofe contreys 
 then I:reade made of wheate, by reafon that it is of eafyer digeflion. For wheras coulde is wantinge, the 
 naturall heate is not dryuen froine the owtewarde : artes into the inwarde partes and precordials, whereby 
 digeflion is much (Irengthened. Beinge therfore thus frufl.rate of the increafe of theyr feedes, and the kyngcs 
 nere abowte them fpoyled of both vytayles and golde, they were enforced to feeke theyr meate further of; And 
 therwith to fignifie to the gouernours of Hifpaniola w ith what great neceflitie they were opprefl"ed : And what 
 they had lerned of Comogrus as concernynge the Regions towarde the Southe : wyllynge them in confideration 
 therof to aduertyfe the kynge to fende them a thoufande fouldiers, by whofe helpe they myght by force make 
 waye throwghe the mountaynes diuidynge the fea on bothe fydes, if they coulde not brynge the fame to paiTe 
 quyctly. The fame Valdiuia was alfo fent on this meflfage, caryinge with hym to the kynges treafourers (hauingc 
 theyr office of recepte in Hifpaniola) three hundreth poundes weyght of golde after eyght ounces to the poundc, 
 for the f)fte portion dewe to the kynges efcheker. This pounde of viii. vnces, the Spanyardes caule Afarclia, 
 whiche ill weyght amounteth to fyftie pieces of golde cauled Caflellani. But the Caftilians, caule a pound 
 J'efum. We conclude therfore, that the fume hereof, was. xv. thoufande of thofe peeces of golde cauled 
 Cajlcllani. And thus is it apparente by this accompte, that they receaued of the barbarous kynges, a thoufande 
 and fyue hundreth poundes of eyght ounces to the pounde. All the whiche they founde redy wrought in fundry 
 kyndes of ouches, as cheynes, brafelets, tablets, and plates, bothe to hange before theyr brefles, and alfo at 
 theyr cares, and nofethryls. Valdiuia therefore tooke fliyppinge in the fame carauell in the whiche he came 
 lafl, and returned alfo beefore the thyrde day of the Ides of lanuary, in the yeare of Chrill M. D. XI. What 
 chaunccd to hym in this vyage, we wyll declare in place conuenient. But let vs nowe returne to them which 
 lit 
 
The feconde Decade. 
 
 119 
 
 remayned in Vraba. After the difmifllnge of Va/Jiiiia, beinge pricked forwarde with owtragious hunger, they 
 determined to fearche the inner partes of that goulfe in fundry places. The extreme angle or poynt of the 
 fame goulfe is didant from the enterance therof, aboute fourc fcore myles. This angle or comer, the Span- 
 yardes caule Culata. Vafchui hym felfe came to this poyntc with a hundreth men, coaftynge alonge by the 
 goulfe with one brygantine and certeyne of the boates of tliofe regions, which the Vrabians caule Vru, lyke 
 vnto them whiche th[e]inhabitantes of llifpaitiola caule Caiwas. From this poynt, there foulcth a ryucr from 
 the Eaft into the goulfe, ten tymes bygger then the ryuer of Dariena which alfo fauleth into the fame. Saylyng 
 alonge by the ryuer about the fpace of thirtie myles (for they caule it nyne leaques) and fumwhat inclynyngc 
 towarde the ryght hande fouthwarde, they founde certeyne vyllages of th[e]inhabitantes, the Kynge whereof, 
 was cauled Dabaiba. Owre men alfo were certifyed before, that Cemacc/ius the kynge of Dariena whom they 
 put to flyght in the battayle, fledde to this Dabaiba. But at the commynge of owre men, Dabaiba alfo fledde. 
 It is thowght that he was admonyflhed by Cemacchus, that he (hulde not abyde the brunte of owre men. He 
 folowed his counfayle : forfooke his vyllages, and lefte all thynges defolate. Yet owre men founde hcapcs of 
 bowes and arrowes : Alfo much houfehold ftuffe and many fyflliyng boates. But thofe mar)flie groundes were 
 neyther apte for fowinge of feedes or planting of trees. By reafon wherof, they founde there fewe fuche thynges 
 as they defyred : that is, plentie of vytayles. For th[e]inhabitantes of this Region, haue noo breade but fuch as 
 they get in other contreys nere abowte them by exchaungc for theyr fyfflie, only to feme theyr owne nccefiitie. 
 Yet founde they in the houfes of them that fledde, golde wrought and grauen, amountynge to the fume of feuen 
 thoufande of thofe pieces whiche we fayde to bee cauled Cajlellani : Alfo certeyne canoas : of the which they 
 brought away twoo with them, and great plentie of theyr houfliolde (lufTe, with certeyne bundels of bowes and 
 arrowes. They faye, that from the maryffties of that ryuer, there coome certeyne battes in the nyght feafon, as 
 bygge as tiu'tle dooues, inuadyng men and bytinge them with a deadly wounde, as fume of them teftifie whiche 
 haue byn bytten of the fame. I my felfe communing with Ancifus the Lieuetenant whom they reicctcd, and 
 amonge other thynges aflcynge him of the venemous bytinge of thefe battes, he toulde mc that he hym felfe was 
 bytten by one of them on the heele, his foote lyinge vncouercd in the nyght by reafon of the heate in fommcr 
 feafon : But that it hurt hym noo more, then yf he hadde byn bytten by any other beafte not venemous. Other 
 faye, that the bytynge of fume of them is venemous : Yet that the ftime is healed incontinently, if it be wafllied 
 with water of the fea. Ancifus toulde me alfo, that the venemous woundes made by the Canibales arrowes 
 infected with poyfon, are healed by waflliynge with water of the fea, and alfo by cauterifing with hotte Irens : 
 And that he had experience thereof in the region of Caribana, where many of his men were fo wounded. 
 They departed therfore, from the poynte of the goulfe of Vraba, not well contented bycaufe they were not laden 
 with vitailes. In this their retume, there arofe foo grcate a temped in that wyde goulfe, that they were enforced 
 to cade into the fea, all the houfeholde duffe whiche they tooke from the poore wretches whiche lyucd onely by 
 fiflhinge. The fea alfo fwalowed vpp the two boates that they tooke from theym, wherewyth the men were 
 likewife drowned. The fame tyme that Vafchus Nunmz attempted to fearche the poynte of the goulfe towarde 
 the fouilie, euen then by agremente, dyd Roderiats Colmenaris take his viage towarde the mountaynes by the 
 eade, with thre fcor[e] men, by the ryuer of the other goulfe. Aboute fortie miles didante from the mouthe of 
 the ryuer, (for they caule it twelue leacjues) he founde certeyne vilages fituate vppon the bankes of the ryuer, 
 whofe Child, (that is,) kinge, they caule Tumi, With this kinge dyd Colmenaris yet remayne when Vafchus 
 after his retume to Dariena, fayling by the fome ryuer, came to hym. Here refreffliinge theyr hole coompany 
 with the vitailes of this Turui, they departed from thenfe togyther. Other fortie myles from henfe, the ryuer 
 encoompafeth an Hand inhabited with fyfllier men. In this, bycaufe they fawe greate plentie of the trees which 
 beare Caffia fiflula, they named the Hand Cannafiflula. They found in it, threefcore villpges of tenne cotages 
 apiece. On the right fyde of the Hand there mnneth an other ryuer, whofe chanell is of depth fufficiente to 
 beare brigantines. This ryuer they cauled Riuum Nigrum: from the mouthe wherof about, xv. myles didante 
 they founde a towne of fyue hundreth houfes feuered : whofe Chebi, (that is,) kinge, was cauled Abcnamachei. 
 They all forfooke theyr houfes as foone as they harde of owre mennes commyng. But when they fawe that 
 owre men purfued them, they turned ageyne and ranne vppon them with defperate mindes, as men driuen from 
 their owne pofleflions. Theyr wepons, are fwordes of wod, and long daues like iauelens, hardened at the ende 
 with fyer: But they vfe neyther bowes nor arrowes: nor any other of th[e]inhabitantes of the wede fyde of the 
 goulfe. The pore naked wretches were eafely dryuen to flight with owre weapons. As owre men folowed theym 
 in the chafe, they tooke the kinge Abcnamachei and certeine of his noble men. A common fouldier of owres 
 whom the kynge had wounded, coomminge to hym when he was taken, cutte of his arme at one droke with his 
 fwoorde. But this was doone vnwares to the capitaynes. The number of the Chridian men which were here, 
 was aboute a hundrethe and fiftie : the one halfe whereof, the capytaynes lefte here, and they with the refydue, 
 rowed vpp the ryuer ageyne with twelue of the boates of thofe Regions, whiche they caul. Vru, as they of 
 Hifpaniola caule them Canoas, as we haue fayde. From the rj'uer of Riuus Niger and the Hand of Cannafiflula, 
 
 lit 
 
 The goulfe of 
 Vrab.1. 
 
 Culiila. 
 
 V.lschu« sc.irrhrth 
 
 Ihe goulfe uf 
 
 Vrab.1. 
 
 A riianieloiis great 
 
 ryucr, faulyng 
 
 into the goulfe of 
 
 Vraba. 
 
 Kynce Dabnil>a 
 aiuf Chcinacchus, 
 are dryuen to 
 flyght. 
 
 Marysshe grouiule 
 
 Wrouehl g.iM 
 wlicyKliynue 
 vii. tliinisand 
 Castellaiies. 
 
 Pattes as bygge as 
 turtle doucs. 
 
 Ancisus bytten 
 of a batte 
 
 Remedies ageynst 
 venemous arrows 
 
 A tempest. 
 
 Colmenaris takcth 
 his vyage towarde 
 the montains 
 
 Kynge TuniL 
 
 The Hand of 
 Cannafistula. 
 
 68 
 
 The ryuer cf 
 Riuus Niger. 
 A (owne of v. 
 hundreth houses. 
 
 Th[elinhabit.intes 
 of the west sytlc 
 of the goulfe. 
 
 Kynge 
 AbenaiiKichei, U 
 taken and his 
 arme cut of. 
 
 \\ 
 
 t 
 
 t u 
 
 u 
 
 
 ,;M 
 
 il 
 
I20 
 
 The fcconde Decade. 
 
 ! > 
 
 \ 
 
 Many other 
 ryuers faulinz 
 into Riuus Nik' 
 
 Kyn? abiltciUi 
 dwellcthe in a 
 tree. 
 
 Abundance of 
 inoyster and heat 
 in cause of 
 byggenes. 
 
 The rysynge of 
 the Ocean sea- 
 
 Trees of maiiiclous 
 height 
 
 IMinie. 
 
 KrutefuU grounde. 
 
 Cellers in the 
 gruiinde. 
 
 Abibeiba, the 
 kynge of the tree^ 
 veldethc to 
 Vaschus. 
 
 69 
 
 Gold no more 
 estemed then 
 stones. 
 
 Canibales. 
 
 Kyng Abraiba 
 
 for the fpace of threefcore and ten m} Ics, leaning both on the right hande and on the lefte many riuers faulingc 
 into it bigger then it felfe, they entred into one by the conductynge of one of the naked inhabitantes, bcinge 
 appoyntcd a guyde for that purpofe. Vppon the banke of this ryuer next vnto the mouthe of the fame, there 
 was a kynge cauled Abibdba: who, bycaufe the Region was full of maryfflies, had his palaice buyldcd in the 
 toppe of a highe tree, a newe kynde of byldynge and fcldonie fccne. But that lande beareth trees of fuche 
 exceding heig[h]th, that emonge theyr branches, a man may frame large houfcs : As wee recde the like in diuers 
 autoures howe in many Regions where the ocean fca ryfcthe and ouerflowethe the lande, the people were 
 accuflomed to flye to the high trees, and after the faule of the water, to take the fyflhe lefte on the lande. This 
 maner of buyldinge, is to laye beames crofle ouer the branches of the trees, fafte bownde togyther, and there 
 vppon to rayfe theyr frame, (Irongly made ageynfle wynde and wether. Owre men fuppofc that they buylde 
 theyr houfcs in trees, by reafon of the greate fluddes and ouerflowinge of ryuers whiche often tymes chaunce in 
 thofe Regions. Thefe trees are of fuche heighth, that the ftrcngth of no manes arme is able to hurle a (lone to 
 the houfes buyldcd therein. And therfore doo I gyue the better credit to Plinic and other autours whiche wrytte 
 that the trees in fume places in India are foo high by reafon of the frutefulnes of the grounde, abundance of 
 water, and heate of the Region, that noo man is able to fliute ouer theym with an arrowe. And by iudgemente 
 of all men, it is thowght that there is noo frutfuller ground vnder the foonne, then this is whereof wee nowe 
 entrcate. Owr men meafuringe manye of thefe trees, founde theym to bee of fuche biggnes, that feuen men, 
 ye fumetymes eight, holdinge hande in hande with theyr amies (Ireached furthc, were fcarfely able too fathame 
 them aboute. Yet haue they theyr cellers in the grounde, well replenyfflied with fuch wynes wherof wee haue 
 fpoken beefore. For albeit that tlie vehemencie of the wynde, is not of poure to cade downe thofe houfes, or 
 to breeke the branches of the trees, yet are they tofled therewith, and fwaye fumwhat from fyde to fyde, by 
 reafon wherof, the wyne fliulde bee muche troubeled with moouinge. All other neceflayre thinges, they haue 
 with theym in the trees. When the kynge or any other of the noble men, dyne or fuppe in thefe trees, theyr 
 wynes are browght theym from the celleres by theyr feruantes, whyche by meanes of exercife, are accuftomed 
 with noo leffe celeritie to runne vppe and downe the fteares adherente to the tree, then doo owre waytynge 
 boyes vppon the playne grounde, fctche vs what wee caule for from the cobbarde byfyde owr dyninge table. 
 Owre men therfore, came to the tree of kinge Abibciba, and by th[e]interpretoures cauled hym foorthe to 
 communication, gyuinge hym fignes of peace, and there vppon willinge hym to coomme downe. But he denyed 
 that he woolde coomme owte of his houfe : Defyringe them to fuffer hym to lyue after his fafifhion. But ohtc 
 men fell from fayre woordes to threateninge, that excepte he wolde defccnde with all his famelie, they wolde 
 eyther ouerthrowe the tree, or elles fet it on fyer. When he had denied them ageyne, they fell to hewinge the 
 tree with theyr axes. Abibciba feeinge Hie chippes faule from the tree on euery fyde, chaunged his purpofe, and 
 came downe with only two of his foonts. Thus after they had entreated of peace, they communed of gatheringe 
 of golde. Abibeiba anfwered that he had noo golde, and that he neuer had any neede therof, nor yet regarded 
 it any more then Hones. But when they were inftante vppon hym, he fayde vnto them. If yowe foo greatly 
 defyre golde, I will feeke for fume in the nexte mountaynes, and bringe it vnto yowe. For it is plentifully 
 engendred in thofe mountaynes. Then he appointed a day when he wold bringe this golde. But Abibeiba 
 came neyther at the day, nor after the daye appoynted. They departed therfore from thenfe well refreflhed with 
 his vitailes and wyne, but not with goulde as they hoped. Yet were they enformed the like by Abibeiba and his 
 ditionaries as conceminge the golde mynes and the Canibales, as they harde before of kinge Comogrus. 
 Saylinge yet further aboute thirtie myles, they chaunced vppon certeyne cotages of the Canibales : But vtterly 
 voyde with owte men or (luffe. For when they had knowleage that owre men wandered in the prouinces nere 
 aboute theym they reforted to the mountaynes, caryinge al theyr goodes and lluffe wyth them. 
 
 C The fyfte booke of the seconde Decade 
 Of the fuppofed continent. 
 
 N the meane tyme whyle thefe thynges were doone alonge by the (hores or bankes of the 
 ryuer, a certeyne Decurian, that is a capytayne ouer tenne, of the coompanye of thofe which 
 Vafais and Colmenaris had lefte for a garryfon in Riuo Nigra in the dominion of kynge 
 Abtiiamac/iei, whether it were that he was compelled throwgh hunger, or that his fataule dayes 
 was nowe coome, he attempted with his fouldiers to fearche the countreys nere there about, 
 and entered into the vyllage of a king cauled Abraiba. This capitaynes name was Raia : 
 whom Abraiba flewe, with twoo of his felowcs : but the refydue fledde. Within a fewe dayes 
 
The fc\ mde Decade. 
 
 131 
 
 after, Abraiba hauinge companion of the calamitie of his kynfeman and neyghbour Abenamachcius being dryuen 
 from his owne poflefllons (whofe arme alfo we fayd before that one of the fouldiers cut of at the riuer of Riuo 
 Nigra and nowe remaynynge with Abraiba to who; ; he fledde by ftelth after he was taken, went to Abibciba 
 th[e]inhabitour of the tree, who had nowe lykewyfe forfaken his controy for fcare of owre men, and wandcreil 
 in the defolate mountaynes and wooddes. When he had thcrfore founde him, he fpake to him in tliis cffectc. 
 What thynge is this Oh vnfortunate Abibeiba: or what nation is this that foo tormenteth vs that wee can not 
 enioye owre quyet lybertie? Howe longe, howe longe I fay fliall wee fuffer theyr crueltie? were it not much 
 better for vs to die, then to abide fuch iniuries and oppreflions as yow, as Abinamachiius owre kynfeman, as 
 Cemacchus, as Careta, as Poncha, as I and other princes of owt order doo fufteyne ? Canne any thinge bee more 
 intoUerable then to fee owre wyues, owre chyldren, and owre fubiectes, to bee leddc awaye captiues, and owre 
 goodes to be fpoyled euen before owre faces. 
 
 I take the goddes to wytnes, that I fpeake not foo much for myne owne part as I doo for yowe whofe cafe 
 I lament. For albeit they haue not yet touched me, neuertheleffe, by the example of other, I owght to thynke 
 that my deftruction is not farre of Let vs therfore (yf wee bee men) trye owre flrengtlie and proue owre 
 fortune ageynft them whiche haue delte tlius cruelly with Abenamachcius, and dryuen hym owte of his contrcy. 
 Let vs fet on them with all owre poure, and vtterly deftroy them And yf wee can not llcyc them al, yet fliall 
 wee make them afrayde eyther to alTayle vs ageyne, or at the lead dimynyfflie theyr poure. l"'or what foo euer 
 fliall befaule, nothynge can chaunce woorfe vnto vs then that which we now fuffer. Wiien Abibiiba harde thcfe 
 wordes and fuch other like, he conde[f]cended to doo in al thinges as Abraiba wolde requyre: Where vppon 
 they appoynted a day to brynge theyr confpiracie to pafle. But the thynge chaunccd not accordynge to their 
 defyre. For of thofe whiche wee fayde to haue paffed to the Canibales, there returned by chaunce to Jiiuus 
 Niger the nyght before the day appoynted to woorke theyr feate, thirtie men to the ayde of theym whiche were 
 lefte there yf anye fedition ftiulde ryfe as they fufpected. Thcrfore at the daunyng of the day, the confetherate 
 kynges with fyue hundreth of theyr ditionaries armed after theyr maner, befeaged the vyllage with a terril)le 
 alarome, knowynge nothynge of the newe menne which came thether the fame nyght. Here owre target men 
 came foorth ageynft them, and fyrft affayled them a farre of with theyr arrowes, then with the>T pykes, and lalle 
 with theyr fwoordes : But the naked feely fowles, perceauinge a greater number of theyr aduerfaries then they 
 looked for, were foone dryuen to flyght, and flayne for the moft parte lyke fcaterynge flieepe. The kynges 
 efcaped, they flewe manye, and tooke many captiues whiche they fente to Dariena where they vfe them for 
 labourers to tyll and fowe they grounde. Thefe thynges thus happely atchyued, and that prouince quyetcd, 
 they returned by the ryuer to Dariena, leauinge theyr thyrtie men for a garryfon vnder the gouernance of one 
 Furatado a capitayne. This Furaiado therfore, fente from Riuo Nigra where he was appoynted gouernoure, 
 twentie of his felowes and one woman, with, xxiiii. captiues to Vafchus and his company, in one of the byggeft 
 Canoas of that i)rouince. As they rowed downe by the ryuer, there came foorth foodenly ouerthwarte the 
 ryuer ageynft them, foure greate Canoas, which ouerthrew theyr boate and flewe as many of them as they coulde 
 coome by, bycaufe they were vnprepared fufpecting noo fuch thinge. Owtc men were all drowned and flayne 
 excepte twoo, which hyd them felues amonge certeyne fagottes tiia; fwamme on the water, in the whiche they 
 laye lurkynge, and foo efcaped to theyr felowes in Dariena : who by tiicm beinge aducrtyfcd hereof, beganne 
 to cafte theyr wyttes what tliis thyng might meane : beinge no leffe folicitate for them felues, then ineditatynge 
 in what daunger theyr felowes had byn in Riuo Nigra, excepte by good fortune, thofe thirtie newe men which 
 were fente to them, had coome to the vyllage the nyght before the confpiracie fliulde haue byn wrought. Con- 
 fultinge therefore what was bei\ to bee doone herein, at the lengthe with dylygent fearchynge they had 
 intelligence that fyue kynges, that is to wytte, Abibciba the inhabitoure of the tree, and Cemacchus dryuen from 
 his vyllage whiche owre menne nowe poffelfed, Abraiba alfo and Abenamacheius, kynfemen, with Dabaiba the 
 king of the fyflier men inhabytinge the comer of the goulfe whiche we cauled Ciiiata, were all aflembled to 
 confpire the Chriftian mens deftruction at a day afligned. Which thynge had furely coome to pafle, if it had 
 not byn otherwyfe hyndered by gods prouidence. It is therfore afcrybed to a myracle: And trewly not 
 vnwoorthely if wee weye howe chaunce detected and bewrayed the counfayle of thefe kynges. And bycaufe it 
 is worthy to bee harde, I wyll declare it in fewe woordes. Vafchus Nunnez therfore, who rather by poure then 
 by election, vfurped the gouernaunce in Dariena, beinge a mafter of fence, and rather a rafllie royfter then 
 politike capitayne (althowgh fortune fumtyme fauoureth foolcs) amonge many women which in dyuers of thefe 
 regions he had taken captyue, had one whiche in fauoure and bewtie excelled all other. To this woman her 
 owne brother often tymes reforted, who was alfo dryuen owte of his contrey with kynge Cemacchus, with whom 
 he was very familier and one of his chiefe gentelmen. Amonge other communication which he had with his 
 fyfter whom he loued entierly, he vttered thefe woordes. My deare and welbeloued fyfter, gyue eare to my 
 fayinges, and keepe mofte fecreatelye that whiche I wyll declare vnto yowe, yf yowe defyre yowre owne wealth 
 and myne, and the orofperitie of owre contrey and kynfefolkes. The infolencie and crueltie of thefe menne 
 
 AhraiK.i tMusclh 
 the kyn^i;*! lo 
 nbcil. 
 
 Men gnod 
 i.'no\v>;li yf they 
 ti.iil ircii 
 
 The kynges .ire 
 are dryuen to 
 llyghl. 
 
 70 
 
 Captyucs. 
 
 A g.ir>'«ion of XXX. 
 II I on. 
 
 xviii. 5p.inyarde^ 
 sl.iyne ami 
 (Jrutvned 
 
 The kingcs uhicli 
 conspired the 
 death uf the 
 Christians. 
 
 A strange chaunce. 
 
 Women can kcepe 
 no coun&aylc 
 
 Mi- 
 
 ff!. 
 
 i .1 
 
 i • ! 
 
 (•■'I 
 
 I ' 
 
 I'} 
 
 rf ^' 
 
 '■••I : 
 
 Jl 
 
 il i 
 
'T — TT 
 
 122 
 
 The feconde Decade. 
 
 \ \ 
 
 An army of C 
 
 Ihtimlruil] canoa* 
 and fyue. M. 
 (thou<>;iiul] men. | 
 Tryumphc bcfurc \ 
 victory 
 
 Affection 
 corrupteth Irew 
 iiiilgcnicnt. 
 
 71 
 
 The conspimcie 
 uf the kvngcii ih 
 detccteX 
 
 Kyng Cemncchus, 
 cnnspyrcth the 
 dcth uf Vaschuik 
 
 Vaschux pursewcth 
 (he kyiigcs with 
 three score and 
 ten men. 
 
 Colmenaris 
 ft.icketh the 
 vyllage of Tichiri. 
 
 Kyue rulen 
 
 hanged and shot 
 thruwgh with 
 
 The golden 
 region;* on the 
 luuth side the 
 mountaynes. 
 
 I'he death of 
 Valdiuin and 
 Zaniudiiit. 
 
 wliiche hauc dr)-ucn vs owte of owre poflcfllons, is foo intoUcrable, that the princes of the lande are determyned 
 noo longer to fuftcyne theyr opprofiions. 
 
 By the conductinge therfore of fyue kingcs (which he named in order) they haue prepared a hundreth 
 greate Canoas, with fyue thoufande men of warre by landc and by fea, with vitailes alfo in the village of Tit/iiri, 
 fuflicicnt to maintayne fuch an army. Dcclaringe further, that the kinges by agremente, had diuided emonge 
 thcym the goodes and headdes of owre men : And therfore admonyfhcd her, at the daye appoynted by funic 
 occafion to conueigh her felfe owte of the way, lefle Ihee (huld bee flayne in the confufion of the bataile. For 
 the fouldior victourer, is not woonte to fpare any that comnuthe in his rafe. And thus flicwinge his fyfter the 
 daye alTigned to the flawghter, he departed. But the younge woman (for '.*. is the fwoord that women feare and 
 obfcrue more then the grauitie of Cato,) whether it were for the loue or feare that (hee had to Va/chus, for- 
 gettinge her parentes, her kynflblkes, her countrey and all her frendes, ye and all the kinges 'nto whofe throtcs 
 Vafchus, had thrudc his fwoorde flice opened all the matter vnto hym, and conceled non' of thofe thinges 
 whiche her vndifcrete broother had declared to her. When Vafchtis therfore had hard the matter, he caufed 
 Fiiliiia, (for foo hail they named her) to fende for her brother, who came to her immediatly, was taken, and 
 enforced to tell the hole circumftanccs of the matter. Where vppon, he playnely confefled that kinge Cemacchus 
 hys lorde and mailer, fente thofe foure canoas to the deftruction of owre men, and that thefe newe confpiracies 
 were attempted by his confaile. Likewife that Cemacchus fowght the deftruction of Vctschus hym felfe when he 
 fent hym fortie men vnder pretence of frendfliippe to tyll and fowe his grownd after the maner of the contrey, 
 gyuinge them in commaundement to fleye Vafchus at Marris, whyther he reforted to comforte his laboures as 
 the maner is of all good hufbandcs. Yet durlle they at noo tyme execute theyr lordes commaundemente vppon 
 hym, bycaufc Vafchus came neuer emonge them afoote or vnarmed, but was accuftomed to r)'de to theym in 
 harnes with a iauelen in his hande and a fwo' ;de by his fyde. Wherfore Cemacchus beinge frudrate of his 
 ])articuler confaile, tooke this lade thing in hande to his owne deflruction and his neighbours. For the 
 confpiracie beinge detected, Vafchus cauled threcfcore and tenne foukliers, commaundinge them to folowe him, 
 but declared nothing vnto them whether hee wente or what hce entended to do. He wente forwarde therfore 
 fyrfte towarde Cemacchus whicli ley from hym, onely tenne myles. But he had knowleage that he was fleddc to 
 Dabaiba the kinge of the mariflies of Culata. Yet fearchinge his village, he founde a noble man a ruler vnder 
 hym and alfo his kinffeman, whome he tooke prifoner with many other of his familiers and frendes both men 
 and women. The fame houre that he fette for\varde to feeke for Cemacchus^ Rodcricus Colmenaris rowed vp the 
 ryuer with foure of theyr byggefte Canoas and threefcore men by the conduction of the maydes brother who 
 browght hym to the village of Tichiri, in the which we fayd all their vitailes to remayne whiche were prepared 
 for theyr armye. Co/metiaris therfore, facked the village, and poffeffed all their vitayles and wyne of fundry 
 colours : likewife tooke the gouernoure thereof prifoner, and hanged hym on the tree in whiche he dwelte hym 
 felfe, commaundinge hym too bee fliotte throwgh with arrowes in the fight of th[e]inhabitantes, and with hym 
 foure other rulers to bee hanged on iebbette,> to the exemple of other rebelles. This punyflhmente thus 
 executed vppon the confpiratours, ftrooke the hartes of all th[e]inhabitantes of the prouince wyth fuche feare, 
 that there is not nowe a man that dare ftoore his finger ageynft the wrathe of owre men. They lyue nowe 
 therefore quietly : And the other kinges by theyr exemple doo the gladlyer Hue in fubiection, with leffe offence 
 bearinge the yoke whyche they can by noo meanes fliake of. 
 
 The syxte booke of the seconde decade 
 Of the ftippofed continente. 
 
 Hefe thynges, thus fynyflhed, aflemblinge all their company togither they determined with one 
 confente, that a melTyngcr fliulde foorth with bee fente to Hifpaniola (from whenfe they haue 
 their lawes and ayde) to declare the hole order of all thefe aiTayres, fyrfte to the admirall and 
 gouernoure of the Hande, and afterwarde to the Kinge of Spayne, and to perfuade hym to 
 fende thofe thoufand men which younge Comogrus faid to bee expediente to pafle ouer the 
 mountaynes lying betwene them and the golden regions towarde the Southe. Vafchus him 
 felfe dyd greatly affecte this embafage: But neyther woolde the refydewe of his felowes 
 electe hym therto, nor his factionaries fuffer hym to departe : Afwell for that therby they thought they (huldc 
 bee left defolate, as alfo that they murmured that if Vafchus flmlde once goo from theym, he wolde neuer returne 
 to fuche turmoyles and calamities, by thfelexample of VaMiuia and Zamudius, who had byn now abfente fence 
 
The feconde Decade. 
 
 123 
 
 lnlt.inne!i 
 In Sn.iiii 
 
 72 
 
 I'lvMinRC of tfie 
 ayi-riMl.iuni;i-ri>iii, 
 
 Rndericiii 
 C'liInicnarU. 
 nKHifttant with 
 (juicedus. 
 
 the mooncth of January, in foo muche that they thowght they woolde ncucr coomme agcinc. Hut the matter 
 
 was otherwife then they tooke it, as I wyl flicwe in his place. For they were perifflied. At the lengcth after 
 
 many fcrutinics, they elected one lohn Quicidus, a graue man well in ycarcs, and trcafourcr of the kings efclukcr 
 
 in thofe prouinces. They had conceaued a good opinion of this QuicdHs that all tliynges fliuKle bee well 
 
 browght to parte by his meanes, afw i' for his wyfdome, as alfo that they were in good hop[c] of hi", returne, bycaufe 
 
 he had brought his wifTe with hym to thofe regions, whome he lefte with his fclowes for a pledge of his comminge 
 
 ageyne. When they had thus elected Quiccdus, they were ageyne of diucrs opinions whome they might ioyne 
 
 with hym for aflldance: Affirminge that it were a daungerous thinge to committe foo weightye a matter to one 
 
 mans handes. Not that they midruded Quicedus, but bycaufe the life of man is frayle, and ; ne chaunge of the 
 
 ayer perelous, efpecially to theym hauynge nowe of longe tyme byn accuftomed to the t' inperature nere vnto 
 
 the Equitwctiall, if they (hulde bee compelled to returne to the North with alteration of ayer and dyet. They 
 
 thowght it therfore good to appoynt a companion to Qiiicidui, that if by chance the one fliuld fayl the other 
 
 might remayne : And that if they both efcaped, the king fhuld gyuc the better credit to the relation of both : 
 
 After longe confultation therfore, they chofe Rodericus CohnenarU a man of good experience, of whom we haue 
 
 often tymes made mencion. For from his youth, he had trauayled ouer al Europe by land and by fea, and was 
 
 prefent at the doinges of all thynges in Italy ageynfl the Frenchemen: Of whofe returne alfo, they had noo 
 
 fmaule hope bycaufe he had many fermes and hadde tylled and fowne much grounde in Dancna, by th[e]in- 
 
 creafe wherof he might get much gold by fellyng the fame to his felows. He Icfte therfore the charge of al his 
 
 affayres in Dancna^ with his partener Alphotiftts Nuimcz, a ludge of the lawe, who alfo was lyke to haue byn 
 
 chofen procuratoure of this vyage before Colmenaris if one had not put theim in remembraunce that he had a 
 
 wyfe at Matriiis: fearyng lead beinge ouercoomr with her tcares, he woolde no more returne. Colmataris 
 
 therefore, a free man and at libcrtie being alTociute aflidant with Quicedus they tooke fliypi)yng togyther in a 
 
 brigantine, the fourth day of the Calendes of Nouember, in the yeare of Chrid. 15 12. In this vyage, beinge 
 
 tofled with fundry tempedes, they were by the violence of the wynde, cad vppon the Wede coadcs of that large 
 
 Ilande whiche in the fyrde Decade we cauled Cuba, fuppofed to haue byn fyrme 'ande. They were fore 
 
 opprefled with hunger. For it was nowe three moonethes fence they departed frond theyr felowcs. By reafon 
 
 whereof, they were enforced to take lande to proue what ayde they coulde gette amonge the inhabitantcs. 
 
 Theyr chaunce therefore, was to arryue in that part of the Ilande, where Va/diiiia was dryuen alandc by temped. 
 
 But oh yowe wretched men of Daricnai Tary for Valdiuia whom yowe fent to prouide to hclpe yoxvre 
 
 neceffities ? Prouyde for yowre felues rather and trud not to them whofe fortune yowe knowe not. For when 
 
 he arryued in Cuba, th[e]inhabitantes flewe him with al his felowes, and lefte the carauell wherin they were 
 
 caried, tome in pieces and halfe couered with fande on the fliore : where Quicedus and Colmenaris fyndyng the 
 
 fragmentes therof, bewayled their felowes myiTortune. But they founde none of theyr carkefes : fuppofinge 
 
 that they were eyther drowned, or deuoured of the Canibals, which oftentymes make incurfions into that Ibnde 
 
 to hunte for men. But at the length, by twoo of the Ilande men which they had taken, they had knowlcage of 
 
 Valdiuia his dedruction : And that th[e]inhabitantes the more greedely attempted the fame, for that they had 
 
 harde by the bablynge of one of his felowes that he had great plentie of gold. For they alfo take pleafure in 
 
 the bewtie of gold, which they forme artificially into fundry ouches. Thus owre men drykcn with penf)uenes 
 
 for the cruell dedenie of theyr felowes, and in vayne feekynge reui.np( for theyr iniuries, determyned to forfake 
 
 that vnfortunate lande, depart) nge from thofe couetous naked barbarians with more forowe and neceflltie then 
 
 they were in before. Or euer they had pafled the South fyde of Cuba, they fel into a thoufande myllfortimes : 
 
 and had intellygence that Fogeda arryued thereaboute, leadynge a myferable lyfe, tofled and turmoyled with 
 
 tempedes and vexed with a thoufand perplexities : Soo that departing from thenfe almod alone, liis felowes 
 
 beinge for the mod parte all confumed with maladies and famyn, he came with much difticultie to Hifpaniola, 
 
 where he dyed by force of the poyfon of his venemous wound which he had receaued in Vraba as we haue faid 
 
 before. But Ancifus elected Lieuetenaunt, fayled by all thofe coades with much better fortune. For as he 
 
 hym felfe toulde me, he founde profperous wyndes in thofe parties, and was well entertcyned of th[e]inhabi- 
 
 tantes of Cuba. But this fpecially in the dominion of a certeyne kynge whofe name was Commendator. 
 
 For wheras he defyred of the Chridian men whiche pafled by, to bee baptifed, demaundynge the 
 
 name of the gouernour of the Ilande next vnto Hifpaniola, beinge a noble man and a knyght of 
 
 th[e]order of Calatraua of which order al are cauled Commcndatorcs, this kynges defyrc was to bee named 
 
 after hym. Kynge Commendator therfore, frendely receaued Ancifus, and gaue hym greate abundance 
 
 of al thynges neceflarie. But what Ancifus lemed of theyr religion duryngc the tyme of his remaynyngc 
 
 there, I haue thowght good to aduertyfe yowre holynes. Yowe fliall therefore vnderdandc, that cfrtiyne 
 
 of owre men faylinge by the coades of Cuba, lefte with kynge Commendator a certeyne poore maryner 
 
 beinge difeafed. Who in (horte fpace recoueringe his health, and hauynge nowe fumwhat lemed theyr language, 
 
 beganne to growe into great edimation with the kynge and his fubiectes, in foo muche that he was oftentymes 
 
 '»3 
 
 A wyfe i-i \ 
 hyiidcr.'iticc 
 
 Cuba, 
 
 Three nionnctlic* 
 from Daricii.i t<i 
 Ctil).-!, by rcakun 
 of tviiipckU 
 
 The dcalli if 
 Valdiuij. 
 
 Hurtofl.-iuyshciiei 
 of the toiific 
 
 The calnniitieand 
 death of Fogcd.i. 
 
 M.i1adics and 
 faiucn. 
 
 The prosperous 
 vyage of Anciaiis. 
 
 A kyng of Ol^;^ 
 Itapttserl liy the 
 name of 
 Commendator. 
 
 AncisHS 
 
 73 
 
 A manietmis 
 historic howe OoJ 
 wrought miracle* 
 bv the simple fayth 
 ui a maryucr. 
 
 iJ 
 
 i 
 
 v\ 
 
 i I 
 
 i'' 
 
 \~i 
 
 , , I 
 
-i 
 
 124 
 
 ' I 
 
 \ 
 
 The feconde Decade. 
 
 Re nni r;i»ilic in 
 iuilgvnitiiit 
 
 Zfma* 
 
 A ch.ipel buiMed 
 to the picture of 
 the virgin Mary 
 
 God renpecteth 
 
 the iiiruuii: uf 
 faithe for iclcs 
 lako 
 
 One Rc)ii;ion 
 turned iniu .in 
 other, hnldcthstyl 
 many thingei of 
 ih« ryrst. 
 
 A strange fanfuie. 
 
 The effect of 
 godly zeaie. 
 
 A miracle in the 
 tyme of the 
 battayle 
 
 The virgin Mary, 
 is present at the 
 battayle. 
 
 74 
 
 A mnnielus 
 experience of 
 fayth 
 
 Muche lyke vnto 
 this, is redde iii 
 Keg. kviiL 
 
 the kynges Lieuetenaunt in his warres agcynd other princes his borthcrcrs. This mans fortune was foo good, 
 that ail thynges profpcred well that he tookc in hande. And albeit that he were not lemed, yet was he a 
 vertuous and well meanynge man accord'-.ige to his knowlcage, and dyd religioufly honoure the blelTed virgin, 
 bcarynge euer about with hym her pi'-.iire fayre paynted vpon paper and fowd in his apparcll nere vnto his brefte ; 
 Signifyinge vnto the kyng, that this holynes was the caufe of al his victories : perfuadynge hym to doo the lykc, 
 and to call away all his Zimes which were none other then the fymilitudes of euyll fpirites, mulle cruell enemyes 
 and deuourers of owre fowles : And to take vnto hym the holy virgin and moother of god to bee his patronede 
 if he defy red all his affayres afwell in warrc as in peace to fucceed profperoufly. Alfo that the blefled virgjn 
 wooldc at noo tyme faylc hym, but bee euer redy to helpe him and his, if they woolde with deuoute hartes caule 
 vppon her name. The maryner had foone perfuaded the naked nation : And there vppon gaue the kynge (who 
 dcmaunded the fame) his pycture of the virgin, to whom he buylded and dedicate a chapell and an altare, euer 
 after contemnynge and reiectynge his Zemes. Of thefe /ioncs made of goflampine cotton to the fimilitudes of 
 fprytes walkynge in the nyght which they oftentymes fee, and fpeake with them (iimilierly, wee haue fpokcn 
 furticiently in the nynth booke of the fyrfte Decade. Furthermore, accordynge to the inditution of this maryner, 
 when the foonnc drawcth towarde the faule, this kynge Comnundalor with all his famely bothe men and women, 
 reforte daylye to the fayde chapell of the virgin Marie, where kneelyng on thej ■ knees and reuerently bowyng 
 downe theyr hcades, holdyngc theyr handes ioyned togythcr, they falute th[e]imagc of the virgin with thefu 
 woordes: Aue Maria, Aue Maria. For fewe of them can rehearfe any more woordes of this prayer. At 
 Ancifus his beingc there, they tooke hym and his felowes by the handes, and ledde them to this chapell with 
 reioyfinge, fayinge that they woolde (hewe theym maruelous thynges. When they were entered, they poynted 
 with theyr fyngers to the Image of the virgin al to befet and hanged abowte with ouches and iewels and many 
 earthen pottes, fylled fum with fundry nieates, and fume with water, row-nde aboute all the tabernacle. For 
 thefe thynges they offer to the image in the fteede of focrifice, accordyng to theyr owlde fuperfticion towarde 
 theyr Zemes, Beingc demaunded why they dyd thus, they anfwered, leafte the image fliulde lacke meate if 
 perhaps it Ihuld be a hungerd. For they mod certenly bcleue that images may hunger, and that they doo eatc 
 and drynke. But what ayde and helpe they confeffe that they haue had of the godly poure of this image, that 
 is of the blefled virgin, it is a thynge woorthy to be harde, and mofl aflfuredly to bee taken for a truthe. For 
 by the report of owre men, there is fuch feruent godly louc and zeale in thefe fmiple men toward the holy virgin, 
 that to them beinge in the daungers of warre ageynft theyr enemies, they doo in maner (yf I may foo terme it) 
 compel her to defcende from hcauen to helpe them in theyr neceflities : For fuch is the goodnes of god, that 
 he hath lefte vnto men in manor a pryce wherby wee may purchafe hym with his holy angels and fayntes, that 
 is to wytte, bumyng loue, charitie and zeale. Howe therfore can the blefled virgin at any time be abfent from 
 them which cal for her helpe with puie faith and feruent loue? Covunendator him felfe, with al his noble men 
 and gentelmen, doo teftifie with one voyce, that in a fought battayle in the which this maryner was capitayne, 
 bearyng with hym this picture of tl'e virgin Marie, the Zemcs of theyr enemies turned their backes and trembelcd 
 in the prefence of the virgins Imagt and in the fyght of them all. For euery of them brynge theyr Zemes to the 
 battayle, hopynge by theyr hcljie to obteyne the victoric. Ye they fay further, that durj'ng the tyme of the 
 battayle, they fa we not only an Image, but a liuely woman clothed in fayre and whyte apjiarel, aydynge them 
 ageinft theyr enemies: whiche thynge alfo the enemyes them felues acknowleaged, confelTynge that on the 
 contrarye parte fliee appeared to them, fliakynge a fepter in her hande with threatenynge countenaunce, whiclic 
 caufed theyr hartes to (hake and faynt for feare. But after that this maryner departed from them, beinge taken 
 into a fliyppe of certeyne Chriftians paffynge by thofe coaftes, Commendator declared that he with all his 
 fubiectes, continually obferued his inftitucions : In foo muche that beinge at contention with another prince, 
 which of theyr Zemcs were mode holy and of greatefle poure, the matter grewe to fuche cxtremitie that they 
 tryed it with hande ftrokes : And that in all thefe attemptes, the blefled virgin neuer fayled hym, but was euer 
 prefcnte in the brunte of the battayle, and gaue hym eafye victorie with a fmaule poure of men, ageynft a mayne 
 armye of his enemies. Beinge demaunded with what woordes they cryed vppon the virgin Mary when they 
 aflayled theyr enemies, they anfwered that they had lemed noo other woordes of the mariners doctrine, but 
 SanHa Maria adiuua tws, San^a Marin adiuua nos: That is, holy Mary helpe vs, holy Marye helpe vs: And 
 this alfo in the Spanyflhe tonge. For he had lefte thefe woordes in the mouthes of all men. Whyle they 
 murthered and deflroyed them felues thus on bothe fydes, they fell to entreatie of peace and agreed to trye the 
 matter, not hande to hande by combatte of certeyne chofen for bothe parties as the maner was amonge the 
 Romaynes and dyuers other nations in the owlde tyme, or by any flyght or policie, but that twoo younge men 
 fliulde bee chofen, for eche partie one, wth theyr handes bounde faft behynde them in the playne fielde, bothe 
 parties beinge fworne to acknowleage that Zemes to bee the better, which fyrft loofed the bandes of the younge 
 man whiche floode bounde for the tryall of his religion. Thus diuidinge them felues, and placeinge the 
 . .yde younge men before them in the fyght of them al, with theyr handes faft bounde by theyr enemyes, the 
 
The feconde Decade. 
 
 125 
 
 contrary parte cauled fyrft on theyr Zemes (that is, the deuyll to whofe fimilitude theyr Images are made) who 
 immediatly appercd in his lykcncs aboute the younge man that Aoode bounde in tlie defence of Sathuns 
 kyngedomc. 
 
 Hut as foone as Commniihitor witli liis coompanye cryed San^a Maria adiuua tws, Sanfla Maria aiiiuiia 
 nos, forthwith there appeared a fayre virgin clothed in whytc, at whofe prcftiice the deuell vantiuifnitd immediatly. 
 IJut the virgin hauinge a longe rod in her hande, rnd jjiitting the fame on the bandes of the younge man that 
 lloode for Commcndator, his handes were loofed ini.ncdiatly in the fyght of thein all, and his bandes founde 
 about die iiandes of hym tiiat lloode for the other ;,artie, in fonuich lliat they them felues fownde hym dowble 
 bounde. But for all this, were not the ene'.iies fatiffyi-'d: (picrelinge thai tills tliynge was doone by fum llyght 
 or diuife of man, and not by the poure of the better Zcmcs. And llnre vjipon reijuyred for tli[c]aduoy(lynge 
 of all fufpection, that there myglit bee eyglit graue and fage men apjjoynted, for eche fyde fourc, whiche lliulde 
 bynde the men in the fyght of theim all, and alfo gyue iudgcnicnte whether the thynge were doone withowte 
 Lrafte or gyle. Oh pure fimplicitie and conftant faylh: Oh goKkn and bklVcd confidence. Commcndator and 
 his faniiliers, doubted not to graunte theyr enemies theyr reijuelle widi lyke faylhe wlicrwitli the difeafed woman 
 ubteyned healthe of the tluxe of her bludde, and wlierby Peter feared not to walke on the fea at the fyght of 
 his mafttr C'lrille. Thefc younge men therfure were bounde in the prefence of thefe eight graue men, and 
 were placed within theyr lyftes in the fyght of bollie parties. Thus vppon a figne gyuen, when they cauled 
 vppon theyr Zcmes, there appered in tiie fyght of tiiem all, a deuyll with a longe tayle, a wyde moiithe, greate 
 teeth, and homes, refemblyng the fimilitude of the Image which the kyiig being enemye to Commiiu/alor, 
 honoured for his Zciiks. As this deuyl attempted to loofe the bandes of his cliente, the blelTed virgin was 
 immediatly prefente as before at the caule of Commciidalor and his fubieites, and with her rodde loofed the 
 bandes of her fuppliant, which were ageyne lykewyfe founde fad t)ed aboute the handes of h) 111 that (loode for 
 the contrarye parte. The enemies therefore of Commcndator, beinge flryken with greate feare and aniafed by 
 reafon of this greate miracle, confeffed that the Zimu of the virgin was better then their /.tines. For the better 
 profe wherof, thefe pagans beinge bortherers to Commendalor, which had euer before byn at conlimiall warre 
 and enmitie with hym, when they had knowleage that Ancifus was arryued in thofe coafles, they fciite amb.-ifii- 
 doures vnto hym, to defyre hym to fend them preefles of w iiom they might bee baptifed ; Where vppon he fent 
 them twoo which hee had with hym there at that prefent. They bai)iil'ed in one day a hundretli and thirtie of 
 tli[e]inhabitantes, fumtyme cneiii)es to Commendator, but now his freiides and ioyned witii him in aliance. All 
 fuche as came to bee baptifed, gaue the preeftes of theyr owne liberalitie, eyther a cocke or a heniie. But no 
 capons: for they can not yet fkyl how to carue tlieyr cocke chykens to make them capons. Alfo certeyne 
 faked fyflhes, and newe fyne cakes made of theyr breade: likewife certeyne foules franked and made fatte. 
 When the preefles reforted to the fliippes, fy.xe of thefe newe bajityfeJ men accoompanied theym laden with 
 \ itailes, wherwith they ledde a ioyfuU Ealler. For on the Sunday two ilayes before faynte Lazarus day, they 
 departed from Dariena, and touched at tiiat tyme, onely to tlie cape or angle of Cuba nere vnto the Marte fyile 
 of Hifpaniola. At the requefle of Commendatory Anci/us lefte with hym one of his coompanie, t'> in[e]intente 
 too teache hym and his fubiectes wyth other his bortherers, the falutacion of the angell wliiche we caule the Aiic 
 Maria. For they thinke them felues to be foo much the more beloued of the blelTed virgin, as they can 
 reherfe the more woordes of that praj er. Thus Ancifus takinge his kaue of kynge Commendator, directed his 
 courfe to Hifpaniola, from whiche he was not farre. Shortely after, he tooke his viage to Spa)ne, and auiie to 
 Valladokto to the kynge, to whom he made greuous complaint of the infolcncieof Vafc/ius Nnnnez, in fo iiiuche 
 tiiat by his procuremeiite, the Kynge gaue feiiteiice ageynfle hym. Thus muche haue 1 thowght good (mode 
 lioly father) wherof to aduertyfe yowr holynes as concernyng the religion of thefe nations, not only as 1 haue 
 l)yn inflructed of Ancifus (wyth whom I was dayly conuerfante in the court and vfed hym familiarlye) but alfo 
 as I was enformed of dyuers other men of greate autoritie, to th[e]intente that yowre excellencie may vn ler- 
 llande howe docible this kynde of men is, and wyth what facilitie they may bee allured to embrafe owi 
 religion. But this can not bee doone foodenlye. Yet we haue greate caufe to hope that in fliortc tyme they 
 wilbe all drawen by litle and litle to the euangeliadl lawe of Chrifte, to the great encreafe of his flocke. But 
 let vs nowe returnc to the meffengcrs or procuratours as concerniyngc the affayres of Dariena. 
 
 The <leui> 
 .ipp^'irclh in hit 
 
 All utiicr iitir.it-lc. 
 
 1 f 
 
 Math, rv 
 
 The deuyl 
 nppcrcth ;(|[ciii. 
 
 riie virgin M,iry 
 
 nlion uiIllllLth ilic 
 
 dull) II. 
 
 InfidcU cnniuTtci' 
 
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 75 
 
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 V I -.elms. 
 
 riie haniest is 
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 The prnriir.iliiiirs 
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 ilcfciKc iif !'. trus 
 ari.i-i. 
 
 The WMITPH of 
 
 AphiK a. 
 
 77/e fcconde Decade. 
 
 €1 The skventii hookk of tiik secondk decade 
 Of the fiippofed coiitineiife. 
 
 kom Dtiiiii.a to JlifpiinwUi is cyglite daycs (:'.ilinj;c .iiul fiiiiityincs IcITe with a profpcrous 
 wynde. Yot Quiiiiliis and Colmaiaris llic procuratours of Daiiena, by rcafv)n of tcnipclles 
 and contrary wyniks, could fcarfcly failc it in a liundnthc tlaycs. When they luid 
 taryed a fewe daycs in llifpaniola, and had declared tlie caufc of the coinniingc to the 
 adr.iiraii and tlu' oilier gutiernoiirs, they touke Ihippin^^e in two niarchantc Ihippes bcingc 
 re lye funyflhed, whit;h were alfo accufloined to failc too and froo betwenc Spayne and the 
 I lande of 7y/y/i////('/<7. 'I'hey departed from Darima (as we fayde before) the fourthe day 
 ol the caleiules of i\oikinl)er in ilic yoarc of Chrill. 1512, and came not to the courtc before the calendes of 
 May in tlie yeare fol minge beirj;e the yeare of Chrifte. 151.?. At th[e]yr toniniynge to the courte, lohannes 
 /■','iifiiii (to whom at the btgynr.ynge the charge of thefe alliiyres was committed, whom alfo for hys faithful 
 I'lTuice towarde the kiiige, ycwre holyJics created t^t-'iH-'r-'" commilfarie in the warres ageynlle the noores) 
 Mceaued them honorably, as inen ^omminge from the newe world, from naked nations, and landes vnkiiowen 
 (i) other inenne. 
 
 C liy the prefermcntc tlvrefore of the byflhoijc of />V//;i,w, QhuiJus ixniX Co/incmti is y/crc brought before 
 the king, and declared theyr legaiie in his prefence. Surhe newes and jirefentes as they brought, were 
 delectable to the kinge and his noble men, for the newnes and flraungnes therof 'i'hey alfo fuiorned widi me 
 often tynics. Theyr countenaunces doo ileclare the intemperatenes of the ayer and region of Daiinia. I'or 
 they are yelowe l\ke viilo them that liaiie the yelowe gaimdies: And alfo fwolne. But they afcrybe die caufe 
 hereof, to the huiigir wliit li they fulleyned in tynie |i,ill. I haue byn aduertifed of tli[ejafrayres of this newe 
 \M>()>-Me, not onely by thefe procuratours of A// /(•;/,;, and Aihifns, and /iimiiJim; but alfo Ly conference with 
 />'..'( <7<f the lawier, wlu) laiine ouer a gre;iie i)arte of tliofe coalles. Likewyfe by relation of J V//<vv///'«j Annez 
 the patrone of the lhii)i)es, and Alji'iifiis A'l'^mis, both being iiieii of greate e.\|)erieiice and wel trauayled in 
 I hole parties, befide many olli'.T, of whom wee haue made mention in other places. I'or there came neuer any 
 Ironi thenfe to the court, but looke greate pleafure to cerlifie mee of al thynges eytlier by woorde of mouth or by 
 wrytynge. Of many thynges therfon; which 1 Urned of tlu in, 1 haue gathered fuchc as to my ludgeineiit feenie 
 mode worthy to latilVie them that take tlelyte in hyllories. I'.ul let vs nowe declare what folowed after the 
 comminge of the ])rociiratours oi JXiru-iui. Therfore, before theyr arryuall ihere was a rumoure f[)rcadc in the 
 <ourte, that the diiefe gouernoures and l.ieuetenauntes AViV/i/i/ ami /■'oi^nfii, alfo Johannes Dc Ux Coffa (a man of 
 Inch reputacion that by the kinges letters patentes he was named the greate mailer of the kynges Ihyppes) v.ere 
 ill perylhed by iiiili liaunce: And that thole fewe which yet remayned alyue in J),ui(H,t, were at (lUUcncion and 
 difcorde amonge them fehies: So that they neyther endeuoured tluyr «liligence to allure tliofe fmiple nations to 
 Dwre faythe, nor yet had regarde to fearche the natures of tliofe Regions. In coiifuleration wheiof, the kynge 
 was determyned to iViule a newe taiiitayne ihyther whiche Ihuhle rellore and fet all thynges in good order, and 
 put them owte of auloritie whiche hadde vfurped lh[e]enipire of tliofe prouinces withowte the kynges fpeciall 
 comm.mndement. To this ollice, w.is one iVtuis Amis alligned, a man of greate prowes and a citilen of .Vij.w/w. 
 Hut when the iirocur.ilours of /'<///iv/,; li.ul publillied in the coiirie howe greate a. matter it was, and of what 
 moment, m.iii) l.ibnured ernellly to tin kyii" ,0 take liie .nine owte of his handes. Hut the byflhop of y>'///;i,vj 
 beinge the kinges chicle t hapLiyne, aiul <ine nl the commillioners appoynted by hym in thele matters, beinge 
 •uluertifed hereof, came imuudi.itly to the k)nj;e, and I'p.ike to hyn in this effect. May it pleafe yowre hyghnes 
 10 vnilerllai!<l (inulle catlinlyke rriiiie) ili.it wlur.is /'<fn/s Ariiis a ma'i of valiente (oiage and greate feruico, 
 li.itli oliereil hym felfe to adiienture his l)re in )o\Nre maiellies atl.n res, vmler vncerteyue hope of gayne and 
 molle cerleyne pirels, yet that notwithllaiulyiii;e luni other hnie ambicioul^y miliced his felicitie and preferment 
 laliouringe Icir th|e|iithi'e whereto he is elc« ud ; It maye ple.ife yowre grace herein foo to llievve hym yowr faiiour 
 and |>ermit h\ni to iiii(i)e hi-, fiyde ollice, .is yowic ni.iiellie (h)0 knowe hym to bee a woorthy and meete man 
 liir the fame, hauyng in lynu- p.illc had gre;ile cxiierience ol his prowelfe and valiantiicl'l'e, afwell in behauingc 
 hym felfe as orderirge his Haddiers, as yowr hyghnes may the better confyder if it Ih.d pleale yowe to caule to 
 riinembraiue his doinges in the warres of .Vphru.i, where he Ihewed hym felfe botlie a w\ le Capitayne, and 
 valient fouldier. As con'criiinge his mailers and vlages oilier waye.s, they are not vnknowen to yowre maiellie, 
 vnder wlmle wynge he hat'i of a chylde byn browght vp in ihe courte, and euer founde faythfull towarde yowre 
 hy|j;hnell'e. W'lierfore, to declare my opinion vmler yowre (jr.u-es fiMrnir (whom it hath plcafed to appoyiit inr !i 
 
^ 1 
 
 The fccoinh' hccndc. 
 
 \i' 
 
 tominidioncr in thcfc afthyrcs) 1 think it were vngodly that he IhuUI i)ec put fioin Iiis ollice at tlu' fiitc of any 
 other, efpecially l)i'iii};e thcrcli) nioued by aiiil>itii)n and couetoufnes: who percli.iuncc woold \y\i\w liii'iu iVlms 
 to he the fame men in the ollice if they fluild ohteyne it, as they nowe fliewe them fehus in the .nnMiioiis 
 defirynge of the fame. When the byflhoppe Ijade fayilc tliefe woordes, the kynge eonfirinid the elei-tion of 
 Pctrus Alias in more ami)le maner then before: wyllynge the byflioppe to appoynt l)ym a thoiirmde and Iwoo 
 hinulreth foiildiers at his charges, niakynge hyni a warrante to tl)[e|otl'uers of his efciioker to delyiier hyni 
 money in jjrelle for the fame piirpofe. J'l/riis Arias therforc bcingc thus jnit in olhce anil aulhorjfed by the 
 kynges letters iiatentes vivler his brode feale, chofe a greale number of his fouldicrs in the court, and loo departed 
 frome VallaJohto aboute the calendes of Oeioiier in the yeare i5i,>: And fa) led fyrll to L'iuile beinge a verye 
 ryche <itie and well rei>lenyflied with people: where by the k'nges magillrates lie was furnylhed with men and 
 vytaylcs and other neceffaries perteynynge to foo greale ;: matter. I'or the king huh in this citie erected i 
 houfe feruinge only for th[ejaflayres of the ( )cean, to the which al they that goo or coome from the newe laiuUs 
 and Ilaniles, reforte to gyue aecomptes afwell what they cary thyther as what they brynge fmm thenfe, tli.it the 
 kynge may bee truly anfwered of his eurtome of the fyfte p.irt bothe of golde and other lliynges as wee ii.iiie 
 fayde before. This houfe, they caule the houfe of the C'ontractes of ///<//. J'linis Arias founds in C'iuiie 
 aboue twoo thoufand younge men which made great fute to goo with hym: lykewyfe noo fniali mmiber of 
 couetous owlde men: of the wliiche, many offereil them felues to goo with him of theyr owne < harges tvitluiwl 
 the kyngijs llipende. lUit lefle the fliippcs fluilde bee jiellered with to gre;it a multitude, or lead vytayles IliuMe 
 fayle them, the libertic of free palTage was reflraynt. It ^vas alfo decreed that noo Qranger might pall'e withowt 
 the kynges licence. Wherfore I doo not a lyttle maruaile at A/niJiiis Cadamiijlus a Venetian and wryier of the 
 I'ortugales vyages, that he was not a fliamed to wryte thus ol the Spany;irdes nauigaiions: we went: we fawe: 
 we dyd. Wheras he neuer went, nor .iny Venetian fawe. Ihit he llouh- cevti-ync aimol.icions owte of the three 
 lirll bookes of my fyrll I);-cade wrjiUn to Cardinal Aj\aiiius mmX ArdmI'Miis, fuiipolinge lliit I woolde neuer 
 liaiu.' publ)flhed the fame, it myght alfo hapi)en that he came by the copie therof :il the hande of I'uni 
 ambafadoure of Venice. For 7 haue grannted the copie to m.uiy of them, and w;is not d.uuigeruus to forbyd 
 them to comnuinicate the fame ti> other. Howe fo euer it bee, this honelle ui;in Aloifius CaJamuJhis feareiif 
 not to chalenge vnto hym the frut.- of an other mans laboure. Of the inueiitioiis of the iVirtiigales (which I'micIs 
 are woonderfuU) whether he liau.? wr)tten that wlii<lie he hath feene (as he Liytii) or l)ke«ile bcuMUcd otlu i 
 nun of the iulle commeiulation'. of theyr traua\les, I wyll not iiidge, but am ( ontent to let hym lyne after his 
 maner. Kmonge the company of thefe fouldiers, there were none enili.irked but fuche ;is were licinccd hs ilic 
 kynge, except a fewe Ii .!ians, (jenues, who by frendlhippe and full' wcr<- adniiilci! for the Adnin.ds liiki- 
 ymuige L\'h<iius, fonne iiid lieyre to Clirijloplwrus L\>loiius the fyrll fvndcr of ihulc landes. IMnn. Arias 
 llierfore tooke fliipiiyng in the ryuer luiis (nowe c;iuled (iiuuiaf^/iifuir) rnnnym; by the ( ilie of Ciuile, aboute the 
 beginnynge of the yearc of Chrille. 1514. Ihit he looted anker in an ■ iiyll Imure. l''or fuche ;i tenipelle fohnMil 
 lliortly after \\Vr departure, that it rent in pi'-ces two of his lliip))cs, and loo tolled the oilier lli.il they were 
 luforced to heaue oner boorde parte of thi iT v)tayles to l\glitcn tli.in. Ml In. h ,is eft.ipeil. I.iyled ba< ke 
 :igcyne to the coafles of Sp;iyne: where, bemge newely furnyllu'<l and relrcilwd, by Ihe kynges olliiii--, lluy 
 went forwarde on theyr vi.i^e. The mailer p>lot of ^hr youernouri s lli\ppi-, was /,-/iai'Hi-sf\ff'iiliiis .1 I'lor.'iitine, 
 the neuie o^ Anieriats l'<J/<u/iiis, \\\w left hym ,is ii were by diliente of inhetit.mce, th[e|i'\periince of llu' 
 mariners facultie, and knowleage of the fea, carde and cdinpade. Hut wee were adiiertifetl of late by cerle^ne 
 which came from /lif/'aiii,'/a, that they had palled the Ocean with more jirofpirous wynde. I'or this m.ircli.iiml 
 ilnppe commyiige from llif(<aiiiola founde llieni landiiige ;it cenryne II.uuKs luiv there aboute. Itut in tlu' 
 nieane tyiue whyle my importunate caulers on, CiaUauus /\itlri;^ariits and !ii/iaiiiics Ciirjiiis, men lludioiis by .li 
 me;ines to t itiiie yowre holynes, ceafed not to put me in remembeiance that they had one in :i rediiies to dejxirt 
 into Italy, ani, tarycd o'lely to cary with hym viiio )()wre IioImios thele my l.iyrc AV/r/z/fV althowgh rudely (Kckeil. 
 Icifle I llu.lde bellov imu lie lymein va)ne, 1 haiu l.-l |i.il1c many th.nges. and uyll reherfe oiuly lut h as feeme 
 ..! my iudgement :nolle woorthye memory, allliovvj;h lumwh.it 'iilonlered as oci.iliKii li.iili leriied. .'so it is 
 ihcrfore that this IMrus Arias hath a wyfe named Udijabeth a /^cai/illa, beinge niefe by the broothers iSde to 
 ilie manines of Hoadilla, which rendered the (itie o( Six:'uia lo I'crnando .md Helif.dieth piimcs of ,Sp;i\iie at 
 Inch tynie as the I'ortugale.s inuaded the kingdome ol < allile; by reafon wluu.f lluy were eiicor.iged lyrlle 
 to refylle, and then with open warre to allayle and e.xpuife the rorlu/ales for the greati- trelure which kjnge 
 lUiir) brother to (lueene Ilelif.dieth IkuUIc galh.icd to.i;yther tliere. '1 his nianiuelVe whyle ihce lyued, i\)i\ euer 
 ihewe a manly and lloute mynde, bollie in pe.ue .ind warre, fo that by 1 er coun1a)!e inan)e nolih- tliynges wire 
 iirowght to good elu. te in t!allile: vnio this iiolilr woman, the wyfe of /'..': .,s Arias was niefe b) hei brothers 
 I'yde. .Shee folowyng the nuignanimitie of her aunt, jien e;iuiiige her hulb.mde nowe furn>lhyng hym (elfe to 
 dejiari lo the vnknowen ■ oalles of the newe woorlde, and thole l.irge trades of lande and fe.i, fpake ti>efe wor<!es 
 vnlo hyn>. My molle dcarc and wclbtlouctl hulbande, we owglit nut nowe to lurget th.il liyiii owp: younge 
 
 IVlrii^ Ari.m 
 
 t.UMK'l.-n.lIllr I'f 
 
 I >;triiMl.l. 
 
 IVtiUN Ariiis liatli 
 
 .1 Ihotis.iiiil .mil 
 
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 tlir kMi^cs 
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 A iiMUsc III Ciiiito 
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 .in.l>ti-:i k>l liull.1. 
 
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 77 
 
 M.Miv prufi-r 
 
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 AImI..,MS 
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 K>i»j;c llt'iiiy. 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
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 tV-tllls \\\,\% 
 
128 
 
 The fexonde Decade. 
 
 78 
 
 rtic lliyr/.c 
 
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 I'llliUllUH. 
 
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 Thr- II irtMrMiiH 
 t • tyk' rtwrc men 
 Uiii^f in ihryr 
 
 Tliv vfttt t>r ifiutni >■ 
 
 TO 
 
 ,.fB..I,l j„l 
 fralikrll^tlltc. 
 
 ycarcs we haue hyn iojncd togytlu-r with the yoke of holy niatrimonie to th[o]iiitcntc that wcc (Inihlc foo lyue 
 to'^ythi.r and ixit a ruiulcr(hiryngc the tynic of oh re natiirall lyfc. Wherefore for my parte to deelare my alVeciion 
 herein, yowe (hall viiderllande, that whytlicr fo eiier yowre fatal defteiiye fliall dryiic yowe, eyther by the furious 
 wanes of the greate Ocean, or by the manyfoulde and horrible daiingers of the lande, I wyll furely beare yowe 
 (■oomi)anj-. There can no perell chaunce to me fo terrible, nor any kynde of death fo cruel), that flial not l)ee 
 much eafycr for me to abydo. then to line fo farre fepeiatc from yowe. It were muche better for mo to dye, and 
 eyther to bee call into the fea to bee deuoured of ihe fyflhes, or on the lande to the Canibales, then with 
 contiiuiall mournynge and bewaylini,'e, to lyue in dealhe and <lye lyuinge, whyle I confume in lookyng rather 
 for my hufbandes letters then for hym lelfe. 'I'liis is my full determinacion, not nilhely nor prefentely excogitate, 
 nor conceaued by ihe lyght pliantiifie of womans brayne, but with longe deliberation and good aduifement. 
 Nowe tlierfore choofe to \\ liether of diefe twoo yowe w)li affente : 1',) llier to thrufli' yowre fwoorde in my throte, 
 or to graunte me my reiiuefte. As for the chyldren which god hath giuen vs as i)!edges of owr infejierable loue. 
 (for they had foure fonnes and as many dowghters) flial not fbiy me a moment. Let vs leaue vnto them fuche 
 gooddes and jioU'eilions as haue byn left \s by owre parentes and frendes wherby they may lyue amonge the 
 woorfliipful of thcyr order. For other thynges I take no care. When this noble matronc of manly vertue had 
 fynifflicd thefe woordcs, her hufljande feinge the cunllant m)'nde of his wyfe, and her in a redynes to doo 
 accordynge to her woordes, had no hart to denye her louinge petit ion: but embrafnige her in his amies, com- 
 mended licr intente and ( onfented to her ri(|ue(le. Shcc folowed hym thcrfore as dyd Jpjitnitia her Mithr'uliUii 
 with her he.ire hangeinge loofc aboute her Ihulders. For (lice loucth her hufbande as dyd Ilaluariuiffui of Carta. 
 hers beingc deadc, and as dyd ArtcniijUi her Maufolns: We haue alfo had aduertifcment fence their departure 
 that flie (being browght vp as it were amonge foft fethers) hath with no lefle ftoute cornge fufteyned the roringes 
 and mges of the Ocean, then dyd eyther her hulband or any of the nKir\ners brought vp euen amonge the 
 fourges of the fea. liut to haue fayde thus mu<:h hereof, this (hal fuliice. Let vs nowe fpeake of other thynges 
 no leffe woorthy memorie. Thcrfore, wlicreas in the fyrllc Decade we haue made menrion of riiiun/iitx Anim 
 /'///Ziu/us, ye flial vnderlbiiide that he accoimipanyed Chi ijhiphonis Coloniis the Adniirail in his fyrfl vyage, and 
 afterwarde made an other vyage of his owne charges with oiiely one fliyppe. Ageyne, the fyrlle yeare after the 
 dei)artiii,L;e o'i the Capitaynes Xii-injii and J-i'^iJii, he ran oner tliofe coalles of /////'iimWir, and fearched all the 
 fouthef)'le of Cit/'a from the l-'alle to the wefle, and fayled ruwndc abmit that Ilande wliidi to that day for tli 
 greate length thereof, was thowgbt to haiic bin part of the continent or firme laii<l, ahhuwgh fume i)iherf,iy 
 that they dyd tlu' lyke. liiiuiifiiis Aiimz iherlbre, kiiowyng nowe b\ experience that Ciilui was .\n Ilande, fiylcd 
 on further, and I'nund other landes weftward from Ciihi, but fuch as the Admirall had fyrll touched. Wheifore, 
 lieinge in maner encomiiafcd with this iiewc lande, turninge his courfe towarde the lefte liande, at- ' nfing the 
 coalles of that lande by the Fall, ouerpaflingc alfo the iiinuthes of tin' goulfes of /lint^mu thifid .n. "«<•///• 
 hachoa, he arryued at the Region which in the fyrll Decade we cauled J'aria and Os Draconis: A- ' itered 
 into the greate goulfe of frefihe water, which Ci>lonus difcouered, beiiige repleniflied with great abundance ot 
 fyfllie, and famous by re.ifon of the multitude of li.indes iyiiigi- in tiie f.iuie, beinge dillant F.;i(lw.irde from CtirUvM 
 aboute a himdreth and thirtie niyles, in tin- which tract are the Regions of Cumaiui and Maiiinapaiia. whichc 
 .dfo in the fyxte booke of the fyrll I )ecade we fa)(le to bee Regions of the l.irge proiiiiice of l\iiu>. where mam 
 aliirme to bee the grelelle plenlie of the bede pearles, and not in Ciiriaiia. 'J'he kinges of thefe regions (whom 
 they caul C/ii>ii\<ni:<. :\<. \\wy i^( /f'/priii'/a caule tlie\iii ri/iv'iv) beinge (ertified of tli c omminge of owre men, 
 lente certejne Ipyes to enijuire what newe nation was arryued in theyr coalles, what they browght, and wli.it 
 thf> woolde haue; and in the nieane tymc fiirnyflhed a nuniluT of theyr Ciinixrs (whiche they caule Cfiu/ios) 
 with men arnieij after their maner. For they were not a iMie .iionilllieil tobeholde owre fliippcs with the fayles 
 Ipre.ide. wheras they •, fe no fayles, nor can \fe but fniaule ons if they woolde, by ri-a/on of the narowiies of theyr 
 <.lnoa^ Swarmynge tlierfore aboute the fliiiipe with theyr canoas (which we may well caule Afonoxy/a, by<aufe 
 they are ni.ide of one hole tree.) iliey fe.ired not to niiite .it owr men beinge yet within their fliips an<l keepinge 
 l'ie)-m felues v'ider the liat< hes js fafely as )f they had li\ii difended with llonc w.iiiles. Hut when owre men 
 !>ad lliolte of .erteyne jiieces of ordinance ageynll theym they were foo difcomlited with the no)fe and flawghter 
 therof that t'ley drone them felues to llight. lieinge thus .lil'parcled. owr men ( Iiafeil them witli the fliiiiiie bote, 
 tookc mmy, and flewe many. \\ hen the kxiiges harde tlie no\l'e of the guiines, and were certyfied of the lofle 
 of their men, they fent aiiibafadoui> to //''/,■.', ///' Ai^rx to eiuri-.ite of peace, fearinge the fjioyle of theyr gorxli s 
 aii<l ilellruttioii of the) r people, if owre men fliulde coomnie alande in theyr wratlie and furyc. They defyred 
 pea<e thcrfore, as could bee coniediired by their fignes and poyntingcs. For owre men vnder(loo<ie not one 
 woorde of theyr language. And lor tlic better |.roofe lli.it tin y defircd jieace, they prefeiited owre men with three 
 thoufand of tliofe wiights of gold tlial tiie.'^panyardes i aule Cajlillanum /h/tritn, which they < ommonly caule I'lfiim. 
 Alfo a greate barell of woodde full of mode excellente mafculinc frankcnfence, weighing about two thoufirdi' 
 and fyxe hundrelli poundes weight after eight ounces to the poimde: Whereby they knewe that that lande 
 111 
 
"^1 
 
 The fccottde Decade. 
 
 129 
 
 browght fiirthc grcatc plcntic of frankenfcncc. For tlierc is noo entcrcourfc of niarcliaundics betwene th[c]inhal)i- 
 tantes of Paria ami the fabeans beingc foo farrc dillanlo,wlicras alfo tlu[)] of I\trhi knowc notli) iigu wilhowte 
 theyr ownc coafles. With the goUle and frankenfence wliit he the[y] prefenled to owre men, they gaiie lliem alfo a 
 greate multitude of theyr peacockes, bothe cot kes and hennes. deade and alyue, afwell to fatiftie theyr prefent 
 nercffitie, as alfo to cary with theym into Spayne for encreafe. I.ykewyfe certeyne carpettes, coouerlettes, table 
 clothes and hanginges made of golTampine filke fynelye wrought after a llraunge diuife with pkfante and variable 
 (oluiirs, hauing golden belles and fuihe other f[)angles and pendauntes as the Italians caule Si'/iiix/'<'.<. and the 
 Spanyardes Ciifcaiflcs, hanging at the purlles tiierof They gaue tiieym furthermore fpeakinge i)opini;iais of 
 fundry colours as many as they wooldc alke. For in Paria, there is no leffe jilenlie of popingiais, then with vs 
 of dooues or fparous. 'l'h[e]ini)al)itantes of tiiefe Regions both men and women are appareled with velUires made 
 of goffampine cotton, the men to the knees, and tiie women too the lalfe of the legge. The faflliion of theyr 
 apparell, is fymplc and playne muchc like vnto the Turkes. \\\\\ the mens, is double and ([uilted like that 
 whiche the Turkes vfe in the warres. 'I'he princes o( Par/a, are rulers but for one yeare: Hut their autoritie is noo 
 lefie emonge the people both in peace and warre, then is tli(e],mtoritie of other kynges in ihofe Regions. 
 Theyr villages arc buylded in coompaffe, along by the bankes of all tlial greate goulfe. I'yue of theyr i)rinces 
 came to owre men wyth theyr prefentes, whofe names I thowght worthy to bee i>ut in this liillorie in remembe- 
 rance of foo notable a thinge C/iiaivnus C/iiaiiau/ia, (that is tlie prince of C/ua/iau/ia, for they caule princes or 
 kingcF C/iiacorws) ChiaioHits J'intr^iiaiiiis, Chiacoiui: C/ianiaii'alia, C/tiau'iiits Polointis, and C'/iiaiviiiis Polio. The 
 goulfe beinge fyrlle founde of the admirall Co/orus, they caule, Jiaia Xaliiiilalis, bycaufe he entered into the 
 fame in the day of the natiuitie of Chrille: But at that t)me he only palfeil by it withowie anye further fearching, 
 and Paia in the Spanyfllie long, fignilieth a goulfe. NVheii riiurnliii\ \\m\ thus made a league with thefe I'rinces, 
 folowinge his appoynted courle, he Ibunde many regions towarde the l'..ill, defolale by reafon of tliuers lluddes 
 and oueiilowynges of waters: alfo many llandynge pooles in dyuers places, and thofe of excedynge largenes. 
 He ceafed not to folowe this trade vntyll he came to the poynte or cape of that mofle longe lande. This 
 po)nte femelhe as though it wooide inuade the monte AlAis m .iplirica. I'or it profpectethe towarde liiat i)arte of 
 .Xpiirike, whiche the portugales caule Capul Boiuc Spoanluc. 'I'he |)oymes or cajies of tiie niount Alias, are 
 rough and faluage nere vnto the fea. The cape of Bona Spiiaiiza, gatherelhe thirtie and I'oure degrees of the 
 ."^outhe pole, cauled the pole antartike: Hut that poynte, onely feuen degrees. I luppofe this lande to bee that, 
 whiche 1 fynde in owlile wryters of Cofmographie to bee cauled the giv.ile Hand Atlantike, withowi any further 
 declaringe e) iher of the fytualion, or of the nature Iherof. 
 
 C The eight hooke of thi-: .sixonde dlcade 
 0/ the fiippofcii coiitiiiculc. 
 
 lien bihan the king of portugale l)ued«hiih was iiredicellbure to hyni tli.it iiowe reigneth, 
 lluic aiiile a great conleiuion betwene the ('.iilihans and rorlugalis as conccmingi' tlie 
 donuniun of thefe newe I'ounde l.inde-'. The rortugales, b)(aure tiiey were the firlle that durll 
 attempte to fearche the Ocean fea fence the memorie of man, alVirmed that all the nauigations 
 of the Ocean, owght to perteyne to tluxni .nuly. The L'allilians argued 011 the contrarie 
 IMile, that what fo euer god l'\ the miiiillratinn of nature halii created on the earth, was at 
 tlu- liegyimynge common emong men: And that it is tlierfore lawfuU to euery man to polVel'e 
 lui lie iandes .IS are voyil of Chrillian iiih.diitours. Whyle the matter w.is thus vncerteynly d'bated, bothe 
 parties agreid that the controiurlie Ihulde I'ce decerned b) the byflhope of Rome, and plighted faithe to llande 
 to his arbiirinunie. 'l"he kyiigedome of Callile was at that tyme gouerned by that great (Jueene llclijaklh with 
 her hulbaiide ; fvir the roiahiK of t'aiUle was her dowii\e. Shee alfo and tiie kynge of I'ortugale, were cofyn 
 germaynes of two fyllers; by rt-.ifon wherof liie dillention was more e.ifely pai ilied. Il> tli|e]a(Vent therfore of 
 both parties, Alexaiuler tlx- b\filiop (of| Kome, llie. vi. of that 11 me, by ili[rlautoritie of in- leadiii bull, drewe a 
 right line from the North to the .South a hundrelh leai|ues welUv.irde v\itiu)Wtc the paraklKs of thofe llandes 
 whiche are aiuled Caput Viridc or CabouoJt, Within the compafe of this lyne (althowgh foommc dcnye it) 
 f.uilelhe the jioynte of tins lande wiierof we haue fpoken. wlm h they caule Capul Saiiili .lir^iijlini, otherwyfe 
 • .luleil I'toiiiniilorium Sanlli Aiit^iijlini, that is, fiynt Augullines c.ipe or poynte. And tlierfore it is not lawful 
 for the C'aflilians to fallen foote in the beginnynge of that lande. I'lnirnliiis Amies tlierfore, departed from 
 thenfe, beinge aducrtifed of th[ejinhabilante», that on the other f>de of the hyghe niounlaynes towarde the 
 
 1.1/I..S N it« 
 
 .S.llic.l, I!, i» i-"titrcf 
 in Ar.ihie, which 
 Itrinuclh r.Tlli 
 
 I rr.iiikcniiunce 
 
 ' /\iriii, 
 rcicoclifs w iiii h 
 WL-c raul«: i'lirkyc 
 ockcs. 
 Ciqicts .inil 
 coucrlcllc^ fylicty 
 wruiiglit 
 
 Popyngiiyc*. 
 
 I'lilcl.ipp.-ircll t'f 
 the inh.iuilaiua 
 uf p,iri.i 
 
 Rtilcrs fur one 
 yc.ire. 
 
 'file Kfc.ite goulfu 
 of l'.iri.l. 
 
 n.ii.t Ntitiuit.-ilift 
 t)ic ^ret goulfe of 
 r.inx 
 
 Vinccntiiix in.nk.:th 
 .1 tc:it;iie with V. 
 princes, of I'anj. 
 
 .M.iiint AiLisin 
 aphrike. 
 
 The Rre.nl !I.ind 
 
 att.iiitikc 
 
 (''mtenli'in 
 ln-lwrm' the 
 K .i^tih.iii', .uia 
 r.TiiiK.ilc^ for the 
 ii:!wc Unties 
 
 80 
 
 T'k- I'yushnp .if 
 Koitiu iliitideth 
 I lie Luid 
 
 decade i. lib* lU 
 
 
 
 ! 
 ! 
 
 M' 
 
 i ! 
 
 •f 
 1 
 
 f 'I < 
 I 
 
 ' ': I 
 
 i 
 
 I I 
 
130 
 
 The feconde Decade. 
 
 The Kolden region 
 of Ciaiubx 
 
 The Hand of S. 
 lohannes 
 
 Fyue byshonnes 
 ulthe IlandhI 
 made by the 
 bysshop of Kume 
 
 The Canibalis nf 
 the I hind uf 
 Sancu Crux. 
 
 81 
 
 lleraguii niii! 
 Vraba. 
 
 The ryucrs of 
 Vraba. 
 
 South, lyinge before his eyes, there was a Region cauled Ciaiiilhi, which browght foorth greate plentie of golde. 
 Of ccrteyne captiues whiche lie tooke in the goulfe of Piirin (wluch ccrtunly pcrteyncth to tlie dominion of 
 Caftile) he browght fiune with hyni to Ilifpaniola, and Icfte them with the younge Admirall to k-rne owre 
 language. But he hyni felfc, repayred to the courte to make erneft fute to the kynge tliat by his fluioure, he 
 myght bee gouernour of the Hand of SanHi lo/uvmis (otherwyfe cauled Burichcna, beinge diilante from 
 Ilifpaniola onely. xxv. leacjues) l))caufe he was the fyrft fyndcr of golde in that Ilande. Before Vinccntius 
 made fute for this ottice, one Don Cliriftophcra Portugale, the foone of the countie of Cami^iia, was gouernoure 
 of the Ilande: whom the Canibalcs of the other Ilandes flewe, with all the ChriAian men that were in the fame, 
 excepte the byfliop and his familiers, which (leilde and fliyfted for them felues, forfakynge the church and all 
 the ornamentes thereof. For yowre holynes hath confecrated fyue byfllioppes in thcfo Ilandes at the requell 
 of the mod catholyke kynge. In SaiiHo Domiiiico being the chiefe citie of ilifpaniola, Garfui de raililla, a 
 rcgulcr fryer of the order of faynt Fraunces, is b) ffliop. In the towne of Conception, doctor Petrus Xitarez of 
 Dcza: And in the Ilande of faynte lohn or Buiichaia, Alfonfus Manfus a licenciate, beinge bothe obferuantes 
 of th[e]inflitucion of faynt Peter. The fourth, is fryer Barnarde of Mtfa, a man of noble parentage, borne in 
 Toledo, a preacher, and by ffliop of the Ikinile oiCiiba. The fyfte is lohamus Cabcdus, n fryer i)reacher, whom 
 yowre holynes annoynted myniller of Chrifl, to teache the Cliriftian faithe amonge the inhabitantes of Daricna. 
 The Canibales fliall fliortely repent them, and the bludde of owre men flialbe reuengeil : And that the fooner, 
 bycaufe that (hortly after they had committed this abhominable flaughter of owre men, they came ageyne from 
 theyr owne Ilande of SauHa Crux (otherwyfe cauled Ay Ay) to the Ilande of San^i Johannis. and flewe a kynge 
 whiche was a frende to owre men, and eate hyni and all his famely, vtterly fubuertingc his vyllage, vppon this 
 occafion that violatinge the lawe of hoflage, he had flayne feuen Canibales whiche were lefte with hym by 
 compofition to make certeyne canoas, bicaufe the Hand of SaiiCli loliannis beareth greater trees and apter for 
 that purjiofc, then doth the Ilande of SanUi Ctiix the chiefe habitacion of the Canibales. Thefe Canibales yet 
 remaynynge in the Ilande, certeine of owre men fayling from Ilifpaniola, chaunced v|)pon them. The tliynge 
 being vmlerflode by tIi[e]interpretoures, owre men tiuarelynge with theym and caulynge them to acconipte for 
 that mifclieuous deede, tliey inmiediatly directed theyr bowes and venemous arrowes agcynfl them, and with 
 cruell countenaunces threatened them to bee quyet, lead it fluilde repent them of theyr conimyng thythcr. 
 Owre men fearynge theyr venemous arrowes (for they were not prepared to fyght) gaue them fignes of peace. 
 Being demaunded why they tleftroyed tiie vyllage, and where the kynge was with his famelye, they anfwered 
 that they rafed the vyllage and cutte the kynge with his famelie in peeccs and eate them in the reuenge ot theyr 
 feuen workemen: And that they had made faggottes of theyr bones to cary theiin to the wyues and chyldren of 
 theyr flayne woorkemen, in wytneflfe that the bodyes of theyr hufbandes and parentes lay not vnreuengcd: and 
 therewith fliewed the faggottes of bones to owre men : who beinge aflonyflied at theyr fiercenes and crueltie, 
 were enforced to diflfunble the matter and houlde theyr peace, (juarelynge noo further with them at that tyme. 
 Thefe and fuche other thynges doo dayly chaunce, the which I doo let paflfe lead I fliulde oflende the eares of 
 yowr holynes with fuche bluddy narrations. Thus haue wee fufliciently digrefled from the regions of Bciagiia 
 and Vraba beinge the chiefefte foundations of owre purpofe. Wee wyll nowe therefore entreate fumewhat of 
 the largcnes and depthc of the ryucrs of Vraba: Alfo declare bothe what they and the landes whiche tluy 
 runne through doo bryngc foorth. lykewife of ihc greatnes of the lande from the Eafle to the Weft, and of the 
 bredlh therof from the Southe to the North, anil what the)r ojiinion and hui)e is of thynges )et vnknowen in 
 the fame. Wee w\ 11 therfore beginne at the newe names wherwilh the Spanjardes haue named thefe prouinccs 
 fence they were vnder the dominions of tiie Chriftians. 
 
 C The nynth booke of the seconde Decade, 
 Of the fitppofed Continent. 
 
 L'a.stini;i aiirtfcra. 
 .i!id Vrali.1, 
 Anduluzi.i nniia. 
 Sum caiilc l'<ru, 
 N'uiu CaslilM. 
 Hcragua an<l 
 Vraba, reui'-ns of 
 I'ario. 
 
 The fruteriiliics 
 of Vraba 
 
 Era;^Na ihcrforc, they cauled Cajhlia Aurc<u tluit is golden Caflile: And Vraba >\\^y named 
 Anditlnz'hj Noudy that is, newe Andalufia. And I)ke as of many Ilandes which they fiibducd, 
 thuy choofc Hifpafiiola for the chiefe place of tiieyr habitacion, foo in the large tract of /'^^r/i?, 
 they appoynted theyr c(;Ionic or bydyng place in the twoo regions Vraba and Bera^uay that 
 all fuche as attenipte any vyages in thofe coaftes, may reforte to thenn as to fafe portes to bee 
 rcfrcflied when they are wery ordryuen to neceiruie. All owre feedes, and plantes, do nowc 
 niaru».'loufly cncreufc in Vraba. I ykewyfe blades, fcttcs, flippes, grall'es, fuger canes, ami 
 
The feconde Decade. 
 
 131 
 
 fuche other as are brought from other places to thofe regions, as alfo beaftcs and foules as we haue fayde before. 
 O maruelous frutefulnes. Twentie dayes after the feede is fowne, they gather rype cucunurs, and fuch lyke, 
 But colwortes, beetes, Letufe, Borage are rype witliin the fpacc of ten dayes. Gourdes, nielones, and pom- 
 pones, within the fpace of. xxviii. dayes. Dioicna hathe many natiue trees and frutcs of djiiors kyndcs with 
 fuiidry tafles, and holfome for tlie vfe of men : of the wliich I liaue tiio\vt;ht it good to defcrybc i crleyne of the 
 beft. They nooryfllie a tree which they caule Giuiiami, that beareth a frutc mucli rcfciiiitlyngc ihu kyndc of 
 titrons which are commonly ciiiled limoncs, of lafte funnvhat fliarpe myxt with fwctciies, Thoy liauc alfo 
 abundance of nuttjs of pynetrecs, and great |)knlic of date trees, wliiche bcnrc friitos i)yg;4ci tlun the dalis 
 that are knowcn to vs : but they arc not apte to bee eaten l( ir theyr to nuicli fowcrnes. Wyide and barcn dale 
 trees, growe of them felues in fundry places, the bran* lies whcrof tlu-y vfe for bicfommes, and cate alfo the 
 buddes of the (iime. Guctraiiana, being higher and byggiT then the orange tree, bringeth fiirth a great frute 
 as bygge as pome citrons. 
 
 Ther is an other tree much lyke to a < heftnut tree wliofc frute is lyke to the bygger fort of fygs, beinge 
 holfome and of plefant tafle. Mamcis, is an other tree iliat bringeth foorthe frute as bygnc a;i an orange, in 
 tafte notiiynge inferioure to the befle kyndes of melones. Guaiuviala, beareth a frute kliL- then any of tlie 
 other, but of fweete fauoure lyke fpice, and of delectable tafte. Jfoiios, is an other tree wliofe frute i)otiie in 
 (hape and tafte, is much lyke to prunes, but funiwhat bygger. They are fiirei)- perfuaded that this is the 
 Myrohalane tree. Thefe growe foo abundantely in Hifpanioh, that the hoggos are feilde with the frute thcrof 
 as with made amonge vs. The hogg.;.'; lyke this kynde of feadyiige foo well, that when thefe frutes wax rype, 
 the fwyneherdes can by no meanes keepe them owte of the wooddes of thefe trees: by reafon wherof, a greale 
 multytude of them arc becoome wylde. They alfo uffirme, that in JfifjWiio/a, fw)nLS flefdie is of much better 
 tafle and more holfome then mutton. For it is not to bee doubled, but that dyuers kjndes of meates do 
 engender fundry taftes and qualities in fuche as are noryfiied therwiili. The molle |)uilVa inte prince Iur,/i- 
 nandui, declared that he had eaten of an other frute browglit from thofe landes, beinge full of f<:ales with keyes 
 much lyke a pine apple in forme and coloure, but in tendernes equal to melopepones, ar.d in tafte exced>nj; alt 
 garden frutes. For it is noo tre, but an herbe much lyke vnto an archichoke, or Aaintho. The kynge ii} ni 
 felfe, gaue the cheefeft commendation to this. I haue eaten none of thefe frutes. !• )r of a groat number 
 which they browght from thenfe, only one remayned vncorrupted, the other being putrifieil by reafon of the 
 longe vyage. All fucht as haue eaten of theyin newely gathered in theyr natyiie foyk-, <loo maruelouny <:om- 
 mende theyr fwetenes and pkafaunt ufte. They dygge alfo owte of the groMml i-erto>ne rootes growynge of 
 theim felues, whiche they caule Bofattn, much lyke \nto the nauie rootes of Mylayne, or the greate piiffes or 
 muflieroms of the earth. Howe foo cuer they bee drelfed, eyther frycd or fodde, they gyiic i)lace to noo fuch 
 kynde of meate in pleafanl tendernes. The fi<yn is fumwhat towgher then eyth.er of nauies or inuflheronis, and 
 of earthy coloure; But the inner meate therof, is verye whyte. Thefe are noorjflhed in gardens, as we fayde 
 o( lucca in the fyrfte Decade. They are ailo eaten rawe, and hnie the tafte of rawe chelii.ultcs, but are 
 fumwhat fweeter. Wee haue fpoken fufficiently of trees, herbes, .ind frutes. We wyll nowe therefore entreate 
 of thynges fencitiue. The launder: and defolate pafturcs of thel'e regions, are inhaliited and deuoured of wild 
 and terrible beaftes, as Lions, Tygers, and fuch othoi- nionfters as we nowe knowe, and haue byn defcrybed of 
 owldc autoures in tyme paft. But there is efpecially one beaft engendcre<l here, in which nature hath 
 endeuoured to fliewe her cunnyng. This beafte is as bygge as an oxe, arnietl with a longe fnoute lyke an 
 Elephant, ami yet no Elephant. Of the colour of an oxe and yet noo oxe. Willi the iioiile of a liorfe, and 
 yet noo horfe. With eares alfo much lyke vnto an Flei)hant, but not foo open nur foo nuuli hangyng downe: 
 yet much wyder then the eares of any other beafte. Of the beaft which beareth her wlielprs about with her in 
 her feconde belly as in a purfe (beinge knowen to none of theowKle wrylers) I haue fpoken in die fyrft Decade 
 which I double not to haue coome to the h.mdes of yowre holynes. Let vs nowe therfore declare what refteth 
 of the fluddes and ryuers of Vralia. The ryuer of Darifini f luledi into the goidft of Vrijlni with a narowe 
 chanel, fcarfly able 10 beare the canoas or lyghters of that jjrouincc, and runneth by the vyllage where they 
 chofe theyr dwellynge place. Bui the ryuer in the corner of the goulfe which we fayde that Wifclius paffed by, 
 they found to bee. xxiiii. furlonges in bredth (which they caule a le.igue) and of exceadynge depthe, as of twoo 
 hundreth cul>cttes, faulynge into the goulfe by dyuers mouthes. They fay that this ryuer fauletli into the goulfe 
 of Vtaba, l>ke as the ryuer ///(/■ (otherwyfe caiiled Dantibius, and Danowe) fiuleth into tlie fea I'ontike, and 
 Nilus into the fea of Kgypte; wherfoie they named it Giwidis, that is great: whiche alfo they allirme to nooryflie 
 many and great Crocotlyles, as the owld wryters teftifie o{ Nilus, and efpeci.dly as I h.uie lerned by experience, 
 hauinge fayled vp and downe the ryuer of Xiliis when I was fent ambafadoure to the .Soldane of .Alcayr at the 
 commaundement of the mofte < atholyke Kynge. Wliat 1 may tlierfore gather owte of the wntynges of fo many 
 lerned autours as concerninge tiie ryuer of Xi/iis, I knowe not. I'or they fay that nature hath j;yuen two 
 riuers of that name to water the lande, whether diey wyll them to fprynge ov.-te of the mountaynes of the moone 
 
 1.11 
 
 The fnitcfulnef of 
 l>.iricn.i. 
 
 I>yticrs hol^oiiiy 
 frutcs of Uci:^. 
 
 lr:ntl.tt:<t. 
 
 iJ.ilc trees. 
 
 iiHnr,twi»a 
 
 CtttttiftUiiLi. 
 Ihiut. 
 
 IIoKccs fej with 
 niiruUilaiies 
 Swync* flesshc of 
 U'ltcr tasl .inil 
 more tiolsuin then 
 
 IllUtlOl). 
 
 82 
 
 Knitfs pulrifyc'l 
 on the sea. 
 
 /lota (a*. 
 
 I.itins ami r> yns 
 
 The ryuers of 
 
 Vraba. 
 
 The ryuer nf 
 
 n.irien fauli!th 
 
 ititn the ffouirc cif 
 
 Vraba. 
 
 A IcuRUe is xxiiii. 
 furlongck 
 
 DanMhius. 
 
 (■ranilis or Kin 
 gmndis. 
 A irriK-iidilp is 
 rniiih lykf .itt 
 ClUC, liut of 
 exietlytiK bJKncv. 
 Tlie aiiloiire of 
 this lioukc wuk in 
 Kgipt 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1, 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Hi 
 
rr-rr 
 
 ' I 
 
 132 
 
 The fecondc Decade. 
 
 \\\ 
 
 The riucr Nilui 
 in Kgypic 
 Montet L wttr. 
 
 The Portti^iilci 
 nauigaciuiis. 
 
 The ryiier Seiteijn, 
 
 anfdiicr thniiP'.U 
 
 of tlic ryiicr yf 
 
 Niliis. 
 
 Crocodiles 
 
 'I he thyrde and 
 
 fourth Nilui. 
 
 83 
 
 Tho ryiiert 
 %l)riin;i: <i\vl of tl:c 
 niuui)Uyu<.;«, 
 
 Crocodile* 
 engcn-hcil on 
 other ryiicrs 
 ItcsyJc Nilus in 
 ICijypic. 
 Hyruci and k ul^s. 
 
 Pupingaycs. 
 
 A |ihi!o«iMiihiLMl 
 UitCuurM; As 
 cuncerniti^ 
 llilcjuriKiiial uf 
 springes and 
 ryviL-rs. 
 
 The Ijrc.i.llli of 
 ttic l.in<Ic .It 
 Vr.il);», fri-m tile 
 Niirtli ' >ctan ta 
 the duutli SCO. 
 
 A ryuer of 
 muructoits 
 byi.'^:cnci I>>kc the 
 fit --l ilceade the 
 
 The great ryurr 
 Maraifnoiius. liber. 
 iv. decade, i. 
 MariatauthiU, 
 Cttntttiih'rtii. 
 
 Paradice. 
 I.nkc v>. I...ku 
 fyrst 4h.adc. 
 
 The «eA. 
 
 The l»iid cnctiwtil 
 with two !Ki*> 
 
 or the foonne, or owtc of the toppes of the rowgh mountaincs of Ethiopia: Affirming one of the fame to faule 
 into the goulfe of Egypte toward the Northc, and the otlicr into the South Ocean fea. Wliat fliall wee faye in 
 tliis place? Of that Nilus in FlgyiJle, there is noo doiibte. The Portugales alfo whiche fayle by the coaftes of 
 the Ethio])ians caiilcd Nh^riUr, and by the kyngedomc of Mclinda pafllnge vnder the Equinoctiall lyne, amonge 
 thcyr niaruclous imicniions haiie foundc an other towardc the South, and criicflly affimie the fame to bee alfo 
 dcriucd from the moiintaynos of the moonc: And that it is an other chancU of Nilus, bycaufe it br)ngeth foorth 
 Crocodylis, whereas it hatlic not byn rcade before tjmc that any other rytier noor)nhc<l ("rocodyles fauinge 
 ontly Nilus. This ryucr, the I'ditiii^alcs c.iiilc Scncj^a. It runneth throwgh the Region of the Ni\;ritas, beinge 
 very friitcfuU towarde tlic nortii lliorc but on the fouthe fyde fandie and rowghc. Crocodiles are alfo engendred 
 herein. What fliall wee then fay of this thyrde: ye I may wel fay the fourth. For I fup])()fe them alfo to bee 
 Crocodiles which Colonus with his roompany founde armed will; fcalcs as harde as flielles in the ryuer cauled 
 Z'f/i/^Cf/r/i'^ Avhcrof wee hauc made mentiun before. Shall wee fay that ihefe ryuers alfo of Z>(7;7W/ and Vraha, 
 hauc thcyr originall frome the mountaynes of the mcione, whcras they fprynge owte of the ne.xte mountayncs, 
 and can by noo meancs haue the fame originall with Nilus in ]'",gypte, or that in Ni);rita, or els that in the 
 kyngedome of Mdiiuta, from whcnfc foo eucr they are dcryucd. Whereas thefe other (as we haue fayde) fi)ringe 
 owt of llie nex*. mountaincs whiche deuyde an other fouthe fea with noo greate diftaunce from the North Ocean. 
 Wherfore it apjHMreth by ex])crience of fuch as haue trauayled the worlde in owre time, that other waters befyde 
 the ryuer 0\ Niius in Euyptc, maye lykewyfe lirynge foorth Crocodiles. In the maryfflies alfo and fenncs of the 
 Regions of Ditrio't, are founde greate plentie of Phefauntes and jjcacockcs, (but not of variable coloures) with 
 many other kvndes of byrdes and foules vnlyke vnto owres, as well apte to bee eaten, as alfo to delite the cares 
 of menne with plea faunt noyfe. But owre Spanyardes, by<aufe they are ignorant in foulynge, take but fewe. 
 Alfo innumerable popingaycs of fundry kindes are found chattering in the groues of thofe fenny i)laces. Of 
 thefe there are fume etiuall to Capons in byggcnes, and fume as lyttle as fparowes. IJut of the diuerfitie of 
 popingaycs, we haue fpokcn fuflkicntely in the fyrft Decade. For in the rafe of this large lande, Colonus hym 
 felfe browght and fent to the courtc a greate number of euery kynde, the which it was lawfull for all the people 
 to beholde, and are ye; dayly browght in lyke mancr. There rcmayneth yet one thynge mofle woorthy to bee 
 put in hyflorye : The wliich I had rather to haue chaunccd into the handes of Cicero or Liuie, then into myne. 
 For the thynge is foo marucylous in my eftimation, that I fynde my wyttc more entangeled in the defcription 
 hereof, then is fayde of the henne when fliee feeth her younge chekyn inwrapped in towe or flaxe. The breadth 
 of that lande from the North Ocean to the fouth fei is only fyxe dayes iourney by relation of th[e]inhabitantes. 
 The multitude therfore and ^realnes of the ryuers on the one fide and on the other fyde the narowenes of the 
 lande, brynge me into fuchc doubte howe it can cooine to paffe, that in foo litdc a fpace of three dayes iourney, 
 mcafurynge from tiiehygh toppes of thofe mountayncs, I doo not vnderflande howe foo many and foo great ryuers, 
 may haue recourfe into this north fea. For it is to bee thought that as many doo Howe towarde th[e]inhabitantcs 
 of the fouthe. 'I'hefe ryuers of \'i;il<:i are but fmaule, in comiiarifon of many other in thofe coafles. For the 
 Spanyardes fay, that in the tyme of Colonus, they founde and jjaflcd by an other ryuer after this, whofe goulfe 
 faulynge into the fea, they aliirme to bee lyttle lefle then a hundreth myles in the fyrfle coafles of Paria, as wee 
 haue fayde elfewhere. I'or they faye that it fauleth from the to])i)es of liygiie mountayncs with foo fwy.' i. and 
 furious a courfc, thai b}' the violence and greatnes therof, it dryueth backe the fea althowgh it bee rowglie .and 
 enforced with a contrary wynde. 'J'liey all affimie lykewyfe, that in all the large tracte therof, they felt noo 
 fowcr or falie water, but tli.it all the water was frefllie, fwecte, and apte to bee dronke. Th[e]inhabitantcs caule 
 this riiier MiVVf^uoiium: Ami the regions adiaccnt to the fame, Maiiatamlial, Camamorus, and Paricora. 
 lief>\le thofe ryuers whiche 1 haue named before, as Duricn, Graiiilis, Dalhiiki, Bcragua, SauHi Mathci, Boius 
 g(UH, Di-liv^artos, and Gaiia, the)' which of late haue fearched thofe coallcs, haue founde many other. 
 Deliberatin^ie therefore with my fell'e, from whenfe thefe mountayncs beinge {ot^i narowe and nere vnto the fea on 
 botlie fyd'.'s, haue fiieh great liolowe caues or denncs of fuche capacilie, and from whenfe they are fylled to cafl 
 foorth fu( bundance of water, hereof alfo afkynge them the opinions of the inhabitantes, they affirme them to 
 bee of dyuers iudgcnientes herein: Alleag\nge fyrft the greatnes of the mountayncs to bee the caufe, whiche 
 tliey fay to bee very liygl), whit li thynge alfo Colonus the firft fynder therof affirnieth to bee trewe: Adding there 
 vnto that the Paradife of pleafurc is in the toppes of thofe mountaincs whiche api)eare from the goulfe oi Paria 
 and Os Draconis, as he is fully perfuadcd. They igrce therfore that there is greate caues within thefe 
 mountaynes ; hut it reftcth to confytler from whenfe they are fylled. If therefore ;U1 the ryuers of frefflie waters 
 by th[e](i|)pinion of manye, do foo llowe owie of the fea as dryuen and compelled throwghe the paflTages or pores 
 of the earth by the ponilerous wcyglit ol the le.i it felfe. ,is wee fee ilieni brcake furth of the fprynges and directe 
 their c-ourfc to the fea agcync, then the thyn.,'c is leflfe to bee marueyled at here then in other places. For wee 
 hauc not letlde that ii. anv other place tuoo fuch fe;is haue enuironcd an\ l.ni'i.' with foo narowe lymittes. 
 For it htttii 01 the right iyiie, the grcMt Ocean where the fonnc goeth downc on iht lefte hande; And an other 
 
'Ill 
 ' .ll' 
 
 The fecondc Decade. 
 
 ^^Z 
 
 on the other fyde where the fonne ryfeth, nothynge infcrioure to the fyrft in greatenes, for they fuppofe it to bee 
 myxte and ioyned as all one with the fca of Eaft India. 
 
 This lande therefore being burdened with fo great a weight on the one f)de and on the other (yf this 
 opinion bee of anye value) is enforced to fwalowe vp fuch deuoured waters, anil ageyne to cad foorth the fame 
 in open fpringes and ftreames. But if wee fliall denye that the earth draweth humours of tiie fea, and agree 
 that all fountaynes or fprynges are engenderc<i of the conuerfion or turnynge of ayer into water diflilling within 
 the holowe places of the montaynes (as the mod part thinke) we wyll gyue place rather to th[e]autoritie of 
 them whiche llycke to thole reafons, then that owre fenfe is fatiffyed of the full truth therof. Yet doo I not 
 repugne that in fume caues of mountaynes, water is turned into ayer. For I my felfe haue feene, howe in the 
 caues of manye mountaynes in Spayne, in maner fliowers of rayne doo faulc continually: And that he water 
 gathered by this meanes, doth fend furth certeyne ryuers by the fydes of the mountaynes, wherwitli al fuche 
 trees as are planted on the ftiepe or foote of the mountaynes, as vines, Oliue trees, and fuche otlier, are watered. 
 And this efpecially in one place: As the ryght honorable Lodouike the Cardinall of Aragonie mode obfeiiuious 
 to yowre holynes, and twoo other byflioppes of Italy, wherof the one is Siluius Pandonus, anil the other an 
 Archebyflhop (whofe name and tytle I doo not remember) can beare me wytnes. For when wee were togytiier 
 at Granata, lately delyuered from the dominion of the Moores, and walked for owre i>aftyme to certeine 
 pleafaunte hylles (by the whiche there ranne a fayre ryuer) Whyle Cardinall Lodouike occupied hym felfe in 
 (hutynge at byrdes whiche were in the buflies nere vnto the ryuer, I and the other twoo byffliops determined to 
 clinie the mountaynes to fearche th[e]originall and fpringe of the ryuer : for wee were not farre from the toppes 
 thereof. Folowynge therefore the courfe of the ryuer, wee founde a greate caue in which was a continuall faule 
 of water as it had byn a flioure of rayne : the water wherof, faulyng into a trenehe made with mans hand, 
 encreafeth to a ryuer, and runneth downe by the fydes of the mountaynes. The lyke is alfo feene in this 
 famous towne of Vallad )leto (where we nowe fuiorne) in a certeyne greene clofe, not pad a fiirlonge didant from 
 the waules of the towne. I graunte therfore that in certeyne places by conuerfion of the ayrie dewe into water 
 within the caues of fuche mountaynes, many fprynges and ryuers are engendred. But I fuppofe that nature was 
 not foUicitate to bryngc furthe fuche greate iluds by this fo fmaule indudry. Twoo reafons therfore, do found 
 bede to my iudgement • whereof the one is, the often faule of rayne: The other, the continuall autumne or 
 fprynge tyme whith is in thofe regions biinge foo nere vnto the Eiiuinoctial that the common people can 
 perceaue no difference betwene the length of the day and the night throwgh owt al tlie yeare whereas thefe two 
 feafons are more apte to engender abundance of rayne then eyther extreme wynter or feruent fummer An 
 other reafon in effect much lyke vnto the fyrd, is this: If the fea bee full of pores, and that by the pores therof 
 beinge opened by the Southe windes, wee dial confent tiiat vapours are lyfted vp wherof the watery cloudes are 
 engendred, this lande mufl needcs bee moyded with moo flioures then anye other, yf it bee as narowe as they 
 fiye, and enuironed with twoo mayne feas collaterally beatinge on the fame. Howe fo euer it be: 1 can not 
 but gyue credit to the report of fuch worthy men as haue recourfe to thofe regions : And can noo leffe then 
 declare the fame albeit it may feeme incredible lo fume ignorant perfons not knowynge the poure of nature to 
 whome Plinie was perfuaded that nothynge was impolfiblc. Wee haue therfore thought it good to make tiiis 
 'lifcourfe by the way of arguinont, lead on the one fyde, men of pood lernyng and iudgement, and on the other 
 fyde, fuche as are dudious to fynde occafions of (luarelynge in other mens wrytynges, tlnilde iudgc vs to bee fo 
 vndefcreete lygluly to gyue creditte to euery tale not beinge confonant to reafon. But of the force and greate 
 violence of thofe frefllie waters, which repulfmge the fea make fo greate a goulfe (as wee haue fayde) I thinke the 
 caufe therof to bee the greate multitude of fluddes and ryuers, whiche beinge gathered togither, make fo great a 
 poole: and not one ryuer as they fui)[)of"e. .\iul for as muche as the muuntaynes are excedynge hyghe and 
 diepe, I tiiinke the violence of the faule of the waters to be of fuch force, tiiat this coutlicte betwene the waters, 
 is caufed by ih[e]inipuifion of the poole that the falte water can not enter into the goulfe. But here perhappes 
 fume wyll marueyle at me why 1 fliulde manioyle foo muche hereat, fpeakyui^o vnto me fcornefuliy after this maner. 
 Why dothe he foo marueyle at the greate ryuers of thefe Regions? Hatiie nut Italye his Eridanus, named the 
 kynge of ryuers of the owlde wryters? Mane not other regions alfo the lyke? as wee reede of Taiiais, Ganges, 
 anil Danuhiiis, wliiili are fayde foo to ouercoome the fea, that frefiie water may be drawne fortie m) les within 
 the fame. Thefe menuc I wooiile fatillfie with this anfwere. The famous ryuer of Padus, in Italye (whiche 
 they nowe caule Po, and was of the (Jreekes cauled liridaitus) hath the greate mountaynes cauled Alpa 
 iliuidinge Fraunce, Germanic, ami Paiirjonie from Italye, lyinge at the backe tiierof as it were bulwarges full 
 cf moydure: And with a longe tractc receauinge 'Juhiiim with innumerable other great ryuers, fauleth into the 
 fea Adri.itike. The lyke is alio to bee vnderdode oi J'e other. But tlicfi; ryuers (as owre men were enformed 
 by the kynges) faul into the Ocean fea wi,h larger and fuller chanels nere hand. And fume there are which 
 affirme this lande to bee very large in other places althowgh it bee bui narowe here. There commeth alfo to 
 .ny remembrance an other caufe: the whiche althowgh it bee of no greate force, yet doo I entende to wryte it. 
 
 N 1 i.U 
 
 84 
 
 Cunll[c]r^i•)n of 
 ayer into u.itcr in 
 the C.\\\v:> uf 
 
 iiiuuiituynes. 
 
 Sliowcrs of rayne 
 in (he caues uf 
 muiitaynis 
 
 The often f.il ..f 
 
 rayne and 
 
 L'utitinuall sprynf;c 
 
 time. 
 
 The EquiiiuctiuU. 
 
 The pores uf the 
 .sua and the South 
 wynd. 
 
 NntliitlfJC 
 
 iinpos&ihtt: txthe 
 pijiire of n.i[ilnro. 
 
 The ' .xw-i '<f the 
 i;riMtnc*. .tnd force 
 I uf the goulfe. 
 
 ! Hygh andsticix: 
 hylles 
 
 85 
 
 Ihctlud.I: 
 
 Kritlanus. 
 
 T<i»ttu. 
 
 IhiHtibitts, 
 
 Tiiinum. 
 
 The «ica A Jriatikp 
 sume caule the 
 goulfu uf '/enes 
 
 An other reaM)n 
 
 ' ijii 
 
 i 
 
 litli 
 
1 1 f 
 
 '■I 
 
 1.34 
 
 7V/C fcconde Decade. 
 
 \ 
 
 The ryiicr 
 
 Aljihctis. 
 
 Aretkusti 
 
 l.nnge cnues in 
 the ntountayiicii. 
 
 The length and 
 
 furmcftf the Ihinil. 
 
 \ \i;ht t\riics 
 )*yg>,'cr then Il.ilv 
 I'csyOc thjl li.ut 
 whichc the 
 pnrtugalch 
 jutv^esse. Ititly 
 IS in length .1 
 thinihantl and two 
 hiindreth ni\ ■s, 
 anil in hrciilili 
 foure hundrcth 
 and tciL 
 
 Cardes of the sea. 
 
 The carde uf 
 Amcricii!» 
 
 Vc>|miiu&. 
 
 The larde uf 
 
 CulullUa. 
 
 The ratilv I'l 
 lohaiuiuB de la 
 
 86 
 
 The carilc or 
 Aiulrea!) liiur.ilis. 
 
 'i'he niniicr nf 
 l)ic:isuriiig the 
 carJcs, 
 
 l.uke dec.iik- i. 
 libcr. iii. 
 The I land of 
 Caboucrdc. 
 
 Maragnomim 
 ( 'j DrtuoHts 
 
 \ league. 
 Cuihibtuoti, 
 
 CAramairi. 
 
 Cntthtigo. 
 
 The Hand I nrlis. 
 
 I'raha. 
 
 Uiragua. 
 
 Pcrliappcs therforc the length of tlic lande reachyng far from the Eafle to the wefte, if it bee narowe, may bee 
 a licipe hereunto. For as woe readc tliat the ryiier Alpheus palTethe tlirough the holowe places vncler the fca 
 from the citie of FJis in Pclopimefo, and breakcth foorth at the fountiyne or fprynge Arelhufa in the Hand of 
 Sici/iti, fo is it pollible that thefe mountaynes may haue futhe longe caucs pertcynynge vnto theim, that they 
 may be the receptacles of the water paffing througli the landes beinge farre diftante: And that the fame waters 
 commynge by foo longe a tracte, may in the way bee greately encrcafed by the conuerfion of ayer into water, 
 as wee haue fayile. Tlnis muche haue I fpoken freely, permittinge bothe to them whiche doo frendcly 
 entcrprctc other mens duinges, and alfo to the malicious fcorners, to take the thynge euen as them lylleth. 
 For hethcrto I can make no further declaration hereof But when the truth flialbe better knowen, I wyl do my 
 diligence to commit the fame to wryting. Nowe therefore, forafmuche as we haue fpoken thus muche of the 
 breadth of this land, we entend to defcribe the length and forme of the fame. 
 
 C The tenth «ooke of the seconde Decade, 
 0/ the fitppofcd Coiit incut. 
 
 |Hat lan<le reaclicth foorth into the fea euen as doth Italy, althowgh not like the leggc of a man 
 as it doth. lUit T nowe com])are a I'igmean or a dwarfe to a giant. For that part therof 
 whii h the Spaniardes haue ouer nmne from the fayde ICade poynt which reacheth towarde 
 the fea Atlantike (the ende not beinge yet founde towarde the Wefte) is more then eyght 
 tymes longer then Italye. And by what reafon I am moucd to fay eyght tymes, yowre 
 holynes fliall vnderflande. From the tymc therefore that I fyrfle determined to obeye their 
 reciueftes wlio w) lied me fyrfle in yowre name to wryte thefe thynges in the laten tonge, I 
 dyil my endeuoure that all thinges myght coome foorth with dewe tryall and experience. Whenipon I repayred 
 to tlie byflioppe of Buries beinge the chiefe refuge of this nauigation. As wee were therfore fecrctly togyther in 
 one chamber, we had many inflnmieiitcs pertcynynge to thefe alTayres as globes and manye of thofe mappcs 
 which are commonly cauled the fliipmans cardes, or < ardes of the fea. Of the which, one was drawen by the 
 Portugales, whirunto Amcriiiis Vcfpiitiiis is fayde to haue imt to his hande, beinge a man mofte experte in this 
 facultie and a Florentyne borne; who alfo vnder the rti|)ende of the Portugales, hadde fayled towarde the foutli 
 pole many degrees beyond the Eijuinoctiall. In this carde we founde the fyrft front of this land to bee brooder 
 then the kynges of Vialm had perfuaded owre men of llieyr moiinlaynes. To an other, Co/onus the .Admiral 
 whyle he yet lyued and fearchcd tliofe places had gyuen the beginnynge with his owne handes; Whenmto 
 Jiaitholomciis Colonus his brotiier and I.ieuetenaunt had addid his iudgenient, for he alfo, had fayled aboute 
 thofe coailes. ( )f tlie Spanyardes lykewyfe, as many as thought them felues to haue any knowleage what 
 jicrtcyned to meafure the lande and the fea, drewe certeyne cardes in pan hement as concernyng thefe nauiga 
 tions. ( )f all other, they mofl efteeme them which lohanna de la ColU the coompanion of Foi^cda (whom wcc 
 fayde to bee flaync of the people of Curamniii in the hauen Civt/iiii:;o.) and an other expert pylot caulcil 
 An(frcas Moralis, iiad fet foorth. And this afwell for the greate experience which they bothe hadde (to whom 
 thefe trades were as wel knowon as the chambers of theyr owne houfes) as alfo that they were thought to bee 
 ( unningcr in that parte of Cofmograiihie which tcacheth the defcrii)tion and meafuringc of the fea. Conferringe 
 therefore all thefe cardes togyther, in ciiery of the whiche was drawen a lyne cxprcffmgc, not the myles, but 
 leagues after the maner of the Spanyardes, we tooke owre compafes and begannc to meafure the fea coaftcs 
 after this order. From that poynt or fronte which we fayde to bee included within the lyne pertcynynge to the 
 Portugales iurifiiiction, beinge drawen by the paralelles of the liandcs of CabouiTiU\ but a hundreth leagues 
 further towarih; the welle (which they haue nowe alfo fearched on cuery fyde) we founde three hundreth leagues 
 to tiie cnterance of the ryucr Mariv^noiiitm: And from thenfe to Os Draconis, fcuen hundreth leagues: but 
 fumwhat leffe in the defcription of fume: For they doo not agree in al poyntes exijuifitely. The S])anyardes 
 wyll that a lc;igue conteyne foure myles by fea and but three by lande. F'roni Os Draconis, to the cape or 
 poynt of Cii'liihacoa, which beinge i)afled, there is a goulfe on the lefte hande, we meafured three hundrethe 
 leagues in one ( arde, and much thereabout in an other. F'rom this poynt of Ciuhibacoa, to the region of 
 G7/'(7W(///7 in wlii( ii is tlie hauen Cartlia^o (which fum caule Caitha^cno) we found about a hundreth and 
 feuentie leagues. From Ciiniimiiri to the Hande Foitis, fiftie leagues. Yxom thenfe to the goulfes of Viaha 
 amonge the which is the \yllage catded Sauna Maria Aiitiqiia where the Spanyardes haye apoynted theyr 
 habitacion, only, x.xxiii. leagues. From the ryuer of Viaba in the prouince oi Dariaia to the ryucr oi Jiira^ua 
 
The fcconde Decade. 
 
 135 
 
 wliere Niaufa hacUIc intended to hauc faftcncd his foote if god hadde not otherwyfc decreed, wc mcafurcd a 
 hundreth and thirtie leagues. Frome Beragua to that ryuer whiche wee faydc of Colonus to bee caulcd Siviili 
 MiUt/iei, in the which alfo Nicuefa loofinge his carauell, wandered in greate calamities, we founilc in owrc cardcs, 
 onely a hundreth and fortie leagues ; Yet many other which of late tyme hauc coome from tliefe partes, hauc 
 defcrybcd many moo leagues in this trarte from the ryuer of Saudi Matl/ici: In wl)i( h alfo, they place dyuers 
 ryuers, as Alnirema with the Ilandefaulcd.SV//////// CVAAi lyinge before it, whofekynges name is Fiuia combujUi. 
 I.ykewife an other ryuer rauled '/.ohmha: after lli;it, Vriiia: and then Diiraki in the wliicli gold is founds. 
 Furthermore, many goodly haucns, ;is Ccmhiiro ;iiiil lli,-h<i, foo caiilid of tli[t']inhal)ilnnti's. Anil thus il'yowri' 
 holynes wyll conferre thefe numbers logythcr, yowc Ihall fynde in tliis :i< 1 omi)lf. .1 ihoiiCind fine hiindRth 
 twentie and fyue leagues, whiche amounle to fyue thoufande and feuen hundreth niyKs from the po)nl of Siiinli 
 Matthei, which they caulc Siiiiim pciditonim: that is, the goulfe of the lode men, I'.iit we may not icaue here. 
 For after this, one AJlur Otietcnfcs, otherwyfc named lohanms l'>ui.<t tie Solis, borne in Nd<rij)\i (wliicii bringetli 
 foorth many lerncd men) faylinge frome this ryuer towarde die welle, ouer ranne nianye coafles and leagues: 
 But the myddelle of that lliore, bendethe towarde the North: i\iul it is therfore diredly iilaced in order with 
 the other. Yet may we gather by a diameter or ryghi lyne, about three hundreth leagues. Hereby maye yowe 
 gather what is the length of this lande. Hut of the breadth, perhappes wee fliall hereafter haue further kuow- 
 leage. Let vs nowe fpeake fumwhat of the varielie of the tlegrees of the eleuation of ilie pole llarres. Tlus 
 lande therfore, althowgh it reaciie foorth from the I''.a(l into the Welle, yet is it crooked and luuhe tlie poynt 
 bendynge fo toward the fouth, that it lofeth the fight of the North pole, and is extended beyomle the K(|ui- 
 noctial lyne feuen degrees towarde the .Souiii pole. Hut tlie poynt herof, perteyneth to the iurifdiction of the 
 Portugales as we hauc fayde. Leauinge this poynt and faylinge toward I'aria the north llarre is feeiie .igc) ne, 
 and is fo much the more lyfted vp, in howe much the region enclynetli more towarde the Welle. The Si)an 
 yardes therfore, haue dyuers degrees of eleuations, vntyl they come to Dar'una beinge their chiefe llaiion and 
 dwellynge place in thofe laiules. For they haue forfaken Bcra\;uii, where tliey found the North [lolc eleuate. 
 viii. degrees llat from henfe the lande doth foo muche bende towarde the North, that it is there in niaiur 
 equall with the degrees of the llrayghtes of Hercules pyllers: efpecially yf wee meafure certeyne landes founde 
 by them towarde the Northe fyde o{ Hifpaniola. Kmonge the which, there is an Ilande, about three hundreth 
 and. XXV. leagues from I/i/paniola, as they fay whit he haue fearched the fame, named Boiiaa or Ai^iutiuo, in the 
 which is a continual fprynge of runnynge water of fuch maruelous vertue, that the water tiierof beinge dronk, 
 perhappes with fume dyetc, maketh owld men yoimge ageyne. And here nuill I make proteftacion to yowre 
 holynes, not to thynke this to bee fayde lyglitly or rafliely. For they haue foo fpredde this rumour for a truth 
 throwghowt all the courte, that not onely all the people, but alfo many of them whom wifedome or fortune hath 
 diuided from the common fort, thinke it to be true. But if yowe thai afke my opinion herein, I \\)1 aniwere 
 that I wyll not attribute fo greatc poure to nature : but that god hath noo leflTe referued this prerogatiue to hym 
 felfe, then to fearche the hartes of men, or to gyue fubftance to priuation, (that is) beinge to noo beinge : 
 Fxcepte we fliall beleue the fable of Colchis of Efon renouate, to bee as trewe as the wrylinges of Sibylla 
 Erythrca. Albeit |)crliappes the fcoles of phifitians and naturall philofophers wyll not muche dyi ke to aflirme 
 that by th[e]ufe of certeyne fecreate medecines and dyete, the accidentes of age (as they raule them) may be 
 longe hydden and deferred, which they wyll to bee vnderlloode, by the renouacion of age. .And to haue fayde 
 thus much of the length and breadthe of thefe Regions, and of the rowghe and hugious niountaynes with theyr 
 watery caues, alfo of the dyuers degrees of that lande, I thinke it fuUicient. But I thowglit it not good to let 
 (Kifle what chaunced to thefe miferable men amonge theyr generall calamities. I remember that when 1 was a 
 chylde, mee thowght my bowelles grated and that my fpiriles were marueloull) e troubeled for verye pitie, when 
 1 readde in the poet Virgyl howe Aclumcnidcs was lefte of I'lyffcs \\io\\ the fea bankes amonge the giantes cauled 
 Cyclopes where for the fpace of many dayes from the departinge of Vlyffcs vnt) 11 the commynge of Eneas he 
 eate none other meate but only berryes anil hawes. But owre vnforlunate Span)ardes whiche folowed Nicuefa 
 to inhabite Beragua, woolde haue eftemed hawes and berryes for greate delicates. What fliulde I heare fpeake 
 of the heade of an alTe bowght for a greate price, and of fuch other extremities as men haue fuftered in lownes 
 befeaged ? After that Xieiie/a hadde determyned to leauc Beragtia for the barrennes of the foyle, he attempted 
 to fearche Portum Belliim, and then the coafles of the poynt cauled Marmor, if he myght there f)iide a place 
 more fortunate to inhabite. In this meane tyme, fo greuous famen opprelfed his fouldiers, that they neyther 
 ablleyned from eatinge of mangie tlogges which they had with them afwell for theyr defence as for huntynge 
 (for in the warre ageynll the naked pet)ple, dogges (loode them in greate fteade) nor yet fumtymcs from the 
 flayne inhabitantes. For they founde not there any frutefull trees or plentie of foules as in Dariena, but a 
 barren grouiule and not meete to bee inhabited. Here certeyne of the fouldiers made a b.irgein with one of 
 theyr felowes for the price of a leane dogge, who alfo was almofle deade for hunger; They gaue the owner of 
 the dogge many of thofe pieces of golile which they <-aule Pefos or golilen Caflellans. 'I'luis agreinge of the 
 
 Mattltri 
 
 A'. . thitii-irn 
 
 S< ttf/tm ( , tif'ii 
 
 K. /.'h.'hi. 
 
 Vri.lit 
 
 /h,>,l',l. 
 
 driiil'tt*!*. 
 
 Iti.h.t. 
 
 Ni.ie. 
 
 A'. (/ liis. ^rifidos 
 
 riie iiaiiii:;tli(in of 
 
 lulKinitcs l>i;is. 
 
 rlif clritatiiiit (tf 
 
 TIic iurisilii'tiun 
 
 tif ihe l'iirtli|;;iU'<i. 
 
 IKtrii-llil. 
 /*i fitf^tut, 
 
 llirculus pyllL-rs. 
 
 87 
 
 Tlir Il.in.Ii: 
 Itnitica ur 
 A^n.uieu. 
 A water cif 
 in.iriifliuis vertue. 
 
 The rcnotiatiun 
 uf .ii;c. 
 
 The aci:i(!ciilcs oC 
 ape may hec 
 l.yiUlei). 
 
 AckernfniUtS' 
 yiyssfs. 
 Entits. 
 Kxtrcine hutiRcr. 
 
 Tills was at the 
 
 hicrusulcm. 
 
 iWtns B.'Uut 
 Man^ydu^scalL-n. 
 
 5' 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1* 
 
 1 . 
 
 1* 
 
 •' I 
 
 ] 
 
 % 
 
 I s 
 
 < I 
 
 5H 
 
 A in.ippy (lo^ 
 ' ilere huUl. 
 
 ') 
 
-"-r 
 
 136 
 
 The feconde Decade. 
 
 Ilroth of a man 'V 
 »lin;s slcynnc. 
 
 r<>.(ilc<i c.tlcn 
 
 A tlc:i(le man 
 cite II. 
 
 88 
 
 Note. 
 
 Pctrti^ An.i« 
 whum the 
 Sii.inyariics c.iu'c 
 I'cUiarias. 
 
 \ 
 
 price, they flcid the dogge to bee eaten, and caflc his mnngie Ikynne with the bones of the heade hangynge 
 therto, amonge the bulhes. The day folowyngc, a ccrtcync footeman of theyr company, chaunced to fynde the 
 (kynnc bcinge nowe full of magi,'ottcs and llynkynge. He brought it home with hym, fodde it, and cate it. 
 Many rcfortcd to hym with thcyr ilyfTflics for the brothe of the fodde (kynnc, profcringe hym for eucrye 
 dyfiliefull a |)iece of goldc. An otlicr founde twoo toadcs and fodde them which a fickc man bought of liym 
 for twoo fyne fliertcs curioufly wroiiglit of lynen iiitcrmy.xt with goldc. Ccrtcyn other wanderinge abowtc to 
 fcekc for vytaylcs, founde in a patlaw.i) in the niydilcfl of a fyclde, a deadc man of th[e]inhabitantes whithe 
 had byn flayne of iiis owne cooinitanye and was nowe rotten and llynkynge. They drewe hym a fyde, 
 difmemberde hym fccrcatly, rofted hym and cate hym, therewith all'wayynge theyr hunger as yf they had byn 
 foilde with pheafauntes. One alfu, which departinge from his companions in the nyght fcafon, went a fylliyng 
 amonge the rocdcs of the maryfllics, lyued only with flyme or mudde for the fpace of ccrlcyne dayes, vntyll at 
 the Icngthe crecpinge and almorti' doade, he founde the way to his felowcs. And thus thefe miferable men of 
 Bcrn^iia vexed with thcfe and Ah lio oihir a[fJtlictions, were l)rowgh[t]e from the number of feuen hundreth 
 threfcorc and ten fouldicrs, fcarfcly to fortie, beinge nowe alfo added to the coompany of them in Darima. 
 Fewe were ll.iyne of th[e]inlial)itantes. Hut the refydewe confumed by famen, breathed owt theyr wery 
 fowles, openyiige a waye to the newe landcs for fuch as flial roome after them, appeafinge the fury of the 
 barbarous nations, with the ])rice of theyr bludde. Confyderinge therfore after thefe (lormes, with what eafe 
 other men fliall ouerrunne and inhabite thefe landes, in refpecte to the calamities that thefe men haue fullered, 
 they fliall feeme to goo to bryde feafles wliere all thynges are redy prepared ageynll their commynge. But 
 where Vctrus Arhis arryued with the kynges nauie and newe fupply of men, to tliis houre 1 knowe no 
 rertentie. What fliall rliaunee herafter I wyll make diligenle inquifition if I fliall vnderflande this to bee 
 ac( ejitable to } owre holynes. Thus I b)il yowe hartely farewell ; from the eourte of the moofle Catholykc 
 kynge, the daye bccfore the nones nf December, in tiie yoare of Chrifte, M. D. XI III. 
 
 Hi 
 
»37 
 
 lii '^B<l 
 
 t THE FYRST BOOKE OF THE TIIVRDE DECADI-, 
 TO Tllli HVSSlIOPri': OF ROMF. LFO TIIF. TENTH. 
 
 Was (Ictcrmyncd (mode holyc father) to hauc clofcd vp the {^atcs 
 to this newc worlde, fuppofmgc that I had wandered farre 
 cnowgh in the coaftes therof, while in the meane time newc 
 letters were brought mo fromc thenfe, which caiifed me agcyne 
 to take my pennc in hande. For I receaucd letters not only 
 from ccrteyne of myne ac(juaintauncc there, but alfo frome 
 Vajchus Nunnez whome wc faydc by the confidence of iiis 
 owne poure with his tonfctherates, to hauc vfur[)ed the goucr- 
 naunce of JMrUiia after the reiccting of Nkiie/a and Ami/us, 
 Lieuctcnantes. By his letter wrytten after his warlyke nianer, 
 wee vnderAand that he hath palTed ouer the mountaynes, diuid- 
 yng the Ocean knowen to vs, from the other mayne fea on the 
 fouth fyde of this lande hctherto vnknowcn. His cpiflell is 
 greater then that cauled Ciifrcenfis de Schiw. T5ut wee hauc 
 gathered out of that and other, onely suche thynges as we thowght 
 mode woorthy to bee noted. Vafihus foo behaued hym felfc 
 in thcfe affayrcs, that he dyd nut uucly pacitie the kyngcs 
 ilifpleafure conceaucd ngcjnll hym, but alfo made hym fo fauorablc and gracious good lorde towarde hym, that 
 he rewarded him and his coompanions with many honorable gyftes and priuilcges for theyr attemptes. Wherfore 
 1 defyre yowre holynes to inclyne yowre attentiuc earcs, and to confyder with a ioyfull mynde what they haue 
 browght to palTe in thefe great cnterpryfes. For this valiantc nation (the .Spanyardes I meane) haue not onely 
 with greale jjayncs and innumerable dangers fubducd to the Chriftian empire, infinite hundredes and legions, 
 but alfo niyriades of men. Vtifchiis Niiiinez therfore, whether it were that he was impacient of Idlenes (for a 
 valiente mynde can not reft in one jilace or bee vnoccupyed) or leafte any other fluikle prcuent hym in foo great 
 a matter (fufpecting the newe gouernour Pctrus Alias) or being moued by both thcfe caufes, anil efpecially for that 
 the kynge had taken difpleafure with hym for fuch thynges as he had doone before, toke th[e]aduenture vppon 
 h)ni with a fewe men to brynge that to pafle which the fonnc of kynge Comognis thought could hardly haue 
 byn doone w ith the ayde of a thoufande men, whcxoi Pet nis Arias was appoynted capitayne for the fame purpofe. 
 Afleniblynge therfore certeyne of the owlde fouldiers of Darit'iia, and many of thofe whiche came lately from 
 l!if(>aiiiola, allured by the fame of greater plentic of golde, he gathered an armye of a hundrcth fourefcore and 
 tenne men. Thus beinge furnyfllieil and redie to take his vyage by fea, whylc the wynde ferued hym, he 
 (kjiarted frome Daiicna with one brygantine and tenne of theyr boates whiche they caule Canoas as wee haue 
 fa)(le. Fyrft therfore arryuynge in the dominion of Careta kynge of Coiha and frende to the Chrirtians, ami 
 Icauyngc his (liypj)e and boates there, he made his deuout prayers to almyghtic god, and therwith went for^varde 
 on his iourney by lande toward the mountaynes. Here he fyrft entered into the region of kynge Poncha, who 
 fledde at his commyng as he had doone before. 15ut I'afchtis fent melTengers to hym by the conduct of 
 certeyne of Canla his men, i)romyfinge hym frendfliii) and defence ageynft his enemies, with many other 
 henefites. Poncha thus entyfed with the fayre fpeache and frendely profers bothe of owre men and of the 
 Caretans, came to owr men gladly and wyllyngely makynge a league of frendfliippe with them. Vafchus 
 cntcrteyncd hym very frendely, and perfiiaded him neuer therafter to ftande in feare. Thus they ioyned handes, 
 enibrafed, and gaue greate gyftes the one to the other to knytte vp the knotte of continuall amitie. Poiuha 
 guue Vafchiis a hundreth and ten poundes weyght of golde, of that pounde which the Spanyardes caule Pifuin. 
 Ik- had no greater plentic of gokle at this tynie, by reafon he was fpoyled the yeare before as we hauc fayde. 
 Vafihiis to recompence one benefyte with an other, gaue hym certeyne of owre thynges, as counterfet rynges, 
 Chriftal ftones, copper cheynes and brafelettes, haukes belles, lokyngc glafies, and fiiche other fyne ftuffe. 
 Thefe thynges they fet much by and grcately efteeme. For furhe thynges as are ftraunge, are eucry where 
 lounted precious. He gaue alfo to Poiulta certeyne axes to fell trees: which he accepted as a princely gyfte, 
 
 \' IS. tills Niiniii./ 
 
 H"inrii<ir ..(' 
 Il.iru-ll.l 
 
 < )i i.ill. 
 
 olllh 
 
 ('omiiiciitlation of 
 the Sp;iiiyjr(k'S. 
 
 A v.ilient tiiyiiil 
 can not Live ydir. 
 
 A ilespcr.itu 
 aihiciituiu 
 
 V.i«hu* his vi.iHr 
 tuw.iril ihu guMvii 
 iiiuuntayneH. 
 
 r.irct.i kynge of 
 
 fuiba 
 
 K\ 11,; I'uiuh:! 
 
 89 
 
 A Iiiimlreth atul \ 
 (hmiihIcs WL-yi;lil 
 
 StrntiKC tlitngcs 
 are cutintcil 
 preci lUSi 
 
 fii 
 
 \ 
 
^. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 no 
 
 "^ lii |Z2 
 
 1 2.0 
 
 140 
 
 IL25 nn 1.4 
 
 liiSi 
 
 1.6 
 
 Hiotpgrajiiic 
 .Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■1>^ 
 
 \ 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 **L 
 
 ^. ^^ 
 
 Ai WIf T MAIN STRUT 
 
 WnSTill,N.Y. usto 
 
 (71«)I72-4S03 
 
 
 \ 
 
 >- 
 
■^^ 
 
 
V I I 
 
 138 
 
 7^/ie thyrde Decade. 
 
 Lackc of ircn 
 
 A ctonc in the 
 stccdc uf !rciv 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 Superfluities 
 liyiidcr libcrtic. 
 
 Carpenters. 
 Hrydges. 
 
 The rcgin:i of 
 Qunrcfiua. 
 
 Kinge Quarequa 
 is dryucii to 
 flyght. 
 
 Hargabusies. 
 Cro5sebo\\'es 
 
 vi. C. [six hundred] 
 Barbarians are 
 slaine 
 Vnnaturat lechery. 
 
 90 
 
 The vse of dogges 
 in the w.irre 
 agenst the naked 
 barbarians. 
 
 Naturaul hatred 
 of vnnaturat sinnc. 
 
 I'alittini. 
 I wolde aU men 
 were of this 
 opinion. 
 
 The haruest is 
 great and tlie 
 woorkemen but 
 fcwe. 
 
 Warrelyke people. 
 
 The hygher the 
 cuulder. 
 
 bycaufe they lacke Iren and all other metals except golde: by reafon wherof they are enforced with greate 
 laboure to cut theyr trees to buylde theyr houfes, and efpecially to make theyr boates holowe withowte inftru- 
 mentes of Iren, with certeyne Iharpe ftones whiche they fynde in the ryuers. Thus Vafchus leauynge all 
 thynges in fafetie behynde hym, marched forwarde with his armye towarde the mountaynes, by the conducte of 
 certeyne guydes and labourers which Poncha had gyuen hym, as well to leade hym the way, as alfo to cary his 
 baggages and open the (Iraightes through the defolate places and craggy rockes full of the dennes of wylde 
 beaftes. For there is feldoome entercourfe or byinge and fellynge betwene thefe naked people, bycaufe they 
 fland in ncede of fewe thynges and haue not the vfe of money. But yf at any tyme they exercife any bartering 
 they doo it but nere hande, exchangynge golde for houlholde (lufle with theyr confines wliiche fumewhat efleeme 
 the fame for ornamente when it is wrought. Other fuperfluities they vtterly contemne, as hynderances of theyr 
 fweete libertie, forafmuch as they are gyuen only to play and Idelnes. And for this caufe, the high wayes 
 which lye betwene theyr regions are not much worne with many iomeys. Yet haue theyr fcoutes certeyne 
 priuie markes wliereby they knowe the waye the one to inuade the others dominions, and fpoyle and infelle 
 them felues on bothe fydes with mutual incurfions priuilie in the nyght feafon. By the helpe therfore of theyr 
 guydes and labourers, with owre carpenters, he pafled ouer the horrible mountaynes and many greate ryuers 
 lyinge in the way, ouer the which he made brydges eyther with pyles or trunkes of trees. And here doo I let 
 paffe manye thynges whiche they fuffered for lacke of neceflaries, beinge alfo in maner ouercome with extreme 
 laboure, leade I fliulde bee tedious in reherfnige thynges of fmaule value. But I haue thought it good not to 
 omitte fuche doinges as he had with the kynges by the waye. Therefore or euer he came to the toppes of the 
 liygh mountaynes, he entered into a Region cauled Quarequa, and mette with the kynge thereof cauled by the 
 fame name, with a greate bande of men armed after theyr maner, as with bowes and arrowes, longe and brode 
 two handed fwordes made of wodde, longe (laues hardened at the endes with fyer, dartes alfo and flynges. He 
 came proudely and cruelly ageynft owre men, and fent meffengers to them to byd theym (lande and procedc 
 no further : demaundynge whyther they went and what they hadde to doo there. Herewith he came foorth 
 and (hewed hym felfe beinge appareled with al his nobilitie : but the other were all naked. Then approchinge 
 towarde owre men, he thretened them with a lions countenance to depart from thenfe except they woolde bee 
 llayne euery mothers fonne. When owre men denyed that they woolde goo backe, he affayled them fiercely. 
 But the battayle was fone fynyfflied. For as foone as they harde the noyfe of the hargabufies, they beleued 
 that owre menne caryed thunder and lyghtenynge about with them. Many alfo beinge flayne and fore 
 wounded with quarels of croffebowes, they turned their backes and fledde. Owre men folowynge them in the 
 chafe, hewed them in piefes as the butchers doo flefflie in the fliamwelles, from one an arme, from an other a 
 legge, from hym a buttocke, from an other a Ihulder, and from fume the necke from the bodye at one 
 (Iroke. Thus, fyxe hundreth of them with theyr kynge, were flayne lyke brute beaftes. Vafchus founde the 
 houfe of this kynge infected with moft abhominable and vnnaturall lechery. For he founde the kynges brother 
 and many other younge men in womens apparell, fmoth and effeminately decked, which by the report of fuch 
 as dwelte abowte hyi'. he abufed with prepofterous venus. Of thefe abowte the number of fortie, he com- 
 maunded to bee gyuen for a pray to his dogges. For (as we haue fayd) the Spaniardes vfe [t]he helpe of 
 dogges in their warres ageynft the naked people whom they inuade as fiercely and rauenyngely as yf they were 
 wyld^ boares or hartes. In foo muche that owre Spanyardes haue founde theyr dogges noo leffe faythful to them 
 in all daungiours and enterpryfes, then dyd the Colophonians or Caftabalenfes which inftituted hole armies of 
 dogges foo made to ferue in the warres, that beinge accuftomed to place them in the fore froonte of the 
 battayles, thjy neuer flirunke or gaue backe. When the people had harde of the feuere punyffliement which 
 owr men had executed vppon that fylthy kynde of men, they reforted to theim as it had byn to Hercules for 
 refuge, by violence bryngyng with them al fuch as they knewe to bee infected with that peftilence, fpettynge 
 in theyr faces and cryinge owte to owre men to take reuenge of them and rydde them owte of the worlde from 
 amonge men as contagious beaftes. This ftinkynge abhomination hadde not yet entered amonge the people, 
 but was exercifed onely by the noble men and gentelmen. But the people lyftinge vp theyr handes and eyes 
 toward heauen, gaue tokens that god was greuoufly offended with fuch vyle deedes. Afiimiynge this to bee the 
 caufe of theyr foo many thunderinges, lyghtnynge, and tempeftes wherwith they are foo often troubeled : And 
 of the ouerflowinge of waters which drowne theyr felis and frutes, whereof famenne and dyuers difeafes infue, 
 as they fimplye and faythfuUy beleue, althowgh they knowe none other god then the foonne, whom onely they 
 honoure, thinkynge that it dooth bothe gyue and take awaye as it is pleafed or offended. Yet are they very 
 docible, and eafye to bee allured to owre cuftomes and religion, if they had any teachers. In theyr language 
 there is nothynge vnpleafaunte to the eare or harde to bee pronounced, but that all theyr woordes may bee 
 wrytten with latin letters as wee fayde of th[e]inhabitantes of Htfpaniola. It is a warlyke nation, and hath byn 
 euer hetherto moleftous to theyr bortherers. But the region is not fortunate with frutful ground or plentie of 
 gold. Yet is it full of greate barren mountaynes beinge fumewhat colde by reafon of theyr heyglit. And 
 138 
 
CT^ 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 139 
 
 therfore the noble men and gentelmen are apparelled. But the common people lyue content onely with the 
 
 benefytes of nature. There is a region not pad two dayes iourney dillant from Qiiarcqua, in which they founde 
 
 only blacke Moores : and thofe excedynge fierce and cruell. They fuppofe that in tyme i)afle certeyne blacke 
 
 mores fayled thether owt of Aethiopia to robbe : and that by fliippewracke or fume other chaunce, they were 
 
 dryuen to thofe mountaynes. Th[e]inhabitantes of Quarcqita lyue in continuall warre and debate with thefe 
 
 blacke men. Here Vafchus leauinge in Quareqiia many of his fouldiers (which by reafon ihey were not yet 
 
 accuftomed to fuch trauayles and hunger, fell into dyuers difeafes) tooke with hym certeyne guydes of the 
 
 Quarequatans to conduct hym to the toppes of the mountaynes. From the palaice of kynge Poncha, to the 
 
 profpect of the other fouth fea, is only fyxe dayes iomey: the which neuertheleffe by reafon of many hynder- 
 
 ances and chaunces, and efpecially for lacke of vytayles, he coulde accomplyflie in noo leffe then. xxv. dayes. 
 
 But at the length, the feuenth daye of the calendes of October, he behelde with woonderinge eyes the toppes 
 
 of the hygh mountaynes (hewed vnto hym by the guydes of Qjnarcqiia, from the whiche he myght fee the other 
 
 fea foo longe looked for, and neuer feene before of any ma 1 commynge owte of owre worlde. Approchinge 
 
 therefore to the toppes of the mountaynes, he commaunded his armye to (ley, and went him felfe alone to the 
 
 toppe, as it were to take the fyrft pofleflion therof. Where, faulynge prollrate vppon the grounde, and rayfingc 
 
 hym felfe ageyne vpon his knees as is the maner of the Chriftians to pray, lyftynge vppe his eyes and handes 
 
 towarde heauen, and directinge his face towarde the newe founde fouth fea, he poored foorth his humble and 
 
 deuout prayers before almyghtie God as a fpirituall facrifice with thankes gyuing, that it had pleafed his diuine 
 
 maiedie to referue vnto that day the victorie and praife of fo greate a thynge vnto hym, beinge a man but of 
 
 fmaule witte and knowleage, of lyttle experience and bafe parentage. When he had thus made his prayers after 
 
 his warlike maner he beckened with his hande to his coompanions to coome to hym, fliewynge them the greate 
 
 mayne lea heretofore vnknowen to th[e]inhabitantes of Europe, Aphrike, and Afia. Here ageyne he fell to 
 
 his prayers as before : defyringe almyghtie God and the bleffed virgin to fauour his beginninges, and to gyue 
 
 hym good fuccefle to fubdue thofe landes to the glorie of his holy name and encreafe of his trewe religion. All 
 
 his coompanions dyd lykewyfe, and prayfed god with loude voyces for ioye. Then Vafchus, with no leffe manlye 
 
 corage then Hanniball of Carthage ihewed his fouldiers Italye and the promontories of the Alpes, exhorted his 
 
 men to lyft vp their hartes, and to behoulde the lande euen nowe vnder theyr feeic, and the fea before theyr 
 
 eyes, whiche fliulde bee vnto them a full and iuft rewarde of theyr great laboures and trauayles nowe ouerpaffed. 
 
 When he had fayde thefe woordes, he commaunded them to raife certeine heapes of Hones in the lleede of alters 
 
 for a token of poffeflion. Then defcendynge from the toppes of the mountaynes, lead fuch as might come after 
 
 hym Ihulde argue hym of lyinge or falftiod, he wrote the kynge of Caftelles name here and there on the barkes 
 
 of the trees bothe on the ryght hande and on the lefte : and rayfed heapes of (tones all the way that he went, 
 
 vntyll he came to the region of the nexte kynge towarde the fouth whofe name was Chiapcs. This kynge came 
 
 foorthe ageynde hym with a greate multitude of men : threateninge and forbyddynge him not onely to paffe 
 
 through his dominions, but alfo to goo no further. Herevppon, Vafchus fet his battayle in array, and e.xhorted 
 
 his men (beinge nowe but fewe) fiercely to affayle theyr enemies, and to edeeme theyni noo better then dogges 
 
 meate as they (hulde bee (liortly. Placeinge therfore the hargabufiers and madies in the forefroonte, they faluted 
 
 kynge Chiapcs and his men with fuch a larome, that when they hard the noyfe of the gunnes, fawe the flames of 
 
 fyer, and fmelte the fauour of brymdone (for the wynde blewe towarde them) they drouc them felues to flyght 
 
 with fuche feare leade thunderboultes and lyghtnynges folowed theim, that manye fell downe to the grounde : 
 
 whom owre men purfuinge, fyrd keepinge theyr order, and after breakyng theyr array, flewe but fewe and tooke 
 
 many captiue. For they determined to vfe no extremitie, but to pacifie thofe Regions as quietlye as they myght. 
 
 Enteringe therfore into the palaice of kynge Chiapes, Vafchus commaunded many of the captiues to bee loofed : 
 
 wyllynge them to fearch owte theyr kynge, and to exhorte hym to coome thyther : And that in foo doinge. he 
 
 woolde bee his frende and profer hym peace, befyde many other benefites. But if he refufed to coome, it (hulde 
 
 turne to the dedruction of hym and his, and vtter fubuerfion of his contrey. And that they myght the more 
 
 alTuredly do this meffage to Chiapes he fent with them certeyne of the guydes whiche came with hym from 
 
 Quarequa. 
 
 Thus Chiapes beinge perfuaded afwel by the Quareqans who coulde coniecture to what ende the matter 
 woolde coome by th[e]experience whiche they had feene in them felues and theyr kynge, as alfo by tlie reafons 
 of his owne men to whome Vafchus hadde made foo frendely promyfes in his behalfe, came foorthe of the caues 
 in the whiche he lurked, and fubmytted hym felfe to Vafchus, who accepted hym frendelye. They ioyned 
 handes, embrafed the one the other, made a perpetuall league of frendelhippe, and gaue greate rewardes on bothe 
 fydes. Chiapes gaue Vafchus foure hundreth poundes weyght of wrought goulde of thofe poundes whiche they 
 caule Pefos: And Vafchus recompenfed hym ageyne with certeyne of owre thynges. Thus beinge made 
 freendes, they remayned togyther a fewe dayes vntyll Vafchus fouldiers were coome which he lefte behynde hym 
 in Quarequa. Then caulinge vnto hym the guydes and labourers which came with hym from tlienfe he 
 
 139 
 
 A rci;ion of black 
 iiiourcs 
 
 iJiscascs of clKingc 
 uf ayer .ind ilyct. 
 
 The south sen. 
 
 Vaschus is coome 
 tu the syght of tbu 
 newe south sea. 
 
 Prayer. 
 
 God rayseth the 
 poore from the 
 dungehyl 
 
 91 
 
 H.innibiill of 
 Carthage. 
 
 Vascliiis talicth 
 pDSSCii- iiii) of tlic 
 inuuntayncs 
 
 Kynge Chiapes. 
 A batlaylc. 
 
 Lhiapcs is dryuen 
 tu flyght. 
 
 Vaschus scndcth 
 fur king Chinpes. 
 
 Chiapes 
 subinitteth 
 hymselfe to 
 Vaschus. 
 
 iiii. C [fuur 
 hundred) pouudft 
 weyght of wrought 
 
 gutU 
 
 
 f!S- 
 
 
 il 
 
 -: 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 1'' 
 
 :;l 
 

 :' i*i 
 
 i 
 
 \l' 
 
 (:!' 
 
 \ 
 
 (jl? 
 
 140 
 
 T^e thyrde Decade. 
 
 Vaschiis nddicteth 
 the newc land 
 and sen, to the 
 dominion of 
 Castile. 
 
 Kynge Coqtiera 
 is dryuen to flyght, 
 Vaschus vseth 
 both ^cntclnes 
 and rigour. 
 
 92 
 
 vi. C. Mx 
 hundred] and 
 I. [fifty] poundes 
 weyght of wrought 
 gold 
 
 A goulfc of 
 threescore m"Ies. 
 
 Saynt Michaels 
 goulfe 
 
 The manly corage 
 and godly zeale 
 of Vaschus 
 
 Ryches are the 
 synewes of warre 
 The faythfulnes of 
 kynge Chiapcs. 
 
 A tcmpebt on the 
 
 SCO. 
 
 The increasing of 
 the South sea. 
 
 The Northe 
 Ocean. 
 
 Hard shyft in 
 necessitie* 
 
 The Region 
 I'umacca. 
 
 93 
 
 rewarded them liberallye and difmiffed tlieym wth thankes. Shortly after, by the conduct of Chiapes hym felfe, 
 and certevne of his men, departinge from the toppes of the mountaynes, he came in the fpace of foure dayes to 
 the bankes of the newe fea : where nflemblynge al his men togyther with the kynges fcribes and notaries, they 
 addicted al that maine fea with all the landes adiacent there vnto to the dominion and Empire of Caftile. Here 
 he left part of his fouldiers with Chiapes that he niyght th[e]efelier fearche thofe coaftes. And takyng with hym 
 nyne of theyr lyghters made of one hole tree (which they caule Cukhas as th[e]inhabitantes of Hifpaniola caul 
 them Caiwds) and alfo a bande of fourefcore men with certeine of Chiapes men, he paffed ouer a greate ryuer and 
 came to the region of a certeyne kynge whofe name was Coqitera. He attempted to refyfte owre men as dyd 
 the other, and with lyke fucceffe : for he was ouercoome and put to flyght. But Vafchus who entended to 
 Wynne hym with gentelnes, fente certeyne Chiapeans to him to declare the greate poure of owre menne : howe 
 inuincible they were : howe mercifuU to fuch as fubmit them felues, alfo cniell and feuere to fuch as obftinatly 
 withftande them. Promyfinge hym furthermore, that by the frendfliippe of owre men, he myght bee well affured 
 by th[e]exemple of other, not onely to lyue in peace and quietness hym felfe, but alfo to bee reuenged of 
 th[e]iniuries of his enemies. Wylling hym in conclufion foo to weigh the matter, that if he refufed this gentelnes 
 profered vnto hym by foo greate a victourer, he fhulde or it were longe, leme by feelynge to repent him to late 
 of that perel which he myght haue auoyded by hearing. Coquera with thefe woordes and exemples, (haken 
 with great feare, came gladly with the meflengers, bryngyng with him fyxe hundreth and. !. [fifty] Pefos of ^vrought 
 gold, which he gaue vnto owre men. Vafchus rewarded hym lykewife as we fayd before oiPoncha. Coquera beinge 
 thus pacified, they returned to the palaics of Chiapes. Where, vifitinge theyr companions, and refl.ynge there a 
 whyle, Vafchus determyned to fearch the nexte greate goulfe, the which, from the furtheft reachynge therof into 
 the lande of theyr countreys, from the enteraunce of the mayne fea, they faye to bee threefcore myles. This 
 they named faynt Michaels goulfe, which they fay to bee full of inhabited Ilandes and hugious rockes. Enteringe 
 therefore into the nyne boates or Culchas wherwith he pafled ouer the ryuer before, hauinge alfo with hym the 
 fame coompanye of fourefcore hole men, he wente forwarde on his purpofe, although he were greatly difluaded 
 by Chiapes, who erneftly defyred hym not to attempt that vyage at that tyme, affirming the goulfe to be foo 
 tempeftious and flormy three moonethes in the yeare, that the fea was there by noo meanes nauigable: And 
 that he had feene many Cukhas deuoured of whirlepoles euen beefore his eyes. But inuincible Vafchus, 
 impacieute of idlenes, and voyde of all feare in goddes caufe, aunfwered that god and his holy fayntes 
 woolde profper his enterpryfes in this cafe, forafmuche as the matter touched God and the defence of the 
 Chrillian religion, for the maynetenaunce wherof it fliulde bee neceflarie to haue great abundance of ryches and 
 treafure as the fynewes of war ageynfte the enemies of the faythe. Thus vfinge alfo th[e]of{ice both of an 
 oratoure and preacher, and hviinge perfuaded his coompanyons, he lanched from the lande. But Chiapes, lead 
 Vafchus fhulde any thynge doubt of his faythfulnes towarde hym, profered himfelfe to goo with hym whither foo 
 euer he went : And wolde by noo meanes affent that Vafchus fliulde depart from his palaice, but that he woolde 
 brynge hym on the waye and take part of his fortune. Therfore as foone as they were nowe entered into the 
 maine fea, fuch fourges and conflictes of water arofe ageynft them that they were at theyr wyttes endes whither 
 to turne them or where to refte. Thus beinge tofled and amafed with feare, the one loked on the other with 
 pale and vnchert'ull countenaunces. But efpecially Chiapes and his coompany, who had before tyme with theyr 
 eyes feene th[e]experience of thofe ieoperdies, were greatly difcomforted. Yet (as god woolde) they efcaped all, 
 and landed at the nexte Ilande : Where makynge fiifle theyr boates, they refted there that nyght. Here the 
 water foo encreafed, that it almofl ouerflowcd the Hand. They fay alfo that that fouth fea doth foo in mancr 
 boyle and fwelle, that when it is at the hygheft it doth couer many greate rockes, which at the faule therof, are 
 feene farre aboue the water. But on the contrary parte, all fuche as inhabite the North fea, afllrme with one 
 voyce, that hit fcarfely rifeth at any tyme a cubet aboue the bankes as they alfo confefle which inhabite the 
 Ilande of Hifpaniola and other Ilandes fituate in the fame. The Ilande therfore beinge nowe drye by the faule 
 of the water, they reforted to theyr boates which they founde all ouerwhelmed and full of fande, and fume fore 
 brufed, with great ryftes, and almofl lofl by reafon theyr cables were broken. Such as were brufed, they tyed 
 faft with theyr gyrdels, with flippes of the barkes of trees, and with tough and longe ftalkes of certein herbes of 
 the fea, flopping the ryftes or chynkes with grafTe accordynge to the prefente neceffitie. Thus were they enforced 
 to returne backe ageyne lyke vnto men that came frome fliippcwracke, beinge almofl confumed with hunger, 
 bycaufe theyr vytayles were vtterly deftroyed by tempefle. Th[e]inhabitantes declared that there is harde all 
 the yeare horrible rorynge of the fea amonge thofe Ilandes as often as it ryfethe or fauleth. But this mofl 
 efpecially in thofe three monethes in the which it is mofte boyfl.[r]ious as Chiapes towlde Vafchus before: 
 Meanynge (as they coulde coniecture by his woordes) October, Nouember, and December: for he fignified the 
 prefent moone and the twoo moones folowynge, countynge the moonethes by the moones, whereas it was nowe 
 October. Here therefore refreffliynge hym felfe and his fouldiers a whyle, and pafTynge by one vnprofitable 
 kynge, he came to an other whofe name was Tumaccus, after the name of the region, beinge fituate on that fyde 
 

 
 The thyrde Decade, 
 
 141 
 
 of the goulfe. This Tu,naccus came foorth ageynfte owre men as dyd the other, and with lyke fortune. For 
 he was ouercoome, dryuen to flyght, and many of his men flayne. He hym felfe was alfo fore wounded, but 
 yet efcaped. Vafchus fent certeyne meflengers of the Chiapeans to hym to returne, and not to bee afrayde. 
 But he could be nothyng moued nether by promyfles nor threateninges. Yet when the meflengers were inftant, 
 and ceafled not to threaten death to liim and his famely, with the vtter defolation of his kyngedome if he 
 perfifled in that obflinacie, at the length, he fent his foonne with them : whom Vafchus honorably enterteyninge, 
 apparelinge hym gorgioufly and gyuing hym many gyftes, fent hym to his father, wyllynge hym to perfuade 
 hym of the puiflaunce, munificence, liberalitie, humanitie, and clemencie of owre men. Tuvtaccus beinge 
 mooued by this gentelnes declared toward his fonne, came with him the thyrde day, bryngynge nothynge with 
 hym at that tyme. But after that he knewe that owre men defyred goulde and pearles, he fent for fyxe 
 hundreth and. xiiii. Pefos of golde, and two hundreth and fortie of the Liygeft and fayreft. perles befyde a great 
 number of the fmaulefl. forte. Owre men marueyled at the byggenes and fayrenes of thefe perles although they 
 were not perfectely whyte bycaufe they take theym not owte of the fea mufculs excepte they fyrft roll them, 
 that they may th[e]efelycr open them felfe, and alfo that the fyfflie maye haue the better tafle, whiche they 
 clleeme for a delicate and princely dyfflie, and fet more thereby then by the perles them felues. Of thefe 
 thynges I was enformed of one Arbohintius beinge one of Vafchm coompanions whom he fent to the kyng 
 with manye perles and certeyne of thofe fea mufculs. But when Tumaccus fawe that owre men foo greatly 
 regarded the bewtie of the perles, he commaunded certeyne of his men to prepare them felues to goo a 
 fyffhynge for perles. Who departinge, came ageyne within foure dayes, bringynge with them twelue pounde 
 weight of orient perles after eight ounces to the pounde. Thus reioyfinge on bothe parties, they embrafed and 
 made a league of continuall frendefliippe. Tumaccus thought him felfe happie that he had prefented owre men 
 with fuch thankeful gyftes and was admitted to thcyr frenddiippe: and owre men thinkynge them felues happie 
 and blefled that they had founde fuche tokens of great ryches, fwalowed downe theyr fpettle for thyrde. At 
 all thefe doinges, kynge Chiapes was prefent as a wytnes and coompanion. He alfo reioyfed not a lytde, afwell 
 that by his conductinge he fawe that owre men fliulde be fatifiied of theyr defyre, as alfo that by this meanes 
 he had declared to the next kynge his bortherer and enemie, what frendes he had of owre men, by whofe ayde 
 he myght lyue in quyetnes and bee reuenged of his aduerfarie if neede (hulde foo requyre. For (as wee haue 
 fayde) thefe naked kynges infefte theim felues with greuous warres onely for ambition and defyre to rule. 
 Vafchus bofteth in his epiftell, that he lemed certeyne maraelous fecreates of Tumaccus hym felfe as concemynge 
 the greate ryches of this lande : wherof (as he fayth) he woold vtter nothyng at this prefente, for afmuche as 
 Tumaccus toulde it him in his eare. But he was enformed of bothe the kynges, that there is an Ilande in that 
 goulfe, greater then any of the other, hauing in it but onely one kynge, and hym of foo great poure, that at 
 fuche tymes of the yeare as the fea is caulme, he inuadethe theyr dominions with a greate nauie of Culchas, 
 fpoyling and caryinge a way for a praye, all that he meeteth. This Hand is diftant from thefe coaftes, onely 
 twentie myles : Soo that the promontories or poyntes therof rechyng into the fea, may bee feene from the hylles 
 of this Continent. In the fea nere about this Ilande, fea mufculs are engendred of fuch quantitie, that many 
 of them are as brode as buckelers. In thefe are perles founde (beinge the hartes of thofe (hell fyfflies) often 
 tymes as bygge as beanes, fumtymes bygger then olyues and fuch as fumptuous Cleopatra myght haue defyred. 
 .\lthoughe this Ilande bee foo nere to the fliore of this *":rme lande, yet is the begynnyng therof in the mayne 
 fea without the mouth of the goulfe. Vafchus beinge ioyfuU and mery with this rych communication, fantafinge 
 nowe in maner nothing but princes treafures, beganne to fpeake fierce and cruell woordes ageynft the tyranne 
 of that Ilande, meanyng hereby too woonne the myndes of the other kynges, and bynde them to hym with a 
 nearer bonde of frendefliip. Yet therfore raylynge further on hym with fpytefuU and opprobrious woordes, he 
 fwore great othes that he woolde furthwith inuade the Ilande, fpoylynge, deftroyinge, bumynge, drownynge, 
 and hangynge, fparinge neyther fwoorde nor fyre, vntyll he hadde reuenged theyr iniuries: And therwith 
 commaunded his Culchas to bee in a redynes. But the twoo kynges Chiapes and Tumaccus, exhorted hym 
 frendly to deferre this enterprife vntyll a more quiete feafon, bycaufe that fea was not nauigable withowte 
 greate daunger, bei.ige nowe the begynnynge of Nouember. Wherin the kynges feemed to faye trewe. For 
 as Vafchus hym felfe wryteth, great roryng of the fea was harde amonge the Ilandes of the goulfe by reafon of 
 the raginge and conflicte of the water. Great ryuers alfo defcending from the toppes of the mountaynes the 
 fame time of the yeare, and ouerflowyng theyr bankes, dryuyng downe with theyr vyolence greate rockes and 
 trees, make a marueylous noyfe. Lykewife the furie of the South and Northeaft wyndes, aflbciate with thunder 
 and lyghtnynge at the fame feafon, dyd greatly molefte them. Whyle the wether was fayre they were vexed 
 in the night with could: and in the day time, the heate of the fonne troubled them: wherof it is noo k..^.aaile, 
 forafmuche as they were neare vnto the Equinoctiall lyne, although they make noo mention of the eleuation of 
 the pole. For in fuch regions, in the nyght, the mone and other coulde pianettes : but in the daye, the foone 
 and other hotte pianettes, doo chiefely exercife theyr influence : Althowghe the antiquitie were of an other 
 
 Kynge Tumaccin 
 is driucn to tlyglit 
 
 Golde .ind perles. 
 
 Muscnls of thcsea. 
 
 Fysshyng for 
 perles. 
 
 xii pounde wcyglil 
 of perles. 
 
 The fhyrst uf 
 golde. 
 
 Ambition amnnge 
 nuked men. 
 
 This Ilande is 
 cnuled Margaritca 
 Diues, or Ditcs. 
 A kynge of greate 
 poure. 
 
 Bigge perles. 
 
 Cleopatra, quecne 
 of Egypt resolued 
 a pearle in vineger 
 and drunke it, 
 price. V. thousande 
 pounde of owr 
 mony. 
 
 The fiercenes of 
 Vaschus. 
 
 94 
 
 Great ryuers 
 faulyng from 
 muuntaynes. 
 
 Thunder and 
 lyghtnynge in 
 
 Nuucmber. 
 
 Coldein lhenyj;ht 
 nere the 
 ]0(iuinoctial. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^'ii! 
 
 1 '' M 
 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 1, 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 1 , 
 
 A 
 
 I ■ I 
 
 »'H| 
 
 ■ r,t 
 
 
 \ :,\ 
 
 i i 
 
 
 i .1 I' 
 
wrr 
 
 y-i 
 
 I '• ^ 
 
 ' 'i: 
 
 ill 
 
 \ 
 
 1 ti 
 
 142 
 
 T/ie thyrde Decade. 
 
 Habitable regions 
 vnder the 
 Kquinoctiall lyne. 
 
 The natiuitations 
 [? n.iuigations] of 
 the Portingalcs 
 towarde the sutithe 
 pole. 
 
 Antipode!;. 
 He nicaneth S. 
 Augustine and 
 Lactaiitius. 
 
 The starrer abdute 
 the southe pule. 
 
 Lactea via. 
 
 A simylitude 
 
 declarynge 
 
 Antipodes. 
 
 The mAner of 
 fysshynge for 
 perles. 
 
 Thre kindcs of 
 l>erles. 
 
 95 
 
 Dyuers questions 
 as concemynge 
 perles 
 
 Pctrus arias 
 
 Wanton and 
 superfluous 
 pleasures. 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 Asopits. 
 
 opinion, fuppofinge the Equinoctiall circle to bee vnhabitable and defolate by reafon of the heate of the foonne 
 hauinge his courfe perpendiculerly or directly ouer the fame : except a fewe of the contrary opinion, whofe 
 affertions the Portugales haue at thefe dayes by experience proued to bee trewe. For they faile yearely to 
 th[e1inhabitantes of the fouth pole, being in maner Antipodes to the people cauled Hypcrborei vnder the North 
 pole, and exercife marchaundies with them. And here haue I named Antipodes, forafmuch as I am not 
 ignorant that there hath byn men of fingular witte and great lernyng, which haue denyed that there is Antipodes : 
 that is, fuch as walke feete to feete. But it is mod certeyne, that it is not gyuen to anye one man to knowe all 
 thynges. For euen they alfo were men: whofe propertie is to erre and bee deceaued in many thynges. 
 NeuerthelelTe, the Portugales of owre tyme haue fayled to the fyue and fyftie degree of the fouth pole: Where, 
 coompafinge abowte the poynt thereof, they myght fee througliowte al the heauen about the fame, certeyne 
 fliynynge whyte cloudes here and there amonge the flarres, lyke vnto theym whiche are feene in the tracte of 
 heauen cauled LaHen via, that is, the mylke whyte waye. They fay, there is noo notable (larre neare about 
 that jiole lyke vnto this of owres which the common people thynke to bee the pole it felfe (cauled of the 
 Italians Tramontana, and of the Spanyardes Nortes) but that the fame fauleth benethe the Ocean. When the 
 fonne defcendeth from the niyddefte of the exiltree of the woorlde frome vs, it ryfethe to them, as a payre of 
 balances whofe weyght inclynynge from the equall poyfe in the myddeft towarde eyther of the fydes, caufeth 
 the one ende to ryfe as much as the other fauletli. When therefore it is autumne with vs, it is fprynge tyme 
 with them ; And rumn>cr with vs when it is wynter with them. But it fuffifeth to haue fayde thus much of 
 ftrange matters. Let vs now therfore returne to the hiftorie and to owre men. 
 
 H The seconde booke of the thyrde Decade. 
 
 Afchus by th[e]aduice of kynge Chiapes and Tiimacciis, determyned to deferre his vyage to the 
 fayde Ilande vntyll the nexte fprynge or fummer, at which tyme Chiapes offer d hym felfe to 
 accoompany owre men and ayde them therin all that he myght. In this meane tyme Vafchus 
 had knowleage that thefe kynges had nettes and fyffliynge places in certeyne (lations of that 
 fea nerc vnto the (hore, where they were accuftomed to fyflie for fea mufculs in the which 
 perles are engendred: And that for this purpofe they had certeyne dyuers or fyflhers 
 exercifed frome theyr youthe in fwymmynge vnder the water. But they doo this onely at 
 certeyne tymes when the fea is ailme, that they may th[e]efelyer coome to the place where thefe fliell fyfhes 
 are woonte to lye. For the bygger that they are, foo much ly they the deaper and nerer to the bottome. But 
 the lefler, as it were dowghters to the other, are nerer the bryme of the water. Lykewyfe the leafte of all, as it 
 were their niefes, are yet nearer to the fuperiiciall parte therof Too them of the byggefte forte whiche lye 
 lowefte, the fyffliers defcende the depthe of three mens heyght, and fumtyme foure. But to the doughters or niefes 
 as their fucceflion, they defcend onelye to the mydde thygh. Sumtymes alfo, after that the fea hathe byn 
 difquyeted with vehemente tempeftes, they fynde a greate multytude of thefe fyfflies on the fandes, beyng dryuen 
 to the (hore by the vyolence of the water. The perles of thefe whiche are founde on the fande, are but lytle. 
 The fiflhe it felfe, is more pleafaunte in eatynge then are owre oyllers as owre men report. But perhappes 
 hunger the fweete faufe of all meates, caufed owre men foo too thynke. Whether perles bee the hartes of fea 
 mufculs (as Ariftotell fuppofed) or the byrthe or fpaune of there intrals (as Plinye thought) Or whether they 
 cleaue contynually to the rockes, or wander by coompanies in the fea by the gujdinge of th[e]eldefte: Whether 
 euerye fyflhe brynge foorthe one perle or more, at one byrthe or at dyuers: Alfo whether theye bee fyled frome 
 the rockes wherunto theye cleaue, or maye bee eafylye pulled awaye, or other^vyfe faule of by them felues when 
 theye are coomme to there full grouth : Lykewyfe whether perles bee harde within the flielle or fofte, owre men 
 liaue as yet noo certayne experyence. But I trade or it b?e longe, too knowe the trath hereof. For owre men 
 are euen nowe in hande with the matter. Alfo, as foone as I (hall bee aduertyfed of the arryuall oiPetrus Arias 
 the capytayne of owre men, I wyll defyre hym by my letters to make diligent fearche for thefe thynges, and 
 certifye me therof in all poyntes. I knowe thai he wyll not bee flacke or omytte any thynge herein. For he is 
 my verye frende : and one that taketh greate pleafure in confyderynge the woorkes of nature. And furelye it 
 feemeth vnto me vndecente, that wee (houlde with fylence ouerflyppe fo greate a thynge whiche afwell in the 
 owlde tyme as in owre dayes, hathe, and yet doothe, drawe bothe men and women to emmoderate defyre of 
 fuperfluous pleafure. Spayne therefore (lialbe able hereafter with perles to fatiffie the gredye appetite of fuche 
 as in wanton pleafures are lyke vnto Cleopatra and Afopus So that frome henfforth we (hal neyther enuye nor 
 
' 
 
 lii 
 
 The thynie Decade. 
 
 143 
 
 reuerence the nyfe frutefulnes of Stoidum, or Taprobana, or the redde fea. But lette vs nowe retume to owtc 
 purpofe. Vafchus therfore determined with the fyffliers of Chiapes to proue what myght bee doone in his fyflie 
 pooles or (lations of fea mufcules. Chiapes to fliewe hym felfe obediente to Vafchus his requefte, although tlic 
 fea were boyll[r]yous, coomniaunded thirtye of his fyffliers to prepare them felfes and to reforte to the fyffliingc 
 places. Vafchus fente onelye fyxe of his men with them to beeholde them frome the fea bankes, but not to 
 coommitte them felues to the daunger of the fea. The fyffliynge place was diftante frome the palayce of Chiapes 
 aboute tenne myles. They durlle not aduenture to dyue to the bottome by reafon of the furye of the fea. Yet 
 of the mufcules whiche lye hygheft, and of fuche as were dryuen to the fliore by the vyolence of the water, theye 
 broughte fyxe greate farthels in the fpace of a fewe dayes. The perles of thefe were but lyttle, aboute the bygnes 
 of fmaule fytches : yet verye fayre and bewtyfuU, by reafon theye were taken newely owte of the fyflhe, beiiigc 
 yet rawe. And that they fliulde not bee reproued of lyinge as concerninge the bignes of thefe fea mufculs, they 
 fente many of them into Spayne to the kynge with the perles, the fyfrtie beynge taken owte. Wee thinke verily 
 that there maye in noo place bygger bee founde. Thefe flielle fyfflies therfore beynge thus founde here in foo 
 manye places in that fea, and gold in maner in euery houfe, doo argue the ryche treafurye of nature too bee hyd 
 in thofe coailes, forafmuche as fuche greate ryches haue byn founde as it were in the lytle fynger of a giantes 
 hande. What then maye wee thynke of the hole hande of the gyante (for hetherto theye haue onely bynne in 
 hande with the confynes of Vralia) when theye fliall haue thorowly fearched all the coafles and fecreates of the 
 inner partes of all that large lande. But Vafchus contented with thefe fygnes and ioyfull of his good faccefle in 
 thefe enterprifes, determined by an other waye to retume to his felowes in Daric/ia, where alfo, they haue golde 
 mynes aboute tenne myles from the village. He gaue therfore kyng Chiapes Icaue to depart, and to folowe 
 hym noo further: Confailyng hym to continue faythfull to the chrillian kynge his lorde and maifter. Thus 
 embrafinge the one the other, and ioyninge handes, Chiapes departed, with teares declaring the good mynde 
 which he bore to owre men. Vafchus leauing his ficke men with Chiapes, went forward on his ioumey with the 
 refydue, hauinge alfo with him for guydes three of Chiapes maryners. He conueyghed his armye ouer a greate 
 ryuer into the dominion of a certeine kynge cauled Teaocha : who beinge aduertifed of the coommyng of owre 
 men, of whofe famous actes he had harde muche before, was verye gladde therof and enterteyned them 
 honorably: So that for a token of his frendely affection to'.varde them, he gaue Vafchus twentie poundes weygiit 
 of wrought golde after eyght ounces to the pounde : Alfo twoo hundreth bigge perles : but not fayre, by reafon 
 they were taken owt of the mufculs after they had byn fodden. After they had ioyned handes, Vafchus 
 recompenfed hym with certeyne of owre thynges. Lyk2wife rewardynge his guydes the feruantes of Chiapes, he 
 difmiffed them with commendations to theyr lord. Kyng Teaocha at the departure of owr men from his palaice, 
 dyd not onely appoint them guydes to conduct them in the way, but alfo gaue them certeyne flaues in the 
 (leede of beaftes to cary theyr vytayles, bycaufe they fliulde pafle throwgh many defertes, baren and rowgh 
 mountaynes and terrible wooddes full of tygers and Lions. He fent alfo one of his fonnes with thefe flaues, 
 ladynge them with failed and dryed fyflie, and breade of thofe regions, made of the rootes of Maizium and lucca. 
 He alfo commaunded his fonne not to depart from owr men vntyl he were licenced by Vafchus. By theyr 
 conductinge therfore, Vafchus came to the dominion of an other kyng whofe name was Facta, a cruell tyranne, 
 fearefuU to the other kynges his bortherers, and of greater poure then any of them. This tyran, whether it 
 were that his giltie confcience for his mifcheuous actes, put him in feare that owre menne wooldc reuenge the 
 fame, or that he thought hym felfe inferior to refift. them, fled at theyr commynge. Vafchus wryteth that in thefe 
 regions in the mooneth of Nouember he was fore afflicted with greate heate and intollerable third, by reafon 
 that fyde of the mountaynes hath lyttle water: In foo muche that they were in daunger to haue perifflied but 
 that certeyne of th[e]inhabitants fhewed them of a fprynge which was in the fecreate place of a woodde, whither 
 Vafchus with all fpeade fent twoo quycke and ftronge younge men of his coompanions with theyr gourdes and 
 fuche water vefTelles as Teaocha his men browghte with them. Of th[e]inhabitantes, there durft. none depart 
 from there coompany bycaufe the wylde beaftes doo foone inuade naked men. For in thofe mountaynes, and 
 efpecially in the wooddes neare vnto the fpringe, they faye that they are fumtymes taken owte of there houfes in 
 the nyght, excepte they take good heede that the doores bee well fparde. It fhall not bee frome my purpofe 
 here to declare a particular chaunce before I enter any further in this matter. Theye faye therfore that the 
 lafte yeare the regyon of Dariena was noo lefTe infefted and trowbeled with a fierfe tyger, then was Calidonia in 
 tyme pafte with a wylde bore, and Nemea with a horrible lyon. For they affyrme that for the fpace of fyxe hole 
 moonethes there pafled not one nyghte withowte fumme hurte doone : foo that it kylled nyghtlye eyther a 
 buUocke, a mare, a dogge, or a hogge, fumtimes euen in the highe wayes of the village. For owre men haue 
 nowe greate heardes of cattayle in thofe regions. They fay alfo that when this tyger had whelpes, noo man 
 myght fafelye goo furthe of his doores, bycaufe fhee fpared not men if fhee mette fyrfte with them. But at the 
 lengeth, necelTitye enforced them to inuente a policye howe they myght bee reuenged of fuche bludflied. 
 Searchynge therfore dilygently her footefteppes, and folowynge the pathe wherbye fliee was accuftomed in the 
 
 Stoiiltim. 
 Taprobana. 
 
 'J'licfyssliiiig place 
 of kin^; Chiapes. 
 
 Golde in maner In 
 euery house. 
 The ryche 
 treasuryc of 
 nature. 
 
 The goUIe inyncs 
 of Dariena. 
 
 96 
 
 Kynge Tc.ioch.i 
 ciUertuyneth 
 Vaschus frendelye. 
 Twentye pounde 
 weight of vvroughtc 
 golde. 
 
 Descrtcs full of 
 wyldti beastes. 
 
 Dryed fysshe 
 
 Kynge Pacr.i 
 a tyranne. 
 
 Greate heate in 
 the nionethc uf 
 Nouember. 
 
 Hurte by wylde 
 beastes. 
 
 A tyger. 
 
 Calydonia Is a 
 forcste in 
 Scotlande. 
 Kemea is a woddc 
 ill Greece. 
 
 Tigers whelpes. 
 
 ITiustheEiilntiaiis 
 take Crocodiles. 
 
 ! 
 
 i' 
 
 » 
 
 ll 
 
 \ 
 
 11 
 n 
 
 1,1' 
 
 i 
 
 i I 
 
 i H 
 1 I 
 
 
 
 J:|!' 
 
I 
 
 
 f i 
 
 \ 
 
 144 
 
 TAe thyyde Decade. 
 
 The iloggc lygcr 
 
 taken. 
 
 The rorynge of 
 
 the tyger. 
 
 Tigers flesh eaten. 
 
 97 
 
 The bitche tyger. 
 Tigers whelpes. 
 
 A straunge thynge. 
 
 Kynge Facra 
 
 nyght feafon to wander owte of her denne to feeke her praye, theye made a greate trenflie or pytte in her walke, 
 coueringe the fame with hurdels whervppon they cade parte of the earthe and difperfed the refydue. The 
 dogge tyger chaunfed fyrfte into this pitfaul, and fel vppon the poyntes of fliarpe (lakes and fuche other ingens 
 as were of purpofe fyxed in tlie bottome of the trenflie. Beynge thus wounded, he rored foo terrybly, that it 
 grated the bowels of fuche as harde hym, and the wooddes and montaynes neare aboute, rebounded the noyfe 
 of the horryble crye. When they perceaued that he was layde fade, they reforted to the trenflie and flewe hym 
 with flones, dartes, and pykes. With his teethe and clawes, he broke the dartes into a thoufande chyppes- 
 Beynge yet deade, he was fearefull to all fuche as behelde hym: what then thinke you he woolde haue doone 
 beynge alyue and loofe. One Johannes Lcdifma of Ciuile, a nere frynde to Vafchtis and one of his coompanyons 
 of his trauayles, toulde me that he hym felfe dyd eate of the fleflie of that tiger: and that it was notliinge inferyor 
 to bicfe in goodnes. Beynge demaunded howe they knewe hit to bee a tyger forafmuche as none of them had euer 
 feene a tyger, they anfwered that they knewe hit by the fpottes, fiercenes, agilitye, and fuche other markts and 
 token wherby the anciente writers haue defcribed the tiger. For fum of them, had before tyme feene other 
 fpotted wilde beaftcs, as lybardes and panthers. The dogge tiger beynge thus kylled, theye folowynge the 
 trafe of his fteppes towarde the mountaines, came to the denne where the bytche remayr.ed with her twoo 
 younge fuckynge whelpes. But fliee was not in the denne at there coommynge. Theye fyrfte caryed awaye 
 the whelpes with them. But afterwarde fearynge lealle they fliulde dye bycaufe theye were very younge, 
 entendynge when they were bygger to fende them into Spayne, they put cheynes of yren aboute there neckes, 
 and caryed them agayne to there denne : whither returnynge within a fewe dayes after, they founde the denne 
 emptye and the cheynes not remoued frome there place. Theye fuppofe that the damme in her furye tore 
 them in pyeces and caryed them awaye, lefte anye fliulde haue the fruition of them. For theye playnely 
 affirme that it was not poflible that they fliulde bee loofed frome the chaynes alyue. The flcynne of the deade 
 tyger (luffed with drye herbes and (Irawe, they fente to Hifpaniola to the admyrall and other of the chiefe 
 rulers frome whome the newe landes receyue there lawes and fuccoure. It (hall at this tyme fuffyce to haue 
 written thus much of the tygers, as I haue lemed by the reporte of them whiche bothe fudeyned domage by 
 there rauenynge, and alfo handeled the fl<ynne of that whiche was flayne. Let vs nowe therforc retume to 
 kynge Pacta frome whor.ie wee haue digreffed. When Vafchus had entred into the houfes forfakcn of Pacta, 
 he fente melTengiers to reconcyle hym as he had doone the other kinges. At the (ir(l he refufed to coomme. 
 But after threatenynges, he came with three other kynges in his coompanye. Vafchus writethe that he neuer 
 fawe a more mondrous and deformed creature : And that nature hath onely gyuen hym humane fliape, and 
 otherwyfe to bee worfe then a brute beade, with maners accordynge to the linyamentes of his bodye. He 
 abufed with mode abhominable lechery the doughters of foure kynges his bortherers frome whome hee had 
 taken them by vyolence. Of the fylthye behauoure oi Pacra, of his crueltye and iniuryes doone by hym, many 
 of the other kynges made greuous coomplayntes to Vafchus as vnto a hygh ludge and iude reuenger: Mode 
 humblye befechyng hym to fee fuche thynges punyfflied, forafmuche as theye tooke hym for a man fente of god 
 for that purpofe. Herevppon Vafchus afwell to wynne their good wylles, as alfo too fliewe an exemple of 
 terroure to fuche as vfed lyke faffliions, coomniaunded that this mondrous beade with the other three kynges 
 whiche were fubiecte to hym and of lyke conditions, fliulde bee geuen for a praye to his fcyghtinge dogges, and 
 their tome carkefes to bee burned. Of thefe dogges whiche theye vfe in the warres, theye tell maruelous thynges. 
 For theye faye that theye runne vppon th[e]inhabitantes armed after there maner, with noo leffe fiercenes then 
 if theye were hartes or wylde bores, if the Spaniardes doo but onely poynte towarde them with their fyngers: 
 In foo muche that oftentymes they haue had no neede too liryue their enemyes too flyght with fwoordes or 
 arrowes : But haue doone the fame onely with dogges placed in the forefronte of their battayle, and lettynge 
 them flyppe with their watche woorde and priuye token. Wheruppon the barbaryans dryken with feare by 
 reafon of the cruell countenaunces of the madies, with their defperate bouldenes and vnaccudomed houlynge 
 and barkynge, haue difparcled at the fyrde onfette and broke their arraye. Yet it chaunfeth otherwyfe when 
 theye haue anye conflicte agaynd the Canibales and the people of Caramairi. For thefe are fyerfer, and more 
 warrelyke men: Alfo fo experte arche[r]s, that theye can mode certenlye dyrect their venemous arrowes againd 
 the d jgges with fuche celeritye as if theye were - underboltes : By reafon wherof, they fumtymes kyl many of them. 
 Th[e]inhabytantes of thefe montaynes, doo not keepe warre with bowes and arrowes : But vfe onelye Machanis, 
 that is certayne longe and broude fwordes made of woodde : Alfo flynges, longe pykes and dartes hardened at the 
 endes with fyere. Whyle kynge Pacra yet lyued, noo man coulde knowe of hym neyther by fayre meanes nor 
 by foule, where he had the golde whiche was founde in his houfe. For owre men founde in his iewel houfe fyftye 
 poundes weyght of golde. Beynge therfore demaunded where he had it, he anfwered that they whiche gathered 
 the fame in thofe montaynes in his fathers dayes, were all deade : And that fenfe he was a chylde, he neuer 
 adeemed golde more then doones. More then this, theye coulde not gette of hym. By this feuere puny(hment 
 executed vppon Pacra, Vafchus concyled vnto hym the myndes of all the other kynges of that prouynce. And 
 
 Natur.iU hatred 
 of vyce. 
 
 Foure kinges 
 deuoured of 
 dogges. 
 
 The vse ofdtiKges 
 in warre ageinst 
 naked men. 
 
 The Canybales are 
 experte archers. 
 
 Swoordes of 
 woodde. 
 
 Fiftie pounde 
 weyght of golde. 
 
 98 
 
 »44 
 
The thyrde Decade. 
 
 145 
 
 by this meanes it came too paffe, that when he fente for the fycke men whiche he Icfto bchynde hym with kynge 
 Chiapes, an other kynge whiche was in the mydde waye (whofe name was Bononiama) enterteyned them 
 gentellye, and gaue them. xx. pounde weyght of pure wrought golde, befyde great plentye of vyttayles. And 
 not this onely, but alfo accoompanyed them hym felfe vntyll he had brought them Hifely frome his palaice into 
 the domynyon olPacra: Where takynge echc of them by the ryghte handes, he delyuered them to Vaf chits hym 
 felfe, as a faythefull pledge commytted too his charge, and therewith fpake to Vafchus in this cffccle. Moofle 
 myghtye and valyaunte vyctourer, beholile I here delyuer vnto yowe, yowre coompanions in fuchc plight as I 
 receaued them : wiffliynge that I had byn afwell able to gyue them healthe, as they were hcrtely welcoomc to 
 fuche pore entertcynemcnt as I was able to (hewe them. For the fauourc and gcntclnelTe whiche I hauc founde 
 bothe in yowe and them, ho fliall rewarde yowe whiche fcndeth tliunderynge and lyyhtclyiig to the dcfliuction 
 of myfcheuous men, and of his clemencye giueth vnto good men plentie of lucca and Maizium in dewe fcafon. 
 As he fpake thefe woordes, he lyfted vppe his ham'.es and eyes towarde the foonne whome they honoure for god. 
 Then he fpake further to Vqfchus, fayinge : In that yowe haue deftroyed and flaine owre vyolent and proudc 
 enemies, yowe haue browght peace and quyetnefle to vs and owre famelyes, and bounde vs for euer to loue and 
 obeye yowe. Yowe haue foo ouercoome and tamed wylde monllers, that wee thynke yowe to bee fente from 
 heauen for the punyfhement of euyll men and defence of innocentes, that vnder the protection of yowre myghtye 
 fwoorde, wee maye hereafter leade owre lyues withowte feare, and with more quietneffe gyue thankes to the 
 giuer of all good thinges for his mercie fliewed vnto vs in this behalfe. When th[e]interpretoure had toulde 
 Vafchus that kyng Bononiama had fayde thefe woordes, and fuche lyke, Vafchiis rendered hym lyke thankes for 
 his humanitye declared towarde owre men, and rewarded hym as he had doone other in whome he founde lyke 
 gentilneffe. Vafchus \vryteth that he lerned manye thynges of this kynge as concernynge the greatc rychefle of 
 thefe regions : But that he woolde at this prefent fpeake nothynge therof : And reherfethe the fame as thynges 
 lyke to haue gootl fucceffe. What this implicate Hipcrbok, or aduauncement meancth, I doo not well 
 vnderflande. But he playnely feemeth hereby to promyffe many greate thynges. And furely it is to be thought 
 that accordynge to his hope, great riches maye bee looked for. For they came in mancr into none of 
 th[e]inhabytauntes houfes, but that they found in them, eyther brefteplates or curettes of golde, or elles golden 
 ouches, iewels, or garlandes to weare aboute there heades, neckes, or amies. I coniecture therfore thus by a 
 fymilitude of owre houfes : If amonge vs any man of great poure were moued with the defyre to haue great plentye 
 of Iron, and woolde enter into Italye with a mayne force as dyd the Gothes in tyme parte, what abundaunce of 
 Iron flioulde he haue in their houfes : where as he fliulde fynde in one place a friyngpan, in an other a chauldron, 
 here a tryuet, and there a fpytte, and thefe in maner in euery pore mannes houfe, with fuche other innumerable : 
 Whereby any man maye coniecture that Iren is plentifully engendred in fuche regions where they haue foo 
 greate vfe therof. Owre men alfo perceaued that th[e]inhabytantes of thefe regions do no more efleeme golde 
 then we do Iren : nor yet foo muche after they fawe to what vfe Iren ferued vs. Thus muche haue I thoughte 
 good to write too yo\vre holyneffe of fuche thynges as I haue gathered owte of the letters of Vafchus Nunnez, 
 and learned by woorde of mouthe of fuch as were his companyons in thefe affayres. As wee receyue them, fo 
 wee gyue them vnto yowe. Tyme which reueleth all fecretes, (hall hereafter mynyfter larger argument of 
 wrytynge. Theye coulde at this tyme doo no greate thynge in fearchynge the golde mynes, forafmuche as of a 
 hundreth fourefcore and tenne men whiche Vafchus broughte with hym from Dariena, there remayned onely 
 threefcore and ten, or at the mod fourefcore, whofe ayde he nowe vfed in thefe daungerous aduentures, leauynge 
 euer the crafed men behynd hym in the kynges houfes all the waye that he went. But they moofte efpecially fell 
 into fundrye difeafes, whiche canie lately from Hifpaniola. For they were not able to abyde fuche calamities 
 as to lyue onely contented with the breade of thofe regions, and wylde herbes without falte, drinkinge none 
 other then ryuer water, and that oftentimes eyther lackinge or vnwholfome, where as before their (lomakes had 
 byn vfed to good meates. But the owlde fouldiours of Dariena, were hardened to abyde all forowes, and 
 exceadynge tollerable of labour, heate, hunger, and watchynge : In fo muche that merilye they make their boofte 
 that they haue obferued a longer and (harper lent then euer yowre holinelTe inioyned. For they faye that for the 
 fpace of foure hole yeares, they eate none other then herbes and frutes, excepte nowe and then perhappes fy(he, 
 and verye feldoome fle(he : yea, and that fumtime for lacke of al thefe, they haue not abhorred from mangye 
 dogges and fylthy toades as wee haue fayde before. The owlde fouldiers of Dariena, I caule thofe whiche 
 fyrde folowed the capytaynes Nicuefa and Fogeda to inhabyte the lande, of the whiche nowe fewe were lyuynge. 
 But lette vs nowe omytte thefe thynges, and retoume to Vafc/ms the victourer of the montaynes. 
 
 Edkn. 
 
 *4I 
 
 Kynge 
 I1unoni.ini.it frende 
 to the christians. 
 Wruughte golde. 
 
 I'hu oration of 
 kynge Bononiama 
 
 The sparke of the 
 lawc i)f nature, is 
 the lawe written 
 in the hartes of 
 men. 
 
 : < I' 
 
 I 
 
 Hiftrhole. 
 
 Great plenty of 
 golde. 
 
 A symilitude for 
 the profe of 
 plentye of golde. 
 
 '! 
 
 f. 
 
 :< 
 
 '^. 
 
 t 1; 
 
 ■. , ! 
 
 I'll 
 i ; 
 
 I. I 
 
 ; i 
 
 Iren more 
 esteined then 
 f.vlde. 
 
 99 
 
 Chaunge of dyct 
 is daungerous. 
 
 Owlde souldiers. 
 A longe lent 
 
 I i : 
 
 ft!'. 
 
 iU. 
 
I 
 I 
 
 146 
 
 Comflgrtts. 
 
 Two poorc kyngc! 
 
 Descries 
 
 Kvnge Buchebuea 
 submytteth hiin 
 sclfe 
 
 Vessel! of golde. 
 
 I!' ' 
 
 Kynge Chiorisus 
 sendelh Vaschus 
 XXX. dysshes of 
 pur'' olde. 
 
 100 
 
 I ih:\: 
 
 Axes of Iren more 
 estemed then any 
 gold 
 
 Superfluous and 
 
 eflfemynate 
 
 plesures 
 
 An exemple of the 
 lyfe of owre fyrst 
 prirentes. 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 €1 The thyrde booke of the thyrde Decade. 
 
 I Hen Vqfchus had remained thirtye dayes in the palayce of kynge Pacra, concilynge vnto hyn> 
 the niyndes of th[e]inhal)itantes and prouidinge thynges ncceffarye for his coompanions, he 
 departed fronie thenfc by the conducte of certayne of kynge Tcaocha his men, and came too 
 the banke of the ryiier Comognis, wherof the region and king therof, are named by the fame 
 name. He founde the fydes of thefc montaynes fo rude and baren, that there was nothinge 
 apte to bee eaten, but wiide rootes and certayne vnpleafante frutes of trees. Two kynges 
 beinge neare of bhidde, inhabyted this infortunate region, whiche Vafchus ouerpafled with al 
 fpeede for feare of hunger. One of thefe poore kinges was named Cotochus, and the other Ciuriza. He tooke them 
 bothe with hym to guyde hym in the waye, and difmyffed Teaocha his men with \ytayles and rewardes. Thus 
 for the fpace of three dayes, he wandered throughe many deferte wooddes, craggye mountaynes, and muddy 
 maryflhes full of fuche quamyres that men are oftentymes fwalowed vp in them if they looke not the more warelye 
 to their fiete. Alfo through places not frequented with reforte of men, and fuche as nature had not yet opened 
 to their vfe, forafmuche as th[e]inhabitantes haue feldoome entercourfe betwene them, but onely by fundrye 
 incurtions, the one to fpoyle and deftroye the other : Beynge otherwife contented to lyue onely after the lawe of 
 nature, withowte worldly toyle for fujjerfluous pleafures. Thus enteringe at the lengthe into the territorye of 
 another kynge whofe name was Buchebuea, they founde all thynges voyde and in filence : For the kynge and his 
 fubiectes, were all fledde to the « ooddes. When Vafchus fente meffengers to fetche hym, he dyd not onely at 
 the fyrfle fubmytte hym felfe, but alfo promyfle his ayde with all that he myghte make : Proteftynge furthermore, 
 that he fledde not for feare that owre men woolde doo hym any iniurie, but that he hyd hym felfe for verye ftiame 
 and griefe of mynde, for that he was not able to receyue them honorablye accordynge vnto their dignitye, bycaufe 
 his (lore of vitayles was confumed. Yet in a token of obedience and frendelhyppe, he fent owre men many 
 veffelles of golde, defyring them to accepte them as the gifte of a frind whofe good will wanted not in greater 
 thynges if his abilytye were rreater. By whiche woordes the poore man feemed to infmuate that he had byn 
 robbed and otherwife cruelly handled of his bortherers. By reafon wherof, owre men were enforced to departe 
 from thenfe more hungerly then theye came. As theye wente forwarde therfore, they efpyed certeine naked 
 men coomminge downe from a hylle towarde them. Vafchus ccommaunded his armye to (laye, and fente his 
 interpretours to them to knowe what they wold haue. Then one of them to whom the other feemed to gyue 
 reuerence, fpake in this effect. Owre lorde and kinge Chiorifus, greeteth yowe well : Wyllynge vs to declare 
 that he hath harde of yowre puiffaunce and vertue wherby yowe haue fubdued euell men and reuenged 
 the wronges doone to innocentes. For the whiche yowre noble factes and iuftyce, as he doothe honour 
 yowre fame, foo woolde he thinke him felfe mofle happye if he myght receiue yowe into his palaice. 
 But, forafmuche as his fortune hath byn fo euell (as he imputeth it) that beynge owte of yowre waye, yowe 
 haue ouerpaffed hym, he hath fent yowe this golde in token of his good wyll and fryndfliyppe towarde 
 yowe. And with thefe woordes he deliuered to Vafchus thirty diflhes of pure golde. Addynge here- 
 unto, that when fo euer it fliulde pleafe him to take the paynes to coomme to their kynge, he ftiulde receyue 
 greater gyftes. He declared further, that a kynge whyche was their bortherer and mortall enemye, was very 
 ryche in golde : And that in fubduynge of hym they ftiulde bothe obteine greate rycheffe, and alfo delyuer them 
 from daylye vexations : whiche thinge myght eafilye be doone by their helpe bycaufe they knewe the countrey. 
 Vafchus put them in good coomforte, and gaue them for rewarde certayne Iren axes whiche they more 
 efteemed then greate heapes of golde. For they haue ly ttell neede of golde, hauynge not th[e]ufe of peftiferous 
 money. But he that maye get but one axe or hatchet, thynketh hym felfe rycher then euer was Craffus. For 
 euen thefe naked men doo perceyue that an axe is ncceffarye for a thoufande vfes : And confeffe that golde is 
 defyred onely for certayne vaine and effeminate pleafures, as a thyng whiche the lyfe of man maye lacke with- 
 owte any inconuenience. For o^vre glutteny and fuperfluous fumptuoufneffe hath not yet corrupted them : By 
 reafon wherof they take it for noo ftiame to lacke cobardes of plate, where as the pride and wantonnes of owre 
 tyme dooeth in maner impute it to vs for ignominye to bee withowte that, wherof by nature we haue no neede. 
 But their contentation with the benefytes of nature doothe playnly declare that men may leade a free and happy 
 life withowt tables, table clothes, carpettes, napkyns, and towels, with fuche other innumerable wherof they 
 haue no vfe, excepte perhappes the kynges furniflie their tables with a fewe golden veffels. But the common 
 people dryue awaye hunger with a pyece of their breade in the one hande, and a piece of broylde fyftie or 
 146 
 
■r^ 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 147 
 
 fumme kynde of fruitc in the other hande. For they eate flefhe but feldome. When their fingers are imbnied 
 with any ounctuous meatcs, they wype them eyther on the foules of their feete, or on their thyghes, ye and 
 fumtymes on the (kynnes of their priuye members in the (Icede of a nappekynne. And for this caufe doo they 
 often tymes wa(he them fcUies in the ryuers, Owre men therfore wente forwardc laden with goldc, but fore 
 afflicted with hunger. Thus they came at the length to the dominion of kynge Pocchorrofa who fledde at their 
 coommynge. Here for the fpace of thirtye dayes they fylled their cmiityc belHes with breadc of the rootes of 
 Maizium. In the meane tyme Vafchus fente for Pocchorrofa ; who bcyuge allured with promifies and fayre 
 woordes, came and fubmytted hym felfe brynginge with hym for a prcfent. xv. poundcs weighte of wrought 
 golde, and a fewe flaues. Vafchus rewarded Iiym as he had doone other before. When he was mynded to 
 depart, he was aduertifed that he Ihulde paffe througli the dominion of a certayne kynge whofe name was 
 Tumanania. This is hee whome the foonne of kynge Como;^riis declared to bee of foo great poure and fearefuU 
 to all his bortherers, and with whom many of Comogrus familyers had byn captyue. But owre men nowe per- 
 ceiued that they meafured his poure by their owne. For their kinges are but gnattcs compared to elephantes, 
 in refpecte to the poure and poUicye of owre men. Owre men were alfo enformcd by fuche as dwelte nearc 
 aboute Tuimviama, that his region was not beyonde the montaynes as they fuppofed : Nor yet fo ryche in golde 
 as younge Comogrus had declared. Yet confulted they of his fubduyng : ivhiche they thoughte they myght 
 th[e]eaflyer brynge to paffe bycaufe Pocchorrofa was his mortall enemye, who mode gladly promyfed them his 
 aduice and ayde herein. Vafchus therfore, leauynge his fycke men in the vyllage of Pocchorrofa, tooke with 
 hym threfcore of his mode valiante fouldiers, and declared vnto them howe kynge Tumanama had oftentymes 
 fpoken proude and threatnyng woordes ageynfte them: Lykewife that it nowe floode them in hande of 
 neceffitye to paffe through his dominion : And that he thought is befte to fette vppon hym vnwares. The fouldiers 
 confented to his aduice, and exhorted him to gyue th[e]aduenture, promifinge that they woolde folowe hym 
 whether fo euer he wente. They determined therfore to go two dayes iomey in one daye, that Tumanama not 
 knowynge of their fooden commyng, myght haue no leafure to affemble an armye. The thynge came to paffe 
 euen as they had deuyfed. For in the fyrfte watche of the nyght, owre men with the Pocchorrofnuis, inuaded 
 the vyllage and palaice of Tumanama, where they tooke hym prifoner fufpectynge nothinge leffe. He had with 
 hym two younge men whiche he abufed vnnaturally : Alfo fourfcore women which he had taken vyolently from 
 dyuers kynges. Lykewife a greate number of his gentelmen and fubiectes were taken (Iragelynge in other 
 vyllages neare aboute his palaice. For their houfes are not adherent togither as owres bee, bycaufe they are 
 oftentimes troubeled with vehement whirlewyndes by reafon of the fudden chaunges and motions of the ayre 
 caufed by the influence of the planetes in the equalitie of the daye and nyght beynge there in maner bothe of 
 one lengthe throughowte all the yeare, forafmuche as they are neare vnto the Equinoctiall lyne as we haue fayde 
 before. Their houfes are made of trees, couered and after their maner thetched with the ftalkes of certayne 
 towghe herbes. To the palayce of Tumanama, was onely one houfe adherent, and that euen as bygge as the 
 palayce it felfe. Eyther of thefe houfes were in length a hundreth and twentie pafes, and in bredth fyftie pafes 
 as owre men meafured them. In thefe two houfes the kynge was accuftomed to muller his men as often as he 
 prepared an armye. When Tumanama therfore, was thus taken captyue with all his Sardanapanicall famelye, 
 the Pocchorrofians bragged and threatened hym beynge nowe bounde, that he fliulde (hortly bee hanged. The 
 other kynges alfo his bortherers, reioyfed at his myffortune. Wherby owre men perceaued that Tumanama was 
 no leffe troublefome to his neighbours, then was Pacra to the kinges of the fouthe fyde of the montaynes. 
 Vafchus alfo the better to pleafe them, threatned hym greuoufly : But in deede entended no euell toward him. 
 He fpake therfore (harpely vnto hym with thefe woordes : Thou fhalte nowe fuffer punyfliment thou cruell 
 tyranne, for thy pryde and abhominations. Thou flialte knowe of what poure the chriftians are whom thou hade 
 foo contemned and threate[ne]d to drawe by the heare of their heades to the nexte ryuerand there to drowne them 
 as thou hade often tymes made thy vaunte emonge thy naked flaues. But thou thy felfe (halte fyrfte feele that 
 whiche thou hafte prepared for other : And herewith commaunded hym to bee taken vppe. Neuertheleffe 
 gyuynge a priuye tooken of pardon to them whiche layde handes on him. Thus vnhappye Tumanama, fearynge 
 and beleuynge that Vafchus had mente in emefte as he commaunded, fell proftrate at his feete and with teares 
 defyred pardon : Proteftynge that he neuer fpake any fuche woordes. But that perhappes his noble men in 
 their droonkenneffe had fo abufed their toonges whiche he coulde not rule. For their wynes although they bee 
 not made of grapes yet are they of force to make men droonken. He declared furthermore that the other 
 kynges his bortherers had of malice furmyfed fuche lyes of hym enuyinge his fortune bycaufe he was of greater 
 poure then they. Mofte humbly defyringe Vafchus that as he tooke hym to bee a iufte vyctourer, foo to gyue 
 no credytte vnto their vniufte and malycious complaintes. Addynge herevnto that if it woolde pleafe hym to 
 pardon hym not hauinge offended, he woolde bringe him great plentie of gold. Thus lapnge his ryght hande 
 on his bread, he fwore by the fonne, that he euer loued and feared the chiydians fence he fyrde harde of their 
 fame and vyctor}'es : Efpecially when he harde faye that they had Machanas, that is, fwoordes fliarper then 
 
 «47 
 
 I'leTilyc rtf gold 
 and scirceiiesse 
 of mc.ite. 
 
 King Pocchorroia 
 subniyttcth 
 hyniselfe. 
 XV. pounde 
 wcyghte of 
 wrutighte golde. 
 
 Kytig Tumnn.im.i 
 louke decad. ii. 
 lib. iiii. 
 
 A good poticye. 
 
 
 101 
 
 Kynge Ttim.inama 
 is taxen prisoner. 
 
 The cause erf 
 vehemente wyndes 
 ncre the 
 Equinoctial. 
 
 Kynge Tumanama 
 his palaice. 
 
 Vaschus his 
 woordes to kynge 
 Tumanama. 
 
 OiferuHt qtam 
 mttuuHt. 
 
 Kyng Tumanama 
 his woordes. 
 
 Mi 
 
 M 
 
 if:,' 
 
,A 
 
 148 
 
 Tiinuinawa is 
 parJoncd. 
 
 XXX pound e 
 wcy^hlc of 
 wruu)jhte golile. 
 Ix. poundcs 
 wcyght of £oMe. 
 
 102 
 
 They abhorre 
 
 labour. 
 
 The coloure of ihc 
 golden earthe and 
 a tryall of the 
 same. 
 
 Tokens of great 
 plentieofgolde. 
 
 Vaschus faul-^th 
 sickc. 
 
 Feeblenes of 
 hunger and 
 watchinge. 
 
 K— itj-Comogrus 
 froudely to the 
 Unstians. 
 
 The large and 
 
 fFuteful plain of 
 
 Z.iuKna. 
 
 The ryuer 103 
 
 Coniognis. 
 
 TAe thyrde Decade. 
 
 \\\ 
 
 thearfe, and fuch as cutle in pieces al tiiynges that coomme in their waye. Then directynge his eyes towarde 
 Vafchus who had his fwoorde in his hand, he fpalce thus. Who (cxcepte he were owte of liis wyttc) dare lyfte 
 vppe his hande agcynlle this fwoorde of yowres wherwith yowe arc able witli one flrookc to cleaue o man from 
 the heade to the nauell. I,ctte no man therfore perfwade yowe (o mofle myghtye victourer) that euer fuche 
 woordes procedcd owte of my mouthe. As Tumaiiama with trembeling fpalte thefe woordes, therwith fwalow- 
 ynge downe the knot of deathe, Vafchus fcemed by his tearcs to bee moucd to compalTion; And fpcakyng to 
 iiym with chearefull countenance commaunded hym to bee loofed. This doone, he fente immediatly to his 
 palaice for. xxx. poundcs weyght of pure gold artifycially wrought into fundry ouches whiche his wyues 
 and concubynes vfcd to weare. Alfo the tiiyrde daye folowynge, his noble men and gentylmen fent 
 threfcore poundes weight of golde for their fyne and raunfumme. Tiiinanama beyng demaunded wher 
 they had that gold, anfwcred that it was not gathered in his dominions But that it was brought his 
 aunceftours from the ryuer Comogrus toward the fouthe. But the Pocchonofians and other his enemies, feyd 
 that he lyed : Aftirmynge that his kingdome was ryche in golde. Tumaiiama on the contrary part, inftantly 
 protefted that he neucr knewe any golde myne in all his dominions. Yet denyed not but that there hath 
 fumtimes byn found certaine fmaulc graincs of golde, to the gatherynge wherof, he neuer had any regarde, 
 bycaufe they coulde not gette it without great and longe labour. Whyle thefe thynges were dooinge, the fycke 
 men whiche Vafchus had lefte in the village of Pocchorrofa, came to hym the. viii. day of the Calcndes of 
 lanuary in the yeare of Chrifte. M. D. Xlll. bringyiig with them certayne labourers from the kynges of the 
 fouthe with fundrye indnnnentes to dygge the grounde and gather golde. Thus paflynge ouer the day of the 
 natiuitye of Chrill without bodely labour, vppon fainte Steuens daye he brought certeyne myners to the fyde of 
 a hyll not farre c'/flante from the palaice of Dimanama, where (as he faith) he perceaued by the coloure of the 
 earth that it was lykely to bryngc furthe golde. When they had dygged a pytte not pad a hand breadth and a 
 halfe, and fyfted the earthe therof, they founde certayne fmaule graynes of golde no bygger then lintell feedes, 
 amountynge to the weyght of twelue graynes as they prouyd with their balances of aflaye before a notarie and 
 wytnelTe that the better credytte myghte bee gyuen therto. Wherby they argued that the rychenefl'e of that lancle 
 was agreable to the report of the bortherers, although Vafchus coulde by noo meases caufe Tumanama to 
 confefle the fame. They fuppofe that he nothynge efteemed fo fmaule a portion. But other faye that he 
 denyed his countrey to bee frutefuU of golde, leafte by reafon therof the defyre of golde, myght intyfe owre men 
 to inhabyte his kyngdome, as in deede the feely kynge was a prophet in foo thinkynge. For they chofe that 
 anti the region of Pocchorrofa to inhabyte, and determyned to buylde townes in them bothe, if it fliulde fo pleafe 
 the kynge of Caflyle : Afwell that they myght bee baytinge places and vytailynge houfes for fuche as fliulde 
 iorney towarde the fouthe, as alfo that both the regions were frutfuU and of good grounde to beare frutes and 
 trees. Intendynge nowe therfore to departe from thenfe, he tried the earth by chaunce in an other place, where 
 the colour of the grounde with certayne fliyninge Hones, feemed to bee a tooken of golde. Where caufynge a 
 fmaule pitte to bee dygged lyttell beneath th[e]upper crude of the earthe, he founde fo muche golde as weyghed 
 that pyece of golde whiche the Spaniardes caule CaftcUaiium amreum, and is commonly cauled Pefus, but not in 
 one grayne. Reioyfynge at thefe tookens in hope of great riches, he badde Tumanama to be of good coomforte, 
 promyfynge hym that he woolde bee his frende and defender, foo that he troubeled not any of the kynges whiche 
 were frendes to the Chridians. He alfo perfwaded hym to gather plentye of golde. Summe faye that he ledde 
 awaye all Tumanama his women, and fpoyled him leade he fliuld rebell. Yet he delyuered his foonne to 
 Vafchus to bee broughte vppe with owre men, to learne their language and relygyon, that he myght therafter the 
 better vfe his helpe afwell in all thynges that he fliulde haue to doo with owre men, as alfo more polytykely rule, 
 and obtayne the loue of his owne fubiectes. Vafchus at this tyme fell into a vehement feuer by reafon of excelTe 
 of labour, immoderate watchyng, and hunger: In fomuche that c lartynge from thenfe, he was fayne too bee 
 borne uppon mennes backes in fliietes of goffampyne cotton. LyKewyfe alfo many of his fouldiers whiche were 
 foo weake that they coulde nother go nor donde. To this purpofe they vfed the helpe of th[e]inhabytantes, who 
 (hewed them felues in al thynges wyllynge and obedyente. Alfo fumme of them whiche were fumwhat feeble 
 and not able to trauayle, although not greuoufly fycke, were ledde by the armes vntyll they came to the 
 domynion of kynge Commogrus a greate frende to the Chridyans, of whom wee haue largely made mention 
 before. At Vafchus commynge thether, he founde that the owlde kynge was deade, and his foonne 
 (whome we fo prayfed for his wifedome) to raygne in his deade: And that he was baptifed by the 
 name of Charles. The palayce of this Comogrus, is fituate at the foote of a diepe hyll well cultured. 
 Hauynge towarde the fouthe a playne of twelue leages in breadth and veary frutefull. This playne, they 
 caule Zauana. Beyonde this, are the great and hyghe montaynes whiche deuyde the two feas wherof we 
 haue fpoken before. Owte of the dyepe hylles, fpryngeth the ryuer Comogrvs, whiche runneth throwghe 
 the fayde playne to the hyghe montaynes, receauynge into his chanell by their valleys, all the other 
 ryuers, and fo fauleth into the fouth fea. It is didante from DarUna, aboute threfcore and tennc leages 
 •48 
 
arm 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 149 
 
 towarde the wcfte. As owre men therfore came to thefe parties, kynge Comof^nn (othcrwyfc cauled Chnrlcs by 
 his chriflian name) tnctte them ioyfuUy aiul entcrtayncd them honorably, j,'yuynge them their fyll of i)lc'afaunte 
 meates and drynkcs. He gaiiu alfo to Vafchus, twenty pounde weyght of wroiiyht golde. Vajchus recom- 
 penfed him with thinges which lie ellccmcd muche more: As axes and fundry kyndes of larpenters toolos. 
 Alfo a fouldiours cloke, and a faire llicrte wrought with needle woorke By thefe gyftcs, Coiiu\^nis thought hym 
 felfe to bee halfe a god amonge his horthcrers. Vafchm at his departynge from henfe, erncllly charged 
 Comognis and the other kynges to remayne faithfull and obeilient to the chrillian king of Caflile, if they defyrcd 
 to lyue in peace and ciuictnelVe; And that they fliulde hereafter more diligently applye them felues to the 
 gatheringe of golde to bee fente to the great chrillian 7/A/ (tlint is) kyng. Ded.iryng further, that by this 
 meanes they fhuld bothe gette them and their pofteritya patrone and defender ageinll their enen.yes, and alfo 
 obtayne great abundaunce of owre thinges. Thefe affayres thus happely achiueii, he wente forwarde on his 
 vyage to the palaice of kyng Poiu/ia, where he founde fourc younge men whiche were come f.om Daricna to 
 certify hym that there were certayne fliy|)i)es coomme from Ilifpaniola laden wyth vyttayles and other 
 neceflaries. Wherfore takyng with him twentie of his molle liifly fouldiers, he made h \(le to Darinhx with 
 longe iomeys: leauinge the refydue behynd him to folow at their leafure. He writeth that he came to Diiikna 
 the. xilii. Cal. of Fe. An. 15 14. The date of his letter is: From Darieiuu the. iiii. day of march. He writeth 
 in the fame letter, that he had 'nany fore conllictcs, and that Tie was yet neyther wounded, or lofle any of his 
 men in the battaile. And tht ■f.,re. in al his large letter, there is not one leafe without thankes geuynge to 
 almyghty god for his delyi.ery 4nd preferuation from fo many imminent perels. He attempted no enterprife or 
 tooke in hande any viage w* aowt th[ejinuocation of god and his holy faintes. Thus was Vafchns Jta/boa of a 
 vyolente Goliath, tournec .r.to Hdifcus: And from AiUeits too Jlcraiks the conquerour of monflcrs. Beynge 
 therefore thus tourned from a raffhe royfler to a polytyke and difcreate capitaync, he was iudged woorthy to 
 bee aduaunced to greate honoure. By reafon whereof, he was bothe rcceaueel into the kynges fauour, and there- 
 vppon created the general! or Lieuetenaunt of the kynges arm) '.. thofe Regions. Thus much haue I gathered 
 bothe by the letters of certeyne my faythefull frendes beinge in />./ una, and alfo by woorde of mouth of fiiche 
 as came lately frome thenfe. If yowre holynes defyre to knowi.' what I thynke herein, Suerly as by I'liche 
 thynges as I haue feene, I beleue thefe thynges to bee trc -c, euen fo tli[e]or '.r and agreingeof Vafchns and 
 his coompanions warrelyke letters, feeme to confirme ■'.'- fame. The b^janyarde therfore (liall not necde 
 hereafter with vndermynynge the earth with intollerable laboure to brcake the bones of owre mother, and enter 
 mam . . into her bowels, and with innumerable daungers cut in fiinder hole mountaynes to make a waye to 
 the courte of infernall Pluto, to brynge from thenfe wj eked j^uide the feede of innumerable mifcheucs, withowte 
 the whiche notwithftandynge we may nowe '"carfely leatle a h.ippy lyfe fithe iniejuitie hath fo preuayled and 
 made vs flaues to that wherof we are lords by nature : The Spunyarde (I fay) fliall not neede with fuch 
 trauayles and difficultie to dygge farre into the earth for gold, but dial fynde it i^k ntifully in maner in the vpper 
 cruft of the earth, or in the fandcs of ryuers dryed vppe by the heate of fommer, onely waffliynge the earth 
 foftely frome the fame : And (hall with lyke facilite gather plentie of pearles. Certenly the reuerent antiquitie 
 (by al the Cofmographers aflent) obteyned not foo greate a benefyte of nature, nor yet afi)ired to the knowleage 
 hereof, bycaufe there came neuer man before owte of o\vre kno^^en worlde to thefe vnknowen nations: At the 
 leafte, with a poure of men, by force of armes, in maner of conquell : wheras otherwyfe nothyng can be gotten here, 
 forafmuch as thefe nations are for the mofl part feuerc defenders of theyr patrimonies, ami cruell to (Iraungers, in 
 no condition admittinge them other%vyfe then by conqucft : effpecially the fierce Canibales or Caribes. For thefe 
 wylye hunters of men, gyue them felues to none other kynde of exercyfe but onely to manhuntynge and tyllage after 
 their maner. At the commynge therfore of owre men into theyr regions, they loke as fuerly to haue them faule into 
 their fnares as if they were hartes or wylde bores : and with no leffe confydence licke their lippes fecreately in 
 hope of their praye. If they gette the vpper hande, they eate them greedely : If they myftrude them felues to bee 
 the weaker parte, they trufle to theyr feete, and flye fwyfter then the wynde. Ageyne, yf the matter bee tryed 
 on the water, afwell the women as men can dyue and fwymme, as though they had byn euer brought vp and 
 fedde in the water. It is noo maruayle therefore yf the large tracte of thefe regions haue byn liytherto 
 vnknowen. But nowe fithe it hath pleafed God to difcouer the fame in owre tyme, it fliall becoome vs to flicwc 
 owTe naturall loue to mankynde and dewtie to God, to endeuoure owre felues to brynge them to ciuilitie and 
 trewe religion, to th[e]increafe of Chrifl.es flocke, to the confufion of Infidels and the Deuyll theyr father who 
 delytethe in owre deftruction as he hathe doone frome the begynnynge. By the good fuccefle of thefe fyrfl frutes, 
 owre hope is, that the Chriflian religion fliall (Ireache foorth her armes very farre. Which thyng fliulde the 
 fooner coome to palTe yf all menne to theyr poure (efpecially Chrift.ian Princes to whom it chiefely perteyneth) 
 wolde put theyr handes to the plowe of the lordes vineyarde. The harueft fuerly is greate, but the woorkemen 
 are but fewe. As we haue fayde at the beg)'r .:ynge, yowre holynes fliall hereafter nooryflie many myriades o*" 
 broodes of chekins vnder yowre wynges. But let vs nowe returne to fpeake of Beragua beinge the wefte fyde 
 
 o .: 149 
 
 XX pnllllllc uc\>{lt( 
 
 uf wruugtit nuiu 
 
 V.iHchu!i returneth 
 to D.iricna. 
 
 The Koiu! furtune 
 of Va:»chus. 
 
 Vaschii.s W.1S 
 turned from 
 Goli.ith to Kliscus. 
 
 O flaterynge 
 fortune, look \w 
 death in the booke 
 of the IIande[Kl 
 lately founde. 
 
 The earthe is owre 
 general mother. 
 
 T'he courte of 
 inieruall Pluto. 
 
 There is .1 better 
 waye then this. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 conquestes. 
 
 Manhunters 
 104 
 
 The fiersenesse of 
 the Conibales. 
 
 Owre duty to god, 
 and naturall louu 
 to mankynde. 
 
 Th[e]offyce of 
 Chrystian prynces 
 The haruest is 
 great, etc. 
 
 Bfl-agita. 
 
 I . ) 
 
 ill) I 
 
 ,','l 
 
 1:: 1: 
 
 i 
 
 1;:' % 
 
 h ' 
 

 I ■ 
 
 I'h 
 
 \ 
 
 h ; ' 
 
 IJ 
 
 150 
 
 T/ie thynie Decade. 
 
 Nicutta, 
 
 The fourth 
 nauigation uf 
 Colonus the 
 Admirall. 
 
 From Spaine to 
 Hispaniola n 
 thousande and two 
 hundreth leagues 
 
 The florysshing 
 llande of 
 Guanassa. 
 
 Simple people. 
 
 A greate 
 marchaimt. 
 
 105 
 
 The rcgyon of 
 Quiriquetana or 
 Ciainba. 
 
 Gentle people. 
 
 The rcgyons of 
 Tnia and Maia. 
 
 Seuen kyndes of 
 date trees. 
 
 Wylde vines. 
 
 of Vraba, and fyrfl. Tounde by Colonus the Admirall, then vnfortunately gouerned by Diego Niaiefa, and nowe 
 lefte in maner defolate : with the other large regions of thofe prouinces brought from theyr wylde and beadly 
 ludenes to ciuilitie and trewe religion. 
 
 f[ The fovrth booke of the thyrde Decade. 
 
 Was dctennyned (mofle holy flither) to hauc proceded no further herein, but that one fierye 
 fparke yet rcmaynynge in my niynde, wookle not fuffer me to ceafe. VVheras I haue therfore 
 declared howe Beragua was fyrfte fownde by Colonus, my thincke I fliulde commytte a 
 heynous cryme if I fliuld defraude the man of the due commendations of his trauayles, of his 
 cares and troubles, and fynally of the daungeours and perels, whiche he fufteyned in that 
 nauigation. Therfore in the yeare of Chrifte. 1502. in the. vi. daye of the Ides of Maye, he 
 hoyfed vppe his fayles and departed from the Ilandes of Gades with. iiii. lliyppcs of fyftie or. 
 iii. fcore tunne a piece, with a hundreth threfcore and tenne men, and came with profperous wynde to the 
 Ilandes of Canarim within fine daies folowinge, from thenfe arryuinge the. xvi. day at the llande of Dominica 
 beinge the chiefe habitation of the Canibalcs, he fayled from Domiuica to Hifpaniola in fyue other daies. Thus 
 within the fpace of the. xxvi. daies, witl. profperous wynde and by the fwyfte faule of the Ocean from the Eaftc 
 to the weft, he ftiyled from Spaine to Hifpaniola : Which courfe is counted of the mariners to bee no leffe then 
 a thoufixnde and twoo hundrethe leaques. He taryed but a whyle in Hifpaniola, whether it were wyllingly, or 
 that he *vere fo admonifflied of the viceroye. Directing therfore his vyage from thenfe towarde the wefte, 
 leauyng the Ilandes of Cuba and Jamaica on his ryght hande towarde the northe, he wryteth that he chaunfed 
 vppon an llande more fouthewarde then Jamaica, whiche th[e]inhabitantes caule Guanaffa, fo floryffliinge and 
 fnitefull that it myghte feeme an earthlye Paradyfe. Coaftynge alonge by the (liorcs of this llande, he jnettc 
 two of the Canoas or boates of thofe prouinces, whiche were drawne with two naked flaues agcynft the ftreame. 
 In thefe boates, was caryed a ruler of the llande with his wyfe and chyldren, all naked. The flaues feeynge 
 owre men a lande, made fignes to them with proude countenaunce in their maifters name, to ftande owte of the 
 waye, and threatned them if they woolde not gyue place. Their fympelnes is fuche that they nother feared the 
 multitude or poure of owre men, or the greatnes and ftraungenes of owre fliippes. They thought that owre men 
 woolde haue honoured their maifter with like reuerence as they did. Owre men had intelligence at the length 
 that this ruler was a greate marchaunte whiche came to the marte from other coaftes of the llande. For they 
 e.xceryfe byinge and fellynge by exchaunge with their confinies. He had alfo with him good lloore of fuche ware 
 as they ftande in neede of or take pleafure in : as laton belles, rafers, knyues, and hatchettes made of a certeyne 
 fliarpe yelowe bryght ftone, with handles of a ftronge kynd of woodde. Alfo many other necelTary inftrumentes 
 with kychen ftuffe and veflelles for all neceflary vfes. Lykewife flieetes of goflampine cotton wrought of fundrye 
 colours. Owre men tooke hym pryfoner with all his famcly. But Colonus commaunded hym to bee lofcd fliortely 
 after, and the greateft parte of his goodes to bee reftored to wynne his fryndefliippe. IJeinge here inftructed of 
 a lande lyinge further towarde the fouthe, he tooke his vyage thether. Therfore lytle more then tenne myles 
 diftant from henfe, he founde a large lande whiche th[e]inhabitantes cauled Quiriquetana: But he named it 
 Ciamba. When he wente a lande and commaunded his chaj)laine to faye maffe on the fea bankes, a great 
 confluence of the naked inhabitantes flocked thither fymplye and without feare, bringynge with them plenty of 
 meate and freflie water, manieylynge at owre men as they had byn fumme ftraunge miracle. When they had 
 prefented their giftes, they went fumwhat backewarde and made lowe curtefy after their maner bowinge their 
 heades and bodyes reuerently. He recompenfed their gentylnes rewardinge them with other of owre thyngcs, 
 as counters, braflettes and garlandes of glaflie and counterfecte ftoones, lookyng glafles, ncdelles, and pynnes, 
 with fuche other traflie, whiche feemed vnto them precious marchaundies. In this great tracte there are two 
 regions wherof the one is cauled Taia and the other Maia. He writeth that all that lande is very fayre and 
 holfome by reafon of the e.\cellent temperatnefle of the ayer: And that it is inferiour to no lande in frutefuU 
 ground beinge partely full of montaines, and partely large playnes : Alfo replenyflied with many goodly trees, 
 holfome herbes, and frutes, continuynge grcene and floryfliynge all the hole yeare. It beareth alfo verye many 
 holy trees and pyne aple trees. Alfo. vii. kyndes of date trees wherof fumme are frutefull and fumme baren. 
 It bringeth furth lykewyfe of it felfe Pelgoras and wilde vynes laden with grapes euen in the wooddes emonge 
 other trees. He faythe furthermore that there is fuche abundauncc of other pleafaunte and profitable frutes, 
 that they pafle not of vynes. Of one of thofe kyndes of date trees, they make certeyne longe and brode 
 
 IJO 
 
The tityrdc Decade. 
 
 fwoordes and dartes. Thefe regyons beare alfo goffampyne trees here and there commonly in the wooddes. 
 Lykewife Mirobalanes of fundry kyndes, as thofe which the phifitians caule Emblicos and Chebulos, Maizium alfo. 
 Iiicax, Ages, and Battatas, lyke vnto thofe whiche we haue fayde before to bee founde in other regions in thefe 
 coaftes. The fame nooryfllieth alfo lyons, Tygers, Hartes, Roes, (joates, and dyuers other beaftes. Lyke^vyfe 
 fundry kyndes of byrdes and foules : Emonge the whiche they kieiie onely them to franke and feede, whiche 
 are in colour, bygncs, and tafte, muche lyke vnto owre pehennes. He (iiiih that tli[c]inhabitanli.s are of high 
 and goodly flature, well lymnied and proportioned both men and women : Coucrynge their priuye partes with 
 fyne breeches of golfampine cotton wrought with dyuers colours. And that they may feeme the more cuml) e 
 and bewtifull (as they take it) they paynte their bodyes rcdde and blacke with tlie iuce of certeyne apples whiche 
 they plante in their gardens for the fame purpofe. Summe of them paynte their hole bodies : fumme but parte : 
 and other fumme drawe the portitures, of herbes, floures, and knottes, euery one as feemeth belle to his owne 
 phantafye. Their language differeth vtterlye from theirs of the Ilandes nere aboute them. From thefe regions, 
 the waters of the fea ranne with as full courfe towarde the wefle, as if it had byn the (iiule of a fwyfte riuer. 
 Neuertheleffe he determined to fearche the Eafte partes of this lande, reuoluynge in his mynde that tiie regions 
 of Paria and Os Draconis with other coafles founde before toward the Eafle, fliulde bee neare theraboute as in 
 deede they were. Departyng therfore from the large region of Quiriqudana the. .xiii. daye of the calciules of 
 September, when he had failed thirtie leaques, he founde a ryuer, without the mouth wherof he drewe freflie 
 water in the fea. Where alfo the fhoore was fo cleane withowte rockes, that he founde grounde euery 
 where, where he myght aptely cafle anker. He writeth that the fwiftc courfe of the Oaan was fo 
 vehement and contrarye, that in the fpace of fortye dayes he coulde fcanxlye fayle threfcore and tennc 
 leaques, and that with muche diffycultie with many fetches and coomi)afynges, fyndyng him felfe to bee 
 fumtimes repulfed and dryuen farre backe by the vyolente courfe of the fea when he woolde haue taken lande 
 towarde the euenynge, leafte perhappes wanderynge in vnknowen coafles in the darckenelTe of the nyght, he 
 myghte bee in daunger of fliypwracke : He writeth that in the fpace of eyght leaques, he found three great and 
 fayre ryuers vppon the banckes wherof, there grewe reedes bygger then a mannes thygh. In thefe ryuers was alfo 
 greate plentye of fyflie and great tortoyfes : Lykewife in many places, multitudes of Crocodiles lyinge in the fande, 
 and yanyng to take the heate of the foonne ; Befyde dyuers other kyndes of beaftes whervnto he gaue no names. 
 He fayth alfo that the foyle of that lande is very diuers and variable : beyng fumwhere ftonye and full of rough 
 and craggie promontories or poyntes reachynge into the fea. And in other places as frutfuU as maye bee. 
 They haue alfo diuers kynges and rulers. In fumme jilaces they caule a kynge Cacicus: in other places they 
 caule hym Qtiebi, and fumwhere Tiba. Suche as haue behaued them felues valiantly in the warres agoynfte 
 their enemies, and haue their fiices full of fcarres, they caule Cupras, and honour them as the antitiuitie dyd the 
 goddes whiche they cauled Heroes, fuppofed to bee the foules of fuche men as in their lyfe tyme excelled in vertue 
 and noble actes. The common people, they caule C/iiui: and a man, they caule Ho mem. When they (liye in 
 their language, take man, they fay Hoppa home. After this, he came to an other ryuer apte to beare great 
 Ihypppes: Before the mouthe wherof, leye foure fmaule Ilandes full of floriffliing and frutfull trees. 'J'hefe 
 Ilandes he named Qimtuor tempora. From henfe 1 lylynge towarde the Eafte for the fpace of. xiii. lea(iues ftyll 
 ageinfte the vyolent courfe of the water, he founde twelue other fmaule Ilandes. In the whiche bycaufe he 
 founde a newe kynde of frutes muche like vnto owre lemondcs, he cauled them Limonares. Wanderynge yet 
 further the fame waye for the fpace of xii. leacjues, he founde a great hauen enteryng into the land after the 
 maner of a goulfe the fpace of three leaques, and in maner as brode, into the whiche fell a great ryuer. Here 
 was Nieuefa lofte aftenvarde when he foughte Biragua: By reafon wherof they cauled it Hio dc los ptrdUos; that 
 is, the ryuer of the lofte men. Thus Co/onus the Admirall yet further contynuynge his courfe ageynfte the furye 
 of the fea, founde manye hyghe montaynes and horrible valleys, with dyuers ryuers and hauens, from all the 
 whiche (as he faythe) proceaded fweete fauers greatly recreatynge and comfortynge nature. In fo muche that 
 in all this longe tracte there was not one of his men defeafed vntyll he came to a region whiche th[e]inhabitantes 
 caule Quicuri, in the whiche is the hauen cauled Carini, named Mirobalanus by the admyrall bycaufe the 
 Mirobalane trees are natiue in tlie region therabout. In tliis hauen of Cariai, there came about two hundreth 
 of th[e]inhabitantes to the fea fyde with euerye of them three or foure dartes in their handes : Yet of condition 
 gentell enoughe, and not refufyng ftraungers. Their commyng was for none other purpofe then to knowe what 
 this newe nation mente, or what they broughte with them. When owre men hail gyuen them fygnes of jicace, 
 they came wymmynge to the fliyppes and defyred to barter with nem by exchaunge. The admyrall to allure 
 them to frendfliippe, gaue them many of owre thinges: But they refufed them, fufi)ectynge fumme difccate 
 thereby bycaufe he woolde not receyue theirs They wroughte al! by fygnes ; for one vnderftoode not a woorde 
 of the others language. Suche gyftes as were fente them, they lettc or. the fliore and woolde take no part 
 therof. They are of fuche ciuilitye and humanytie, that they efteeme it more honorable to gyue then to take. 
 They fente owre men two younge women beinge vyrgines, of commendable lauour and goodly ftature, 
 
 >«> 
 
 151 
 
 Mirobalanes 
 llyriles and foules 
 
 People of goodly 
 stature 
 
 'I'liey paynt theyr 
 
 boilyes 
 
 TIii; swyftc course 
 of the SL-a fnnn the 
 I'Uist to llie West. 
 
 Frcsshc water in 
 the sea. 
 
 Fetrhes ami 
 
 ctiiii)i.isingc!) 
 
 106 
 
 Faire ryuers. 
 drcat rccdcs 
 Great tortoyses. 
 
 Ilyuers languriKi-'v 
 
 /A» 
 
 i'«(i/Mcr tenipo*n. 
 
 Twehic llatules 
 
 named Limonares 
 
 Rio de hs 
 /•tftiidos. 
 
 'I'he region of 
 Quicun. 
 'I'he hauen 
 of Cariai or 
 Mirobalanus 
 
 Ciuile and 
 humane people 
 
 '^lil 
 
 
 \ 1 
 
 [J! 
 
 
 1 
 
 : i 
 
 \ 
 
 ; 
 
 i'W 
 
 
 \>' 
 
 !f ; 
 
 I \ 
 
 hi' 
 
wm 
 
 >ki 
 
 w 
 
 \ 
 
 152 
 
 T/te thyrde Decade. 
 
 107 
 
 [Trees grow by 
 the sea] syde. 
 
 Trees growynge 
 in the sea after a 
 strauii^e sort. 
 
 Plinie. 
 
 A straunge kynde 
 ofmoonkeys. 
 
 A moonkeye 
 feyghteth with 
 a man. 
 
 A conflict betwcne 
 a monkey and a 
 wyldc bore. 
 
 The bodyes of 
 kynges ciryed and 
 rcserued 
 
 Ctraharo. 
 
 Aburema. 
 
 Cheynes of goldc. 
 
 Plentieofgolde. 
 
 Fiue villages rych 
 in gold. 
 
 Crawnes of lieasis 
 
 clawt 
 
 108 
 
 fygnifyinge vnto them that they myghte take them awaye with them if it were their pleafure. Thefe women 
 after the maner of their countrey, were couered from their ancles fumwhat aboue their priuye partes with a 
 certeyne clothe made of goffampine cotton. But the men are al naked. The women vfe to cutte their heare: 
 But the men lette it growe on the hynder partes of their heades, and cutte it on the fore parte. Their longe 
 heare, they binde vppe with fyllettes, and winde it in fundry rowles as owre maydes are accuftomed to 
 do. The virgins which were fente to the Admiral! he decked in fayre apparell, and gaue them many 
 gyftes, and fente thcym home ageyne. But lykewife all thefe rewardes and apparel they left vppon the fliore 
 bycaufe owre men had refufed their gyftes. Yet tookc he two men away with him (and thofe very wyllyngly) 
 that by lernyng the Spanyflie tonge, he might afterwarde vfe them for interpretours. He confidered that 
 the tractes of thefe coafles were not greately troubeled with vehement motions or ouerflowynges of the fea, 
 forafmuche as trees growe in the fea not farre frome the fliore, euen as tlicy doo vppon the bankes of ryuers. 
 The which thynge alfo other doo afiirme whiche haue latelyer fearclud thof • coalles, declaring that the fea 
 rifeth and fauleth but lyttle there aboute. He fayth furthermore, that in the profpecte of this lande, there are 
 trees engendred euen in the fea, wuich after that they are growen to any height, bende downe the toppes of 
 theyr branches into the grounde: which cmbrafing them caufeth other branches to fprynge owt of the fame, and 
 take roote in the earth, bringynge foorth trees in theyr kynde fucceffiuely as dyd the fyrll roote from whenfe 
 they had theyr originall, as do alfo the fettes of vines when onely bothe the endes therof are put into the 
 grounde. Plinie in the twelfth booke of his natural hillorie maketh mention of fuche trees, defcribynge them 
 to bee on the lande, but not in the fea. The Admirall wryteth alfo that the lyke beaftes are engendered in 
 the coalles of Cariai, as in other prouinces of thefe regions, and fuch as we haue fpoken of before. Yet that 
 there is one founde here in nature much differinge from the other. This bealle is of the byggenes of a greate 
 moonkeye, but with a tayle muche longer and bygger. It lyueth in the wooddes, and remoueth from tree to 
 tree in this maner. Hangynge by the tayle vppon the braunche of a tree, and gatheryng (Irength by fwayinge 
 her bodye twyfe or thryfe too and fro, (he cafteth her felfe from branche to branche and fo from tree to tree as 
 though (he flewe. An archer of owres hurt one of them. Who perceauinge her felfe to be wounded, leapte 
 downe from the tree, and fiercely fet on hym which gaue her the wounde, in fo muche that he was fayne to 
 defende hym felfe with his fwoorde. And thus by chaunce cuttyng of one of her armes, he tooke her, and with 
 muche a doo brought her to the fliips where within a whyle, (hee waxed tame. Whyle (hee was thus kepte 
 and bownde with cheynes, certeyne other of owr hunters hadde chafed a wylde bore owt of the maryflies nere 
 vnto the fea fyde. For hunger and defyre of fleflie, caufed them to take double pleafure in huntynge. In 
 this meane tyme other which remayned in the fliipi)es, goinge a lande to recreate them felues, tooke this 
 moonkey with them. Who, as foone as fliee had efpied the bore, fet vp her bryflels and made towarde her. 
 The bore lykewyfe (liooke his briftcls and whette his teethe. The moonkey furioufly inuaded the bore, wrap- 
 pynge her tayle about his body, and with her arme referued of her victourer, helde hym fo fail aboute the 
 throte, that he Vt'as fuftbcate. Thefe people of Cariai, vfe to drye the deade bodyes of theyr princes vppon 
 hurdels, and fo referue them inuohied in the leaues of trees. As he went forwarde about twentie leagues from 
 Cariai, he founde a goulfe of fuch largenes that it conteyned. xii. leagues in compaffe. In the mouth of this 
 goulfe were foure lyttle Uandes fo nere togyther, that they made a fafe hauen to enter into the goulfe. This 
 goulfe is the hauen which we fayde before to be cauled Cerabaro of th[e]inhabitantes. But they haue nowe 
 lerned that only the lande of tlie one fyde therof, lyinge on the ryght hande at the enterynge of the goulfe, is 
 cauled by that name. But that on the lefte fyde, is cauled Aburema. He faythe that all this goulfe is ful of 
 fruteful Ilandes wel replenyflhed ^.-itn goodly trees : And the grounde of the fea to bee verye cleane withowt 
 rockes, and commodious to cafl. anker: Lykewyfe the fea of the goulfe to haue greate abundance of fyfflie : and 
 the lande of both the fydes to bee inferior to none in frutfulnes. At his fyrll arryuynge, he ef])yed two of 
 th[e]inhabitantes hauynge cheynes about theyr neckes, made of ouches (which they caule Guanines,) of bafe 
 golde artificially wrought in the formes of Eagles, and lions, with dyuers other beaftes and foules. Of the two 
 Cariaians whiche he brought with hym from Cariai, he was enformed that the regions of Cerabaro and Aburema 
 were rych in golde: And that the people of Cariai haue all theyr golde frome thenfe for exchaunge of 
 other of theyr thynges. They towlde hym alfo, that in the fame regions there are fyue vyllages not 
 farre from the fea fyde, whofe inhabitantes apply them felues onely to the gathering of gold The names 
 of thefe vyllages are thefe: Chirara, Puren, Chitaza, lureche, Atamea. All the men of the prouince of 
 Cerabaro, go naked, and are paynted with dyuers coloures. They take great pleafure in wearynge gar 
 landes of floures, and crownes made of the clawes of Lions and Tygers. The women couer onely theyr 
 priuie partes with a fyllet of goffampine cotton. Departinge from henfe and coaftynge ftyll by the fame Ihore 
 for the fpace of xviii. leagues, he came to another ryuer, where he efpyed aboute three hundreth naked men in 
 a company. When they fawe the fliippes drawe neare the lande, they cryed owt aloude, with cruell 
 counienaunces fliakynge theyr woodden fwoordes and hurlynge dartes, takynge alfo water in theyr mouthes and 
 
 1J3 
 
~w\ 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 153 
 
 fpoutyng the fame ageynft our men : wherby they Teemed to infinuate that they wo ilde receaue no condition of 
 peace or haue owght to doo with them. Here he commaunded certeyne pieces ot ordinaunce to be fliot of 
 toward them : Yet fo to ouerfhute them, that none myght be hurt therby. For he euer determyned to deale 
 quietly and peaceably with thefe newe nations. At the noyfe therfore of the gunnes and fyght of the fyer, they 
 fell downe to the grounde, and defyred peace. Thus enteringe into further frendfliippe, they exchaunged theyr 
 cheynes and ouches of golde for glaffes and haukes belles and fuch other marchandies. They vfe drummes or 
 tymbrels made of the (helles of certeyne fea fyfflies, wherewith they encorage theym felues in the warres. In 
 this tract are thefe feuen r)'uers, Acatcba, Quareba, Zobroba, Aiaguitin, Vrida, Diirriba, Btnii^iia, in all the 
 whiche, golde is founde. They defende them felues ageynfte rayne and heate with certeyne great leaues of trees 
 in the fteade of clokes. Departinge from henfe, he fearched the ccafles olEbctere and Etnbigar, into the which 
 faule the goodly ryuers o{ Zo/ioran and Cubigar: And here ceafeth the plentie and fmtefulnes of golde, in the 
 tracte of fiftie leagues or there about. From henfe onely three leagues diflant, is the rocke whiche in the 
 vnfortunate difcourfe ol Niaiefa we fayde was cauled of owre men Pignoncm. But of th[e]inhabitantes the 
 Region is cauled Vibba. In this tracte alfo aboutc fyxe leagues frome thenfe, is the haucn which Co/onus cauled 
 Portus Belliis (wherof we haue fpokenbefore) in the region whiche th[e]inhabitantes caule Xaguagiiara. This 
 region is very peopulous: but they go all naked. The kyng is paynted with blacke colours, but all the people 
 with redde. The kynge and feuen of his noble men, had euery of them a lyttle plate of golde hangynge at theyr 
 nofethrilles downe vnto theyr lyppes. And this they take for a cunily ornamcnte. The menne inclofe theyr 
 priuie members in a lliell: And the women couer theyrs with a fyllet of goflampine cotton tyed about the}T 
 loynes. In theyr gardens they nooryflhe a frute muche lyke the nutte of a pine tree: the whiche (as we haue 
 fayde in an other place) groweth on a flirubbe muche lyke vnto an archichoke: But the fruto is muche fofter, 
 and meate for a kynge. Alfo certeyne trees whiche beare gourdes, wiierof we haue fpoken before. This tree, 
 they caule Hibiiero. In thefe coafles they mette fumtymes with Crocodiles lyinge on the fandes, the whiche 
 when they fled, or tooke the water, they lefte a very fweete fauour behynde them fweeter then muflce or Cajloreutn. 
 When I was fente ambaffadour for the catholike king of Caflile to the Soltane of Babilon or Alcayer in Egipte, 
 th[e]inhabitantes nere vnto the ryuer of Nilus toulde me the like of their female Crocodiles. Affyrmyng 
 furthermore that the fatte or fewette of them is equall in fweetnes witii the pleafaunte gummes of Arabic. But 
 the Admirall was nowe at the length enforced of neceflytie to departe from henfe, afwell for that he was no longer 
 able to abyde the contrarye and vyolente courfe of the water, as alfo that his (hyppes were daily more and more 
 putrified and eaten throwgh with certeyne wormes whiche are engendred of the warmenes of the water in all 
 thofe tractes nere vnto the Equinoctial line. The Venetians caule thefe woormes Biffas. The fame are alfo 
 engendred in two hauens of the citie of Alexandria in Egipt, and dellroye the (hyppes if they lye longe at 
 anker. They are a cubet in length, and fumwhat more: not paflyng the quantitie of a fynger in bygneffe. 
 The Spanyflie mariner cauleth this peftilence Broma. Coloniis therfore whom before the great monfters of the 
 fea coulde not feare, nowe fearyng this Broma, beynge alfo foore vexed with the contrary faule of the fea, directed 
 his courfe with the Ocean towarde the weft, and came firft to the ryuer Ilicbra, diftant onely two leaques from 
 the ryuer of Beragtia, bycaufe that was commodious to harborowe great fliippes. This region is named after the 
 riuer, and is called Beragtia the lefle : Bycaufe bothe the ryuers are in the dominion of the kyng which inhabiteth 
 the region of Beragtia. But what chaunfed vnto hym in this vyage on the ryghte hande and on the lefte, lette 
 vs nowe declare. Whyle therfore Colontis the Admirall remayned yet in the ryuer Hiebra, he fent Bertholomeus 
 Co/onus his brother and Lieuetenaunte of Hifpaniola, with the (liyppe boates and threfcore and. viii. 
 men to the ryuer of Bcragua, where the king of the region beinge naked and painted after the maner of the 
 countrey, came towarde them with a great multitude of men waytynge on hym, but all vnarmed and without 
 weapons, gyuinge alfo fygnes of peace. When he approched nerer, and entered communication with owre men, 
 certeyne of his gentelmen nearefte aboute his perfon, rememberinge the maieftie of a king, and that it ftoode 
 not with his honour to bargen ftondynge, tooke a greate ftoone owte of the ryuci-, waflhynge and rubbynge it 
 veary decently, and fo put it vnder hym with humble reuerence. The kyng thus fyttyng, feemed with fygnes 
 and tokens to infinuate that it fliuld be lawful for owre men to fearche and viewe al the ryuers within his 
 dominion. Wherfore, the vi. day of the Ides of February, leaning his boates with certeyne of his coompany, 
 he wente by lande a foote from the bankes of Beragtia vntyl he came to the ryuer of Duraba, whiche he 
 affimieth to be richer in gold then eyther Hiebra or Beragtia. For gold is engendred in al the riuers of that 
 land. In fo muche that emonge the rootes of the trees growynge by the bankes of the ryuers, and amonge the 
 ftones lefi of the water, and alfo where fo euer they dygged a hole or pyt in the grounde not parte the deapthe 
 of a handfuU and a halfe, they founde the earthe taken owte therof, myxte with golde : Where vppon he deter- 
 myned to fallen his foote there and to inhabyte. Whiche thynge the people of the countrey perceauynge and 
 fmellynge what inconuenyence and myfchiefe myght thereof enfewe to their countrey if they (hulde permitte 
 ftraungers to plante their habitation there, aflembled a great army, and with horrible owte crye aflayled owre 
 
 >51 
 
 Spytefull pcop>. 
 
 Guns make peace. 
 
 Seucn Kolclen 
 ryuerii 
 
 Note, wlicre the 
 ptciute ijfgoUlc 
 ctulcth 
 
 PignoHtm. 
 
 Vibba. 
 
 Portus Betlns. 
 
 Paynted people. 
 
 A strange syglit 
 
 A she! in the 
 ^teede of a 
 codpiece- 
 
 Crocodiles of 
 swcete sauoiir. 
 Alcayr or Babilon 
 in Egipt 
 
 Shippes eaten 
 with worincs. 
 
 Alexandria in 
 Egypte. 
 
 Broma, 
 
 Hiebra. 
 
 Beragua. 
 
 109 
 
 How the king of 
 Beragua 
 enterteyncd the 
 lyeuetenaunte. 
 
 Their reuerence to 
 the- kynge. 
 
 Golde in the ryuer 
 Duraba. 
 
 Great plenty of 
 golde. 
 
 m 
 
 I ID! I 
 
 :1 
 
 " j 
 
 
 -l\ 
 
 l^\ 
 
 inti. 
 
 l\h 
 
 If , 
 
'mmr 
 
 J 
 
 u 
 
 h 
 
 ! n 
 
 ■:'i i ! ! 
 
 \ 
 
 154 
 
 Slynges am) 
 dartes. 
 
 Liberty more 
 esteemed th(.>n 
 ryches. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 arc dryuen to 
 flighU 
 
 The Ilande of 
 laniaica. 
 
 A myserable ^se. 
 
 110 
 
 Necessytie hath 
 no lawe howe 
 farre lyfe is to bee 
 
 esteemed. 
 
 A daungerous 
 enterpryse. 
 
 Sufictus 
 Dominicus. 
 
 I.aiides found by 
 Culonus. 
 
 Temperate regions 
 and nuUome aier 
 
 Ceraharo. 
 Uiebra. 
 Beragua, 
 Kxpurte myners. 
 
 A sodly nature in 
 golde. 
 
 Cluldsn haruest. 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 men (who had nowe begoonne to buylde houfes) foo defperately that they were fcarcely able to abyde the 
 fyrfte brunte. Thefe naked barbarians at their fyrft approche, vfed onely flynges and dartes: But when they 
 cp-me nearer to hande (Irookes, they foughte with their woodden fwoordes whiche they caule Machatias, as wee 
 iiaue fayd before. A man woolde not thinke what great malice and wrath was kyndeled in their hartes ageinll 
 owre men : And with what defperate myndes they fought for the defenfe of their lybertie whiche they more 
 efleeme then lyfe or lycheffe. For they were nowe fo voyde of all feare, and contemnynge deathe, that they 
 neyther feared longe bowes or croflebowes, nor yet (whiche is moolle to be marueyled) were any thynge 
 difcouraged at the terryble noyfe of the gunnes fliotte of from the fhyppes. They retyred once. But fliortly 
 after encreafynge their noumber, they returned more fiercely then at the fyrfte. They woolde haue byn 
 contented to haue receyued owre men frendly as (Iraungers, but not as inhabitours. The more inftante that 
 owre men were to remaine, fo muche the greater multitude of bortherers flocked togyther dayly, difturbyng them 
 both nyght and daye fumtymes on the one fyde and fumtymes on the other. The fliyps lying at anker neare 
 vnto the fliore, warded them on the backe halfe. But at the length they were fayne to forfake this lande, and 
 retoume backe the fame way by the which they came. Thus with much diffyculty and danger, they came to 
 the Hand of Jamaica lyenge on the fouth fyde of Hifpaniola and Cuba, with their fliyppes as full of holes as 
 fieues, and fo eaten with woormes, as though they had byn bored through with wimbles. The water entered 
 fo fafte at the ryftes and holes, that if they had not with the paynefuU labour of their handes empted the fame 
 as fafte, they were lyke to haue peryfflied. Where as yet by this meanes they arryued at Jamaica, althoughe 
 in maner halfe deade. But their calamitie ceafed not here. For as faft as their Ihyppes leaked, their ftrengthe 
 dimynifflied fo that they were no longer able to keepe theym from fynkynge. By reafon wherof, faulynge into 
 the handes of the barbarians, and inclofed withowte hope of departure, they led their lyues for the fpace of 
 tenne monthes emong the naked people more myferably then euer dyd Achemenides emonge the gyantes cauled 
 Ciclopes: rather lyuing then beinge eyther contented or fatifiied with the ftrange meates of that Ilande : and 
 that onely at futa tymes as pleafed the barbarians to giue them part of theirs. The deadly enmity and malice 
 whiche thefe barbarous kinges beare one ageinft an other, made greatly with owre men. For at fuche tymes 
 as they attempted warre ageinft their bortherers they woold fumtymes gyue owTe men parte of theyr breade to 
 ayde them. But howe myferable and wretched a thyng it is to lyue onel^ with breade gotten by beggynge, 
 yowre holyneffe maye eafylye coniecture : Efpecially where all other accuftomed foode is lackynge, as wyne, 
 oyle, fleffhe, butter, chiefe, and milke, wherwith the ftomakes of owr people of Europe haue euer byn noorifftied 
 euen from their cradelles. Therfore as neceffyty is fubiecte to no lawe, fo doothe it enforce men to attempte 
 defperate aduentures. And thofe the foner, which by a certeyne nobylytie of nature do no further efteeme 
 lyfe then it is ioyned with fumme felicity. Bertholomcus Colonus therfore, intendynge rather to proue what god 
 woolde do with hym and his companyons in thefe extremities, then any longer to abide the fame, commaunded 
 Diegus Mendez his fteward with two guydes of that Ilande whome he had hyred with promyffes of great rewardes 
 at their retoume, to enter into ne of their canoas and take their viage to Hifpaniola. Beynge thus toffed on 
 the fea two and fro from rocke too rocke by reafon of the fhorteneffe and narownes of the canoa, they arryued 
 at the length at the lafte corner of Hifpaniola, beynge diftante from Jamaica fortie leagues. Here his guydes 
 departynge from hym, returned ageine to Colonus for the rewardes which he had promyfed them. But Diegus 
 Mendez wente on forward a foote vntyll he came to the citie cauled SanHus Doininiats beynge the chiefe and 
 heade citye of the Ilande. The ofTycers and rulers of Hifpaniola, beinge enformed of the matter, appoynted 
 hym two fliyppes whenvith he retourned to his maifter and coompanions. As he founde them, foo came they 
 to Hifpaniola, verye feeble and in maner naked. What chaunced of them afterwarde, I knowe not as yet. 
 Lette vs nowe therfore leaue thefe particulers, and fpeake fumwhat more of generals. In al thofe tractes whiche 
 we fayde here before to haue bynne found by Colonus the Admyrall, bothe he hym felfe writeth, and all his 
 coompanyons of that vyage confefle, that the trees, herbes, and frutes, are floryftiing and greene all the hole 
 yeare, and the ayer fo temperate and holefome, that of all his coompanye there neuer fell one man fycke, nor 
 yet were vexed eyther with extreme coulde or heate for the fpace of fyftie leagues from the great hauen of 
 Cerabaro to the ryuers of Hiebra and Beragua. Th[e]inhabitantes of Cerabaro, and the nations whiche are 
 betwyxte that and the fayde ryuers, applye not them felues to the gatherynge of golde but onely at certeyne 
 tymes of the yeare : And are very experte and cunnyng herein, as are owre myners of fyluer and Iren. They 
 knowe by longe experience in what places golde is moofte abundantly engendred : as by the colour of the 
 water of the ryuers, and fuche as faule from the montaynes: And alfo by the colour of the earthe and ftones. 
 They beleue a certeyne godly nature to be in golde, forafmuche as they neuer gather it excepte they vfe 
 certeyne relygious expiations or pourgynge, as to abfteyn from women, and all kyndes of plefures and delycate 
 meates and drinkes, during all the tyme that their golden harueft laftethe. They fuppofe that men do naturally 
 lyue and dye as other beaftes do, and therfore honour none other thynge as god. Yet doo they praye to the 
 foonne, and honour it when it ryfeth. But lette vs nowe fpeake of the montaines and fituation of thefe landes 
 
 >J4 
 
mf 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 155 
 
 From all the fea bankes of thefe regyons, exceding great and hyghe mountaynes are feene towarde the Southe, 
 yet reachynge by a continuall tracte from the Eafte into the wefle. By reafon wherrr ' f"ppofe that the two 
 greate feas (wherof I haue fpoken larg[e]ly before) are deuided with thefe montaynes a were with bulwarkes, 
 leaile they flioulde ioyne and repugne, as Italye deuideth the fea cauled Tirrhenum, from the fea Adriatyke, 
 which is nowe commonly cauled the goulfe of Venes. 
 
 For whiche waye foo euer they fayled from the poynt cauled Promoiitoriiim, S. Augit/lini (whiche perteyneth 
 to the Portugales and profpecteth ageynfte the fea Atlantike) euen vnto Vraba and the hauen Cerabaro, and to 
 the furtheft landes found hytherto weftwarde, they had euer greate mountaynes in fyghte both nere hande and 
 farre of, in all that longe rafe. Thefe mountaynes were in fume place, fmooth, pleafaunt and frutfull, full of 
 goodly trees and herbes: And fumwhere, hygh, rowgh, ful of rockes, and baren, as chaunfeth in the famus 
 mountaynes of Taurus in Afia, and alfo in dyuers coaftes of our mountaynes of Apenitini, and fuche other of 
 lyke byggeneffe. The rydgies alfo of thefe mountaynes are diuided with goodly and fayre valleis. That part 
 of the mountaynes which includeth the lymettes of Beragiia, is thought to be hygher then the clowdes, in fo 
 much that (as they faye) the tops of them can feldome bee feene for the multitude of thicke clowdes which are 
 beneath the fame. Colonus the Admirall the fyrfle fynder of thefe regions, affirmeth that the toppes of the 
 montaynes of Beragua are more then fiftie myles in heyghth. He fayth furthermore that in the fame region 
 at the rotes of the montaynes the way is open to the fouth fea, and compareth it as it were betwene Venice and 
 Genua, or lanua as the Genues \vyll haue it cauled, whiche fable that theyr citie was buylded of lanus. He 
 affirmeth alfo that this lande reacheth foorth towarde the fouth : And that from henfe it taketh the begynnynge 
 of breadth, lyke as from the Alpes owte of the narowe thygh of Italy, we fee the large and mayne landes of 
 Fraunce, Germanye, and Pannonye, to the Sarmatians and Scythyans, euen vnto the mountaynes and rockes of 
 Riphea and the frozen fea, and embrafe ther\vith as with a continuall bonde, all T[h]racia, and Grecia, with all that 
 is included within the promontorie or poynt of Maka and Hellefpontus fouthwarde, and the fea Euxinus and the 
 maryfflies of Mxotis in Scythia northwarde. The Admirall fuppofethe, that on the lefte hande in faylynge 
 towarde the wefle, this lande is ioyned to India beyonde the ryuer of Ganges: And that on the ryght hande 
 towarde the North, it bee extended to the frofen fea, beyonde the Hyperboreans and the North pole : So that 
 both the feas (that is to meane that fouth fea which we fayde to bee founde by Vafchus, and owre Ocean) 
 fliulde ioyne and meete in the corners of that lande : And that the waters of thefe feas doo not onely inclofe 
 and compaffe the fame withowt diuifion as Europe is inclofed with the feas of Hellefpontus and Tanais, with the 
 frofen Ocean and owre fea of Tyrrhenum with the Spanyfflie feas. But in my opinion, the vehement courfe of 
 the Ocean toward the wefte, doth fignifie and lette that the fayde two feas Ihulde not fo ioyne togither: But 
 rather that that land is adherent to the firme landes towarde the Northe, as we haue fayde before. It (hall 
 fuffice to haue fayde thus muche of the length hereof. Let vs nowe therfore fpeake fumwhat of the breadth of 
 the fame. We haue made mention before howe the fouth fea is diuided by narowe lymittes from owre Ocean, as 
 it was proued by th[e]experience of Vafchus Nunnez and his coompanions which fyrft made open the way 
 thyther. But as dyuerfly as Ae mountaynes of owre Alpes in Europe are fumwhere narowe and in fume place 
 brode, euen fo by the lyke prouidence of nature, this lande in fume parte reacheth farre in breadth, and is in 
 other places coarcted with narowe limettes from fea to fea, with valleys alfo in fume places, wherby men maye 
 pafTe from the one fyde to the other. Where we haue defcrybed the regions of Vraha and Beragua to bee fituate, 
 thefe feas are diuided by fmaule diftaunce. Yet owght we to thynke the region which the great ryuer of 
 Maragnonus runneth through, to bee very large if we (hall graunt Maragnonuni to bee a ryuer and no fea, as the 
 frefhe waters of the fame owght to perfuade vs. For in fuche narowe caues of the earth, there can bee no 
 fwalowing goulfes of fuch bygneffe as to receaue or nooryflie fo great abundance of water. The lyke is alfo to 
 bee fuppofed of the great ryuer of Dabaiba which we fayde to bee from the comer of the goulfe of Vraba in 
 fume place of fortie fathomes depth, and fumwhere fiftie: Alfo three myles in breadth, and fo to faule into the 
 fea. We muft needes graunt that the earth is brode there, by the whiche the ryuer paffeth from the hyghe 
 mountaynes of Dabaiba from the Eafte and not from the well. They fay that this ryuer confifleth and taketh 
 his cncreafe of foure other ryuers faulynge from the mountaynes ol Dabaiba. Owre men caule this ryuer 
 ^';tmen. S. lohannis. They fay alfo that from henfe it fauleth into the goulfe of Vraba by feuen mouthes as 
 auothe the ryuer of Nilus into the fea of Egypte. Lykewyfe that in the fame region of Vraba there are in fume 
 places narowe (Ireyghtes not paflynge fyftene leaques : and the fame to bee faluage and withowt any paflage by 
 reafon of dyuers maryfflies and defolate wayes, which the Latines caule Lamas: But the Spanyardes accordynge 
 to their varietie, caule them Tremedaks, Trampales, Cenegales, Sumideros, and Zahondadcros. But before we 
 paffe any further, it fliall not bee greatly from owr purpofe to declare from whenfe thefe mountaynes of Dabaiba 
 haue theyr name accordynge vnto th[e]antiquities of th[e]inhabitantes. They faye therefore that Dabaiba was 
 a woman of greate magnanimitie and wyfedome emonge theyr prediceflburs in owlde tyme : whom in her lyfe, 
 all th[e]inhabitantes of thofe prouinces did greatly reuerence, and bcinge deade gaue her diuine honour and 
 
 Hyghe and greate 
 mountaynes. 
 
 Tyrrhennum is 
 
 nowL cauled 
 
 Tuscane 
 
 Cap, S. A ugustini. 
 
 Vraba* 
 
 Cerabarc, 
 
 Frutful 
 
 mountaynes. 
 
 Apennini are 
 
 niountajr-nes 
 
 which diuide 
 
 Italy into. ii. 
 
 partes 
 
 Beragua 
 
 The mount.iynes 
 
 of Beragua higher 
 
 then the cloudes. 
 
 Montaynes of 
 
 fiftie miles heyght. 
 
 Ill 
 
 laniis otherwyse 
 cauled laphct, the 
 son of Noe. 
 
 Italy is lyke vnto 
 a Icgge in the 
 sea, and the 
 mountaynes of the 
 alpcs, are in the 
 thyghe thereof 
 
 Colonus his 
 opinion of the 
 supposed 
 Continent 
 lly this coniecturet 
 the way shuld be 
 open to Cathay by 
 the hiperboreans 
 
 Looke the 
 nauigation of 
 Cabote. dcca[dt;j. 
 ill lib. vi. 
 
 The breadth of 
 tlie lande 
 
 The regions uf 
 Vraba and 
 Ijcragua. 
 
 The greate riuer 
 Maragnonus. 
 
 The {greate riucr 
 Dabaiba, or sanci> 
 lohannis. 
 
 The r>'ers haue 
 theyr increase 
 from the spryngcs 
 of the montaynes. 
 
 The ryuer of Nilu: 
 in Egypte. 
 
 Marisshes and 
 desolate wayes. 
 A superstitious 
 opinion of 
 tn[e]originalI of 
 montaines of 
 Dabaiba. 
 
 
 ' \ 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 ■ ' li 
 
 
 1, ' 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 (■ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 H' 
 
 \ ,!-■ 
 
 » . I 
 
 .■M 
 
 I! 
 
 HI 
 
 ): :1 ■ 
 
 ll\ 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 i ' I 
 
 n- 
 
 '5S 
 
 M i 
 
 ' '1 
 
 i. )i 
 
 ! 
 
3 ». ■ 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 156 
 
 TAe thyrde Decade. 
 
 112 
 
 Dragons and 
 crocodiles in the 
 marishes 
 
 The hauen 
 Cerabaro. 
 
 Twentic golden 
 ryuers. 
 
 Precious stones. 
 
 A precious 
 dieinonde of 
 excedynge bygnes. 
 
 Topases. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 cnntemne 
 efTeminate plestircs 
 
 Sweete sauours. 
 
 A similitude 
 prouing great 
 pleiuie of golde 
 and precious 
 stones. 
 
 The hauen of 
 Sancta Martha. 
 Cariau 
 
 The heroical 
 factes of the 
 Spaniardes. 
 
 113 
 
 named the region '.fter her name, beleuynge that fliee fendeth thunder and lyghtnynge to deftroy the frutes of 
 the earth yf fliee bee angered, and to fend plentie if (hee bee well pleafed. This fuperftition hathe byn 
 perfuaded them by a craftie kynde of men vnder pretenfe of religion to th[e]intent that they might enioye fuche 
 gyftes and oflferinges as were brought to the place where fliee was honoured. This is fufficient for this purpofe. 
 They faye furthermore that the maryfflies of the narowe lande wherof we haue fpoken, brynge foorth great 
 plentie of Crocodiles, dragons, battes, and gnattes beinge very hurtfuU. Therefore when fo euer they take any 
 iorney towarde the fouthe, they go owte of the way towarde the mountaynes, and efchewe the regions neare vnto 
 thofe perelous fennes or maryflies. Sume tliinke that there is a valley lyinge that way that the ryuer runneth 
 which owre men caule Rio de los perdidos, that is, the ryuer of the loft men (fo named by the miffortune whiche 
 there befell to Nicuefa and his coompany) and not far diftant from the hauen Cerabaro whiche diuideth thofe 
 mountaynes towarde the fouth. But let vs nowe fyniflie this booke with a fewe other thynges woorthy to bee 
 noted. They fay therefore that on the ryght hande and lefte hande frome Darkiia, there are twentie ryuers in 
 all the whiche, greate plentie of golde is founde. Being demaunded what was the caufe why they brought no 
 greater abundance of golde from thenfe, they anfwered that they lacked myners : And that the men which they 
 tooke w'th them from Spayne thyther, were not accuftomed to laboure, but for the mofte parte brought vp 
 in the warres. This lande feemeth alfo to promefle many precious ftones. For befyde thofe which I fayde 
 to bee founde neare vnto Cariai and SanHa Martha, one Andreas Moralis a pylot (who had trauayled 
 thofe coaftes with Johannes de la Coffa whyle he yet lyued) had a precious diamonde which he bought of a 
 naked younge man in the region of Ciimana in the prouince of Paria. This ftone was as longe as two 
 ioyntes of a mans middell fynger, and as bygge as the fyrft ioynte of the thumme : beinge alfo paynted on euery 
 fyde, confiftynge of eyght fquares perfectly formed by nature. They fay that with this they made fcarres in 
 anuilles and hammers, and brake the teethe of fyles, the ftone remaynyng vnperyfflied. The younge 
 man of Cwnaiia, wore this ftone aboute his necke emonge other ouches, and foulde it to Andreas Moralis 
 for fyue of our counterfect ftones made of glafle of dyuers colours wherwith the ignorant younge man was greatly 
 delyted. They founde alfo certeyne topafes on the fliore. But th[e]eft.imation of golde was fo farre entered 
 into the heades of o\vre men, that they had no regarde to ftones. Alfo the moft part of the Spanyardes, do 
 lawgh them to fcorne which vfe to weare many ftones : fpecially fuch as are common : ludginge it to bee an 
 effeminate thynge, and more meete for women then men. The noble men onely when they celebrate folemne 
 mariages, or fet forth any triumphes, weare cheynes of gold byfet with precious ftones, and vfe fayre apparell of 
 fylke embrothered with golde intermixt with pearles and precious ftones: And not at other tymes. They 
 thynke it no leffe effeminate for men to fmell of the fweete fauours of Arabic : And iudge hym to bee infected 
 with fum kynde of fylthy lechery, in whom they fmell the fauour of muflie or Cajloreutn. But lyke as by one 
 apple taken from a tree, we may perceyue the tree to bee frutfuU, and by one fyflie taken in a ryuer, we may 
 knowe that fyftie is ingendered in the fame, euen fo, by a lyttel gold, and by one ftone, we owght to confyder 
 that this lande bringeth forthe great plentie of golde and precious ftones. What they haue found in the porte 
 of SanHa Martha in the region of Cariai when the hole nauye paffed therby vnder the gouemaunce of Feirus 
 Arias and his coompany with certeine other of the kynges offycers, I haue fuffyciently declared in his place. 
 To be fliorte therefore, all thynges do fo floryfflie, growe, encreafe, and profper, that the lafte are euer better 
 then the fyrfte. And furely to declare my opinion herin, what fo euer hath heretofore byn difcouered by the 
 famous trauayles of Saturniis and Hercules, with fuch other whom the antiquitie for their heroical factes honoured 
 as goddes, feemeth but lyttell and obfcure if it be compared to the Spanyardes victorious laboures. Thus I byd 
 yowre holynes fare well, defyringe yowe to certifye me howe yowe lyke thefe fyrfte frutes of the Ocean, that 
 beyng encoraged with yowre exhortations, I maye the gladlyer and with leffe tedioufneffe write fuche thynges as 
 (hal chaunce herafter. 
 
 The 
 
 FYFT BOOKE OF THE THIRDE DECADE. 
 
 L fuche lyuynge creatures as vnder the cercle of the moone bringe forthe any thynge, are 
 accuftomed by th[e]inftincte of nature as foone as they are delyuered of their byrthe, eyther 
 to clofe vppe the matrice, or at the leafte to bee quyete for a fpace. But owre moofte frute- 
 fuU Ocean and newe woorlde, engendereth and bringeth furthe dayly newe byrthes wherby 
 men of great wytte, and efpecially fuche as are ftudyous of newe and meruelous thinges, may 
 haue fumwhat at hand wherwith to feede their myndes. If yowre holyneffe do aflce to what 
 purpofe is al this, ye fhal vnderftand, that I had fcarcely fynyfflied the hiftorye of fuche thynges 
 as chaunfed to Vafchus Nunnez and his coompanye in their vyage to the fouthe fea, when foodenly there came 
 156 
 
TTv) ' 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 157 
 
 newe letters from Petrus Arias the newe gouemour whom the kyng hai i appoynted the yeare before with an 
 army of men and a nauye of fliippes to fayle to thefe newe landes. He fygnifyeth by his letters, that he with 
 his nauye and coompany, arryued all fafelye. Furthermore, lohannes Cabedus (whome yowre holynes at the 
 requefte of the mofte catholyke kynge had created byffhoppe of that prouynce of Dariena) and three other of 
 the chiefe offycers ioined in commiffion to be his aflyftance, as Alfonfus de Ponte, Diegiis Marques, and lohannes 
 de Tauira, confyrmed the fame letters and fubfcribed them with their names. The nauygation therfore of 
 Petrus Arias, was in this maner. The daye before the Ides of Apryll, in the yeare of Chrifte. 1514. he hoyfed 
 vppe his fayles in the towne of faincte Lucar de Barrameda, fytuate in the mouthe of the ryuer Bcetis, whiche 
 the Spaniardes nowe caule Guadalchebir. The feuen Ilandes of Canaria are about foure hundreth niyles diftant 
 from the place where this riuer fauleth into the fea. Summe thinke that thefe are the Ilandes which the owlde 
 writers did caule the fortunate Ilandes. But other thynke the contrary. The name of thefe Ilandes, are thefe. 
 The two whiche appere fyrfte in fyght, are named Lanzelota and Fortifuentura. On the backehalfe of thefe, 
 lyeth Magna Canaria or Grancanaria. Beyonde that is Tenerife: and Gomcra fumwhat towarde the nortlie 
 frome that Palma and Ferrea, lye behynde as it were a bulwarke to all the other. Petrus Arias therfore, arriued 
 at Gotnera the eyghte daye after his departure, with a nauye of. xvii. ftiippes and a. M. [thousand] and fyue 
 hundreth men, althoughe there were onely a thoufand and two hundreth aflygned hym by the kynges letters. 
 It 'f= layde furthermore that he lefte behynd hym more then two thoufande verye penfyue and fyghynge that 
 they alfo myght not be receaued, proferynge them felues to go at their owne charges. He taried. xvi. dayes in 
 Gotnera to th[e]intente to make prouyfyon of fuell and freflie water: But chiefely to repayre his (hyppes beynge 
 fore brofed with tempeftes, and efpecially the gouemours fliippe whiche had lofle the rudder. For thefe 
 Ilandes are a commodious reftynge place for all fuche as intende to attempte any nauygations in that mayne 
 fea. Departynge from henfe in the nones of Maye, he fawe no more lande vntyll the thirde daye of lune, 
 at the whiche he arriued at Dominica an Ilande of the Canibales, being diftant from Gotnera aboute eyght 
 hundreth leaques. Here he remayned foure dayes, makinge newe prouifion of frelhe waler and fuell, durynge 
 whiche tyme he fawe no man nor yet any fteppes of men : But founde plentie of fea crabbes and greate lyfartes- 
 From henfe he fayled by the Ilandes of Matinina (otherwyfe cauled Madatiino) Guadalupea, and Galanta 
 (otherwyfe cauled Galana) of all whiche, we haue fpoken in the fyrile decade. He pafled alfo throughe 
 the fea of herbes or weedes, continuyng a long tracte. Yet nother he, nor Colotius the Admyrall (who 
 fyrfte founde thefe Ilandes and fayled through this fea of weedes) haue declared anye reafon howe 
 thefe weedes Ihoulde coome. Summe thynke the fea too be verye muddye there, and that thefe weedes 
 are engendered in the bottome therof, and fo beynge loofed, to afcende to the vppermoofte parte of the 
 water, as wee fee oftentymes chaunce in certeyne ftondynge pooles, and fumtymes alfo in greate ryuers. 
 Other fuppofe that they are not engendered there, but to bee beaten from certeyne rockes by the 
 vyolence of the water in tempeftes. And thus they leaue the matter in dowte: Neyther haue they yet 
 any certeyne experyence whether they ftycke fafte and gyue place to the fliyppes, or wander loofe vppon 
 the water. But it is to bee thought that they are engendered there. For otherwyfe they Ihulde bee dryuen 
 togyther on heapes by th[e]ympulfyon of the fliyppes euen as a beafome gathereth the fwepynges of a houfe, and 
 fliulde alfo lette the courfe of the fliyppes. The fourth day after that he departed frome Domitiica, the hyghe 
 mountaynes couered with fnowe (wherof we haue fpoken in the feconde decade) appered vnto hym. They faye 
 that there the feas ninne as fwyftely towarde the wefte, as it were a ryuer faulyng from the toppes of hyghe 
 montaynes: Although they fayled not directly toward the weft, but inclined fumwhat to the fouth. From thefe 
 montaynes fauleth the ryuer of Gaira, famous by the flaughter of owre men at fuch tyme as Rodericus 
 Colmenares pafled by thofe coaftes as we haue Ikyde before. Lykewyfe many other fayre ryuers haue their 
 originall from the fame montaynes. This prouynce (in the whiche is, alfo the regyon of Caramairi) hath in it 
 two notable hauens, of the which owre men named the one Carthago or Carthagetia, and the other SanHa 
 Martha, the region wherof, th[e]inhabitantes caule Saturma. The porte of SatiHa Martha, is nearer to the 
 montaines couered with fnowe cauhd Monies Niuales: for it is at the rootes of the fame montaines. But the 
 hauen of Carthago, is more weftewarde aboute fyftie leaques. He writeth marueylous thynges of the hauen of 
 Satilh Martha, whiche they alfo confirme that came lately from thenfe : Of the which younge Vefpuiius is one 
 to whom Atnericus Vefputius his vncle (being a Florentine borne) left the exact knowlege of the mariners 
 facultie, as it were by inheritance after his death for he was a very expert maifter in the knowledge of his 
 carde, his compafle, and the eleuation of the pole ftarre with all that perteineth therto. This younge Vefputius 
 was aflygned by the kyng to bee one of the maifters of the gouemours fliyppe, bicaufe he was cunninge in 
 iudgyng the degrees of the eleuation of the pole ftarre by the quadrante. For the charge of gouemynge the 
 rudder, was chiefely coommytted to one lohannes Serratius a Spaniarde, who had oftentymes ouer runne thofe 
 coaftes. Vefputius is my verye familyar frende, and a wyttie younge man in whofe coompany I take great 
 pleafure, and therefore vfe hym oftentymes for my gefte. He hath alfo made many vyagcs into thefe coaftes, and 
 
 »J7 
 
 !i 
 
 ! The byishop of 
 , Dariena. 
 
 The natiigation of 
 Petrus Anas. 
 
 Saint Lucar. 
 
 The Hand u( 
 Canarie. 
 
 Prouision of 
 fresshe water and 
 fuell. 
 
 The Iland of 
 Dominica. 
 
 Guadalupea, 
 otherwyse cauled 
 Carucucria, or 
 Queraquiera. 
 
 The sea of herbes. 
 
 114 
 
 These mountaynes 
 arc cauled Muntes 
 Niualcs or Scrra 
 Ncuata, decade ii. 
 liber, i. and it 
 The swyfte course 
 of the sea towarde 
 the west 
 The ryuer Gaira. 
 Caramairi, 
 Carthago. 
 Saturma. 
 
 Mountaynes 
 couered with 
 
 A mericus 
 ygsputius. 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 \ M 
 
 "ti 
 
 !..% 
 
 , I \ 
 
 V ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ' . 
 !,p. 
 
 i- 
 
 il'-l 
 
 (! 
 
 11 
 
 
 |;j 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
rmr 
 
 ■I 
 
 V.{ 
 
 \ 
 
 iS8 
 
 T/ie thyrde Decade. 
 
 The Rlmilnes nf 
 the liarbarians. 
 
 The Canibalcs 
 feyKht in the 
 water. 
 
 The vso of eunnes. 
 
 The gencracion of 
 thunder and 
 lyghtnynge. 
 
 Mtttora. 
 
 Veneiuouii arrowes 
 
 115 
 
 Plentie of fysshe. 
 
 Cunnynge 
 fysshers. 
 
 The>T householde 
 stuffe. 
 
 TapWstry. 
 
 A straunge 
 phantasy. 
 
 This is he whom 
 Caidanus praiseth. 
 
 Precious stones 
 The Smar.igde is 
 the trew cmiTode 
 Another kind uf 
 amber is founde 
 in whales. 
 Gold and brasile. 
 
 Afarchasites are 
 flowers of metals, 
 by the colours 
 wherof, the kyndes 
 of metals are 
 knoweiL 
 
 These locustes 
 burne the come 
 with toching and 
 deuoure the 
 residewe the;^ are 
 in India of iu. 
 foote length. 
 
 diligently noted fuche thinges as he hath feene. Petrus Arias therfore writeth, and he confyrmeth the fame, 
 that th[e]inhabitantes of thefe regyons tooke their originall of the Caribes or Canibales, as appeared by the 
 defperate fiercenes and crueltie which they oftentymes (hewed to owre men when they paffed by their coaftes. 
 Suche (loutenes and fortitude of mynde is naturallye engendered in thefe naked Barbarians, that they feared not 
 to aflayle owre hole nauy and to forbyd them to coome a land. They feyght with venemous arrowes as we haue 
 fayde before. Perceauynge that owre men contempned their threatnynges, they ranne furioufly into the fea, 
 euen vppe to the breaftes, nothynge fearinge eyther the bygnes or multitude of owre (hyppes, but ceafed not 
 continually beinge thus in the water, to caft dartes and fliute their venemows arrowes as thickr is hayle: In fo 
 muche that owre men had bynne in great daunger if they had not byn defended by the cages or pauiHes 
 of the (hyppes and their targettes. Yet were two of them wounded whiche died (hortely after. But this 
 conflycte continued fo (harpe, that at the length owre men were enforced to (hute of their bygged pieces of 
 ordinaunce "vith haylelhotte: At the (laughter and terrible noyfe wherof the barbarians beynge fore difcomtited 
 and (haken with feare, thynkynge the fame to be thunder and lyghtnynge, toumed their backes and fledde 
 amayne. They greately feare thunder bycaufe thefe regions are oftentymes vexed with thunder and lyghtnynge 
 by reafon of the hyghe montaynes and neareneflTe of the fame to the region of the ayer wherin fuch fierie 
 tempeftes are engendered which the philofophers caule Meteora. And all be it that owre men had nowe dryuen 
 their enemyes to flyght, and fawe them difparcled and owte of order, yet dowted they and were of dyuers 
 opinions whether they (hulde purfue them or not On the one partie, (hame pricked them forwarde, and on the 
 other fyde feare caufed them to cade many perelles, efpecially confyderynge the venemous arrowes whiche thefe 
 barbarians canne direct fo certeynely. To departe from theym with a drye foote (as feithe the prouerbe) with fo 
 great a nauye and fuche an armye, they reputed it as a thynge greately foundynge to their reproche and di(honour. 
 At the length therfore (hame ouercommyng feare, they purfued them and came to land with their (hippeboates. The 
 gouemoure of the nauie, and alfo Vefputius doo wryte, that the hauen is no lelTe then three leagues in compaffe, 
 beinge alfo fafe withowt rockes, and the water therof fo clere, that a man may fee pybble (lones in the bottome 
 twentie cubettes deape. They faye lykewyfe that there fauleth twoo fayre ryuers of fref(he water into the 
 hauen : but the fame to bee meeter to beare the canoas of thefe prouinces then anye bygger veffels. It is a 
 delectable thynge to heare what they tel of the plentie and varietie, and alfo of the pleafaunt tad of the fyflhes 
 afwel of thefe riuers as of the fea there about. By reafon wherof they founde here many fyflher boates and 
 nettes woonderfully Avrcught of the ftalkes of certeyne herbes or weedes dryed and tawed and wrethed with 
 cordes of fpunne go(rampine cotton. For the people of Caranmiri, Gaira, and Saturma, are very cunnynge in 
 fyflhynge, and vfe to fell fy(](he to theyr bortherers for exchaunge of fuche thynges as they lacke. When owre men 
 had thus chafed the Barbaryans from the fea coades, and hadde nowe entered into theyr houfes, they aiTayled 
 them with newe (kyrmu(hes, efpecially when they (iiwe them faule to fackynge and fpoylyng, and theyr wyues 
 and chyldren taken captiue. Theyr houfeholde duflfe was made of great reedes which growe on the fea bankes 
 and the dalkes of certeyne herbes beaten and afterward made harde. The floures therof were drewed with 
 herbes of fundry coloures; And the waules hanged with a kynde of tap[e]dry artificially made of goffampine 
 cotton, and wrought with pictures of Lions, Tygers, and Eagles. The doores of theyr houfes and chambers 
 were full of dyuers kyndes of (belles hangynge loofe by fmaule cordes, that beinge (haken by the wynde they 
 myght make a certeyne rattelynge and alfo a whydelynge noyfe by gatherynge the wynde in theyr holowe 
 places. For herein they haue greate delyte, and impute this for a goodly ornamente. Dyuers haue (hewed me 
 many woonderfull thynges of thefe regions : Efpecially one Gonzaltis Fernandus Ouiedus beinge one of the 
 maiedrates appointed in that office which the Spanyardes caule Veedor, who hath alfo hetherto entered further 
 into the lande then any other. He affirmeth that he chaunced vppon the fragmente of a faphire bygger then 
 the egge of a goofe. And that in certeyne hylles where he trauayled with thirtie men, he founde many of the 
 precious dones cauled Smaragder, calcidones, and lafpers, befyde great pieces of amber of the montaines. He 
 alfo with dyuers other do affirme that in the houfes of fume of the Canibales of thefe regions, they founde the 
 lyke precious dones fet in golde and inclofed in the tap[e]dry or anas (if it may foo bee cauled) wherewith they 
 hange theyr houfes. The fame lande bryngeth foorth alfo many wooddes of brafile trees and great plentie of 
 golde : In fo much that in maner in al places they founde on the fea bankes and on the (hoores, certeyne 
 marchafites in token of golde : Fernandus Ouiedus declareth furthermore that in a certeyne region cauled Zenii, 
 lyinge foure fcore and tenne myles from Dariena Eadwarde, they exercyfe a draunge kynde of marchaundies. 
 For in the houfes of the inhabitantes, they founde greate chedes and bafkets made of the twigges and leaues of 
 certeyne trees apte for that purpofe, beinge all full of greffehoppers, grylles, crabbes, or crefyffhes : fnayles alfo, 
 and locudes whiche dedrowe the fieldes of come, all well dryed and falted. Beinge demaunded why they 
 referued fuch a multitude of thefe beades, they anfwered that they kepte them to bee foulde to theyr bortherers 
 which dwell further within the lande : And that for the exchange of thefe precious byrdes and &lted fyflhes, 
 they receaued of them certeyne drange thynges wherin partely they take pleafure, and partly vfe them for 
 
 1S8 
 
 %\ 
 
The thyrde Decade. 
 
 159 
 
 theyr neceflary afTayers. Thefe people dwel not togyther, but fcattered here and there. Th[e]inhabitantes of 
 Caramairi, feeme to dwel in an earthly Paradife, theyr region is io fayre and frutefull, withowt owtragious licate 
 or fharpe coulde, with lyttle difference of the length of day and nyght throwghowt all the yeare. After that 
 owre men had thus dryuen the barbarians to flyght, they entered into a valley of two leagues in breadth and 
 three in length, extendynge to certeyne frutful mountaynes ful of graffe, herbes, and trees, at the rootcs wherof, 
 lye twoo other valleys towarde the ryght hande and the left, throwgh eyther of the wliich runneth a fayre ryuer, 
 whereof the rj'uer of Gaira is one, but vnto the other they haue yet gyuen noo name. In thcfe valleys they 
 founde manye fayre gardeyns and pleafauntc fyeldes watered with trenfhes dillrybuted in marueylous order, 
 with no lefle arte then owre Infubrians and Hetrurians vfe to water theyr fyeldes. Theyr common meatc, 
 is Ages, lucca, Maizium, BattaUi, with fuche other rootes and frutes of trees, and alfo fuche fylThe as they vfe in 
 the Ilandcs and other regions of thefe prouinces. They eate mans flefhe but fcUlome, bycaufe they raeete not 
 oftentymes with ftrangiers, except they goo foorth of theyr owne dominions with a mayne armye of purpofe to 
 hunt for men, when theyr rauenynge appetite pricketh them forwarde. For they abfteyne from them felues, and 
 eate none but fuche as they take in the warres or other^vyfe by chaunce. But fuerly it is a miferable thynge to 
 lieare howe many myriades of men thefe fylthy and vnnaturall deuourers of mans flefflie haue confumed, and 
 lefte thoufandes of mode fayre and frutfuU Ilandes and regions defolate withowte menne ; By rcafon wherof 
 owre men founde fo many Ilandes whiche for theyr fayrenes and frutefulneffe myght feeme to bee certeyne earthly 
 Paradyfes, and yet were vtterly voyde of men. Hereby yowre holyneffe may confider howe pernitious a kynde 
 of men this is. We haue fayde before that the Ilande named SanSli lohannis (which th[e]inhabitantes caule 
 Burichend) is nexte to Hifpaniola. It is fayde that onely the Canibales which dwell in the other Ilandes nere 
 about this, as in the Ilande cauled Hayhay or Sancta Crucis, and in Guadalupea (otherwife cauled Queraqiieiera, 
 or Carucuiera) haue in owre tyme vyolentely taken owte of the fayde Ilande of San^i lohannis, more then fyue 
 thoufande men to bee eaten. But let it fuffice thus much to haue wandered by thefe monftrous bludfuckers. 
 We wyll nowe therfore fpeake fumewhat of the rootes whereof they make theyr breade, forafmuch as the fame 
 fliall hereafter bee foode to Chriftian men in fleede of breade made of wheate, and in the fleade of radyflhe with 
 fuch other rootes as they haue byn accuflomed to eate in Europe. We haue oftentymes fayde before that lucca 
 is a roote whereof the befte and mode delicate breade is made bothe in the firme lande of thefe regions, and 
 alfo in the Ilandes. But howe it is tylled or hufbanded, howe it groweth, and of howe dyuers kyndes it is, I 
 haue not yet declared. Therefore, when they intende to plante this lucca, they make a hole in the earth knee 
 deape, and rayfe a heape of the earth taken owte of the fame, fafhionynge it lyke a fquare bedde of nyne foote 
 breadth on euerye fyde, fettynge twelue trunkes of thefe rootes (beinge about a foote and a halfe longe a piece) 
 in euery of the fayd beddes conteynynge three rootes of a fyde, fo layde a Hope, that the endes of them ioyne 
 in maner togyther in the center or myddeft of the bedde within the grounde. Owt of the ioyntes of the rootes 
 and fpaces betwene the fame, fprynge the toppes and blades of newe rootes, which by lyttle and lyttle encrea- 
 fynge, growe to the byggenes and length of a mans arme in the brawne, and oftentymes as bygge as the thygh : 
 So that by the tyme of thc>T full rypenes, in maner all the earthe of the heape, is conuerted into rootes. But 
 they fay that thefe rootes are not rype in leffe ty.ne then a yeare and a halfe: And that the longer they are 
 fuffered to growe euen vntyll twoo yeares complete, they are fo muche the better and more perfecte to make 
 breade therof. \Vhen they are taken foorthe of the earth, they fcrape them and flyfe them with certeyne fharpe 
 (lones feruynge for the fame purpofe : And thus layinge them betwene two great (lones, or puttynge them in a 
 facke made of the ftalkes of certeyne towgh herbes and fmaule reedes, they preffe them (as we do cheefe or 
 crabbes to drawe owte the iufe thereof) and fo let them drye a daye before they eate them. The iufe or 
 lyquoure, they caft away : for (as we haue fayde) it is deadly poyfon in the Ilandes. Yet is the iufe of fuche as 
 growe in the firme lande, holfome it it bee fodde, as is the whey of owre mylke. They faye that there are manye 
 kyndes of this lucca, wherof fome are more pleafaunte and delycate then the other, and are therefore refenied 
 as it were to make fine manchet for the kynges owne tables. But the gentelmen eate of the meaner forte, and 
 the common people of the bafeft. The fyneft they caule Cazabbi, which they make rounde lyke cakes in 
 certeyne preffes before they feeth it or bake it. They faye furthermore that there are lykewyfe dyuers kyndes 
 of the rootes of Ages and Battata. But they vfe thefe rather as frutes and dyflhes of feruice, then to make 
 breade therof, as we vfe rapes, radyflhes, mufftieroms, nauies, perfeneppes, and fuch lyke. In this cafe, they 
 mooile efpecially efteeme the bed kynde of Battatas, which in pleafant tail and tendernes farre exceadeth owre 
 muflieromes. It ftial fuffice to haue fayde thus muche of rootes. We wyll nowe fpeake therfore of an other 
 kynde of theyr breade. We declared before that they haue a kynde of grayne or pulfe muche lyke vnto 
 Panicum, but with fumwhat bygger graines, which they beate into meale vppon certeyne greate hollowe (lones 
 with the labour of their handes when they lacke lucca : And of this is made the more vulgar or common breade. 
 It is fowen thrife a yeare, fo that the frutfulnefle of the grounde may beare it by reafon of the equalitie of the 
 tjTiie, whereof wee haue fpoken fuffyciently before. In thefe regyons they founde alfo the graine of Maizium, 
 
 A mi»raule 
 hciirynge. 
 
 Crcade of rootet. 
 
 Ihe maner of 
 ptantinge the 
 ruote lucca. 
 
 Earth turned inta 
 rootes. 
 
 How breade is 
 made of routes. 
 
 A straunge 
 thynge. 
 
 Catabbi. 
 
 Ages and B.-ittata 
 
 Panicum is a 
 grayne sumcvrlut 
 lyke mil The 
 Italians caule li 
 Melica. 
 
 i ■ f 
 
 m 
 
 The f.iyrc ret;ion 
 of Cjr.(in;iiri. 
 
 ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 t ■ 
 ! 1 
 
 
 Fruteful 
 inotiUynM. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1, 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 
 «! 
 
 '' 
 
 
 Insuhres are 
 nowe cauled 
 Ltinibiirdus, atul 
 hctrufici, Tuscans 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 116 
 
 ''ii 
 
 
 Many cmintreys i| 
 Icfle desolate by 
 the fiercenes of 
 the Canibales. 
 
 
 ii' 
 
 ( 
 
 One myriadi: i-s 
 tun thousande. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 H7 
 
 i'll 
 
 'il' 
 
 M 
 
 111 I 
 
 1:1 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 I., 
 
 i f. 
 
 1; 
 
 1 
 
i ' 
 
 \i 
 
 •i 
 
 160 
 
 \ti 
 
 ii'i \ 
 
 
 TAe thyrde Decade, 
 
 He munethe the 
 cquall length of 
 tiny and night 
 which '\% 
 
 continually vniler 
 tliu Equinoctial 
 lyne. 
 
 Maitium 
 Ivirth nfilyuers 
 colours. 
 
 OolJe in ryuers. 
 
 Maries antl bore». 
 Foulsf. 
 
 Ilolsotne aycr 
 
 Oossanipine 
 
 cotton. 
 
 Fethcp!. 
 
 Howes and 
 aiTowes. 
 Deade bodies 
 reserued 
 
 Ouches of laton, 
 
 Gonzalus Ouiedus, 
 sayth that they 
 gift maruelously 
 with the iuse of a 
 ccrteyne herbc. 
 Whyte marble. 
 
 The great ryuer 
 Maragnonus. 
 This toyneth with 
 the myghty ryuer 
 cauled Flumcn 
 Ama2onum, found 
 of late. 
 
 Clokes of fathers. 
 
 118 
 
 The swyfte course 
 of the water. 
 
 xl. leaques in one 
 nyght. 
 
 and liindry kyndes of frutes of trees diligentely planted and well hufbanded. The waye betwene the regyons 
 of Caramairi and Satiirma, is fayre, brode, and ryghte foorthe. They founde here alfo fundrye kyndes of 
 waterpottes made of earthe of dyuers colours, in the whiche they bothe fetche and keepe freflie water. Lyke- 
 wife fundry kindes of iugges, godderdes, drynkyng cuppes, pottes, pannes, dyflhes, and platters artifycially 
 made. When the gouemour had gyuen commaundcment by proclamation, that th[e]inhabitantes (hulde eyther 
 obey the Chriftian kynge and embrafe owre relygion, or elles to depart owte of their countrey, they anfwered 
 with venemous arrowfs. In this fkyrmyflie, owre men tookc fumme of theym: whereof clothynge the mode 
 parte in faire apparell, they fente them ageyne to their owne coompany: But leadyng the refydue to the fliyppes 
 to th[e]intent to (Tiewe them the poure and magnyfycence of the chriftians that they myght declare the fame to 
 tlieir coompanions, therby to wynne their fauour, they appareled them lykewyfe and fente them after their 
 felowes. Theye affynne that in all the ryuers of thefe coades, theye fawe great argumentes and tokens of golde. 
 They founde here and there in their houfes good ftore of hartes fleffhe and bores flelhe wherwith they fedde 
 them felues dilycately. They alfo, haue greate plentie of fundry kyndes of byrdes and foules, wherof they 
 brynge vppe many in their houfes, fumme for neceffarye foode, and other for daynty dyflhes as we do hennes 
 and partriches. Owre men hereby coniecture that the ayer of thefe regions is veary holfome, for as muche as 
 fleapynge all nyghte vnder the fyrmament on the bankes of the ryuers, none of them were at any tyme offended 
 with reum.' • or heade ache by reafon of any noyfome humoure or vapoure proceadynge from the earthe, ayer, 
 or water. Owre men furthermore, founde there many great bothomes of goflampyne cotton ready fpunne, and 
 fardelles of dyuers kyndes of fethers wherof they make them felues crefles and plumes after the maner of owre 
 men of armes : alfo certeine clokes whiche they efteeme as mode cumly ornamentes. They founde lykewyfe 
 an innumerable multitude of bowes and arrowes. Th[e]inhabitantes alfo of thefe regions, in fumme places vfc 
 to bume the carkefes of their prynces when theye are deade, and to referue their bones buryed with fpyces in 
 certeyne hylles. In other places, they onely drye theym and imbaume them with fpyces and fweete gummes, 
 and foo referue them in fepulchers in their owne houfes. Sumwhere alfo, they drye them, fpyce them, adourne 
 them with precyous iewells and ouches, and fo reuerentl^ place them in certeyne tabernacles made for the 
 fame purpofe in their owne palayces. When owre men had many of their tabellets, braflettes, coUers, and fuche 
 other ouches (whiche they caule Guanines) they founde them rather to bee made of laton then of golde : 
 wherby they fuppofe that they haue vfed to exchaunge their ware with fumme craftie llraungers whiche broughte 
 them thofe counterfect ouches to defraude them of their golde. For euen owre menne perceaued not the 
 deceate vntyll they came to the meltynge. Furthermore, certayne of owre buylders wanderynge a lyttell way 
 from the fea coades, chaunced to fynde certayne pyeces of white marble. Wherby they thynke that in tyme 
 pade fumme draungers haue coome too thofe landes, whiche haue dygged marble owte of the mountaines, and 
 lefte thofe fragmentes on the plaine. There owre men learned that the ryuer Maragnonus defcendeth frome 
 the montaynes couered with fnowe cauled Monies Niuales or Serra Neuata: And the fame to bee encreafed by 
 many other ryuers whiche faule into it throughowte all the lowe and wate[r]lye regions by the whiche it runneth 
 with fo longe a tracte from the fayde montaynes into the fea : And this to bee the caufe of the greatneffe therof. 
 Thefe thynges beyng thus brought to paffe, the gouemour commaunded the trumpitour to blowe a retraite: 
 Whervppon they whiche were fente to lande (beynge fyue hundreth in noumber) makynge a great fhoute for 
 ioye of their victory, fette them felues in order of battayle, and fo keping their array, returned to the fliippes 
 laden with fpoyle of thofe prouinces, and diynynge in fouldiers clokes of fethers, with faire plumes and credes 
 of variable colours. In this meane tyme hauynge repaired their fliyppes and fumyfftied the fame with all 
 neceflaries, they loofed anker the. xvi. daye of the Calendes of luly, directynge their courfe to the hauen of 
 Carthagena, in the whiche viage they dedroyed and waded certayne Ilandes of the Canibales lyinge in the waye, 
 accordynge as they were commaundgd by the kynge. But the fwifte courfe of the water deceaued bothe 
 Johannes Serranus the chiefe Pilot of the gouemours fliyppe, and all the other, althoughe they made their bode 
 that they perfectely knewe the nature therof. For they adyrnie that in one night they were caried forty leaques 
 beyonde their edimation. 
 
 160 
 
« <l 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 l6i 
 
 The syxte booke of the thirde Decade. 
 
 lEre mufte wc funiwhat digrelTe from cofmography, and make a philofoptiicall difcours to 
 fearche the fecreate caufes of naturo. For wheras they al atTyrme with one confent, that the 
 fea runneth there from tlie Eafte to ihc welle as fwyftly as it were a ryuer faulinge from hyghe 
 mountaynts, I thoughte it not good to lette fo great a matter flyppe vntouched. The whiche 
 while I confyder, I am drawen into no fmaiile ambyguitie and doute, whether thofe waters 
 haue their courfe whiche flowe with fo contynuall a tractc in circuite from the Eafte, as 
 thowghe they fledde to the weft neucr to retourne, and yet neyther the wefte therby any 
 whitte the more fylled, nor the Eafte emptied. If we fliall faye that they faule to their centre (as is the nature of 
 heuye thynges) and afligne the Equinoctiall lyne to be the centre (as fumme affymie) what centre ftiall we 
 appointe to bee able to receaue fo great aboundaunce of water? Or what circumference ihal be founde weate? 
 They whiche haue fearched thofe coaftes, haue yet founde no lykely reafon to be trewe. Manye thynke that 
 there fliulde bee certeyne large ftraightes or enterances in the comer of that greate lande whiche we defcribed 
 to bee eyght tymes bygger then Italye, and the comer therof to be full of goulfes, wherby they fuppofe that 
 fumme ftrayghtes (hulde paffe through the fame lyinge on the wefte fyde of the Ilande of Cuba : And that the 
 fayde ftraightes fliuld fwalowe vp thofe waters, and fo conuey the fame into the wefte and from thenfe ageyn 
 into owre Eafte Ocean, or north feas as fumme thynke. Other wyll, that the goulfe of that great lande bee 
 clofed vppe: and the lande to reach farre towarde the northe on the backe fyde of Cuba: fo that it embrace 
 the northe landes whiche the frofen fea encompafeth vnder the northe pole : And that all the lande of thofe 
 coaftes, flioulde ioyne togyther as one firme lande : Wherby they coniecture that thofe waters (liulde bee turned 
 aboute by the obiecte or refyftaunce of that lande fo bendynge towarde the north, as we fee the waters tcirned 
 aboute in the crooked bankes of certeyne ryuers. But this agreeth not in all poyntes. For they alfo whiche 
 haue fearched the frozen fea, and fayled from thenfe into the wefte, do lykewyfe aftyrme that thofe northe feas 
 flowe contynually towarde the wefte, although nothing fo fwiftely. Thefe northe feas haue byn fearched by one 
 Sebaftian Cabot a Venetian borne, whom Leinge yet but in maner an infante, his parentes caryed with them 
 into Englande hauyng occafion to reforte thether for trade of marchandies, as is the maner of the Venetians too 
 leaue no parte of the worlde vnfearched to obteyne richeffe. He therfore furnifflied two Ihippes in England at 
 his owne charges : And fyrft with three hundreth men, directed his courfe fo farre toward the northe pole, that 
 euen in the mooneth of luly he founde monftrous heapes of Ife fwimming on the fea, and in maner continuall 
 day lyght. Yet fawe he .he lande in that tracte, free from Ife, whiche had byn molten by heate of the funne. 
 Thus feyng fuche heapes of Ife before hym he was enforced to tourne his fayles and folowe the wefte, fo 
 coaftynge ftyll by the ftiore, th.it he was thereby broughte fo farre into the fouthe by reafon of the lande bendynge 
 fo muche fouthward that it was there almofte equall in latitude with the fea cauled Fretum Herculeum, hauynge 
 the north pole eleuate in maner in the fame degree. He fayled lykewife in this tracte fo farre towarde the wefte, 
 that he had the Ilande of Cuba [on] his lefte hande in maner in the fame degree of longitude. As he traueyled by 
 the coaftes of this greate lande (whiche he named Baccallaos) he liiyth that he found the like courfe of the waters 
 toward the weft, but the fame to runne more foftely and gentelly then the fwifte waters whiche the Spanyardes 
 found in their nauigations foutheward. 
 
 Wherefore, it is not onely more lyke to bee trewe, but ought alfo of neceffitie to bee concluded, that 
 betwene both the landes hetherto vnknowen, there Ihulde bee certeyne great open places wherby the waters 
 flaulde thus continually paffe from the Eaft into the wefte : which waters I fuppofe to bee dryuen about the 
 globe of the earth by the vnceffaunt mouynge and impulfion of the heauens : and not to bee fwalowed vp and 
 caft owt ageyne by the breathynge of Demogorgon as fume haue imagined bycaufe they fee the feas by increafe 
 and decreafe, to flowe and reflowe. Sebaftian Cabot him felfe, named thofe landes Baccallaos, bycaufe that in 
 the feas therabout he founde fo great multitudes of certeyne bigge fyfflies much lyke vnto tunies (which th[e]m- 
 habitantes caule Baccallaos) that they fumtymes ftayed his fliippes. He founde alfo the people of thofe regions 
 couered with beaftes fltynnes : Yet not without th[e]ufe of reafon. 
 
 He faythe alfo that there is greate plentie of beares in thofe regions, whiche vfe to eate fyflhe. For 
 plungeinge theym felues into the water where they perceue a multitude of thefe fyflhes to lye, they faften theyr 
 clawes in theyr fcales, and fo drawe them to lande and eate them. So that (as he faith) the beares beinge thus 
 fatiflied with fyflhe, are not noyfom to men. He declareth further, that in many places of thefe regions, he 
 
 Eden. P lOi 
 
 Sundry opinions 
 why the Acn 
 runneth with sn 
 Rwyfi course frnin 
 the KasI into the 
 west. 
 
 Th(e]equinacli.ill 
 lyne. 
 
 Why all w.iten 
 moue tow.-irilo 
 the southe or 
 Kquinoctial, rcadc 
 Cariiartus it* 
 subtUit, libfr, it. 
 lie Eleinetitit, 
 Slrayghtes. 
 
 As by the utmyght 
 uf Mngellanus. 
 
 The north landes. 
 
 The frosen mo. 
 
 Sebastian. Cabot. 
 
 The Venetians. 
 
 The vi.ige of 
 Sebastian Cabui 
 from Knglande to 
 the frosen sea. 
 Frost in the 
 moneth of luly. 
 
 Fretum 
 
 Herculcuni, 
 diuideth Spaync 
 and the Moures 
 and is nowe cauled 
 the strayehtes 
 of MarroK. 
 BaccttUaos, 
 or Terra 
 BaccaHearmit, 
 
 119 
 
 The mouyng of 
 heuen causelh the 
 sea ta moue. 
 Demo^orgoQ w 
 the spirite of the 
 earth. 
 
 People coucrect 
 with beastes bkins 
 
 Howe beares take 
 and eate Tysshes 
 of the sea. 
 
 ' I' 
 
 h 
 
 i > 
 I 
 
 ('ill 
 ' .1 
 
 'I ,i 
 
 ■ I'l 
 
 1' 
 
 1 
 

 \- 
 
 :\ 
 
 ' i •' 
 
 162 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 PerhappcA this 
 
 latnn is copper 
 
 which hcildcth 
 
 gnld. Fur laton 
 
 hnth no myne, nml 
 
 in an artifti:i.ill 
 
 metal and not 
 
 nnluniL 
 
 Catwt cauled out 
 
 of Englandc intu 
 
 Spayne. 
 
 The Second vlnge 
 
 of CaboL 
 
 Thellandcft(>r 
 the Canybalet. 
 
 The Ilnnde Fortlt. 
 
 Salte 
 
 A litruunge thynge. 
 
 How Petrus Arias 
 with the kyngtis 
 nauy arriued nt 
 Unnena. 
 
 Howe Vaschus 
 receaued the new 
 gouemour. 
 
 Whye these 
 regions are cauled 
 prouynces. 
 
 120 
 
 Uarrcllcs a( nieale. 
 
 Habitable regions 
 vnder the 
 Equinoctiall lyne. 
 
 Where the newe 
 
 f;ouernour planted 
 lis habitation 
 
 The viage of 
 luliannes Aiora 
 The hauen of 
 Comujtriis 
 
 Salnte Mychaels 
 goulf* 
 
 1'he hauen lof] 
 I'occhorrosa. 
 
 fawc great plentie of laton amotige th[e]inhabitantes. Cabot is my very fri.idc, whom I vfe famylierly, 
 and delytc to haue hym fumtymes keepe mee company in mync owne houfe. For beinge cauled owte of 
 England by the commaundemcnt of the catholykc kynge of Cadile after the dcathe of Henry kynge of 
 Englande the feuenth of that name, he was made one of owrc counfayle and alTydance as touchyngc the 
 affayres of the newe Indies, lookyng dayely for (hippes to bee fiirnyfinied for hym to difcouer this hyd fecreatc 
 of nature. 'I'his vyage is appoynted to bee bcgunne in March in the yeare next folowynge, beinge the yeare of 
 Chryft M. D. XVI. Wliat fliall fucceado, yowre holynes (halbe aducrtifed by my letters if god graunte me lyfe. 
 Sume of the Spanyardcs dcnye that Cabot was the fyrft fynder of the lande ol Bauallaos: And affirme that he 
 went not fo farre weftewarde. But it (hall fuffice to haue fayde thus much of the goulfes and ftrayghtes, and 
 of Sebaftian Cabot. Let vs nowe therefore returne to the Spanyardcs. At this tyme, they let paffe the hauen 
 of Carthago vntouched, with all the Ilandes of the Canibales there aboute, whiche they named Infulas Saudi 
 Bernardi: Leauynge alfo behynde theyr backes, all the region of Caramairi. Hearc by reafon of a fooden 
 tempefte, they were cade vppon the Ilande Fortis, beinge about fyftie leagues diftante from the enteraunce of 
 the goulfe of Vraba. In this Ilande, they founde in the houfes of th[e]inhabitantes, many balkets made of 
 certeyne greate fea reedcs, ful of falte. For this Ilande hath in it many goodly falte bayes : by reafon whereof 
 they haue greate plentie of falte which they fell to other nations for fuch thynges as they (lande in neede of 
 Not farre from henfe, a great curlewe as bygge as a (lorke came flying to the gouernours (hippe, and fuflfered 
 her felfe to bee eafcly taken : which beinge caryed about amonge all the (hippes of the nauie, dyed (hortly after. 
 They fawe alfo a great multytude of the fame kynde of foules on the (hore a farre of. 
 
 The gouemour his fliyppe whiche we fayde to haue lode the rudder beinge nowe fore broofed and in 
 maner vnprofytable, they lefte behynde to folowe at leafure. The nauie arriued at Dariena the twelfth day of 
 the Calendes of luly, and the gouemour his fliippe (beinge voyde of men) was dryuen a lande in the fame 
 coaftes within foure dayes after. The Spanyardes whiche nowe inhabited Dariena, with theyr Capitayne and 
 Lieuetenant Vafchus Nunnez Balboa (of whom we haue largely made mention before) beinge certi(ied of 
 th[e]arryual of Petrus Arias and his coompanye, wente foorthe three myles to meete him, and receaued him 
 honorably and religioufly with the pfalme Te deum Laudamus, giuing thankes to god by whofe (life conducte 
 they were brought fo profperoufly thether to al theyr confortes. They receaued them gladly into theyr houfes 
 builded after the maner of thofe prouinces. I may well caule thefe regions, Prouinces, a Procul victis, (that is) 
 fuch as are ouercome farre of, forafmuch as owre men doo nowe inhabite the fame all the barbarous kynges 
 and Idolatours beinge eiected. They enterteyned them with fuch chere as they were able to make them : as 
 with the frutes of thofe regions, and newe breade bothe made of rootes and the grayne Maizium. Other 
 delicates to make vp the fead, were of theyr owne (lore whiche they brought with theym in theyr (hyppes, as 
 poudered fleflhe, failed fyf(he, and breade made of wheate. For they brought with them many barrcUes of wheate 
 nieale for the fame purpofe. Here maye yowre holynes not withowt iufte caufe of admiracion beholde a kynges 
 nauie and great multitude of Chriftians, inhabytinge not onely the regions fituate vnder the circle of heauen cauled 
 Tropicus Caiicri, but alfo in maner vnder the Equinoctiall lyne, contrary to th[e]opinion of the owlde wryters, a fewe 
 excepted. But after that they are nowe mette togyther, let vs further declare what they determyned to doo. 
 Therefore, the daye after that the nauie arriued, there aflfembled a coompany of the Spanyardes th[e]inhabitoures 
 of Dariena, to the number of foure hundreth and fyftie men. Petrus Arias the gouemour of the nauie and his 
 coompany, conferred with them bothe priuilie and openlye of certeyne articles wherof it was the kynges pleafure 
 he (hulde enquire: And mod efpecially as concemyng fuch thynges wherof Vafchus the fyrde fynder and 
 Admirall of the Southe fea, made mention in his large letter fent from Dariena to Spayn. In this inquifition 
 they founde all thynges to bee trewe, wherof Vafchus had certifyed the kynge by his letters : And therevppon 
 concluded that in the dominions of Cotnogra, Pocchorrofa, and Tumanama, at th[e]a(rignement of Vafchus, 
 certeine fortrelTes (huld bee erected foorthwith to th[e]intente there to plant theyr colonic or habitacion. To 
 the better accomplylThemente hereof, they fent im \ediatly one Johannes Aiora a noble younge gentelman of 
 Corduba and vnder Lieuetenant, with foure hundr h men and foure carauelles and one other lyttle (hippe. 
 
 en of Comogrus, dydant from Dariena aboute twentie and 
 le henfe, he is appoynted to fende a hundreth and fyftie 
 nd ryghter way founde of late, by the which (as they fay) 
 nge Comogrus to the enteraunce of the goulfe of Sancti 
 .-emayne there to bee an ayde and fuccour to all fuch as 
 hich are a(rigned to go fouthwarde, take with them for 
 interpretours certeine of owre men which had lemea the footheme language of the bonde men which were gyuen 
 to Vafchus when he ouerranne thofe regions, and alfo certeyne of the bondemen them felues which had nowe 
 lemed the Spanyflhe tonge. They fay that the hauen of Pocchorrofa, is onely feuen leaques didante frome the 
 hauen of Comogrus. In Pocchorrofa, he is a(rigned to leaue fyftie men with the lyghteft (hyp which maye bee a 
 16a 
 
 Thus departinge, he fayled fyrd directly to the 1 
 fyue leagues, as they wryte in theyr lad letters. F 
 of his foure hundreth, towarde the South by a newt 
 it is not pade. xxvi. leagues from the palaice of '. 
 Michaelis. The refidewe of the foure hundreth, (hal 
 (hall iomey to and fro. Thofe hundreth and fiftie 
 
— , \i 
 
 The thyrde Decade, 
 
 163 
 
 paflinger betwcne them; that lyke us we vfe pofte horfcs by lande, fo may they by this currant fliippc, in fliorte 
 (■pace certifie the Lieuetenaunt and th[c]inhabitours of Darkna of fuche thyngcs as fliall chauncc. They 
 entcndc alfo to buyldc houfes in the region of Tumamma. The palaicc of kynge Tumanama, is dirtant fri)ni 
 Poahorrofa about twentie learnies. Of tliefe foure hundreth men, bcinge of tiie owlde fouldicrs of Daikua and 
 men of good experience, fyftie weare appoynted to bee as it were Decurians to guide antl conducte the newe 
 men from place to place to do their affaires. Wlien they had thus fettc all thynges in order, they thought it 
 good to aduertife the king hereof, and therwith to certifye hym that in thofe prouinces there is a kynge named 
 Dabaiha whofe dominion is very riche in goldc ; Hut the fame to be yet vntouched by reafor of his great power. 
 His kingedome ioyneth to the feconde grcate ryuer named Dabaiba after his name, whiche fauleth into the fea 
 owt of the corner of the goulfe of I'niba as we haue largely declared before. Tiie common reporte is, that all 
 the lande of his dominions is ryche in golde. The palayce of kynge Dubaiba is fyfty leatpies iliflante from 
 Dariena. Th[e]inhabitantes faye that from the palaice, the golde mynes reache to the borthers on eiiery fyde. 
 Albeit, owre men haue alfo golde mynes not to bee contcnipned, ^uen within three leaques of Darkna, in the 
 which they gather golde in many places at this prefente ; Yet doo theye affyrme greater plentie to bee in the 
 mynes of Dabaiba. In the bookes of owre fyrfte frutes wrytten to yowre holynelTe, we made mention of this 
 Dabaiha, wherin owre men were deceaued and myftooke the matter. For where they founde the fyfflier 
 men of kyng Dabaiba in the maryfflies, they thought his region had byn there alfo. They determyned 
 therfore to fende to kynge Dabaiba, three hundreth choyfe younge men to be chofen owte of the hole 
 army as mofle apte to the warres, and well furnyflhed with all kyndes of armoure and artillery, to 
 th[e]intent to go vnto hym and wyl hym, eyther frendly and peaceably to permytte them to inhabyte 
 [)arte of his kingdome with the fruition of the golde mynes, or elles to bydde him battayle and dryue 
 hym owte of his countrey. In their letters, they often tymes rcpete this for an argument of great rycheflfe 
 to coome, that they in maner dygged the grounde in noo place, but founde the earthe myxte with fparkes 
 and fmaule graynes of golde. They haue alfo aduertifed the kynge that it flialbe commodious to place 
 inhabitours in the hauen of Sanfla Martha in the region of Satunna, that it maye bee a place of refuge for them 
 that fayle from the Ilande of Dominica from the whiche (as they faye) it is but foure or fyue dayes faylyng to 
 that hauen of the regyon of Saturma : And from the hauen, but thre dayes faylyng to Dariena. But this is to 
 bee vnderflodt; in goynge and not in retumynge. For the retumyng from thenfe is fo laborious and difliculte by 
 reafon of the contrary courfe of the water, that they feeme as it were to afcende hyghe montaynes and (Iryue 
 ageynfte thepoure di Neptumis. This fwyfte courfe of the fea towarde the Wefle, is not fo violente to theym 
 whiche retoume to Spayne frome the Ilandes of Hifpaniola and Cuba: Althoughe they alfo do laboure ageynfte 
 the faule of the Ocean : The caufe wherof is, that the fea is here verye large, fo the waters haue their full 
 fcoope. But in the tracte of Paria, the waters are conftrayned together by the bendynge fydes of that great 
 lande, and by the multytude of Ilandes lyinge ageynfte it, as the lyke is feene in the ftraightes or narowe feas of 
 Sicilie where the violent courfe of the waters caufc the daungerous places of Scylla and Charybdis, by reafon of 
 thofe narowe feas whiche conteine Ionium, Libicum, and Tirrhenum. Co/onus the fyrft fynder of thefe regyons, 
 hath lefte in wrytynge, that faylynge from the Ilande of Guanaffa, and the prouynces of laia, Maia, and 
 Cerabaro, \ leyng regyons of the weft marches of Bcragua, he founde the courfe of the water fo vehemente and 
 furious ageynfte the fore parte of his fliippe whyle he failed from thofe coaftes towarde the Eafte, that he coulde 
 at no tyme touche the grounde with his foundynge plummet, but that the contrary vyolence of the water woolde 
 beare it vppe from the bottome. He aflfyrmeth alfo, that he coulde neuer in one hole daye with a meately good 
 wynde, wynne one myle of the courfe of the water. And this is the caufe why they are oftentymes enforced to 
 fayle fyrfte by the Ilandes of Cuba and Hifpaniola, and fo into the mayne fea toward the North when they 
 retume to Spaine, that the Northe wyndes maye further their vyage whiche they can not brynge to paffe by a 
 directe courfe. But of the motions of the Ocean fea to and fro, this (hal fuffyce. Let vs now therfore reherfe 
 what they write of Dariena, and of their habitation there, which they caule SanHa Maria Antiqua, planted on 
 the fea bankes of Dariena. The fituation of the place, hath no natural munition or defenfe : And the ayer is 
 more peftiferous then in Sardus. The Spanyftie inhabitours, are all pale and yelowe, lyke vnto them that haue 
 the yelowe giaundyes. Whiche neuertheleffe commeth not of the nature of the region as it is fituate vnder the 
 heauen. For in many regyons beyng vnder the felfe fame degree of latitude, hauyng the pole of the fame 
 eleuation, they fynd holfome and temperate ayer, in fuch places where as the earth bryngeth forth fayre fprynges 
 of water, or where holfome ryuers nmne by bankes of pure earthe without mudde : but mofte efpecyally where 
 they inhabyte the fydes of the hylles and not the valleyes. But that habytation whiche is on the bankes of the 
 lyuer of Dariena, is fytuate in a deepe valley, and enuironed on euery fyde with hyghe hylles : By reafon wherof, 
 it receaueth the foonne beames at noonetyde directly perpenticular ouer their heades, and are therfore fore 
 vexed by reflection of the beames bothe before, behynde, and from the fydes. For it is the reflection of the 
 foonne beames whiche caufeth feruente heate, and not their accefle or nereneffe to the earth. Forafmuche as 
 
 i6a 
 
 ihyppc. 
 
 Kyng Tuiii.m.Aiii i 
 
 Deniriani lira 
 otriccr» deuitlcil 
 intu tennet. ch' 
 
 Tho gold inyiics 
 Kviii; D.iliiil.i. 
 
 I he p.ill.ili <.''>! 
 kyiigti l>a))!iil)i- 
 
 The colli mylics 
 
 nf I ),irir;1M, 
 
 An errourc. 
 
 Kxpcililicn nRL-insf 
 kynt;u l),ili.nli 1 
 
 121 
 
 (lrc.it iiliiitic nf 
 golde- 
 
 The regyon of 
 Saturmu 
 The ll:»u<lc ..f 
 lloininicu. 
 
 DlfHciiItc *;a>)yn« 
 agi'vnst ilio cuiir.io 
 of tliu sc.l. 
 
 The daungerous 
 str.iightesuf Sc)'ll:i 
 and Charybdis. 
 
 GuaMitssi. 
 
 laia. 
 
 Maia. 
 
 Beragua. 
 The vehement 
 course of the sea 
 from the ea^t to 
 ihc weht. 
 
 The northe wynde. 
 
 Sancta M.irt.i 
 Antiqua, the fyrst 
 habitation of the 
 spaniardes in the 
 fyrme lande. 
 Sardus the Ilande 
 of Sardinia. 
 The variety of 
 regions lyinge 
 vnder one paralcl. 
 
 Ry what meanes 
 the Sonne beames 
 are cause of 
 fenient heate. 
 
 1 f 
 
 
 1 ., 
 
 
 i' ■, 
 
 1 '■ 
 
 
 Y \ 
 
WTTT' 
 
 r-ih 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 in- 
 
 164 
 
 T/fc thyrde Decade. 
 
 The pernicious 
 ayer uf D;inena. 
 
 122 
 
 'I'oadcs aiul llccs 
 engendered uf 
 druppes of water. 
 
 Necessylie halli 
 no lawc 
 
 A house sctte on 
 fyer with 
 lyghtnynKe. 
 
 A doggc deuoured 
 
 of a crocudyte, 
 
 Tanqtiiim otttis 
 
 e A'i/i\ 
 
 The byling uf 
 
 battcs. 
 
 Lyons and tygcrs. 
 
 Beastes wex 
 hysKcr in their 
 kynue. 
 
 How the 
 gouernour 
 entcrtcyned kyng 
 Cai'clx 
 
 Not*. 
 
 Uronia or Bixsa, 
 arc wormes whiche 
 destroy shippes. 
 
 123 
 
 A venemous tree. 
 
 Perhappes thcyr 
 venemous arrows 
 are made of this 
 woodde or. ftc. 
 
 they are not paflyble in them felues as dothe manyfeftly appeare by the fnowe lyinge contynually vnmolten 
 vpon certeyne hygh montaynes, as yowre holyneffe knoweth ryghte well. The foonne beames therfore faulyng 
 on the montaynes, are riiflected downewarde into the valley by reafon of th[e]ol)iecte of the declynynge fydes 
 of the hylles, as it were the faule of a greate rounde ftoone rowlde frome the toppe of a montayne. The 
 valley therfore receaueth, both thofe beames whiche faule directly theron, and alfo thofe whiche are reflected 
 downwarde from euery fyde of the montaynes. Their habitation therfore in Dariena, is pernicious and vnhol- 
 fome onely of the particular nature of the place, and not by the fytuation of the regyon as it is placed vnder the 
 heauen or nere to the foonne. The place is alfo contagious by the nature of the foyle, by reafon it is coompafed 
 aboute with muddy and (lynkynge maryflhcs, th[e]infection wherof is not a lyttle encreafed by the heate. The 
 vyllage it felfe, is in a maryflie, and in maner a flandynge puddle, where, of the droppes faulyng from the handes 
 of the bond men whyle they water the pauementes of their houfes, toades are engendered immediately, as I my 
 felfe fawe in an other place the droppes of that water turne into flees in the foomer feafon. Furthermore, where 
 fo euer they dygge the grounde the dcapthe of a handefull and a halfe, there fpringeth owte vnholfome anu 
 corrupte water of the nature of the ryuer which runneth through the deepe and muddy chanel of the valley, and 
 fo fauleth into the fea. Now therfore they confulte of rumouyng their habytation. Neceflytie caufed them fyrll 
 to fallen their foote heare, bycaufe that they whiche fyrll arryucd in thofe landes, were opprefled with fuche 
 vrgente hunger, that they had no refpccte to chaunge the place althoughe they were thus vexed by the contagion 
 of the foyle and heate of the foonne, befyde the corrupte water and infectious ayer by reafon of venemous 
 vapours and exhalations ryfynge from the fame. An other greate incomnioditie was, that the place was dellitutc 
 of a commodious hauen, bcynge three leaqucs dillante from the mouthe of the goulfe. The waye is alfo roughe 
 and diffyculte to brynge vyttayles and other neceflaries from the fea. But lette vs nowe fpeake fumwhat of other 
 particular thynges whiche chaunfed. Therfore fliortly after that they weare arryued, there happened many 
 thynges wherof they had no knowledge before. A certayne well learned phifytion of Ciuile, whome partely 
 th[e]autorytie of the byfflioppe of Dariena, and partely the dcfyre of golde had allured to thofe landes, was fo 
 fcarred with lyghtnynge in the nyghte feafon lyinge in bedde with his wyfe, that the houfe and all the ftuffo 
 therin beynge fette on fyer and burnte, he and his wyfe bothe foore fcorched, ranne foorthe cryinge and almofte 
 naked, hardely efcapynge the daungcr of deathe. At an other tyme, as certayne of them ftoode on the flioore, 
 a great Crocodyle fodenly caryed awaye a mady of a yeare and a halfe owlde, as a kyte fliulde haue fnatched 
 vppe a chicken : And this euen in the prefence of theym all, where the myferable dogge cryed in vayne for the 
 helpe of his mayfler. In the nighte feafon they were tormented with the bytynge of battes whiche are there foo 
 noyfOiie that it they byte any man in his fleape, they putte hym in daunger of lyfe, onely with drawynge of 
 bludde: In fo muche that fumme haue dyed therof, i ulvn^e as it were into a confumption through the 
 malycioufnefle of the venemous wounde. If thefe battes chaunce to fynde a cocke or a henne abrode in the 
 nyght feafon, they byte them by the combes and fo kyll them. They alfo whiche wentt lafle into thefe regions, 
 do wr)'te, that the lande is troubeled with Crocodyles, Lyons, and Tigers: But that they haue nowe deuifed 
 artes and ingens howe to take them. Lj kewyfe that in the houfes of their felowes, they founde the hydes and 
 cafes of fuche Lyons and Tygers as they had kylled. They wryte furthermore, that by reafon of the rankenefle 
 and frutefulnefle of the grounde, kyne, fwyne, and horfes, doo marueloufly increafe in thefe regions, and growe 
 to a muchc bygger quantitie then they whiche weare of the firft broode. Of the excedyiige hyghnefle of the 
 trees with their fruitos, of the garden hcrbes, fruites, plantes, and feedes whiche owre men broughte from Spayne 
 and fowed and fet the fame in thefe regyons, lykewyfe of the hertes and other foure footed beaRes bothe tame 
 and wylde, alfo of dyuers kyndes of foules, byrdes, and fyfllies, they write euen as we haue declared in the decades 
 before. Careta the kynge of the regyon of Cioba, was with them for the fpace of three dayes : whome when 
 they had frendly cnterteyned and fliewed hym the fecreate places of their fliyppes, their horfes alfo with their 
 trappars, bardes, and other furnimentes, befyde many other thinges whiche feemed (Iraunge to hym, and had 
 further delited his mynd with the harmony of their nuifycall inllrumentes, and gyuen hym many rewardes, they 
 dyfmyfled hym halfe amafed with to muche admyration. He fygnifyed vnto them, that their trees in that 
 prouynce, of the planckes wherof, if (hyppes were made, they flioulde bee fafe from the woormes of the 
 fea whiche they caule Bromas. Howe thefe woormes knawe and corrode the fliyppes, wee haue declared 
 before. Owre fliyppes are greatly troubeled with this plage if they lye longe in the hauens of thefe 
 regyons. But they aflyrme that the woodde of this tree is foo bytter, that the woormes wyll not taftt ♦herof. 
 There is alfo an other tree peculyar to thefe landes : whofe leaues if they onely touche the bare in any place of 
 a mannes body, they caufe greate blyfters, and thofe foo malycious that excepte the fame bee foorthwith healed 
 with falte water or faftynge fpyttle, they doo incontynently engender deadely paynes. They faye lykewyfe, 
 that the fauour of the woodde is prefente poyfon : And that it can noo whither bee caryed without daunger of 
 lyfe. When th[e]inhabitauntes of the Ilande of Hifpaniola had oftentymes attempted to fliake of the yoke of 
 feruytude, and roulde neuer brynge the fame to pafle neyther by open warrc nor yet by priuye confpiraces, 
 ir,4 
 
 1! 
 
BBS 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 165 
 
 they were delermyned in the nyghte feafon to haue kylled owre men in their fleepe with the fmoke of this 
 woodde. But when the Chriftian men had knowledge hereof, tliey compelled the i)oore wretches to confefle 
 their intente, and punyfflied the chiefe autours of the deityfe. They haue alfo a certayne herbc with the fauour 
 wherof they are preferued from the hurte of this venemous woodde fo that they maye beare it fafely. Of thefe 
 fmaule thynges it fliall fuffyce too haue fayde thus muche. They looke dayly for many greater thynges to 
 certyfye vs of from the Ilandes of the fouth fea. For at fuche tyme as the meflcnger whiche broughte owre 
 letters departed from thenfe, Pctnis Arias prepared an expedition to that ryche Ilande whiche lyeth in the 
 mouthe of the goulfe cauled Sinus S. Micliaclis, and reacheth into the fouthe fea, beyng alfo lefle vntouched 
 of Vafcluis by reafon that the fea was at that tyme of the yeare fore troubeled with tempcftes, as wee haue 
 further declared in Vafchus his vyage to the fouthe. Wee looke therfore dayly for greater thynges then are 
 hetherto pafte. For they haue nowe taken in hand to fubdue manye other prouynces, whiche wee fuppofe too 
 bee eythcr verye ryche, or to brynge furthe fumme (Iraunge woorkes of nature. lohannes Diaz SoUfius of 
 Nebriffa (of whome we haue made mention before) is fente by the froonte of tlic cape or poynte of SanHi 
 Augujlini (whiche reacheth feuen degrees beyonde the Equinoctiall lyne, and pcrteyncth to the dominion of 
 the Portugales) to th[e]intent to ouer runne the fouthe fydefrom thebacke halfe olParia, Cumana, Cuquibacoa, 
 with the hauens of Carthago and SanHa Martha, of Dariciia alfo and Beragiia, that more perfecte and certeyne 
 knowledge may bee had of tiiofe tractes. Furthermore, one lohannes rondus was fente foorthe with thtvc 
 (hyppes to deflroye the Canibales bothe in the landc and Ilandes there aboute: afwell that the nations of the 
 more humane and innocente people maye at the length lyue without feare of that pelliferous generation, as 
 alfo the better and more fafely to fearche the fecreates and rycheflfe of tliofe regions. Many other lykewife 
 were fente dyuers and fundry wayes : as Gafper Badaiocius too fearche Weft partes : Frandfais Bczcrra, to 
 fayle by the corner of the goulfe : And Valkius, to pafle by the mouthe or enteraunce therof to the Eafle 
 coaftes of the goulfe to fearche the fecreates of tiiat lande, in the whiche Fogcda with his coompanye had of 
 late begun- e to plante their habitation, and had buylded a fortreffe and a vyllage. Badaiocius departed fyrfte 
 frome Dariaia with foure fcore fouldiours well appoynted : Whome Lodouicus Macado folowetl with fyftye : 
 
 To Bezerra were alfo fourefcore aflygned, and three fcore and tenne to Vallcius. Whether they (ludl 
 arryue at fafe and commodious hauens, or faule into vnfortunate ftations, he onely knoweth whofe prouyilcnce 
 nileth all : For as for vs men wee are included within the knowledj'je of thingcs after they haue chaunced. 
 Lette vs nowe therfore coonie to otiier matters. 
 
 ITh 
 
 E SEVENTHE BOOKE OF THE THIRDE DECADE. 
 
 \Etrus Ariiis the gouernour of the fuppofed continente, was fcarfly entred into the mayne fea 
 with his nauye onwarde on his vyage to Dariena. But I was aduertifed that one Andreas 
 Moralis a pilot who had oftentymes ouer nnine the coaftes of thefe new feas and the Ilandes 
 of the fame, was coome to the courte to fell fuche marchaundies as he broughte with hym 
 frome thenfe. This man had dyligently fearched the tracte of the fuppofed continente, and 
 cfiiecyally th[e]inner regyons of the Ilande of Ilifpaniola, wherunto he was appoynted by 
 his brother Nicohvts Ouandus (the gouernour of the Hand and chiefe Commendatory of the 
 order of the knyghtes of Alcantara) bycaufe he was a wytty man and more apte to fearche iuche thynges then 
 any other: So that with his owne handes he drewe (liire cardes and tables of fuche regyons as hec ilifcouered. 
 Whcrin as he hatli bynne founde faythfu'l of fuche as haue fenfe had better tryall hereof, fo is he in moft credyt 
 emongeft the beft forte. He therfore reforted to me as all they are accuftomed to doo, whiche retourne from 
 the Ocean. What I learned of hym and dyuers other of thinges heretofore vnknowcn, I wyll nowe declare. 
 The beginnynge of this narration, fhalbe the particular defcription of the Ilande of Hifpaniohi, forafmuche as it 
 is the heade and as it weare the principall marte of all the lyberality of the Ocean, and Iwth a thouliinde and 
 againe a thoufande fayre, pleafaunt, bewtifull, and ryche Nereides whiche lye aboute it on eucry fyde, adournynge 
 this their ladye and moother, as it were an other Tethis the wyfe of Neptunus, enuyronynge her aboute, and 
 attendynge vppon her as their queene and patroneffe. But of thefe Nereiades (that is to faye, the ilandes placed 
 aboute her) we wyll fpeake more hereafter. Lette vs in the meane tyme declare fumwhat of the Ilande whiche 
 owre men named Margaritea Dines (whiche the Spanyardes caule De las perlas) beyng nowe well knowen, and 
 lyinge in the fouthe fea in the goulfe c^iuled Sinui SanHi Miehaelis (that is) fointc Michaels goulfe. This Hand 
 hath prefently brought to owre knowledge many ftraunge and woondcrfull thynges and promyfleth no fmaule 
 
 P 2 <l3jl 
 
 A prcscru.iliuc 
 ageynst poysoii. 
 
 The H.-indsoflhs 
 south sea. 
 The ryche Hand 
 cauled Ditcs. 
 
 Cap[cl, sancii 
 Augustini. 
 Of the eilyll 
 successc of these 
 viages, reade 
 decade iii. 
 Liber, ix. 
 An expedition to 
 destroy the 
 Canibales. 
 
 Ffgn/ii. 
 
 Looke. dccad. iii. 
 Lib. ix. 
 
 The naui^ations ol 
 Andreas Kloralis, 
 
 124 
 
 A particular 
 description of the 
 Il.iiulc of 
 hispaniola 
 
 Nereides arc 
 
 nyinphes of the 
 
 sea, he incancth 
 
 Ilatidcs. 
 
 Tcihis the wyfe o( 
 
 Nentunus and 
 
 gotldesse of the 
 
 sea. 
 
 The Ilande of 
 
 Margaritea Diucn 
 
 Sainctc Michaels 
 goulfe 
 
 ! iffii 
 
 Ij 
 
 If 
 
 I 
 
 I'll 
 
 ■n i 
 
'1 " .' 
 
 \ 
 
 il 
 
 i66 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 Great perlcs 
 
 Hispaniola lyke 
 vnto the earthly 
 paradyse. 
 
 Thefyrst 
 inhabitours of 
 hispaniola 
 
 Dardanus, 
 Teucnis, 
 Troiattum. 
 Tirians, Stdonians. 
 
 Eneas. 
 Latium* 
 
 Hierusalem 
 Mecha. 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Canarie. 
 
 Detanchor, a 
 frenchman. 
 
 125 
 
 The fyrst names 
 of hispaniola. 
 
 Pan. 
 
 Theroughnesse 
 of hispaniola. 
 
 The maner of 
 lernynge. 
 
 Ballets and 
 rhyme*. 
 
 hope of greater thynges in tyme to coome. In this is founde great plentie of pearles fo fayre and great, that 
 the fumptuous queene Cleopatra myght haue feemed to weare them in her crownes, cheynes, and braflettes. 
 Of the (helfyflhes wherin thefe are engendered, wee w)'ll fpeake fumwhat more in th[e]ende of this nanation. 
 But let vs nowe retume to Hifpaniola mode lyke vnto the earthly paradyfe. In the defcription hereof, we wyll 
 begynne of the impofytion of dyuerfe names : Then of the forme of the Ilande, temperate ayer and benefyciall 
 heaucn : And fynally of the deuifyon of the regyons. Therfore for the ryghter pronunfyation of the names, 
 yowre holyneffe mufle vnderftande that they are pronounced with th[e]accent, as yowe may know by the verge 
 fette ouer the heddes of the vowels, as in the name of the Ilande Matininb, where the accente is in the lad 
 vowell, and the lyke to be vnderftoode in all other names. They faye therfore, that the fyrfle inhabitours of the 
 Hand were tranfported in their Canoas (that is boates made of one hole pyece of woodde) from the Ilande of 
 Matinino, beynge lyke banyfflied men dryuen from thenfe by reafon of certaine contrary factions and diuifyons 
 emonge them felues, lyke as wee reade howe Dardanus came from Corytho, and Teucrus from Creta into Afia, 
 and that the regyon where they placed their habitacion, was afterwarde cauled Troianum. The lyke wee reade 
 howe the Tirians and Sidonians arryued with their nauye in Lybia by the fabulous conduction of Dido. Thefe 
 Matininans in like maner beynge banyflhed from their owne countrey, planted their fyrfte habytation in that 
 parte of the Hand of Hifpaniola whiche they caule Cahonao, vpon the banke of the ryuer named Bahaboni: As 
 is redde in the begynnynge of the Romaynes that Eneas of Troye aryued in the region of Italy cauled Latium 
 vppon the bankes of the ryuer of Tiber. Within the mouthe of the ryuer of Bahaboni, lyeth an Ilande where it 
 is fayde that th[e]inhabitauntes buylded their fyrfte howfe whiche they named Camoteia. This howfe they 
 confecrated fliortely after, and honoured the fame reuerently with continual gyftes and monumentes, euen 
 vntyl the commynge of owre men, lyke as the Chriftians haue euer relygyoufly honoured lerufalem the fountayne 
 and oryginall of owre faythe : As alfo the Turkes attribute the lyke to the cytie of Mecha in Araby, and 
 th[e]inhabytantes of the fortunate Ilandes (cauled the Ilandes of Canarye) to Tyrma buylded vppon a hyghe 
 rocke from the whiche many were wounte with ioyfuU myndes and fonges to caft them felues downe headlonge, 
 beyng perfuaded by their prieftes that the foules of all fuche as fo dyd for the loue of Tyrma, fhulde therby 
 enioye etemall felycity. The conquerours of the Ilandes of Canarie, founde them yet remaynyng in that 
 fuperftition, euen vntyll owre tyme : Nor yet is the memory of their facrifyces vtterly wome awaye : 
 The rocke alfo refemeth the owlde name vnto this daye. I haue alfo learned of late, that there yet 
 remayneth in the Ilande fumme of the faction oi Betanchor the Frenflie man and fyrfte that broughte the 
 Ilandes to good culture and ciuilitie beyng therto lycenced by the kynge of Caftile as I haue fayde before. 
 Thefe doo yet (for the mofte parte) obferue bothe the language and maners of the Frenlhemen, although the 
 heres and fucceffours of Betanchor, had foulde the two fubdued Ilandes to certeyne men of Caftile. Yet 
 th[e]inhabitours whiche fucceded Betanchor, and buylded them houfes and encreafed their families there, do 
 contynue to this daye: And lyue quietly and pleafauntly with the Spanyardes, not greued with the fliarpe coulde 
 of Fraunce. But lette vs nowe retume to th[e]inhabitauntes of Matinino and Hifpaniola. The Ilande of 
 Hifpaniola was fyrfte named by the f; rfte inhabitours, Qtiizqueia, and then Haiti. And this not by chaunce, 
 or at the pleafure of fuche as diuifed thefe names, but of credulitie and belefe of fumme great effecte. For 
 Quizqueia, is as muche to faye as a great thinge : And that fo great that none maye bee greater. They inter- 
 prete alfo, that Quizqueia fygnifyeth, large, vniuerfall, or al, in like fignification as the Greekes named their god 
 cauled Pan: Bycaufe that for the greatnes therof, thefe fymple foules fuppofed it to bee the hole worlde: And 
 that the foonne beames gaue lyghte to none other worlde but onely to this Ilande with the other adiacente 
 aboute the fame : And thervppon thoughte it moft woorthy to bee cauled great, as the greateft of all other 
 knowen to them. Haiti is as muche to faye by interpretation, as roughe, (harpe, or craggie. But by a 
 fyguratiue fpeache cauled denomination (wherby the hole is named by part) they named the hole Hand Haiti 
 (that is) roughe : For as muche as in many places the face of this Hand is rough by reafon of the craggie mon- 
 taynes, horrible thicke wooddes, and terrible darke and cfepe valleys enuyroned with great and highe 
 montaynes, althoughe it bee in manye other places exceadynge bewtifull and floryflhynge. Here mufte wee 
 fumwhat digreffe from th[e]order we are entered into. Perhappes your holyneffe wyll maruell by what meanes 
 thefe fymple men (houlde of foo longe contynuance beare in minde fuche principles, where as they haue no 
 knowledge of letters. So it is therfore, that from the beginninge, their princes haue euer byn accuftomed to 
 committe their children to the gouemaunce of their wife men whiche they caule Boitios, to bee inftructed in 
 knowledge, and to beare in memorie fuche thynges as they leme. They gyue them felues chieflye to two 
 thynges : As generally to lerne th[e]originall and fucceffe of thynges : And particularlye to reherfe the noble 
 factes of their graundefathers great graundefathers and aunceftours afwell in peace as in warre. Thefe two 
 thynges they haue of owlde tyme compofed in certeyne meters and ballettes in their language. Thefe rhymes 
 or ballettes, they caule Areitos. And as owre mynftrelles are accuftomed too fynge to the harpe or lute, fo doo 
 they in lyke maner fynge thefe fonges and daunce to the fame, playing: on tymbrelles made of fhels of certen 
 
 166 
 
The thyrde Decade, 
 
 167 
 
 fyflhes. Thefe tymbrels they caule Maguei. They haue alfo for 2s and ballettes of loue: And other of 
 lamentations and moomyng: Summe alfo to encorage them to the wanes, with euery of them their tewnes 
 agreable to the matter. They exercyfe theym felues muche in daunceinge, wherin they are verye actyue and 
 of greater agilitie then owre men, by reafon they gyue them felues to nothyng fo muchc, and are not hyndered 
 with a])parell whiche is alfo the caufe of their fwiftenelfe of foote. In their ballettes lefte them of their 
 aunceflours, they haue prophecies of the comminge of owre men into their countrey. Thefe they fynge with 
 moomyng and as it were with gronyng, bewayle the loffe of their lybertie and feruitude. For thefe prophecies 
 make mention that there flioulde coome into the Ilande Maguacochios, that is, men clothed in apparell, and 
 armed with fuche fwoordes as fhulde cutte a man in funder at one ftroke: vnder whofe yoke their pofteritie 
 fliulde bee fubdued. And here I do not maruell that their prediceffours coulde prophecye of the feruitude and 
 bondage of their fucceflyon, if it bee trewe that is fayd of the familiaritie they haue with fpirites whiche appeare to 
 them in the night, wherof we haue largely made mention in the nynth booke of the firft decade, where alfo wee 
 haue entreated of their Zemes (that is) their Idoles and Images of diuelles whiche they honoured. But they faye 
 that fence thefe Zemes were taken awaye by the Chriftians, the fpirites haue no more appeared. Owre men afcribe 
 this to the fygne of the croffe wherwith they defende theym felues from fuche fpirites. For they are nowe all clenfed 
 and lanctifyed by the water of bapti[f Jme wherby they haue renounced the deuel and are confecrated the holy 
 members of Chrift. They are vniuerfally fludyous to knowe the boundes and lymettes of their regions and king- 
 domes : And efpecially their Mitaini (that is) noble men. So that euen they are not vtterlye ignorante in the 
 furueyinge of their landes. The common people haue none other care then of fettynge, fowynge, and 
 plantynge. They are moofte experte fyflhers, by reafon that throughowte the hole yeare, they are accuflomed 
 daylye to plounge them felues in the ryuers, fo that in maner they lyue no lefle in the water then on the lande 
 They are alfo giuen to huntynge. For (as I haue fayde before) they haue twoo kyndes of foure footed 
 beafles, wherof the one is lyttle cunnes cauled Vtias, and the other Serpentes named luannas, muche lyke 
 vnto Crocodiles, of eyght foote length, of mode pleafaunte tafte, and lyuynge on the lande. All the Ilandes 
 nooryflie innumerable byrdes and foules : As (locke doues, duckes, geefe, hcarons, byfyde no leffe number of 
 popingiais then fparowes with vs. Euery kynge hath his fubiectes diuided to fundrye affaire ; As fumme to 
 huntynge, other to fyffliynge, and other fumme to hulbandrye. But let vs now returne to fpeake further of the 
 names. We haue fayde that Quizqueia and Haiti were the oulde names of this Ilande. The hole Ilande 
 was alfo caaled Cipanga of the region of the montaynes aboundynge with golde : Lyke as owre anciente 
 poetes cauled all Italye Latium of parte therof. Therfore as they cauled Aufonia and Hefpcria, Italie, eue.i 
 foo by the names of Quizqueia, Haiti, and Cipanga, they vnderflode the hole Ilande of Hifpaniola. Owre 
 men dyd fyrfte name it Ifabella of queene Helifabeth whiche in the Spanifhe tongue is cauled Ifabella : And fo 
 named it of the fyrft Colonic where they planted their habitation vpon the banke nere vnto the fea on the 
 Northe fyde of the Ilande, as wee haue further declared in the fyrfte decade. But of the names, this fliall 
 fuffyce. Lette vs nowe therfore fpeake of the forme of the Ilande. They whiche fyrfte ouer ranne it, defcribed 
 it vnto me to bee lyke the leafe of a cheftnutte tree, with a goulfe towarde the weft fyde, lyinge open ageynft 
 the Ilande of Cuba. But the experte fliyppe mayfter Andreas Moralis broughte me the forme therof fumwhat 
 differjnge from that. For from bothe the comers, as from the Eafte angle and the Weft, he defcribed it to be 
 indented and eaten with many great goulfes, and the comers to reache foorthe verye farre : and placeth manye 
 large and fafe hauens in the great goulfe on the Eaft fyde. But I truft fliortely foo to trauayle further herein, 
 that a perfecte carde of the particular defcription of Hifpaniola maye bee fente vnto yowre holyneffe. For they 
 haue nowe drawne the Geographicall defcription therof in cardes, euen as yowre holyneffe hath feene the forme 
 and fytuation of Spayne and It^.lye with their montaines, valleyes, ryuers, cities, and colonies. Lette vs therfore 
 without (hamfaftneffe compare the Ilande of Hifpaniola to Italie, fumtyme the heade and queene of the hole 
 worlde. For if wee confyder the quantitie, it flialbee founde lyttle leffe, and muche more fmtefull. It reacheth 
 from the Eafte into the Weft, fyue hundreth and fortye myles accordynge to the computation of the later 
 fearchers : Althoughe the Admyrall fumwhat increafed this number as wee haue fayde in the fyrfte decade. It 
 is in breadth fumme where, almofte three hundreth myles : And in fumme places narower where the corners are 
 extended. But it is fuerlye muche more bleffed and fortunate then Italie : Beynge for the moofte parte therof 
 fo temperate and floryflhynge, that it is neyther vexed with ftiarppe coulde, nor afflycted with immoderate heate. 
 It hath bothe the fteyinges and conuerfyons of the foonne (cauled Solflitia) in maner equall with the Equinoctiall, 
 with lyttle difference betwene the length of the daye and nyghte throughout all the yeare. For on the fouth fyde, 
 the day afcendeth fcarcely an houre in length aboue the nyghte, or contrary wyfe. But the dyfference is more 
 on the northe fyde. Yet are there fumme regions in the Ilande in the whiche the coulde is of fum force. But 
 yowre holyneffe mufte vnderftonde this to bee incident by reafon of the obiecte or nearneffe of the mountaines, 
 as wee wyl more largely declare hereafter. Yet is not this coulde fo pearcynge and ftiarpe, that th[e]inhabitantes 
 are molefted with fnowe or bytynge frofte. In other places, the Ilande enioyeth perpetuall fpringe tyme, and 
 
 167 
 
 Singing and 
 daunceing. 
 Soonges of loue 
 and moomynge. 
 
 Prophesies. 
 Note 
 
 Theyr fnmilinritic 
 wi[thj spiritcs 
 
 The deliyl is 
 diyuen aw.iyc 
 by baptisine 
 
 126 
 
 Surueyers. 
 
 They lyue as much 
 in the water as uii 
 the lande 
 
 Serpentes 
 
 A Crocodile is 
 much tyke to owr 
 ewte or Lyserte 
 Byrdes and foules 
 Popingayes 
 
 Cipanga. 
 
 Ittily cauled 
 Latium 
 
 Isabella 
 
 The foime of the 
 Ilande of 
 hispaniola 
 
 A particular carde 
 of hispaniola. 
 
 Hispaniola 
 compared tu Italie. 
 
 The temperature 
 of Hispaniola. 
 
 The equinocti.ill. 
 
 Couldeaccident.ill, 
 and not by the 
 sytuation of 
 the region. 
 Perpetuall springe 
 and Boomer. 
 
 IK- 
 
 
 -1 
 1 Jt 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 1. 1 
 
 ! I 
 
 ' l.i t 
 
 » •!) 
 
 ri : 
 
 
 1 
 
 f i 
 
 
 ^ <i 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 !'*' 
 
 li 
 
 \ I 
 
nwii 
 
 m 
 
 IM 
 
 
 ! I, 
 
 \ 
 
 i68 
 
 T/te thyrde Decade. 
 
 Maruelous 
 frutfulnes 
 
 127 
 
 Beastes 
 
 Oxen and swyne 
 of exceadyng 
 bygnesse. 
 
 Swync fed with 
 Myrobalanes 
 
 Vines 
 Wheate 
 
 Aneareofwheate 
 as byg as a mans 
 armeinthe brawne 
 The bread of the 
 llande. 
 
 Gotde. 
 
 Great picntie of 
 
 cattayle. 
 
 Brasile. 
 
 Mastyx. 
 
 Gossampine 
 
 Electrum. 
 
 Incommodities of 
 intemperat regions 
 
 Holsome aycr 
 
 and water 
 
 Golde euery where 
 
 The description 
 of the inner partes 
 of the llande. 
 
 The citie of s. 
 Dominickc 
 The mountaynes 
 of Haiti 
 
 The monntaynes 
 of Cibaua 
 
 128 
 
 The llande of 
 Cahini 
 Ofprouinces 
 diuided into 
 regions 
 
 I !. 
 
 Oftheyr 
 
 aspirations 
 
 is fortunate with cortynuall foomer and harued. The trees florylhe there all the hole yeare: And the medowes 
 contynue alway greene. All thynges are exceadynge fortunate, and growe to great perfection. How wonderfully 
 all garden herbes and frutes doo encreafe, foo thatwithin the fpaoe of fyxtene dayes after the feede is sowne,al herbes 
 of fmaule (leames, as lettefTe, borage, radyflie, and fuche other, coome to their full rypeneffe : And alfo howe herbes 
 of the bygger forte, as gourdes, melones, cucumers, pompons, citrons, and fuche other, coome to their perfection 
 in the fpace of thirtic dayes, wee haue fufficiently declared elles where. Of the beaftes tranfported out of Spaine 
 thether, wee haue fayde howe they growe too a muche greater kynde : In fo muche that when they faule into 
 communication of the oxen or kyne, they compare them in bigneffe to elephantes, and fwyne to mules : But this 
 fumvtfhat by an exceflyue kynde of fpeache. We haue alfo made mention how their fwynes flefflie is more 
 fauourye and farre better and more pleafaunte tafle and more holfome then owres, by reafon they are fedde with 
 the frutes of Myrobalane trees, and other pleafaunte and nuryffliynge fruites of that contrey, whiche growe there of 
 them felues, as do with vs beeches, holly, and okes. Vynes woolde alfo profper there with maruellous encreafe, 
 if they had any regard to the plantinge therof. The lyke encreafe commeth of wheate if it be fowen vppon the 
 mountaynes where the colde is of fume ftrength: but not in the playnes, by reafon of to much fatnes and 
 rankenes of the grownde. Ix is in maner incredible to heare, that an eare of wheate (huld bee bygger then a 
 mans arme in the brawne, and more then a fpanne in length, bearynge alfo more then a thoufande graynes 
 as they all confefle with one voyce, and en ellly affirme the fame with othes. Yet they fay the bread of the llande 
 (cauled) Cazahbi made of the roote of Iticca, to bee more holfome, becaufe it is of eafyer digeftion, and is cultured 
 with leffe labour and greater increafe. The refidue of the tyme which they fpende not in fettynge and plantynge, 
 they beftowe in gatheringe of golde. They haue nowe fuche plentie of foure footed beads, that horfes and oxe 
 hydes with fheepe (kynnes and goate Ikyns and fuch other, are brought from thenfe into Spayne : So that nowe 
 the doughter in many thynges helpeth and fuccurreth her mother. Of the trees of brafile, fpices, the graine 
 which coloureth fcarlet in bright fliinynge redde, maftix, goflampine cotton, the precious metall cauled Eleilrum, 
 and fuch other commodities of this llande, we haue fpoken fufficiently before. What therefore can chaunce 
 more happy vnto man vpon the earth, then there to lyue where he neede not to bee dryuen to clofe chaumbers 
 with (harpe coulde or fayntynge heate? Nor yet in wynter eyther to bee laden with heauy apparell, or to bume 
 the (hinnes with continual fyttyng at the fyer, which thynges make men oulde in fliort tyme by refoluinge the 
 natural heate, wherof a thoufande difeafes infue. They alfo affirme the ayer to bee very healthfull : and the 
 waters of the ryuers to bee no leffe holfome, as they whiche haue theyr continuall courfe through the earth of 
 the golden mynes. For there is in maner no ryuer, no mountaynes, and but fewe playnes that are vtterly without 
 golde. But let vs nowe at the length coome to the particular defcription of the inner partes of this bleffed 
 llande. We haue before declared howe it is in maner equally diuided with foure greate ryuers defcendynge 
 frome hygh mountaynes : wherof that which runneth towarde the Eaft, is cauled lunna, as that towarde the 
 Weft is named Attibunicus: The thyrde is Naiba at Haiba which runneth Southwarde: The fourth is cauled 
 lache, and fauleth towarde the North. But this Ihippe maifter, hath brought an other defcription obferued of 
 th[e]inh: '• itantes from the begynnynge. Let vs therfore diuide the hole llande into fiue partes, caulynge the 
 regions of euery prouince by theyr owlde names : and fynally make mention of fuche thynges as are woorthye 
 memory in euery of them. The begynninge of the llande on the Eaft fyde, is conteyned in the prouince named 
 Caizcimu : fo named for that in theyr language Cimu, fignifieth the front or begynnynge of any thynge. After 
 this, foloweth the prouince of Huhabo, and then Caihabo. The fourth is Bainoa. Guaccaiarima conteyneth the 
 weft comer. But the laft faue one, Bainoa is of larger boundes then the three other. Caizcimu reachethe 
 from the fyrft fronte of the llande to the ryuer Hozama, whiche runneth by the citie of faynt Dominicke. But 
 towarde the North fyde, it is ended at the rough mountaynes of Haiti. Huhabo, is included within the 
 mountaynes Haiti and the ryuer laciga. Cai\/i\abo the thyrde prouince, conteyneth all that lyeth betwene 
 Cuhabo and Dahatio, euen vnto the mouth of the ryuer of laccha or lache (one of the foure which diuide 
 the llande equally) and afcendethe to the mountaynes of Cibaua, where the greatefte plentie of golde 
 is founder Owte of the which alfo the ryuer Demahus fpringeth: and ioynynge with the fpringes of the 
 ryner of Naiba, (being an other of the foure which diuideth the llande towarde the fouth fea) fauleth to 
 ar cfher banke of the ryuer of faynt Dominicke. Bainoa, begynneth at the confines of Caiabi, and 
 reacheth euen vnto the llande of Cahini which lieth neare vnto the fea bankes of the north fyde of the 
 llande where wee fayde that they erected the fyrft colonie or habitacion. The prouince of Guaccaiarima, 
 occupieth the remanent towarde the weft. This they named Guaccaiarima, bycaufe it is the extreme or vtter- 
 moft parte of the llande. For larima in theyr language fignifieth the tayle or ende of any thynge : And Gua, 
 is an article whiche they vfe often tymes in the names of thynges : And efpecially in the names of theyr kynges : 
 as Guarionexius, and Guaccanari/lus. In the prouince of Caizimu, are thefe regions: Higiiei, Guanama, 
 Reyre, Xagtia, Aramana, Arabo, Hazoa, Macorix, Caiacoa, Guaiagua, Baguanimaho and the rough mountaynes 
 of Haiti. Here let vs fpeakc fume what of theyr afpirations which they vfe otherwyfe then the Latins doo. 
 
 iC8 
 
The ihynte Decade. 
 
 169 
 
 It is to bee noted that there is no afpiration in theyr vowels, which hath not th[e]effecte of a confonant. So 
 that they pronounce theyr afpirations more vehemently then wee do the confonant. f Ye, all fuche woordes 
 as in their tonge are afpirate, are pronounced with lyke breath and fpirite as is. f fauing that herein the neather 
 lyppe is not moued to th[e]uppermofl. teethe. With open mouthes and (hakynge theyr brefl.es, they breath 
 out thefe afpirations, ha, he, hi, ho, hu, as the Hebrewes and Arabians are accuftomed to pronounce theyrs. I 
 fynde alfo that the Spanyardes vfe the lyke vehemence in the afpirations of thofe woordes whiche they haue 
 receaued of the Moores and Arabians which poffeiTed Spaine, and continued there many yeares : As in thefe 
 woordes: Almohadda, whiche fignificth a pyllowe or bolfler; Alfo Almohaza, that is, a horfe combe: with 
 dyuers fuch other woordes whiche they fpeake in maner with panting breftes and vehement fpirite. I haue 
 thought it good to reherfe thefe thynges, bycaufe amonge the Latines it often tymes foo chaunceth that onely 
 the accent or afpiration, chaungeth the fignification of the woorde : as hora, for an houre, and ora for the plurale 
 number of this woorde os, which fignifieth the mouth : Alfo ora, which fignifieth regions or coafles. The lyke 
 alfo chaunceth in the diuerfitic of the accente, as occido I kyll, and occido I faule. Euen fo in the language of thefe 
 fimple men, there are many thynges to bee obferued. But let vs nowe returne to the defcription. In the 
 prouince of Huhabo, are thefe regions : Xamana, Canabacoa, Cuhabo, with many other, the names wherof I haue 
 not yet learned. The prouince of CaUiabo, conteyneth thefe regions : Magna, and Cacacubana. Th[e]inhabi- 
 tantes of this region, haue a peculyar language much differinge from the common language of the Hand, and 
 are cauled Macoryxes. There is alfo an other region cauled Cubana, whofe language differeth from the other. 
 Lykewyfe the region of Baiohaigua, hath a dyuers toonge. There are alfo other regions, as Dahabon, Cybaho, 
 and Manabaho. Cotoy is in the myddle of the Ilande. By this runnethe the ryuer Nizaus: And the montaynes 
 cauled Mahaititi, Hazua, and Neibaymao, confine with the fame. In the prouince of Bainoa, are the regions of 
 Afaguana, lagohaiucho, Bauruco, Dabiagua, and Attibuni, fo named of the ryuer: Alfo Caunoa, Buiaici, 
 Dahabonici, Maiaguariti, Atiei, Maccazina, Guahabba, Anniuid, Marieii, Guaricco, Amaguei, Xaragua, Yaguana, 
 Azzuei, Jacchi, Honoriuco, Diaguo, Camaie, and Neibaimao. In Guaccaierima the lafl prouince, thefe regions 
 are conteyned : Mauicarao, Guahagua, Taquenazabo, Nimaca, Bainoa the lefle, Cahaymi, Jamaizi, Manabaxao, 
 Zauana, Habacoa, and Ayqueroa. But let vs entreate fumwhat of the particulars of the regions. In the 
 prouince 01' Caizcimu, within the great goulfe of the beginnynge, there is a greate caue in a hoUowe rocke 
 vnder the roote of a hygh moun^ayne, about twoo furlonges from the fea. The enteric of this caue is not 
 much vnlyke the doores of a great temple, beinge very large and tumynge many wayes. Andreas Moralis the 
 fliyp mafter, at the commaundement of the gouernoure, tempted to fearche the caue with the fmauleft. veflels. 
 He fayth that by certeyne priuie wayes, manye ryuers haue concourfe to this caue as it were to a fmke or 
 chanell. After th[e]experience hereof, they ceafed to maruaile whither other ryuers ranne whiche comniynge 
 fourefcore and tenne myles, were fwalowcd vp, fo that they appeared no more, nor yet fell into the fea by any 
 knowen wayes. Nowe therfore they fuppofe that ryuers fwalowed vp by the holowe places of that ftony moun- 
 tayne, faule into this caue. As the fhipmafter entered into the caue his fliippe was almoft fwalowed. For he 
 faith that there are many whyrlepooles and ryfinges or boylinges of the water, which make a violent conflicte and 
 horrible rorynge one enconnteryng the other. Alfo many huge holes and holowe places : So that what on the 
 one fyde with the whirle pooles, and on the other fide with the boyling of the water, his fliyp was long in maner 
 tofled vp and downe lyke a baule. It greatly repented hym that he had entered, yet knewe he no way how to 
 come forth. He now wandered in darkeneffe, afwel for the obfcurenefle of the caue into the which he was farre 
 entered, as alfo that in it were thicke cloudes engendered of the moifl vapours proceading of the conflicte of the 
 waters whiche continually faule with great violence into the caue on eueiy fyde. He compareth the noyfe of 
 thefe waters, to the faule of the famous ryuer of Nilus from the montaines of Ethyope. They were al fo deafe, 
 that one could not here what an other faid. But at the length with great daunger and feare, he came foorth of 
 the caue as it had byn owte of hel. Aboute three fcore miles diftante from the chiefe citie of faincte Dominicke, 
 there are certeyne hyghe montaynes vppon the toppes wherof is a lake or (landynge poole inacceffible, neuer 
 yet feene of them whiche came latelye to the Ilande, bothe by reafon of the roughneffe of the montaines, and 
 alfo for that there is noo pathe or open waye to the toppes of the fame. But at the length the (hyppe maifler 
 beinge conducted thether by one of kynges, afcended to the toppes of the montaines and came to the poole. 
 Hee faith that the coulde is there of fum force. And in token of wynter, hee founde feme and bramble buflhes, 
 whiche two, growe onely in coulde regions. Thefe montaynes, they caule Ytnizui Hibahaino. This poole is of 
 freflie water three myles in compaffe, and wel replenyfihed with diuerfe kindes of fyflhes. Many fmaule riuers 
 or brookes faule into it. It hath no paflage owte, bycaufe it is on euery fyde enclofed with the toppes of 
 montaynes. But lette vs nowe fpeake of an other poole whiche may well bee cauled a fea in the mydlande, 
 and bee coompared to the Cafpian or Hircanian fea in the fyrme lande of Afia : with certeyne other lakes and 
 pooles of frefflie water. 
 
 t<9 
 
 The pronunciation 
 of the Hebrewes 
 and Arabians 
 
 The Moores and 
 Arabians pus!icsM:d 
 
 S|i:iyiie 
 
 Howe the 
 
 aspiration 
 chan^eth the 
 signification t»f 
 wordes 
 
 Dyu*;rs langnngcs 
 in the Ilande 
 
 A greate caue in 
 the rocke uf a 
 mountaync. 
 
 A danngerus 
 enterprise 
 
 Riuers deuuurod 
 of caue.s. 
 
 129 
 
 Whirlepooles 
 and conflicte 
 of waters. 
 
 Clowdes in tlic 
 caue. 
 
 The Cntaractes 
 of Nilus 
 
 A standynge 
 poole in the toppe 
 of a hygh 
 mountaync. 
 
 Feme and brambln 
 busshes, growe 
 only in coulde 
 regions. 
 
 The Caspian and 
 Hircanian sea. 
 
 I It 
 
 
 
 IIF^^I 
 
 ■'Phi 
 
 m 
 
 11' , 
 
 ! I 
 
 t:i 
 
 ' ' '11 
 
rwn 
 
 
 170 
 
 T/ie thyrde Decade. 
 
 
 \\\. 
 
 \ 
 
 A %TcM lake of 
 soure and salte 
 water. 
 
 Swalowinge 
 
 gOUlftiS. 
 
 Sea fysshes in 
 
 lakes of the 
 
 midlande 
 
 The deuourynge 
 
 lysshe cauled 
 
 Tiburonus. 
 
 The ryin*rs that 
 faule into the lake 
 Caspium. 
 
 CC [two hundred] 
 sprynges within 
 the space of a 
 furlonge. 
 
 A myracle. 
 
 The Indian 
 language. 
 
 130 
 
 A kyng stricken 
 dumme and lame 
 by a myracle. 
 
 Such as are 
 drowned in the 
 lake are not cast 
 vp ageyne. 
 
 The Ilande 
 Guarizacca in 
 the myddest of 
 the poole. 
 A lake of salt 
 and freshe water. 
 
 A lake of fresshe 
 water 
 
 A lake of ten 
 mylesin lep^i: 
 
 C The eyghte booke of the thirde decade. 
 
 [Heprouynce of Bai/wa beynge thrife as bygge as the three fyrft, that is, Caizcimu, V/iaio, 
 and Caihabo, includeth a valley named Caiouani, in the whiche there is a lake of falte, foure, 
 and bytter water, as wee reade of the fea cauled Cafpitim, lyinge in the firme lande betwene 
 Sarmatia and Hinania. We haue therfore ' amed it Cafpium, althoughe it not bee in the 
 region of Hinania. It hath nianye fwalown^e goulfes, by the whiche, bothe the water of the 
 fea fpringcth into it, and alfo fuche as faule into it from the mountaines, are fwalowed vppe. 
 They thyncke that the caues therof, are fo large and deepe, that great fyfihes of the fea paffe 
 by the fame into the lake. Emonge thefe fyfflies, there is one cauled Tiburonus whiche cutteth a man in funder 
 by the myddeft at one fnappe with his teethe, and deuoureth hym. In the ryuer Hozama, runnynge by the 
 chiefe citie of fayncte Dominicke, thefe Tiburoni do fumtymes coome from the fea and deuoure manye of 
 th[e]inhabitauntes : Efpecially fuche as do dayly ploonge them felues in the water to th[e]intent to keepe their 
 bodyes verye cleane. The ryuers whiche faule into the lake, are thefe. From the Northe fyde, Guaninicabon : 
 From the Southe, Xaccoei: from the Eafte, Guannabo: And from the Weft, Occoa. They faye that thefe ryuers 
 are great and continuall : And that befyde thefe, there are. xx. other fmaule ryuers whiche faule into this Cafpium. 
 Alfo on the Northe fyde within a furlonge of the lake, there are aboue twoo hundreth fpringes, occupyinge 
 lykewife aboute a furlonge in circuite, the water wherof is coulde in foomer, frefhe alfo, and holfome to bee 
 droonke. Thefe fprynges make a ryuer that can not bee waded ouer, whiche neare at hande ioynynge with the 
 other, fauleth into the lake. Here mufte wee ftaye a whyle. The kynge of this regyon founde his wyfe 
 praying in a chapel builded by the Chriftians within the precincte of his dominion, and required her 
 coompanie to fatiffye his flelhely lufte. His wyfe reproued hym, and put hym in remembraunce to 
 haue refpecte to the holye place. The woordes whiche fliee fpake to hym, were thefe: Teitoca, Teitoca: 
 whiche is as muche to faye, as, bee quyet, bee quyet: Techeta cynato guamechyna: That is, god wyl bee 
 greatly angerie. Guamechyna, fygnifyeth god, Techeta greatly, Cynato angrie. But the ..ufbande halynge her 
 by the arme, fayde : Guaibba, that is, go : Cynato macabuca guamechyna : That is : what is that to me if god be 
 angerye? And with thefi woordes as he profered her violence, foodenlye he became dumme and lame. Yet 
 by this myracle beynge ftriken with repentaunce, he euer after ledde a relygious lyfe : In fo muche that from 
 thenfe foorthe bee woolde neuer fuffer the chappell to bee fwepte or decked with any other mannes hande. 
 By the fame myracle, manye of th[e]inhabitauntes and all the Chriftians beyng moued, reforted deuoutly to the 
 chappell. They take it in good parte that the kynge fuffered the reuenge of that reproche. Lette vs nowe 
 retoume to Cafpium. That falte lake is toffed with ftormes and tempeftes : And oftentymes drowneth fmaule 
 (hyppes or fyffliei boates, and fwaloweth them vppe with the maryners : In fo muche that it hath not byn harde 
 of, that any man drowned by (hyppewracke, euer ploonged vppe ageyne, or was cfte on the fliore, as commonly 
 chaunceth of the deade bodyes of fuche as are drowned in the fea. Thefe tempeftes, are the deintie banquetes 
 of the Tiburones. This Cafpium, is cauled Hagueigabon. In the myddeft hereof, lyeth an Ilande named 
 Guarizacca, to the whiche they reforte when they go a fyflhynge: But it is not cultured. There is in the fame 
 playne, an other lake nexte vnto this, whofe water is myxte of falte and freftie: And is therfore nother apte to 
 bee droonke, nor yet to bee refufed in vrgente neceflytie. This conteineth in length, xxv. miles, and in breadth 
 eight myles : In fumme places alfo nyne or ten. It receaueth manye ryuers whiche haue no paflage owte of 
 the fame, but are fwalowed vppe as in the other. Water fpringeth out of the fea into this alfo: but in no great 
 quantitie, whiche is the caufe that it is fo commyxte. In the fame prouynce towarde the Wefte fyde, there is 
 an other lake of freflie water, not farre diftante from Cafpius. This th[e]inhabitauntes caule lainagua. The 
 fame falte lake, hath on the North fyde therof, an other named Guaccaa. This is but lyttle : as not paft three 
 or foure myles in breadth, and one in length. The water of this, maye well bee droonke. On the fouthe fyde 
 of the falte lake, there lyeth an other named Babbareo, of three myles in length and in maner rounde. The 
 water of this is freftie as of the two other. This lake bycaufe it hath no paflage owte nor yet anye fwalowynge 
 rfo'ilfes, conueyeth the fuperfluous waters to the fea if it be encreafed with the ftreames whiche faule fumtimes 
 i-i: ■ pbondantly from the montaines. This is in the region of Xamana in the prouince of Bainoa. There 
 • M Coher cauled Guaniba, lying betwene the Eaft and the South nere vnto the fyde of Cafpius. This is ten 
 Hs in length and almofte rounde. There are furthermore many other fmaule ftandyng pooles or lakes 
 diipaiicd here and there in the Hand, whiche I wyll lette pafle lefte I fliulde bee tedious in remainyng to longe 
 
^^^ n 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 171 
 
 \ 
 
 in one thynge. I wyll thcrfore make an ende with this addition, that in all thefe, great plentie of fyfhe and 
 foule is nouryflhed. All thefe lakes lye in a large playne, the whiche from the Eaft reacheth into the Weft a 
 hundreth and twentie myles : beyng of breadth, xviii. rnyles where it is naroweft, and. xxv. where it is largeft. 
 Lookyng toward the Weft, it hath collaterally on the lefte hande the montaines oi Daiguani: And on the ryght 
 hande, the montaines of Caigua, fo cauled of the name of the vale it felfe. At the rootes of the montaines of 
 Caigua toward the North fyde, there lyeth an other vale much longer and larger then that before named. For 
 it conteineth in length, almofte t>vo hundreth myles : And in bredth. xxx. wher it is largeft, and about, xx. wher 
 it is naroweft This vale in fumme parte therof, is cauled Maguana : In an other place, Igtiamu, and elles 
 where, Hathathiei. And forafmuche as wee haue here made mention of this parte of the vale named Hathathiei, 
 wee wyll fumwhat digreffe from the difcourfe of this defcription, and entreate of a thinge fo ftraunge and 
 maruelous, that the lyke hath not byn hard of So it is therfore, that the kyng of this region named Carama- 
 texius, taketh great pleafure in fyflhinge. Into his nettes chanced a younge fyfhe of the kynde of thofe huge 
 monfters of the fea whiche th[e]inhabitours caule Manati, not founde I fuppofe in o>vre feas nor knowen to 
 owre men before this tyme. This fyflie is foure footed, and in (hape lyke vnto a tortoyfe althoughe Ihee be not 
 couered with a (hel, but with fcales : Arid thofe of fuch hardneffe and couched in fuche order, that no arrowe can 
 hurte her. Her fcales are byfet and defend with a thoufand knobbes. Her backe is playne, and her heade vtterly 
 lyke the heade of an oxe. She lyueth both in the water and on the lande : She is flowe of mouynge : of condition 
 meeke, gentell, aflbcyable and louing to mankind and of a maruelous fence or memorie as are the elephant and the 
 delphyn. The king noriflhed this fylhe certeine daies at home with the breade of the countrey, made of the roote of 
 lucca and Panycke with fuche other rootes as men are accuftomed to eate. For when ftiee was yet but younge, he 
 caft her into a poole or lake neare vnto his palaice there to bee fedde with hande. This lake alfo receaueth 
 waters and cafteth not the fame foorth ageine. It was in tyme pafte cauled Guaurabo : But is nowe cauled the lake 
 of Manati after the name of this fyfhe whiche wandered fafelye in the fame for the fpace of. xxv. yeares, and 
 grewe excedyng byg. What fo euer is written of the Delphines of Baian or Arion, are muche inferior to the 
 dooinges of this fyfti : which for her gentle nature they named Malum, that is gentle or noble. Therefore when 
 fo euer any of the kynges familyers, efpecially fuche as are knowen to her, reforte to the bankes of the lake and 
 caule Matum, Mattim, then (he (as myndefuU of fuche benefites as flie hath receaued of men) lyftethe vp her 
 heade and commeth to the place whither (he is cauled, and there receaueth meate at the handes of fuche as 
 feede her. If any defirous to paffe ouer 1 he lake, make fignes and tokens of theyr intente, (he boweth her felfe 
 to them, therewith as it were gentelly inuitynge them to amount vppon her, and conueyeth them fafely ouer. 
 It hath byn feene that this monftrous fyflhe hath at one tyme fafely caryed ouer tenne men finginge and playinge. 
 But if by chaunce when ftie lyfteed vp her heade (he efpyed any of the Chriftian men, ftie woolde immediatly 
 ploonge downe ageyne into the water and refufe to obey, bycaufe (lie had once receaued iniury at the handes of 
 a certeyne wanton younge man amonge the Chriftians, who hadde cafte a (harpe darte at her, although (he were 
 not hurte by reafon of the hardenes of her (kynne beinge roughe and ful of (kales and knobbes as we haue 
 fayde. Yet dyd (he beare in memorie th[e]iniurie flie fufteyned, with fo gentell a reuenge requitynge 
 th[e]ingratitude of hym which had delte with her fo vngentelly. From that day when fo euer (he was cauled by 
 any of her familiers, (he woolde fyrft looke circumfpectly about her, leaft any were prefent appareled after the 
 mamr of the Chriftians. She woolde oftentymes play and wreftle vppon the banke with the kynges chamberlens : 
 And efpecially with a younge man whom the kynge fauoured well, beinge alfo accuftomed to feede her. Shee 
 woolde bee fumetymes as pleafaunt and full of play as it had byn a moonkey or marmafet : And was of longe 
 tyme a great comfort and folace to the hole Hande. For no fmaule confluence afwell of the Chriftians as of 
 th[e]inhabitantes, had dayly concourfe to beholde fo ftraunge a myracle of nature, the contemplation wherof was 
 no le(re pleafaunt then woonderfull. They fay that the meate of this kynde of fyflhe, is of good tafte : And that 
 many of them are engendered in the feas therabout. But at the length, this pleafaunt playfelowe was lofte, and 
 caried into the fea by the great ryuer Attibunicus, one of the foure which diuide the Hande. For at that tyme 
 there chaunced fo terrible a tempeft of wind, and rayne, with fuch fluds enfewing that the like hath not lightly 
 byn hard of. By reafon of this tempeft, the ryuer Attibuniais fo ouerflowed the bankes, that it fylled the hole 
 vale and myxt it felfe with all the other lakes. At which tyme alfo, this gentell Matum and pleafaunte 
 companyon, folowynge the vehemente courfe and faule of the fluddes, was therby reftored to his oulde moother 
 and natyue waters, and fence that tyme neuer feene ageyne. Thus hauynge digre(red fuflficiently, let vs nowe 
 coome to the fituation of the vale. It hathe collaterally the mountaynes of Cibaua and Caiguam which 
 brynge it to the South fea. There is an other vale beyonde the mountaynes of Cibaua towarde the North. 
 This is cauled the vale of Guarionexius, bycaufe that before the memorie of man, the prediceffours and 
 aunceftours of kyng Guarionexius to whom it is defcended by right of inheritaunce, were euer the lordes 
 of the hole vale. Of this kynge, we haue fpoken largely in the fyrft narration of the Hande in the 
 fyrft Decade. This vale is of length from the Eaft to the Weft, a hundreth and fourefcore myles: And of 
 
 A pUyne of A 
 hundreth and 
 twentie miles 
 
 A playne of two ^ 
 hundreth myles in 
 length. 
 
 The maruelous 
 fysshe Manati. 
 
 131 
 
 A monster of the 
 sea fedde with 
 mans hande. 
 
 Maium. 
 
 A fyshe caryeth 
 men ouer the lake 
 
 A maruelous 
 thynge. 
 
 The ryuer 
 Attibunicus. 
 
 The situation of 
 the great vale. 
 
 The mountaynes 
 of Cibaua and 
 Caiguam* 
 
 The greate vale 
 of Guarionexius. 
 
 
 
 ^;h 
 
 ^■.^\ 
 
 \ 
 
 , 1 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 . I' 
 
 i i i 
 
 Sli 
 
 PI'I 
 
 ill! 
 
 ') 
 
I«. 'I liU TT 
 
 if 
 
 •■''I 
 
 '•'1, 
 
 I / 
 
 \ 
 
 172 
 
 TAe thyrde Decade. 
 
 132 
 
 ^fou^taynes. 
 Vales. 
 Ilylles. 
 Playnes. 
 Ryuers, 
 Golde in all 
 mountaynes, and 
 ^olde and fysshc 
 in all o'ucrs. 
 
 Salle bayes. 
 
 Howe the Ilande 
 is diuided with 
 mountaynes. 
 
 Goldc. 
 
 The ryuers haue 
 theyr increase 
 from the caucs of 
 the mountaynes 
 No hurtful or 
 rauenince beast 
 in the Ilande. 
 
 The autours 
 excuse. 
 
 By what meanes 
 the people of the 
 Hand are gretly 
 consumed. 
 
 The plesures of 
 Hispaniola. 
 
 The region of 
 Cotohi, situate in 
 the Clowdes. 
 
 A playne in the 
 toppes of 
 mountaynes 
 
 The hygher, the 
 coulder. 
 
 Moderate coulde 
 in the mountaynes. 
 
 Feme of 
 maruelous bignes 
 
 Golde. 
 
 133 
 
 Thfelinhribitantes 
 of Hispaniola can 
 abyde no labour 
 nor coulde. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Crcta or Candie, 
 vnder the 
 dominion of Ihe 
 Venetians. 
 
 breadth from the South to the North, thirtie myles wher it is narowefl, and fiftie where it is brodefte. It 
 begynneth from the region Canabocoa by the prouinces of Hiihabo and Caiabo : And endeth in the prouince 
 of Bainoa and the region of Marietta. It lyeth in the myddeft betwene the mountaynes of Cibaua, 
 and the mountaynes of Cahonai and Cazactibuna. There is no prouince nor ?.ny region, which is not notable 
 by the maieftie of mountaynes, frutefulnes of vales, pleafauntnefle of hylles, and delectablenes of playnes, with 
 abundaunce of fayre ryuers nmnynge through the fame. There are no fides of mountaynes or hylles, no ryuers, 
 which abound not with golde and delycate fyflhes, except only one ryuer which from th[e]originall therof, with 
 the fprynges of the fame breakynge foorth of the mountaynes, commeth owt falte and fo contynueth vntyll it 
 peryflie. This ryuer is cauled Bahiian : and runneth through the myddle of the region Maguana in the prouince 
 of Bainoa. They fuppofe that this ryuer hathe made it felfe awaye vnder the grounde by fume paffages of 
 playfter or falte earthe. For there are in the Ilande many notable falte bayes, wherof we wyl fpeake more 
 hereafter. We haue declared howe the Ilande is diuided by foure ryuers and fyue prouinces. There is alfo an 
 other particion, whiche is this. The hole Ilande confyfteth of the tops of foure mountaines which diuide it by 
 the myddeft from the Eall to the wefte. In all thefe is abundance of nooryfliynge moyfture and greate plentie 
 of golde : of the caues alfo of the whiche, the waters of al the riuers (into the which the caues emptie them 
 felues) haue theyr originall and increafe. There are lyke>vyfe in them horryble dennes, obfcure and darke vales, 
 and myghtie rockes of (lone. There was neuer any noyfome beafte founde in it : Nor yet any rauenynge foure 
 footed beafte. No lyon, no beare no fierce tygers, no craftie foxes, nor deuouring woolfes. All thynges are 
 bleffed and fortunate: And nowe more fortunate, for that fo many thoufandes of men are receaued to t:e the 
 flieepe of Chriftes flocke, all theyr Zemes and Images of deuylles being reiected and vtterly out of meraorie. 
 If I chaunce nowe and then in the difcourfe of this narration to repeate one thynge dyuers tymes or otherwife 
 to make digreffion, I muft defyre yowre holynes therwith not to bee offended. For whyle I fee, heare, and 
 wryte thefe thinges, mee feemeth that I am herewith fo affected, that for verye ioy I feele my mynde ftirred as 
 it were with the fpiriteof Apollo as were the Sibylles, whereby I am enforced to repeate the fame ageyne: 
 Efpecially when I confyder howe farre the amplitude of owre religion fpreadeth her wynges. Yet amonge thefe 
 fo many bleffed and fortunate thynges, this one greeueth me not a lyttle : That thefe fimple poore men neuer 
 brought vp in labour, do dayly peryfhe with intoUerable trauayle in the golde mynes : And are therby brought 
 to fuche defperation, that many of them kyll them felues, hauynge no regarde to the procreation of chyldren. 
 In fo much that women with chylde, perceauynge that they fhall brynge foorth fuch as (halbe flaues to the 
 Chriftians, vfe medecines to deftroy theyr conception. And albeit that by the kynges letters patentes it was 
 decreed that they fhulde bee fet at lybertie, yet are they conftrayned to feme more then feemeth conuenient for 
 free men. The number of the poore wretches is woonderfuUy extenuate. They were once rekened to bee 
 aboue twelue hundreth thoufande heades : But what they are nowe, I abhorre to rehearfe. We wyll therefore 
 let this pafTe : and retume to the pleafures of Hifpaniola. In the mountaynes of Cibaua, which are in maner 
 in the myddeft of the Ilande in the prouince of Caiabo (where we fayd to bee the greateft plentie of natyue 
 golde) there is a region named Cotohi, fituate in th 5 clowdes, enuironed with the toppes of hyghe mountaynes, 
 and well inhabited. It confifteth of a playne of. xxv. myles in length, and. xv. in breadth. This playne is 
 hygher then the toppes of other mountaynes: So that thefe mountaynes, maye feeme to bee the chiefe and 
 progenitours of the other. This playne fuffereth alterations of the foure tymes of the yeare: as the Sprynge, 
 Soomer, Autumne, and wynter. Here the herbes waxe wythered, the trees loofe theyr leaues, and the medowes 
 become hore: The whiche thynges (as we haue fayde) chaunce not in other places of the Ilande, where they 
 haue only the Spring and Autumne. The foyle of this playne bryngeth foorth feme and bramble buffhes 
 bear)'nge blacke berries or wylde rafpes, which two are tokens of coulde regions. Yet is it a fayre region : for 
 the coulde therof is not very fharpe : neyther dooth it aflicte th[e]inhabitantes with frofte or fnowe. They argue 
 the fmtefulnes of the region by the feme, whofe ftalkes or fteames are bygger then a fpere or iauelen. The 
 fydes of thofe mountaynes are ryche in golde. Yet is there none appoynted to dygge for the fame, bycaufe it 
 fhalbe needefuU to haue apparelled myners, and fuch as are vfed to labour. For th[e]inhabitantes lyuynge 
 contented with lyttle, are but tender: And can not therfore away Avith labour or abyde any coulde. There are 
 two ryuers which mnne through this region, and faule from the toppes of the prefent mountaynes. One of thefe 
 is named Comoiayxa, whofe courfe is towarde the Weft, and fauleth into the chiinell of Naiba. The other is 
 cauled Tirecotus: which mnnynge towarde the Eaft, ioyneth with the ryuer of lunna. In the Ilande of Cteta 
 (nowe cauled Candie) as I pafTed by in my legacie to the Soldane of Alcayr or Babylon in Egypte, the 
 Venetians toulde me that there laye fuche a region in the toppes of the mountaynes of Ida, whiche they affirme 
 to bee more frutefull of wheate come then any other region of the Hand. But forafmuch as once the Cretenfes 
 rebelled agenft the Venetians, and by reafon of the ftreight and narowe way to the toppes therof, longe defended 
 the region with armes againft th[e]auctoritie of the Senate, and at the length beinge forweryed with warres, 
 rendered the fame, the Senate commaunded that it fhulde bee lefte deferte, and fhe ftreightes of th[e]enter- 
 
 i;a 
 
 I » 
 
'^r^ 
 
 I'itirl 
 
 TAe thyvde Decade. 
 
 173 
 
 aunces to bee flopped, leAe any (hulde afcende to the region without their permiflyon. Yet in the yeare of 
 Chride M. D. ii. lycence was graunted to the hufband men to tyll and manure the region, on fuche condition 
 that no fuche as were apte to the warres, myght enter into the fame. There is alfo an other region in Hifpaniola 
 named Coiohy after the fame name. This diuideth the boundes of the prouinces of Vhabo and Caiabo. It 
 hath mountaynes, vales, and plaines. But bycaufe it is baren, it is not muche inhabited. Yet is it riched in 
 golde: For the originill of the ab* ndaunce of gold, beginneth here: In fo muche that it is not gathered in 
 fmaule graines and fparkes as in other places: but is founde hole, maflle, and pure, emonge certaine fofte 
 (lones and in the vaines of rockes, by breakynge the ftones wherof, they folowe the vaynes of golde. They 
 haue founde by experience, that the vayne of golde is a lyuinge tree : And that the fame by all wayes that it 
 fpreadeth and fpringeth from the roote by the fofte pores and pafTages of the yearth, putteth foorth branches 
 euen vnto the vppermoll part of the earth, and ceafeth not vntyl it difcouer it felfe vnto the open ayer: At 
 whiche time, it flieweth foorth certaine bewtifuU colours in the fteede of floures, rounde flones of golden earth 
 in the fteede of frutes, and thynne plates in fteede of leaues. Thefe are they whiche are difparcled throughout 
 the hole Ilande by the courfe of the ryuers, eruptions of the fpringes owte of the montaines, and violent faules 
 of the fluddes. For they thincke that fuch graines are not engendered where they are gathered : efpecially on 
 the dry land : but otherwife in the riuers. They Ciy that the roote of the golden tree extendeth to the center 
 of the earth and there taketh norifliement of increafe. For the deaper that they dygge, they fynd the trunkes 
 therof to be fo muche the greater as farre as they maye folowe it for abundaunce of water fpringing in the 
 montaines. Of the braunches of this tree, they fynde fumme as fmaule as a threde, and other as bygge as a 
 mannes fynger accordynge to the largeneffe or ftraightneffe of the ryftes and clyftes. They haue fumetimes 
 chaunced vpon hole caues fufteyned and borne vp as it were with golden pyllars : And this in the wayes by the 
 whiche the branches afcende : The whiche beynge fylled with the fubftaunce of the truncke creapynge from 
 beneath, the branche maketh it felfe waye by whiche it maye pafle owte. It is oftentymes diuided by encoun- 
 terynge with fum kynde of harde ftone. Yet is it in other clyftes noorifflied by the exhalations and vertue of 
 the roote. But now perhappes yowe will a(ke me what plentie of golde is brought from thenfe. Yowe fliall 
 therfore vnderftande that onely owte of Hifpatiiola, the fum of foure hundreth and fumtymes fyue hundreth 
 thoufande ducates of gold is brought yearely into Spayne : as may be gathered by the fyfthe portion dewe to 
 the kynges Excheker, which amounteth to the fum of a hundreth and fourfcore, or fourefcore and ten thoufande 
 Caftellanes of golde, and fumtymes more. What is to bee thought of the Ilande of Cuba and SanHi lohannis (other- 
 wife cauled Burichmd) beyng both very ryche in golde, we wyll declare further hereafter. To haue fayde thus 
 muche of golde, it fliall fuflyce. Wewyll nowe therfore fpeake fumwhat of falte wherwith wee may feafon and referue 
 fuche thynges as are bought with golde. In a region of the protiince oiBainoa, in the montaynes of Daiaguo, 
 about twelue myles diftant from the falte lake cauled Cafpius, there are falte bayes in the montaynes in a maner as 
 hard as ftoones, alfo clearer and whiter then criftall. There are lykewyfe fuche lalte baies whiche growe woon- 
 derfully in Lahtania (now cauled Catalonia) in the territorie of the duke of Cadona the chiefe ruler in that region. 
 But fuche as knowe theym bothe, affyrme that thefe of Bainoa are mofte notable. They faye aK that this can not 
 be clefte without wedges and beatelles of Iron. But that of LaMana, maye eaflye bee broken as I my felfe haue 
 proued. They therfore compare this to fuche ftoones as may eafely bee broken : And the other to marble. In the 
 prouince of Caizimu, in the regions of Iguanama, Caiacoa, and Guariagua, there are fprynges whofe waters are 
 of maruelous nature, beynge in the fuperfytial or vppermoofte parte, freflie : In the myddeft, myxte of falte and 
 freflie : And in the loweft parte, falte and fower. They thincke that the falte water of the fea, iffheweth owte 
 foftely, and the freflie, to fpringe owte of the mountaines. The one fauleth downe and the other ryfeth : and are 
 not therfore fo vniuerially myxt wherby the one may vtterly corrupt th[e]other. If any man laye his eare to the 
 grounde neare to any of thefe fpringes, he flial perceaue the ground there to bee fo hollowe, that the reboundyng 
 noyfe of a horfeman comminge may be harde for the fpace of three myles, and a foote man one myle. In the 
 lafte region towarde the fouthe named Guaccaiarima, in the lordfliyp of Zaiiana, they fay there are certeyne 
 wyld men whiche lyue in the caues and dennes of the montaynes, contented onely with wilde fruites. Thefe 
 men neuer vfed the companye of any other: nor wyll by any meanes becoome tame. They lyue without any 
 certaine dwellynge places, and with owte tyllage or culturynge of the grounde, as wee reade of them whiche in 
 oulde tyme lyued in the golden age. They fay alfo that thefe men are withowte any certaine language. They 
 are fumtymes feene. But owre men haue yet layde handes on none of them. If at any tyme they coome to 
 the fyght of men, and perceyue any makynge toward them, they flye fwifter then a harte. Ye they affyrme them 
 to bee fwifter then grehowndes. What one of thefe folytarie wanderers dyd, it is worth the hearyng. So it is 
 that owr men hauyng granges adioyning nere vnto the thicke wods, certen of them repaired thither in the 
 mooneth of September in the yeare. M. D. xiiii. In the meane tyme, one of thefe wylde men came leapynge 
 owte of the woodde. And approchynge fumwhat toward them with fmyling countenaunce, foodenly fnatched 
 vppe a childe of therfe beynge the foonne of the owner of the graunge, whiche he begotte of a woman of the 
 
 «73 
 
 Pure and inassic 
 golde in the 
 region of Cotoy. 
 
 The vaine cifgotde, 
 is a lyuynge tree. 
 
 These colcrs or 
 floures arc cauled 
 Marcha bites. 
 Pyrites. 
 
 The roote of the 
 gulden tree. 
 
 The braunches of 
 the golden tree. 
 
 Caues sustcyncd 
 with pyllers uf 
 golde. 
 
 The stones of the 
 guide mynes. 
 
 What gold is 
 brought yerely 
 from Hispaniula 
 into Spayne. 
 
 Salteofthe 
 mountaynes. very 
 hard and clcare. 
 
 134 
 
 Salt ns hard as 
 
 stuties. 
 
 Sprynges of salt, 
 fresshc and sower 
 water. 
 
 Hiilowe cauc^ 
 the gruLiiide 
 
 Certeynewyldmei 
 lyiiing in caues 
 and dennes 
 
 Men without a 
 certeyne language 
 
 Men as swift as 
 greihounds 
 A wyld man 
 runneth away 
 with a chylde 
 
 1^1. 
 
 'W 
 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 ■j 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
^M 
 
 
 174 
 
 7Vie thyrde Decade. 
 
 m. '■']. 
 
 Pitcheoftlie 
 rocke. 
 
 Pitche of two 
 kyndes of trees. 
 The pine tree. 
 The tree Coi>cia. 
 
 The leafe of a tree 
 in the steede of 
 paper. 
 
 They bcleiie that 
 luaues Jo spcake. 
 A prctie iitorie. 
 
 135 
 
 
 I ' 
 
 Ignorance causeth 
 admiration. 
 
 The le.ife wherin 
 tliey wryte. 
 
 A stronge cototir 
 of the iuiseof an 
 apple. 
 
 An Hcrbe whose 
 &moke is poyson. 
 
 ■ /. 
 
 
 . ! I 
 
 hi > 
 
 Ilande. He ranne awaye with the childe, and made fygnes to owre men to folowe hym. Many folowed afwel 
 of owre men as of the naked inhabytanies, but all in vayne. Thus when the pleafaunt wanderer perceaued that 
 the Chriftians ceafed to purfue hym, he lefte the childe in a croffe waye by the whiche the fwyneheardes were 
 accudomed to dryue the fwyne to their pafture. Shortly after, a fwynehearde founde the chyld and brought 
 hym home to his father yet tormentynge hym felfe for forowe, fuppofynge that wylde man to haue byn one of 
 the kynde of the Canibales, and that his foonne was nowe deuowred. In the fame Ilande they gather pytche 
 whiche fweateth owte of the rockcs, beynge nuiche harder and fourer then the pitche of the tree : and is therfore 
 more commodious to calke or defende (hyppes ageynfte the woormes cauled Bromas, wherof wee haue fpoken 
 largely before. This Ilande alfo bryngeth foorth pitche in two kyndes of trees, as in the Pyne tree and an other 
 named Cfl/eia. I neede not fpeake of the pyne tree, bycaufe it is engendered and knowen in maner euery 
 where. Lette vs therfore fpeake fumwhat of the other tree cauled Coj^eia : Pitche is lykewyfe gathered of it as 
 of the pyne tree: althoughe fumme faye that it is gathered by didyllyng or droppyng of the woode when 
 it is burnt. It is a (Iraunge thynge to here of the leafe thereof: and how neceflary prouifion of nature is 
 fhewed in the fame. It is to be thought that this is the tree in the leaues wherof the Chaldeans (beynge the 
 fyrfte fynders of letters) exprefled their myndes before the vfe of paper was knowen. This leafe is a fpanne 
 in breadth and almofl. round. Owre men write in them with pynnes or nedles or any fuche inftrumentes 
 made of metall or woodde, in maner as well as on paper. It is to bee lawghed at what owTe men haue 
 perfwaded the people of the Ilande as towchynge this leafe. The fymple foules beleue that at the com- 
 mandement of owre men, leaues do fpeak and difclofe fecreates. They were brought to this credulitie 
 by this meanes. One of owre men dwellynge in the citie of Dominica the chiefe of the Ilande, delyuered 
 to his feniaunte (beyng a man borne in the Ilande) certayne rolled connies, (whiche they caule F/ias 
 beynge no bygger then myfe) wyllynge hym to carie the fame to his frende whiche dwelte further within the 
 Ilande. This meflenger, whether it were that he was therto conftrayned through hunger, or entyfed by appetite, 
 deuoured three of the counnies by the waye. He to whome they were fente, writ to his frynde in a leafe howe 
 manye he receaued. When the mayfter had looked a whyle on the leafe in the prefence of the feruaunt, he 
 fayde thus vnto hym. Ah foonne, where is thy faythe? Coulde thy gredye appetyte preuayle fo muche 
 with the as to caufe the to eate the connies commytted to thy fydelytie? The poore wretche trembelynge and 
 greatlye amafed, confeffed his faute : And therwith defyred his mayfter to tell hym howe he knewe the treweth 
 therof. This leafe (quod he) whiche thou browghteft me, hath toulde me all. Then hee further rehearfed vnto 
 hym the houre of his coommynge to his frende, and lykewyfe of his departynge when hee retoumed. And thus 
 they meryly deceaue thefe feely foules and keepe theym vnder obedyence : In fo muche that they take owre men 
 for goddes, at whofe coommaundement leaues doo difclofe fuche thynges as they thyncke moofte hyd and 
 fecreate. Bothe the fydes of the leafe receaueth the formes of letters euen as dooeth owre paper. It is thycker 
 then double parchement, and meruelous toughe. \Vhile it is yet floryffliynge and newe, it flieweth the letters 
 whyte in greene. And when it is drye, it becommeth whyte and harde lyke a table of woodde : but the letters 
 wexe yelowe. It dooeth not corrupte or putrifye: nor yet loofeth the letters thoughe it bee wette: nor by any 
 other meanes excepte it bee burnte. There is an other tree named Xagua : the iuife of whofe foure apple 
 beynge of a darke redde coloure, ftayneth and coloureth what foo euer is touched therwith : And that foo 
 fyrmely, that noo waffliynge canne take it awaye for the fpace of twentie dayes. When the apple is full ripe, the 
 iuife loofeth that ftrength. The apple is eaten, and of good taft. There is alfo an herbe whofe fmoke (as we 
 haue reherfed the like before of a certen woodde) is deadly poifon. On a tyme when the kynges affembled 
 together and confpired the deftruction of owre men, whereas they durfte not attempte th[e]enterprife by open 
 warre, theyr diuife was, priuilye to L\v many bundels of thofe herbes in a certeyne houfe, whiche rtiortly after 
 they intended to fet on fyer, to th[e]intent that owre men makynge hafte to quenflie the fame, myght take theyr 
 death with the fmoke therof. But theyr purpofed practyfe beinge bewrayed, th[e]autours of the diuife were 
 punyflhed accordyngly. Nowe (mofte holy father) for as much as yowre holyneife wryteth that what fo euer we 
 haue written of the newe worlde, dooth pleafe yowe ryght well, wee wyll reherfe certeyne thynges owte of order, 
 but not greatly from owre purpofe. Of the fettynge the rootes of Maiziiim, Agis, Iticca, Battatas, and fuch other 
 beinge theyr common foode, and of th[e]ufe of the fame, we haue fpoken fufficiently before. But by what meanes 
 they were fyrfte applyed to the commoditie of men, we haue not yet declared. AVe nowe therefore entende to 
 cntreate fumwhat hereof! 
 
 «r4 
 
The thyrde Decade. 
 
 ns 
 
 f Th 
 
 E NYNTH BOOKE OF THE THYRDE DeCADE. 
 
 HEY fayc that the fyrfte inhab'tours lyuod contented with the rootes of dates, and Magueans, 
 which is an herbe muche lyke vnto that which is commonly cauled Scngrene or Orpin. Alfo 
 the rootes of Guaiegans, whiche are rounde and greate miiche lyke vnto puffes of the earth or 
 mufflieromes. They did lykewife eate Giiaieros, lyke vnto pcrfencppes : Cibaios lyke nuttes, 
 Cabaioes and Macoanes, lyke vnto onions, with dyuers other fuche rootes. They fay that 
 after many yeares, a certeyne Boition, that is, a wyfe oulde man, fawe vppon the bankes fyde, 
 a buflie lyke vnto fenel: and tranfplantyng the roote therof, brought it from wyldenes to a 
 better kynde, by nooryflhynge it in gardens. This was the begynnynge of lucca, which at the fyrfte was deadely 
 poyfon to all fuche as dyd eate therof rawe. But for as muche as they perceaued it to bee of pleafaunte tafte, 
 they determyned many wayes to proue the vfe therof: And at the length founde by experience that bcinge fodde 
 or fryed, it was lefle hurtefull : by whiche meanes alfo, they came to the knowledge of the veneme lyinge hyd in 
 the iufe of the roote. Thus by dryinge, faltynge, feafonynge, and otherwyfe temperynge it, they brought it 
 to theyr fine breade which they caule Cazabbi, more delectable and holfome to the ftomacke of manne then 
 breade made of wheate, bycaufe it is of eafyer digeftion. The fame is to bee vnderftoode of other rootes and 
 the grayne of Maizium whiche they haue chofen for their chiefe meate amonge the feedes of nature, as we reade 
 Howe Ceres the doughter of Satimius, gathered wheate and barley (with fuche other come as are nowe moft in 
 vfe amonge men) in Egypte of certeyne graynes taken owt of the mudde dryuen from the mountaynes of 
 Ethiopia by th[e]increafe of the ryuer Nilus, and lefte in the plaine at fuch tyme as Niliis reforted ageyne to 
 his chanell. For the which facte, we reade that the antiquitie gaue diuine honour to Ceres, who fyrft noriflied 
 and increafed fuch chofen feedes. There are innumerable kyndes of Ages: the varietie wherof, is knowen by 
 theyr leaues and floures. One kynde of thefe, is cauled Guanagnax. This is whyte boothe within and without 
 An other named Guaraguei is of vyolet colour without and white within. The other kyndes of Ages, they caul 
 Zazaueios. Thefe are redde without and whyte within. Squiuetes, are whyte within and without. Tunna, is all 
 together of vyolet coloure. Hobos is yelowe booth of (kynne and inner fubftance. There is an other named 
 Atibunieix: The (kynne of this is of violet colour, and the fubflance whyte. Aniguamar, hath his (kynne alfo of 
 vyolet coloure, and is whyte within. Guaccaracca, hath a whyte (kynne, and the fubftance of vyolet colour. There 
 are many other which are not yet brought to vs. But I feare me lead in the rehearfall of thefe, I ftial prouoke 
 the fpurres of malicious perfons ageynft me which wyll fcome thefe owr doinges for that we haue wrytten of 
 many fuch fmaule thinges to a prince occupyed in fuche weyghty affayres, as vnto yowre holynes vppon whofe 
 (hulders refteth the burthen of the hole Chriftian worlde. But I wolde a(ke of thefe malycious enuyers of 
 other mens trauayles, whether Plinie and fuch other famous wryters, when they dyrected and dedicated fuch 
 thinges to kynges and princes, entended only to profyte them to whom they confecrated the frute of theyr 
 knowleage. They fumtymes intermyxte famous thynges with obfcure thynges, lyght with heauie, and greate with 
 fmaule, that by the foortheraunce of princes, theyr vniuerfall pofteritie myght enioye the fruition of the know- 
 leage of thynges. At other tymes alfo, beinge intent about particular thinges, and defyrous of newe thynges, 
 they occupyed them felues iu the fearchinge of particular trades and coaftes, with fuche thynges as nature 
 brought foorth in the fame, by this meanes to coome the better to more abfolute and vniuerfal knowleage. Let 
 theym therefore contemne owre doinge : And wee ^vyll laugh to fcome, not theyr ignoraunce and flothfulnes, 
 but pernicious curioufnes : And therewith hauynge pitie of theyr frowarde difpofitions, wyll commit theim to the 
 venemous ferpentes of whom enuie tooke his fyrft originall. It (hall in the meane tyme abundantly contente 
 vs that thefe thynges do pleafe yowre holynes : And that yowe doo not difpife owre fimple veftures whenvith 
 we haue only weaued togyther and not adoumed, gathered and not defcribed fuch mamelous thynges in the 
 gamylhynge wherof, nature hath fufficiently (hewed her cunnynge. Owre defyre is none other but herein for 
 yoNvre fake to doo owre endeuoure that thefe thynges maye not pery(he. Let euery man take hereof what 
 lyketh hym beft. Of the (heepe or bullocke foulde in the market, nothynge remayneth in the euenynge, bycaufe 
 the (hulder pleafeth one, the legge an other, and the necke an other. Ye, fume haue moft phantafie to the 
 bowels, and fuuie to the feete. Thus hauynge enough wandered, lette vs returne to owre purpofe and declare 
 \vith what woordes they falute the kynges chyldren when they are fyrft bome : or howe they apply the begyn- 
 nyng of theyr lyues to the end : And why their kynges are cauled by many names. Therfore when the kynge 
 hath a fonne borne, fuch as dwel neare about his pallaice or vyllage, repayre to the queenes chamber, where 
 
 •75 
 
 The kyndcH <.>( 
 fruits whi-rwith 
 thL*(u)iiih;(liiiante!t 
 lyucd fyriii. 
 
 Neccssiiie the 
 mouther of all 
 artes. 
 
 136 
 
 The fine brcnde 
 Cazabbi, niadu of 
 the rootes of 
 luccx 
 
 Howe Ceres fyrst 
 fuunde wheate an^ 
 barly in Kgyptc. 
 
 Theroutcbofaue* 
 
 The autours 
 excu'e. 
 
 IMiuie. 
 
 Y 
 
 \ •!! 
 
 Hi I 
 
 
 
 t'i 
 
 % 
 
J . 
 
 ■■■1, 
 
 I 
 
 h:\ 
 
 176 
 
 The thyyde Decade. 
 
 By what namtt 
 
 lh«y uliile iha 
 
 kyitgCK chyldren 
 
 When ihey are 
 
 borne. 
 
 The names and 
 
 lylleioflhe 
 
 Komane 
 
 Emperourt. 
 
 137 
 
 Howe they make 
 iheyr tesumentci 
 
 So dyd grca[t] 
 Alcxanacr 
 
 llie kynges wyties 
 and concubines 
 are buryed with 
 hyin. 
 
 They burie theyr 
 
 icwcis with them. 
 
 A dreame of an 
 
 other lyfe after 
 
 this. 
 
 Where it rayncth 
 
 but scldome. 
 
 Where it rayncth 
 much. 
 
 Variable motions 
 oftheelementes. 
 The colonies and 
 vyllages which the 
 Spanvardes haue 
 buylded 
 
 The other Ilandcs 
 about hispaniola. 
 
 The Ilandc 
 Arethusa* 
 
 A sprynge 
 runnyng vnder the 
 sea fronie 
 hispaniola to 
 Arethusa. 
 
 13B 
 
 The Hand of 
 Sancti lohannis. 
 
 The Itande of 
 Cuba. 
 
 one faluteth the newe borne chylde with one name, and an other with an other name. God due the 
 thowe (hyninge lampe fayth one: An other cauleth him bryght and cleare. Sume nam« him the 
 victourer of his enemies: and other fume, the puilTaunt conquerour defcended of bludde royall, and 
 bryghter then gold, with dyuers other fuche vayne names. Therfore lyke as euery of the Romane emperours 
 was cauled Adiabmiais, Parthicusy Armmkus Daciau, Gothicus, and Germanicus, accordynge to the titles 
 of theyr parentes and aunceftours, euen fo by th[e]imporition of names inuented by other kynges, Bcuchiais 
 Anaca\ti^hoa the lord of the region of Xaragua (of whome and of the wyfe woman Anac/iaotia his fyfter, 
 we haue fpoken largely in the fyrfte Decade) was cauled by all thefe names folowynge: Tureigua Hobin: 
 whiche is as muche to faye, as, a kynge fliynynge as bryght as laton. Starei, that is, bryghte : Hui/io, 
 hyghnefle: Duiheyneqiim, a ryche fludde. With all thefe names and more then fortye other fuche, dooeth 
 kynge Beuchius magnifye hym felfe as often as he commaundeth any thynge to bee doone or caufeth any 
 proclamation to bee made in his name. If the cryer by ncglygence leaue owte any of thefe names, the king 
 thynketh it to founde greatly to his contumely and reproche. The lyke is alfo of other. Howe fondely they 
 vfe them felues in makynge their teftamentes, we wyll nowe declare. They leaue th[e]inheritaunce of their 
 kyngedomes to th[e]eldefl foonnes of their elded fyfters. If fliee fayle, to th[e]elde(l of the feconde fyfter and 
 fo of the thirde if the fecond alfo faile. For they are owte of doubte that thofe children coome of their bludde. 
 But the children of their owne wyues, they counte to bee not legitimate. If there remayne none of their fyfters 
 children, they leaue th[e]inheritaunce to their broothers. And if they faile, it defcendeth to their owne foonnes. 
 Lafte of all, if al thefe faile, they aflygne it to the woorthieft, as to hym that is of greateft power in all the Ilande, 
 that he may defende their fubiectes from their auncient enemyes. They take as many wyues as them lyfteth. 
 They fuffer the beft beloued of the kynges wyues, and concubynes to bee buryed with hym. Anachaona the 
 fyfter of Beuchius the kyng of Xaragua, being a woman of fuche wifedome and cunnynge that in makynge of 
 rhymes and balettes (hee was counted a prophetifle emonge the befte, commaunded, that emonge all the wyues 
 and concubynes of the kinge her brother, the fayrereft (whofe name was Guanahattabenec/titia) ihulde be buried 
 alyue with him, and two of her waytyng maydes with her. Shee woolde alfo haue appointed dyuers other to 
 that offyce, if fhee had not byn other^vife perfwaded by the prayers of certeyne fryers of faincte Fraunces order 
 whiche chaunced then to bee prefente. They faye that this Guanahattabcnechina had none in all the Hand 
 comparable to her in bewtie. She buried with her all her iewelles and twentie of her beft omamentes. Their 
 cuftome is, to place befyde euery of them in their fepultures, a cuppe full of water and a portion of the fyne breade 
 of Cazabbi. In Xaragua, the regyon of this kynge Beuchius, and in Hazua, parte of the regyon of Caiabo, alfo 
 in the fayre vale of falte and freflie lakes, and lykewife in the region of Yaquino in the prouynce of Baiiwa, it 
 rayneth but feldome. In al thefe regyons are foffes or trenches made of oulde tyme, wherby they conueye the 
 waters in order to water their fyeldes, with no leffe arte then doo th[e]inhabitours of newe Carthage, and of the 
 kyngedome of Murcien in Spartaria for the feldoome faule of rayne. The region of Maguana, deuydeth the 
 prouynce of Baiiwa from Caiabo, and Zauana from Guaccaiarima. In the 'deepe vales, they are troubled with 
 raine more often then nedeth. Alfo the confynes of the chiefe citie named faincte Dominike are moifter then 
 is neceffary. In other places, it rayneth moderately. There are therfore in the Ilande of Hifpaniola, dyuers 
 and variable motions of the elementes, as we reade the lyke of manye other regions. Of their colonies or 
 mantions which the Spaniardes haue erected in this Ilande we haue fpoken fuffycientelye beefore. They haue 
 fence that tyme buylded thefe vyllages : Partus Plata, Partus Regalis, Lares, Villanoua, Azuam, and Saluaterra. 
 Hauynge fayde thus muche of the Ilande of Hifpaniala the moother and ladye of the other Ilandes, and as it 
 were Tethys the mofte bewtifuU wyfe oiNeptunus the god of the fea, let vs nowe entreate fumwhat of her Nymphes 
 and faire Nereides whiche waite vppon her and adoume her on euery fyde. Wee wyll therfore begynne at the 
 neareft cauled the newe Arethufa, foo named of the fontayne Arethufa in the Ilande of Sicilie. This is famous 
 by reafon of a fprynge: but othenvyfe vnprofy table. Owtc mea ri;imed it of late, Duas Arbores, bycaufe it hath 
 onely twoo trees groynge in it: nere vnto the whiche is a fountains hat commeth from the Ilande oi Hifpaniola 
 throughe the fecreate paffages of the earth vnder the fea, iuid breaketh foorth in this Ilande, as the lyuer 
 Alpheus in Achaia runneth vnder the fea from the citie of Eii'k, xcA breaketh foorth in the Ilande of Sicilie in 
 the fountayne Arethufa. That the fountayne of this newe Arethufa hath his original from the Ilande of 
 Hifpaniola, it is manifeft hereby, that the water iflhewynge owte of the fountayne, bryngeth with it the 
 leaues of many trees whiche growe in Hifpaniola, and not in this Ilande. They faye that the fountayne 
 hath his originall from the ryuer Yiamiroa in the region of Guaccaiarima confynynge with the land of Zauana 
 This Ilande is not pafte a myle in circuite, and commodious for fyfftier men. Directly towatde the Eafte (as it 
 were the porter kepynge the enteric to Tethys) lyeth the Ilande of Sanlli lahannis (otherwyfe cauled Burichetia) 
 wherof wee haue fpoken largely before. This aboundeth with golde : and in fruitefull folle, is equall with her 
 mother Hifpaniola. In this are many colonies or manfions of Spaniardes, whiche applye them felues to 
 gatherynge of golde. Towarde the weft on the Northe fyde, great Cuba (for the longenelTe therof, longe 
 176 
 
 
The tliyyde Decade. 
 
 177 
 
 fuppored to be the continent or fyrme lande) \/ar(leth owre Tdhys on the backe halfe. This is niuche longer 
 then Hi/paniola: And from the Hide to the Welle, is diuyded in the niyildeft with the circle cauled JVopiais 
 Cancri. IlifpanioUi and the other lyinge on the South fyde of this, are included almod in the mydile fi)a< e 
 Iwtwene the fayde Tropyke anil the Eiiuinoctiall lyne, whiche many of the oulde writers fuppofed to bee 
 vnhabitable and dcfert by reafon of the feruent heate of the foonne in that clyme as they coniectured. But 
 they were deceaued in their opinion They affyrmc that rytcher golde mynes are founde in Cuba then in 
 Hifpaniola. They faye alfo that euen nowe while I wryte thefe thyngcs, there is golde gathered together ready 
 to the meltyng, amountynge to the quantitie of a hundreth and fourefcore thoufande Caftellans of gold, an 
 argument furely of great rycheffe. lamaica is more towarde the Southe then thefe : And is a pleafaunte and 
 fruitefuU Ilande, of foyle apte for come, grades, and fettes, it confyfteth of onely one mountayne. Th[e]inhabi- 
 tauntes are warrelyke men and of good wytte. Co/onus compared it to Sicilie in bygnefle. They whiche of 
 late fearched it more exactely, faye that it is fumwhat leffe: but not muche. It is thought to be without gold 
 and precious ftoones, as the like was fuppofed of Cuba at the begynnynge. The Ilande of Gnadalupca (fyrfte 
 named Caraqurira) lyinge on the Southe fyde of Hifpan'ula, is foure degrees nearer the iujuinoctiall. It is 
 eaten and indented with two goulfes (as wee reade of great Britanye nowe cauled Engiande, and Caledonia 
 nowe cauled Scotlande) beinge in maner two Ilandes. It hath famous portes. In this, they founde that giunme 
 whiche the Apothecaries caule Anima Album, whofe fume is holfome ageynfl reumes and hcauynefle of the 
 hcade. The tree whiche engendereth this gumme, bcareth a fruite muche lyke to a date, beinge a fpannc in 
 length. When it is opened, it feemeth to conteyne a certayne fweete meale. As owre hulbande men are 
 accudomed to referue chedenuttes and fuche other harde fruitcs all the wynter, foo do they the dates of this 
 tree, beynge muche lyke vnto a fygge tree. They founde alfo in this Ilande, Pync trees of the bede kynde, 
 and fuche other deyntie dyfdies of nature, whcrof wee haue fpoken largely before. Ye, they thyncke that 
 th[e]inhabitauntes of other Ilandes, had their feedes of foo many pleafaunt frutes from henfe. For the Cani- 
 bales beinge a wylde and wanderynge people, and ouer runnynge all the countreys aboute them to hunte for 
 mannes flelhe, were accudomed to brynge home with them what io euer they founde draunge or profytable in 
 any place. They are intractable, and wyll admytte no draungiers. It (hall therfore bee needefull to ouercoome 
 them with great poure. For as well the women as men, are experte archiers, and vfe to inueneme their 
 arrowes. When the men go foortlie of the lande a man huntynge, the women manfully dcfende their coades 
 ageynd fuche as aitempte to inuade the fame. And hereby I fuppofe it was thought that there wore Ilandes 
 in the Ocean, inhabited onely with women, as Colonus the admirall hym felfe perfwaded me, as 1 haue fayde in 
 the fyrde decade. This Ilande hath alfo frutefull mountaynes and playnes, and notable ryuers. It nourydhelh 
 honye in trees, and in the caues of rockes, as in Palma one of the Ilandes of Canarie, honye is gathered emong 
 the briers and bramble bufdies. Aboute. xviii. myles Eadeward from this Hand, Heth an Hand which owr men 
 named Defiderata, beynge. xx. myles in circuite and verye fayre. Alfo aboute ten myles from Guadalupea 
 towarde the Southe, lyeth the Ilande of Ga/anta, beynge thirtie myles in circuite and playne. It was fo named 
 for the neatenefle and bewtifulnes therof. Nyne myles didant from Guadalupea toward the Ead, there are fyxe 
 fmaule Ilandes named Todos Saiiflos or Barbaia. Thefe are full of rockes and barren : Yet neceflarye to bee 
 knowen to fuche as vfe to trauayle the feas of thefe coades. Ageyne, from Guaailupea. xxxv. myles towarde 
 the Northe, there is an Ilande named Moiijjcnatus, conteynynge in circuite fortye myles, hauynge alfo in it a 
 mountayne of notable heyght. The Ilande named Aiitiqua, didante from Guadalupea thirtie myles, is aboute 
 fortye myles in circuite. Diegus Colonus the foonne and heyre of Chrijlopher Colonus, tould me that his >vyfe 
 (whome he lefte in the Ilande of Hifpaniola at his comming into Spaine to the courte) did write vnto hym, that 
 of late emonge the Ilandes of the Canibales, there is one founde whiche aboundeth with golde. On the lefte 
 fyde of Hifpaniola towarde the Southe, neare vnto the hauen Beata, there lyeth an Ilande named Partus Bellus. 
 They tell maruelous thynges of the monders of the fea aboute this Ilande, and efpecially of the tortoyfes. For 
 they faye that they are bygger then greate rounde targettes. At fuche tyme as the heate of nature moueth 
 theym too gener?tion, they coome foorthe of the fea: And makynge a deepe pytte in the fande, they laye three 
 or foure hundreth egges therin. When they haue thus emptied their bagge of conception, they putte as muche 
 of the fande ageyne into the pytte, as maye fuffyce to couer the egges: And foo reforte ageyne to the fea, 
 nothynge carefull of their fucceflyon. At the daye appoynted of nature to the procreation of thefe beades, 
 there creapeth owte a multitude of tortoyfes, as it were pyflemares fwarmynge owte of an ante hyll: And this 
 onely by the heate of the foonne withowte any helpc of their parentes. They faye that their egges are in 
 maner as bygge as geefe egges. They alfo coompare the fledie of thefe tortoyfes, to be equall with veale in 
 tade. There are befyde thefe, innumerable Ilandes the whiche they haue not yet fearched : nor yet is it greatly 
 neceflarye to fyfte this meale fo fynely. It maye fuffyce to vnderdond that there are large landes and many 
 regyons whiche dial hereafter receaue owre nations, tounges, and maners : and therwith embrafe owre relygion. 
 The Troyans dydde not foodenly replenyflie Afia, the Tyrians Libia, nor the Greekes and Phoenices Spayne. 
 
 Eden. 
 
 Il.iliit.ible regiun» 
 viidcr the 
 Kiiuiiiuulull. 
 
 The ryche gnlile 
 mynct of Cuba. 
 
 The Hand of 
 I.tmaica. 
 
 The nan.t of 
 Guad.-ilupea. 
 
 England and 
 Scotlande, 
 The Rumiuu 
 cauled Aniiiie 
 album. 
 
 Datct. 
 
 Pine trees. 
 The Canibalc!.. 
 
 Where 
 
 t .lit 
 
 thought 
 
 rhcre 
 
 were li.ci 
 
 ■f 
 
 Hiiny In trees 
 and rockes. 
 
 The Ilande 
 de^deratn. 
 The nande 
 Galantx 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Todos Sanctrjs or 
 Karbata. 
 The Ilande 
 monsscrratus. 
 
 139 
 
 The Ilande 
 Aniiqua. 
 
 The Ilande 
 Portus Bellus 
 Great Tortoyses. 
 The generation uf 
 Tortoyses. 
 
 The egges of 
 Tortoyses. 
 
 Innumerable 
 Ilandes. 
 
 Troians. 
 Tirians. 
 Greekes. 
 Phcnitian^ 
 
 n 
 
 ■"i\ 
 
.4 
 
 n 
 
 178 
 
 TAe thyrde Decade. 
 
 The North 
 Ilandes. 
 
 The Tlandes of 
 the south sea. 
 
 The Hand of 
 pearlus. 
 
 Wylde beasts 
 must be tamed 
 with the rod. 
 
 An expedition to 
 the Ilande of 
 Dilcs in the south 
 sea 
 
 The Hand of 
 Margaritca. 
 
 Os Drtu-otlis. 
 /'aria. 
 
 140 
 
 A conflict 
 
 The kynge of the 
 
 Ilande of Ditcs 
 
 subrnitteth 
 
 himselfe. 
 
 The kynges 
 
 pallaicc. 
 
 A hundreth and 
 ten pounde weight 
 of pearles. 
 
 As touchynge the Ilandes which lye on the north fyde of Hifpaniola, I haue let pafle to fpeake. For 
 albeit they are commodious for tyllage and fyflhynge, yet are they lefte of the Spanyardes as poore and of 
 fmaule value. We wyil nowe therefore take owre leaue of this owlde Tethis with her moyft and watery 
 Nymphes : And receaue to owre newe acquaintance the bewetifuU ladye of the South fea rychely crowned with 
 great pearles, the Ilande of Ditcs beinge rj'che both in name and in treafure. In my epiflell booke whiche I 
 fente vnto yowre holynes this lad yeare, I declared howe Vafchus Nuiiiiez Balboa the capitayne of them whiche 
 paffed ouer the daungerous mountaynes towarde the South fea, learned by report that in the profpect of thofe 
 coaftes there laye an Ilande aboundynge with pearles of the greateft forte : And that the kynge therof was ryche 
 and of great power, infeflynge with warres the other kynges his bortherers, and efpecially Chiapes and 
 Tumacchui We declared further howe at that tyme it was lefte vntouched by reafon of the ragynge tempeftes 
 whiche troubled that South fea three moonethes in the yeare. But it is nowe better knowen to owre men, who 
 haue nowe alfo brought that fierce kynge to humanitie : and conuerted hym from a cruell tyger to one of the 
 meeke rtieepe of Chriftes flocke fanctifyed with the water of baptifme with all his famelie and kyngedome. It 
 (hall not therefore bee from owre purpofe to declare by the gouernaunce of what capitaines or by what meanes 
 thefe thynges were fo happely atchyued. 
 
 |[ The tenth booke of the thyrde Decade. 
 
 T the arryuall of Petrus Arias the newe gouemour of Darima, he gaue commaundnient that 
 one Gafpar Moralis (huld take in hande th[e]expedition to the Ilande of Dites. He there- 
 fore tooke his vyage fyrft to Chiapes and Tumacchus kynges of the South, whom Vafchus 
 beefore had concyled and left fryndes to the Chriftians. They frendely and magnifycally 
 enterteyued owr men who prepared them a nauie of the kynges boates to paffe ouer into this 
 Ilaiide, wliich they caule DUes and not Margarita or Margaritea, although it abounde with 
 pearles which in the latin tonge are cauled Margarita. For the fyrft cauled an other 
 by this name, which lyeth next to the mouth of Os Draconis in the region of Paria, in the which alfo 
 is founde greate plentie of pearles. Gafpar brought with hym onely threefcore armed men to the Ilande, 
 for that he coulde conuey ouer no greater number by reafon of the fmaulenes and narownes of theyr boates 
 or barkes which they caule Culchas, made of one hole piece of tymber as we haue fayde before. The 
 kynge of the Ilande came foorth ageinft them fiercely with cruell and threatenynge countenaunce, and with 
 a great bande of armed men cryinge in maner of a larome and in token of the battayle, Guazzauara,Guazzauara, 
 which is as much to faye as, battayle ageynft the enemie: And is as it weare a watch worde to giue th[e]onfet, 
 wherwith alfo they threwe theyr dartes. For they haue not th[e]ufe of bowes. They were fo obftinate and 
 defperate that they aflayled owre men with foure Giiazzauaras, that is, battayles. At the length owre men with 
 certeyne of Chiapes and Tumacchus men (being eoulde enemies to this kynge of the Ilande) gotte the vpper 
 hande by reafon they aflayled the kynge foodenly and vnwares. Yet was he determyned to aflemble a greater 
 power, and once ageyne to attempt the fortune of warre, but that he was otherwyfe perfuaded by the kinges his 
 bortherers which counfayled him to gyuc ouer and fubmyt hym felfe : fumtyme by th[e]exemple of them felues 
 and other threatenynge the denmctin of his flooryfliynge kyngedome: And otherwhyles declarynge vnto hym 
 the humanitie and gentelnes of owre men, by whofe frendfliip he might obteyne honoure and quyetnes to hym 
 and his : wyllyng hym furthermore to confider what chaunced vnto them which the yeare before refyfted and 
 aduentured the hafarde of the battayle as dyd thefe kynges, Poncha, Pocchorrofa, Quarequa, Chiapes, and 
 Ihmaccus with fuch other. By thefe perfuafions, the king fubmytted hym felfe and came freendely to owre men 
 whom he conducted to his palaice which they fay to be marueloufly adourned and princelyke. As foone as they 
 entered into the pallaice, he brought foorth a balket of curious woorkemanfliyp and full of pearles which he 
 gaue them. The fumme of thefe pearles amounted to the weyght of a hundreth and ten poundes after, viii. 
 vnces to the pounde. Beinge ageyne rewarded of owre men with fuch tryfles as they brought with them of 
 purpofe, as garlandes of Chriftall and glafle and other counterfet ftones of dyuers colours, with lookyng glafles 
 alfo and laton belles, and efpecially two or three Iren hatchets (which they more efteme then great heapes of 
 gold) he thought hym felfe abundantly recompenfed. They laughe owre men to fcorne that they wyll departe 
 with fo great and neceflarie a thyng for any fumme of golde : aflfyrmynge an axe or hatchet to bee profytable for 
 manye vfps of men : and that golde ferueth onely for wanton pleafures, and not to be greatly neceflary. Beynge 
 therfore ioyfuU and gladde of the frendefliyppe of owre men, he tooke the capitaine by the hand and broughl 
 
 ITU 
 
1 >• I 
 
 ^!^' 
 
 
 The 'hyrde Decade. 
 
 179 
 
 him with certeine of his (Ixmiliars to the highefl towre of his palaice, from whenfe they myght profpecte the 
 mayne fea. Then cailyng his eyes about hym on euery fide, and lookynge towarde the Ealle, he fayde vnto 
 them. Beholde here lyeth open before yowe the infynite fea extended beyond the foonne beames. Tiien 
 tournyng hym toward the Southe and Wefle, he fygnyfied vnto them tliat the lande which laye before their eyes, the 
 toppes of whofe great montaynes they myght fee, was exceadynge large. Then coommynge fiimwliat nearer, he 
 fayde: Beholde thefe Ilandes on the ryght hande and on the Icfte, whiche all obeye vnto owre empyre, and are 
 ryche, happye, and blefled, if yowe caule thofe landes bleffed whiche abounde with golde and perle[s]. Wee haue 
 in this Ilande lyttle plentie of golde: But the deepe places of all the feas aboute thefe Ilandes, are full of pcrles: 
 wherof yowe fliall receaue of me as many as yow wyll requyre, fo that ye perfyfle in the bonde of frendefliyppe 
 whiche yowe haue begunne. I greatly defyre yowre frendefliyppe, and woolde gladlye haue the fruition of 
 yowre thynges, whiche I fette muche more by then myllyons of perles. Yowe fliall therfore haue no caufe to 
 doubte of any vnfaythfulnelTe or breache of frendefliyppe on my behalfe. Owre men gaue hym lyke frendly 
 woordes : and encouraged hym with many Aiyre promyffes to doo as he had fayde. When owre men were nowe 
 in a redynefle to departe, they couenaunted with hym to paye yearely to the greate kynge of Callyle a hundreth 
 pourde weyghte of perles. He gladlye agreed to their requeft,, and tooke it for no great thyng : nor yet thought 
 hym felfe any whitte the more to becoome tributarie. With this kynge they founde fuclic plentie of hartcs and 
 Connies, that owre men fl-ondynge in their houfes myght kyll as manye as them lylle with their arrowes. They 
 lyue heare verye pleafauntly, hauynge greate plentie of al thynges necefliiry. This Ilande is fcarfely fyxe 
 degrees diftant from the Equinoctiall lyne. They haue the fame maner of breade made of rootes and 
 the graine of Maizium, and wyne made of feedes and fruites, euen as they haue in the region of Comogra and 
 in other places afwell in the Ilandes as in the firme lande. This kynge is nowe baptifed with all his familye 
 and fubiectes. His defyre was at his baptifme, to bee named Pctrus Arias after the name of the gouernour. 
 When owre men departed, he accompanied them to the fea fyde and furnyfllied them with boates to retor.rne 
 to the continent. Owre men diuided the perles emonge them, referuyng the fyfte portion to be delyuered to 
 th[e]offycers of the kynges Excheker in thofe partes. They faye that thefe perles were maruelous precious, 
 faire, oriente, and exceadynge bygge: In fo muche that they broughte manye with theym bygger then hafell 
 nuttes. Of what price and value they myghte bee, I confyder by one perle the which Pauliis prediceffour to 
 yowre holines, bowght at the fecond hand of a marchant of Venece for foure and forty thoufande ducates. Yet 
 emonge thofe whiche were brought from this Ilande, there was one bought euen in Dariena for a thoufande and 
 two hundreth Caftelans of golde. This was almoll as bygge as a nieane walnutte : And came at the length to 
 the handes oi Petnis Arias the gouernoure, who gaue it to that mble and faithefuU woman his wyfe, of whofe 
 maner of departure with her hufbande, wee haue made mention before. Wee mufte then needes thinke that 
 this was verye precious which was bowght fo deare emonge fuche a multitude of perles where they were not 
 bought by one at once, bui by noundes and at the lead by ounces. It is alfo to be thought that the Venecian 
 marchaunte boughte his for no great fum of mony in the Eafl. parts. But he fould it the dearer for that he 
 chaunced to lyue in thofe lafciuious and wanton dayes when men were gyuen to fuche nyfe and fuperfluous 
 pleafures, and mette with a marchaunt for his purpofe. But lette vs nowe fpeake fumwhat of the flielfyfflies in 
 the whiche perles are engendered. It is not vnknowen to yowre holynefle, that Ariflotell, and Plinie his 
 folower, were of dyuers opinions as concernynge the generation of perles. But thefe Indians and owre men, 
 reft onely in one affertion, not affentyng to them in any other : as eytlier that tliey wander in the fea, or that 
 they moue at anye tyme after they are borne. They wyll therfore that there bee certayne greene places as it 
 were medowes in the bottome of the fea, bryngynge foorthe an herbe muche lyke vnto thyme, and affyrnie that 
 they haue feene the fame : And that they are enf tendered, noryfflied, and growe tlierin, as wee fee th[e]increafe 
 and fucceflion of oyfters to growe aboute them .elues. Alfo that thefe fyfflies delyteth not in the conuerfation 
 or coompanye of the fea dogges : Nor yet to bee contented with onely one, twoo, or three, or at the mofte 
 foure pearles : Affyrmyng that in the fyffliynge places of the kynge of this Ilande, there was founde a hundreth 
 pearles in one fyHie, the whiche Gafpar Montlis the capitayne hym felfe, and his coompanions, diligently 
 numbered. For it pleufed the kynge at their beynge there and in their prefence, to commaund his diuers to 
 go a fyffhynge *br tlioi^- kynde of fyfflies. They compare the matrices of thefe fyfflies, to the places of concep- 
 tion in hennes, in the wniche their egges are engendered in great multitudes and cluflers : And beleue that 
 thefe fyfflies brynge fcorth their byrth in lyke maner. For the better profe wherof, they faye that they founde 
 certaine pearles coommynge foorthe of their matreces, as beynge nowe coome to the tyme of their full rypenefle, 
 and moued by nature to coome owte of their moothers wombe openynge it felfe in tyme conuenient. Lykewife 
 that within a while after, they fawe other fuccede in lyke maner. So that to conclude, they sawe fum coom- 
 mynge foorthe, and other fumme yet abydinge the tyme of their perfection ; whiche beyng complete, they 
 alfo became loofe and opened the matrice. They perceaued the pearles to bee inclofed in the niyddefl of 
 their bellies, there to be norifflied and increafe as an infanto fuckynge his moothers pappes within her wombe, 
 
 >7» 
 
 The kynges 
 
 wooriles. 
 
 IlandcH rych In 
 goKle and pearles. 
 
 C. fhiindred] 
 pounde wcyght of 
 pcrlcii yercly for 
 a tribute. 
 Plentie of hartes 
 and cunnics. 
 
 141 
 
 Wync of frtites 
 and sedcs 
 The kynge is 
 
 baptised. 
 
 The fyft part tif 
 
 Iierles due tu ttie 
 iyiige. 
 HyK' pirlcs. 
 
 A pt'He for ;i pope. 
 
 An other perle of 
 great price. 
 
 Nise and 
 
 snpcrflnotis 
 
 pleasures. 
 
 Dyuers opinions ol 
 the generation of 
 pearles. 
 
 Herbcs in the 
 bottonic of thr sen 
 
 A hundreth perles 
 in one shell lyshhe. 
 
 The matrice of the 
 pcrlc fysshc. 
 
 'I'he hyrth of 
 
 perles. 
 
 > 1; 
 
 
 VW 
 
 I- 
 
 
 'i 
 
I 
 
 I* i 
 
 -^lA 
 
 180 
 
 T/ie thyrde Decade. 
 
 142 
 
 Where the 
 
 bycgcst, meane, 
 and least pearlus 
 are engendred 
 
 Sea crabbes 
 
 The sea muscles 
 wherein perles are 
 engendred. 
 
 The regions of the 
 East syde of the 
 goulfe of Vraki. 
 
 The region of 
 Caribana. 
 The ori^inM of 
 the Cinibales. 
 
 The vylages uf 
 Caribana. 
 
 Manhunters. 
 
 143 
 
 Bookes. 
 Lake in ihe 
 begynnyng of the 
 booke of the landet 
 lately founde, 
 
 before hee moue to coome foorthe of her priuye places. And if it chaunce any of thefe flielfyflhes to be founde 
 fcatered in the fande of the fea (as I my felfe haue feene oyfters difparcled on the ihores in diuers places of the 
 Ocean) they affyrme that they haue byn violently dryuen thither from the bottome of the fea by force of 
 tempefles, and not to haue wandered thither of them felues. But, that they becoome white by the clearenefle 
 of the mornynge dewe, or waxe yelowe in troubled wether, or otherwyfe that they feeme to reioyce in faire 
 wether and cleare aycr, or contrary wyfe to bee as it were aftonifflied and dymnie in thunder and tem- 
 peftes, with fuche otiicr, the perfecte knowledge hereof is not to bee looked for at the handes of thefe 
 vnlearned men whiche handell the matter but groffely, and enquire no further then occafyon ferueth. Yet do 
 they affyrme by th[e]e.\perience and induftrie of the dyuers, that the greateft pearles lye in the deeped places, 
 they of the meane forte hygher, and the lead hyglieft of all and nearer to the brymme of the water. And faye 
 thcrfore that the greatcll ilo not wander: but that tliey are created, nouryfdied, and increafe in the deeped 
 places of the fea, whether fewe, dyuers, i.nd that but feeldome dare adueiicure to diue fo deepe to gather them, 
 afwel for feare of the fea crabb, s whiche wander emonge thefe perle fyflies to feede of them, and for feare of 
 other monfters of the fea, as alfo lefle their brethe fliuld fayle them into long remayninge in the water. And 
 this they faye to bee the caufe why the owldeft and therfore byggefl fea mufcles, inhabyte the deepeft places 
 from whenfe they are not lyghtly moued by tempefles. Furthermore, howe muche the bygger and oulder thefe 
 fyfhes are, they fay that in their larger matrices, the greater number and bygger pearles are founde : And that 
 for this caufe, there are fewer founde of the byggefl forte. They thyncke alfo, that when they fyrfle faule . jm 
 their fyflhes in the deepe places, they are deuoured of other fyffbes, bycaufe they are not yet harde. Ageyne, 
 the fmaulefl differ from the byggefl in a certayne fwellynge or impoflumation whiche the Spaniardes caule a 
 tympane. For they denye that to be a pearle which in oulde mufcles cleaueth fafl to the fliel : But that it is a 
 warte, whiche beynge rafed from the fhell with a fyle, is rounde and bryght but onely of one fyde, and not 
 precious, beynge rather of the nature of the fyflie it felfe, then of a pearle. They confeife that they haue feene 
 certayne of thefe mufcles cleauynge on rockes: Yet thefe but fewe, and nothynge woorthe. It is alfo to bee 
 thought that the pearle fyfdies or fea mufcles whiche are founde in India, Arabic, the redde fea, or Taprobana, 
 are ruled in fuche order as the afore named famous autours haue written. For their opinion herein is not vtter'^ 
 to bee reiected, forafmuche as they were learned men and trauayled longe in the ferchynge of thefe thyL^^ts. 
 But wee haue nowe fpoken fuffyciently of thefe fea fyflhes and of their egges which the fonde nyfenes ard 
 wantonneffe of men haue made dearer then the egges of hennes or geefe. Lette vs therfore entreate fumwhat 
 of other particular thynges whiche are coome to owre knowledge of late. We haue elles where largely defcribed 
 the mouthes of the goulfe of Vraba, with fundrye and variable regions diuided with the manyfolde goulfes of 
 that fea. But as concernynge the Wefl coaftes in the «hiche owre men haue buylded houfes and planted their 
 habitations on the bankes of Dariena, I haue no newe matter to write. Yet as touching the Eafl partes of the 
 goulfe, I haue learned as foloweth. They faye that the vnyuerfal lande of the Eafl region of the goulfe from 
 the comer therof farre reachynge into the fea, and from the extreame or vtter mofle mouthe of the fame 
 receauynge the waters of the fea whiche faule into it, cuen vnto Os Draconis and Paria, is by one generall name 
 cauled Caribana, of the Caribcs or Canibales whiche are founde in euery regyon in this tracte. But from whenfe 
 they had their particular originall, and howe leauynge their natiue foyle, they haue fpredde their generation fo 
 farre lyke a peftiferous contagion, we \vyll nowe declare. Therfore from the fyrfle fronte reachynge foorth into 
 the fea (in whofe tracte we faid that Fogea. faflened his foote) toward the comer, about nyne myles diflant, 
 there lyeth a vyllage of Caribana named Fu.eraca. Three myles diflant from this, is the vyllage of Vraba, of the 
 whiche it is thoughte that the hole goulfe tooke his name, bycaufe this vyllage was once the heade of the 
 kyngedome. Aboute fyxe myles from this, is Feti. Nyne myles from Fcti, is Zerema : And about twelue myles 
 from this, Sorac/te. Owre men founde all thefe vyllages full of people, all the whiche gyue them felues onely to 
 manhuntynge. In fo muLiiw that if they lacke enemyes ageynfl when they maye keepe v/arre, they excerife 
 cmeltie ageynfl them felues, and eyther fleye one the other, or elles dryue the vanquyfThed to flyghte. Whereby 
 it is apparante that by thefe their continuall warres, and dryuynge the one the other owte of their countreis, 
 this infection hath gonne fo farre not onelye on the fyrme lande, but alfo into the Ilandes. I was alfo aduertifed 
 of an other thynge the whiche to my iudgement, feemeth woorthye to bee putte in memorye. 
 
 One Corrales a iudge in caufes of lawe amonge the Spanyardes of Dari^na, fayth that on a tyme walkyng 
 abrode with his booke in his hande, he met by the waye with a fugityue which had fledde from the great landes 
 lyinge farre toward the wefle, and remayned here with a Kynge wyth whom he was enterteyned. When this 
 man perceaued the lawier lookynge on his booke, marueylynge thereat, he came runninge vnto him, and by 
 interpretours of the kynge whom he femed, fpake thus vnto him : Haue yowe alfo bookes wherin yowe may 
 refeme thynges in perpetual memorye? And letters wherby yowe maye declare /owre mynde to fuche as are 
 abfent? And lierewith defyred that the booke might bee opened vnto hym, fuppofyng that he fhulde therein 
 haue founde the letters of his owne countrey. But when he fawe theim vnlyke, he fayde further that in his 
 
 |go 
 
 
-I 
 
 
 The tliyrde Decade, 
 
 i8i 
 
 countrey there were cities fortified with waules and gouerned by lawes : and that the people alfo vfed apparell. 
 But of what religion they were, I dyd not leame. Yet h-id owre men knowleage both by the woordes and 
 fignes of this fugitiue, that they were circumcifed. What nowe thinke yowe hereby (moll holy father) Or 
 what do yowe diuine may come hereof when tyme fliall fiibdue al thefe vnder yowTe throne? I,ct vs nowe 
 entermyngle certeyne fmaule thynges amon^r liefe great matters. I haue not thought good to pretermitte that 
 which chaunced to lohannes Solyfiits, who, to fearcne the South fyde of the fuppofed continent, departed with 
 three fliippes from porte lappa (not farre diftante from the llandes of Gades or Cales in the Ocean) the fourth 
 day of the Ides of September in the yeare. M. D. xv. Or what fucceffe lohannes Pontius had, whom the newe 
 gouemour Petrus Arias appoynted to vanquiflie and deftroy the Caribes or Canibales, deuourers of mans fleflie. 
 Alfo to what ende the vyages of the other capitaynes came, whiche were fent foorth dyuers wayes at ihe fame 
 tyme : As Gonzalus Badaiociiis, Francifcus Bezara, and VaUeius. lohannes SoUcius tooke the matter in hande in 
 an euyll houre. He fayled beyonde the poynt of faynt Augufline, (which they caule Cabo. S. Augitjlini) toward 
 the South fyde of the fuppofed continent beyonde the Equinoctiall lyne. For (as we haue fayde before) that 
 poynt reacheth Sout'\warde to the feuenth degree of the South pole cauled the Antartike. He proceaded in 
 that viage fyxe hundreth leagues : And founde the lande from the poynte to extende fo farre towarde the South 
 beyonde the Equinoctiall, that he came to the thirtie degree of the South pole. As he fayled thus forwarde, 
 hauynge nowe on his backe halfe the ftarres named Caput Draconis, (that is, the dragons heade) and the regions 
 of Paria lyinge northwarde frome hym, and profpectynge towarde the pole Artyke, he chaunced to faule into 
 the handes of the fylthye Canibales. For thefe craftie foxes feemed to make fignes of peace, when '•. theyr 
 mindes they conceaued a hope of a daintie banquet : And efpying their enemies a farre of, beganne ti; fwalowe 
 theyr fpettle as their mouthes watered for greedines of theyr pray. As vnhappye Solyfius defcended with as 
 many of his coompanie as coulde enter into the boate of the byggefl. fliippe, foodenly a great multytude of 
 th[e]inhabitantes burfte foorth vppon them, and flew them euery man with clubbes, euen in the fyght of theyr 
 felowes. They caried away the boate, and in a moment broke it al to fytters. Not one man efcaped. Theyr 
 furye not thus fatiffied, they cutte the flayne men in pieces euen vppon the fliore where theyr felowes might 
 beholde this horrible fpectacle from the fea. But they being ftryken with feare through this exemple, durft not 
 coome foorth of theyr fliyppes, or diuife howe to reuenge the death of theyr Capitaine and coompanyons. They 
 departed therefore from thefe vnfortunate coaftes: And by the waye ladynge theyr fliippes with brafell returned 
 home ageyne with lofle and heauie chere. Of thefe thynges I was aduertyfed of late by theyr owne letters. 
 What they haue els doone, I flial haue more particular knowleage hereafter. lohannes Pontius was alfo repulfed 
 by the Canibales in the Ilande of Guadalupea beinge one of the chiefe llandes of theyr habitacion. For when 
 they fawe owre men a farre of on the fea, they ley in ambuflie foodenly to inuade them when they rtiulde 
 coome alande. Owre men fent foorth a fewe foote men and with them theyr laundrefles to wafflie theyr 
 fliertes and flieetes. For from the Ilande of Fenea beinge one of the llandes of Canarie (euen vnto 
 this Ilande, for the fpace of foure thoufande and twoo hundreth myles) they had feene no lande where 
 they myght fynde any frefflie water: for as muche as in all this large fpace, the Ocean is without llandes. 
 At theyr commynge tnerfore to lande, the Canibales aflayled them, caried awaye the \.omen, and put 
 the men to fuche diflrefle that fewe of them efcaped. By reafon wherof, Pontius being greately difcomfited, 
 durft.e not inuade the Canibales, fearynge theyr venemed arrowes which thefe naked manhunters can direct moll 
 certenly. Thus good Pontius faylyng of his purpofe, was fayne to gyue ouer the Canibales, whome (beinge fafe 
 and vnder the houfe roufe) he threatened to vanquyflie and deftroy. Whether he went from thcnfe, or what newe 
 thynges he founde, I haue as yet no further knowleage. By thefe myffortunes, Solyfius lofl.e his lyfe, and Pontius 
 hia honour. Let vs nowe fpeake of an other whofe enterpryfe came to lyke purpofe the fame yeare. lohannes 
 iiora borne in the citie of Corduba, a man of noble parentage, fent in fleade of the Lieuetenaunt (as we haue 
 layde) more couetous of golde then careful! of his charge or defyrous of praj fe for well deferuynge, fought 
 C'C^afions of querelynge ageynft. the kynges and fpoyled many, violently extortynge golde of them ageynft. ryght 
 and P'iuitie: ' nd further handeled them fo extremely, that of frendes they became moft cruel enemies: In fo 
 r- .;^h that they ceafed not with defperat myndes by all meanes they coulde to fley owre men openly or nriuilye. 
 By reafon wherof it is cocme to pafle, that where before they bartered quyetly exchanginge ware for ware, they 
 are nowe fayne to doo all thynges by force of amies. When he had thus exacted a great quantitie of golde of 
 them (as it is fayd) he fledde priuilie and tooke away a fliyppe with him by ftelth as the common rumourc 
 goeth: Nor yet hetherto haue we hard whyther he went or where he is arryued. Sum fufpcct that Petrus 
 Arias the gouemour fliulde confente to his departure bycaufe this loharnes Aiora is brother to Gonfalus Aiora 
 the kynges hiftoriographer, a man booth lerned, and expert in the difcipline of warre: and fo much the 
 gouernours frend, that thefe two amonge a fewe, may be counted exemples of rare amitie. I my felfe alfo am 
 greately bounde vnto theym bothe and haue longe enioyed theyr frendefliippe. Yet flial I defyre them bothe 
 to pardone me in declarynite my phantafie herein, that in all the turmoyles and tragicall affiiyres of the Ocean, 
 
 Circumcised 
 people. 
 
 Whnt chnnncct! td 
 the C^pitaines 
 whiche the 
 gouemour sent 
 ayuers wayes. 
 Looke decade iii. 
 liber. vL 
 
 The vyage of 
 lohannes Solisius. 
 C?/. 5". Augiistim 
 
 lohn SoIysiuM is 
 sliiine of the 
 Canibales. 
 The fiercenes nf 
 the Canibales. 
 
 Brasell. 
 
 lohannes Pontius 
 is repulsed by the 
 Canibales. 
 
 144 
 
 The vyage of 
 lohannes Aiora. 
 Looke decade iii. 
 liber, vi. 
 
 'i'lic Lwde 
 beiiantuir of Io!ir 
 Ainra. 
 
 •:!' 
 
 1 .1' 
 I . 
 
 Ki 
 
 (M|. 
 
 \\M 
 
 ! i 
 
 (J a 
 
 i8i 
 
I 
 
 I'H 
 
 182 
 
 / 
 
 n 
 
 The v.iriaul« 
 
 fortune 
 
 uf Gonsaliis 
 
 Badaiocius. 
 
 Cerabaro. Decade, 
 iii. Ii[b]. iiii 
 
 The South sea. 
 
 A leaque 
 conteyneth foure 
 myles by sea and 
 but three by lande. 
 The golden region 
 of Coiba Dy tes. 
 
 Sandti niy.xte with 
 golde. 
 
 Howe theyr ! 
 
 hlaues are marked 
 in the face. 
 
 145 
 
 Ooldtt. 
 
 A fniteful region 
 left desolate oy 
 ciuile discorde. 
 
 Kynge Periquete. 
 
 y. MUhaei. 
 Kynge Totonoga. 
 
 Six thousand 
 Castellans of 
 golde. 
 
 Kyng Taracuru. 
 
 viii. thousand 
 pesos of gold 
 Kynge Pananonie 
 
 Kyng Tabor. 
 Kynge Cheiu. 
 iiii. thousande 
 pesos of gold 
 Sake. 
 
 Kyng Anata. 
 XV. thousande 
 pesos of gold 
 
 Theyr maner of 
 warre. 
 
 The thynie Decade. 
 
 nothynge hath fo muche difpleafed me as the couetoufnes of this man who hath fo diflurbed the pacified myndcs 
 of the kynges. Nowe emonge thefe troubelous chaunces, let vs rehearfc the variable fortune of Gon/alus 
 Badaiocius and his felowes, whofe profperous begynnynges, ended with vnfortunate fucceffe. Gon/alus therfore 
 in the moneth of May in the yeare of Chrifle M. D. xv. departed from Dariena with fourefcore armed men, 
 directynge his vyage towarde the Sonthe, and reftynge in no place vntyll he came to the region of Cerabaro 
 which owre men named Gratia Dei, uifiant from Dariena about a hundreth and fourefcore myles: for they 
 caule it threefcore leaques. He fpente certeyne dayes here in Idelnefle: for he coulde neyther by fayre 
 meanes nor by foule, allure the kynge of the rcgyon to coome to hym. While he laye thus idelly, there came to 
 hym other fyftie men fente (romeDariena vnder the gouernaunceof capytayneZ^Jrt'w^W/j Mercado who departed from 
 Dariena in the calendcs of Maye, to th[e]intent to fearch th[e]inner partes of thofe regj'ons. When they mette 
 together, they determyned after confultation, to paffe ouer the montaynes lyinge towarde the Southe, euen vnto 
 the Southe fea latelye founde. Beholde nowe a wonderfull thynge : That in a lande of fuche maruelous longi- 
 tude in other places, they founde it here to bee onely aboute fyftie myles diftant to the Southe fea: for they 
 counte it xvii. leaques. as the maner of the Spanyardes is to reken, and not by myles. Yet faye they that a 
 leaque confylleth of three myles by lande and foure by fea as wee haue noted before. In the toppes of the 
 mountaynes and turnynge of the waters, they founde a kynge named luana, whofe kyngedome is alfo named 
 Coiba as is the reg)on of kynge Careta, of whome we h-'ne made mention elles where. But for as muche as 
 the regyon of this luana, is rycher in golde, they named it Luwu Dites, that is, Coiba the rych. For, wherfo- 
 euer they dygged the groimde, whether it were on the drye lande or in the weate chanelles of the ryuers, they 
 founde the fande whiche they cade foorthe, myxte with golde. luana fledde at the coommynge of owre men, 
 and coulde neuer bee brought ageync. They fpoyled all the countrey neare aboute his palayce. Yet had they 
 but lyttle golde : for hee had car\'ed all his (luffe with hym. Here they founde certeyne flaues marked in the 
 faces after a flraunge forte. For with a fli^rpe prycke made eyther of bone, or elles with a thorne, they make 
 holes in their faces: and foorthwith fprii ' j' - pouder theron, they moifte the pounced place with a 
 
 certeyne blacke or redde iuife, whofe fubflaur. ■ fuche tenacitie and clamminefle, that it wyll neuer weare 
 
 awaye. They brought thefe flaues away with ti.i.. They faye that this iuife is of fuch fliarpneffe and putteth 
 them to fuche payne, that for extreeme doloure they haue no (lomacke to their meate certaine dayes after. The 
 kynges whiche take thefe flaues in their warres, vfe their helpe in feekynge for golde and in tyllage of the 
 grounde, euen as do owre men. From the pallaice of luana, folowynge the courfe of the water aboute tenne 
 myles towarde the Southe, they entered into the dominion of an other kynge, whome owre men named the 
 oulde man, bycaufe hee was oulde, not paflynge of his other name. In the regyon of this kynge alfo, they 
 founde golde in all places bothe on the lande and in the ryuers. This region is verye fayre and frutefull : and 
 hath in it many famous ryuers. Departynge from henfe, in fyue dayes iorneye they came to a lande lefte 
 defolate. They fuppofe that this was deftroyed by ciuile difcorde for as muche as it is for the moofte parte 
 fruiteful, and yet not inhabited. The fyfth daye, they fawe two men commynge a farre of. Thefe were laden 
 with breade of Maizium, whiche they caryed on their (hulders in fackes. Owre men tooke them : and vnder- 
 (loode by them that there were twoo kynges in that tracte : The one was named Periquete, whoe dwelte neare 
 vnto the fea. The others name was Totonoga. This Totonoga, was blynde and dwelte in the continent. The 
 twoo men wiiiche they mette, were the fyflliers of Totonoga, whome he had fente with certayne fardelles of 
 fyrtie to Periquete, and had ageyne receaued breade of hym for exchaunge. For thus do they communicate 
 their commodities one with an other by exchaunge, without th[e]ufe of wycked money. By the conductinge of 
 thefe twoo men, they came to kynge Totonoga dwellynge on the Welle fyde of fayncte Michaelles goulfe in tlie 
 Southe fea. They had of this kynge, the fum of fyxe thoufande Cafl^ellans of golde bothe rude and artifycially 
 wrought. Emonge thofe groumes of rude or natyue golde, there was one founde of the weyghte of two 
 Caftellans, which', argued the plentifull r}'chenefle of the ground. Folowing the fame coafles by the fea fyde 
 toward the Weft, they came to a kynge whofe name was Taracuru, of whome they had golde amountynge to 
 the weyght of eight thoufand Pefos. Wee haue fayde before that Pefus is the weyghte of a Caftelane not 
 coyned. From henfe they wente to the dominion of this kynges brother named Pananome, who fledde at their 
 commynge, and appered no more afterwarde. They faye that his kyngdome is ryche in golde. They fpoyled 
 his pallaice in his abfence. Syxe leaques from henfe, they came to an other kyng named Tabor. From thenfe 
 they came to the kyng of Cheni. He frendly enterteyned o^vre men, and gaue them foure thoufande Pefos of 
 golde. Hehalhein his dominion many goodly falte bayes; the region alfo aboundeth with golde. About 
 twelue myles from henfe, they came to another kyng cauled Anata, of whome they had. xv. thoufnnde Pefos of 
 golde whiche he had gotten of the kinges his bortherers whom he had vanquiflhed by warre. A great part of 
 this golde was in rude forme bycaufe it was molten when he fet the kynges houfes on fyer whom he fpoyled. 
 For they robbe and fley the one the other, fackynge and fyryng their villages, and waftinge their countreys. 
 They keepc warre barbaroufly and to vtter deftruction, executinge extreeme crueltie ageinft them that haue 
 
The thyrde Decade. 
 
 the ouerthrowe. Gonfalus Badaiocius with his felowes, wandered at lybertie vntyll they came to this kyng: 
 And had gathered great heapes of gold of other kinges. For, what in braflettes, coUcrs, earinges, brefle plates, 
 helmettes, and certeine barres wherwith women beare vppe their breftes, they had gathered together in gold 
 the fum of fourefcore thoufande Callellans, whiche they had obteyned partly by exchaunge for owre thinges 
 where they founde the kinges their frendes, and other\vife by forceible mcanes where they founde the contrary. 
 They had gotten alfo forty flaues whofe helpe they vfed both for cariage of their vitailes and bagagies 
 in the fteade of moiles or other beaftes of burden, and alfo to relieue fuche as were fycke and forwcricd 
 by reafon of their longe iorneys anil hunger. After thefe profperous viages, they came by the dominion 
 of kynge Scoria, to the palaice of a kynge named Pariza: where (fearyng no fiich thing) Pariza enclofed 
 them with a great armye, and affayled them (Iraggelyng and vnwares, in fuche forte that they had no 
 leafure to put on their armure. He flewe and wounded about fyftie, and put the refydue to flyght. They 
 made fuche haft, that they had no refpect eyther to the gold they had gathered, or to their flaues : but 
 lefte all behynde them. Thofe fewe that efcaped, came to Dariena. The opinion of all wyfe men as 
 concemynge the varyable and inconftant chaunces of fortune in humane thinges, were falfe, if al thinges 
 fliuld haue happened vntc them profperoufly. For fuch is the nature of this blynde goddefle, that flie 
 oftentimes delyteth in the ouerthrowe of them whom flie hath exalted : and taketh plefure in confounding hygli 
 thinges with lowe, and the contrary. Wee fee this order to bee impermutable, that who foo wyll applye hym 
 felfe to gather rootes, fliall fumtymes meete with fweete lyquereffe, and other whiles with foure cockle. Yet wo 
 vnto Pariza : for he (hall not longe lleape in reft. The gouernour him felfe was of late determined with three 
 hundreth and fyftie choife fouldiers to reuenge the death of owr men : But where as he by chaunce fell fycke, 
 his poure went forward vndcr the conducting of his Lieuetenant Gafpar Spino/a, a ludge in cafes of lawe in 
 Dariena. At the fame time other were fent foorth to the Ilande oiDites to exacte the portion of pearles lymited 
 to the king for his tribute. What fhal fuccede, tyme will bring to owre knowleage. The other two, attempted 
 th[e]inhabitantes beyonde the goulfe, Francifcus Bczerra pafTyng ouer by the corner of the goulfe and the 
 mouthes of the ryuer of Dabaiha, with two other capitaines and a hundreth and fyftie fouldiers well appointed, 
 went to make warre vppon the Canibales euen in Caribana their owne chiefeft dominion, toward the vyllage of 
 Turitfy, wherof we haue made mention before in the comming of Pogct/a. They brought alfo with them diuers 
 engens of warre : as three pieces of ordinaunce whofe (hot were bygger then egges : Likewife forty archers, and. 
 XXV. hagbutters to th[e]intent to reache the Caniballes a farre of, and to preuent their venemed arrowes. But 
 what became of hym and his company, or where they : ^ iued, we haue yet no parfecte knowleage. Certaine 
 which came of late from Dariena to Spaine, reported that at their departure, they oi Dariena ftode in great feare 
 leaft they alfo were toffed with fum miffortune. The other capitaine VaUcius, obteyned the fore parte of the 
 goulfe. But he paffed ouer by an other waye then dyd Bczerra. For he tooke the beginning of Caribana, and 
 Bczerra the ende. VaUcius returned ageine. But of the three fcore and ten men whiche he conueighed ouer 
 with hym, hee lefte fortye and eyght flaine emonge the Canibales. Thefe are the newes whiche they bringe 
 that came lafte from Dariena. 
 
 There came to me the day before the Ides of October in this yeare. M. D. xvi. Rodericus Colmenares (of 
 whom we haue made mention before) and one Prancifcus Delapuente. This Francifcus, was one of the vnder 
 capitaines of this bande, whofe chiefe capitaine was Gonfalus Badaiocius who hardly efcaped the handes of 
 kyng Pariza. Thefe twoo capitaines therfore, Rodericus and Francifcus who departed from Dariena immediatly 
 after the miffortune whiche befell to Badaiocius and his companye, do both affirme, the one that he hath harde, 
 the other that he hath feene, that in the Southe fea there are diuers Ilandes lying weftwarde from the Hand of 
 Dites and faincte Michaels goulfe, in many of the which are trees engendred and nourif(hed which bring foorth 
 the fame aromaticall fruites, as doth the region of Collocutea, This lande of Colloaiiea, wirh the regions of 
 Cochinus and Camemorus, are the chiefe marte places from whenfe the Portugales haue their fpices. And hereby 
 do they coniecture that the land where the fiatfulneffe of fpyce begynneth, fhulde not be farre from thenfe. In 
 fo much that many of them whiche haue ouerrunne thofe coaftes, do onely defyre that leaue may be graunted 
 them to fearche further, and that they wil of their owne charges frame and furnifhe (liippes and aduenture the 
 viage to fearche thofe Ilandes and regions. They thinke it beft that thefe fliippes fliulde bee made and prepared, 
 euen in faincte Michaels goulfe : And not to attempte this vyage by fainte Auguftines point, which waye were 
 both longe and diffyculte, and ful of a thoufande daungcrs, and is faide to reache beyonde the forty degree of 
 the pole Antartike. The fame Francifcus, being partener of the trauailes and daungiers of Gonfalus, faithe 
 that in ouer runninge thofe landes, he founde great heardes of hartes and wylde bores : and that he toke many 
 of them by an arte which th[e]inhabitauntes taught him : whiche was to make pittes or trenches in their walkes, 
 and to couer the fame with bouwes. By this meanes alfo they deceaue al other kindes of wild and foure footed 
 beaftes. But they take foules after tlie fame maner that we do : As ftocke doues with an other tame ftocke doue 
 brought vp in their houfes. Thefe thev tve Iiy a ftrynge, and fuffer them to flye a lyttle emong the trees. To 
 
 Gunnes. 
 
 Valeius repulsed 
 of the Canibales. 
 
 The Ilandes of the 
 suuth sea. 
 In this sea lyfe] 
 the Ilandes of 
 Molucca, most 
 frutefull of spices. 
 Collocutea. 
 Cochinus and 
 Camemorus, from 
 whense the 
 Portugales haue 
 theyr spyces. 
 
 He meaneth by 
 the streight of 
 Magellanus. 
 
 Howe they take 
 hartes an J wylje 
 bores. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 183 
 
 1, 
 
 
 1: 
 
 : it 
 
 
 ■ 1' 
 
 FoureMore 
 
 
 thousand 
 
 ' 
 
 Castellans of 
 
 : |! 
 
 goldc. 
 
 * J 
 
 Kyng Scoria. 
 
 ,; 1 
 
 Kyng Pariza. 
 
 
 tlonsalus 
 
 ^ 
 
 Had.iiocius hath 
 
 il 
 
 the ouerthrow and 
 
 • r 
 
 is spoylcd of great 
 rycnes of golde. 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 146 
 
 ■ ( 
 
 The Inconstancie 
 
 ^iT^' 
 
 of fortune. 
 
 
 1 
 
 , I 
 
 
 
 
 •j ■ 
 
 
 ''; 
 
 
 1 '•■ 
 
 The expedition of 
 
 
 Kraunces lU'zarra 
 
 1 
 
 agcynst the 
 Canibales. 
 
 ,.' 
 
 (Ml 
 
 1 1 
 
 •' w 
 
 • . '!, 
 
 1^.^.^. 
 
 : 
 
 !:oclce doiies 
 
 ;- 
 
 \ -M 
 
1 84 
 
 The thyrde Decade. 
 
 u 
 
 147 
 
 Theyr maner of 
 fuulynge. 
 
 Fopingiayes are 
 ciscly tnktiii. 
 
 A stratinge kynde 
 of foulyngc 
 
 Fysshes and 
 
 wornies 
 
 engendered of 
 
 slime 
 
 Foules. 
 
 Gourdes of the 
 
 tree. 
 
 Later opinions of 
 the swift course 
 of the Ocean 
 townrdc the West. 
 
 The contin: 
 tirme land. 
 
 \ 
 
 148 
 
 The vyajres of 
 Diegus Colonus. 
 
 The vyape from 
 the new Hindes to 
 
 Spayne. 
 
 the which as other birdes of their kin u refort, they kil them with their arrowes. Otherwyfe they take them with 
 nettes in a bare place pourged from trees and bufhes : and fcateryng certeyne feedes rounde about that place, in 
 the myddeile whereof they tye a tame foule or byrde of the kynde of them whiche they defyre to take. In lyke 
 maner do they take popingiayes and other foules. But they fay that popingiayes are fo fimple, that a great 
 multitude of them wyll flye euen into the tree in whofe bouwes the fouler fytteth : and fwarme about the tame 
 chatterynge popingiaye, fuflferynge them felues to bee eafely taken. For they are fo without feare of the fyght 
 of the fouler, that they tary whyle he cafl the fnare about theyr neckes, the other beinge nothynge feared hereby, 
 thoughe they fee hym drawe them to him with the fnare, and put them in the bagge which he hath about hym 
 for the fame purpofe. There is an other kynde of foulynge, heretofore neuer harde of, and pleafaunt to confyder. 
 We haue declared before howe that in certeyne of the Ilandes, and efpecially in Hifpaniola, there are dyuers 
 lakes or flandynge pooles. In fume of thefe (beinge no deaper then men may wade ouer them) are feene great 
 multytudes of water foules : as wel for that in the bottome of thefe lakes, there growe many herbes and weedes, 
 as alfo that by reafon of the heate of the fonne pearceinge to the natural! place of generation and corruption, where 
 beinge doubled in force by reflection and preferued by moyfler, there are engendered of the flymines of the 
 earth and water, and by the prouidence of the vniuerfall creator, innumerable lyttle fyflhes, with a thoufande 
 fundry kyndes of frogges, wormes, knattes, flyes and fuch other. The foules which vfe thefe lakes, are of dyuers 
 kyndes: As duckes, geefe, fwannes, feemewes, guiles, and fuch other. We haue fayde alfo that in theyi 
 orchardes they noryflie a tree which beareth a kynde of greate gourdes. Of thefe gourdes therefore well 
 (lopped leafte any water fliulde enter in at theyr ryftes and caufe them to fmke, they caft many in the (halowe 
 pooles : where, by theyr continuall wanderynge and wauerynge with the motions of the wynde and water, they 
 put the foules owte of fufpection and feare. The fouler in the meane tyme, difguyfinge hym felfe as it were with 
 a vifour, putteth a great gourde on his head much lyke to a helmet, with two holes neare about his eyes, his 
 face and hole heade befyde beinge couered thenvith. And thus entereth he into the poole euen vnto the chynne. 
 For beinge from theyr infancie excercifed in fwymmynge and accuftomed to the waters, they refufe not to 
 continue therein a longe fpace. The foules thynkynge this gourde to be one of the other that fwymme vppon 
 the water, the fouler goeth foftly to the place wher he feeth the greateft flocke of foules: And with waggynge 
 his heade, counterfectinge the mouing of the wauerynge gourdes, drawethe nere to the foules : where foftely 
 puttynge foorth his ryght hande, he foodenly fnatcheth one by the legges and plungeth her into the water where 
 he putteth her into a bagge whiche he hath with hym of purpofe The other foules fuppofmge that this dyued 
 into the water of her owne motion t feke for foode (as is their maner) are nothyng moued hereby, but go 
 forwarde on their waye as before, vntyll they alfo faule into the fame fnare. I haue here for this caufe entered 
 into the declaration of theyr maner of huntynge and foulynge, that by thefe more pleafaunt narrations I may 
 fumwhat mytigate and aflwago the horrour conceaued in yowre (lomake by the former rehearfall of theyr bluddy 
 actes and cruell maners. Lette vs nowe therfore fpeake fumwhat ageyne of the newe and later opinions as 
 concernynge the fwyfte courfe of the fea towarde the weft about the coaftes of Paria : alfo of the maner of 
 gathering of golde in the golde myne of Dariena, as I was aduertifed of late. And with thefe two quyet and 
 peaceable thynges, we wyl make an ende of the tragical afifayres of the Ocean : and therwith byd yowre holynes 
 fare wel. So it is therfore, that Andreas Moralis the pylot, and Ouiedus (of whom we haue made mention 
 before) repayred to me, at my houfe in the townc of Matrite, As we met thus togyther, there arofe a contention 
 betwene them two, as concernynge this courfe of the Ocean, They both agree that thefe landes and regions 
 perteynynge to the dominion of Caftile, doo with one continuall tract and perpetuall bonde, embrafe as one hole 
 firme lande and continent al the mayne lande lyinge on the north fyde of Cuba and the other Ilandes, beinge alfo 
 northweft both from Cuba and Hifpaniola. Yet as touchynge the courfe of the water, they varie in opinion. 
 For Andreas, wyll that this vyolent courfe of water bee receaued in the lappe of the fuppofed continente 
 which bendeth fo much and extendeth fo farre towarde the North, as we haue fkid : And that by the obiect or 
 refiftance of the lande fo bendynge and crookynge, the water (hulde as it were rebounde in coompafiie, and by 
 force therof be dryuen about the north fyde of Cuba and the other Ilandes excluded without the circle cauled 
 TVopicus Cancri, where the largenes of the fea maye receaue the waters faulynge frome the narowe ftreames, 
 and therby repreffe that inordinate courfe, by reafon that the fea is there very large and great. I can compare 
 his meanynge to nothynge more aptely then to the fwyfte ftreame commyng foorth ot a mylle and faulyng into 
 the myl poole. For in al fuche places where waters nmne with a vyolent faule through narowe chanels, and 
 are then receaued in large pooles, they are foodenly difparcled and theyr violence broken : So that wheras before 
 they feemed of fuch force as to ouerthrowe all thynges beinge in theyr waye, it can not then be perceaued 
 which way they runne. The Admiral him felfe Diegus Colonus, fonne and heyre to Chrijlophorus Colonus the 
 fyril fynder of thefe landes (who had nowe in commyng and goinge, foure tymes pafled throughe thefe feas) 
 beinge demaunded of me what he founde or perceaued in faylynge too and fro, anfwered that there was muche 
 difticultie in retumynge the fame way by the which they go. But wheras they fyrft take the waye by the mayne 
 184 * 
 
The thyrde Decade. 
 
 i8s 
 
 ^M 
 
 fea towarde the North before they directe theyr courfe to Spayiie, he (aythe that in that tract, he felt the (hippe 
 fumtymes a lyttle dryuen backe by the contrary courfe of the water. Yet fuppofeth that this chaunceth onely 
 by the ordinarie flowynge and reflowynge of the fea: And the fame not to be enforced by the circumflection or 
 courfe of the water reboundynge in compafle as we haue fayde. But thinketh rather, that this mayne lande or 
 fuppofed continent, fliulde fumwhere bee open : And that the fayde open place, flioulde bee as it were a gate, 
 enterie, or llreyght, diuydyng the North partes of that lande from the South : by the which alfo, the Ocean 
 runnynge towarde the Wed, may by the rotation or impulfion of the heauens, bee dryuen about the hole earth. 
 Ouiedus agreeth with Andreas Moralis as touchynge the continuall adherence and clofenes of the fayde con- 
 tinente. Yet neyther that the waters (hulde fo beate ageynft the bendynge backe of the Well lande, or bee in 
 fuche forte repulfed and dryuen into the mayne fea. But faith that he hath diligently confydered, that the 
 waters runne from the deeped and myddef- of the maine fea, towarde the Wed. Alfo that faylinge neie vnto the 
 fhore with fmaule veffelles, he founde the fame waters to retume ageine towarde the Ead. So that in the fame 
 place, they runne together with contrary courfe, as v.e oftentimes fee the lyke to chaunce in riuers wher by the 
 obiecte of the bankes, diuers whirlepooles and turnyn^es aryfe in the water. By reafon wherof, if any chaffe, 
 drawe, woodde, or any other thyng of lyght fubdance be cade in any fuche places in ryuers, it foloweth that al 
 fuch as runne with the water in the mydded of the chanell, procede well forwarde: But fuche as fa-.le into the 
 bendynge goulfes and indented margentes of the crooked bankes, are caryed ouerthwarte the chanell, and fo 
 wander about vntyll they meete with the ful and directe courfe of the ryuer. Thus haue we made yowe 
 partener of fuche thinges as they haue gyuen vs, and writen their dyuers opinions. We wyll then gyue more 
 certeyne reafon, when more certeyne truth flialbe knowen. We mud in the meane tyme, leane to opinions 
 vntil the day coome appointed of god to reueale this fecreate of nature, with the perfecte knowleage of 
 the pointe of the pole darre. Hauyng fayd thus muche of the courfe of the Ocean, a briefe declaration of 
 the golde mynes of Dariena, (hall clofe vppe owTe Decades and make an ende of OAvre trauayles. Wee haue 
 fayde, that nyne myles didante from Dariena, are the fydes of the hylles and the drye playnes in the whiche 
 golde is gathered bothe on the drye lande, and alfo on the bankes and in the chanelles of ryuers. Therfore to 
 al fuch as are wyllynge to gather golde, there is of ordinarie cudome appointed to euery man by the furuoiers of 
 the mynes, a fquare plotte of grounde conteyning twelue pafes, at the arbitriment of the choofer, fo that it bee 
 not grounde already occupied, or lefte of other. The portion of grounde beinge thus chofen (as it were 
 aflygned of the augures to buylde a temple) they inclofe their flaues within the fame, whofe helpe the Chridians 
 vfe in tyllynge of their grounde and gatheryngo of golde, as we haue faide. Thefe places appointed vnto them, 
 they keepe as longe as them lyde. And if they perceaue tookens of lyttle golde, they requyre an other plotte 
 of ground of twelue pafes to be afligned them, leauyng the fird in commen. And this is th[e]order which the 
 Spaniardes inhabitinge Dariena obferue in gatheryng of golde. I fuppofe alfo that they vfe the lyke order in 
 other places : How be it, I haue not yet enquired fo farre. It hath byn proued that thefe twelue pafes of 
 grounde, haue yelded to their choofers, the fumme of fourefcore Cadellans of gold. And thus leade they theyr 
 lyues in fulfyllynge the holy hunger of golde. But the more they fyll their handes with fyndynge, the more 
 increafeth their couetous defyre. The more woodde is layde to the fyer, the more furioufly rageth the flame. 
 Vnfaciable couetoufnefle is no more diminifdied >vith increafe of rychefle, then is the dripeffe of the dropfye 
 fatifiyed with drinke. I lette paffe manye thjTiges wherof I intende to write more largely in tyme conuenient, 
 if I (hall in the meane feafon vnderdande thefe to be acceptable vnto yowre holynelTe: my dewtie and obfer- 
 uaunce to whofe autoritie, hath caufed me the gladlier to take this labour in hande. The prouidence of the 
 etemall creatour of all thynges, graunt yowre holyneffe many profperous yeares. 
 
 The contrary 
 course of waters. 
 
 The poj nt of the 
 pole star. 
 
 The golde mynes 
 of Dariena, and 
 the maner of 
 gatlicrynge golde. 
 
 140 
 
 Owre inclosiers 
 woolde leaue no 
 such commens. 
 A uri sacra Favwx 
 
 The dropsie of 
 couetousncs. 
 
 1 
 
 \. 
 
 I' 
 
 ' ] 
 
 '!!5 
 
 ]\\ 
 
 
 I ■ ; 
 
 1 ! 
 
 ;l' 
 
 H; r 
 
 185 
 
 I. . I 
 I I ■ 
 
I 
 
 H 
 
 \ 
 
 I.okc Ooradc ill. 
 l.iber. x 
 
 Cities fortifycd 
 with watiles. 
 
 The IKindofCuba 
 or t'ernauLliua. 
 
 The Spaniards of 
 Cuba attempt new 
 vyages. 
 
 The west angle of 
 Cuba. 
 
 Not& 
 
 The Hand of 
 
 lucatana. 
 
 A great citie well 
 
 buylded. 
 
 Temples. 
 
 Humane people. 
 
 150 
 
 Cunnyng 
 artifyccrs. 
 
 Appareled people. 
 
 i86 
 
 
 € The laste booke of Peter Martyr of Angleria, 
 
 OF THE LANDES AND ILANDES LATELY FOUNDE: 
 
 AND OF THE MANERS OF THE INHABITAVNTES OF THE SAME. 
 
 Haue partli declared before in mi decades how certeine fugitiues 
 which came owt of the large Wed landes arriued in the confynes of 
 Dariencr. And howe that marueylinge at the bookes of owre men, 
 they declared that they fumtyme dwelte in regions whofe inhabi- 
 tauntes vfed fuche inftrumentes and were ruled by politike lawes. 
 Alfo that they had cities fortified with waules, and faire pallaces 
 with ftreates well paued, and common places whyther mar- 
 chauntes refort as to the burfe or llreate. Thefe landes, owre men 
 haue nowe foundc. Therfore who were th[e]autours hereof, or 
 what fuccelTe they had herein, who fo defireth to know with the 
 conditions of (Iraunge regions and the maners of the people, let 
 hym giue diligent attendance to fuch thynges as folowe. Of the 
 Hand of Cuba (nowe cauled Feniandina, lyynge nexte vnto Hif- 
 paniola on the weft fyde, and yet fumwhat fo bendynge towarde 
 the Northe that the circle cauled Tropicus Cancri deuideth 
 it in the myddefte, wher as Hifpaniola is diftante from 
 the Tropike and declinyge certen degrees toward the Equi- 
 noctial line) we haue fpoken fumwhat before. In this Hand of Feniandina, there are nowe fyxe townes 
 erected. Wherof, the chiefe is named Santiago of faynt lames the patrone of the Spanyardes. In 
 this, there is natiue golde, found both in the mountaynes and ryuers : By reafon wherof they are 
 daylye occupied in gathering and digging the fame. But fliortely after that I had finiflied my fayde 
 bookes, thre Spanyardes that were the moft auncient citizens of Cuba, as Francifcus Fernanda of Corduba, 
 Lupus Oc/io, and Chrijlophorus Morantes, determined to feeke newe landes, as the myndes of the 
 Spanyardes are euer vnquiet and geuen to attempte great enterprifes. They fumyflied at their owne charges, 
 three of thofe fliyppes whiche they caule Carauels. And hauynge fyrfle lycence of Dicgus Velafquen the 
 gouemour of the Ilande, they departed with a hundreth and ten men from the Weft angle of Cuba. For this 
 angle is mofte commodious to relieue fhyppes and to make prouifion for frefhe water and fuell. Thus they 
 fayled continually fyxe dayes and a halfe, betwene the Weft and the South, contented onely with the fyght of 
 the heauen and the water: durynge whiche tyme, they fuppofe that they fayled not paft threefcore and fyxe 
 myles. For they ley at anker all nyght where fo euer the faulynge of the foonne tooke the day light from them, 
 leafte by wanderynge in vnknowen feas, they myght chaunce to be caft vppon rockes or fandes. But at 
 the length they chaunced vppon a great Ilande named lucatana, whofe beginnyng th[e]inhabitauntes caule 
 Eccampi. Owre men went to the citie ftondynge on the fea fyde, the whiche for the bygnes therof, 
 they named Cayrus or Alcair. Th[e]inhabitauntes enterteined them very frendly. When they were entered 
 into the citie, they marueyled to behold the houfes buylded lyke towres, magnifycall temples, ftreates 
 well paued, and great exercife of bying and fellyng by exchaunge of ware for ware. Their houfes are 
 eyther bylte of ftone, or of bricke and lyme, and artifycially wrought. To the fyrfte porches of their houfes 
 and fyrft habitations, they afcend by ten or twelue fteares. They are couered eyther with tyles, flates, 
 reades, or ftalkes of certeyne herbes. They gratified the one the other with mutuall gyftes. The bar- 
 barians gaue owre men many brooches and iewelles of golde, verye fayre and of cunnyng woorkmanfhyppe. 
 Owre men recompenfed them with veftures of fylke and wooUe, counterfecte ftones, of coloured glafle and 
 chriftall, haukes belles of laton, and fuche other rewardes whiche they greatly efteemed for the ftraungenes of 
 the fame. They fette nowght by lookynge glaffes, bycaufe they haue certeyne ftoones muche brighter. This 
 nation is appareled after a thoufande faflliyons with veftures made of goffampyne cotten or bombage of dyuers 
 coloures. The women are couered from the girdle to the lieele hauynge dyuers faflliions of \ ayles aboute their 
 heades and breftes, with great cautele leaft any parte of their legges or feete bee feene. They reforte muche 
 
 i86 
 
^1 
 
 ♦[Cy the Landes and Ilandes lately foiiiide.'] The thyrde Decade. 
 
 187 
 
 the 
 
 to their temples ; vnto the which the chiefe rulers haue the wayes paued from their owne hoiifes. They are 
 Idolatours and circumciicd. They occupie their maner of exchaungingc, with miichc fydclitic. They vfc to 
 adourne the heares of their heades. Being demanded by th[e]interpretours of whom they receaued their circum- 
 cifyon, they anfwered that there once pafled an exceadynge fayre man by their codes, who Icfte tlicm that in 
 tooken to remember hym. Other faye that a manne brighter then the foone, wont emonge them and executed 
 that ofTyce. But there is no certentie hereof. When owre men had remayned there certeyne dayes, they 
 feemed to bee moleftous to th[e]inhabitantes accordynge to the common fayinge. The longer a gefle tarieth, 
 the woorfe is his enterteynement. The whiche thynge owre men perceauyng, they made the more haft awaye. 
 Beynge therfore prouided of all thynges necelTary, they tooke their vyage directly towarde the weft by the 
 prouince whiche th[e]inhabitauntes caule Comi and Maiam. They ouer paffed thefe regions takyng onely freflie 
 water and fuel in the fame. The barbarians both men, women, and children flocked to the fea fyde, aftonyfflied 
 greatly to behold the huge bygnefle of the fliyppes. Owre men marueyled in maner no lefle to viewe their 
 buyldynges and efpecially their temples fytuate neare vnto the fea, and erected after the maner of towers. Thus 
 at the length hauyng fayled about a hundreth and ten myles, they thought it good to ley anker in a prouince 
 named Campechium, whofe chiefe towne confyfteth of three thoufande houfes. Th[e]inhabitauntes came 
 fwymmynge to the Ihyppes: marueylyng excedyngly at the maner of faylinge, and at the fayles and other 
 tackelynges But when they hard the thunder of the gunnes, fawe the fmoke, and fmelte the fauour of brimftone 
 and fyer, they fuppofed that thunderboultes and lyghtnynges had byn fente from god. The kynge receaued owre 
 men honorably and broughte them into his pallayce : where he feafted them well after his maner. They are 
 accuftomed to eate fleflie, and haue great plentie of beaftes and foules : as peacockes, and other whiche they 
 francke and feede in their houfes : Alfo dyuers kyndes of wylde foules of the mountaines, wooddes, and waters : 
 Likewife partriches, quailes, turtle dooues, duckes, and geefe. Of beaftes, they haue connies, woolues, lyons, 
 tigers, foxes, wylde boores, hartes, and hares. After this bantiuet, the kyng with his traine and faniylie brought 
 owre men into a brode croffe way where many ftreates do meete. In this, they fliewed thcni as it were a great 
 and highe aulter buylded foure fquare of marble compacte together partly with the toughe cleye of Babilon 
 cauled Bitumen, and partly with fmaule ftoones. It had on euery fyde foure fteares. Vppon the altare was an 
 Image of a man made of marble : and faft by it the Images of t^vo beaftes of vnknowen fliape, whiche feemed 
 as thoughe they wolde with yanynge mouthes haue tome in funder the bealy of the mannes Image. On the 
 other fyde ftoode a great ferpent compacte of the fayde toughe cleye and fmaule ftoones. This ferpent beynge 
 in length, xlvii. foote, and of the bygnefle of a large oxe, feemed to deuour a lyon of marble, and was al by 
 fparcled with freflie bludde. Harde by the altare, were thre poftes faftned in the ground, the which three other 
 trauerfed and were fufteined with ftones. In this place offenders were put to death : In token wherof they fawe 
 innumerable arrowes fteined with bludde, fum fcatered, fum lyinge on heapes, and fum broken : Alfo a great 
 number of mennes bones lying in a court or yarde nere vnto this funeftal place. Their houfes are here 
 alfo builded of lime and ftone. They named this king, Lazarus, bicaufe they arriucd at this lande on faint 
 Lazarus day. Departing from he, e and directing theyr courfe ftyl toward the Weft for the fpace of. xv. myles, 
 they came to a p- luince named Aquanil, whofe chiefe towne is cauled Mofco, and the kynge thereof, Cupoton. 
 He behelde owre men with a frowarde countenaunce, and fought occafion to doo them fume priuie mifchiele 
 whyle they fought for freflhe water. For he made fignes vnto them that on the further fyde of the nexte hyll, 
 they fliulde fynde fprynges of water, intendyng to haue aflayled them in that narowe paflage. But by the 
 colouryng of theyr forheades (as they are accuftomed in theyr warres) and by the bearjnge of theyr bowes and 
 other weapons, owre men perceaued theyr wylynes, and refufed to go any further. Yet a thoufande of the 
 Barbarians aflayled theym vnwares and vnprepared. By reafon wherof, they were put to flyght, and dyuers of 
 them flayne in the chafe. Many that fledde towarde the fliippes, were entangeled in the mudde and maryflies 
 nere vnto the fliore. Twentie and two, were flayne with arrowes, and the refydewe for the moft parte, wounded. 
 Fraticifais Fernandes the gouernour of the nauie, receaued in this conflicte three and thirtie woundes. And in 
 maner none efcaped without hurt. If they had gonne to the hylles whiche were appoynted them, they had 
 byn flayne euery man. They therfore that efcaped, returned to the Ilande of Fernandina frome whenfe they 
 came, where they were receaued of theyr felows with heauie chere. But when Diegus Velafquen the gouernoure 
 of the Ilande, had intelligence hereof, he immediatly furnyfhcd a newe nauie of foure Caraueles with three 
 hundreth men, Of this nauie he appoynted lohn Griialua his neuie, to be the gouernour: And afllgned for 
 vnder capitaynes, Alphons[o] Auila, Frances Montegio, and Peter Aluarad*- For the pylot he afllgned Antonie 
 Alamino who had the regiment of the fyrft nauie. They attempted tht lame vyage ageyne, but declyned 
 fumwhat more townrde the South about threfcore and tenne myles. Before they fawe any lande, they efpyed a 
 towre a farre of, by the viewe wherof, they came to an Ilande named Cozumella, from the whiche they fmelte fweete 
 
 [* Kdcn points out liter on that William Powell, the printer, had wrongly carried the headline. The Ihyrdt Dci^de, over this, a perfectly distinct bjok. 
 — (.J« p. J42O We have therefore alto inserted the true headline within brackets.— 12. K ] 
 
 ■8; 
 
 Circumci.icil 
 Idulaten. 
 
 Comi. 
 Maiam. 
 
 Campechium. 
 A towne of three 
 thousand how:>ca. 
 
 Plentie of beaftes 
 and foules. 
 
 Theyr Idolesand 
 Idolatry. 
 
 Houses of lynie 
 and stone. 
 
 151 
 
 The prouince 
 
 Aquinall. 
 
 Moico. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 are put to flvght 
 and many slayne 
 
 An other 
 expedition. 
 
 The n.in.l .,f 
 Cozumella. 
 
 ( \\ 
 
 i'l'l: 
 
 
 l,\. 
 
 !r I 
 
 ; 'i ,' 
 
 I'i 
 
 |.,. • 
 

 fl 
 
 r-n 
 
 !1 
 
 i88 
 
 The thyrde Decade. [0/ the Laiides and Ilandes lately founded 
 
 Swede sauours. 
 A frutefull Ilande. 
 
 Towrei and 
 lemplei. 
 
 Cnzumella named 
 Sancta Cnu. 
 
 ■doles lyke bearet. 
 Idolatry. 
 
 Geiuell people. 
 
 lucatana but fyue 
 myles from 
 Cozumella. 
 
 152 
 
 The Barbarians 
 make rcsislaunce. 
 
 A conflicte. 
 
 The length of 
 lucatana. 
 
 The region ol 
 Caliiacam, oi 
 Oloan. 
 
 The ryuer 
 Grisafua. 
 Targets and brett 
 plates of golde. 
 
 \ ; 
 
 fauours proceadynge with the wynde, before they approched to the lande by the fpace of three myles. They 
 founde the Ilande to be fortie and Aue myles in circuite. It is playne and of maruelous frutefull foyle. There 
 is alfo golde in it, but it is not engendered there, but brought thether from other regions. It aboundeth with 
 hony, fruites, and herbes: And hath alfo great plentie of foules and foure footed beades. Theyr order and maner 
 of lyuyng, is in al thynges lyke unto thcyrs of lucatana, Lykewyfe theyr howfes, temples, (Ireates, and apparell. 
 In many of theyr houfes, are great pofles of marble after the maner of owre buyldynge. They founde there, 
 the foundations of certeyne owlde towres ruinate : And one efpecially with, xviii. (leares afcendynge to it, after 
 the maner of folemne temples. They marueyled greatly at owre fliippes and maner of faylynge. At the fyrft, 
 they wolde admyt no (Iraungers : but (hortly after, receaued them gentelly. Theyr chiefe ruler (whom owre men 
 fuppofed to bee a preefte) led them vp to the toppe of the towre, where they erected a banner and addicted the 
 Ilande to the dominion of the kynge of Caftyle, namynge it Sanila Crux, bycaufe they entered into the fame in 
 the nones of Maye beinge then the feafte of the holye croffe. They faye that it was cauled Cozumella of kynge 
 Cozumellaus, whofe aunceftours were the fyrft that inhabited the Ilande. In the towre, they founde many 
 chambers fumyilied with Images, made bothe of earthe and marble to the fimilytude of beares. Thefe they 
 caule vppon with a houlynge and lamentable fonge, perfumyng them with fweete odours, and otherwyfe 
 honourynge them as theyr domefticall goddes They were alfo circumcifed. The kynge was in fayre apparel 
 made of goflampine cotton curioufly wrought. He was lame on the one foote by reafon that as he once exercyfed 
 hym felfe in fwymmynge, a deuourynge fyflie cauled Tuberon, byt of al the toes, of one of his feete. He 
 entreated owre men very frendly and made them great chiere. After they had byn here thre dayes, they 
 departed. And faylynge ftyll towarde the Wefte, they efpyed great mountaynes a farre of. But as they 
 drewe neare, they perceaued it to bee the Ilande of lucatana beinge diftant from Cozumella onely fyue 
 myles. Directynge therfore theyr courfe towarde the fouthe fyde of lucatana, they compafed it on that 
 fyde which lyeth neareft to the fuppofed continent: Yet coulde they not fayle rounde about it by reafon 
 of the multitude of rockes, (halowe places, and (helfes of fandes. Then Alaminus the pylot turned 
 his failes to the North fide wherof he had better knowleage. Thus at the length, they came to the 
 towne Campechium and kynge Lazarus with whom they had bin that attempted the fyrft vyage the yeare 
 before. At the fyrft, they were gentelly receaued, and requyred to refort to the towne. But fhortly 
 after, they repented that they had bydden them : and there vpon wylled them to ftay about a ftones caft from 
 the towne, and to proceade no further. When owre men defyred that they myght make prouifici for freflie 
 water before theyr departure, they afligned them to a certeyne well which they had lefte behynde them. 
 Declaringe further, that it (hulde be lawful! for them to take water there or els no wheare. 0\vre men refted 
 that nyght in the fyelde adioynynge to the well The which thynge the Barbarians fufpectinge, aflembled an 
 army of three thoufande men, and encamped not farre from them. Bothe partes palTed awaye the nyght 
 without fleepe. They fearynge leafte owre menne fliulde breake into the towne : And owre men, leaft the Bar- 
 barians fliulde inuade them foodenly, on the one parte with trumpettes, and on the other fyde with the noyfe of 
 timbrels kept them ftyll wakynge that were difpofed to fleape. At the fprynge of the day, the Barbarians 
 approched to owre mens campe and cauled for th[e]interpretours of Cuba, whofe language is much agreable 
 vnto theyrs. They had diuifed to lyghte a torche of frankenfence and to place the fame betwene bothe 
 th[e]armies to th[e]intent that if owre men dyd not depart before the torche were confumed, to ftande to theyr 
 perelL The torch was wafted and the matter came to hand ftrokes. They flewe onely one of owre men with 
 an arrowe bycaufe his target fayled hym. But many were wounded. After this conilicte, owre men reforted 
 to theyr ordinaunce which they had planted neare vnto the well. When they had difcharged certeyne peeces, 
 the Barbarians fledde backe into the towne. Owre men were of fierce and greedy courage to haue purfued 
 them, but that Grilalua the gouemour wolde not fuffer them. From thenfe they proceaded to the laft ende of 
 lucatana, which they founde to reache more then two hundreth myles frome the Eaft to the Weft. Here they 
 founde a comodious hauen and named it Partus defideratus. From henfe they fayled to other landes, and came 
 to the region nexte to lucatana Weftwarde, whiche they doubte whether it be an Ilande or parte of the firme 
 lande: but thinke it rather to be annext to the continent. In this there is a goulfe which they fuppofe to be 
 incoompafed with bothe the landes. But of this, there is no certentie. Th[e]inhabitantes caule this region 
 Caluacam or otherwife Oloan. They founde here alfo a great ryuer whiche by his violente courfe and faule, 
 driueth frefhe water two myles into the fea. This they cauled Grifalua after the name of the gouemoure. 
 The barbarians marueilyng at the huge greatneffe and mouynge of owre fliyppes, came fwarmyng the bankes 
 on bothe fydes the ryuer, to the number of fyxe thoufande men armed with targettes and breft plates of gold, 
 bowes and arrowes, brode fwoordes of heauy woodde, and longe iauelens hardened at the endes with fyer: 
 Thus ftondynge in battayle raye to defende their cooftes, and with proude countenaunces forbyddinge owre 
 men to coome alande. Bothe parties watched al that nyght in armes. In the dawne of the day, owr men 
 efpied about a hundreth Canoas (whiche we haue faide to be their boates) full of armed men. Here alfo the 
 
 i88 
 
 I!, in 
 
;,3' 
 
 [Of the Landes and Ilamies lately founded The thyrde Decade. 
 
 189 
 
 language of th[e]interpretoiirs of Cuba agreed well enowghe witii thers. When tliuy iuul iulniitted the peace 
 profered them by th[e]intorpretours, al the Canoas (laied excepte one whiche approched toward the fhippes. 
 A certeyne nder that was in this Canoa, demaunded of owre men what they fought in other mennes landes. 
 They anfwered, gold. And that, for permutation of other ware, and not of gift or vyolentiy. 'I'he Canoa 
 returned and the ruler certified the kyng hereof, who came gjadiyc to the fliyppes. When he liad fainted the 
 gouemour, he cauled his chamberlcn vnto iiym, commaunilynge him tobriiige hisarmure and other ornamentes 
 of golde wherwith he armed Grifalua from the toppe of the heade to the foule of the foote: In fo nuiche that, 
 what fo euer any man of amies armed at all partes, is emong vs accullomed to weare of Iren or fteele when he 
 commeth in to the fielde, all fuche kynde of furnitures made of golde and wrought with woonderfull arte, the 
 kyng gaue to the gouemour. He recompenfed hym with veftures of fy[l]cke, clothe, lynen, and other of owre 
 thinges. In the beginning of this Iiicatana, when they fayled to Cozumella, they chaunced vppon a Canoa 
 of fyfftier men to the number of nyne, fyffljyng with hookes of golile. They tooke them all prifoners. One of 
 them was knowen to this kyng, who promyfed the daye folowyng to fende the gouemour as niuche golde for 
 his raunfome as the man hym felfe waied. But the gouernour denyed that he could releafe hym withowte the 
 confent of his felowes: And therfore kept hym flyll to proue what he could further knowe of hym. Departing 
 from henfe and faylynge ftyll weftwarde, they founde a great goulfe in the which three fmaule Ilandes were 
 fytuate. Of thefe, they went to the byggefl. But oh abhominable crueltie : oh mod corrupted myndes of 
 men, and deuelyflie impietie? Let euery godly man clofe the mouth of his ftomake left he be defturbed. They 
 offer younge children of bothe kyndes to their Idoles of marble and earth. Emonge their Idoles of marble, 
 there ftandeth a lyon hauynge a hole throwgh the necke, into the whiche they poure the bludde of the miferable 
 facrifyce, that it maye from thenfe mnne downe into a fyncke of marble. Lette vs nowe declare with what 
 ceremonies they facryfyce the bludde of thefe pore wretches. They cutte not their throtes, but open the very 
 breftes of thefe felye foules and take owte their hartes yet pantynge, with the hotte bludde wherof, they anoynte 
 the lyppes of their Idoles, and fuffer the refydue to faule into the fynke. This doone, they burne the harte and 
 bowels, fuppofynge the fmoke therof to be acceptable to their goddes. Of their Idoles, one is made to the 
 fliape of a man, bowynge downe his heade and lookynge toward the fynke of bludde, as it were acceptyng the 
 offeringe of the flayne facrifyce. They eate the fleflie of the armes, thighes, and legges, efpecially when they 
 facrifyce an enemy taken in the warres. They founde a ftreame of congeled blud as thoughe it had runne 
 from a bouchery. For this myfcheuous purpofe, they bringe thefe wretches from the nexte Ilandes. They 
 fawe alfo innumerable heades, and trunkes of bodies thus mangeled, befyde many other yet remaining hole and 
 couered with certeine mattes. All the tractes of thefe regions abounde with golde and precious ftones. One 
 of owre men wanderynge in the Ilande, chaunced to fynde two water pottes of alabafter artifycially wrought 
 and full of lyttle ftones of dyuers colours. They faye alfo that they founde a ftone of the value of two 
 thoufand Caftilans of gold, whiche they fent to the gouernour. This Ilande they named the Hand of facrifyce. 
 Th[e]inhabitauntes are circumcifed. There are alfo other Ilandes fytuate about this Col\i\uacana or Caluacam, 
 the whiche are inhabited onely with women lyuing without the coompanye of men after the maner of the 
 Amazones. But they that ponder the matter more wifely, thinke them rather to be certeyne women whiche 
 haue vowed chaftitie and profeffed a folytarie lyfe as the nunnes doo with vs, or as the virgins cauled Vejlaks 
 or Bona Dex, were accuftomed to do amonge the gentiles in oulde tyme. At certeyne tymes of the yeare, 
 men of the other Ilandes reforte vnto them. But not for th[e]intent of generation, but moued with pitie to 
 helpe them to dreffe their gardens and tyll their grounde. The reporte goeth lykewife that there are other 
 Ilandes of cormpte women to whom men reforte for carnall copulation : And that they cutte of one of the 
 pappes of their women children leaft it (huld hinder their fliootyng. Alfo that they kepe onely the women 
 children and fende awaye the men children. Owr men therfore drewe nere to the fliore of Colluacana where 
 they quyetly exercifed marchaundies with th[e]inhabitauntes. The kyng gaue them a great potte of gold : 
 Alfo braflettes, chaynes, brouches, wth many other iewelles, and al of gold. Owre men ageyne on the other 
 parte fatiffyed him wth fuch ftuffe as they had done other before. Here wolde they gladly haue planted a 
 newe colonie or habitation, but that the gouernour wolde not permytte them, wherat they gruged not a lyttle. 
 The houfes and other edifyes of this prouynce, are buylded like vnto towres. It hath alfo. xv. great townes in 
 it. Of thefe they affirme that they haue feene fum confifting of more t'; :i' .x. thoufaude houfes, not ioyning 
 together, but defeuered with courtes and gardens. They haue alfo cencji^c large market places encompafed 
 with waules, and ftreates well paued. Likewife fornaces and ouens made of lyme and bricke. Furthermore 
 al fortes of handy craftes men and very cunning artificers. This kinges name was Potanchanus: and the 
 region is cauled Palmaria. The towne where the king kepeth his court, conteineth. xv. thoufand houfes. 
 When they receaue any ftraungiers and make a leage of frendfliyppe with them, thev are accuftomed with a 
 knife made of a fliarpe ftone, to let them felues bludde in the toonge, hande, arme, or fum other parte of the body : 
 And this euen in the fyght of them whom they admitte to frendfliyp, in token that they are ready to fliedde 
 
 169 
 
 Aniuire ofKoMe. 
 
 E.\|n:rti; arlifirct" 
 
 Kywhe hokcs uf 
 
 153 
 
 'I'he Ihndes cf 
 
 Sacrifice. 
 
 Chyldren 
 
 s.icriticed t>t 
 
 IJulcs, 
 
 Their Klules of 
 
 nurble. 
 
 Gold ami precious 
 stones. 
 
 Ailone of ;4re.it 
 price. 
 
 Ilandes of women. 
 
 GoKle. 
 
 Houses lyke 
 
 towres. 
 
 XV. greate townes 
 
 in the prouince of 
 
 of Colluacana. 
 
 Townes of xx. 
 
 thousande houses 
 
 The region of 
 Palmaria. 
 
 A token of 
 frendship. 
 
 r? 
 
 ^'i 
 
 [.' 
 
 1 
 
 !;!!!■ 
 
 
 \\:\ 
 
 I'r 
 
 h 
 
 ill 
 
 1 1 
 
 II 
 
 I ! 
 
 li 
 
K n IT 
 
 M ; 
 
 \ 
 
 190 
 
 PrcoMct. 
 
 t h.iMiiic. 
 
 1S4 
 
 The piinyshcnicnt 
 uf uilulturie. 
 
 Marriage U 
 honuured. 
 
 I'wlynge, 
 
 Kynge OimnduJ. 
 
 Idolcs, icwcis, and 
 uuchci ufgoIJ. 
 
 Gold in 
 
 mountayne^ and 
 ryuers 
 
 Theyr mancr of 
 gatheryng golde. 
 
 Sweete sauours. 
 
 A stone of great 
 price. 
 
 155 
 
 Other viages from 
 Cuba or 
 Fernandina. 
 
 ! ( 
 
 Many Hands 
 betwene Cuba and 
 the firme lande. 
 
 T//C thyydc Decade. [Of the Landes and Ilandcs lately foniide.'] 
 
 tlicir blutkle in their fryndes caufes. Tiieir prieflcs profelTe a vertuous iyfc, and Hue vnmaried. What it is to 
 haue to do with women, no man knoweth before he l)f marled. I'oriiication and adultery (which feldome 
 ( haunce cmongc them) tliey counte abhomination. The women are of maruelous chaftitie. Euery noble man 
 after that he haue had one wife, may haue as many concubines as hym lyfteth. Hut a maried woman taken in 
 adultcrie, is fouldc of her hulbantle. But this onely to the prince: at whofc handcs it dial be iawfuU for her 
 kynfefolkes to rcdceme her. It is not lawful! for fuche as are not marled, to fytte at the fame table with them 
 that are maried, or to cate of the fame dyflic or drinke of the fame cup. In the moncth of Augufl and 
 .September, they abfteinc. x.\xv. dayes not onely from fleflie wherof they haue great plentie, but alfo from fyflie 
 and al other thinges that lyue by bludde : And durynge thefe daics, lyue onely with herbes and frutes. They reken 
 twentie dayes to the moneth, and twentie monethes to the yeare. Owre men confumed certeyne dayes here 
 verye pleafauntly. Vv'hen they departed, coadynge ftyll by the fame fliore, they came to an other kyng whom 
 they named Ouaiidus. When he had intellygence that owre men defired golde, he brought foorth certeyne 
 plates of molten goitl. But when the gouernour fignificd vnto him by th[e]interpretors that he defyred great 
 plentie of that metal, the day folowing he brought him a mannes Image of golde beinge a cubette in length: 
 Alfo a fanne of golde, and an Idole of one of his domefticall goddes of curious woorkemanfliyppe. Likewyfe 
 garlandes of (lones of fundry colours, with many brefle plattes, brooches, and other kyndes of ornamentes, and 
 all of golde. He gaue hym furthermore aboundaunce of delycate mcates well falted and poudred with fpices. 
 When he had required owre men to coome alande, he commaunded his feruauntes with all fpeede to prepare a 
 great multitude of branches of trees and to waite vppon owre men to his pallayce. As they went thus in order, 
 fum behynde and fum before on bothe fydes, they feemed fo to fliadowe owre men with the bouwes as thoughe 
 they had gonnc in a continual! arbour. The kynge hym felfe hauynge a fepter in his hand, dyd fette them in 
 their arraye, and fumtyme (Irike fuche as were negligent in bearyng their bouwes. They (liewed them felues 
 obedient in all thynges, and with graue countenaunce, humbled them felues to receaue his flripes. When he 
 was demaunded where he had fuche plentie of golde, he pointed with his fynger to the next mountaynes, and to 
 the ryuers defcendyng from the fame. They are fo ac.uflomed to the riuers and exercifed in fwymming, that it 
 is al one to them to line in the water and on the lande. When they defyre to gather golde, they plunge theym 
 felues in the ryuers and brynge from the bottome therof, bothe their handes full of fande, whiche fyftynge from 
 hande to hande, they gather owte the graynes of golde. And by this meanes in the fpace of twoo houres, they 
 fyll a reede as bygge as a mannes fynger. Of the fweete fauours of thefe landes, many thinges myght be fpoken, 
 the whiche bycaufe they make rather to th[e]effeminatynge of the myndes of men, then for any neceflarye 
 purpofe, I haue thought befl. to omytte them. The kynge alfo gaue the gouernour a younge virgine of twelue 
 yeares of age, adourned with ryche and fayre iewelles. Of the (lones whiche he had of this kynge, one was 
 valued at twoo thoufande Caftellans of golde. Thus at the length they departed from this kyng, laden wit 
 golde and precious floones. Grifalua the gouernour, fente one of the Carauelles to his vncle Diego Velafq 
 gouernour of the Hande of Cuba, with meflengers to delyuer hym the golde, iewelles, and other ornamer 
 The refydue in the meanc tyme (lyll folowed the tracte toward the Weft. One of them in the whiche Frauncis 
 Montegius the vnder gouernour was carjed, fayled harde by the fliore: and the other twoo kept aloofe within 
 profpecte of the land. Th[e]inhabitauntes of thefe coaftes alfo, no leffe marueylynge at the (hyppes then dyd 
 the other, came with twelue Canoas to Montegius, defyringe hym by th[e]interpretours to coome alande, 
 promyfynge in the name of their kynge, that hee flioulde be honorably enterteyned. But Montegious anfwered 
 that hee coulde not affente 10 their requeft bycaufe his coompanions were fo farre from hym. Yet dyd he gyue 
 them certayne of owre thynges ftraunge vnto them, and thankes for their gentylneffe. Shortly after efpyinge a 
 great towne they directed their courfe thither. Th[e]inhabitauntes prohibyted them to coome alande, and came 
 foorthe ageynft them with bowes and quyuers ful of arrowes, brode fwoordes made of heauy woode, and 
 lauelens hardned at the ende with fier. They fliotte at owre men a farre of; And owre men difcharged 
 certeyne pieces of ordinaunce ageynft them. The Barbarians aftonyfflied at the noyfe of the gunnes, fledde 
 amayne, and defyred peace. Here owre mens vytayles began to fayle them, and theyr fliyppes were broofed 
 with longe vyages. Hauynge therefore founde and doone thefe thynges whereof we haue fpoken, Grifalua 
 returned to the Hande qI Fernandina well contented, but fo were not his companions. We mufte nowe diuerte 
 fumwhat from this matter, and fpeake of an other nauigation. And from thenfe wyll we returne to thefe landes 
 which owre men haue founde. So it is therfore, that Diegus Velafqtien the gouernour of the Hand of 
 Fernandina, about the fame tyme that he had fent foorth this nauie of foure Caraueles, he prepared an other 
 nauigation of onely one Carauell and one brygantine with fortie and fyue men. Thefe exercifed vyolent handes 
 ageinft th[e]inhabitauntes of thofe regions where they arryued, thynkynge that they myght forceably drawe tliem 
 to the dyggynge of golde bycaufe they were CafTranite Idolaters and circumcifed. There are at the fea fyd, not 
 farre from the fuppofed continent, many lyttle Handes of mofte fortunate and frutefull foyle, whereof three are 
 thus named: Guanapan, Guanguan, and Qiiitilla. Owte of one of thefe (which they named Sanfla Marina) they 
 
 
\Pf the Landes and Ilandes lately /ouiidc.'\ J lie thynie Decade. 
 
 violentely caricd away three hundreth men and women which they thruft into the Carauell a>\d returned 
 immediatly to Fernandina, Icauynge the brigaiiline witii. xxv. of theyr felowcs to th[e]intent to hunt for more men. 
 The hauen where the Carauell fyrfte arryued, is cauled Catenas, bcingc diflantc from the angle oiCuba and the 
 chicfe citie o( Santiago, two hundreth and fyflio myles. For this Ilande of C'/da, is very longc, f» i hyng in 
 length from the Eaft to the Weft, and fituate directly vnder the circle cauletl Tropicus Cancri as we haue fayde 
 before. Now (hall you heare how fortune fought the reucnge of thcfe pore wretches. Therfore as theyr kepcrs 
 went aland and few remained in theCarauel, they perceuing occafion miniflred wherby they myght recouertlujr 
 liberiie, foodeynely fnatched vp owr mens weapons and flewc fyxe of them whicli yet rema} tied in the CaraucI, 
 whyle the refidue lepte into the fea. And by this meanes the Barbarians poffeffed the Carauell which they had 
 foone learned to rule, and thus returned to theyr owne countreys, But they fayled fyrfle to the nexte Ilande 
 where they burnte the Carauell and caried away the weapons with them. From henfe they conueyed them 
 felues to theyr owne countreys with the Canoas of this Ilande. Heare in lyke maner they pryuilie afliiyled them 
 that were lefte with the brigantyne, and flewe many of them alfo. The refidue that efcaped, fledde to the 
 brigantine where they bewayletl theyr felowes deathes and counted theyr owne efcape a victorie. On the (horc 
 not farre from the place where they fuffered this miffortune, there is a tree, in the toppe wherof they fet vp a 
 croire, and graued this infcription in the barke of the tree : Vannuis Aldarieci. There is a ryuer named Darieii, 
 on the banke wherof ftandeth the chiefe citie of the fuppofed continent. The gouemour therfore hauing 
 intelligence herof, fent with all fpeede two fliippes of warre well furnyflied, to the ayde of them that were lefte. 
 But they were wyfe to late. Yet folowynge the viewe of the crofle, they came to the (hore and redde the letters 
 grauen on the tree, but durfte not attempte fortune. Thus with all theyr bardie fouldiers departinge from henfe 
 with defpayre, they fayled to the nexte Ilande, out of the which they caryed away by vioic».:'^ fyue hundreth 
 men and women, fuppofynge lykewyfe that they myght lawfully fo doo bycaufe they were Idc'aters and 
 circumcifed. But the like chaunce happened vnto them when they landed at Fernandina. For the Barbarians 
 efpyinge oportunitie, fette vppon the Spaniardes in one of the fliippes with theyr owne weapons and flewe theyr 
 keepers. The refidue that efcaped, caftynge them felues into the fea, fwamme to the nexte carauell, and with 
 theyr felowes aifayled the carauell that was taken from them. This conflicte was fo (harpe, that for the fpace 
 of foure houres, it was doubtfull whether parte fliulde obteyne the victorie. The Barbarians both men and 
 women fought verye fiercely, afwell to recouer theyr libertie, as alfo to holde fafte the praye whiche they had 
 gotten. But in fine, the Spanyardes had the vpper hande by reafon they were more experte in handelynge of 
 theyr weapons and rulyng of theyr Carauell. The Barbarians beinge thus ouercoome, lepte into the fea: but 
 the Spanyardes tooke theym ageyne with the ftiippe bo: ics. About a hundreth of the Barbarians peryflied, 
 beinge partely drowned and partly flayne with the fwoorde : And but fewe of the Spanyardes. Thefe thynges 
 thus pacified, the refydue of the Barbarians were caryed to the towne of Sanfliago and condemned to laboure 
 in the golde mynes. Shortly after they made owte a newe vyage to an other of the Ilandes, whiche lye there 
 about fo thicke, that they commonly caule the number of them An/iipdagus, as they in owre fea oi loniciim are 
 cauled Symplcgades. Here owre men were cruelly handeled: and as many of them as came alande eyther 
 flayne or wounded. This Ilande they named Florida, bycaufe they arryued there on Eafter day whiche the 
 Spanyardes caule the floryftiynge day of the refurrection. They fay alfo that in this tracte they fawe. xxvi. 
 Ilandes which Colomis had ouerpafled ; And the fame fo to lye aboute Hifpaniola and Cuba, as though they 
 warded them from the furie of the Ocean. In many of thefe they founde natiue golde of lyke goodnes to that 
 which is founde in Granatum. Th[e]inhabitantes alfo weare many iewels, and haue many Images of theyr 
 domefticall goddes made both of golde artificially wrought and alfo of woodde gylted. Francis Cheregatus 
 browght one of theyr Idoles with hym, wherby may bee confidcred of what wytte and aptenes they are. It is 
 a maruelous thynge to fee what maner of rafers they haue, made of certeyne yelowe ftoncs cleare and 
 tranfparent lyke vnto Cryftal. With thefe they fliaue and carue as though they were made of fine fteele. 
 When the edges are blunte with longe exercife, they fliarpen them not with a whetftone, or powder, or any other 
 ftone, but temper them onely with water. They haue alfo a thoufande kindes of inftrumentes or tooles and 
 fuch other thynges of fyne deuife, which were to longe to rehearfe. Let vs therefore returne from whenfe we 
 haue digrefled, as to Coztimella, lucatana, Colluacana or OUoa, beinge al landes lately founde, and fo rich, 
 fruteful and pleafaunt, that they may in maner be compared to the earthly Paradyfe. Therfore, after that it 
 was knowen to owre men of howe greate momente thefe trades were, the Spanyardes which inhabited the 
 Ilande of Cuba Anunctus beinge the gouemour of the Ilande furnyflied a newe nauie of ten Carauelles and fyue 
 hundreth menne, with twoo fmaule brigantines, as it weare in the fteade of lyght horfemen or forerunners whofe 
 ayde they myght vfe as fcoutes to fearche the wayes for daunger of rockes and flialow fandes or flielfes. They 
 fhipte alfo certeyne horfes, as fyue ftoned horfes and. xvi. mares apte for the warres. For their generall 
 gouemour and Admiral of the nauy, they elected Fernando Cortefius who at that tyme was the chiefe ruler of 
 the citie of Santiago. For vnder capitaines, they appointed Alfons Portucarerius, Francis Montegius, Alfons 
 
 tgi 
 
 191 
 
 S.incti.»c;rt the 
 chicfu citie uf 
 Culxu 
 
 Ihc Flarb.irian* 
 sluythu Sp.iiiianle 
 with theyr <\viie 
 weapulis. 
 
 The chiefe i:ilie of 
 the suppusitid 
 continnit. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 are slayiit* af;cyne 
 with theyr owne 
 wepons. 
 
 The l);irhari.)nsarQ 
 slaine nnd put tu 
 
 flyght. 
 
 156 
 
 Another vyage. 
 A rchipeltigus. 
 A multitude of 
 Ilandes. 
 
 xwi. Ilandesahuul 
 HispanioU and 
 Cuba. 
 
 Images uf golde. 
 
 Raser^ of stone 
 
 Instrumentes and 
 tooles. 
 
 Landes lyke vnto 
 the earthly 
 Paradyse. 
 
 An other vyage of! 
 X. Carauels and v. 
 hundreth men. 
 
 Horses and mare& 
 
 Fernando 
 Cortesius. 
 
 -Ill 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 1 
 
 ' :i' 
 
 
 1 
 
 \v 
 
 S'm t', 
 
s ^ ' 
 
 '; ( 
 
 193 
 
 The thyrde Decade. [Of the Landes and Ilaudes lately foimde.\ 
 
 i 1 
 
 \ 
 
 The Ilan.1 of 
 Cuzuinclt.1. 
 
 Carpets .iikI 
 shcctes. 
 Inniimenible 
 bukes. 
 
 ' 'ircunicticd 
 Idolaters. 
 
 They Sacrifice 
 Chyklren 
 
 157 
 
 The IlamlLS of 
 Dis*ani aiul 
 Scstani. 
 SiitrificcofJoggc! 
 
 They are soone 
 l>crsiiadcL) 10 owr 
 religion. 
 
 'I'he iiii lure of llic 
 blc!i:>ed Virgiiie 
 
 All otlicr vyaj-c 
 
 Aquillaris, vii. 
 veareH captitic in 
 the Hand of 
 Iticalana. 
 
 / 'aUiiiitt, 
 
 The ^hipwrncke of 
 Valdiuia. 
 
 Auila, A'-ierado Spatenfc, lohn Vehfijuen and Dkgiis Ordaffus. Tlicy ftyll folowed the fame wynde from the 
 lad angle of Cuba toward tiic "veft. As foonc as Fraiincis Fcrnandcs of Corduba, and 'hen lohn Grifahia 
 came within profpecte of the Ilandc of Sacrifyccs (wherof we h.uie made mention before) foi. J^nly a temped 
 of contrary wynde prohibited theym to take lande and drone them backewarde to Cozumellu lyinge on the Kid 
 fyde of lucatana. This llande hath onely one haucn named fainte lohns porte. And hath in it, onely fyxe 
 townes. Alfo none other water then in wcllcs and cederns, bycaufe it lacketh riuers and fpringes by rcafon 
 it is plaine, contcynynge onely. xlv. mylcs in circuite. At the coomniynge of owre men, tli[e]inhabitauntes 
 lledde to the thicke woods, and forfoke their townes for feare. Owrc men entered into their houfes where they 
 foundc plentie of vyttayles and many ornamentes perteynynge to the furnyfliyni^c of their houfes, as hanginges 
 and carpettes of tlyuers colours, fliectcs alfo of golTampine cotton (whiche they caule Amaccas) and muche 
 apparell. They haue furthermore innumerable bookes, of the whiche with many other thinges fcnte to owre 
 newe Emperour, we wyll fpeake more largely hereafter. The fouldiers wandered about the Hand and 
 viewe[d] al thynges diligently, kepyng them felues dyll in battell raye lead they myght be fodenly inuaded. 
 They founde but a fewe of th[e]inhabitauntes and onely one woman in their coompanie. Ey tli[c]inter- 
 pretours of Cuba and other whiche the Spaniardes tooke fyrd from lucatana, they perfwaded the woman 
 to caule the kynges that were abfente. They came gladly and made a leage of frenddiyp with owrc men, 
 wherby they were redored to their houfes and a great parte of their dufie. They are circumcifed Idola- 
 tours, and facrifyce chiUlren of bothe kyndes to their Zcmes, which are the Images of their familiar and 
 domedicall fpirites whiche they honour as goddes. When I enquired of A/amiuus the pilote, alfo of 
 Frances Montcgius and Porlucarerius, from whenfe they had the children they offered in facrifyce, they 
 anfwered that they bowght them in the Ilandes thereaboute by exchaunge for golde and other of their trafycke. 
 For in al this fo large a fpace of land, the deuelyflie anxictie for the defyre of wicked money, hath not yet 
 oppredcd th[e]inhabitantes. They faye the fame alfo of the Ilaniles lately founde, wherof two are named 
 DtJJam and Sejlam, whofe inhabitauntes go naked : and for fcarcenefle of children, facrilice dogges whiche they 
 nouriflie, afwell for that purpofe as alfo to eate as wee do connies. Thefe dogges are dumme and can not barke, 
 hauyr.2'- fn^^wtes lyke vnto foxes, bache as they dedinate to eate, they geld while they are whelpes, wherby 
 they waxe very fat in the fpace of foure monethes. They refenie al the bytches for increafe, and but fewe 
 dogges. O.vre men difwaded them from thefe fuperditions. dccl;irynge how they were abhominable and deteded 
 of god. They were foone peru'.aded and defyred n !.iw whiche they myght folowe. Owre men therfore declared 
 vnto them that there was onely one god which made heauen and earih, the geuer of al good thynges, beyng of 
 one incomprehenfyble fubdaunce vnder trijilicitie of perfon. As foone as they harde thefe woordcs, they broke 
 their Zetnes, and pared, fcraped, and waflied the pauementcs and waules of their temples. Owre men gaue 
 them a painted picture of the bleiied vyrgine which they placed reuerently in their temple, and aboue it a erode 
 to be honored in the remembraunce of god and man and the faluation of mankynde. They erected alfo an 
 other great erode of woodde in the toppe of the temple, whyther they oftentymes reforte togither to honour the 
 Image of the vyrgine. Th[e]inhabitantes fignified by th[e]interpretours that in the Hand of lucatana not far 
 from them, there were fcuen Chridians cnptiiics which in tyme pad were dryucn thither by tempedc. The llande 
 of Cozi'imlla, is onely fyue miles didant from lucatana. The gouernour Cortcjlus being aduertifed hcrof, 
 furnydied. ii. Caraucls with fyftie men, wyllyng them incontinent to ilirect their viage thither and to make ferch 
 for thefe men. They toke with them thre interpretours of Cozunwlla (whofe language agreeth with theirs) with 
 letters to the Chridians if any myght be found. He further declared vnto theym howe goodly a matter they 
 fludde bringe to palTe if they joulde bringe away any of them. For he no wayes doul)ted but that by their 
 information, he duild he fully certified of the conunodities of all thofe tractes, and the nianers of th[e]inhabi- 
 tauntes. Thus they departed with commaimdement to retourne within the f[)ace of fy..'^ dayes. Hut when they 
 Ivid remayned there now. viii. days, and hard no woorde of their Cozumellane interpretours whome they had 
 fent alande with the medage and letters, owre men returned to Cozumella without them, fufpectyng that they 
 were other flaine or deteyned. .And whore as the hole nauye was now determyned to depart from Cozumella 
 but that they were hyndered by contrary wynde, they fodenly efpied towarde the wedc a Canoa coomniynge 
 from lucatana, and in it, one of die Chrillian captiues (named Ifieronimus Aquillaris) who had lyued feuen 
 yeares in that llande. With what ioye they embrafcd the one the other, the chance may declare. They were 
 no lefic defyrous to heare, then he to tell of the myffortune whiche befell to hym and his coompanions. And here 
 it dial not bee greatly from my pu.|)ofe breefely to rehearfe how the thynge chaunced. In my Decades I haue 
 made mention of a certa. ne noble mnn named VaMiuia, whome the Spanyardes whiche inhabited Dariena in 
 the fuppofed continente of the goulf of \'ral>a, fent to the Hand of Hifpaniola to Colonus the Admiral and viceroy 
 with the refidue of the Senate and counfel there (to whom perteyneth the redreffe and orderynge of all thinges 
 in thefe newe landes) to fygnifye vnto them in vvhat extreme neceditie and penurie they lyued. Vnhappy 
 Vahiiuict therfore, takyngc this matter in hand in m euell houre, was with a fudden anil vyolent whirlewindi- 
 
m 
 
 {Of i lie I. amies aud Ilandcs lately foitmhO^ The tliynic Dciadc. 
 
 193 
 
 (Iryucn vpiioii certayiic qiiickefamlcs in the profpccte of tlie Ilande of Iiviiaicity lyingo in the Soiithe fyde of 
 Jfi/f>aniofti ana Ctiluj. Thefe blind and fwalowyng f ndes, the Spaniardes caule vy])i'rs: And tiiat by good 
 reafon, byraufe in them many fliyi)i>es are entangletl, as the lycertes are iniplycate in the tayics of the 
 vipers. Wiiiic tlie Canuull thus wrelleled with the water, it was fo bnide in fiinder, that VaUiuia with 
 thirtie of his fclowcs, coulde fcarfely with nitiche (hflicuUie dcfccnde into the fliyppe boate: where, without 
 oers, and without faylcs, they were caried awaye by the vyolcnce of the water. I'or (as we haue faid 
 before in owre Decades) tlie feas do nuine there continually with a vyoknt courfe towarde the Weft. 
 They wandered thus. xiii. dayes not knowyng whyther they went nor yet fyndynge any thyng to cate. l'"an>en 
 confumed feucn of them whiche were cafte in the fea to feede the fyflies. The refydue lykewife in maner 
 confumed by famen and faulynge from one calamitie into an other, were driuen to lucatana and fell into the 
 handes of a truell kynge who llewe WiUiiiia the gouernour with certayne of his felowes. And when hee had 
 fyrrt facrifyced them to his /.iincs, fliortely after he eate them with his frindes of that confpiracie. For they eate 
 onely their enemyes and ftraungiers : And iloo otherwife abfteyne from niannes (lelhe. In this niean^ tyme, 
 while JfitTonimus Aqtiillaris with fyxe of his felowes wore referued to be facrifyced the tliinle daye, they 
 brooke their lianiles, efcapcd the handes of that <Tuell tyranne, and (ledde to an other kynge beynge his 
 eneniye, who rcceaueil them, yet onely as bondemen. It is a ftraunge thinge to heare of the nioother of this 
 At/iii/Airis. For as foone as the hanle that u^r foonne was faulen into the handes of the nations that eate 
 nianncs fleflie, fliee fell niadde incontinent : So that when fo euer after, Ihee fawe any meate rollyng at the 
 fyer, or onely ready f])ytted to laye to the fyer, (hee (eafeil not to crye out in this maner. () me niofte 
 wretched moother: Jk'hold the niembers of my fon. lUit to returne to owre purpofe. When Aqiiillaris had 
 now receaued the gouernours letter fente by the Co; umellane melVengers, hee declared to the kynge his mayfter 
 (whofe name was Taxmarus) what was their erraunt thither, and wherfore they were lent: vfyng in the meane 
 tynie many large difcourfes in exprelTynge the great jwure and magnifycence of their kynge who had of late 
 arriued in thofe coalles. Alfo of their humanitie and gentilnelVe toward their frindes and fuche as fubmytted 
 them felues to them, and againe their rygourand liercenelTe ageynft fuche as lloobernly eyther contemned them 
 or denye^l their reciiieftes. With thefe woordes he broughte I'liximinis into fuche feare, that the maifter was 
 now fayne to defyre his feruaunt fo to handell the matter that they myght ([uyetly enter into his dominion as 
 his Ireendes and not as his enemies. At/iiifhvis promifed in tluir behalfe that they fludd not onely coonie in 
 peace, but alfo to .lyde hym ageynft his enemyes if neede fliulde fo retjuire. Whervp])on hee difmilTed 
 Aquilltiris and with h^m three of his familiers and coompanions. Thus they fayled together from Cozumtlla to 
 IiiiiUaiia to the ryuer whiche tl'.ey had founde before in the fyr.le vyage thither by the gouernance of Alamiiuis 
 the pilot. They found the mouthe of the ryuer ftopi)ed with fanile, as wee reads of the ryuer of Niltis in 
 Egipte when the wyndes (cauled Ktcfii) blowe in fummer and efpecially in the canicular dayes. Therfore 
 where as they coulde not enter into the ryuer with the biggefte velVelles (although it bee otherwife apte to 
 rcceaue great ftiyjipes) the gouernour caufed two hundreth nien to be fette alande with the brigantynes and 
 Ihyppe boates: wyllynge Ai/uilhuis to olfer peace to th[e]inhabitauntes. 'I'hey demaunded what owre men 
 reiiuired. A</iii//aris anfwered, vyttayles. There was a longe f|)ace of fande by the fyde of the towne, whither 
 they wylled them to reforte, prontyfynge to brynge them vyttayles thither the daye folowynge. Owre men 
 wente and they came accorilynge to their ])romille and brought with them eyght of their hennes beynge as 
 bygge as peacockes, of brown;, ftie coloure, and not inferioiir to peacockes in jjleafaimte taft. They brought 
 alfo as muche breail made oi M,tiziiini (whiihe is a graine not niuche vnlyke vnto p;'.nyke) as wolde fcarcely 
 feme teinv.- l\ungrynicv.: And here with defyred them to depart. Hut when they 1 ice.iued that o>vre men 
 made c.o hall away, immediately there came a great coompanye of armed men towarde theym deinaundyng 
 what they had to do thus to wander in other mennes landes. Owr men made anfwere l>y Aqiii/l'tris, tl at they 
 defyred i)eace, vyttayles, and golde for exchaungc of other thinges. They anfwered ageyue, that they wi,lde 
 nother peace nor warre with them. Hut threatned them to auoyde the lande e.xcepte they woolue bee 
 diftroyed euery manne. Owre men fayde that they woulde not departe withowte fulfyciente vyttayles to 
 mayntayne their (ouldyers. 
 
 They appoyiUed the day folowyiiije to brynge them more vyiayles: but they brooke promelTe. Yet 
 l>erccauing the fecond «lay that owre men were encamped on the fande and had rejiofed there that nyght, 
 they brought them as much more vytayles, au'l coimnaiuided them in the name of theyr kynge to departe 
 Owre men fayde that they were tlefyrous to fee the towne, am! to haue yet '"iC ftore of vytayles. The Mar- 
 barians denyed theyr reiimll. and therwith departed whifperynge and miitterynge anionge them leliies. In the 
 meane tymc owre men were liyll fi> opi)reired with hunger that they were enforced to feeke for lue.ite. The 
 gouernouic therefore fent his vnder capitaynes to lande with a hundreth and tyftie men. As they went difperfed 
 in dvuers companyes about the vyllages of the countrey, the Ikirbarians met with one of tlicyr bandcs, and put 
 tlicm to great dillrelTe. ISut when theyr felowes beinge not farrc from them, harde the noyfe of theyr alarome, 
 
 llM-N R \)\ 
 
 The qilirlct t.^ni1es 
 c.ttilcd vypi 
 
 The course r,f the 
 se.t tuH'.irdc the 
 west. 
 
 158 
 
 VaMuiia U 
 s.it ril'it'iMl III 
 litolcs. 
 
 H<iwc Ainiitl.it i\ 
 
 Kynge TaxiiKtiuv 
 
 The mniii'i .Tn 
 ryiii-T siopjiftl wilh 
 
 Turky licii" 
 
 150 
 
 id 
 
 i 
 
 ):. 
 
 it 
 
 ' ! 
 
 i|t| 
 
 
 i«, 
 
 iiniiic. 
 
I'i 
 
 194 
 
 77ic' tliynic Decade. \Of the Laitdes and Ilaudes lately Joiuide.\ 
 
 ill 
 
 \ 
 
 
 The Ilarbarians 
 arc put to flyght. 
 
 The great towne of 
 
 I'utanchaiia ur 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 A townc of Kxv. 
 
 thousand houses. 
 
 Gunne&anil horses. 
 
 The man ai:d the 
 liorse, thoucht to 
 be one bca^ti. 
 Ctntam-us> 
 
 Pal ai CCS of 
 maruclou!; hvRnes 
 and wet uuylded. 
 
 J'hcv rcccuc owrc 
 religion. 
 
 160 
 
 A (owne of 1 
 thoit.'Hind .111(1 Tyue' 
 hundred houses. 
 
 they came with all polTible hafle to tlieyr refcue. The gouernour on the other fyde, placinge his ordinance in 
 the brygantines and fliippe boates, approched to the fliore with the refidue of his fouldicrs. The Barbarians 
 lykewife, beinge redy furnyflied to the battayle, came runnynge to the fea fyde to difturbe theym that they 
 (hulde not coome alande : And with theyr arrowes, wounded manye a farre of vnprepared. The goucmoure 
 difcharged aboute. xx. pieces of ordinauncc ageynfte them: With the flaughter and terrible thunder wherof, and 
 with the flame of fyer and fmel of brinidcne, they were fo aflonifhed and put to fuch feare, that they fled and 
 difparcled lyke wylde beaftcs ; whom owre men perfuinge, entered the towne which th[e]inhabitantes forfooke 
 in maner for feare of theyr owne men whom they fawe fo difmayde. On the banke of this ryuer there is a 
 towne of fuch portentous byggenes as I dare not fpeake. P".t Alaminus the pylot, fayth that it contcyneth in 
 circuite f)'ue hundreth mylcs, and that it confifteth of. xxv. thoufande houfes. Sume make it fumwhat lefle : 
 But they all agree that it is exccadynge great and notable. The houfes are diuided with gardens, and are 
 buylded of 1) me and (lone verye artificially and of cunnynge woorkemanfliippe. To theyr haules, chambers, 
 parlers, or other places of habitation, tliey afcende by tenne or twelue fleares : And haue certeyne f[)acL's betwene 
 euery houfe : fo that it is not lawful for any to laile his neighbours waules with rafters or bcames. Theyr houfes 
 are fci)arate one from an other by the fpace of three houfes : And are for the more parte couered with reede 
 and thetche: And many alfo with flate or other (lone. The barbarians them fclues confeflctl that they were 
 that, day fortie thoufande men at the battayle, which were vanquifhed of a fewe by reafon of the newe and 
 vnknowcn kynde of fcyght with gunnes and horfcs. For the gouernour had vnbarkcd. xvi. horfes which were 
 alfo at the battayle, and fo fiercely aflayled the Barbarians on the backehalfe, that they brake theyr array and 
 fcattered them as it had byn flockes of flieepe, ouerthrowing, woundynge, and kyllynge them on euery fyde. 
 Whiche thyn^e the feely wretches fo imputed to a miracle, that they had not the poure to occupie thejT wepons. 
 For wheras before they had neuer feene any horfes, they thought that the man on horfebacke and the horfe, 
 had byn all one beafte, as the anti(iuitie dyd fable of the monfter Centaurtis. Owr men poflefled the townc. 
 xxii. dayes where they made good chere vnder couert, whyle the owners of the houfes lay vnder the firmament 
 and durft not afliiyle owre men who had placed them felues in the ftrongeft parte of the towne, where fume 
 kepte continuall watche (lead the Barbarians fluilde foodenly inuade theim) whyle other gaue them felues to 
 rede and fleepe. Th[e]inhabitantes caule this towne Potanchiina : ]]ut owre men for the victorie which they 
 obteyned here, named it Victoria. It is a maruelous thynge to confider the greatenes, magnificence and finenes 
 of the buyldinge of certeyne palaices they haue in the countrey to the •• hich they reforte fumtymes for theyr 
 folace and padyme. Thefe are curioudy buylded with many pleafaunt diuifes, as galeries, folars, turrettes, 
 portals, gutters with chambers boorded after the maner of owre waynfcotte and well flowred. Foure of owr 
 Spanyardes went into one of them of fuch greatnes, that they wandered in the fame for the fpace of foure houres 
 before they coukle fynde the waye owt. At the length by th[e]intcri)retours and certeyne captiues owre men 
 fent for the kynge and fuche rulers as were nexte vnder hym in autoritie, wyllyng them to fubmyt them felues and 
 to coome into the towne vnarmed. Gyuinge the medengers further in commaundement to rertifie them that in 
 their fo doinge, they woide common with them as concernynge conditions of peace, and redore them theyr 
 towne. They came gladly, and entered euery man into his owne houfe vppon condition that they fliulde euer 
 thereafter abdeyne from fuch cerimonies and horrible facrifices of mans fleflie to deuils the mortal enemies to 
 mankynd, whofe Images they honoured. And to directe the eyes of theyr myndes to Chride owre god the maker 
 of heauen and earth, who was borne into this world of a virgin, and futTered death on the crofle for the 
 reilemption of mankynde. And fynally to profede them felues fubiectes to the great Chridian kynge of Spayne. 
 They promyfed both, and were indructed as farre as the fliortenes of tyme wolde permitte. Beinge thus 
 redored. they recompenfed owre men with many r.-wardes: Suppofynge dicho men to be fent from heauen, 
 which being fo fewe in number, durd attemi)tc battayle ageynd fo great a multitude. They gaue owre men 
 alfo certeyne golde an ' twentie flaues. Departing therefore from henfe, and coadynge dyll alonge by the 
 fame fliore, they came agoyne to the goulfe whiche Alaminus the pylot founde before vnder Gri/a/iia. This 
 they named Biivi StinHi /o/ia/t/iis, ihat is, Saynt lohns goulfe: For /iiiin in the Spanyflie tonge fignifieth a 
 goulfe. Here th[e]inhabitantes reforted to them peaceably. Aboute a myle frome the fliore, was a towne of 
 a thoufande and fyue hundreth houfes fituate vjipon a hyll. They profered owre men halfe the towne if they 
 wolde dwel with them for euer. This perhaps they dyd the rather eyther fearynge th[e]exemple of th[e]in- 
 habitantes of Pohtnc/iana, the fame wherof myght haue coome to theyr eares, or els hopynge that vnder the 
 fliadowe of fuche valiant nicnne, they myght obteyne ayde and fuccour ageynd theyr enemies and bortherers. 
 For (as I haue fayde before) they dydroye one an other with continuall warre for the defyre to inlarge theyr 
 dominions. Owre men refiifed perpetu ill habitacion, and accepted theyr frcndely profer for a tyme. As they 
 came alande, the peoi)le foloweil them on euery fyde with bouwes in theyr handes which they helde ouer owre 
 mens heades to defendc them from tiie rayne as though they had walked in a continual arbour. Here tney 
 encamped. And lead the refidue lefte in the lhip])es, flnilde in the meane tyme waxe flothefull with Idlencs, 
 
 ( 
 
 liil! 
 
 Ill 
 
p 
 
 ( 
 
 \Of the Laiides and Ilaiidcs la/ciy fon/ide.'] The thynie Decade. 
 
 the gouernour gaue commaundement to Alaminus the pylot and Francis Montegius to fearch the weft partes 
 of that lande, whyle he reheued the wericd fouldiers and healed fuche as were wounded. To tliem that went 
 forward on this vyage, he alTigned two brigantines with fiftie men. Vnto tiiis gouh'e, the courfe of the water 
 was gentyl enough and moderate. But when they had fayled a lyttle further towarde the Wefte, they founde 
 the fea runnynge with fo fwift a courfe as if it were a great ryuer faulynge from the tops of hygh mountaynes : 
 In fo much that in a fhorte fpace of tyme it caried them fiftie myles from theyr felowes. When they were now 
 entered into this violent ftreame of the water, they fawe on their left hand a large playne fea which mette with 
 the courfe of the other waters faulynge from the wefte. .And lyke as two great ryuers that runne contrary 
 wayes, make a vehement conflycte wii-re they mcete, fo feemed the waters commyng from the Southe to rcfyft 
 thefe waters as enemyes that had entered into the ryght or poffeflyon of an other. On the contrary parte, they 
 fawe the lande reachynge farre bothe on the lefte hande and on the ryght. In this ftrife betwene the waters, 
 they were fo tofled on bothe fydes and entangled with whirlepooles, that they longe wreftled with owte hope 
 of lyfe. At the length with muche ditficultie, turnynge the ftemmes or forpartes of their fhyppes ageynft the 
 ftreame from whenfe they came, and labourynge al that they myght with their oers anil fayles, they coulde 
 fcarfely ouercoome the rage of the water: In fo much that where as they thought that they had in one nyght 
 fayled twoo myles, they founde that they were dryuen backe foure myles. Yet at the length with goddes 
 helpe, they ouercame this daungerous conflycte. They fpente. .x.xii. daies in this lyttle fpace of fea : And when 
 they were nowe returned to their felowes, declared vnto them that that ende was the land of Colluacana whiche 
 they adiudged to be parte of the fuppofed continent. The lande whiche they fawe a farre of before their 
 fafe, they fuppofed eyther to be annexed to owre continent, or to bee ioyned to the large North regions 
 cauled Baccalaos, wherof we haue mailc mention in owr Decades in the vyage of Sebaftian Cabote. 
 This matter is yet doubtefull. But wee trufte it fliall once bee better knowen. While Alaminus and 
 Montegius fearched thefe fecreates, the kynge of the prouince (whofe name was Multoxiimani) fent owre 
 men by one of his chiefe oflfycers (beynge alfo his Lieuetenaunt of the fayde towne) many r)che and 
 goodly prefentes of golde, fyluer, and precious ftoones, fette and wroughte after a marueylous ftraunge 
 deuyfe and with no leflie cunnynge woorkemanfliyp. Here they determined to fende meffengiers to owre 
 newe Emperour to knowe his pleafure that tht ; myght in this prouince plant a newe colonic or Iiabita- 
 tion. And this dyd they withowte th[e];iduife of Die^iis Vclafqum the gouernour of the Hand of Cuba 
 Fernandina, who fyrfte fente them foorth with commaundement to returne ageyne after they hatl fearched thefe 
 regions and obteyned plentie of golde. While they confulted hereof, they were of dyuers o])inions. But the 
 mofte part alleaged that in this cafe it was not retjuifyte to make the gouernour of their counfaile. Forafmuche 
 as the matter fliulde be referred to a higiier luilge, as to the kyng of Spaine him felfe. When they were thus 
 agreed, they receaued vyttayles of the gentle kyng of the prouince, and afligned the place of their colonie twelue 
 myles from the fayde towne, in a fruteful and holfome foyle. For their generall gouernour, they elected 
 Cortcfius the gouernour of the nauye, againft his wyll as fum faye. For other magiftrates to goueme the citie 
 which they intended to build he choofe Portucar'^rius and Montegius of whome we haue made mention before. 
 They chofe alfo certeyne melfengiers to fe.ide to the kyng by the conduction of Alaminus the pylot. 
 F'urthermore, foure of the princes of this prouince offered them felues wyllyngly to go with owre men into 
 Spaine to th[e]intent to fee owre landes and that kynge whofe poure is foo great and whofe auctoritie reacheth 
 fo farre. They brought lykewife two women with them, which ferued and obeicd them in all thinges after the 
 maner of theyr countrey. The jjcople of this nation is of broune or yelowyflie colour. Bothe the men and the 
 women haue pendauntes of gold and precious ftones hanginge at their eares. The men alfo, boore their nether 
 lyppes full of holes from the vppermofte ])arte of the lyppe euen vnto the nethermofte parte of the gunmie. At 
 thefe they hangc certeyne rynges and plates of golde and fyluer faftned to a fmaule and thynne plate lyinge 
 within betwene the lippe and the gumme. At the byggeft hole in the m)ddeft of the lip, there hangeth a 
 rounde plate of fyluer as brode as the coyne cauled a Corolyne, and as thicke as a mannes fynger. I do not 
 remember that euer I fawe any thynge that feemed more fylthy in myne eye. Yet do they thynke that there is 
 nothing more cumly vnder the circle of the moone. Wherby we may fee howe vainely mankynde wandereth 
 in his owne blyndnefle. The Ethiopian thincketh the blacke colour to be fiyrer then the white: And the white 
 man thinketh other\vife. They that are pouled, thinke that more decent then to weare a bulli and they that 
 weare beardes, iudge it a deformitie to be fhauen. As appetite therfore moueth, and not as reafon perfwadeth, 
 men nmne after vanities : And euery prouynce is ruled by their owne fenfe, as writeth faint lerome. F'rom 
 whenfe they haue their golde, we haue fpoken fufllciently before. But as owre men marueyled where they had 
 their fyluer, they fliewed them certayne highe mountaynes whiche are continually couered with fnowe fauynge 
 th ; at certeyne tymes of the yeare, the onely toppes are feene bare bicaufe the fnow is there molten by reafon 
 of .he thicke and warme clouiies. The playnes therfore, or mylde, fofte, and plcafaunt mountaynes fectne to 
 brynge foorthe golde : And the ro»igh craggye mountaynes with their coulile valleyes, are the places where fyluer 
 
 195 
 
 An other vyage «f 
 twd lirygantines 
 and fiftie men. 
 
 Where the sea 
 
 runneth swyftly 
 from the Kii^t to 
 the West 
 A conflict betwene 
 the waters 
 coinminK from the 
 west and from the 
 
 M)Uth. 
 
 A dangerous and 
 peinefull vyage- 
 
 The land of 
 CuHuacano. 
 
 The land of 
 li.iccalcos or 
 lt:icca learn m 
 
 Rych prescntcs of 
 goUte and precious 
 stones. 
 
 161 
 
 A newe colonie. 
 
 This Cortesiuik 
 hath written a 
 bouke of these 
 thinges 
 
 They weare ryng(>« 
 and plates at iher 
 
 lyppe*- 
 
 'I*he dyuen 
 phanta&ies of mutt 
 
 I Syluer 
 
 Note when* Ko!J 
 and syhicr arc 
 engendered. 
 
 ii '■ 
 
 f '!■ 
 
 (: 
 
 I 
 
 |,r' 
 
 '/ 
 
 i 
 
 ': I 
 
 l^l. 
 
 
'.i 
 
 196 
 
 \ 
 
 I ' 
 
 1 thinke this laton 
 to be sum kynde 
 of pure copper, or 
 els copper that 
 holdeth golde. For 
 Uton is an artificial 
 metal, and hath no 
 naturall myno 
 Theyr bolces 
 
 162 
 
 Theyr letters 
 
 What !s conteyned . 
 in theyr boukes. I 
 
 Temples rychly 
 aJuurneil. 
 
 Prayer. 
 
 They sacrvfice 
 chyldren and 
 captiues. 
 
 A wronge way to 
 heauen 
 
 Blihldy gods 
 
 Villa Ricca. 
 Siuiitn A'oiut* 
 
 The force of .in 
 owldi; errour. 
 
 Theyrprieslilyue 
 
 chait 
 
 Fagguit of bonet. 
 
 V//e thynie Decade. [0/ f/ie I^andes and liandey /ate/y foiiiide.'] 
 
 is cngendereii. They haiie alfo laton, wherof they make fuch maces and liammers as are vfcd in the warres. 
 Dyggynge mattockes alfo, and fpades : for they haiie nother Iren nor fleele. But lette vs nowe fpeake of the 
 prefentes fente into Spayne to the kyng: and fyrfte of the bokes. Thefe procuratours therfore of the newe 
 colonic of the prouynce of Colluacana, emong other their prefentes, brought alfo a great number of bookes, the 
 leaues wherof are made of the inner ryndes or barkes of trees, thinner then eythcr that of the elnie or of the 
 falowe. Thefe they fmere or annoint with the pytche of molten Bitumen, and while they be fofte, extend them 
 to what forme them lylleth. When they be coulde and harde, they rubbe them ouer -.vith a certeyne playfler. 
 It is to bee thoughte that they beate the playfter into fine floure, and fo temperynge it with fum byndynge 
 moifter, to make a crude therwith vppon the leaues, wheron they wryte with any fliarpe inftrument, and blotte 
 the fame againe with a fpungs or fum fuche other thynge, as marchaunt men and noble mens (lewardes are 
 accullomed to do with their wrytynge tables made of the woodde of fygge trees. The leaues of their bokes 
 are not fet in order after the maner of owres, but are extended many cubettes in length. The mattors 
 whiche they wryte, are conteyned in fijuare tables: Not loofe, but fo bounde togither with the toughe 
 and flexible cley cauled Bihimcn, that they feeme lyke woodden tables whiche had byn vnder the handes 
 of cunnyng bokebynders. Which way fo cuer the booke lyeth open, there are two leaues feene and two fydes 
 written, with as many lyinge hyd vnder them, excepte the booke be vnfoulded in length. For vnder one leafe 
 there are many leaues ioyned togyther. The formes of their letters are nothynge lyke vnto owres. But are 
 muche more crooked and entangeled, lyke vnto fylhehookes, knottes, fnares, flarres, dife, fyles, and fuche other 
 muche lyke vnto the Egiptian letters, and written in lynes lyke vnto owres. Here and there betwene the 
 lynes, are pictured the (hapes of men and dyucrs beaftes: And efpccially the Images of kynges and other noble 
 men. Wherby it is to be thought that in fuche bookes, the factes of their kynges are conteyned as wee fee the 
 lyke enonge vs howe owre printers expreffe the fumme of hidories in pictures, that men may therby be the 
 more allured to bye fuche bookes. The couerynges of their bookes are alfo artifycially wrought and paynted. 
 When they are (liutte, they feeme to differre nothynge from owres in forme. In thefe bookes are furthermore 
 comprehended their lawes, rytes of ceremonies and facrifyces, annotations of Aflronomie, accomptes, compu- 
 tations of tymes, with the maner of graffynge, fowyng, and other thynges perteinyng to hufbandry. They 
 begynne the yeare from the goynge downe of the feuen flarres cauled VirgilUe or Pldadcs : And counte theyr 
 monethes accordyng to the moones. They name a moncth, Toiia, of the moone. For in theyr language, they 
 caule the moone Toiia, they reken the dayes by the foonncs. Therfore as many dales as they name, they faye, 
 fo many foonnes. The foonne in their tonge, is cauled Tonatico. They deftribute the yeare (without any 
 reafon why) into twentie monethes: And the moneth into as many dayes. The temples whiche they frecjuent, 
 they adourne with goklen hangynges and other ornamentcs of golde and fyluer with precious (lones intermixte. 
 At the fpringe of the daye, they perfume their temples with frankenfence and make their praicrs before they 
 take in hande any other bufynefle. But oh horrible crueltie. For th[e]inhabitauntes of all thefe trades alfo, 
 doo (licrifyce children to their Idoles in lyke maner as wee haue fayde before. At fuche tyme as the feedes 
 lye in the ground, and when the corne begynneth to (hewe foorth the eare. they deflinate to their Zemes fuche 
 bondmen as they haue bought, or fuche captiues as they haue taken in the warres, which they facrifyce after 
 that they haue made them great chiere and decked them in precious apparell. Alfo before they facrifyce thefe 
 poore wretches, they lead them about the towne whyle al the people falute them humbly and reuerently, 
 aflfyrmyng that in (liorte fpace, they fhalbe receaued into the coompanye of the goddes. They honour their 
 Zemes with an other (harp kind of deuotion: For they lette them fclucs bludde, eyther in the tonge, lyps, eares, 
 legges, thyghes, or bred, which they take in their handes and hurle it vppe towarde hen.uen, foo that with the 
 faule therof the pauement of the temple is all fparcled with bludde, wherby they thincke that their goddes arc 
 well pleafed. From the newe colonie (cauled Villa Ricca) nyne myles didantc, there is a townc of. xv. 
 thoufande houfes, whiche th[e]inhabitauntes caule Cemobai, but owre men named it Sybilla. Tlie kynge of 
 this towne had fyue men whiche he referued to be facrifyced. Whom when owre men wold haue delyuered, 
 the kynge made humble recjued to them, fayinge that if they tooke awaye fuche men as he had confecrated to 
 be offered to the goddes, they fliulde brynge vtter dedruction to hym and all his kyngdome. For if owre 
 facrifyces (fayd he) do ceafe, owre Zemes wyll take fuche difpleafure with vs that they wyll fuffer owre come, 
 graffes, and frutes, to bee confumed of woormes, fcortched with drowth, dedroyed with fluddes, or bladed with 
 lyghlnynge. Owre nnen perceauynge his ernednefle herein, thought it bede to chofe the lead euel, perceauynge 
 that it was yet no tyme to difijuyet their myndes, and therfore differed them to exercife their accudomed 
 ceremonies. And althoughe their priedes promyffe theym immortall glorie, eternall felicytie, and perpetuall 
 conuerfation with the goddes ader the dormye dayes of this lyfe, yet do they with heauy countenaunces giue 
 eare to their promiffes, and had rather be fette at lybtrtie. Their priedes are named Quines in the plurell 
 number, and Quin in the fyngular. They leade a pure and chade lyfe : And are honoured ol the people with 
 feare and reuerence. They make fagots of the bones ol their enemyes which they haue taken in the warres, 
 
 ig6 
 
\0f the Lawics and Ilandes lately fouude7\ The thyrde Decade. 
 
 197 
 
 ill! 
 
 i art 
 
 XV. 
 
 of 
 
 ;red, 
 
 to 
 
 and hange vppe the fame at the fecte of their Zcmcs, as tokens of the victories ohtjyneil l)y their fauour. To 
 thefe they adde certayne titles and fuperfcriptions as teftimonies of the fame. This is (Iraunge and woorthy to 
 be noted, that when their children are a yeare oulde, the prieftes in their temples with deuoiite ceremonies and 
 murmurynge woordes, poure water in forme of a crolTe vpon their headcs with a cniet, whcrby they feeme to 
 baptife them. Neyther do they as the lewes and Turkes, thinke their temples polluted if any of a flraunge 
 relygion bee prefent at their facrifyccs and other folemnities. Wee haue nowe fpoken fuffycientely of their 
 bookes, temples, and fuperftitions. Lette vs nowe therfore coome to the other prefentes which were brought 
 to the kynge. Emonge thefe, there were twoo broode and rounde plates (whiche fumme haue named the 
 Images of the foonne and moone) the one of filuer and the other of gold in largenelTe and roundnefle muche 
 lyke to the (lones of hand myllcs: yet but thynne, and in nianer bothe of one of circumference, that is. xxviii. 
 fpannes in circuite. 
 
 That of golde is of the weyght of three thoufande and. viii. hundreth Cadellans, where as wee haue fayde 
 before that a Caflellane is a coyne of golde which weyeth more than a Ducate by a trient, that is the thyrde 
 parte of a pounde. In the center of this, was the Image of a kynge of halfe a cubette longe, fyttinge in a 
 t[h]rone and appareled to the knee, lyke vnto a maumette, with fuch countenaunce as owre paynters are wonte 
 to paynte fayries or fprites. About the Image, were the fliapes of trees and floures, fo that it fecmed to fytte as 
 though it had byn in a fielde. The other of fyluer, was made to the fame fimilitude, beinge alfo in maner of 
 the fame weyght, and both of pure metall. They brought lykewyfe certeyne graynes of rude golde (that is, 
 fuche as was neuer molten) about the byggenes of fytches or the pulfe cauled lintels in token of plentie of natiue 
 golde. Alfo two cheynes of golde, wherof the one conteyned. viii. lynkes in the whiche were fet two hundreth 
 threefcore and twoo fayre and cleare redde ftones, and yet no '•ubyes : furthermore, a hundrethe fourefcore and 
 three greene (lones, and yet no emerodes. Neuerthelefle, thefe are in lyke eftimation with them as the other are 
 with vs. At the edge of this cheine, there hange. xxvii. golden belles, hauynge betwene euery of them, foure 
 iewels of precious flones inclofcd in golde, at euery of the which in lyke maner hange certeyne fpangels of golde. 
 The other cheyne confifteth onely of foure golden lynkes, bcfet rounde about with a hundreth and two redde 
 (lones, and a hundreth threefcore and twelue greene (lones, with. xxvi. golden belles curioully wrought and 
 placed in comely order. In the verye myddefl of the cheyne, are ten great precious (lones inclofed in golde, 
 at the whiche alfo hange a hundrethe golden pendauntes of cunnynge woorkenian(hippe. They brought 
 furthermore twelue paire of lether bulkynnes of diuers colours, fumme imbrothered with gold and fumme with 
 fyluer, with plates and iewelles of golde and precious ftones inclofed, and at euery of them certayne golden 
 belles. Alfo certeyne myters befette with precious (loones of dyuerfe colours, emonge the whiche fume are 
 blewe like vnto faphires. Of crefles, gerdles, and fannes made of fethers, I wotte not what I fhulde faye. But 
 fuerly if euer 'he wyttes and inuentions of men haue deferued honoure or commendacion in fuche artes, thefe 
 feeme mode woorthy to bee had in admiracion. I do not maruaile at golde and precious (lones. But am in 
 maner aftonyfhed to fee the woorkemandiyppe excell the fubdance. For I haue with woonderynge eyes 
 behelde a thoufande formes and fimilitudes, of the which I am not able to wryte. And in my iudgement, I 
 neuer fawe any thing whofe bewtie myght fo allure the eyes of men. As they marueyled at the naturall bewtie 
 of the fethers of o\vre peacockes and pheafantes, fo dyd we no le(Te maruel ai the artifycial bewtie of fuche 
 thinges as they make of fethers and quilles impa'ed with golde. For I fawe in manye of their woorkes, all 
 maner of natiue colours euen in the quilles wherof they make fuche inftrumentes. They brought alfo two 
 helmettes gamyfilied with precious (lones of a white(he blewe colour. One of thefe is edged with belles and 
 plates of golde, and vnder euery bell two knobbes of golde. The other, befyde the (lones wherwith it is 
 couered, is lykewyfe edged with. xxv. golden belles and knobbes : and hath on the cred, a greene bird with 
 the feete, bylle, and eyes, of golde. Alfo foure fpeares muche lyKe vnto troute fpcares or yele fpeares, the 
 woodde wherof is all couered with quilles of diuers colours marueiloufly wrethed with golden wyers and 
 plates intemiyxte. Euery of thefe fpeares haue three pikes, whofe edges or teeth are all of precious (lones 
 made fade with wyers of golde. Of like workmanfhip they brought a great fcepter byfet with precious dooncs 
 and belles of gold, alfo a bradet of gold, and diowes made of a hartes fkynne, fowed and imbrothered with 
 golden wyers, with a white fole beneth. Furthermore a gla(fe of a br}'ght blewe done, and an other of white, 
 both enclofed in golde. Likewife a precious done of the kynde of them that are cauled Sphinges, inclofed in 
 golde. Furthermore the heade of a great lyfarde, two great flielles, two duckes, the fliapes of diuers other 
 byrdes, foules, and fyfTlies, and all of maffie golde. Furthermore, xxiiii. rounde and friuare largettes, fliicldes, 
 and buckelers of golde, and fyue of fyluer. Alfo a triple crowne of plates and wyers of golde marueylouflye 
 wreathed with quilles and fethers of diuers colours, hauing on the fronte a plate of golde on the whiche is 
 grauen the Image of the Idole Zemes. About this Image, hange foure other plates like crolfes of gold in the 
 whiche are grauen the hcades of diuers beades, as lyons, tygers, woulucs, and fuch other. They brought alfo 
 the fymilitudes of certeyne beades made fumme of roddes or twygges, and fum of woodde with the beades owne 
 
 R 2 197 
 
 163 
 
 A fy^iirc of 
 
 The presenter stnt 
 
 into Spaynt: tu li.e 
 
 kynge. 
 
 Tw«. !:::.-,K'i.s<.f 
 
 gt. Itl and .sy... :. 
 
 Tw " clienies of 
 K<>:il lli.ilIU Inii^lv 
 by-t-'t witli|)ri-i I'll- 
 biuncii ;uul tcvvc.^. 
 
 lUi'-kyii 
 
 Myters. 
 
 Hi'W c.^n we ifun 
 ciinl tlicin Ijcavily 
 or fhirliaruus. 
 
 If they had 
 
 chanycfi their 
 Hi>ld for owrc Inn, 
 they hail n..t v«> 
 soonebyiiMibdiicd. 
 
 Quyllcs. 
 IlehnetN 
 
 A byrdc 
 
 Spcares. 
 
 A srei»tcr. 
 
 A brascIeL 
 
 Shoors. 
 
 164 
 
 Ci lasses. 
 
 Hyrdcs, fniilc-i.and 
 
 fy^:'>he]> ()t Villi. 
 
 Tarycts, etc. of 
 
 gold. 
 
 A crowne of nuU'.c 
 
 Crosses. 
 
 • i 
 
 I Mn 
 
 I : 1 
 
 iMh 
 
 IJ: 
 
 
F^ 
 
 m 
 
 198 
 
 T//C' tliynk Decade. \0f the Landes and I la tides /afe/y foti/ide.'] 
 
 \ 
 
 It 
 
 \ 
 
 Images of bex^ttes. 
 Shietes. 
 
 Cloth of ams. 
 A souldycrs cluoke. 
 
 RcRcstcrs of the 
 thluliiRayres uf 
 India. 
 
 Thfelautorilie of 
 the Lieuetenauiit, 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 of Duriciia. 
 
 SrtMctn Maria 
 A ntiqua^ 
 
 Petrus Arias 
 whom the 
 Spanyardes name 
 Pedrarias. 
 This sea the 
 spanyardes caule 
 Mar del sur. 
 
 165 
 
 Contention 
 btitwenc Vaschus 
 and Pcirus Arbs. 
 
 Petru* Arias 
 conimandclh th.if 
 Vaschus be put 
 to death. 
 
 Vaschuk is 
 accused. 
 
 Vaschus is put to 
 
 fliynnes theron, and garnyffliccl with collers of laton belles. Lj'kcwife diucrs (liietcs woaucd of goffampyne 
 cotton of fundry colours, wherof two are rychely fryngcd with goldc and precious ftoncs, and three other with 
 quilles and fethers intermyxtc with goflfampine cotton of fundrye colours and chekered lyke the panes of a 
 chefte borde. Sum are on the one fyde, of b!acke, white, and redde colours: and on the other fyde, plaine 
 without any varietie. Other fum, are wrouglit in lyke maner with variable colours with a wheele or circle of 
 blacke in the niyddefl intermyxte with (hyning fethers and f])arkes of golde lyke flarres. They brought alfo 
 cloth of Aras or Verdure of marueylous workmanfliyppe. Likewife a fouldiers cloke fuche as their prynces 
 weare in the warres, with certeyne priuye coates of fence, and fundrye tircmentcs perteynyng to their heades, 
 with alfo many fuche other thynges more bewtifuU to the eje then r}'c]ie or precious, wherof to entreate par- 
 ticularly, it flioulde be more tctlious then profytable. I lette pafTe here alfo to fpeake of many particular 
 nauigations and of tlie trauailes and daungers whiclie they fulleynetl in the fame, with the monflers and 
 fecrcates of nature they fawe: whiche are all contcyned in the regeders of owre Senate of th[e]afifayres of India, 
 owte of the whiche I haue felected thefe fewc annotations, fuche as feemed to me mode meete to bee publifflicd. 
 Notwithdandyng thefe ryche and goodly i)refentes, yet were they that brought them, and alfo Cortefius the 
 gouernour of the nauye and autour of erectinge their newe colonic in thofe remote regions, adiudged by the 
 Senate to liaue doen ageinfl ryght and e(iuitie, in that they attempted the fame withowte tli[e]aduice of thf; 
 gouernour of the Ilande of Cuba who fente them foorthe by the kynges auctoritie, where as they dyd other 
 thinges befyde their commyflyon, ye althoughe they wente to the kynge, not fyrft knowynge his pleafure whom 
 the kyng had fubftitute his Lieuetenaunt in that Ilande. In fo muche that by his procuratour, he accufed 
 them before the Senate as fugitiue theeues and traytours. They on the other parte alleaged that they had dooen 
 the kyng better feruyce then he: And that they had fliewed fuflfycient obedience in ajipealyng to the kyng as 
 the hygher Judge. But the gouernour recjuired by the vertue of his commillion and the kinges letters pattentes 
 that they myght be headed for their difobedience ageinfl hym whom tliey knewe to be autorifed by the 
 kynge. They ageine replied that they had not offended the kyng, but rather deferued rewarde for their great 
 dangiers and trauails. Bothe the rewarde and puniflmient were deferred, and a daye ap])ointed when bothe 
 parties flioulde bee harde. Leete vs nowe therfore coonie to the Spaniardes of Dariena, th[e]inhabitours of the 
 goulfe of Vraba in the fuppofed Continent. We haue fayde before that Dariauj is a ryuer runnynge towarde 
 the Wefte fyde of the goulfe of Vraba. On the banke of this ryuer, the Spaniartles planted theyr fyrfl colonic 
 or habitation after they had vanquifflied kynge Chcmaccus. 'ilus colonic they named SaiiHa Maria Antiqua, 
 by reafon of a vowe whiche they made to the virgine Marie in the tyme of the battaile ageynfl Chcmaccus. To 
 thefe (as wee haue made mention in the ende of owre decades) was Petrus Arias fente with a thouiiinde and two 
 hundreth men at the requeft of Vafchus Nunncz Balboa, who was then the gouernour of Dariena, and the 
 fyrfl that found and difcoured the large South fea heretofore vnknowen. Wee haue alfo declared how at the arriual 
 of Petrus Arias the newe gouernour, he deuided his armye into Centurions, that is, capitaines ouer hundrethes, 
 whom hce fent foorth dyuers waies. What tragedies folowed hereof, I wyll abfolue in fewe woordes, bycaufe all are 
 horrible and vnpleafliunte. For fence we fynyfhed owre Decades, there hath byn none other then kyllynge, 
 fleyinge, niurth orynge and accufinge. The kynge made Vafchus goucrnoure but durynge his pleafure. His courage 
 was fuch, and his factes fo notorious, that he coulde not longe abyde the hautynes oi Petrus Arias. To bee breefe, 
 theyr faulynge owtc and difcord confounded al thynges. lohn Cacedus the pulpitte fryer of the order of faynt 
 Frances, dyd his vttermofle endeuour to make them frendes, promyfynge vnto Vafchus the dowghter of Petrus 
 Arias to wyfe. But no meanes coulde be founde howe thefe two which bore the chiefe rule, myght bee brought 
 to agreement At the length the matter grewe to fuch extremitie, that Petrus Arias fyndynge occafion of 
 querelynge ageynfle Vafchus, fent proceffe to the maieflrates of the towne, wherby he commaunded them to 
 (Irangle Vafchus, and fyue other which were chiefe capitaynes vnder hym: Alleagynge that they and their 
 confetherates confpired to rebel in the South fea: And that Vafchus hym felfe for that intente, had buylded and 
 furniflied foure fliippes to fearch the fouth coafles of the fuppofed continent: Alfo that to his three hundreth 
 fouldiers and companions which he had with hym, he flnilde fpeake woordes of this eflecte as foloweth. My 
 frendes, and felowes of my longe peynes and trauayles: Howe longe fliall we be fubiecle to th? commaunde- 
 ment of other, fythe wee haue bydden tlie brunt and ouercumme th[e]enterprife for the whiche this newe 
 gouernour was fent with fo great a multitude? Who can any longer abyde his pryde and infolencie? Lette vs 
 therefore folowe thefe coafles whyther fo euer fortune fliall dryue vs: And among thefe fo many pleafaunt and 
 fruteful prouinccs of this large lande, let us chofe one in the whiche wee maye with libertie fjiende that jiortion 
 of owre lyues which yet remayneth. Who can fynde vs, or flialbe able to profer vs vyolence? AVhen thefe or 
 the lyke woordes were declared to Petrus Arias, he fente to the Southe paries for I afchus, wyliynge hym by 
 the vertue of his conimiffion to repayre to him foorthwith. Vafchus obeyed, anil at his commynge was cafle in 
 pryfon : yet conflantly denyinge that euer he entendetl any fuche thynge. Wytnefles were brought ageynfl hym, 
 and his wordes rehearfed from the begynnynffe To conclude, he was judged woorthy death, and was put to 
 ■98 
 
\0f the Laudcs ami Ilandcs lately fonudc?^ The thyrde Decade. 
 
 199 
 
 
 ut lo 
 
 execiif:jn. And this is the rcwarde whcrwith the blyntle goddeffe oftcntynies rccompenfctli fucli as haiic 
 fufleyned great trauayles and daungiours to bee Iiyghly in her fauoure. J'tlnis Arias leaiiynge liis wyfe in 
 Darioia, embarked hym felfe in the fliipijes left of Vafcliiis, to th[e]intent to fearche tliofe coafles. But 
 whether he be returned or not, we haue yet no certeync knoweleage. He liath alfo his fortune. Yet is there 
 an other gouernour affigned, wliofe name is Lupus Sofa, tiie viceroye of the llandes of Camvie. What (lomake 
 Pctnis Arias may haue yf he returne, let good men iudge. There was nothyng doone vnder hym woorthy 
 glorie. Sume thynke that he was at tlie begynnyng fo flacke and negligent in his office, and not feuere in 
 correctynge errours and miforders. But we wyll leaue him and rehearfe fumwhat wherof we haue byn lately 
 informed as touchynge the great and diepe ryuer of Dabaiha, the whiche for tiie greatnes and largenes tiierof, 
 owre men named Graiidis, that is, great, as we haue noted in owre Decades. This riuer fauleth into the 
 furtheft corner of the goulfe of Vraba by feuen portes or mowthes as dooth the ryuer o^ A'i/iis into the Egyptian 
 fea, whofe large defcription yowe may alfo reade in owre Decades. That the mountaynes on euery fyde about 
 this ryuer, are rych in golde, we haue learned by th[e]information of th[e]inhabitauntes, of wliom we made 
 diligent inquifition. Vafchus, and befyde hym other gouernoures and Lieuetenauntes, haue foure tynies entered 
 into this ryuer with thcyr armyes in battayle array, and with dyuers kyndes of (hippes fyrfte for the fpace of 
 fortie myles, then fyftie, and at the lafl fourefcore, at an other tyme alfo ouerthwarte the ryuer. Oh fliamefull 
 chaunce and deteftable couwardenes of owre men. A naked nation encounterynge with them that had apparell, the 
 armed ageynlle the vnarmed, had the ouerthrowe in maner in all conllictes, and were other all (layne or wounded. 
 They vfe inuenemed arrowes, and are fuche cxperte archers, that if they eri)ye any place of tlieyr enemie bare or 
 vnarmed, they wyll not lyghdyfayle to ftryke him there. They vfe alfo manydartes, which in the tyme of the battayle 
 they hurle fo thicke a farre of, that they take the lyght of the fonne from theyr enemies as it were with a clowde. They 
 haue lykewife brode and longe fwoordcs made of a heauie and harde kinde of woodde, wherewith they feyght fier- 
 cely neare at hande. Vafchus hym felfe reccaued many woundes in encounterynge with them. And thus by reafon 
 of the fiercenes of thefe barbarians, tlie ryuer of Dabaiba is yet lefte vnfearched. We wil nowe fpeake fumwhat 
 more of the Hand of Hifpaniola (which the Spanyardes caule Sfa^miola) the moother and chiefe of al other landes 
 or llandes wherof we entended to wryte. In it the Senate is now reflored, and fyue Judges affigned to giue lawes 
 to all the inhabitauntes of thofe tractes. But in fliorte tyme, they fliall ceafe gatherynge of golde although there 
 bee greate plentie : by reafon they Iliall lacke labourers and myners, foraftnuch as th[e]inhabitauntes whofe helpe 
 they vfed herein, are brought to a fmaule number, confumed partly !>y warre, and many more by fanien 
 that yeare that they dygged vp the rootes wherof they made theyr belle breade, and lefte of fowynge 
 theyr grayne of Maizium which is theyr common foode, fuppofinge hereby to haue dryuen owre men owte of 
 the Ilande, who had vytayles fente them from Spayne. A great number of them alfo, dyed ofnewe and 
 flraunge difeafes which in the yeare of Chrifle a thoufande fyue hundreth and. xviii. confumed theym lyke 
 rotton flieepe. 
 
 And (to faye the tnith) owre mens vnfaciable defyre of gold, fo opprefled thefe poore wretches with 
 extreme labour and toyle, where as before they lyued pleafauntly and at lybertie, gyuen onely to playes and 
 paftymes as daunfynge, fyffliinge, foulynge. and huntyng of lyttle connies, that many of them perifflied 
 euen for verye anguyflie of mynde, the whiche (with their vnaccullomed labour) are thynges of them felues 
 fuftycient to engender many newe difeafes. But the kynge and the Senate haue nowe determyned that they be 
 reduced to a people, and to gyue them felues onely to increafe, and tyllage of the ground : And that onely fuch 
 as are bought or taken owte of other regions, bee appointed to labour in the golde mynes. But it fliall fuflyce 
 to haue fayde thus niuche of the pefliferous hunger of golde. Therfore to fpeake of other matters : It is a 
 marueylous thynge to confyder howe all thynges increafe and profper in this Ilande. There are nowe. xxviii. 
 fuger prelTes wherwith great plentie of fuger is made. The canes or reedes wherin the fuger groweth, are 
 bygger and hygher then in any other place: And are as bygge as a mans arme in the brawne, and higher then 
 the (lature of a man, by the halfe. This is more woonderfull, that where as in Valentia in Spaine (where a 
 great quantitye of fuger is made yearely) where fo euer they applye them felues to the great increafe therof, yet 
 doth euery roote bring foorthe not pafle fyue, or fyxe, or at the mode feuen of thofe reedes: wheras in Hifpaniola 
 one roote beareth twcntie, and oftentymes thirtie. Foure footed beaftes and cattayle, are marueyloufly 
 increafed in this Ilande. And albeit that the rauenynge hunger of golde hath hitherto greatly hyndered owre 
 men from tyllage of the ground, yet is there gr^a' plentye of whcate, whiche profjjcreth (b wel that it yealdeth 
 fumtyme a hundreth foulde : And tiiis efpecially on the hylles or rydges of the mountaynes profpectynge towarde 
 the North. Vines do alfo increafe here with no leffe frutefulneflfe. What fluild I fpeake of the trees that beare 
 Cafsia fjluia, brought firfl into this Hand from the other llandes neare vnto the fuppofed Continent, as we 
 haue noted in owr decades? There is nowe fuche plentie hereof, that after a fewe yearcs we fliall haue a pounde 
 of the price that wee i)aye nowe for an ounce. Of the brefyle and mirobalane trees, with other innumerable 
 prerogatiues and benelites whiche nature hath plentifully giucn to this bleffed Hand, we haue fpokcn fuflyciently 
 
 Pcirttt Ariai, 
 
 Lu^us Sosa. 
 
 The i^reat ryuer of 
 I-).ikiiba or 
 Grandis 
 
 Ttie goulfe of 
 Vraba. 
 The ryche 
 iiiituntayiies of 
 Dahaibx 
 
 Fierce and warlyke 
 people. 
 
 Dartcf. 
 
 SwoordeR of 
 heauie wood. 
 
 166 
 
 Htspaniota. 
 Oiiiedus wrytelh 
 that thcr are nuwc. 
 V. niuiiastcrius. 
 
 Newe and strange 
 dUcases. 
 
 The stiver of 
 Hispaiuula. 
 
 Suger of Valcnttx 
 
 A token of 
 niarucloiis 
 frutfulnes. 
 
 Caltayle. 
 
 Wheate. 
 
 Vines. 
 Cassia ^ituia. 
 
 Drasyle. 
 
 Myrubalanes 
 
 .11 
 
 j ,(; 
 
 Ml, 
 
 '^!f! 
 
 'i, 
 
 m 
 
 li ! 
 
IT^ 
 
 \ 
 
 i'. 
 
 200 
 
 77/- thyrde Decade. {Of the Laudes and Ilandes lately founde7\ 
 
 in our decades. Yet haiie I thought good to repeate part of the fame, bycaufe I think that the wittes of many 
 
 readers haue diiierted from the weyght of great affaires, to the recordation of fuch plcafaunt 
 
 thynges. And yet do not fuche thynges as are fauery, engender tedy- 
 
 oufneffe, foo that a prec'ous matter bee adourned 
 
 with a precious vefture. 
 
 i 
 
 jFINI*. 
 
nany 
 
 201 
 
 167EXEMPLAR BVLLAE SEV 
 
 DONATIONIS, AVTORITATE 
 
 CVIVS, EPISCOPVS ROMANVS 
 
 Alexander eius nominis fextus, con- 
 
 cefsit et donauit Caftellae regibus 
 
 et fuis fuccefforibus, regiones 
 
 et Infulas noui orbis in 
 
 Oceano occidentali Hif- 
 
 panorum nauigationi- 
 
 bus repertas.*. 
 
 LEXANDER EPISCOPVS, fenius 
 feruonim Dei, Charifsimo in Chrillo 
 filio Ferdinando Regi, et Charifsi- 
 moe in Chrifto filite Elizabeth Re- 
 gina; CallellaJ, Legionis, Aragonum, 
 Sicilirc, et Granatte, illuftribus, falu- 
 teni et Apoftolicam benedictionem. 
 
 Inter cretera Diuina; maieftati beneplacita opera 
 ct cordis noftri defiderabilia, illud profecto potifimum 
 exiflit vt fides catholica et Chriftiana religio noftris 
 prxfertim temporibus exaltetur ac vbilibet amplietur 
 ac dilatetur, animarumque falus procuretur, ac barbane 
 nationes deprimantur et ad fidem ipfam reducantur. 
 Vnde cum ad banc facrain Petri fedem Diuina fauente 
 dementia (meritis licet imparibus) euocati fueremus, 
 cognofcentes vos tanquam veros catholicos reges et 
 principes: quales fempcr fuifle nouimus, et a vobis 
 praiclare gefta, toti pene orbi notifsima demonftrant, 
 nedum id exoptare, fed omni conatu, (ludio, et dili- 
 gentia, nuUis laboribus, nullis impenfis, nuUifque par- 
 cendo periculis, etiam proprium fanguinem effundendo 
 efficere, ac omnem animum veftrum, omnefque conatus 
 ad hoc iam dudum dedicafse, quemadmodum recuper- 
 ato regni Granatae a tyrannis de Sarracenorum hodier- 
 nis temporibus per vos, cum tanta Diuini nominis 
 gloria fa(fla, teftatur. Digne ducimur non immerito, 
 et debemus ilia vobis etiam fponte, ac fauorabiliter 
 concedere, per quae huiufmodi fan<5lum ac laudabile 
 ab immortali deo acceptum propofitum, indies feruen- 
 tiori animo ad ipfius dei honorem et Imperij Chrif- 
 tiani propagationem, profequi valeatis. Sane accept- 
 mus quod vos qui dudum animum propofueratis aliquas 
 
 t THE COPPIE OF THE BULL 
 
 OR DONATION, BY TH[K]AU- 
 
 TORITIE WHEROF, POPE 
 
 Alexander the fyxte of that name, 
 
 gaue and graunted to the kynges of 
 
 Caftyle and theyr fncceffours the 
 
 Regions and Ilandes founde in 
 
 the Wefte Ocean fea by 
 
 the nauigations of the 
 
 Spanyardes. 
 
 Lexander byflioppe, the fcruaunte of 
 the feruantes of God : To owre molle 
 dcarebeloued fonne in Chrid Kynge 
 Ferdinande, And to owre deare be- 
 loued doughter in Chryfle Elyzabeth 
 Quccnc of Caftyle, Legion, Aragon, 
 Sicilie, and Granata, mod noble 
 Princes, Gretynge and Apoflolical benediction. 
 
 Amonge other woorkcs acceptable to the diuine 
 maiedie and accordynge to owre hartes defyre, this 
 ccrteinely is the chiefe, that the Catholyke ftiyth and 
 Chrillian religion, fpecially in this owre tyme may in 
 all places bee exalted, amplified, and enlarged, wherby 
 the health of foulcs may be procured, and the Barbarous 
 nations fubdued and brought to the fayth. And there- 
 fore wheras by the fauoure of gods cluniencie (although 
 not with equall defertes) we are cauled to this holy 
 feate of Peter, and vnderdandynge you to bee trewe 
 Catholyke Prinzes as we haue euer knowen you, and 
 as youre noble and woorthy factcs haue declared in 
 maner to the hole worlde in that with all your (ludie, 
 diligence, and indullrye, you haue fpared no irauayles, 
 cliarges, or perels, aduenturynge euen the (liedynge of 
 your owne bludde, with applyinge yowre hole myndes 
 and endeuours here vnto, as your noble expeditions 
 achyued in recoueryng the kyngdome of Granata from 
 the tyrannic of the Sarraccns in thefe our dayes, doo 
 playnely declare year factes with fo great glorj-e of the 
 diuine name. For the whiche as we thinke you woor- 
 thy, fo owght we of owTe ownc free wyl fauorably to 
 graunt all thynges whereby you maye dayely with more 
 feruent myndes to the honoure of god and enlargynge 
 the Chriflian empire, profecute your deuoute and laud- 
 
 171 
 
 I ; 
 
 M 
 
 :"l 
 
 'iij 
 
 ;.!i ! 
 
wrj 
 
 It 
 
 i 
 
 168 
 
 i\ 
 
 Ik 
 
 202 
 
 infiilas ct terras firmas rcniotas ct incognitas, ac per 
 alios hacflcnus non repcrtas, (lunerere ct iniiunire, vt 
 illarum incolas ct habitatores ad colendum rcdcnip- 
 torem noftrum et fidem catholicam profitendum re- 
 duccretis, haflcnus in expugnationc et recuperatione 
 ipfius rcgni Granatne plurimum occupati, huiiifniodi 
 faniflum et laudabile pro]iQfitum veftrum ad optatum 
 finem perducerc nequiuillis: Sed tanicn ficut Domino 
 placuit, regno prediiflo recuperate, volentes defiderium 
 veftrum adimplere, diiocflum filium Chriftophorum Col- 
 onum virum vticjue dignum et plurimum commendatum 
 ac tanto negotio aptum, cum nauigijs et hominibus ad 
 fimilia inftruclis, non fine maximis laboribus, ac pcri- 
 culis, et expenfis deftinaflis vt terras firmas et Infulas 
 remotas et incognitas, huiufinodi per mare vbi hadlenus 
 nauigatum non Aierat, diligenter inquireret. Qui tandem 
 (Diuino auxilio fatfta extrema diiigentia in mari Oceano 
 nauigantes) certas infulas remotifsimas ct etiam terras 
 firmas quae per alios haflenus reperta; non fuerant, 
 inuenerunt. In quibus plurima; gentes pacifice viu- 
 entes, et (vt afleritur) nudi incedentes, nee carnibus 
 vefcentes, inhabitant: Et vt pncfati nuncij veftri pof- 
 sunt opinari, gentes ipfa; in Infulis et terris pra^diiflis 
 habitantes, credunt vnum deum creatorcm in Ccelis 
 efse, ac ad fidem catholicam amplexandum et bonis 
 moribus imbuendum, fatis apti videntur: Spcfque 
 habetur, quod fi erudirentur, nomen Saluatoris Domini 
 noftri lefu Chrifti in terris et infulis prajditflis facile 
 inducerctur. Ac prefatus Chriflophorus in vna ex 
 principalibus Infulis prxdiiflis, iam vnam turrim fatis 
 munitam, in qua certos Chriftianos qui fecum iuerant, 
 'n cuftodiam et vt alias Infulas ac terras firmas remotas 
 et incognitas inquirerent pofuit, conftrui et Kdificari 
 fecit. In quibus quidem Infulis et terris iam ropertis, 
 aurum, aromata, et alice quamplurimce res praeciofaj 
 diuerfi generis et diuerfa; qualitatis reperiuntur. Vnde 
 omnibus diligenter, et praefertim fidei catholicae exal- 
 tatione et dilatatione (prout decet Catholicos Reges et 
 Principes) confideratis, more progenitorum veftrorum 
 clarae memoriae Regum, terras firmas et infulas prce- 
 di(flas, illanimque incolas et habitatores, vobis diuina 
 fauente dementia fubiicere et ad fidem Catholicam 
 reducere propofuiftis. 
 
 Nos itaque huiufmodi veftrum fancflum et laudabile 
 propofitum plurimum in domino commendantes, ac 
 cupientes vt i'.lud ad debitum finem perducatur, et 
 ipfum nomen faluatoris noftri in partibus illis induca- 
 tur, hortamur vos quamplurimum in domino, et per 
 
 able [uirpofe moft acceptable to the immortall (lod. We 
 are crcdably informed that wheras of late you were de- 
 tcrmyned to feeke and fynde certeyne Ilandes and firnie 
 landes farre remote and vnknowen (and not heretofore 
 found by any other) to th[e]intent to bringe th[e]inhal)i- 
 tauntes of the fame to honoure owre retlenier and to 
 profefle the cathi)lyke fayth, you haue hetherto byn 
 much occu])ied in th[e]expugnation and recouerie of 
 the kyngedonie of Clranata, by reafon whereof yowe 
 coulde not brynge yowre (Ixyde laudable jjurpofe to 
 tli[e]ende defyred. NeuertheleiTe as it hath i)leafed 
 alniyghty god, the forcfayde kyngedome beinge reco- 
 uered, wyllyng t[o]acconiply(l)e your fayde defyrc, you 
 haue, not without great laboure, perelles, and charges, 
 appoynted owre welbeloued fonne Chriftopher Colonus 
 (a man certes wel commended as mofte worthy and 
 apte for fo great a matter) well furnyflied with men and 
 flii])pes and other necelVaries, to feeke (by the fea 
 where hetherto no manne hath fayled) fuche firme 
 landes and Ilandes farre remote ami hitherto vnknowen. 
 Who (by gods helpe) makynge diligente fearche in the 
 Ocean fea, haue founde certeyne remote Ilandes and 
 firme landes whiche were not heretofore founde by any 
 other. In the which (as is fayde) many nations inhabite 
 lyuinge peaceably and goinge naked, not accuftomed 
 to eate fleflie. And as farre as yowre meflengcrs can 
 coniecture, the nations inhabitynge the forefayde landes 
 and Ilandes, beleue that there is one god creatoure in 
 heauen: and feeme apte to be brought to th[ejinibraf- 
 inge of the catholyke faythe and to be imbued with 
 good maners : by reafon whereof, we may hope that if 
 they well be inftructed, they may cafely bee induced 
 to rcceaue the name of owre fauiour lefii Chrift. We 
 are further aduertifed that the forenamed Chriftoither 
 hathe nowe builded and erected a fortreffe with good 
 munition in one of the forcfayde principall Ilandes in 
 the which he hath i)laced a garrifon of ccrtcine of the 
 Chriftian men that wente thyther with him : afwell to 
 th[e]intent to defende the fame, as alfo to fearche other 
 Ilandes and firme landes farre remote and yet vnknowen. 
 We alfo vnderftande, that in thefe landes and Ilandes 
 lately founde, is great plentie of golde and fpices, with 
 dyuers and many other precious thynges of fundry 
 kyndes and qualities. Therfore al thingcs diligently 
 confidered (efpecially th[e]amplifyinge and cnlarg)ng 
 of the catholike fayth, as it behoueth catholike Princes 
 folowyng th[e]exemi)les of yowre noble jirogenitours 
 of famous memorie) wheras yowe are determyned by 
 the fauour of almightie god to fubdue and brynge to 172 
 the catholyke fayth th[e]inhabitaimtes of the forefayde 
 landes and Ilandes. 
 
 Wee greatly commcndynge this yowre godly and 
 laudable purpofe in owr lorde, and defirous to haue 
 the fame brought to a dewe ende, and the name of 
 owre fauioure to be knowen in thofe partes, doo 
 exhorte yowe in owre Lorde and by the reccauynge 
 of yowre holy baptifme wherby yowe are bounde to 
 
 r 
 
203 
 
 vith 
 ndry 
 
 fieri laiiiicri fufccptioncm, qua mandatis Apoftolieis 
 obligati cflis, ct per vifcora mifcricordix Domini nodri 
 Icfii Chrifti attcntc re(iuirimus, vt rum cxpeditionoin 
 huiiifmodi omnino profop'i ct affumcrc prona mentc 
 orthodoxa; fidci i-elo intcndatis, populos in huiiifmodi 
 Infulis et tcrris dcgcntcs, ad Chriftianam rcligioncm 
 fufcipicndum induccrc vclitis et debeatis, ncc i)ericula 
 ncc labores vllo vmiuam tempore vos detcrreant, firma 
 fpe fitluciaciue conceptis quod Deus omnipotens cona- 
 tus veftros fueliciter profe(iiietur. Et vt Umti negotij 
 l)roiiintiam Apolloliccc gratiac largitate donati, liberius 
 et audacius affumalis, motu proprio non ad veftram vel 
 169 alterius pro vobis fuper hoc nobis oblata; petitionis 
 inllantiam, fed de nodra mera liberalitatc, et ex certa 
 fcientia, ac de Aiwdolicx poteflatis plcnitudinc, omnes 
 Infulas ct terras firmas inuentas et inucnicndas, de- 
 tctflas et detegendas verfus Occidentem et Meridiem, 
 fabricando ct conflruendo vnani Hncam a polo Ardlico, 
 ftilicct Septemtrione, ad polum Antariflicum, fcilicet 
 Meridiem, fiue terra; firma; ct infula; inucnta; et in- 
 ueniendaj fint verfus Indiam aut verfus aliam quam- 
 cunque partem quae hnea dillct a qualibct Infularum 
 qua; vulgariter nuncupantur de los A/ores et Cabo 
 vcrde centum leucis verfus Occidentem et Meridiem. 
 
 Itaque onincs Infulx et terra; firma; rcpcrtx et rc- 
 pcricncla;, dctcdla; et detegenda; a pra;fata linea verfis 
 Occidentem ct Meridiem, ([ua; per alium Regcm aut 
 Principcm Chridianum non fuerint aflualitcr polTcna; 
 vHiue ad diem natiuitatis Domini noftri lefu Chrifli 
 proximo prxteritum, a quo incipit annus pra;rens 
 Millcflimus Quadringenteffimus NonogclVmius tercius, 
 quando fucrunt per nuncios et capitaneos veftros in- 
 ucnta; alicjua; pra;di(5larum Infularum, Autoritate omni- 
 potcntis Dei nobis in beato Petro conccfsa, ac vicariatus 
 lefu Chrifti qua fungimur in terris, cum omnibus illatum 
 dominijs, ciuitatibus, caftris, locis, et villis, iuribufiiue 
 ct iurifiJiclionibus ac partinentijs vniuerfis, vobis hcre- 
 dibufquc et fucceflbribus veftris (Caftella; et Legionis 
 reuibiis) in perpctuum tcnore pra;fciuium donamus, 
 conccdimus, ct affignamus: Vufque et hxredes ac 
 fucc'""- Tivfatos illarum Dominos, cum plena, libera, 
 et omn.iiioda potcftate, autoritate, et iurifdiiflione, 
 facimus, conflituinius, ct deputamus. Dccernentes ni- 
 hilo minus per huiufinodi donationem, conccfsioncm, et 
 aftignationem noftram, nullo Chriftiano Principi (lui aiflu- 
 aliter pra;fatas Infulas et terras firmas polTederit vfiiuc 
 ad prLcdiclum diem natiuitatis Domini noftri lefu Chrifti 
 ius quxiitum, iublatum intelligi pofse aut auferri debere. 
 
 Et Infuper mandamus vobis in virtuta; faniflx obcdi- 
 
 Apoftolicall obedience, and erneftely reciuire yowc by 
 the bowel.'i of mercy of owrc Lorde lefu Chrift, that 
 when yo«c intende for the zeale of the Catholyke 
 f.iythe to profecute the fayde expedition to reduce the 
 people of the forefayde landcs and Ilandes to the 
 Chriftian religion, yowe fliall fi)are no labours at any 
 tynie, or bee deterred with any perels, conceauyngc 
 firme hope and confidence that the omnipotent godde 
 wyll gyue good fuccclTc to yowre godly attcmptes. 
 And that beinge autoryfed by the priuilegc of the 
 Ai)oftolycall grace, yowe may the more freely and 
 bouldly take vpon yowe th[e]enterpryfe of fo greate a 
 matter, we of owre owne motion, and not eyther at 
 yowre requeft or at the inftant peticion of any other 
 perfon, but of owrc owne mere liberalitie and certcyne 
 fcience, and by the fiilneffe of Apoftolycall power, doo 
 gyue, graunt, and affigne to yowe, yowre heyres and 
 fucceflfours, al the firme landcs and Ilandes found or 
 to be found, difcoiicred or to be difcouered toward the 
 Weft and South, drawyng a line from the pole Artikc 
 to the pole Antartike (that is) from the north to the 
 Southe: Conteynynge in this donation, what fo cuer 
 firme landcs or Ilandes are founde or to bee founde 
 towarde India, or towardc any other parte what fo 
 eucr it bee, beinge diftant from, or without the fore- 
 fayd lync drawcn a hundreth Icacjucs towarde the 
 Wefte and South from any of the Ilandes which are 
 commonly cauled De los Azores and Cabo Verde, 
 
 All the Ilandes therfore and firme landcs, founde 
 and to be founde, difcouered and to be difcouered 
 from the fayde lyne towarde the Weft and South, fuch 
 as haue not actually bin heretofore pofleflfed by any 
 other Chriftian kynge or prynce vntyll the daye of the 
 natiuitie of owre Lorde lefu Chryfte lafte pafte, from 
 tlie which begynneth this prefen*- yeare beinge the 
 ycare of owre Lorde. M. CCCC. Ixxxxiii. when fo cuer 
 any fiich flialbc founde by your meflingers and capy- 
 taincs. Wee by the autoritie of almyghtie God graunted 
 vnto vs in faynt Peter, and by the office which we beare 
 on the earth in the lleede of lefu Chrifte, doo for eucr 
 by the tenoure of thefc prefentes, gyue, grauntc, aftlgne, 
 vnto yowe, yowre heyres, and fiicceffourcs (the kynges 
 of Caftyle and Legion) all thofe landcs and Ilandes, 
 with theyr dominions, territories, cities, caftcls, towres, 
 places, and vyllages, with all the rjght, and iurifdic- 
 tions therunto perteynynge: conftitutynge, afllgnynge, 
 and deputynge, yowe, yowre heyres, and fuccelVours 
 the lordes thereof, with fiill and free poure, autoritie, 
 and iurifdiction. Decreeingc ncucrthelelTe by this 
 owre donation, graunt, and affignation, that from no 
 Chriftian Prince whiche actually hath poflefied the 
 forefayde Ilandes and firme landcs vnto the day o. 
 the natiuitie of owre lorde beforefayde theyr ryght 
 obtcyncd to bee vnderftoode hereby to be taken away, 
 or that it owght to be taken away. 
 
 Furthermore wee conimaunde yowe in the vertue 
 
 
 I I 
 
 : I 
 
ITT 
 
 *. I 
 
 i 'ii. i 
 
 \ 
 
 170 
 
 m 
 
 204 
 
 enti.x (vt ficiit polliiomini ct non duMtamus pro vcftra 
 maxima douotionc etrogia magnanimitate vos efse fadlu- 
 ros) ad terras firmas ct Infulas pra;didas, viros prol)os et 
 Dcum timentcs, dodlos, peritos, ct cxpertos ad inftru- 
 endum incolas et habitatorcs pra;fatos in fide Catholica 
 et bonis nioribiis iml)uendum, dcftinare debcatis, om- 
 ncm dcbitam diligentiam in pra^mifsis adhibcntcs. 
 
 A (luibufcumque pcrfunis, cuiufcunque dignitatis, 
 etiam impcrialis et rcgalis ftatiis, gradus, ordinis vel 
 conditionis, fiib excommunicationis latae fcntentiK 
 piuna quam co ipfo fi contra fcccrint incurrant, 
 di(lri<flius inhibcmus ne ad Infulas et terras firmas 
 inucntas et inuenicntlas, dete<flas et detegendas verfus 
 Occidentcm et Meridiem, fiibricando ct conftru- 
 endo lincam a polo Arcflico ad polum Antardlicum, 
 fiux terra: firma: ct Infulx inuentx ct inueniendae fint 
 verfus Imliam aut verfus aliam ([uamcunque partem 
 quK linea diflet a qualibet Infularum quce vulgaritcr 
 nuncupantur de los Azores et Cabo verde centum leucis 
 verfus Occidentcm ct Meridiem vt prxfertur, pro merci- 
 bus habcndis vcl quauis alia caufa accedcre pncfumat 
 abfque vcftra ac hxredum et fuccefsorum vcflrorum 
 proedicflorum liccntia fi)eciali: Non obftantibus con- 
 (litutionibus et ordinationibus Apoftolicis, caeterifque 
 quibufcunque, in illo in quo imperia et dominationes 
 et bona cundla proccdunt : Confidentes quod dirigentf 
 Domino a(5lus veftros, fi huiufmodi faniflum ac '""uabile 
 propofitum profequaniini, breui tempore cum foelicitate 
 et gloria totius populi Chriftian:, veftri laborcs et 
 conatus exitum fcelicifsimum confequentur. Venim 
 quia difficile foret prajfentes literas ad fingula qua;que 
 loca in quibus expcdiens fuerit defcrri, volumus ac 
 motu et fcientia fimilibus decemimus, quod illarum 
 tranlTumptis manu publici notarij inderogati fubfcriptis, 
 ct figillo alicuius pcrfona: in ecclefiaflica dignitate con- 
 (litutae, feu curia; ecclcfiallica; munitis, ea prorfus 
 fides in iudicio et extra ac alias vbilibet adhibeatur, qune 
 praefentibus adhiberetur fi efsent adhibitae vel oftenfoe. 
 
 Nulli ergo omnino hominum liceat banc paginam 
 noflne commendationis, hortationis, requifitionis, dona- 
 tionis, concefsionis, afsignationis, conftitutionis, deputa- 
 tionis, decreti, mandati, inhibitionis, et voluntatis in- 
 fringcre vel ei aufu temerario contraire. Si quis autem 
 hoc attentare praefumpferit, indignationem omnipotcntis 
 Dei, ac beatorum Petri et Pauli Apoftolorum eius, fe 
 noaerit incurfurum.*. 
 
 Datum Romae apud fandlum Petrum: Anno incar- 
 nationis Dominicae. 1493. quarto nonas Maij: Ponti- 
 ficatus noliri anno prime.'. 
 
 of holy obedience (as yowe hauc promyfed, and as wee 
 doubte not you wyll doo vppon mere deuotion and 
 princely magnanimitie) to fende to the fiiyde firme 
 landes and Ilandcs, honefte, vertuous, and Icrned men, 
 futhe as feare GotI, and are able to inflructc th[c]in- 
 habitauntcs in the Catholyke fayth and good maners, 
 applyingc all tiicyr pofllble diligence in the premiiTes. 
 
 We furthermore flreightly inhibite all mancr of 
 perfons, of what ftate, degree, order, or condition fo 
 euer they bee, although of Imperiall and regall digni- 
 tie, vndcr the pcyne of the fentence of excommunica- 
 tion whichc they fliall incurre yf they doo to the 
 contrary, that they in no cafe prefume without fpeciall 
 lycence of yowe, yowre heyrcs, and fucceflburs, to 
 trauayle for marchaundies or for any other caufe, to 
 the fayde landes or I landes, founde or to bee found, 
 difcoucred, or to bee difcouered, toward the weft and 
 fouth, drawing a line from the pole Artyke to the pole 
 Antartike, whether the firme lands and Ilandcs found 
 and to be found, be fituate toward //it/ia or towarde 
 any other parte bcinge diftant from the lyne drawen 
 a hundreth leagues towarde the weft from any of the 
 Ilandes commonly cauled De los Azores and Cabo 
 V^crde: Notwithftandynge conftitutions, decrees, and 
 Apoftolycall ordinaunces what fo euer they are to the 
 contrary : In him from whom Empyres, dominions, and 
 all good thynges doo procede : Truftynge that almyghtie 
 ^,uU directynge yowre enterprifes, yf yowe foiowe yowre 173 
 godly and laudable attemptes, yowre laboures and 
 trauayles herein, fhall in fliorte tyme obteyne a happy 
 ende with felicitie and glorie of all Chriftian people. 
 But forafmuch as it fliulde bee a thynge of great difl[i- 
 cultie thefe letters to bee caryed to all fuche places as 
 (huld bee expedient, we t '11, and of lyke motion and 
 knowleage doo decree that whyther fo euer the fame 
 (halbe fent, or wher fo euer they flialbe receaued with 
 the fubfcription of a common nouirie therunto requyred, 
 with the feale of any perfon conftitute in ecclefiafticall 
 dignitie, or fuche as are autoryfed by the ecclefiafticall 
 courte, the fame fayth and credite to bee gyuen there- 
 unto in Judgement or els where, as fliuldc bee exhibyted 
 to thefe preeiites. 
 
 It fliall tlierefore bee lawefull for no man to infringe 
 or rafliely to contra rie this letter of owre commenda- 
 tion, exhortacion, requefte, donation, graunt, afligna- 
 tion, conftitution,.deputation, decree, commaundement, 
 inhibition, and determination. And yf any fliall pre- 
 fume to attempte the fame, he owght to knowe that he 
 fliall thereby incurre the indignation of alm\j5htie od 
 and his holye Apoftles Peter and Paule. ( :1 ) 
 
 C Gyuen at Rome at faynt Peters : yeare of 
 
 th[e]incamation of owre Lord M. CCCc XXXII . 
 
 The fourth day of the nones of Maye, the 1) i ile y ue 
 of owre fcate. ( ) ( ) () 
 
 f 
 
 ! I : 
 
 'if 
 
aos 
 
 [The Third English book on America, 
 
 iVbich is also 
 
 The First Engush Collection of Voyages, Tiurncs, & Discoveries. 
 
 If 
 
 ^1 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes. 
 
 7 be Natural History of the West Indies, 
 
 first printed in 1526.] 
 
 !"l 
 
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207 
 
 -il^ 
 
 H 
 
 
 To THE READER. 
 
 Lthough amons:e dyuers which haue wryttcii of 
 the Ocean and VVefte Indies, there is none to 
 be compared to Peter Martyr of Angleria, in 
 declarynge by philofophical difcourfes tlie fecreate 
 caufes of naturall affcctes bothe as touchyn^e the 
 lande, the fea, the ftarres, and other ftraunge 
 woorkes of nature, yet forafinuche as of later 
 dayes tliofc countreys haue byn better knowen 
 and fearch(!d, and dyuers fuche particular and 
 notable thjnges founde as are conteyned in 
 the hyftories of later wrjters, emonije the 
 number of whom Gonzalus Fcrdinandus Ouirdiis, 
 (whom lerned Cai(hii:is compareth to the ancient writers) is doubtles the chiefe, I haue 
 therfore thoujrht good to ioyne to the Decades of Peter Martyr certeyne notable 
 tii)ngcs which I haue ^Mthered owte of his booke intiteled the Summarie or abbrige- 
 ment of his general! hyftorie of the Weft Indies wrytten in the firme lande of the fame 
 in the citie of Sivicta Marui Antiqua in Darima (where he dwelte and was gouernoure 
 many yoares) And dedicated to Th[eJempcrou[rJs maieftie, as maye appeare by the 
 cpyftell folowynge. 
 
 ■ i* 
 
 
 / \ 
 
 II: 
 
 1 :' 
 
 i ! 
 
 ll 
 
 i! ' 
 
 (fc '^ II 
 
rTfT 
 
 fi 
 
 208 
 
 C TO THE MOST HYGH AND MYGHTIE 
 
 PRINCn CHARLES THE rVFTE OF THAT NAME: 
 
 EMPEROUR OF ROME, KYNGE OF SPAYNE, AND OF THE TWOO SICILIES, 
 of bothc the fydcs of the flrcyght oiFaro, Kyngc of Hicrufalem 
 and Hungaric.Dukcof Burgonieand Earleof Flaunders, 
 Lord and inheritourc of the firmc lande and Ilandes 
 of tlie Wcfle Ocean, etc. Goiisalus Ferdiuan- 
 dus Ouicdiis his mofl humble feruant 
 uyflieth health and per- 
 petual fclicitie. 
 
 174 
 
 i \ 
 
 i •■ 
 
 ,11 i' 
 
 J 
 
 He thynj^cs whiche principally prefcriie and niayntayne 
 the woorkes of nature in the memories of men, are 
 hyflories and bookes comi)ofed of the fame. Amonj^e 
 the whiche certes thofe are (.'fteemed mode trewe and 
 awtentyke which haue byn wrytten by wyttie and 
 expert men well traiiayled in the worlde, as faythfull 
 wytneffcs of fiiche thynj^es as they hauc partely feene 
 aiul byn partely informed by credible perfons. Of 
 this mynde and opinion \vas Plinie, who bv ter then 
 any other autoure hathe wrytten in xxxvii. bookes al 
 that pertcyneth to the natcira'l hiftorie, conteyned al 
 in one volume dedicated to Vefpafian Th[ejcm- 
 perour. Wherein, as a prudente hiftoriographer, he 
 declareth fuche thynges as he had harde : Attri- 
 l)utynge the feconde autoritie to fuche as he had 
 redde in autourcs that wrote before hym : And thyrdely ioyned to the fame hyftorie, 
 fuch thynges as he hym felfe had feene as mofte certeyne teflimonie. Whofe exemple 
 I folowyntfc. wyl in this my breefe fummarie reiluce and reprefent to yowr mai('fti(;s 
 memorie fuche thyntjes as I haue feene in yowr«; Kinpyre of the Weft Indies afwell in 
 the ilandes as in tiie firme lande of the ()cean fea, where I haue ferued now" more then 
 twelue yeares in the place of furuoyer of the j^oltle mynes by the commaundemente of 
 the Catlujiyke kyn;.,fe /.)on Fcrnaiu^o the fyfte of that name and graundfather vnto yowre 
 maiiftic. to whom _i;()il gaue threat fame and <^dorie. Senfe whofe death alfo I haue lyke- 
 wi(.-s ferued and truft whyle tlie reft of my lyfe yet remayneth, to ferue yowre maieftie 
 as (hall [)!eafe yowe to commaunde. As tjuchynge which thinges and fuch other lyke, 
 I haue more lariiicly written in a hyftorie begunne as fone as my age was rype to take 
 fuche matters in hande. Wherein furthermore I haue made mention of fuche thynges 
 
 ill 
 
The Epijlle. 
 
 209 
 
 as haue chaunced in Spaine, from the ycare. 1494. vnto this tyine. Addynge alfo 
 thereunto fuche thynges woorthy memorie as I haue obferucd in other reahnes and pro- 
 uinces where I haue trauayled. And haue likewife particulerly wryttcn the lyues and 
 woorthy actes of the catholyke Princes of famous memorie Don Fcrdinando and lady 
 J'lizabeth his wyfe to theyr laft dayes. After whofe fruition of heauenly Paradyfe, I 
 hsue noted fuche thynges as haue chaunced in yowre mod fortunate fucccffion. Not 
 oinittynge particularly to wryte a large booke of fuch thynges as haue feemed mofte 
 woorthy to bee noted as touchynge yowre maiefties Indies. But for afmuche as that 
 volume remaineth in the citic of San. Dominico in the Uande of Hifpaniola where I 
 dwell and am placed in houfliolde with wyfe, chyldren, and famelie, I haue brought no 
 more with me of that my writynge then I beare in memorie. Determynynge notwith- 
 ftandynge for yowre maiefties recreation to make a breefe rehearfall of certeyne notable 
 thynges wherof I haue more largely entreated in my fayde general hiftorie, and fuch as 
 may feeme mofte woorthy to bee redde of yowre maieftie. Of the which, although a great 
 parte haue byn wrytten by other who haue alfo feene the fame, yet perhappes they are not 
 fo exactly and particularly defcribed as of me, forafmuche as in maner all that trauayle 
 into thefe Indies haue greater refpecte to luker and gaynes then diligently to fearche the 
 woorkes of nature wherunto I haue byn euer naturally inclyned, and haue therfore with 
 all poffible endeuour applyed myne eyes and intelligence to fynde the fame. And this 
 prefente Summarie ftiall not bee contrary or dyuers from my larger hiftorie wherein (as I 
 haue fayde) I haue more amplye declared thefe thynges : but ftial onely more breefely 
 expreffe th[e]fifect therof vntyl fuch tyme as Godde flial reftore me to myne owne houfe, 
 where I mayaccomplyflie and fyniftie my fayd general hyftorie. Wherevnto to gyue the 
 fyrft principle, I fay that Don Chriftopher Colonus (as it is well knowen) beinge the 
 fyrfte Admyrall of this India, difcouered the fame in the dayes of the Catholyke kynge 
 Don Ferdinando and the lady Elyzabeth his wyfe, graundfathcr and graundmother vnto 
 yowre maieftie : In the yeare. 1 49 i. And came to ISarzalona in the yeare 1492. with the 
 fyrft Indians and other ftiewes and profcs of the great ryches and notice of this weft 
 Empire. The whiche gyfte and benefyte was fuche, that it is vnto this daye, one of the 
 greateft that euer any fubiect or feruant hath done for his prince or countrey, as is mani- 
 fefte to the hole worlde. And to faye the trewth, this ftiall doubtleffe bee fo commodious 
 and profytable vnto the hole realme of Spayne, that I repute hym no good Caftilian or 
 Spanyarde that doothe not recognife the fame. And (as I haue fayde before) foraf- 
 much as in my fayde generall hiftorie I haue more largely intreated of thefe thynges, I 
 intend at this prefent only briefely to rehearfe certeyne efpeciall thynges, the whiche 
 fuerly are verye fewe in refpecte of the thoufandes that myght bee fayde in this behalfe. 
 P'yrft therfore I wyl fpeake fumwhat of the nauigation into thefe parties. Then of the 
 generation of the nations whiche are founde in the fame, with their rytes, cuftomes, and 
 cerimonies. Alfo of beaftes, foules, byrdes, woormes, fyfflies, feas, ryuers, fprynges, trees, 
 plantes, herbes, and dyuers other thynges which are engendered boothe on the lande and 
 in the water. And forafmuche as I am one of th[e]order and company of them that are 
 appointed to returne into thefe regions to ferue yowre maieftie, yf therfore the thynges 
 conteyned in this booke fliall not bee diftincte in fuch order as I promifed to performe in my 
 greater woorke, I defyre yowre maieftie to haue no refpecte herevnto, but rather to 
 confyder the noueltie of fuche ftraunge thynges as I haue herein declared, whiche is the 
 chiefe ende that moued me to wryte. I'roteftyiig that in this Summarie I haue wrytten 
 the trewth of fuche thynges as coome to my remembraunce : wherof not onely I my 
 felfe can teftifye, but alfo diuers other woorthy and credil)le men which haue bin in 
 thofe regions, and an; nowc prefente in yowre maiefties courte. And thus it Ihal fuffyce 
 to haue faide thus much vnto yowre maieftie in maner of a proheme vnto this prefent 
 worke which I moft Ivimbly defyre yowre maieftie as thankfully t[o]accept, as I haue 
 wrytten it faythfuUy. 
 
 1 1 
 
 !iii 
 
 I n 
 
 175 
 
 1.1 
 
 Edin. 
 
 , I 
 
2IO 
 
 The hyjlorie of the wejlc Indies. 
 
 ^ Of the ordinary nauygation from Spayne to the Wefte Indies. 
 
 \ 
 
 176 
 
 He nauygation whiche is commonly made from Spayne to the 
 Wefte India, is from Siuile, where yowre maieftie haue yowre 
 houfe of contractation for thofe partes, with alfo yowre offycers 
 thervnto perteynynge, of whom the capitaines take their paffeporte 
 and lycence. The patrones of fuche Ihyppes as are appoynted to 
 thefe vyages, imbarke theym felues at San Luca di Barameda, 
 where the ryuer Cuadalchiber entereth into the Ocean fea. And 
 from henfe they folowe their courfe toward the Ilandes of Canarie. 
 Of thefe feuen Ilandes, they commonly touche two, that is, eyther 
 Grancanaria or Gomera. And here the (hyppes are furnyfflied 
 with freflie water, fuell, cheefe, biefe, and fuche other thynges 
 whiche may feeme requifyte to be added to fuche as they brynge 
 with them owte of Spayne. From Spayne to thefe Ilandes, is 
 coommonly eyght dayes faylinge, or lyttle more or leffe. And 
 when they are arryued there, they haue fayled two hundereth and 
 fyftie leaques, whiche make a thoufande myles, accomptyng foure 
 myles to a leaque as is their maner to recken by fea. Departynge 
 from the fayde Ilandes to folowe their courfe, the (hippes tary. xxv. dayes, or a lyttle more or leffe, before they 
 fee the fyrfte lande of the Ilandes that lye before that whiche they caule La Spagnmla or Hifpaniola. And the 
 lande that is commonly fyrfte feene, is one of thefe Ilandes whiche they caule Ogni fanili Marigalante (pt 
 Galanta) La Deffcada (othcnvife cauled Defyderata) Matanino, Dominica, Guadalupe, San. Chrijloual, or fumme 
 other of the Ilandes wherof there are a great multitude lyinge aboute thefe aforefaide. Yet it fumtymes fo 
 chaunceth that the fhippes parte withowte the fyght of any of the fayde Ilandes, or any other that are within 
 that courfe vntyll they coomc to the Hand of SanHi Lohaimis or LLifpaniola, or Lainaica, or Cuba, whiche are 
 before the other. It may alfo chaunce that they ouerpaffe all thefe likewyfe, vntyll they faule vppon the coaftes 
 of the fyrnie lande. But this chaunceth when the pylote is not well practifed in this nauigation or not perfecte 
 in the trewe carde. But niakynge this viage with experte maryncrs (wherof there is nowe great plentie) one of 
 the fayde fyrfte Ilandes fliall euer bee knowen. And from the Ilandes of Canarie to one of the fyrfte of thefe, 
 the diftaunce is nyne hundreth leaques by faylinge, or more. And from henfe to the citie of faynte Dominike 
 which is in the Ilande of Hifpaniola, is a himdreth and fyftie leaques : So that from Spayne hitherto, is a 
 tlioufand and three hundreth leacjues. Yet forafmuche as fumtimes the nauigation procedeth not fo directly, but 
 that it chaunceth to wander on the one fyde or on the other, wee may well faye that they haue nowe fayled a 
 thoufande and fyue hundreth leaques and more. And if the nauigation be flowe by reafon of fumme 
 hynderaunce, it commonly chaunceth to be f))iiflhed in. xxxv. or. xl. dayes. And this happeneth for th{ mofte 
 p.irtc, not accomptynge the extremes : that is, eyther of them that haue flowe palfage, or of them that anyue 
 in veryc (horte tyme. For wee owghte to confyder that which chaunceth moft commonly. The retume from thofe 
 ])artcs to S])ayne, is not fynyffhed without longer tyme, as in the fpac j of 1. [fifty] dayes, or a 1) ttle more or leffe. 
 Neucrthcleffe in this prefent yeare of 1525. there came foure flivps from the Hand ot San Dominico to faint 
 Luca in Si)aine, in. xxv. dayes. But (as I haue fayd) we ought njt to iudge of that whiche chaunceth feldome, 
 but of that which happeneth moft ordinarily. This nauigation is very fafe and much vfed, euen vnto the fayd 
 Ilaniie. And from this to the firme land, the Ihyppes trauerfe diuers wayes for the fpace of fiuc, fyxe, or feuen 
 dayes fa ylyngc, or more, accordyng to the partes or coaftes whither they directe their vyages, forafmuche as the 
 fayde fyiine lande is \erye great and large, and many nauigations and vyages are directed to dyuers partes of 
 the fame. Yet to the fyrme land whiche is neareft to this Hand, and lyeth directly ageynft San Dominico, the 
 pafliige is fyniflhed in the tyme aforefiyde. But it flialbe muche better to remytte all this to the carde of thefe 
 nauigations and the new Cofmographie, of the whiche no parte was knowen to Ptolomie or any other of the 
 owlde wrytters. 
 
 
The hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 211 
 
 C Of twoo notable thynges as touchyng the Weft Indies: And of the great 
 rycheffe brought from thenfe into Spayne. 
 
 i 
 
 Fter my vniuerfall defcription of the hiflorie of the Indies, thjre commeth to my rcmem- 
 beraunce two thynges chiefely to be noted as touchynge th[e]empire of this Weft Indies 
 perteynynge to tlic dominion of yowre maieftye. And thefe befyde the other particulars 
 wherof I haue fuffyciently fpoken, are to be confydered as thinges of great importaunce. 
 Wherof, the one is the (hortenefle of the way and with what expedition yowr maiefties 
 fliyppes maye paflc beyonde the mayne fyrme lande of thefe Indies into the newe Southe 
 fea cauled Mare dd Sur lyynge beyond the fame. And this to th[e]intent to coomc to the 
 Ilandes where the fpices growe, befyde the other innumerable rycheffe of the kingedomcs and figniorics whiche 
 confine with the fayde fea where are fo many people and nations of dyuers toonges and maners. The other 
 thinge, is to confyder howe innumerable treafures are entered into Spayne by thefe Indies, afwell that whiche 
 commeth dayly from thenfe as alfo that is continually to bee looked for, bothe of golde and perle and other 
 marchaunties which are firft brought into this yowre realme of Spaine before they are feene of other nations or 
 traded into other realmes. Wherby not onely this yowre realme is greatly inriched, but alfo the benefyte 
 therof redounduth to tlie great profyte of other countrcys which are neare thervnto. A teftimonye of this, are 
 the double ducades whiche yowre maicftie haue caufed to bee coyned, and are difparfed throughowte the hole 
 worlde. But after they are once pafled owt of this yowre realme, they neuer returne agein bycaufe they are the 
 beft curraunt money of the world. And therfore if after they haue byn in the handes of ftraungers they chaunce 
 to be retoumed ageyne into Spaine, they coome difguifed in an other habitc, ;.nd are diminifflied of the good- 
 neffe of their golde, with the ftampe of yowre maieftye chaunged : So that if it were not for their fuche 
 defacyngcs in other realmes for the caufe aforefayde, there (hulde not bee founde fo great quantitie of fyne golde 
 of the coyne of any prynce in the worlde as of yowre maiefties. And the caufe of all this, are yowre Indies. 
 
 1 1 
 
 I •! 
 
 € Of the mynes of gotde, and the mancr of woorkynge in theym. 
 
 |His particular of the mynes of gold, is a thing greatly to bee noted: And I maye muche better 
 fpeake hereof then any other man, forafmuche as there are nowe twelue yearcs pafte fenfe I 
 fumed in the place of the furueier of the mcltynge flioppes perteynynge to the golde mynes 
 of the finne lande, and was the gouernour of the mynes of the Cathol) ke kyng Don 
 Feriiinaiiifo, after whofe departure from this lyfe, I fenied longe in the fame roome in the 
 name of yowr maieftie: By reafon wherof, I haue had great occafion to knowe howe 
 golde is founde and wrought owte of the mynes: And do knowe r}ght well that this 
 lande is exceadynge ryche : hauynge by my accompte and by the labour of my Indians and llaues, gathered 
 and fyned a great portion of the fame: and may therfore the better affyrme this by teftimonie of fyght. 
 For I am well affured that in no part of Cajlilia del oro, that is, golden Caftile (other^vife cauled 
 Betagua) no man coulde a(ke me of the mynes of golde, but that I durfte haue bounde my felfe to 
 haue difcouered them in the fpace of ten leagues of the countrey where it (hulde haue byn demaunded 
 me, and the fame to bee verye ryche. For I was alowed all maner of charges to make fearche for the fame. 
 And although golde be founde in maner euery where in thefe regions of golden Caftile, yet owght wee not in 
 euery place to beftowe the trauell, and charge to get it owte, bycaufe it is of leffe quantitie and goodnefle in fum 
 place then in fum. And the myne or veyne whiche owghte to be folowed, ought to bee in a place whiche may 
 ftande to faue muche of the charges of the labourers, and for the adminiftration of other neceffary thinges that 
 the charges may bee recompcnfed with gaynes. For there is no doubte but that golde (halbe founde more or 
 leffe in euery place. And the golde whiche is founde in golden Caftile, is verye good, and of xxii. caractes or 
 better in fyneffe. Furthermore, befyde this great quantitie of golde whiche I haue fayde to be founde in the 
 mynes, there is alfo from day to day found or otherwife gotten, great treafure of fuche WTOught gold as hath byn 
 in the cuftodie of the fubducd Indians and their kynges, afwell of fuche as they haue gyuen for their fyne and 
 raunfome, or other>vife as frcniles to the Chriftians, befyde that whiche hath byn vyolently taken from the 
 rcbelles. But the greatcft parte of the wrought gold whiche the Indians haue, is bafe and holdeth fumwhat of 
 
 177 
 
 ' ^! 
 
 f.^' 
 
Urr 
 
 212 
 
 T//e hyjlorie of the wejic Indies. 
 
 178 
 
 i \ 
 
 . I 
 
 copper. Of this they make brnflettes and chaines and in the lame they clofe their iewels whiche their women 
 are accuftomed to weare and cfteeme more then all the richefle of the worlde. The maner howe golde is 
 gathered, is this, eyther of fuchu as is founde in Zauana, that is to faye in the plaines and riuers of the champian 
 countrey being withowt trees, whether the earth be with graflfc or without. Or of fuche as is fumtymes founde 
 on the land without the riuers in places where trees growc, fo that to coome by the fame, it flialbe rcciuifite to 
 cutte downe many and great trees. But after whiche fo euer of thcfc two maners it be founde, eyther in the 
 riuers or ruptures or breaches of water, or elles in the earth, I wyll fliewc howe it is founde in botlie thefe places, 
 and howe it is feperate and pourged. Therfore when the myne or veine is difcouered, this chaunccth by ferchyng 
 and prouyng in fuche places as by certeyne fygnes and tookcn do appeare to fltyifiill men apte for the generation 
 of golde and to holde golde. And when they haue founde it, they folowe the niyne and labour it, whether it 
 be in the ryuer or in the plaine as I haue fayde. And if it bee founde on the plaine, fyrfl they make the place 
 verye cleane where they intende to dygge. Then they dygge eyght or ten foote in length and as muche in 
 breadth : but they goo no deeper then a fpanne or two, or more as fliall feeme bed to the maifter of the myne, 
 dyggynge equally. Then they wafhe all the earthe whiche they haue taken owte of the fayde place. And if 
 herein they fynde any golde, they folowe it. And if not, tliey dygge a fpanne deeper, and waihe the earth as 
 they dyd before. And if then alfo, they fynde nothynge, they continue in dyggyng and waffliyng the earth as before 
 vntil they come to the hard rocke or (lone. And if in fyne they fynd no golde there, they folowe no further to 
 feeke golde in that place, bat go to an other parte. And it is to be vndciflode, that when they haue founde the 
 myne, they folowe it in digginge in the fame meafure in leuell and deapth vntill they haue made an ende of al 
 the myne which that place conteyneth, if it appcre to be riche. This myne ought to confyfl of certen feete or 
 pafes in length or breadth accordynge to certeyne orders determined. And within that comi)affe of earth, it is 
 not la>vfull for any other to dygge for golde. And where as endeth the myne of hym that fyrfle founde the gold, 
 immediatly it is lawfull for any other man that wyl, with a (laffe to aflygne hym felfe a place by the fyde of the 
 fame, inclofynge it with (lakes or pales as his owne. Thefe mynes of Zauana (that is fuch as are found in the 
 playne) owght euer to bee foughte nere to fum ryuer or brooke or fpringe of water, or dyke, or (landyng poole, 
 to th[e]ende that the golde maye be wafflied, for the whiche purpofe they vfe the laboure of certeyne Indians 
 as they doo other in dygginge of the myne. And when they haue dygged owte the myne, they fyl certeine 
 traies with that earth, whiche other Indians haue the charge immediatly to receaue at their handes, and 
 to carye thofe treyes of earth to the water where it maye bee wafflied. Yet do not they that brynge it, 
 waflie it, but delyuer it to other, puttynge it owte of their owne trayes into theirs which they haue ready in their 
 handes to receaue it. Thefe waflhers for the mode parte, are the Indian women, bycaufe this woorke is of 
 leffe paine and trauayle then any other. Thefe women when they waflie, are accullomed to fytte by the waters 
 fyde, with their legges in the water euen vppe to the knees or leflfe as the place ferueth their purpofe. And 
 thus holdynge the trays with earth in their handes by the handles therof, and puttynge the fame into the water, 
 they moue them rownde aboute after the maner of fyftynge, with a certeyne apteneffe in fuche forte that there 
 entreth no more water into the trais then ferueth their turne : And with the felfe fame apte mouynge of their 
 trais in the water, they euer auoyd the foule water with the earth owte of the one fyde of the velfell, and 
 receaue in cleane wa*er on the other fide therof So that by this meanes by little and lyttle, the water waflheth 
 the earth as the lyghtei fubflaunce owte of the trais, and the golde as the heauier matter refteth in the bottome 
 of the fame, beyng rounds and holowe in the mydded lyke vnto a barbars bafen. And when all the earth is 
 auoyded, and the golde gathered togither in the bottome of the traye, they putte it aparte, and returne to take 
 more earth, whiche they wa(he continually as b«fore. And thus they that laboure in this woorke, do gather 
 dayly fuche portion of golde as flial pleafe god to graunt to the patroncs of thefe Indians and fuche other as 
 trauaile in the fame. Furthermore, it is to bee noted that for euery two Indians that waflie, it is requifite that 
 two otiier ferue them to brynge earthe from the myne, and other twoo to breake the fame fniaule and fylle their 
 trais thenvith. Alfo befyde thefe labourers, it is necelTarye tiiat tliere bee other people in the place where they 
 woorke and refle in the nyghte. Thefe are fuche as make their breade, and prouyde for vyttayles and other 
 necelTaryes. So that to conclude, there are in all, fyue perfons ordinarily afligned to euery traye of waffliers. 
 
 There is an other nuiner of woorkyng the mynes in riuers or brookes of runnynge waters. And this is, 
 that in auoydynge the water of his courfe, after that the beddes of the ryuers are drye and vtterlye emptied, 
 they fynde golde enionge the breaches, cliftes, and ryftes of flones, and among all that is in the bottome of the 
 chanell, and where naturally the riuer runneth of greatefl force. So that it cliaunceth fum tyme, that when the 
 bedde of the ryuer is good and ryche, they fynde in it great quantitie of golde. And therfore yowr maiedie 
 ought to vnderllande for a generail rule, as it appereth in facte, that all golde is engendered in the toppes and 
 hyghed places of the niontaines : And in continuance of time is by lyttle and lyttle browght downe to the vales 
 and plaines by rtiowrcs of rayne, and the ftiules of fprynges, ryuers, and brookes hauynge their originall in the 
 mountaynes and dcfcendynge from the fame, notwithdandynge it bee oftentymes louiide in the plaines farre 
 

 The hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 from the mountaynes. But when it chaunceth to be founde in great quantitie, it is for the mode parte amonge 
 the mountiynes and in the riuers, or their branches, more then in any other parte of the jjlaine. And in thefe 
 two maners is it commonly founde mode abundauntly. And for the better profe that golde is engendered on 
 hyghe, and is brought downe into the lowe places, I haue one great tooken therof whiche caufeth me to belcue 
 it for certeine. And this is to confyder that coles neuer putrifie nor comipt vnder the ground, if they be made 
 of ftronge woodde. VVherby it chaunceth that diggyng the earth by the fouldes or indented places of the 
 mountaynes, or on the fydes, and brcakynge a myne in the earthe where it had not byn broken before, and 
 hauyng nowe dygged one or two or three poles in meafure, the myners founde certeyne coles of wood vnder the 
 fame leuel where they found gold. And this I faye in the earth whiche was taken for a vyrgine : that is to faye, 
 fuch as had not before byn opened for any myne. The which coles coulde not naturally bee engendred there, 
 or enter in by any meanes. But when the fuperficial part of the earth was equal with the leuel where the coles 
 were founde, it is lyke that the coles were left there by fum occafion of fyre, and that they fallned there in 
 tyme, and that afterwarde in longe continuance of tyme, they were by lyttle and lyttle couered with the earth 
 which the often fliowers of rayne waflied from the mountaynes, fo that by the courfe of yeares the earth ouer- 
 grewe the coles vnto the fayde leuell and meafure whiche had before tyme byn the fuperficiall parte of the 
 earthe where the coles and golde were founde togythcr: whereby it maye appearc that the golde was no more 
 engendered tliere then were the coles, but brought thyther from the mountaynes by the faules of waters as we 
 haue fayde : forafmuche as the mountaynes are the matrices and bowels of all r)'chc metals. Further and 
 befyde this, I fay that in how much more the gold is gonne farre from the natuiall place of his generation to 
 the place where it is founde, it is fo muche the more puryfied and fyneil and of a better carractc. And the 
 nearer that it is founde to his proper myne or vaine where it is engendered, it is fo muche the bafer, foider, and 
 more crude, and of a bafer alay and caracte, and dothe waft fo much the more in meltynge, and remayneth 
 more brickie. Sumetyme there are founde graynes of golde of greate quantitie and of greate weyght aboue the 
 earth ?riil fumtymes alfo vnder the earth. And the greatcfte of all other that was founde to this daye in the 
 Indies, was that which was lofte in the fea aboute the Ilande Bcata, whiche weyed three thoufande and twoo 
 hundreth Caftellans of golde, which are in value foure thoufand a hundreth, thirtie and eyght ducades of golde, 
 which waye one Arroua and feuen pounde, or. xxxii. pounde. after, xii. ounces to the pounde, whiche make 
 threefcore and foure markcs of golde. And I fawe in the yeare. i S i S- in the handcs of Mychel Paffamontc 
 treafurer to yowre maieftie, two graines of the which one wayde feuen poundes, which are. xiiii. markes, and 
 are in value aboute threefcore and fyuc ducades of golde euery markc. The other was of. x. markes, which are 
 fyue poundes of lyke value, and of very good golde of. xxii. caractes and better. There are alfo founde many 
 other greate graynes, altliough not equall vnto thefe in bjggenes. And forafmuche as I haue fpoken of golde, 
 I haue thought gootl to declare fumewhat howe the Indians can very excellently gylte fuche veffelles of copper 
 and bafe golde as they make. For they can gyue them fo fayre and floryfliynge a coloure, that all the mafle 
 whiche they gylte, appearethe as though it were golde of xxii. caractes and better. This colour they gyue with 
 a certeyne herbe as thoughe it were wrought by the arte of any goldefmyth of Spayne or Italic, and wold of 
 them bee efteemed as a thynge of greate ryches, and a fecreate maner of gyldynge. And for as muche as I 
 haue fpoken fulticiently of tlie myne of golde, I wyll nowe fpeake fumwhat of copper bycaufe I haue made 
 mention thereof This nietall is founde in many of the Ilandes of the Indies and alfo in the firme lande: And 
 is founde dayely in greate (juantitie holdynge fumwhat of golde. But for the defyre that owre men haue to 
 golde, they nothynge efteeme the copper, although there myght great commoditie and profittc be had therby, 
 and alfo by other metals whiche they nothynge regarde excepte fyluer whiche is founde abundantly in that parte 
 of the firme lande which is cauled newe Spayne. But of this it (lull fuffice to haue fayde thus muche, bycaufe 
 I haue more particularly entreated of thefe thynges in my generall hyftorie of India. 
 
 C Of the maner of fyJJiynge for perks. 
 
 He Indians exercife this kynde of fylTliynge for the mofte parte in the coaftes of the North in 
 Cubagua and Ciimaiia. And manye of theym which dwell in the houfes of certeyne parti- 
 cular lordes in tlie Ilandes of San Domiiiico and Suit fit lo/iatinis, refort to the Ilande of 
 Cubagua for this purpofe. Theyr cuftome is to go fyuc, fyxe, or feuen, or more in one of 
 thcyr Canoas or barkes erly in the mornynge to fume place in the fea there about where it 
 appeareth vnto them that there fliulde bee greate plentie of thofe (hell fylhes (which fume 
 caule mufcles and fume oyfters) wherin perles are engendered. And there they plonge 
 
 213 
 
 
 1 1. 
 
 179 
 
 A marke, is .1 
 pounde of viii. 
 ounces: suinm.i. 
 xlii. li. [forty-two 
 pntindsj weyght 
 viii. ounces, after 
 xii. ounces to the 
 li. [pound]. 
 
 . . f 
 
 ' .U 
 
 i. I 
 
 S 2 
 
 •M 
 
■■I 
 
 A 
 
 214 
 
 TAe hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 180 
 
 'li 
 
 Of this reade more 
 largely in the 
 decade& 
 
 \ 
 
 By the 
 
 computation of 
 Venice, iiiu graincs 
 malce a carette. 
 
 181 
 
 . 
 
 them felues vnder the water, euen vnto the bottome, fauynge one that remaynethe in the Canoa or boate which 
 he keepeth ftyll in one place as neare as he can, lookynge for thcyr returnc owte of the water. Anil when one 
 of them hath byn a good whyle vnder the water, he ryfeth vp and commeth fwymmynge to the boate, cnterynge 
 into the fame, and leauynge there all the oyfters whiche he hath taken and brought with hym. For in thefe, 
 are the perles founde. And when he hathe there rcflcd hym felfe a whylc, and eaten parte of the oyfters, he 
 retumeth ageyne to tlie water, where he remaynethe as longe as he can endure, and then ryfeth ageyne, and 
 fwimmeth to the boate with his pray, where he reftethe hym as before, antl thus continueth courfe by courfe, as 
 doo all the other in lyke maner, being all mode cxperte fwymmers and dyuers. And when the nyght draweth 
 neare, they returne to the llande to theyr houfes, and prefcnte all the oyfttrs to the mafter or (lewarde of the houfe 
 of theyr lorde who hath the charge of the fayde Indians. And when he hath gyuen them funiwhat to eate, he 
 layeth vp the oyfters in fafe cuftodie vntyll he haue a great quantitie therof. Then hee caufcth the fame fyfflier 
 men to open them. And they fynde in euery of thcym pearles other great or fmaul, two or three or foure, and 
 fumtymes fiue and fyxc, and many fmaule graines accordyng to the lyberalitle of nature. They faue the pearles 
 bothe fmaule and great whiche they haue founde: And eythcr eate the oyfters if they wyl, or cade them away, 
 hauynge fo great quantitie therof that they in maner abhorre them. Thefe oyfters are of hard fleflie, and not fo 
 plefaunt in eatyng as are owres of Spayne. This llande of Cubagua where this maner of fyflliing is excrcifetl, 
 is in the Northe coafte, and is no bygger then the Hand of Zelande. Oftcntymes the fea encreafeth greatly, and 
 muche more then the fyfliers for pearles wold, bycaufe where as the place is very depc, a man can not naturally 
 reft at the bottome by reafon of the aboundaunce of aery fubftaunce whiche is in hym, as I haue oftentynies 
 proued. For althoughe he may by vyolence and force defcende to the bottome, yet are his feete lyfted vp ageyne 
 fo that he can continue no tyme there. And therfore where the fea is verye deepe, thefe Indian fyflhers vfe to 
 tye two great ftoones aboute them with a corde, on euery fyde one, by the weyght wherof they defcend to the 
 bottome and remayne there vntyl them lyfteth to ryfe ageine: At which tyme they vnlofe the ftones, and ryfe 
 vppe at their pleafure. But this their aptenefle and agilitie in fwimming, is not the thynge that caufeth men 
 mofte to marauile : But rather to confyder how many of them can ftande in the bottome of the water for the 
 fpace of one hole houre, and fumme more or leffe, accordynge as one is more apte hereunto then an other. 
 An other thynge there is whiche feemeth to me very ftraunge. And this is, that where as I haue oftcntymes 
 demaunded of fumme of thefe lordes of the Indians, if the place where they accuftomed to fyflie for pearles 
 beynge but lyttle and narrowe, wyll not in fliorte tyme bee vtterly withowt oyfters if they confume them fo fafte, 
 they al anfwered me, that althoughe they bee confumed in one parte, yet if they go a fyiftiynge in an other parte 
 or an other coafte of the llande, or at an other contrary wynd, and continue fyffliing there alfo vntyll the oyfters 
 be lykewyfe confumed, and then returne ageyne to the fy.il ; place, or any other place where they fyfflied before 
 and emptied the fame in lyke maner, they find them ageine as ful of oyfters as though they had neuer bin 
 fyflhed. Wherby we may iudge that thefe oyfters eyther remoue from one place to an other as do other fyfllies, or 
 elles that they are engendered and encreafe in certeyne ordinarie places. This Hand of Cumana and Cubagua 
 where they fyflie for thefe perles, is in the twelfe degree of the part of the faid coafte which inclineth toward the 
 North. Lykewife pearles are founde and gathered in the South fea cauled Mare del Sur. And the pearles of 
 this fea are verye bygge. Yet not fo bigge as they of the llande of pearles cauled ik las pcrlas, or Marqaritea, 
 whiche the Indians caule Teraregui, lying in the goulfe of faincte Michael, where greatter pearles are founde and 
 of greater price then in any other coafte of the Northe fea, in Cumana, or any other parte. I fpeake this as a 
 trewe teftimonie of fyght, hauyng byn longe in that South fea, and makynge curious inquifition to bee certenly 
 informed of al that perteyneth to the fyflhynge of pearles. From this llande of Tararegui, there was brought 
 a pearle of the fafthyon of a peare, wayinge. xxxi. carattes, whiche Petrus Arias had amonge a thoufande and 
 foo many poundes weight of other pearles whiche hee had when capitayne Gafpar Morales (before Petrus Arias) 
 naffed to the faide llande in the yeare. 1515. whiche pearle was of great prife. From the faide llande 3.Vo, 
 came a great and verye rounde pearle, whiche I brought owte of the fea. This was as bygge as a fmaule pellet 
 of a ftone bowe, and of the weight of. xxvi. carattes. I boughte it in the citie oi Panama in the fea of Sur: 
 And paide for it fyxe hundreth and fyftie tymes the weyght therof of good gold, and had it thre yeares 
 in my cuftodie: and after my returne into Spaine, foulde it to th[e]erle of Nanfao, Marquette of Zenete, great 
 chamberleyne to yowre maieftic, who gaue it to the Marquefle his wyfe, the ladye Mcniia of Mendozza. I thyncke 
 verely that this pearle was the greateft, fayreft, and roundeft that hath byn feene in thofe partes. For yowre 
 maieftic owght to vndcrftande that in the coafte of the fea of Sur, there are founde a hundreth great pearles 
 rounde after the faflhyon of a peare, to one that is perfectely rounde and greate. This llande of Teraregui, 
 which the Chriftians caule the llande of pearles, and other caule it the llande of floures, is founde in the eyght 
 degree on the fouthe fyde of the finne lande in the prouynce of golden Caftyle or Beragua. And thefe are the 
 coaftes of the firme lande where pearles are founde euen vnto this day. I vnderftande alfo that there are perles 
 founde in the prouynce and Ilandes of Cartagenia. And fence yowr maieftie appoynted me a gouemour and 
 
 i 
 
The hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 capytayne, I haue made further fearche, and am aduertifed tha» pcarles are founde in dyuers other places as 
 about the Hand of Codego which lyeth ageynfl the mouth of th-i porte of the ILinde of Carta;^enia which the 
 Indians caul Coro. The which Hand and porte, are on the North fyde in the tenthe degree of the coades of 
 the firme lande. 
 
 215 
 
 € 0/ the familiariiie which certeyne of the Indians haue with the deny II, 
 and howe they receaue anfwere of hym of thynges to coome. 
 
 I'; 
 
 I Hen the Indians begynne theyr battaylc, or go to any combat or attempte any other greate 
 matter, they haue certeyne electe menne whom they reuerendely efteme and caule them 
 Tcquinas, whiche in theyr tonge is as muche to faye as mafters. Notwithftandyngc that they 
 caule euery man that is cunnynge in any fcience, by the fame name, as fyfftiers, foukrs , 
 hunters, or makers of nettcs. Thefe Tequinas therfore, they caule the maders of theyr 
 aunfweres bycaufe they fpeake with Tuyra, that is the deuyll, and brynge them aunfwere 
 what he faythe, eythcr as touchynge fuche thynges as they haue to doo or fliall chaunce 
 to them the day folowynge, or many dayes to coome. For the deuyll bcinge fo auncient an Aftronomcr, 
 knowethe the tymes of thynges and feeth howe they are naturally directed and inclined. And makethe theym 
 beleue that they come fo to palTe by his ordynaunce, as though he were the lorde and mouer of all that is and 
 (halbe: And that he gyueth the day lyght and rayne: caufeth temped and ruleth the dations of tymes, gyuyng 
 lyfe or takynge awaye lyfe at his pleafure. By reafon wherof, the Inilians being deceaued of hym, and fciiig alfo 
 fuch effectes to coome certeyncly to pafle as he hath tolde them before, beleue hym in all other thynges and 
 honoure hym in many places with facrifyces of the bludde and Hues of men and odoriferous fpices. And when 
 god difpofeth the contrary to that whiche the deuell hath fiM>ken in oracle wherby he is proued a Iyer, he caufeth 
 the Tequinas to perfwade the people that he hath chaunged his mynde and fentence for fumme of their fynnes, 
 or deuifeth fumme fuche lye as lyketh hym bede, beynge a (kylfull maider in fuche fubtile and craftie deuifes to 
 deceyue the fymple and ignorant people whiche hath fmaule defence againd fo mighty and craftie an aducrfarie. 
 And as they caule the deuell 7)iyra, fo doo they in many places caule the Chridians by the fame name, 
 thynkyng that they greatly honoure them therby, as in deede it is a name very fecte and agreable to many 
 of them, hauynge layde aparte all honedie and vertue, lyuynge more lyke dragons then men amonge thefe 
 fymple people. 
 
 Before th[e]inhabitauntes of the Ilande of Hifpaniola had receaued the Chridian faithe there was amonge 
 them a fecte of men whiche lined folytarily in the defertes and wooddes and Icdde their lyfe in fylence and 
 abdinence more draightly then euer dyd the phylofophers of Pythagoras fecte, abdeinyng in lyke maner from 
 the eatyng of al thynges that Hue by bludde contented onely with fuche fruites, herbes, and rootes as the defertes 
 and wooddes mynidred vnto them to eate. The profeffours of this fecte were cauled Piaces. They gaue them 
 felucs to the knowleage of naturall thynges, and vfed certeine fccreate magicall operations and fupcrditions 
 wherby they had familiaritie with fpirites whiche they allured into theyr owne bodyes at fuche tymes as they 
 wolde take vppon them to tell of thynges to coome, whiche they dyd in maner as foloweth. When any of the 
 kynges had occafyon to caule any of them owte of the defertes for this purpofe, their cudome was to fende them 
 a portion of their fyne breade of Cazabbi or Maizium, and with humble requede and fute to defyre them to tell 
 their A fuche thynges as they woulde demaunde. After the requed graunted and the place and daye appoynted, 
 the Places coometh witli twoo of his difciples waytynge on hym, wherof the one bryngeth with hym a veffell of 
 a fecreate water, and the other a lyttle fyluer bell. When he coommcth to the place, he fytteth downe on a 
 rounde feate made for hym of purpofe. Where hauynge his difciples the one dandynge on the one hande and 
 the other on the other euen in the prefence of the kyng and certeyne of his nobles (for the common people are 
 not admytted to thefe mideries) and tumynge his face toward the deferte, he begynneth his inchauntment and 
 cauleth the fpirit with loude voyce by certeyne names which no man vnderdandeth but he and his difciples. 
 After he hath dooen thus a while, if the fpirite yet deferre his coommyng, he drinketh of the fayde water, and 
 therwith waxeth hotte and furious, and inuerteth and tumeth his inchauntement, and letteth hym felfe bludde 
 wn'th a thorne, manieiloufly turmoylyng hym felfe as wee reade of the furious Sybilles not ceafynge vntyl the 
 fpirite bee coome: who at his coommyng entereth into hym and ouerthroweth hym as it weare a grehounde 
 Hiulde ouertume a fquerell. Then for a fpace, he feemeth to lye as thoughe he were in great payne or in a 
 rapte, wonderfully tormentynge hym felfe, durynge whiche agonic, the other difciple (haketh the fyluer bell 
 
 182 
 
 •■5 
 
R^ 
 
 A 
 
 2l6 
 
 183 
 
 A 
 
 The hyjlorie of the wejlc Indies. 
 
 contynually. Thus when the agonie is palle and he lyeth quietly (yet withowte any fence or feclyng) the kynge 
 or rumme other in his Aeadc, ileniaundeth of hym what he dcfyrcth to knowe, an<l the fpirite anfwercth by the 
 mouth of the rapte Piaccs with a dircctu and perfccte anfwere to all jioyntcs. In fo niuche that on a tymc 
 ccrtcync Spanyardes beyngc prefcnte at thefe myftcries with one of the kinges, and in the Spanyflie tounge 
 demaundyngc the Piaccs of their fliyppes whiche they looked for owtc of Spayne, the fpirite anfwered in the 
 Indian toonge, and touldc them what dayc and houre the (liyi)pes departed from Spayne, how many they were, 
 and what they brought withowt faylynge in any poynte. If he be alfo dcmaunderl of the eclypfe of the foonne 
 or moone (which they greatly fcare and abhorre) he geucth a perfectc anfwere, and the lyke of tumpedcs, 
 famcn, plcntie, warre or peace, and fuche other thinges. \Vhen all the demaimdes arc fynyfflied, his difciplcs 
 caule hyni aloude, rynging the fyluer bell at his care antl blowynge a ccrtcync poudcr into his nofethrillcs 
 whcrby he is rayfcd as it wcarc from a deade flcape beinge yet fumewhat heauy headed and faynt a good whyle 
 after. Tiius beinge ageync rewarded of the kynge with more breade, he departeth ageyne to the defertes with 
 his difciplcs. But fence the Chriftian fayth hath byn difparfed throwghe owtc the Ilande, thefe deuyllyflie 
 practifcs haue ceafed, and they of the members of the deuyll, are made the members of Chryfte by baptifme 
 forfakynge the deuyll and his workes, with the vaine curiofitie of dcfyre of knowleage of thynges to coome, 
 wherof for the mod jiart it is belter to be ignorant then with vexation to knowe that which can not be auoyded. 
 
 Furthermore, in many places of the firme laiule, when any of the kynges dye, all his houfholde feruauntes, 
 afwell women as men which haue continually ferued hym, kyl them felues, bcleauynge as they arc taught by the 
 deuyl Tiiyra, that they which kyll them felues when the kynge dyeth, go with hym to heauen and ferue hym in 
 the fame place and office as they dyd before on the earth whyle he lyued. And that all that rcfufc fo to doo, 
 when after they dye by theyr naturall death or otherwyfe, theyr foules to dye with theyr bodyes and to bee 
 diflfolued into ayer and become nothynge as do the foules of hogges, jyrdes, or fyflhes or other brute beaftcs. 
 And that only the other may enioy the priuileage of immortalitie for euer to ferue the kynge in heauen. And 
 of this falfe opinion commeth it that they which fowe come or fet rootes for the kynges breade, and gather the 
 fame, are accuftomed to kyll them felues that they may enioy this priuileage in heauen. And for the fame 
 purpofe, caufe a portion of the graine of Maizium and a bundle of lucca (wherof theyr breade is made) to bee 
 buryed with them in theyr graues that the fame maye ferue them in heauen if perhappes there fhuld lacke 
 feedes to fowe. And therfore they take this with them to begyn with all, vntyl Tuyra (who niaketh them all 
 thefe fayre promifles) prouyde them of greater quantitie. This haue I my felfe fene in the toppc of the 
 mountaynes of Guaturo, where hauynge in pryfon the kynge of that prouince (who rebelled from th[e]obcdience 
 of yowre maiellie) and demaundyngc of hym to whom perteyned thofe fepulturcs or graues whiche I fawe in 
 his houfe, he anfwered that they were of certeyne Indians whiche flewe them felues at the death of his father. 
 And bycaufe they are oftcntymes accudomed to burye greate quantities of wrought golde with them, I caufed 
 twoo graues to bee opened, wherein was nothynge founde but a velfell full of the grayne of Alaizium, and a 
 bundell of Jucca as I haue fayde. And demaunding the caufe hereof of the kinge and the other Indians, they 
 aunfwered that they that were buryed there, were the labourers of the grounde, and men (kylful in fowynge of 
 feedes and makynge of breade, and feruauntes to the kynges father. And to th[e]ende that theyr foules fhoulde 
 not dye with theyr bodyes, they llewe them felues at the deathe of the kynge theyr mader to lyue with hym in 
 heauen. And to th[e]intent that they myght ferue him there in the fame office they referued that Maizium and 
 lucca to fowe it in heauen. Whcrcunto I aunfwered them in this maner. Beholde howe your Tuyra deccaueth 
 yowe? And howe all that he teacheth yow is falfe? Yowe fee how in fo long a tyme fence they are deade, 
 they haue not yet taken awayc this Maizium and lucca which is nowe putrified and woorth nothynge, and not 
 lyke to bee fowen in heauen. To this the kynge replyed, fayinge. In that they haue not yet taken it away 
 nor fowen it in heauen, the caufe is that they chaunced to fynde enowgh there, by reafon wherof they had no 
 neade of this. To this erroure manye thynges were fayde which feemed of lyttle force to remoue hym from his 
 falfe o[)inion, and efpecially any fuch as at that age are occupyed of the deuyll, whom they paynt of the felfe 
 fame forme and coloure as he appereth vnto theym in dyuers fliapes and formes. They make alfo Images ot 
 golde, copper, and wooddc, to the fame fimilitudes in terrible fliapes and fo variable as the paynters are 
 accuftomed to paynt them at the feete of faynte Mychaell th[e]archangell or in anye other place where they 
 paynt them of moft horrible port[r]iture. Lykewyfe when the deuyll greatly intendcth to feare theym, he 
 threteneth to fende them great tempeftes which they caule Furacanas or Ilaurachanas, and are fo vehement 
 that they ouerthrowe many howfes and great trees. And I haue feene in montaynes full of many and greate 
 trees, that for the fpace of three quarters of a league the mountayne hathe byn fubuerted and the trees 
 ouerthrowen and plucked owte of the carthe with the rootes : a thynge doubtelelTe fo fearefuU and terrible to 
 behold, that it may vcrely appere to be docn by the hand of the deuell. And in this cafe the Chriftian men 
 ought to confider with good reafon, that in al places where the holy facrament is referued, the fayd tempeftes 
 are no more fo owtragious, or so perelous as they were wonte to bee. 
 
 tl6 
 
 
 I 
 
The hyjiorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 217 
 
 € Of the temperature of the regions vnder or neare to the burnt lyne cauled 
 Torrida zona or the Equinoctiall: and of the dytters feafons 
 
 of the y care. 
 
 . 'it. 
 
 ||He landes and regions that are neare about the clymes of the Equinoctiall lyne, are naturally 
 hotte, althowghe they bee olhcrwyfe temperate by tlie diulne prouidence. And therfore 
 fuchc tlefflie or fyflie as is taken and kylled in thefe regions, can not bee preferued from 
 putrefaction except it be rolled, fodden, or perboyitle, the fame dayc that it is kylde. And 
 wheras I haue fayde lliat fuch regions are naturally liot, and yet temperate by the prouidence 
 of god, it is fo in deede. And therfore not without caufe the auncient autours were of ojjinion 
 that the bumte lyne or TorrUa zona where palTeth the lyne of the E(iuinoctiall, fliulde be 
 vnhabitable by reafon the foonne hath greater dominion in tliat i)lace then in any other of the fphere, 
 remaynynge continually betwene the two tropykcs of Cancer and Capricorne. For when in thefe regions the 
 earth is opened or dygged from the fuperficial parte therof to the depth of a mans heyght, it is founde 
 temperate. And within this fpace, the trees and plantcs f.nlcn and fjjreade their rootes, and no diepcr. 
 Extendynge the fame as farre in breadth in the ground as do their braunches in the ayer: And enter no dieper 
 into the grounde then I Iiaue fayde, bycaufe that bcneth the depth of the faid fpace of a mans heyght, the earth 
 is verye hotte, the vpper parte beinge temperate and verye moylle afwell by reafon of th[e]aboimdaunce of water 
 whiche fauleth from heauen vppon that earth at certeync ordinarie feafons of the yeare, as alfo for the multitude 
 of great ryuers, brokes, fprynges and maryfflies, wherby the myghtie and fupremc lorde which made thefe landes, 
 hath mode prudently prouyded for the perferuation of the limie. 
 
 R. E. As toucliyngo this poynt whiclic was viikiiowcn to the owUlc wryters, and without confideration wherof reafon can not 
 perfectly conccaue howc temperate regions fluiUIc be vniler tlic Equinoctiall lyne, I liaue thought good for the better nianifcftynge 
 of this recreate woorkc of nature, to note owte of Cardanus his bookc de Elcnientis, howe all waters haue iheyr courfc toward the 
 South as to the lowcfl part of the earth. He wrytclh therefore as folowcth. The water was made of lelTe quantitie then the earth 
 and only in niancr in the fupcrficiall parte therof, that place might bee lefle for the habitation of l)en(lcs, and that water by his could- 
 ncflTe myght temperate and not deftroy the lyfe of beanes. And bicaufe this generation of lyuynge creatures, was only necelTary on 
 the fuperficiall partes of the earth in comparifon to the hole, therfore was the water made to occupic onely the fupcrficiall parte, in 
 the which, metals, plantes, beaftes, and fyflhes fliulde bee nuryflied. And bycaufe there was great perell lead it fliuldc be to much 
 confumed by the ayer and hcate of the foonne, continuall mouinge was ioyncd to it, wherby it gathereth couldnes and is preferued 
 from fodeyne refolution. For fuchc waters as do not moue, doo foone puliific, .\nd ore eafely rcfolued into ayer. By reafon wherof 
 nature prouyded for the generation of water in coulde places, as vnder the poles and mountaynes. And whereas the earth vnder the 
 Equinoctiall fliulde otherwife for lacke of moyllcr haue bin to much burned and fcorched, nature alfo prouyded that that parte of the 
 earth fliulde bee lowed, by reafon whereof all waters haue tlieyr courfe towarde the South to mitigate with moyfter th[e]extrcmitie of 
 heate which otherwife fliulde haue byn intollerable in that clyme. And by this reafon, the famous i\ iicr of Nilus in Egypte. albeit it 
 haue his originall and fprynge, owt of the mountaynes of the mone cauled Montes Lunac ncre vnto tlu' cyrcle of Capricorne, yet run- 
 nyngc with all his braunches vnder and beyonde the Ei|uinoctialI cyrcle, it dif])arfeth throwgh owt the burnt line of Torrida zona, and 
 by the fame vyolent courfe fauleth into owrc fca nere vnto the citie of Alexandria, It was nccclTary therfore that the grcateft parte of 
 the coulde and moyfl element flmldc haue rccourfe thyiher and confyfl there, whereas was the greatefl neccflitie therof to temper the 
 heate of the foonne by moyftynge and coolynge the carthc and the ayer, as vnder the Equinoctiall. And herewith alfo hath mod 
 prudent nature prouyded for the fecuritie and preferuation of tlie places lyinge belwcne bothe th[c]cxtremitics of hcate and colde, as 
 betwene the poles and the Ecpiinoctiall. For the waters flowynge euer one wayes and kcpynge one courfe, no regions can be drowned 
 by fluddes : which thynge they well obferue that delyucr fieldes from inundations or oucrflowynges, and that take in hande to drye 
 vp maryfflies. If therfore waters had not theyr courfe and faul towarde places lowe or declynyngc, the hole earth fliuldc lice ouer- 
 flowne as a marryfflie. And that the mod declynynge parte fliulde bee towarde the South, and fumwhat hygher about the poles, the 
 caufe is afwell the confumynge heate of the foonne in the Soutlie partes, as the prefeniynge coulde of the hygh mountaynes nere to 
 the poles. For wc haue els where proued that hcate confumeth and wadeth as coulde gathereth and preferueth. And for this caufe 
 that parte of the earthe that is ucared the pules, is, w.-is, and cucr flialbc liighefl, and likewife lowed in the midded furthed from 
 the poles. And therfore it was not conuenient that the fonne fliuld haue his courfe on cucry fyde, neither to the poles. For if it weare 
 caryed alyke to euery parte throughowt the worlde, it is nccerary that the earth l)ee e<iuall : and by that reafon fliulde it euer bee 
 altogether dryed, or elles all ouerflowed with water. Hut where as this coulde not fuflyce to the free courfe of ryuers for the odcn 
 intercourfe of higher places lyinge in the waye, whereby oucrflowynges and dayes of waters and their corruption niyght enfue, 
 moode prouydent nature hath gyuen this priuileage to water that it niaye fo niuche afccnde as it halh difcended : that by this meanes 
 paflyn'^e ouer mountaynes and hyllcs, it inaye at the length bee caryed into the feo. etc. llytherto Cardanus, Ictte vs iiowe retume 
 to the hidorie. 
 
 There are alfo many roughe and hyghe mountaynes with temperate ayer and pleafaunt, cleare and 
 moderate nightes. Of the whiche particularitie the auncient writers hauyng no certeyne knowleage, affyrmed 
 
 "7 
 
 184 
 
 i| 
 
ITT- 
 
 ^ 
 
 2l8 
 
 The hyjforie of the m^ejl Indies. 
 
 •n 
 
 185 
 
 \ 
 
 the faid burnte lyne or TorrUa zotta, or Kciuinoctial to be naturally vnhabitable. As touching which thing I 
 am able to witnefTe the contrary by tedimonie of fyght and feeiyng us by mod certeine fenfcs, hauyng liued 
 many yearcs in thefe regions, by reafon whcrof better crcd-'. ought to be giuen to me then to fuche as haue 
 grounded their opinion onely vpon coniccturcs. And to i|.^ake further of the fytuation of thefe rcgyons, yowe 
 (hall vnderAande that the coaftc of the Northe fca, beyngc in the goulfo of Vraba and in the portc of Dariena, 
 where the (hyppes arryuc whiche coome owtc of Spayne, is in the fyxte degree and a halfe, and in the fcuenth, 
 and from fyxe and a halfe vnto eyght, exccpte a fmaule pointe which entereth into the fea toward the North. 
 That pointe which of this land and new parte of the worUlc lieth mofle towarde the Ea(l, is the cape of faincte 
 Auguftine which is in tho eight degree. So that the faid goulfe of Vralm is diftant from the Equinoctiall lyne, 
 from a hundreth and twcntie to a hundrcth and thirtie leaques and three quarters of a Icaque after th[e]accompte 
 of. xvii. leaques and a halfe for euerye degree from pole to pole. And thus for a lyttle more or leffe, goeth all 
 the coafte. By reafon whcrof, in the citie of Stvifla Maria Antiqua in Dariena^ and in all that courfe of the 
 forfayile goulfe of Vraba, at all tymes of the yeare the dayes and nyghtcs are in mancr of equall length. And 
 if there bee any dyflerence betwene theym by reafon of this fmaule diftance from the Equinoctial, it is fo lyttle, 
 that in. xxiiii. houres makyngc a naturall dayc, it cannc not bee perccaued but by the iudgemcnt of fp' culatiue 
 men and fuche as vnderftande the fphcrc. From henfe the North (larre is feene very lowe And when the 
 (larres which are cauled the wardens of the north ftarre, are vnder the chariotte, it can not bee feene, bycaufe 
 it is vnder the horifontal. And whereas I haue fayde bcefore that it rayncth in thefe regions at certeyne 
 ordinarie tymes, it is fo in decde. For it is wynter and fummer there at contrary tymes to that whiche is in 
 Spayne, where the greatefte coulde of frofte and rayne is in December and January : And the greatell hcatc of 
 fommer aboute faynt Johannes daye at mydfommer or in the moneth of luly. But in golden Caflile oi 
 Peragiia, it is contrary. For the fommer and tyme of greateft drowght and withowt rayne, is at Chryftmas and 
 a moneth before and a moneth after. And the tyme when it rayneth mod, is about midfommer and a moneth 
 before and a moneth after. And this fcafon whiche they caule wynter, is not for that it is any coulder then, 
 then at any other tyme of the yeare, or hotter at Chridmas then at other feafons, the tyme in thefe regions 
 being euer after one maner, but for that that in this tyme which they caule wynter, the foonne is hyd from theyr 
 fyghtes by reafon of cloudes and rayne more then at other tymes. Yet forafmuch as for the mofte parte of the 
 yeare they lyue in a cleare, open, and temperate aycr, they fumwhat (hrynke and feele a lyttle coulde durynge 
 the tyme of the faid moid and cloudy ayer, althowgh it bee not coulde in deede, or at the lead fuche coulde 
 as hath any fenfible diarpenes. 
 
 C Of dyners particular thyiiges, as ivoormes, fcrpentcs, beafles, 
 
 follies, trees, etc. 
 
 Any other thynges myght be fayde, and much differyng from thefe wherof I haue fpoken. 
 But to lette pafle the multitude of thynges whiche are as variable as the power of nature is 
 infinite, and to fpeake of fuche thynges as coome chiefely to my rememberaunce as moode 
 woorthy to be noted, I wyll fyrde fpeake of certeyne lyttle and troubelous beades whiche 
 raaye feeme to bee engendered of nature to moled and vexe mennc, to fliewe them and 
 gyue them to vnderdand howe fmaule and vyle a thynge may offende and difciuicte them, 
 to th[e]ende that they maye remember the jiryncipall ende for the whiche they were created, 
 that is, to knowe theyr maker and procurer of theyr faluation by the waye whiche is open to all Chridian men 
 and all other whiche wyll open the eyes of theyr vnderdandynge. And although the thynges whereof wee 
 entende nowe to fpeake may feeme vyle and lyttle to bee edeemed, yet are they woorthy to bee noted and 
 confydered to vnderdand the difference and variable woorkes of nature. So it is therfore, that whereas in 
 many partes of the firme lande by the which afwell the Chridians as Indians doo trauel, there are fuch maryflhes 
 and waters in the way that they are faync to go withowt breeches amonge the hcrbes and weedes, by reafon 
 wherof, certeyne fmaule beades or woormes (which they caule Gara/alts) much lyke vnto tykes, cleaue fad to 
 theyr legges. Thefe wormes are as little as the pouder of beaten fait : And cleaue fo fad that they <;an by no 
 meanes be taken away except the place bee noynted with oyle. And after that the legges bee noynted awhylc 
 with oyle, or the other partes where thefe lyttle tykes are fadened, they fcrape the place with a knyfe and fo 
 take them away. But the Indians whiche haue no oyle, fmoke them and bume them with fyer, and abyde 
 great peynes in takynge them awaye by this meanes. Of other lyttle beades which trouble men and are 
 
 \m 
 
The hyjlorie of the wejh Indies. 
 
 219 
 
 engcndc[rc(l] in theyr hcadcs or otiic partes of thcyr bodies, I (Ityc that the Chridian men whicii trauell into 
 thcfc partes, hauc them but feldcmc tymes, and that not pafl one or two, and this aifo very fcldome. For 
 paflynge by the lync of the Diameter where the compafle maketlie difference of faylynye by the wynde cauled 
 Greco, (that is North Raft) and AlagiJIra/, (that is fouth weft) which is in the courfe of the Ilandes oi Azori, 
 they fayle but a lyttle way folowing owrc vyage by the weft, but 'hat all the lyfe which the Chriftians cary with 
 them, or are engendered in theyr heades or other places of theyr b xlits, dye and vtterlye confunie by lyttle and 
 lyttle, and are not engendered in India excei)tc in the head;-; oi lyttle chyldren in thofe partes afwel anionge 
 the chyldren of the Chriftians which are borne there, as alfo anionge the natural Iiulians who haue theym 
 commonly in theyr heades and fumetymes in other partes of theyr bodyes, and efpecially they of the prouince 
 of Cueua, which is a region conteynynge more then a hundreth leaques in length, and embrafeth the one and 
 the other coaft of the North fea and of the Eaft. Whtn thefe Indians are infected with this fylthynefie, they 
 dreflc and clenfe one an other. And they that cxercife this, are for the mofte parte women who eate all that 
 they take : And haue herein fuch dexteritie by reafon of thcyr exercife, that owre men can not lyghtly atteyne 
 therunto. There is alfo another thynge greatly to bee conf)clercd. And this is how the Chriftian men beinge 
 there cleanc frome this f^ lihynes of India, afwell in tluyr heades as the refte of thcyr bodyes, yet when they 
 retumc to coomme ageyne into Europe and begyn to arryue in that place of the Ocean fea where wee lliyde 
 before that the lyfe dyed and forfoke them, fuddenly in theyr repaffyngc by the fame clyme (as thoughe the lyfe 
 had taryed for them in that place) they can by no meanes auoyde theym for the fpace of certeyne dayes 
 although they change theyr ftiertes two or three tymes in a day, Thefe lyfe are at the fyrfte as lyttle as nyttes, 
 and growe by lyttle and lyttle vntyl they bee of the byggcneffe that they are in Spayne. This haue I often 
 tymes proued, hauynge nowe foure tymes paffed the Ocean fea by this vyage. 
 
 Befyde thefe woormes and vermyn wherof we haue fpoken, there is another lyttle mifcheuous woorme, 
 whiche we may number amonge the kyndes of fleas. This peftilence the Indians caule Nigua : And is much 
 leffe then a flea. It perfeth the flefhe of a man, and fo launfeth or cutteth the fame (while in the meane tyme 
 it can nother bee feene nor taken) that from fume it hath cutte of tlieyr handcs, and from other theyr fiete 
 vntyll the remedy was founde to annoynte the place with oyle and fcrape it with a rafoure. 
 
 In the firme lande in golden Caftyle or Beragua, there arc many vypers lyke vnto them of Spayne. They 
 that are bytten of them, dye in fliort fpace. For fewe lyue to the fourthe daye except prefent remedy. Of 
 thefe, fume are of a lefle kind then other: And haue theyr tayle fumwhat roundc, and leape in the ayer to 
 afliiyle men. And for this caufe, fume caule this kynde of vypers Tyro, Theyr byt) ng is moft venemous, and 
 for the mofte parte incurable. One of theym chaunced to byte an Indian mayde whiche ferued me in my 
 houfe, to whome I caufed the furgians to mj nifter theyr ordinarye cure, but they collide doo her no good, nor 
 yet get one droppe of bludde owt of her, but only a yclowe water, fo that fliee died the thyrd day for lacke of 
 remedy as the like hath chaunced to dyuers other. This mayde was of th[e]age of. xiiii. yeares and fpoke the 
 Spanyfflie toonge as yf fliee had byn borne in Caftyle. Shee fayde that the vyper whiche bytte her on the 
 foote, was two fpannes longe or lyttle leffe. And that to byte her fliee lepte in the ayer for the fpace of more 
 then fyxe fpaces, as I haue harde the lyke of other credible perfons. 
 
 I haue alfo feene in the firme lande, a kynde of adders very fniaule and of feuen or eyght foote longe. 
 Thefe are fo redde that in the nyght they appeare lyke bumynge cooles, and in the day feeme as redde as 
 bludde. Thefe are alfo venemous, but not fo much as the vypers. There are other much lefle and fliorter and 
 blacker. Thefe coome owt of the ryuers and wander fumtymes farre on the lande, and are lykwyfe venemous. 
 There are alfo other adders of a ruflet coloure. Thefe are fumwhat bygger then the vypers, and are hurtful and 
 venemous. There are lykewyfe an other forte of manye coloures and very longe. Of thefe I fawe one in the 
 yeare of Chrift 1515. in the Hand of Hifpaniola nere vnto the fea coftes at the foote of the mountaynes cauled 
 PedernaUs. When this adder was flayne, I meafured her and founde her to be more then. xx. foote longe, and 
 fumwhat more then a mans fyft in byggenes. And althoughe flie hadde three or foure deadely woundes with a 
 fwoorde, yet dyed fliee not nor ftoonke the fame daye, in fo much that her bludde continued warme all that 
 tyme. There are alfo in the niaryfllies and defertes of the firme lande many other kyndes of lyfertes, dragons, 
 and other dyuers kyndes of ferpentes wherof I entcnde not here to fpeake much, bycaufe I haue more 
 particulerly entreated of thefe thynges in my generall hiftorie of the Wefte Indyes. 
 
 There are alfo fpiders of marueylous bygnefle. And I haue feene fumme with the body .and legges, bygger 
 then a manncs hande extended euery waye. And I ones fawe one of fuche bygnefle, that onely her bodye was as 
 bygge as a fparowe, and full of that laune wherof they make their webbes. This was of a darke ruflette coloure, 
 with eyes greater then the eies of a fparow. They are venemous and of terrible fliape to beholde. There are alfo 
 fcorpions and dyuers other fuche venemous wormes. Wherby we maye fee, that where as natural caufes and influ- 
 ence of the pianettes are of ftrongeft actiuitie, they ceafe not to engender and brynge foorthe bothe good and badde 
 accordynge to the difpofytion of the matter, whiche they alfo doo partely difpofe as the phylofophers affymie. 
 
 186 
 
 A'/f<i.i. 
 
 VypctI 
 
 Adders. 
 
 Dngorft. 
 Spydcrs, 
 
 187 
 
 M! 
 
 's 
 
 I. 
 
 , !■ 
 
220 
 
 Crabber 
 
 luaiini. 
 
 he hyjlorie of the wcjfc Indies. 
 
 \ 
 
 Hyrilct. 
 
 A vrry lylllc 
 byrde 
 
 Furthermore 'ft the fyrme landc, there are manyc toadcs bcyng very noyous and hiirteful by reafon of 
 their great nuiltitiule. They arc not vcnenious. Tliey are fecne in greate aboundancc in Dtuitiui whore they 
 are fo bygge that when they dye in the time of drouth, the bones of fum of them (and efpecially the rybbcs) 
 are of fuche greatnelTe that they appere too bee the bones of cattcs or of fiimme other btallcs of the fame 
 byggeneflfe. But as the waters dyminiflie and the moyflure confumeth in the tyme of drouth (as I haiie fayile) 
 they alfo confume thcrwith vntyll the yeare nexte folowing when the rayne and moyllure incrcafe, at whiche 
 tyme they are feepj ageync. NeucrtheieP".:, at this prefent, there is no fuoh quantitie of them as was wontc to 
 bee, by reafon that as the land is better cuhurcd l>y the Chriftians, as well by the fellynge of wooddcs and 
 flinibbes as alfo by the pallure of kine, horfes, and other beafles, fo is it apparent that this poyfon diminilheth 
 dayly, wherby that rcgyon becomcth more holfome and pleafaunt. Thefe toades fynge after three or foure 
 fortes. For fumme of thi-m fynge ;-.'n.r.f luntly : other, lyke owres of Spayne. Summe alfo whiftle : and other 
 fumme make an other manor of noyfe. They are lykowyfe of dyuors colours : as fumme greene, fumme 
 ruflTettc or "rcy, and fumme almofl blackc. But of all fortes, they are great, and fylthye, and noyous by reafon 
 of their great multitude: yet are they not venemous as I haue fayde. 
 
 There are alfo a (Iraunge kjrde of crabbes, Ahiche coome foorthe of ccrteyne holes of the earth that they 
 them folucs make. The head and bndyc of thofe, make one rounde thing muchc lyke vnto the hoodc of a 
 fawkon : hauynge foure foote connnyiig owt of the one fyde and as many owt of the other. Thoy haue alfo 
 two mouthcs like vnto a paire of fmaule p;nfors, the one byggor then the otiier, whorwith thoy byte, but tlo no 
 great hurte bycaufc thoy are not venomous. Their fkyn and bodye is fmoothe and thynno as is the fl<ynne of 
 a man, fauynge that it is fumwhat harder. Their colour is niflotte or white, or b'.owe, and walke fydelonge. 
 They arc very gooil to boo oaton: Info nuichc that the Chriftians trauayling by the fyrmc landc, haue byn 
 greatly nuryflhcd by them byiaiifo tlioy are founde in manor oucry where. In fliape and forme, thoy are 
 muche lyke vnto the cral)l)e which we paynte for the fygne Cancer, and like vnto thofe which are found in 
 Spaine in Anifii/ii/ia in the ryuor Giiiii/aMiibcr where it enteroth into the foa, and in the foa coaftes therabout, 
 fauynge that thofe arc of the water and the other of the landc. 'I'luy are fumtymes hurtofull, fo that they that 
 eate of them dye. But this chaunceth onely when thoy haue eaten any venemous thyng, or of the venemous 
 apples whorwith the Canibale archers poyfon their arrowos wherof I wyll f|)eake hereafter. And for this caufo 
 the Chriftians take hede howe thoy eate of thofe crabbes if thoy fynile them noare vnto the fayd apple trees. 
 
 Furthermore in thefe Indies, afwoU in tlio fyrme lando as in the Ilandos, there is founile a kynde of 
 ferpentes, which they caulc. Y. V. anas, which ftimine caiile Iiiannas. Thefe arc terrible and foarefull to fyght, 
 and yet not hurtofull. They arc very doKc.itc to bee eaten, and it is not yet knowen whether they bo beaftes 
 of tlie landc or fyflies, bycaufc they lyuc in the water, and wanilor in the wo<ldos ami on the landc. They haue 
 foure feote, and are commonly bigger tiien connies and in fumme |)lace>. byggor then otters, with taylos lyke 
 lifarles or eutcs. Their Ikynne is fpottod, and of the fame kynd of fmothnclle or b.irenoire, altliough of dyuers 
 colours. Vpon the riilge of their backes, they iiaue many long prickes. Theyr teethe are very Iharpe, and 
 efi)oci '.liy theyr fangos or tlogge teeth. Their throtos are longc antl largo, roachynge from their beardes to 
 their I)rc.iftos, of the lyke fl<ynno to the refydewe of their bodyes. They are dumme, and haue no voyce or 
 make any noyfe or crye although lliey bee koi)t tyde to the foote of a chellc or any other thynge for the f|)acc 
 «>f. XX. or. XXV. dayes witliowt any thyng to eate or ilrynke, excopte they gyue them nowe and then a lytllc of 
 the broailf of Cazahhi, or funune fuch other thyng. 'they h.auc foure foote, and their fore feote as longo as a 
 m.ins fyiiger witli < lawcs lyke the ( lawes of a liynle, but weaker, and fuche as can not graf|)le or take holde of 
 any thynge. Tiiey are muche better to bee eaten then to lieiiolde. For fewe that fee them, wyll haue defyre 
 to eate of thoin, by reafon of their liorrihle fhape excopte fi.clie as h;uie byn accuftomed to the beaftes of thefe 
 regyons whiciie are more lioniiilo and feaiel'ull, is .his is rot but onely in apparence. 'i'heir llelhe is of much 
 bett 'r talle then the tloflie of coimyes and more holfome. I'or it hurteth nore but onely fuch as haue had the 
 frcn;he poxe. In fo much that if they luuic oiv.-ly byn toueliod of that infyrmitie, a'though they haue byn hole 
 of longe tyme, nouertholelVe they foele hurte and complayne of the oatynge of thofi Iiiannas, as hath byn often 
 tymoK proued by experience. 
 
 'I'here are fouiulo in the fyrme 1 mde < ertoyne l^ynlos fo lytlle that the hole body of one of theym is no 
 bygger then the tojjpc of the byg^;eft fyngii of a n»ans harde: and yet is the bare body wiihowt the fethers not 
 ]iafte halfe fo bygge. This bynle, befyde her lyttlenes, is of fuch velocitio and fwyftne;- in llyinj.' that who fo 
 feeth her fteiiig in the ayer, can not fe her llai) or boate her winges after any other fort itien do the dorres or 
 humble bees or betels; fo that there is no man that footh her tlie, that wold think her to be any other then a 
 dorre. They make their neftes accordyng to the proportion of their bignos. And 1 haue foene lli.it one of 
 thefe byrdes with her nell put in a nairo of gold weights, altogether hath waid no more then. ii. Tomini, 
 whidi are in poife. 24. grains, witii the fethers with out the which the Ihulde haue wayed fumwhat lelVe. And 
 doubt leflo when I conlkler the fynenelTe of the clawes and feote of thefe birdes, I knowe not whorvnto I may 
 
 \ 
 
 
:!" 
 
 The hyjlorie of the vvejle Indies. 
 
 221 
 
 better liken them then to the lyttle byrdes whiche the lymrners of bookes are accuftonied to paynte on tlie mar- 
 gcntes of cliurche bookes and other bookes of dcuine feruicc. Their fethers are of many faire colours as ^'oklen 
 yelowe am! greene bifide other variaJile colours. Their beakc is verye longe tor the proportion of theyr 1)oilies: 
 ami as fyne ami fublile as a fowyng ncdle. 'I'hey arc very hanlye: fo that when lliey fee a man < l)nic the 
 tree where they haue theyr nedes, they llye at hys faie and llrykc hyni in the eyes, « on\myng, go) nge, and 
 retournynge with fucii fwyfines, that no man wolde lightly beleue it that hath not feene it. And lertenly thcfe 
 byrdes are fo lyttle, that 1 diirll not haue made mention hereof if it were not that diners other which haue 
 feene them as wel as I, can beurc witnes of my faying. They make their neftes of llockes and heare of ( oiten 
 wherof there is great plentie in thefe regions, and ferueth wel for theyr purpofe. ISut as touchyng the byrdes, 
 foules, and bealles of thefe Imlies, bycaufe they are innumerable bothe lyttle and greate, I intende not to 
 fpeake muche heare, bycaufe 1 haue fpoken more largely hereof in my generall hyllorye of the Indyes. 
 
 There is an other kynde of beafles feene in the firme land which feemed very (Iraunge anil marueilous to 
 the Chryllian men to beh-jide, and mu( he difterynge from all other bealles which haue byn feene in other 
 jiartes of the worlde. T'.efe beafles are cauled BaiJati: And are foure footed, hauing their laile and al the 
 red of theyr bodies couered oncly with a tkyn lyke the copcrlure of a barbed horfe or the dickered IkyiiMc of 
 a lyfarte or Crocodyle, of coloure betwene whyte and nilVet, indynynge fumwhat more to whyte. 'I'liis Dead, 
 is of forme an<l diape much lyke to a barbed horfe with his barbes and llankettes in all poyntes. And from 
 vndcr that which is the barbe and coperturc, the tayle connneth foorth, and the feete in tliejr place, the necke 
 alfo and the eares in theyr partes, and in fyne all thynges in lyke forte as in a barbeil courfer. They are of 
 the bygnes of one of thefe common dogges. They are not hurtfull. They are fyllhy, and haue tluyr h.diita- 
 tion in certen hillockes of earthe where iligginge with there feete ti.ey make their dens very deepe and the luiles 
 therof in like maner as do connyes. The are verye excellent to be eaten, aiul arc taken with nettes and fi«» 
 nlfo killed with crolbowes. They are lykcniie taken often tymes when the hulband men bmiie the dubhle in 
 fowyng time, or to renewe the herbage for kyne and other bealles. I haue often times eaten ui their llclhe 
 which femelh to me of better tad then kyddes deflie, and hollome to be eaten. And if thefe beades had euer 
 byn feene in thefe jjartes of the woor'de where the fird barbed horfes had their origiuil, no man wold judge 
 but that the forme and faflhion of the cojierture of horfes furniflied for the warres was lyrlle deuyfeil by the 
 fyght of thefe beades. 
 
 There is alfo in the fimie lande an other beadc cauled Oifo Formi^aro, that is, the Ante beare. This beade 
 in heare and coloure, is much Ivke to the beare of Spayne, and in maner of the fame makynge faue that he hath 
 a much longer fiiowt and is of euyll fyght. 'I'hey are often tymes taken only with ll iiu s without any other 
 weapon, and are not hurtftii. They are alfo taken with dogges bycaufe tin ) ,iie not Datuially armed allluiwgh 
 they byte fumwhat. They are founde for the mode parte about and neare to the ii) llockes where are great 
 abundaunce of antes. For in thefe regions is engendered a certeyne kyntle of .mles very lyltli' and blacke, in 
 the fyeldes and plaync:; where as growe no trees where by th[elinllinct of nature tlieiV' .mles Icparate them 
 felues to engender far from the wooddes for feare 'if thefe beares: The whu hi- bycaufe they are feareftill, vyle, 
 and vnarmed (as 1 haue fayde) they keepe euei in jjlaces lull of trees vntyll \ery fimen and necelliiic, or the 
 great defire that they haue to fiede of thefe antes, caufe them to coonune owl ol the wooddes to hunte tor them. 
 Thefe antes make a h\llo<ke of e.irth to the heyght of a m.ni, or fumwliat more :»■ telle, and as liygge as a great 
 ched, and fuintymes as bygge as a butte or a hogges head, and as !>,>rd as a done: So that llie)- feeme as 
 thoughe they were dones fet vp to lymytte th[e]endes and confines of certeyne landes. Within thefe hyllockes 
 maile of moll harde earth, are imunnerable and inliniic lyttle anii--, the which m.iy bee gatheied by biifliclles 
 when the hylkt'lc i-; broken. 'I'he which when it is riinit)nies mottled by r.i)iu' and then ilryeil .igiyiie li) '.he 
 heate of ?h<" iUi ne, it bie.ikelh and hath certejne fmaul ryftes as lyttle and fubtyle as the edge of a knyfe. 
 Anil it feme;h that nature hath gynen fenfe to thefe Antes to lynde fuch a matter of earth wherwith they may 
 make tiie fayde hillocke of ftulie hardenes that it may leeine a llron.^e p.r.ement made of lyme .iiid done. And 
 wheras I IciUi' pioued and cauled fum of them to bee brok.jn, 1 haue ' junde theim of lu< he hanlenes .is if I had 
 not feene ! coulde not haue lieleaued: In fo iniiche that tliey co'ilde Iranely bee broken with |)ykcs of Iren: 
 So dronge fortrelfes iloo thefe lyttle beades make for theyr f.iuei;arde ageynll theyr aduerfarie the beare, wiio is 
 clnefely miiyl'lhed by them, and gynen them as an eneniic, !■ coidynge to the cdinmon piuuvrbc whii h I'.iyth, 
 Non c aliiina pcrfoiia ji libera, a ,/iiniani/ii il /no h'tuxr//,': Tha' is, ihe.e is no man fo Ine th;il li.iili not his 
 perfect! tour or pryuie enemie. And here wheit 1 conlydcr the maruelous i)ioiiiiliin <• whii h nature iiath g)iu.'n 
 t(> thefe lyttle boddies, I eaule to reinembraimce the witlie fenteiK e of 1' inie, whe-^^ ipe.ik>!ig of fuch lyttle 
 beades, he layth thus. Why doo we inaru.i)le at ihe towreliearynge Ihoulun.i of I'.lephanies, .nid iiot i.Uher 
 where nature hathe placed fo many fences and fuche indudry in luchc lyttle bodilies? where is h'.arynge, 
 fmellynge, I'eeinge, and feeh-rage. ye, where are the v.iyius ami arteries (without whiidi no beade can lyue or 
 moue) in liiefe fo lyttle bodiU^s whereof fmne are to fm.iule that llieyr iiole boddies can fi.arfely be fene of owr 
 
 >3I 
 
 UlMsICL 
 
 11. ril.ili 
 
 189 
 
222 
 
 The liyjlorie of the vvejle Indies. 
 
 y^o 
 
 whichc secliiclh .1 
 kynd uf 
 neiuon. 
 
 kynu u 
 enamel 
 
 eyes, what (liall we then faye of the partes of the fame? Yet euen amonge thefe are there many of fuch fagacitie 
 and indullrye as the lyke is not feene in bealles of greater quantitie, no nor yet in man, etc. But to retume to 
 the hyfiorie. Tliis eneniic wliich nature hath gyuen to thefe lyttle beaftcs, vfeth this maner to aflayle them. 
 Wliun he rcfortethc to tiie hyllockc where the antes lye hid as in theyr fortreflfe, he putteth his toonge to one of 
 the r\f;es whcrof we haue fpoken being as fiibtyle as the edge of a fwoorde, and there with continuall lyckynge, 
 maketh tlie place moyft, the fome and froth of his mouth beinge of fuch propertie that by continual lycking the 
 place, it enlargeth the ryfte in fuch fort by lyttle and lyttle, that at the length he eafely putteth in his toonge 
 whiche he hath very lunge and thynnc, and much difproportionate to his bodye. And when he hath thus made 
 free pad'age for his toonge into the hyllocke to put it eafely in and owt at his pleafure, then he thrulleth it into 
 the hole as farre as he can reache, and fo letteth it rede a good fpace vntyl a great quantitie of the antes (whofe 
 nature reioyfeth in heate and moyfter) haue laden his tonge and as many as he can conteyne in the holowneffe 
 thereof: at which tyme he fuddeynly draweth it into his mouth and eateth them, and retumeth agcyne to the fame 
 praclil'e immcdiatly vntyl he haue eaten as manye as hym lylleth, or as longe as he can reache any with his 
 tonge. The flefihe of this bealle, is fylthy and vnfauery. But by reafun of th[e]extreme (hyftes and neceflitie 
 that the Chrillian men were put to at theyr fyrfl commynge into thefe partes, they were inforced to proue al 
 thynges and fo fel to th[e]eatyng of thefe beafles. Hut when they had founde more delycate meates, they fell 
 into hatred with this. Thefe antes haue th[e]apperaunce of the pla( e of their enteraunce into the hyllocke, 
 vnder the grounde. And this at fo lyttle a hole that it could hardely be founde yf certeyne of them were not 
 feene to paflfe in and owt. But by this way the bcares coulde haue no fuch pourc to hurte them as aboue at 
 the fayde r)'ftes as I haue fayde. There is an other flrangc beafle whiche by a name of contrary cffccte, the 
 .Spanyardes caule Cai;>iiioh /txi^/fro, that is the lyght dogge, wheras it is one f)f the flowefle beafles in the worlde, 
 and fo heauy an<l dull in mou\ nge that it canne fcarfely go fyftie jiafes in a hole day. Thele heades are in the 
 firnie lande, and are very flraunge to beholde for the dilproporti.m that they haue to all other beafles. They 
 are abowte two fpannes in length when they are growne to theyr full byggenelfe. But when they are very 
 younge. they are fumcwhat more groffe then longe. They haue foure fubtyle fiete, and in euery of them foure 
 clawes lyke vnto byrdes, and ioyned togyther. Yet are nother theyr clawes or theyr fiete able to fufleyne theyr 
 bodyes from the grounde. By reafon wherof and by the heauynefi'e of theyr boddies, they drawe theyr bellyes 
 on the grounde. Theyr neckes are hygh and ftreyght and all e<iuall lyke the peftle of a morter, which is 
 altogyther ecjuall euen vnto the toppe withowt makynge any ])roi)ortion or fimilitude of a headde, or any 
 dyfference exceiJte in the noddle. And in the toppes of theyr neckes. they haue verye rounde dices much lyke 
 vnto owles: .\nd haue a marke of theyr owne heare after trt<- iiumer of a ( yrde whiche niakethe theyr faces 
 feeme fumwhat more longe then large. They haue fmaule eyes and rounde: .\nd noflrylles lyke vnto munkeys. 
 They haue lyttle moulhes, and moue theyr neckes frome (jne fyde to an other as thoughe they were aflonyflhed. 
 Theyr chiefe defyre amlilelyte is to deatie and dyckc falle vnto trees or fume other thynL,'e whereby they may 
 <lyme alofte. .\nd therfore for the mofle parte, thefe bealles are founde vpjion trees whi rvnto cleauynge fad, 
 they mountc vj) by lyttle and lyttle, fleyinge them felucs by theyr longe cUwes. The coloure of theyr heare, 
 is betvvene rulTet and whyte, and of the proper coloure of the heare of a wefell. The\ haue no tayles, and 
 theyr voyce is nuuh dyfierynge frome other bealles: for they lynge onely in the nyght: .\nd that continually 
 frome tyme to tyme fyngynge euer fy.xc notes one hygher then an other, fo faulyiige with the fame 'hat the 
 fyrfle note is the hyghed and the other in a bafer tewne .as yf a man fliuld fay La, jW,/ii, mi, re. :■(. So tliis 
 bead fayt'\ /fit, ha, h,i, ha, ha, ha. And doubtelelVe, it feemeth vnto me, th.it as I li.iue fiyde in the chapiter 
 of the bead, r.uiled Bardati, that thofe beades might bee th[e|originall and iio< ument to imbarbe horfes, euen 
 fo the fyrde inuenture of nuifyike myght feeme by the hearynge of this bead to haue tiie fyrft prim iples of that 
 fcyence nther then by any other thynge in the worlde. But nowe to retume to the hydorie: I ixs that in a 
 (horte fiM«e after this Ixade hath foonge and h.ith paufed a whyle, diereturneth .-igeyne to the felfe fime fonge, 
 ami doth this only in the nyght ind not in the day. By reafon wherof and alfo byi aufe of lur euyll fyght, I 
 thynke her to U*- a nyght beafte and the frende of darkenefle. Sumtym< s the L'hridian nienne fynde thefe 
 bealles and brynge theym home \.o theyr IkjuIcs, where alfi; they creepe all.d)o\vte with theyr naturall doweneffc, 
 in fo much that nothe; im threatenynge or pryc kynge they wyll moue any fader iluii tlieyr natural and 
 accudomed pafe. And yf they fynde any trees, they creei)e thythcr immediatly, and mounte to the toppe ot 
 the hyghed braunche thereof, where they remayne continually for the fpace of eyght, or tenne, or twentie diycs 
 without eatyngc of ain tliinge as farre as any man can iudge. And wiieras I my felfe haue kepte theym in my 
 houfe, I coulde ncuer perceaue other but tli.it they l)ue onely of ayer. .Xini of the (aiiie opinion are in maner 
 all men of thole regions, bycaufe they haue neuer feene them eate an) thynge, but euer ttirne theyr heades and 
 mouthes towanle that parte where the wynde bloweth mod: whereby may bee (onfydered that they take mode 
 pleafure in the lyer. They byte not, nor yet can byte, liaujng very lyttle iiKJuthes. Tlu> ire not veiiemons 
 or noyous any way : but altogyther brutiihe and vtterly vnprofytable and without commodiiie yet knowen to 
 
MP' 
 
 I 
 
 T/ie hyjtorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 223 
 
 men, fauynge onely to moue theyr myndes to contemplate th[c]infinitc poure of god, who delyteth in the 
 varietie of creatures, wherby appeareth the poure of liis incomprchenfible wifedome and maieflie fo farre to 
 excede the capat itie of mans vndcrftandynge. 
 
 In thefe regions there are hkewife found certeyne foules or byrdes which the Indians caulc AUatraz. 
 Thefe are much bygger then geefe. The grcateft parte of theyr fethers are of ruflet coloure, and in fume partes 
 yelowe. Theyr bylles or beakes are of two fpannes in length and verye large neare to the heade, and growynge 
 fmaule towarde the poynte. They haue greate and large throtes: And are much lyke to a foule wl.ich I fawe 
 in Flaundcrs in Bruflelles in yowre maiefties pallaice whicii the Flcmynges caule Haina. And I remember 
 that when yowr maicftie dyned one day in yowre great haule there was brought to yowre maiellies prefencc a 
 chauderne of water with certeyne fyfflies alyue, which the faydc foule did eate vp hole. And I thynke verely 
 that that foule was a foule of the fca bycaufe (lice had fiete lykc foulcs of the water as haue alfo thefe Ahatrazi, 
 which are likewyfe foules of the fea : and of fuch greatneffe thai I haue fcene a hole cote of a man put into the 
 throates of one of theym in Panama in the yeare 1521. And lorafmui h as in that coafte of yi/wawrt', there 
 pafleth antl flyeth a greate multitude of thefe Akatrazi beinge a thynge very notable, I wyll declare the maner 
 hereof as not onely I, but alfo dyucrs other nowe prefcnte in yowre maiollies courte haue often tymes feene. 
 Yowre maieflie fliall therfore vnderflande that in this pLuo (as 1 haue fayile before) the fca oi Sttr ryfeth and 
 fauleth two leagues and more from fyxe houres to fyxe hourcs: fo that when it iiicreafelh, the water of the fea 
 arryueth fo neare to the houfes of J'an,ima as dotl'. owre fia (cauled Mare Medilnaiicum) in Barzalona or in 
 Nai)'es. And when the fa\(l increafyiig of the fea conuneth, there coninieth alfo therwith fuch a multitude of 
 the fmaule fyfflies cauled fanlynes, tiiat it is fo inarueylous a thynge to beliolde, that no man woide beleue it 
 that hath not feene it. In fo much that the Cadqiu; (liiat is) the kynge of that land at Inch tyme as I dwelt 
 there, was boiiude dayly as he was cominauiidcd by yowre maieflies gouernour, to brynge ordynaryly three 
 caiioas or barkes full of the fayde fanlynes antl to vnlade the fame in the niarkette place, whiche were after- 
 warde by the ruler of the 1 iiie diuyded . '.nonge the Chrillian men without any cofte or charge to any of them. 
 In fo miuh that yf the i)eople had bin a much greater multitude then they were, and as many as are at this 
 prefente in Toledo or more, and had none other thynge to l)uc by, they myght haue byn fufiiriently fulleyned 
 by Uiefe fardynes, byfydc tli[e]ouerplus whicli lliulde haue remayncd. liut to returne to the foules wherof we 
 haue fpoken. As the fea conimetli, and the fardynes with the fame, euen fo lykewyfe coome the facile 
 Aleatrazzi \\\i:x\\\\\\: and llye continually ouer it in fuche a mnltytude, that they appeare to couer th[elupper 
 l)arte or tloure of \W water. And thus continue in mountynge and faulynge from the ayer to the water, and 
 from the water to the ayer durj-nge all the tynie of theyr f\rihynge. And as foone as they haue taken any of 
 thefe lardynes, Uiey llye abouc the water and eate them incontinently, and fudileynly returne agcyne to the 
 water for more, continuing thus courfe by courfe withowt ceafynge. In lyke maner when the fea (uileth, they 
 folowe there ryfihynge as 1 haue fayde. There goellie alfo in the company of thefe foules, an otiier kynde of 
 foules cauled Coiia iii/oiiata, (that is) the forked tayle, whereof I haue made mention before. And as foone as 
 the Alcatraz mounieth from the water with her pray of the faril)nes, fuddeynly this Coda inJoiaUa gyueth her 
 fo many flrokes, an<l fo perfec uteth lu r, that fliee caufeth her to let faule the fardynes whicli fliee hath in her 
 mouili. The which as foone as they are faulne, and before they yet tou< li the water, the Coda iiijorcaia 
 < atcheth Uiem euen in the faule, in fuche forte that it is a great ple.ifure to beholde the combatte betwene them 
 all the daye longe. I'he number of thefe Akatiaizi is fuch, that the Chryflian menne are accullomed to fend 
 to certeyne llandes and rockes which are neare abowte y;;/,////.?, with theyr boates or barkes to take thefe 
 .-//iTi/// <r;;/ whyle they are yet yoiuigc and can not flye: and kyll as nnny of them with (laues as they wyll, 
 vniyll they iiaue therwith laden theyr barkes v)r canoas. Thefe younge ones are fo fatte and wel fedde that 
 they can not bee eaten. .■\n<i are taken for none other intent but only to make greafe for candels to burne in 
 the nyght, for the whiche purpole it ferueth very well: andg_\ueth a cleare lyght, and burneth eafely. After 
 this maner and for this purpofe, innumerable of them are kylile. And yet it feemeth that the numlK'r of them 
 that fyfrtie for fardynes doo dayly increafe 
 
 There are other foulcs cauled Paffire fein/<ii . that is, finiplo fp nowes. Thefe arc fumwhat leflTe then femewes: 
 and haue theyr fate lyke vnto great nialardes: And llande in the water fumiymes .\nd when the ili\ piies fayle 
 fyftie or a hundreth leaijues abowte the Ilandes, thefe foules beholdynue ilie Ihyppes conimyng i.nv rde them, 
 breake theyr llyght and I'.ude dowiu vpon the fayle )ardes, malles, and rabies tlierof. Anil are fo nmple and 
 folyflie that they lary vntyll they ni.iye eafely be taken with mens handis, and were therefore cauled of the 
 maryners fimple fparowes. 'I'liey ire blacke, and vppon their blacke, haue theyr heade and flioulders of fethers 
 of a darke ruflet coloure. They are not good to bee eaten, althowgh the mariners haue lumtimes bin enforced 
 to eate them. 
 
 There is an other kynde of byrdes in the fyrme lande, whi( h the Cliriliians CMi\c Pieuti, bycaufe they haue 
 very great beakes in refpecte of the lyttleneffe of theyr boddies : For theyr beakes are very heauy and waye 
 
 "3 
 
 191 
 
 Foulcs,.irnl byriltA 
 
 ratiama. 
 
 PtIiSOt Ulllfit, 
 
 192 
 
 PituH. 
 
224 
 
 The hyjlorie of the irvejle Indies. 
 
 I ' 
 
 Fiil\ sslu 
 
 s|uruwc: 
 
 163 
 
 Gtinuoh, 
 
 PiHiadtlU 
 
 \ 
 
 more then theyr hole boddyes byfyde. Thefe byrdes are no 1 ygger then quayles, but haue a much greater 
 buflioment of fethers, in fo much that theyr fcthcrs are more then theyr boddies. Theyr fethers are very fayre 
 and of many variable coloures. Theyr beakes are a quarter of a yarde in length or more, and bendynge downe 
 towarde the earthe, and three fynge* , brode neare vnto the heade. Theyr tonges are very quilles, whenvith they 
 make a great hyflynge. They make holes in trees with theyr beakes, in the which they make theyr nelles. 
 And furely thefe byrdes are maruclous to beholdc for the great differenci whiche they haue from all other byrdes 
 that I haue feene, afwel for theyr toonges (which are quylles as I haue fayde) as alfo for the flrangeneffe of theyr 
 fyght and difproportion of their greate beakes in refpect of the reft, of theyr boddies. There are no byrdes 
 founile that i)rouyde better for the fafegarde of theyr younge in the tyme of theyr brecdynge to bee withowte 
 daungcr of wylde cattcs that they enter not into theyr nclles to deftroye theyr eggcs or younge. And this afwell 
 by the (Iraunge maner of buyldyng theyr neftes, as alfo by theyr ownc defence. And tlierfore when they 
 perceaue that the cattes approche towarde them, they enter into theyr neftes: and holdynge thc)'r beakes 
 towarde ."i[e]enteraunce of the fame, ftande at theyr defence, and fo vexe the cattes that they caufe them to 
 leaue theyr cnterpryfe. 
 
 There are alfo other byrdes or fparowes, whiche the Chrillians by contrary effect caule Matti, that is fooles. 
 Wheras neuertheleffe there is no byrde that (heweth more wyt and crafte in defendynge her younge from perell. 
 'I'hefe byrdes are lyttle and in maner blacke, and fumewhat bygger tlien owre thniflhes. They haue certeyne 
 whyte fethers in theyr neckes, and the lyke fagacitie or fliarpenes ol fenfe as haue the byrdes or pyes cauled 
 Gazzuole. 'J'hey feldome tymes light vppon the earth. They make theyr neftes in trees feparated from other, 
 bycaufe the wylde cattes (cauled Mammoni) are accuftomed to leape frome tree to tree, not defcendynge to the 
 grounde for feare of other beaftcs, excepte when they are enforced by thyrfte to coome downe to drynke at 
 fuche tymes as they are fure not to bee molefted. And for this caufe doo not thefe byrdes make theyr neftes 
 but in trees farre diuyded from other. They make them of a cubctte in length or more, after the maner of 
 bagges or lyttle fackes, large at the bottome, and growynge narower and narower towarde the mouth whereby 
 they are fattened : hauynge the hole whereat they enter into the facke, of fuch byggenes as may onely fuffice to 
 receaue them. And to th[e]ende that the cattes maye not deuoure theyr younge yf they chaunce to mounte 
 vppon the trees where they haue theyr neftes, they vfe an other crafte, which is, to make theyr neftes in thycke 
 braunches of trees, and to defende the fame with fliarpe and ftronge thorns implycate and fet in fuch order that 
 no man is able to make the lykc. So that the cattes can by no meanes put theyr legges into the hole of the 
 nefte to take owte younge byrdes, afwel for the fliarpenes of the themes as alfo for the depth of the neftes, in 
 the bottome wherof, the younge birdes reft withowt daunger of theyr enemie. For fum of theyr neftes beynge 
 three or foure fpannes in lengthe, the legge of the catte can not reache to the bottome therof. They vfe alfo 
 an other pollicie : which is, to make many of theyr neftes in one tree The which they doo for one of thefe two 
 caufes: that is, that eytlicr of theyr owne naturall difpofition they are accuftomed to go in great multitudes, and 
 reioyfe in the com[)any of theyr owne generation as do the byrdes which we caule ftares, or elles to th[e]intent 
 that yf it flioulde fo chaunce that the cattes (hulde clyme the trees where they make theyr neftes, they might 
 bee a greater company to rcfyfte and moleft the cattes, at whofe approcli they make a feareful and terrible cry, 
 wlierby the cattes are put to llyght. 
 
 Furthermore, in the firme land, and in the llandes, there are certeyne byrdes cauled rii/ie or Gazzuole, 
 fumewhat lyke vnto thofe which we caule woodwaules, or woodpeckes, beinge lelfe then owrs of Spaync. 
 Thefe are altogither blacke, anil go hoppynge and leapyng. Theyr beakes are alfo blacke and of the fame 
 faffliyon as are the popingiays beakes. They haue longo tayles, and are fumwhat bygger then ftares. 
 
 There are other byrdes cauled Piiitatie/li, whiche are lyke vnto certeyne greene byrdes whiche the Italyans 
 caule Fringuclli: and are of feuen coloures. Thefe byrdes for feare of tlie cattes, are euer woonte to make 
 theyr neftes oner the bankes of ryuers or the fea, where tlie braiuiches of trees fo reache ouer the water that 
 with a lyttle weyglit they maye bowe downe to the water. Theyr neftes are nia<le fo neare the to})pes of the 
 braunches that when the cattes coome tlieron, the braunches bende towarde tlie water, anil the i altes turne 
 baike ageyne for feare of fan lynge. For althoughe no beafte in the worlde bee more malicious then this, yet 
 whereas the mofte parte of beaftes are naturally inclyned to fwymme, this catte hath no maner of apteneffe 
 thereunto, and is therefore foone drowned or ftrangeled in the water, and by a pryuie fenfe of nature fearcth the 
 daunger which he can not efcape. Thefe byrdes make theyr neftes in fuche forte, that althowgh they bee weete 
 and fylled with water, yet doo they fo fuddenly ryfe vp ageyne, that tlie younge byrdes are not thereby hurte or 
 drowned. 
 
 Tliere are alfo man) nyghtyngales and other l)yrdcs whiche fynge marueloufly with great melodic and 
 dyft^ercnce in fyngynge. Thefe byrdes are of maniclous dyuers coloures the one from the other. Sum are 
 altogither yelowe, and fum other of fo excellente, delectable, and hyghe a coiourc as it weare a rubye. Other 
 are alfo of dyuers and variable coloures : fum of fewe coloures, and other fume all of one coloure : beinge all fo 
 
 
if 
 
 The hyjlone of the vvejte Indies. 
 
 225 
 
 
 fayre and bewtifuU, that in bryghtnefl'e and fhynynge they excell all that are feenc in Spayne, or Italy or other 
 prouinces of Eiiroi)e. Many of thcfe are taken with ncttos, lynie twygges, and fprynges of dyuers fortes. 
 
 Dyuers otlier fortes of greate foiiies lyke vnto I'.agles, and fuche other as lyiie of pray, are founde in tlie 
 finne lande of fuche diuerfitie, that it is in maner impollible to defcrybe them all particularly. And forafmuche 
 as I haue more largely intreated hereof in my generall hyftorie of the Indies, I thynke it not requyfite to make 
 any further mention of the fame. 
 
 C 
 
 Of trees, fruit es, and piantes. 
 
 Cre.it fuiilvH. 
 
 ]Hcrc is bothe in the tirme lande and the llandcs a cirtcyne tree cauled Cocus, beinge a kynd 
 of tlate trees and hauynge theyr leaues of tlie fclf fame greatneffe as haue the date trees 
 which bcare dates, but dyffer much in tlieir growynge. I'or the leaues of this Cocus grow 
 owte of the trunkes of the tree as doo the fyngcrs owt of the hande, wrcathynge them felues 
 one within an other and fo fpreadynge abroile. T'lefe trees are hygh: and arc founde in 
 great plentie in tlie coaAe of the fea of Siir, in the prouince of Cacique L'himaii. 'I'hefe 
 date trees brynge furth a frute after this forte. IJeinge altogyther vnite as it groweth on the 
 tree, it is of greater circumference then the heade of a man. And fioni the fuperficiall parte to the myddell 
 which is the frute, it is inuolued and couered Mith many webbes much lyke vnto tliofe liyrdes of towe w iiiclie 
 they vfe in Amialiijla. (Jf this towe or webLe, the Kafl Indians make a cert-'yne kynde of clothe of three or 
 foure fortes, and cordes for the fayles of f:iypj)es. Lut in thcfe Indies of yowr maieilie, they palTe not for thefe 
 cordes or this clothe that may be made of the frute of Cocus, l;y reafon of the great plentie that they haue of the 
 bombage or cotton of the golfampine tree?, 'i'lie frute which is in the myddell of the fayile towe, is (as I haue 
 fayde) as bygge as a mans fyfte, and fumtymes twyfe as byggc and more. It is in forme, lyke vnto a 
 walnutte, or fum other rounde thyiige fumwhat more lo. ge then large, and very harde. The ryiidc or 
 barke herof, is as thyckc as the cyrcle of letters of a riale of plate. Anu nithin, there clcaueih falle 
 to the rynde of the nutte a carnofitie or fuhRaunce of coornel, of the thyckeneffe of lialfe a fynger or 
 of the leall fynger of the hande: Ancl is vcrye whyte, lyke vnto a fiiyre Alnionde, ami of lutter talle 
 and more pleafaunt. When this fruite is chewed, there reniayne certeyne crunuucs as tlo the Ivkc of alniondes. 
 Yet if it bee fwalowed downe, it is not vnpleafaunt. I'or alihowgh ihat after tin. iewfe or inoylbire bee gonne 
 downe the throte before the fayde crunuucs bee fwaloucd, the rede whichc is eaten feenie fumwliat ^\\\x\\<l or 
 fower, yet doth it not fo greatly ofl'ende the tafte fo as to bee cade away. W'hyle ihis Cmus is yet frcllie and 
 newly taken from the tree, they vfe not to cate of the fayde carnofitie and frute: Bui fyrde beatynge it very much, 
 and then (Iraynynge it, they drawe a niylke thereof, much li-,:'iter and fweeter then is the mylke of bcalles, and 
 of much fubllaunce ; The which the Cliridian men of thofe regions put in the lortes or cakes wliich they make 
 of the grayne oi Mai'^liim wherof they make tlnyr breade, or in other Imade as we put lueade ni porr.ii;e; So 
 that by reafon of the fayde mylke of C('iV/x, the tortes are mo.< c\<elleiu to be eaten wiiliowt ofl'ence to the 
 doniake. They are fo pleafaimte to the tade, and leaue it afwell latiffyeil as tlmwuhe it \\m\ liyii delyted with 
 many delycate (iyflhes. Uut to proceade further, yowre maiedi<; Hnll vnderlLuid, that in the (ilace of the llone 
 or coornell, there is in the inydiled of the fayile carnofitie, a voyde [ilace, wliich neiierthelelli. is full of a mode 
 cleare anil excellent water, in fuch iiuantitic as maye fyll a greate egge diell, or more or Icfie accordyiige to tlie 
 byggenelTe of the Cocus. The which water fuerly, is the mode fulidaiuial, excellent and precious to be diuonke, 
 that maye bee founde in the worlde. In fo much that in the immieiite when it iialTeth the palate of the mouth 
 and begynneth to goo downe the throte it feemelh that fronie the fole of the fo >te to the crowne of the headile, 
 there is no parte of the bodilye but that feelethe great comfort tlierhy ; as it is doutlefle one of the moll excellent 
 thynges that may be faded vppon the eartli, and fuche as I am not able by wrytynge or tooiige to ex|prelle. 
 And to proceade yet furtlier, 1 fay that when the iiieale of this frute is taken from the veffell tlierof, the veflell 
 remayneth as fayre and nette as though it were pullynied: and is without, of colour imlynynge towarde blacke, 
 and fliyneth or glyftereih very fayre. And is within of no lelfe dilicatenefle. Suche as haue accudomed to 
 drynke in thefe veffelles, and h.uie liynne tiowbeled with ilie difeafe cauled tlie frelinge of the giittes, fay 
 that they haue by experience foumle it a maruelous remeilie ageyull that difeafe ; Anil that it breakethe the done 
 and prouokcth vrine. This frute was cauled Cocus for this caufe, that when it is taken from the place where it 
 cleaueth fade to the tree, there are feenc two holes, and aboue them two other natuiall holes, which altogyther, 
 doo rei>refente the giedure and fygure of the cattes cauled Mammoiie, that is, munkeys, when they crye: wliiche 
 crye the Indians cauh^ Coca: Hut in very decile, this tree is a kynd of dale trees: and hath the fame efi'ecte to 
 ktule trctynge of the guttes, tliat I'linie defcrybcth all kyndes of dale trees to haue. 
 
 l.nl.N. I IM 
 
 Cxut. 
 
 194 
 
 1 liaiic scene one 
 nf i! CSC fniitc^ 
 
 o|ttni.»l, llio 
 wlii< lie when it 
 was hi'tr, \f it 
 were hhakrii ilic 
 w.iitr was li.ti.l' 
 sIloj;gC tlicreiti .!•» 
 it were in a iMtille; 
 liiit in tynio it 
 cuiisiirucil ami wa- 
 partly coin;clcti 
 into a i^\\w 
 subbLiuuci:- 
 
 'I 
 
 ■I 
 
226 
 
 The hyjioric of the wcjte Iiniies. 
 
 Great treck 
 
 195 
 
 A nuinielouf tree. 
 
 \ 
 
 Kynillynge of fyre 
 wilhuwt 5're, 
 
 There are furthermore in the firme lamle, trees of fuchc byggenclTc that I dare not fpeake therof but in 
 place where I haue fo many wytneflcs which liauc fcene the fame as wcl as I. I fay thcrfore, that a leaque 
 from DariciHi or tlie citic of SanHii Maria Antii/iia, there palVeth a ryuer very large and diepe, which is cauled 
 Cuti: ouer the which the Indians had layde a t;rt.ate tree fo traucrfmge the fame that it was in the fteade of a 
 brydge, tiie which I my felfe with dyucrs other tliat are at tiiis prefent in yo'.vre maieRies courte, haue often 
 tymcs paffed Oiier. And forafmuch as the fayilc tree had lyne longe there, and by the great weight tiicrof was fo 
 flironke tkrtnewnrde and partcly couered with water that none coulil paffe ouer it but were weete to the knee, 
 I being then in the yeare 1522. th[e]ofticial of lullice in that citie at yowre maicfties a|)poyntemente, caufed an 
 other greate tree to bee layde in that i)lace whiche in lyke nianer trauerfed the ryuer and reached more then 
 fyftie foote ouer the further fydc. This tree was exceadynge greate, and relied aboue the water more then twoo 
 cubytes. In the faule, it call tiowne all fuche other trees as were within the reache therof: And difcouered 
 certeyne vyiies whiche were fo laden with blacke grapes of i)leafaunte tafte, that they fatiffyed more then fyftie 
 perfons whiche eate thcyr fylle therof. This tree in the thyckeft i)arte therof, was more then fyxtene fpannes 
 thicke; And was neuertheleffe but lyttle in refpect of many other trees which are founde in this prouince. For 
 the Indians of the coafle and prouince of Carta;^eiiia, make barkes or boates therof (which they caule Canoas,) of 
 fuch byggeneiTe, beinge all of one hole tree, that fume conteyne a hundreth men, fume a hundreth and thirtie, 
 ■ind fume more, h.iuynge neuerlhelelTe fuche voyde fpace witiiin the fame, that there is leftc fufticiente roome 
 to patfe to and fro through owte all the Canoa. Sum of thefe are fo large byfyde the length, that they conteyne 
 more then tenue or twelue fpannes in breadth, and fayle with twoo fayles as with the mailer fayle and the 
 trinkette wiiich they make of verye good cotton. The greatefl trees that I haue feene in thefe partes or in 
 anye other regions, was in the prouince of Ciiatiiro, the kynge wherof rebellynge from th[e]obedience of yowre 
 maiellie, was peri'ued by me and taken pryfoner: At whiche tyme I with my comi)any, pafled ouer a very hygh 
 mountuyre fu! of great trees, in the toppe wherof we fountle one tree whiche had three rootes or rather 
 diuifions of the roote aboue the earth i.i forme of a tryangle or triuettc ; fo that betwene euery foote of this 
 triangle or three feete, there was a fpace ot tMentie foote betwene euery foote. And this of fuch heyght aboue 
 the earthc, that a laden carte of thofe wh.erewith they are accullomed to brynge home come in the tyme of 
 haruell in the kyngedome of Tokdo in Spayne, myght cafely haue paflfed throwgh euery of thofe particions or 
 wyndowes whiche were betwene \\\t three feete of the fayd tree. From the earth vpwarde to the trunke of the 
 tree, the open places of the dyuifions betwene thefe three feete, wert of fuche heyght from the grounde, that a 
 footeman with a iauelyn was not able to reach.e to tiie placi; where tl'c fayde feete ioyned togythcr in the trunke 
 or body of the tree which grcwe of great height in one [liece and one hole body, or euer it fpredde in braunches, 
 which it did not before it exceaded in heyght the towre of faynt Romane in the citie of Toledo: from whiche 
 heyght ami vpwartle, it fpreade very greate and ftruiige braunches. Amonge certeyne Spanyardes which 
 tlymed this tree, I my felfe was one. .\nd when I was afcended to the place where it begunne to fpreade the 
 branches, it was a maruelous thing to bcholdc a greate countrey of fuche trees towarde the prouince of 
 Abrayme. Tliis tree was eafy to cljine, by reafon of certeyne Bejiichi (wherof I haue fpoken before) which 
 grcwe wreathed aboute the tree in fuche forte that they feemed to make a fcalynge ladder. Kucry of the 
 forelayde three fcile which bore the l.<aldie of llu tree, was twentie fpannes in thyckeneffe. And where they 
 ioyned al togyther aboue in the trunke or botldye of the tree, the principall trunke was more then fortie and 
 fyue fpannes in cin uitc. I named the niouatayne where thefe trees grow, tiie mountayne of three footed trees. 
 And this which I luue now declared, was fcene of all the cum[)anye that was there with me when (as I hau»' 
 fayde before) I tookc kynge Guatitiv pryfoner in the )eare 1522. Many th)nges more myght here bee fpoken 
 as touchynge this matter, as alfo liowe there are many otlicr excellent trees founde of dyuers fortes and dytference, 
 as fwecte Cedcr trees, blacke date trees, and many other; of the whit h fum are fo heauy tiiat they can not llote 
 aboue the water but fynke inunediatly to the bottonie. And other ageyne as light as a corke. As touchynge 
 all whiche thynges I haue tten more largely in my j^eiierall hyllorie of the Indies. 
 
 .\ml forafnuK h as at inis prefent I haue entered to intreate of trees, before 1 pafle any furth-.-r to other 
 thynges, I wyl declare the maner howe the Indians kyndle fyre, only with woodde, and without fyre, the maner 
 wherof IS this. They take a piece of woodde of two fpannes in Icnglhe, as bvgge as the lealle fynger of a mans 
 hand«. or as an arrowe well pullyllhed, and of a llronge kynde of woodde whiche they keepe onely for this 
 purjx'le. -■ nd where they intende to kyndle any fyre, they take two other pieces of woodde of the ilryell and 
 iyghtell th.U tliey can fynde, and Innde them fall togyther one with an other as clofe as two fyngers ioyned. 
 In the niyddell or betwene thefe, they put the poynt of ihe lyrlle lyttle llafle made of harile and llronge wood 
 which they hold in thevr handes by the tojipc thereof, and terne or rubbe it roimde aboute continually in one 
 l)lace lietwene the two pieces of wooddi .vhuh lye boundc togyther vppon the earthe, which by that vnccflant 
 niWtyn^.tnd chafynge, are in fhort fjwce l^ ntleled and take fyer. 
 
 I haue alfo thought ^^ooil here to Ipc ik^ fumwhat of luch thynges as counnne 10 niy reiuemberaunce of 
 
The hyjloric of the wejle Indies. 
 
 227 
 
 certeync trees which are founde in this landc, and fuinctyme alfo the lyke hauc bynne feene in Spayne. Thefe 
 are certeyne putrifyeil troonkes which haue lyne fo longe rottyng on the earth that they are verye whyte and 
 fliyne in the nyght lyke bumynge fyre brandcs. And when the Sjxinyardes fynde any of this woodde, and 
 intcnde priuily in the nyght to make warn- and inuade any prouince when rafc fo retiuyrcth that it flialbe 
 necelTary to go in tlic nyght in fiirhc places where they knowe not the way, the fornioft Chridian man whiche 
 guydcthe the wayc, affociate with an Indian to <iirecte hym therein, taketh a lyttle ftarrc of tlie fayde woodde, 
 which he putteth in his cappe hangynge behyndc on his fliouldcrs, by the lyght wherof he that foloweth nexte 
 to him, directcth his iourncy, who alfo in lyke maner beareth an other flarre behynde hym, by the fliynyngc 
 whereof the thyrde foloweth the fanie waye, and in lyke maner do al the reft, fo that by this meanes none are 
 lofte or ftragle owte of the way. And forafmuche as this l)ght is not feene very farre, it is the better poUicie 
 for the Chryftians bycaiife they are not thereby difclofetl before they inuade theyr enemies. 
 
 Furthermore as touchynge the natures of trees, one particular thynge feemeth woorthy to bee noted, 
 wherof Plinie maketh mention in his natural hyftorye where he faythe that there are certeyne trees which 
 contynewe euer greene and neuer lofe theyr leaues, as the baye tree, the Ceder, the orange tree, and the ol) iie 
 tree with fuch other, of the whidie in all togyther he nameth not pafte fyue or fyxe. To this purpofe, I faye, 
 that in the Ilandes of thefe Indies, and alfo in the firme lande, it is a thynge of muche difhcultie to fynde tuoo 
 trees that lofe or caft theyr leaues at any tyme. For althowgh I haue diligentely fearched to knowe the 
 trcwthe hereof, yet haue I not feene any that lofe theyr leaues, eyther of theym which we haue browght owt of 
 Spayne into thefe regions, as Orange trees, Limons, Ceders, Palmes, or date trees and Pomegranate trees, or of 
 any other in thefe regions exccpte onely Gtffia, which lofeth his leaues and hath a greater thynge approjjriate 
 to it felfe onely: whiih is, that whereas all other trees and plantes of India fpreade theyr rootes no dieper in 
 the earthe then the dipth of a mans heyght or fumewhat more, not defcendyng any further into the ground by 
 reafon of the greate heate whii h is found bencth that depth, yet dooth Caffia pearce further into the grounde 
 vntyl it fynd water: whiche by the Phylofophers opinion flioulde be the caufe of a thynne and watery radycalt 
 moyfter to fuchc thynges as drawe theyr nuryfliement therof, as fat and vnctuous groundes with temperate 
 heate, yelde a faft and firnie mo\ fture to fuchc thynges as growe in them, whiche is the caufe that fuche trees 
 lofe not theyr leaues, as the fayde thynne and wateryfihe moyfturc is caufe of the contrarie, as appearethe by 
 the fayde effecte which is feene onely in Ctifjiii, and none other tree or plantc in all thefe parties. 
 
 € Of Rccdcs or Caiics. 
 
 ITaue not thon^'ht it conuenient in the chapiture before to fpe.nke of that whereof I intcnde 
 nowe to entreate of, reedes or canes, to th[e]intente tliat I wootde not mengic llieym with 
 plantes or trees, beinge thynges of them felues woorthy to bee particularly obferued. So it 
 is tlierfore, that in the linncland iliere are many furtes of ree<lcs, fo that in many places they 
 make theyr howfes therof couerynge them with the toppes of the fame, and makynge their 
 waules of them in lyke maner, as I haue fay<le before. And amonge thefe kyndes of reedes, 
 there is one fo greate, that the canes thervif are as bygge as a mans legge in the knee, 
 ami three fpannes in length froine ioynt to iuynt or more: in fo much that euery of them is of capacitie to 
 conteyne a lyttle bucket of water. In this kynde, there are founde fum greater and fum leflTe, of the which fum 
 they vfe to make quyuers for arrowes. There is founde an other kynde whiih fuerly is m.irueylous, beynge 
 iyttle bygger then a lauelen, tlu- ranes whereof are longer then twoo fpannes. Thefe reedes growe one farre 
 from an other, as fum tyines twentie or tliirtie pafes, anil fumetymes alfo twoo or three leai|ues. They growe 
 in maner in all i)rouyn(:es in the Indies: And growe nere to very hygh trees wherunlo they leane, ami ireepe 
 vp to the tojiiies of theyr braunches, which they imbrafe and defcende ageyne downe to the earth. Theyr 
 canes are full of mofte cleare water without any maner of tall or fauoure eyther of the < anes or of any oilier 
 thynge: And fuche as yf it were taken owte of the freffliefte fprynge in the winde. Nor yet is it knowen that 
 euer it hurte any that dioonke therof. For it hath oltentymes fo chaunced that as the Chryften men haue 
 trauayleil in thefe regious in defolate wayes where for lacke of water they haue byn in great daunger to dye 
 for thyrlle, they haue eft aped that pereil by reafon that they foumle the fayde reedes, of the water of whofe 
 canes they haue droonke a great (piantiiie withowt any hurte diereij' enfewyngc. Therefore when they fynde 
 thefe in any )ila(i', they make water velVelles of the canes therof, and cary as many of them ful of water as may 
 fuHice for one dayes iornay. .And fumtyme they cary fo many, that they take for euery man two or three 
 (juartes of water which may feme them for many dayes bycaufe it iloth not corniptc, but remaynethe ftyll frefflie 
 and giHxI. 
 
 PulrifieJ woodde 
 kliyiiyng in Ihe 
 nyithl. 
 
 loe 
 
 rlinlf. 
 
 Trceii which 
 L'ontimic vlKT 
 grvcnc 
 
 Ciisria. 
 
 A -sccrcatc tliyngc 
 
 R.idycall 
 niuyhtiire. 
 
 197 
 
 :i 
 
228 
 
 The hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 riatani. 
 
 Ptar» 
 
 108 
 
 Bihaoi. 
 
 Hanat. 
 
 Dying uf cotloii. 
 
 There are alfo ccrteine plantcs which the Chrillians caul riatani. Thcfc are as hygh as trees, and become 
 as bypf;c in the tninke as the knee of a man or more. Frome the foote to the toppe, they beare certeyne longe 
 and large loaues, beinge more then tliree fpanncs in largcncs, and about ten or twelue in length : The whiche 
 when they arc broken of the wyndc, tlie ftalkc rcmayncth hole in the myddeft. In the myddcfte of this plant in 
 the hyghell parte thereof, there growcth a duller with fortie or fyftie Platans abowt it, euery of tluin beinge a 
 fl)anne and a halfe in length, and as bygge as a mans arnie in the fmaulc, or more or leffc accordynge to the 
 goodncfle of tlic foyle wlierc they growc. They hauc a rynde not very thyckc, and cafy to bee broken : being 
 within nhogitlicr full of a fuliflaunce lykc vnto the maryc of the bone of an oxe as it appeareth when the rynde 
 or barke is taken frome the fame. This cludcr owght to bee taken from the plant, when any one of the Platans 
 begynne to ai)i)ere yelowe. At whicli tyme they take it and hange it in thcyr houfcs where all the chiller waxeth 
 rype with his Platans. This rluftcr is a very good fnitc: And when it is opened and the r)'nde taken of, there 
 arc fountle within it many good dryc fjggcs wliich beyngc rolled or ftcwcd in an oucn in a clofc pot or fum 
 fuche other thyngc, are of plealauntc talk- niuche lyke the conferuc of hony. They putrifie not on the fea fo 
 foone as fume other fnites do: but continue fyftecnc dayes and more yf they bee gathered fumwhat greene. 
 They fccmc more delycate on the fea then on the landc, not for that they any thinge increafe in goodncfle on 
 the fe.i, but bycaufe that whereas on the fea other thynges arc lackyng wherof is plcntic on the land, thofe 
 meatci fcenie of Iieftc tallc which fatiffie i)refentc neceffitie. This troonke or fprygge whiclie bryngeth foorth 
 the fa/de cludcr is a hole ycare in growyng and brynging foorth fnitc. In whiche tyme it hath put foorth 
 rounde abowte it tcnne or twcluc fprjgges as bygge as the fyrll or principall, and multiplicth no lefle then the 
 pryncipall in bryngynge foortlie of chillers with frutcs lykewyfe at thcyr tyn>c, and alfo in bryngyngc foorth other 
 and many fpryggcs as is fayde l)eeft)re. I'Yom the which fpryggcs or trunkcs, as foone as the cludcr of the frute 
 is taken away, the jilante begynnetli to dryc and wyther, which then they lake owt of the grounde bycaufe it 
 doth none other then occupie it in vaync and without profyt. They arc fo many and doo fo marueloully increafe 
 and multiplic, tiiat it is a thynge in maner incredible. They are exccadynge moyftc. In fo much that when 
 they are plucked \p from the jjlace wher they grow, there ifflieweUi forth a great (juantitic of water as well owte 
 of tlie plante as owte of the jjlace where it grewe: In fuch forte that all the moydure of the earth farre abowte, 
 myghi fecme to bee gathered togyther abowte the trunke or blockc of the faytle plante: with the frutes whereof, 
 the antes are fo farre in loue, tiiat they are fecne in great multitudes in the branches of the plantcs. So that for 
 the multitude thereof it funietyme fo cliaunceth tiiat men are inforced to take away the Platans frome thcyr 
 polTcllion. Tliefe frutLS are founde at all tymes of the yeare. 
 
 There is alfo an other kyiid of wyld jjlantes that growcth in the fyeldes: which I hauc not fecne but in the 
 Ilande of Ilifpaniola, altliowgh they be founde in other Il.indes of the Indies. Thcfc they caule Tunas. They 
 growe of a tliidlc full of thornes, and hryiige foorth a frute imidie lyke vnto great fygges, which hauc a crownc 
 lyke medlers, and are within of a hy^Iic coloure, with grayiies and the rynde lyke vnto a fygge. They are of 
 good tade: And growe alnindantly in tlie fyeldes in many ])laces. They woorke a draunge elTecte in fuche as 
 eate them. For if a manne eate two or three or more, they caufe his vrine to bee of the verye coloure of 
 bludde, which tiiynge chaunced once to my felfe. At whiche tyme as I made water and fawc the colour of my 
 vrine, I entered into a great fufpition of my lyfe, beinge fo adonyflhed for fcare, that I thought the fame had 
 ihaunccd to me vpon fum other caufe. In fo muche that furely my imagination myght hauc doone me hurte, 
 but that they whiche were with me dyil comforte me immediatly, declarynge the caufe liierof as they knewe by 
 experience beinge auncient inhabitours in thofe regions. 
 
 There growcth alfo an other plante whiche the jjcoiilc of the countrey caule Biliaos. This putteth forth 
 certeyne dreight braunches and very brode leaues which the Indians vfe for dyuers purpofes. For in fum places 
 they couer thcyr houfcs with the leaues therof cowched and layde after the maner of thetche, wherunto it ferueth 
 very well. Suiutymes alfo when it rayneth, they cad thefe oucr thcyr hcades to defende theim from the water. They 
 make alfo certeyne i hcdes whiche they caule J/iJiuis, weaned after a draunge forte and intennixt with the leaues 
 of this lUhaos. Thefe chedes are wrought in fuch fort, that altiiough it rayne vpon them, or they chaunce to 
 faille into the water, yet are not fuch thynges wette as arc within tiicni. They are made of tiie braunches of the 
 fayde Biliaos with the leaues weaned togyther therwith. In thefe they kecpe falte and other fubtyle thynges. 
 They vfe theym alfo for an other purpofc, which is this: That findyng them in tlie fieldes at fuch tyme as they 
 hauc fcarfenefle of vyttaylcs, they djggc vp the rootes of thefe jilantes whyle they are yet younge, or eate the 
 plante it felfe in that parte wiiere it is mode tender, which is from a foote vnder the grounde, where it is as 
 tender and whyte as a leede or bulrufflie. 
 
 And forafmuch as wee are nowe coomme to th[e]end of this narration, it commeth to my reniemberaunce to 
 make mention of an other thynge which is not farre from my purpofc. And this is howe tiie Indians do ftayne 
 or dye cloth of bombage cotton, or any other thynge which they intende to dye of dyuers colourcs : as blacke, 
 tawny, greene, blcwe, yelowe, and redde, whiche they doo with the barkes or ryndes, and leaues of certeyne trees, 
 
 1-A 
 
The hyjloric of the wcjtc IihHcs. 
 
 whiche they knowe by experience to bee good for this practife. Ami by this arte they make colours in fiich 
 perfection and cxceilencie that no better can bee diuyfcti. Hut this fecnath a flraimge thyiij^c, that they doo 
 all this in one felfe fame velVell; So that when they haue cuifed the fiyile ryndcs ami Icaues to boyle toj^yther, 
 they make in the fame veflell without any chaunge (as I haue fayde) as many colours as them lylleth. Whiche 
 thynge I fuppofe to coomme to paffe by the difpofition of the roloure whiche they haue fyrllc gyuen to the 
 thynge that they intendc to dryc or colour, whether it bee threetle, wcbbe, or clothe, or au) thynge that they 
 intende to coloure. 
 
 € Of vencmous apples loherwith they poyfon thcyr ayrcnves. 
 
 IHe apples wherewith the Indian Canibales inuenenie theyr arrowes, growe on certeyne trees 
 couered with many braimches ami leaues beinge very gruene and growyng thicke. 'I'hey are 
 latlen with abundaunce of thefe euyll frutes, and haue theyr leaues lykc the leaues of a pearc 
 tree, but that they are lefle and rounder. The frute is much lykc the mufradell jjcares of 
 the Ilande of .Sicilie or Naples in forme and byggeneile: And arc in fum paries ftcyned with 
 redde fpottes, and of very fweete fauoure. 'I'hefc trees for the mofle i)arte, growe euer by 
 the fea coaftes and neare vnto the water: Ami are fo (ixyre and of pleafaunte fauour, that 
 there is no man that feethe theyni but wyll defyre to eatc therof. 
 
 In fo much that if it may bee fpoken of any frute yet growynge on the earth, I wolde faye that this was 
 the vnhappy frute wherof owre fyrfte i)arcntes Adam and Kue tafled, whcrby they both lofl theyr f-.-licitie and 
 procured death to them and theyr pofteritie. Of thefe frutes, and of the grcate antes whofe bytynge caufcth 
 fwellynge (whereof I haue fpoken els where) and of the eutes or lyfartes, and vypers, and fuch other venemous 
 thynges, the Canibales which are the chyefc archers amonge the Indians, are accuftomed to poyfon theyr ariowes 
 whenvith they kyll all that they wounde. 
 
 Thefe venemes they mengle togytherand make thereof a blacko malTc or compofition whi< h ajipeareth lyke 
 vnto very blacke pytche. Of this poyfon I caufed a great (juantilie to be burnt in SanHa Maria Autiqua in a 
 place two leaques and more within the lande, with a grcate multitude of thcyr inucnemed arrowes and other 
 munition, with alfo the houfe wherein they were referued. This was in the ycare. 1514. at fut lie tyme as 
 th[e]army arriued there with capitayne Pcdiarias tta villa at the commaundemente of the Catholyke kynge 
 Don Ferdimindo. But to returne to the hyftory. Thefe apples (as I haue faid) growe neare vnto the fea. And 
 whcras the Chriftians which feme yowr maieftie in thefe parties, fupfiofe that there is no remedy fo profytable 
 for fuche as are wounded with thefe arrowes, as is the water of the fea if the wounde be much wafllied therwith, 
 by which means fum haue efcaped although but fewe, yet to faye the trewthe, albeit the water of the fea haue a 
 certeyne cauftike qualitie ageynft poyfon, it is not a fuflicient remedy in this cafe; nor yet to this day haue the 
 Chriftians perceaued that of fiftie that haue byn wounded, three haue riioucrcd. Hut that yowr maicdie may 
 the better confyiler the force of the vcneme of thefe trees, yowe lliall further vnderftamlc that yf a man doo but 
 repofe hym felfe to fleepe a lyttle whyle vmler the fliadow of the fame, he hath his head and eyes fo fwolne 
 when he ryfcth, that the eye lyddes are ioyned with the chckts. And if it chaunce one droppe or more of the 
 dewc of the fayde tree to faule into the eye, it vtterly deftroyeth the fyght. The pertilent nature of this tree is 
 fuch that it can not bee declared in fewe woordcs. Of thefe there growetii grcate i)lentie in the goulfe of Vraki 
 towarde the North coafl on the Wefte and Iville fyde. The wood of thefe trees when it burneth, maketh fo 
 grcate a ftynke that noo man is able to abyde it. by reafon it caufeth fo great a peyne in the heailde. 
 
 Amonge other trees which are in thefe Indies as well in the llandes as in the firme lande, there is an other 
 kynde which they caule Xagiia, wherof there is great i)lentie. They are very hygli and ftreygiit, and fayre to 
 beholde. Of thefe they vfe to make pykes and iauelyns of dyucrs iengthes and byKgeneHTe. They are of a fayre 
 colour betwene ruffette and whyte. This tree br)ngeth foorth a grcate frute as byj;ge as Papauer or poppie and 
 much lyke therunto. It is very good to be eaten when it is ry|)e. Owte of this tiiey gette a very cleare water 
 wherwith they wafllie theyr legges and fumetymes all theyr botUlyes when they feele theyr flefflie werye, faynt, 
 or loofe. The which water, byfyde that it hath a byndynge (lualitie. it hath alfo this propertie, that what fo 
 euer it toucheth, it fteyneth it blacke by lyttle and lyttle vntyll it bee as bhu ke as giette, which coloure can not 
 be taken away in lefle fpace then tennc or twelue dayes. And if the nayle bee but touched therwith, it is fo 
 fleined that it can by no meanes bee taken away vntyll it eythcr faule of, or growe owte and bee clyppcd away 
 by lyttle and lyttle, as I my felfe haue oftentymes fecne by experience. 
 
 There is another kynde of trees which they call HM. Thefe are very great and fayre, and caufe holfome 
 ayer where they growe and a pleafaunt (hadow, and are founde in great abundaunce. Thcyr frute is very good, 
 
 T 2 j;q 
 
 229 
 
 A Ainunge thynge. 
 
 Noe*-. 
 
 Canibales .iri hicr*. 
 
 Wherwiih ihcy 
 inticnym thc[ilr 
 arrowes 
 
 199 
 
 fetrns Aritn. 
 
 The water lit Che 
 
 I'tic gulllf l>f 
 
 Vraba. 
 
 Xaf^- 
 
 /Mi. 
 
 Sum Ihjiikc thve 
 
 to be inirob*l.uio& 
 
 1 
 
 ■i 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 'I 
 
 n 
 
230 
 
 Date trceik 
 
 Threlinlialitt.intci 
 of ihe tea of Sur. 
 
 200 
 
 An herb ih ii 
 bc.ircthe curUci. 
 
 Cahuiti and 
 IffneqtuH, 
 
 A »tr.iung[c] 
 lliinge. 
 
 Lcauet. 
 
 A leafe of great 
 venue 
 
 M 'i 
 
 The hyjloric of the wcjle Indies. 
 
 and of good ta(l and fauoure, and much lykc vnto certeyne damfons or primes beinge lyttle and yclowe. But 
 theyr (lone is very great : by reafon whcrof tlicy haue but lyttle meate. Tiicyr barke or ryndc boylcd in water, 
 makcth a holfomc bathe for the leg^'cs, bycaufe it bindeth and (leycth the loofenelTe of the flcffiie fo fencibly 
 that it is a manieyle to confydcr. It is fucrly a holfome and excellent bathe ageynft fuch fayntneffe : And is 
 the befte tree that may bee foundc in thofe parties to flcepe vnder. For it caufcth no heauincfle of the headdc 
 as doo dyucrs other trees. Whiche thynge I fpcakc bycaufe the Chriftians are muche uccuflomed in thofe 
 regions to lye in the fyeldes. It is thcrfore a common prartifc anionge them, that where fo euer they fynd 
 thefe trees, there they fpreadc theyr mattrelTcs and beddes whcrin they flecjie. 
 
 There are alfo a kynde of hyghe date trees and full of thomes. The woodde of thefe is mode excellent : 
 beinge very blacke, and fhynynge, and fo heauy that no parte thereof can fwymme aboue the water, but fynketh 
 immediatly to the bottome. Of this woodde they make theyr arrowes and dartes : Alfo iauelyns, fpcares, and 
 pykes. And I faye pykes, bycaufe tliat in the coaftcs of the fea of Sur, beyonde Efyurgiia and Vrac/ta, the 
 Indians vfe great and longe pykes made of the woodde of thefe date trees. Of the fame lykewyfe they make 
 clubbes and fwoordes and dyuers other weapons. Alfo veffelles and houfliolde ftuffe of dyuers fortes very fayre 
 and commodious. Furthermore of this woodde the ChriAians vfe to make dyuers muficall indrumentes, as 
 clarifimbals, lutes, gytcrns, and fuche other, the whiche byfyde theyr fayre fliynynge coloure lyke vnto giete, are 
 alfo of a good founde and very durable by reafon of the hardneflfe of the woodde. 
 
 After tliat I haue fayde thus much of trees and plantes, I haue thought good alfo to fpcnke fumwhat of 
 hcrbes. You fliall therefore vnderllande that in thefe Indies there is an herbe much lyke vnto a yclowe lyllie, 
 abowte whofe leaues there growe and crecpe certeyne cordes or laces, as the lyke is partly feene in the herbe 
 which we caule lafed fauery. But thefe of the Indies are muche bygger, and longer: and fo (Ironge that they 
 tye theyr hangynge beddes thereby whiche they caulc Ilamacas wherof we haue fpoken elfwhere. Thefe 
 cordes, they caule Cabuia and Jfenci;uen, which are al one thing fauyngc that Henequen is Icffe and of a fyner 
 fubdaunce as it were line: And the other is grolTer lyke the wycke or twyde of hempe, and is im])erfecte in 
 comparifon to the other. They are of coloure betwene whyte and yclowe lyke vnto abarne, and fum alfo 
 whyte. With flenet/iicn whiche is the mode fubtyle and fyne threede, the Indians fawe in funder fetters, 
 cheynes, or barres of Iron in this nianer. They moue the threede of Henequen vppon the iren which they 
 intcnde to faw or cutte, drawynge the one hande after the other as doo they that fawe, puttynge euer nowe and 
 then a portion of fyne fande vppon the threede, or on the place or parte of the Iren where they continue 
 rubbynge the fayde threede. So that yf the threede be wome, they take an other, and continewe in theyr 
 woorke as before vntyl they haue cutte in funder the iren although it bee neuer fo bygge : and cut it as yf it 
 were a tender thynge and eafye to bee fawne. 
 
 And for afmuch as the leaues of trees may bee counted amonge hcrbes, I wyll here fpeake fumewhat of 
 the qualitie of the leaues of certeyne trees which arc founde in the Hand of Hifpaniola. Thefe trees are fo full 
 of thomes, that there is no tree or plante that feemeth more wylde and deformed : fo that I can not well 
 determyne whether they bee trees or plantes. They haue certeyne braunches full of large and deformed 
 leaues, which braunches were fyrde leaues lyke vnto the other. As the braunches made of thefe leaues growe 
 foorthe in length, there commcth other leaues of them. So that in fine it is a dyfficult thyng to dcfcrybe the 
 forme of thefe trees except the fame fliulde bee doone by a paynter wherby the eye myght conceaue that 
 wherein the toonge fayieth in this bchalfe. The leaues of this tree are of fuch vertue, that beyng well beaten 
 anil fpreadde vppon a cloth after the maner of a playder, and fo layde to a legge or arme that is broken in 
 many pieces, it healeth it in fyftenc daycs, and makcth it as liole as though it had neuer byn broken. Durynge 
 the tyme of this operation, it cleaueth fo fad to the flefihe that it can not without much difiicultie bee taken 
 away. But as foone as it hath healed the fore and wrought his operation, it loofeth it felfe from the place where 
 it was layde, as I my felfe and dyuers other which haue proued it, knowe by experience. 
 
 € Offyfjltes and of the maner of fyffhynge. 
 
 X the fea coades of the firme lande, there are dyuers and fundry kyndes of fydlies muche 
 diflferynge in (hape and fonne. And althoughe it be impodible to fpeake of all, yet wyll I 
 make mention of fum. And fyrft to begynne at fardynes, yowe fliall vnderdande that there 
 is founde a kynde of thefe fyfflies very large and with redde tayles, beinge a very delicate 
 fyfflic. The bedc kyndes of other fyfihes are thefe: Moxarre, Diahace, Brettes, Dahaos, 
 Thornbackes, and Salmons. All thefe and dyuers other which I do not now remember, arc 
 taken in great (|uantitie in ryuers. There are lykewyfe taken very good creuyflhes. There 
 
 I 
 
n 
 
 The hyjloric of the wejlc Indies. 
 
 231 
 
 are alfo foundc in the fea, ccrtcyne other fyfflics: as foles, mackcrellcs, turbuttcs, Pa/amitf, Lizzc, ro//>i, Chief pf, 
 Xaibas, Locuftcs, Oyflcrs, exceadynge great Tortoyfos, and Tibiironi of maruclous Ijyugcneffe: Alfc* Manatcs, 
 and Murene, and manye other fyflhcs which haue no names in cure language. And thefe of fuch diucrfitie 
 and quantitie as can not bee exprefled without large wrytynge and longe tyme. But to lot paffe to intrcatc 
 particulerly of the muhitudc of fyffhes, I intende to fpeake chiefcly and fumwhat largely of three fortes of mode 
 notable fyffhes: wherof the fyrft is, the great Tortoyfes, the feconde is cauled Tiburon, and the thyrde Manate. 
 And to begynne at the fyrfte, I faye that in the llande of Cuba, are founde great Tortoyfes (whicli are certeyne 
 (hell fyflhes) of fuch byggenefle that tenne or fyfteene men are fcarfely able to lyfte one of them owt of the 
 water, as I haue byn informed of credible perfons dweilynge in the fame llande. Hut of that which I my felfe 
 haue feene, I can teftifie that in the firme lande in the vyllage of Ada there arc of this forte fum taken and 
 kyllcd of fuche byggenes that fixe men with much tiifticultie coulde fcarfely drawe them owt of the water. And 
 commonly the Icaft fort of them are as much as two men may cary at a burden. That which I fawe lifted vp 
 by fyxe men, had her fliell a yarde and a (juarter in length, and in breadth more then fyue yardes. The maner 
 of takynge them, is this. It fumtymes chaunceth that in theyr groate nettes (whichc they caule flioote nettes) 
 there are founde certeyne Tortoyfes of the common forte in great quantities. And when they coome owt of the 
 fea and bringe foorth theyr egges and go togyther by coompanics from the fea to feade on the lande, the 
 Chriftians or Indians folowe theyr (leppes whiche they fynde in the fande, and foone ouertake them bycaufe 
 they are very heauy and flowe in goynge, although they make all the hade they can to returne to the fea as 
 foone as they efpie any boddie. Wiien they that purfewe them haue ouertaken tiieni, they put a flake or flaffe 
 vnder theyr Icgges and ouerturne them on tlieyr backes as they are yet runnynge, fo that they can go no further 
 nor yet ryfe ageyne or tume. And thus they fuffer them to lye llyll whyle they fulowe after the refle which 
 they ouerturne in lyke maner : And by this meanes take very manye at fuche tymes as they coome furth of the 
 fea as 1 haue fayde. This fyfflie is very excellent and holfome to be eaten, and of good tallc. The feconde of 
 the three fyftlies wherof I haue fpoken, is the Tiburon. This is a very greate fyftlie and very (juicke and 
 fwifte in the water, and a cruell deuourer. Thefe are often tymes taken, afwe 1 when the fliiiipes are vndcr 
 fayle in the Ocean, as alfo when they lye at anker, or at any other time, and efpccially the leade kynd of thefe 
 fillhcs. Wiien the fliippes are vnder fayle, the biggeft forte are taken after this maner. When the Tiburon 
 feeth the fliippe failinge he foloweth it fwymmynge behynde. The which thinge the mariners feeinge, cade 
 furthe all the fyllhe of the diippe into the fea for the fyfflie to eate, who neuerthelelTe foloweth them with etjual 
 pafe although they make neuer fuch hade wyth full wynd and fiiiles, and waloweth on euery fyde and about the 
 fliyppe: And thus foloweth it fumetyme for the fpace of a hundreth and fydie leaijues and more. And when 
 the mariners are difpofed to take them, they cad downe by the tlernc of the fhii>pe, a hoke of yren as bigge as 
 the bigged finger of a mans hande of three fpannes in lengthe and crooked like a fyflliehooke with beardes 
 accordinge to the bignefTe thereof, and flitlened to an iren chayne of fyue or fyxe linkes neare vnto ti)[e]ende, 
 and from thenfe tyed with a greate rope, fadening alfo on the hooke for a bayte, a piece of fum fiffhe, or hogges 
 fleflh, or fum other flefllie, or the bouwelles and intralles of an other Tiburon whiche they haue taken before, 
 whiche may eafely bee doone, for I haue feene nyne taken in one day. And if they wolde haue taken more, 
 they myght alfo. Thus when the Tiburon hath plealiiuntly folowed the (hip a longe viage, at the lengthe he 
 fwaloweth the baite with the hooke. And afwell by his dryuinge to tlye or efcape, as alfo by the fwifte pafTage 
 of the diyppe, the hooke oucrthwarteth and catcheth hold of his chappes. The which fifdie when it is taken, it 
 is of fuche huge biggenelTe that twelue or fyfeteene men are fcarcely able to drawe it owt of the water and lifte 
 it into the fliyppe : Where one of the mariners gyueth it many knockcs on the headde with a clubbc or beetle 
 vntil he haue flaine it. They are fumtymes founde of tenne or twelue foote long, and of fyue, fyxe, or feuen 
 fpannes in breadth where they are broded. They haue very greate and wyde mouthes to the proportion of the 
 rede of theyr boddies, and haue two rowes of teethe the one fumewhat feparate from the other, of cruell diape 
 and danding very thicke. When they haue flayne this fyfflie, they cutte the boddy therof in fmaule piefes, and 
 put it to drye, hangynge it three or four dayes at the cordes of the (iiyle clothes to drye in the wynde, and then 
 eate it. It is doubtlelTe a good fyfllie and of great commoditie to ferue the fliii)pes for vitalles for many dayes. 
 The leade of thefe fyfflies are mode holfome and tender. It hath a (kinne much like to the fl<ynne of a fole, 
 whervnto the fayde Tuberon is lyke in fliajie. Which I faye bycaufe Plinie liatii made mention of none of C fe 
 three fifflies among the number of them whereof he wryteth in his natural hydorie. Thefe Tiburons coonimc 
 furth of the fea and enter into the ryuers, where they are no leffe perelous then greate lifartes or Crocodiles wherof I 
 haue fpoken largely before. For they deuoure men, kine, and horfes, eucn as doo the Crocodiles. They are very daun- 
 gerous in certeyne wafTliynge places or pooles by tiie ryuers fydes, and where they haue deuoured at other tymes. 
 Dyuers other fyflhes both greate and fmaule, of fundry fortes and kyndes are accudomed to folowe the fhyppes 
 goynge vnder fayle, of the which 1 wyl fpeake fumwhat when I haue wrytten of Manate which is the tliynie of 
 the three whereof I haue promyfeU to entreate. Manate therefore, is a tyfftie ol the (ea, of the bygged forte, 
 
 
 Great Tortoynci 
 
 201 
 
 Tiburuns- 
 
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 the stone. 
 
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 Tunnye. 
 Turbut. 
 
 203 
 
 Mot* 
 
 ^' 
 
 Flylnge fysshea. 
 
 T/ie hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 and muche greater then the Tiburon in length and breadth : And is very brutyfftie and vyle, fo that it appeareth 
 in forme lyke vnto one of thofe great veflelles made of goates ikynnes wherin they vfe to cary newe wyne in 
 Medina de Campo or in Areuah. The hcadde of this bead is lykc the head of an oxe, with alfo lyke eyes. 
 Anci hath in the place of armes, two great (lumpes whcrwith he fwymmeth. It is a very gentle and tame 
 beafte : And commeth oftentymes owt of the water to the next fhore : where if he find [a]ny herbes or graffe, he 
 feedeth therof. Owre men are accullomed to kyl many of thefe and dyuers other good fyfllies with theyr 
 croflebowes, pu'fuinge them in barkes or Canoas, bycaufe they fwymme in maner aboue the wat^r. The 
 whiche thynge when they fee, they drawe them with a hooke tyde at a fmaule corde, but fumwhat llronge. As 
 the fyfflie flyeth tiwa}', the archer letteth go and prolongeth the corde by lyttle and lyttle vntyll he haue lette 
 it go many fathams. At the ende of the corde, there is tyde a corke or a piece of lyght woodde. And when 
 the fyflhe is goone a lyttle way, and hathe coloured the water with his bludde, and feeleth hym felfe to faynt 
 and drawe towarde th[e]ende of his lyfe, he refortethe to the fliore, and the archer foloweth gatherynge vp his 
 corde : wherof whyle there yet remaine fixe or eyght fathams or fum what more or lefle, he draweth it towarde 
 the lande, and draweth the fyffhe thenvith by little and lyttle as the waues of the fea helpe hym to doo it the 
 more eafely. Then with the helpe of the rede of his companie he lyftethe this greate bead owt of the water 
 to the lande, beinge of fuch bygneffe that to conuey it from thenfe to the citie, it flialbe requifite to haue a carte 
 with a good yoke of oxen, and fumtynies more, accordyng as thefe fyfflies are of byggeneffe, fum being much 
 greater then other fum in the fame kynde as is feene of other bealles. Sumtymec they lyft thefe fyflhes into 
 the Canoa or barke, withowt drawynge them to the lande as before. For as foone as they are flayne, they 
 flote aboue the water. And I beleue verely that this fyffhe is one of the bed in the world to the tade, and the 
 lyked vnto fleflhe. Efpecially fo lyke vnto biefe, that who fo hath not feene it hole, can iudge it to bee none 
 other when he feethe it in pieces then verye biefe or veale. And is certeynly fo lyke vnto fleflie, that all the 
 men in the worlde may herin bee deceaued. The tade lykewyfe, is lyke vnto the tad of very good veale, and 
 ladeth longe yf it bee poudered. So that in fine, the bafe of thefe parties, is by no meanes lyke vnto this. 
 This Manate, hath a certeine done or rather bone in his headde within the brayne, which is of qualitie greatly 
 appropriate ageynde the difeafe of the done, if it bee burnte and grounde into fmaule pouder, and taken 
 fadynge in the mornynge when the payne is felte, in fuch quantitie as maye lye vppon a penye with a drawght 
 of good whyte >vyne. For beynge thus taken three or foure mornynges, it acquieteth the grefe as dyuers haue 
 toulde me whiche haue proued it trewe. And I my felfe by tedimonie of fight, doo wytnefle that I haue feene 
 this done fought of dyuers for this effecte. 
 
 There are alfo dyuers other fyflhes as bygge as this Manate : Emonge the which there is one cauled 
 Vihuella. This fyflie beareth in the toppe of his headde, a fwoorde beinge on euery fyde full of many fliarpe 
 teeth. This fwoorde is naturally very harde and dronge, of foure or fyue fpannes in length and of proportion 
 accordynge to the fame byggenes. And for this caufe is this fyflie cauled Spada : that is the fwoord fyflie. Of 
 this kynde fum are found as lyttle as fardines : and other fo greate, that two yokes of oxen are fcarfely able to 
 drawe them on a carte. But whereas before, I haue promyfed to fpeake of other fyflhes v nich are taken in 
 thefe feas whyle the fliyppes are vnder fayle, 1 wyl not forget to fpeake of the Tunnye which is a great and good 
 fyflhe, and is oftentymes taken and kylde with troute fpeares and hookes cade in the water when they play 
 and fwymme aboute the fliyppes. In lyke maner alfo are taken many turbuts which are very good fyfflies as 
 are lyghtly in all the fea. 
 
 / nd here is to bee noted, that in the greate Ocean fea, there is a draunge thynge to bee confidered, 
 whiche all that haue byn in the Indies affirme to bee trewe. And this is, that lyke as on the lande there are 
 fum prouinces fertile and frutfull, and fum barren, euen fo dooth the lyke chaunce in the fea : So that at fum 
 wyndes the fliyppes fayle fiftie or a hundreth, or two hundreth leaques and more, withowt takyng or feinge of 
 one fyflhe. And ageyne in the felfe fame Ocean, in fum places, all the water is feene tremble by the mouynge 
 of the fyflhes, where they are taken abundauntly. 
 
 It commeth further to my rememberaunce to fpeak fumwhat of the flyinge of fyflhes, which is doubtlefle a 
 draunge thynge to beholde, and is after this maner. When the fliyppes fayle by the greate Ocean folowynge 
 theyr vyage, there ryfeth fumtymes on the one fyde or on the other, many coompanies of certeyne lyttle fyfflies, 
 of the which the bygged is no greater then a fardyne : and foo diminiflhe lefle and leflie from that quantitie that 
 fum of them are very lyttle. Thefe are cauled Volatori: that is, flyinge fyflhes. They ryfe by great coompanies 
 and flockes in fuch multitudes that it is an adonyffliement to beholde them. Sumtymes they ryfe but lyttle 
 from the water: and (as it chaunceth) continew one flyght for the fpace of a hundreth pafes and fumtymes more 
 or lefle before they faule ageyne into the fea. Sumtymes alfo they faule into the fliyppes. And I remember 
 that on an euenyng when all the company in the fliippe were on theyr knees fyngynge Salue regitia in the 
 highed parte of the Cadel of the poope, and fayled with a full wynde, there pafled by vs a flocke of thefe flyinge 
 fyflhes : and came fo neare vs that many of them fell into the fliyppe, amonge the which, two or three u.ll hard 
 
 »3» 
 
■^1 
 
 The hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 233 
 
 by me which I tooke alyue in my hande: fo that I myght well perceaue that they were as bigge as fardynes 
 and of the fame quantitie, hauynge two wynges or quylles growyng owt of theyr fynnes, lyke vnto thofe 
 wherwith all the fyflhes fwymme in ryuers. Thefe wynges are as longe as the fyfflies theym felues. As longe 
 as theyr wynges are moyfte, they beare them vp in the ayer. But as foone as they are drye, they can continewe 
 theyr flyght no further then as I haue fayde before, but faule immediatly into the fea, and fo ryfe ageyne, and 
 flye as before from place to place. 
 
 In the yeare. A thoufand fyue hundreth fiftene. when I came fyrft to informe your maiefl.ye of the (late of 
 the thynges in Indya, and was the yeare folowynge in Flanders in the tyme of youre mode fortunate fucceffe in 
 thefe youre kyngedomes of Aragonie and Caflyle, wheras at that vyage I fayled aboue the Hand Bermuda 
 otherwyfe cauled Garza, beynge the furthefte of all the Ilandes that are founde at thys daye in the worlde, and 
 arryuynge there at the deapthe of eight yeardes of water, and dyftant from the land as farre as the fhotte of a 
 piece of ordynaunce, I determined to fende fume of the ihyppe to lande as well to make fearche of fuche 
 thynges as were there, as alfo to leaue in the Hande certayne hogges for increafe. But the tyme not feruyng 
 my purpofe by reafon of contrarye wynde, I could bryng my fhyppes no nearer the Hande beinge twelue 
 leaques in lengthe and fyxe in breadth and about thyrty in circuite, lying in the thyrtie and thre degre of the 
 northe fyde. Whyle I remayned here, I fawe a ftryfe and combatte betwene thefe flyinge fyflies and the fyfhes 
 named gylte heades, and the foules cauled feamewes and cormorauntes, whych fuerlye feemed vnto me a thynge 
 of as greate pleafure and folace as coulde bee deuyfed, whyle the gylte heades fwamme on the brymme of the 
 water and fumtymes lyfted theyr fliulders aboue the fame to rayfe the fwymmynge fyfflies owt of the water to 
 dryue them to flyght, and folowe them fwymming to the place where they faule to take and eate them fodaynlye. 
 Agayne on the other fyde, the feamewes and cormorantes, take manye of thefe flying fyfflies : fo that by thys 
 meanes theye are nother fafe in the ayre nor in the water. In the felfe fame perrell and daunger doo men lyue 
 in thys mortall lyfe wherin is no certayne fecurytye nether in hygh eftate nor in lowe. Which thynge fuerlye 
 ought to put vs in rememberaunce of that blefled and fafe reftynge place whych god hath prepared for fuch as 
 loue hym, who fliall acquyete and fynyftie the trauayles of thys troubelous worlde wherin are fo manye 
 daungyours, and brynge them to that eternall lyfe where they fliall fynde eternall fecurytye and rede. But to 
 retume to the hyftorye : thefe byrdes and foules whych I fawe, were of the Hande of Bermuda nere vnto the 
 whych I fawe thefe flyinge fyfflies. For they coulde bee of no other lande, forafmuche as they are not 
 accuftomed to wander farre frome the coaftes where they are bredde. 
 
 C Of thleyncreafe and decreafe, {that is) ryfynge andfaullynge of our 
 Ocean fea and Southe fea caulled the fea of Sur. 
 
 Wyll nowe fpeake of certeayne thynges whiche are feene in the Prouynce, or at the leafte in 
 the citie of golden Caflyle otherwy*"-; cauled Beragua, and in the coaftes of the North fea 
 and of the South fea caulled the fea of Sur. Not omittyng to note one fynguler and mer- 
 uelous thynge which I haue confydered of the Ocean fea, wherof hytherto no cofmographer, 
 pylote or maryner or any other haue fatiftyed me. 
 
 I fay therfore as it is well knowen to your maieftye and all fuch as haue knowlege of 
 the Ocean fea, that this greate Ocean cafteth from it felfe the fea Mediterranetim by the 
 mouthe of the ftrayght of Gibilterra : in the which the water from th[e]end and furthefte parte of that fea, euen 
 vnto the mouth of the fayde ftraight, eyther in the Eaft towarde the coafte commonlye cauled Leuante, or in 
 any other parte of the fayde fea MedUerraneum, the fea doothe not fo faule nor increafe as reafon wolde iudge 
 for fo greate a fea. But increfethe verye lyttle and a fmaule fpace. Neuerthelefle, withoute the mouthe of 
 the ftraight in the mayne Ocean, it increafeth and fauleth verye muche and a great fpace of grounde from fyxe 
 houres to fyxe houres, as in all the coaftes of Spayne, Britannye, Flanders, Gernianye, and England. The 
 felfe fame- Ocean fea in the fyrme lande newly founde, in the coaftes of the fame lyynge towarde the Northe, 
 dothe neyther ryfe nor faule, nor lykewife in the Ilandes of Hifpaniola and Cuba and all the other Ilandes of 
 the fame fea lyinge towarde the northe, for the fpace of thre thoufande leaques, but onelye in lyke maner as 
 doothe the fea MedUerraneum in Italye : whiche is in maner nothynge in refpecte to that increafe and decreafe 
 whiche the fayde Ocean hath in the coaftes of Spayne and Flaunders. But this is yet a greater thynge, that 
 alfo the felfe fame Ocean in the coaftes of the fayde fyrme lande lyinge towarde the Southe in the citie of 
 Panama, and alfo in the coafte of that lande whiche lyethe towarde the Eafte and Wefte frome that citie, as in 
 the Hande of pearles or Margarilea whiche the Indians caule Tar>-arequi, and alfo in Taboga and Otoque, and 
 
 •33 
 
 The Ihnd of 
 Uermuda. 
 
 Not lo hie for the 
 pye, nor to lowe 
 for the crowe. 
 
 204 
 
 Beragua. 
 
 The west Ocean 
 
 The sea 
 Mediteraneum. 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 i) 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 ' 
 
 I 
 
m "J 
 
 234 
 
 TAe hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 The South sea. 
 
 The power and 
 wisdome of god is 
 sene in his 
 creatures. 
 
 ill I 
 
 205 
 
 EsqucRua and 
 Vrrace. 
 
 Nomen Dei, 
 Panavia. 
 
 \ 
 
 The ryuer of 
 Chagre. 
 
 rh 
 
 in all other Ilandes of the fouthe fea of Sur, the water ryfeth and fauleth fo much, that when it fauleth it 
 go[e]th in maner owt of fyghte, which thynge I my felfe haue feene oftentymes. 
 
 And here yrure maieflie may note an other thynge, that from the northe fea to the fouthe fea beynge of 
 fuche dyfference the one from the other in ryfynge and faulynge, yet is the lande that deuydeth theym not 
 pafte eyghteene or twentye leaques in breadthe frome coafle to coafte. So that bothe the fayde feas beynge 
 all one Ocean this (Iraunge effecte is a thynge worthy greately to bee confidered of al fuche as haue inclination 
 and defyre to knowe the fecreate woorkes of nature wherin the infinite powre and wyfedome of god is feene to 
 bee fuch as may allure all good natures to reuerence and loue fo diuine a maieftie. And wheras by the 
 demonflrations of lerned men I am not fatiffyed of the natural caufe hereof, I content my felfe to knowe and 
 beleue that he which hathe made thefe thynges, dooth knowe this and many other whiche he hath not granted 
 to the reafon of man to comprehend, much leffe to fo bafe a wyt as myne is. They therefore that are of 
 greater vnderilandynge, (hall fearche the caufe hereof, for them and for me, forafmuch as I haue onely put the 
 matter in quedion as a wytneffe that haue feene th[e]experience of the thynge. 
 
 «: Of the Jlrayght or narowe paffage of the lande lyinge betwene the North 
 
 and South fea, by the whiche fPyces may much fooner and eaflyer 
 
 be brought from the Ilandes of Molucca into Spayne by 
 
 the Weft Ocean then by that way wherby the 
 
 Portugales fayle into Eafl India. 
 
 T hath byn an opinion amonge the Cofmographers and Pylottes of late tyme, and other which 
 haue had practife in thynges touchynge the fea, that there fliulde bee a (Irayght of water 
 pafifynge from the North fea of the firme, into the South fea of Sur, whiche neuertheleffe 
 hath not byn feene nor founde to this daye. And fuerlye yf there be any fuche ftrayght, 
 we that inhabite thofe partes do thynke the fame fliulde bee rather of lande then of water. 
 For the fyrme lande in fum partes therof is fo ftrayght and narrowe that the Indyans faye 
 that frorae the mountaynes of the prouynce of Efquegua or Vrraca, (whych are betwene the 
 one fea and the other) If a man aflend to the toppe of the mountaynes and looke towarde the Northe, he maye 
 fee the water of the North fea of the Prouynce of Beragua. And ageyne lookynge the contrarye waye, may on 
 the other fyde towarde the Southe, fee the fea of Sur and the prouynces whyche confyne with it, as doo the 
 territoryes of the twoo Lordes or kynges of the fayde prouinces of Vrraca and Efquegua. And I beleue that if 
 it bee as the Indyans faye, of al that is hetherto knowen, this is the narroweft ftrayght of the fyrme lande, whiche 
 fume aflfyrme to bee full of rough mountaynes. Yet doo I not take it for a better waye, or fo ftiorte as is that 
 whyche is made from the porte caulec Nomen dei (whiche is in the Northe fea) vnto the newe citye of Panama 
 beynge in the coafte and on the banke of the fea of Sur. Whiche waye is likewyfe very rough ful of thicke 
 wods, mountaines, ryuers, valleys, and verye diffyculte to paffe through, and can not bee doone withowt greate 
 laboure and trauayle. Sum meafure this waye in this part, to bee from fea to fea. xviii. leaques, whych I fup- 
 pofe to bee rather, xx. not for that it is any more by meafure, but bicaufe it is rough and dyffyculte as I haue 
 fayde, and as I haue founde it by experyence hauynge nowe twyfe paffed that way by foote : countyng from the 
 porte and vyllage of Nomen Dei vnto the dominion of the Cacique of luanaga otherwyfe cauled Capira. viii. 
 leaques : And frome thenfe to the ryuer of Chagre, other, viii. leaques. So that at this ryuer beinge. xvi. leaques 
 from the fayde porte, endeth the roughneffe of the way. Then from henfe to the maruelous brydge are two 
 leaques : And beyonde that, other twoo vnto the port of Panama : So that all togyther in my iudgmente, make 
 XX. leaques. And if therfore this nauigation may bee founde in the South fea for the trade of fpices (as we trull 
 in God) to bee brought from thenfe to the fayde porte of Panama (as is poflible enough) they may afterwarde 
 eafly paffe to the Northe fea notwithftandynge the difficultie of the waye of the. xx. leaques aforefayde. Whiche 
 thynge I affirme as a man well trauayled in thefe regions, hauynge twyfe on my feate paffed ouer this ftrayght 
 in the yeare. 1521. as I haue fayde. It is furthermore to bee vnderftode, that it is a maruelous facilitie to bryng 
 fpices by this way which I wil now declare. From Panama to the ryuer of Chagre, are foure leaques of good 
 and fayre way by the which cartes may paffe at pleafure by reafon that the mountaynes are but fewe and lyttle, 
 and that the greatefte parte of thefe foure leaques is a playne grounde voyde of trees. And when the cartes are 
 coomme to the fayde ryuer, the fpices may be caryed in barkes and pinnefles. For this ryuer entereth into the 
 
 ■34 
 
 L.ti 
 
The hyftorie of the wejie Indies. 
 
 235 
 
 North fea fyue or. vi leaques lower then the port of Nomen del, and emptieth it felfe in the fea nere vnto an 
 Ilande cauled Baftimento, where is a very good and fafe port. Yowr maiedie may now therfore confyder howe 
 great a thynge and what commoditie it may bee to conuey fpices this way, forafmuch as the ryuer of Chagre 
 hauyng his originall only two leaques from the South fea, contineweth his courfe and emptieth it felfe into the 
 other North fea. This ryuer runneth fall and is very greate, and fo commodious for this purpofe as may be 
 thowght or defyred. The marueilous bridge made by the worke of nature, being two leaques beyonde the fayd 
 ryuer, and other twoo leaques on this fyde the porte of Panama, fo lyinge in the mydde way betwene them 
 both, is framed naturally in fuch fort that none which pafle by this viage fee any fuch bridge or thynke that 
 there is any fuch buyldyng in that place vntyll they bee in the toppe therof in the way toward Panama. But as 
 foone as they are on the brydge, lookynge towarde the ryght hande, they fee a lyttle ryuer vnder them 
 which hath his chanell diftante from the feete of them that walke ouer it, the fpace of twoo fpeares length or 
 more. The water of this ryuer is very (halowe, not paffyng the depth of a mans legge to the knee : and is in 
 breadth betwene thyrtie and fortie pafes : and faulethe into the ryuer of Chagre. Towarde the ryght hand 
 (landyng on this brydge, there is nothyng feene but great trees. The largeneffe of the brydge, conteyneth. xv. 
 pafes : and the length thereof about threefcore or fourefcore pafes. The arche is fo made of mode harde Hone, 
 that no man can beholde it without admiration, beinge made by the hyghe and omnipotent creatour of all 
 thynges. But to retume to fpeake fumwhat more of the conueying of fpices, I fay that when it flial pleafe 
 almyghty god that this nauigation aforefayde flial bee founde by the good fortune of yowre maiedie, and that 
 the fpices of the Ilandes of the South fea (which may alfo bee otherwyfe cauled the Ocean of the Ead India 
 in the whiche are the Ilandes of Molucca) (halbe browght to the fayd coade and the porte of Panama, and bee 
 conueyed from thenfe (as we haue fayde) by the firme lande with cartes vnto the ryuer of Chagre, and from 
 thenfe into this owr other fea of the North, from whenfe they may afterward bee browght into Spayne, I fay 
 that by this meanes the vyage fliall bee fliortened more then feuen thoufande leaques, with muche leffe 
 daunger then is by the viage nowe vfed by the way of Commendator of Ayfa capitayne vnder yowre maiedie, 
 who this prefent yeare attempted a vyage to the place of the fayde fpyces. And not only the way is thus 
 much fliortened, but alfo a thyrde parte of the tyme is abbreuiate. To conclude therfore, if any had hetherto 
 attempted this vyage by the fea of Sur, to feeke the Ilandes of fpyces, I am of firme opinion that they fliuld 
 haue byn founde longe fence, as doubteleffe they maye bee by the reafons of Cofmographie. 
 
 C Howe thynges that are of one kynde, dyffer in forme and qualitie, accor- 
 
 dynge to the nature of the place where they are engendred or 
 
 growe. And of the beafles cauled Tygers. 
 
 N the firme lande are fownde many terryble beades which fum thinke to be Tigers. Which 
 thynge neuertheleffe, I dare not affirme, confyderyn^e what auctoures doo wryte of the 
 lyghtnes and agilitie of the Tyger, whereas this bead beynge other wyfe in fliape very like 
 vnto a Tyger, is notwithdandynge very flowe. Yet trewe it is, that accordynge to the 
 maruayles of the worlde and differences which naturall thynges haue in dyuers regions 
 vnder heauen and dyuers condellations of the fame vnder the whiche they are created, wee 
 fee that fum fuche plantes and herbes as are hurtfuU in one countrey, are harmeleife and 
 holfome in other regions. And byrdes which in one prouince are of good tade, are in other fo vnfauery that 
 they may not bee eaten. Men likewyfe which in fum countreys are blacke, are in other places whyte : and yet 
 are both thefe and they men. 
 
 Euen fo may it bee that Tygeis are lyght in fum region as they wryte, and maye neuertheleffe bee flowe 
 and heauy in thefe Indies of yowr maiedie wherof we fpeake. The flieepe of Arable drawe theyr tayles longe 
 and bigge on the ground, and the bulles of Egypt haue theyr heare growynge towarde theyr headdes : yet are 
 thofe fheepe and thefe bulles. Men in fum countreys are hardy and of good courage, and in other naturally 
 fearefuU and brutyflie. All thefe thynges and many more which may bee fayde to this purpofe, are eafy to bee 
 proued and woorthy to bee beleued of fuche as haue redde of the lyke in autours or trauayled the worlde, 
 whereby theyr owne fyght may teache theym th[e]experience of thefe ihynges wherof I fpeake. It is alfo 
 manifed, that lucca wherof they make theyr breade in the Ilande of Hifpaniola, is deadely poyfon yf it bee 
 eaten greene with the iufe : And yet hathe it no fuche propertie in the firme land where I haue eaten it many 
 times and foind it to bee a good frute. The bats of Spayne although they bite, yet are they not venemous. 
 
 ■u 
 
 The Hands 
 Bastimento. 
 
 The manieloiu 
 bridge. 
 
 206 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Molucca. 
 The commoditie 
 of this viage. 
 
 Tigers. 
 
 Plantes and 
 herbes. 
 Birdes. 
 Men. 
 
 Sheepe. 
 Bulles. 
 
 tucai. 
 
 Battes. 
 
 I i 
 
 !l 
 
 11 
 
 II- 
 
 ir 
 
-■•■' J 
 
 236 
 
 The hyjlorie of the vvejle Indies. 
 
 Plinie. 
 
 The Tiger. 
 
 207 
 
 The huntyng gf 
 tigers. 
 
 A reward for 
 kyllinge of tigers. 
 
 A 
 
 Colonus compared 
 to Hercules. 
 The pillers of 
 Hercuies. 
 
 The straightes of 
 
 Gibilterra. 
 
 Note. 
 
 PLVS VLTRA. 
 
 Howe farre 
 Th[e]emperours 
 niaicstie excelleth 
 Hercules. 
 
 A liger made tame. 
 
 208 
 
 But in the firme lande many dye tliat are bytten of them. And in this fourme may fo many thynges bee fayde 
 that tyme fliall not fuffice to wryte, wheras my intent is only to proue that this bead may be a Tiger or of the 
 kind of Tigers although it be not of fuch lyghtnefle and fwiftnes as are they wherof Plinie and other autours 
 fpeake, difcrybynge it to bee one of the fwyftefte beaftes of the lande, and that the ryuer of Tigris for the fwift 
 courfe therof was cauled by that name. The firfl Spaniardes which fawe this Tyger in the firme lande, dyd 
 fo name it. Of the kynde of thefe was that which Don Diego Columbo the Admirall fent yowre maieftie owte 
 of newe Spayne to Toledo. Theyr heades are lyke to the heades of Lyons or Lionefles, but greater. The 
 refte of all theyr boddies and theyr legges, are full of blacke fpottes one nere vnto an other and diuided with a 
 circumference or frynge of redde colour ftiewinge as it were a fayre woorke and correfpondent picture. Abowt 
 theyr croopes or hynder parteo, they haue thefe fpots byggeft: and leffe and leffe towarde theyr bellies, legges, 
 and headdes. That which was brought to Toledo, was younge and but lyttle, and by my eftimation, of th[e]age 
 of three yeares. But in the firme lande there are many founde of greater quantitie. For I haue feene fum of 
 three fpannes in heyght, and more then fyue in length. They are beaftes of greate force, with ftronge legges, 
 and well armed with nayles and fanges which we caule dogge teeth. They are fo fierce that in my iudgement 
 no reall lyon of the byggeil forte is fo ftronge or fierce. Of thefe, there are many founde in the firme land 
 whiche deuour many of the Indians and do much hurte otherwyfe. But fyns the comming of the Chriftians, 
 many haue byn kyld with Croffebowes after this maner. As foone as the archer hath knowlege of the haunt of 
 any of thefe Tygers, he goeth fearchynge theyr trafe with his croffebowe and with a lyttle hounde or bewgle and 
 not with a greehounde, bycaufe this beaft vvolde foone kyll any dogge that wolde venter on hym. When the 
 hounde hath founde the Tyger, he runneth about hym bayinge continually, and approcheth fo neare hym fnappynge 
 and grynnynge with fo quicke flyinge and retumyng, that he hereby fo molefteth this fierce beafte that he 
 dryuethe hym to take the next tree, at the foote whereof he remayneth ftyl baying and the Tyger grynnyng and 
 (hewyng his teeth, whyle in the meane tyme the archer commeth neare, and. xii. or. xiiii. pafes of, ftryketh hym 
 with the querel of his croffebowe in the brefte, and flyeth incontinent, leauynge the Tyger in his trauayle for 
 lyfe and death, bytynge the tree and eatynge earth for fierceneffe. Then within the fpace of twoo or three houres 
 or the day folowynge, the archer retumeth thyther, and with his dogge fyndeth the place where he lyethe deade. 
 
 In the yeare. 1522. I with the other rulers and magiftrates of the citie of Sanfla Maria Antiqua in Dariena, 
 toke order in owr counfayle, A rewarde of foure or fyue pieces of golde to bee giuen to euery man that kylde 
 any of thefe Tygers : by reafon wherof many were kylde in ftiorte fpace both with croffebowes and alfo with 
 dyuers fnares and ingens. But to conclude, I wyll not obftynately ftand in opinyon whether thefe beaftes bee 
 Tygers or Panthers, or of the number of any other fuch beaftes of fpotted heare, or alfo peraduenture fum other 
 newe beafte vnknowen to the owlde wryters as were many other wherof I haue fpoken in this booke. Of which 
 thynge, I doo not greately meruayle. For afmuche as vnto owre tyme thys greate parte of the worlde was 
 vnknowen to the antiquitie: In fo muche that none of the wryters of that age, nor yet Ptolomie in his 
 Cofinographie, or any other fence hym, haue made any mention herof, vntill the fyrft Admyrall Don 
 Chryftopher Colonus difcouered the fame. A thynge douteleffe w'thout comparyfon muche greater then that 
 whyche is fayd of Hercules, that he fyrfte gaue th[e]enterance of the fea Mediterraneum into the Ocean, whiche 
 the Grekes coulde neuer doo before hym. And herof ryfethe the fable that the mountaynes of Calpe and Abila 
 (which are directly one agaynft an other in the ftrayght of Gibilterra, the one beyng in Spayne and the other in 
 Affryke) were ioyned togither before they were opened by Hercules, who erected thofe hys pyllers whiche your 
 maieftye gyue in token of prehemynence and lyke enterpryfes with lykewyfe thefe hys wordes plvs vltra: 
 wordes douteleffe worthy for fo greate an[d] vnyuerfall an Emperoure, and not conuenyent for any other Prynce. 
 Forafmuche as your holy Catholyke Maieftye haue fpredde them in fo ftraunge and remote regyons, fo manye 
 thoufande leaques further then euer dyd Hercules. And certeynlye fyr, If there had byn an Image of golde 
 made in the prayfe and fame of Colonus, He had as well deferued it as any of thofe men to whom for theyr 
 noble enterpryfe the antiquytie gaue deuyne honoure, if he had byn in their tyme. But to retume to the matter 
 whereof I began to fpeake : I neede fay no more of the forme of thys beafte, for as muche as your Maieftye haue 
 feene that whych is ye', alyue in Tolledo. And fuerly the keper of your Maiefties lyons, who hath taken vppon 
 hym the charge to tame this beafte, myght better haue beftowed his paynes in au other thynge that myght haue 
 bynne more profitable for the fafegarde of his lyfe bycaufe this Tyger beinge yet but younge, wyl dayly bee 
 ftronger and fiercer and increafe in malice. The Indians (and efpecially they of the firme lande in the prouince 
 whiche the Catholyke Kynge Don Ferdinando commaunded to bee cauled golden Caftyle) caule this beafte 
 Ochi. This thinge is ftraunge that chaunced of late : that wheras the Tiger wherof we haue made mention 
 before, wolde haue kylde his keeper that then kept hym in a cage, was in fewe dayes after made fo tame that 
 heledde her tyed only with a fmaule corde and playde with her fo familyarly that I maruayled greatly to fee it, yet 
 not without certeyne belefe that this frendftiyp wyll not lafte longe without daunger of lyfe to the keeper, forafmuch 
 as fuerly thefe beaftes are not meete to bee amonge men for theyr fiercenes and cruell nature that can not bee tamed. 
 336 
 
 1 
 
I 
 
 The hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 237 
 
 Of the matters and cnflomcs of the Indians ofthefinne lande, 
 and of theyr women. 
 
 He maners and cuftomes of thefe Indians, are dyuers in diuers prouinces. Sum of them take 
 as many wyues as them lyfte, and other lyue with one \vyfe whome they forfake not without 
 confent of both parties, which chauncethe efpecially when they haue no chyldren. The 
 nobilitie afwcl men as women, repute it infamous to ioyne with any of bafe parentage or 
 ftrangers, except Chriftians, whom they count noble men by reafon of theyr valientnes, 
 although they put a difference betwene the common forte and the other to whom they 
 fhewe obedience, countynge it for a great matter and an honorable thyng yf they bee 
 beloued of any of them. In fo much that yf they !:nowe any Chriftian man carnally, they keepe theyr fayth 
 to hym, fo that he bee not longe abfent farre from them. For theyr intent is not to bee widowes or to lyue 
 chad lyke religious women. Many of theym haue this cuftome, that when they perceaue that they are with 
 chylde, they take an herbe wherwith they deftroy that is conceaued. For they fay that only wel aged women 
 fliulde beare chyldren, and that they wyl not forbeare theyr pleafures and deforme theyr boddies with bearynge 
 of chyldren, wherby theyr teates becoome loofe and hangynge which thynge they greatly difprayfe. When 
 they are delyuered of theyr chyldren they go to the ryuer and walhe them. Whiche doone, theyr bludde and 
 purgation ceafeth immediatly. And when after this they haue a few days abfteyned from the company of men, 
 they becomme fo (Irayght as they fay which haue had tamall familiaritie with them, that fuch as vfe them, can 
 not without much difficultie fatiffie theyr appetite. They alfo whiche neuer had chyldren, are euer as vyrgins. 
 In fum partes they weare certeyne lyttle apernes rounde about them before and behynde as lowe as to theyr 
 knees and hammes, wherwith they couer theyr priuie partes, and are naked all theyr boddie byfyde. The 
 principal men beare theyr priuities in a holowe pype of golde : but the common forte haue theym inclofed in 
 the (belles of certeyne great welkes, and are byfyde vtterly naked. For they thynke it no more (liame to haue 
 theyr coddes feene then any other parte of theyr boddies. And in many prouinces bothe the men and women 
 go vtterly naked without any fuch couerture at al. In the prouince of Cueua they caul a man Chuy, and a 
 woman Ira : which name is not greately difagreeable to many both of iheyr women and of owres. 
 
 Thefe Indians gyue great honour and reuerence to theyr Cacique (that is) theyr kynges and rulers. The 
 principall Cacique, hath twelue of his mod ftronge Indians appoynted to beare hym when he remoueth to any 
 place, or gothe abrod for his pleafure. Two of them cary hym fyttyng vppon a longe piece of woodde which 
 is naturally as lyght as they can fynd The other tenne folowe nexte vnto hym as foote men. They keepe 
 continually a trottynge pafe with hym on theyr fliulders. When the twoo that cary hym are wery, other twoo 
 coomme in theyr places without any difturbance or (ley. And thus if the way bee playne, they cary hym in 
 this maner for the fpace of. xv. or. xx. leaques in one day. The Indians that are a(ngned to this office, are 
 for the mofle parte flaues or Naboriti, that is, fuch as are bounde to continuall feruice. 
 
 I haue alfo noted that when the Indians perceaue them felues to bee troubled with to much bludde, they 
 lette theym felues blud in the calfes of theyr legges and brawnes of theyr armes. This doo they with a very 
 (liarpe (lone, and fumtymes with the fmaule toothe of a vyper, or with a (liarpo reede or thorne. 
 
 All the Indians are commonly without beardes : In fo much that it ij in maner a maruayle to fee any of 
 them eyther men or women to haue any downe or heare on theyr faces or other partes of theyr boddies. 
 Albeit, I fawe the Cacique of the prouince of Catarapa who had heare on his face and other partes of his 
 boddie, as had alfo his wyfe in fuche places as women are accuflomed to haue. This Cacique had a great part 
 cf his body paynted with a blacke colour which neuer fadeth : And is much lyke vnto that wherwith the Mores 
 paynt them felues in Barberie in token of nobilitie. But the Moores are paynted fpecially on theyr vyfage and 
 throte and certeyne other partes. Likewyfe the principall Indians vfe thefe payntynges on theyr armes and 
 bredes, but not on theyr vyfages, bycaufe amonge them the flaues are fo marked. When the Indians of certeyne 
 prouinces go to the battayle (efpecially the Caniball archers) they cary certeyne (helles of greate welkes of the fea 
 which they blowe and make therwith great founde muche lyke the noyfe of homes. They carye alfo certeyne 
 tymbrels which they vfe in the (leade of drummes. Alfo very fayre plumes of fethers, and certeyne armure of 
 golde : efpecially great and rounde pieces on theyr bredes, and fplintes on there armes. Lykewyfe other pieces 
 whiche they put on theyr heades and other partes of theyr bodyes. For they edeeme nothynge fo much as to 
 appearegalante in thewar[re]s, and to go in mod coomely order that they can deuyfe, glyderynge with precious 
 dones, iewelles, golde, and fethers. Of the leade of thefe welkes or perewincles, they make certeyne lyttle 
 
 The IndLin 
 women. 
 
 The men of India. 
 
 TIic k yngc is 
 borne on mens 
 backes. 
 
 I.tttingc of 
 LludJc. 
 
 Tliey haue no 
 beardes. 
 
 They paynte theyr 
 bodies. 
 
 209 
 
 The Caitibales. 
 Armure of golde. 
 
 Their galantnes in 
 the varres. 
 
 : 
 
 m 
 
 •h 
 
 ■\:k 
 
 • 'i 
 
 !i.ii: 
 
 'i !/ 
 
 H 
 
I 
 
 M 
 
 i I 
 
 ^' 
 
 1! 
 
 238 
 
 T/te hyjlorie of the wejl Indies. 
 
 
 Their luelU 
 
 Howe the women 
 beare vp their 
 teatcs, wyth barres 
 of goldc* 
 
 The stature and 
 coloure of the 
 Indians. 
 
 The Indians 
 cauled Coronati. 
 'Thellandeof 
 giantes. 
 
 JlKlltM. 
 
 The sculles of the 
 Indians headcs. 
 
 210 
 
 New Spaine. 
 
 The houses of the 
 Christians in India 
 
 Daritna. 
 
 Gardena. 
 
 beades of diners fortes and colours. They make alfo little bralTclets wliiche they mengle with gaudies of golde. 
 Thefe they rowle about there armes frome the elbowe to the wrefte of the liande. The lyke alfo doo they on 
 theyr legges from the knee to the foles of theyr fcete in token of nobilitie. Efpecially theyr noble women in 
 dyuers prouinces are accuftomed to wearc fuch lewelles, and haue theyr neckes in maner laden thcrwith. 
 Thefe beades and Jewels and fuch other trynkcttes, they caule Caquiras. Bifyde thefe alfo, they weare certeyne 
 rynges of golde at tlieyr eares and noftrelles which they bore ful of holes on both fides, fo that the ringcs liange 
 vppon theyr lyppcs. Sum of thefe Indians, are pouldc and rounded. Albeit, commonly both the men and 
 women take it for a decent tliyngc to weare longe heare, which the women weare to the myddeft of theyr 
 (hulders and cut it equally, efpecially aboue theyr browes. This doo they with certeyne harde Hones which they 
 keepe for the fame purpofe. The principall women when theyr teates faule or becoome loofe, beare them vp 
 with barres of golde of the length of a fpanne and a halfe, wel wrought, and of fuch byggeneflfe th.-.t fum of them 
 way more then two hundreth Caftilians or ducades of golde. Thefe barres haue holes at both th[e]endes, 
 whereat they tye two fmaul cordes made of cotton at euery emle of the barres. One of thefe cordes go[e]th ouer 
 the fliulder, and the other vnder the arme holes where they tye togyther, fo that by this meanes the barre 
 beareth vp theyr teates. Sum of thefe chiefe women go to the battayle with theyr hufbandes, or when they 
 them felues are regentes in any prouinces, in the which they haue all thynges at commaundement and execute 
 th[e]office of generall capitaynes, and caufe them felues to bee caryed on mens backes in lyke maner as doo 
 the Caciques of whom I haue fpokcn before. 
 
 Thefe Indians of the firme lande are muche of the fame Rature and coloure as are they of the Ilandes. 
 They are for the mod part of the colour of an olyue. If there bee any other difference, it is more in byggeneffe 
 then otherwyfe. And efpecially they that are cauled Coronati, are ftrongcr and bygger then any other that I 
 haue feene in thefe parties, except thofe of the liande of giantes whiche are on the fouth fyde of the Uande of 
 Hifpanwla nere vnto the coaftes of the firme lande : And lykewyfe certeyne other which they caule Yucatos 
 which are on the north fyde. All which chiefely, although they bee no giantes, yet are they doubtelefle the 
 byggefte of the Indyans that are knowen to this day, and commonly bygger then the Flemynges : and efpecially 
 many of them afwell women as men, are of very hyghe ftature, and are all archiers bothe men and women. 
 Thefe Coronati inhabite thirtie leaques in length by thefe coaftes from the poynt of Catioa to the greate ryuer 
 which they caule Guadalchibir nere vnto Sanfia Maria de gratia. As I trauerfed by thofe coaftes, I fylled a 
 butte of freflie water of that ryuer fyxe leaques in the fea frome the mouthe therof where it fauleth into the fea. 
 They are cauled Coronati (that is crowned) bycaufe theyr heare is cutte round by theyr eares, and poulde lower 
 a great compafe abowte the crowne much lyke the fryers of faynt Auguftines order. And bycaufe I haue fpoken 
 of theyr maner of wearynge theyr heare, here commeth to my rememberaunce a thynge which I haue oftentymes 
 noted in thefe Indians. And this is, that they haue the bones of the fculles of theyr heades foure tymes thycker 
 and much ftronger then o\vres. So that in commyng to hand ftrokes with them, it (halbe requifite not to 
 ftrike them on the heades with fwoordes. For fo haue many fwoordes bynne broken on theyr heades with lyttle 
 liurt doone. And to haue liiyde thus much of theyr cuftomes and maners, it flial fuffice for this tyme, bycaufe 
 I haue more largely intreated herof in my generall hyftorie of the Indies. Yet haue I nother there nor here 
 fpoken much of that parte of the firme lande whiche is cauled Nona Hifpania (that is, newe Spayne wherof the 
 liande of lucatana is part) forafmuche as Ferdinando Cortefe hath wrytten a large booke thereof. 
 
 Of the houfes of thefe Indians, I haue fpoken fufficiently elswhere. Yet haue I thought good to informe 
 yo^v^ maieftie of the buyldynge and houfes which the Chriflians haue made in dyuers places in the firme lande. 
 They buylde them nowe therfore with two folars or loftes, and with loopes and wyndowes to open and Ihutte. 
 Alfo with ftronge tyniber and very fayre bordes. In fuche forte that any noble man maye wel and pleafauntly 
 bee lodged in fum of them. And amonge other, I my felfe caufed one to bee builded in the citie of Sanfla 
 Maria Antigua in Dariena whiche cofte me more then a thoufande and fyue hundreth Caftelians : being of 
 fuch fort that I may well interteyne and commodioufly lodge any Lorde or noble man, referuynge alfo a parte 
 for my felfe and my famelie. For in this may many houfeholdes bee kepte both aboue and benethe. It hath alfo 
 a fayre garden with many orange trees bothe fweete and fowre : Ceders alfo, and Lemondes, of the which there 
 is nowe great plentie in the horTes of the Chryftians. On one fyde of the jardeyne, there runneth a fayre ryuer. 
 The fituation is very pleafaunte, with a good and holfome ayer, and a fayre profpecte abowte the ryuer. In fine, 
 owre trufte is that in fewe yeares al thynges in thele regions fliall growe to a better ftate accordynge to the holy 
 intention of yowre maieftie. 
 
 •j» 
 
 ■A. 
 
The hyjlonc of the wcjlc Indies. 
 
 239 
 
 0/ the chiefe Uandes Hifpaniola and Cuba. 
 
 (He Indians which at this prcfent inhabite the llande of JlifpanhUi, arc but fewc in nvinibcr, 
 and the Chr)'ftyans not fo many as they ought to bee forafmuchc as many of thcni that were 
 in this llande, are gonne to other Ilandes and to the fynne landc. For beynge for the 
 moflc parte younge men vnmaried, and defirous dayly to fee newe thyngs whcrin mans 
 nature deliteth, they were not willingc to continewe longe in on[e] place : efpecially feeing 
 dailie other newe landes difcouered where they thowght theye might fooner fylle there 
 purfes by beinge prefent at the firfte fpoyle. Whcrii. neuerthclcffe their hope deceaued many 
 of them, anil efpecially fuche as had houfes and habitations in thys llande. For I ccrtcynly beleuc, confyrm- 
 ynge my felfe herein with the Judgement of many other, that if any one Pryncc had no more figniores then only 
 this! llande, it Ihuld in fliorte tyme bee fuche as not to giue place eyther to Sicilie or Fnglande : whereas euen 
 at this prefent there is nothynge wherefore it flmlde malice their profi)erilie not beinge inferio.ire to them in any 
 filicite that in maner the hcauens can graunte to any lande : beinge furthermore fuche as nuiye inriche many 
 prouinces and kyngedomes by reafon of manye richc golde mynes that arc in it of the befte goldc that is foundc 
 to this day in the worlde, and in greateft quantitie. In this llande, nature of her felfe bringeth furthe fuche 
 aboundance of cotton that if it were wrought and mayntcyned there fluild be more and better then in any 
 parte of the world. There is fo greate plentic of excellent Caffia that a greate quantitie is brought from thenfc 
 into Spayne : from whenfe it is caricd to dyuers partes of the worlde. It increafeth fo muche that it is a mer- 
 uelous thynge to confider. In this arc many ryche flioppes wher fugcr is wrought : and that of fuch iicrfectenes 
 and goodnes, and in fuche quantitie that fliippes come laden therwith yearly into Spayne. All fuche fedes, 
 fettes, or plantes, as are brought out of Spayne and planted in this llande, becoomme muche better, byggcr, and 
 of greater increafe then they are in any parte of owre Europe. And if it chaunce otherwyfe that fumetymes 
 they profper not fo well, the caufe is that they whiche fluilde tyll and hufband the grounde, and fowe and plant 
 in dewe feafons, haue no refpect hereunto, being impacient whyle the wheate and vynes waxe rype, being gyucn 
 to wanderynge and other affayrcs of prefent gaynes (as I haue foyde) as fearchynge the gold mines, fyffliyngc 
 for pearles, and occupyinge marchaundies, with fuch other trades, for tho greedy folowyng wherof, they neglecte 
 and contempne both fowyngc and plantynge. Suche frutes as arc brought owt of Spayne, into this llande, 
 profper marueloully and waxe rype all tymes of the yeare: as herbes of all fortes very good and pleafaunt to 
 bee eaten. Alfo many pomegranates of the befl kynde, and oranges bothe fweete and fower. Lykcwyfc many 
 fayre Lymones and ceders: and a great quantitie of all fuch as are of fliarpe, fowre, and bytter talle. Tiiere 
 are alfo many fygge trees whiche brynge furth theyr frute all the hole yeare. I-ykewyfe thofc kynil of date 
 trees that beare dates : and dyuers other trees and plantes which were brought owt of Spayne thyther. 
 
 Beades doo alfo increafe in lyke abundaunce: and efpecially the heardes of kyne are fo augmented both 
 in quantitie and number, that there are nowc many patrones of cattaylc that haue more then two thoufand 
 heades of neatc : and fum three or foure thoufande, and fum more. Byfyde thefe, there are very many that 
 haue heardes of foure or fyue hundrethe. And trewth it is, that this Hand hath better paflure for fuch cattayle 
 then any other countrey in the worlde: alfo holfome and cleare water and temperate aycr, by reafon whereof 
 the heardes of fuch beaftes are much bygger, fatter, and alfo of better tafte then owres in Spayne bycaufc of 
 the ranke pafture whofe moyfture is better digefled in the herbe or gralTe by the continuall and temperate 
 heate of the foonne, wherby being made more fatte and vnctuous, it is of better and more (leilfafl nuryfliement. 
 For continuall and temperate heate, dooth not only drawe muche moyfture owt of the earth to the nuryfliement 
 of fuch thynges as growe and are engendered in that clyme, but dooth alfo by moderation preferue the llime 
 from refolution and putrefaction, digeftynge alfo and condenfatynge or thyckenynge the fayde moyfte nuryflic- 
 mente into a gummie and vnctuous fubftaunce as is feene in all fuche thinges as growe in thofe regions. And 
 this is the only naturjiU caufe afwell that certeyne great beaftes and of longe lyfe (as the EIe|)iiante ami 
 Rhinoceros with fuch other) are engendered only in regions nere vnto the E(iuinoctiall, as alfo that the leaucs 
 of fuch trees as growe there, do not wyther or faule, vntyll they bee thrufte owt by other, accordynge to the 
 verfe of the poete which fayth: Et nata pira piris, etficus inficubus extant. That is in effecte: peares growynge 
 vppon peares, and fygges vppon fygges. Plinie alfo wryteth, that fuche trees are neuer infected with the 
 difeafe of trees that the Latines aiule Caries, which v/e may caule the worme or canker, being but a certeyne 
 putrifaction by reafon of a wateryflie nuryfliement not well confolidate. The fame thynge hath bynne the 
 caufe that certeyne Phylofophers confiderynge afwell that man is the hotteft and moyfteft beaft that is (which 
 is the beft complexion) as alfo that men lyue longefte in certeyne partes of India nere the Equinoctiall (where 
 
 <39 
 
 Men are desirniis 
 of newe thinges. 
 
 The cammo<1iiic$ 
 of Hisp.iniul.t 
 
 Enfl.mde and 
 Sicilie. 
 
 GoUIe mines. 
 Cottun. 
 
 Ctusiit. 
 
 .Sugcr. 
 Pl.intcsandhcrbct 
 
 Grcite ihvngcs 
 hindered hy 
 rcspccic o( 
 prcsente g.iynes. 
 
 2U 
 
 Orangics. 
 Ponicgraii.itcs. 
 Figgcs al the 
 yeare. 
 Dates. 
 
 Beastes. 
 
 (ircate licardcs 
 of catt.iil. 
 
 Good p.isture. 
 
 The cfTccIc of 
 contintlal and 
 moderate heate. 
 
 The cause of fattd 
 nurisbhemcntc. 
 
 ncastes of longe 
 lyfe in regions 
 almwtc the 
 Kciuinoctiall line 
 Trees whos Icaties 
 doo not wither 
 
 The cancar of the 
 tree 
 
 ; Hi 
 
 *^l 
 
 1 1 
 
 U 
 
 1' 
 
 ')V 
 
■■■ I 
 
 f\ 
 
 240 
 
 The hyjlorie of the wejte Indies. 
 
 Longe lyuide men 
 in India. 
 
 Paradise ne.irc the 
 equinoctial line 
 
 Shepe and hogges 
 
 DoEges and cattes 
 becain[e3 wylde 
 
 The situation of 
 Hispaniola. 
 
 The citie of 
 san Domenico 
 
 212 
 
 1 I 
 
 The riuet Oxama 
 
 ! t 
 
 llie hauen 
 
 ^' 
 
 A cathedrall 
 churchc and 
 monastcris in 
 Hispaniola. 
 
 An hospitale. 
 
 !i^ 
 
 ■! L ! 
 
 The people 
 
 yet to this daye fumme Hue to tli[e]age of a hundrcth and fiftle yeares) were of opinion that yf mankynde had 
 any begynnynge on the earthe, that place owght by good reafon to be vnder or not farre from the Kiiuinoctiall 
 lyne for the caufcs aforefayde. Sum of the diuincs alfo vppon lyke confidcration hauc thought it agrcable that 
 theyr Paradyfe fliulde bee about the (iime within the precincte of thofc ryuers which arc named in tlie booke of 
 Gencfis. But to lette paflTe thefe thyngcs and to rcturne to the hyftorie. 
 
 In this Ilande furthermore, are many flicepc and a great number of hoggcs : of the which (as alfo of the 
 kyne) manye are becoome w)'ld : And lykewyfe many dogges and cattes of thofe which were brought owt of 
 Spayne. Thefe (and cfpecially the dogges) doo much hurte amonge the cattayle by reafon of the negligence 
 of the hearde men. 
 
 There are alfo many horfes, marcs, and mules, and fuche other beaftes as ferue th[e]ufe of men in Spayne, 
 and are much greater then they of the fyrfte brode brought thether owt of Spayne. Sum places of the Ilande 
 are inhabytcd, although not fo many as were requifite : Of the whiche I wyll faye no more but that all the 
 regions of the Ilande are fo well fituate that in the courfe of tymc all thynges fliall coomme to greater perfection 
 by reafon of the rychneffe and pleafauntncffe of the countrey and fertilitie of the foile. 
 
 But nowe to fpeake fumwhat of the principall and chiefe place of the Ilande, which is the citie of Sen 
 Domenico: I faye that as touchynge the buildynges, there is no citie in Spaine fo muche for fo muche (no not 
 Barfalona whiche I haue oftentymes feene) that is to bee preferred before this generallye. For the houfes of 
 San DomaikOy are for the mofle parte of (lone as are they of Barfalona: or of fo (Ironge and well wrought 
 earth that it maketh a fmguler and ftronge byndyng. The fituation is muche better then that of Barfalona by 
 reafon that the llreates are much larger and playner, and without comparyfon more directe and (Ireyght furth. 
 For beinge buylded nowe in owr tyme, byfyde the commoditie of the place of the foundation, the llreates were 
 alfo directed with corde, compafe and meafure, whcrin it excelleth al the cities that I haue fene. It hath the 
 fea fo nere, that of one fyde there is no more fpace betwen the fea and the citie then the waules. And this is 
 about fyftie pafes where it is furtheft of. On this fyde, the waters of the fea beate vppon the naturall ftones 
 and fayre coafte. On the other parte, harde by the fyde and at the foote of the houfes, paffeth the ryuer Ozama 
 whiche is a marueylous porte wherin laden (hyppcs ryfe very nere to the lande and in maner vnder the houfe 
 wyndowes, and no further from the mouth of the ryuer where it entereth into tlie fea, then is frome the foote of 
 the hyll of Monyiiye to the monaftery of faynt Frances or to the lodge of Barfalona. In the myddeft of this 
 fpace in the citie, is the fortreffe and caftle, vnder the which and twentie pafes diftant from the fame, paffe the 
 ftiippes to aryfe fumwhat further in the fame ryuer. From the enteraunce of the fliyppes vntyll they cad anker, 
 they fayle no further from the houfes of the citie then thyrtie or fortie pafes, bicaufe of this fyde of the citie the 
 habitacion is nere to the ryuer. The port or hauen alfo, is fo fayre and commodious to defraight or vnlade 
 fliyppes, as the lyke is founde but in fewe places of the worlde. The chymineis that .ire in this citie, are abowt 
 fyxe hundreth in number, and fuch houfes as I haue fpokcn of before: Of the which fum are fo fayre and large 
 that they maye well receaue and lodge any lorde or noble manne of Spayne with his trayne and fomelie. And 
 efpecially that which Don Diego Colon viceroy vnder your maieflie hath in this citie, is fuche that I knowe no 
 man ir payne that hath the lyke by a quarter in goodneffe confydcrynge all the commodities of the fame. 
 Lykewyfe the fituation thereof, as beinge aboue the fayde porte and altogyther of ftone and hauynge many foire 
 and large roomes with as goodly a profpect of the lande and fea as may be deuyfed, feemeth vnto me fo 
 magnificall and princelyke that yowr maieflie maye bee as well lodged therin as in any of the moofte exquifite 
 builded houfes of Spayne. There is alfo a Cathedrall churche buylded of late where afwell the byfliop 
 accordyng to his dignitie, as alfo the canones are wel indued. This church is wel buylded of flone and lyme, 
 and of good woorkemanfliyj^pe. There are furthermore three monafteries bearyng the name of faynt Dominike, 
 faynt Frances, and faynt Marie of Mercedes : The whiche are all well buylded althoughe not fo curiouflye as 
 they of Spayne. But fpeakynge without preiudice of any other religious monafterie, yowre maieflie may bee 
 well aflured that in thefe three monafteries, god is as well ferued as in any other religious houfe with men of 
 holy lyuynge and vertuous exemple. There is alfo a very good hofpitall for the ayde and fuccour of pore people, 
 whiche was founde by Michaell Paflament threafurer to yowr maieflie. To conclude, this citie from day to day 
 increafeth in welth and good order, afwel for that the fayde Admyrall and viceroy with the lorde Chaunceloure 
 and counfayle appoynted there by yowr maieflie, haue theyr continuall abydynge here, as alfo that the rychefl 
 men of the Ilande refort hyther for theyr mofle commodious habitation and trade of fuch marchaundies as arc 
 eyther brought owt of Spayne or fent thyther from this Hand which nowe fo abundeth in many thynges that it 
 ferueth Spayne with many commodities, as it were with vfury requityng fuch benefites as it fyrft receaued from 
 thenfe. 
 
 The people of this Ilande are commonlye of fumewhat lefle flature then are the Spanyardes, and of a 
 fliynynge or cleare browne coloure. They haue wyues of theyr owne, and abfteyne from theyr dowghters, 
 fyflers, and mothers. They haue large forheades, longe blacke heare, and no beardes or heare in any other 
 
ikynde had 
 'Aiuinoctiall 
 Ljrcable that 
 lie booke of 
 
 alfo of tlie 
 ight owt of 
 I negligence 
 
 , in Spayne, 
 r the Ilande 
 that all the 
 r perfection 
 
 ;itie of Sen 
 :he (no not 
 e houfes of 
 ell wrought 
 irfalona by 
 eyght furth, 
 Lrcates were 
 It hath the 
 And this is 
 turall flones 
 yuer Ozama 
 IX the houfe 
 the foote of 
 Ideft of this 
 le, paffe the 
 
 caft anker, 
 he citie the 
 It or vnlade 
 :, are abowt 
 e and large 
 jelie. And 
 
 knowe no 
 
 the fame. 
 ! many faire 
 vnto me fo 
 le exquifite 
 the byfliop 
 ; and lynie, 
 
 Dominike, 
 uriouflye as 
 ie may bee 
 vith men of 
 lore people, 
 
 day to day 
 launceloure 
 the rychefl 
 idies as arc 
 nges that it 
 eaued from 
 
 :s, and of a 
 dowghters, 
 1 any other 
 
 T/tc hyjlofic of the vvcjlc Indies. 
 
 parts of theyr bodies afwcl men as women, cxcepte very fewe as perhaps fiarfcly one amonge a tiu)ufaiul. 
 They go as naked as they were borne, exco])te that on the partes which may not witli honcllie bee fcenc, liny 
 wcare a certeyne leafe as brode as a mans hande, wliich neucrthclclVe is not kcpte clofe wliU futiie tlihgcnie but 
 that fumtymes a man may fee that they tliynke fuflicientiy hyikle. 
 
 In this Hand are certeyne glo woomies that Ihyne in tlio nyght xs doo owrcs. Hut are muc he bygger and 
 gyue a greater lyght: In fo much that when the men of tlie Ilande goo any iorneys in the nygiit, they beare 
 fumme of thefe woormes made fad abowt theyr fiete anil beade, in fuihe forte that he tliat Ihukle fee them a l;ure 
 anil ignorant of the thinge, wolile bee greatly aftonyflied therat. By the lyght of thefe alfo, the wonieii woorke 
 in theyr houfes in the night. Thefe woormes they ciiule Ciciias. Theyr lyght lalleth for the fpace of three 
 dayes, and diminifflieth as they begynne to drye vp. 
 
 There is alfo a kynd of crowes whof-i breath (lynketh in the mornyUjje and is fweete at after noone. The 
 excremente which they auoyde, is a lyuynge worme. 
 
 As touchynge other thynges of this Ilande whereof Peter Martyr hath more largely 
 intreated in his Decades, I haue thought it fuperfluous to repeate the fame ageyne owte 
 ol this hyftorie of Gonzalns Fcrdinamhis : but haue here gathered only fuche thynges as 
 eyther arc not touched of Peter Martyr or not fo largely declared : as I haue doone the 
 lyke in all other notable thynges which I haue collected owt of this Summarie of Gonzalns. 
 
 C Of the Ihinde of Cuba and other. 
 
 the Ilande of Cuba and the other, as the Ilandes of SanHi lohannh and Tamaica, the fame 
 mayc be fayde in maner in all thynges as before of llifpaniola although not fo largely. 
 Yet in leflfe quantitie doo they brynge foorth the lyke thynges: as gold, copper, cattayle, 
 trees, jilantes, fyfflies, anil fuch other of the which wee haue fpoken there. 
 
 In Cuba, is a certeyne kynde of I'artyches beinge verye little, with theyr fethers much 
 of the colour of turtle dooues : but are of muche better tafte to bee eaten. They are taken 
 in great number. And beinge brought wylde into the houfes, they becoome as tame within 
 the fpace of three or foure dayes as though they had byn hatched there. They becoomme exceadynge fatte in 
 fhort fpace, and are doubtelefle the moll delicate and pleafaunt meate that euer I haue eaten. But to let 
 paffe many other thynges that myght here bee fayde, and to fpeake of two manielous thynges which are in this 
 Hand of Cuba: wherof the one is, that a valley conteynynge twoo or three leaques in length betwene two 
 mountaynes, is full of a kynde of very hardc Hones of fuche perfecte roimdeneffe and lyke vnto pellettes of 
 gunnes that no arte can make better or more exactly jwlyfflieil. Of thefe, fum are as fmaule as pellettes for 
 handegunnes : and other fo increafynge bygger and bygger from that quantitie, that they may feme lor all fortes 
 of artyllerie althoughe they bee of byggeneffe to receaue one or two or more quintales of pouder, euery quintale 
 conteynynge one hundreth weyght : or of what other quantitie fo euer they bee. Thefe pelletes are foundc 
 through owte al the valley within the earth as in a myne, which they digge and take owte fuch as they 
 neede of all fortes. 
 
 The other marueylous thinge of this Hand is this: That farre from the fea, there ifllieweth owt of a 
 mountayne a certeyne lycour much lyke the cley of Babilon cauled Bitumen or lyke vnto pytche in great 
 iiuantitie and fuch as is very commodious for the calkynge of fliyppes. This fauleth continually from the rocke 
 and runneth into the fea in fuche abund;\unce that it is feene flotynge aboue the water on euery fide of the fea 
 there abowt as it is dryuen frome place to place by the wynde or courfe of the water. 
 
 Quiiitiis Curjlus wryteth in his hyftorie, that great Alexander came to the citie of Mfnii where is a great 
 caue or denne in the which is a fprynge or fountayne that continually auoydethe a great quantitie of Bitumen 
 in fuch fort that it is an eafy thing to beleue that the ftoncs of the walles of Ribilon myght bee layde therwith 
 accordynge as the fayde auctoure wryteth. I haue feene this myne oi Bitumen, not only in the Hand of Cuba, 
 but alfo fucli an other in newe Spayne, which was found of late in the prouince of J'aniM) where it is much 
 better then (he other of Cuba, as I haue feene by experience in calkynge of fliyppes. 
 
 241 
 
 Olo wonnn 
 
 213 
 
 Cmwe« slynkynao 
 and hwcutc 
 
 S.iynt lohn hU 
 
 Immie. 
 
 Iiitnaiitt. 
 
 rartii^hufc 
 
 Pellettes f »r 
 euiiiic!i wri>ut;hi 
 by luture* 
 
 A fntm!.ivne nf the 
 pytcUcu^Uiiuiiiun. 
 
 Quintiis Cursims 
 
 ItituiDcn of 
 UabiluiL 
 
 AinMc-A 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 'I 
 
 i i 
 
 
 H, 
 
 EnEH. 
 
 H" 
 
 ' 'li 
 
^^' 
 
 242 
 
 The hyjlorie of the wejle Indies. 
 
 Baecaltoi. 
 
 214 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Ryche furret and 
 •ylucr. 
 
 Idolaterii 
 
 \ I 
 
 i'li 
 
 C Of the /(fiwrtfe (j/^ Bacoaleos canted Terra Baccalearum,^///^/^ on the 
 
 North fyde ofthefirme lande. 
 
 |Hortly after thrt yowr Maieflie came to the citie of Toledo, there arryucd in the moneth of 
 Nouember, Steuen Gomes the pylot who the yeare before of 1524. by the commaundement 
 of yowre maicllie faylcd to the Northe partes and founde a greate parte of lande continuate 
 from that which is cauled Baccaleos difcourfynge towarde the Weft to the. xl. and. xli. degree, 
 from whenfe he brought ccrtcyne Indians (for fo caule wee all the nations of the new founde 
 landes) of the whiche he brought fum with hym from thenfe who are yet in Toledo at this 
 prefent, and of greater ftature then other of the firme lande as they are commonlye. Theyr 
 colour is much lyke th[e]other of the firme lande. They are great archers, and go couered with the (kinnes of 
 dyuers beaftes both wylde and tame. In this lande are many excellent furres, as martems, fables, and fuch 
 other rych furres of the which the fayde pilote brought fumme with hym into Spayne. They haue fyluer and 
 copper, and certeyne other metallcs. They are Idolaters and honoure the foonne and moone, and are feduced 
 with fuche fuperftitions and errours as are they of the firme. 
 
 And to haue wrytteii thus muche, it maye fuffice of fuche thinges as haue femed 
 to me moft woorthy to be noted in the Summarie of Gonzalus Ferdinandus wrytten to 
 Th[e]emperours maieflie 
 
 l| 
 
 M 
 
m the 
 
 "le moneth of 
 imaundement 
 \<i continuate 
 1. xli. degree, 
 e new foiinde 
 oledo at this 
 nlye. Theyr 
 be (kinnes of 
 les, and fuch 
 ie fyluer and 
 I are feduced 
 
 lue femed 
 vrytten to 
 
 243 
 
 [The Third English book on America, 
 
 Which is also 
 
 The First English Collection ov Voyages, Traffics, & Discoveries. 
 
 Cfte ^ttntiti ni tftr iietoe U)0rHre 01* torjSt Sritrta, tit. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Antonio Pigafetta. 
 
 7 he Jirst Circumnavigation of the Globe, by Fernam de 
 Magalhaens's Expedition, in 1519-22. 
 
 First printed in 1526.] 
 
 < ' 
 
 I I 
 
 t j 
 
 ! ', 
 
 iii;! 
 
 
M' 
 
 !'l I 
 
 ^l! 
 
 « I 
 
 y 
 
 1 r 
 
 \ 
 
 
245 
 
 €1 OF OTHER NOTABLE THYNGES 
 
 GATHERED OWTK OF DVUERS AUTOURS: 
 
 AND 1-VRSTE OF THE VNIVKRSAL CARDE AND NEWE WORLDE. 
 
 He hole globe or compafe of the earth was dyuyded 
 by tlicauncient wrytors into three partes, as Huropa, 
 AJfrica, and AJia : whiclie partes conteyne in longi- 
 tude. 1 So. degrees, begynnynge the fyrft degree at the 
 llaiulesof Canaric. And conteyne in latitude towanle 
 the North. 63. degrees, begynnynge the fyrile 
 degree froine the Etiuinoctiall : And. 10. degrees 
 towarde the South. All the refte of the longitude 
 which conteyneth other. 180. degrees, is difcouered 
 of late tynie, as the Weft India cauled the newe 
 worlde, bycaufe none of the owldc autoures had any 
 knowelcge or made any mention therof. All that 
 therfore is cauleil newe which is Weftwarde from the Ilandes of Canarie. And thus 
 accompt)nge thefe. 180. degrees towarde the Eaft difcouered in owUle tyme, with 
 the otlier. 180. degrees difcouered of late dayes, they make, 360. degrees, which is al 
 the circle of the Equinoctiall in the fphere. Alfo the part aboue the. 63. degrees 
 of the North latitude, was founde by men of late tyme, as Norway and Grutlaiule 
 with many other prouinces. Lykewife the part more fouth then. 10. degrees of latitude, 
 was difcouered of late dayes, allhoughe Ariane and I'linie fay that it was knowen in 
 owlde tyme : whiche yf it were, )'et had they no fuche particular defcription thereof as 
 we haue in the.'e daj-es. 
 
 Wi-vl lllili.l llic 
 
 ncwc wuiUlc. 
 
 'I'lte rimiinfcrrniTe 
 of tlic 1-Utiiiiuit.uuli 
 lync. 
 
 •|lic Nurlh 
 
 rcj4ioiiv 
 
 Ilie S..1 ill 
 
 1:1 11 t,. 
 
 
 vi 
 
 
 U 1 
 
 <4S 
 
 ...I, 
 
f^r 
 
 ' 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 \ 
 
 246 
 
 [ T/ic vyage roiiude about the vvoride.'] 
 
 Don Peter Miirtyr. 
 
 Runic sacked 
 
 A day lost in t!uce 
 yeares and uiie 
 luunctb. 
 
 215 
 
 Aiitonie Pigafctta. 
 
 Jiuvbu* Ftther. 
 
 C A DISCOVRSE OF THE VYAGE 
 MADE BY THE SPANYARDES 
 
 ROVNDE ABOVVTE THE WORLDE. 
 
 He vyage made by the Spanyardes rownde abowt the 
 worlde is one of the greateft and mode marueylous 
 tliynges that hath bynne knowen to owre tyme. And 
 althoughe in many thynges we excell owre aunciente 
 prediceffours, in this efpeciallye wee fo farre exceade 
 all theyr inuentions, that the lyke hath not heretofore 
 byn knowen to this day. This viage was written par- 
 ticularly by Don Peter Martyr of Angleria being one 
 of the counfayleof Th[elemperours Indies, to whom 
 alfo was commytted the wrytyng of the hyftorie and 
 examination of al fuche as returned from thenfe into 
 Spayne to the citie of Siuile, in the yeare. M. D.xxii. 
 But fendynge it to Rome to bee pryntedinthatmifer- 
 able tyme when the citie was fackcd it was lofte and not founde to this day or any memory 
 remaynynge therof, fauynge fuche as fum that redde the fame haue borne in mynde. And 
 amonge other notable thynges by hym wrytten as touchynge that vyage, this is one, that 
 the Spanyardes hauynge fayled abowt three yeares and one moneth, and the mod of them 
 notynge the dayes, day by day (as is the maner of all them that fayle by the Ocean) they 
 founde when they were returned to Spayne, that they had lofte one daye: So that at 
 theyr arryuall at the porte of Siuile beinge the feuenth day of September, was by theyr 
 accompt but the fixth day. And where as Don Peter Martyr declared the ftrange 
 efifecte of this thynge to a certeyne excellente man who for his finguler lernynge was 
 greately aduaunced to honoure in his common welthe and made Th[e]emperours ambaf- 
 fadoure, this woorthy gentelman who was alfo a greate Philofopher and Aftronomer, 
 anfwered that it coulde not otherwyfe chaunce vnto them hauynge fayled three yeares 
 continually, euer folowynge the foonne towrrde the Weft. And fayde furthermore that 
 they of owlde tyme obferued that all fuche as fayled behinde the foonne towarde the 
 West, dyd greatly lengthen the day. And albeit that the fayde booke of Peter Martyr is 
 peryfflied, yet hath not fortune permitted that the memorie of fo woorthy and marueylous 
 an enterpryfe ftiulde vtterly bee extincte : forafmuch as a certeyne noble gentleman of the 
 cytie of Vincenza in Italic, cauled mafter Antonie Pigafetta (who beinge one of the 
 coonipanie of that vyage and after his returne into Spayne in the fliyppe Victoria, was 
 made knyght of the Rhodes) wrote a particular and large booke therof which he gaue to 
 Th[e]eniperours Maieftie, and fente a coppie of the fame into Fraunce to the lady 
 Regente moother vnto the frenche kynge, who committed it to an excellent philofopher 
 cauled mafter lacobus Fabcr, hauyng longe fludyed in Italy, wyllynge him to tranflate it 
 
The vyage roimde about the vvorhie. 
 
 247 
 
 into the l'"renche toongc. This booke therefore was printed fyrfl; in the frenche toongc 
 and then in the Italien, with alfo an epiftle to the Cardinall of Salfepurge as touchynge 
 the fame viage, written by Maximihane Tranfiluane fecretarie to Tli[e]cmperours 
 Maieftie, in the yeare. 1522. And doubteleffe amonge al the cities of Italie, the citie of 
 Vicenza may herein much glorie, that befide the ancient nobilitie and many excellent 
 and rare wyttes whiche it hath browght furth afvvell in learnynge as difcipline of warre, 
 it hath alfo had fo woorthy and valiaunt a gentleman as was the fayde mafler Antonie 
 Pigafetta, who hauing compafed abowte the ball or globe of the worlde, hath lykewyfe 
 defcribed that vyage particularly. For the whiche his fo noble and woonderfull an 
 enterprife fo happily atchiued, if the fame had byn doone in the owlde tyme when th[e]- 
 empyre of the Grekes and Romans floryffhed, he fliulde doubteleffe haue byn rewarded 
 with an Image of marble or golde erected in a place of honoure in perpetuall memorie 
 and for a fmgular exemple of his vertue to the pofteritie. In fine, this may we bouldly 
 affirme, that the antiquitie had neuer fuch knowlege of the worlde whiche the foonne 
 coompafeth abowte in. xxiiii. houres, as we haue at this prefente by th[e]induft;rye of 
 men of this owre age. But before I fpeake any thynge of the viage, I haue thought it 
 good fyrfl to adde hereunto, the Epiftle of Maximilian Tranfiluane which he wrote to 
 the Cardinall of Salfepurge as a preface to his fayde booke. 
 
 CTHE EPISTLE OF MAXIMILIAN TRANSILVANE, 
 
 SECRETARIE TO THE EMPEROVRS MAIESTIE: 
 
 wrytten to the ryght honorable and reiierende loidc, 
 
 the lorde Cardinall of Salfepurge, of the maruey- 
 
 lous and woonderfull nauigation made by the 
 
 Spanyardes rounde abowt the worlde in 
 
 the yeare of Chrift. M. D. xix. 
 
 N thefe dales my moft honorable and reucrend lorde, 
 returned one of thofe fiue fliippes which the yeare 
 before Th[e]emperours beinge at Saragofa in Spayne, 
 were at his maiefties commaundement fent to the 
 newe worlde heretofore vnknowen vnto vs, to feeke 
 the Ilandes of fpices. For albeit the Portugales 
 brynge vs great quantitie of fpyces from that parte 
 of Eafte India whiche in owlde tym.e was cauled 
 Aiirca Chcrfoneftis (where is nowe thought to bee 
 the greate and ryche citie of Malaccha) yet in Eafte 
 India growe none of thofe fpices excepte pepper. 
 For other fpices, as Sinamome, cloues, nutmegges, 
 and mafe, (whiche is the huHce that couereth the 
 fliell of the nutte) are brought frome other farre con- 
 treys and from Ilandes fcarfely knowen by theyr names. From the whiche Ilandes they 
 are brought in fliyps or barkes made withowt any iren tooles, and tyed togyther with 
 
 Mnxirnilinn 
 Trauhiluaiie 
 
 The reward e of 
 nul>lu entcrprybcs. 
 
 The antiquilic had 
 no stichc kiiowlcge 
 of the worlde us 
 we haue. 
 
 The Ihndcs of 
 Molucca. 
 
 A urea 
 Chersonesus. 
 
 Alalacchit, 
 
 Spyccs. 
 
 I : 
 
 ii 
 
 ( ! 
 
 '\ 
 
 I ,i 
 
If r J 
 
 ,H. 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 lit' 
 
 248 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Spyces vnknuwen 
 in owlUe tyiue. 
 
 216 
 
 Herodoitts. 
 Sinamoinc. 
 The Phenyx. 
 
 Plinie 
 
 The natiignlinns nf 
 greatc Alexander. 
 Ethiupe. 
 
 TrogloditL 
 
 The nanigation 
 abowtc the worlde. 
 
 The owlde 
 autours rcproueJ. 
 
 Monsters. 
 
 The vyages of the 
 
 Spanyardus and 
 
 Portugalcs. 
 
 Sinus Magftus. 
 
 The vyage rouude about the vvorlde. 
 
 cordes of date trees : with rounde fayles lykewife made of the fmaule twij^ges of the 
 branches of date trees weaued togyther. Thefe barkes they caiile Giititc/ic : with the 
 whiche barkes and fayles they make theyr vyages with onely one wynde in the ftearne 
 or contrarywyfj. 
 
 Neyther yet is it a thynge greatly to bee marueyled at that thefe Ilandes where the 
 fpyces grovve haue byn vnknowen fo many worldcs paft vnto owre tyme, forafmuch as all 
 fuch thynges as vnto this day haue byn wrytten of owld autours of the places where fpices 
 growe, are all fabulous and falfe : In fo muche that the countreys where they affirme theym 
 to growe, are nowe certeynely founde to bee further fromc the place where they growe in 
 deede, then we are from them. For lettynge paffe many other thynges that are wrytten, 
 I wyll fpeake only of this which Herodotus (otherwife a famous auctour) affirmeth that 
 Sinamome, is founde in the toppes of the neftes of certcyne byrdes and foules that brynge 
 it frome farre countreys, and efpecially the Phenyx, the which I knowe no man that euer 
 hath feene. But Plinie who mjght more certeynely affirme thynges by reafon that before 
 his tyme many thynges were knowen and difcouered by the nauigations of great Alex- 
 ander and other, fayth that Sinamome growedi in that parte of Ethiope whiche the people 
 inhabite cauled Trogloditi. Neuerthcleffe it is nowe founde that Sinamome groweth very 
 farre from all Ethiope and muche further frome the Trogloditi \i\\\(\\c dwell in caues vnder 
 the grounde. But to owre men which are nowe returned from thofe partes and the Ilandes 
 of fpices, hauynge alfo good knowlege of Ethiope, it was neceffarie to paffe farre beyonde 
 Ethiope beefore they coome to thefe Ilandes, and to coompaffe abowte the whole worlde, 
 and many tymes vnder the greatefl circumference of heauen. The which nau'<j;ation made 
 by them, being the moft marueylous thynge that euer was doone by man vppon the earth 
 fence the fyrft creation of the worlde, and neuer founde before, or knowen, or attempted 
 by any other, I haue deliberated faythfully to wryte to yowre honorable lordfliippe and to 
 declare the hole fucceffe therof. As touchynge which matter, I haue with all diligence 
 made inquifition to knowe the trewth afwell by relation of the Capitayne of that fliyppe as 
 alfo by conference with euery of the maryners that returned with hym. All which, gaue 
 the felf fame information both to Th[e]en jcrours maieftie and dyuers other : And this with 
 fuch faythfulneffe and finceritie, that not only they are iudged of all men to haue declared 
 the trewth in all thynges, but haue thereby alfo gyuen vs certeyne knowlege that all that 
 hath hytherto byn fayde or written of owlde autours as touchynge thefe thynges, are falfe 
 and fabulous. For who wyll beleue that men are found with only one legge. Or with 
 fuch fiete whofe fliadowe couereth theyr bodyes ? Or men of a cubite heyght, and other 
 fuch lyke, beinge rather monftcrs then men ? Of the which, neyther the Spanyardcs who 
 in owre tyme faylyng by the Ocean fea, haue difcouered al the coaftes of the lande toward 
 the Weft both vnder and aboue the Equinoctiall, nor the Poitugales who compaffynge 
 abowt al Affryke haue paffed by all the Eafte and lykewyfe difcouered all thofe coaftes 
 vnto the great goulfe cauled Sinus Magnus, nor yet the Spanyardes in this theyr 
 lafte nauigation, in the which they compafed abowt the hole earth, dyd neuer in any 
 of their vyages wryte of fuch monfters : which doubtelcffe they wold not haue 
 omytted if they myght haue had certeyne knowelege therof. But nowe intendynge to 
 fpeake of the whole world, I wyll not bee longe in my preface, but begynne my narration 
 as foloweth. 
 
 143 
 
The vyagc roitndc about the vvorhtc. 
 
 249 
 
 v#, A BRIEFE DECLARATION OF THE WAGE 
 
 OR NAVIGATION MADE ABOWTE THE WORLDE. 
 
 GATHERED OWT OF A LARGE BOOKE WRYTTEN HEREOF BY 
 
 MASTER ANTONIE PYGAFETTA VINCENTINE, KNYGIIT OF THE RHODES 
 
 and one of the coompanye of that vyage in the which, 
 
 Fentitiando Magaliaiics a Portugale (whom 
 
 fum caule Magcllanus) was gcnerall 
 
 Capitayne of the nauie. 
 
 Lthowgh Sebaftian Munftcr in his vnlucrfall Cofmo- 
 graphie in the fyfthe booke of the landes of the 
 greater Afia (which I tranflated into Englyflie 
 abowte two yeares fence) hath wrytten of the vyage 
 of Jllagcllaniis, declarynge therein howe the Span- 
 yardes by the Weft, and the Portugales by the Eafte, 
 faylyng to the Ilandes of Molucca, compafed the 
 hole globe of the worlde betwene them, yet haue I 
 here thought it good to make a breefe repeticion 
 of thys V}'age, addynge hereunto dyuers notable 
 thynges which were not touched of Munfter, as I 
 haue gathered them owt of the bookes of Antonie 
 Pigafetta and Tranfiluanus wrytten of the fame 
 vyage. For albeit in deede it was a ftraunge 
 thynge that the Spanyardes and Portugales compafed the hole 
 the worlde betwene them, yet is it more marueylous that the 
 with one fliippe and one coompanie of men as dyd the Span- 
 vyagc, who keepynge thcyr continual! courfe by the Wefte, 
 returned into Spayne by tlie Eafte. A thynge doubtleffe fo much more woonder- 
 fuU and ftrange then yf they had returned from the halfe circumference by the fame way 
 they went. In howe muche they were ignorante in the vyage neuer attempted beefore, 
 befyde the thoufande daungiours and perylles whiche they were daylye lyke to faule into, 
 afwell by v ■■ r)nge in vnknowen coaftes as alfo by faulynge into the handes of the 
 Portugales i)y whofe dominions in the Eafte, they ftiulde needes paffe of neceffitie, not 
 truftynge to theyr gentelneffe for the controuerfie which had byn longe betwene them 
 for the Ilandes of Jlfoliicca. I wyll therefore (as I haue fayde) make a briefe rehearfall 
 of thys vyage from the begynnynge to the endynge : Omyttynge neuertheleffe many 
 notable thynges whiche are more largely defcribed In the bookes of Maximilianus Tran- 
 filuanus and Antouius Pigafetta. 
 
 »49 
 
 and woonderful 
 circumference of 
 fame was doone 
 yardes in this 
 
 Sebulian Munslcr 
 
 The Ilanilcs of 
 Molucca. 
 
 217 
 
 Cnntroltrrsie 
 bclwene the 
 Sp;iny:)rttcs and 
 I'urtugales. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 i! 
 
■nr 
 
 f^ 
 
 h 
 
 250 
 
 T/^e vyage ronnde about the worlde. 
 
 Ferdinando 
 Magaliuies. 
 
 The Cape of saynt 
 Vincent 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 
 Canarie. 
 
 Water engendered 
 
 ofaclowde. 
 
 The Hand of saynt 
 Thomas. 
 
 Capo verde. 
 
 Guinea in 
 Ethyope. 
 Serraliotta, 
 
 Fys&hes and 
 monsters of the 
 sea. 
 
 The fyers of Raints 
 Helene and S. 
 Nicolas. 
 A tempest 
 
 The natural! cause 
 of such hers as 
 faule in the shyps. 
 
 CarJaHUS. 
 
 Two kyndes of 
 fyers engendered 
 of exhalations. 
 
 Trewe fyer and 
 false fyer. 
 
 218 
 
 Castor and Pollux. 
 The lyghtes of 
 saynt Peter and 
 saynte Nycolas. 
 
 f ' 
 
 They lost the 
 
 syght of the North 
 
 starre. 
 
 The lande of 
 
 Bresile. 
 
 The South pole. 
 
 Sugoi. 
 
 The tenthe day of Auguft, in the ycare of owre lorde M. D. xix. Ferdinando Magalianes departed from the 
 porte of Siuile in Spayne with a nauie of fyue (hyppes and two hundreth thirtie and feuen men, wel furnyffhed 
 with all thynges necelTarie. And faylynge fyrfte downe by the ryuer of Guadalchiber which runneth from the 
 fayde porte into the fea, they came fyrlle to a place named Giouan Dulfaraz where are manye vyllages of the 
 Moores : And from thenfe arryued at a caflel of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, where is the porte from whiche 
 they enter into the fea and to the cape faynte Vincent beinge diftant from the Equinoctiall. xxxvii. degrees, and 
 frome the fayde port. x. leaques, and is from thenfe to Siuile betwene xvii. and. xx. leaques. Here they remayned 
 certeyne dayes to make newe prouifion of fuch thynges as they lacked. 
 
 Departynge from henfe the. xx. daye of September, they arryued the. xxvi. day of the fame moneth at one 
 of the Ilandes Canarie cauled Tenerife, beinge. xxv. degrees aboue the Equinoctiall. In one of thefe Ilandes is 
 none other water but that is continually engendered of a clowde which appeareth dayly at noone tyde as though 
 it defcended from heauen and compafeth abowt a certeyne great tree from whofe branches didilleth greate 
 abundaunce of water, and faulethe in (Ireames from the roote of the fame into certeine trenches and ceftarnes 
 made and placed to receaue it. This water ferueth fufficiently all th[e]inhabitauntes and cattayle of the Ilande. 
 The lyke thynge is alfo feene in the Hand of faynt Thomas, lyinge directly vnder the Equinoctiall lyne. 
 
 The thyrde day of October abowt mydnyght, the capytayne commaunded theym to lyght fyrebrandes and to 
 hoyfe vp theyr fayles directynge theyr courfe towarde the South, faylynge betwene Capo Verde of Affryke and 
 the Ilandes lyinge abowt the fame, beinge from the Equinoctiall. xiiii. degrees and a halfe. They fayled thus, 
 manye dayes in the fyght of the coafle of Guinea, of Ethiope, where is the mountayne cauled Serra Liona beinge. 
 viii. degrees aboue the Equinoctiall. In this coaft they had no maner of contrary wynds but a great calme and 
 fayre wether for the fpace of threefcore and tenne dayes, in the which they came ynder the Equinoctiall lyne. 
 In thys vyage they fawe many flraunge fyffhes and monflers of the fea befyde an other ftraunge thynge whiche 
 appeared vnto them. For there appeared in theyr fliyppes certeyne flames of fyre burnynge verye cleare, which 
 they caul faynt Helen and faynt Nicolas. Thefe appeared as thoughe they had byn vppon the mad of the 
 ihyppes, in fuch clearneffe that they tooke away theyr fyght for the fpace of a quarter of an houre : by reafon 
 wherof, they fo wandered owte of theyr courfe and were difparfed in funder, that they in maner difpayred to 
 meete ageyne. But as God wolde, the fea and temped beinge quieted, they came fafely to theyr determyned courfe. 
 
 And before I fpeake any further of the vyage, I haue here thought good to faye 
 fumewhat of thefe ftraunge fyers, which fum ignorant folkes thynke to bee fpirites or fuche 
 other phantafies wheras they are but natural thynges proceadynge of natural caufes and 
 engendered of certeyne exhalations. Of thefe therefore, the greate Philofopher of owre 
 tyme Hicronimus Cardaniis in his feconde booke de Subtilitate, wryteth in this maner. 
 
 There are two maner of fyers engendered of exhalations wherof the one is hurtfull and the other without 
 hurte. That which is hurtful, is fyer in deede, engendered of malicious and venemous vapours which in fuccefle 
 of time take fyer as apt matters to be kyndeled. The other kynd, is no trew fyer, but lyke the matter that is in 
 fuch owld putrified wod as giueth the fhynynge of fyer without the fubdaunce or qualitie therof. Of the kynde 
 of trewe fyer, is the fyer baule or darre commonly cauled faynt Helen which is fumtyme feene abowt the mades 
 of fliyppes, beinge of fuche fyery nature that it fumetyme melteth brafen veflelles, and is a token of drownyng, 
 forafmuch as this chaunceth only in great tempedes. For the vapoure or exhalation whereof this fyre is 
 engendered, can not bee dryuen togyther or compacte in forme of fyre, but of a grofe vapoure and by a great 
 poure of wynde, and is therfore a token of imminent perell : As on the contrary parte, the lyke fyers cauled in 
 owlde tyme Cajlor and Pollux and nowe named the two lyghtes of faynt Peter and faynt Nycolas whiche for 
 the mod parte faule on the cables of the fliyppes, leapynge from one to an other with a certeyne flutterynge 
 noyfe lyke byrdes, are a token of fecuritie and of the tempede ouerpafled. For they are but vapoures cleauynge 
 to the cables : which in fucceflie of tyme, the fyer paflynge from one to an other, appere in the fimilitud ' of a 
 lyght candell. They are a token of fecuritie bycaufe they are lyttle, nor flowe or grofle, wherby they myght 
 haue ioyned altogyther in one, and byn thereby more malicious and laded longer, wheras beinge many and but 
 lyttle, they are the fooner confumed. 
 
 Hetherto Cardanus. But let vs nowe returne to the vyage. 
 
 When they had fayled pade the Equinoctiall lyne, they lod the fyght of the north darre, and fayled by 
 fouthwede vntyll they came to a lande named the lande of Breffil whiche fum caule Brajilia, beinge. xxii. 
 degrees and a halfe toward the fouth pole or pole Antartyke. This lande is continuate and one firme lande 
 with the cape of faynte Augudine whiche is. viii. degrees from the Equinoctiall. In this lande they were 
 refrefflied with many good frutes of innumerable kindes, and founde here alfo very good fugar canes and diuers 
 kyndes of beades and other thynges which I omitte for breuitie. They entered into this hauen on faynt Lucies 
 
 I 
 
cd from the 
 1 furnyfftied 
 th from the 
 lages of the 
 rom whiche 
 legrees, and 
 :y remayned 
 
 ineth at one 
 e Ilandes is 
 e as though 
 lleth greate 
 id ceftarnes 
 ' the Ilande. 
 yne. 
 
 ndes and to 
 Affryke and 
 fayled thus, 
 ,iona beinge. 
 t cahne and 
 loctiall lyne. 
 y'nge whiche 
 leare, which 
 mad of the 
 ! : by reafon 
 difpayred to 
 yned courfe. 
 
 3d to faye 
 :s or fuche 
 aufes and 
 :r of owre 
 maner. 
 
 ther without 
 
 li in fucceffe 
 
 er that is in 
 
 >f the kynde 
 
 t the maftes 
 
 f drownyng, 
 
 this fyre is 
 
 by a great 
 
 rs cauled in 
 
 whiche for 
 
 flutterynge 
 
 s cleauynge 
 
 ilitud^ of a 
 
 they myght 
 
 my and but 
 
 d fayled by 
 Deinge. xxii. 
 firme lande 
 they were 
 i and diuers 
 aynt Lucies 
 
 
 The vyage rottmie about the worldc. 
 
 251 
 
 day: where the fonne beinge there Zenith (that is the poynt of heauen directly ouer theyr heades) they fclte 
 greater heate that daye then when they were vnder the Equinoctiall line. This lande of Brafile is very large 
 and great: and bygger then all Spayne, Portugale, Fraunce, and Italic: and is mode abundaunte in all thynges. 
 The people of this countrey praye to noo maner of thinge : but Hue by th[e]in(lincte of nature, and to th[e]agc 
 of C. XX. [one hundred and twenty] and. C. xl. [one hundred and forty] yeares. Bothe the men and women go 
 naked, and dwell in certeyne longe houfes. They are very docible, and foone allured to the Chryftian fayth. 
 
 Therteene dayes after that they arryued at the fayd port, they departed from this lande and fayled to the. 
 xxxiiii, degree and a halfe toward the pole Antartike where they found a great ryuer of freflhe water and 
 certeyne Canibales. Of thefe they fawe one owt of theyr (hyppes, of ftature as bigge as a giante, hauynge a 
 voyce lyke a bul. Owre men purfued them, but they were fo fwyfte of foote that they coulde not ouertake 
 them. Abowt the mouth of this ryuer, are feuen Ilandes, in the byggell wherof, they founde certeyne precious 
 Hones, and cauled it the cape of faynt Marie. The Spanyardes thought that by this r}'uer they might haue 
 paired into the fouth fea. But they were deceaued in theyr opinion. For there was none other paffage then 
 by the ryuer which is. xvii. leaques large in the mouth. 
 
 Thus folowynge this coafte by the tracte of the lande towarde the pole Antartyke, they came to a place 
 where were two Ilandes replenyffhed with giefe and woolues of the fea which fum thynke to bee thofe fyfflies 
 that wee caule pikes. Thefe were in fuch number that in an houre all the fyue (hippes myght haue byn !ade 
 with giefe beinge -.11 of blacke coloure, and fuch as can not flye. They lyue of fyfflie and are fo fatte that they 
 coulde fcarfely fle theym. They haue noo fethers but a certeyne downe : and theyr byls like rauens byls. 
 Thefe woolues of the fea are of dyuers coloures, and of the byggeneffe of calues, with theyT heades of golden 
 coloure. Here were they in great daungiour by temped. But as foone as the three fyers cauled faynte Helen, 
 faynte Nycolas, and faynt Clare, apoered vppon the cabels of the fliyppes, fuddeynely the tempede and furye 
 of the wyndes ceafed. 
 
 Departynge frome henfe, they fayled to the. 49. degree and a halfe vnder the pole Antartyke : where beinge 
 wyntered, they were inforced to remayne there for the fpace of two monethes, all which tyme they fawe no man 
 except that one daye by chaunce they efjiyed a man of the dature of a giante, who came to the hauen daunfyng 
 and fyngynge, and (hottly after feemed to cad dud ouer his heade. The capitayne fente one of his men to the 
 fliore with the fliyppe boate, who made the lyke figne of peace. The which thynge the giante feinge, was owt 
 of feare and came with the capitaynes feruaunte to his prefence into a lyttle Ilande. When he fawe the 
 capitayne with certeyne of his coompany abowte hym, he was greatly amafed and made fignes holdynge vppe 
 his hande to heauen, fignifyinge therby that owre men came from thenfe. This giante was fo bygge, that the 
 heade of one of owr men of a meane dature, came but to his wade. He was of good corporature and well made 
 in all the partes of his bodie, with a large vyfage paynted with dyuers coloures, but for the mod parte yelowe. 
 Vppon his cheekes were paynted two hartes, and redde circles abowt his eyes. The heare of his headde was 
 coloured whyte, and his apparell was the flcynne of a beade fowde togyther. This beade (as feemed vnto them) 
 had a large heade and great eares lyke vnto a mule, with the body of a camel and tayle of a horfe. The feete 
 of the giant were foulded in the Ikynne after the maner of flioos. He had in his hande, a bygge and diorte 
 bowe, the drynge whereof was made of a fynewe of that beade. He had alfo a bundell of longe arrowes made of 
 reedes fethered after the maner of owrs, typte with (harpe dones in the deade of iren heades. The Capitayne 
 caufed him to eate and drynke, and gaue him many thynges, and amonge other a greate lookynge glafle : In 
 the which as foone as he fawe his owne likeneffe, was fuddeynely afrayde and darted backe with fuch violence 
 that he ouerthrewe two that doode neared abowte hym. When the Capitayne had thus gyuen hym certeyne 
 haukes belles and other great belles, with alfo a lookynge glaffe, a combe, and a payre of beades of glafle, he 
 fente hym to lande with foure of his owne men well armed. 
 
 Shortely after, they fawe an other giaunte of fvmiewhat greater dature, with his bowe and arrowes in his 
 hande. As he drewe neare vnto owre menne, he layde his hande on his heade and poynted vp towarde heauen, 
 and owr men dyd the lyke. The Capitayne fente his (hyppe boate to brynge him to a lyttle Ilande beinge in 
 the hauen. This giante was verye tractable and p'eafaunt. He foonge and daunfed: and in his daunfynge 
 lefte the printe of his leete on the grownde. He remayned longe with owre men who named hym lohan. He 
 coulde wel fpeake and playnely pronounce thefe wordes: lefus: Aue Maria, Johannes, euen as we doo, but with 
 a bygger voyce. The capitayne gaue hym a fhert of lynnen clothe, and a coate of whyte woollen clothe : Alfo 
 a cappe, a combe, a lookynge glafle, with dyuers fuche other thynges, and fo fente hym to his coompany. The 
 day folowyng, he reforted ageyne to the fliyppes, and brought with hym one of thofe greate beades, which he 
 gaue the capitayne. But after that daye they neuer fawe hym more, fuppofynge hym to bee flayne of his owne 
 coompany for the conuerfation he had with owre men. 
 
 After other, xv. dayes were pade, there came foure other giantes without any weapons, but had hydde 
 theyr bowes and arrowes in certeyne buflhes. The capitayne reteyned two of thefe whiche were younged and 
 
 «s« 
 
 The greatcnesw of 
 the land of Urabile. 
 
 Canib.ilcs. 
 Giante*. 
 
 tnsultg 
 gemmantm. 
 Cat\e\ S. Marie. 
 
 The pole 
 
 An[ljartike. 
 
 Geese. 
 
 Sea wuolucs 
 
 The. xlix. degree 
 of the south pule. 
 
 Giantes 
 
 219 
 
 The bygnesof the 
 giants. 
 
 An other giante. 
 
 \s 
 
 \ 
 
 Foure other 
 giante*. 
 
mr 
 
 u 
 
 m\\ 
 
 ' ' 
 
 V 
 
 si 
 
 252 
 
 77te vyage rounde about the vvorlde. 
 
 r 
 
 Two slantes are 
 ukenby a poUicie. 
 
 The deuyll 
 Setebos. 
 
 Deuyls appere to 
 the gyantcs when 
 they dye. 
 
 Patngoni, 
 
 220 
 
 The gyantcs 
 feedynge. 
 
 They conspire 
 ageynst theyr 
 Capitayne. 
 
 Confession. 
 
 The straight of 
 Magellanus. 
 The South sea. 
 
 Mare paci/icum. 
 
 The giantes died 
 for heat. 
 
 Ca^o Detiderato 
 
 Short nighte in the 
 moneth of October, 
 
 Flying fyshes 
 
 The gyantes 
 language. 
 
 The gyant is 
 baptised. 
 
 Three monethes 
 saylyng without 
 the sygnt of iande. 
 Extreme famen. 
 
 befte made. He tooke them by a deceyte in this maner, that gyuynge them knyucs, flieares, lookynge glaffcs, 
 belles, beades of cryflall, and fuche other tryfels, he fo fylled theyr handes that they coulde hold no more. 
 Then caufed two payre of (hackels of iren to bee put on theyr legges, makynge fignes that he wold alfo gyue 
 them thofe chaynes : which they lyked very wel by caufe they were made of bryght and fhynynge metal. And 
 wheras they could not cary them bycaufe theyr handes were full, the other gyantes wolde haue carycd them; 
 but the Capitayne wolde not fuffer them. When they felte the fliakels fafle abowte theyr legges, they begunne 
 to double : but the Capitayne dyd put them in comforte and badde them ftande (lyll. In fine when they fawe 
 how they were deceaued they rored lyke bulles and cryed vppon theyr grcate deuyll Setelios to helpe them. 
 Being thus taken, they were immediatly feperate and put in fundry fhyppcs. They coulde neuer bynde the 
 handes of the other two. Yet was one of them with much difficulte ouerthrowne by nyne of owre men, and his 
 handes bownde: but he fuddeynely loofed hym felfe and fledde, as dyd alfo the other that came with them. 
 In theyr flying, they (hot of theyr arrowes and flewe one of owre men. They fay that when any of them dye, 
 there appere. x. or. xii. deuyls leapynge and daunfynge about the bodye of the deade, and feeme to haue theyr 
 boddyes paynted with dyuers colours. And that amonge other, there is one feene bygger then the refidue, who 
 maketh great mirth and reioyfynge. This greate deuyll they caule Setebos, and caule the lefle Chdcule. One 
 of thefe giantes which they toke, declared by fignes that he had feene deuyls with two homes aboue theyr heades, 
 with longe heare downe to theyr feete : And that they cad furth fyre at theyr throtes both before and behynde. 
 The Capitayne named thefe people Patagoni. The mofl. part of them weare the fkynnes of fuche beafles 
 wherof I haue fpoken before : And haue no houfes of continuaunce, but maketh certeyne cotages whiche they 
 couer with the fayde (kynnes, and cary them from place to place. They lyue of raw fleffhe and a certeyne 
 fweete roote whiche they caule Capar. One of thefe which they had in theyr fliippes, dyd eate at one raeale a 
 baflcet of byflcette, and drunke a bowle of water at a draughte. 
 
 They remayned fyue monethes in this porte of faint lulian, where certeyne of the vnder capitaynes con- 
 fpirynge the death of theyr general, were hanged and quartered : Amonge whom the treafurcr Luigo of 
 Mendozza was one. Certeyne of the other confpiratours, he left in the fayd land of Patogoni 
 
 Departyng from henfe to the. 52. degree toward the pole Antartike lackynge a thyrde parte, where they 
 founde a ryuer of freffhe water and good fyfflie. Theyr (hyppes were here in great daungiour. They remayned 
 twoo monethes in this porte where they made newe prouifion of freflhe water, fuell, and fyfflie. Here the 
 Capitayne caufed all his men to bee confefled. 
 
 Approchynge to the. 52. degrees, they founde the flraight nowe cauled the flraight of Magellanus, beinge in 
 fum place. C. x. [one hundred and ten] leaques in length : and in breadth fumwhere very large and in other places 
 lyttle more then halfe a leaque in bredth. On both the fydes of this llrayght, are great and hygh mountaynes 
 couered with fnowe, beyonde the whiche is the enteraunce into the fea of Sur, This enteraunce the Capitayne 
 named Mare Pacifiatm. Here one of the fhyppes dole away priuilie and returned into Spaine. In this 
 was one of the giantes who dyed as foone as he felt the heate that is abowte the Equinoctiall lyne. 
 
 When the Capitayne Magalianes was paft the flraight and fawe the way open to the other mayne fea, he 
 was fo gladde therof that for ioy the teares fell from his eyes, and named the poynt of the Iande from whenfe 
 he fyrft. fewe that fea, Capo Defiderato. 
 
 Suppofing that the fliyp which ftole away had byn lofte, they erected a crofle vppon the top of a hyghe 
 hyll to directe their courfe in the fl.raight yf it were theyr chaunce to coome that way. They founde that in 
 this ftrayght in the moneth of October the nyght was not paft foure houres longe. They found in this llrayght 
 at euery three myles, a fafe hauen and excellent water to drynke: woodde alfo and fyflhe, and greate plentie 
 of good herbes. They thynke that there is not a fayrer ftrayght in the worlde. Here alfo they fawe certeyne 
 flyinge fyfflies. 
 
 The other giante which remayned with them in the fliyp, named breade Capar: water, Oli: redde clothe, 
 Cherecai : red colour, Cheiche : blacke colour, Amel : And fpoke al his wordes in the throte. On a tyme, as 
 one made a crofle before him and kyffed it, ftiewynge il vnlo hym, he fuddeynely cryed Sctcbos, and declared 
 by fignes that if they made any more crofles, Sctcbos wold enter into his body and make him bruft. But when 
 in fine he fawe no hurte coome thereof, he tooke the crofle and imbrafed and kyfled it oftentymes, defyringe 
 that he myght bee a Chryftian before his death. He was iherfore baptyfed and named Paule. 
 
 Departynge owl of this ftrayght into the fea cauled Mare Pacificum the. xxviii. day of Nouember in the 
 yeare. 1520. they fayled three moonethes and. xx. dayes before they fawe any Iande. And hauynge in this 
 tyme confumed all theyr byflcet and other vyttayles, they fell into fuche neceflitie that they were inforced to 
 eate the pouder that remayned therof beinge nowe full of woormes and ftynkynge lyke pyffe by reafon of the 
 felte water. Theyr frefftie water was alfo putrifyed and become yelowe. They dyd eate flcynnes and pieces of 
 lethei which were foulded abowt certeyne great ropes of the fliyps. But thefe flcynnes beinge made verye 
 harde by reafon of the foonne, rayne and wynde, they hunge them by a corde in the fea for the fpace of foure 
 
The vyage rounde about the vvorldc. 
 
 253 
 
 ^nge glaflcs, 
 111 no more. 
 Id alfo gyue 
 letal. And 
 irycd them: 
 icy begunne 
 :n they fawc 
 lielpe them, 
 r bynde the 
 len, and his 
 ; with them. 
 )f them dye, 
 ) haue theyr 
 refidue, who 
 deuk. One 
 beyr heades, 
 id behynde. 
 iche bealles 
 whiche they 
 1 a certeyne 
 one meale a 
 
 itaynes con- 
 ;r Luigo of 
 
 where they 
 ;y remayned 
 . Here the 
 
 IS, beinge in 
 other places 
 mountaynes 
 e Capitayne 
 ae. In this 
 
 lyne fea, he 
 from whenfe 
 
 I of a hyghe 
 mde that in 
 :his llrayght 
 reate plentie 
 we certeyne 
 
 edde clothe, 
 1 a tyme, as 
 nd declared 
 But when 
 s, defyringe 
 
 nber in the 
 mge in this 
 
 inforced to 
 ;afon of the 
 nd pieces of 
 
 made verye 
 ace of foure 
 
 or fiue dayes to moUifie them, and fodde them and eate them. By reafon of this famen and vnclene feedynge, 
 fumme of theyr gummes grewe fo ouer theyr teethe, that they dyed miferably for hunger. And by this occafion 
 dyed. xix. men, and alfo the giante with an Indian of the lande of Brafile otherwyfe cauled Terra de papagalli, 
 that is, the lande of popingiayes. Befyde thefe that dyed. xxv. or. xxx. were fo ficke that they were not able to 
 doo any feruice with theyr handes or armes for feeblenefl'e : So that there was in maner none without fum 
 difeafe. In thefe three monethes and. xx. dayes, they fayled foure thoufande leaques in one goulfe by the fayde 
 fea cauled Pcuificum (that is) peaceable, whiche may well bee fo cauled forafmuch as in all this tyme hauyng no 
 fyght of any lande, they had no miffortune of wynde or any other tempeft. Durynge this tyme alfo, they 
 difcouered only two little Ilandes vnhabited, where they fawe nothing but birdes and trees, and therefore 
 named theym infortunate Ilandes, beinge one from the other abowte two hundreth leaques diftante. The 
 firile of thefe Ilandes is from the Equinoctial toward the pole Antartike. xv. degrees, and the other fyue. Theyr 
 failinge was in fuche forte that they failed daily betweene. 1. [fifty] Ix. [fixty] to. Ixx. [feuenty] leaques. So that 
 in fine, if god of his mercy had not gyuen them good wether, it was neceffary that in this foo greate a fea they 
 fliuld all haue dyed for hunger. Whiche neuerthelefle they efcaped foo hardely, that it may bee doubted 
 whether euer the like viage may be attempted with fo good fucceffe. 
 
 They confydered in this nauigation that the pole Antartike hath no notable ftarre after the forte of the 
 pole Artike. But they fawe many ftarres gathered togyther, whyche are like two clowdes one feparate a little 
 from an other, and fum what darke in the myddeft. Betweene thefe, are two (larres not very bigge, nor muche 
 fliynninge, whiche moue a little : And thefe two are the pole Antartike. The needell of theyr compaffe varyed 
 fumwhat, and turned euer towarde the pole Artike. Neuerthelefle, had no fuche force as when it is in thefe 
 partes of the pole Artike. In fo muche that it was neceflarie to helpe the needle with the lode (lone (com- 
 monly cauled the adamant) before they could faile therwith, bycaufe it moued not as it doothe when it is in 
 thefe owre partes. When they were in the myddeft of the goulfe, they fawe a crofle of fiue cleare ftarres 
 directly toward the Wefte, and of equall diftance the one from the other. /^ \%K ^ 
 
 In thefe dayes they fayled be- 
 
 ^•k The order of the Jlarres abowt the pole 
 
 Antartike, fumme haue figured 
 
 in this maner. 
 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 t»ttepolcjSftitawfte» »»*6«««8lf^ 
 
 twene the Weft and South fo 
 farre that they approched to the 
 Equinoctiall line, and were in 
 longitude from the place from 
 whenfe they fyrft departed, a 
 hundreth and twentie degrees. 
 In this courfe they fayled by two 
 Ilandes of exceadynge height, 
 wherof the one named Cipanghu, 
 is. XX. degrees from the pole An- 
 tartike: And the other named 
 Sumbdit. xv. degrees. When 
 they were paft the Equinoctiall 
 line, they fayled betwene the 
 Weft and Southweft at the quar- 
 ter of the Weft towarde the 
 Southweft more then a hundreth 
 leaques, changinge theyr fayles 
 to the quarter of the Southweft 
 vntyll they came to the. xiii. 
 degrees aboue the Equinoctial 
 towarde the pole Artyke, intend- 
 yng as much as were poflible, to 
 approche to the cape cauled of 
 theowldewrytersCtf/Z/^am: The 
 whiche is not foundeas the owlde 
 Cofmographers haue defcribed 
 it, but is towarde the north 
 abowt. xii. degrees as they after- 
 warde vnderftode. 
 
 When they had thus fayled. 
 Ixx. [feuenty] leaques of this 
 
 <S3 
 
 DUeauf of riinen. 
 
 221 
 
 Vnfortunate 
 Ilandes. 
 
 What ihey sayted 
 dayly 
 
 The starres ahowt 
 the south pule. 
 
 The needle uf the 
 coompase. 
 
 The lode stone. 
 
 222 
 
 The Equinoctial 
 line. 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Cipanghu and 
 Sumbdit 
 
 1,1 
 
 ] I' 
 
 (I 
 
 n^ 
 
 ir 
 
 
 
fWTT 
 
 254 
 
 Insithg LatroMum 
 
 People with longe 
 hcare 
 
 They colottre 
 thcyr teethe. 
 
 The Ilande ol' 
 ZamalL 
 
 Wyne of date 
 trees. 
 
 The mnnielous 
 frute Cocufc 
 
 223 
 
 ^ 
 
 The Hand of 
 
 Zuluan. 
 
 The sea cauled 
 
 Archipelago di sian 
 
 Lazara 
 
 Gcntyle& 
 
 The vyagc roumic about the vvorhic. 
 
 t 
 
 vyage in the. xii. degree aboue the Ecjuinoctial, and. C.xlvi. [one hundred and forty-fix] degrees 
 of longitude (as I haue fayde) the fyxte day of March they difcouered a lyttle Ilande towarde the north- 
 wefle, and two other towarde the fouthwefte: but the one was hygher and bygger then the two other. In the 
 byggeil of thefe, the gcnerall capitayne wolde haue reftcd hym felfe a whyle: but he couldc not by rcafon the 
 people of thefc Hands reforted continually to the fliippcs with thcyr canoas, and dole nowe one thynge and 
 nowe an other, in fuch forte that owr men could take no rcflc, and therfore demaunded of the capitayne that 
 they myght ftryke theyr fayles to brynge the fliyppes to land. But the Capitayne beinge prouoked to anger, 
 wente alande with fortie armed men, and burnte about fiftie of theyr houfes with many of theyr Canoas: And 
 flewe alfo abowt feuen men, and recouered a fliyppe boate whiche the Barbarians had flolne, and fo departed 
 folowynge his vyage. The Capitayne named thefe Hands Infulx Latroitum, that is, the Hands of theeues. 
 When owr men had fo wounded fumme of theym with arrowes that they were (Iryken throughe bothe fydes, they 
 pulled furth the arrowes not ceafyng to marueyle at them tyll they fell downe deade : And yet collide not the other 
 fo depart, but ftyll folowed the fliyppes with more then two hundreth of theyr boates, approchynge as nere to 
 the fliyppes as they coulde, and proferynge owre men certeyne fyfflics. As the fliyppes pafled with full fayle in 
 the myddefle of theyr boates, they fawe in fum of them certeyne women lamenting and tearynge theyr heare, 
 which owre men thought they did for the death of theyr hufbandes. As farre as they could perceaue, thefe 
 people lyue at theyr owne libertie without anye ruler or gouernour. They go naked and haue blacke beardes 
 and blacke heare on theyr heades whiche they weare longe downe to theyr wades. They are of the fame flature 
 that we are, and well made, of coloure lyke vnto an olyue. Theyr women are well fauored with blacke and 
 thicke heare on theyr heades reachyngc to the grownde. The menne coloure theyr teeth rcdde and blacke, 
 which they efleeme a coomely thynge. They annoynt theyr bodies and heare with the oyle of Cocus. Theyr 
 boates are fum all blacke, fum whyte, and fum redde, and haue fayles made of the broade Icaues of date trees 
 fowd togyther. In the fteade of a rudder, they vfe a certeyne brode boorde with a ftafle in the tojipe, and 
 maye when they wyll, make the flerne the forecaflell, or the forecallell the fterne. They fayle fo fwyftely that 
 they feeme a farre of, lyke Delphyns fwymmynge aboue the water. 
 
 The tenth day of March, in the yeare. i s 2 r. they wente alande vppon r ^^ttle Ilande named Zantal. xxx. 
 leaques dyftant from the Ilande of theeues. Bycaufe this Ilande was not inhabyted, they reded here a whyle, 
 where the capitayne caufed a pauilion to bee pytched for the ficke and crafed men, and a hogge to bee kylde. 
 
 The. xviii. day of Marche, they fawe a boate with nyne men commynge towarde them fliewynge thcim 
 lelues ioyfuU and reioyfynge of theyr commynge. They brought many prefentes with them, and feemed to bee 
 people of much humanitie. They gaue the capitayne a great fyflie, and a great veflel of the wyne of tliofe date 
 trees whiche beare the frute Cocus. They made alfo fignes that within the fpace of foure dayes, they wolde 
 bryng ryfle and dyuers foules and beads as they dyd in deedc. 
 
 This Cocus is a frute of certeyne date trees whereof they make breade, wyne, oylc, and vincger. They 
 make wyne in this maner. They cutte a bygge braunche of the tree, and hange therat a reede as bigge as a 
 mans Icgge, into the which droppeth a fweete licour from the tree lyke vnto newe whyte wine fumwhat tart, and 
 let the reede continewe there from momynge tyll euenynge, and from euenynge to mornynge. The frute of 
 this tree cauled Cocus, is as bygge as the head of a man or more. The fyrde rynde of this, is greene and of 
 the thyckeneffe of two fyngers, hauynge in it certeyne tli • edes wherof they make cordes with the which they 
 tye theyr boates. Vnder this rynde, there is a thicke flieil whiche they burne and make pouder therof and vfe 
 it as a remedie for certeyne difeafes. Vnder this fliell, is a whyte fubdaunce lyke the camell of a nutte being 
 a fynger in thickeneffe, which they eate with fleflhe and fyfrtie as wee doo breade. It hath the tade of an 
 almonde, and is vfed in the deade of breade when it is dryed. In the mydded of this camell, is a cleare and 
 fweete water, beinge very holfome and cordiale. This water fumtyme congeleth and lyeth within the fliell lyke 
 an egge. When they intende to make oyle hereof, they ley it to putrifie in water, and boyle it vntyll it bee 
 lyke oyle or liquide butter. When they intende to make vineger, they fuffer only the water to putrifie and 
 then fet it to the foonne where it becommeth vineger lyke vnto that which is made of whyte wyne. And when 
 they mengle the earned with the water which is in the mydded of the frute, and drayne it thorowe a cloth, 
 they make a mylke therof lyke vnto goates mylke. Thefe date trees are lyke vnto them that beare dates, but 
 are not fo full of knottes. With the iuife of two of thefe date trees, a hole famelie of tenne perfons may bee 
 maynteyned with wyne vfynge one. viii. dayes, and the other, other, viii. dayes: for they fliulde els bee dryed 
 and wythered. Thefe trees continue for the fpace of a hundreth yeares. This Ilande where they founde this 
 humane and gentell people, is cauled Zuluan, and is not verye bygge. Abowt this Ilande they founde manye 
 other Ilandes, and therefore named this fea Archipelago di San Lazaro, that is, the great fea of faynte Lazarus, 
 beinge tenne degrees aboue the Equinoctiall towarde owre pole, and. C. Ixi. [one hundred and fixty-one] frome 
 the place from whenfe they departed. The people of this Ilande are Caphranita that is gentyles. They go 
 naked lauynge that they couer theyr priuie partes with a clothe made of the rynde of a certeyne tree. The 
 
 1% 
 
The vyagc rounde about the woHdc. 
 
 255 
 
 ;] degrees 
 the north- 
 !r. In the 
 reafon the 
 hynge and 
 itayne that 
 d to anger, 
 noas: And 
 b departed 
 of thceucs. 
 fydes, they 
 )t the other 
 ; as nere to 
 full fayle in 
 heyr heare, 
 :eaue, thefe 
 ;ke beardes 
 ame ftature 
 blacke and 
 and blacke, 
 :us. Theyr 
 )f date trees 
 toppe, and 
 wyftely that 
 
 Zainal. xxx. 
 ere a whyle, 
 bee kylde. 
 vynge theim 
 ;med to bee 
 »f thofe date 
 they wolde 
 
 ■ger. They 
 
 bigge as a 
 lat tart, and 
 he frute of 
 :ene and of 
 which they 
 erof and vfe 
 nutte being 
 tafle of an 
 
 cleare and 
 le fliell lyke 
 Tityll it bee 
 putrifie and 
 
 And when 
 )we a cloth, 
 e dates, but 
 ns may bee 
 s bee dryed 
 
 founde this 
 
 nde manye 
 ite Lazarus, 
 
 -one] frome 
 They go 
 
 tree. The 
 
 chiefell men, haue abowte theyr hcades a fylkcn cloth of needle woorke. They are grolTe and brode fet and 
 of the coloure of an oliue. They annoynte theyr bodies with the oyle of Ccais to defend them ageynll the 
 heate of the foonne and drynclTe of the wynde. The. xxv. day of Marche, they departetl from henfe and 
 directed theyr courfe betwene the Wefte and fouthweft, and fayled belwcne foure Ilandcs named Cfita/o, 
 Huinan^han, Hibuffon, and Aharien. etc. 
 
 The. xxviii. daye of Marche, they came to the Ilande of Buihuan where they were honorably interteyncd 
 of the Kynge and the Prince his foonne who gaue theim muche golde and fpices. The oapitayne gaue the 
 kynge a verture of red clothe and an other of yelowe made after the Turkyfllie faffliyon, and alfo a red raiii)e. 
 And gaue likewife to other that came with hym, certeyne knyues, glafles, and beades of criftalle : After that, 
 the capitayne had (hewed the Kynge the fecrcates of his fliippe and fuche marchaundies as he had therin, he 
 caufed a piece of ordinaunce fuddenly to bee fliote of, whereat the kyng w.is greately amafcd vntil the capitayne 
 comforted hym. Then the Capitaine commuunded one of his men to be armed from the heade to the foote, 
 and caufed three other to ftrike hym with theyr fwoordes, whereat the Kynge maruayled greately, and fayde to 
 th[e]interprctoure (who was a flaue borne in Malacha) that one of thofe armed men was able to encounter 
 with a hundreth of his men. But he maruayled muche more when the capitaine tould hym by th[e]intcrpre- 
 to'.ire howe he founde the (Iraight by the compafle and lode (lone, and howe many dayes they were without 
 fight of any lande. Then afltynge licence to departe, the capitayne fente two of his men with him, of the 
 whiche Anionic Pigafetta was one. When the kynge (Ixwe Antonie Pigafetta write the names of many thingcs, 
 and afterwarde rehearfe them agcyne, he maruayled yet more, makynge fygnes that fuche men defcended from 
 heauen. The Kynge brought them firde to his pallaice where he interteyned them honorably and gaue them 
 manye gyftes, as dyd alfo the Prince in his pallaice beynge in an other Ilande named Cak):;/uvt. 
 
 As they fyfted a certeyne myne of earthe in the Kynges Ilande, they founde pieces of golde, Aim as bigge 
 as nuttes and other as bigge as egges. All the kynges velTclles were of golde, and his houfe well furnylllhed. 
 In all the hole nation there was no man of coomlier perfonage then the kinge. He had his heare long downe 
 to his (hulders, and very blake, with a vaile of filke rowled abowte his head, and two greate ringes of golde 
 hanginge at his eares. He had abowte hys myddlc, a clothe wroughte of cotton and filke impaled wyth golde, 
 and reacheinge downe to his knees. On his one fyde, he had a long dager with a hafte of golde, and the 
 fliethe of a fayre kynde of earned woodde. He had on euery finger, three ringes of golde, and had his bodie 
 annoynted with oyle of (lorax and Beniamin. The natural coloure of his face was like vnto the coloure of an 
 oliue : And all his bodye byfyde paynted with diuers colours. The kynges name was Raia Colambu, and the 
 Prince was cauled Raia Siagu. 
 
 The lafte day of Marche neare vnto Eafler, the capitaine caufed his preefle to fay mafTe, and fente to the 
 kinge by th[e]interpretoure, that his commyng a lande at that tyme was not to dyne with hym, but only to heare 
 mafTe. The Capitayne came alande with fyftie of his men in theyr bed apparel withowte weapons or harnefTe, 
 and all the refydue well armed. Before the boates ciime to lande, he caufed fixe pieces of ordinaunce to be 
 fhotte of in token of peace, and fo came aland, where the two kinges embrafed hym, and accompanyed hym 
 to the place appoynted for mafTe to be L\ de not farre frome the fea fyde. Sumwhat before the beginnynge of 
 mafTe, the Capitayne fprinkeled the Kynges with damaflce water. When the preefle was at mid mafTe at the 
 offitorie, the kings profered them felues to go to kyfTe the crofTe with the capytayne, but offered nothynge. At 
 the tyme of facringe when the preefle lifted vppe the bodie of Chrifl, and the Chrillians kneeled downe and 
 hclde vppe their handes ioyned togither, the kynges dyd the like alfo wyth greate reuerence. In the meane 
 tyme, whyle certeyne of the Chridians were at the communion, a handegunne was fliotte of to fignifie vnto theym 
 that were in the fiiyi^pes, to difcharge all theyr ordinaunce. When malTe was fynyfiHud, the Capitaine caufed 
 certeyne of his men to put on theyr harnelTe and to make a combat with theyr nakeil fwoordes, wherat the 
 kynges tooke great pleafure. This doone, the Capitaine caufed a crofTe to be brought furth, with nayles and a 
 crowne of thomes, gyuynge commaundement to all his men to gyue reuerence therunto, and fignifyinge to the 
 kynges by th[e]interpretour that that banner was gyuen hym by Th[e]emperoure his lorde and mader, with 
 commaundement to leaue the fame in al places where he came to the great commoditie and profile of all fuch 
 as wolde reuerendly receaue it as an aflfured token of frendfhip : And that he wold therfore leaue it there afwel 
 to accomplyfhe his lords commaundement, as alfo that if at any tyme any fiiyppes of Chridians fliulde chaunce 
 to coome that way, fhulde by feing that crofTe perceaue that owre men had byn well enterteyned there, and 
 wolde therfore not onely abdeyne from doing them any hurte or difpleafure, but alfo helpe to ayde them 
 ageynde theyr enemies. And that therfore it Ihulde bee requifite to erecte that crofTe vppon the toppe of the 
 hyghede mountayne that myght bee feene from the fea on euery fyde. Alfo to pray vnto it reuerently. And 
 that in fo doinge, they fhulde not bee hurte with thunder, lyghtnynge, or tempeftes. When the kynges harde 
 thefe woordes, they gaue the Capitayne great thankes, promyfinge gladly to obferue and fulfyll all fuche thynges 
 as he required. Then the Capitayne demaunded whether they were Moores or gentyles. They anfwered that 
 
 Fourc Ilondi 
 
 The Hand of 
 Uuthuan. 
 
 I ', 
 
 The Hand of 
 Caleghan. 
 
 PIcntie uf gcMe 
 
 224 
 
 The kynge of 
 Buthuau. 
 
 Mane. 
 
 A combatte. 
 
 The Crosse and 
 crowne of thuniei 
 
 I 
 
 • 
 
 Monm and 
 
 ;• 
 
,,/.l 
 
 256 
 
 The vyagc roundc about the vvoHde. 
 
 Many Hands 
 
 The Ihnd of 
 Mctuna. 
 
 Ilattes as bygge as 
 KaglcA. 
 Fowles with 
 hornes. 
 
 225 
 
 Eszcii hatched in 
 tniiu. 
 
 The Ilande of 
 Zubut. 
 
 The kynge of 
 Zubut. 
 
 A shyp taden with 
 guld and slaues. 
 
 Calicut. 
 Maltuha, 
 
 n 
 
 they had none other kynde of religion, but that lyftynge vppe theyr hancles ioyned togyther and thcyr faces 
 toward heauen, they caulcd vppon theyr god Abba, whiche anfwere lyked the Capitayne very well, bycaufe the 
 gentyles are fooner perfuaded to owre fayth then the Moores. etc. 
 
 Departynge from henfe, they came to the llandes of Zeilon, Zubuth, Afejfatia, and Ca/aghan, by the 
 conducte of ccrteyne pylottes of the fayde kynges. Of thefe, Zubuth is the belle, and hath the trade of belle 
 trafique. In the Ilande of Meffana, they founde dogges, cattes, hogges, hennes, goates, ryfe, ginger, Cocus, 
 mylle, panyke, barlye, fyggcs, oranges, waxc, and golde in greate quantitie. This Ilande is aboue the fclquinoctiall 
 towarde owre pole. ix. degrees twoo thyrde partes: and. 162. degrees frome the place frome whenfe they 
 departed. They remayned in this Hand for the fpace of. viii. dayes, and then directed theyr vyage towarde 
 the northwcft, and palTed bctwene thefe fyue llandes, ZeUon, Bohol, Canghu, Barbai, and Catig/ian, In this 
 Ilande of Catighan, are certeyne great battes as bygge as Kagles, of the which they toke one. They are 
 good to bee eaten, and of tafle muche lyke a henne. There are alfo flocke dooues, turtle dooues, poping- 
 iaycs, and certeyne foules as bygge as hennes. Thefe foules haue lyttle hornes, and lay great egges, 
 which they couer a cubet depthe in the fande, by the heate whereof and vertue of the foonne, they are hatched, 
 and the younge byrdes creepe owte of the fande by them felues. From the Ilande oi Mcffatia to Catig/ian are. 
 XX. leaques faylynge towarde the Well. And bycaufe the kynge of Meflana coulde not folowe the (hyppes, they 
 taryed for him about the llandes of Fo/o, Ticobon, and Pozon, where the Capitayne tooke hym into his (hippe 
 with certeyne of his principall men, and fo folowed theyr vyage towarde the Ilande of Zubut, whiche is abowte 
 fiftie leaques diftante from Catighan. 
 
 The. vii. day of Apryll abowte noone, they entered into the porte of Zubut: And paflynge by many 
 vyllages and habitacions in trees, they came to the citie, where the Capitayne gaue tommaundement to the 
 maryners to (Iryke theyr fayles and to fet them felues in order in maner of battayle ray, caufing all the ordi- 
 naunce to bee fliotte of, wherewith all the people were put in greate feare. After this, the Capitayne fent an 
 ambafladoure with th[e]interpretoure to the kynge of Zubut. When they approched nere to the citie, they 
 founde the kyng with a great company of men fore aftonyflied at the noyfe of the gunnes. But th[e]interpre- 
 tour aduertifed them that it was the cuftome of owre men in al fuche places where they coome, to difcharge 
 theyr ordinaunce in token of frendefliyppe and to honour the lorde of the citie. With which woordes the kyng 
 and his coompany were well quieted. After this, th[e]interpretour declared that his mailer was the Capitayne 
 of the Ihips of the greatefl Prince in the worlde, and that they wente to difcouer the llandes of Molucca : And 
 further, that hearyng of his good name and fame by the reporte of the kyng of Meflana, they determyned to 
 vifite hym and to haue vyttayles for exchaunge of theyr marchaundies. The kynge anfwered that he was well 
 contented therwith, and that they were hartely welcoome. Neuerthelefle, that it was a cuftome in that place, 
 that all fuch (hyppes as entered into that hauen, fliuld pay tribute : And that there were not many dayes pafte, 
 fence a fliyppe laden with golde and flaues dyd fo paye. In token wherof, he caufed to coome before hym 
 certeyne marchauntes of that coompany whiche yet remayned with hym. To this th[e]interpretour anfwered, 
 that forafmuch as his lorde was the Capitayne of fo myghtie a Prince, he neuer payde tribute to any kynge in 
 the worlde, and wolde not nowe begynne. Wyllynge hym to take this for a refolute anfwere, that if he wolde 
 accepte the peace that was profered hym, he fliulde enioy it, And if he rather defyred warre, he flioulde haue 
 his handes full. When th[e]interpretour had fayde thefe woordes, one of the fayde marchauntes (who was a 
 Moore) fpake to the kynge in this maner. CATACAIA Chita : that is. Take hede fyr. For thefe men are 
 they that haue conquered Calicut, Malaca, and all the greater India: and are of fuche poure that yf yowe 
 intreate them otherwyfe then well, yowe may to late knowe what they are able to doo more then they haue 
 doone at Calicut and Malaca. When th[e]interpretoure harde thefe woordes, he fayde that the kynge his 
 lorde was of much greater puiflaunce and more dominions, and lorde of more (hyppes then was the kynge of 
 Portugale: declarynge further that he was kynge of Spayne and Emperour of all Chriftendome Addynge 
 hereunto that yf he wolde not bee his frende, he wolde hereafter fende thyther fuche a poure of armed men as 
 fhulde deftroy his contrey. The Moore conferred all thefe woordes with the kynge, who fayde that he wolde 
 further deliberate with his counfayle, and gyue theym a full anfwere he daye folowynge. In the meane tyme 
 he fente theym certeyne vyttayles and wyne. When all thefe thyng( were declared to the kynge of MelTana 
 who was the chiefeft there abowt nexte vnto hym, and lorde of m '. 
 to the kynge of Zubut and declared vnto hym the great humani 
 Shortely after, the Capitayne fente certeyne of his men with th[e]int. 
 his pleafure and what aunfwere he wolde make them. As they w 
 kynge commyng in the ftreete accompanied with many of his chiefe 
 by him, and demaunded of them if there were any more then one Ca 
 it were theyr requefte that he (hulde pay tribute to Th[e]emperour, 
 other thynge but that they myght exercife marchaundies with them, and to barter ware for ware. 
 
 3S6 
 
 I 
 
 llandes, he wente alande and repayred 
 and curtefie of the generall Capitayne. 
 retour to the kynge of Zubut to knowe 
 £e towarde the courte, they mette the 
 len. He caufed owr men to fit downe 
 tayne in theyr coompanie : And whether 
 They anfwered that they defyred none 
 
 The kynge 
 
 ■:i!.i 
 
The vyage ronnde about the worlde. 
 
 257 
 
 thcyr fact'8 
 bycauff tlie 
 
 halt, by the 
 atle of belle 
 nger, Cocus, 
 K(iuinoctiall 
 whcnfe they 
 ■age towarde 
 an. In this 
 . They are 
 lues, poping- 
 great eggcs, 
 are hatched, 
 Catighan are. 
 Ihyppes, they 
 to his fliippe 
 he is abowte 
 
 ige by many 
 ment to the 
 all the ordi- 
 ayne font an 
 he citic, they 
 th[e]interprc- 
 , to difcharge 
 des the kyng 
 le Capitayne 
 olucca: And 
 ptermyned to 
 ; he was well 
 in that place, 
 dayes pafte, 
 before hym 
 )ur anfwered, 
 any kynge in 
 if he wolde 
 [houlde haue 
 (who was a 
 hefe men are 
 that yf yowe 
 en they haue 
 he kynge his 
 :he kynge of 
 Addynge 
 •med men as 
 hat he wolde 
 meane tyme 
 : of Meflana 
 md repayred 
 Capitayne. 
 mi to knowe 
 ey mette the 
 to fit downe 
 And whether 
 lefyred none 
 The kynge 
 
 made anfwerc that he was well content thcrwith : wyllynge the Capitayne in token of frendrtiippo to fundc him 
 a little of the blucl of his ryght urmc, alVirmyng that he wold do the lyke. etc. 
 
 After this the kynge of MefTana with the kynge of Zitbiit his neuic (who was the prince) and certcyne otlu-r 
 of his gcntylmcn, came to the lhypi)cs and broiiglu the Capitayne many goodly prefentes. They entered into 
 greate amitie, and had large conununication of many thynges. The Capitayne perfuaded them to the 
 Chridian fayth, which they gladly embrafed, .ad tookc fuche plcafure in hearynge the articles of owrc beliefe, 
 that the tcares fell from theyr eyes for ioye. They were baptifed, and (hortcly after all the people of the 
 llande. They edeeme nothyng more precious then drynkyng glafles of Venice woorke. 
 
 When they came to the citie, they foundo the kyng in his pallaicc fittynge vppon a floure or fluorie made 
 of the leaues of date trees wrought after a curious diuife lyke a certeyne kynde of mattes. He had vppon his 
 body, none other apparell but only a cloth of bombafine cotton hangyng before his priuie partes. On his 
 heade, he had a vayle of needle worke: and abowte his necke a chaine of greate price. At his eares, hunge 
 two rynges of golde wherein were inclofed many precious (loncs. He was but of fmaule llature, but fumewhat 
 grofle, and had the refidue of his body paynted with dyuers colourcs wherof fum ' ^re lyke vnto flamynge fyre. 
 Before hym, he had two velTelles made of the fine earth cauled Porcellana, with fodden egges. Alfo four 
 velTels of PoruUana full of wyne made of date trees, and couercd with many odoriferous herbes. The prince 
 brought them to his houfe, where he had foure doughters verye well fauoured and whyte lyke owrcs. He 
 caufed them to daunce all naked, and therwith to fynge, and play on certeyne tymbrelles made of metall. 
 
 At this tyme it fo chaunced that one of the Spanyardes dyed in one of the fliyppes. And when certeyne 
 of theyr coompanye defyred the kynge to gyue them leaue to burie hym on the land, he anfwered th.-^t foraf- 
 much as he and all his, were at the commaundcinent of theyr kynge and mader, how much more ought the 
 grounde fo tc be. 
 
 They greatly marueyled at the cerimonies perteynyng 'o the maner of owre funeralles, and honoured the 
 crolTes whiche were fet at bothe th[e]endes [of] the graue. 
 
 They lyue with iuftice, and vfe waightes and meafures. Theyr houfes are madt of Timber and fawne 
 boordes: and are fo buylded aboue the grownde vppon proppes and pyles, that they afcende to the fame by 
 certeyne (layers. Vnder theyr houfes, they keepe theyr hogges and hennes. 
 
 When they came to b.Tn,rynge, they gaue golde, ryfle, hogges, hennes, and dyuers other thynges for fume 
 of owre tryfels of fmaule value. They gaue tenne Pefos of golde for. xvi. poundes weyght of iren. Onapefiis 
 is in value a ducate and a halfe. The funday folowynge, the kynge was baptyfed with great folemnitie. At 
 which tyme, the Capitayne admonyflhed him before not to bee afrayde at the fliootyng of of the ordinaunce, 
 bycaufe it was theyr cuftome fo to doo at fuch folemne feaftes. After this, the Capitayne caufed theym to 
 breake all theyr Idoles, and to fet vppe the croffe in dyuers places, prayinge to the fame bothe mornynge and 
 euenynge kneelynge on theyr knees and holdynge vp theyr handes ioyned togyther. The kinge in his baptifme, 
 was named Charles after the Emperours name, and the Prince, Ferdinando after the name of his maiedies 
 brother. The kynge of Meflana was named lohn, and the Moore Chridopher. To all other they gaue fuch 
 names as are commonly vfed in Chridendome. And thus beefore mafle was bcgunne, were liue hundreth men 
 baptifed. When made was fynyfflied, the Capitayne inuited the kynge to dyne with •'im in his Ihyppe, and at 
 his commynge, caufed the onlinaunce to bee difcharged. 
 
 The queene was alfo japtifed with fortie of her gentlewomen, and her doughter the Princes wife. The 
 queene was very younge and fayre, hauynge her body couered with a white cloth. Her lyppes were redde, 
 and flie had on her head a hat, on the toppe wherof was a triple crowne much lyke the popes This crowne 
 and the hat, were made of the leues of dates trees. 
 
 Within the fpace of. viii. dayes, th[e]inhabitauntes of the llande were baptifed exccpte one vyllage of 
 Idolaters who wolde not herein obey the kynges commaundement. Whervppon the Capitayne fent certcyne 
 of his menne thyther, who burnt the towne and erected a croffe in that place bycaufe the people of the vyllage 
 were gentyles (that is) Idolaters. But if they had byn Moores (that is Machumetides) they wold haue erected 
 a pyller of done, bycaufe the Moores are more dooberne and harder to bee conuerted then are the gentyles. 
 
 When the queene came to the place where (hee fliuld heare maffe, dice came furth with great pompe and 
 folemnitie, hauynge goinge before her three younge damofelles and three men with theyr cappes in theyr handes, 
 whom diee folowed apparelled in whyte and blacke, with a great vayle of fylke vppon her heade fringed abowte 
 with golde, whiche couered her hatte and hunge downe to her dioulders. Shee had alfo a great trayne of 
 women folowynge her, beinge all barefooted and naked, excepte that vppon theyr heades and priuie partes, they 
 wore certeyne vayles of filke, and hadde theyr heare fpredde. 
 
 Before the kynge of Zubut was baptifed, he was named Raia Humabuon. When the Capitayne demaunded 
 of hym why all the Idoles in the llande were not burnt accordynge to his promeffe, he anfwered that they 
 edeemed them no more as goddes, but only made facrifice to theym for the Princes brother who was very fycke, 
 
 Edkn. X as7 
 
 She.ltlyns nf 
 Itluildti tM ii liikt'ti 
 nf rruiul»)i)l)|>tl 
 
 228 
 
 The kynse (if 
 Zubut ii IhiptiHii! 
 
 The kyPKC of 
 Zubut hit appartll 
 
 Well fnuourcd 
 women. 
 
 Baiterynga 
 
 Pesui what. 
 
 They hrcake theyi 
 IdiileH and crecte 
 the cruaae. 
 
 Fyue hundreth 
 men b.iptiscd. 
 
 The queene of 
 Zubut. 
 
 227 
 
 The quecnes 
 apparelL 
 
 k\ 
 
 'i 
 
 I 
 
 IH: 
 
rymr—;r^ 
 
 I 
 
 'I* 
 
 258 
 
 T/ie vyage roitnde about the worlde. 
 
 •« 
 
 ii'\ 
 
 A miracle. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Mathan. 
 
 The capitaine 
 Magellanus is 
 slavne. 
 
 i'he Hand of 
 
 Hohol. 
 
 They burnleone i-f 
 
 theyr shyppcs, 
 
 Blackc niea 
 
 The Hand at 
 Chippit 
 
 The Hand of 
 Caghaian. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Pulaoaii. 
 
 228 
 
 The Hand of 
 Uuniei or Pome. 
 
 A great citiu. 
 Elcphaiitcs 
 
 The Hand of 
 Cimbulon. 
 
 Leaties of ^recs 
 wliich set.irj to 
 liue. 
 
 and as noble and wyttie a man as was in the Ilande. The Capitayne anfwered that if he wolde bume al his 
 Idoles and beleue faythfully in Chrill, and bee baptifed, he (hulde be immediatly reftored to health, and that he 
 wolde els gyue them leaue to (Iryke of his heade. By thefe woordes and perfuafions of the Ca))itayne, he 
 conceaued fuch hope of health, that after he was baptifed he felt no more greefe of his difeafe. And this was a 
 manifeft myracle wrought in o\vre tyme wherby dyuers infidels were conuerted to owr fayth, and theyr Idoles 
 deftroyed, and alfo theyr altares ouerthrowen on the whiche they were accuflomed to eate the facrifyced fleflhe. 
 The people of the Ilande pay the kynge a portion of vittayles for theyr tribute by all theyr cities and vyllages. 
 
 Not farre from this Ilande ol Zubut, is the Hand oi Mathan, whofe inhabitauntcs vfe maruelous cerimoriies 
 in theyr facrifices to the foonne and buiying the deade. They were rynges of golde abowt theyr priuie members. 
 The Ilande is gouemed by two Princes wherof the one is named Zula, and the other Cilapulapu. And wheras 
 this Cilapulapu refufed to pay tribute to the kynge of Spayne, the Capitayne went ageynft hym in his owne 
 perfon with. Ix. of his menne armed with coates of mayle and helmettes. Cilapulnpu diuided his army into 
 three battayles, hauynge in euery battaile two thoufand and fiftie men armed with bowes, arrowes, dartes and 
 iauelins hardened at the poyntes with fyer. This continued longe and fliarpe. But the Capitayne beinge a 
 valient man and prefynge hym felfe in the brunte of the battayle, was fore wounded and flayne, foiafmuch as 
 the mode of the Barbarians directed all theyr force ageynft hym. Befyde the Capitayne, were flayne of owre 
 men abowt. viii. or. ix. Of the Barbarians, were. xv. flayne and many fore wounded. After the death of the 
 Capitayne, they chofe two other in his place, of the which one was Odoardo Barbefla a Portugale, and the other 
 lohn Serrano who was fliortcly after betrayde by th[e]interpretour and taken prifoner with dyuers other. 
 
 Certeyne dayes before the Capitaynes death, they hadde knowleage of the Ilandes of Molucca whiche they 
 chiefcly fought. Departynge therfore from the Ilande of Mathan, they foyled farre and came to the cape of an 
 other Hand named Bohol. In the myddeft of this mayne fea (whiche they named An/tipclagus) they confulted 
 to burnc tlie rtiy|)pe named Conception, bycaufe they were nowe fewe in number, and to furnyflie the other two 
 fliyppes with th[c]artillcrie therof Thus directynge theyr courfe towarde Southeweft, they came to an other 
 Ilande named rauilog/ioii, where they founde blacke men lyke vnto the Sarafins. Shortly after, they arriued at 
 an other great Hand, whofe kyng named Raia Calauar, intreated them very frendely in all thynges as dyd the 
 kyng of Meflana. This Ilande is ryche in golde, and hath plentie of ryfle, gynger, hogges, goates, hennes, and 
 dyuers other thynges. It is named Chippit, and is. viii. degrees aboue the Equinoctiall line towarde owr pole : 
 And in longitude from the place from whenfe they firft departed. 1 70. degrees : And abowt. 50. leaques from 
 Zubut. 
 
 Departinge frome henfe they came to an other Hand named Caghaian being. 40. leaques from Chippit as 
 they fayled betwene the weilc and Southe wefte. Tliis Ilande is very greate, and in maner vnhabited. The 
 people are moores, and were banyflflied owt of the Ilande oi Burnei \ hiche fum caule Forite. 
 
 Frome this Ilande aboute. xxv. leaques betwene the weft and northewefte, they founde a maruelous frute- 
 full Ilande named Pulaoan, beinge towarde owr pole aboue the Equinoctiall. ix. degrees and a thirde parte: And 
 C.l.Kxix. [one hundred and feventy-nine] degrees and a third parte in longitude frome the place of theyr departing. 
 
 Frome this Ilande. x. leaques towarde the South vefte, they fawe an other Ilande whiche feemed to them 
 fumtymes to mounte as they fayled by the coaftes therof. As they were enteringe into the porte, there arofe a 
 boyftious and darke tempefle which ceafed as foone as the fiers of the three fayntes (wherof we haue fpoken 
 before) appeared vppor. the cabells. Frome the beginninge of this Ilande to the porte, are fyue leaques. This 
 Ilande is greate and riche: and the chiefe citie therof conteyneth. xxv. thouHinde houfes. The kynge interteyned 
 owre men very frendlye, and fent them byfyde many other prefentes, two elephantes trapped with filke to bring 
 them to his pallaice that brought the prefentes which the Capytaynes fent hym. He hath a magnyfycalle 
 courte and a greate garde. Alio a multitude of concubynes. He is a moore, and is named Raia Siripada. 
 He is a kynge of greate poure, and hath vnder hym many other kynges, Ilandes, and cities. This Ilande of 
 Burnei is aboue the Equinoctiall towarde owre pole fyue degrees and a quarter. And in longitude frome the 
 place of theyr departyng. C. Ixxvi. [one hundred and feventy-fix] degrees and two thirde partes. 
 
 Departinge frome Burnei, they came to an Ilande cauled Cimbubon, beinge. viii. degrees aboue the 
 Eciuinoctiall lyne Here they remayned. xl. days to calke theyr fliyppes and furnyfflie them with frefflie water 
 and fuell whiche was to tliem great payne and trauayle becaufe they were in maner all bare footed, theyr fliooes 
 and in maner theyr other apparell being worne by reafon of the longe vyage. In the wooddes of this Ilande, 
 they founde a tree whofe leaues as foone as they faule on the grounde, doo fturre and remoue frome place to 
 place as though they were alyue. They are muche lyke the leaues of a mulbery tree: And haue on euery fyde 
 as it were two fliort and blunt fiete. When they are cut or broken, there is no bludde feene come furth of 
 them. Yet when any of them are touclied, they fuddeynely moue and ftarte away. Antonie Pigafetta kepte 
 one of them in a platter for the fpace of viii. dayes. And euer when he touched it, it ranne rounde abowt the 
 platter. He fuppofeth that they liue only by aver. 
 
 V\\ 
 
 m 
 
The vyage rounde about the worUe. 
 
 259 
 
 bume al his 
 and that he 
 ajntayne, he 
 id this was a 
 theyr Idoles 
 fyced fleflhe. 
 id vyllages. 
 s cerimoiiies 
 lie members. 
 And wheras 
 in his owne 
 lis army into 
 s, dartes and 
 yne beinge a 
 forafmuch as 
 ayne of owre 
 death of the 
 md the other 
 jther. 
 
 whiche they 
 le cape of an 
 ley confulted 
 he other two 
 J to an other 
 ey arriued at 
 ;s as dyd the 
 henncs, and 
 de owr pole : 
 leaques from 
 
 11 Chippit as 
 ibited. The 
 
 uelous frute- 
 parte: And 
 r departing, 
 led to them 
 there arofe a 
 haue fpoken 
 iques. This 
 : interteyned 
 ilke to bring 
 nagnyfycalle 
 aia Siripada. 
 lis Ilande of 
 Ic frome the 
 
 s aboue the 
 frefflic water 
 theyr lliooes 
 this Ilande, 
 me place to 
 n euery fyde 
 ome furth of 
 ;afetta kepte 
 le abowt the 
 
 Departynge from henfe, they directed theyr courfe by the Wefle quarter towardc the Southeafte, to fynde 
 the Ilandes of Molucca, and <aylcd not farre from certeyne mountuynes where they founde the fea full of great 
 weedes and herbes. 
 
 From henfe, they came to the Ilandes o{ Zolo and Taghima, in the which are founde perles of e.xceadyng 
 biggenefle. 
 
 Folowyng theyr courfe toward the north Eaft, they came to a great citie named Maiigdaniio, lyinge aboue 
 the Ilandes of But/man and Calagfian, where they tooke a canoa of certeyne of th[e]inhabitaunts : by whome 
 being informed of the Ilandes of Molucca, they Icfte theyr courfe towardc the north Ealle, and folowcd the 
 South ealle nere vnto a cape of the Hand oi Buthiian, they were aduertifed for certontie that on the bankes of 
 a certeyne ryuer, there dwelte men ouergrowen with heare, and of high (lature. 
 
 Folowyng dill theyr courfe by the fouth eafte, and paffyng by many fmaule Ilandes, they came to the 
 Ilandes ol Molucca the fyxte daye of Nouember and the. xxvii. monethe after theyr departure owt of Spayne. 
 Beinge therfore ioyfull and gyuyng thankes vnto god, they difchargcd all theyr ordynaiince. In the coafte of 
 all thefe Ilandes, euen vnto the Ilandes of Molucca, foundyng with theyr plummet, they foumle the deapthe of 
 the fea to bee no leffe then a hundreth and two yardes, which is contrary to the faying of the Portugales wJio 
 aflyrme that no fliyppe can pafle that way without great daungioure by reafon of the Ihalownes and roikes or 
 (helues: and for the darkeneffe which the clowdcs caufe in the heauen. All which thyngs they fayned to 
 th[e]intent that none other Ihulde haue knoweleage of theyr vyagies. 
 
 The. viii. day of Nouember in the yeare. 1 5 2 i. before the ryfmge of the foonne, they entered into the 
 porte of the Ilande of Tidore, being one of the chiefe Ilandes of Molucca, where they were honorably inter- 
 teyned of the kynge who declared that he had longe before feeno a fygne in heauen that certeyne Hiyppcs 
 fliuld comme from a farre contrey to the Ilandes of Molucca: And that wheras for the better certificat therof 
 he confydered the flations of the moone, he fawe therin the commyng of owre fliyppes, and that we were the 
 men whome he feemed to fee in the fame. Whenipon he profered hym felfe to enter into leaque of frend- 
 fliyppe with the kynge of Spayne, and to accepte owre men as his brotherne and chyklren : wyllyng them to 
 come alande as into theyr owne houfes. Alfo that for theyr commyng, that Ilande fluilde no more bee cauleil 
 Tidore, but Caflile for the greate loue whiciie he bore to theyr kynge whom he reputed as his lorde and mafter. 
 This kynge is a Moore, and is named Raia Sultan Mauzor. 
 
 The Ilandes of Molucca are fine in number, and are Uius named : Tarenaie, Tidore, Mutir, Macchian, and 
 Bacchian. Of thefe, Tareiiate is the chiefeft. 
 
 Directly ageynfte the Ilande of Tidore, there is an other great Ilande named Gilolo, inhabited of Moores 
 and Gentyles. The Moores haue two kynges, of the which one hath fyxe hundreth chyldren, and the other 
 fixe hundreth and fiftie. The Gentyles kepe not fo many women as doo the Moores nor yet lyue in fi clie 
 fuperftitions. They praye to the fyrfte thynge that they meete in the momynge when they go furth of tl eyr 
 houfes, and honoure that as theyr god for that day. Tiie kynge of the gentyles is very ryche in golde. In 
 the fayde Ilande of Gilolo, are reedes as bygge as a mans legge, and full of cleare water holfome to bee drunkc. 
 
 The. xii. daye of Nouember, the kynge of Tidore appoynted owre men a ware houfe in the citie where 
 they might fell theyr marchaundies. Theyr maner of exchange was in this fort. For tenne yardes of good 
 redde cloth, they had one Bahar of cloues, whiche amounteth to foure Cantari and fy.xe pounde weight: 
 And one Cantar is a hundreth pounde weight. For. xv. yardes of cloth fumwhat woorfe then the other, they 
 receaued in Gamble, one Bahar. For. xxxv. drynkynge cuppes of glaffe, they had one Bahar. For. xvii. 
 Cathyls of quicke fyluer, one Bahar. They came dayly to the Hiyppes with many of theyr barkcs full of goates, 
 hennes, fygges of a fpanne longe, alfo the frute cauled Cocus, with dyuers other kyndes of vyttayles in fuch 
 quantitie that it was a marueylous thynge to beholde. They furnyfflicd alfo theyr (liyppes with frefdie water 
 which is hotte as it ifllieweth owt of the iprynge, but is very coulde when it hath ftoode a while in an other 
 place. It fpryngeth fror.. the iv.onnt-.ynes on the which the clone trees growe. They fawe a cloude ryfe in 
 mauer dayly, which compafeth about the fayde mountaynes. 
 
 Tiic kynge of the Ilande of Bacchian, fente the kynge of Spayne two deade byrdes of (Iraunge forme. 
 They were of the byggenes of turtle dooues, with lyttle heades and longe bylles : alfo longe and fmaule leggcs 
 and no wynges, but in the (Icade therof certeyne longe fethcrs of diuers colours, and tayles lyke turik- dooues. 
 All the other fethers are of one coloure much lyke vnto tawny, except thofe of the wynges. They llye not but 
 when the wynde blowt '.h. Thefe Moores are of ojiinion that thefe byrdes comme from the heauenlye Taradyfe, 
 and therfore caule them Manuccodiata, that is the byrdes of god. 
 
 When they were determyned to depart from the Ilandes of Molucca, certeyne kynges of the Ilandes 
 accompanied them with theyr canoas, and conducted them to an Ilande cauled Mare where they refrefflvj'! 
 theyr fliyppes with freflic water and fucU. The kynges fent Th[e]emperours maieftie many prefentes: and 
 embrafynge owremenne, departed witii the teares in theyr eyes; And owre men for theyr lafle farewell, fliotte 
 
 »59 
 
 < A se.i full uf 
 
 Perlei. 
 
 Men oiicrgrowcn 
 with hcarc. 
 
 The II;nulcsof 
 Mi>hK..i 
 
 Tin.- I'.irlut;:iKs 
 arc it-prouct!. 
 
 Tidore oncol il.e 
 1 laiulcs ( f 
 Molucc;!. 
 
 A vision in the 
 pianettes 
 
 229 
 
 The fyne llatiilf 
 of inolucca. 
 TiltVfitifr. 
 
 The Hand ..f 
 Cilolo. 
 Mitores and 
 gentyles. 
 
 Coldc. 
 
 W; . '.n rce<les. 
 
 Theyr niancr uf 
 I'aitfrlngc. 
 
 Water of a 
 stratmge (lualitie 
 
 Ryrd^ief •» 
 straungc Itrt e 
 
 I 
 
^^' 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 ,[! 
 
 A 
 
 260 
 
 The vyage rounde about the worlde. 
 
 They leaue one of 
 theyr shyppes 
 bchynd them. 
 
 The Ilandet of 
 Moluccx 
 Hony of Ayei. 
 
 Popingiayes. 
 
 llie Hand of 
 Tidore. 
 
 Tertnal: 
 
 Atutir. 
 
 Mtuchian. 
 
 230 
 
 Bacchian. 
 Many Ilandi 
 
 The Hand of 
 Mallua. 
 
 Pepper. 
 
 I.yltle men with 
 longe eares. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Timor. 
 
 Whyte Sanders 
 and ginger. 
 
 The deuyll 
 appearetn. 
 Saynt lob his 
 disease. 
 
 Cinamome 
 The Handes of 
 Giaua. 
 Malaccha. 
 
 The greate goulfe 
 of China. 
 
 The cape of 
 Malaccha. 
 
 The names of 
 many regions. 
 
 Reubarbe. 
 
 The gi«ate kynge 
 of C'hma. 
 
 of all theyr ordinaunce. When in the Ilande of Mare, they perceaued that one of theyr fliyppes leaked and 
 toke water very fore : wherby they were inforced to tary there three dayes. But feinge that they coulde fynde 
 no remedie for the feme but in longe tyme, they determined to leaue it, gyuynge order that if afterwarde it 
 coulde bee repayred, they rtiuld retume into Spayne as well as they coulde. 
 
 In all the Handes of Molucca is founde cloues, ginger, breade of the roote of Sagu, ryfe, goates, flieepe, 
 hennes, fygges, almondes, fweete pomegranates and fowre, oranges, lemondes, and hony which is made of 
 certeyne flyes leffe then antes : Alfo canes of fuger, oyle of Cocus, mellons, gourdes, and a marueilous coulde 
 frute which they name Camulicai and dyuers other frutes. Furthermore whyte and redde popingiayes, and 
 other of variable coloures. It is not pafte fiftie yeares fence the moores fyrfte inl^bited anye of thefe Ilands, 
 which were before inhabited only with gentyles. 
 
 The Ilande of Tidore, is aboue the Equinoctiall line towarde owre pole, abowt. 27. minutes: And in 
 longitude from the place from whenfe they departed. 171. degrees. And from the Archipelagus in the which 
 is the Hand of Zamal which our men named the Hand of theeues. ix. degrees and a halfe, and runneth to the 
 quarter of fouth fouthweft, and north northeaft, Terenate, is vnder the Equinoctial line foure minutes vnder 
 the pole Antartike. Mutir, is directly vnder the Equinoctiall line. Macchian is. xv. minutes toward the pole 
 Antartike, and Bauhian one degree. Thefe Handes are lyke foure (harpe mountaynes, except Macchian which 
 is not fliarpe. The byggeft of all thefe, is Bacchian. 
 
 Departynge from the Hand of Mare and directyng their courfe towarde the fouthweft, with onely. xlvi. men 
 in theyr (hyppe and. xiii. Indians, they paffed by the Handes of Chacouan, Lagoma, Sico, Gioghi, Caphi, Sulacho, 
 Lumatola, Tenetum, Bum, Ambon, Budia, Celaruri, Benaia, Ambalao, Bandan, Zorobua, Zolot, Noceuamor, 
 Galian, and Mallua, with dyuers other Handes both great and fmaule, of Moores, Gentyles, and Canibales. 
 Owre men remayned xv. dayes in the Ilande of Mallua to repayre theyr fliyppe in certeyne places where it 
 tooke water. All the iieldes of this Ilande is full of longe and rounde pepper, and is fituate towarde the pole 
 Antartike vnder the Equinoctiall line. viii. degrees and a halfe, and is in the longitude of. 169. degrees and. 40. 
 minutes. 
 
 The pilote which owre men brought owt of the Handes of Molucca, toulde them that not farre from thenfe, 
 was an Hand named Arucetto in the which are men and women not pad a cubite in height, hauynge eares of 
 fuch byggeneffe that they lye vppon one and couer them with the other. But owr men wolde not fayle thyther, 
 bothe bycaufe the wynde and courfe of the fea was ageynfte theym, and alfo for that they gaue no credite to his 
 reporte. 
 
 The. XXV. day of lanuary in the yeare. 1522. they departed from Mallua, and the day folowyng, arryued at 
 a greate Hand named Timor, beinge fiue leaques didante from Mallua betwene the fouth and fouthwefl. In 
 this Ilande is founde the woodde of whyte fenders and ginger, and dyuers kindes of fnites. Alfo fundry kyndes 
 of beaftes, and plentie of vyttayle and golde. They of the Handes of Giaua, Molucca, and Lozon, refort to this 
 Ilande for fanders. Th[e]inhabitauntes are gentyles. They fay that when they go to cut the woodde of faunders, 
 the deuyll appeareth to them in dyuers formes and aflceth theym what they haue neede of: And that after this 
 vifion, many of them are longe ficke. In al the Handes of this Archipelagus, rayneth the difeafe of faynt lob 
 (whiche wee caule the frenche poxe) more then in any other place in the worlde. 
 
 Farre from this Ilande betwene the weft and northweft they came to an Ilande named Eude, in the whiche 
 growethe great plentie of Sinamome. In this tracte are founde manye Handes lying in order as it were one 
 directly behynde an other, euen vnto the Ilande of the greater Giaua, named Giaua maior, and vnto the cape 
 of Malaccha, beinge in Eaft India. Giaua the leffe, is as bygge as the Ilande of Madera, and is but halfe a 
 leaque diftante from Giaua maior. Here they were informed that aboue Giaua maior toward the north, is a 
 great goulfe cauled the goulfe of China, in the which are trees of exceadyng byggeneffe, inhabyted with foules 
 of fuche greatenes that they cary great beaftes in the ayer. The frutes of thefe trees are as bygge as cucummers. 
 
 The cape of Malaccha is one degree and a halfe aboue the Eciuinoctiall line towarde the pole Artike. On 
 the Eaft fide of this cape, runneth a very longe coafte in the which are many regions and cities wherof fum are 
 cauled by thefe names, Cin^aporla which is the cape. Alfo Pahan, Calantan, Paiani, Braalin, Beniu, Longon, 
 and Odia wherin is the citie in the which dwelleth the kynge of Sian named Zacabedera. Theyr cities are 
 builded as owres are, and fubiecte to the kynge of Sian. After the realme of Sian, are the regions of lamgoma 
 and Campaa where Reubarbe groweth, of the which are dyuers opinions, fume fuppofynge it to bee a roote, and 
 other a putrifyed tree, affirmyng that yf it were not putrified, it fliulde not haue fo great a fauour. They caule 
 it Calama. Next vnto this, is found the great China, whofe kyng is thought to bee the greateft prince in the 
 worlde, and is named Santoa Raia. Furthermore, al that is written hereafter of this kyng and thefe regions, 
 they lemed by th[e]information of a Moore that was in the Ilande of Timor. He affirmed that the fayde kynge 
 hathe threefcore and tenne crowned kynges vnder his empyre, and hathe a porte in the fea named Canlhan: 
 And two principal cities named Nauchin and Connulaha where he .-cniayneth hym felfe, and hath euer foure of 
 360 
 
 
;s leaked and 
 coulde fynde 
 afterwarde it 
 
 oates, (heepe, 
 li is made of 
 leilous coulde 
 lingiayes, and 
 thefe Hands, 
 
 utes: And in 
 in the which 
 inneth to the 
 ninutes vnder 
 rard the pole 
 'acchian which 
 
 lely. xlvi. men 
 aphi, Sulacho, 
 , Noceuamor, 
 nd Canibales. 
 laces where it 
 rarde the pole 
 ^ees and. 40. 
 
 e from thenfe, 
 
 lynge eares of 
 
 fayle thyther, 
 
 credite to his 
 
 ig, arryued at 
 )uthwe(l. In 
 iindry kyndes 
 refort to this 
 e of faunders, 
 that after this 
 J of faynt lob 
 
 in the whiche 
 IS it were one 
 mto the cape 
 
 is but halfe a 
 he north, is a 
 
 d with foules 
 IS cucummers. 
 
 Artike. On 
 herof fum are 
 ^entu, Zongon, 
 leyr cities are 
 s of lamgoma 
 
 a roote, and 
 They caule 
 
 prince in the 
 :hefe regions, 
 : fayde kynge 
 led Canthan: 
 
 euer foure of 
 
 The vyage rounde about the vvorlde. 
 
 261 
 
 his chiefs princes lying abowt his pallaice on euery fyde, towarde the Eafte, Wefte, Northe, and South giuinge 
 dylygente attendaunce what is doone in euerye of theyr quarters. All the prynces of the greater India (cauled 
 India Mcior,) and of that wherof I haue fpoken before, are obedient to this kynge. And in token that they 
 are trewe fubiectes, they keepe in theyr pallaices which are in the midded of theyr cities, the belle cauled Lin^., 
 being fayrer then a lyon. And is the great kynges fignette, whiche all fuche as intende to go to China, beare 
 with them fealed in waxe or on a piece of luerye for theyr fefe conducte, withowt the which they may not enter 
 into the hauen. 
 
 When any of his kyngs rebell or are difobedient, he caufeth them to be flene, and failed and dryed at the 
 foone : Then to bee (luffed with chaffe, and fette vppe on fum hygh thyng in the myddell of the chiefe (Ireate 
 of the citie where al the people may fee it. He neuer fuffereth his owne perfon to bee openly feene to any 
 man. But when his noble men of the courte are defyrous to fee hym, he commeth downe frome hys pallaice 
 into a lyche pauylyon accompanyed with fyxe of hys principall concubynes appareyled with lyke vellures as is 
 he hym felfe. All thys way he is not feene by reafon of the pauylyon. When he hath paffed through the 
 pauylyon, he entereth into a ferpent named Nagha, being the mod marueylous and ryche woorke of the workle, 
 and placed in the greateft courte of the pallaice. When the kynge entereth into this with the women, to 
 th[e]intent that he may not be knowen among them, he caufeth the fayd noble men only to looke in at a 
 glaffe which is in the brefte of the ferpente, where they fee the kynge amonge the women, but can not dicerne 
 which is he. He ioyneth in mariage with hys fyfter that the blud royall bee not myxt with any other. His 
 uallaice is enuironed with feuen large walles, the one being farre dyllante from the other. And hath in euery 
 fuch circuite tenne thowfande men for the garryfon of hys pallaice, who haue theyr waytinge dayes appoynted 
 them courfe by courfe with frefrtie men in theyr places, and thus keepe theyr watch continually both daye and 
 nyght. In this pallaice are Ixxix. haules, in the which is an infinite number of women that ferue the kynge 
 hauyng euer lyght torches in theyr handes for the greater magnyfycence. He that wolde fee all the pallaice, 
 ftiulde fpend a hole day therin. Amonge other, there are foure principal haules where fumtymes the kynge 
 gyueth audience to hys noble men. Of thefe, one is couered both aboue and beneth with metall, an other all 
 ouer with fyluer, the thyrde with gold, and the fourth with pearles and precious ftones. Thefe people of Chitta, 
 are whyte menne, appareled as we are, and eate theyr meate on tables as wee doo. They haue the crofle in 
 fum cllimation, but knowe not the caufe whye. Beyonde the coafte of China, are dyuers other nations and 
 people as Chenchii where pearles and cynamon are founde. Alfo the people named l.ichii, where reyneth the 
 great kynge of Mien, hauyn;j vnder hym. xxii. kynges, and is fubiecte to the kyng of China. Here is alfo 
 founde the great citie of CATHAY in the Eaft, and dyuers other nations in the fayd firme land, of the 
 which fum are brutyflhe and belliall which vfe to kyll and eate theyr parentes when they are owld, thinking 
 therby that they (hall reuyue in them. All thefe people are gentyles. 
 
 The. xi. day of February in the yeare. 1522. they departed from the Hand of Timor and were ingulfed by 
 chance in the great fea cauled LanUhidol, and tooke theyr courfe betwene the wede and fouth .vefle, leauynge 
 the northe coades on theyr ryght hand, fearyng lead if they (huld fayle toward the firm land, they myght bee 
 feene of the portugales who are of great power in Malaccha : and therfore dyrected theyr cours withowt the 
 Hand of Sumatra cauled in owld tyme Taprobana : Leauyng alfo on theyr ryght hand vpon the fyrm land, the 
 prouinces and regions of Pegu, Bmgala, Calicut, Canonor, Goa, Cambaia, the goulfe of the Ilande of Ormus, 
 and all the coades of the greater India. And more fafely to paffe the cape of Buona Speraitzu being aboue 
 Affrike, they fayled about, xlii. degrees toward the pole Antartike, and remayned feuen weekes abowte that 
 cape with many fetches compalTyng the wynd with theyr fayles contynually alofte, becaufe they had a wed and 
 north wede wynd in the proos of theyr (hyppe which wolde not fuffer them to paife. The cape of Buona 
 ^fra«2a, is toward the pole Antartik beneth the Equinoctiall line, xxxiiii. degrees and a halfe: and. 1600. 
 leaques from the cape of Malaccha : And is the greatede and mode daungyerous cape that is founde at thys 
 day in al the worlde. 
 
 When they had by thefe perels ouerpalTed thys cape, certeyne of them afwell for lacke of vytayles as alfo 
 by reafon of fyckenelfe, were mynded to fayle to a hauen of the Portugales named Mouzambique aboue Alifryke. 
 But the other anfwered that they wold rather dye then go to any other place then directly to Spayne. They 
 folowed theyr courfe therfore faylynge towarde the Southwed two monethes continually without touchynge at 
 any porte: In whiche tyme there dyed abowte. xxi. of theyr coompany, whom they cad into the fea. And 
 fuerly if god of his infinite mercie had not preferued the refidue in tyme, they hadde all dyed of famen. 
 
 In fine, beinge inforced of necelTitie, and halfe of theyr companye deade, they fayled to one of the 
 Handes of Capo verde cauled Infula SaiiHi lacobi, that is, faynle lames Ilande, parteyning to the kyng of 
 Portugale. Where, as foone as they arryued, they lent certeyne alande in the (hippe boate for vyttayles, 
 declarynge to the Portugales with all loue and fauour what neceffitie they were dryuen to and what miferies 
 and trauayles they had fufteyned, informynge them further of thejT nnrueylous viage and fuclie thynges as they 
 
 X 2 jei 
 
 The greater India 
 
 231 
 
 The beast cauled 
 linx. 
 
 The punUhement 
 of rcDclIcs. 
 
 The kynge is net 
 scene Dut at a 
 glasse. 
 
 A thyng of strangt 
 worlcmansliyppe. 
 
 The kynge 
 inaryeth his systei 
 His palhiice. 
 A manieilous 
 garde. 
 
 Women seruc the 
 kynge. 
 
 Foure maruelous 
 haules 
 
 The peopte of 
 China. 
 The Cro. so. 
 
 The greate kyng 
 of mien 
 CATHAY. 
 
 The sea of 
 Lantchidul. 
 
 Malaccha. 
 
 The Hand of 
 
 Sumetra. 
 
 I'egii. 
 
 Bengala. 
 
 Calicut. 
 
 Canonor. 
 
 Goa. 
 
 Cambaia. 
 
 Ormus. 
 
 East India. 
 
 Gi/[('l tie Hiiotia 
 
 Speranza. 
 
 The port of 
 Mouzambique. 
 
 232 
 
 Famen. 
 
 Cafo Vtrdt. 
 S. lames Ilande. 
 
 I 
 
 I i 
 
 m. 
 
mr^^^ 
 
 262 
 
 T/ie vyage routide about the world/^. 
 
 ■1: 
 
 The ineiati[t]ude 
 of the rortugales. 
 
 The port of saynt 
 Lucar nere vnto 
 Siuile. 
 
 What became of 
 the other shyppe. 
 
 Dariena 
 
 The cape of 
 
 Cnttigara. 
 
 Ptolomc. 
 
 The vyage hardly 
 performed. 
 
 They bye slaues 
 for lackc of helpe 
 
 In ' 
 
 Maryners woorthy 
 immortal fame. 
 ArgonautL 
 
 The viageoflason 
 
 to wyn the golden 
 
 fleese. 
 
 The shyppe more 
 
 woorthy fame then 
 
 owlde Argo of 
 
 Grecia. 
 
 The vyage 
 
 ^ 
 
 hadde feene in both the Eall and Weft India, with fuch other gentel woordes wherby they obteyned certeyne 
 meafures of rife. But when afterwarde. xiii. of theym returned for more ryfe, they were deteyned : Where- 
 uppon the refte whiche remayned in the rtiippe, fearynge the lyke chaunce, departed with full fayles, and the. 
 vii. day of September with the helpe of god entered into the hauen of San Lucar nere vnto Siuile, where 
 difchargynge all theyr oidinaunce for ioy, they wente immediatly to the greate churche in theyr Ihertes and 
 barefooted with a torche before them to gyue thankes to almyghtie god who had brought them fafe to theyr 
 owne countrey, and reftored them to theyr wyues and chyldren. 
 
 As touchynge th[e]ende of this viage, Tranfiluanus wryteth fumwhat more largely 
 as foloweth. 
 
 The other (hyppe which they lefte behynde them to bee repayred, returned afterwarde by the Archipelagus 
 aforefayde and by the great fea to the coaftes of the firme of the weft India, and arryued at a region of the 
 fame being ageynft Dariena, /here the South fea of Sur is feparate but by a lyttle fpace of lande from the 
 Wefte Ocean in the which are the Ilandes of Hifpaniola and Cuba, and other Ilandes of the Spanyardes. The 
 other fliyppe which returned into Spayne by compafmg abowt the whole bowle of the worlde by the coaftes of 
 Eaft India and Aflfrike, departynge from the Hand of Tidore, and faylynge euer on this fyde the Equinoctiall, 
 dyd not fynde the cape of Cattigara beinge aboue Afa, and (by the defcription of Ptolome) rechynge many 
 degrees beyonde the Equinoctial. But hauynge fayled many dayes by the mayne fea, they came to the cape 
 of Buoiia Speranza and frome thenfe to the Ilandes of Capo verdc, where their fliyppe beinge foore broofed by 
 reafon of the longe viage, leaked and tooke water, in fuche forte that the mariners being nowe but fewe in 
 number, and thofe alfo weake and feeble by reafon of longe fickeneffe and hunger, were not able both to drye 
 the poompe continually and otherwyfe gouerne the fliippe : and were therfore of neccilitie inforced to goo 
 alande at the Ilande of faynte lames to bye theym certeyne flaues to helpe theim. But beinge deftitute of 
 mony, according to the cuftome of the mariners, they profered them cloues for theyr flaues. The which 
 thyng when it came to the eares of the Portugale that was Capitayne of that Ilande, he caft. xiii. of them in 
 prifon. ^\^lerby the refidue that remayned in the fliippe (beinge nowe but. xviii. in number) were put in fuch 
 feare that they departed immediatly without refcuing theyr felowes, and fayled continually both by daye and 
 by nyght by the coaftes of Affrike, and came in fine to Spayne the. vi. day of September in the yeare. 1522. 
 and anyued at the porte nere vnto Siuile the. xvi. nioneth after they departed from the Ilande of Tidore. 
 Mariners doubtlefle more woorthy to bee celebrate with eternal memorie then they whiche in owlde tyme were 
 cauled Argonauti that fayled with lafon to win the golden fleefe in the region of Cholchis and the riuer of 
 Phafis in the greate fea of Pontus. And the fliyppe it felfe, more woorthye to bee placed amonge the ftarres 
 then that owlde Argo which departynge owt of Grecia, fayled to th[e]ende of that great fea. For this owre 
 marueylous fliyppe, takynge her vyage from the ftraightes of Gibilterra and faylynge by the greate Ocean 
 towarde the South and pole Antartike, and turnynge from thenfe to the Wefte, folowed that courfe fo farre that 
 paflynge vnder the grea* jircumference of the worlde, fliee came into the Eafte, and frome thenfe ageyne into 
 the Wefte, not by retumynge backewarde, but ftyll faylynge forwarde, fo compafynge abowt the baule of the 
 world vnder the hole circumference of heauen vntyll fliee were myraculoufly reftored to her natiue region of 
 Spayne and houfe of Siuile. 
 
 
 •6* 
 
[The prices of precious Jlones and /pices.] 
 
 263 
 
 ed certeyne 
 ed: Where- 
 es, and the. 
 liuile, where 
 fliertes and 
 afe to theyr 
 
 re largely 
 
 irchipelagus 
 ;gion of the 
 de from the 
 irdes. The 
 e coaftes of 
 Lquinoctiall, 
 lynge many 
 to the cape 
 broofed by 
 but fewe in 
 both to drye 
 )rced to goo 
 ; deftitute of 
 The which 
 of them in 
 : put in fuch 
 )y daye and 
 yeare. 1522. 
 le of Tidore. 
 e tyme were 
 the riuer of 
 e the (larres 
 this owre 
 reate Ocean 
 fo farre that 
 ageyne into 
 aule of the 
 le region of 
 
 C OF THE PRICES OF PRECIOVS STONES AND SPICES, 
 
 WITH THEYR WEIGHTES AND MEASVRES 
 
 as they are accuftomed to bee foulde bothe of the 
 
 Moores and the gentyles: And of the 
 
 places where they growe. 
 
 |Orafmuch as in dyuers places of this hiftorie, men- 
 tion is made of precious ftones, I haue thought 
 good to declare fumewhat afwell of theyr prices 
 as of the places of theyr generation, that wee may 
 not vtterly bee ignorant of the thinges which we 
 fo grately efteeme and bye fo deare. 
 
 Of the Rttbie. 
 
 He Rubies growe in India : and are foundc 
 for the mod parte in a ryuer named Pegu. 
 Thefe are of the befte kind and finefte, 
 whiche they of the lande of Malabor caule 
 Nunpuclo, and are well foulde if they bee 
 fayre and cleane without fpottes. The 
 Indians to knowe theyr fineneffe, put them 
 vppon theyr toonges, coumptynge that to bee beft that is couldell and moft harde. And to fee theyr fineneffe, 
 they take them vp with a piece of waxe by the fliarpeft poynt : and lookynge ageynft the lyght, efpie in theim 
 euery fmaule fpot or flake. They are alfo founde in certeyne diepe foffes or pittes which are made in moun- 
 taynes that are beyonde the faid ryuer. They are fcoured and made cleane in the countrey of Pegu. Yet can 
 they not fquare and polyflie them. But for this purpofe fende them to dyuers other contreys, and efpecially to 
 Paleacate, Narfinga, Calicut, and the region of Malabar, where are many cunnynge Lapidaries. 
 
 And to gyue yow intelligence of the value of thefe ftones, ye (hall vnderftande that this woorde Fanan, 
 fignifiethe a weight fumwhat more then two of owre carattes : And. xi. Fanans and a quarter, is one JNIitigal : 
 And. vi. Mitigales and a halfe, make one vnce. This Fanan, is alfo a kynde of money which is in value, one 
 ryale of fyluer. And therefore after this accompte I fay that 
 
 One that weyth two fanans and 
 
 thre quarters Fanan cccl. 
 
 Of three fanans Fanan cccc. 
 
 Of three and a quarter Fanan D. 
 
 Of three and a halfe Fanan D 1. 
 
 Of three and three quarters Fanan D c. 
 
 Of three and three quarters and a halfe Fanan D cxxx. 
 Of foure fanans B anan D clx. 
 
 Of foure and a quarter Fanan D cc. 
 
 Of foure and a halfe Fanan D cccc. 
 
 Of fyue fanans Fanan M. 
 
 Of fyue and a halfe Fanan M cc. 
 
 Of fyxe fanans, which are about, xii. 
 carattes. Fanan M D. which make. 
 150. crownes of golde. 
 
 Eight fine rubies of the weyght of one 
 
 Fanan (which are in all, abowt two 
 
 carattes) are in value. 
 Foure Rubies that wey one fanan, are 
 
 worth Fanan 
 
 Two that wey one fanan Fanan 
 
 One thatweyth three quarters of one fanan Fanan 
 One that weyth one fanan Fanan 
 
 One that weyth one fanan and a quarter. Fanan 
 One that weyth one fanan and a halfe Fanan 
 One that weyth one fanan and three 
 
 quarters Fanan C 1. 
 
 One that weyth two fanans. Fanan CC. 
 
 One that weyth two fanans and a quarter Fanan CC I. 
 One that weyth two fanans and a halfe Fanan. ccc. 
 
 Fanan *x. 
 
 XX. 
 
 xl. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 1. 
 
 Ixv. 
 
 c. 
 
 And thefe are commonly the prices of perfecte Rubies. But fuche as are not perfecte, and haue any 
 fpottes in them, or are not of good coloure, are of lefTe prife accordynge to the arbitriment and eftimation 
 of the byer. 
 
 233 
 
 One cirnttc is iiii 
 graines 
 
 (•Which is one 
 (crown of goUe 
 
 , I 
 
 M 
 
 %^ 
 
 \-. 
 

 i ' 1 
 
 > 
 
 ,1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 1- 
 
 264 
 
 The prices of precious Jlones and f pices. 
 
 234 
 
 •Which are iii. ) 
 crow[n]e&orgoldc) 
 
 I / 
 
 l\ 
 
 C Of the Rubies which growe in the Ilande of Zeilam. 
 
 N the Ilande of Zeilam, beinge in the feconde India, are founde many Rubies which the 
 Indians name Maiiccas, the greatell parte wherof do not arriue to the perfection of the 
 other aforefayde in coloure, bycaufe they are redde as though they were wafflied, and 
 of a flefhye colour. Yet are they very coulde and harde. The perfectefte of theym 
 are greatly elleemed amonge the people of the Ilande, and referued only for the kynge 
 hym felfe if they bee of any great quantitie. When his iewelers fynde any bygge piece 
 of this rocke of the befte kynde, they put it in fyer for the fpace of certeyne houres. Which 
 if it coomme owt of the fyer vncorrupte, it becommeth of the coloure of a b. mynge cole, and was therfore 
 cauled of the Greekes, Anthrax, which fignifieth a bumyng cole. The fame that the Greekes caule Anthrax, 
 the Latines caule Carbunculus. Thefe they greatly efteeme. When the kyng of Narfinga can get any of theym, 
 he caufeth a fine hole to bee boored in the vndermoft part of them to the myddeft: And fuflfereth none of 
 them to paffe owt of his realme: efpecially if they haue byn tryed by the fayde profe. Thefe are of greater 
 value then the other of Pegu, if they bee in theyr naturall perfection and cleaneneffe. 
 
 Of thefe, one that weith a 
 
 carratte 
 
 
 
 Of fixe carattes and a halfe 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Dlx. 
 
 (whiche is halfe a fanan) is 
 
 woorthe 
 
 
 
 Of feuen carattes 
 
 Fanan Dcxxx. 
 
 in Calecut. 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 •xxx. 
 
 Of feuen carattes and a halfe 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Debt. 
 
 One of two carattes 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Ixv. 
 
 One of. viiL carattes that hath bynne 
 
 
 
 Of three carattes. 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 cl. 
 
 wel proued in the fier, is woorthe 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Dccc. 
 
 Of three carattes and a halfe 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 cc. 
 
 Of. viiii. carattes and a halfe 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Dcccc 
 
 Of foure carattes 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 ccc. 
 
 One fuch of tenne carattes 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Mccc 
 
 Of foure carattes and a halfe 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 cccl. 
 
 One of. x. carattes and a halfe 
 
 Fanan 
 
 MDc 
 
 Of fyue carattes 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 cccc. 
 
 Of. xii. carattes 
 
 Fanan 
 
 MM 
 
 Of fyue carattes and a halfe 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 ccccl. 
 
 Of. xiiii. carattes 
 
 Fanan 
 
 MMM 
 
 Of fyxe carattes 
 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Dxxx. 
 
 Of. xvi. carattes 
 
 Fanan 
 
 6000. 
 
 C Of the kynde of Rubies cauled Spinelle. 
 
 Here is alfo founde an rther kynde of Rubies which wee caule Spinelle and the Indians, 
 Caropus. They growe in the felfe fame countrey of Pegu where as are the fine Rubies : 
 And are found in the mountaynes in the vpper crufl or floure of the earth. Thefe are not 
 fo fine nor of fo good colour as are the trewe Rubies : But haue fumwhat the colour of a 
 granate which we commonly caule a garnet. Yet of thefe fuche as are parfecte in theyr 
 coloure, are of value halfe leffe then trewe Rubies. 
 
 C Of the Rubies cauled Balafft. 
 
 Alafll, are of the kyndes of Rubies, but are not fo harde. Theyr colour is fumwhat lyke a rofe, 
 and fum are in maner whyte. They growe in Balaflia, whiche is a region within the firme 
 lande aboue Pegu and Bengala: And are browght from thenfe by marchauntes of the 
 Moores to Calecut where they are wrought and polyffhctl : And are fould of the fame price 
 that are Spinelle. 
 
 C Of the Diamundes of the owlde myne. 
 
 Hefc Diamundes are founde in the fyrfle India in a kyngdome of the Moores named Decan, 
 from whenfe they are brought to other regions. There are alfo founde other Diamundes 
 whiche are not fo good, but fumewhat whyte, and are cauled Diamundes of the newe myne 
 \lMch is in the kyngedome of Narfinga. They of the owlde myne, are not polyflied in 
 ■ \ but in other places. There are made lykewyfe in India, other falfe Diamundes of 
 I iLU's, Topafes, and whyte Saphires, whiche appere to bee fine: and are alfo founde in 
 ; ^ I-aiule of Zeilam. Thefe ftones differ in none other, (auynge that they haue lofte theyr 
 
 ■64 
 
The prices of precious Jlones and f pices. 
 
 265 
 
 s which the 
 ction of the 
 rafHied, and 
 e of theym 
 r the kynge 
 bygge piece 
 res. Which 
 was therfore 
 [lie Anthrax, 
 ly of theym, 
 eth none of 
 e of greater 
 
 nan DIx. 
 nan Dcxxx. 
 nan Dclx. 
 
 nan Dccc. 
 
 nan Dcccc. 
 
 aan Mccc 
 
 lan MDc 
 
 nan MM 
 
 lan MMM 
 
 >an 6000. 
 
 he Indians, 
 ine Rubies : 
 lefe are not 
 colour of a 
 te in theyr 
 
 lyke a rofe, 
 
 the firme 
 
 ites of the 
 
 fame price 
 
 ed Decan, 
 Diamundes 
 lewe myne 
 olyflied in 
 mundes of 
 founde in 
 lode theyr 
 
 naturall colour. Of thefe, fumme are founde that haue halfe the coloure of Rubies, and other of Saphires : 
 other alfo of the coloure of a Topafe. Other haue all thefe coloures mengled togyther. They bore a fine hole 
 in thefe throughe the mydded, wherby they appere lyke the eyes of a catte. Of the whyteft, they make many 
 fmaule diamundes whiche can not bee knowen from the trewe, fauynge by touchinge of fuch as are (kylfull in 
 that practife. They are foulde by a poyfe or Aveight which they caule Mangiar, which wayeth two Tarre, and 
 two thyrdes, which amount to two thyrdes or thirde partes of one caratte. For foure Tarres, wey one fanan 
 whiche is abowt two carattes. 
 
 Viii. Diamundes that wey one mangiar 
 
 (which is two third partes of a caratte) 
 
 are in value. Fanan xxx. 
 
 which are three crownes of golde. 
 235 vi. Diamundes that wey one mangiar 
 Foure that wey one mangiar 
 Two that wey one mangiar 
 One that weith one mangiar 
 One of one mangiar and a quarter 
 One of one mangiar and a halfe 
 Of one mangiar and three quarters 
 Of two mangiars 
 
 Fanan 
 
 xl. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Ix. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Ixxx. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 C. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 clxv. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 clxxx. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 ccxx. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 cccxx. 
 
 Of two mangiars and a quarter Fanan ccclx. 
 
 Of two mangiars and a halfe Fanan ccclxxx 
 Of two mangiars and three quarters 
 
 ful perfect Fanan 420 
 
 Of three mangiars of lyke perfection Fanan ccccl. 
 
 Of three mangiars and a halfe Fanan cccclxxx. 
 
 Of foure mangiars Fanan Dl. 
 
 Of fyue mangiars Fanan Dccl. 
 
 Of fyxe mangiars Fanan Dccc. 
 
 Of feuen mangiars. Fanan Mcc. 
 
 Of eyght mangiars Fanan Mcccc. 
 
 And thus they proceade, increafynge the price as they increafe in weight. 
 
 C Of Saphires. 
 
 N the Ilande of Zeilam are founde the befte and mode trewe Saphires, beinge very harde and 
 fine, and of the coloure of azure. They are of price as foloweth. 
 One that weith one caratte is of value Fanan iL which are abowt two marcels of fyluer. 
 
 Of fyxe carattes 
 Of feuen carattes 
 Of eyght carattes 
 Of nine carattes 
 Of tenne carattes 
 Of xi. carattes 
 Of. xii. carattes 
 
 One of the weight of two carattes 
 Of three carattes 
 Of foure carattes 
 Of fyue carattes 
 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 
 v. 
 x. 
 
 XV. 
 
 xviii. 
 
 Of xiiii. carattes 
 
 Of. XV. carattes 
 
 Of. xvi. carattes 
 
 Of. xviii. carattes 
 
 One that weith a mitigal, which is. vi. 
 
 fanans and a quarter that is abowt 
 
 xxiii. carattes 
 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 
 Clx. 
 
 Clxxx. 
 
 CC. 
 
 CCl. 
 
 Fanan xxviii. 
 
 Fanan xxxv. 
 
 Fanan 1. 
 
 Fanan Ixv. 
 
 Fanan 1. 
 
 Fanan Ixv. 
 
 Fanan Ixxv. xxiii. carattes Fanan CCCl. 
 
 Of xiii. carattes in all perfection of coloure Fanan Cxv. 
 Lykewyfe in the I'ande of Zeilam, is founde an other forte of Saphires which they caule QuinigeUnam. Thefe 
 are not fo flronge, of darker colour and of much leffe value then are the other of the bed kynde, wherof one is 
 woorth. xiii. of thefe of cquall poife. Alfo in the kyngedome of Narfinga, in a mountayne aboue Bacanor and 
 Mangalor, is founde an other fort of Saphires more tender and of woorfe colour, whiche they caule Cingano- 
 1am. Thefe are fumwhat whyte and of fmaule value: So that the mod perfect of this kynde, weyinge. xx. 
 carattes, is not woorth one ducate. Theyr colour is inclynynge fumwhat to yelowe. There is lykewyfe found 
 an other kynde of Saphires vppon the fea coades of the kyngedome of Calicut, in a place named Capucar. 
 Thefe the Indians caule Carahatonilam. They are of a darke afure coloure not Ihynynge but in the cleare 
 ayer. They are alfo tender and brickie, and of fmaule edimation amonge the Indians. They feeme on the 
 one fyde lyke glaffe. 
 
 « Of Topafies. 
 
 He natural Topafies, growe in the Ilande of Zeilam, and are named of the Indians Purceragua. 
 It is a harde and fine done: and of equall edimation with the Rubie and the Saphire, 
 bycaufe all thefe three are of one kynd. The perfecte colour of this, is yelowe lyke vnto 
 fine beaten golde. And if it bee perfect and cleane, whether it bee greate or lyttle, it is 
 woorth in Calicut as much fine gold as it weyeth. But if it bee not perfect, it is woorth the 
 weight of gold the fanan, which is leffe by the halfe. And if it bee in maner whyte, it is 
 woorth much leffe. And of thefe, are fmaule diamundes counterfecte. 
 
 A marcell, is a 
 sylucr coine of 
 Venice, of xL 
 vnces. lii. d. with 
 fine, wherof ten 
 make .in vn[c]e . 
 
 II , 
 
 i: t 
 
i 
 
 
 266 
 
 The prices of precious Jlones and f pices. 
 
 € Of Turqueffes. 
 
 236 
 
 / 
 
 a 
 
 One that weith one caratte, is worth in 
 
 
 Of. viii. carattes 
 
 Malabar. 
 
 Fanan. xv. 
 
 Of x. carattes 
 
 One of two carattes 
 
 Fanan xl. 
 
 Of xii. carattes 
 
 Of foure carattes 
 
 Fanan xc. 
 
 Of. xiiiL carattes 
 
 Of. vi. carattes 
 
 Fanan CI. 
 
 
 /■rquefles are founde in Exer a place of Siech IfmaeL Theyr mine is a drye earth that is 
 founde vpon a black ilone, which the Moores take of in fmaule pieces, and carye them to 
 the Hand of Oniius, from whenfe they are brought to dyuers partes of the worlde by fea 
 and by lande. The Indians caule them Perofe. They are foft Aones, of fmaule weight and 
 not much coulde. And to knowe that they are good and trewe, in the day they fhall appere 
 of the verye colour of the Turqueffe : and in the nyght by the lyght, they fliall appere 
 greene. They that are not fo perfect, do not fo change their colour to the fight If thefe 
 (lones bee cleane and of fine colour, they haue vndemeth in the bottome, a blacke (lone, vppon the which 
 they growe. And if any lyttle vayne ryfe vppon the fayde ftone, it (halbe the better. And to knowe more 
 certeynely that they are trewe Turqueffes, they put on the toppes of them a lyttle quicke lime tempered with 
 water after the maner of an oyntment So that if the quicke lime appere coloured, they are iudged perfecte, 
 and are of value as foloweth. 
 
 Fanan CC. 
 Fanan CCC. 
 Fanan CCCCl. 
 Fanan DL 
 
 Of greater then thefe they make none accompte bycaufe they are lyghter pieces and of greater circuite. Thcfp 
 of the byggefl forte the Moores carie into the kyngedome of Guzerath. 
 
 C Of lacinthes. 
 
 Acinthes growe in the Ilande of Zeilam. They are tender (loncs and yelowe. They are bed 
 that are of diepefte colour. The greateft. part of thefe, haue in them certeine pimples or 
 burbuls, whiche diminifhe theyr fayreneffe. And they that are in theyr perfection cleane 
 from this deformitie, are neuerthelefle of fmaule value. For in Calicut where they are 
 polyflhed, they that wey one fanan are woorth no more then halfe a fanan. And they of. 
 xviii. fanans, are not worth.xvi. fanans. 
 
 There are alfo founde other ftones lyke vnto cattes eyes, as Chrifolites, and Amethifles, 
 whiche they doo not muche edeeme bycaufe they are of fmaule value, as alio the (tones cauled Giagonze. 
 
 € Of Smaragdes or Emeraldes. 
 
 JMaragdes growe in the countrey of Babilon, where the Indians caule the fea Ditgtian. They 
 grow alfo in other partes of India. They are ftones of fayre greene colour, and are lyght and 
 tender. Of thefe ftones, many are conterfecte. But lookyng on them curioufly towarde the 
 lyght, the conterfectes (hewe certeyne burbuls, as dooth glaffe. But in the trewe, there is no 
 fuch feene. But rather there appeareth to the eye a certeyne verdour (hynynge lyke the 
 beames of the foonne. And beinge rubbed vppon the touche ftone, they leaue the coloure 
 of copper. And the Smaragde of this forte is the beft and moft trewe : And is in value in 
 Calicut, as muche as a diamunde and fumwhat more : And this not by weyght, but by greateneflfe, bycaufe the 
 diamunde quantitie for quantitie, is of greater weyght then the Smaragde. Ther is lykewyfe founde an other 
 kyndc of Smaragdes, whiche are greene ftones, but not fo much efteemed. Neuerthele(re, the Indians referue 
 thefe to fet them foorth with other precious ftones. They leaue not any greene coloure vppon the touche. 
 
 9 Wi 
 
 •< 
 
The prices of precious Jlones and f pices. 
 
 267 
 
 C Of dyvers kyndes of Spices, where they grow, 
 
 WHAT they are WOORTH IN CaLICUT, AND WHITHER 
 THEY ARE CARIED FROM THENSE. 
 
 C Of Pepper. 
 
 jYrfte in all the kyngedome of Malabor and Calicut pepper groweth : and is fould in Calicut by 
 euery. CC. [two hundred] Bahars, fine, for. CCxxx. [two hundred and thirty] fanans, euery 
 fanan (as I haue fayde) beinge in value, one ryall of plate of Spayne : which is as muche as 
 one marcell of fyluer in Venice. Bahar, weith foure cantares of the owld weight of Portu- 
 gale, by the whiche they fell all fpices in Lilbona. Cantar, is in Vencce. Cxii. [one 
 hundred and twelue] pounde weyght of the grofe pounde (beinge. xviii. vnces) and of the 
 fubtyle pounde. C. Ixxviii. [one hundred and feuenty-eight] So that the fayde. 712. poundes 
 of Venece fubtile, wyl cod abowt. xx. frenche crownes of golde : which amount to abowt two Marchetti (whiche 
 make one peny) the pounde. They pay alfo to the kyng of Calicut for cuftome. xii. fanans euery Bahar by the 
 lode. They that bye them, are accuftomed to brynge them to Cambaia, Perfia, Aden, and Mecha, and from 
 thenfe to Alcayre and Alexandria. Nowe they pay cuftome to the kynge of Portugale after the rate of. 6562. 
 Maruedies the Bahar, rfhich are. 193. fanans. Maruedies are Spanyflie coynes wherof. vi. go to a peny. This 
 doo they partly bycaufe there arryueth no more fo greate diuerfitie of marchantes to bye them, and partly by 
 the agreement which the fayde kynge of Portugale made with thofe kynges, and the Moores, and marchauntes 
 of the countrey of Malabar. 
 
 Much pepper groweth lykewyfe in the Ilande of Sumatra nere vnto Malaca, which is fayrer and bygger then 
 that of Malabar, but not fo good and ftronge. This is brought from Bengala to China, and fumme parte to 
 Mecha, priuilie and by ftelth, vnwares to the Portugales which wolde not otherwyfe fuffer them to pafle. It is 
 woorth in Sumatra, from. iiii. C. [four hundred] vnto. vii. C. [feuen hundred] marauedis the cantar of Portugale, 
 of the newe weight. And frome the newe to the owlde weight in Portugale, the difference is, twoo vnces in the 
 pounde weight. For the owlde pounde confifteth of. xiiii. vnces, and the newe pounde of xvi. vnces. 
 
 237 
 
 € Of Cloues. 
 
 Ixjues growe in the Ilandes of Molucca, from whenfe they are brought to Malacha, and then 
 to Calicut and the countrey of Malabar. They are woorth in Calicut euery bahar (which is. 
 712. poundes of the fubtyle pound of Venece) from. 500. to. 600. fanans (which are abowte 
 fyftie frenche crownes,) which are in value abowte. xii. marchetti the pounde weight. And 
 beinge cleane from ftalkes and huflces are in value 700 fanans. To cary theym frome thenfe 
 into other regions, they paye for pafporte. xviii. fanans the bahar, which is woorth in 
 Malacca from. x. to. xiiii. ducades accordynge to the rate and cuftome of the marchauntes. 
 
 %\ 
 
 C Of Cinamome. 
 
 Inamome of the beft fort, groweth in the Ilande of Zeilam : and in the countrey of Malabar, 
 growethe the woorft. That of the befte kynde, is of fmaule price in Zeilam. But in Calicut 
 (if it bee choife and freflie), it is woorth CCC. [three hundred] fanans the bahar, whiche are 
 abowte fiue marchetti the pounde. 
 
 t6r 
 
 'H 
 
? 
 
 m ■ 
 It J 
 
 268 
 
 The prices of precious ftones and /pices. 
 
 € Of Ginger cauled Beledi. 
 
 nger Beledi, groweth on euery fyde abowte Calicut from fyxe to nine myles : And is woorth 
 the bahar. xl. fanans, and fumtymes fiftie, whiche is lefle then one marchetto the pounde. 
 
 They brynge it from the mountayncs and owt of the contrey to the citie, where they fell 
 it by retayle to the Indian marchauntes, who gather it togither in greate quantitie and kepe 
 it to fuch tyme as the Moores Ihyppes arryue there, to whom they fell it, by the price of. 
 xc. [ninety] fanans, to Cx. [one hundred and ten] whiche is lefle then two marchetti the 
 pound, bycaufe the weight is greater, 
 
 « Of Ginger Mechino. 
 
 Inger Mechino groweth, begynnynge from the mountayne of Deli, vnto Canonor. It is fmaule, 
 and not fo whyte nor fo good as the other. It is woorthe the bahar in Cananor, abowt. Ix. 
 fanans whiche is abowte one marchetto the pounde. They pay for the bahar fyxe fanans 
 in money for the cudome. It is fould vnclenfed or vnpurged. 
 
 239 
 
 \ \ 
 
 11 ! A 
 
 
 •<' 
 
 € Of greene Ginger in confenies. 
 
 N Bengala is founde greate plentie of Ginger Beledi, of the whiche they make muche Ginger in 
 conferues with fuger, and carie it in flone pots from Martabani to bee fould in the countrey 
 of Malabar. And is woorth the farazuola (which is. xxii. poundes and fyxe vnces) after the 
 rate of. xiiii. xv. or. xvi. fanans. 
 
 That that is freflie and made in conferues, is woorth in Calicut, xxv. fanans the farazuola, 
 bycaufe fuger is dere there. Greene ginger to put in conferues, is woorth in Calicut three 
 quarters of one fanan the farazuola, which is abowte twoo poundes for one marchetto. 
 
 € Of the Apothecaries dnigges : And of what price 
 they are in Calicut and Malabar. 
 
 Acca of Martabani, if it bee of the befle, is woorth the farazuola, which is. xxii. pounde weyght 
 and fyxe vnces of Portugale after, xvi. vnces the pounde (whiche is abowte. xl. pounde 
 weyght of the fubtyle pounde of Venece) And is in value, xviii. fanans : whiche are. xviii. 
 marcels of filuer. For one fanan, is in value abowte one marcell of fyluer. 
 
 Lacca of the contrey, is woorth the farazuola 
 
 Borace that is good and in great jjieces is woorthe the farazuola. 
 
 Camphire that is grofle in cakes, is woorth the farazuola 
 
 Camphire to annoynt Idoles, 
 
 Camphire for theyr chyldren to eate, is woorth the mytigal. 
 
 Aguila is woorth the farazuola 
 
 Lignum aloe, blacke, heauy, and fine, is woorth 
 
 Mulke of the bell is woorth the vnce 
 
 Beniamin of the belle, is woorth the farazuola 
 
 Tamarind! being newe, are woorth the farazuola 
 
 Calamus aromaticus, the farazuola 
 
 Endego to dye filke, trewe and good, the farazuola 
 
 Mirre, the farazuola. 
 
 Frankenfence good and in graynes, is woorth the farazuola 
 
 Frankenfence in pafte of the bafeft forte, the faraz[uola]. 
 
 Ambracan or amber greefe that is good, is woorthe the nietical 
 
 a68 
 
 Fanan 
 
 xii. 
 
 Fanan. 
 
 XXX. to. xl. and 1. 
 
 Fanan. 
 
 Ixx. to. bcxx 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 Fanan 
 
 iii. 
 
 Fanan. 
 
 ccc. to. cccc. 
 
 Fanan. 
 
 M. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 xxxvi. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Ixv. 
 
 Fanan. 
 
 iiil 
 
 Fanan 
 
 xii. 
 
 Fanan. 
 
 xxx 
 
 Fanan 
 
 xviii. to. XX. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 XV. 
 
 Fanan. 
 
 iii. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 ii. to. iii 
 
! are 
 
 . xviu. 
 
 
 xii. 
 
 ).xl. 
 
 andl. 
 
 X. to 
 
 . Ixxx 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 iii. 
 
 c. to 
 
 . cccc. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 XXXVl. 
 
 
 Ixv. 
 
 
 Ull. 
 
 
 xu. 
 
 
 XXX 
 
 irui. 
 
 to. XX. 
 
 
 XV. 
 
 
 111. 
 
 u. 
 
 to. iiL 
 
 The prices of precious Jloiics and f pices. 
 
 269 
 
 Mirabolanes in confea' ^ of fuger, the faraz[uola]. 
 
 Caflia, freflie and gooil, the farazuola. 
 
 Redde Sanders, the farazuola 
 
 Whyte Sanders and citrine, whiche growe in the Ilandc of Timor, the farazuola 
 
 Spikenarde, frcflie and good, the faraz[uola]. 
 
 Nutte megges, whiche coomc fromu the Ilande of Bandan where the bahar is woorth 
 
 from. viii. to. x. fanans, (which importe. vi. poundes weight to the marchetto) 
 
 are woorthe in Calicut, the faraz[uola]. 
 Mace which is brought from the Ilande of Bandan where the Bahar is woorth fiftie 
 
 fanans (which import abowt one nurchetto the poundc) are woorth in Calicut 
 
 the farazuola. 
 Turbithes, are woorth the farazuola 
 
 Woorme feede of the bed kynde, cauled Scmcnz'ma, is woorthe the farazuola. 
 Zerumba, the farazuola 
 Zedoaria, the farazuola 
 Gumme Serapine, the farazuola 
 Aloe cicotrine, the farazuola 
 Cardamome in graynes, the farazuola 
 Reubarbe groweth abundantly in the countrey of Malabar : And that which commeth 
 
 from China by Malacha, is worth the farazuola 
 Mirabolani emblici, the farazuola 
 Mirabolani belirici, the farazuola 
 Mirabolani citrini and chebuli, which are al of one fort 
 Mirabolani Indi, which are of the fame citrine trees 
 Tutia, the farazuola 
 Cububes which growe in the Ilande of laua or Giaua, are there of fmaule price, and 
 
 fould by meafure withowt weight. 
 Opium which is browght from the citie of Aden where it is made, is woorth in 
 
 Calicut the faraz[uola]. 
 Opium of an other fort which is made in Cambaia is woorth the farazuola, 
 
 Fanan. xvi. to. xxv 
 
 Fanan one and a halfe 
 
 Fanan. v. to. vi. 
 
 Fanan. xl. to. Ix 
 
 I'anan, xxx. to. xl. 
 
 Fanan 
 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 Fanan 
 
 X. to. XII. 
 
 xxv. to. xxx. 
 xiii. 
 
 XV. 
 
 ii. 
 i. 
 
 XX. 
 
 xviii 
 
 XX. 
 
 Fanan xl. to. 1. 
 
 Fanan ii. 
 
 Fanan one and a halfe. 
 Fa[nan] ii. 
 
 Fa[nan] iii. 
 
 Fanan xxx. 
 
 Fanan. cclxxx. to. cccxx 
 Fanan cc. to. ccl. 
 
 € Of the weyghfes of PorUigale and India : And ho^ve they agree. 
 
 He pound of the owld weight, conteyneth. xiiii. vnces. The pound of the newe weight con- 
 teyneth. xvi. vnces. viii. cantares of the owlde weyght, make. vii. of the newe. And euery 
 newe cantare, is of. C. xxviii. [one hundred and twenty-eight] poundes after, xvi. vnces to 
 the pounde 
 
 Euery owlde cantare, conteyneth three quarters and a halfe of the newe cantar : And is 
 of C. xxviii. [one hundred and twenty-eight] poundes, after, xiiii. vnces the pounde. 
 
 One farazuola, is. xxii. poundes of. xiiii. vnces, and vi. vnces more, with two fifte partes. 
 Twentie farazuoles, are one Bahar. 
 
 One bahar is. iiii. cantares of the owld weight of Portugale. All the Spices and drugges, and all fuche 
 other thinges as coome from India, are fould in Portugale by the owld weight and all the rede by the newe 
 weyght 
 
 € Hereby may we well confider that as we owght to reioyfe and gyue god thankes 
 for the abundaunce of al thefe thynges which he caufeth the earth fo plentifully to brynge 
 foorth to owre vfe, lb may we lament th[e]abufe of men whofe couetoufneffe caufeth 
 great dearth and fcarfeneffe in the myddeft of abundance : herein no leffe offendyng the 
 lawe of nature then doo fuch as by wychcrafte intermingle poyfon with thynges created 
 for the health of man, or by inchauntment corrupt the feedes in the ground : ye rather as 
 the Nnnatural mother who deftroyeth the chylde whom (he hath longe nuryfhed. 
 
 369 
 
 S««lc> that kyll 
 lyw. 
 
 238 
 
 
rr^ 
 
 H 
 
 ii 
 
 \ 
 
 V\n 
 
 .4\ 
 
 i 
 
 -ill 
 
 270 
 
 [Two Notes added by Eden, apparently to fill up the Leaf.] 
 
 ■r^'- 
 r-*: 
 
 0///ie Doones of the Ilandc of Madera. 
 
 Adamilftus vvryteth, that before the Portiigales came to this Ilande, it was ouergrowen 
 witlj trees and vnliabited. Yet were there many beaftes, and great plentie of dooues which 
 were vtterly without feare of men bycaufe they had neucr fecne any men l)efore, nor yet 
 were accuflomcd to bee put in feare. In fo miu h that they (lode ftyl whyie fnarcs were 
 put abowte thcyr neckes with longe rods and poles. The which thynge he fayth he hath 
 alfo feene in other Ilandes, There are many ryche men in this Ilande, and great abun- 
 daunce of fleflie, bycaufe the hole Ilande is in maner one gardeyne. 
 
 Q Of the Ilande of faynt Thomas vndcr the Equinoctiall line 
 
 |He chiefeft occupacion and liuynge of th[e]inhabitauntes of this Ilande, is the makynge of 
 fuger, which they fell yearely to the ftiyi)pes that coomme for it owt of Spayne and Portu- 
 gale laden with buttes of meale and floure, alfo wyne, oylc, checfc, letlier, fwoordes, cuppas 
 of glaffe, beades, ccrteyne fcaruels of the fine whyte carthe cauled Porcellana, of the which 
 are made the earthen dyfflies of the woorke of Maiolica. And if it were not that fuch 
 vyttayles and prouifions were brought them owt of Spaine and Portugale, the whyte mar- 
 chauntes which dwell in that Ilande (perteynynge to the dominion of the kinge of Portugale) 
 (hulde not bee able to lyue there, forafmuch as they are not accuflomcd to ctite fuch meates as doo the Ethi- 
 opians or Negros. And therfore the Portugales whichc inhabite this Ilande, haue certeyne blacke flaues of 
 Guinea, Benin, and Manicongo, which they fet to tyll and laboure the grounde and make fuger. Amonge thefe 
 whyte inhabitauntes, there are many ryche men which haue. 150. or. 200. and fum. 300. blacke flaues of men 
 and women to tyll the grounde and doo other laborious woorkes. This Ilande was difcouered foure fcore yeares 
 fence by the nauigations of the Portugales and was vnknowen to the owlde wryters. It lyeth in the greate 
 goulfe of Affrike in the. 30. degree of longitude from the Weft to the Eaft, and is in maner rounde. It is of 
 largeneffe from fide to fyde. Ix. Italian myles, (that is to fay) one degree. The horizontal line of the Hand, 
 paffeth by the two poles, Artike and Antartyke : and hath euer the day equall with the nyght without any fenfi- 
 ble difference, whether the fon bee in Cancer or in Capricorne. The ftarre of the pole Artike, is there inuifible : 
 But the wardens are feene fumwhat to moue about : And the ftarres cauled the Crofle, are feene very hyghe. 
 Of this Ilande with the other landes and Ilandes lyinge betwene Portugale and the fame, a certeyne pylotte of 
 Portugale hath wrytten a goodly vyage to Conte Rimondo. 
 
 •TO 
 

 {Contencion for the trade of /pices.'] 
 
 271 
 
 Leaf.] 
 
 oiiergrowen 
 aoues which 
 ore, nor yet 
 fnarcs were 
 )rth he hath 
 great abun- 
 
 makynge of 
 and Portu- 
 rdes, cuppes 
 af the which 
 ot that fuch 
 whyte mar- 
 •f Portugale) 
 00 the Ethi- 
 [ke flaues of 
 monge thefe 
 aues of men 
 fcore yeares 
 
 the greate 
 It is of 
 if the Hand, 
 ut any fenfi- 
 re inuifible : 
 very hyghe. 
 
 e pylotte of 
 
 
 C THE DEBATE AND STRYFE 
 
 BETWENE THE SPANYARDES AND PORTUGALES, 
 
 for the diui/ion of the Indies and the trade ofSpices: and 
 
 alfo for the Hands of Molucca, which fum cattle 
 
 Malticas. Wrytten in the Spanyfhe tooftge by 
 
 Francisco Lopez de Gomara. 
 
 He[e]mperoiirs maicdie was verye gladde that the Malucas and 
 Hands of the fpicery were difcouered : and that he myght paflc 
 vnto them through his owne countreys withowt any preiudice or 
 hurte to the Portugales : And bycaufe alfo that Almanzor, Luztu, 
 and Corala which were the lordes of the fpicerie, fliewed them 
 felues to bee his frendes and became tributaries to hym. He 
 alfo gaue ccrteyne gyftes and rewardes to lohn Sebaflian for his 
 great payncs and good feruice, forafmuch as he craucd a rewarde 
 for the good newes that the Ilandes of the Malucas and other 
 Ilandes rycher and greater then they, were found to bee in 
 his part of thofe countreys which perteyncd vnto hym accord- 
 ynge to the popes bull. And hereby it came to paffe that 
 there was great contention and flrife betwene the Spanyardcs 
 and the Portugales abowte the fpicerie and the diuifion of the 
 Indies by reafon of the retume of lohn Sebaftian and th[e]in- 
 formation whiche he gaue therof. Who alfo affirmed that 
 the Portugales had neuer any enteraunce before that tyme 
 into thofe Ilandes. Here vppon, the counfayle for the Indies, aduertifed Th[e]emperoure to maynteine his 
 tleete for thofe partes, and to take the trade of fpices into his owne hand, forafmuch as it was his owne of 
 dewtie, afwell for that thofe Ilandes fell on his parte, as alfo that he had nowe founde paflage and waye through 
 his weft Indies into thofe regions. And finally to confyder that he fliulde thereby obteyne and gctte to him 
 felfe greate reuenues befyde th[e]inrychynge of his fubiectes and realmes, and that with fmaule coafte and 
 charge. The[e]emperoure beinge thus aduertifed of the truth, tooke it for good counfayle, and commaunded 
 all thynges hereunto apperteynynge to bee fumyflhed accordyngely. In this meane tyme, when kynge lohn of 
 Portugale had knowleage what th[e]emperour determyned to doo, and the fpeedy haft his counfayle made for 
 the performance herof, and of the commynge home of lohn Sebaftian of Cane, with th[e]information he made, 
 what of ftoutneffe of mynde and what for greefe, was puffed vp with anger as were alfo the refte of the Portu- 
 gales, ftormynge as thowgh they wolde haue plucked downe the (kye with their handes, not a lyttle fearynge 
 leafte they (hulde lofe the trade of fpices, if the Si)anyardcs fliulde once put in theyr foote. Whervppon the 
 kynge immediatly made fupplication to Th[e]emperoure, not to fet forwarde any fliyppes vntyll it were deter- 
 myned to whether of theym thofe Ilandes fliulde belonge: And that he wolde not fo muche endomage hym as to 
 caufe him to liefe the trade of fpices which was fo commodious and profitable to hym. And finally to auoyde 
 th[cjocc''fion of murther and bludflied whiche were lyke to enfue thereot, yf the Spanyardes and Portugales 
 fliyppes fliulde meete togythcr. Th[e]emperoure althowghe he knewe that all this was but to make delays and 
 prolongynge of tyme, yet was he gladde to haue it tryed by iuftice for the better iuftification of his caufe and 
 ryght In fine, bolh parties were agreed to appoynt lemed men, Cofmographers and Pylots which fliulde 
 determine the controuerfie betwene them: promyfynge on bothe parties to abyde and ftande to the fentence 
 and determination made by thofe perfons appoynted and fwome to iudge indifferentely. 
 
 240 
 
 lohn Sebastian. 
 
 The cause of 
 coiucnciuii. 
 
 The trade of spice 
 pcrtcynclli to 
 IhUJeinperoure. 
 
 lohn kyng of 
 Portugale. 
 
 1 
 
 The trade of 
 Spices. 
 
 The controuerste 
 determined by 
 Cosmographers 
 and Pylots. 
 
V 
 
 f 
 
 272 
 
 Contencion foy the trade of f pices. 
 
 \ 
 
 The arhytrers on 
 the Knip[c]roiir5 
 Rydc. 
 
 241 
 
 Sebastian Cabote. 
 
 Instniment.s of 
 Cosmographie 
 The llandesof 
 Malucu 
 
 The nrhiircrs en 
 ihe Portugales 
 sydc. 
 
 The place where 
 they mctte. 
 
 Thfelorder of 
 iheyr proccs. 
 
 The PoiHigales. 
 Contention for 
 dr.vwynpc the line 
 of the (huinior.. 
 
 Howe the 
 Portugalcs were 
 deceaucd 
 
 The Spanynrdes 
 
 allegation!*. 
 
 Samatra. 
 
 Malacha. 
 
 China. 
 
 Magallanes. 
 
 Duena Vista. 
 
 The Ilnndex of 
 Cabo Verde. 
 
 242 
 
 C The reparticion and diuifton af the Indies andne^ve worhic bctivcne 
 the Spanyardes and the Portngales. 
 
 His matter concemyng the trade of fpices and the newe worUlc of the Indies, by rcafon of the 
 greate ryches therof was of greate importaunce and very difticultie to bee limitted and 
 and drawen foorth by Hnes. By reafon wherof, it was ncccfiarie and conucnient to feeke 
 wyfe and woorihypfui men expert in nauigations, in Cofmographic, and the niatheniaticjill 
 fcicn OS. Th[e]cnip[e]roure for his fyde, chofe and named for iudges of the poflefllon, the 
 licentiate Acuna, one of the kynges confayle. Alfo the licentiate Barrientos of the counfaylc 
 of the orders : The licentiate Petro Manuel auditour of the courte of the Chauncerie in 
 Valladolith. F"or iudges of the propertie, he chofe Don Fernando Colono the foonne of Chriftopher Colonus: 
 Alfo doctor Sancho Sakya, Peter Ruiz of Villegas, fryre Thomas Duran, Simon of Alcazaua, and lohn 
 Sebadian of Cano. His aduocate and attumey, he made the licentiate lohn Rodriguez of Pifa: and for his 
 fyfcal doctor Ribera, and his fecretarie, Barthalome Ruiz of Caftaneda. He alfo apoynted that Sebadian 
 Cabote, Stcuen Gomes, Nunnio Garcia, Diego Riuero, being al expert pilots and cunning in m.iking cardcs 
 for the fea, fliuld be prefent, and brynge foorth theyr globes and mappes with other inflnimentes neceffarie to 
 declare the fituation of the Ilandcs of the Malucas abowt the which was al the contention and ftryfe. But 
 order was taken that they (hulde fliewe theyr myndes on neyther fyde, nor enter into the coompany of the other 
 but when they were cauled. Al thcfe and diuers ether, wente togyther to a towne cauled Badaioz : and as many 
 Portugales came to Elbes, or rather more. For they browght with them two fifcals and two aduocates. The 
 principall of theym, was the licentiate Antonie de Affeuedo, Diego Lopes of Scqueyra the clarke of the weightes 
 and receptes, who had before byn gouernour in India. Alfo Peralfonfo of Melo, clerke: Simon of Tauira, with 
 dyuers other whofe names I knowe not. Before they mette togyther, the one parte remaynynge at Badaioz and 
 the other in Elbes, there was much a doo amonge them beefore they coulde agree vppon the place where they 
 fiiulde mete and who fliuld fpeke fyrfte. For the Portugales doo greatly weiglie fuchc circum dances. At the 
 lad, they concluded to meete togyther at Caya a lyttle r)uer which diuideth Cadile from Portugale, dandynge 
 in the mydde way bctwene Badaioz and Elbes. And when they were alTembled togyther one day at Badaioz 
 and an other dayc at F.lbes and faluted the one the other, bothe parties were fworne that they fliulde proceade 
 and fpeake accordynge to truth, iudice, and equitic. The Portugales refufed Simon de Alcazaua becaufc he 
 was a Portugale : and fryer Thomas Duran bycaufe he had funietyme byn preacher to theyr kynge : So that 
 Simon was by confent put owte of the coompany, in whofe roome was placed mader Antonie of Alcaraz. Yet 
 fell they not to reafonynge the matter vntyll the fryer was put owt. They were manye daycs in beholdynge 
 globes, mappes, and cardcs of the fea, and hearynge what myght bee (liyde, both fydes alleagynge for the right 
 which they pretended. But the Portugales dandynge in vayne contention, fayde very angcrly the Ilandes of 
 Maluca whereuppon theyr meetynge and refonyngc was at that prefcntc, fell of theyr parte and was of theyr 
 conqued. And that they both had byn there, and had them in theyr poflefllon before lohn Sebadian had euer 
 feene them. Lykewyfc that the line fliuldc bee diawen from the Ilanile of Bonauida, or the Hand cauled de 
 la Sal, which are the mod Eaderly Ilandes from Cabouerde, and not from the Ilande of Santinton or faynt 
 Antonie, which lyeth towarde the Wed, and are. Ixxxx. leaques the one from the other. Al this was no more 
 but to contend : and the other of the Malucas, is vntrcwe. But they that haue a nawghtie matter mud fet it 
 foorth with woordes and brabelynge. Here liiey founde howe greatly they were deceaucd in that they 
 demaunded that the line fliulde bee drawen three hundreth. Ixx. leaques more to the Wed from the Ilandes of 
 Cabouerde (as appeareth hereafter) and not one hundreth accordyng to th[e]aflignement of the popes bul. The 
 Siianyardes on the contrary parte aflirmed and made dcmondration, that not only the Ilandes of Burncy, 
 Gilolo, Zubut, and Tidore, with the other Ilandes of the Malucas. But afwell Samatra, Malacha, and a great 
 parte of China, fliuld belonge to the Cadilians: and that thofe countreys fell on theyr fyde and on tlic parte of 
 theyr conqued: Alfo that Magallanes and lohn Sebadian were the fyrdc Chridian men that founde them and 
 obteyned them for Th[e]emperour, c' the letters and prefentes of Almanzor doo tedifie. And although the 
 Portugales had byn there fyrde, yet wente they thyther after the donation of the pope : neyther got they any 
 ryght or iude tytle thereby. For althowgh they fliulde drawe the line by Bueiia Vida, what inconuenience 
 fliulde folov.e thereof, fith afwell by the one way as the other, the Ilandes of the Malucas mud pertcyne to the 
 Cadilians: yea and moreouer, the Ilandes of Cabo verde fliulde alfo pertcine to the Cadilians, forfoniuch as 
 drawynge the line by Biiena Vida, the Ilandes of the Malucas doo remaync within the line on the Emperours 
 fyde. They continued in thefe controuerfics for the fpace of two moonethes without anye refolution or ende 
 379 
 
Cotitciicion for the tnu 'c of f pices. 
 
 273 
 
 made. For the Portiigales prolonged and put of the mattt;r, flying from the fentence with cauillutioiis and could 
 reaions to th[e]cndc that they myght dilTolue that alTcmble without any conclufion or determination : for fo it 
 (loode them vppon. The Caftilians which were the Judges of the jiropertie, ilrewe a line in tlie great globe three 
 hundreth and. Ixx. [feuenty] leacjucs from faynt Antonies Ilande, lyinge by Welle Cabo Verde accordynge to the 
 intreatie and determination whiche was agreed vppon betwene the Catholike princes and the kynge of rortugale. 
 Thefe iudgcs gaue fentence vppon this matter, caulynge the contrary parte before them vpon the bridge of 
 Caya in the yearc. 1524. The I'ortugales coulde neyther diflurbe or ileferre the fentence, nor yet wolde they 
 alowc it to bee iuft and accordynge to ryght: Sayinge that there was not fufVicient procefie nuule that they 
 fliulde paflTe to the gyuyngc of fentence. And fo departed threatenyng to lley the Callilians as many as they 
 fliulde fynde in the Ilandcs of the Malucas. For they kncwe ryght well that heyr contreymen the Tortugales had 
 alredy taken the fliyppe cauled the Trinitie and had alfo taken the Caftilians in Tidore. Then alfo departed 
 owre men, takynge theyr iorney to the courte gyuynge vp to Th[e]emperour all theyr wrytynges and declaration 
 what they had noone. And accordynge to this declaration muft bee figned and markeil all globes and mappes 
 which good Cofmographers and mafters doo make. The line alfo of the reparticion and laft diuifion of the 
 newe world ')f the Indies, ought to palTe (lyttle more or lelTe) by the poyntes of Humos and Huen Abrigo, as I 
 haue fayde in an other place. And thus fliall it appeare euidently that the Ilandcs of Spices, and alfo the greate 
 llandc of Zamotra, do perteyne to Caftile. Hut the Linde of 15rafile jierteyncth to the kynge of I'ortugale where 
 the cape of faynt Auguftine is, beinge. viii. degrees beneth the Fquinoctiall. This lande readieth from the 
 poynte '•f Humos to the poynte of Uuen Abrigo: and is in lengthe North and South, viii. hundreth leaipies. 
 Beinge alfo fum way two hundreth leacpies Fall and Weft. 
 
 And hereafter thefe ferious matters, wee wyll rehearfe one mcry thynge, which was this. It fo chaunced 
 that as Frances de Melo, Diego Lojies of Scqueyra, and other of thofe Portiigales t)f this alVeinble, walked by 
 the ryuer fyde of Guadiana, a lyttle boy who ftoode keepynge his mothers clothes which flie had waflied, 
 demaunded of theym whether they were thofe men that parted the worlil with Th[e]emperour Anil as they 
 anfwered, yea: he tooke vp his ftiert and ftiewed them his bare arfe, fayinge: Coomme anil drawe yowre line 
 here throughe the myddeft. Which fayinge was afterwarde in euery mans mouth and laughed at in the towne 
 of Badaioz : yea euen amonge the comniillioners them felues, of whom fum were angry, and fumme maruayled 
 at the layinge of the chylde. 
 
 C The caufe mid anfontie li^hcrby t/iey diitided the Indies. 
 
 JHe Caftilians and Portugalcs had longe debated and reafoned abowt the golde mync of Guinea 
 which was found i«i ihi. ycare of owre lorde 1471, in the tyme of the reigne of Don Alonfo 
 Kynge of Portugale the firfte of that name. This was a matter of greate impo.taunce. For 
 the negros or blacke Moores, for thyngesof no value, gaue golde by hole handefuls whyche 
 was at that tyme when the liiyde Kynge of Portugale j)retended title and clayme to the 
 kingedome of Caftile in the right of his wyfe Queene lohn (cauled the excellent) ageynfte 
 the Catholike princes Ifabel and Don Fernando whofe it was in decile. But that (Iryfe was 
 ended as fone as Don Fernando had vamiuifftied Don Alonfo at a place cauled Temulos not (lure from Toro, 
 which place* Don Fernando chofe rather to make warre ageinft the Moores of Granada, then to bye and fell 
 with the blacke Moores of Guinea. And thus the Portugalcs rcmainf^d with the conqueft of AflVyke from the 
 ftreightes forwarde : whiche began where the infante of Portr.gale Don Ilenricpie (fonne to kynge lohn the 
 baftarde and mafter of Auis) dyd begynne to enlarge it. Wlic 1 pope Alexander the. vi. (beinge a valentinian 
 borne) had knowleage hereof, he myndcd to gyue the Indies to the Icinges of Caftile withowt any preiudice to 
 the Portugales who had conquered the fca coaftes of Aflryke. Thefe Indies, the pope gaue of his owne mynde 
 withowte the motion of anye other, with this burden and charge that they fluilde conuert the Idolatours io the 
 faythe of Chryfte : And commaundcd a line or meriilian to bee drawen Northe and fouth from one hundreth 
 leaques Weftwarde beyond one of the Ilandcs of Cabo Verde towarde the Welle, bycaufe the Spanyardes ftuilde 
 not meddle in Affryke perteynynge to ti.j conqueft of the Portugales, to th[e]auoydynge of all llryfe betwene 
 them. Kynge lohn of Portugale, the feconde of that r.ame, was greatly oflended when he redde the bull and 
 donation of the pope, althowgh his owne anibafladours had made the felfe fame requeft vnto iiis holynclVe. He 
 alfo found hym felfe agreeued with the Catliolyke princes Ifabell and Fernando, that they had Ihorlened the 
 courfe of the Inndes he had difcouered, depriiiynge hym of the rychelVe which belonged to h) m. And therfore 
 refufed to ... e to the popes bull in this cafe: defyrynge tlie Catholyke princes Ifabell and Fernando to graunt 
 him three hundreth leaques more to the Wefte, befy le the one hundreth which they had graunted before : and 
 therwith fent his ftiyppes to kepe the coaftes of AHryke. The princes Catholyke were content to fatilfie his 
 
 Edkn. • There is a hiatus here. — li. .\. Y •73 
 
 Tlic I'nrtuj^alcs 
 c.uiill.tlioiis. 
 
 Till* line of 
 (iLui^tiull. 
 
 TIic sentence. 
 
 rill* IV«rlui;.iIr$ 
 ihiLMlcii iK.itU to 
 the Cl^ttliaits. 
 
 The liMp of the 
 l.iAt iliui:iiun. 
 
 The Krc.it Ihnul 
 ft S.iinulni, 
 I li.- I.nul..- of 
 H^.l^ilt•, pcrtcincth 
 to the i*ortut;.itt:». 
 
 A ntcry tale. 
 
 Tlie RoMe myne 
 of tliiinca. 
 AIooso kynge of 
 l*ottut;itlc. 
 
 (K>hl for thyngcs 
 uf smanl value 
 
 Contention for tlie 
 kyn^tlon)e uf 
 Castile. 
 
 Warre ngenst tlie 
 
 Moorvs 01 
 Ijranada. 
 
 The coni]iieslrs of 
 iIh- Poriui'ali'!! ill 
 Altrike. 
 
 roi>c Alexaiulcr. 
 
 243 
 
 The Pope maketh 
 the iliuisiun. 
 
 rhr kyiiRO of 
 I'orni^alereliisclh 
 to >t;uul to the 
 I'opus bull 
 
'1 
 
 w 
 
 274 
 
 Contencion fov the trade of f pices. 
 
 l*he agreement of 
 the last diuision 
 
 V-Tierein the 
 Portugales were 
 deccaued. 
 
 Sebastian Cabote. 
 
 Thre]emperour 
 and the ktnge of 
 Portiigale ioyned 
 in nliaiice by 
 marioge. 
 
 The Portugalea 
 robbe the 
 Caiitilians 
 
 Thff coronation of 
 Th[e]emperour. 
 
 244 
 
 The gageing of the 
 iLinds of Malucas. 
 zaiiialra and 
 Malaca. 
 
 la 
 
 i I 
 
 mynde and to pleafe hym accordynge to theyr gentle nature and for the aliance that was betwene theym : And in 
 fine, with the confent and agreement of the pope, graunted twoo hundreth. Ixx. [feuenty] leaques more then the 
 bull made mention of : At Tordefillas the. vii. day of lune, in the yeare of owr lord 1494. And wheras owr kynges 
 thought that they fliulde haue loft grounde in grauntynge fo many leaques that way, they woonne by that meanes 
 the Ilandes of the Malucas with many other ryche Ilandes. The kynge of Portugale alfo, herein deceaued him felfe 
 or was deceaued of his whom he put in truft, hauynge no certeyne knoivleage of the fituation of the Ilandes of the 
 riche Spicery in demaundyng that which the kynge dyd demaunde. For it hadde byn better for hym to haue 
 requefted the three hundreth and. Ixx. leaques rather Eaftwarde from the Ilandes of Cabo Verde then towarde 
 the weft. And yet for all that, I doubte whether the Malucas fhulde haue faulen within his conqueft accordynge 
 to the ordinarie accoumpte and dimenfion which the pylotes and Cofniograpliers doo make. And after this 
 maner they diuided the Indies betwene them by th[e]autoritie of the pope for the auoydynge of further ftryfe 
 and contention. 
 
 Mi Howe and by what occafton Th\e\emperoure layde the Ilaitdes of 
 the Malucas to pledge to the kynge of Portugale. 
 
 Hen the kynge of Portugale Don luan the thyrde of that name, had knowleage that the Cofmo- 
 graphers and pylottes of Caftile hadde drawen the line from the place before named, and that 
 he could not denye the truth, fearing alfo therby to liefe the trade of Spices, made fute and 
 requeft to Th[e]emperoure that he fhulde not fend furth Loaifa nor Sebaftian Cabote to the 
 Malucas, and that the Caftilians ftiulde not attempte the trade of fpices nor fee fuch euyls 
 and miferies as his capitaynes had fliewed in thofe Ilandes to them that aduentured that 
 viage with Magalanes. Which thynge he greatly couered, although he payde all the charges 
 of thofe two fleetes, and made other great bargens. In the meane tyme, Th[e]emperoure maryed the Lady 
 Ifabell fyfter to kynge lohn: and kynge lohn maryed the lady Catharine fyfter toTh[e]emperour: whereby this 
 matter waxed coulde althoughe the kynge ceafed not to fpeake hereof, euer mouynge the particion. Th[e]em- 
 perour by the meanes of a certeine Bifcaine that was with Magallanes in the gouernours Ihyppe, had knowleage 
 what the Portugales had doone to the Caftilians in the Hand of Tidore, wherof he took great difpleafure, and 
 brought the faydc maryner face to face before th[e]ambafladours of Portugale, who denyed all that he fayde, one 
 of them beinge the chiefe capitayne and gouernour of India when the Portugales tooke the Caftilians in Tidore 
 and robbed them of theyr Cloues and Cinamome and fuch other ihynges as they had in the fliyppe named the 
 Trinitie. But as the kynge of Portugales trade was greate, and owre neceftitie greater, in the meane tyme Th[e]- 
 emperoure (who was nowe goinge into Italic to bee crowned in the yeare. 1529) gagied the Malucas and the 
 fpicerie to the kynge of Portugale for three hundreth and fiftie thoufande ducades withowt any tyme determyned 
 otherwyfe then the controuerfie was defined vppon the brydge of the ryuer of Caya : for the which thynge, kynge 
 lohn punyfhed the licentiate Azeuedo bycaufe he payde the money withowt declaration of the time. The couenaunt 
 of the pledge was blyndely made and greatly ageynft the myndes of the Caftilians, as men that wel vnderftode the 
 profite, commoditie, and rycheffe of that trade : Affirmynge that the trade of fpices myght haue byn rented for one 
 yeare or for two, for fyxe tymes as much as the kinge /aue for it. Peter Ruiz of Villegas who was twyfe cauled 
 to the bargeyne, as once at Granada and an other tym^ at Madrid, fayde that it had byn muche better to haue 
 pledged Eftremadura or Serena, or other greater landes and cities, rather then the Malucas, Zamatra, or Malaca, 
 or other riche landes and ryuers in the Eafte not yet well knowen : forafmuche as it maye fo chaunce, 
 that eyther by continuaunce of tyme, or aliance, the pledge myght bee forgotten as thowgh it perteyned 
 to the ryght of Portugale. In fine, Th[e]emperour confidered not the iewel that he pledged, nor the kyng 
 what he receaued. Th[e]emperour was often tymes counfayled to releafe the pledge of thofe Ilandes in. 
 confideration of the great vantage he myght haue therby in fewe yeares. Furthermore, in the yeare. 1548. 
 the procuratoures of Cortes being in Valladolid, made peticion to Th[e]emperour to furrender the fpicerie 
 to the kyngedoome of Caftile for. vi. yeares, and that they wold repay to the kyng of Portugale his. 350. thou- 
 fand crownes, and after thofe yeares, reftore the trade to the crowne, that his maieftie myght inioye the fame as 
 was agreed at the begynnynge. But Th[e]emperour beinge then in Flaunders, fente woorde to the counfayle 
 that they rtiulde not alTent to Cortes his requeft, nor fpeake any more hereof. Wherat, fum marueyled, other 
 were fory, and all held theyr peace. 
 
 •74 
 
 I-.. 
 
theym : And in 
 more then the 
 ;ras owr kynges 
 by that meanes 
 eaued him felfe 
 : Ilandes of the 
 )r hym to haue 
 e then towarde 
 eft accordynge 
 And after this 
 )f further ftryfe 
 
 ides of 
 
 liat the Cofmo- 
 amed, and that 
 made fute and 
 Cabote to the 
 fee fuch euyls 
 duentured that 
 all the charges 
 ryed the Lady 
 : whereby this 
 on. Th[e]em- 
 liad knowleage 
 [ifpleafure, and 
 : he fayde, one 
 lians in Tidore 
 jpe named the 
 ne tyme Th[e]- 
 alucas and the 
 le determyned 
 thynge, kynge 
 rhe couenaunt 
 vnderftode the 
 rented for one 
 s twyfe cauled 
 better to haue 
 :ra, or Malaca, 
 e fo chaunce, 
 I it perteyned 
 nor the kyng 
 )fe Ilandes in 
 E yeare. 1548. 
 er the fpicerie 
 his. 350. thou- 
 yre the fame as 
 the counfayle 
 rueyled, other 
 
 275 
 
 n 
 
 ,1 j. 
 
 
 [Amerigo Vespucci, 
 
 
 and 
 
 Andreas de Corsali. 
 
 ii 
 
 Of the Pole Antarctic, and the stars 
 
 about the same?[ 
 

 t')¥ -^ 
 
 ■se 
 
 
 ;:(,. 
 
 !^\ 
 
 lie 
 
 'U 
 
 a 
 
 if 
 
277 
 
 C OF THE POLE ANTARTIKE AND THE 
 
 STARRES ABOWT THE SAME AND OF THE 
 
 QUALITIE OF THE REGIONS AND DISPOSITION OF 
 
 the Elcmcntcs abowt the Equinoctiall line. 
 
 Alfo certeyne fecreatcs touchy ng 
 
 tlie arte of faylynge. 
 
 nMen'cus Vefputius in the Summarle of his vyages, 
 wryteth in this maner as foloweth. 
 
 Departyngc from Lifljona (commonlyc cauled Luflieburne) 
 the. viii. clay of May, in the yearc. 1501. we fayled fyrft to the 
 Ilandes of Canarie and from thenfe to Capoucrdc which the 
 Ethiopians or blackc Moores caule Bifineghe, beinge. xiiii. 
 degrees on this fyde the Equinoctiall line. From whcnfe 
 directynge owre courfe towarde the South pole by the South- 
 well, we fawe no more land for the fpace of three mooncthes 
 and three dayes. Of whiche tyme duryngc. xl. [forty] dayes, 
 we had cruell fortune In fo muche that for that fpace, the 
 heauen in mancr neuer ceafed thunderyngj rorynge, and 
 lyghtenynge with terrible noyfe, and fearefull fyght'^s of fyery 
 exhalations flyinge abowt in the ayer, and in maner continuall 
 fliowers of rayne with darke clowdes couerynge the heauen in fuch 
 forte that afnell in the day as in the nyght we coulde fee none 
 otherwyfe but as wlien the moone giucth no lyght by reafon of thicke and darke clowds 'i'he fea was in lyke cafe 
 vnquieted with furgies and monfters. After thefe greuous and cruel days, it plefed god to liaue companion on 
 owr liues. For wee fuddenly efpied land wherby we rccouered owr fpirites and (Irength. This land which wee 
 founde, is from Capo Verde. 700. Icaciues, although I fuppofe that we fayled more then. 800. by reafon of the 
 cruel tempert. and ignoraunce of the Pylottes and mariners wlicreiiy wee were lyke to haue byn caft away. For 
 wee were in fuche daungerous places wanderynge in vnknowen coafles, that if 1 had not byn flcylfull in the 
 fcience of Cofmographie we had fuerly peryflied, forafmuch as there was not one pylot that knewe where wee 
 were by the fpace of fiftie leaques. In fo much that if I had not in tyme prouyded for the fafegarde of myne 
 owne lyfe and them that were with me, with my quadrant and Aftrolabie inftrumentes of Aftronomie, wee had 
 (lyl wandered lyke blynde men. IJut when in fine I had perfuaded the pylots by dcmonllrations perteynynge 
 to that arte, they gaue me great honour and confeffed that the ordinarie pilottes and mariners ignorant in 
 Cofmographi, are not to bee compared to men of fpcculatiue knowleagc. etc. 
 
 Wee fayled by the coafle of the faydc lande. 600. leaques And went oftentymes alande where wee were 
 frendely and honorably intcrtcyncd of th[e]inhabitauntes : In fo much that confulerynge thcyr innocent nature, 
 we fumtymes remayncd with them. y.\. or. xx. dayes. Tliis firmc lande begynncth beyonde the Equinoctiall 
 line. viii. degrees towarde the pole Antartike. Wee fayled fo farre by the fayde coafle that wee paflfed the 
 wynter Trojiyke towarde the pole Antartike by xvii. degrees and a halfe, where we had the Horizontal line 
 eleuate fiftie degrees. Such thyngcs as I fawe there, are not yet knowen to men of owre tyme : as the people, 
 theyr cuflomes and maners, the fcrtilitie of the lande, the goodnes of the ayer, the fauourable influence of 
 heauen and the pianettes, and efpecially the ord^r of the (larres of the eyght fphcre in the inferioure hemifpherie 
 or lower halfe circle of heauen towarde and abowt the South pole, wherof neyther the owlde or newc wryters 
 
 'i ii 
 
 :t! 
 
 CabourrJe. 
 Beseneghtu 
 
 I A tempest 
 
 haue made any mention to this day. 
 
 Y 2 
 
 •77 
 
 The ignorance of 
 Pylots aiid 
 mariners. 
 The\se of 
 Cosmof;raphie. 
 The v^t of the 
 quadrant and 
 Astrolabie. 
 
 245 
 
 'I'he pole 
 Antartike. 
 
 The starres ahowt 
 the south pole. 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
 . 1 
 
 ■n 
 
 ! i.' 
 
 278 
 
 0/ the pole Antartikc. 
 
 Most pleasant and 
 frutful regiuns. 
 
 The earthlye 
 Paradyse. 
 Continual 
 teiuperatnesse 
 
 Moyst dewcs 
 
 Starrcs vnknowcn 
 to vs 
 
 The vse of 
 (jconictri. 
 
 Notable stars in 
 the inferiour 
 hemispheric. 
 
 Most bright and 
 ■hynynge starres. 
 
 Laetia via. 
 
 246 
 
 The inferiour 
 hemispherie. 
 
 The rayncbowe. 
 
 A-istutle his 
 opinion of the 
 raynebowe. 
 
 A strange opinion. 
 
 To wryte particularly of the commodit'es and felicities of thefe regions, it wolde reqiiyre rather a hole 
 volume then a booke ; And that fuch, as if Plinie had had knowleage of thefe thynges, he niyght greatly haue 
 increafed his bookes of naturall hiflories. The trees gyue from them continually fuch fweete fauours as can 
 fcarfely bee imagined : And on euery part put furth fuch gummes, liquours, and iufes, that yf we knewe theyr 
 vcrtues, I fuppofe we myght fynde in them marucylous niedicins ageinft difeafes and to mainteyne health. And 
 fuerly in my opinion, yf there bee any earthely I'aradyfe in the worlde, it can not bee farre from thefe regions 
 of the fouth, where the heauen is fo beneficiall and the elementes fo temperate that they are neythcr bytten 
 with coulde in wyntcr, nor molcfted with heate in fummer. The ayer alfo and the heauen is feldome darkened 
 with clowdes, fo that the dayes and nyghtes are euer clcare. Yet haue they fumtymes moyft. dcwes in the 
 mornynge and euenyng for the fpace of three houres, whereby the grounde is marueyloufly refrefllied. Lyke 
 wyfe the firmament is marueyloufly adourned with certeyne (larres which are not knowen to vs, whcrof I noted 
 abowt. XX. to bee of fuche clcarenefle as are the llarres of Venus and lupiter when they are nere vnto vs. And 
 wheras hauynge the knowleage of Geometric, I confidered theyr circuite and dyuers motions, and alfo meafured 
 theyr circumference and diameter, I am well aflured that they are much greater then men thynke them to bee. 
 Amonge other, I fawe three flarres cauled Canopi, wherof two were exceadynge cleare, and the tliyrde fumwhat 
 darke. The pole Antartike hath nother the greate beare nor the lyttle as is feene abowte owre pole. But hath 
 foure (larres whiche compaffe it abowt in forme of a quadrangle. 
 
 C When thefe are hyddcn, there is feene on the lefte fyde a bryght Canopus of three (larres of notable 
 greatneffe, whiche beinge in the myddefl of heauen, reprefenteth this figure. 
 
 After thefe, fucceade three other (hynynge flarres, whereof that which is in the mydded, is of mcafure. xii. 
 degrees and a halfe in circumference. And in the mydded of thefe, is feene an other bryght Canopus. After 
 this, folowe. vi. other fliynynge (larres which in bryghtnelTe palTe al other that are in the eyght fphere. Of thefe, 
 that that is in the middeft in the fuperficiall part of the fayde fphere, hath the meafure of his circumference, 
 xxxii. degrees. After thefe foloweth an other great Canopus, but fumwhat darke. All thefe are feene in the 
 parte of heauen cauled Via LoHea, that is the mylke waye : And beinge ioyned to the meridiane line, (liewe 
 this fygure here folowynge. 
 
 # * # # 
 
 fawe alfo there manye other (larres, the dyuers motions wherof diligently obferued, I made a 
 particular boke of the fame, wherin I made mention of al fuch notable thyngs as I fawe and 
 had knoweleage of, in this nauigation. The whiche booke I deliuered to the kynges maieftie, 
 truftynge that he wyll (hortly reftore it me ageyne. In this hemifpherie or halfe coompaffe 
 of the heauen, I diligently confidered many thinges which are contrarie to th[e]oppinions of 
 philofophers. And amonge other thynges, I fawe a whyte raynebowe abowt mydnyght, 
 wheras other a(firme that it hath foure colours of the foure elementes, as redde of the fyer, 
 greene of the earth, whyte of the ayer, and blewe of the water. But Ariftotle in his booke intiteled Afeteora, 
 is of an other opinion For he fayth that the raynebowe is a reflection of the beames of the foonne in the 
 vapoure of a clowde directly ageynde the foonne, as the (hynyng of the fame on the water, is reflected on a 
 waule: And that the fayde clowde or vapoure tempereth the heate of the foonne: and beinge refolued into 
 rayne, maketh the grounde fertyle, and pourgeth the ayer. Alfo that is a token of abundaunt moydure. By 
 reafon wherof, fum are of opinion that it (hall not appeare. xl. [forty] yeares before th[e]ende of the worlde, which 
 (halbe a token of the dryne(Te of the elementes approchynge to the tyme of theyr conflagration or confumyng 
 by fyer. It is a pledge of peace bctwene god and men, and is euer directly ouer ageynd the foonne. It is 
 therfore neuer feene in the South, bycaufc the foonne is neuer [feene?] in the North. NeuertheleflTe, Plinie fayth, 
 378 
 
xther a hole 
 preatly haue 
 3urs as can 
 tnewe thcyr 
 calth. And 
 liefe regions 
 thcr bytten 
 le darkened 
 lewes in the 
 lied. Lyke 
 crof I noted 
 ito vs. And 
 Ifo meafured 
 them to bee. 
 rde fumwhat 
 le. But hath 
 
 ;s of notable 
 
 mcafure. xii. 
 lopus. After 
 re. Ofthefe, 
 ircumference. 
 feene in the 
 line, fliewe 
 
 ed, I made a 
 IS I fawe and 
 nges maieftie, 
 Ife coompaffe 
 joppinions of 
 vt mydnyght, 
 le of the fyer, 
 :eled Meteora, 
 foonne in the 
 reflected on a 
 refolued into 
 noyfture. By 
 worlde, which 
 or confumyng 
 bonne. It is 
 Plinic fayth, 
 
 0/ the pole Antartike. 
 
 
 M 
 
 9 
 
 that after the Equinoctial in Autumne, it is feene at al houres. And thus much haue I gathered owte of the 
 commentaries of Landinus vppon the fourth boke of Virgyl his Eneades, bycaufe I wold defraude no man of 
 his trauayle. I fawe the fayd raynebowe twoo or three tymes. And not I onely, but alfo many other which 
 were in my coompany. Lykewyfe wee fawe the newe moone the felfe fame day that flice ioyned with the 
 foonne. Wee fawe furthermore vapours and burnynge flames flyinge abowt heauen euery nyglit. A lyttle 
 before, I cauled this countrey by the name of Hemifpherium (that is) the halfe fphere. Whicli neucrtheleiTe 
 can not bee fo named but by fpekynge improperlie in comparyfon of owres. Yet forafmuche as it feemelh to 
 reprefent fuche a forme, I haue improperlye fo named it. 
 
 Departynge therfore from Lifbona (as I haue fayde) beinge from the Equinoctiall line towardc the North 
 abowt. xl. [forty] degrees, wee fayled to this countrey vvlnche is beyonde the Equinoctiall. 1. [fifty] degrees: All 
 which fumme, maketh the number of. Ixxxx. [ninety] beinge the fourth part of the greateft circle accordynge 
 to the trewe reafon of the number tawght by the owlde aufr-.-s. And by this demonftration it is manifcfl. 
 that wee meafured the fourth parte of the 
 
 worlde: Forafmuch as we that dwell in Lif- Cfi^ ZENXTIf 
 
 ona on this fyde the Equinoctial line abowt. 
 xl. [forty] degrees towarde the Northe, fayled 
 from thenfe. Ixxxx. [ninety] degrees in lengthe 
 meridionale angularly by an ouerthwart line, 
 to th[e]inhabitantes. 1. [fifty] degrees beyond 
 the Equinoctiall. And that the thynge may 
 bee more playnely vnderflode, imagine a 
 parpendicular line to faule from the poyntes 
 of heauen which are Zenith (that is the 
 pricke ouer the head) to vs both (landynge 
 vpryght in the places of owre owne habita- 
 cions : and another ryght line to bee drawne 
 frome owre Zenith to theyrs : Then graunt- 
 ynge vs to bee in the ryght line in com- 
 paryfon to them, it mud of neceflitie folowe 
 that they are in the ouerthwart line as halfe 
 Antipodes in comparyfon to vs: In fuche 
 forte that the figure of the fayde lines make 
 a triangle which is the quarter or fourth 
 parte of the hole circle, as appeareth more 
 playnely by the fygure here folowynge. 
 
 S touchyng the ftarres and reafons of Cofmographie, I haue gathered thus 
 much owt of the vyage of Americus Vefputius. And haue thought good 
 to ioyne hereunto that whiche Andreas de Corfali writeth in his vyage 
 to Eaft India as concern ynge the fame matter. 
 
 After that we departed from Lifbona, wee fayled euer with profperous wynde, not 
 paflynge owt of the Southeaft and Southweft. And paflyng beyonde the E(iuinoctial line, 
 we were in the heyght of. 37. degrees of the other halfe circle of the earth. And trauerfynge the cape of Bona 
 Speranza a coulde and wyndy clime bycaufe at that tyme the foonne was in the north fignes, wee founde the 
 nyght of. xiiii. houres. Here we fawe a marueylous order of ftarres, fo that in the parte of heauen contrary 
 to owre northe pole, to knowe in what place and degree the fouth pole was, we tooke the day with the foonne, 
 and obferued the nyght with the Aftrolabie, and fawe manifeftly twoo clowdes of reafonable bygnefle mou- 
 ynge abowt the place of the pole continually nowe ryfynge and nowe faulynge, fo ke'^nynge theyr continuall 
 courfe in circular mouynge, with a ftarre euer in the myddeft which is turned abowt with them abowte. xi. 
 degrees frome the pole. Aboue thefe appeareth a marueylous crofle in the myddeft of fyue notable ftarres 
 which compaflTe it abowt (as doth charies wayne the northe pole) with other ftarres whiche moue with them 
 abowt. XXX. [thirty] degrees diftant from the pole, and make their courfe in. xxiiii. [twenty-four] houres. 
 This croffe is fo fayre and bewtiful, that none other heuenly gne may be compared to it as may appcare by 
 this fygure. 
 
 »7» 
 
 279 
 
 I ■ 
 
 The newe mone. 
 Kycry exh.i1ationi, 
 Heniispherium, 
 
 tisbono. 
 
 The fowrth part of 
 the wutlUe. 
 
 247 
 
 Ani/A, 
 
 i t 
 
 The vyage of 
 Andreas de 
 Cursali, 
 
 The Equinoctial 
 line. 
 
 Cap. dt Speranza^ 
 
 The starrcs of the 
 vnder hemispheri«» 
 
 Cloudes abowt the 
 south pole. 
 
 A cros.se of fyue 
 starres. 
 
FT 
 
 ¥ 
 
 280 
 
 0/ the pole Autartikc. 
 
 248 
 
 < I 
 
 ■i 
 
 '!^\ 
 
 i 
 
 The coastes of 
 
 £thiope. 
 
 Golde in EUuopc 
 
 The vyage of 
 
 Aluisius 
 
 Cadaraustus. 
 
 The chariote of 
 the suiilh pole. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 K 
 ^/^ ^ 
 
 ^-^ % 
 
 ^ 
 
 1: 
 
 The wynter abowt 
 Ihe Equinoctiall. 
 Uaioc aad dowdes. 
 
 Thunder and 
 lyghtnynge. 
 
 Hoi thowKS of 
 
 rayne. 
 
 The day, and 
 
 rysynge of the 
 
 •oonne. 
 
 \ 
 
 N. 
 
 F the lyke matters, and of the ftraunge ryfyngc of the foonne in the 
 mornynge, and of the dyuers feafons of the yeare and motions of the 
 Hlementes in the coafte of Ethiope abowt the ryuer of Senega, and the 
 riche region of Gambra where plentie of golde is founde, fumewhat 
 beyonde Capo Verde, Aloifius Cadamuftus wryteth in this effecte. 
 
 Durynge the tyme thai wee remayned vppon the mouth of the ryuer, we fawe the 
 north ftarre but once: which appered very lowe aboue the fea the height of a iauelen. 
 We faw alfo fyxe cleare, bryght, and great flarres verye lowe aboue the fea. And confiderynge theyr (lations 
 with owre coompaffe, we founde them to (lande ryght fouth, fygured in this mancr. 
 
 * 
 
 * ^ 
 
 # * 
 
 |E iudgcd them to bee the charlotte or wayne of the fouth : But we fawe not the principall 
 ftarre, as we coulde not by good reafon, except we fliuld firfl lofe the fyght of the north pole. 
 In this place wee founde the nyght of the length of a. xi. hourcs and a halfe: And the day 
 of. xii..houres and a halfe at the begynnynge of luly. This countrey is euer hotte al times 
 of the yeare. Yet is there a ccrteyne varietie which they caule wynter. For from the 
 moneth of luly to October, it rayneth continually in maner dayly abowt none after this forte. 
 There ryfe continually certeyne clowdes aboue the lande betwene the northeaft and the 
 fouth eaft, or from the eaft and foutheaft with greate thunderynge and lyghtnynge and excead- 
 yngc great fliowers of raine At this tyme the Ethiopians begynne to fowe theyr feedes. They lyue commonly 
 with hony, herbes, rootes, fleflhe, and mylke. I had alfo intelligence that in this region by reafon of the great 
 heate of the ayer, the water that raineth is hotte : And that the foonne ryfynge in the mornynge, makethe no 
 cleare daylyght as it dooth with vs: But that halfe an houre after the ryfynge, it appeareth troubeled, dymme 
 and fmoky. The whiche thynge, I knowe not to proceade of any other caufe then of the loweneffe of the 
 groundc in this contrey bcinge without mountaynes. 
 
 ■So 
 
28 1 
 
 [The Third English book on America, 
 
 Which is also 
 
 The First English Collection of Voyages, Traffics, & Discoveries. 
 
 Cfte l3rcjrtre5S 0! tftr nrtoe toortire 01: toriSt Knlriji, tit. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 le in the 
 ns of the 
 I, and the 
 fume what 
 te. 
 
 It fawe the 
 f a iauelen. 
 leyr flations 
 
 le principall 
 : north pole. 
 Vnd the day 
 tte al times 
 or from the 
 :r this forte. 
 :a(l and the 
 and excead- 
 i commonly 
 of the great 
 makethe no 
 led, dymme 
 ncfle of the 
 
 Of Moscovy, Cathay, and 
 the North Regions. 
 
 »Soo-«S5S] 
 
 r I 
 
n» 
 
 '^ 
 
 < I 
 
 \ 
 
^Pl 
 
 283 
 
 tA DISCOVRSE OF DYVERS 
 
 WAGES AND WAVES BY THE WHICHE 
 
 SPICES, PRECIOUS STONES, AND GOLDE WERE BROUGHT IN OWLDE 
 
 tyme from India into Europe and other partes of the world. 
 
 ALSO OF THE WAGE TO CATHAY AND EAST INDIA 
 
 by the north fca : And of certeyne fecrcates touchynge the fame vyagc, 
 
 declared by the duke of Mofcouie his ambaffadoure to an excellent 
 
 Icrned gentclman of Italic, named Galeatius Butrigarius. 
 
 Lykcwyfe of the vyages of that woorthy owlde man 
 
 Sebaftian Cabote, yet liuynge in Englande, and at this 
 
 prefent the gouernour of the coompany of the 
 
 marchantes of Cathay in the citie of London. 
 
 T is doubtkfle a marueylous thynge to confyder what chaunges and 
 alterations were caufed in all the Romane Empire by the com- 
 mynge of the Gothes and Vandales, and other Barbarians into 
 Italy. For by theyr inuafions were extinguylhed all artes and 
 fciences, and all trades of Marchaundies that were vfed in dyucrs 
 partes of the worlde. The defolation and ignoraunce which 
 infued hereof, continued as it were a clowde of perpetuall darke- 
 neffe amonge men for the fpace of foure hundreth yeares and more, 
 in fo much that none durfl aduenture to go any whyther owt of 
 theyr owne natiue countreys: whereas before th[e]incurfions of 
 the fayde Barbarians when the Romane Empire floryflhed, they 
 might fafly pafle the feas to al partes of Eaft India which was 
 at that time as wel knowen and frequented as it is nowe by the 
 nauigations of the Portugales. And that this is trewe, it is mani- 
 fell by that which Strabo wryteth, who was in the tyme of 
 Auguftus and Tiberius. For fpcakynge of the greatneffe and 
 ryches of the citie of Alexandria in Egypte (gouerned then as a 
 prouince of the Romanes) he wryteth thus. This only place of Egypte, is apte to receaue all thynges that 
 coome by fea, by reafon of the commoditie of the hauen : And lykewyfe all fuch thynger ?s are brought by lande, 
 by reafon of the ryuer of Nilus wherby they may bee eafely conueyde to Alexandria., b'.'i!..e by thefe commodi- 
 ties the rycheft citie of marchauntes that is in the worlde. 
 
 The rcuenues of Egypt are fo great, that Marcus Tullius fayth in one of his orations, that kynge Tolomeus 
 furnanied Auleta, the father of queene Cleopatra, had of rcuenues twelue thoufande and fyue hundreth talentes, 
 which are feuen millions and a halfe in golde. If therfore this kyng had fo great reuenues when Egypt was 
 gouerned of fo fewe and fo negligently, what myght it then bee woorth to the Romanes by whom it was gouerned 
 with great diligence, and theyr trade of marchandics greatly increafed by the trafiike of Trogloditica and India ? 
 wheras in tyme pafte there could hardly bee founde. xx. fliyppes togyther that durde enter into the goulfe of 
 
 "83 
 
 249 
 
 ill! 
 
 ( i 
 
 The romaine 
 ciiipyre. 
 
 iiii. htindrcth 
 ycarcb of 
 Ignoraunce. 
 
 Easte India well 
 knowen in owld 
 time. 
 
 Strabo. 
 
 The great rychesse 
 
 of Egipte. 
 
 The citie of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Marueylous 
 rychcssc. 
 
 The gouemaunce 
 and reuenues of 
 the Romans. 
 
 Troglmlitica 
 and India. 
 
w 
 
 284 
 
 0/ Mof conic and Cathay. 
 
 i / 
 
 f\ 
 
 I 
 
 •A. 
 V 
 
 I ! 
 
 The ^oulfo of 
 A ruble. 
 
 Elhtop*. 
 Rich cuttoiM 
 
 The rychesie 
 
 which were 
 brought in nwlde 
 tyme from Inilin. 
 and the red sea. 
 The cotnmiHHino of 
 Thc[e]in|>L'ruura 
 M.ircuR and 
 Commodus. 
 
 250 
 
 The great riches 
 Ihe kynges of 
 Esipte had by 
 customcs. 
 The nohle 
 enterprises of the 
 kinges of Egypte. 
 Arsinoe. 
 Damiata. 
 Pclusio. 
 
 NiluSi 
 Copta 
 Berenice. 
 
 A n.iiiigaUe 
 trensh made from 
 Kgypte to tht red 
 tea 
 
 Locus AmarL 
 
 Kynge Sesostre 
 
 Kynge _ 
 Psammiticu& 
 Kyng Darius 
 
 Kynge Ptolomeus. 
 The citie Heroum. 
 
 What Plynye 
 writeth of the 
 nauigable trenche 
 
 The larjrenesse 
 and lengthe of the 
 tienche. 
 
 251 
 
 Arabic, or flicwe thcyr proos withowt the mouth of the fainc. But at this prcfcnt, great nauics fayle togyther in 
 to India and to the furtheft partes of Kthiopc from whenfe arc brought many rych and precious marchandics 
 into Egipt and arc caryed from thcnfe into other countreys. And by tiiis meanes are the cuflomcs rcdoubeled 
 afwell by fuche thynges as are brought thythcr, a • alfo by fuche as are caryed fromc thcnfe, forafmuche as grcate 
 cudomes arryfe of thynges of great value. And that by this vyage, infinite and precious marchaundics were 
 brought from the reddc fea and India, and thofe of dyucrs other fortes then arc knowen in owre tyme, it 
 appcareth by the fourthc vohime of the ciuile lawc wlicrin is defcribcd the commifTion of rh[e]cmpcrours Marcus 
 and Commodus, with the rehcarfall of all fuche (luffc and marchandics wherof cuftome fluiUl bee payde in the 
 redde fea by fuch as had the fame in fee fcrme, as were payde t!ie cuflomcs of all other prouinces perteynynge 
 to the Romane Empyre : and they arc thefe folowyngc. 
 
 Cinamome. 
 
 I.onge pciipcr. 
 
 Whyte pepper. 
 
 Clones. 
 
 Coftus. 
 
 Cancamo. 
 
 Spikenarde. 
 
 Caflia. 
 
 Swecte perfumes, 
 
 Xilocaflia. 
 
 Mir. 
 
 Amome. 
 
 Ginger. 
 
 Malabatrum. 
 
 Ammoniac. 
 
 Galbane. 
 
 Laflcr. 
 
 Agarike. 
 
 Gumme of Arabic. 
 
 Cardamome. 
 
 Xilocinamome. lewels of Sardonica. Dyed cloth and fylkc 
 
 Carpcfio. Ccraunia. Carbafci. 
 
 Sylkes ofdyuers fortes. Calamus Aromaticus. Sylke thrcede. 
 
 Cloth of Sarmatia. 
 The fylkc caulcd 
 
 Metaxa. 
 Veftures of fylkc. 
 
 Gelded men. 
 
 Popingiayes. 
 
 Lions of India. 
 
 Leopardes. 
 
 Panthers. 
 
 Purple. 
 
 liinncn cloth. Berillc. 
 
 Skynncs and furrcs of Cilindro. 
 ParthiaandBabilon. Slaues. 
 
 luery. 
 
 Wodde of Heben. 
 
 Precious (lones. 
 
 Perles. 
 
 Alfo that iuife or liquour which is gathered of woUc and of the hearc of the Indians. 
 By thefe woordes it dooth appeare that in owld tyme the faydc nauigation by the way of the reddc fea, was 
 wel knowen and muche frc(iuented, and perhappes more then it is at this prefent. In fo much that the auncient 
 kynges of Egypt confideryng the great profyte of the cuflomcs t'ley had by the viages of the red fea, and wyllyng 
 to make the fame more eafy and commodious, attempted to make a foflc or chancl which fliukle begynne in the 
 lafte parte of the fayde fea, where was a citie named Arfinoe (which perhappes is that that is nowe caulcd Sues) 
 and Ihulde haue reached to a branche of the ryuer of Nilus named Pclufio, which cmptieth it felfe in owre fea 
 towarde the Ea(l abowt the citie of Damiata. They determyned alfo to make three caufeis or hyghe waycs by 
 lande, which (huldc pafle from the fayde braunche to the citie of Arfinoe : but they founde this to difficulte to 
 brynge to pafle. In fine, kynge Tolomeus furnamed Philadclphus, ordcyned an other way; as to fayle vppon 
 Nilus agcynfl the courfe of the rjuer vnto the citie of Copto, and from thcnfe to pafle by a deferte countrcy 
 vntyll they coome aboue the redde fea to a citie named Berenice or Mioformo, where they imbarked all theyr 
 marchaundics and wares for India, Ethiope, and Arabic, as appcareth by the wrytynge fyrfl of Strabo (who 
 wryteth that he was in Egypte) and then by Plinie who was in the tyme of Domitian. Strabo alfo fpeaking of 
 the fayd fofle or trench which was made toward the red fea, wryteth thup. 
 
 There is a trenche that goth towarde the red fea and the goulfe of Arabic, and to the citie of Arfinoe, which 
 fum caul Cleopatrida: and pafleth by the lakes named Amari (that is) bitter, bicaufe in deede they were fyrft 
 bytter. But after that this trenche was made and the ryuer entered in, they became fweete, and are at this 
 prefent full of foules of the water by reafon of theyr pleafauntncfle. This trenche was fyrft begun by kynge 
 Sefoflre, before the battayle of Troy. Sum faye that it was begunne by kynge Pfammiticus whyle he was a chylde : 
 And that by reafon of his death, it was lefte imperfect: Alfo that afterwarde, kynge Darius fucceded in the 
 fame enterpryfe, who wold haue finiflbed it, but yet brought it not to th[e]cnde bycaufe he was informed that 
 the redde fea was hygher then Egypt : And that if this lande diuydynge bothe the feas, were opened, all Egypte 
 (hulde bee drowned thereby. Kynge Tolomeus wold in deede haue finyflied it : but yet left it fliut at the hed 
 that he myght when he wolde, fayle to the other fea and returne withowt perelL Here is the citie of Arfinoe : 
 And nerc vnto that, the citie caulcd Heroum in the vttermofl part of the goulfe of Arabic toward Egipt with 
 many portes and habitacions. Plinie likewyfe fpeakynge of this trench, fayth. In the furtheft part of the goulfe 
 of Arabic, is a porte cauled Daneo, from whenfe they determyned to brynge a nauigable trench vnto the ryuer of 
 Nilus, where as is the fyrft Delta. Betwene the foyde fea and Nilus, there is a ftreight of lande of the length of. Ixii. 
 [fixty-two] myles. The firft that attempted this thynge, was Sefoftre kynge of Egypte : and after hym Darius kynge of 
 the Perfians, whome Tolomeus folowed, who made a trenche a hundreth foote large, and. xxx. [thirty] foote diepe, 
 beinge three hundreth mylcs in lengthe vnto the lakes named Amari, and durfte proceade no further for feare of 
 inundation, hauynge knoweleage that the redde fea was hygher by three cubitcs then al the countrcy 
 of Egypt. Other fay that this was not the caufc : but that he doubted that yf he fliulde haue let the fea 
 coome any further, all the water of Nilus fliulde haue byn therby corrupted, which onely mynyftreth drynke to 
 all Egypte. But notwithftandynge all thefe thynges aforcfayde, all this vyage is frequented by lande 
 from Egypte to the redde fea, in which paflage are three caufeis or hyghe waycs. The fyrft begynneth at the 
 284 
 
Of Mo/conic and Cathay. 
 
 285 
 
 le togj'ther in 
 t marchandics 
 [;s rcdoubelcd 
 ichc as greate 
 laundies were 
 owre tyme, it 
 :rours Marcus 
 payde in the 
 5 pcrteynynge 
 
 ith and fylkc 
 
 cede, 
 nen. 
 yes. 
 India. 
 
 :s. 
 
 redde fea, was 
 t the auncient 
 1, and wyllyng 
 egynne in the 
 ! cauled Sues) 
 fe in owre fea 
 'ghe wayes by 
 to difficulte to 
 o fayle vppon 
 ferte countrey 
 rked all theyr 
 Strabo (who 
 fo fpeaking of 
 
 Irfinoe, which 
 ley were fyrfl 
 nd are at this 
 gun by kynge 
 was a chylde : 
 ceded in the 
 nformed that 
 d, all Egypte 
 ut at the hed 
 of Arfinoe : 
 rd Egipt with 
 of the goulfe 
 J the ryuer of 
 ength of. Ixii. 
 irius kynge of 
 ] foote diepe, 
 cr for feare of 
 the countrey 
 lie let the fea 
 h drynke to 
 :d by lande 
 nneth at the 
 
 mouth of Nilus named Pclufio. All which way is by the fandes; In fo much that if there were not certeyne 
 hyghe rcedes fyxt in the earth to fliewc the ryght way, the caufci coulde not be founde by reafon the wynde 
 euer couereth it with fande. The fecond caufci is two mylcs from the mountayne Cafllus. And this alfo in th[el- 
 ende of. Ix. [fixtyj myles, commeth vppon the way or caufcy of Pelufius, inhabited with certeyne Arabians caulwl 
 Antei. The thyrde begynneth at Gcrro, named Adipfon: and palTeth by the fame Arabians, for the fpace of. Ix. 
 [fixty] myles fumwhat fliorter, but full of rowgh mountaynes and great fcarfenelTe of water. All thefe caufeis, leade 
 the way to the cicie of Arfinoe, buylded by Tolomeus Piiiladelphus in the goulfe Carandra by the red fea. Thin 
 Ptolomcus was the fyrfl that fearched al that parte of the red fea which is cauled Trogloditica. Of this trenche 
 defcribed of Strabo and Plinie, there are feene certeyne tokens remaynynge at this prefent as they affirnie which 
 haue byn at Sues beyonde the citie of Alcayr otherwyfe cauled Babylon in Egypte. But the marchauntes that 
 of later dayes trauayle this viage by lande, ryde through the dry and baren defertes on camels both by day and 
 by nyght: directynge theyr way by the (larrcs and compafe as do maryners on the fea, and caryinge with them 
 water fufficient for many dayes iorneys. The places of Arabie and India named of Strabo and Plinie, are the 
 felfe fame where the Portugales practife theyr trade at thisdaye, as the maners and cuflomes of the Indians doo 
 yet declare. For euen at this prefente theyr women vfe to bume theym felues alyue with the deade bodies of 
 theyr hufbandes. Which thynge (as wrytelh Strabo in his. xv. booke) they dyd in owlde tyme by a lawe, for 
 this confideration that fumtyme being in loue with other they forfooke or poyfoned theyr hufl mdes. And 
 forafmuch as accordynge to this cuftome, the owlde poete Propertius (who lyued abowt a hundreth yeares before 
 th[e]incamation of Chryfl) hath in his boke made mention of the contention that was amonge the Indian 
 women which of them fliuld bee burned aliue with theyr hufbandes, I haue thought good to fubfcribe his 
 
 verfes, which are thefe. 
 
 Ficlix Fois kxfuneris ima tnariiis, 
 
 Qiios aurora flits rubra colorat equis. 
 Mamque vbi morti/rro tafia cjlfax vltima IcHo, 
 
 Vxorum fuis Jtat pia turba comis, 
 Et certamm habent let/ii, qua viuajequatur 
 
 Coniugium, pudor eft non licui/sc viori. 
 Ardent viilrices, et flamma pcilora prabctit, 
 
 Iinponuntque/uU oraperujla viris. 
 
 As touchynge thefe vyages both by fea and by lande to Eaft India and Cathay, many 
 thynges are wrytten very largely by dyuers autours which I omytte bycaufe they 
 perteyne not fo much vnto vs as doth the viage attempted to CATHAY by the north 
 feas and the coaftes of Mofcouia difcouered in owre tyme by the viage of that excellent 
 yonge man Rychard Chaunceler no leffe lerned in all mathematicall fciences then an 
 expert pylotte, in the yeare of owre lorde. 1554. 
 
 As concernynge this vyage, I haue thought good to declare the communication which was betwene the 
 fayde learned man Galeatius Butrigarius, and that great philofopher and noble gentelman of Italie named 
 Hieronimus Fracaflor as I fynde wrytten in the Italian hyflories of nauigations. As they were therfore con- 
 ferrynge in matters of learnynge, and reafonynge of the fcience of Cofmographi, the fayde lemed man hauynge 
 in his hande an inflrument of Aflronomie, declared with a large oration howe muche the worlde was bounde 
 to the kynges of Portugale, rehearfynge the noble factes doone by them in India, and what landes and Ilandes 
 they had difcouered, and how by theyr nauigations they made the whole worlde hange in the ayer. He further 
 declared what parts of the baul of the earth remained yet vndifcouered. And fayde that of the landes of the 
 inferior hemifpherie or halfe cornpafe of the baule towarde the pole Antartike, there was nothynge knowen but 
 that lyttle of the coafle of Brafilia vnto the flreight of Magellanus. Alfo a part of Peru: And a lyttle aboue 
 Affrike towarde the cape of Bona Speranza. Alfo that he marueyled withowte meafure that this thynge was no 
 better confidered of Chriflian Princes to whom god had deputed this charge, hauyng euer on theyr counfail 
 men of great lernynge which may informe them of this thing beinge fo marueylous and noble whereby they 
 maye cbtcj'ne glorie and fame by vertue, and bee imputed amonge men as goddes, by better demerites then 
 euer were Hercules and great Alexander who trauayled only into India: and that by makynge the men of this 
 owre hemifpherie knowen to theym of the other halfe compafe of the baule beneth vs, they might by the tytle 
 of this enterpryfe, withowt comparyfon farre excell all the noble factes that euer were doone by lulius Cefar or 
 any other of the Romane Emperours. Which thynge they myght eafely brynge to paffe by afTignynge colonies 
 to inhabite dyuers places of that hemifpherie, in lyke maner as dyd the Romanes in prouinces newely fubdued. 
 Whereby they myght not only obteyne great ryches, but alfo inlarge the Chriflian fayth and Empire to the 
 glory of god and confufion of infidels. After this, he fpake of the Ilande of faynt Laurence, cauled in owlde 
 
 The viage hi InnJe 
 f^»ln K^yiito to 
 the rwt wo. 
 
 What fcyniit 
 
 discouureJ. 
 
 I I 
 
 Alcayr*. 
 The viage to 
 Easte Indya 
 fretiuented in 
 owlde tyme. 
 The custnmes and 
 maners of the 
 Indyani. 
 
 The vyage to 
 Cathay. 
 
 Rycharde 
 Chaunceler. 
 
 A lemed diseaune 
 of dyuen vyages 
 Thevigagesofthe 
 Portugales. 
 The worlds 
 hangynge on tha 
 ayer. 
 
 What is knowen 
 
 of the lower 
 
 hemisphcrie. 
 
 The lande of 
 
 Brasile. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 The charge and 
 
 dewtie of Christian 
 
 princes. 
 
 Note. 
 
 252 
 
 Hercules and 
 Alexander. 
 
 The colonies of 
 the Romans in 
 regions subdued. 
 
 The great Hand 
 of saynt Laurence 
 or Nladagascbr. 
 
IflF^^P^ 
 
 "«p^ 
 
 K.J..iia 
 
 ^l 
 
 286 
 
 0/ Mofcouie and Cathay. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ^■■\ 
 
 ' 
 
 m 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Taprobana or 
 Giaua. 
 
 Plinie. 
 
 The hys(orie of 
 Cornelius Nepos. 
 
 Shyps of India 
 driuen intu the sea 
 of Germauie. 
 
 An enterprise 
 wherby Princes 
 may obteyne irewe 
 fame and glory. 
 Cathay discouered 
 hi Marcus Paulus. 
 
 The citie of 
 Lubyke. 
 
 The kyng of 
 Polonie. 
 
 Tht luVc of 
 Moscv lia. 
 
 Anamba«>'}'L 
 from the ■.: ■: ■ ■' 
 MoKouifc 
 
 253 
 
 The wootdes of 
 .fi[elambassadour 
 of Moscouia. 
 
 The way from 
 
 Moscouia 10 the 
 
 north Ocean and 
 
 Cathay. 
 
 Volochda. 
 
 Vstiug. 
 
 Succana. 
 
 Duina. 
 
 Colmogor. 
 
 Tlie north Ocean. 
 Create wooddei. 
 
 Gothbnde. 
 
 The Moscotiites 
 haue knowleage of 
 the BTcate cane 
 Cathay. 
 
 Permia. 
 Pletcora. 
 Catena mundL 
 
 tyme Madagafcar, which is greater then *he realme of Caftile and Portugale, and reachethe from the. xll degree 
 towarde the pole Antartike, vnto the. xxvi. degree and a halfe, lyinge Northeafte frome the cape of bona 
 Speranza and partly vnder the line of Tropicus Capricorni : beinge well inhabited and of temperate ayer, with 
 abundaunce of all thynges neceflarie for the lyfe of man, and one of the mod excellent Ilandes that is founde 
 this daye in the worlde : And ihat neuerthelelTe there is nothynge knowen therof, except only a fewe fmaulc 
 hauens by the fea fide, as the lyke ignorance remayneth of the greated part of the Ilandes of Taprobana, Giaua 
 the more and the leffe, and infinite other. Then begynninge to fpeake of the partes of owre pole, he caufed 
 the bookes of plinie to bte brought him where diligentely ponderynge the. Ixvii. chapiture ot' the feconde booke, 
 he founde where he reherfeth the hidorie of Cornelius Nepos, by thefe woordes : Thit iw his tyme, one 
 Eudoxus efcapynge the handes of kynge Lathyro, departed from the goulfe of Arabie and came by fea to the 
 Ilande of Calefe. Declarynge further, that whereas this narration was many yeares reputed for a fable, was 
 nowe in owre tyme by the vertue of the Portugales, knowen to bee trewc : And that lykewyfe the fame 
 Cornelius Nepos recitethe that at the tyme when Quintus Metellus Celer was proconful or lieuetenant for the 
 Romans in Fraunce, the kynge of Sueuia gaue hym certeyne Indians whit h faylinge owt of India for marchan- 
 dies, were by temped dryuen to the coades of Germanie. When he had redde thefe woordes, he proceaded, 
 fayinge that the fame thynge myght bee verified nowe in owr tyme if the princes which confine vppon that fea 
 wolde endeuoure theyr indudry and diligence to brynge it to paffe. And that there coulde not any nauigation 
 bee imagined fo commodious and profitable to all Chridendoome as this myght bee yf by this way the vyage 
 diulde bee founde open to India to come to the rych contrey of CATHAY which was difcouered now two 
 hundreth yeares fence by Marcus Paulus. Then taking the globe in his hande, he made demondration that 
 this vyage fliulde bee very (horte in refpect of that which the Portugales nowe folowe, and alfo of that which 
 the Spanyardes may attempte to the Ilandes of Moluca, He declared furthermore that the citie of Lubyke 
 beinge rych and of great poure, and fituate vppon the fea of Germanie, and alfo accudomed with continuall 
 nauigations to trauayle the fea of Norwaye and Gothlande, and lykewyfe the ryght noble kynge of Polonie 
 whofe dominions with his realme of Lituania, extcnde to the fayde fea, fhulde be apte to difcouer this fecreate: 
 But that aboue all other, the duke of Mofcouia, fliulde performe the fame with greater commoditie and more 
 facilitie then any other Prince. And here deyinge a whyle, he began to fpeake ageyne and fayde. Nowe 
 forafmuch as we are coome to this paiTe, mee thynke it fliulde feeme a great difcurtefie if I fliuld not fliewe 
 yowe all that I knowe as touchynge this vyage, v/herof I greatly mufed with my Iclfe many yeares by occafion 
 of the woordes of Plinie. Whereas therefore beinge a younge man, I was in Germanie in the citie of Auguda, 
 it fo chaunfed that in thofe dayes there came thyther an ambafadour of the duke of Mofcouia, a man Angularly 
 learned both in the Greeke toonge and the Litine, and of good experience in worldely thynges, hauying byn 
 fent to dyuers places by the fayde Prince, and one of his counfayle. Of whofe leamyng beinge aduertifed, I 
 fought his acquayntaunre. And talkynge with hym one day of thefe Indians dryuen by fortune to the coades of 
 Germanie, and of the vyage that myght bee difcouered by the North fea to the Ilandes of fpices, I perceaued 
 that at the fyrde he marueyled exceadyngely, as at a thynge that he coulde neuer haue imagined. But redynge a 
 whyle in maner adonyflhed in his fecreate phanlafie, he toke great pleafure therin, and fayde. Forafmuch as 
 the Portugales haue nowe compafed abowt all the fouth partes fuppofed in owlde tyme to bee inaccelTable by 
 reafon of great heate, why fliulde wee not certeinely thynke that the lyke maye bee done abowt this parte of the 
 north withowt feare of coulde, efpecially to men borne and brought vp in that clime ? Yet procedyng further, 
 he faid, that if his Prince and mader, had men that wolde animate hym to difcouer this vyage, there was no 
 Prince in Chridendome that myght do it with more (hcilitie. Then caulynge for a mappe in vhich was the 
 defcription of Mofcouia and the prouinces fubiectc to the fame, he declared that from the citie of i fofcouia or 
 Mofca going towarde the northead for the fnace of. Ix. [fixty] myles, they come to the ryuer of Volochda and ader- 
 warde by that, and folowyng the courfe therof, to the citie of Vdiug, fo cauled bycaufe the ryuer of lug fauleth 
 into the ryuer of Succana, where they lofe theyr owne names and make the great ryuer Duina : And by that, 
 leauyng on the ryght hande the citie of Colmogor, they fayle vnto the north Ocean. The which waye, althoughe 
 it bee a longe tracte, as more then. 800. mylef , neuerthelefle he fayde that in fommer it myght commodioufly 
 bee fayled : And that wheras it fauleth into the fea, there are infinite woods of goodly trees apte to make fliyppes. 
 And the place fo conuenient for this purpofe, that fliipwryghtes and other (kylful workemen for all thynges 
 hereunto apperteynynge, may eafely coome owt of Germanie. Alfo that the men which are vfcd to trauayle the 
 fea of Germanie abowte the coades of Gothlande, fliulde bee bed and mod apte to attempte this enterpryfe, 
 bycaufe they are indurate to abyde coulde, hunger, and laboure. He fayde furthermore, that in the court of his 
 Prince, they haue much knowleage of the great cane of Cathay, by reafon of the continuall warres they haue 
 with the Tartars, of whom the greated part gyue obedience to the faid great Cane as to theyr chiefe Emperoure. 
 He made alfo demondration in the layde carde by the northeadt that beinge pade the prouince of Permia and 
 the ryuer Pefcora (whiche fauleth into the north fea) and certeyne mountaynes named Catena Mutiji, there is 
 
 a86 
 
 
Of Mofcouie and Cathay. 
 
 1'6] 
 
 xi; degree 
 36 of bi^na 
 ; ayer, with 
 It is founde 
 :\ve fmaule 
 )ana, Giaua 
 , he caufed 
 iide booke, 
 tymc, one 
 f fea to the 
 . fable, was 
 e the fame 
 lant for the 
 »r marchan- 
 proceaded, 
 ion that fea 
 nauigation 
 |r the vyage 
 d now two 
 Iration that 
 that which 
 of Lubyke 
 \ continuall 
 of Polonie 
 lis fecreate : 
 J and more 
 de. Nowe 
 not fliewe 
 by occafion 
 of Augufta, 
 n Angularly 
 lauying byn 
 duertifed, I 
 le coafles of 
 [ perceaued 
 It reftynge a 
 >rafmiich as 
 xeflfable by 
 parte of the 
 yng further, 
 icre was no 
 ich was the 
 tofcouia or 
 a and after- 
 lug fauleth 
 nd by that, 
 , althoughe 
 Timodioufly 
 ke (hyppes. 
 all thynges 
 :rauayle the 
 enterpryfe, 
 court of his 
 they haue 
 Emperoure. 
 Permia and 
 !./(, there is 
 
 th[e]enteraunce into the prouince of obdora, whereas is Vecchiadoro and the rjuer Obo, whiche alfo fauleth 
 into the fayd fea, and is the furtheft borther of Th[e]empire of the Prince of Mofcouia. The fiiydc ryucr hath 
 his originall in a great lake cauled Chethai, which is the fyrfte habitacion of the Tartars that paye tribute to the 
 greate Cane. And from this lake for the fpace of two monethes vyage (as they were crcdably informed by 
 certeine Tartares taken in the warres) is the moft. noble citie of Cambalu, beinge one of the chiefefl in the do- 
 minion of the greate Cane, whom fum caule the great Cham. He alfo affirmed, that if (liippes fliulde bee made 
 en the coafles of the fayde fea, and fayle on the backe halfe of the coafl therof (which he knewe by many 
 relations made to his Prince, to reach infinitely toward the northeail) they (hulde doubtelelTe in folowynge the 
 fame, eafely difcouer that countrey. Vnto thefe woordes he added, that although there were greate difticultic 
 in Mofcouia, by reafon that the waye to the fayde fea is full of thicke wooddes and waters whicli in the fonmicr 
 make great maryfflies and impoflible to bee trauayled, afwell for lacke of vyttayles whiche can not there bee 
 founde, not for certeyne dayes, but for the fpace of certeyne monethes, the place beinge defolate withowt 
 inhabitauntes, neuertheleffe he fayde that yf there were with his Prince, only two Si)anyardcs or Portugalos to 
 whome the charge of this vyage (hulde bee commytted, he no wayes doubted but that they wolde folowe it and 
 iynde it, forafmuch as with great ingenioufncffe and ineftimable pacience; thefe nations haue ouercome much 
 greater difficulties then are thefe which are but lyttle in comparifon to thofe that they haue ouerpalTed and doo 
 ouerpafTe in all theyr viages to India. He proceaded declarynge that not many yeares fence, there came to the 
 courte jf his Prince, an ambafTadour frome pope Leo, named mafler Paulo Centurionc a Genuefe vnder dyuers 
 pretenfes. But the principall occafion of his commynge, wos, bycaufe he hadde conceaued greate indignation 
 and hatred ageynfl the Portugales: And therfore intended to proue yf he coulde open ar.ye vyage by lande 
 whereby f|nces myght bee brought from India by the landc of Tartaria, or by the fea Cafpium (othenvyfe cauled 
 Ilircanum) to Mofcouia: And from thenfe to bee brought in fhippes by the rj'uer Riga, whiche runnynge by 
 the countrey of Liuonia, fauleth into tiie fea of Germanie. And that his Prince gaue eare vnto hym : and caufeil 
 the fayde viage to bee attempted by certeine noble men of Lordo, of the Tartars confininge nexte vnto hym. 
 But the warres whiche were then betwene them, and the greate defertes wliich they fhulde of necefiltie ouerpalTc, 
 made them leaue of theyr enterpryfe : which if it had bin purpofed by the coafles of this owTe north fea, it myght 
 haue Lyn eafely fynydied. The fayde AmbafTadour continued his narration, fayinge that no man ought to 
 doubte of that fea but that it may bee fayled fyxe monethes in the yeare, forafmuch as the days are then very 
 longe in that clime, and hot by reafon of contynuall reuerberation of the jeames of the foonne and fliorte 
 nyghtes. And that this thynge were as well woorthy to bee proued, as any other nauigation whcrby many 
 partes of the worlde heretofore vnknowen, haue byn difcouered and brought to ciuilitie. And here makynge an 
 ende of this talke, he faid : Let vs nowe oniy tte this parte of Mofcouia with his coulde, and fpeake fumwhat of that 
 parte of the newe worlde in whiche is the lande of Brytons cauled Terra Britonum, and Baccaleos or Terra Bacca- 
 learum, where in the yeare. 1534. and. iS',5. laques Cartiar in two vyages made with three great French gallics, 
 founde the great and large countreys named Canada, Ochelaga,andSanguenai: which reach from the.xlv. [forty-fifth] 
 to the. li. [fifty-firfl] degree, beinge well inhabited and pleafaunte countreys, and named by hym Nona FrancicO. And 
 here fleyinge a while and lyftynge \ppe his handes, he fayde: Oh what doo the Chriflir.n Princes meane that 
 in fuch landes difcouered they do not afligne certeine colonies to inhabitc the fame to bringe thofe people 
 (whom god hath fo bleffed with natural gyfte^) to better ciuilitie and to embrafe owre religion, then the whiche, 
 nothynge can bee more acceptable to god ? The fayd regions n fo, beinge fo fayre and frutcfull, with plentit of 
 all fortes of come, herbcs, fiutes, woodde, fyfflies, beafles, metals, and ryuers of fuche greatnelTe thai fl'yppcs 
 maye fayle more then. 180. myles vppon one of theym, beinge on bothe fydes infinitely inhabited: And to caufe 
 the gouernoures of the fayde colonics to fearche whether that lande toward the northe named Terra de Laborador, 
 doo ioyne ai one firme lande with Norwaye: Or whether there bee any flreight or open place of fea as is molle 
 lyke there lliulde bee, forafmuch as it is to bee thought that the fayde Indians dr)ucn by fortune abowte the 
 coafles of Norway, came by that flreyght or fea, to tlie coafles of Germanie: And by the fayde flreight to faile 
 northwefl to difcouer the landes and countreys of CATHAY, and from thenfe to fayle to the llandes of 
 Molucca. And thefe furely duilde be enterprifes able to make men immortal. The whiche thynge, that ryght 
 woorthy gentleman mafler Antony di Mendoza confiderynge by the fingular vertue and magnanitnitic that is in 
 hym, attempted to put this thynge in practife. For beinge viceroy of the countrey of Mexico (fo named of the 
 grjat citie Mexico othcrwife cauled Temiflitan, nowe cauled newe Spayne, being in the xx. [twc . ivth] degree aboue 
 ihe E(iuinoctiall, and parte of the fayde firm? lande), he fent certeyne of his capitaynes by lande, and alfo a nauie 
 of fhyppes by fea, to fearch this fecreate. And I »f member that when I was in Flaunders in Th[e]cmperours 
 courte, I fawe his letter wrytten in the yeare. 1541. and dated from Mexico: whcrin was declared howe towarde 
 the iiorthwefl, he had Ibwnd the kyngedomo of Sette Citla (that is) Seuen Cities, whereas is that cauled Ciuolu 
 by the reuercnd father Marco da Niza: and howe beyondo the fayde kyngedome yet further towarde the North- 
 well, Capitaynr Franccfco Vaf^ues of Coronado, hauynge ouerpalTed great defertes, came to the fea fyile where 
 
 OMura. 
 
 Vecln:idoro. 
 
 Obo. 
 
 The lake Chcthay. 
 
 I'lie Tartars. 
 
 The citie of 
 
 Cambalu. 
 
 Nute this sccrcate. 
 
 nifficiilt 
 trauaylynge io 
 Moscuuix 
 
 C'ommciidation of 
 the Spaniarilcs 
 and I'ortugales. 
 
 The hystorie of 
 Patihiii Ccnturio. 
 Of this reatle mora 
 at large in the 
 joolce of Paulus 
 louius. 
 
 Malice may «lo 
 more with sum 
 then vertue. 
 I'he Caspian sea. 
 Riga. 
 Liuonix 
 
 254 
 
 The Tartars of 
 
 Lortlo. 
 
 Dcsertcs. 
 
 The viage by the 
 
 north sea. 
 
 The wonrthynessc 
 of this vyage 
 
 The viages of the 
 Krenchinen to the 
 land of Uaccalaos. 
 
 rieasaunt 
 countreys. 
 Ntw Frauncc. 
 Apostriiphe to the 
 Christian princes. 
 
 Creat ryuers. 
 
 A Ihyng woorthy 
 to be .uarchc'l. 
 
 The way to 
 <.?athay and the 
 llandes of Mahtca 
 by the northwest 
 
 A notable 
 cntcrjiryse. 
 
 The noHe 
 enterprise of 
 AuloniiliMendrn, 
 Viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 The discouerynge 
 of the northwest 
 partes. 
 
 I ! 
 
 i I 
 
 fl 
 
 ill 
 
f 
 
 288 
 
 0/ Mofcouic and Cathay. 
 
 ;(! ;|. 
 
 II 
 
 Shyps saylynge 
 from Cathay by 
 the north 
 hyperborean sea 
 to the coastes of 
 the northwest 
 part of the lande 
 of Baccaleot. 
 Cathay. 
 
 The sea from new 
 
 Fraunce or Terra 
 
 Britonum to 
 
 Cathay. 
 
 A notable bw ke. 
 
 255 
 
 A great and 
 glurious enterprise. 
 
 Sebastian Cabote 
 the grand pylot of 
 the west Indies. 
 
 Commendation of 
 Sebastian Cabute. 
 
 Sebastian Cabote 
 tould me that he 
 w.-\s borne in 
 Br>;stowe, and that 
 at iiii. yeare owld 
 he was caried 
 with his father to 
 Venice and so 
 returned agevne 
 into England with 
 his father after 
 ccrtevne yeares : 
 wherby he was 
 thought to haue 
 bin bom to Venice. 
 
 The fyrst vyage of 
 Sebastian Cabote. 
 
 The lande of 
 Florida. 
 
 The seconde vy age 
 of Cabote to the 
 land of Bmxilet 
 and kio della 
 Plata. 
 
 Cabote tould me 
 that in a region 
 within this ryuer 
 he sowed L [fifty] 
 graynes of weate m 
 September, and 
 gathered ___ 
 itierof L 256 
 [fifty] thousand in 
 December as 
 wryteth a1'.a 
 Francisco Lopei. 
 
 he found certeyne fliyppes which fayled by that fea with marchaundies, and had in theyr baner vppon the 
 proos of theyr (hyppes, certeyne foules made of golde and fyluer which they of Mexico caule Alcatrazzi : And that 
 theyr mariners fhewed by fignes that they were. xxx. [thirty] dayes faylynge in commynge to that hauen : wherby 
 he vnderftode that thefe fliippes could bee of none other countrey then of Cathay, forafmuch as it is fituate on 
 the contrary parte of the fayde lande difcouered. The fayde mafter Antonie wrote furthermore, that by the 
 opinion of men well practifed, there was difcouered fo greate a fpace of that countrey vnto the fayd fea, 
 that it paffed. 950. leaques, which make. 2850. myles. And doubtleffe yf the Frenche men in this theyr 
 newe Fraunce, wolde haue paffed by lande towarde the fayd northwefl and by north, they fliuld alfo haue founde 
 the fea wherby ihey myght haue fayled to Cathay. But aboue all thynges, this feemed vnto me mode woorthy 
 of commendation, that the fayde mailer Antonie wrote in his letter that he had made a booke of al the natural 
 and marueylous thynges whiche they founde in fearchynge thofe countreys, with alfo the meafures of landes and 
 altytudes of degrees: A worke doubtleffe which (heweth a princely and magnificall mynde, wherby wee may 
 conceaue that yf god had gyuen hym the charge of the other hemifpherie, he wolde or nowe haue made it better 
 hnowen to vs. The which thynge, I fuppofe no man doth greatly efleeme at this time : beinge neuertheleffe 
 the greatefl and mod glorious enterprife that may bee imagined. 
 
 And Lore makynge a certeyne paufe, and turnynge hym felfe towarde vs, he fayde: Doo yow not vnder- 
 ftande to this purpofe howe to paffe to India toward the northweft wind, as dyd of late a citizen of Venefe, fo 
 valiente a man, and fo well practyfed in all thynges perteynynge to nauigations and the fcience of Cofmographie, 
 that at this prefent he hath not his lyke in Spayne, in fo much that for his vertues he is preferred aboue all 
 other pylottes that luyle to the weft Indies, who may not paffe thyther withowt his licence, and is therfore 
 cauled Piloto Maggiore (that is) the graunde pylote. And when wee fayde that wee knewe him not, he pro- 
 ceaded, fayinge, that beinge certeyne yeares in the citie of Siuile, and def>Tous to haue fum knowleage of the 
 nauigations of the Spanyardes, it was toulde hym that there was in the citie a valient man, a Venecian borne, 
 named Sebaftian Cabote, who had the charge of thofe thynges, being an expert man in that fcience, and one 
 that coulde make cardes for the fea with his owne hande. And that by this reporte, feekynge his acquaintaunce, 
 he founde hym a very gentell perfon, who enterteyned hym frendly and fliewed him many thynges, and amonge 
 other a large mappe of the worlde with certeine particular nauigations afwell of the Portugales as of the Span- 
 yardes. And that he fpake further vnto hym, in this effecte. When my fathe- departed from Venefe many 
 yeares fence to dwell in Englande to folowe the trade of marchaundies, he tooke me with him to the citie of 
 London whyle I was very yonge, yet hauynge neuertheleffe fum knowleage of letters of humanitie and of the 
 fphere. And when my father dyed in that tyme when newes were browght that Don Chriftopher Colonus 
 Genuefe, had difcouered the coaftes of India, whereof was great talke in all the courte of kynge Henry the 
 feuenth who then reigned: In fo much that all men with great admiration affirmed it to bee a thynge more 
 diuine then humane, to fayle by the Wefte into the Eaft where fpices growe, by a way that was neuer knowen 
 before. By which fame and reporte, there increafcd in my harte a greate flame of defyre to attempte fum 
 notable thynge. And vnderflandyng by reafon of the fphere, that if I (hulde fayle by the way of the northweft 
 wynde, I Ihulde by a (horter tracte coomme to India, I thereuppon caufed the kynge to bee aduertifed of my 
 diuife, who immediatly commaunded two carauels to bee furnyflhed with all thynges apperteynynge to the 
 vyage, which was as farre as I remember, in the yeare. 1496. in the begynnynge of fommer. Begynnyng ther- 
 fore to faile towarde Northweft, not thynkyng to fynde any other lande then that of CATHAY, and from 
 thenfe to turne towarde India. But after certeine dayes, I founde that the lande ranne towarde the Northe, 
 which was to me a great difpleafure. Neuertheleffe, fayling alonge by the coaft to fee if I could fynde any 
 goulfe that turned, I founde the lande ftyll continent to the. 56. degree vnder owre pole. And feinge that 
 there the coaft turned toward he Eaft, difpayringe to fynd the paffage, I turned backe ageyne, and fayled 
 downe by the coaft of that lande towarde the Equinoctiall (euer with intent to fynde the fayde paffage to 
 India) and came to that parte of this firme lande whiche is nowe cauled FLORIDA. Where, my vyttayles 
 fayling, I departed from thenfe and returned into England, where I founde great tumultes amonge the people, 
 and preparaunce for warres in Scotlande: by reafon whereof, there was no more confideration had to this vyage 
 Wheruppon I wente into Spayne to the Catholyke kynge, and cjueene Elizabeth: who beinge aduertifed what I had 
 doone, interteyned me, and at theyr charges furnyfflied certeyne fliyppes wherwith they caufed me to fayle to 
 difcouer the coaftes of Brafile, where I founde an exceadynge great and large ryuer, named at this prefent Rio 
 ddla Plata (that is) the ryuer of fyluer, into the which I fayled, and folowed it into the firme lande more then fyxe 
 hundrethe leaques, fyndynge it euery where verye fayre and inhabited with infinite people, which with admyration 
 came runn^Tige dayly to owre fliyppes. Into this ryuer, runne fo many other riuers, that it is in m-^.^er incredible. 
 After this, I made many other vj ages, which I now pretermitte. And wexynge owlde, I gyue my i';ife to reft from 
 fuch trauayles bycaufe there are nowe many younge and lufty pylotes and mariners of good experience, by whofe 
 forwardeneffe I doo reioyfe in the frutes of my labours, and reft with the charge of this office as yowe fee. 
 
 <88 
 
Of Mofcouie and Cathay. 
 
 289 
 
 ;r vppon the 
 zi: And that 
 Lien: wherby 
 is fituate on 
 ;, that by the 
 ;he fayd fea, 
 In this theyr 
 haue founde 
 lolle woorthy 
 il the natural 
 >f landes and 
 irby wee may 
 nade it better 
 neuertheleffe 
 
 )w not vnder- 
 ofVenefe, fo 
 ;oftnographie, 
 Ted aboue all 
 id is therfore 
 \ not, he pro- 
 wleage of the 
 lecian borne, 
 ince, and one 
 cquaintaunce, 
 I, and amonge 
 s of the Span- 
 Venefe many 
 to the citie of 
 tie and of the 
 pher Colonus 
 ge Henry the 
 thynge more 
 neuer knowen 
 attempte fum 
 the northweft 
 nertifed of my 
 ynynge to the 
 ;gynnyng ther- 
 \Y, and from 
 le the Northe, 
 )uld fynde any 
 »nd feinge that 
 le, and fayled 
 yde pafTage to 
 ;, my vyttayles 
 ge the people, 
 I to this vyage 
 [fed what I had 
 me to fayle to 
 liis prefent Rio 
 more then fyxe 
 ith admyration 
 .ler mcredible. 
 ife to reft from 
 ence, by whofe 
 :owe fee. 
 
 
 And this is as much as I haue vnderftoode of mafter Sebaflian Cabote, as I haue 
 gathered owte of dyuers nauigations wrytten in the Italian toonge. 
 
 And whereas I haue before made mention howe Mofcouia was in owr tyme dif- 
 couered by Richard Chanceler in his viage toward Cathai by the direction and informa- 
 tion of the fayde mafter Sebaftian who longe before had this fecreate in his mynde, I 
 fhall not neede here to defcribe that viage, forafmuche as the fame is largely and fayth- 
 fully written in the Laten tonge by that lerned young man Clement Adams fcole mayfter 
 to the Queens henfhemen, as he receaued it at the mouthe of the fayde Richard Chan- 
 celer. Neuertheleffe I haue thought good here to fpeake fumwhat of Mofcouia as I 
 haue redde in the booke of lohn Faber written in the Latin toonge to the ryght noble 
 Prynce Ferdinando Archeduke of Auftria and Infant of Spaine, of the maners and 
 religion of the Mofcouites, as he was partely inftructed by the ambafadours of the 
 duke of Mofcouie fent into Spayne to Th[e]emperours maieftie in the yeare. M.D.XX.V. 
 He wryteth therfore as foloweth. 
 
 I thynke it fyrfte conueniente to fpeake fumewhat of the name of this region wherby it is cauled at tliis 
 day, and how it was cauled in owlde tyme. Conferrynge therfore the mode ancient of the Greeke and latine 
 monumentes with the hiflories of later tyme, I perceaue it to bee a thynge which requireth no fmaule iudgement 
 of wytte and lemynge. For we fee in howe fhorte tyme the names of thynges are chaunged, as are alfo the 
 maners of men. I fynde therfore that thofe people whom at this day wee commonly cauie Mofcouites, were 
 in tyme pad (as wytnefleth Plinie) cauled Roxolani, whom neuertheleffe by chaungjnge one letter, Ptolomie in 
 his eyght table of Europe, cauleth Rofolanos as dooth alfo Strabo. They were alfo many yeares cauled Ruthmi: 
 And are that people which fumtyme fought manfully ageynft the Capitaynes of Methridates as Strabo wryteth. 
 They were cauled Mofcouites of the chiefe citie of al the prouince i.:'med Mofcouia or Mofca: or (as Volaterane 
 faith) of the riuer Mofco. They were fumtyme gouerned by duke lohan, whofe wyfe was Helena of the lynage 
 of Th[e]emperours of Conftanftinople of the noble famelie of the Paleologi. Beyonde thefe Roxolanos, Strabo 
 fayth there is no lande inhabited. Thefe Ruthenians therfore or Mofcouites, are people of the northeafte parte 
 of the worlde from vs : And are determined with the limettes of the great ryuer Borifthenes of Scithia, on the 
 one fyde with the Lituanians and Polonians, and on the other fyde with the Tartars who ceafe not to vexe 
 them with continuall warres and incurfions. Efpecially the great Emperour Cham of Cathay the chiefe Prince 
 of the Tartars, refidente by the fea fyds in Taurico Cherfonefo, molefteth theim with fore warres. They are 
 towarde the north fyde inclofed with the frofen fea, the lande of whofe coaftes beinge verye large, perteyneth 
 in maner all to tiie dominion of the duke of Mofcouie. This fea is it which the owlde wryters caule Lactis 
 Crotiicus, fo named of the Greeke word Cronos, which the Lati.nes caule Sattirnus whom they fayne to bee an 
 owlde man, of complexion coulde and flowe, and thereby name all fuch thynges as are coulde and flowe, 
 Cronica, as by lyke reafon they dyd this northe fea which beinge in maner euer frofen, is flowe and coulde and 
 in maner immouable. And for lyke confideration (as faythe Plinie) Hethens nameth it in the Scythian toonge, 
 A' 'altheuin, whiche woorde fignifieth as muche as congeled or frofen. But that I wander not farre frome my 
 purpofe : Th[e]empire and dominion of the duke of Mofcouie recheth fo farre that it comprehendeth certeyne 
 partes of Afia and alfo of Europe. The citie of Mofcouia or Mofca, is counted twyfe as bygge as Coionia 
 Agrippina as they faythfully reporte which knowe bothe. Vnto this they haue alfo an other not vnequail in 
 byggenefle cauled Fladimer. Alfo Blefcouia, Nouogradia, Smolne, and Otifer, al which, theyr ambaffadours 
 aflirme to bee of princely and magnificall buyldynges, and (Irongely defended with waules bothe of brycke 
 and fquare (lone. Of thefe, Blefcouia is (Irongeft and enuironed with three waules. Other which they haue 
 innumerable are not fo famous as are thefe wherof this duke of Mofcouie and Emperoure of Ruflia taketh 
 th[e]infcription of his title. For euen at this prefent, when fo euer eyther by his ambaffadours or his letters, 
 he dooth fignifie hym felfe to bee Emperoure of Mofcouie, he is accullomcd to vfe this title. Bafilius by the 
 grace of God Emperoure of all Ruffia and greate Duke of Fladamer, Mofcouie, Nouigradc, Blefcouia, Smolne, 
 and Otifer. etc. And this is the tytle whereby the fayde ambaffadours faluted yowre maieftie in the name of 
 great Bafilius when they began theyr oration. This prince of Mofcouie hath vndcr hym princes of many 
 prouinces and thofe of great poure: Of the which, that owlde whyte bearded man whom this Emperour of the 
 Kuthians fente for Is ambaffadoure to Th[e]cmperours maieftie into Spayne, is not one of the leaft. For euen 
 he when neceffitie c warre requyreth, is accuftomed to make for his Emperour a bande of. xxx. [thirty] thoufande 
 horfcmen. But this is to theyr fingular commendation that they are fo obedient to theyr prince in al thynges, 
 that beinge fommoncd by hym by neuer fo meane an hearald, they obey incontinent as if it were to god, 
 
 Z :S« 
 
 The vyage to 
 Moscuuio. 
 
 The hystorye of 
 Mo-tcuuia, 
 
 The dytiern nimea 
 of Mubcuuia. 
 
 The ryuer ^to^co. 
 
 The ryiier 
 Itoristhuncs. 
 
 Thfelempcrour of 
 Cathay. 
 
 The frosen sea. 
 Lacus Cronicus. 
 Satumui. 
 
 Amalthciim. 
 I'he (loniintim of 
 the duke uf 
 Muscouia. 
 The citie of 
 Moscouia. 
 
 The chiefe cities of 
 Moscouia. 
 
 257 
 
 The duke of 
 M(}.coui.i and 
 Emperour of 
 Uussia. 
 The duke of 
 Moscouia hit tytte. 
 
 Duke Basilius. 
 
 Their poure. 
 
 Theyr ohedience 
 to theyr prince. 
 
 Theyr wars .ind 
 cunqucstea. 
 
 I i 
 
 ] i 
 
 m 
 
 EllBN 
 
PR J 
 
 w:.. I 
 
 |:\ 
 
 290 
 
 0/ Mofcotiie and Cathay. 
 
 GunneA. 
 
 Only the 
 moscntiitcs haue 
 noL fell the 
 commoditius of 
 peace. 
 Thcyr lanj^uage. 
 
 Dalmatia. 
 Pannonia. 
 Hungarie. 
 'I'heyr original. 
 The Sclauon 
 tnongu reacheth 
 farrc. 
 
 Great woods 
 white bearc and 
 blacke wuulucs. 
 
 Abundance of 
 hoiiy and waxe. 
 
 Rych furrcs. 
 
 Theyr mancr of 
 barren yng 
 
 Rude and wylde 
 
 people. 
 
 Tartares, 
 
 258 
 
 Ciuile people in 
 cities. 
 
 Theyr money 
 
 riiey enihrase the 
 Christian f.iyth 
 whiche ttici 
 reccMimd of the 
 
 A|M)StIcS, 
 
 The cotiniuiitc of 
 Niccne. 
 
 Rnsilius M.igiiiis, 
 L'hrisostomujt 
 
 Thcyr const. incie 
 in thcyr rrh^ion. 
 
 The bysshoppes 
 Hcfine 
 
 coniroiiersies in 
 religion. 
 'I'heyr b> .ssl.ops. 
 
 The 
 Archchysshoppe. 
 I'hc p:itrinrke ctf 
 C'onst.intiiifiplc. 
 A notatilc cxeniple 
 of a (Jhri^tlun 
 prynce. 
 
 thynkynge iujI';} ng "lorc orlorious then to dye in the quarell of theyr prince. By reafon of which obedience, 
 they are able in fhort tyme, to affemble an army of two or three hundreth thoufande men ageynft. theyr enemies 
 eyther the Tartars or the greate Cham : And haue hereby obteyned great victories and triumphes afwell ageynft 
 the Turkes as the Tartars by the exceadyng multitude of theyr horfemen and continual experience in warres. 
 At fuch time as Th[e]empcrour Maximilian made a league with them, they kept warre ageynft the kynge of 
 Polonie. They vfe not only bowes and dartes after the maner of the Parthians, but haue alfo the vfe of gunnes 
 as we haue. And to bee briefe, onely the Mofcouites maye feeme that nation whiche hath not felte the com- 
 modities of peace: In fo muche that yf theyr region were not ftrongely defended by the nature of the place 
 beinge impreignable, it had or nowe byn often tymes conquered. Theyr language agreeth much with the toonge 
 of the Bohemians, Croatians, and Sclauons: fo that the Sclauon dooth playnly vnderftande the Mofcouite, 
 although the Mofcouian toonge be a more rude and harde phrafe of fpeach. The hiftoriographers wryte that 
 the Sclauons toonge the name of the confufion whiche was in Babell in the tyme of that ftowt hunter Nemroth 
 of whome mention is made in the Genefis. But I can not enowgh marueyle at this thing, that wheras betwene 
 Dalmatia (now cauled Sclauonia) and Mofcouia, both the Pannonies are fituate, yet this notwithftandynge, the 
 Hungarians toonge nothynge agreeth with the Mofcouites. Wherby wee may coniecture that thefe nations were 
 fumtymes diuided by legions, and that they came owt of Dalmatia thyther: whiche thynge alfo Volateranus 
 aflirmeth, fayinge that the language of the Ruthenians (whiche are the Mofcouites) is Semidalmatica (that is) 
 halfe Sclauone. Howe fo euer it bee, this is certeyne that the Bohemians, Croatians, Sclauons, and Mofcouites, 
 agree in language as wee perceaued by th[e]interpretours which yowre maieftie had then in yowre courte. For 
 whereas the fayde interpretours were borne amonge the Croatians and Sclauons and none of them had euer byn 
 in Mofcouia, or beefore that tyme had any conuerfation with them, yet dyd they well vnderftande the 
 ambaftadours woordes. 
 
 There are in Mofcouia, wooddes of exceadynge byggenefle, in the which blacke woolues and whyte beares 
 are hunted. The caufe wherof may bee th[e]extreme could of the north, which uooth greatly alter the com- 
 plexions of beaftes, and is the mother of whyteneffe as the Philofophers affirme. They haue alfo great plentie 
 of bees, wherby they haue fuch abundaunce of hony and waxe that it is with them of fmaul price. When the 
 commoditie of thejTcountreyis neglected by reafon of longe warres, theyr chiefe aduauntage whereby they haue all 
 thynges neceflarie towarde theyr lyuynge, is the gaines which they haue by theyr rych furres, as Sables, Marternes, 
 Luzernes, moft whyte armyns, and fuch other which they fell to marchauntes of dyuers countreys. They bye and 
 fell with fimple fay the of woordes exchaungynge ware for ware withowt any curious bondes or cautels. And albeit 
 they haue the vfe of both golde and fyluer monyes, yet doo they for the moft part exchaunge theyr furres for frutes 
 and other thynges neceflarie to mainteine theyr lyfe. There are alfo fum people vnder the dominion of this Em- 
 perour, which haue neither wyne nor wheate, but lyue only by flefflie and mylke as doo the wylde Tartars theyr 
 bortherers which dwel in wods by the coaftes of the frofen fea. Thefe people are brutyfflie, and lyue in maner lyke 
 wylde beaftes. But they of the citie of Mofcaand Nouigrade, and other cities, are ciuile people: and agree with 
 vs in eatynge of fyfflie and flefflie althowgh theyr maner of coquerie is in manye thynges differynge frome owres. 
 Volaterane wryteth that the Ruthenians vfe money vncoyned. And inquirynge further, I was informed that the 
 money of Hungary is much currant with them. But this is chiefely to bee confydered, that they imbrafe the 
 Chriftian fayth which they afiirme to haue byn preached to them fyrfte by faynt Andrewe th[e]apoftle and broother 
 to Simon Peter. Such doctrine alfo as vnder Conftanftine the greate, in the yeare. CCC. xviii. [three hundred and 
 eighteen] was concluded in the fyrft generall coimfayle holden in the citie of Nicene in Bithynia, and there deter- 
 myned by. CCC. xviii. [three hundred and eighteen] byfflioppes, and alfo fuch as hath byn wrytten and tawght 
 by the Greeke doctoures Bafilius Magnus and Chrifoftomus, they beleue to bee fo holy, firme and fyncere, that 
 they thinke it no more lawfuU one heare to tranfgrefle or go backe from the fame, then from the gofpell of Chrift. 
 For theyr conftancie and modeftie is fuch, that no man dare caule thofe thynges into queftion which haue once 
 byn decifed by holy fathers in theyr general counfailes. They doo therfore with a more conftante mynde perfeuer 
 in theyr fyrft fayth which they receaued of faynt Andrewe th[e]appoftle and his fucceflburs and holy fathers, 
 than doo nianye of vs. beinge diuided into fcifmes and fectes whiche thynge neuer chaunceth amonge them. But 
 if any difficultie chaunce to rife as touchynge the fayth or cuftome of religion, all is referred to the archbyflioppe 
 and other byflioppes as to bee defined by theyr fpirite: not permyttinge any iudgemente to the inconftant 
 and ignorant people. Theyr archebyflioppc is refiilente in the citie of Mofca, where alfo Th[e]empcrouro 
 keepetiie his courte. They haue lykewyfe dyuers other byfliops : as one in Nouigradia, where alfo Ifodorus was 
 byflhop vnder pope Eugenius. They haue an other in Rofciuia, an other in Suftali, an other in Otiferi : alfo in 
 Smolne, in Refan, in Colmum, and in Volut, all which haue theyr dioces. They acknowleage theyr Archebyfliop 
 as the chiefe. Before the patriarche of Conftantinople was opprefled by the Tiranni of the Turkes, this 
 Archebyfllioppe recognifed hym as his fuperioure. In fo much that this duke of Mofcouia and F.mperour of 
 Ruffia, not vnmyndefuU hereof but a diligente obfcruer of his aixuftomed religion, dooth at lliis daye yearely 
 
 K' 
 
Of Mofcotiie and Cathay. 
 
 291 
 
 ch obedience, 
 theyr enemies 
 afwell ageynll 
 nee in wanes. 
 I (lie kynge of 
 
 vfe of gunnes 
 felte the com- 
 :e of the place 
 ith the toonge 
 he Mofcouite, 
 lers wryte that 
 inter Nemroth 
 heras betwene 
 (landynge, the 
 e nations were 
 Fo Volateranus 
 natica (that is) 
 id Mofcouites, 
 ; courte. For 
 
 had euer byn 
 derflande the 
 
 I whyte beares 
 alter the com- 
 great plentie 
 :e. When the 
 y they haue all 
 es, Marternes, 
 They bye and 
 Is. And albeit 
 irres for frutes 
 on of this Em- 
 Tartars theyr 
 in maner lyke 
 ind agree with 
 ; frome owres. 
 rmed that the 
 :y imbrafe the 
 and broother 
 hundred and 
 id there deter- 
 n and tawght 
 fyncere, that 
 ■pell of Chrifi. 
 ch haue once 
 ynde perfeuer 
 holy fathers, 
 them. But 
 archbyflioppe 
 he inconftant 
 cjcmperourc 
 Ifodorus was 
 tifcri : alfo in 
 Archebyfliop 
 Turkes, this 
 F.mperour of 
 daye yearcly 
 
 fende a certeyne ftypende in tnaner of alnies to the patriarche of Conftantinople, that he may with more quiete 
 mynd looke for th[e]ende of this his Egiptian feruitude vntyll it flial pleafe almyghty god to reftore hyni to his 
 former churche and autoritie. For he iudgeth it much impietie, if he fliukle nowe forfake hym whofe prcdi- 
 ceflbures haue ruled and gouemed fo many churches, and of whom the fayth and religion of fo many regions 
 and prouinces haue depended. 
 
 But to fpeake Lriefely of theyr religion, they agree in many thynges with vs, and in fum thynges folow the 
 Greekes. They haue munkes and religious men. Not farre from the citie of Mofca, they haue a great monaflerie 
 in the whiche are three hundreth munkes lyuynge vnder the rule of Bafilius Magnus in the which is alfo the 
 fepiilcher of S. Sergius the abbot. They obferue theyr vowe of chaftitie which none may breake that haue once 
 profclVcd. Yet fuch as haue niaried virgins of good fame, may bee admitted to th[e]order of prellhod, but may 
 neuer bee a munke. The preftes and byffhops whiche are admitted to orders vnmaried, may neuer after bee 
 maried : nor yet fuch as haue wiues, mary ageine when they are dead, but Hue in perpetual chaftitie. Such as 
 committe adulterie or fornication, are greeuoufly punyfflied by the byfflioppes and depriucd of the benefices. 
 They celebrate maffe after the maner of the Greekes which ditfL-reth from owres in dyuers thinges, as in 
 fermented breade after the maner of the Greekes. They put iu the chaleffe as much water as redile wine, which 
 water they vfe to heate, bycaufe (not withowt a great myfterie) there iffhewed furth of the fyde of owre lorde, 
 both blud and water, which wee ought by good reafon to thynke was not withowt heate : for els (hulde it 
 fcarfely haue byn iudged for a miracle. In fine, they affirme that all theyr cuftomes and rytes are accordynge 
 to th[e]inftitutions of the primatyue church and the doctrine of Bafilius Magnus, and Chrifoflomus. In this 
 thynge they dyfifer greately from vs, that they minifter the communion to younge children of three yeares 
 of age, which they doo with fermented breade dipte in a fponefuU of wyne, and gyue it them for the bodye and 
 bludde of Chryfte. 
 
 C A brief e dcfcripiion of Mofcouia after the later wryters, as Sebaflian 
 
 Mimfler and lacobtis Gaflaldus. 
 
 He prouince of Mofcouia, is fo named by the ryuer Mofco which pafleth by the metrapolitane 
 citie of Mofcouia cauled Mofca by the name of the ryuer Mofco. This prouince was cauled 
 of the owlde wryters, Sarmatia Afiatica. The bortherers or confines to the Mofcouians on 
 the one fyde towarde the Eaft, are the Tartars cauled Nogai, and the Scianbanians, with the 
 Zagatians. Towarde the Weft, the prouinces of Liuonia and Lituania. Towarde the South, 
 the ryuer of Tanais and the people confinyng with the ryuer Volga, cauled of the owld 
 writers Rha. And towarde the North, the Ocean fea cauled the Scythian fea, and the 
 region of Lapponia. Mofcouia is in maner all playne and full of maryfflies, wooddes, and many very great 
 ryuers wherof the ryuer of Volga is the principal. Sum caul this ledyl, as the owld autours named it Rha. 
 It beginneth at the great lake cauled I^cus Albus (that is) the white lake and runneth into the fea of Bachau, 
 named of the aunciente wryters, the fea Cafpium or Hircanum. Vnder the dominion of Mofcouia, are certeyne 
 regions and dukedoomes : as Alba Ruflla (that is) whyte Ruffia. Alfo Colmogora, Plefcouia, Bafrida, Nouo- 
 gardia, with alfo manye places of the Tartars which are fubiecte to the duke of Mofcouia. The chiefe cities of 
 Mofcouia, are Mofca, Plefcouia, Nouogardia, Colmogora, Otogeria, Viatra, Smolenfer, Percaflauia, Cologna, 
 Volodemaria, Roftauia, and Cafllim. The people of Mofcouia are Chriftians, and haue greate abundaunce of 
 hony and waxe : alfo ryclie furres, as Sabels, Marternes, Foynes, Calaber, and dyuers other. All the Tartars 
 which inhabite towarde the Eaft beyonde the ryuer of Volga, haue nodwellynge places, nor yet cities or cartels. 
 But cary abowt with theym certeyne cartes or wagens couered with beaftes hydes, vnder the whiche they refte, 
 as wee do in owre houfes. 
 
 They remoue togyther in great companies whiche they caule Hordas. They are warlike people and good 
 horfemen, and are all Macometiftes. 
 
 Sebaftian Munfler in his booke of Vniucrfall Cofmographie, wryteth that the citie of Mofca 
 or Mofcouia conteineth in circuite. xiiii. [fourteen] myles, and that it is twyfe as bygge as the citie of Praga in Bohe- 
 mie. Of the countrey of Mofcouia, bifyde other prouinces fubiecte to the fame, he wryteth thus. It extendeth 
 in largeneffe foure hundreth myles, and is rich in fyluer. It is lawfuU for no man to go owt of the realnie or coome 
 in withowt the dukes letters. It is playne without mountaynes, and ful of wooddes and maryffties. The beaftes 
 there by reafon of the coulde, are lelTe then in other countreis more fouthwarde. In the myddeft of the citie 
 
 Theyr rcli;;ton. 
 
 A monastcrie cf. 
 ccc. [three 
 hundred] inonkes 
 
 Prccstcs. 
 
 Masse. 
 
 A mysteric 
 
 The pnmatiue 
 church. 
 A straungc 
 cu&tonie. 
 
 259 
 
 Sarmatia asiatica. 
 
 The Scythian 
 Ocean. 
 
 The r\'uer of 
 Volga. 
 
 Lacus albus. 
 The Caspian sea. 
 
 llieyr chiefe citie& 
 The wylde Tartars 
 
 Hordas. 
 
 The bygnenof tht 
 cirie of Mo&couia. 
 
 Syluer. 
 
 The region of 
 
 Moscuuio. 
 
 Bcastcs. 
 
rnr 
 
 .-'' 
 
 292 
 
 Of Mofcottie and CatJiay. 
 
 
 A fayre and 
 stron^e castct in 
 the citie of Mosca. 
 
 The dukei 
 pallaice. 
 Theyr drynke. 
 
 They are gyuen to 
 drunkenneue. 
 
 Come and grayne. 
 
 Stoues. 
 
 I'he famous ryuer 
 of Tanais. 
 
 260 
 
 The marysshes of 
 
 Meotis. 
 
 Volga. 
 
 Ocha. 
 
 The sea Euxinuin. 
 
 The forest of 
 
 hircania. 
 
 Vri. 
 
 Alcev 
 
 They trauayl in 
 wy liter on ileades. 
 
 Causeys of tymber. 
 Trees and frutet. 
 Come and grayne. 
 
 Hony in wode and 
 trees. 
 
 Lakes or pooles of 
 hony. 
 
 A man almost 
 drowned in hony. 
 
 A manieiloiu 
 chaunce. 
 
 Beares feede of 
 hony and beefc 
 
 Beares inuade 
 
 bulles. 
 
 The beares byrth. 
 
 of Mofca beinge fituate in a playne, there is a caflell with. xvii. towres and three bulwarkes fo (Ironge and fayre, 
 that the lyke are fcarfely feene in any other place. There are alfo in the caflell xvi. churches, and three very 
 large courtes in the which the noble men of the courte haue theyr lodgynges. The dukes pallaice is buylded 
 after the maner of the Italian buyldyng, and very fayie, but not great. Theyr drynke is mede and beere as is 
 the maner of the mode parlo of the people that inhabite the North partes of the woorlde. They are excead- 
 yngely gyuen to droonkennefle. Yet (as fume faye) the princes of the lande are prohibite in peine of death to 
 abfleine from fuch (Ironge drinkes as are of force to inebriate, except at certeyne tymes when licence is graunted 
 theym, as twyfe or thryfe in the yeare. They plowe the grownde with horfes and plowes of woodde. Theyr 
 come and other grayne by reafon of longe coulde, doo feldome waxe rype on the ground by reafon wherof they 
 are fumtimes inforced to rype and dry them in theyr flooues and hottes houfes, and then grynd them. They 
 lacke wyne and oyle. Mofcouia is extended vnto lurham and Corelia which are in Scythia. The famous 
 ryuer of Tanais, the Mofcouites caule Don, hauyng his fprynges and originall in Mofcouia in the dukedome of 
 Rezenfe. It ryfeth owt of a grownde that is playne, baren, muddy, full of maryfflies and wooddes. And 
 where it proceadeth toward the Eafl to the mountaynes of Scithia and Tartarie, it bendeth to the fouth : and 
 commyng to the maryffhes of Meotis it fauleth into them. The ryuer of Volga (fumetyme cauled Rha, and 
 nowe cauled of the Tartars Edel) runneth toward the north certeyne myles, to whom is ioyned the ryuer Occa 
 or Ocha, flowynge owt of Mofcouia, and then bendyng into the South and increafed with many other ryuers, 
 fauleth into the fea Euxinum, which diuideth Europe and Afia. The woodde or forefl cauled Hircania fylua, 
 occupieth a fmal portion of Mofcouia. Yet is it fumwhcre inhabited, and by the longe labour of men made 
 thinner and barer of trees. In that parte that lyeth towarde Pruffia, is a kynde of greate and fierce bulles 
 cauled Vri or Bifomes, as wryleth Paulus louius. There are alfo Alces muche lyke vnto hartes, with longe 
 fnoutes of ileffhe and longe legges withowt any bowinge of theyr houx or paflernes. Thefe beafles, the 
 Mofcouites caule Lozzi, and the Almaynes Helenes. The iomaye that is betwene Vina of Lituania by Smolenfe 
 to Mofca, is trauayled in wynter on fleades by the fnowe congeled by longe frode, and made very flypperye 
 and compacte lyke Ife by reafon of much wearynge and treadynge, by meanes wherof this vyage is performed 
 with incredible celeritie. But in the fommer, the playne countreys can not bee ouercome withowt difficulte 
 labour. For when the fnowe begynneth to bee difTolued by continuall heate, it caufeth maryffhes and 
 quamyres inextricable and daungerous both for horfe and man, w re it not for certeyne caufcyes made of 
 tymber with in maner infinite labour. The region of Mofcouia (as I haue faid) beareth neyther vynes nor 
 olyue trees, nor yet any other trees that bere any apples or frutes of very plefant or fwete fauour or tafte except 
 chery trees, for as much as al tender frutes and trees are burnte of the coulde blafles of the North wynde. Yet 
 doo the fieldes beare all kyndes of come, as wheate and the grayne cauled Siligo, wherof the fynefl kynde of 
 breade is made: alfo mylle and panyke, whiche the Italians caule Melica: Likewyfe all kyndes of pulfe, as 
 beanes, peafon, tares, and fuche other. But theyr chife haruefl confifleth of hony and waxe, forafmuch as the 
 hole region is replenyfflied with frutefull bees which make mofl fweete hony, not in the hufbande mens hyues, 
 but euen in holowe trees. And hereby commeth it to pafl'e that both in the wooddes and (halowed launes, 
 are feene many fwarmes of bees hangynge on the bowes of trees, fo that it fhall not bee necefTarie to caule them 
 togj'ther or charme theym with the founde of bafens. There are oftentymes founde greate mafTes of honj' 
 combes, conferued in trees of the owlde hony forfaken of bees, forafmuch as the hufband men can not feeke 
 euery tree in fo great and large wooddes: In fo much that in the flockes or bodies of exceadynge great and 
 holowe trees, are fumtymes founde great pooles or lakes of hony. Demetrius th[e]ambafradour of the duke of 
 Mofcouia whom he fent to the byflhop of Rome not many ycares fence, made relation that a hufbande man of 
 the contrey not farre from the place where he remayned, feekynge in the wooddes for hony, defcended into a 
 greate holowe tree full of hony into the which he flypte vp to the brcll, and lyued there only with hony for the 
 fpace of two dayes, caulynge in vayne for helpe in that deferte of wooddes. And that in fine difpayrynge of 
 helpe, he efcaped by a marueilous chaunce, beinge drawen owt by a great beare that defcended into the tree, 
 with her loynes downewarde after the maner of men. For when the man (as prefent necelTilie and o])ortunitie 
 ferued) perceaued the beare to bee within his reache, he fuddeinly clafped her abowt the loynes with nis amies, 
 and with a terrible crye prouoked the beafl to inforce her flrength to leape owt of the tree, and therwith to 
 drawe hym owt, as it chaunced in decde. 
 
 Thefe regions abounde with beares whiche euery where feeke both hony and bees, not only herewith to 
 fyl theyr bellies, but alfo to helpe theyr fyght. For theyr eyes are oftentymes dulled, and theyr mouthes 
 wounded of the bees : both which greefes are eafed by eatynge of hony. They haue weakefl heades, as lions 
 haue flrongefl. In fo muche that when (beinge therto inforced) they cafle theim felues downe headelonge 
 from any rockes, they couer theyr heades with theyr fiete, and lye for a tyme afloonyfflied and halfe deade with 
 knockes. They walke fumtyme on two fiete, and fpoyle trees backewarde. Sumtyme alfo they inuade bulles, 
 and fo hange on them with al theyr fiete, that they wery them with weight. The beare (as layth Plinie) 
 
Of Mofcouie and Cathay. 
 
 293 
 
 ige and fayre, 
 >(1 three very 
 ce is buylded 
 d beere as is 
 :y are excead- 
 e of death to 
 :e is graunted 
 jdde. Theyr 
 n wherof they 
 them. They 
 The famous 
 dukedome of 
 )odtles. And 
 he fouth: and 
 led Rha, and 
 le ryucr Occa 
 1 other ryiiers, 
 iircania fyliia, 
 • of men made 
 d fierce bulles 
 es, with longe 
 e bealles, the 
 ia by Smolenfe 
 very flypperye 
 e is performed 
 howt difficulte 
 maryfflies and 
 feyes made of 
 her vynes nor 
 or tafte except 
 I wynde. Yet 
 nefl. kynde of 
 ;s of pulfe, as 
 afmuch as the 
 c mens hyues, 
 ilowed launes, 
 to caule them 
 laffes of honj' 
 can not feeke 
 nge great and 
 the duke of 
 Ijande man of 
 cended into a 
 hony for the 
 lifpayrynge of 
 into the tree, 
 nd o])ortunitie 
 ith nis armes, 
 id therwith to 
 
 ly herewith to 
 heyr mouthcs 
 ades, as Uons 
 le headelonge 
 Ife deade with 
 inuade bulles, 
 fayth Plinie) 
 
 bryngcth furth her l-; .th the. xxx. [thirtieth] day and oftentymes two. Theyr byrth is a certeync whyte mafle of 
 flefflie withowt forme and little bigger then a moufe withowt eyes, and withowt heare, with onely the nayles 
 or clawes conimynge foorthe. But the damme with continuall lyckynge, by lyttle and lyttle figurethe the informe 
 byrthe. When (hee entereth into the denne whiche ihee hath chofen, (hee creepeth thyther with her belly 
 vpwarde lelle the place fliulde bee founde by the (leppes of her fiete. And being there deliuered of her byrthe, 
 lemaynethe in the fame place for the fpace of. xiiii. dayes immoueable as wryteth Ariftoteles. They lyue 
 withowt meate fortie dayes, and for that tyme fufteyne them felues only by lyckynge and fuckyng theyr ryght 
 foote. At the lengthe chaunfynge to fynde meate, they fyll theym felues fo full, that they remedy that furfecte 
 by vomyte whiche they prouokc by eatynge of antes. Theyr byrthe is oppreffed with fo heauy a lleape for the 
 fpace of. xiiii. dayes, that it can not bee rayfed eyther with prickinge or woundes, and in the meane tyme growe 
 exceadynge fat. After, xiiii. dayes they wake from fleepe, and begyn to licke and fucke the foles of theyr fore 
 fiete and lyue thereby for a fpace : Nor yet is it apparent that they Hue by any other meate vntyll the fprynge 
 tyme of the yeare. At whiche tyme begynnynge to runne abrode, they fcede of the tender buds and younge 
 fprigges or brnnnrJica ot trees, and other herbes correfpondent to theyr lyppes. 
 
 Before fiue hundreth yeares, the Mofcouites honoured the goddes of the gentyles: And then fyrfte receaued 
 the Chriftian faith when the byflhoppes of Grecia began to difcentfrom thechurcheof the Latines: and therfore 
 receaued the rites of the Greekes. They minifter the facrament with fermented breade vnder both kyndes : 
 And thinke that the foules of deade menne are not helped with the fufiragies of preeftes, nor yet by the deuotion 
 of theyr frendes or kinffolkes: Alfo that the place of Purgatorie is a fable. In the tyme of the diuine feruice, 
 the hyftorie of the miracles of Chrifte and the Epiflels of faynt Paule are rehearfed owt of the pulpitte. Beyonde 
 Mofcouia, are manye people whiche they caule Scythians, and are partely fubiecte to the Prince of Mofcouia. 
 Thefe are they which duke luan fubdued, as are the people of Perm, Balkird, Czriremiffa, luhra, Corela, and 
 Permfka. Thefe people were Idolatours before the duke compelled theym to baptifme, and appoynted a byflhop 
 ouer them named Steuen, whom the Barbarians after the departure of the duke, fleyde alyue and flewe. But 
 the duke retumyng fliortly after, afflicted them fore and afligned them a newe byfllioppe. 
 
 It is here alfo to bee noted that the owlde Cofmographers fayned that in thefe regions towarde the Northe 
 pole, there fliuld bee certeyne great mountaynes which they cauled Ripheos and Hyperboreos, which neucr- 
 theleffe are not founde in nature. It is alfo a fable that the ryuers of Tanais and Volham doo fprynge owt of 
 hygh mountaynes, wheras it is apparent that both thefe ryuers and many other, ha.ie theyr originall in the 
 playnes. 
 
 Nexte to Mofcouia, is the frutefuU region of Colmogora throwgh the whiche runneth the ryuer of Diuidna 
 beinge the greateft that is knowen in the north partes of the world. This ryuer increafeth at certeyne tymes of 
 the yeare as dooth the ryuer of Nilus in Egypte, ouerfloweth the fyeldes round abowt, and with abundaunce of 
 fatte moyfture, refifteth the couldeneffe of the ayer. Wheate fowne in the grounde, groweth abundauntly 
 withowt plowynge: and fearynge the newe iniurie of the proude ryuer, fpryngeth, groweth, and rypeth with 
 woonderfuU celeritie of haflynge nature. 
 
 Into the ryuer of Diuidna runnethe the ryuer of luga : And in the very angle or comer where they meete, 
 is a famous marte towne named Vftiuga, beinge a hundreth and fyftie myles diftant from the chiefe citie of Mofca. 
 To this mart towne from the hygher countreys, are fent the precious furres of martemes, fables, woolues and 
 fuch other whiche are exchaunged for dyuers other kyndes of wares and marchaundics. 
 
 Hytherto Munfterus. 
 
 And forafmuche as many doo maruaile that fuche plentie of hony fhuld bee in fo 
 coole a contrey, I haue thought good to declare the reafon and naturall caufe hereof. 
 It is therefore to be confidered that lyke as fpices, gums, and odoriferous frutes are engendered in hot regions by 
 continuall heate duryng al the hole yeare withowt impreflion of the mortifying qualitie of could wherby al thynges are 
 conftrayned as they are dilated by heate, euen fo in could and moyft regions (whofe moyfture is thinner and more 
 wateryffhe then in hot regions)are flowres engendered more abundantly as caufed by impreflion of leffe and faynter 
 heate woorkynge in thynne matter of wateryfihe moifl.ure lefle concocte then the matter of gummesand fpices and 
 other vnctuous frutes and trees growing in hotte regions. For althoughe (as Munfter faithe here before) the region 
 of Mofcouia beareth nother vines or oliues, or any other frutes of "weete fauoure by reafon of the couldenefle therof, 
 neuerthelefle forafmuch as floures (wherof hony is chiefely gatnei cd) may in fommer feafon growe abundantly in the 
 playnes, maryflhes, and wooddes, not onely on the grownde but alfo on trees in coulde regions, it is agreeable to good 
 reafon that great plentie of honye fliulde bee in fuche regions as abounde with floures, which are brought furthe 
 with the fyrft degree of heate and fyrft approch of the fonne, as appeareth in the fprynge tyme not onely by the 
 fpringinge of floures in fyeldes and gardeynes, but alfo of bloflbmes of trees fpryngynge before the leaues or 
 frute, as the lyghter and thynner matter fyrfte drawne owte with the lowefte and leafte degree of heate, as the 
 
 Z 2 991 
 
 261 
 
 The beares denne. 
 
 Benre<i lyiie 
 withowt inente. xU 
 [forty) dayes. 
 
 The sleape of 
 bcarcs. 
 
 The re!!pon of the 
 Mo&cuuiteft. 
 
 The Scythians 
 suhiectc to the 
 tluke of Moscouia. 
 
 It was then an 
 opinion that al 
 rijers spron^'e 
 owte of moniaines 
 
 The fntteful 
 region of 
 Coimogora. 
 I'he great riucr 
 Uiuidna. 
 
 Whente withowt 
 plowing 
 
 The ryuer of luga. 
 
 Vstiiiga. 
 
 Furrea. 
 
 The nalunill cause 
 of much hony in 
 could regions. 
 G'jmmes and 
 spices in hot 
 countreys. 
 
 Floures iii coulde 
 rceiona 
 
 262 
 
 Flourei of trees. 
 
 niossoomes of 
 irccb 
 
^m 
 
 ¥^ 
 
 H 
 
 :\ 
 
 294 
 
 0/ Mofcoitic and Cathay. 
 
 An excinple of the 
 degrees uf heate. 
 
 The Keneralion of 
 flourus by 
 moderate heate. 
 
 I.onf^e daye» and 
 ahortc ny^htcs. 
 
 Kraiiible and 
 feme. 
 
 Spices. 
 
 The uuoure of 
 tluures. 
 
 What Plinie 
 wr>"tcth of hony. 
 
 Serius is 
 
 otherwvse entiled 
 Canicula, this is 
 the cioKge, of 
 whom the 
 canicular dayes 
 haue thcyr name. 
 
 What is hony 
 
 Hnwe hony is 
 cuiTupted. 
 
 Hony of great 
 qiLiiiiitie in North 
 regions 
 
 263 
 
 Hnt nyghtes in 
 coulde regions. 
 
 A similitude. 
 
 Natural heat 
 dooth subtyle and 
 digest all thynges. 
 
 Subtyle vapoun 
 digested by heate. 
 
 Could regions 
 Ziglerua. 
 
 lyke is feene in the arte of flyllynge wherby all thinne an<l lyght moyflures are lyftcd vp by the fyrfle degree of 
 the fyre: and the heuyeft antl thickefl moyftures are drawne owt with more vehement fyre. As we may therfore 
 in this cafe compare the generation of floures to the heate of May, the generation of gunimes to the heate of 
 lune and fpices to the heate of Inly. Euen fo in fuche coulde regions whofe foommer agreeth rather with the 
 temperate heate and moydiire of May then with th[e]extreeme heate of the other monethcs, that heate is more 
 apt to brynge foorth abundance of tloures as thynges caufed by motlerate heate, as playncly appeareth by theyr 
 tafl and fauoure in which is no fharpe qualitie of heate eyther bytynge the toonge or otTenilyng the head as is 
 in fpices, gumnies, and frutes of hotte regions. And as in could and jilayne regions, moderate heate with 
 abundance of moiflure, are caufes of the generation of floures (as I haue fayde) fo lykewyfe the length of the 
 dayes and fliortnefle and warmenefle of the nyghtes in fommer feafon in fuche coulde regions, is a greate helpe 
 herunto. Cardanus wryteth in his booke De Planth, that bramble and fearne growe not but in could regions, 
 as dooth wheate in temperate regions. And that fpices and hotte feedes, can not growe in coulde regions, 
 forafmuch as beinge of thinne fubllaunce, they fliulde foone be mortified and extinct by exceffiue could. For 
 (as he fayth) notiiing can concocte, rype, and attenuate the fubftance ot frutes withowt the helpe of ayer 
 agreable to the natures of fuch thynges as are brought foorth in the fame, althowgh it may doo this in rootes. 
 But in maner all floures are of fweete fauour, forafmuch as the moyfture that is in them, being thinne and but 
 lyttle, is by meane heate foone and eafely concocte or made ry])e. Such alfo as are foone rype, are foone 
 rotten according to the prouerbe. 
 
 Plinie, althowgh in the. xi. booke of his naturall hyftorie, Cap. viii. he wryteth that hony is gathered of 
 the floures of all trees and fets of plantes, except forell and the herbe caulcd Chawpode (which fume caule 
 goofe foote) yet he aflirmeth that it defcendeth from the ayer: for in the. xii. chapyture of the fame booke, he 
 wryteth thus. 
 
 This coommeth from the ayer at the ryfynge of certeyne ftarres, and efpecially at the ryfynge ofSirius, and 
 not before the ryfyng of Vergilia (which are the feuen ilarres cauled Pleiades) in the fprynge of the day. For 
 then at the mornynge fprynge, the leaues of trees are founde moid with a fat dcwe : In fo much that fuch as 
 haue bynne abrode vnder the firmamente at that tyme, haue theyr apparell annoynted with lyquoure and the 
 heare of theyr headde clammy. And whether this bee the fwette of heauen, or as it were a certeyne fpettyl of the 
 (larres, eyther the iuife of the ayer pourgynge it felfe, I wolde it were pure, liijuide, and fimple of his owne nature 
 as it fyrfle fauleth from aboue. But nowe defcendyng fo far, and infected not only with fuch vncleane vapoures 
 and exhalations, as it meteth with by the way, but afterward alfo corrupted by the leaues of trees, herbes, and 
 floures of fundrye tafles and qualities, and lykewyfe afwel in flomackes of the bees (for they vomite it at theyr 
 mouthes) as alfo by longe referuynge the fame in hiues, it neuerthelelTe reteyneth a great parte of the heauenly 
 nature. &c. Ageyne in the. xiiii. chapiture of the fame booke, he wrjtethe that in certeyne regions toward the 
 north, as in fum places of Germanic, hony is found in fuch quantitie that there haue bynne feene hony combes of 
 eyght foote longe, and blacke in the holowe parte. By the whiche woordes of Plinie, and by the princijiles of natu- 
 rall philofophie, it dooth appere that abundaunce of hony fliulde chiefely bee engendered in fuch regions where the 
 heate of foommer is temperate and continuall afwell by nyght as by day as it isnotinhotteregionswhere the nyghtes 
 be longe and coulde as is declared in the Decades. For lyke as fuche thynges as are fyned by continuall heate, 
 mouynge, and circulation, are hyndered by refrigeration or coulde (as appereth in the art of flyllynge and 
 hatchynge of egges) euen fo by the action of temperate and continuall heate withowt interpofition of contrarie 
 and mortifyinge qualitie, crude thynges are in fliorte tyme made rype, fower made fweete, thicke made thinne, 
 heauie made lyght, grofTe made fubtyle, harde made fofte, deade made lyu) nge, and in fine bodies made fpirites, 
 as manifeflly appeareth in the marueylous woorke of dygeflion of lyuyng bealles, wherby the finefl part of theyr 
 nuriflhement is turned into bludde, and the finefl of that bludde conuerted into fpirites, as the like is alfo feene 
 in the nuryflhement of trees, plantes, and herbes, and all other thynges that growe on tlie grounde, all whiche 
 are moued, digefled, fubtiliate, attenuate, ryped, and made fweete by the action of this continuall heate wherof 
 I haue fpoken. To conclude therfore, if hony bee eyther the fwette of the flarres, or the iuife of the ayer 
 pourginge it felfe (as plinie writeth) or other wyfe engendered of fubtyle and fine vapoures ryfmge fronie the 
 earth, and concocte or digefl.ed in the ayer by the fayd continuall and moderate heate, it may feeme by good 
 reafon that the fame fhulde bee engendered in foommer feafon more abundantly in coulde regions then in hot, 
 for the caufes aforefayde. And that it may by autoritie and reafon more manifefllye appeare bothe that the 
 heate of foommer in could regions is continual (as I haue fayd) and alfo that the coulde in wynter is not there 
 fo intollerable to th[e]inhabitauntes of thofe regions as other doo thynke, I haue thought good for the better 
 declaration hereof to adde hereunto what I haue gathered owt of the booke of Ziglerus wrytten of the north 
 regions. 
 
 »M 
 
 I I 
 
i! 
 
 295 
 
 le degree of 
 nay tlierfore 
 the heate of 
 ler with the 
 .•ate is more 
 L'th by thcyr 
 c head as is 
 heate with 
 .■ngth of tlie 
 Treate helpe 
 uld regions, 
 ilile regions, 
 could. For 
 jljie of ayer 
 lis in rootes. 
 line and but 
 e, are foone 
 
 gathered of 
 fume caule 
 e booke, he 
 
 ' Sirius, and 
 
 e day. For 
 
 that fuch as 
 
 )ure and the 
 
 pettyl of the 
 
 owne nature 
 
 ne vapoures 
 
 herbes, and 
 
 e it at theyr 
 
 he heauenly 
 
 toward the 
 
 combes of 
 
 l)lesofnatu- 
 
 whcre the 
 
 the nyghtes 
 
 nuall heate, 
 
 Uynge and 
 
 of contrarie 
 
 ade thinne. 
 
 ide fpirites, 
 
 art of theyr 
 
 alfo feene 
 
 all whiche 
 
 late wherof 
 
 )f the ayer 
 
 frome the 
 
 le by good 
 
 len in hot, 
 
 e that the 
 
 not there 
 
 the better 
 
 the north 
 
 C OF THE NORTH REGIONS 
 
 AND OF THE MODERATE AND CONTINVALL HEATE 
 
 in coulde regions aluell in the nyght as in the day in 
 
 foommer feafon : Alfo howe thofe regions are 
 
 habitable to th[e]inhabitauntes of the 
 
 fame, contrary to th[e]oppinion 
 
 of the ovvlde wryters. 
 
 F this matter, Ziglerus in his booke of the Northe 
 regions in the defcription of Scondia wryteth as 
 foloweth. 
 
 Wee wyll intreate of this matter, not .is puttynge the fame 
 in queflion as dyd the owld wryters, nor g.itherynj^e iudgcment 
 deducted of reafons in way of argument, forafmuch as wee 
 are alredy more certeyne by hyflorie that thefe coulde regions 
 are inhabited. Wee wyll fyrll therfore fliewe by naturall reafon 
 and by confidcr.ition of the fphere, decl.ire how by the helpe 
 of m.in .ind arte, coulde regions are inhabited withowt donwge 
 or dcftruction of lyuynge beartes : And wyll fyrfte fpeake of 
 the qualitie of fommer, declarynge howe it is there augmented. 
 Yet intende I not to comprehende all that maye bee fayde in 
 this matter, but only rehearfe fuch reafons and fimilitudes as 
 are mod apparent and eafy to bee vnderlloode. 
 
 In fuch regions therfore, as are extended from the burnte 
 line or Eiiuinoctiall towarde the north, as much as the fonne ryfethe hygher ouer theim, fo muche are they tlie 
 more burnte \\'\\\\ he.ite, as Affrica, bycaufe it ryfcth hyghefl ouer them as they are nearell to the Equinoctiall : 
 and taryinge with theim fo much tlie fliorter time caufeth fliorter d.ays, with longer and coulder nyghtes to 
 reftore the domage of the day pad by reafon of the moiflure confumed by vapour. But in fuch regions ouer 
 the which the fonne r)feth lower (as in Sarmatia) it reniayneth there the longer in the day, and caufeth fo much 
 the fliorter and warmer nyghtes, as reteynynge warme vapoures of the day part, which vajiours helpe the 
 woorke of the d.ay. I fpeake as I haue founde by experience, faytlie Vpliilienfis. For I haue felt the fommer 
 nyghtes fcarfely tollerable for heate in Gothlande, wheras I felte them coulde in Rome. Tl-.is benefite of th[e]- 
 increafe of the day, doth augment fo much the more in coulde regions as they .-.re nearer the poles: and 
 ceaceth not vntyll it coonie directly ouer the center or poynte of the axes or axceltree of the worlde, where the 
 fonne beinge at the hyghefl in fommer, is eleuate abowt. xxiiii. degrees: In which regions, one continual day 
 confideth of. vi. monetlies from the fi)rynge tyme by the dandynge of the foonne (cauled Solditium) in the 
 figne of Cancer to Autumne. The foonne therfore, withowt .any offence of the night, gyueth his influence 
 vppon thofe landes with heate that neuer ceafethe duryngc that tyme which maketh to the great increafe of 
 foommer by reafon of continuance. We haue now therfore thought good to gather by a certeyne coniecture 
 howe greately wee thinke the foommer to bee increafed hereby. 
 
 Wee haue before declared howe hyghe the foonne is eleuate ouer the regions that .irr.- vndcr the poles at 
 the daye of the foonne: And fo ni.lnye partes is it eleuate in Rome at the day of the foonne in wynter (that is) 
 at the diorted day in the yeare. llut here, in the niydde wynter, the foonne at noone tyde is beneficial!, and 
 bryngeth foorth tloures, rofes, and ielcfloures. 1 haue gathered fum i.i wynter in the nioneth of December, 
 not procured at home by humane arte, but growinge in open gardenes in m.aner in euery bedde vnder the bare 
 heaucn, browght foorth only by the foonne. But this benignitie of the foonne, continueth not pad fine houres 
 
 •9S 
 
 Ziglerus. 
 
 The qiinlitie of 
 iUDtllLT ill cuuld 
 regions. 
 
 The course of llie 
 Sonne. 
 
 Vapours. 
 
 Short and Warme 
 nyghtes. 
 
 Gothlanda 
 
 264 
 
 One d.iy nf. vi 
 inonethcs. 
 
 Hnwethe ^nmiiier 
 it incru.isud in 
 cuuld regiuns. 
 
 Kom& 
 
i' I 
 M 
 
 296 
 
 li 
 
 Could nights in 
 hot regions. 
 
 The Roman* 
 wynter. 
 
 One nvcht ofvi. 
 monethes 
 
 Obtectioos. 
 
 The twylyghtes. 
 
 Thelyghtofthe 
 niunc> 
 
 The nyght vnder 
 the pule. 
 
 A demonstration. 
 
 265 
 
 The Afoone. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Remedies of 
 nature and art. 
 
 The owtde wryters 
 persuaded by 
 cuniccturc 
 
 A bmsen pot 
 brukeu with frost 
 
 Of the north regions. 
 
 in the naturall day, forafmuch as tli[e]operation thcrof is extinct by the couldeneffe of the nyght folowynge. 
 But if this benefite myght bee rcceaued withowt hinderaunce of the nyght, as it is vnder the poles, and fo 
 continue many monethes in hot regions vnto wynter, it fliulde fuerlye brynge foorthe manye woonderfull 
 thynges, if moyfture fayled not. And by this condition thus propounded, wee may well conceaue that the 
 Romane winter, althowgh it be not hotte, yet to be equal in heate to the full fprynge tyme in the fame citie 
 durynge the tyme of the fayde fiue houres. And thus by a fimilitude of the height of the foonne vnder bothe 
 places, and of the knowen qualitie of the Romane heauen, and by th[e]acce(re of the foonne to fuch places 
 where the longefl day continueth certeyne monethes, wee maye gather that Ibommer in places vnder the pole, 
 is lyke vnto and equall with the full Romane fprynge. 
 
 But the more difficulte queftion, is of the tyme of the. vi. moonethes in the whiche the foonne leaueth 
 thofe regions, and go[e]th by the contrarye or ouerthwarte circle towarde the fouth in wynter. For they lay that 
 at that tyme, thofe regions are deformed with horrible darkenefle and nyghtes not increafed, which may bee the 
 caufe that beaftes can not feke the)T foode. And that alfo the coulde fliulde then bee intolerable : by which 
 double euyls all thynges conflrayned fliulde dye, fo that no beafte were able to abyde th[e]iniuries of wynter 
 and famen infuinge therof: but that all beaftes fliulde peryflhe before the fommer folowynge, when they fliulde 
 bringe furth theyr broode or fucceflion : And that for thefe caufes, the fayde coulde clime fliulde bee perpetu- 
 ally defolate and vnhabitable. To al which obiections, we anfwere in this maner 
 
 As touchynge the nyghtes not increafed, I faye, that it was not conuenient to aflume that for any reafon. 
 For not as the foonne fauleth, fo fuddeynly commeth the darke night but that the euenynge dooth fubftitute 
 and prolonge the day longe after, as alfo the day fprynge or dawnynge of the daye gyueth a certeyne lyght 
 before the ryfinge of the foonne: After the whiche, the refidue of the nyght that receaueth no light by the fayde 
 euenynge and mornynge twilightes, is accomplyfflied by the lyght of the moone, fo that the nyghtes are feldome 
 vnaugmented. Let this bee an exemple proued by owre temperate regions, wherby we may vnderflande the 
 condition of the nyght vnder the pole. Therfore euen there alfo the twilightes helpe the nyght a longe tyme, 
 as we wyl more prefently demonftrate. It is approued by the Aftronomers, that the foonne defcendynge from 
 the highell halfe fphere by. xviii. paralels of the vnder horizon, makethe an ende of the twylight, fo that at the 
 lengthe the darke nyght fuccedeth : And that the foonne approchynge, and ryfynge aboue the the hygheft halfe 
 fphere by as many paralels, dooth diminyflhe the nyght and increafe the twylyght Ageyne, by the pofition or 
 placeinge of the fphere vnder the pole, the fame is the horizontall that is the Equinoctiall. Thofe paralelles 
 therefore that are paralels to the horizontal line, are alfo paralels to the Equinoctiall. So that the foonne 
 defcendynge there vnder the horizon, dooth not brynge darke nyghtes to thofe regions vntyll it coomrae to the 
 paralele diflant xviii. partes from the Equinoctiall. 
 
 Other demonftrations hereof are made by certeyne fygures of Aftronomie, whiche I wolde haue added hereunto but that I 
 coulde not gette the fame grauen or cutte. 
 
 Durynge the tyme of thefe fayde fyxe moonethes of darkenefle vnder the pole, the nyght is deflitute of the 
 benefite of the foonne and the fayde twylyghtes, onely for the fpace of three moonethes, in the whiche the 
 foonne goeth and retumeth by the portion of the ouerthwart circle. But yet neyther this tyme of three 
 moonethes is withowt remedy frome heauen. For the moone with her full globe increafed in lyghte, hath 
 accefle at tlut tyme, and illuminateth the moonethes lackynge lyght, euery one by them felues, halfe the courfe 
 of the moonethe : by whofe benefite it coommeth to pafle that the night, named as vnaugmented, poflefieth 
 thofe regions no longer then one mooneth and a halfe, neyther that continually or al at one tyme : but this alfo 
 diuided into three forts of fliorter nyghtes, of the whiche euery one endureth for the fpace of twoo weekes, and 
 are illuminate of the moone accordyngly. And this is the reafon conceaued of the poure of the fphere wherby 
 we teftifie that the fommers and nyghtes vnder the pole, are tollerable to lyuynge beaftes. 
 
 But wee wyll nowe declare by other remedies of nature and arte, that this coulde fo greatly feared, is more 
 remifle and tollerable then owre opinion : fo that compared to the nature of fuch beaftes as Hue there, it may 
 bee abydden. And there is no doubt but there are autours of more antiquitie then that age in the which any 
 thynge was exactly knowen or difcouered of the north regions. The owlde wryters therfore perfuaded onely 
 by naked coniecture, dydde gather what they myght determine of thofe places: Or rather by the eftimation of 
 heauen, the which, bycaufe they felte it to bee hardely tollerable to them felues, and lefle to men borne in the 
 clyme of Egypte and Grecia, tooke therby an argument of the hole habitable earth. The hyftorie of Strabo is 
 knowen, that a potte of brafle which was broken in funder with frofen water, was brought from Pontus and fliewed 
 in Delphis in token of a greuous -vynter. Here therfore, they that fo greatly feared the wnter (fuch as chaunceth 
 to the earth vnder the. xlviii. [forty -eighth] paralele) and therefore confecrated that broken pot to the temple of 
 Apollo, what coulde fuch men trewly define vppon regions fo farre withowt that paralele, whether they were 
 inhabited or not ? But fuch as folowed thefe, being contented with th[e]inuentions of the owlde autours, 
 196 
 
t folowynge. 
 oles, and fo 
 
 woonderfuU 
 laue that the 
 le fame citie 
 vnder bothe 
 
 fuch places 
 ler the pole, 
 
 jnne leaueth 
 they lay that 
 may bee the 
 le : by which 
 ies of wynter 
 1 they fhulde 
 bee perpetu- 
 
 r any reafon. 
 oth fubftitute 
 erteyne lyght 
 by the fayde 
 3 are feldome 
 lerftande the 
 I longe tyme, 
 jndynge from 
 fo that at the 
 hygheft halfe 
 le pofition or 
 lofe paralelles 
 at the foonne 
 )omme to the 
 
 unto but that I 
 
 ;(litute of the 
 
 »e whiche the 
 
 ^me of three 
 
 lyghte, hath 
 
 Ife the courfe 
 
 ed, pofleffeth 
 
 but this alfo 
 
 weekes, and 
 
 ;)here wherby 
 
 ared, is more 
 
 there, it may 
 
 he which any 
 
 fuaded onely 
 
 eftimation of 
 
 borne in the 
 
 e of Strabo is 
 
 s and (hewed 
 
 as chaunceth 
 
 he temple of 
 
 ler they were 
 
 Ide autours, 
 
 M *l 
 
 Of the north regions. 
 
 and borne in mancr vnder the fame qualitic of Iitaucn, pcrfiflcd \vj 11_\ ngly in the fame opinion, with more 
 confidence then confideration of the thynges whereof wee nowe intreate: fo lyghtly was that opinion receaued 
 as touching the vnhabilable clime vnder the poles. But we with better confidence and fiiithe (forafmuch as wo 
 are not inflructed with coniectures) intend to (lande ageynft the fentenc e of the owld autours: Aftirming the 
 north regions within the coulde clime to bee inhabyted with hearynges, coddes, haddockes, and brettcs, 
 tunnyes, and other great fyflhes, with th[e]infinite number wherof, tables are furnyfflied through a great ixirte 
 of Europe : Al whiche are taken in the north fea extended beyonde owr knowcleage. This fea at certeyne 
 tymes of the yeare, poureth furth his plentifulneffe, or rather dryueth furth his incrcafe to fekc newe manfions, 
 and are here taken in theyr paffage. Furthennore alfo, euen the mouthes of the riuer of Tyber receaue a fyflhe 
 as a newe geft fent from the north fea. This fwamme twyfe through Frauncc and twife throughe Spayne : 
 Ouerpaffed the Ligurian and Tufcan fea to communicate her felfe to the citie of Rome. The lakes alfo and 
 ryuers of thofe regions are replenyffhed with fyflhe: In fo much that no poure of coulde is able to extinguyfflie 
 th[e]increafe of the yeare folowinge, and the fucceflion reparable fo many hundreth yeares. And I playnely 
 thinke, that yf it (hulde of neceflitie folowe, that one of thefe two elementes, the earthe and the water, fliulde 
 be deflructiue to lyuynge creatures, the water (hulde chiefely haue wrought this eHfecte. But this is founde fo 
 tractable, that in the diepe wynter, both that incrcafe is brought furth, and fyflhynge is alfo exercifed. The 
 lande is lykewife inhabited with lyke plentifulneffe. But that we wander not to farre : Let the fayth hereof refl 
 in th[e]expofition folowynge, wherin we intend to declare howe by the poure of nature and indudry of man, 
 this commoditie may coomme to pa(re. Therfore as touchynge nature, wee fuppofe that the diuine prouidence 
 hath made nothynge vncommunicable, but to haue gyuen fuch order to all thynges wherby eucry thyngc niaye 
 bee toUerable to the nexte. The extremeties of the elementes confent with theyr next. The ayer is grofle 
 abowt the earth and water: But thinne and hotte abowt the fyre. By this prouidence of nature, the vttermofl 
 fea is very falte. And falte (as wytnefleth Plinie) yeldeth the fatneffe of oyle. But oyle, by a certcyne natiue 
 heate, is of propertie agreable to fyre. The fea then, beinge all of fuch qualitie, poureth furth it felfe far vppon 
 th[e]extreme landes, whereby by reafon of the falteneffe therof, it moueth and (lereth vp generatiue heate, as by 
 fatneflfe it noryfflieth the fecunditie of thynges generate. It gyueth this frutfulnes to the earth at certeyne fluds, 
 although the earth alfo it felfe, haue in his inner bowels the fame liuely and nuryflhynge heate, wherby not only 
 the denncs, caues and holowe places, but alfo fprynges of water are made warme: And this fo much the more, 
 in howe muche the wynter is more vehement. This thyng dooth more appere by this exeniple, that the 
 mountaynes of Norway and Suethlande are fruteful of metals, in the which, fyluer and copper are concoctc and 
 molten into veynes, which can fcarfely bee doonne in fornaces. By this reafon alfo, the vapours and hotte 
 exhalations perceinge the earthe and the waters, and throwghe both thofe natures breathynge furth into the 
 ayer, tempereth the qualitie of heauen and maketh it toUerable to beades, as wytne(Teth the huge byggeneffe of 
 the whales in thofe feas, with the (Irength of bodye and longe lyfe of fuche beades as Hue on the lande : whiche 
 thynge coulde not bee, excepte all thynges were there commodioudy nuryflhed by the benefite of the heauen 
 and the ayer. For nothyng that in the tyme of increafe is hyndered by any iniurie, or that is euyll fedde all 
 the tyme it lyueth, can profper well. Neyther are fuch thynges as lyue there, offended with theyr naturall 
 wynter as thowgh an Egiptian or Ethiopian were fuddeynly conueyed into thofe coulde regions. For they 
 were in Icnge tyme by lyttle and lyttle browght fyrd acquaynted with the nature of that heauen, as may be 
 proued both by the lyfe of man and by the hidorie of holy fcripture. They that were led from Mefopotania, 
 and that famous towre of Babilon towarde the north partes of the worlde in the fyrd difpertion of nations, d)d 
 not immediatly paffe to th[e]extreme boundes, but planted theyr habitations fyrd vnder a myddle heauen 
 betwene both, as in Thracia and Pontus, where theyr poderitie was accudomed the better to fudeyne Uie 
 rygoure of Scythia and Tanais, as he that commeth from winter to foommer, maye the better after abyde Ife 
 and fnowe beine"" ''yfl hardened therto by the frodes of Autumne. In lyke maner mortall men, accudomed to 
 beare the hardenelTe of places nexte vnto thej m, were therby at the length more confirmed to fudeyne the 
 extremes. And h»"" " if any fliarpenelfe remayne that maye feeme intollerable, nature hathe prouyded for 
 the fame with other rt. .dies. For the lande and fea, hathe gyuen vnto beades, diepe and large caues, denncs, 
 and other holowe places and fecreate comers in mountaynes and rockes, bothe on the lande and by the fea 
 bankes, in the which are euer conteyned warme vapoures fo much the more intent and vehement, in howe 
 much they are the more condrayned by extreme could Nature hath alfo gyuen valleys diuerted and defended 
 frome the north wyndes. Shee hath lykewife couered beades with heare fo much the thicker in howe muche 
 the vehemencie of could is greater: by reafon wherof the bed and r)'ched furres are browght from thofe 
 regions, as Sables whofe price is growne to great excelfe nexte vnto gold and precious dones, and are edemed 
 princely ornamentes. The beades that beare thefe furres, are hunted chiefely in wynter (which thynge is more 
 draunge) bycaufe theyr heare is thenne thicker and cleaueth fader to the (kyn. Howe greauous then (hall we 
 thinke the winter to bee there where this lyttle bead lyueth fo well, and where the hunters may fearch 
 
 297 
 
 Fynslic^ nf the 
 Nurth Koa. 
 
 The Nurth kcx 
 
 The (|U.'iUtiv of 
 w.itcr. 
 
 The l:iiulc 
 
 The ditiiiie 
 pniuittciii'c in 
 nii><lcialyii);i: the 
 cluiiicntsi 
 
 266 
 
 The nature of tlie 
 sen. 
 Salte. 
 Generatiue hea'.c. 
 
 Owtwanle cctiM U 
 cause of inwardu 
 hcatc. 
 
 Metals. 
 
 Vapours nnd 
 exhalations. 
 
 Whales. 
 
 Beaste& 
 
 Herehy m.iyc bee 
 Considered the 
 cause of the 
 dcathe of (iwr im.'n 
 that sayle directly 
 to Guinea. 
 No passage from 
 one extrcinitie to 
 another but by :i 
 ineanc. 
 
 ii 
 
 Caues and dcnnes> 
 
 Valleys. 
 
 The best furres. 
 Sables. 
 
 997 
 
TT 
 
 298 
 
 Of the north regions. 
 
 W 
 
 Renitlen that lye 
 hyd in wynter. 
 
 All henitte* hniie 
 thenntiire of the 
 place where they 
 an engendered. 
 
 267 
 
 What exercise 
 niuy duu. 
 
 Vse mnkuth 
 nia&terieft. 
 
 i 
 
 Scondub 
 
 Scone. 1« fayre in 
 the duch tuunge. 
 
 The fertilitie of 
 Scundia. 
 
 :\ 
 
 He meaneth 
 Diodonu Siculus. 
 
 TJitelinuasions of 
 the Uothet 
 
 TransUuania 
 
 268 
 
 the (Icnncs and hauntes of fuch bcalles throwghe the woo(klcs and fnowe? Rut fuche beaftcs the 
 condition of whofe bodies is fo tender that they are not able to abyde th[c]iniuric of couldc, eythcr 
 lye hyddc in wynter, or chaiinge thcyr habitation, as do certeyne beafles alfo in owre clime. Nature 
 hath furthermore gyuen remedie to man bothe by arte and induflry to defende him felfe both abrode 
 and at home. Abroilc, with a thicke vefture, and the fame well dowbeled. At home, with large fyers 
 on harthes, chymyneys, and in (looues for the day, with clofe chambers, and couches, fofte and warme beddes 
 for the nyght: by whiche remedies they mitigate the winters which feeme rigorous to ftraungers, althowghe they 
 are to th[e]inhabitauntes more toUerable then owre opinion, as in deede by the fyrft natural mixture or 
 compofition of theyr bodies, fuch thinges are agreable to them as feeme very harde to other. The lion in AfTrike 
 and the beare in Sarmatia, are fierce as in theyr prefente ftrength and vigoure: but tranflated into a contrary 
 heauen, are of lefTe ftrength and courage. The foule cauled Ciconia (which fum thinke to bee the ftorke) 
 dooth not tary the winter : yet doo the cranes coomme at that tyme. The Scythian wyll accufe the Romane 
 heauen as indiiceinge feuers, wheras neuerthelelTe there is none more holfoome. Such as haue byn tenderly 
 browght vp, if they coomme fuddeynly in to the cimpe, can not away with hunger, watchynge, hcate, paflages 
 throwgh ryuers, battayles, fieges, and aflaultes. But the owld fouldier cxercifed in the warres, vfeth thefe as 
 meditations of the fielde, as hardened therto by longe experience. He that hath byn accuftomed to the 
 fliadowe of the citie, and wyll attemple the fayinge of the poet Virgil, Nudus ara, fere nudiis, that is, naked and 
 bare withowt houfe and home, ftiall to his perell make an ende of the verfe, Habebis frigora fcbrcm (that is) 
 he fliall haue tlie coulde ague. Suche thynges therfore ai feeme harde vnto vs, beinge accuftomed by lyttle and 
 lyttle, becomme more tollerable: In fo much that this exercife of fufteraunce by fuch degrees, dooth oftentymes 
 grow to prodigious effectes farre beyonde owre expectation. And thus wee feeme to haue made fufhcient 
 demonftration, by heauen, nature, and arte, wherby it may appere that no part of the lande or fca is denyed to 
 lyuynge creatures. The reader may alfo perceaue how large matter of reafons and exemples may bee opened 
 for the declarynge of owre opinion wherein wee reft. Let therfore th[e]autoritie of the ancient autours gyue 
 place, and the confent of the newe wryters agree to this hyftor)', not as nowe at the length comprehended 
 (whereas before many hundreth yeares Germanic and Scondia had entercourfe of marchaundies not feuered by 
 the large goulfe of (iothia) but as nowe by owr commentaries brought to light And hauyng fayde thus much 
 in maner of a preface, we wyll nowe precede to wTyte of the north regions. 
 
 m SthoNDIA. 
 
 [Chondia, Schondania, or Schondenmarchia, is as much to fay as fayre Dania or fayre Denmarke. 
 riinie in one place, n.imeth it Scandia, and in an other, Scandinauia if there bee no faute in 
 th[e]exemplers. It was named Schondia, by reafon of the fayrenefle and frutfulnefle therof. 
 And this afwell for that in beneficiall heauen, fertilitie of grounde, cor iioditie of hauens and 
 marte townes, abundaunce of ryuers of fyfflie, plentie of beaftes, great quantitie of metall, as 
 golde, fyluer, copper, and leadc, diligent culturynge the grounde, with townes and cities wel 
 inhabited and gouemed by ciuile lawes, it gyuethe place to none other fortunate region. 
 This was in maner vnknowen to the owlde Greekes and Latins as may appeare by this argumente that with one 
 confente they affirmed that in thefe north regions the could zone or clime, was condenmed to perpetuall fnowe 
 intoUerable to all lyuynge creatures. For few of them haue made mention hereof as to be inhabited. Amonge 
 whom Plinie as one of the chiefe, fayth in his fourth booke, that Schondania is of vnknowen byggenelTe : and 
 only that portion therof to be knowen which is inhabited with the nation of the Hilleuiones in fiftie vyllages. 
 Neyther yet is Eningia lefle in opinion. Other more auncient then Plinie, haue placed moft fortunate regions, 
 with men of longe lyfe (whiche the Greekes caule Macrobios) and of mofte innocer.te behauour vnder the tracte 
 of thofe landes: and that there came from thence to Delphos, certeyne religious vTginnes with vowes and gyftes 
 confecrated to Apollo: And furthermore that that nation obferued this inftitution vntyll the fayde virgins were 
 violated of them of whome they were receaued as ftraungers. Thefe are moft cleare teftimonies of Antiquitie, 
 both of the greatnefl"e of Schondia, and the people that inhabite the fame, althowgh they were fence vnknowen, 
 as lykewyfe the Gothes departynge from thefe no.th landes althowghe they obteyned Th[e]empire of the rcRions 
 abowte the mariffties of Meotis and the coaftes of the fea Euxinus, with the realme of Denmarke (when " 
 is thought to bee a portion which is nowe cauled Tranfiluania) and the bankes of the ryuer of Uani 
 in fine inuaded the Romane Empire, yet were not the regions wel knowen from whenfe they to ^yr 
 
 originall. Therefore lyke as parte of the owlde wryters are vnfufficient wytnefles to teftifie of owre i. ions 
 as touchynge thefe landes vnknowen to them, Euen fo the other parte which excluded the fame as vnhabit.'le, 
 are to bee conuinced leafte theyr autoritie beinge admitted, ftiuld engender opinions not agreeable or conucnient 
 to the nature of places. Sigifmundus Libenis, in his commentaries of Mofcouia, wiyteth thus. Scandia or 
 908 
 
Of the north regions. 
 
 299 
 
 : bcaftcs the 
 ouldc, eythcr 
 ime. Nature 
 
 both abrodc 
 ;h large fyers 
 tvarme bcddes 
 Ithowghe they 
 al mixture or 
 lion in Affrike 
 nto a contrary 
 ;e the ftorke) 
 u the Romane 
 ; byn tenderly 
 leate, paflages 
 vfeth thefe as 
 Lomed to the 
 is, naked and 
 ibrcm (that is) 
 I by lyttle and 
 )th oftentymes 
 lade fufficient 
 a is denyed to 
 ly bee opened 
 
 autours gyue 
 :omprehended 
 lot feuered by 
 rde thus much 
 
 re Denmarke. 
 
 ee no faute in 
 
 ulncfTe therof. 
 
 of hauens and 
 of metall, as 
 
 and cities wel 
 
 :unate region, 
 that with one 
 
 petuall fnowe 
 d. Amonge 
 gene'iTe: and 
 
 fiftie vyllages. 
 
 mate regions, 
 ler the tracte 
 
 ifes and gyftes 
 virgins were 
 
 )f Antiquitie, 
 e vnknowen, 
 )f the rcf^ions 
 (wher' 'int 
 lani ^i 
 
 to loyr 
 
 re n, ions 
 vnhaljii. le, 
 >r conuenient 
 Scandia or 
 
 Scondia, is no Hand (as fume haue thought) but parte of the continentc or firme lande of Suetia, which by a 
 longc tracte rcachcth to Gothlande; And that nowc the kynge of Ucnmarkc polfclTeth a great |)artc therof. But 
 whcras the wryters of thefe thingos haue made Scondia greater then Suetia, and that the Gothes and I.innbarilcs 
 came frome thcnfe, they foeme in my opinion to comprehenile thefe three kyngedomcs as it were in one body, 
 only vniler the name of Scondia, forafmuch as then, that parte of lande that lyeth betwene the fca Dalthcum 
 (whiche flowelh by the oafles nf Finlandia) and the frofen fca, was vnknowen: And that by reafon of fo many 
 marifflies, innumerable ryuers, and intemperatnelTe of heauen, it is yet rude vncultured, and lyttle knowen. 
 Which thynge hath byn the caufe that fummc iudged all that was cauled by the name of Scondia, to bee one 
 great I lande. 
 
 H Gronlande. 
 
 Ronlande is interpreted greene hnde: fo cauled for the great increafe and frutefulnefle of 
 paflure. By reafon wherof, what great plentie of cattayle there is, it may hereby appere that 
 at fuch tyme as (hyppes may pafle thyther they fet furth great heapes of cheefe and butter to 
 bee foiiM, wherby wee coniecture that the lande is not rowgh with barren mountaynes. It 
 hath two Cathedrall Churches vniler th[e]ordinatlon of Nidrofia. To one of thefe, was of 
 late yeares a byflliop api)oyntcd one!) 'ly the tytle of a fuffragane in confideration that while 
 the metropolitane dooth neglect the direction of religion for the diftance of the place and 
 difficult nauigation, the people is in maner faulne to gentilitie, beinge of them felfe of moiiable wyttes and gyuen 
 to magical artes. For it is fayde that they (as alfo the people of Laponia) doo rayfe tenii)e(les on the fea with 
 magical inchauntmentes, and brynge fuch fliippes into daungeour as they intende to fjjoile. They vfe lyttle 
 (liyppes made of lether, and fafe ageynfte the brufynge of the fea and rockes, and with them affayle other 
 (hippes. Peter Martyr of Angleria, writeth in his Decailes of the Spanifllie nauigations, that Scbaflian Cabote 
 fayling from Englande continually towarde the north, folowed that courfe fo farre that he chaunfed vppon 
 :.roate flakes of Ife in the mooneth of luly : and that diuertynge from thenfe, he folowed the coalle by the fliore 
 bendynge towarde the South vntyl he came to the clime of the Ilande of Hifpaniola aboue Cuba, an Hand of 
 the Canibales. Which narratio. hath giuen me occafion to extende Gronlande bcyonde the promontory or cape of 
 Huitfarch to the continente or firme lande of Lapponia aboue the cailell of Wardhus: which thynge I did the 
 rather for that the reuerende Archebyfflioppe of Nidrofia, conflantely affirmed that the fea bendethe there into 
 the forme of a crooked elbowe. It agreeth herewith alfo, that the Lapones confent with them in the lyke magi- 
 cal practifes and doo neyther imbrafe the Chriflian religion nor refufe it : wherby I haue thowght this lykenelTe 
 of ciiflomes to bee betwene them bycaufe they ioyne togyther in one continent. The diflance lykewyfc, feemeth 
 not to difagree. For betwene both thefe people, the diflance is not full twoo hundreth Schoeni, euery one being 
 a fpace of grounde conteinyng. Ix. [sixty] furlonges, which make. vii. [seven] myles and a halfe. It furthermore 
 ag! 'ct' with this coniecture that Cabote chaunfed into fuch Ife. And albeit as touchynge the mooneth of luly, 
 I w)'il contend it is not well reherfed, no althowghe he had fayled vnder the pole, for fuch reafons as wee haue 
 dt' (ared before to the contrary, neuerthelelTe, that at fum tyme he fayled by Ife, this teflifieth in that he fayled 
 not by the mayne fea, but in places nere vnto the lande comprehendyng and imbrafyng the fea in forme o. a 
 goulfe, wheras for the fame caufe, the goulfe of Gothland is frofen bycaufe it is flreyght and narow, in the whiche 
 alfo the lyttle quantitie of fait water is ouercoome by the abundance of frefflie water of many and greate ryuers 
 that faule into the goulfe. But betwene Norwaye and Illande, the fea is not frofen for the contrary caufe, 
 forafmuch as the poure of freffhe water is there ouercomme of th[e]abundance of the falte water. Thee is a 
 fame (but of vncerteyne autoritie) that the Spanyardes fayle at this prefente to Gronlande, and to .".ri other lande 
 which they caule Tetra viridis, that is, the greene lande, bringynge from thenfe fuche wares as are founde in 
 Gronlande. Towarde the north, it reacheth to the vnknowen lande vnder the pole, from whenfe alfo the 
 theues and robbers of the Pigmei coomme into this lande. Whiche is an argument that the regions vnder the 
 pole are inhabited and almofl enuironed with the fea, as are they whiche the Cofmographers caule Cherfonnefi 
 or Peninfulx (that is) almofl Ilandes : 
 
 1^" ne defcription of Gronlande. 
 f[ The defcription of the Eaflfyde whiche lyeth towarde Norway. 
 
 •Wardhus caftell. 
 Towarde the North. 
 The fyrll extention. 
 
 (Longitude] 
 degrees] [o^ 
 
 53- 30' 
 
 40. [oQ 
 
 [Latitude] 
 
 70. 30' 
 
 71. 30'. 
 71. 40' 
 
 The feconde extention. 
 Huitfarch. promont 
 The extention. 
 
 [Longitude' 
 
 28. [0' 
 
 [Latitude.] 
 
 72. [0'] 
 
 22. [oq 
 
 67. [C] 
 
 5. M 
 
 61. 45' 
 
 356. [0'] 
 
 60. [0'] 
 
 It is continued from thenfe by the coafles of the lande of Baccallaos. 
 
 Towarde the wed and north, it is termined with an vnknowen ende of landes and feas. 
 
 (* Wardoehuus Ls the chief village of Wardoe, an island on the N.E. coast of Norway, beyond the North Cape and near Waranger Fiord. Its true N. Lat. 
 it 70^ 33', and E. Long. 31° 7'. Therefore Ziegler's meridian in all the following dates (being 54 degrees west of Wardoehuus) is really 33 degrees W. Long., 
 and that thercf he places Baccallos4degreesstillfurthcr west— fixes it 1037*' V/. Long., which is, in high latitudes, thelongitudeofapartuf Greenland.— £. A.] 
 
 399 
 
 The Onthes and 
 LuiuUuiivfc 
 
 Frutefull pasture. 
 
 Retiginn 
 nuglucteJ. 
 
 Inchaunten 
 
 The vyage nf 
 Suli.istian Uibote 
 to the fro&cn sua. 
 
 Oronlandflb 
 Wardhus. 
 
 r.ippnni.i and 
 Grunlaiide. 
 
 Schocnl 
 
 Calmte tould me 
 that this Isc is uf 
 frusshc water, und 
 nut uf the sea. 
 
 A commixtinn of 
 
 salt water and 
 
 frcsshc. 
 
 The sea betwene 
 
 Nurway and 
 
 Islande. 
 
 Terra Viridis, 
 
 269 
 
 PtgmeL 
 
 Baccaliox 
 
 % : 
 
h/^. 
 
 ^' 
 
 \ 
 
 300 
 
 Of the noi'th regions. 
 
 'I'livlr. 
 
 Sfhiifni !< tx. 
 [sixty] rurluiigcfi. 
 
 Minctc^ '.I iiiitiire 
 in Ulaiit'c. 
 
 Three 'iianicKms 
 
 Ilrtcite. 
 lUxU 
 
 Stmunsc vUions. 
 
 Purgatory. 
 
 A stniRitfC thynge. 
 
 FoHr sprinp^ nf 
 cuiitriry u.tuire. 
 
 AhiimlAttnce of 
 bhiiisUitic. 
 
 Dryeii fysshe. 
 
 Sc.-irsencs of come. 
 270 
 
 ilaukes. 
 While rnitcn^ 
 
 Houses ()f wh.iIcA 
 In IOCS. 
 
 I'he n.iuigutiun tu 
 Ulan<L 
 
 Whalct. 
 
 Cine thvnce 
 m.'ruyti^ fur 
 rnntrary vftc& 
 A khipnians 
 quadrant 
 
 ISLANDE. 
 
 [|Slanc1e is interpreted the land of Ife, and is caulcd of the owlde wrjicrs Tliyle. I^ is extended 
 bctvf ne the fouth and the north ahnod two hundreth fchocnes in longitude. It is for the 
 nu^fi part full of mountaynos and vnculturcd. Hut in the playncs it hath fuche fnitefuU 
 » aflurt-s, that they are fayne funietymcs to dryue the heaflcs from their foedyngc lead they 
 lluilde hoe futTocatc with o much fatnes. This Hand is famous by the llrange miracles of 
 nature, of the which Saxo Grammaticus in his hyftorie of Dcninarke, and Olanus C>othus in 
 his ilefcription of the north lanilcs, tloo make mention. There are in it three mountayncs of 
 marueylous heiglit, the toppes whereof are couercd with perpetuall fnowe. lUit the nether partes of them, are 
 of lykc nature to the mountayne Ktna in the Ilan<'e of Sicilie boyliug with continuall flames of fyre and 
 callyngc furth hryinllone. One of thefe is named H .Iga, and the other Mons Cruets (that is) the mounte of 
 the cnilVo. 'ihe thynle is named lleda: whofo flarics ncyther confume flaxe or towe, matters mofte apte to 
 take fyrc, nor yet are iiuenched with water. And w.th lykc force as the fliotte of great artillerie is driucn furth 
 1)\ \ iolcnie of fyre, euen fo by the conunixtion anil repugnaunce of fyre, coulde, and brymllome, greate (lones 
 are Iicrc throwne into the ayer. Nen vnto thefe mountaynes are three chynkes or open places in the earthe 
 of iiDUge bvggenclVe anil fuche deptli (efpecially at the mounte Hecla) that no fyght can atfayne therto. But to 
 fuch as looke into them, tiiere fyrfl appeare men as thowgh they were drowned and yet breathyng furth theyr 
 fowles: who beinge exliortcd by iheyr frendes to reforte to theyr owne, they aunfwere with moornynge voyce 
 and greuous fyghes, that they nuift departe fromc thenfe to the mount Ilecla, and therwith fudileynly v.inyfflie 
 owte of fyi^ht Ife floweth abowt the Ilande for the fpace o( feuen or eyght mooncthes, makyngc by nmnynge 
 togyther a ceiteyne miferable waylinge and gronynge noyfe not vnlyke the voyce of man. Th[e]inhabi- 
 tauPiCs thynkj, that in this Ife .ind the mounte Ilecla, are the places where the euyll foules of theyr people 
 are torniontcd. If any man take a greate portion of this Ife, and kepe it as diligently as may bee in a clofe 
 velTcU or cofor, the fame dootli fo vanyfllie at the tyme when the other Ife abowt tiie Ilande diflblueth, that not 
 fo much as one droppe of water or Ife can therof bee founde. 
 
 Not farre from tliefe mountaynes reachynge toward the fea coaftes, are foure fprynges of water of mofte 
 diners and contrary nature. The fyrlle, by reafon of his perjietuall an<l feruente heate, fuddeynely turneth all 
 bodies that are calle therin, into ftones, releruynge neuerthelelTe theyr fyrll forme and fliape. The feconde, is 
 of intollorable couldcnelfe. The thyrde is fweeter then houy, and moll pleafaunte to ([ucnche thyrfl. The 
 fourth is playne poyfon, pcllilent, and de.uldy. There is furthermore in thefe fprynges fuche abundaunce of 
 brymllone, that a thoufande pounile weight therof is bought for iyttle, as for the tenth parte of a tlucatc. 
 Theyr chicfe wares, are dryed fyflbe, as foles, maydens, playces, falpas, ftockefyflhes, and fuch other which they 
 exchange for wheat ami fuch other thynges as arc browght tiiyther from l.ubeck, Ilamborowe, and Amilerilam. 
 For they haue oftentymes fuch fcarfenelVe of come, that they vfe drycd f) fllie in the fleade of breade, althowgh 
 in foonuner the Ilande fo floryfllieth witli grecne and frutefuU medowes, that they are fayne fumtimes to dryue 
 theyr beaftes from palbire leade they fluiide fuflbaUe for to much fatteneflc, as I haue fayde before. They 
 make very good butter, anil apte to bee vfed in matters of phifickc. There are founde dyuers kindes of good 
 haukcs, as faulcon.s, gerfalcons, lanners, and fpcriiauke.s. Alfo rauens, crowes, beares, hares, and foxes, botii 
 whyte and biacke. They haue mofl fwyfte liorfes : anil fuch as runnc. xxx. [thirty] myles continually withowt reft or 
 bayte. They haue many churches: and houfes buylded of the bones of whales and other greate fyfflies. The 
 nauigation is not open to this Ilandj but in fommer feafon; and that only for the fpace of foure mooncthes, by 
 reafon of the coulde and Ife whereby the i)a(rage is ftoppcd. If any ftryfe or debate aryfe on the fea anionge 
 the mariners for the commoditie of the hauen, the goucrnour of the place althowgh he haue knowleage therof, 
 yet dooth he not punyflhe them, forafmuch as it apperteyneth not to his office to deceme fuch thynges as are 
 doonne on the fea, but only on the lande. Shi|)pes are there often tymes in great perell by reafon of whales 
 and fuch other monflers of the fea, excepte the mariners take good heede and keepe them farre frome the 
 fliyppes with the noyfe of droommes, and emptie barrels caft into the fea. 'Iliere .are many mynllrels and 
 otiicr that (ilay on inrtrumentes, with tliC fweete noyfe whereof, they vfe to allure foules and fiflhes to theyr 
 nettes and fnares. Many alfo, lye hirkyngc in caues and dennes to auoyde the fliarpeneflfe of coulde, as the 
 AtVricanes iloo the lyke to defend them felucs from the heate. On the toppc of a certeyne mount.nyne cauled 
 Weyf/arch, (lyinge betwcne Illande and Orsintland or Oroilande) is erected a ftiypmans ipiadrant of marueilous 
 byggenelVe, made by two pirates named I'innigt and I'othorft in fatiour of fuch as fayle by thofe coaftes that 
 they may therby auoyde the daimgerous places lyinge towanle (ironland. 
 The myddell of the Ilande. 7 o' [Long.] 65 30.' [I^it.] The citie Ilarfol. etc. 7 40' [Long.] 60 4j'[J«»t.] 
 
 ( 
 
Of the north rcgious. 
 
 s^ 
 
 [t is extended 
 It is for the 
 iichc fnitefuU 
 igc lead they 
 e miracles of 
 tins Ciothus in 
 nountaynes of 
 s of tliem, arc 
 !S of fyre and 
 ;he mounte of 
 mode apte to 
 is driucn furth 
 , greate ilones 
 I in the earlhe 
 licrto. But to 
 ng furth theyr 
 ornynge voyce 
 cynly vanyfllie 
 : by ninnynge 
 'rh[e]inhabi- 
 if theyr peojile 
 bee in a clofe 
 ilueth, that nut 
 
 water of moftc 
 lely turneth all 
 he feconde, is 
 - thyrft. The 
 d)un(launcc of 
 te of a ducate. 
 ler which they 
 id Amilcrdani. 
 ;ide, althowgh 
 times to dryue 
 )efore. They 
 indes of good 
 ml foxes, both 
 withowt reft or 
 fyniies. The 
 moonethcs, by 
 le fea amonge 
 )wleage therof, 
 hynges as are 
 fon of whales 
 irre frome the 
 mynllrels and 
 fiOhes to theyr 
 coulde, as the 
 intayne cauled 
 of manieiloiis 
 fe coartes that 
 
 60 42'[!^>t.l 
 
 I 
 
 ArONIA. 
 
 He region of T.aponia, was fo named of the jiodple that inhabite it. For the Ciermnyns, caiilo 
 all fudie l^ipones, as are liniijle or vnapte to thynges. This people >.• if liuaule llature, and 
 of fuel. .if;iiiiii: of boilii', ili.;t liauynge theyr quyuers of arrowes gerte to them and tiieyr 
 bowes in liieyr handes, tiiey can with a leape, eallc lheyn> feliies tiirowgh a circle or iio|)e of 
 the iliaiueter of a cubite. They fevgiu on ("oote, armed with bowes and arrowes alter llie 
 maner of die Tartars. 'I'hey are exerciied in hurlynge the ilarle and (luiDlynge from ihcw 
 youtii: in io miuhe tiiat tiiey giiie theyr ciiylilren no meate vntyll tlicy hit the ni.irke ihcy 
 llioote at, as dyil in owUle tyme tii[elinhabitauntes of the ilandcs caiiied llale.ires. They vfe to make llu\r 
 apparell llreight and clofe to theyr boddies th .t it hynder not theyr woorke. I luyr winter velliires are m.ide 
 oflliehole Ikinnes of feales i;r beares aititiiially wrought and made hippie. Tiiel'e they tye with a knotie 
 aboue theyr heade.s, leaiiynge onely two holes open to looke throiigii, and h.iue all the relulue of iheyr iuidies 
 couered as tiumghe they were fowed in fackes, but liiat this beinge adapted to all paries of theyr bodies, is fo 
 made for cor.imoditii- and not for a puniflhement as the Romans were accullomed to fowe p.trieides in I'.u kes 
 of lelher will, a locke, an ape, and a fer|)ent, and fo to iuirle them alyue all togitlier into d>e ryuer of I'ylier 
 And hereby I thinke it came to jvilVe th.U in owlde tyme it was r.illhely beleiu-d lh.it in tlu-fe rei^ions 
 there were men with rowgh and iiery bodies, wiKle be.illes, as parte m.ule lel.iliiin tlim«t;lie ii;nor.uiiii'e, 
 jiarte alfo takynge pleafure in rehearlall of fuche thynges as are (Iraimge to the hearers. The Lipones 
 I'efended by 'his arte and indullry, go abrode and wiihllaiule the lli.iipiMies of wynter and the north 
 wyiules. with all the iiiiuiies of lieauen. They li.iiie no houl'es, but certeyne tabeni.icles like tentes iir li.des 
 wherwith they palVe from place to place and iii.in_.;e ihiyr manlioiis. Sum of thent line alter the m.iner of the 
 people of Sarmatia cauled in owlde tyme .Vniaxobii, which vied waynes in the lleade of lioiiles. 'I'liey are much 
 gyueii to liimtynge: and haue fueh plenlie of wylde bealles th.it they kyll them in maner in euery pl.u e. 
 It is not l.iwliill for a woman to go furth of the tente at tiiat doore by the wlii<lie lier hulb.mde wente 
 Ottte on huntyiige the fane daye; nor yet to louche with her hande any jwrte of tiie bealle tli.it is t.iken 
 vntyll her hulbande reaihe her on the fpitte liiclie a portion of llellhe as he tliinketh good, i'hey lyll not the 
 gniunde. The region iiurvflliclli no kynde of ferpenles: yet are there greate and noyl'oume gn.iltes. They 
 Like fylihe in greate plenlie: by the coimnodilie wherof, ihey lyue after the maner of llie l''.lhii)pi.ins cauled 
 I( hthiophagi. For as tiiefe drie tiieyr fifllie with feruent heaie, fo doo they drye them with coidde, and grynde 
 or llam|ie them to ponder as fmaule as meale or tloure. They haue fiich abunilaunce of tiieli' lylilies, tii.tt 
 they liourd g'eat plenlie therof in certeyne llore lioufes to cary them vnlo other l.iinles nere alunvt tliem, as 
 NortiiliDthnia and Whyle KuUia. I'lieyr lliypjies are not made with nayles, iiui are tide logyiher and iiuule 
 l.ill with cordes and wythihes. Willi ihefe they fayle by tlie fwyfl ryuers iK-tweiie ihe mount. lines of Liponia, 
 beinge naked in roinnier tli.il they may tiie better fwyimne in the tyme of perell, anil gather together liieii w.ires 
 as are in daunger to bee U>ll by Ihipwi.u ke. Tart of liieiii exercife handie crafies, as imbrotlierynge and 
 weauynge of cloth interlaceil with golde and fyliier. Sui he as lia-ie diiiili'd any necellary arte, or iloo increale 
 and amemle tli[e]iniienlion.; of other, are oi)eiilye honoured, aiul rew.niled with a velUne, in the which is 
 imbrotherevl an argiif.i'.'nt or token of the thynge they deuifed. Ami this remaynetli to the polleritie ol llu'yr 
 f.imelie in token of theyr delertes. They fr.ime lhip|ies, buylile lioufes, ami m.ike diners fortes of iioiilholde 
 llulVe arlilii ially, and tranfporte them to other places neare abowte. They bye and fi 11 boihe for exi liaimge of 
 tvares and for money. And ihis only by confenl of both parties withowt cominunic.uion: yet not lor l.tcke of 
 wylle or for rudenelVe of maners, but bycaufe they haue a peculiar l.mguage vnknowen to theyr bortherers. It 
 IS a valiant nation, anil lyued longe free, and fuileyned the waires of Norwaye and Suei i.i vntyll at the length 
 they fubmitted them felues, and payde ryche furies for theyr trilMite. They cliofe them felues a gonernour 
 whom they caule a kynge: Hut the kyiig of Seet'i gyiielh liyin autoritie and adminillration. Neiiertlielelic, the 
 people in theyr fules and doubtfull caufes, reforte to Suecia to haue theyr matters decifcd. 
 
 In theyr iorneys, they go not to any Iniie. nor yet enter in'.o any lioiife, but lye all nyglit vnder the lirma- 
 nient. They haue no horles: but in the lleade of them, they taiue cirteyne wyld bealles which they caule Keen, 
 beinge of the iiille byggenelVe of a mule, with rowgh heare lyke an .XlVe, cloiien feete, and braiinched homes lyke 
 a harle, but lower and with fewer antlettes. They wyll not al.yde to bee ryddeii. Hut when theyr peitivls or dr.iw- 
 ynge eoUers are put on them, and they fo ioyned to the ihariotle or lleade, they runne in the fpace of. xxiiii. [twenty- 
 four j houres, a huinlreth ami liftie myles, or. xxx. ( thirty] ft lueiios : The wliii he fpace they .iliirme to i h.umge 
 the hori/on ihr/fe : that is thryfe to loonie to the furthell ligne or marke that they fee a farre of. \\ hit ii 
 doubtlelVe is a token both uf the mariieylous fwiflnelVe and gre.it tlrenglh of thefe beaftes beinge able to con- 
 
 IViipIp ofgrcll 
 
 .iltiKircll. 
 
 ,iu[Jc ciitmte. 
 
 S.. .!...> Ihe 
 
 r.ul.ll:*. 
 
 IMiMilii' iif wylJ 
 
 IkMsIcv 
 
 271 
 
 \.> s(M|M*tlK 
 
 Atiuitil.iiitu'e of 
 
 f)N>>llL'. 
 
 Sliips wii'iou t 
 n.iylub. 
 
 Siiciu'C hoiKMtictl 
 
 It.Hiirinvtitir 
 
 A 1.. .isi ..f 
 
 tll.ltlt('\ li>U% 
 
 iKtit'ii^tli .mil 
 kw yltiit-Mitc 
 
 l.nkc III tilMlll.illit. 
 
 I lit* I li.iii^c itl the 
 boii/iiii. 
 
 Irl 
 
 
H 
 
 302 
 
 The owld atitour^ 
 ciiiitud all the 
 north people 
 Scythyans. 
 
 Erasmus lamenteth 
 this in his fyrstc 
 booke de ratine 
 concionandi, 
 where he speaketh 
 of the peop'e. 
 cauled pilupii 
 
 272 
 
 Idobtrie. 
 
 A mislcrie of 
 ni.iri.i^c 111 fyre 
 and fluit. 
 
 Experte 
 incn4iunter& 
 
 Magical dartcs. 
 The canker. 
 
 One nyght of 
 three iiiuunethes. 
 
 Rich furrei. 
 
 rientie of sea 
 fy she. 
 
 Wanlhiu. 
 
 Of the north rcgicns. 
 
 tinewe runnynge for fo great a fpace, in the meane whyle alfo fpendynge fumtyme in feedynge. I fuppofe 
 that this thynge was fumewhat knowen to the owlde wryte.s, although receautd in manner by an obfcure 
 and doubtful fame. For they alfo wryte that certeyne Scythians doo ryde on hartes. 
 
 They neyther folowe the Chriftian religion, nor yet refufe it or are offended therwith as are the luwes: but 
 do fumtymes receaue it fauorably to gratifie the princes to whome they obey. And that no more of theym 
 imbrafe the Chriftian fayth, the faute is fiimwhat to bee imputed to the byffhoppes and prelates that haue 
 eyther reiccted this cure and charge of inftructynge the nation, or fuffered the faith of Chrift to be fuffocate 
 euen in the fyrft fprynge. For vnder the pretenfe of religion, they woulde haue aduaunced theyr owne reuenues 
 and ouerburthened the people by an intoUerable exemple, none otherwyfe here then in all Chriftendome, 
 which thynge is doubtleffe the caufe of mofte greuous defections. I harde lohn a byflhoppe of Gothlande fay 
 thus : We that goueme the churche of Vpfalia, and haue vnder owre diocefle a great parte of that nation, lyke 
 as it is not conueniente to declare many thynges of owre vigilance and attendaunce ouer the flocke committed 
 to owre charge, euen fo abfteynynge frome myfcheuous couetoufneflfe wherby religion is abufed for luker, we 
 doo in all places owre diligent endeuour that we minifter none occafion whereby this nation as offended by owtc 
 finnes, maye bee the leflTe wyllynge to embrafe the Chriftian fayth. This is the ftate of the religion amonge the 
 Lapones : Althowgh of theyr owne inftitution and cuftome receaued of theyr prediceffours, they are Idolatours, 
 honourynge that lyuynge thynge that they meete fyrft in the momynge, for the god of that da) e, and diuinynge 
 thereby theyr good lucke or euyll. They alfo erecte images of ftones vpon the mountaines which they efteeme 
 as goddes, attributing to them diuine honour. They folemne marriages, and begynne the fame with fyre and 
 flynte, as with a myfterie fo aptely ai)plye(l to the image of ftone as if it had byn receaued frome the myddefte 
 of Grecia. For in that they adhibite a myfterie to fyre, as they doo not this alone (forafmuche as the Romanes 
 obferued the fame cuftome) euen fo are they herein partly to be commended in that they vfe the ceremonies of fo 
 noblea people. The myfterie of the flinte is no leffe tobeeprayfed,bothfarafmucheasthisisdomefticall philofophie, 
 and hath alfo a nere affinitie and fignification to thefe folemnities. For as the flynt hath in it fyre lyinge hydde 
 whiche appeareth not but by mouynge and force, fo is there a fecrcate lyfe in both kyndes of man and woman 
 whiche by mutuall conjunction coommethe furth to a lyuynge byrth. They are furthermore experte inchaunters. 
 They tye three knottes on a ftrynge hang)'nge at a whyppe. When they lofe one of thefe, they rayfe tollerable 
 wyndes. When they lofe an other, the wynde is more vehement. But by lofyng the thyrde, they rayfe playne 
 tempeftes as in owlde tyme they were accuftomed to rayfe thunder and lyghtnynge. This arte doo they vfe 
 ageinft fuch as fayle by theyr coaftes, and ftaye or moue the ryuers and feas more or leffe as they lyft to ftiewe 
 fauoure or difpleafure. They make alfo of leade certeyne (horte magiccll dartes of the quantitie and length of a 
 fynger. Thefe they throwe ageynfto fuche of whome they defyre to bee reuenged, to places neuer fo farre 
 iliftant. They are fumtimes fo vexed with the canker on their armes or legges that in the fpace of three dayes 
 they dye throwgh the vehemencie of the p-ayne. The fonne fauleth very lowe in thefe regions: and prolongeth 
 one continuall nyghte for the fpace of thre inoonethes in wynter, durynge whiche tyme they haue none other 
 lyght but lyke vnto the twylyght of euenynges and mornyngcs. This is very cleare, but continucth but fewe 
 houres, and is lyke the br)'ght Ihynynge of the moone. Thcrfore that day that the fonne returneth to the 
 hemifpherie, they keepe holy day and make great myrth with folemne feftiuitie. And thefe are tl e maners of 
 this nation, not fo bnityflhe or faluage as woorthy ♦herfore to bee cauled I^pones for theyr vnaptneffe or 
 fimplicitie as when they lyued vnder theyr owne Empire and vfed no familiaritie or entcrcourfe with other 
 nations and knewe not the commoditie of theyr owne thynges, neyther the pryce and eftimation of theyr furres 
 in owre regions, by reafon whereof they foulde great plentie of them for fum of owre wares of fmaule value. 
 
 The boundes or limittes of I^ponia (beinge th[e]extreme lande of Scontlia knowen towarde the north pole) 
 
 are extended towarde this parte of the North, to the worlde yet vnknowen to vs: And furthermore towarde the 
 
 fame parte of the vttermoft fea, accordynge to this defcription. iLongimde] [Latitude.) 
 
 The fyrft coafte, 70 [o'] 72. [o'] 
 
 The coafte folowynge, 80 [o'] 7. [o^ 
 
 That that yet foloweth, 90 [o'] 70. [o'j 
 
 Frome the fyffliyngc places and ftore houfes of this fea, they car>- foorth to Nordbothnia and whyte Ruhi,:, 
 landes confinynge to them, great plentie of fyfflie, Wherby we may coniocture that this fea is extended on 
 euery fyde toward the North. Towarde the wefte, it is limitted with the mofte inwarde goulfe of at the Caftell 
 of Wardhus at the degree. 54 [o*] f J-ong.] 70 30.' [I.at.] 
 
 Towarde tiie Southe,it is lymittcd by a line drawen from thenfc vnto the degree. 90 [o' Long.] 69. [o' Lat.] 
 
} 
 
 Of the north regions. 
 
 303 
 
 I fuppofe 
 an obfcure 
 
 luwes: but 
 re of theym 
 i that haue 
 be fuffocate 
 ne reuenues 
 riftendome, 
 )thlande foy 
 nation, lyke 
 ! committed 
 )r luker, we 
 led by owre 
 amonge the 
 Idolatours, 
 d diuinynge 
 hey efteeme 
 ith fyre and 
 le myddefte 
 le Romanes 
 monies of fo 
 philofophie, 
 pnge hydde 
 and woman 
 inchaunters. 
 fe tollerable 
 rayfe playne 
 loo they vfe 
 lyft to (hewe 
 \ length of a 
 uer fo farre 
 three dayes 
 prolongeth 
 none otlier 
 th but fewe 
 rneth to the 
 maners ol' 
 laptnefle or 
 with other 
 theyr furres 
 value, 
 north pole) 
 towarde the 
 
 liyte Rudij, 
 xtended on 
 the Caftell 
 
 9. [o'Lat] 
 
 NoRWEGiA OR Norway. 
 
 SI Ordway, is as muche to fay as the Northwaye. This was fumtyme a floryffhynge kyngedome, 
 whofe dominion comprehended Denmarke, Frifelande and the Uandcs farre abowt, vntyll 
 the domeftical Empire was gouerned by the fuccefTion of inhcritaunce. In the nieane tyme 
 while this gouernaunce ceafed for lacke of dewe iffue, it was inftituted by confent of the 
 nobilitie that the kyngcs fliuld be admitted by election : fuppofinge that they wolde with more 
 equitie execute that office forafmuche as they were placed in the fame by fuch autoritie, and 
 not by obteynynge the kyngedome by fortune and newe aduaunccment. But it came fo to 
 paflTe, that as euery of them excelled in richefle, ambition and fauour by confanginitie, fo were they in greater 
 hope to obteyne the kyngedome: And were by this meanes diuided into factions, attemtyng alfo occafions 
 t[o]iniiade foraigne realmes wherby they might (Irengthen theyr parties. It is therefore at this prefent vnder 
 the dominion of the Danes : who doo not only exact intollerable tributes, but alfo brynge all theyr ryches and 
 commodities into Denmarke, conftitutynge the continuance of theyr gouernaunce in th[e]infirniitie and pouertieof 
 the fubiectes: which exemple, fum other princes doo folowe at this day in the Chriftian Empire. For after that the 
 princes had forfaken fuche vertues as (hulde haue fliyned in them, as to bee Patrcs patrue (that is) the fathers 
 of thev countreys, and that in the place hereof, onely the proud countenaunce of dominion remayned, which 
 opentJ l.centioufnefle to th[e]iniurie of the fubiectes, this folowed therof, that wheras the Danes by this occafion 
 had no further trufl or ayde in the loue of the people, they prouided for th[e]indempnitie of theyr owne eftate 
 by forcible extenuatinge the gooddes and poure of them whom they defired to kepe in fubiection. This is the 
 fortune of Norway, whofe edefi[c]es, townes, and cities can not defende theyr auncient amplitude and dignitie: 
 ncyther is there any hope of repayrynge theyr flate. For there are no confultations admitted for the retlrefle of 
 the commonwelth : No man dare fliewe his aduice or attempte any thing, vncerteyne of the myndes and 
 confent of other. To this difficultie, is added the ([ualitie of the place. For the Danes haue in theyr poure all 
 the nauigations of Norway, whereby it may exercife no trade by fea, neyther cary furthe wares to otiier places. 
 So that in fine it may feeme mod vnfortunate, as lackynge the fauoure of heauen, the fea, and the lande. From 
 henfe is brought into all Europe a fyffhe of the kindes of them whiche we caule haddockes or hakes indurate 
 and dryed with coulde, and beaten with clubbes or flockes, by reafon whereof the Germayns caule them 
 (lockefylTlie. The takinge of thefe, is mod commended in lanuarie that they may bee fufficiently dryed and 
 hardened with coulde. For fuch as are taken in the more temperate monethes, doo corrupte and putrifie: And 
 are not mecte to be caried furth. 
 
 The defcription of the weft coafte, with the parte thereof lyinge moft towarde the north. 
 
 [Longitude.] 
 
 (■..itiludcl 
 
 54 [ol 70 30-' 
 
 48 50' 70. [o'] 
 
 VVardhus (that is) the watche houfe, or watche towre, 
 It is a ftronge caftell or fortrcffe appoynted to the Lapones. 
 The coafte folowynge, 
 Matthkur. etc. 
 
 All the coaft from henfe, and the places neare abowt vnto the degree, 45 [o'] 69. [o'] 
 
 being fumtyme lefte defolate by the fcditions and deftruction of Norway, the I«ipones chofe tor theyr habitations, 
 as commynge to a more beneficiall heauen. 
 
 From the Caftel of Wardhus, vnto the degree, 40 30' [Long.] 64 10' [Lat.] 
 
 all the coafte in the fprynge tyme is daungerous to paflTe, by reafon of whales of fuch huge byggenefle that fiun 
 of theym growe to a hundreth cubites. For thefe fyflhes at that tyme of the yeare refort togyther for generation. 
 Such fliyi)pes as chaunce to faule eyther vppon theyr bodies, or into fuche whyrlepooles as lliey make by tiieyr 
 vehement motions, are in great perell. The remedie to auoyile this daungiour, is to poure into tiie fea Caftoreum 
 (that is) oyle made of the ftones of the beafte rauled the IJeuer, mengeled with water. For witli this, the hole 
 hearde of whales vanyfflieth fuddeynely to the bottome of the fea : They make a terrible rorynge : and haue two 
 brealhyngc places in the hygheft parte of theyr forheades, ftanilynge turth right a cubite in length, and are as 
 brode at the eniles, beinge couered with a fkynnc, througiie the which they blow waters lyke fliowers or ftormes 
 of raine. The prickes of theyr backes, are founde conteynynge three els in circuite, and euery knotte betwene 
 theym, of one elle: They are at the leaft of. Ix. [fixtyj cubites in length : And are faked and kept in ftore houfes. 
 Tlie greateft are vnprofitable to bee eaten by reafon of theyr ranke ami vnfauer)' tafte which can not bee qualified. 
 
 Niilrofia ftanding vpon the fouth fyde of the fea banke, was the chiefe and metropolitane chun:he throwgh 
 owt all Norway, Ifclande, Clronlande, civi the Ilantles thereabowt. Tiiis citie was noble at the fyrft vnder the 
 floryflliing Emi)irc of Norway, conteinynge in circuite. xxiiii. paryfthes, but it is nowe browght in maner to a 
 
 30J 
 
 273 
 
 KynRdomcs 
 dt'htmytl |»y 
 factiuns. 
 
 The Danes. 
 
 The (Icfaiit uf 
 priiiLtrs. 
 
 An excmpIc of 
 ty ran 111. 
 
 The myser:ihle 
 state uf Nurw.iy 
 
 Slockfy5s[h]e. 
 
 The T.apones 
 
 Shipper in 
 ilatinKK'iir )<y 
 rca-Mjn uf whales. 
 
 , Castorctim. 
 
 The rnrynge of 
 whaletk 
 
 WhalcA ftatled a.id 
 rettciuvd- 
 
 The cilie of 
 
 NiilroMa. 
 
 274 
 
■■^i 
 
 304 
 
 A mniTnificaU 
 chuiclie. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 Wardbn-L 
 The vnknnwen 
 lande nfthe 
 Lapones. 
 A serpent of 
 houge biggencsse, 
 
 God wameth vs 
 by niKnes of 
 thynges to coome. 
 
 The ^t^eiKhtcs or 
 boy ling MUb 
 
 n.-ingeron^ 
 places in the sea. 
 
 Fnitfiill tiandes 
 about Norway. 
 
 Of the north regions. 
 
 Nnysnme hcnMea , 
 ofviikiirivvcn I 
 
 gcnurauu& 
 
 village and is caulcd in the Germaync toongc Trutham, as the houfeof the Pryides. There remayneth at this dayc 
 a Cathedrall churthe in token of the ancient feiicitie, beinge fuche that in by;,'geneffe and workemanfliip of 
 wrought ftone, the lyke is not in all Chriftendome. The greefes or compafle abowt the altare, was dcllroyde 
 by tire, and was repared at the fame tyme that wee write this hiflorie. The charge of the reparafion, was 
 efleemed to bee ftuen thoufande crownes : by which fniaule portion, an eftimate niaye bee made of the 
 excellencie of the hole Churche. 
 
 The tracte 01" all the fea coaftes Norwaye, is very quyete and mecke. The fea is not frofen. The fnowcs 
 indiire not longe. This lande hath alfo a peculiar peflilence which they caule Leem or Lemmer. This is a 
 lyttle foure footed beaile abowte the byggeneffe of a ratte with a fpotted Ikynne. Thefe faule vppon the 
 grounde at certeyne tempeflcs and fuddeyne fhowers, not yet knowen from whenfe they comme, as whyther 
 they are browght by the wyndes from remote Ilandes, or othenvife engendered of thicke and feculent clowdes. 
 But this is well knowen, that .s foone as they faule downe, greene grafle and herbes are founde in theyr bowels 
 not yet digefled. They confii ne all greene thynges as doo locuftes: And fuch as they only byte, wyther and 
 dye. This peflilence lyueth as longe as it dooth not tafle of the grafle newelye fproonge. They coome 
 togyther by flockes as do fwalowes : And at an ordinarie tyme, eyther dye by heapes with great infection of the 
 lande (as by whofe corruption the ayer is made pefliferous and moledeth the Noruegians with fwymmynge 
 in the headde and the iaundies) or are confumed of other beaftes named Lefrat. Towarde the liaft, it is 
 included within the line that is drawen by the mountaynes whofe endes or vttermoft boundes they are that lye 
 towarde the fouth aboue the mouthes of the ryuer Trolhetta. But that parte that lyeth towarde the north, 
 pafll'th by the callel of Wardhus, and is extended to the vnknowen lande of the Lapones. [i^ongUude.] [Latiiudr.] 
 
 The lake cauled Mos, and the Ilande of Hoffuen in the myddefl therof, is in the degree. 45 30' 61. [o'] 
 
 In this lake appeareth a flraunge monller : which is, a ferpent of houge byggenelTe. And as to all other 
 places of the worlde, blafynge (larres doo portende th[e]alteration and chaunge of thynges, fo dooth this to 
 Norway. It was feene of late (in the yeare of Chrift. M. D. xxii.) apperynge farre aboue the water rowlynge lyke 
 a greate pyller; And was by coniecture farre of, elleenied to bee of fiftie cubites in length. Shortely after 
 folowed the rciectynge of Chriftiernus kynge of Denmarke. Suche other monflrous thynges are fayde to bee 
 feene in dyuers places of the worUle. And doubtlefle excepte wee fliulde thinke that the diuine prouidence 
 hauynge niercie vpon mortall men, and hereby warnynge them of their offences, dooth fende fuche flraunge thynges 
 (as alfo blafing llarrcs anil armies feyghtynge in the ayer, with fuche other portentous monllers wherof no caufes 
 can bee founde by naturall thynges) we might els fufpecte that fuch fyghtes were but imaginations of the fence 
 of man deceaued. 
 
 On the Ead fide, are exceading rowgh montaynes which admit no paffage to Succia. The fea bctwene 
 Norway and the Ilandes, is cauled Tiallellund, Euripus, or the (Ircightes. [Longitude] [UHtudc] 
 
 The Ilande of Lofoth. whofe myddefl. 42 [o'] 67 10'. 
 
 Langanas, whofe myddefl, 41 [o'] 67 [o'] 
 
 Vaflral, whofe myddell. 41 34' 67 30'. 
 
 The fea betwene thefe three Ilandes, is caulcd Mufcoftrom (that is) boylynge. At the flowynge of the fea, 
 it is fwi lowed into the caues, and is blowne owt ageyne at the reflowynge, with no leflc violence then the 
 flrcames of ryuers faule from mountaynes. This fea is nauigable vntyll it bee lower then the mouthes of the 
 rockes. Such as chaunce into it owi of dewe tyme, are caried heatllonge into whyrlepooles T!ie fragmcntcs 
 of the lofl fliips, are feldome call vp ageyne. But when they are cafle vp, they are fo brufed and freted 
 ageynfte the rockes, that they fecme to bee ouergrowne with hore. This is the poure of nature, paflyng the 
 fabulous Simplegades and the fearefull Malea, with the daungerous places of Silla and Caribdis, and all other 
 miracles that nature hath wrought in any other fea hytherto knowen to man. 
 
 The Ilandes nbowt Norway, are of fuch frutful! paflure, that they brynge not theyr beafles into the flables 
 before the moneth of Nouember: And do many places winter them abrode. 
 
lat thisdayc 
 xmanfliip of 
 IS dcllroyile 
 )arafion, was 
 made of tlie 
 
 The fnowcs 
 . This is a 
 e vppon the 
 , as whyther 
 lent clowdes. 
 theyr bowels 
 , wyther and 
 They coome 
 fection of the 
 
 fwymmynge 
 the Kaft, it is 
 Y are that lye 
 de the north, 
 
 ;.] [l,atitU(lr.] 
 
 )' 6 1, [o'] 
 s to all other 
 looth this to 
 rowlynge lyke 
 Shortely after 
 ; fayde to bee 
 e prouidence 
 lunge thyngcs 
 .'rof no caufes 
 s of the fence 
 
 e fea bctwcne 
 
 I [Latitude] 
 
 67 10'. 
 
 67 [o'] 
 
 67 30'. 
 
 ige of the fea, 
 nee then the 
 
 nithes of the 
 
 le fragmentes 
 and frcted 
 , paflyng the 
 
 and all other 
 
 k1 
 
 to the (lables 
 
 0/ the north regions. 
 
 SvECIA, OR SVETHLANDE. 
 
 |Vecia, is a kyngedome ryche in golde, fyluer, copper, leade, Iren, fruytc, cattaylc, and 
 exceadynge increafe of fyfflie of the ryuers, lakes, and the fea. And hatli no leffe plentie of 
 fuche wylde beaftes as are taken with huntinge. Towarde the Wed, it is ended with the 
 mountaynes of Norway from the Callel of Wardhus vnto th[elend, 5 1 fo' Long.] 63 40' [I^it.] 
 Towarde the South, with the line from this ende vnto the degrees. 53. 30'. 61. [o] 
 
 And from thenfe vnto the degrees. 61. [o'l 60. 30'. Aboiie the goulfe of Succia, 
 toward the north, with the fouth ende of Lapponia from the Cadel of Wardhus vnto 
 th[e]ende. 62. [o'] 70. [o'] Towarde the Eafte, it is ended with the line frome this ende vnto the degree. 
 63. [o*] 69. [o*] etc. Stockholme the chiefe citie. 64. [o*] 61. [o*] This is the chiefe mart towne of Suecia, and 
 is flrongely defended by arte and nature. It is fituate in marifflies after the maner of Venece : and was there- 
 fore caulcd Stokliohne, forafmuche as beinge placed in the water, the fundation is fortified with (lockes or piles. 
 The fea entereth into it with two armes or branches of fuch largenes and depth that (hips of great burden and 
 with mayne fayles may enter by the fame with theyr full fraight This fuffered of late yeares greuous fpoyle 
 and dedruction to the Angular exemple of cruel hodilitie : And fuch, as the like hath not bin lightly (hewed to 
 any other citie receaued by league and compofition. 
 
 In al the tract from Stokholme to the lake aboue the riuer of Dalekarle, which is in the degree. 56. 30.' 
 63. 50.' are mountaines frutful of good filuer, copper, and leade. They gette great r}'ches by the falmons 
 and plentie of other fyfflies whiche they take in certeyne greate lakes. 
 
 The dukedome of Agermannia, occupieth the north fyde to the confines of Laponia. This tract is ful of 
 wods in the whiche they hunt the beades cauled Vros or Bifontes, which in theyr toonge they caule Elg, (that 
 is) wilde alTes. Thcfe are of fuch height, that the highed part of their backes are equal with the meafure of a 
 man holdynge vp his armes as hyghe as he may reach, etc. Vpfalia the chiefe citie. 62. 63'. 30. [o'] here is 
 buried the body of faynt Hericus kynge and martyr. 
 
 Copp?rdalia (that is) the copper valley, is a dukedome fouthwarde from the dukedome of lemptia. Vnder 
 this, is the ViT'ient nation of the people cauled Dalekarly. 
 
 Oplandia, is u dukedome and the nauil or midded of Scondia. 
 
 The citie of Pircho, on the north fyde of the lake of Meier, was once a great citie and able to arme. xiiii. 
 thoufande men to the warres : but is nowc browght to a vyllagc. 
 
 All the tracte of OpLindia, hath myncs of fyluer, copper, and deele. 
 
 Of the Ilandes and rockes that lye abowte Suecia, the mydded is. 67 30' [Long.] 61 30'. [Lat.] 
 
 Thefe were cauled of the owlde wryters Oone, the reafon of which name remayneth to this day. For there are 
 in thefe innumerable multitudes of byrdes: In fo muche that th[e]inhal)itauntes of the nexte coade, fayle 
 thythcr in the mooneth of May \vhyle the byrdes fyt on theyr egges: which they dcalc and referue them in 
 Hilte for a longe tyme. 
 
 Bothnia. 
 
 [Othnia is fo named of the precious furres of all fortes that are caricd from thenfe into foraigne 
 
 regions. For by thefe and theyr fyflhynge, they haue greate commoditie. Salmons of the 
 
 bed fort are taken in thefe feas and are great ryches amonge thefe nations. Bothnia is diuided 
 
 into twoo partes, as Ncrdbothnia, and South Bothnia, cauled Odrobothnia. Nordbothnia, 
 
 is termined with the foutli ende of the Lapones vnto the ende. 78 30' [Long.) 69. [o] [LmI 
 
 Towarde the Ead, it is teriiiined with this end and vnto the degree. 78 30' 68 20'. 
 
 Towarde the Wed, with the line terminynge the Kad fyde of Suecia : And towarde the 
 
 Southe, with the rcfiduc of the goulfe of Suecia from th[elende that hath degrees. 63 [o] 
 
 Odrobothnia, towarde the Ead is termined from the faid cnt'e of the mod Ead coade. 
 
 South, with a line extended by the mountaynes frome this ende vnto the degree. 7 1 [o] 
 
 Towarde the north and wede, with part of the goulfe of Succia. etc. 
 
 Edim. 3 a M 
 
 69. [c] 
 
 And towarde 
 
 06 [o'] 
 
 the 
 
 ffi 
 
 30 
 
 3. 
 
 275 
 
 Golde and syhicr- 
 Wardhus castcll. 
 
 Tlie pnulfe of 
 Succiu. 
 
 The citie of 
 Stocktiuhuu. 
 
 Gold in could 
 
 regions. 
 
 Fysshe. 
 
 The hertstc cnnlcd 
 VruB or Klg. 
 
 I 
 
 { Vpsalia. 
 . Coppcrdalix 
 Oplandia. 
 
 Byrdct. 
 
 I Kg^cs ruscrutd id 
 &uTt«. 
 
 Trccious funetk 
 Fysbhe. 
 
 •i;ii 
 
fTT 
 
 306 
 
 0/ the north regions. 
 
 \ 
 
 276 
 
 ThfelinunMons of 
 Ihe GothcL 
 
 The waiTe<i of the 
 gothes ageynst 
 the Konun^ 
 
 The boundes of 
 Gothland 
 
 The citie of Visba. 
 
 P.ines and 
 Moscouile& 
 
 A librarie nf two 
 thou«iand bookes. 
 The Gothes 
 inuadeil Kurope 
 anil dustruyd 
 Rome. 
 
 Pannonia falwly 
 ukenforFinnonia. 
 
 EningU. 
 
 Spanytshe wyncs. 
 
 GoTHIA OR GOTHLANDE. 
 
 jjOTHIA, is by interpretacion good. For the holye name of God, is in the Germayne toonge 
 Goth (that is) Good. At what tyme the Gothes vppon a general confcnt, fent furth theyr 
 offpryng or fucceflion to feeke newe feates or coiintreys to inhabite, and when they poflefled 
 the coaftes of Meotis anti Afia, none of the owlde wryters haue made mention as farre as I 
 knowe. But they haue byn knowen fence the tyme that the Romanes dilated theyr Empyre 
 by Illirium (nowe cauled Slauonie) vnto the ryucr of Danubius. And were alfo famous 
 from the tyme of Cefar Dictator and Octauianus Auguftus by reafon of theyr greate warrcs at 
 Danubius beinge th[e]vttcrmoft. bounde of Th[e]enipirc. Ncuerthelefle, in that rcnoume, what Gothia was, 
 vndcr what parte of heauen it was fituate, or of whom the Gothes toke tlieyr original, it hath byn vnknowen 
 a'.mofl to this age. This is termined towarde the north, with the fouth entle of Suecia : And towarde the wefte, 
 with the other mountaynes of Norway, which continewe from the bounties of Suecia to the mouthcs of the 
 ryuers of Trolheta. etc. 
 
 It hath many goodly townes, cities, cartels, mines, etc. The citie of Vifba, being in the degree. 6i 30' 
 54 15.' was an ancient and famous marte towne as is Genua in Italie at this day. But afterwarde beinge 
 afflicted by th[e]incurfions of the pirates of the Danes and Mufcouites, it was left defolate. There remayne to 
 tliis day certeyne mines whiche teftifie the ancient nobilitie. In this place were the fyrfte ftacions of the 
 Gothes that poflefled Meotis. It is at this daye of frutfull foyle, and famous by many goodly and flronge 
 cartels and monarteries. There is amonge other, a monarterie of th[e]order of faynt Benedicte, in the which is 
 a librarie of abowt two thoufande bookes of owlde autours. 
 
 Abowt the yeare of Chrirt fourfcore and. viii. the Gothes, vnto whom reforted a great multitude of other 
 peo[)le of thcfe northe partes of the worlde, as from Liuonia, Prufia, Ruflia and Tartaria with diuers other 
 contreys, makynge them dyuers Kynges and capitaynes, dyd depopulate and brynge in fiibiection the more 
 parte of Europe, inuaded Italie, dertroyd Rome, inhabited that part of Italia now cauled I.umbardie, and 
 lykewyfe fubducd the roialmes of Caftile and Aragonie. Theyr warres contynewed aboue three hundreth 
 yeares. 
 
 H Finland, and Eningia. 
 
 ilnlandia, is as much to fay as a fayrc lande or fine land, fo named for the fertilitie of the 
 grownde. Plinie femeth to caule it Finnonia. For he faith that abowte the coaftes of 
 Finlande, are many Ilandes withowt names. Of the which there lyeth one before Scithia 
 cauled Pannonia. The goiilfe cauled Sinus Finnonkus, is fo named at this day of the 
 lande of Fit.ionia. Finnonia confineth with Scithia, and runneth withowt all Tanais (that 
 is to fay) withowte the limetcs of Europe to the confines rr Afia. But that the name of 
 Finlande feemeth not to agree hereunto, the caufe is that this place of Plinie is cornipted as 
 are many other in this autour: So that from the name of Finnonia, or Phinnonia, it was a likely erroure to 
 caule it Pannonia forafmuch as thefe woordes doo not greately difter in wrytynge and founde: fo that the 
 counterfecte name was foone put in the place of the trew name by hym that knewe Pannonia and redde that 
 name before, beinge alfo ignorant of Phinnonia. 
 
 Eningia had in owlde tyme the tytle of a kingedome, it is of fuch largenefle. But hath nowe only the 
 tytle of an inferiour goucrnoure, beinge vnder the dominion of the Slauons and vfyng the fame tonge. In 
 religion, it obferued the rites of the Greekes of late yeares, when it was vndcr the gouernaunce of the Mof- 
 couites. But it is at this prefent vnder the kynge of Suecia anil obferueth th[e]inrtitucions of the Occidentall 
 church. Spanyflhe wynes are browght thyther in great plentie which the people vfe merely and cherefully. It 
 is termined on the north fyde, by the fouthe line of Ortobolhnia, and is extended by tiie mountaynes. 
 Towarde the wert, it is termined with the fea of Finnonia actordyng to this defcription : and hath degrees. 
 7 1, [o' Long.] 66. [o' I-at.] etc. 
 
307 
 
 1 
 
 ayne toonge 
 It furth theyr 
 hey polTelTed 
 as farre as 1 
 heyr Empyre 
 : alfo famous 
 ate warrcs at 
 Gothia was, 
 yn vnknowen 
 de the wefte, 
 outhes of the 
 
 ce. 6 1 30' 
 warde beinge 
 e remayne to 
 lacions of the 
 y and (Ironge 
 I the which is 
 
 itude of other 
 h diuers other 
 tion the more 
 imbardie, and 
 iree hundreth 
 
 ertilitie of the 
 the coades of 
 before Scithia 
 lis day of the 
 Tanais (that 
 the name of 
 corrupted as 
 ly erroure to 
 fo that the 
 nd redde that 
 
 owe only the 
 
 lie tongc. In 
 
 of the Mof- 
 
 Occidentall 
 
 herefully. It 
 
 mountaynes. 
 
 hath degrees. 
 
 :e 
 le 
 
 C OF THE DIFFERENCE OF REGIONS AND 
 
 CAVSES OF CREATE CITIES, AFTER THE DESCRIP- 
 TION OF HIERONIMUS CARDANUS, 
 LiBiLR. XI. (/e Subtilitate. 
 
 Here is an other difference of regions caufed of coulde and 
 hcate. For fuche as are neare vnto the poles, are vexed 
 with to much coulde : And fuch as are vnder the line where 
 the foonne is of greatefle force, are oppreffed witii heate. 
 Such as are in the niyddeft. betwene both, are neareil vnto 
 temperatneffe. Vnder the pole, it is impofiible that there 
 (liulde bee populous cities bycaufe the lande is baren, and 
 the cariage or conueyaunce of frules, vyttayles, and other 
 neceffaries, is incommodious. Ky reafon wherof, it is neccffarie 
 that th[c]inhabitauntes of fuche regions lyue euer in continuall 
 wanderynge from place to place, or els in fmaule vyliagcs. Suche 
 as inhabite temperate regions, haue meane cities, afwell for that 
 they haue more commodious conueyaunce for neceffaries, as 
 alfo that they may dwell better and more fafcly togyther then 
 in vyliagcs by reafon of fortifying theyr townes with walles, and 
 exercifynge of artes and occupations whereby the one maye the 
 better helpe the other. Yet that owlde Rome (beinge in a tem- 
 perate region) was of fuch incredible l)yggcneffe, the caufe was that it obteyned Th[e]empire of the worlde, by 
 reafon wherof, all nations had confluence thyther, and not the greatneffe of the walles. But it is neceffarie 
 that the grealeft cities bee in hotte regions : fyrlle, for that in fuch regions, parte of the foile is eyther barren 
 yf it lacke water, or els moff frutcfuU if it abounde with water. And for this inequalitie, when they fynde any 
 place mcete to fufteyne a multitude, it foloweth of neceffitie that greate cities bee buylded in fuch places by 
 reafon of great concourfe of people refortynge to the fame. An other greate caufe is, that wheras in sucii 
 regions, marchauntes come very farre to fuch commodious places, they paffe through many deferte and perelous 
 regions : So that it flialbe ncceffary for theyr better fecuritie, to coome in great companies as it were great 
 armies. And therfore whereas fuch a focietie i? once knytte togyther in a commodious place, it fliulde bee great 
 hinderance afwell to th[e]inhabitantcs as to marchauntes if they fliulde wander in incommodious jjlaccs. And 
 by this confluence, both of fuche as dwell neare to fuche places, and alfo of ffraungers and fuch as ilwcll farre of, 
 it is neceffarie that in continuance of tyme, fmaule townes becoome great cities, as are thefe: Quinfai, Singui, 
 Cambalu, Memphis, Cairus, or Alcair, otherwife cauled IJabilon in Egipte. But if here any wyll obiecte 
 Conftantinople (in owlde tyme cauled Bizantium) being in a temperate region, althowgh it bee not to bee 
 compared to fuch cities as are more then. Ix. ffixty] myles in circuite, yet doo we aunfwere hereunto, that the 
 Turkes Empire is the caufe of the greatneffe hereof, as wee fayde before of Rome. 
 
 277 
 
 307 
 
-'T 
 
 308 
 
 a 
 
 *, I 
 
 Demetrius the 
 ambassriduur uf 
 MoKuuia. 
 
 Paulus Centuria 
 
 Spices browght 
 from India to 
 Moscouio. 
 The ryuer Indus. 
 
 278 
 
 Oxus or Horina a 
 ryucr of Asi;i 
 runneth thruueh 
 the de&ertes uf 
 Sythia. 
 
 The sea Hircanum, 
 is now canlcd 
 mare Abncuk or 
 mare dc Sala. 
 Citrachan or 
 Astracan. 
 Sarmatia is that 
 greate countrty 
 wherein is 
 conte>;ned Russin 
 l.iuonia and 
 Tartaric, .iiul the 
 north and K;ist 
 part uf l*uluiua. 
 Ageynst the 
 Purtug;tlcs. 
 
 C THE HISTORIE WRITTEN IN THE LATIN 
 
 TOONGE BY PAVLVS lOVIVS BYSSHOPPE OF NVCERIA 
 
 IN ITALIE, OF THE LEGATION OR AMBASSADE OF CREATE 
 
 Bafilius Prince of Mofcouia, to pope Clement the. vii. of 
 
 that name: In which is conteyned the defcription 
 
 of Mofcouia with the regions confininge abovvte 
 
 the fame euen vnto the great and ryche 
 
 Empire of Cathay. 
 
 Intende fyrile briefely to defcribe the fituation of the region 
 which we plainely fee to haue bin little knowen to Strabo and 
 Ptolome, and then to precede in rehearfinge the maners, 
 cuRomes and religion of the people. And this in maner in the 
 lyke fimple ftyle and phrafe of fpeache as the same was declared 
 vnto IS by Demetrius the ambafladoure, a man not ignoraunt in 
 the Latin toonge, as from his youth browght vp in Liuonia, where 
 he learned the fyrd rudimcntes of letters. And beinge growne 
 to mans age, executed th[e]ofiice of an ambafladour into dyuers 
 Chriflian prouinces. For wheras by reafon of his approued 
 faithfulnefTe and induftrie, he had before byn fent as oratoure 
 to the kynges of Suecia and Denmarke, and the great 
 mafter of Pruflfia, he was at the laft fente to Th[e]emperoure 
 Maximilian, in whofe courte (beinge replenyflhed with 
 all fortes of menne) whyle he was conuerlant, yf any 
 thyng of barbarous maners yet remayned in fo docible 
 and quiet a nature, the lame was put away by framynge 
 h>Tn felfe to better ciuilitie. The caufe of his legacie or ambaflade, was gyuen by Paulus Centurio a Genuefe, 
 who when he had rcceaued letters conimendatori of pope Leo the tenth, and came to Mofcouia for the trade of 
 marchaundies, of his owne mynde conferred with the familiers of Duke Bafilius as touchynge the conformation 
 of the rites of both churches. He furthermore of great magnanimitie and in maner owtragious defire, fowght 
 howc by a newe and incredible viage, fpices myght bee browght from India. For whyle before he had exercifed 
 tlie trade of marchaundies in Syria, Egypte, and Pontus, he knewe by fame that fpices myght bee conueighed 
 from the further India vp the riuer Indus ageynll the courfe of the fame, and from thence by a fnial vyage by 
 lande \ (finge oucr the mountaynes of Paropanifus, to bee caried to the riuer Oxus in Bactria, which hauing his 
 original almofl, from the fame mountaynes frome whenfe Indus dooth fpringe, and violently caryinge with it 
 manye other ryuers, fauleth into the fea Hircanum or Cafpium at the porte cauled Straua. And he emeftly 
 afiirmcd that frome Straua, is an eafy and fafe nauigation vnto the marte towne of Citrachan or Aflrachan and 
 the mouth of the ryuer Volga and from thenfe euer ageynll the courfe of the ryuers, as Volga, Occha, and 
 Mofcho, vnto the citie Mofcha, and frome thence by lande to Riga and into the fea of Sarmatia and all the 
 weft regions. For he was vehemently and more then of equitie accenfed and prouoked by the iniuries of the 
 Portugales, who hauynge by force of armes fubdued a great parte of India, and poffeffed all the marte townes, 
 takyngc holy into thcyr handes all the trade of fpices to brynge the fame into Spayne, and ncuerthelefle to fell 
 them at a more greuous and intoUerable price to the people of Europe then euer was hard of before: And 
 furthermore kcptc the coaftes of the Indian fea fo llraightly with continuall nauies, that thofe trades are thereby 
 Icfte of, which were before exercifed by the goulfe of Perfia and towarde the lyuer of Euphrates, and alfo by the 
 ao8 
 
 
 I^^H^^^l 
 
 
 
 H^BLfTASpail H 
 
 D KilNrajK'al 
 
 
 WWw^fc^iaB l| 
 
 BSIiioVWBI 
 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 H^SaBJ^BSH 
 
 
 B^^3^^ulcsfl II 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 nsWbvialMHi 
 
 
 ■p^H^Bjf^|^^3| '■■ 
 
 
 ^^^^^^ 
 
 
 
Mofcottia and Cathay. 
 
 309 
 
 ATIN 
 
 iRIA 
 
 )f the region 
 o Strabo and 
 the maners, 
 maner in the 
 was declared 
 t ignoraunt in 
 iuonia, where 
 leinge growne 
 ir into dyuers 
 ^is approued 
 : as oratoure 
 id the great 
 [e]emperoure 
 lyflhed with 
 int, yf any 
 
 fo docible 
 by framynge 
 rio a Genuefe, 
 )r the trade of 
 conformation 
 defire, fowght 
 had exercifed 
 :e conueighed 
 fnial vyage by 
 ich hauing his 
 iryinge with it 
 id he emeftly 
 \(lrachan and 
 a, Occha, and 
 a and all the 
 iniuries of the 
 marte townes, 
 theleffe to fell 
 
 before: And 
 es are thereby 
 nd alfo by the 
 
 (Ireightcs of the fea of Arabia and the ryiicr Nilus, and in fine by owre fca: by which trade all Afia and F.iirope 
 was abundantly fatifllcd and better chcape then hathe byn fence the Portugrlcs had the trade in theyr handcs 
 with fo manye incommodities of fiich longe viages wherby the fpices are fo jmipted by th[t']infection of the 
 poompe and other fylthynefle of the fluppes, that theyr naturall fauoiir, taftc, and (lualitic afwell hereby as by 
 theyr longe referuyng in the flioppes, fellers, and warehoufes in Lufflieburne, vanyfflieth and refoliiuth, fo that 
 rcfeniynge euer the frefflieft and nevvefte, they fel only the woorft and moll corrupted. Hut P.iulus, altiiough in 
 all places he erneftly and vehemently argued of thefe thinges, and (lyrred great malice and hatred agcynft tlie 
 Portugales, aflirmynge that not only therby the cudomes and reuenewes of princes fliulde bee much greater if 
 that vyage might bee difcouered, but alfo that fpices myght bee better cheepe bowght at the handes of the 
 Mofcouites, yet coulde he nothinge auayle in this fute, forafmuche as Uuke Bafilius thowght it not good to 
 make open or difclofe vnto a (Iraunger a.id vnknowne man, thofe regions which giue enterance to the fea Cafpium 
 and the kyngcdomes of Perfia. Paulus therfore excludynge all hope of turther trauayle, and become nowe of a 
 njarchaunte an Amba(1;idoure, browglit Bafilius letters (pope Leo beinge nowe departed) to Adriane his 
 fucceffoure, in the whiche he declared with honorable and reuerende woordes his good wyll and fauorable mynde 
 towarde the byllhop of Rome. For a fewe years before, Uafilius (then keepynge warres ageynfte the Polones at 
 fuche tyme as the generall counfayle was celebrate at I^itcrane) recpiyred by John, kynge of Denmarke (the 
 father of Chriflierne who was of late exi)ulfed from his kyngeilome) that fafe paflfage myght bee graunted to 
 th[e]ambalTadours of Mofcouia to go to Rome. But wheras it fo chaunced, that kynge lohn and pope Julius 
 dyed both in one day, wherby he lacked a conuenient feijuefter or folicitoure, he omitted his confultation as 
 touchynge that legacie. After this, the warre waxed hot betwene him and Sigifmunile the kynge of Polonie: 
 who obteinynge the victorie ageinft the Mofcouites at Borifthene, fupplications were decreed in Rome for the 
 ouerthrowe and vantiuyflynge the enemies of the Ciirillian faithe, whiche thinge greatly alienated both kynge 
 Bafilius him felfe and all that nation from the byffliop of Rome. But when Adriane the. vi. de[)arted from this 
 lyfe, and lefte Paulus nowe redie to his feconde vyage, his fucceffour Clemente the. vii. perceauynge that Paulus 
 (lyll furioufly reuolued and toffed in his vnquiet mynde that vyage towarde the Ivifte, fente hym ageyne with 
 letters to Mofcouia, by the which with proiienfe and frendly perfuafions, he exhorted Bafilius to acknowleage 
 the maieftie of the Romane churclic, and to make a perpetuall leage and agreement in matters of religion, 
 which thynge fluild be not only for the health of his foule, but alfo greatly to th[e]increafe of his honour: 
 And further promyfed, that by tlie holy autoritie ot his office he wolde make hym a kynge and gyue hym kyngely 
 ornamentes, if reiectyng the doctrine of the (jreekes, he wolde conforme hym felfe to th[e]autoritie of the Romane 
 churche. For Bafilius defyred the name and tytle of a kynge by th[e]aflignation of thebyffhoppe of Rome, foraf- 
 much as he iudged tliat to appertcyne to the catholyke right and the byfflioppes maieftie, of whome (as he 
 knewe ryght well) euen Th[e]emperours them felues by an auncient cuftome haue receaued there infignes of 
 honoure with the Diademe and fcepter of the Romane Empire: althowghe it is fayde that he retjuired the fame 
 of Th[e]emperour Maximiliane by many ambalTades. Paulus therfore who with more profperous iorneys then 
 great vantage, had from his youth trauayled a greate parte of the world, althowgh he were nowe aged and fore 
 vexed with the (Irangurie, came with a profperous and fpedy iornay to Mofcouia, where he was gentely 
 receaued of Bafilius, and remayned in his courte for the fpace of twoo monethes. But in fine, miftruftynge his 
 owne (Irength, and deterred by the dilhcultie of fo greate a iorneye, when he had vtterly put away all his 
 imaginations and hope of this trade to India, returned to Rome with Demetrius th[e]amba(Tadour of Bafilius, 
 before we yet thowght that he had byn in Mofcouia. The byfilioppe commaunded that Demetrius fliuld bee 
 lodgetl in the mod magnificent and princely part of the houfes of Vaticane, the roufifes of whofe edifi[c]es are 
 gylted and embowed, and the chambers rychly furnyflhed with fylken betUles and cloth of Arrefie. Wyllynge 
 furthermore that he (huld bee honorably receaued and veftured with filke. He alfo afllgned Franciscus 
 Cheregatus the byflflioppe of .Aprutium (a man that had often tymes byn ambafladoure to diuers regyons) to 
 accomiKinie hym and fliewe hym th[e]onler and rites of owre religion with the monumentes anil maners of the 
 citie. Furthermore, when Demetrius had certeyne dayes reded and recreate him felfe, waffliyng away the 
 fylth he had gathered by reafon of the longe vyage, then apparelled with a fiiyre vedure after the maner of his 
 countrey, he was browght to the byfflioppes prefence, whom he honoured kneelynge with great humilitie anil 
 reuerence (as is the maner) and therwith prefented vnto his holynes certeyne furres of Sables in his owne name 
 and in the name of his prince, and alfo delyuered the letters of Bafilius, which they before, and then 
 the lUyrian or Slauon interpretoure Nicolaus Siccenfis tranflated into the Latine toonge in this effecte as 
 foloweth. 
 
 To pope Clemente dieparde and teacher of the Romane churche, greate Bafilius by the grace of God, 
 lorde, Kinperour and dominatour of al Rullia, and great duke of Volodemaria, Mofcouia, Nouogrodia, Plefcouia, 
 Smolenia, Ifleria, lugoria, Permnia, Vetcha, Bolgaria. etc. Dominator and great prince of Nouogrodia in the 
 lower contrei : Alfo of Cernigouia, Razauia, Volotchia, Rezcnia, Belchia, Rodouia, laroflauia, Belozeria, 
 
 2 A 3 309 
 
 The IraHe of 
 
 spiic!* in uwld 
 
 lyiiic. 
 
 Slices corrupted. 
 
 I'he Caspian tern. 
 
 it.isi1iit<t wrot to 
 l*op« AUruiie. 
 
 W^-1rre betwene 
 ilic Fxlunes and 
 Mu>cuuit«». 
 
 The wconde viaga 
 
 if I'.lllltis tu 
 
 Mutictiui.-). 
 The l*o|tc 
 ptrrsiiadvlh 
 tasiliiis ti> 
 aLknowIcdt^e the 
 Kuuuuie churchs. 
 
 279 
 
 The Fmperouret 
 rci-e;iue there 
 (linileine nf the 
 ltysshi>ppc» of 
 Kume 
 
 tntLrteyuciuenI at 
 Kume. 
 
 Demetrius In 
 btmight to the 
 popc» prcience. 
 
 Ra'iiliiis lettera to 
 I'upt: Cteiucnt. 
 
prT— T 
 
 M 
 
 310 
 
 Mofconia ami Cathay. 
 
 H 
 
 ill 
 
 \ 
 
 I i 
 
 !i 
 
 ; 
 
 i \ 
 
 280 
 
 Cardinall 
 CainiKgiua. 
 
 The ruincs of 
 Kamc 
 
 The description 
 of MoKuuia. 
 
 The alures of 
 great aiexander. 
 
 Marisshes in 
 ftoinmer. 
 
 The forest of 
 Hercynia. 
 
 Wyld beajtes 
 
 The Scythian 
 Ocean. 
 
 The heaves 
 cauled Vri or 
 fiisonte& 
 
 Helenes. 
 
 Of the Scythian* 
 
 and Tartars. 
 
 Anuxouii. 
 
 Hordx 
 
 The large 
 
 dominion of the 
 
 Tattan. 
 
 Cathay. 
 
 The Tarur« of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Vdoria, Obdoria, and Condiuia. etc. Yow fcnt vnto vs Paulus Centurio a citizen of Genua with letters whcrby 
 yowe do exhorte vs to ioine in pourc and counfayle with yowe and other Princes of Chriftendome ageynft the 
 enemies of the chriftian faith: and that a free palTage and redy way may bee opened for bothe yowrc ambalTa- 
 dours and owres to coome and go to and fro, whereby by mutuall dewtie and indeuoure on both parties, we 
 may haue knowleage of the flate of thinges pcrteynynge to the welth of vs both. Wee certes as we haue 
 hetherto happcly by the ayde and heipe of ahnyghty god conflantly and erneftly refifted the criiell and wycked 
 enemies of the Chriftian faithe, fo are we determined to doo hereafter. And are hkewife redy to confente with 
 other Chriftian Princes, and to graunt free pa(T;ige into owre dominions. In confideration wherof, we haue 
 fente vnto yowe owre faithfuil feruaunt Demetrius Krafmus with thefe owre letters : and with hym haue 
 remitted Paulus Centurio : dcfyringe yowe alfo fliortly to difmifle Demetrius wich fafegardc and indemnitie vnto 
 the borthcrs of owre dominions. And we wyl likewyfe iloo the fame if yowe fende yowre ambafladoure with 
 Demetrius, wherby both by communication and letters, wee may bee better certifictl of th[e]or(I?r and admini- 
 (Iration of fuch thyngcs as yowe recjuire : fo that beinge aducrtifed of the mindes and intent of al other 
 Chriftian princes, we may alfo confult what is beft to be done herein. Thus fare ye wel. Giuen in owr 
 dominion in owr citie of Mofcouia, in the yeare from the creation of the worlde, feuen thoufande and three 
 hundreth, the thyrde day of Ai)rell. 
 
 But Demetrius, as he is e.\perte in diuine and humane thyngcs, and efpecially of holy fcripture, feemed to 
 haue fecreate commaundement of greater matters whiche we thinke he wyll fliortly declare to the fenate in 
 priuate confultations. For he is nowe deliucred of the feucr into the whiche he fell by chaunge of aj er, and 
 hath fo recouercd his ftrengthe and natiue colour, that beinge a man of threefcore yearcs of age, he was not 
 only prefente at the popes malTe celebrated with great folemnitie in the honour of faynt Cofmus and Damian 
 but came alfo into the Senate at fuch tyme as Cardinal Campegius commynge fyrft from the legaci<* of 
 Pannonia, was receaued of the pope and all the nobilitie of the courte : And furthermore alfo vewed the 
 temples of the holye citie with the ruincs of the Romane magnificence, and with woonderynge eyes behelde the 
 lamentable decay of the auncicnt buiklinges So that we thinke that fliortly after he hath declared his nieffage, 
 he fliall returne to Mofcouia with the byffliop of Scarenfe the popes legate, not vnrecompenfed with iull 
 rewards at the handes of his holynefle. 
 
 The name of the Mofcouites is nowe newe, althowgh the poete Lucane maketh mention of the Mofchos 
 confinynge with the Sarmatians, and Plinie alfo placeth the Mofchos at the fprynges of the great r>'uer of Phafis 
 in the region of Colchos aboue the fea Euxinus towarde the Eaft. Theyr region hath very large boundes, and 
 is extended from the altars of great Alexander abowt the fpringes of Tanais, to the extreme landes and north 
 Ocean in maner vnder the Northe ftarres cauled charles wayne or the greate beare, beinge for the moft parte 
 playne and of frutfull pafture, but in fomnier in many places full of mariflhes. For whereas all that lande is 
 re[)lenyfllied with many and great ryuers which are greatly increafed by the winter fnow and ife refolued by the 
 heate of the foonne, the playnes and fyeliles are therby ouerllowen with marifflies, and all iorneys incumbered 
 with continuall waters and myrie flabbynelTe vntyl by the benefite of the n.'w wynter the ryuers and mariflhes 
 bee frofen ageyne, and giue fafe paflage to the fleades that are accuftomed to iorney by the fame. The woodde 
 or foreft of Hercynia (and not Hyrcania as is redde in fum falfe copies) occupieth a great parte of Mofcouia, 
 and is here and there inhabiteil, with houfes buylded therein and fo made thinner by the longe laboure of men 
 that it dooth not nowe fliewe that horrour of thicke and impenetrable woods and laundes as many thinke it to 
 h:uie. But beinge replenyffhed with many wylde beaftes, is fo farre extended through Mofcouia with a con- 
 tinual tracte betwene the Eaft and the North towarde the Scythian Ocean, that by the infinite greatnefle therof 
 it hath deluded the hope of fuch as haue curioufly fearched th[e]ende of the fame. In that parte that reacheth 
 towarde Pruffia, are founde the greate and fierce beaftes cauled Vri, or Bifontes, of the kynde of bulles : Alfo 
 Alces lyke vnto hartes, whiche the Mofcouites caule Lozzi, and are cauled of the Germaynes Helenes. On 
 the Eaft fyde of Mofcouia, are the Scythyans which are at this day cauled Tartars, a wanderinge nation, and at 
 all ages famous in warres. In the ftede of houfes they vfe wagons couered with beaftes hydes, wherby they 
 were in owlde tyme cauled Amaxouii. For cities and townes, they vfe greate tentes and pauilions, not defended 
 with trenches or waules of tyniber or ftone, but inclofed with an innumerable multitude of archers on horfe- 
 backe. The Tartares are diuided by companies which they caule Hordas, which word in theyr toonge fignifieth 
 a confentynge companye of people gathered togyther in forme of a citie. Euery Horda is gouerned by an 
 Emperour whom eyther his parentage or warlyke prowes hath promoted to that dignitie. For they oftentimes 
 keepe warre with theyr bortherers and contende ambicioufly and fiercely for dominion. It dooth hereby 
 appeare that they confifte of innumerable Hordas, in that the Tartars ijofleflfe the moft large defertes euen vnto 
 the famous citie of Cathay in the furtheft Ocean in the Eaft They alfo that are nearefte to the Mofcouites, 
 are knowen by theyr trade of marchaundies and often inrurfions. In Europe nere vnto the place cauled 
 Dromon Achillis in Taurica Cherfonefo, are the Tartars cauled Precopites, the dowghter of whofe prince, 
 310 
 
Mofcoitia and Cathay. 
 
 3" 
 
 ters wherby 
 ageynft the 
 vrc amballa- 
 
 parties, we 
 as we haue 
 and wycked 
 3nfcnte with 
 of, we haue 
 I hym haue 
 emnitie vnto 
 adoure with 
 and adniini- 
 
 of al other 
 liuen in owr 
 le and three 
 
 c, feemcd to 
 the fenate in 
 ofayer, and 
 , he was not 
 and Uamian 
 le legaci<* of 
 b vewed the 
 > behelde the 
 1 his niedage, 
 fed with iud 
 
 the Mofchos 
 ,'ucr of Phafis 
 boundes, and 
 es and north 
 le mod parte 
 that lande is 
 fohied by the 
 incumbered 
 ind mariflhes 
 rhe woodde 
 of Mofcouia, 
 joure of men 
 thinke it to 
 with a con- 
 tnefle therof 
 ;hat reachcth 
 buUes : Alfo 
 [clenes. On 
 ation, and at 
 wherby they 
 lot defended 
 ers on horfe- 
 ige fignifieth 
 irned by an 
 y oftentimes 
 looth hereby 
 !s euen vnto 
 Mofcouites, 
 place cauled 
 hofe prince, 
 
 Selymus Th[e]cmpcrour of the Turkcs tookc to wyfc. Tlicfe arc mod infcfl to the Poloncs, and wad the 
 regions on euery fydc betwene the ryucrs of Uoridhoncs and Tanais. They tiut in the fame 'i'auriia jiolTclTe 
 Caffam a colonic of the Ligurians (cauled in owldc tyme Thcodofia) doo bothe in religion and al other thyngcs 
 agree with the Turkcs. Hut the TarUirs that inhabitc rcg r.i of Alia betwene Taiiais and Volga, arc fiibiecte 
 to Bafilius the kyngc of the Mofcouites, and chufc them a goucrnour at his afllgnement. Amongc thefe, the 
 Cremii afflicted with ciuile fcditions, where as heretofore they were riche and of great poure, haue of late yeares 
 lode theyr dominion and dignitic. The Tartars that are beyonde the ryucr of Volga, do religioully obferue the 
 frendfliip of the Mofcouites and profeflfe them felues to be tiicir fubiectcs. IJcyond the CalVanites towarde the 
 Northe, are the Sciambani, rich in heardes of cattaiilc and confidyng of a great multitude of men. After thefe, 
 are Nogai, whiche obteyne at this daye the chiefe fame of ryches anil warly alTayres. Thcyr 1 lorda, altliowgh 
 it bee mod ample, yet hath it no cmpcroure, but is gouerncd by the wyfdonie and vcrtue of the mod ancient 
 and valient men after the maner of the common weaiilie of Venece. Ikyon<lc the Nogais fuinwhat towarde 
 the fouth and the Cafi)ian fea, the nobeled nation of the Tartars cauled Zagathai, inhabitc townes buylded of 
 done, and haue an exceadynge greate and fayrc citic cauled Samarcanda, which laxartes the grcate ryuer of 
 Sogdiana runneth through, and jju nnge from tiicnfe about a huiulreth myles, faulcth into the Cafpian fea. 
 With thefe people in owre daycs, Ifmael the Soiihi ami kynge of Perfia hathe often tymes kepte war with 
 doubtfuU fucceffe : In fo muche that fearyng the grcatenc(Te of thcyr jwure which he refyded with all that he 
 myght, he lefte Armenia and Taurifium the chiefe citic of the kyngcdome, for a i)ray to Selimus the vyctourer 
 of one wynge of the battayle. From the citie of Samarcanda, defcended Tamburlanes the myghty Kmperoure of the 
 Tartars whome fum caule Tanbcrlanis. I5ut Demetrius fayth he fliulde bee cinled Themircuthhi. Thys is he that 
 abowte the yeare of Chryde. M. CCC. Ixxxxviiii. [1398, a.d.] fubdued almoll all the Eade partes of the worlde: 
 And ladly with an innumerable multytude of men inuaded the Turkcs dominions, with whom Baiafetes Otto- 
 manus their kynge, (and father to the greate grandefather of this Solyman that nowe lyueth) metinge at Ancyra 
 in the confines or marches of dalatia and llythinia, gaue hym a fore battailc, in the whit he felle on the 
 Turkes parte. 20000. men, and Baiafetes hym felfe was taken prifoncr, whom Tamburlanes caufeil to bee 
 locked in an iren cage and fo caried hym abowte with hym throwgh all Afia which he alfo conijucred with a 
 terrible army. He conijuercd al the landes betwene 'i'anais and Nilus, and in fine vaniiuiflbcd in battayle the 
 great Soltane of Egypte, whom he chafed beyonde Nilus, and tookc alfo the citie of Damafrus. 
 
 Frome the region of thefe Tartars cauled Zagathci, is browght great plentic of filken apparel to the 
 Mofcouites. But the Tartars that inhabitc the miiUand or imier regions, bringe none other wares then truckcs 
 or droues of fwyfte runnynge horfes and clokes made of whyte fcltes : alfo hales or tentes to withdonde th[e] 
 iniuries of coulde and rayne. Thefe they make very artificially and apte for the purpofe. They receaue agayne 
 of the Mofcouites, coates of cloth, and fyluer monye, conteynynge all other bodely ornamentes, and the 
 fumyture of fuperfluous houfolde dulTe. For bcynge defended ageynd the violence of wether and tempedes 
 only with fuche apparell and coucrture whereof wee haue fpoken, they tnid < ily to theyr arrowes which they 
 (hoote afwell backwarde flyingc as when they adayle theyr enemies face to face : Albeit, when they determined 
 to inuad Europ, theyr princes and capitaynes had helmetts, coates of fenfe, and hooked fwoordcs which they 
 bought of the Perfians. Towarde the fouthe, the boundes of Mofcouia are termineil by thr fame 'lartars 
 which poffefle the playn regyons nere vnto the Cafpian fea aboue the maryfflies of Meotis in Au.i, and aboute 
 the ryuers of Borydhenes and Tanais in parte of Europe. The people cauled Roxolani, Getc, .md Badarne, 
 inhabited thefe regions in oulde tyme, of whom I thynke the name of Ruffia tookc originall. For they caule 
 parte of Lituania, Uudia the lower, wheras Mofcouia it felfe, is cauled whyte Ruflia. I.ituania therfore, lyeth 
 on the Northwed fydc of Mofcouia. But towartlc the full wed the maync landes of Prullia and Liuonia are 
 ioyned to the confines or marches of Mofcouia, where the Sarmatian fea breakynge furth of the drcightcs of 
 Cimbrica Cherfonefus (nowe cauled Denmarke) is bended with a crooked goulfc towarde the northe. But in 
 the furthed bankes of that Ocean where the large kyngedomes of Norwayc and Succia are ioyned to the 
 continent and almodc enuironed with the fea, are the people cauled Lapones, A nation exceadynge rude, 
 fufpicyous, and fearefuU, flyingc and adonyfflied at the fyght of al draungiers and fliyppcs. They knowe 
 neyther frutes nor apples, nor yet any benignitie eyther of heauen or earth. They prouyde them meate onely 
 with diootynge, and are appareled with the fkynnes of wild beades. 'I'hey dwell in caues fylled with tlr)'e 
 leaues, and in holow trees confumed within eyther by fyre or rotten for age Suche as dwell neare the fea fydc, 
 fyflhe more luckyly then cunnyngly, and in the deail of frutes, referue in dore fyfflics tlr)ded with fmoke. 
 They are of fmaule dature of body, with flatte vifagies, j)ale and wannyc colcurc, and very fwyfte of foote. 
 Their wittes or difpofitions, are not knowen to the Mofcouites theyr borthcrers, who thynke it therfore a mad- 
 neffe to affayle them with a fmaule poure, and iudge it neyther profitable nor glorious, with greate armies to 
 inuade a poore and beggerly nation. They exchaunge the mod whyte furres which wee caule Armelines for 
 other wares of dyuers fortes : Yet fo, that they flic the fyght and coompanic of all marchauntes. For com- 
 
 Tlie T.irlan of 
 
 A^i.» are *-.;'..;t*tc 
 til the .hike uf 
 MutcouiiL 
 
 281 
 
 The T.irl:ini 
 buynitilu the ryucr 
 uf \ iga. 
 
 ^«l^iHmun(ltt!l 
 (Miilcili them 
 N.i^,iyi.ri. 
 The niil>cleU 
 n.iiion iif thu 
 'r;irt;irs. 
 The ryucr t»f 
 lax.irtcK. 
 
 Ism.ncl the Snphii 
 kyngc uf IVt?) a. 
 
 The citie of 
 
 S.iiiiari:.intt.i. 
 
 Tamliurl:inc<(, 
 
 the i)iyi;hlie 
 
 KiDperuur uf the 
 
 'J'arlurs. 
 
 The ccinqticstus of 
 
 TaiuburUiiuii. 
 
 Ilaiasctes. 
 
 This appnrcl they 
 h.iiif of the 
 i'ur<«ians. 
 
 The Tartrirs 
 inlTiL-kc with the 
 Mubcuuiteii* 
 
 The tartan of the 
 
 Smith iiyde of 
 Muscuuia. 
 
 Getc and Roxotani. 
 
 M<iscnuia cauled 
 
 white Ru&sia. 
 
 Lituania. 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 I.iuunia. 
 
 iJcnmarke. 
 
 Nurway. 
 
 Suecix 
 
 The punple of 
 
 Lapuiiia. 
 
 282 
 
 Armeline furred 
 
fr r'" ' 
 
 312 
 
 MofcoHui and Cathay. 
 
 n.trKcninKfl 
 withuwt worded 
 The darke regiun 
 by this darke 
 region and the 
 ftginci, '\% the w.-ty 
 In Cathay by ihu 
 Norlhfl »ca. 
 
 The Kcythian 
 ( >cean. 
 
 The rcRton of 
 
 CdllllDgnrt. 
 
 The ryiicr of 
 diuiJnx 
 
 The ryueroflugn 
 or lujf. 
 Vittiuifa. 
 
 The ryucr of 
 liiuiUnaurDwIna. 
 
 The r>'iier 
 iUichaiKi. 
 
 The frosen sex 
 
 283 
 
 Dwinn and 
 buchana. 
 
 (Irontand or 
 K 1 1); roil land. 
 
 Vndcrstand myles 
 of (fcrinany, tfiut 
 is leaques. 
 
 Rych furroi. 
 Lupi Cenurii. 
 
 Sables. 
 
 Jl 
 
 par>ngc and layinge thcyr wares together, and Icauynge theyr furrcs in a myddc place, they bargeyne with 
 fimiile fayth, with abfcntc and vnknowon men. Sum men of great creditc and autoritie, doo teAifie that in a 
 region beyond the 1-apponcs, betwene the well and the north opprefii' J with perpetuail darkcnes, is the nation 
 of the people rauleil Pigmei, who beinge growen to theyr ful grc-..ght, doo fcarfely excede the rtature of owre 
 chyldren of ten yeares of age. It is a fearefiill kynde of mennc, anil expreflc theyr wordes in fuch chatteryng 
 fort that they feemc to be fo much the more lykc vnto apes, in howc muchc they dyffer in fence and (lature 
 from men of iuft heyght. 
 
 'I'owardc the North, innumerable people are fiibiectc to th[e]emi)ire of the Mofcouitcs. Theyr regions 
 exlcnde to the Scythian Ocean for the fpace of almofle three moonethes iorney. 
 
 Next vnto Mofcouia, is the region of Colmogora, aboundyng with frutes. Through this ninneth the ryucr 
 of Diuidna beinge one of the greatefte that is knowen in the Northe partes, and gaue the name to an other 
 lefle ryuer which breaketh furthc into the fea Haltheum. This increafynge at certeyne tymes of the yi'an* as 
 dooth the ryuer Nilus, ouertloweth the fyeldes and playnes, and with his fat and nurifliinge .noyflure, dooth 
 marueloufly refill the iniuries of heauen and the fliari)e blalles of the North wynde. When it ryfeth by rcafon 
 of molten fnowe and greate flioures of raync, it fauleth into the Ocean by vnknowen nations, anil with fo large 
 a trenche lyke vnto a greate fea, that it can not bee fayled ouer in one day with a profperous wynde. Bi.t 
 when the waters are faulen, they leaue here and there large and fnitful Ilandes. l-'or come there cad on the 
 grounde, groweth without any helpe of the plowc, and with maruelous celeritie of haftynge nature fearynge the 
 newe iniurie of the proude ryuer, dooth both fjirynge and rypc in fliort fjiace. 
 
 Into the ryuer Uiuidna, nmneth the ryuer luga ; And in the corner where they ioyne togyther, is the 
 famous marte towne cauled Vfliuga dillant from the chiefe citie Mofca. vi. hundreth myles, 
 
 Ni)te that whcrns Paulus louiiis wrylctli liere that tlic ryucr of Diuitlna, othcrwysc cauleil Dwiiia, runnoth throiighe the region 
 of riiliiiDgor, it is to bee vnilcr(l(xlc that tlicrc are twoo ryuers of that name, the oiij on the Norlhcafl fyde of Mofcouia towarde the 
 frofun fea, ami the other on the fouthwcfl fyde faulyng into the fea Haltheum, or the goulfo of Kinnonia hy the cilie of Riga in 
 I.iuonia. And forafmuch as the trewe knowlcage of thefe and ccrteine other is very ni'ccfliiry for all fuch as (liall trade into Mofcouia 
 or other regions in tliofe coartcs hy the northe fea, I haue thought good to make further declaration heriof as I haue founde in tlio 
 hyftorie of Mofcouia, mod faylhfully and largely wrylten by Sigifmundus I,il)erHs who was twyfe fent ambalTadour into Mofcouia, as 
 fyrft by Maximilian Th[e]emperour, ami then agcyne by Kenlinando kyng of Hungary and Dohemc. This haue I doonc the rather, 
 for that in all the mappes that I haue feenc of Mofcouia, there is no mention niade of the ryuer of Dwina that runneth through the 
 region of Colmogor and by the cilie of the fame name, although the prouynce of Dwina bee in all cardes placed Northcwarde frome 
 the ryucr of Vftiug or Succana, whiche is the fame Dwina whereof we nowe fpcakc, and wherof I'aulus louius wryteth, although it 
 bee not fo named but from the angle or corner where ioynynge with the ryuer of lug and Huchana, it runneth Northcwarde towarde 
 the citie of t'ohnogor, and from thence fauleth into the north or frofen fea, as lliall hereafter more playnly appeare by the woordes of 
 Sigifniuiulus, that the one of thefe bee not taken for the other being fo lairc diflant that great crrour niyglit cnfue by miflakynge the 
 fame, cfpecially bicaufe this wherof I'aulus louius wryteth is uot by name cxpreiT;'d in the cardes, but only the other, wlierby the 
 crrour myght bee the greater. Of that thcrforc that runneth by the conflacs uf Liuoiiia and the citie of Riga, Sigifmundus wryteth 
 in this maner. 
 
 The lake of Dwina, Is diftantc from the fpryt.jes of Dorifthcnes, almofl tmne myles, anJ as many from the maryfdic of Fronowo- 
 From it, a ryucr of the fame name towarde the weft, diftante from Vuilna. xx. [twenty] myles, runneth from thence towarde tlie 
 Northe, where by Riga the chiefe cilie of I.iuonia, it faulcihe into the (Jerm.iyne fea which the Mofcouitcs caulc Vuareczkote moric. 
 It runneth by Vuitcplko, Polotzko, and Dunenburg, and not by I'lefcouia as one hath wrytteo. This ryuer beinge for the moftc 
 part nauigable, the Lyuons eaule Duna. 
 
 Of the other Dwina wherof I'aulus louius fpeaUeth, he wryteth ivs foloweth. 
 
 The prouince of Dwina and the ryuer of the fame name, is fo named from the place where the ryucrs of Suchana and lug 
 meatynge togyther, make one ryuer fo cauled. For Dwina in the Mofcouitcs tounge, fignifielh two. This ryuer by the courfe of a 
 hundred myles, tnterelh into the North Ocean on that part where the fayde fea runneth by the coafles of Swecia and Norwaye, and 
 diuidethe Kngronlande from the vnknowen lande. This prouince filuale in the ful north, perteined in tyme pad to the fegniorie of 
 Nouogorode. From Mofcouia to the moulhes of Dwina, are numbered. CCC. [three hundred] myles: Albeit ns I haue fayde, in the 
 regions that are beyond Volga, the accompte of the iorney can not bee well obferued by rcafon of many maryflhes, ryuers, and very 
 greate woo<Ides that lye in the way. Yet are we led by conieclure to thinke it to bee fcarfely twoo hundreth myles: forafmuch as 
 fr ,m Mofcouia to Vuolochda, from Vuoloehda to VAyug fumwhat into the Katie : and lafte of all frome Vftyug by the ryucr Dwina, 
 is the ryght pafTage to the northe fea. This region, befyile the cadcl of Colmogor and citie of Dwina, filuate almoft in the mydde 
 way bctwene the fpryngs and mouthes of the ryuer, and the caftcU of I'icncga ftandynge in the very mouthcs of Dwina, Is vttcrly 
 withowt townes and callels: yet hath it many vyllages whiche are farre in fundcr by renfon of the barcnncflc of the foyle. etc. 
 
 In an other place he wryteth, that Suchana and lug, after they are ioyned togyther In one, lo >fe theyr fyrfle names and make 
 the ryuer Dwina. etc. I3ut lette vs nowe returne to the hyftorie of Paulus louius. 
 
 Vnto Vftiuga, from the Permians, Pecerrians, Inugrians, Vgolicans, and Pinnegians, people inhabytynge 
 the north and northcall prouinces, are brought the precious furres of Marterns and Sables: Alfo the cafes of 
 woulfes and foxes both whytc and blackc: And lykcwyfe the (kynncs of the beafles cauled Ceruarii Lupi (that 
 is) harte woolfes, beinge engendered eyther of a woolfe and a hynde, or a harte and a bytch woolfe. Thefe 
 furres and fkyns, they exchange for dyuers other wares. The bed kynde of fables and of the fined heare 
 wherwith nowe the vcdures of irinces are lyned, and the tender neckes of delicate dames are coucred with the 
 311 
 
 1 ,■ 
 
Id 
 
 Mofconia and Cathay, 
 
 313 
 
 irgcync with 
 itiu that in a 
 is the nation 
 iturc of owre 
 ;h chatteryng 
 :c and (lature 
 
 "Ijcyr regions 
 
 cth the ryucr 
 ic to an other 
 
 the yi-aro as 
 jyflure, dooth 
 eth by reafon 
 
 with fo large 
 wynde. But 
 call on the 
 : fearynge the 
 
 gyther, is the 
 
 iiiglie the region 
 >uia toH-arile the 
 citic of Riga in 
 Ic into Morciiiii.i 
 lue foundc in tlio 
 ito Mufcouia, as 
 loimc tlic rallicr, 
 lelh llinmgh llie 
 rtlicwarilc fronie 
 toll), although it 
 icwarile towanle 
 y the woorilcs of 
 (r millakynge the 
 ihcr, whorby tlio 
 iiiundus wrytcth 
 
 fflie of Fronotto- 
 ncc towarcle the 
 arctzkote nioric. 
 ;c for the mode 
 
 iuchana and lug 
 the courfe of a 
 id Nonvayc, and 
 the fcgniorie of 
 auc faydc, in the 
 ryueis, and very 
 furafmuch as 
 he ryucr Dwina, 
 oft in the mydile 
 Jwina, is vttcrly 
 lyle. etc. 
 mmcs and make 
 
 inhabytynge 
 the cafes of 
 irii Lupi (tliat 
 oolfe. Thcfe 
 le finell heare 
 ered with the 
 
 cxprelTe fimilittide of the lyuynge bcaftc, arc brought by the IVrmians and Pcccrrinns, whichc thc-y thoin fi hies 
 alfo receauc at the handes of other that inhabite ll'j regions neare vnto the north Ocean. The rcrinians and 
 I'ecerrians, a lyttle before owre tyme, dyd facrifice to Idols after the niancr of the (Icntylcs : but doo nowo 
 acknowleage Chryfte thcyr Gml. The jKtflTagc to the Iniigrians, and V'golicans, is by certeyne rowgli niDtin- 
 taynes, which perhappcs are they that in owlde tyine were cauled Hypcrborei. In the to|)pos of ihcfo, are 
 foundc the belle kyiules of Falcons: whereof one kynde (cauled IIerodiui->) is whyte with fpolted fctiiers. 
 'I'here are alfo ierfalcons, fakers, and peregrines, whiche were vnknowen o the ancient princes in thcyr 
 cxceiriuc and nife pleafurcs. 
 
 Beyonde thofe jjcople whom I lall named (beinge all tributaries to the kinges of Mofcouia) are other 
 nations the lall of men, not knowen by any viages of the Mofcouites, forafmuche as none of theyin haiie puffed 
 to the Ocean, and arc therefore knowen onely by the fabulous narrations of marchatintes. Yet is it ai)parenle 
 that the ryuer of Ditiiiina or Dwina, drawynge with it innumerable other ryuers, runneth with a vehement 
 courfe towanle the northe: and that the fea is there exceadyng large: fo that fayiyng by the coall of the ryght 
 hamle, fliippes may haue palTage from thenfe to Cathay as is tiiought by mofl lykely coniecttire, cxcepte there 
 lye fum lande in the waye. I-'or the re}.;ion of Calliay perteyneth to th[e]extreme and furlhefle partes of the 
 Kalle, fituate almoll in the paralell of ihracia, and knowen to the Porttigales in Intlia when they fiylcd neare 
 thereunto by the regions of Sinara and Malacha to Aurea Cherfonefus, and brought from tb^nfe certeyne veftures 
 made of Sables n<ynnes, by which only argument it is apparente that the citic of Cathay is not farre from the 
 coaftes of Scythia. 
 
 But when Demetrius was demaunded whether eyther by the monumentes of letters or by fame lefte tlicym 
 of theyr prediccflburs, they hadde any knowleage of the gothes who nowe more then a thoulimd yeares feiK e 
 fubuerted Th[e]em|)ire of the Romane Emi)erours, and del;iced the citie of Rome, he anfwercd, that both the 
 nation of the Gothes of the name of kynge Totilas theyr chiefe capitayne, was of famous meinorie amonge 
 them : And that dyuers nations of the north regions confpired to that expedition, and efpeciallye the Mofcouites : 
 Alfo that that armie increafed of the conlluence of the Barbarous Liuons and wanderynge Tartars : Hut 
 that they were all cauled tlothes forafmuch as the Gothes that inhabited Scondaiiia and Ifclantle, were the 
 auctoures of that inuafion. 
 
 And with thefe bounties are the Mofcouites inclofed on euery fide, whom we thinke to be thofe people 
 that Ptolome cauled Modocas : but haue doubteleiTe at this day tiieir name of the riuer Mofco whiche runneth 
 thr.High the chiefe citie Mofca named alfo after the fame. Tiiis is the moll famous citie in Moicouia, afwell 
 for the fituation thereof beinge in maner in the myddell of the region, as alfo for the commmlious o|)ortunitie 
 of r}'uers, multitude of houfes, and flronge fenfe of fo fayre and gootUy a callell. For the ciie is extendetl 
 with a longe tracte of bu)'lilynges by the bankes of the ryuer for the fpace of fyue myles. The houfes are 
 made all of tymbcr, and are diuided into pailers, chambers, and kichins of large roomes : yet neyther of 
 vnfeemcly height or to lowe, but of decent meafure and proportion. F'or they haue greate trees a[)te for the 
 puqiofe browght from the forelle of Hercinia ? of the which, made perfectly rounde like the mafles of lliippes, 
 and fo layde one vppon an other that they ioyne at the endes in right angles, where being made very falle and 
 fure, they frame thcyr houfes thereof of maruelous flrength with fmaule charges and in verye fliort tyme. In 
 maner all the houfes haue priuate gardens afwell for pleafure as commoditie of herbes, wherby the circuite of 
 llie difperfed citie appeareth very greate. All the wardes or quarters of the citie, haue theire pectiliar chajipels. 
 But in the chicfell anil higheft place therof, is the Church of owre ladi of ample and goodly workemanfliyppe, 
 whiche Arilloteles of Bononie, a man of fingular knowleadge and experience in architecture,buylded more then. 
 Ix. [fixty] yeares fence. At the very head of the citic, a litdc ryuer cauled Neglina which dryueth many come 
 mylles, entereth into the ryuer Mofcus, and maketh almofl an Hand, in whofe end is the callell with many 
 (Irong towrs and bullwarkes, buylded very fayre by the tlitiife of Italien architecturs that are the mailers of the 
 kinges workes. In the fieldes abowt the citie, is an incredible multitud of hares and roe biickes, the which it 
 is lawefull for no man to chafe or perfue with tloggcs or nettes excepte only certeyne of the kinges liimiliars and 
 (Iraunge ambalTadours to whom he giueth licence by fpeciall commatmtlement. Almoll three partes of the 
 citie is inuironed with two ryuers, and the refydue with a large mote that receaueth plentie of water frome the 
 fayde ryuers. The citie is alfo defended on the other fyde with an other ryuer nameil laufa, whiche fauleth 
 alfo into Mofcus a little beneath the citie. Furthermore Mofcus runnyng towarde the South, fauleth into the 
 ryuer Ocha or Occa muche greater then it felfe at the towne Columna, and not very farre from 
 thenfe Ocha it felfe increafed with other riuers, vnladeth his flreames in the famous riuer Volgo, 
 wher at the place where they ioyne, is fituate the citie of Nouogrodia the leffe, fo named in refpecte 
 of the greater citie of that name from whenfe was browght the firlle colonic of the leffe citie. Volga 
 cauled in owlde tyme Rha, hath his originall of the greate maryflhes named the white lakes. Thefe are aboue 
 Mofcouia betwene the Northe and the ♦Veft, and fende furthe from thetii almoll all the ryuers that arc difperfed 
 
 3U 
 
 The mniintnine* 
 c4uleil Hi)>crtH>rcl 
 
 kyiiJvi. 
 
 The pa<*.ire fr'»m 
 M<iv-«iuij tu 
 cathjy. 
 
 Cith.iy. 
 
 MaMcr F.liol 
 raiilcth I'.iih.iy 
 tlic n-^hiit uf 
 kiilaruiil. 
 
 Tlie Onlhei 
 Kittiiierted ihc 
 kuiiiane Kiii)iire. 
 
 Tlie north rcuifin 
 ciinMiircil :li;ciiist 
 the Koiiuiis. 
 
 MiMKniiU 
 
 284 
 
 The citic I 
 
 Rirhan! 
 
 ch.iiiiiccl(.'r lo* ' la 
 inc that tliu . 
 iimhIch are 
 Kuniwhat holowe 
 on the line sydt*. 
 tinil thnt the hnle 
 «yilc of the nctt 
 ciitcrcth ii)t<t the 
 sniiic wherhy they 
 lye very cluse. 
 
 The caslel of 
 Moscx 
 
 Wliite hares and 
 rue buckcs. 
 
 The rswvt Ochx 
 
 Volga. 
 NuuogroJix 
 
 Rhx 
 
 The whyte *«kct. 
 
J* 
 
 314 
 
 Moj . ouia and Cathay. 
 
 The Rvphcnn nml 
 
 hyiH:rl^»rcim 
 
 iiioimt.iyiiciL 
 
 TniiniH .inil 
 Ituristlieiie*. 
 'llie ica Kuxiniis. 
 
 The Caspian tea. 
 
 AMrachan. 
 
 Media. 
 
 Armenia 
 
 rcr>ia. 
 
 Ca&,in. 
 
 285 
 
 Sura. 
 Surcium. 
 
 Noiiogrodix 
 
 The lemple of 
 Saitcui bo|)lii.i. 
 
 The elctiatinn of 
 
 Iho |hilc ;it 
 
 NoiM^r )(lta anil 
 M 11^:0111.1. 
 Ile.itc liy rc-'snn 
 uf !Lhurt nyglUcft. 
 
 The ciiic of 
 VuluUcuuria. 
 
 The ciiic ' 
 
 OH<«*cria. 
 
 The ciiic ol 
 I'leMuuia. 
 
 The diie of 
 
 Lubcfce. 
 
 Fr-m Rnine to 
 MoMwuuix 
 
 I. 
 
 W' .Iter trntnv'e 
 by t!>e uiid kiiuwc- 
 
 ^f.^rv"llc« in 
 •ofiimer. 
 
 into dyucrs regions on ciiory fy le, as wcc fee of the Alpes from whofe toppes and fpryngcs dcfceml the waters 
 of wliofe concourfe the ryiicrs of Rhcne, I'o, and Rodaninn, Iwuc theyr increafc. For thefe niaryflhes in tiie 
 (leaile of nioinitaynes ful of fprynges, minifler abundant moyllure, forafinuih as no mountaynes arc yet founde 
 in that region by tlie longe trauayles of men, in fo mucli that nianye that haue byn ftiidious of tiic owlde 
 Cofmographie, fiippofe tiie Ryphcan and IIypcri)orean mountaynes {o often mentioned of the ancient writers, 
 to bee tabulous. From thefe m:iryfllies tlierfu.e, the ryuers of Dwina, t)eha, Mofchus, Volga, Tanais, and 
 Iloryllhenes, haue theyr original!. The Tartars caule Volga Kdel : Tanais they cault Don: And Uoryfthenes 
 is at this day cauled Neper. This, a lytlle beneathe Taurica, runneth into the fea Fuxinus. Tanais is 
 receaued of the maryfllies of Meotis at the noble marte towne A/.ouni. lUit Volg.i leauynge the eitie of Mofeha 
 towarde the fouth, and nnmynge with a large circuite and greate wyndynges and creekes firll towarde the 
 I'^ifle, then to the Weft, and lalUy to the fouth. faulelh with a full llreanie into the Cafpian or llyrcan fea. 
 Aboue the mouth of thi.s, is a tilic of ti;e Tartars eai.led Cytraehan, which fum caule Aftrachan, where martes 
 are kepte by the marehauntes of -Media, \rmenia, and I'erfuu On the further banke of N'olga, there is a towne 
 of the 'I'artars cauled Cafan, of the whitii tl^e I Ionia of ihe Cafanite Tartars tooke theyr name. It is diftante 
 from the mouth of Volga and the Cafpian fea fyue hundret'i myles. Aboue t!afan. C I. [one hundred and 
 fifty] myles at the enteraunce of the ryuer Sura, RifiliMS iii;'t now reignelh, buylded a towne cauled Surcluni, to 
 th[ejintente that in thofe defertes, the marehauntes anil Iraaailers which certifie the gouernours of the marches 
 of the iloinges of the Tartars ami the nianers of that vmpiiet nation, may have u fate manfion amonge theyr 
 cuftomers. 
 
 'l'h[e]emperours of Mofcouia at dyuers tymcs, cyther moued therto by occafion of thynges prefentc, or for 
 the <lefyre they had to nobililate newe and obfcure places, haue kepte the feate of theyr courte and Kmpire in 
 dyuers cities. For Nouogrodia whiche lyeth towarde the Welle and the I.yuon fea, not many yeares palle, was 
 the headde citie of Mofcouia, and obteyned euer the chiefe dignitie by reafon of the incredible number of houfes 
 anil edifi[c]es, with the oportunilie of the large lake replenyflhed with fyfllie, and alio for the fame of the molle 
 auncient and venerable temple whiche more then foure humlreth yeres fern e was dedicated to Sancta Sophia 
 Chrylle the foonne of (lod, accordynge to the cullonie of the F.mprours of lii/anumn nowe cauled Conllantinople. 
 Nouogrodia is opprelVed in maner with continuall wynter and darkcn^'lle of longe nyghtes. For it hath the pole 
 Artike eleuate aboue the Horizon threefiore and foure degrees: and is further from the Kijuinoi tiall then 
 Mofcouia by almolle. vi. degrees. V>y whiche dylTerence of heauen, it is fayde that at the fommer lleye of the 
 foonne, it is burnte with continuall he.ite by reafon of the Ihorte nyghtes. 
 
 The citie alio of \'olodemaria, beinge more then twoo luindreth myles dillant from Mofca towarde th.c 
 Kafte, had the name of the chiefe citie and kynges towne, whyther the feate of Th[e]einpire was tranllated hy 
 the \ ..i.int Kmperours for neceflarie conliderations, that fuch ayde, furniture, anil reipiirres as apperleyne to the 
 warres mvglit bee neare at hande at fuche tynie as they kepte continu.dt wane ageynlle the Tartars theyr 
 bortherers. For it is lituate withowt Volga, on the bankes of the ryuer Clefma, whiche fauleth into N'olga. Ihit 
 Molcha, afwell for thole gyftes and commodities whereof we haue fpoken, asalfothat it is lituate in the myddell. 
 of the moll fre<|U(.'nted place of all the region and Fmpire, and ilefemied with the ryuer and Callel, hath in 
 cDuiparyfon to other i ities byn thowght molle woorthy to bee elleemed for the chiefe. Mofc'ia is dillant from 
 Nouogrodia line hundreth myles: and ahnoll in the mydde way is the citie of Ottoferia (otherwyfe cauled Otwer 
 or I'uwer) vii|K*n the ryuer of Volga, 'i'liis ryuer neare vnto the foimtaynes and fpringes of the fame, not yet 
 ini realed by ri< i-auyng fo many other ryuers, rinineth but llowely and gentelly: And palVelh iVom thenfe to 
 Nouogrodia tlinMii.',h m.my wioddcs and derol.ile playnes. Furthermore frome Nouogrodia to Riga the nexte 
 I cite of th.e S.irm.iii.m iea, is the iornay of a thoul.ind myles lyiile more cr ieiVe. This trade is thought to bee 
 more commodious tlun the other, byciufe it h.ilh m.tnye towncs and iiii citie of IMefcouia in the waye, beinge 
 imbr.ifed with two ryuers. From Riga (perteynynge to llie (iominioii of the greale mailer of llie w.irres of the 
 l.iuons) to the citie of I ubei ke a porte of tiermanie in the goiill'e of Cymbrica Cherlonelus (•.lowe cauled 
 Denmarke) are numbered aboute a thoufande myles of daungerous faylyngi!. 
 
 From Rome to the ciiie of Mofeha, the dillance is know.n to bee two thouf.mdc and fyxe l.iindrelh miles 
 by the neareft w.iy p.ilVynge by Kauemia, Taiuiliuui, the Alpes of Carnir.i : .Mlo N'ill.u um, .N'oricuni, a.:d Vienna 
 of I'annonic: and from thenfe (p.ilVynge ouer the ryuer of Danubins) to Oimutium of the .Marouians and 
 to ('racouia the chiefe citie of i'olonie, are coinni)tid. xi. hundreth myles. I'roin t'racoui.i to \iliia the 
 headde citie of I.ithitania, are coumpted liue I'.undrelh tnyles: and as iiiaiiy from that citie to Siiiolenzko lituate 
 beyonde Itoryllheiies, from wheiife to iMof< h,i .ire (ouiiipled I'yxe hundretli myles. The iorruy iVoine Viliia by 
 Smolen/.ko to MolVha, is trauayled '\\\ wynter with expedite lleades and incredible celeritie vp|ion the liiowes 
 hardened with longe froile and lompacte lyke Ife by re;ifon of muc he we.irynge. Hut in foommer, the playnes 
 can not bee ()uer|)an"ed but by ditiicultc and l.d)orio ■ tr.iuayle. I'or wlun the liiowes by the ( ontiniiall heate 
 of the foonne begyn to melte and dillolue, tluy laufe great mar)llhcs ami ijuamyiesable to inlan^le bothe hoile 
 
 3'4 
 
Mofcoiiia and Cathny. 
 
 315 
 
 :iul the waters 
 ryfllics in the 
 irc yet fouiiilc 
 of the owlile 
 nrient writers, 
 I, Tanais, aiul 
 ul Uoryftiienes 
 us. 'lanais is 
 itie of Mofclui 
 il towanle tiic 
 )r Uyrcan fea. 
 , where martes 
 lere is a towiie 
 It is (lidante 
 huudreil and 
 e<l Surciuin, to 
 )f tlie man lies 
 unionge tiieyr 
 
 prefentc, or for 
 and Knipire in 
 ares palle, was 
 niber of houfes 
 le of the niolle 
 Sancta Sophia 
 Jonllantinople. 
 t liath the pule 
 uinix tiall tlien 
 uer llcyc of the 
 
 \-\ towanle tl-.c 
 
 s tranllated hy 
 
 •rteyne to llie 
 
 Tartars thcyr 
 
 Volga. Hut 
 
 in the myddell 
 
 Callel, hath in 
 
 is dillant from 
 
 cauled Dtwer 
 
 fame, not yit 
 
 oni thenfe to 
 
 Kit;a the nexte 
 
 thought to bee 
 
 waye, beinge 
 
 warres of tiie 
 
 (°,iowe cauled 
 
 .undreth miles 
 in. a. id Vienna 
 ilarouians and 
 to Vilna the 
 )lenzko filuale 
 ome Vilna by 
 ion the fnowes 
 •r, the playnes 
 inlinuall heate 
 ;le bothe liorle 
 
 and man, were it not that wayes are maile throwgh the fame with brydgcs and caufeys of wood, and alinofl 
 infinite laboure. 
 
 In all the region of Mofrnuin, there is no vaync or mine of golde or fyhier, or any other connnon metall 
 cxrepte ir.-n: neylher yet is there any token of i)recious Hones. .And therefore they bye all thole ihynges of 
 ftraungers. NeuerthelelVe, this iniurie of nature is reeompenfed with abnndannee of rirh furres, whofe price by 
 the w;.'iton niienelVe of men is growne to fiuh exeelVe th.it the furres perteynynge to one forte of app.irell, are 
 nowe fo>'Me for a thoiifnicle crownes. Hut tl. ' tyme hath byn that thefe haue byn bought better eliepe when 
 the furthell nations of the north beinge ignorant of owr nyfe fineneflfe and bre:ithyng ilefyre towanl efu ininate 
 and fnperlhious pleafures, exchanged the fame with nuiciie fimplicilie often tyi les for trylles and thynges of 
 fmaulc value: In fo miiclie that connnonly the I'ermians and IVcerrians, were atc'irtomed to gyue fo many 
 Ikynnes of Sables for an Iren axe or hatchet as beinge tyed hanle togyther, the marchaunles of Mofcouia collide 
 tlrawe through the hole where the liafte or I'.mdyll entereth into the fame. Ui t the Molcoiiltes fende into all 
 partes of F.urope the bell kynde of llaxc to make lynnen clothe, and hempe for ropes: .Mfo many oxc hydes, 
 and exceadynge great malVcs of w.ixe. 
 
 They proudely denye that the Komane chun he obteyneth the principate and preeminent antoritie of all 
 other. 
 
 They fo .ibhorre the nation of the lewes, that they deleft the memorie of them, and wyll in no condition 
 adinitte them to dwell within iheyr dominions: elleemyng them as wytked aiid milcheuoiis people that h.iue of 
 late tawght the Turkes to make gunnes. Hefyde the bookes that they liaiic of (lie am ient Cireeke dortours, 
 they haue alfo the comment.iries and h-imelies of faynt .\nibn)fe, Augulline, lemme, and liregorie, tranllated 
 into the lllirian or Slaiion tounge which agreeth with they^*. For they vfe bothe tiie Slauon lounge ami letters, 
 as doo alio the Sclaiions, Ualmates, llolienus, I'ollones i i.l I.ilhiianes. This tounge is fpredde further then 
 any other at this day. l'"or it is f.tiiiilyar at Conll.int'':.oi);e in t'.ie courte of the Mmperours of the Turkes; ,ind 
 was of late hanle in l\uy|>te anuvigc the M.imaluk-.:; in the courte of the Soltane of .Mcayre ollierwyfe cauled 
 Memphis or It.ibilon in isgipte. \ greate number of bo'ikes of holy Icriplure are tnmllated into this tounge by 
 th(e]iiulullrie of f.iynte lenune ami Cyrillus. l''iirtl:en lore, befyde the hyllories of thcyr o.viie counlrcx-.. they 
 haue alio bookes conteynyng the fades of great .Mexai'der and the Komane Kni])en)urs, .md l\kc«\lc ul Marcus 
 Antonius anil t'ii-opatr.i. They haue no maner of k'lowleage of pliilolo|)hie, .Mlnuioniie. or Ipci ul.itiue i«hiln ke 
 with other liberall Iciences: Kut fuch are taken for philitians as profelVe that they haiic often times ublerued the 
 vertue and <|ualitie of rum vnknowcn herbe. 
 
 'I'hcy number the yeares, not lioiii the I vrth of Chryfte, but fnun the begynnynge of the worlde. ;\nd this 
 they begin to ai«-onmpte, not Ironie the monelhe of lanuary, but from September. 
 
 'i'hey haue fewe ami llmple lawes throwghe owie .ill the kyngedome, m.ule bv the enuile .ind confcience of 
 theyr princes, and appn)ued by tiic ''onfent of wyl'e and u'ood mei' : ami are tluilurc grc.itiv for the wililn- .ind 
 «|MvetiielVe of the people foraluiuch as 11 is not Liwlull to peruerl them with any ititerprel.itions or c.uiill.ttiuus 
 of lawyers or atturncys. They punyihe iheucs, rollers, jiriuie py< kers, and uuirtherers. When they c.v.imiiie 
 m.ilefactours, they pome a gre.it <|uanlilie of collide water vppon fuche as they fulpecte, whi< he they f.iy to bee 
 an intollctable k_s nde of tortneiile. Hut fumtjines they maiuu le fuclic a^ .ire lloborne, and w\ |1 not confelle 
 apparent < ryines. 
 
 Theyr youth is exen ifed in dyuers kyndes of games anil ])lays refeiiibelyng the warres. wherby they both 
 practile pollicie and iiuuMl'e theyr llrength. They vie rimnynge both 011 lunreliackc and ali»>te .MI'd ninnynge 
 at the lylte, wrellclynge, .md el'pci i.iliy ihonlynge. for they gyue rewanlcs to liu he as ixcell ilurin. 
 
 The .Mofcouitcs are vniiuri '\ ^<i meane llature, yet very l'i|u ire let and mvghlyly brawncd. Thev haue 
 al grey eyes, longe bc.mles, ihoru legges, and bygge bellyes. 'I"liey ryde very (horte, ind Ihoute batkcwaide 
 Very lumiyiigely eueii is they live. .Vt home in lluyr houfes, theyr fare is rather pleiitilu'l llun diyuiie. I'ur 
 theyr tables are fiirnv 'led lor a lin.iule price with .ill fuihe kyndes of iiic.iles .is m.iv b'.' delyreil ol iinh as .lie 
 gyuen to moll exi elliue glullony. lleiines and diickes .ire boiiglit lor lylile lyluer iiciife the piece. Tlu'ie is 
 incredible plentie of bealles and cattayle bothe greate and fiiMule. The (lellhe of biefe that is kyllcd in llic 
 m\ viKll of wynter, is fo coiigcUd .itul rroleii, tli.it it iniliilictlie not fur tlu- I";. ace of two inooiielhcs. Theyr 
 belle and niolle delic.ite d\ lilies, .ire gotten by hiinlyiige .md liaukynge as wuh vs. l'"or they take all fortes of 
 wylde be.illes with hoiin les and dyuers kyndes ol netles. And with filcons and i-rens or eagles of a m.mieylous 
 kynde whiche the ngion of I'ecerra l>ryngelh furtli vnto them, they lake not t)ne!y felanfes and wyld- .iuckes, 
 but ::lfo cranes aiuI w\lde fw.-*iines. 'They t.ike .ill.) a foule of darkc coloiire .iliowte the b.;;;vv,es of a goofe 
 Willi redde oiurbniwcs, whole llelihe in lalle paU'ctli the pleafiiintiiellc of riie.ilaimtes. Thefe in the Mole mites 
 tounge are (.luled l\li\u\ whithe 1 fuppolc to bee the lame lli.ii I'linic caulcth Erylhiatao. kiiowen to the 
 jieople of the .Mpes, and elpeci.illy to the khrti.ins whiihe inhabite the l.uiudesabowto the fprynges ol the ryuer 
 AbdiKu 'Tile ryuer of Volga minilUelii vnto them great fyllhes .md of pldtlaunte talle; efpeci.dly ilurgions or 
 
 jij 
 
 I tlicr wrytetl 
 tletiy litis. 
 
 286 
 
 Ktihe fttrret. 
 'I'lic price of fum'«. 
 
 Hnwrnanv «.iM'"h 
 skyiuickli.-! .illakc 
 
 Kl.... 
 
 I>\p liyac!!. 
 
 W.i«c. 
 
 Iliri .ilthorre llie 
 ti?«e>. 
 
 'I*li''ir ln>kr» .till] 
 
 uli,;i.ili. 
 
 'I'll* Si-I.iMon 
 
 loiiliKt snii-tl 
 lllllhi'l lliVII AWf 
 
 i>llicr. 
 
 S.ivHtf leriMiw 
 
 w.it Uiitif in 
 IViltii.ili I II. -wi' 
 caiiU-a bcLm.inix 
 
 ll.nir llirv 
 tminlx-r the 
 yr.irc». 
 
 l-'t'ur .mil Miiiple 
 l.ivic» 
 
 Itir rjinv isr of 
 
 )>iUlll. 
 
 ,Sli»i.tlyn^r. 
 
 Ttir I i)r]i<>l.i|iili' 
 »f Ulr MiiM.xiilct. 
 
 lliryr f.ire. 
 
 287 
 
 ro.iTk 
 hint. >ii^«. 
 
 Ilriitic of fywh^. 
 
3i6 
 
 Mo/coma and Cathay. 
 
 Fysshe longe 
 rcsi^k'ucil ill Ise. 
 
 Wyne. 
 
 Maluasi*. 
 
 AU the nmih 
 
 Carle of the firme 
 mile was catilcil 
 Scytliia .intl the 
 people Scythyans. 
 
 Dr\'nkc coulcd 
 With Ikc. 
 
 Wyne of cherryes. 
 
 Their women. 
 
 T 
 
 Thf>m.i« 
 Taleulogus. 
 The conquest of 
 the turkcii iu 
 Grccia. 
 
 Hnw the prince* 
 chuikC thvyr wyucs. 
 
 War Vtw*ne the 
 MuKhuuilei. 
 
 ULrM 
 
 if t>ptwen ihr 
 
 TkauUmtr. 
 
 
 rather a kynde of fyfnie lykc vnto fliirgions: whiche in the wyntcr feafon beinge inclofcd in Ife, are longe 
 rcfenicd frcfilic and vncorruptc. Of other kindcs of fyfllies, ihey take in nianer an incredible multitude in the 
 wiiyte lakes whereof wee haue fpokcn before. And wheras they vtterly lacke natiuc wynes, they vfe fuchc as 
 are browght from other jilaces. And this only in certeine feaftes and holy miflerics. Efpecially tlie pleafauntc 
 Maluafies of the Hand of Crcta nowe cauled Candy, are had in mode honoure: and vfed eyther as mediccns or 
 for a fliewe of exceiliue aboiindaunce, forafniuche as it is in maner a miracle that wynes browght frome Candy 
 by the ftreyghtcs of Hercules pillers and the Ilandes of (iades, and toffed with fuch tluddes of the inclofed 
 Ocean, fliulde be droonke amonge the Scythyan fnowes in theyr natiue puritie and pleafauntnefle. 
 
 The common people drinke mede nuii'e of hony and hoppes foddcn together, whiche they kaepe longe in 
 pytched barrels where the goodnes increafeth wi'h age. They vfe alfo beere and ale as doo the Germanes and 
 I'ulones. 'I'hey are accuftomeil for delycatencs in fomrner to coole theyr beere and mode with putty nge Ife 
 therin, whiche the noble men referue in theyr fell.irs in great <iuantitie for the fame purpofe. Sunmie there are 
 that delyte greately in the iufe that is prefled owtc of cherries before they bee full rypc: whiche they affyrme to 
 haue the coloure of cleare and ruddy wyne with a ver)'e pleafaunte talle. 
 
 Theyr wyues and women, are not with them in fuche honoure as they are in other nations. For they vfe 
 them in maner in the place of feruantes. The noble men and gentelmen, doo diligently obferue theyr walkes 
 and I. aue an eye to their chaftitie. They are fcklom bydden furth to any feaftes: nether are permytted to 
 refi'rte to churches farre of, or to walke abrode withowt fum greate confyderation. But the common forte of 
 woi.ien, are eafely and for a fmaule price allured to lecherye euen of ftrauiigers; by reafon wherof, the gentelmen 
 doo 'yttle or nothynge efteme them. 
 
 iohn the father of kynge Uafilius dyed more then. xx. [twenty] yearcs fence. He maryed Sophia the 
 doughter of Thomas I'aleologiis who reigned farre in Peloponnefus (now cauled Morea) anil was brother to 
 'I'h[e]emperoure of conftantinople. Shee was then at Rome when Thomas her father was dryuen owte of Grecia 
 by the 'I'urckes. C)f her were fyue chyldren borne, a.; Bafilius hym feltc, George, Demetrius, Symeon, and 
 Andreas. Itafilius tooke to wyfe .Salomonia the doughter of George Soborouius a man of fynguler fidelitie and 
 wyfdome and one of hys counfayle. The excellent vertues of which woman, only barenneflfe obfcured. 
 
 When the prynces of Mofcouia delyberat to marie, theyr ruftome is to haue choyfe of all the vyrgyncs in 
 the realme, and to caufe fuche as are of moll fayre and bewtyfull vyfage and perfonage with maners and vertues 
 accordyng, to bee browght before them. Which afterwarde they committe to certayne faythful men and graue 
 n)atrones to bee furder vewed, in fo muche that they leaue no parte of them vnferched. Of thefe, fliee whome 
 the prynce moll lyketh, is pronounte<l woorthy to bee hys wyfe, not withowt gPMte and careful! ex[)ect.ation of 
 theyr [larentes, lyuynge for that tyme betwem; hope and fvare. The other vyrgyns alio which iloode in election and 
 contemled in bewty and integritie of maners, are often limes the fame day to gratyfye the prynce, maryed to 
 hys noble men, geniellmen, and capytaynes; wherby it fumtymes commeth to palTe that whyle the princes 
 conuinne the lynage of roiall dcfcente. fuche as are bi)rne of luiniMe |)arcrU.ige, are exalted to the ilegrce of 
 princely ellate. In lyke maner as Th[eJemi)erours of the lur^kes were accullonied to bee chofen by cumlynelVe 
 of jierfonage and warly prowes. 
 
 Italilius was vnder ih[e]age of forty and feuen yeares, of cumly perfonaj^r, fmguler vcrtue, and princely 
 qualities, by all mcanes ftudyous for the i)r()fperitie and commodities of hys fubiectes. Furthermore in beneuo- 
 !• IK c, lyberalytie and gocxl fuccelTe in hys doynges, to bee preferred before his progenitours. For when he 
 hidde. vi. yeares kejjte w.irre with the Lyuons that moued. Ixxii. [feiienty-two] confetherate cities to the caufc 
 of that warre, he obtc;n<'! the vii torie and dejiarted with fewe condilions of i)ea(;e rather gyuen then accepted. 
 Alio at the begynnyng. .f his reigne, he put the I'olones t<j lli^lit and took prifoner Conllantme the capitayne 
 of the Riiihens whom he brought to .Mofcouia tyed in chaynes. Hut fliorfly after at the ryuer Borillhenes aboue 
 the citie of Orfa, he hym klie was ouercomne in a great battayle by the fame Conftantine whom he liadde dif 
 nilfed : Vet f" lluil the towne of Suiolenzko whiche the .Mofiouites polVelfed before and was now woonne by 
 ♦he l'(>1'''>i, (liukle flyll pertcyne to the don.inions of lialilins. IJut ageynlle the Tartars, and efpecially the 
 Tartai.-^ of Kuro])c cauled ilii. Precopites, the .Mofcouites haue often tymes kepte warre with good fuccefle, in 
 reuc'igc I . th[e]iniurii '. doone to them by .hcyr incurfions. 
 
 Jl.ililius is accullomed to brynge to ihe lielde more then a hundreth and fiftie thoufande horfemen deuided 
 into thi4'<- bandes and folowynge the banners or enfeignes of theyr capitaynes in order of battayle. On the 
 l).!'!!!^ •<( the kynges wynge, is figured the im.ige of lofue the capitaine of the Hebrewes at whofe prayer the 
 I ...lie pKilongrd the daye an<l (li)de his courfe as wytnelTe the hyllories of holye fcri|iture. Armies of foote- 
 men are in nianer to no \ fe in thole great wyldernelTes, afwel for theyr apjiarel beinge loofe anrl longe, as alfo 
 for the cuftome of Iheyr enemies, who in theyr warres Irufte rather to the fwyftenelVe of theyr lyght horfes then 
 to trye the m.itler in a pyght fyeMe. 
 
 Tlx/r horfes are of lelk then meanc ftature : but vcrye (Irongc and fwyflc. Theyr horfvtuen arc armed 
 
 1>6 
 
 iJi 
 
»=i 
 
 
 Mofconia and Cathay. 
 
 317 
 
 0, arc longe 
 Ititudc in the 
 vfc fuche as 
 le plcafaunte 
 mcdiccns or 
 frome Candy 
 : the inclofed 
 
 ;epe longe in 
 crmancs and 
 putty nge Ife 
 ime there arc 
 ey aflfyrrae to 
 
 For they vfe 
 theyr walkcs 
 permyttcd to 
 nion forte of 
 he gcntchncn 
 
 d Sojihia the 
 IS brother to 
 «te of tjrccia 
 Symeon, and 
 r fulclitie and 
 ircd. 
 
 e vyrgynes in 
 s and vertucs 
 en and graue 
 , flioe wliome 
 xpcctation of 
 \ elcrtion and 
 e, niaryed to 
 the prinres 
 the dfurce i)f 
 ly cunilynelVe 
 
 and i>rinccly 
 re in bencuo- 
 
 •"or when he 
 
 to llie caiil'c 
 len accepted. 
 
 lie capitayne 
 llienes .ibotie 
 le hadde dif- 
 V woonne by 
 
 flieciall) tlie 
 ruccefle, in 
 
 men deuided 
 le. On the 
 e prayer the 
 
 nies of foote- 
 n^;e, as alfo 
 I iuirl'es then 
 
 n arc armed 
 
 with pykcs, ryuettes, mafes of Iren and arrowes. Fewe haue hooked fwoordes. Theyr bodies are defended 
 with rounde Targets after the maner of the Turkes of Afia : or with bendyng and cornarde targcttcs after the 
 maner of the Greekes : Alfo with coates of mayle, brygantynes, and tharpe helmettes. Bafdius dyd further- 
 more inilytute a band of hargabufiers on horfbacke : and caufed many greate brafen pieces to bee made by the 
 woorkemanfliype of certeyne Italyans : and the lame with theyr (lockes and whecles to bee placed in the callell 
 of Mofca. 
 
 The kynge hym felfe with pryncely magnyfycence and fmguler familiaritie (wherwith neuertheleffe no parte 
 of the maiedie of a kyng is vyolate) is accuflomed to dyne openly with hys noble men and (Iraunge ambafla- 
 dours in hys owne chamber of prefence where is feene A meruelous quantitye of fyluer and gylte plate (landynge 
 vppon two great and high cubbanles in the fame chamber. He hath not abowte hym any other garde for the 
 cullody of hys perfon fauynge only hys accuflomed famylye. For watrhe and warde is dylygently kepte of the 
 faythfnll multytude of the citifcns : In fo muche that euery warde or (juarter of the citie is inclofed with gates 
 rayles, and barres : neyther is it lawful! for any man raflhely to walke in the citie in the nyght, or withowt lyght. 
 All the courte confyfteth of noble men, gentelmen, and choyfe fouldyers which are cauled owte of euery regyon 
 by theyre townes and vyllagies, and commaunded to wayte courfe by courfe at certeyne nioonethes api)oynted. 
 Furthermore when warre is proclaymed, all the armye is collected bothe of the owlde fouldiers and by muftcr- 
 ynge of newe in all prouynces. For the lieuetenauntes and capytaynes of the armye, are accuftomed in all 
 cities to muller the youth, and to admytte to th[e]order of foultlyers fuch as they thynke able to feme the turne. 
 Theyre wages is payde them of the common treafurye of euery ])roiiynce which is gathered and partely payde 
 alfo in the tyme of peace although it bee but lyttle. But fuch as are aflignetl to the warres, are free frome all 
 tributes, and inioye certein other priuilegies wherby they may the more gladly and cherfully ferue theyr kynge 
 and defend theyr contrey. For in the tyme of warre, occacyon is mynyftred to Ihewe trcwe vertue and raan- 
 hodde, where in fo greate and necelTarie an inflitution, euery man acconlynge to hys anproued actiuitie and 
 ingenyous forwardnefle, may obteyne the fortune cyther of perpetuall honoure or ignominie. 
 
 Vix olim r! la fides referent thus horrida regna 
 
 Afofchorum, el Ponti, res gladalis era/. 
 Nunc louio autore, ilia oculis lujlramtis, el vrbet. 
 
 El nenwra, el monies cernimus el fluuios. 
 Mofchouiam, nwnumetila loui, lua ciilla reiwlucnt. 
 
 Cafi alios mtindos credere Democriti, 
 
 Theiic armnrc 
 
 HArgabuMert. 
 Cunoci. 
 
 The Prince dyneth 
 openly, 
 
 SiKKmundu^ uyth 
 th.-\t much of this 
 i> Kulde. 
 
 The cuitodie of 
 the citie. 
 
 The dukei court*. 
 
 Soiildyen waf;et 
 of the cummuu 
 treasury. 
 
 280 
 
 ••» 
 
H 
 
 318 
 
 Rutila. 
 
 The bmwne colour 
 of ihc Kuuci. 
 
 Koueia. 
 
 Thft SUuon tounfe 
 ■prcaUcth larre. 
 
 Vandaln. 
 
 The Frincci o( 
 Kuuia. 
 
 The duVe of 
 
 MoKuui^ 
 
 € OTHER NOTABLE THYNGES 
 
 AS CONCERNYNGE MOSCOVIA: GATHERED OWT OF 
 
 THE BOOKES OF SIGISMVNDVS LIBERVS. 
 A'ole that when hefaytli mylcs, he mcaneth kaques, 
 
 |Rom whenfe RulTia had the name, there are dyuers opinions. 
 Sume thynke that it was fo named of one RufTus the foonnc or 
 neuie of Lech the kynge of the Polons. Other affirme that it 
 was fo cauled of a ccrteyne owlde towne named KulTus not 
 farre frome Nouogoroda or Nouogardia the more. Sum alfo 
 thynke that it was fo cauled of the brownc coloure of the nation. 
 But theMofcouians confute al thefe opinions as vntrewe : Affirm- 
 ynge that this nation was in owld tyme cauled RolTeia as a nation 
 difpcrfcd, as the name it fclfe dooth declare. For Rofleia in 
 the Ruthens tounge, doolhe fignifie difperfcd or fcattered. The 
 which thyngc to be trcw, dyuers other people commyxt with 
 th[e]inhabitauntes, and dyuers jirouinces lyinge here and there 
 bctwene dyuers partes of Ruflia doo playncly declare. But 
 whcnfc fo eucr they tooke thcyr name, doubtlcffc all the people 
 that vfe the Slauon tounge, and |)rofeflre the fayih of Chryfl after 
 the maner of tiie Grcekes, (cauled in thcyr common langu.ige 
 Rudi, and in the I^ilin tounge Ruthcni) are increafed to fiiche 
 a multytude that they haue eythcr expulfed all the nations that lye betwene them, or drawne them to theyr 
 maner of lyuynge, infomuche that they are nowe cauled all Rutheni by one common name. 
 
 Furthermore the Slauun tounge (whiche at this daye is fumwhat corruptly cauled Sclauon) runneth cxccad- 
 yng far, as vfed of the Dalmales, IJolTuonfcr, Croatians, Iflrians, and by a longe tracte of the fea Ailriatike vnto 
 Forum lulii : Of the Caruians alfo whuine the Venetians caide Charfos : and lykewyfe of the Carniolans and 
 Carinthians vnto the ryucr Drauus: Furthermore of the Stirians within Gretxium and by Muera vnto Danu- 
 bius and from thenfe of the Myfians, Seruians, Bulgarians, and other inhabitynge euen vnto Conftantinople : 
 Furthermore of the Bohemians, Lufacians, Silefians, Murauians, and th[c]inhabitauntes neare vnto the ryuer 
 Vagus in the kyngedome of llungarie: The Polons alfo and the Ruthenians whofe Kini)ire reachelh very 
 farre : lykewyfe the Circafians and Quincjuemontanians vnto Pontiis : and is from thenfe vfed in the north 
 l)artes of Germanic amonge the remanent of the Vaiulales inhabityng here and there. All whithe nations 
 althowgh they acknowleage them felues to bee Sclauons, yet the Germayns taking the denomination only of the 
 Vandales, caule al them that vfe the .Slauon tounge, Vuenden, Vuinden, or Vuimlyfli. 
 
 Of the Princes that nowe reigne in Ruflia, the chiefe is the great Duke of Mofcouia who ])ofiefi'cth the 
 greateft part iherof. 'Jhe feconde is the gre.at duke of Lithuania; and the thyrdc the kynge of Polonie, who 
 nowe obteyneth the dominion of Polonie and Lithuania. 
 
 In autoritie and dominion ouer his fubiectes, the prince of Mofcouie pofiuth all the monarkes of the 
 worlde. For he depriueth all his noble men and gentelmcn of al theyr holdes and munitions at his pleafure. 
 He Iruflelh not his owne brotherne, but o])pretreth all with lyke feruitude. In fo muche that whome fo euer he 
 commaundeth eyther to remayne with hym in the courte, or to goo to the warres, or fendeth on an amballage, 
 they are compelled to bee at theyr owne charges, excepte the younge gentelmen the foonncs of the IJoiarons, 
 that is, the noble men of the lowed de;.'rie. He vfurpelh this autoritie afwell ouer the fpiritualtie as the leinpo- 
 raltie : conftitutynge what him lyfteth oi the goods and lyfe of al men. Of his counfilers there is not one that 
 dare didente from hym i»i any thynge. They openly confelTe that the wyl of the prince is the wyll of god : and 
 therfore caule hym the key bearer and chamberlen of god, and beleue him to bee the executor of gods wyll. 
 
Mofcouia aud Cathay. 
 
 319 
 
 S 
 
 VT OF 
 
 ers opinions, 
 he foonne or 
 iHirme that it 
 d RufTus not 
 e. Sum alfo 
 of the nation, 
 rcwe: Affirm- 
 :ia as a nation 
 or RolTcia in 
 ittered. The 
 ommyxt with 
 ere and there 
 icclare. IJut 
 \\\ the people 
 )fChrya after 
 ion langu.age 
 afed to fuche 
 icm to theyr 
 
 ineth exccad- 
 
 Iriatike vnto 
 
 iniiulans and 
 
 vnto Danii- 
 
 flantinople : 
 
 ito the ryucr 
 
 cachcth vciy 
 
 in the north 
 
 lichc nations 
 
 n only of the 
 
 )()fii.'fioih the 
 I'oloiiie, who 
 
 arkcs of the 
 his plcafure. 
 le fo eiicr he 
 n anibafl'age, 
 he Doiarons, 
 s the tem|)o- 
 not one that 
 of god : and 
 )f gods wyll. 
 
 By rcafon wherof, the prince hym felfe when any peticion is made to hym for the dcliucric of .iny captiue, is 
 accurtomed to .aunfwere : When god comniaundetii he (lialbe dcliucrcd. Lykewyfe when any afketh a ciueftion 
 of an vncerteyne or douhtefull thynge, theyr cullome is to anfwere thus : Clod knowetii and the greate prince. 
 It is vncerteyne whether the crueltie and fiercenes of the nation doo reiiuyre fo tyrannous a prince, or whether 
 by the tyranny of the prince, the nation is made fo fierce and crucll. 
 
 Uafilius the foonne of lohn, was the fyrfl that tooke vppon hym the name and title of a kyngc in this maner: 
 The great lorde Uafihus, by the grace of god kynge and lotde of all Ruffia and the greate duke of Viioloilimaria, 
 Mofcouia, Noiiogardia, etc. 
 
 Furthermore, wheras nowe this prince is cauled an Emperour, I haiie thought good to fliewe the tytle and 
 caufe of this erroiir. Note therfore that C/ar in the Ruthens tounge fignifatii a kyngc, wheras in the language 
 of the Slaiions, Follons, liohemes, and other, the fame woorde Czar, fij.;!iificih Cefar by whiche name Th[e]em- 
 perours haue byn commonly cauled. For bothe they and the Slauons that aro vnder tiie kyngdomc of 
 Hungarie, caule a kynge by an other name ; as fum Crall, other Kyrall, and fuin Koioll : but thinke that only 
 an Kmperoiire is cauled Czar. Whereby it came to pafle that the Ruthene or Mofi ouite iiUeri)ret()urs hearynge 
 theyr prince to bee fo cauled of (Iraiinge nations, liegan them filucs alio to name iiym an Kmperour, and 
 thinke the name of Czar to bee more worthy then the name of a kynge, alliiowgh tiiey fr^nifie all one thynge. 
 Hut who fo wyl reade all theyr hyflories and bookes of holy fcrii)ture, Ihall fynde that a kynge is cauled Czar, and 
 an Emperour Keflfar. IJy the lyke erroure Th[e]empcrour of the '1 uikes is cauled Czar, wlio neuerthelefle of 
 antii|uitie vfed no hygher tytle then the name of a kynge, oprelTed b\ this woorde Czar. And hereof the 
 Turkes of Europe that vfe the blauon tounge, caule the citie of Conllaiuinople Czargrad, (that is) the kynges 
 citie. 
 
 Sum caule the prince of Mofcouie the whyte kynge, whii he I ihinke to prorende of the whytc cajipcs, or 
 other tyretnentes they weare on theyr headcs, lyke as they caule the kynge of i'ercia KililpalTa (that is) redde 
 licadde. He vfeth the tytle of a kynge when he writeth or fendeth to Rome, the Emperour, (he pope, the 
 kynge of Suetia and Denmarke, the greate mafler of Truflia and l.iuonia, and alfo fj the greate 'I'urke as I 
 haue byn credably informed : but he is not caultd kynge of any of thtii-., excepte perhappes of the I.iuons. 
 Yet by reafon of his later comiucfles, (um haue thought hym worthy the name of a kjnge or rather of an 
 Emperour bycaufe he hath kynges vnder his Emjjire. 
 
 To the kynge of I'olone he vfeth this tytle ; 'I'he great lorde Rafilius by the grace of g(Hl, Ionic of .ill Ruffia, 
 and greate duke of Vuolodimeria, Mofcouia, Nouogardia. etc. Icauynge uwt the tytle of a kyng. For none of 
 them vouchefafeth to receaue the letters of the other aegmented with any newe tytle, as 1 kiiewe by expcriciice 
 at my being in Mofcouia, at which tyme Sigifmundi's tlie kynge of I'ohme fente hym his letters augmented with 
 the tytle of the Duke of Mafouia, wherwith he was ni t i lyttle oflended. 
 
 'i'hey glorie in theyr hyflories that before Vuolodimeria and OIha, the lande of RufTia was baptifed and 
 blelTed of faynt Andrewe th[e]apo(lle of Cliryfl, afliru>ynge that he came from drecia to the mouthes of the ryuer 
 lioryfthenes : and that he fayled vppe the ryuer to the mountaynes wiicre as is nowe Cliiouia : and that there 
 he blelTed all the lande and placed his crolVe, prophcfyinge alfo that the grace of god lluiide bee greate there, 
 and that there fliulde bee many (hurches of Chryllian men : I.ykewyfe that iir afterwardi; came to die fjirynges 
 of lloryflhenes vntt) the great l.iki.' Vuolok, and by the ryuer I.ouat deftendeil intn liie lake llmer : from wlienfe 
 by the riucr Vuolcon whiilie runneth owte of the fame lake, he came to Nouogunlia: and palled froiiie llienfe 
 by the fame ryuer to the Like Ladoga and the ryuer Heua, and fo vnto the fea whiche they caule Viiaret/tuia, 
 beinge the fame that we caule the (lermayne fea, betwene Vuinlandia or l'"iiilandia and l.iuonia, by the whiche 
 he fayled to Rome, and was at the larte < rii<i(ied for Cliryfle his golpell in IVIoponnefus by the tyranny of Agus 
 Antipaler, as theyr crownacles make mention. 
 
 The prynce euery feconile or thyrde yeare, caufeth a mufter to bee taken of the foonnes of tlie Roiarons, 
 and takethe an arcowmi)le bothe of theyr number and howe m.iny horfes and men euery of them is 'ble to 
 make : and then a|ipoynteth a certeyne llypende to liu he as are .d)le furllier to beare theyr owne charges in ihe 
 warres. They haue feldoine any redor (luyetnelTe. For ih -y eytherkeepe warre wih the Lithuanians, l.iuoniaus, 
 Suetians, or Tartars of Cafan. Or yf it fo chaimce that tlie ]Kynce keepe no w.irre, yet doolli he yearely 
 api)ovnte garryfons of xx. [twenty] lh>>ulande menne in plates abowt T.tnais and Oieato reprelle liie incurlions 
 and roliberyes of the I'airopean Tart.UN cauled l're<-opiii's. 
 
 As in other matters, euen fo in ili[elonler of warrefare ther is great diuerfitie amongc nun. For the Mof- 
 rouian as foone as he begynneth to flye, thinkelh of none other fuc< oure but pulteth all his confidence therein, 
 lleinge purfued or taken of his eneinie, he ne)lher defendeth hiinleife nor delireilie perilon. 
 
 'I'he Tartar call of fnmi his horfe, fpoyled of al his armure and weapons, and alfo fore wounded, defendeth 
 hym felfe with handes. feete, .and teethe, and by all meanes he may, vnlyll his flrength and fpirite fayle hym. 
 
 The Turkc, *hc« he li-cth hym felfe dellitute of all helpe and hope to efcape, doth humbly defyre pardon, 
 
 290 
 
 Why Ihe diiVe of 
 
 MMCo'iia wa» 
 caiilcil an 
 
 the greate Turlt* 
 
 Thf whyte kynge. 
 
 I'he (hike '»f 
 Ntuacouia iLktytle. 
 
 Kuui.i Kiptywd 
 by s.iyntc 
 Andrcwc the 
 A-juktle. 
 
 The Moscouites 
 warret 
 
 291 
 
 ttyurrs |m oplv in 
 
i 
 
 320 
 
 Mofconia and Cathay. 
 
 The MoKOU)-tc> 
 ainiy. 
 
 How« h« 
 ■n'tynteymih hi* 
 •rmy. 
 
 InMnimenti ol 
 watrc. 
 
 The Mowntiitct 
 and T.irtAri 
 apparelL 
 
 293 
 
 i / 
 
 The protiince of 
 Mitscouia. 
 Exlremc coulOc 
 
 Fxtreme hcnit in 
 culd ret;ioiis. 
 
 cafling away his weapons and armurc, and rcching furth to the victourer his hands ioyncd together to be bounde, 
 hopynge by captiuitie to faue his lyfe. 
 
 The Mofcouitcs in placeinge theyr armye chufe them a large playne where the bed of them pytch theyr 
 tentcs and the other make them certen arbours of bouwes fyxt in the grounde, bendyng together the toppes 
 thcrof, whiche they coucr with theyr clokes to defcnde themfelues, theyr bowes, arrowes, faddyles, and other 
 theyr neceffarics from rayne. They put furth theyr horfes to pafture, and for that caufe haue theyr tentes fo 
 farre in funder, which tiicy fbrtifye neyther with cartes or trenches or any other iinpedymcnt, excepte perhappcs 
 tlie place bee defended by nature as with wooddcs, ryuers and maryflbes. 
 
 It may perhappes feeme (Iraunge howc he maynteyneth hym and hys fo longe with fo fmaulc an army as I 
 haue faytle. I wyll nowe therfore brefely declare theyre fparynge and frugalitie. He that hath fyxe or fum- 
 tymes more horfes, vfeth one of them as A packe horfe to beare all theyr neceflaryes. He hath alfo in a bagge 
 of two or three fpanes; lonj^e, the floure or meale of the grayne cauled mylle : and. viii. or x. poundes weyghte 
 of fwyncs fleffhc poudertd. He hathe lykewyfe A bagge of falte, myxte with pepper if he bee ryche. Further- 
 more euery man caryeth with bym A hatchet, A fyre boxe, and a brafen potte : fo that if they chaunce to 
 coommc io any place where they can fynde no frutes, garlyke, onyons or flefllie, they kyndic a fyre and fyllc 
 theyr pottcs with water wherunto they put a fpoonefuU of meale with a quantitie of falte, and make pottage 
 thertf, whcrwith the mailer and all hys fcruauntes lyue contented. But if the mailer bee very hungary he 
 eateth all alone, and the feruantes are fumtymes inforfed to fafle for the fpace of two or three dayes. And yf 
 the mailer intende to fare fumwhat more delyi ately, then he addeth therto a lyttle portion of fwynes flellhe. I 
 fpeake not thys of the bed of them, but of fuche as are of the meane forte. The gouernours and capytaynes of 
 th[elarmye, doo fum lymes bvdcle the poorer forte to theyre tables : where theye feede them felues fo wel, that 
 they fafle two or three dayes after. When they haue frutes, garlyke, and onyons, theye can well forbeare all 
 other meates. Procedynge forw.irdc to the battaylo, they put more confydence in theyr multitude, and with 
 what great armyci, they adayl; theyr enemyes, then eyther in the (Irengthe and valyanteneflc of theyr fouldyers, 
 or in well inftnictynge theyr armye ; and fyght better afarre of, then at hande : and therfore lludy howe to 
 circumuent or inclofe theyr enemyes and to aiTayle them on the backe halfe. 
 
 Thpy haue many trumpitcrs : The which whyle they blow all at once after theyr maner, make A meruelous 
 ftraungc noyfe. They haue alfo an other kynde of inflrumentes which they caule Szuma. Thefe they blowe 
 withowte fcafynge for the fpace of an houre togither, fo temperyng the fame and holdyng in the wynd whyle 
 they drawe more, that the noyfe feemeth continuall withoute intermyflion. 
 
 They vfe all one maner of appareyl? : as longe cootes withowte pleyghtes and with narrowc fleaues after 
 the maner of the Hungar>ans. Thefe the Chridians vfe to butten on the right fyde : and the Tartars (vfmge 
 the lyke) button them on the leftc fyde. They weare rcddc and fhorte bufkyns that reache not to theyr knees : 
 and haue tlie foulcs therof dcfendeil with plates of Iren. In maner all the)T fliyrtes are wroughte with dyuers 
 colours .aboute the nccke : and haue the collars and niffes Uyfette with lyttle rounde baules lyke beades, of 
 fyluer or gylted copper, anil fumtyme perles alfo. They gyrde them felues beneth the bellye cuen as lowe as 
 theyr priuy members, that they may feme more boorcly which they greately elleme, as doo at thys day the 
 Spanyardes. Italyans, and Almaynes. 
 
 The orouince of Mofcouia is neyiher very 1 irge nor fratrull, forafmuche as the fertylytye is hyndered with 
 f. ■. . graunde wliich eyther with to muche dryneffe or moyfter kylleth the come. Furthermore the immoderate 
 and fliarpe vntcmpcrateneflfe of the ayre while the coulde of the wynter ouercommethe the heatc of the foonne, 
 lumtymes dothe not futTer the come to rype. For the coulde is there fumtyme fo extreame, that lyke as with vs 
 in fommer by reafon of heatc, euen fo there by extreame coukle the yearth hath many great chynkes or breaches. 
 Water alfo cart, into the ayre, anil fpettie faulyng from on[els mouthe, are frofen before they touche the grounde. 
 I my felfe, when I came thelher in the yeare 1526. fawe the braunches of frutefull trees W7thyred by the coulde 
 of the wynter l)efore, which was fo evtreamc that many of theyr wagoners or caries (whom they caule Gonecz) 
 were founde frofen to deathe in they 'ieailes. There were fum that at the fame tyme leadyng and dryuyng 
 theyr cattayle from the nexte villagies lO Mofcouia, dyed by the way with theyr bealles through lh[e]extremytic 
 of the coulde. Furthermore, the fame yeare many players that were accuftomed to wander aboutc the contrey 
 with daunfyng bcarcs, were founde dead in the high wayes. Wylde beares alfo inforced thereto by fomyn, lefte 
 the wooililes ami ranne here and there into dyuers villagies and houfes : At whofe commyng while the men of 
 the countrey forhjoke i''eyr hoiifcs and fledd into the fieliles, manye of them peryffhed throughe the vehemencie 
 of the coulde. Agaync, ii fumtymes fo chaunc elh that in foirimer the hcate is as extreame : as in the yeare. 
 1525. in the which almoft ail kynds of pulfc and grayne were fcorclied and burnte : and fuch a derth of come 
 folowed that drought, that that which before was bowght for three dengas, was afterwarde foulde for. xx. 
 [twenty] or. xxx. [thirty.] Furthermore alfo, manv 4illai,ies, wooddes, and ftackes of come, were fettc on f)re 
 by th[e]extrean»c hoM« . The fmoke wherof fo fylled \\ •. ngjon, that the eyes of many were fore hurte thcrby. 
 

 Mofcouia and Cathay. 
 
 321 
 
 o be bounile, 
 
 \ pytch theyr 
 ler the toppes 
 es, and other 
 leyr tentes fo 
 pte perhappcs 
 
 an army as I 
 li fyxe or fum- 
 life in a bagge 
 indes weyghtc 
 ;he. Furthcr- 
 cy chauncc to 
 
 fyre and fyllc 
 make pottage 
 ry hungary he 
 lyes. And yf 
 nes flefflie. I 
 
 capytaynes of 
 cs fo wel, that 
 11 forbeare all 
 tude, and with 
 icjnr fouldyers, 
 (ludy howe to 
 
 e A menielous 
 ."fc they blowe 
 »e wynd whylc 
 
 e flcaues after 
 Fartars (vfmge 
 
 theyr knees : 
 te with dyuers 
 
 kc bea«les, of 
 en as lowe as 
 
 thys day the 
 
 hyndcrc<l with 
 le immoderate 
 of the foonne, 
 yke as with vs 
 s or breaches. 
 
 the groundc. 
 by the coulile 
 
 aule Gonccz) 
 
 and dryuyng 
 
 [e]cxtremytic 
 te the contrey 
 >y famyn, lefto 
 
 le the men of 
 ,e vchemcncie 
 
 in the ycare. 
 Icrth of corne 
 jiiide for. XX. 
 fette on f)re 
 
 hurte therby. 
 
 There arofe alfo as it were a darke and thycke myd without fmoke which lb mclcfted the cy[e]s, that many lode 
 theyr fight therby. 
 
 They fowe and naryfflie the feadcs of melons with greatc diligence in certeyne rayfcd beddcs myxte with 
 doonge : wlierby they fynde a remeily both agcynft extrcame coukl and heat. For if the heate exceade, they 
 make certeyne ryftes in the beddes as it were breathyng places lead the feades fliulde be fuffocate with to muche 
 heatc. And if the collide bee extreme it is tempered with the heate of the mucke or diinge. 
 
 Tiieyr beades are iniichc lelTe then owres : yet not all withowt homes as one hath written. For I haue 
 there fene oxen, kyne, goates, and rammes all with homes. 
 
 Not farre from the citie of Mofcha, are certeyne monaderies which a farre of, feeme lyke vnto a citie. 
 They faye that in thys citie is an incretlible number of houfes : And that the fyxte yeare before my commynge 
 thyther, the jnince caufed them to bee numbered, and founde them to bee more then one and fortye thoufamle 
 and fyue himdreth houfes. The citie is very large and wyde : and alfo very flabby and myrie. By reafon 
 wherof it hath many brydges anil caufeys. 
 
 'J'he ayre of the regyon is fo holfome, that beyond the fprynges of Tanais, cfpecially towanle the north 
 and a great parte alfo towarde the I'^de, the pedylence hath not byne harde of fence the memorye of man. 
 Yet haue they fumtiincs a difeafe in dieyr bowells and headdes not much vnlyke the pedylence. This difeafc 
 they caule a heate : wher>vith fuche as are taken, dye within fewe dayes. 
 
 Sum wryte that lohn the duke of Mofcouia and fonne of Hafilius, vnder the pretence of religion facked 
 and fpoyled, the citie of Nouogardia : and caried with hym from thenfe to Mofcouia three hundreth fleatlcs laden 
 with golde, fyiuer, and precious dones of the goodiles of the Archebyfflioppe, the marchauntes, citifins, and 
 ftraungiers. 
 
 Solowki is an Ilande fituate in the north fea. viii. leaqucs from the continent betwene Dwina and the pro- 
 uince of Corela. Howe farre it is dydant from Mofcouia, can not bee well knowne by reafon of manye fennes, 
 marydhes, wooddes, and defolate places lyingc in the way. Albeit, fum fay that it is not three hunilreth leacpies 
 from Mofcouia, and two hundreth frome Uieloiefero. In thys Ilande is made greate jilenty of falte : and it 
 hath in it a monaderie into the which it is not lawfull for any woman or virgyn to enter. There is alfo great 
 fydliyng for hearyng. They fay that here the foonne at the fommer Equinoctiall, fliyneth continually exicpte 
 two houres. 
 
 Demetriowc, is a citie with a cadel, didante from Mofcouia xii. leaijues declining from the wed fum- 
 what toward the north, lly this runneth the ryuer I-achronia that runneth in to the ryuer of Sed. Sed alfo 
 receaueth the ryuer Dubna whiche vnhuleth it fclfe in Volga. And by the comnioditie of thus many rjiiers, 
 many riche marchaundies are browght without great laboure or didicultic from the cafpian fea by the ryuer 
 Volga to Mofcouia and dyuers other ])rouynces and < ities abowte the fame. 
 
 Uieloiefero, a citie with a cadell, is fituat at a lake of the fame name. For Bieloiefero in the Mofcouites 
 toung, fignifieth a white lake. 'I'he citie dandeth not in the lake as fum haue fayil. Yet is it fo enuironed with 
 maryfflies that it may fceme to bee inexpugnable : In confidcration wherof, the j)rinces of Mofcouia are accuf- 
 tomed to keei)c theyr tre.ifure there. Uieloiefero is from Mofcouia, a hundreth leaipies, and as muche from 
 Nouogardia the great. The lake it fclfe, is. xii. leaques in length and as much in breadth : aud haili (as they 
 fay) three hundreth r}-uers faulynge into it. 'J'h[c]inhabitauntes of this i)lace, haue a peculyar langu.ige, 
 although nowe in maner all fpeake the Mofcouites tounge. The longed day here in the foomnur F.i|uin()ctial, 
 is layde to confv-de of. xix. [nineteen] houres. A man of greate name and credite toulde me, that at the l)egyn- 
 nyng of the fprynge when the trees began nowe to bee greene, he went in pode from Mofcouia to Bieloiefero : 
 And paiTynge ouer the ryuer Volga, founde the region there fo couered with Ife and fnow, that he was fayne to 
 difpatch the relklue of his iorney on fleadcs. And altiiough the wynter bee longer there, yet doo the friites 
 waxe r)'pe and are gathereil euen at the fame tyme that they are in Mofcouia. Within an arrowe lliotte of tiie 
 lake, there is an other lake that bryngeth furth brymdone : which a certen ryuer runnyng owt of the fame, 
 caryeth with it in great ([uantitie flotyng aboue the water lyke a fcoomme. Yet through the ignor.in< e of the 
 people, they liaue no commoditie therby. 
 
 The peo|>le that inhabite the regions lyinge farre northe and cad from Mofcouia, ex( haunge theyr furres 
 for apparel, knyues, needles, fpooncs, hatchets, and fuche other nccellarye wares. For they liauc not the vfe of 
 golde and fyiuer. 
 
 Lyllle beattcs. 
 
 The cilie of 
 Mum:ouu ur 
 MuM:a. 
 
 Ilulsomc ayer. 
 
 A ryche tpoyle. 
 
 'I'he Itaiitl of 
 Suluwki. 
 
 293 
 
 nitiluicsero. 
 
 The Inngthc of 
 the >lay. 
 
 The trailo from 
 Mosc'iii.i to the 
 tjasl'i.iu !)Ca. 
 
 Itu-loirsern nr th< 
 niiylulalick. 
 
 an 
 
 331 
 
 Diiienitie of 
 tcniiwraiiit-iit in 
 !tiiiaul ilyktaitcc. 
 
 A bJtc of 
 bryiiutune. 
 
 Kxchnnnc of 
 lurres fui uthttf 
 
m — ^»^ 
 
 fi 
 
 - p 
 
 322 
 
 The rfnminlon of 
 the dukr uf 
 
 ViioIf>ehda. 
 
 Wt-rxie. 
 
 Vktiug. 
 
 294 
 
 Suchjn*. 
 lug. 
 
 Colmogor. 
 Dwiiui. 
 
 r;eri-(r>. 
 
 NicoliL 
 
 Kuhiio. 
 
 The rcRinn* \-y 
 lite Nunh K.I. 
 
 
 Rulitch& 
 
 Clircho. 
 Oilm.1. 
 rctrora. 
 
 ruslooscro. 
 
 Vma. 
 
 Ctn^ulus n unJi. 
 
 Mofcfluia and Cathay. 
 
 C The dcfcription of the regions, people, and ryners, lyinge North and Eajle 
 
 from Mofcouia : As the ivay from Mofconia to the ryner Petzora, 
 
 and the prouince of lugaria, or Inhra : And fronic thcnfc 
 
 to the ryner Obi. Lyhe^iyfe the difcription of 
 
 other count reys and regions, cnen vnto 
 
 Th\c\empire of the grcate 
 
 Cham of Cathay. 
 
 |He dominion of the Prince of Mofcouii reacheth farrc towardc tlie Eafte and north vnto the 
 l)Iaces whicli we wyll nowe defcrybc. As concernynge whiche tliyngf, I tranflated a booke 
 tlial was prcfenteil vnto me in the Mofcouitcs toiinne, and haue hcare made a brycfe re- 
 hcarfall of the fame. I wyll fyrft tlierfore dcfcribc the iorney from Mofcouia to I'etzora, and 
 fo to lugaria and 01)i. 
 
 From Mof< ouia to the citie of Vuolochda, are numbered fyftie Werftes, one Werft con- 
 tcynynge almofte the fj)ace of an Italyan myle. From Vuolochda to Vftiug towarde the right 
 hande dcficiulin^e with the courfe of the ryuer of Vuolochda and Suchana with whom it ioyneth, are coumpted 
 fyuc himdroth W erftes : where within two Werftes of the towne cauled Strelze and hard by the citie of Vlliug 
 Suchana ioyneth. lug which runneth from the fouth : from whofe mouth vnto the fprynges of the fame, are 
 numbered fyue hundrethe Werlles. 
 
 Note that wlicras here l)cf()rv tlie autour niiin1>crcth but fyftie wcrfles from Mofcouia to Vuolochd.i, if fomcth that the place is 
 corrupted liy llie Triiilers myllakynjje one wonle for nn otlier, as (^Uilni|u.-i};inta, wliich is fyftie, for Quiiinenta, wliiclie is fyue 
 liuiiihutli. l-'or tliu dill.iuce if' no IcITc from Mofcouia to VuoIocIkIo, then is from Vuuloclida to Vlliu^;, wliich is fyue hundruth 
 werlles. 
 
 Hut .Siich:ina and lug after they ioyne togyther, lofe theyr fyrft nan;cs and make botlic one ryuer named 
 Dwina, by the whiche the pafHige to liic <ilie of Coliiiogor conteynLlh fyuc hiMidrctli W'crftcs : from whenfe in 
 the fpace of fyxe daycs iorney, Dwina entcreth into the north Ocean at. vi. mouthes, And the greatefte parte of 
 this iorney confyftclh by nauigation. For by lande, from Vuolochda vnto Colinogor, pafliiig oucr the ryuer 
 Vuaga, are a tlioufande Wcrlle;;. Not farrc from Cohnogor, tlie rvtier i'icncua rimnynge fromc the Fafte on the 
 rygiit hande for the fpace of fciien hundrcth Wcrilos fauictli into Dwina. I'rom Dwina by the ryuer I'ienega by 
 the fpace of two huiuireth Werftes, they cooine to a place cauled Nicolai; from whenfe witiiin halfe a werft, 
 fliyplics haue palTage into the ryuer Kuluio, which hath his original from a lake of the fame name towarde the 
 nordi, from whofe Ipringes is. viii. dayes vyage to the mouth of the fame where it enteretli into tlie ()( ean. 
 
 Saylyngc by Itie coaftes of the ryght hande the fea, they pafle by the regions of Staniiwifchc, Cahmczfcho, 
 and .\piui. And faylynge abowt the promontorie or cajje of Chorogufki Nofz, Stanuwifche, Camenckh, and 
 'rolilickh, they come at tlie length into the ryuer Mezen, and fronie thcnfe in the fpace of fyxe dayes to a 
 \yllage of the fame name, ftandyng in the mouth of the ryuer I'icza : by the which ageine afcendyng towarde 
 the lefte hande and foommer Kaft, they come to the ryuer I'iefcoya. From whenfe faylynge for the fpace of 
 fyue Werftes, they coomme into two lakes in the whi( he are feene two wayes: wherof one on the ryght fyde, 
 gocth to the ryuer Rubicho, by the whiche they i)alTe to the ryuer Czir< ho. Other by an other and fliorter 
 way, brynge theyr fliypjies frome the lake directly into Czircho: From whenfe, except they be hyndered by 
 tempeft, they coomme in the fpace of three weekes to the r)iier and mouth of Czilma, flowynge into the great 
 r)'uer I'etzora, which in that jilace is two Werftes in breadthe. Saylyng from henfe, they coomme in the fpace 
 of fyxe dayes to the towne and caftell of Puftoofero, nearc vnto the which, Petzora entereth into the north 
 Ocean at fyxe mouthes. The inhabitauntes of this place, arc men of fimple wytte. They rcceaucd the faylh 
 of Chr)'fte, and were baptifed in the yeare M. I>. xviii. 
 
 From the mouth of Czilma vnto the mouthe of the ryuer VfTa, goingc by Petzora, is one moncthcs vyagc. 
 Vflfa hath his fprj'nges in the mountayre Poyas Semnoi, being on the lefte hande towarde the foommer Eaft, 
 an{l fjjringeth owte of a greate ftone of the fame mountayne, cauled Camen Holfchoi. From the fprynges of 
 Vfla to the mouthes of the fame, are numbered more then a thouiande Werftes Furthermore Petzora runneth 
 from this fouth w>nt(rr oarte. from whenfe afcendynge from the mouthes of VfHi vnto the mouthes of the ryuer 
 
Mofcouia ami Cathay. 
 
 323 
 
 lid Eajfc 
 :ofa, 
 
 lorth vnto the 
 latcd a booke 
 le ii brycfe rc- 
 ) I'ctzura, and 
 
 ne Word con- 
 arde tlie rigiu 
 are counipted 
 citic of Vftiug 
 the fame, are 
 
 that the place is 
 
 whiclic is fyiie 
 
 is fyue huiulruth 
 
 [ ryuer named 
 
 om wlicnfe in 
 
 :iti.flc parte of 
 
 HUT tlie ryiicr 
 
 l-'.aflc on tlie 
 
 cr I'iunega by 
 
 halfe a wcrll, 
 
 towarde tlie 
 
 e Oiuan. 
 
 Calunczfcho, 
 
 imcnckh, and 
 
 xe dayes to a 
 
 (lyng towarde 
 
 llie fjiace of 
 
 le ryglit fyde, 
 
 and fliorter 
 
 hyndcred by 
 
 nto tlie great 
 
 2 in the fpace 
 
 to the north 
 
 led the fayth 
 
 nethes vyage. 
 jommer Eaft, 
 
 fprynges of 
 tzora ninneth 
 
 of the ryuer 
 
 Stzuchogora, is three wcekcs vyage. They that defcribcd this vyage, fayde that they rcfled iKtwciie llie 
 motithes of the ryuers of Stzmhogora and rotzfiheriema : and lefte thcyr vyttayks tliere whiihe they broxvj;ht 
 with theym from Kullia. Ueyonde the ryuers of I'etzora ami Stzuchogora towarde the niouiitiiyne Canicnipoias 
 and the fea witli the Ilandes there abowte and the caftell of Puftoofero, are dyiiers and innumerable nations 
 whiche by one common name are cauled Samoged (that is) fuch as eate them felues. They liaue great increafe 
 of foul es, byrdes, and tlyuers kyndes of beaftes: as Sables, Marternes, Heuers, Otters, Hermelines, Scpiyrels: 
 and in the Ocean the beafte cauled Mors : Alfo Vefs, whyte beares, woolfes, hares, iMiuiwoduani, great whales, 
 and a fyfflie cauled Semfi, with dyuers other. The people of thefe nations, come not to Mofcouia. For they 
 are wylde, and (lye the company ami focielie of other men. 
 
 From the niouthes of Stzuchogora faylynge vp the ryuer vnto Poiaflii, Artawifclie, Cameni, and PoialTa the 
 greater, is three weekes vyage. Furthermore the afcendynge to the moiinte Camen, is three dayes ioriuy : 
 from the whiche, defeendyng, they come to die ryuer Artawifc ha, and from thenfe to the ryuer Sibiit, from 
 whenfe they i)alTe to the caftell of Lepin, and from I.epin to the ryuer SolTx Tlie people that inhabile the 
 region by this r)uer, arc cauled Vuogolici. Leauynge Sofia on the ryght liande, they come to the greale ryuer 
 Oby, that fjjryngeth owt of the lake Kitailko, the whiche with all the harte they coulde make, tluy coidde 
 fcarfely palTe ouer in one day, the ryuer beinge of fuch breadth that it reaclieth fourefcore Werfles. The people 
 alfo that dwell abowt this ryuer, are cauled Vuogolici and Vgritzfchi. From the caflell of Obea aften(lynj;e by 
 the rj'uer of Oby, vnto the ryuer Irtifche into the which SolVa entereth, is three moonelhes iorney. In thele 
 places are two cailels named lerom and Tumen, kepte by certeyne lonles cauled Knefi luhorllii. beinge tribu- 
 taries to the greate duke of Mofcouia as they fay. Here are dyuers kyndes of beartes and furres. 
 
 Frome the mouth of the ryuer Irtifche to the Caflell of (]ru(lina, is two monethes iorney : from whenfe to 
 the lake Kitai by die ryuer Oby (whiche I fayde to liaue his fprynges in this lake) is more then three monethes 
 iorney. From this lake come many blacke men, lackynge tli[e]ufe of common fpech. They brynge with them 
 tlyuers wares, and efpecially i)earles and precious flones, whiche they fell to the people cauled (Irullint/.i and 
 Serponowtzi. Thefe liauc theyr name of the caflell Serponow, fituate in the mountaynes of Lucomorya beyonde 
 the ryuer Obi. They fay that to the men of Lucomorya, chaunceth a marueylous thynge ami incredible. For 
 they artirme, that they dye yearely at the. xxvii. [twenty feiientli] daye of Nouember, beinge the feafl of faynt 
 George amonge the Mofi;ouytes : and that at the nexte fprynge abowte the. xxiiii. [twenty-fourth] daye of Apryll, 
 theye reuyue ageyne as doo frogges. 
 
 With thefe alio, the people of (iruRintzi and Ser|)onowtzi, excrcife a newe and flraunge kynde of trade. 
 For when the accullomed tyme of theyr dyinge, or rather of fleapynge, aprocheth, they leaue theyr wares in 
 certeyne places ajipoynted, which the Gruflint/.i and Serponowtzi car)'c away leauynge other wares of equall 
 valewe in theyr places : whiche if the deade men at the tyme of theyr reuyuyn[g|e i)erceaue to bee of vnetiuall 
 pryce, they reipiyre theyr owne ageyne : by reafon wlierof miiche flryfe antl fighting is betweiie them. 
 
 From the ryuer of Obi defcending toward the left hand, are the people c;iuled Calami, which came thether 
 from Obiowa and Pogofa. Ikneth Obi, abowte Aiirea Anus (that is the goUlen owUle wyi'e) are the ryuers 
 SolTa, IJcres, Vu;i, and Danadim, al which fjirynge owt of the mont.ayne Camen, HoUiliega, i'otaffa, and the 
 rockes ioynynge to the fame. All the nations that inlubite from ihefe ryuers to Aurea Anus, are fuhiecte to 
 the jirynce of Mofcouia. 
 
 Aurea Anus aiuled in the Mofcouites toonge Slata IJaba, is an Idolc at the moulhes of Obi in the prouince 
 of Obtlora, flandynge on the furthell banke towarde the fea. Alonge by the bankes of Obi and the ryuers 
 neare there about, are here and there many caflells anil fortreflfes, all the lordes wliero. are fubiecte to the 
 prince of Mofcouia, as they fay. They fay alfo, or rather fable, that the Idole cauled Aurea Anus, is an Im;ige 
 lyke vnto an owlde wyfe hauyng a cliyld in her lappe : and that there is nowe feene an other infante which 
 they fay to bee her neuie : Alfo that there are certeyne inllrunientes that make a contiiiuall founde lyke the 
 noyfe of trumjiettes. The which if it fo Iiee, I thynke it to bee by reafon of the wyntle blowynge continually 
 into the holowe places of tliofe inflrumentes. 
 
 The ryuer Coffin, fauleth owt of the mountaynes into Lucomorix In the mouth of thys, is a ciflell. 
 Whyther from the fprynges of the great ryuer Coflln, is two moonethes vyage. Furthermore from the fprynges 
 of the fame ryuer, the ryuer Caflima hath hys original: which runnynge throwgh Lucomoria, fauleth into the 
 great ryuer 'I'achnin, bcyonile the which (as is fayde) dwell men ot prodigious (hape, of whom fum are oiier- 
 grownc with heare lyke wylde beafles : other haue heades lyke dogges, and other theyr faces in theyr brelles 
 withowt neckes, and with longe handes alfo and withowte feete. There is lykewyfe in the ryuer Tachiiin, a 
 certeyne fyflhe with headile, eys, nofe, mouthe, handes, fiete, and other members vtterly of humane fliape, and 
 yet withowt any voyce, and picafante to bee eaten as are other I'yfflies. 
 
 All that I haue hetherto rehearfed, I haue tranflated out of the fayde iorney whiche was delyuercd me in 
 the Mofcouites tounge. In the which perhappes fum thynges maye feeme fabulous and in mancr incredible, as 
 
 Sifuclin,*i>ra. 
 
 rot/schcnciii.i. 
 
 C.iiiienliKti.iB. 
 
 Snmnjjctl. 
 
 WyM iwnple. 
 
 C.iriicn. 
 Artaw isi'ha. 
 Siliiil. 
 I.epin. 
 
 ( )l>i. 
 Kiuisko. 
 
 Vimciilici 
 
 295 
 
 Irtisilic. 
 lenm. 
 I 'ruiiicm. 
 
 \ Kii.ii. 
 
 Ill.irkc nirn 
 witliHWt >[k:.h he. 
 Scrpcnuwp. 
 
 l.UCniDori.'L 
 
 Mt:ll lh;it yc inly 
 ilyc and rcuyuc. 
 
 uf uuuchauii(lic&. 
 
 OhL 
 ('.it.tiiiL 
 
 K) u<;i!». 
 
 Aumt Ahhs, 
 ( tlHlurx 
 
 CoKsiii. 
 
 , 'I'.ichnin. 
 
 ' I'copic »r 
 
 niuiistrntts ^h.i|w 
 
 A fysshc tyke a 
 , ni.tn 
 j IMinio wryirih ul 
 
 the lyLc lysa.tu. 
 
^ 
 
 324 
 
 Mofcouia ami Cathay. 
 
 ■ i 
 
 h 
 
 206 
 
 Mountnynet. 
 
 The grente Chan 
 of Calhay. 
 
 LucomurU. 
 
 Tumcn. 
 
 Pciiora. 
 Papin. 
 
 llyRhmnunliyne«, 
 
 MyitLTlNjrui, und 
 Rniphci 
 
 Engronlanti 
 
 Stolp 
 
 Cuthay. 
 
 The fnitfull 
 pruiiincc of Keznn. 
 
 tlonny. 
 
 Ponco* 
 
 Aviph. 
 C.ipha. 
 
 Connantinople. 
 297 
 
 T:in9is dititdeth I 
 Europe frum Ai>ta.i 
 
 of the (looninie men and the doaile rcuyuynge, the Aiirca Anus alfo, and the inonftrous fliapcs of men, with the 
 fyfllie of human forme: wherof althowgh I huue made dylyt;t'nt in(iuificion, yet could 1 knowe nothynge cer- 
 teyne of any tliat had fccnc the fame with thcyr cys, neucrtheleflfe to gyue further occafiun to other to 
 fearche the truth of thefe thynges, 1 haue thowght gootl to make mention hereof. 
 
 No(T in the Mofcouites tounge fignifieth a nofe : and thcrfore they caule all capes or poyntes of lande that 
 reache into the fea, by the liime name. 
 
 The mountaynes about the ryuer of Tetzora, are cauled Semnoi Pciyas, or Cingulus munili : (that is) the 
 gyrdle of the worlde, or of the yearih. 
 
 Kithay, is a lake of whomo the greate Chan of CATHAY whom the Mofcouians caule Czar Kythai(ki, 
 hath hys name. For Chan in the Tartars language (ignifielh a kyng. 
 
 Tlie plai:es of I.ucomorya nere vnto the fea, are faluage, full of wooddes, and inhabited withowt any houfcs. 
 And albeit that the autour of thys iorney, fayd that many nations of Luromorya are fubiecte to the prynce of 
 MolVouia, yet forafmuch as the kyngdome of Tumen is neare therunto, whofe prince is a Tartar and named in 
 theyr toung Tumenfki C/ar (that is) a kynge in Tumcn, and hath of late doone great domagc to the prynce of 
 Mofcouia, it is mode lyke that thcfe nations flnd<le rather bee fubiecte vnto hym. 
 
 Neare vnto the ryuer I'etzora, (wherof mention is made in thys iorncy) is the citic and caftell of Pai)in or 
 Pai)inowg(m)d, whofe inhabytauntes are named I'apini, and haue a priuate language difleryng from the Mofco- 
 uites. Ik-yon*! thys ryuer, are exceadynge hygh mountaynes, reachyng euen vnto tlie bankes : whofe ridgies or 
 toppes by reafon of contiiiuail wyndes, are in manor vtterly barrayne without gralTor frutes. And although in 
 dyuers places they haue dyuers names, yet are they commonly cauled Cingulus Mundi, that is the gerdle of 
 the worlde, otherwyfe cauled Catena Muntli, (that is), the chayne of the worlde. In thefe mountaynes doo 
 ierfalcons breede, wherof I haue fpoken before. Tiiere grow alfo Cedar trees, amonge the which are founde 
 the bed and blacked kynde of fables. And only thefe mountaynes are feene in all the domynyons of the 
 prynce of Mofcoui;i, which j)erhappes are the fame that the owlde writers caule Rhipheos or Hyperboreos, fo 
 named of the Greeke worde ////<•/•, (that is) vnder : and Boreas (that is) the north. For by reafon they arc 
 couered with continual! fnow and frode, they can not withowt great ilifticultie bee trauayled : and reache fo 
 farre into the north, that they make the vnknowne land of Kngroneland. The <luke of Mofcouia Hafilius the 
 foonne of lohn, fent on a tyme two of hys capitaynes nameil Simeon Pheodorowicz Kurbiki, and Knes Peter 
 Vfchatoi, to fean h the jilaces beyonde thefe niouiUayncs and to fubdewe the nations therabowte. Kurbflii was 
 yet alyue at my being in Mofcouia : antl declare<l vnto me that he fpent. xvii. [feuenteen] <lays in afcenilyng 
 the mountayn, and yet coulde not coonje to the toppe therof, which in theyr tounge is cauled Stolp (that is) a 
 pyller. Thys mountayne is extended into the Ocean vnto the mouthes of the ryuers of Dwina and Petzorx 
 Hut nowe hauyng fpoken thus muche of the fayde iorney, I wyll returne to the domynyons of Mofcouia, with 
 other regyons lyinge eadwarde and fouthe froine the fanic towarde the myghtye I'".mpyre of C A T H A Y. But 
 I wyll fyrd fpeake fumwhat brefely of the j)rouynce of Re/.an and the famous ryuer of Tanais. 
 
 The prouynce of Rezan fituate bctwene the ryuers of Occa and Tanais, hath a citie buylded of wootld not 
 farre from the bankc of C)c:ca. There was in it a Ciidell named larollaw, wherof there now remayneth nothynge 
 but tokens of the owld ruine. Not farre from that citie, the ryuer Occa niaketh an Ilande named Strub : which 
 was funjtyni a great dukedomc, whofe prince was fubicct to none other. Thys prouince of Rezan is more frut- 
 full then any other of the j)rouynces of Mofcouia : In fo muche that in liiys (as they faye) euery graync of 
 wheate bryngethe furthe two and fumtynies more eares : whofe dalkes or drawes growe fo thycke that horfes 
 can fcarfely go throwgh them, or quaylcs dye owt of them. There is greate plenty of honnye, fyflhes, foules, 
 byriles, and wylde beades. The frutes alfo do farre exceade the frutes of Mofcouia. The people are bould 
 and warlyk men. 
 
 •E Of the famous ryucy of Tanais. 
 
 Rome Mofcouia vnto the c^idell of laroflaw, and beyonde for the fparc of almodc. xxiiii. 
 [twenty four] leaques, runneth the ryuer of Tanais, at a place called Donco, where the mar- 
 chauntes that traile to Afoph, Capha, and Condantynople, fraight theyr diyppes : and thys 
 for the mode parte in autumne beynge a rayney tyme of the yeare. For Tanais here at 
 other tymes of the yeare doth not fo abounde with water as to beare fliyjjpes of any burden. 
 Thys fiimous ryuer of Tanais, dyuydeth F-urope from Ada : and hath hys orygynal or 
 fpringcs almod. viii. leaques from the citie of Tulla tow.ird the fouth inclynyng fumwhat 
 and not owt of the Riphean mountaynes as fomc haue wrytten : But owte of a great lake 
 
 towarde the F.ade 
 
 3»« 
 
ncn, with the 
 
 lothyngc ccr- 
 
 to other to 
 
 or lande that 
 
 : (that is) the 
 
 :ar Kylhaifki, 
 
 vt any houfcs, 
 the pryncc of 
 ml named in 
 the prynce of 
 
 11 of Pajiin or 
 ni the Mofto- 
 lofc ridgies or 
 1 although in 
 the gcrdle of 
 untayncs doo 
 h arc foiindc 
 ■nyons of the 
 ^pcrborcos, fo 
 lafon they are 
 nd reache fo 
 la liafilius the 
 1 Kncs Peter 
 Kurl)lki was 
 in afcenilyng 
 :)lp (tliat is) a 
 and I'etzora. 
 [ofcouia, widi 
 H A Y. But 
 
 of wootld not 
 th nothynge 
 Strub : which 
 is more frut- 
 ry graync of 
 that horfcs 
 ffhes, foules, 
 [)lc are bould 
 
 Iniortc. xxiiii. 
 icre the mar- 
 
 e; : and thys 
 nais here at 
 
 any burden. 
 
 orygynal or 
 yng fumwhat 
 
 a great lake 
 
 Mofcoiiia ami Cathay. 
 
 named Iwanowofero (that is) the lake of lohn : being in length and breadth abowt. 1500. WerlUs in a wooil 
 whiciie Ann caule Okonit/.kilies, and other name it lepijilianowlies And owt of tiiis lake, fprynge llie twoo greate 
 ryuers of Sthat and 'i'anais. Scliat towarde the Welle re< eauynge into it the ryucr of \ |i|i.i, runiietii into the 
 ryuer of (^ica betwene liie Well and the north. Hut 'I'anais at the fyrde runneti) directly l'..ill : and eontinucth 
 his courfe betwene the kyngilomes of t'afan and Aftrachan within fyxe or feuen lea(|ues of Volga ; Ami fronie 
 thcnfe bendynge towarde the fouth, maketh the feimes or mar)f(hes of Met)tis. liirthermore, nexte vnto his 
 fprynges, is the citie of 'i'ulla : and vi)pon the banke of the ryuer almolle three leacjues aboue the moulhes of 
 the fame, is the citie of Afoph, which was fyrtle cauled Tanas. I'oure ciayes ioriiey aboue liiis, is a towne 
 cauled .Achas, fituate harile by the fame ryuer: whit:he the Mofcouites caule Don. 1 can not fulHcieniiy prayfe 
 this ryuer for the exceadynge abundaunce of good fyflhes, and fairenelVe of the regions on bothe fydes the 
 bankes, with |)lentie of holfoome herbes and fweete rooles, befyde dyuers and many friitet'uil trees growynge in 
 fuciie coondy order as though they had byn fet t)f purpofe in gardens or arciiardes. There is alfo in maner 
 cuery where fuche plentic of wylde bealles, that they may cafely be llainc with arrowes : In fo much that fui he 
 as trauayle by thofe regions, thai (Lmd in necde of none other thynge to mayntayne theyr lyfe Init only 
 fyre and fake. In thele jjartes, is no obferuation of niyles, but of dayes iorneys. Hut as farre as I coulde con- 
 iecture, from the foimtaynes or fprynges of I'anais vnto the mouthes of tiie fame iorneyinge by lande, are almod 
 fourefcore leaques. Anil faylynge from Donco (from whcnfe I fayde that I'anais was fyrde nauigable) in 
 fcarfely. xx. [twenty] dayes vyage, they come to the c:itie of Afoph tributarie to the Turkes : which is (as they 
 fay) fyue dayes iorney frome the freight of Taurica, otherwyfe cauled I'ret op. In this citie is a famous mart 
 towne vnto the which refort many marchauntes of dyuers nations, and from dyuers partes of the worlde. For, 
 that all nations may the gladlyer iiaue recourfe thylher, free lybertie of bying and feliynge is graunted vnto all : 
 and that withowt the citie euery man may freely vfc his ownc and accullomed maiier of lyuynge withowt 
 punyflliement. 
 
 Of the altarcs of great Alexander and Julius Cefar whiche many wrytcrs make mention of in this |)lace, or 
 of theyr mines, I coidde hauc no ceiteyne knowleage of th[e]inhabitauntes or any other that had oftentymes 
 trauayled thefe places. Furthermore the fouhlyers whi<:he the prince of Mofcouia maynteyneth there yearely 
 to oppretTe th[e]incurfions of the Tartars, beinge of me demaunded hereof, anfwered that they neuer fawe or 
 harde of any fuch thynge. NeuerthelelTe, they fayde that abowt the mouthes of Tanais the lelTe, foure <layes 
 iorney from Afoph nere vnto a ])lace caule<l .S<:werlki, by the holy mountaynes, they fawe certeyne images ot 
 ftone and marble. Tanais the lelTe, hath his fprynges in the tlukedome of S< werlki ; whereof it is < auied 
 I )onctz Scwerfki : and fauleth into Tanais three dayes iorney aboue Afoph. Hut fuche as iorney from Mof- 
 couia to Afoph by lande, they, paffynge ouer Tanais abowt the owlde and ruinate towne of Domo, doo fmn- 
 what turne from the fouth to the Falle : In the which place, if a ryght line bee drawen from tlie moulhes of 
 Tanais to the fpringes of the fame, Mofcouia Ihalbe found to bee in Afia and not in Europe. 
 
 |r More directly from Mofcouia to Cathay. 
 
 He great and large prouince of Perniia, is dyftante from Mofcouia two hundrcth and fyftle or 
 (as fim> fay) three hundreth leaipies directly betwene the Ivill and North : And hath a citie 
 of the fame name by the ryuer Vifchora which nmneth. .x. leaipies beneth Kamam. The 
 iorney by lamle can fcarfely bee trauayle<l thyther but in wynter by reafon of many rjiiers, 
 maryflhes, and fennes. But in fommer, this iorney is difpatched with more facilitie in boates 
 or fmaule fliippes by Vuolochda, Vfliug, and the ryuer Vitzechda which nmneth into Dwinx 
 xii. lea(|ues from Vlliug. Hut they that go from Permia to Vfliug, mufle fayle vp the ryuer 
 Vifchora agelnfl the courfe of the ftreame : and palling ouer certeyne ryuers, fumtymes alfo conueyinge theyr 
 boates into other ryuers by lande, they come at the length to Vfliug three hundreth leai|ues diftant frome the 
 citie of Permia. There is fmaule vfe of breade in this prouince. For theyr yearely tribute, they pay to the 
 prynce furres and horfes. They hauc a priuate language, and letters of dieyr owne, whiche one .Steuen a 
 byflhop (who confirmed them yet waueryng in the faylh) dyd inuente. For before beinge yet infantes in the 
 fayth of C'hryfle, they llewe and fleyde an other byflhop that was appoynted to inllrucle them. This .Steuen 
 afterwarde when Demetrius the fonne of lohn reigned, was taken for a fayntc amonge the Ruthens. (Jf thefe 
 people there yet remayne many Idolaiours here and there in the woods, whom the moonkes and heremites that 
 go thyther, doo not ceafe to conuert from theyr vayne errour. In the wynter they iorney in Artach as they doo 
 in many places of Ruffia. Artach, are certeyne longe patentes of woodde of almod fyxe handfuls in length, 
 
 2 u a j>j 
 
 325 
 
 Tho 4priii^c« uf 
 
 r.iii:u<i. 
 
 A ure.ti l.ikf. 
 
 I'hc r)ucr Schak 
 
 i'iiMin. 
 
 A^ir.iihAii* 
 
 McntlH. 
 
 Acha«. 
 
 fVitltriill rrgioiK 
 
 IMrntie of wyltltt 
 
 Fire ami ult. 
 
 Where T.in.iis it 
 
 fyrsle iKiuyu.iblei 
 
 A soph. 
 
 Die mnrtc of 
 
 Am. ph. 
 
 l.ilK-riic iillurvth 
 
 itlr.ii)gvr> 
 
 'Hie nlMr^ of 
 Ak'x.iiidcr aiiJ 
 
 The hnly 
 iiiiiiini.iynet. 
 
 'I'.tnais the tcft<ta. 
 
 Kniin MoKuiii.i to 
 Aiitiph. 
 
 MiiM'oni;) in .AsLt 
 unil itut in kurupc 
 
 The prnuince of 
 Perinia. 
 
 MaryK^hei in 
 Mtmmer. 
 
 298 
 
 Hwin.1. 
 VktiuK* 
 
 Trihiite, 
 
 t-'urrcft and honca. 
 
 Monlers and 
 here 111 itei. 
 
 P&tentftfc 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 1.0 
 
 ■^ 122 ■2.2 
 L° 12.0 
 
 US 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 11.25 
 
 U |I4 
 
 FholQgraphic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporalion 
 
 23 WKT MA2K STRUT 
 
 W«>STIR,N.Y. 14SS0 
 
 I71«)t72-4S03 
 

 
■i 
 
 326 
 
 Mofcouia and Cathay. 
 
 t 
 
 • I 
 
 i :i: 
 
 i il ■ 
 
 hi 
 
 Marcn« Pau'us 
 wryieth that :hesc 
 do^^Kcs are nin'ost 
 IS Iiyg as Asse.'. : 
 and tnat they vse 
 syxc to une sleadei 
 lugaria. 
 Hungarix 
 Paiinonia. 
 Attila. 
 
 ITie hypher or 
 superyor 
 Hungaryo, is 
 cauled Austria. 
 Polonie. 
 Buda. 
 
 Furrcs. 
 
 Pearl es and 
 precious stones. 
 
 Sibter. 
 
 Aspreolps^ I 
 thynk to be 
 mart ems : yet 
 sum think them 
 to \tt squerels 
 CJesncrus wryteth 
 that the kyugs of 
 the Tartars liaue 
 theyre tcntes 
 couered withowt 
 wyth the skynnes 
 of lyons : and 
 within, with the 
 skynnes of sables 
 and Ermynes 
 
 299 
 
 Czeremissc 
 
 Hnbitacion 
 without bouses. 
 
 Sall» 
 
 whiche they make fade to theyr fiete with latchettes, and therwith performe theyr iomeys with great celeritie. 
 They vfe for this purpofe greate dogges in the (leade of other beaftes, with the which they cary theyr farthels 
 on fleades, as other doo with hartes in other places, as we wyll further declare hereafter. They fay that that 
 prouince toward the Eaft confineth with the prouince cauled Tumen, perteynynge to the Tartars. 
 
 The fituation of the prouince of lugaria, is apparente by that which we haue fayde before. The Mofco- 
 uites caule it luhra with an afpiration : and caule the people luhrici. This is that lugaria from whenfe the 
 Hungarians came in tyme parte, poffeffed Pannonia, and vnder the conduct of Attila, fubdued many prouinces 
 of Europe : wherin the Mofcouites doo greatly glory, that a nation fubiecte to them, inuaded and wafted a 
 great parte of Europe. Georgius Paruus a greeke borne, and a man of reputation with the Prince of Mofcouia, 
 wyllynge to afcribe to the ryght of his prince the great dukedome of Lithuania, and the kyngedome of Polonie 
 with certeyne other dominions, toulde me that the luharici or luhgary, beinge fubiectes to the great duke of 
 Mofcouia, came furth of theyr owne countrey, and fyrfte inhabited the regions abowt the fennes of Meotis, and 
 then Pannonie which was aftcrwarde cauled Hungarie, by the ryuer of Danubius : Alfo that in fine they pof- 
 feffed the region of Morauia fo named of the ryuer : and lykewyfe PoUonie, fo cauled of PoUe, which fignifieth 
 a playne. Furthermore that Buda was fo cauled after the name of the brother of Attila. They fay alfo that 
 the luhgari vfe the fame tounge that doo the Hungarians. The which whether it be trew or not, I do not 
 knowe. For althowgh I haue made diligent inquifition to knowe the truth hereof, yet coulde I fynde no man 
 of that region with whom my feruaunt beinge expert in the Hungarian tounge myght fpcake. They alfo pay 
 furres for theyr tributes to the prince of Mofcouia. And albeit that pearles and precious ftones are brought 
 frome thenfe to Mofcouia, yet are they not gathered in theyr Ocean, but in other places : efpecially about the 
 coaft of the Ocean nere vnto the mouthes of Dwina. 
 
 The prouince of Sibier, confineth with Permia and Vuiathka : The whiche, whether it haue any cartels or 
 cities, I doo not yet certeynly knowe. Tn this the ryuer laick hathe his originall, and fauleth into the Cafpian 
 fea. They faye that this region is deferte bycaufe it lyeth fo neare the Tartars : Or that yf it bee in any parte 
 inhabited, the fame to be poffeffed of the Tartar Schichmamai. Th[e]inhabitantes haue a peculiar language : 
 and haue theyr chiefe gaynes by the furres of martems, which in fayrenes and greatnes, excell all the furres of 
 that kynde that are founde in any other prouinces. Yet coulde I haue no great plentie of them in Mofcouia 
 at my beinge there. 
 
 Note that longe after the writyng of this hyftorie, at Rycharde Chaunceler his fyrft being" in Morcouia, Duke lohn Vafilivich 
 that nowe raygneth, fubdued all the Tartars with theyr regions and prouinces euen vnto the great citie and mart towne of Aftrachan 
 and the Cafpian fea. At the fam? tyme alfo, there was in the dukes court an ambafladour that came frome this prouince of Sibier ; 
 who declared that his father had byn fent ambafladour to the great Chan of Cathay. And that the great citie of Cambalu where the 
 great Chan kepeth his courte in winter, was in maner deftroyed by Necromancie and migicall artes wherin the Cathaynes are very 
 expert as wryteth Marcus Paulus Venetus. Ther was alfo at the fame tyme th[e]amban'!) .our of the kynge of Perfia cauled the great 
 Sophie. This ambafladour ■ > ~% appareled all in fcarlet, and fpake much to the duke in the behalfe of owre men, of whofe kyngdome 
 and trade he was not i^orant. 
 
 The people cauled Czeremiffe, dwell in the wooddes beneth Nouogardia the lower. They haue a peculiar 
 language and are of the fecte of Machumet They were fumtyme fubiecte to the kynge of Cafan : but the 
 gieater part of them are nowe fubiecte to the prince of Mofcouia. Many of them at my beinge there, were 
 brought to Mofcouia, as fufpected of rebellion. This nation doth inhabite a large region withowt houfes from 
 Vuiathka and Vuolochda, to the ryuer of Kama All the nation afwell women as men, are very fwyft of foote, 
 and expert archers : wherein they fo delite, that theyr bowes are in maner neuer owt of theyr handes : and gyue 
 theyr children no meate vntyl they hyt the marke they flioote at 
 
 Two leaques dirtante from Nouogardia the lower, were many houfes to the fimilitude of a citie or towne 
 where they were accurtomed to make falte. Thefe a fewe yeares fence beinge burnt of the Tartars, were 
 reftored by the commaundement of the prince. 
 
 Mordwa, are people inhabytynge by the ryuer of Volga on the fouth banke beneth Nouogardia the lower : 
 And are in al thynges like vnto the Czeremiffcs but that they haue more houfes. And here endeth Th[e]mpire 
 of the Mofcouites. 
 
 Note here that Matthias of Michou, in his booke of Sarmatia Aflatica, writeth that the dominion of the duke of Mofcouia 
 recheth from the northwefl to the foutheafl fyue hundrcth myles of Germaiiie, which ue more then leaques. For they afTirme that a 
 Germane myle is more then three Englyfflie mylcs. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
Mofconia and Cathay. 
 
 327 
 
 ;at celeritie. 
 leyr farthels 
 ay that that 
 
 The Mofco- 
 whenfe the 
 ly prouinces 
 id wafted a 
 )f Mofcouia, 
 e of Polonie 
 real duke of 
 Meotis, and 
 ine they pof- 
 ich fignificth 
 fay alfo that 
 lot, I do not 
 ■nde no man 
 hey alfo pay 
 are brought 
 ly about the 
 
 iny cartels or 
 I the Cafpian 
 in any parte 
 ar language : 
 the furres of 
 in Mofcouia 
 
 lohn Vafilivich 
 le of Aftrachan 
 lince of Sibier : 
 ibalu where the 
 laynes are very 
 :auled the great 
 lofe kyngdome 
 
 ue a peculiar 
 fan: but the 
 there, were 
 houfes from 
 ivyft of foote, 
 ;s: andgyue 
 
 tie or towne 
 Tartars, were 
 
 la the lower : 
 I Th[e]mpire 
 
 ke of Mofcouia 
 f aiErme that a 
 
 C Of the Tartars. 
 
 Ee wyll nowe adde hereunto fumwhat of the people confinynge with the Mofcouites towarde 
 the Eaft : of the which the Tartars of Cafan are the firft. But before wee fpeake of them 
 particularly, wee wyl fyrft reherfe fumwhat of theyr maners and cuftomes in generall. 
 
 The Tartars are diuided into companies which they caul Hordas, of the which the 
 Horda of the Sawolhenfes is the chiefe in fame and multitude. For it is fayde that the 
 other Hordas had theyr offprynge and original of this. And albeit that euery Horda hath 
 his peculiar name, as the Sawolhenfes, Precropenfes, and Nahays with dyuers other being all 
 Machumetans, yet doo they take it euyll and count it reprooh to bee cauled Turkes : but wyll them felues to 
 bee cauled Befermani, by the which name alfo the Turkes defyre to bee cauled. 
 
 And as the Tartars inhabyte many prouynces reachynge far on euery fyde, euen fo in maners and order of 
 lyuynge doo they not agree in all thynges. They are men of meane ftature, with broade and fat faces, holowe 
 eyde, with roughe and thyck beardes, and poulde heades. Onely the noble men haue longe heare, and that 
 exceadyng black, which they wreath on both fydes theyr eares. They are ftronge of body and ftoute of mynde : 
 prone to leacherye, and that vnnaturall. They eate the fleaflhe of horfes, camells, and oil er beaftes excepte 
 hogges, from which they abfteyne by a lawe. They can fo abyde fafting and hunger, that they fiimtime for- 
 beare meate and fleepe for the fpace of foure dayes, occupyed neuerthelefle aboute theyr neceflary afifayrcs. 
 Ageyne when they gette any thyng to deuoure, they ingorge them felues beyond meafure : and with that furfecte 
 in maner recompenfe theyr former abftynence. And beynge thus opprefled with laboure and meate, they fleepe 
 contynually for the fpace of three or foure days without doyng any maner of worke or labour : durynge which 
 tyme the Lyuons and Mofcouites into whofe domynyons they are accuftomed to make theyr incurfions, aflayle 
 them vnwares thus oppreffed with meate and fleepe, lynge fcatered here and there owt of order withowte 
 watch or warde. Alfo if when they ryde, they bee molefted with hunger and thyrflt, they vfe to lette theyr 
 horfes blud, and with drynkyng the fame, fatyPyc theyr prefent neceflytie, and affyrme theyr horfes to bee the 
 better therby. And bicaufe they all wander in vnknowen places, they vfe to dyrect theyr iorneys by t)i[e]- 
 afpecte of the fl.arres, and efpecyally of the pole ftarre, which in theyr tounge they caule Sele.''nikoll, (tliat is) an 
 iren nayle. They greatly delyte in mares mylke, and beltue that it maketh men ftrong and fatte. They eate 
 herbes very much : and efpecially fuch as growe abowt Tanais. Fewe of them vfe falte. When theyr kynges 
 dyftrybute any vytayles among them, they are accuftomed to gyue one horfe or cowe to fortye men. Of the 
 flayne beafte, the bowells and trypes are referued for the chiefe men and cap; aynes. Thefe they heate at the 
 fyre vntyll they may fhake owt the doonge, and then deuoure them gredely. They fucke and lycke, not only 
 theyr fyngers imbrued with fatte, but alfo theyr knyues and ftyckes wherwith they fcrape the doong from the 
 guttes. The heades of horfes are counted delycate diflhes with them as are bores heades with vs : and are 
 referued only for the chyefe men. Theyr horfes (wherof they haue great aboundaunce) are but fmaule, and 
 with fliort neckes : but very ftrong and fuch as can wel away with labour and hunger. Thefe they fede with 
 the branches and barkes or ryndes of trees and the rotes of hearbes and weedes, wherby they accuftome them 
 to hard feedynge, and exercyfe them to contynuall laboure : by reafon wherof (as fay the Mofcouytes) theyr 
 horfes are fwyfcer and more durable then any other. Thefe kynde of horfes, they caule Pachmat. They haue 
 none other faddells and fterojjpes then of woodd, except fuche as they eyther bye of the Chryftians, or take 
 from them by vyolence. Leaft theyr horfe backes fliulde bee hurte with theyr faddells, they vnderlaye them 
 with grafle and leaues of trees. They alfo pafle ouer ryuers on horfback. But if when they flye, they feare the 
 purfuynge of theyr enemyes, then caftynge away theyr faddells, apparelle, and all other impedymentes, referuyng 
 only theyr armoure and weapons they flye amayne and with greate celeritie. 
 
 Theyr women vfe the fame kynde of apparell that doo the men withowt any dyfFerence except that they 
 couer theyr heades with lynnen vayles, and vfe lynnen hofe mucha lyke vnto maryners floppes. Wlien theyr 
 queenes coome abrod, they are accuftomed to couer theyr faces. The other multytude of the common forte 
 that lyueth here and ther in the feeldes, haue theyr apparell made of flieepes fl<ynnes, which they chaung[e] not 
 vntyll they bee worne and tome to fytters. They tarye not longe in one place, iudgyng it a great myfery fo to 
 doo : In fo muche that when they are angrie with theyr chyldren, the greateft curfe that they can gyue them, is 
 that they maye remayne perpetually in one place, and drawe the ftynfhe of theyr owne fylthynefle as doo the 
 Chryftyans. When they haue confumed the pafture in one place, they go to an other with theyr droues of 
 cattayle and theyr wyues and chyldren whom they euer cary about with them in Wagons : albeit the Tartars 
 that dwell in cities and townes, vfe an other order of lyuynge. If they be inclofed with any daungerous warre, 
 
 The Tartars of 
 
 Casun. 
 
 Horda. 
 
 OcsermanL 
 
 The stature of 
 the Tartars. 
 
 They absteine 
 from hoK^cs 
 fle.ishe. 
 Abstinence. 
 
 Voracitic 
 
 So doo the Turltcs 
 
 lomcying by the 
 pule star. 
 
 Mares mylke 
 
 Horse flesshe 
 
 eaten. 
 
 Clcnly. 
 
 300 
 
 Hors[e] heades, 
 deintie meate 
 The Tartars 
 horses. 
 
 Saddells and 
 styrrops ul' wodde. 
 
 The Tartars 
 wunicn. 
 
 The Tartars rurss. 
 
 y 
 
 I 
 
i'l'lfl I 
 
 ^^^i':- 
 
 \:' ' 
 
 if 
 
 1 III : ) ^ 
 
 
 328 
 
 No iusticc amonge 
 the Tartars. 
 
 The Tartars are 
 
 theeues and poore. 
 
 They reioyce in 
 spoylyngc 
 
 The fceMe 
 
 Tartars. 
 
 A mery tale. 
 
 Casan. 
 
 301 
 
 The kynge of 
 Casan. 
 Archera, 
 Maryners. 
 
 The towns 
 Tartan. 
 
 Moscouia inuaded 
 by the Tartars, 
 
 The prince of 
 Moscouia tributary 
 to the Tartars. 
 
 Duke Basiltus 
 army ageynst the 
 Tartan. 
 
 The Vync of Casan 
 •uhmiltetn hym 
 Klfe. 
 
 Mo/coma atid Cathay. 
 
 they place theyr wyues, chyldren, and owld folkes, in the faiieft places. Tliere is no iuftice amonge them. For 
 if any mar flande in neade of any thynge, he may withowt punnyflhemente take it awaye from an other. If any 
 complayne to the ludge of the vyolcnre and wronge doonne vnto hym, the offender denyeth not the cr)-me, 
 but fayth that he coulde not lacke that thyng. Then the ludge is wonte to gyue thys fentence : If thowe alfo 
 flialte haue neede of any thynge doo the lyke to other. Sum fay they do not (leale : But whether they (leale 
 or not, lette other iudge. They are furely a theeuyfflie kynd of men and very poore, lyuynge only by robbyng 
 of other, and (lealyng away other mens cattayle, and vyolently alfo caryynge awaye the men them felues whom 
 eyther they felle to the Turkes or proffer them to bee redemed by ranfome, refeniynge only the younge wenches. 
 They feldome affaulie cities or caftells, but burne and wade townes and vyllagyes : In fo muche that they fo 
 pleafe them felues herin, that they thynke they haue fo muche the more inlarged their empire, in Howe muche 
 they haue wafted and made defolate manye prouynces. And althowgh they bee mofte impacyent of refte and 
 quyetneffe, yet doo they not kyll or deftroye one an other, excepte theyr kynges bee at deffention betweene 
 them felues. If any man bee flaine in any fraye or quarel, and the autours of the myfchefe bee taken, only 
 theyr horffe, harneffe, weapons, and apparell, are taken from them, and they difmiffed. So that the murtherer 
 by the loffe of a vyle horfe or a bowe, is dyfcharged of the ludge with thefe woordes : gette the henfe and goo 
 abowte thy bufyneffe. They haue no vfe of golde and fyluer, excepte only a fewe marchauntes : But exerfyfe 
 exchaunge of ware for ware. And if it fo chaunce that by fellyng of fuch thynges as they haue ftolne, they 
 gette any monye of theyr bortherers, they bye therwith certeyne apparel and other neceffaryes of the Mofcouites. 
 The regyons of theyr habytations (the feelde Tartars I meane) are not lymytted with any boundes or borthers. 
 There was on a tyme a certeyne fatte Tartar taken pryfoner of the Mofcouites : to whom when the prynce fayd. 
 How art thow fo fatte thowe dogge, fythe thowe hafte not to eate, the Tartar anfwered, Why (hulde not I haue 
 to eate fythe I poffeffe fo large a land from the Eaft to the wefl, wherby I may bee abundauntely nuryfflied ? 
 But thowe mayfte rather feeme to lacke, fyth thowe inhabyteft fo fmaule a portion of the worlde, and dufte 
 daylye ftryue for the fame. 
 
 Cafan, is a kyngedome, alfo a citie, and a caftell of the fome name, fituate by the ryuer Volga on the 
 further banke, almoft threfcore and tenne leaques beneath Nouogardia the lower. Alonge by the courfe of 
 Volga towarde the Eaft and South, it is termined with deferte fyeldes. Towarde the fommer Eaft, it confineth 
 with the Tartars cauled Schiban(ki, and Kofatzki. The kynge of this prouince, is able to make an army of. 
 XXX. [thirty] thoufande men, efpecially foote men, of the which the Czeremiffe and Czubafchi are moft expert 
 archers. The Czubafchi are alfo cunnynge maryners. The citie of Cafan, is threfcore leaques diftant from the 
 principal caftel Vuiathka. Furthermore, Cafan in the Tartars language, fignifieth a brafen potte boylynge. 
 Thefe Tartars are more ciuile iheii the other. For they dwell in houfes, tyll the grownde, and exercife the 
 trade of marchaundies. They v.ere of late fubdued by Bafilius the greate duke of Mofcouia, and had theyr 
 kynge affigned them at his arbitriraent. But fhortely after, they rebelled ageine : and affociate with other 
 Tartars, inuaded the region of Mofcouia, fpoyled and wafted many cities and townes, and ledde away innumer- 
 able captiues, euen from the citie Mofcouia which they poffeffed for a tyme, and had vtterly deftroyed the fame 
 if it had not byn for the valyantneffe of the Almayne gunners which kept the caftell with great ordinaunce. 
 They alfo putte c 'ke Bafilius to flyght, and caufcd him to make a letter of his owne hande to Machmetgirei 
 theyr kynge to acknowleage hym felfe for a perpetuall tributarie to them, wheruppon they diffolued the fiege, 
 and gaue the Mofcouites free libertie to redeeme theyr captiues and gooddes, and fo departed. But Bafilius 
 not longe able to abyde this contumelie and diftionour, after that he had putte to death fuche as by flyinge at 
 the fyrft encounterynge were the caufe of this ouerthrowe, affembled an armye of a hundreth and fourefcore 
 thoufande men fliortely after in the yeare. 1523. And fent forwarde his army vnder the conducte of his Lieue- 
 tenaunte : and therewith an heralde at armes to bydde battayle to Machmetgirei the kynge of Cafan, with 
 woordes in this effecte : The laft yeare lyke a theefe and robber withowt bydding of battayle, thou dyddefte 
 pryuilie opprefle me. Wherefore I nowe chalenge the, once ageyne to proue the fortune of warre if thou 
 myftrufte not thyne owne poure. To this the kynge anfwered, that there were manye wayes open for hym to 
 inuade Mofcouia : And that the warres haue no leffe refpect to the commoditie of tyme and place then of 
 armure or ftrength : And that he wold take th[e]aduantage therof when and where it fliulde feeme beft to him 
 and not to other. With which woordes Bafilius beinge greatly accenfed and burnyng with defyre of reuenge, 
 inuaded the kyngdome of Cafan : whofe kynge beinge ftryken with fuddeyne feare at th[e]approche of fo 
 terrible an army, afllgned the gouernance of his kyngdome to the younge kynge of Taurica his neuie, whyle he 
 hym felfe went to requyre ayde of the Emperour of the Turkes. But in fine the kynge of Cafan fubmytted hym 
 felfe vppon certeyne conditions of peace whiche the Mofcouitfjs dyd the gladlyer excepte for that time becaufe 
 theyr vittayles fayled them to maynteyne fo great a multitude. But wheras duke Bafilius hym felfe was not 
 prefent at this laft expedition, he greatly fufpected Palitzki the Lieuetenaunte of th[e]arniy to bee corrupted 
 with brybes to proceade no further. In this meane tyme, the kynge of Cafan fent ambaflbdours to Bafilius to 
 
 3»8 
 
Mofcouia ami Cathay. 
 
 329 
 
 I them. For 
 :her. If any 
 t the cryme, 
 f thowe alfo 
 r they (leale 
 
 by robbyng 
 felues whom 
 ige wenches, 
 that they fo 
 howe muche 
 
 of rede and 
 an betweene 
 
 taken, only 
 le murtherer 
 infe and goo 
 But exerfyfe 
 (lolne, they 
 
 Mofcouites. 
 
 or borthers. 
 prynce fayd, 
 e not I haue 
 yf nuryfflied ? 
 e, and dude 
 
 olga on the 
 he courfe of 
 it confineth 
 : an army of. 
 mod expert 
 ant from the 
 te boylynge. 
 exercife the 
 id had theyr 
 
 with other 
 ay innumer- 
 'ed the fame 
 ordinaunce. 
 [achmetgirei 
 ed the fiege, 
 But Bafilius 
 jy flyinge at 
 fourefcore 
 )f his Lieue- 
 Cafan, with 
 ou dyddefte 
 arre if thou 
 
 for hym to 
 lace then of 
 
 bed to him 
 
 of reuenge, 
 roche of fo 
 e, whyle he 
 mytted hym 
 ime becaufe 
 Ife was not 
 
 e corrupted 
 Bafilius to 
 
 intreate of peace : whome 1 fawe in the dukes courtc at my beyiige there : but I couUlc perccaue no hope of 
 peace to bee betwene them. For euen then, Bafilius to enilomage the Cafans, trandated the marte to Nouo- 
 gardia, which before was accudomed to bee kepte in the Ilande of marchauntes nere vnto the citie of Cafan ; 
 Commaundyng alfo vnder peyne of greuous punyffliemente that none of his fubiectes diulde reforte to the 
 Ilande of marchauntes : thynkynge that this tranflation of the marte fliulde greately haue endomaged the Cafans : 
 and that only by takyng away their trade of falte (which they were accudomed to bye of the Mofcouites at that 
 marte) they fliulde haue byn compelled to fubmyffion. But the Mofcouites them felues felte no lefle incon- 
 uenience hereby then dyd the Cafans, by reafon of the dearth and fcarfeneffe that folowed hereof of al fuch 
 thynges as the Tartars were accudomed to brynge thyther by the ryuer of Volga from the Cafpian fea, the 
 kyngedomes of Perfia and Armenia, and the marte towne of Adrachan : efpecially the great number of mod 
 excellent fyfflies that are taken in Volga both on the hyther and further fyde of Cafan. 
 
 But hauynge fayde thus much of the warres betwene the Prince of Mofcouia and the Tartars of Cafan, we 
 wyll now precede to fpeake fumwhat of the other Tartars inhabytyng the regions towarde the fouthead and the 
 Cafpian fea. 
 
 Next beyonde the Tartars of Cafan, are the Tartars cauled Nagai or Nogai, which inhabite the regions 
 beyond Volga abowt the Cafpian fea at the ryuer laick, runnyng owt of the prouince of Sibier. Thefe haue no 
 kynges but dukes. In owre tyme, three bretherne diuydynge the prouinces equally betwene them, poflefled 
 thofe dukedomes. The fyrd of them named Schidack, poffelTeth the citie of Scharaitzick, beyond the ryuer of 
 Rha or Volga towarde the Eade, with the region confinynge with the ryuer laick. The feconde cauled Coffum, 
 enioyeth all the lande that lyethe betweue the ryuers of Kaman laick and Volga. The thyrde brother named 
 Schichmamai, poffeffeth parte of the prouince of Sibier and all the region abowt the fame. Schichmamai, is as 
 much to fay by interpretacion, as holy or myghty. And in maner al tliefe regions are full of wooddes, excepte 
 that that lyeth towarde Scharaitz, which confydeth of playnes and fyeldes. 
 
 Betwene the ryuers of Volga and laick, abowt the Cafpian fea, there fumtymes inhabytcd the kynges 
 cauled Sawolhenfes. Demetrius Danielis (a man among thefe barbarians, of fmguler fayth and grauitie) toulde 
 vs of a maruelous and in maner incredible thyng that is fene among thefe Tartars. And that his father beinge 
 fente by the prynce of Mofcouia to the kynge of Sawolhenfe, fawe whyle he was in that legacie, a certeyne feede 
 in that Ilande fumwhat lefle and rounder then the feedes of Melones : Of the whiche beinge hydde in the 
 grounde, there groweth a frute or plante very lyke a lambe, of the heyght of fyue fpannes : And is theifore 
 cauled in theyr tounge Boranetz, which fignifyeth a lyttle lamb. For it hath the headde, eyes, eares, and all 
 other partes like vnto a lambe newly eyned : with alfo a very thynne dcynne wherwith dyuers of th[e]inhabi- 
 tauntes of thofe regions are accudomed to line theyr cappes and hattes and other tyrements for theyr heades. 
 Many alfo confirmed in owre prefence that they had feene thefe flcynnes. He fayde furtliermore that that 
 plant (if it may bee cauled a plant) hath bluade, and no fleflhe : but hath in the deade of flefflie a certeyne 
 fubdance like vnto the flefflie of creuyfdies. The hoofes alfo are not of home as are the lanibes, but couered 
 with heare in the fame forme. The roote cleaueth to the nauell or myc'ded of the belly. The plante or fruite 
 lyueth vntyll all the grafle and herbes growynge ab( wte it beinge eaten, the roote wythereth for lacke of 
 nuryflhement. They fay that it is very fweete to bee eaten, and is therefore greately defyred and fought for of 
 the woolues and other rauenynge beades. And albeit I exdeme all that is fayde of this plant to be fabulous, 
 yet forafmuch as it hath byn toulde me of credible perfons, I haue thought good to make mention hereof. 
 
 Of this ftraunge frute, Mamlcuell makcth mention, where in the. Ixxxiiii. [eighty-fourth] chaplture of liis booke he wryleth thus ; 
 Nowe fliall I fay of fum landes, countreys, and lies that are beyonde the lande of Cathay. Therfore who fo goeth from Cathay to 
 India the hygh and the lowe, he fliall go through a kyngedome that men caule Ciidilfen, and is a great lande. There growclh a 
 maner of frute as it were gourdes. And when it is rype, men cut it a funder : and fynd therein a bead as it were of flefdie, bone, and 
 bludde, as it were a lyttle lambe withowt woUe. And men eate that bead and the frute alfo, which is a great maru.iyle. Neuerthe- 
 lelTe, I fayde vnto them that I helde that for no maruayle. For I fixyde that in my countrey are tres that beare frute that become 
 byrdes flying whir!i are gooil to bee eaten. And that th.it fauleth into the water lyueth : And that that fauleth on the earth dyeth. 
 And they had greate maruayle of this. etc. 
 
 From the prince of Schidack, proceadyng. xx. [twenty] dayes iorney towarde the Ead. are the people which 
 the Mofcouites caule lurgenci, whofe prince is Barack Soltan, brother to the greate Chan of Cathay. In tenne 
 dayes iorney from Barack Soltan, they coomme to Bebeid Chan. And this is that great Chan of Cathay. 
 
 Names of dignities amonge the Tartars, are thefe, Chan, fignifieth a kynge, Soltan, the foonne of 1 kynge. 
 Bii, a Duke. Murfa, the foonne of a duke. Olboud, r. noble man or counfiler. Olboadulu, the fv.k,..ne of a 
 noble man. Seid, the hygh prede. Kfi, a priuate perfon. 
 
 The names of offices are thefe : Vian, the feconde dignitie to the kynge. For the kynges of the Tartars 
 haue foure principall men whofe counfayle they vfe in al theyr weyghty afiayres. Of thefe the fyrde is cauled 
 Schirni : the feconde Barni : the thynle, Gargni : The fourth, Tziptzan. And to haue fayde thus muche of the 
 Tartars, it fliall fuflice. 
 
 399 
 
 The IlnnJ of 
 marchauates 
 
 The Cispian i 
 Persia. 
 Armenia. 
 Astrachan. 
 
 302 
 
 The Tartars neare 
 
 to the Caspian sea. 
 
 Nogai. 
 
 The possession of 
 
 three brytheme. 
 
 The kynges cauled 
 Sawolhenses. 
 
 A manielous frute 
 lyke a lambe. 
 
 MandeuelL 
 
 Barnacles of the 
 Urkeneys. 
 
 Barack Soltan. 
 Cathay. 
 
 Names of dignities 
 amonge the 
 Tartars. 
 
 Names of offices. 
 
m^mm 
 
 -rrp 
 
 > 
 
 U ! 
 
 Iirj; ^ , 
 
 ll 
 
 a: 
 
 !ik 
 
 11 
 
 1 !'' 
 
 330 
 
 Mofcouia and Cathay. 
 
 303 
 
 ChanCubUl 
 
 Nouoganlix 
 
 Suecia vnder the 
 kynge of 
 Deiiinarke. 
 
 Dwinx 
 Potiwlo. 
 
 Hygh motintayncs 
 nenre the nortn 
 Ocean. 
 
 Fiiilappia. 
 
 The wylde 
 Lapplans. 
 
 The region of 
 NurtpuJen 
 
 The cape cauled 
 the holy nose. 
 
 A whyrlpoolc or 
 swalowing goutfe. 
 
 304 
 
 Such whyr!epooles, 
 are cauled vipen 
 
 The stone cauled 
 
 Semen. 
 
 Superstition. 
 
 Marcus I'auliis urytolh that the greate Clian, is cauled Chan Cublai that is, the great kynge of kynges ; as the grcatc turcke 
 wryteth hym fclfc in lykc manor, as 1 fawe in a letter wrytlen by hym of late to the citie of Kagtifa, in the which he vfeth this fub- 
 fcription : Soltan Soliman de felim Cham Signore de Signori in fempitemo. As conccmynge Mofcouia and Cathay, I was myndeil 
 to haue added hereunto dyuers other thynges, but that for certeyne confiderations I was perfuaded to proceade no further. Vnto 
 whofe re(iue(le, herein fatiffyinge rather other then my felfe, wyllynge otherwyfe to haue accomplyfflied this booke to further perfec- 
 tion, I was content to agree for two caufes efpecially mouynge me; wherof the one is, that as touchynge thefe trades and vyages, as 
 in maner in all other fcienccs, there are certeyne fecreates not to bee publyflhed and made common to all men. The other raufe is, 
 that the parteners at whofe charge this booke is prynled, although the coi)py wherof they haue wrought a longe fpace haue coft them 
 nought doo not neuerthelelTe ceafe dayly to caule vppon me to make an end and proce.ade no further : aflSrmynge that the booke wyll 
 bee of to great a pryce and not euery mans money : fearyng rather theyr owne loffe and hynderaunce, then carefuU to bee beneliciall 
 to other, as is nowe in maner the trade of all men, which ordinarie refpccte of priuate commoditie hath at this tyme fo lyttle moued 
 me, I take god to wytneffe, that for my paynes and trauayles taken herein fuch as they bee, I may vpiwn iuft oceafion thynke my 
 felfe a loofer nianye wayes, except fuch men of good inclination as fliall take pleafure and feele fum commotlitic in the knowlcage of 
 thefe thynges, fliall thynke me woorthy theyr good woorde, wherwith I flial repute my felfe and my trauayles fo abundantly fatiffyed, 
 that I Ihall repute other mens gayncs a recompcnfe for my lolTcs, as they may bee in decde, yf men bee not vntliankefuU, which only 
 vice of ingratitude halh hyndered the worlde of many bcnelites. 
 
 W The nanigation by the fro/en fca. 
 
 jlT my bcinge in Mofcouia when I was fent thyther by kynge Ferdinando my lorde and mafter, 
 it fo chaunfcd that Georgius Iftoma the duke of Mofcouiji his interpretour, a man of great 
 experience who hadde before lemed the latin tounge in the court of lohn kynge of Den- 
 marke, was there prefent at the fame tyme. He in the yeare of Chryft. 1496. beinge fente 
 of his prince with mafler Daiiid a fcotte borne and then ambafladour for the kynge of Den- 
 niarke, (whom alfo I knewe there at my fyril legacie) made me a breefe information of all 
 th[e]order of his iorney. The which, forafmuch as it may feeme difficult and Ir jorious afwel 
 for the dillaunce as daungerous places, I haue thought good to defcribe the lame as I receaued it at his 
 mouth. 
 
 Fyrft he fayde that beinge fent of his prince with the fayd Dauid, they came fyrft to Nouogardia the great. 
 And wher as at that tyme the kyngedome of Suecia reuolted frome the kynge of. Denmarke, and alfo the duke 
 of Mofcouia was at difcention with the Suetians, by reafon wherof they coulde not pafle by the mod accuftomed 
 way for the tumultes of war they attempted theyr iomey by an other way longer but fafer And came fyrft, from 
 Nouogardia to the mouthes of the ryuer of Dwina and Potiwlo, by a very difficult and paynefuU iorney. For 
 he fayd that this iorney which can not bee to muche detefted for fuche laboures and trauayles, continueth for 
 the fpace of three hundreth leaques. In fine, takyng foure fmaul fhyppes or barkes at the mouthes of Dwina, 
 they fayled by the coafte on the ryght hande of the Ocean, where they fawe certeyne hyghe and rowgh moun- 
 taynes : and at the lengthe faylynge. xvi. [fixteen] leaques, and paffynge a great goulfe, folowed the coafte on 
 the lefte hande : And leauyng on the ryght hand the large fea which the name of the ryuer Petzora (as haue 
 alfo the mountaynes adiacent to the fame) they came to the people of Finlappia : who, although they dwell 
 here and there in lowe coitagies by the fea fyde, and leade in maner a beaftly lyfe, yet are they more meeke 
 and tractable then the wylde Lappians. He fayde that thefe alfo are tributaries to the prince of Mofcouia. 
 Then leauynge the lande of the Lappians, and faylynge fourefcore leaques, they came to the region of Nort- 
 poden vnder the dominion of the kynge of Suecia. This the Mofcouites caule Kaienika Semla, and the people 
 Kayeni. Departynge from henfe, and faylynge alonge by the coafte of a wyndynge and bendynge fhore reach- 
 yng towarde the ryght hand, they came to a promontorie or cape cauled the Holy nofe, beinge a greate ftone 
 reachynge farre into the fea to the fimilitude of a nofe : vnder the whiche is feene a cauc with a whyrlcpoole 
 which fwalow[e]th the fea cuery fyxe houres : and caftynge fi-rth the fame ageyne with terryble rorynge and 
 violence, caufcth the fayde whyrlepoole. Sum caule this tht nauell of the fea : and other name it Charybdis. 
 He affirmeth that the violence of this fwalowynge goulfe is fuch, that it draweth into it, inuolu/th, and fwalow- 
 eth vp ftiyppes and al other thynges that comme neare it : and that they were neuer in greater d. mgioure. For 
 the whyrlepoole fo fuddeynly and violentely drewe vnto it the fhyppe or barke wherin they were caryed, that 
 (vith the helpe of ores and great labour they hardly efcaped. When they had thus ouerpafled th? holy nofe, 
 they came to a certeyne ftonye mountayne which they fliulde needes compaiTe abowte. But beinge ti.ere ftayed 
 with contrary wyndes for the fpace of certeyne dayes, the pylotte of the (hippe fpake vnto them in this eflfecte : 
 This ftone (Jayth he) that yowe fee, is cauled Semes : The which excepte we pleafe with fumme gyfte, wee 
 fliall not paffe by withowt great daungiour. But the pylot beinge reproued of Iftoma for his vayne fuperftition, 
 helde his peace. And when they had byn deteined ther by tempeft for the fpace of foure days, at the length 
 
^SB 
 
 Mofcouiii and Cathay. 
 
 331 
 
 c grcalc turcke 
 vfcth this fub- 
 I was myndal 
 further. Vnto 
 1 further perfec- 
 and vyages, as 
 other raufe is, 
 haue coft them 
 the booke wyll 
 > bee beneficiall 
 fo lyttle moued 
 fion thynke my 
 e kno\vlcaj;e of 
 lantly faliffycd, 
 ull, which only 
 
 ; and mafter, 
 man of great 
 jfnge of Den- 
 beinge fente 
 aige of Den- 
 nation of all 
 jorious afwel 
 led it at his 
 
 dia the great. 
 
 ilfo the duke 
 
 t accullomed 
 
 ne fyrft. from 
 
 iorney. For 
 
 mtinueth for 
 
 es of Dwina, 
 
 owgh moun- 
 
 he coafle on 
 
 ora (as haue 
 
 h they dwell 
 
 more meeke 
 
 )f Mofcouia. 
 
 ion of Nort- 
 
 d the people 
 
 fhore reach- 
 
 greate (lone 
 
 whyrlepoole 
 
 rorynge and 
 
 t Charybdis. 
 
 and fwalow- 
 
 gioure. For 
 
 caryed, that 
 
 e holy nofe, 
 
 ti.ere (layed 
 
 this effecte : 
 
 e gyfte, wee 
 
 fuperftition, 
 
 It the length 
 
 the tempefl ceafed and they went fonvarde on theyr vyage with a profpcrous wynd. Then the pilotte fpake 
 vnto them agcyne, fayinge : You defpifcd my admonicion of pleafynge the Semes, and fcorned the fame as 
 vayne and fupcrflitious. But if I had not priuilie in the nyght afcended a rocke and plcaftnl the Semes, wee 
 fliulde furely haue had no paflage. Beinge demaunded what he offered to the Semes, he fayile that he poured 
 butter myxt with otemele vpon the (lone which wee fawc reache furth into the fea. As they fayled further, they 
 came to an other cape named Motka, which was almod enuironed with the fea lyke an Uande : in whofe 
 extreme poynte, is fituate the caftell of Barthus, which fum caule Warilhus, (that is) a houfe of defence or for- 
 treffe. For the kynges of Norway haue there a garryfon of men to defende theyr marches. He fayde further- 
 more that that cape reacheth fo farre into the fea, that they coulde fcarfely compaffe it in eyght ilayes. By 
 which tarying leade they fliulde bee hyndered, they caryed on theyr (hulders with greate laboure, theyr barkes 
 and fardelles ouer a (Ireyght of lande conteynyng halfe a leaque in breadth. From henfe they fajled to the 
 region of the wyld Lappones, cauled Dikilappones to a place named Dront, beinge. CC. [two lu-ndred] lc:i(|nes 
 diflant from Dwina towarde the North. And thus farre as he fayth, doth the prince of Mofcouia exacte tribute. 
 F'urthermore leauyng theyr barkes here, they fynyflhed the refidue of theyr iorney on fleades. He further 
 declared that there were heardes of hartes as are with vs of oxen, whiche in the Norucgians tounge are cauled 
 Rheii, beinge fumwhat bygger then owre hartes. Thefe the Lappones vfe in this maner. They ioyne them to 
 fleades made lyke fyfflier botes, as wee put horfes to the carte. The man in the fleade, is tycd fafl by the feete 
 leaft he fall owte by the fwyfte courfe of the hartes. In his lefte hande, he lioldeth a collar or rayne wherwith 
 he moderateth the courfe of the hartes : and in the ryght hand, a pyked flaffe wher\vitli he may fufleine the 
 fleade from faulyng if it chaunce to decline to much on any part And he toulde me that by this meanes he 
 trauayled twentie leaques in one daye, and then difmyffed the harte, who by hym felfe returned to his owne 
 niafter and accuftomed (lable. This iorney thus fynyfflied, they came to Berges a citie of Norduegia or Norway, 
 fituate directly towarde the northe betwene the mountaynes : and wente from thenfe to Denmarke on horfe- 
 backe. At Dront and Berges, the day is fayde to bee. xxii. [twenty-two] houres longe in the fommer Equi- 
 noctiall. Blafius an other of the prynce of Mofcouia his interpretours, who a fewe yeares before, was fent o. 
 his prince into Sjiayne to Th[e]emperour, declared vnto vs an other and fhorter way of his iorney. For he 
 fayde that when he was fent from Mofcouia to lohn the kyng of Denmarke, he came fyrlle on foote vnto 
 Roftowe : And takynge (hyppe there, came to Pereaflaw : and from Pereaflaw by the ryuer Volga to Caflromow: 
 and that frome thenfe goynge feuen Werdes by land*?, he came to a lyttle ryuer : faylynge by the which, when 
 fyrd he came to Vuolochda, then to Suchana, and Dwina, and in fine to the citie of Berges in Norway, ouer- 
 pafTynge in this vyage all the perelles and laboures that Iftoma rchearfed before, he came at the length to 
 Hafnia the chiefe citie of Denmarke, whiche the Gemiaynes caule Koppenhagen. But in theyr returnynge 
 home, they both confetfe that they came to Mofcouia by Liuonia : and that they were a yeare in this vyage : 
 Albeit Georgius Idoma, fayde that halfe the parte of that tyme, he was hyndered by tempedes, and inforced to 
 tary longe in many places by the waye. Yet they both lykewyfe condantely affirme that in this iorney eyther 
 of them trauayled a thoufand threefcore and ten Werdes (that is) three hundreth and fortie leaques. Further- 
 more alfo Demetrius who of late was fent ambalTadour from the prynce of Mofcouia to the byfrtioppe of Rome, 
 (by whofe relation alfo Paulus louius wrote his defcription of Mofcouia) confirmed all thefe thynges to bee 
 trewe. All they being demaunded of me of the congeled or frofen fea, made none other anfwere but that in 
 places nere vnto that fea, they faw many and great riuers by whofe vehemente courfe and abundaunt flowynge, 
 the feas are dryuen farre from the fliore : and that the fayde water of the ryuers is frofen with the fea a good 
 fpace from the lande, as in Liuonia and other partes of Suecia. For althowgh by the vehemencie of the 
 wyndes, the Ife is broken in the fea, yet dooth this chaunce feldome or neuer in ryuers, excepte by fum inun- 
 dation or flud the Ife gathered togyther bee lyfted vp and broken. For the flakes or piefes of Ife caryed into the 
 fea by force of the ryuers, doo flote aboue the water in maner all the hole yeare, and are ageyne fo vehemently frofen 
 togyther, that a man inaye there fumtymes fee great heapes of the Ife of manye yeares, as dooth appere by fuch 
 piefes as are dryuen to the ihore by the wynde. I haue alfo byn credebly informed by faythfuU men that the 
 fea Baltheum (otherwyfe cauled the goulfe of Liuonia) is often tymes frofen in many places. They fay further- 
 more, that in that region whiche is inhabyted of the wylde Lappones, the foonne in the fommer Equinoctiall 
 dooth not faule for the fpace of. xl. [forty] dayes : yet that that the body therof is fo hydden with a darke myde 
 or cloude three houres, that the beames doo not appere : NeuerthelefTe to gyue fuch lyght durynge that tyme, 
 that the darkenelTe hyndereth not theyr woorke. The Mofcouites make theyr bode that thefe w) Ide Lappones 
 are tributaries to theyr prynce. Wherat I do not greatly maruayk, forafmuch as they haue none other neare 
 vnto them, that may demaunde tribute of them. Theyr trybute is onely furres and fyfllie, hauynge in maner 
 none other thynge greately commodious. And albeit they lacke breade, falte, and other intyfements of glutteny, 
 and lyue onely with fyflhe and wylde beades, yet are they exceadyng prone to lechery. They are fuch exjierl 
 archers, that if in theyr huntynge they efpye any beades whofe flcynnes they defyre to faue vnperyfflied, they 
 
 3Ji 
 
 Sacrifire to the 
 stuiic buuius 
 
 The cape Mi)tka. 
 
 The caslel of 
 W;irdhu!b 
 
 The region of the 
 wyldti l.,ii)|iuiics. 
 Uroiit. 
 
 lonicyingc on 
 blcadti^ 
 
 FIowc the hartes 
 drawe sluadc:*. 
 
 XX. [twenty] 
 leaques in une day 
 
 The citie of 
 Ucrges in Norway 
 
 A shorter turncy. 
 
 Rostow. 
 
 Pereaslaw. 
 
 Castromow. 
 
 Vuolochda. 
 
 Suchana. 
 
 Dwina. 
 
 Hafnia* 
 
 Koppenhagen 
 
 Liuonia. 
 
 Wcrste, is ahiinst 
 
 an ItfUian utyle. 
 
 305 
 
 Paulus louliis. 
 
 Ryuers ruilynfj 
 into the frubuii !>ca. 
 
 Wyn-le. 
 
 Ise of many 
 yeares. 
 
 The sea Baltheum 
 Where the sim 
 faulcth not in. xl. 
 [forty] dayt 
 
 The wylde 
 
 L:ipponcs .ire 
 trihutaries to the 
 Moscouites 
 Furres and fysshe 
 
 Expcrte archers. 
 

 r Y 
 1 
 
 
 > 
 
 1" 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 332 
 
 
 < I 
 
 Good felowshyp, 
 
 Necuury warres. 
 
 No TM of money. 
 Theyr cotagea. 
 
 Mountaynet 
 
 cuntinunlly 
 
 burnyng. 
 
 Purgatory. 
 
 Ther>T«r 
 Peuora. 
 
 306 
 
 The beaste cauled 
 Mora. 
 
 The prouidence 
 ofaaluit, 
 
 The Irosen sea. 
 
 Engronland or 
 Grooctand 
 
 ■ 1 
 i 
 
 
 ^iy 
 
 Mofconia and Cathay. 
 
 wyll not lyghtly inyfle to hytte them in the nofcthrylles. When they go furth on huntynge, they are accuftomed to 
 leaue at home with theyr wyues fuche marchauntes or (Iraungers as they haue receaiied into theyr houfes. So that 
 if at theyr retume, they perceaue theyr wyues through the company of the (Irangers to be myrier and more iocunde 
 then they were wonte to bee, they gyue the ftraungers fum prefent. But yf they fynd it othenvyfe, they thrull them 
 furth of the doores with woordes of reproche. But nowe by the company they haue with ftraungers that reforte 
 thyther for gajnes, they begyn to leaue theyr natiue barbaroufnefle. They gbi'.ly admitte marchauntes, bycaufe 
 they brynge them apparel of grofe cloth : alfo hatchette.s, necdels, fpones, knyues, drynkynge cuppes, earthen 
 and brafen pottes, with fuch other neceflarie wares : So that they vfe now to eate fodden and rolled meate, 
 and doo embrafe more ciuile maners. Theyr owne apparel is made of the Ikynnes of dyuers beafles fowed 
 togyther. Anil in this apparell they fumtymes comme to Mofcouia. Yet fewe of them haue cappes or hofcn, 
 which they vfe to make of hartes (kynnes. They haue not the vfe of golde or fyluer money : but vfe only 
 barteryng of ware for ware. And beinge ignorant of other languages befyde theyr owne, they feeme amonge 
 ftraungcrs to bee in nianer domme. 'I'heyr cotages are couered onely with the barkes of trees. They haue no 
 certeyne rcftynge habitacion. But when they haue confumed the fyfflie and wylde beaftes in one place, they 
 remoue to an other. Furthermore alfo the fayde ambafladours of the prince of Mofcouia, declared that in the 
 fame partes they fawe certeyne hygh mountaynes continually caftynge .'urth flames of fyre as doth the moun- 
 tayne of Etna in the Ilande of Sicilia : and that euen in Nonvay, many mountaynes are faulen downe and 
 burnte in man^r to afflies with fuch continuall flames. Which thynge fum confyderyng, fayne the fyre of Purga- 
 torie to bee there. And as concernynge thefe mountaynes of Norway, when I was fent ambaiTadour to 
 Chriflierne kynge of Denmarke, I was informed the lyke by the gouernours of Nor^vaye who chaunced at that 
 tyme to bee prefent there. 
 
 Abowt the mouthes of the ryuer Petzora that are toward the ryght hande from the mouthes of Dwina, are 
 fayd to bee dyuers and great beaftes in the Ocean : and amonge other, a certeyne great bead as bygge as an 
 oxe, which th[e]inhabitauntes caule Mors. This bead hath fliorte feete lyke a beuer or an Otter, with a bred 
 fumwhat hygh and brode for the proportion of the rcfidue of his body : and two longe and greate teeth grow- 
 ynge owte of the vpper iawe. Thefe beaftes for reft and increafe, doo fumtymes leaue the Ocean, and by great 
 heardes afcende the mountaynes : where before they gyue themfelues to profounde fleepe (wherunto they are 
 naturally inclined) they appoynt one of theyr number as it were a watcheman as doo cranes for the fecuritie ol 
 the refte. Whiche if he chaunce to fleepe, or to bee flayne of the hunters, the refidue may eafely bee taken. 
 But if the watchman gyue warnynge with rorjnge (as the maner is) immediately the hole hearde awakened 
 thereby, fuddeynly put theyr hynder feete to theyr teeth : And fo faulynge frdm the mountayne with great 
 celeritie as it were on a fleade, they caft them felues headlong into the Ocean : where alfo they reft and fleepe 
 for a whyle vppon the heapes of Ife. The hunters purfue thefe beaftes only for theyr teethe : Of the which 
 the Mofcouites, Tartars, and efpecially the Turkes, make haftes for fwoordes and dagge[r]s very artificially : 
 A.id vfe thefe rather for oniamente, then to gyue the greater ftroke for the weyght or heauinefle thereof as fumme 
 fable. Alfo amonge the Turkes, Mofcouites, and Tartars, thefe teethe are foulde by weight, and are cauled the 
 teethe of fyfflies. 
 
 The frofen fea reacheth farre and wyde beyonde Dwina to Petzcora and vnto the mouthes of the great 
 riuer Obi : beyonde the which they fay to bee the region of Engroneland, vnknowen and feperate from the 
 trade and conuerfation of owre men, byreafon of hygh mountaynes couered and coulde with perpetuall fnowe, 
 and the fea no lefle incumbered with contynually Ife whiche hyndereth nauigations and raaketh them daun- 
 gerous, as they faye. 
 
333 
 
 ccuftomed to 
 ifes. So that 
 nore iocunde 
 r thnift them 
 s that reforte 
 ntes, bycaufe 
 )pes, earthen 
 ofted meate, 
 eafles fowed 
 es or hofcn, 
 )ut vfe only 
 ;me amonge 
 hey haue no 
 e place, they 
 d that in the 
 :h the moun- 
 downe and 
 iTe of Purga- 
 bafladour to 
 inced at that 
 
 f Dwina, are 
 bygge as an 
 with a bred 
 ; teeth grow- 
 and by great 
 nto they are 
 e fecuritie ot 
 y bee taken, 
 le awakened 
 e with great 
 H and fleepe 
 )f the which 
 r artificially : 
 of as fumme 
 e cauled the 
 
 of the great 
 te from the 
 tuall fnowe, 
 them daun- 
 
 EXEMPLAR EPISTOLAE SEV 
 
 LITERARVM MISSIVARVM 
 
 QVAS ILLVSTRISSIMVS PRINCEPS 
 
 Edvvardus eius nominis Sextus, An- 
 
 gliae, Franciae, et Hiberniae Rex, 
 
 mifit ad Principes Septemtrion- 
 
 alem ac Orientalem mundi 
 
 plagam inhabitantes iuxta 
 
 mare glaciale, nee non In- 
 
 diam Orientalem. Anno 
 
 Domini. 1553. Regni 
 
 fui Anno feptimo 
 
 et vltimo. 
 
 ^Dwardiis fextus, Angliie, Francioe, and 
 Hiberniae Rex. etc. Omnibus, 
 Regibus et Principibus ac Dominis, 
 et cun(flis ludicibus terrae, et Duci- 
 bus eius quibufcunque efl ex- 
 cellens aliqua dignitas in ea 
 cun(5lis in locis quae funt fub vniuerfo coelo : Pax, 
 tranquillitas, et honor vobis, terris, et regionibus veftris 
 quae imperio veflro fubiacent, cuique veftrum quemad- 
 modum conuenit ei. Propterea quod indidit Deus 
 Opt Max. hominibus prae cunftis alijs viuentibus cor 
 et defiderium tale, vt appetat quifquo cum alijs focie- 
 tatem mire, amare, et vicifsim aniari, beneficijs afficere, 
 et mutua accipere beneficia ftudeat, ideo cuique pro 
 307facultate fua hoc defiderium in omnibus quidem 
 hominibus beneficijs fouere et conferuare conuenit, in 
 illis autem maxime, qui hoc defiderio adducti, a re- 
 motis etiam regionibus ad eos veniunt Quo enim 
 longius iter, eius rei gratia ingrefsi funt, eo aidentius 
 in eis hoc defiderium fuiffe declararunt. Infuper etiam 
 ad hoc, nos patrum maiorumque noflrorum exempla 
 inuitant, qui femper humanifsime fufceperunt et benig- 
 nifsime tra<5lauerunt illos qui tum a locis propinquis 
 tum a remotis, eos amice adibant, eorum fe protedlioni 
 commendantes. Quod fi omnibus id praeftare aequum 
 eft, certe mercatoribus imprimis praeftari debet, qui 
 per vniuerfum orbem difcurrunt, mare circumluftrantes 
 et aridam, vt res bonas et vtiles quie Dei beneficio in 
 
 THE COPYOF THE LETTERS 
 
 MISSIVE WHICH THE RIGHT 
 
 NOBLE PRINCE EDVVARDE THE. VI. 
 
 fent to the Kyngcs, Princes, and other 
 
 potentates inhabytynge the Northeaft 
 
 partes of the worlde towarde the 
 
 myghtyeEmpireofCathay,atfuche 
 
 tyme as fyr HughWillobyknyght 
 
 and Rychard Chaunceler with 
 
 theyrcompanyattemptedtheyr 
 
 vyage thyther in the yeare of 
 
 Chryft. 1 553. and the. vii. and 
 
 lafte yeare of his reigne. 
 
 IDwarde the fyxte by the grace of God, 
 kynge of Englande, Fraunce, and 
 lerlande. etc. To all Kynges, 
 Princes, Rulers, ludges, and gouer- 
 nours of the eartlie, and all other 
 hauynge any excellent dignitie on 
 the fame in all places vnder the 
 vniuerfall heauen : Peace, tranqui- 
 lilie, and honoure, bee vnto yowe, and your landes 
 and regions which are vnder yowr dominions, and to 
 euery of yowe as is conuenient. 
 
 Forafmuche as the greate and almyghty god hath 
 gyuen vnto mankynd aboue al other liuing creatours, 
 fuch a hart and defyre, that euery man defyreth to 
 ioyne frendefliyppe with other, to loue and bee loued, 
 alfo to gyue and receaue mutuall benefites, it is ther- 
 fore the dewtie of all men, accordyng to theyr poure 
 to maintayne and increafe this defyre in euery man 
 wth well dcferuynge to all men, and efpecially to 
 fliewe this good aftection to fuch as beinge moued with 
 this defire, coome vnto them from farre countreys. 
 For in howe much the longer viage they haue attempted 
 for this intent, fo much the more doo they therby de- 
 clare that this defyre hath byn ardent in them. Fur- 
 thermore alfo th[e]exemples of owre fathers and predi- 
 ceflburs doo inuite vs hereunto, forafmuch as they haue 
 euer gentelly and louyngly intreated fuch as of frendely 
 mynde came to them afwel from countreis nere hand 
 as farre remote, commendynge them felues to theyr pro- 
 tection. And if it bee ryght and equitie to (hewc fuch 
 humanitie toward all men, doubtleffe the fame owght 
 chiefely to bee fliewed to marchauntes, who wander- 
 ynge abowt the worlde, fearche both the lande and fea 
 to cary fuch good and profitable thinges as are founde 
 in theyr countreys, to remote regions and kyngetlomes : 
 and ageyne to brynge from the fame, fuche ihynges as 
 
 U3 
 
i 
 
 ^i 
 
 334 
 
 ii I 
 
 '. I 
 
 ! / 
 
 7Vic kyngcs letter. 
 
 308 
 
 it,. 
 
 V 
 
 regione eorum inueniuntur, ad remotifsimas regiones et 
 regna adferant, atque inde viuifsim referant quod fuae 
 region! vtile ibi repererint : vt et populi ad quos eunt, 
 non dedituantur commodis qus non profert illis terra 
 eorutn, et ipfi fmt participes rerum quibus ill! abun- 
 dant Nam Deus cceli et terrse, humane generi maxi- 
 me confulens, noluit vt omnia in quauis regione inueni- 
 rentur, quo regio ope alterius regionis indigeret, et 
 gens ab alia gente commodum aliquod expe(flarct, ac 
 ita (labiliretur amicitia inter omnes, fmgulique omni- 
 bus benefacere qusererent, Hoc itaque ineundse ac 
 flabiliendae amicitise defiderio moti viri quidam regni 
 noRri, iter in remotas maritimas regiones indituerunt, 
 vt inter noflros et illos populos viam mercibus inferen- 
 dis et eferendis aperirent: Nofque rogaucrunt vt id 
 illis concederemus. Qui peticioni illorum annuentes, 
 concelTimus viro honorabili et forti Hugoni Wilibeo et 
 alijs qui cum eo funt feruis nodris fidis et chsris, vt 
 pro fua voluntate, in regiones eis prius incognitas eant, 
 qUiCfituri ea quibus nos caremus, et adducant illis ex 
 nodris terris, id quo illi carent Atque ita illis et nobis 
 commodum inde accedat, fitque amicitia perpetua et 
 foedus indifsolubile inter illos et nos, dam permittent 
 illi nos accipere de rebus quibus fuperabundant in 
 regnis fuis, et nos concedemus illis ex regnis nodris 
 res, quibus dedituuntur. Rogamus itaque vos Reges 
 et Principcs et omnes quibus aliqua ed potedas in 
 terra, vt viris idis nodris tranfltum permittatis per regi- 
 ones vedras. Non enim tangent quicquam ex rebus 
 vedris inuitis vobis. Cogitate quod homines et ipfi funt 
 Et fi quare caniernt, oramus pro vedra beneficentia, 
 earn vos illis tribuatis, accipientes vicilsim ab eis quod 
 poterunt rependere vobis. Ita vos gerite erga eos 
 quemadmodum cuperetis vt nos et fubditi nodri nos 
 gereremus erga feruos vedros fi quando tranfierint per 
 regiones nodras. Atque promittimus vobis per Deum 
 omnium quae coelo, terra et man continentur, perque 
 vitam nouram et tranquillitatem regnorum nodrorum, 
 nos pari benignitate feruos vedros accepturos fi ad 
 regna nodra aliquando venerint Atque a nobis et 
 fubditts nodris, ac fi nati fuiflent in regnis nodris, ita 
 benigne tractabuntur vt rependamus vobis benigni- 
 tatem quam nodris exhibueritis. Podquam vos Reges, 
 Principes, etc. rogauimus vt humanitate et benefi- 
 centia omni profequamini feruos nodros nobis charos, 
 oramus omnipotentem Deum nodrum, vt vobis diu- 
 tumam vitam largiatur, et pacem quae nullam habeat 
 finem. Scriptum Londini, quae ciuitas ed regni nodri. 
 Anno. 5515. a creato mundo, menfe liar. xiiiL die 
 menfis, anno feptimo regni nodri. 
 
 they f)nde there commodious for the)T own coimtreys: 
 Bothe, afwell that the people to whom they go, may 
 not bee deditute of fuch commodities as theyr countreys 
 brynge not furth to them, as that alfo they may bee 
 partctakers of fuche thynges wherof they abounde. 
 For god of heauen and earth, greatly prouydynge for 
 mankynde, wolde not that al thinjes diulde bee founde 
 in one region, to th[e]ende that one diuld haue neede 
 of an other, that by this meanes frendlhippe myght bee 
 edablyflhed amonge all men, and euery one fceke to 
 gratifie all. For th[e]edablydhynge and furtherance of 
 which vniuerfall amitie, certeyne men of owre realme 
 moued hereunto by the fayde defyrc, haue inditute and 309 
 taken vppon theym a vyage by fea into farre countreys 
 to thfejintent that betwene owre people and them, a 
 way bee opened to brj'nge in and cary owt marchaun- 
 dies, defyryng vs to further theyr enterpryfe. 'Vho 
 aflentynge to theyr peticion, haue licenced the ryght 
 valiante and woorthy fyr Hughe Wylloby knyght, and 
 other owre trudy and faithful feruauntes which are 
 with hym according to theyr defyre to go to countreys 
 to them heretofore vnknowen, afwell to feeke fuche 
 thynges as we lacke, as alfo to cary vnto them 
 from owre regions, fuche thynges as they lacke. 
 So that hereby not only commoditie may enfewe 
 both to them and to vs, but alfo an indifToluble 
 and perpetuall league of frenddiippe be edab- 
 lyflhed betwene vs bothe, whyle they permitte vs 
 to take of theyr thynges fuche whereof they haue 
 abundaunce in theyr regions, and we ageine graunt 
 them fuche thynges of owrs wherof they are deditute. 
 Wee therfore defyre yow kynges and princes, and all 
 other to whom there is any poure on the earth, to 
 permitte vnto thefe owr feruantes, free paflage by 
 yowr regions and dominions. For they diall not 
 touche any thynge of yowres vnwyllyng vnto yow. 
 Confyder yow that they alfo are men. If therfore 
 they dial dand in neede of any thynge, we defyre 
 yowe of all humanitie, and for the nobiUtie whiche is 
 in yowe, to ayde and helpe theym with fuch thynges 
 as they lacke, receauynge ageyne of them fuch thynges 
 as they flialbe able to gyue yowe in recompenfe. 
 Shewe yowre felues fo towarde theym, as yowe wold? 
 that wee and owr fubiectes diulde ihewe owr felues 
 toward yowr feruauntes, if at any tyme they diall paffe 
 by owre regions. Thus doinge, wee promefle yowe 
 by the God of all thynges that are conteyned in heauen, 
 earth, and the fea, and bythe lyfe andtranquilitie of owre 
 kyngedomes, that we wyl with lyke humanitie accepte 
 yowre feruauntes if at any tyme they dial coomme to 
 owre kyngdomes, where they fliall as frendly and gen- 
 telly bee interteyned as if they were borne in owr 
 dominions, that we may hereby recompenfe the fauour 
 and benignitie which yow haue fliewed to owr men. 
 Thus ader we haue defyred yow kynges and princes, 
 etc With all humanitie and fauour to interteyne owr 
 welbeloued feruantes, wee pray owre almyghty god to 
 graunt yowe longe lyfe and peace which neuer (hall 
 haue ende Wrytten in London whiche is the chiefe 
 citie of owre kyngedome: In the yeare frome the 
 creation of the worlde. 5515. in the moneth of liar, 
 the. xiiii. day of the moneth, and feuenth yeare of 
 owre reigne. 
 
 C This letter was wrytten alfo in Greeke and dyuers other languages. 
 
 u* 
 
335 
 
 I coiintreys: 
 ley go, may 
 T countreys 
 ey may bee 
 Y aboumle. 
 lydynge for 
 bee founde 
 haue neede 
 ' myght bee 
 fie feeke to 
 therance of 
 rtre realme 
 iflitute and 309 
 ; countreys 
 nd them, a 
 marchaun- 
 yfe, 'Vho 
 1 the ryght 
 nyght, and 
 
 which are 
 > countreys 
 eeke fuche 
 rato them 
 liey lacke. 
 ay enfewe 
 ndiHoluble 
 be eftab- 
 ermitte vs 
 they haue 
 ine graunt 
 ; deftitute. 
 )S, and all 
 : earth, to 
 paffage by 
 
 (hall not 
 vnto yow. 
 [f therfore 
 we defyre 
 whiche is 
 h thynges 
 :h thynges 
 compenfe. 
 )we wold? 
 jwr felues 
 Ihall pafle 
 effe yowe 
 in heauen, 
 tie of owre 
 ie accepte 
 Domme to 
 ' and gen- 
 ie in owr 
 the fauour 
 owr men. 
 d princes, 
 teyne owr 
 ity god to 
 euer (hall 
 the chiefe 
 "rome the 
 h of liar, 
 
 yeare of 
 
 [The Third English book on America, 
 
 Which is also 
 
 The First English Collection of Voyages, Traffics, & Discoverie 
 
 ES. 
 
 Cftr ^ttntit^ 0f tftr nrtoe toortlrr or torjSt KnlJiJi, tiu 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Other notable things as touching the Indies, 
 
 out of the Writings and Maps of 
 
 Francisco Lopez de Gomara, 
 
 and 
 
 Sebastian Cabot. 
 
 •S52-i555'J 
 
imin 
 
 337 
 
 i| 
 
 « OTHER NOTABLE T H Y N G I : S 
 AS TOVCHYNGE THE INDIES: 
 
 AND FYRST OF THE FORKKNOWLKAGE THAT THE POET SF.NECA HAD 
 
 of the fyndyngc this ncwc worldc and other regions not then knowen. 
 
 Francisco Lopes. 
 
 O fpcke of thyngcs that flialbc, longc before they are, is a kynile 
 of iliuination if the truth thereof folowe effe( tuaiiy. Neuer- 
 thelefle althowgh fiich thynges as arc fi)oken eyther by con- 
 iecture, or by th[e]inflincte of nature, or by naturall reafon, iloo 
 cftentynics take place and fuccede accordyngely, yet are not 
 fuch conieciiius to bee accouniptcd as certcyne as jjrophefies 
 reueled by the l;iirite of god, which wee ought enticrly to be- 
 leiie : but not Ip the other gathered only by certeine aijparences, 
 fimihtud ;, reafons, and deni'iRrations : althowghe it bee greatly 
 to bee . laruailed to con'>der howe they hytte the truthe luni- 
 tyme : which pcrhajjpes they doo accordyng to the proiierbe 
 that fayth : lit that fpeaketh much fhall funitimes flumble on 
 the truth. All this 1 fpeake confyderynge tlie Hiyinge of the 
 |(jjj'J^gB|^^^^^j^gjr^'il,Jl poet Seneca in his tragedie of Medea, wiiere his woordes 
 l:ll>li^T?^^^H^^^S^*^^»i_iJ I iJ feeme in all poyiUes to agree with the difcouerynge of the Indies 
 
 founde of late by Chrillofer Colon and {he S|)an}ardes. 'i'he 
 woordes of Seneca, are thefg, 
 
 Vaiictit aunt's 
 
 Siccu/a fcris, quihiis Oicaiius 
 Vincula rcruin hixct, et ingens 
 Pahat tcllus, Tiphifquc twiios 
 Detcgat orbcs. 
 Nee fit terris vltima Tliyle. 
 
 That is to faye : There fliall coomme worldes in late yeares, in the whiche the Ocean iliall vnlofe the 
 bondes of thynges, and a great lande fliall api)eare. Alfo Typhis (that is nauigation) (liall difcoucr ncwe 
 worUles : and Thyle fliall not bee the furtheft lande. 
 
 C Of the great Ilamie which Phito canted Atlantka or Atlantidc. 
 
 He Philofopher Plato wrytethe in his Dialoges of Timeus and Cricia, that in the owlde time 
 there was in the fea Atlantike ouer agenR Affrica, an Ilande cauled Atlantide c;reatcr then 
 Aflrica and Afia : affirmynge that thofe landes are from thenfe continent anil greate : And 
 that the kynges of that Ilande gouerned a greate parte of Affrica and Europe. Put that in 
 a certeyne greate earthequake and tempeR of rayne, this Ilande foonke and the people were 
 drowned : Alfo that th. . e remayned foniuch mudde of thedrownynge or fynkynge of that 1 1 ide, 
 that that fea Atlantike coulde not bee fayled. Sum take this for a fable : and many for a trewe 
 
 EUEN. 2 ■ ^^ 
 
 l>!iiIn.')Tiun. 
 
 r>inlcciur«. 
 
 IVophcuf. 
 
 Sn (l.> Xhf. 
 
 Kgi|>tians. 
 
 I'he wnrdc* ol 
 Sciicca. 
 
 Islande was In 
 nwlde lime cauled 
 Thylc as suiiimc 
 
 I ill like. 
 
 310 
 
 Plato sayth that 
 these kyiigt-s were 
 the sonnes of 
 Ncptumis. 
 An earthquake. 
 
'^ 
 
 333 
 
 other notable thynges as toiicJiytige the Indies. 
 
 \ 
 
 1 • 
 
 .1, • 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i< 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Mnri'ilitis Ficinus. 
 I'nicliu. 
 
 Mexico or new 
 
 Hcftpcridvs. 
 
 Capo Vcrile 
 
 Opiiir. 
 
 Tharsis. 
 
 (•(irKiuKts, 
 
 Snlintis. 
 
 ■ ..'UKlslDitnil by the 
 
 C:(rtliaKiiiL-iiM's. 
 
 Arisiotcll. 
 
 Theuphrast. 
 
 Iniias flnldc to 
 'Jharsis. 
 
 The n.iiMKaliuiis 
 ofSalDiiioiK 
 
 Dcrnicio w the 
 Arabian bca. 
 
 IFow cnlniirstlyflt 
 by degrees 
 
 Therolmireof the 
 west Indians^ 
 
 r)yiie[r]s sorter of 
 whytc and blackc. 
 
 311 
 
 DiflTcrence of 
 cnltnirc in the 
 same clyiiic. 
 
 Kiu de la Pbu. 
 
 Vera. 
 
 Ithirkc men in 
 the west hulics. 
 
 Fn>m whensc 
 prc)Ce:ulelh the 
 varielie uf ctiKmrs. 
 
 Coils wyscdomc 
 and ptiurc is scene 
 in his worker 
 
 CiirtJ hcaie aiul 
 baltlitUi 
 
 liyflorie, as doothe Marcilius Ficinus inducinge Proclus alloagynge ccrtcync hyflorics of the lithiopians wrytten 
 by one Marcellus, who confirmeth the fame to bee trewe. lUit there is nowe no caiifo why wee fluilde any 
 longer doubtc or difjnite of the Hand Atlantide, forafmuch as the difcoiicryngc and con(iue(l of the wed Indies 
 do plainly detlare what Plato hath wrytten of the fayilc landes. In Mexico alfo at this day they caul that water 
 Atl. by the halfc name of Atlant, as by a woorde remaynynge of the name of the llande that is not. Wee may 
 lykewyfe fay that the Indies are eyther the llande and firnie lande of Plato or the remanent of the fame: and 
 not the Ilandes of Hefperides or Ophir, or Tharfis, as fum haue thought of late dayes. For the Mcfperides, 
 are the Ilandes of Cabo Verde and the Gorgonas from whenfe Hanon browght apes: Albeit in conferrynge it 
 with Solinus, tliere is fum doubte by ijafon of the nauigation of fortie dayes wherof he fpeaketh. Afwell maye 
 it bee, that Cuba or Hayti, or any other llande of the Indies, fluilde bee thofe which the Carthaginenfes founde 
 and forlxulde theyr citifens to make any vyages thyther or to inhabite the fame as Aridotle and 'I'heophrafte 
 doo rehearfe where they wryte of the marueylous and viiknowen workes of nature. As concernynge Ophir and 
 Tharfis, it is not knowen what or where tliey bee, altlunvgh many lerncd men as faynt Augulline and other 
 haue fearched what citie or lande Tharfis myght bee. Saynt lerome who was experte in the Hel)rewe tounge, 
 faytli in many places vppon the projjhetes that Tharfis is as much to fay as the fea : and that whereas it is 
 wrytten ti)at Idiiii-- tlcdtle to Tiiarfis, he wente to the fea by a longe iorney. Furthermore as concernynge the 
 nauigations of Salomon, it is not to bee tliowght that his nauics fayled to the well Indies, forafmuch as to pafle 
 tliyther, it was reijuifite for tliem to fayle Wellwarde departynge frome the fea of Ikrmeio : and not l'".allward 
 as they fayled. Ageine, the well Indies haue no vnicornes, clephantes, diamondes, and fuch other thynges as 
 they browght in the trade of their nauigations. 
 
 € Of the colour cf the Indians. 
 
 Ne of the marueylous thynges that god vfeth in the compofition of man, is colourc : whiche 
 doubtleffe can not bee confydered withowte great admiration in beholding one to be white 
 and an other blacke, beinge coloures vtterlye contrary. Sum lykewyfe to be yelowe whiche 
 is betwene blacke and white : and other of other colours as it were of dyuers liueres. And 
 as thefe colours are to be marueyled at, euen fo is it to be confidered howc they dylTer one 
 from an other as it were by degrees, forafmi'che as fum men are whyte after dyuers fortes of 
 whyteneffe : yelowe after dyuers maners of yelowe : and blacke after dyuers fortes of blacke- 
 ncfle : and howe from whyte they go to yelowe by difcolourynge to browne and redde : and to blackc by affile 
 colour, and murrey fumwhat lyghter then blacke : and tawnye lyke vnto the wefl Indians which are all togyther 
 in general eyther jnirple, or tawny lyke vnto fodde quynfes, or of the colour of cheflnuttes or olyues : which 
 colour is to them natural and not by theyr goynge naked as many haue thought : albeit theyr nakeilnefle haue 
 fumwhat helpctl therunto. Therfore in lyke maner and with fuche tliuerfitie as men are commonly whyte in 
 luirope and blackc in Affrike, euen with like varietie are they tawny in thefe Inilies, with dyuers degrees 
 diuerlly inclynynge more or leflfe to blacke or whyte. No lelTe maruayle is it to confyder that men are whyte 
 in Siuile and blacke at the cape of Buena Speranza, and of chcftnutte colour at the ryuer of Plata, beinge all in 
 etpiall degrees frome the Ecpiinoctiall line. Lykewyfe that the men of AfiVykc and Afia fliat lyue vnder the 
 burnte line (cauled Ztma Torrida) are blacke : and not they that lyue beneathe or on tiiis fyde the fame line as 
 in Mexico, Yucatan, Quauhtema, Lian, Nicaragua, Panama, Santo Domingo, Paria, Cape faynt Augulline, 
 Lima, Quito, and other landes of Peru which touch in the fame E(]uinoctiall. I'^or in al the tracte of thefe 
 coafles certeyne blacke men were found only in Quarequa when Vafchus Nuimez of Halboa difcoueretl 
 the fea of Sur. By reafon wherof it may feeme that fuche varietie of colours proceadelh of man, and not of the 
 earth : whiche maye well bee althowgh wee bee all borne of Adam and Eue, and knowe not the caufe why god 
 hath fo ordeyned it, otherwyfe then to confyder that his diuine maiellie hath doonne this as infinite other to 
 declare his omnipotencie and wifedome in fuch diucrfitics of colours as appcre not only in the nature of man, 
 but the lyke alfo in beaftes, byrdes, and floures, where dyuers and contrary colours are feene in one lyttle fether, 
 or the leaues growynge owt of one lyttle flalke. An other thyng is alfo greatly to bee noted as touchynge thefe 
 Indians. And this is, that theyr heare is not curlde as is the Moores and Ethiopians that inhabite the famc 
 clime : neythcr are they balde exccpte very feldome, and that but lyttle. All whiche thynges may giue further 
 occafion to phylofophers to fcarch tiic fecrcutes of nature and complexions of men with the noucltics of the newc 
 worlde. 
 
 S3» 
 
other notable tJiyngcs as tonc/iyiigc the Indies. 
 
 339 
 
 >pians wrytti-n 
 CO fliulde any 
 lie well Indies 
 ;aiil that water 
 3t. Wee may 
 he fame : and 
 le Hefperides, 
 conferryngc it 
 Afwell maye 
 nenfes founde 
 \ 'l'hco]ihra(le 
 it;e Ophir and 
 ine and other 
 brewe tounge, 
 
 whereas it is 
 K-ernynge the 
 ich as to pa fie 
 
 not I'.allward 
 ler thyngcs as 
 
 oiirc : wliiche 
 le to be white 
 ■elowe whiche 
 liueres. And 
 ey dyller one 
 fliers fortes of 
 tes of blacke- 
 acke by afflie 
 e all togyther 
 lyues : which 
 cedneffe haue 
 inly whyte in 
 uers ilegrees 
 en are whyte 
 beinge all in 
 uc vniler the 
 
 fame line as 
 It Auguftinc, 
 ractc of thefe 
 difcouered 
 id not of the 
 iiife why god 
 nite other to 
 iture of man, 
 
 lyttle fether, 
 
 :hyngc thcfc 
 )ite the fame 
 
 giuc further 
 i ofthenewe 
 
 € irhy they were canted Indians, 
 
 JVm tliynkc that the people of the newe world were cauled Indians byc-nfe they arc of the 
 colour of the Ivifte Indians. And althowgiie (as it fenieth to me) they ilytTer much in colour 
 and faffliions, yet is it trewe that of India they were cauled Indians. 
 
 India is properlie cauled that great prouince of Afia in the which great Alexander kepte 
 his warres : and was fo named of the ryuer Indus: and is diuyded into many kyngedonies 
 confynynge with the fame. I-'rom this greate India (cauled the Kail In<lia) came great com- 
 l)anyes of men as wryteth Herodotus : anil inhabited that parte of Klhiopia that lyeth belwene 
 the fea llermeia (othenvyfe cauled the redile fea or the goiilfe of Arabia) and the ryuer of Niliis: al wliii h 
 regions that great Chrillian prince I'refter lohn dooth now polVelTe. The fayde Indians preiiayled fo much, that 
 they vtterly changed the cuQomes and name of that lanile, and cauled it India : by reafon wherof, l'",thiopia alfo 
 hath of longe tyme byn cauled India. And hereuppon came it that .\ryllotell, Seneca, and certeyne other 
 oulde autouis fayil that Imlia was not farre from Spayne. After this alfo, of later dayes owre Weft India was 
 fo cauled of the fayde India of Trefter lohn where the I'ortugales had tlieyr trade. I'or the jjylot of the caruell 
 that was fyrfte dryuen by forcyble wynde to an vnknowen lande in the Wefte Ocean, cauled the fame India by- 
 caufe the Portugales fo cauled fuch laniles as they had lately difcouered Kaflwaide. Chryllopher Colon alfo 
 after the fayde pylot, cauled the weft landes by the fame name. Albeit, fum that take ('olonus for an expert 
 Cofmographer, thynke that he fo n.imed them of the l^aft India, as to be the fiirtheft and vnknowen enile therof 
 reachynge into the Wefte vniler the other hemifpherie or halfe globe of the earthe beneathe vs : aftlrmynge that 
 when he fyrft attempted to ilifcotier the Indies, he went chiefely to fecke the ryche Hand of Cii)ango, which 
 fauleth on the [)aite of great China or Cathay as wryteth Marcus raulus V'enetns and other : And that he 
 flmldc fooner come tliyther by folowyng the courfe of the foonne Weftwarde then ageynft the fame: Albeit 
 manye thynke that there is no fuche I lande, or at the leafte not yet knowen by that name: wheras alfo Marcus 
 I'aulus obferued no exacte defcriplion of the place eytlier of this Ilande or of Cathay. 
 
 W Tlie fyrjle difconcrynge of the JVeJte Indies. 
 
 Certeyne caruell faylynge in the wefle Ocean abowt the coaftes of Spayne, had a forcyble and 
 continuall wynde from the Kaft wherby it was dryuen to a land vnknowen and not ilefcrybed 
 in any mappe or carde of the fea : and was dryuen llyl alonge by the coafte of the fame for 
 the fi)ace of many dayes vntyll it came to a hauen : where in a lliorte tyme the moft parte of 
 the maryners beinge longe before verye weake and feeble by reafon of hunger and trauayle, 
 dyed : So that only the pylot with thre or foure other remayned alyiie. And not only they 
 that dyed ilyil not inioy the Indies which they fyrft difcouered to tlieyr myflbrtune, but the 
 refydue alio that lyueil had in mailer as lyttle fruition of the fame : not leauynge or at the leall not openly pub- 
 lyfliynge any memorie therof, neyther of the place, or what it was cauled, or in what yeare it was founde. 
 Albeit, the faute was not theyrs, but rather the malice of other, or the enuie of that which wee caule fortune. I 
 doo not therefore marueyle that the auncient hyftories aftlrme that great thynges proceaile and increafe of fmaiil 
 and obfcure begynnynges, fyth wee haue feene the fame verefyed in this fynilyng of the Indies being fo 
 notable and newe a tliynge. Wee neeile not bee curious to feeke the name of the jiylot fyth death made 
 a fliorte ende of his iloinges. Sum wyl that he came from Anilaluzia, and traded to the Hands of Canaria and 
 the Ilande of Madera when this large and mortal nauigation chaunced vnto hym. Other fay that he was a 
 ISifcayne, and traded into Knglande and l'"raimie. ( )ther alfo, that he was a I'ortugale : and that eyther he 
 wente or came from Mina or India : which agreelh well with the name of thefe newe landes as 1 haue fayde 
 before. Ageyne, fum there bee that fay that he browght thecarauel to Portugale : or to the Ilande of Madera, 
 or to fum oiher of the Ilandes cauled dc los Azores. Yet doo none of them atlirme any thynge, althowgh they 
 all aflirme that the jjylotte dyed in the houfe of Chryllopher Colon, wilh whome remayned al fuch wiytynges 
 and annotations as he hadde made of his vyage in the f:iyile caraucll, afwell of fuch thynges as he obferued both 
 by lande and fea, as alfo of the eleuation of the pole in thofe lani'es whiche he had ilifcoucred. 
 
 3-|» 
 
 The rotoiir of the 
 
 K.4:it lndl.ll):>. 
 
 Kiist Indi.i. 
 
 I'rt'stcr In!in came 
 
 n«l \\i lluiiil lo 
 
 I'.lhvopi.l iMuIril 
 IikIui. 
 
 I Itulia nctt Tir 
 from Sp.iyiic 
 
 Presler I»il»n 
 
 i kiiowcii to tlie 
 I'lirtugulL-!^ 
 
 Al the fiirlhisl 
 l''..islt!, Iii-^yniiclh 
 the west. 
 
 The Ihiiiil of 
 l'i|t.lli>;(>. 
 I'htiia. 
 I'ath.iy. 
 Tolhi' K:isl l>y 
 thf west. 
 Marcus I'aiiliu 
 Vcnclus. 
 
 A harile 
 l.c-uymiyiiK. 
 
 312 
 
 prnriMiivii;; ol 
 sin.itilt; ami 
 oliM urt- 
 iM'nymiviiKc*. 
 Till' iiylot Ituit 
 fyiM (ouiulc tlie 
 
 Mtna. 
 
w^ 
 
 
 r 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 /• 1 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 !' 
 
 i\ 
 
 340 
 
 O^//^;' notable fhynges as toitchytige the Indies. 
 
 TT»u« al<io 1>egan 
 
 Kychard 
 
 chaunccler. 
 
 Colon was nnt 
 much lerncd. 
 
 The IlanJe 
 At Ian tide. 
 The I uulc 
 fduiid liy the 
 Carthagincnsei. 
 
 313 
 
 Colon conferred 
 with lernud men. 
 
 Chaunce and arte. 
 
 A Christian 
 opinion. 
 
 The camel 
 compared to the 
 ship uf Nuyc. 
 
 The kynge of 
 Portugale, 
 The kyng of 
 Cutile. 
 
 Kynge Hvnry 
 the iicuenth. 
 
 C IVhat maner of man Chryjlophcr Colon 2uas : and lioioc he Came 
 fyrjl to the knowlcagc of the Indies. 
 
 Hriflopher Colon was borne in Cugureo, or (as fum fay) in Nerui, a vyllage in the territorie of 
 Genua in Italic. He defcended as fum thynke, of the houfe of the Pcleftreles of IMacentia 
 in Lumbardie. He beganne of a chylde to bee a maryner : of whcfe arte they haue great 
 exercife on the ryuer of Genua. He traded many yeares into Suria and other partes of the 
 Eaft. After this, he became a mafter in makynge cardes for the fea, whereby he had great 
 vantage. He came to Portugale to knowe the reafon and defcription of the fouth coafl.es of 
 Aflfrica and the nauigations of the Portugales, thereby to make his cardes more perfecte to bee 
 folde. He maryed in Portugu.e as fum fay : or as many fay, in the llande of Madera, where he dwelt at fuche 
 tyme as the fayde caruell arryued there, whofe pylot fuiomed in his houfe, and dyed alfo there, bequethynge 
 to Colon his carde of the defcription of fuche newe landes as he hadde founde, wherby Colon had the fyrfl 
 knowleage of the Indyes. Sum haue thowght that Colon was well lerned in the I-atine tounge and the fcience 
 of Cofmographie : and that he was therby fyrft moued to feeke the landes of the Antijiodes and the ryche llande 
 of Cipango whereof Marcus Paulus wryteth. Alfo that he had redde what Plato in his dialoges of Timeus and 
 Cricias, wryteth of the greate llande Atlantide, and of a great lande in the Well Ocean vndifcouered beinge 
 bygger then Afia and Affrica. Furthermore that he had knowleage what Ariflotell and Theophraft^us faye in 
 theyr bookes of maruaylcs, where they wryte that certeyne marchauntes of Carthage faylyng from the llrcyghtes 
 of Gibraltar towarde the weft and fouth, founde after many dayes a greate llande not inhabited : yet replen- 
 yflied with al thynges requifite, and hauynge many nauigable ryuers. In deede Colon was not greately lerned : 
 yet of good vnderflandynge. And when he had knowleage of the fayde newe landes by the information 
 of the dead pylot, made relation thereof to certeyne lerned men with whom he conferred as touchynge the 
 lyke thynges mentioned of owlde autours. He communicated this fecreate and conferred chiefely with a 
 fryer, named lohn Perez of Marchena that dwelt in the monafl.ery of Rabida. So that I verely beleue, that in 
 maner all that he declared, and many thynges more that he lefte vnfpoken, were wrytten by the fayde Spanyllie 
 pylot that dyed in his houfe. For I am perfuaded, that if Colon by fcience atteyned to the knowleage of tlic 
 Indies, he wolde longe before haue communicate this fecreate to his owne c'ontrey men the Genuefes, that 
 trauayle all the worUle for gaynes, and not haue comme into Spayne for this purpofe. But doubteleffe he 
 neuer thought of any fuch thyng before he chaunced to bee acquainted with the fayd pylot who founde thofe 
 landes by fortune, accordynge to the fayinge of Plinie : Quod ars doccre mn potuit, cafus iniicnit. That is : 
 That arte coulde not teache, chaunce founde. Albeit, the more Chryflian opinion is, to thinke that god of his 
 fii'.guler prouidence and infinite goodnelTe, at the length with eyes ofcompaflion as it were lookynge downe 
 from heauen vpon the fonnes of Adam fo longe kepte vnder Sathans captiuitie, intended euen then (for caufes 
 to hym only knowen) to rayfe thofe wyndes of mercy whereby that caruell (herein mofl. lyke vnto tlie fliyppe of 
 Noe whereby the remanent of the hole world was faued as by this camel this newe worlde receaued the fyrft 
 hope of theyr faluation) was dryuen to thefe landes. Hut wee wyll nowe declare what great thynges folowed of 
 this fmaule bcgjnnynge, and how Colon folowed this matter reueled vnto hyni not withowte goddes prouidence. 
 
 C What labour and trauayle Colon tooke in at t empty ng hisfyrst vyage 
 
 to the Indies. 
 
 j]Fter the death of the pilot and mariners of the Spanyllie caruell that difcouered the Indies, 
 Chr)'ftoi)her Colon purpofed to feke the liime. But in howc muche more he defyred this, 
 the lefle was his poure to accompliflie his delire. P'or, befyile that of him felf<,' he was not 
 able to furnylTlie one fliyppe, he lacked alfo the fauour of a kynge vnder whofe protection 
 he might fo enioy the riches he hoped to fynde, that none other myght take tlie fame from 
 hym or defeate hym therof And feinge the kynge of Portugale occupied in the conijueft 
 of Africa and the nauigations of the Kaft which were then fyrft attempted, the kynge of 
 Caftyle lykewyfe no lelTe bufyed in the v arres of Granada, he fent ' j his brother Bartholomewe Colon (who 
 was alfo priuie to this fecreate) to practife with the kynge of Englardc Henry the feuenth bein^;e very ryche 
 
other notable thynges as touchynge the Indies. 
 
 341 
 
 Came 
 
 e territorie of 
 5 of Placentia 
 Vj haue great 
 partes of the 
 he had great 
 uth coafles of 
 erfecte to bee 
 Iwclt at fuche 
 bequethyngc 
 had the fyrll 
 id the fcience 
 ryche llande 
 f Timeus and 
 uered beinge 
 raflus faye in 
 the (Ireyghtes 
 : yet replen- 
 :ately lemed : 
 ; information 
 )uchynge the 
 iefely with a 
 cleiie, that in 
 yde Spanydie 
 vleage of the 
 enuefes, that 
 oubteleiTe he 
 founde thofe 
 //. That is : 
 at god of his 
 kynge downe 
 n (for caufes 
 lie fliyppe of 
 .ucd the fyrfl 
 :s folowed of 
 prouidence. 
 
 vyage 
 
 the Indies, 
 Jefyred this, 
 ! he was not 
 fe protection 
 e fame from 
 the comiiiell 
 he kynge of 
 Colon (wlio 
 c very ryche 
 
 and withowt warres : promyfynge to brynge hym great ryches in Ihort time if he wolde fhew him fauour and 
 fumyflhe hpn with (liippes to difcouer the newe Indies wherof he had certeyne knowleage. But neytlicr here 
 beinge able to brynge his fule to paffe, he caufed the matter to bee moued to the kynge of Portugalc Don 
 Alonfo the fyfte of that name : at whofe handes he founde neither fauour nor money, forafmuch as the licen- 
 ciate Calzadilla the byfliop of Vifeo, and one mafter Rodrigo men of credit in the fcience of Cofmographie, 
 withftoode him and contended that there neither was nor coulde any golde or other ryches bee founde in the 
 weft as Colon affirmed. By reafon whereof he was very fadde and penfiue : but yet was not difcouraged or 
 defpaired of the hope of his good aduenture which he afterward found This done, he tooke fliippinge at 
 Lifbume, and came to Palos of Moguer where he communed witl» Martin Alonfo Pinzon an expert pylot, who 
 offered hym felfe vnto hym. After this difclofynge the hole fecreates of his mynde to lohn Perez of Marchena 
 (a fryer of th[e]order of faynt Frances in Rabida, and wel lemed in Cofmographie) and declaryng vnto hym 
 how by folowyng the courfe of the fon by a temperate vyage, rich and great landes niyght be founde, the fryer 
 greatly commended his enterpryfe, and gaue him counfayle to breake the matter to the duke of Medina Sidonia 
 Don Eurique of Guzman a great lorde and very ryche: And alfo to Don l.uys of Cerda the duke of Medina 
 Cell, who at that tyme had great prouifion of fliippes well furnyftied in his hauen of Santa Maria. But wheras 
 both thefe dukes tooke the matter for a dreame and as a thynge diuifed of an Italian deceauer who (as they 
 thought) had before with lyke pretence deluded the kynges of Englande and Portugale, the fryer gaue hym 
 courage to go to the courte of the Catholyke princes Don Ferdinando and lady Ifabell princes of Caftile : 
 affirmynge that they wolde bee ioyfull of fuch newes. And for his better furtherance herin, wrote letters by 
 hym to fryer Ferdinando of Talauera the queenes confeflbr. Chryftopher Colon therfore, repayred to the 
 court of the Catholike princes, in the yeare. M. CCCC. Ixxxvi. [i486 a.d.] and delyuered vnto theyr handes the 
 peticion of his requeft as conceminge the difcouerynge of the newe Indies. But they beinge more carefuU, 
 and applyinge all theyr mynde howe they myght dryue the Moores owt of the kyngdome of Granade, which 
 great enterpryfe they had alredy taken in hande, dyd lyttle or nothynge cfteme the matter. But Colon not 
 thus difcouraged, found the meanes to declare his fute to fuch as had fumtymes priuate communication with 
 the kynge. Yet bicaufe he was a ftranger and went but in fnnple apparell, nor otherwyfe credited then by the 
 letter of a gray fryer, they beleued hym not, neythergaue eare to his woordes: wherby he was greaUy tor- 
 mented in his imagination. Only Alonfo of Quintanilia the kynges chiefe auditour gaue hym meate and 
 drynke at his owne charges, and hard gladly fuch thynges as he declared of the landes not then founde: 
 defyrynge hym in the meane tyme to bee contente with that poore enterteynemente, and not to defpayre of his 
 enterpryfe : puttynge hym alfo in good conforte that he fliulde at one tyme or other, coome to the fpeache of 
 the Catholyke princes. And thus (hortly after by the meanes of Alonfo of Quintanilia, Colon was browght to 
 the prefence and audience of the Cardinall Don Pero Gonzales of Mendoza, archbyffliop of Toledo, a man of 
 great reuenues and autoritie with the kynge and queene, who brought hym before them after that he well per- 
 ceaued and examyned his intent. And by this meanes was his fute harde of the Catholyke princes, who alfo 
 redde the booke of his memorials which he prefented vnto them. And although at the fyrft they tooke it for 
 vayne and falfe that he promyfed, neuertheleffe they put hym in good hope that he (hulde bee well difpatched 
 when they had fynyftied the warres of Granada which they had now in hand. With which anfwere. Colon 
 beganne to reuyue his fpirites, with hope to bee better eftemed and more fauourably to bee h[e]ard amonge the 
 gentelmcn and noble men of the court, who before tooke hym only for a craftie felowe and deceauer: and was 
 nothynge difmayde or difcouraged when fo euer he debated the matter with them, althowghe many iudged hym 
 phantafticall, as is the maner of ignorant menne to caule all fuch as attempte any thynge beyonile theyr reach 
 and the compaffe of theyr knowleage : thinkyng the worlde to bee no bigger then the cagies whcrin they are 
 brought vp and lyue. But to retume to Colon : So hotte and vrgente was the fiege of Granada, that they 
 prefentely graunted hym his demaunde to feeke the newe landes, and to brynge from thenfe golde, fyluer, 
 perles, precious ftones, fpices, and fuche other rych thynges. They gaue hym alfo the tenth parte of all the 
 reuenues and cuftomes dewe vnto the kynge of al fuch landes as he fliulde difcouer, not doynge preiudice 
 in any thynge to the kynge of Portugale. The particulars of this agrement were made in the towne cauled 
 Sancta Fe : and the priuilege of the rewarde, in Granada the. xxx. [thirtieth] daye of Aprell the fame yeare 
 that the citie was woonne. And wheras the fayde Catholyke princes had not mony prcfently to difpatch 
 Colon, Luys of S. Angell the kynges fecretary of accomptes, lente tlieym fyxe ijuentes of marauedes, whiche 
 in a groffe fumme make. xvi. [sixteen] thoufande ducades. Two thynges are herein chiefely to be noted : 
 wherof the one is, that for fo fmaule charges they haue increafed the reuenues of the crowne of Caftyle as much 
 as the Indies are in value. The other is, that endynge the conqueft of the Moores who poflelled the 
 kyngedome of Granada eyght hundreth yeares, they immediatly beganne the conqueft of the Indies, as though 
 the nation of the Spanyardes were euer appoynted to feyght ageynft infidels and enemies of the iiiyth of lefu 
 Chiyft. 
 
 nnm.irdc Itnewe 
 nut all thynges. 
 
 The duke of 
 Medin.! Sidonia. 
 
 The duke of 
 Medina CcU. 
 
 314 
 
 The conquest 
 of Graiuda. 
 
 What men knowe 
 not they count 
 fantastical!. 
 
 Colon his 
 tntcrtcinmente. 
 
 The archbysshop 
 of Toledo. 
 Colon is brought 
 to the kynges 
 presenco 
 
 The ludgement of 
 ignorant fulkes. 
 
 Colon is 
 dispatched. 
 
 Colon his rewarde 
 
 One aiienl is. > 
 [ten] niindreth 
 thuusande. 
 
 2 C 3 
 
 Ui 
 

 ,1 I 
 
 342 
 
 111 
 
 315 
 
 ! I 
 
 ( 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ■h 
 
 !l^ \ 
 
 The citie of 
 Mexico or 
 Temix titan. 
 
 Golde and syluer. 
 
 Sylke. 
 
 Collon. 
 
 Alam. 
 
 Woade. 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Shello for money. 
 
 Come. 
 
 Beastea. 
 
 Haukyng and 
 huntyiige. 
 
 Paintynge. 
 
 Women 
 
 sumptuously 
 
 appareled. 
 
 A warlike nation 
 
 Captiues sacrificed 
 to Idole*. 
 
 Other notable thyuges as toitchynge the Indies. 
 
 By this trauayle of Colonus in fo noble an enteqiryfe and fo harde fuccelTe, doolh the fayinge of Plinie appere to be moft trew, 
 wher in the preface of his natural hyflory wryltcn to th[e]emproiir Vcfiiafian he wiiteth in this maner. Kes ardtta vetujtis tioui- 
 fatem dare: Aouis, aii[c]tori/(ifem : ahfolctis, iiitorem; ohfctins, lucent: jfaJluUlis, p-atiam: dubiis,fidcm: omnibus vero natuiani, et 
 nalura/ua omnia. Itaque eliam uon affecutis, voluiffe abiindc pukhrum atqiie magiiifiaim eft. That is to fay ; It is a dydficuUc thynge 
 to gyue newenes to owlde thynges, autoritie fo newe thyngcs : bewtie to thynges owt of vfe : fame to the obfcure : niuoure to the 
 hateful) : credite to the doubtcfull ; nature to all, and all to nature. To fuch neuerlhelelTe as can not attayne to all thefe, it is 
 greately commendable and magnihcall to hauc attempted the Hime. 
 
 In the fcu[t]chen of amies gyuen to Colon by Don Ferdinando and queene Elizabeth Catholikc princes (fo 
 cauled for thcyr warres agcynfl. the infidels) thefe verfes were wryttcn. 
 
 Por Cajlilla y por Leon, 
 Nueuo mundo hallo Colon. 
 
 That is : For Caftile and for Leon, 
 
 The newe worlde founde Colon. 
 
 C Of newe Spayne cauled Nona Hifpania, or Mexico. 
 
 I Ewe Spayne is that parte of the continent or firme lande that lyeth Well and South frome the 
 lande of Floryda. This was fubdued to th[e]empire of Caftile by the ryght noble gentel- 
 man Ferdinando Cortefe the marquefle of the vale of Quaxaca. In this lande are many 
 prouinces conteynyng in them in maner innumerable cities, amonge which that is the chiefe 
 which the Indians caule Mexico or Temixtitan, confyftyng of more then fiue hundreth 
 thoufand inhabitauntes. It ftandeth in the myddeft of a lake of falte water as doth Venece 
 in the fea. The lake conteyneth fortie Perfian myles cauled Parafange, euery one confyftynge 
 of. XXX. [thirty] furlon[g]s, and more as fum fay. In thefe regions is found., great plentie of golde, fyluer, antl 
 precious ftones, with innumerable other thynges both neceflary for the lyfe of man and pleafaunt : as fylke, 
 bombafme cotton, alame, Safferne, Woade, with dyuers other thynges wherwith clothe and fylke is dyed. 
 There is alfo fuch abundaunce of fuger, that certeyne Spanyfflie fliippes are yearely fraighted therwith and 
 brynge the fame into Siuile from whenfe it is caryed in maner to all partes of 'Chryftendome. Th[e]inhabi- 
 tauntes of Mexico are fubtyle people, and vfe much craft in theyr bargening. They haue not the vfe of golde 
 and fyluer monye : but vfe in the fteade therof the halfe flielles of almonds, whiche kynde of Barbarous money 
 they caule Cacao or Cacanguate. In maner al kyndes of come are there very good [and] cheape : efpecially barly 
 and wheate. They haue great plentie of hartes, wylde bores, Lyons, Leopardes, and Tygers, which beaftes 
 wander in maner in euery place. The region is mofte commodious for haukynge and huntynge for the great 
 abundaunce it hath of beaftes and foules. But the people exercife all theyr cunnynge in makynge the images 
 of theyr Idolatry, and in paintyng. Theyr woman are valiant : and fumptuous in theyr apparell and other 
 tyrementes. For they fo rychely frynge and byfet the fame with perles, precious ftones, and golde, that 
 nothynge can be more excellent. They haue a kynde of paper greatly difteryng from owrs. In this they 
 expreffe theyr mindes by certeyn figures. For they haue not otherwife th[e]ufe of letters. The nation is 
 defyrous of warre : and dooth not longe keepe the condicions of peace vnuiolated : But delyteth rather in ciuile 
 and moft craell battayle amonge them felues then to lyue in peace and quietneffe. Suche as in the warres 
 faule by any meanes into the handes of theyr enemies, cyther by fubmiflion or otherwyfe, are partely facrificed 
 to the Idoles, and the refydue gyuen to the fouldiers to bee eaten, in lyke maner as wee rewarde dogges and 
 haukes with parte of theyr pray. They haue innumerable Idoles which euery one maketh for his particular god 
 after the phantafie of his own brayne, and gyueth therto diuine honour. Albeit at this day they doo by lyttle 
 and lyttle leaue of theyr barbarous fiercenefte: and with owre religion embrafe better maners. For they 
 nowe profeffe the fayth of Chryft, and in his name pray vnto God the father. 
 
 Vnderftande here that as touchynge thefe regions cauled new Spayne, yow may reade at large in the booke here before cntiteled 
 of the landes and Handes lately founde. This booke folowcth immcdiatly after the Decides, althowgh the printer haue alfo wryttcn 
 the thyrde decade* ouer the head of that booke which intrcatcth principally of the regions nowe cauleU newe Spayne. Of the 
 conqucfl of this Mexico, Francifcu Lopez hath written a large booke in the Spanyfflie tounge. 
 
 *Seep. 187.— E. A. 
 
 34* 
 
other notable thynges as toitchyiige the India. 
 
 343 
 
 ! 1 
 
 I be moft trew, 
 J vcliijlis tioui- 
 natiiram, et 
 i^fficuUe thynge 
 niuoure to the 
 all there, it is 
 
 c princes (fo 
 
 th frome the 
 
 loble gentel- 
 
 le are many 
 
 is the chiefe 
 
 ue hundreth 
 
 doth Venece 
 
 : confyftynge 
 
 , fyluer, and 
 
 nt: as fylke, 
 
 Ike is dyed. 
 
 therwith and 
 
 rh[e]inhabi- 
 
 vfe of golde 
 
 irons money 
 
 lecially barly 
 
 liich bealles 
 
 for the great 
 
 the images 
 
 and other 
 
 golde, that 
 
 n this they 
 
 lie nation is 
 
 ler in ciuile 
 
 tlie warres 
 
 ly lacrificed 
 
 dogges and 
 
 ticulargod 
 
 00 by lyttle 
 
 For they 
 
 fore cntiteled 
 
 alfo wryttcn 
 
 )rne. 01 the 
 
 C Of Pern. 
 
 jHe prouince cauled Peru, was alfo named noua Cadilia by them that fyrRe founde it. This 
 region is the weft, parte of America: and is fituate in the longitude of. 290. degrees, pro- 
 ceadynge from the Weft, to the Eaft. And fouthwarde begynneth fiue degrees beyonde the 
 Equinoctial line, and is extended very farre into the fouth. This is taken to bee the 
 rychefl lande in golde, fyluer, pcrles, precious (lones, and fpyces, that euer was founde yet 
 to this day. For golde is there in fuch plentie that they make pyfpots therof, and other 
 veffcls applyed to fylthy vfes. But this is more to bee marueyled at, that in a citie cauled 
 Collao was founde a houfe all couered with niaffie plates of golde. In theyT warres alfo theyr harneffe was of 
 golde and fyluer. Theyr weapons are bowes, arrowes, flynges, dartes, and pikes. Th[e]inhal)itantes are 
 warlyke peojile and of great agilitie. They liaue cities defended with lawes and arnics. The region is 
 exceadyng frutefull, and yeldeth come twyfe in the yeare. It is fo floryffliynge with many fayre wooddes, 
 mountaynes, ryuers, and other both plcafaunt and neceflary commodities, that it feemeth in maner an earthly 
 Paradyfe. It hath dyuers kyndes of beaflcs, and yet none hurtfuU or of rauenynge kynde. There are fliecpe 
 of fuch heyght that they vfe them in the fteade of horfes. Sume write that they are as bygge as the younge 
 foles of camels: and that theyr wooUe is very fofte and fine. Alfo that the ewes brynge furth lambes twyfe a 
 yeare. The people are wytty and of gentyl behauoure. Cunnynge alfo in artes, faythful of promes, and of 
 maners not greatly to bee difcommended, faue that they are ignorant of Chryft: who neuerthelelTe is nowe 
 knowen vnto them in many places, as our hope is he flialbe dayly more and more if all princes wyll herein 
 putte theyr helpynge handes to the plowe of owre lorde, and fende labourers into his vyneyarde. 
 
 C Of the great ryner canted Rio de la Plata (that is) the ryner of fylner. 
 
 His ryuer reacheth very farre in length and bredth : and is cauled Vruai in the Indian tounge. 
 Into this fliuleth an other ryuer named Paraue. The fyrfle that fayled into the ryuer of 
 Plata, was lohn Dias Solis, whom the ryght noble kynge of Spayne Ferdinandus made 
 Admyral of thefe feas. In the ryuer lyeth an llande whiche lohn Dias named Martinus 
 Gratias bycaufe a pylot of his fo cauled, was buryed there. This llande is fituate in the 
 myddefi. of the ryuer : and is dyftant from the mouth of the fame abowt fortie leaques. As 
 the fayde Admirall attempted to expugne the Hand, he was fudde}nly oppreffed and flayne 
 of the Indians that priuilie atfayled hym. Wherwith neuertheleffe theyr barbarous crueltie was not fatiffyed 
 vntyll they had torne him in piefes and deuoured hym. But many yeares after, Tli[e]emperoures maieftie and 
 kynge of Spayne Charles the fyfte, fente foorth Sebaftian Cabot (a man of great courage and Ikylfull in Cofmo- 
 graphie, and of no lefle experience as concernynge the ft.arres and the fea) with comniaundement to difcouer 
 and fiibdue the Ilandes of Tharfis, Ophir, Cipango, and Coi Cathay. Receauynge therfore his commiffion and 
 proceadynge forwarde on his vyage, he arryued by chaunce at this llande: The caufe wherof was that the 
 principall veflTell was loft by (liipwracke, and the men that faued theyr lyucs by fwymmynge were receaued into 
 other fliyppes. Perceauynge therfore that by reafon of this chaunce he could by no nieanes performe his 
 vyage attempted, he intended to expugne the fayde llande, and thervppon to conueygh his vyttayles to land, 
 to prepare his foldiers to th[e]inuafion, to plant colonyes, and to erect fortrelTes by Uie ryuers fyde wherby the 
 Spanyardes niyght bee defended from the violence of the barbarians. But before he attempted this, he was 
 odi:ertifed that the llande was riche in golde and fyluer. Which thynge dyd fo encorage him, that withowt 
 , efpect of perel he thought beft to expugne it by one nieanes or other, wherein his bouldenes tooke good 
 eflfecte as often tymes chaimceth in great afflxyres. Furthermore as touchynge the ryuer, Sebaftian Cabote 
 made relation that he neuer fawe any comparable vnto this in bredth and depth. For whereas it fauleth into 
 the fea, it conteyneth. xxv. [twenty-five] leaques in breadth. From the mouth of the ryuer, Cabot fayled vp 
 the fame into the lande for the fpace of three hundreth and fiftie leaques as he wryteth in his owne carde. 
 That it is of groat depth, may hereby bee confydered that nianye greate r)"iers faule into it : fo that the 
 chanell can not bee ftialowe that conteyneth fuch abundance of water, and fuche plentie of good and great 
 fyfihes. For there is in maner no fyfihe in the fea, that is not founde in this ryuer. As foone as the Span- 
 yards were fet alande, they made a proofe if the foyle were frutfuU to beare come. Takynge therefore fiftie 
 graynes of wheate and commyttynge the fame to the earth in the moneth of September, they gathered therof 
 
 316 
 
 Peru i«t the 
 n'chcst lande 
 that is knowen. 
 
 A house couered 
 with guld. 
 Hanies of golde. 
 A frutful regioib 
 
 Great sheepe. 
 
 The dewtie of 
 Chryiitiiui princei» 
 
 Paraue. 
 
 lohn Dias Solis. 
 
 The llande 
 Martinus Gratias. 
 
 The viage of 
 Sebastian Calwte 
 to the ryuer of 
 Plata. 
 
 Th arsis. 
 Ophir. 
 Ctpanga 
 Cathay. 
 
 The ryuer of PUUL 
 
 317 
 
w 
 H 
 
 H- 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 ;'!■ 
 
 A 
 
 344 
 
 Manietous 
 frutfuliies. 
 Mountaynes 
 conteynynge golde 
 and ayluer. 
 
 Gnat •heepa. 
 
 Theyr colour. 
 
 Men with 
 defonaeil Icfs. 
 
 Mahchx 
 
 Tachola. 
 
 The Il.indes of 
 Ma'udia, 
 
 The Hand uf 
 Samuira. 
 
 Spycei. 
 
 Calocut 
 
 Ceilam. 
 
 Cathay. 
 
 China. 
 
 Precious stones. 
 
 Sylke. 
 
 Cautaiu 
 
 The way to the 
 ] landes of Maluca 
 by the north sea. 
 
 The Spanyarde 
 
 Cisper 
 Curtesrealcf. 
 
 318 
 
 Insula 
 Cortttrtabl. 
 
 Snowe and Ise. 
 Futnii 
 
 Other notable thynges as touchynge the Indies. 
 
 two thoufande and fiflie at December nexte folowynge: wherin fume beinge deceaued and midakynge the 
 thynge, haue wrytten in the (leade of twoo thoufande and fiftie, fyftie thoufande and two. The like fertilitie is 
 there of all other grayne and pulfe. Furthermore th[e]inhabitauntes declared that not farre from that place, 
 ther are great and hygh mountaynes in the which is founde great plentie of golde. And no great diftance 
 from the fame, to bee other mountaynes no leffe frutefuU of fyluer, and many other thynges longe to rehearfe. 
 Th[e]inhabitauntes are paynefuU men, and tyll the grounde diligently, wherin they take great pleafure : and 
 haue therfore great plentie of breade of Maizium. There are flieepe of fuche byggeneffe that they compare 
 them to younge camels or affes as fum fay. Theyr wooUe is very fine: and nearell vnto the fyneneffe of fylke. 
 There are alfo beaRes of dyuers kyndes. Amonge men there is this dyfference, that fuch as lyue in the 
 mountaynes, are whyte, and for the moR parte lyke vnto the men of owre regions. But they that dwell abowt 
 the ryuer (as though they tooke theyr coloure therof) are blackyflhe or purple of the coloure of fine Iren or 
 fleele. This alfo chaunceth to many of them, that theyr fiete and legges are lyke the legs and fiete of the 
 foule cauled the oyllreche. 
 
 C Of the hygher Eajl India cauled India Tercera or Terciera. 
 
 N this India whiche the Portugales caule Tercera, are very great kyngedomes : as the kyrig- 
 donies of Bengala, Pegu, Berma, Erancangui, Daufian, Capelam, and the greate kyngdome 
 of Malacha, cauled of the owlde wryters Aurea Cherfonefus : whofe chiefe citie is alfo cauled 
 Malacha, and was in owlde tyme named Tachola. Vnder this kyngedome are infinite Ilandes 
 cauled Maluche, whereof the principall are thefe : laua the greater, laua the leffe, Polagua, 
 Mendana, Cubu, Cailon, Huban, Bur, Tenado, Anbon, and Gilolo, with infinite other. On 
 the Southwell parte from Malacha, is the great Ilande of Samotra cauled in owlde tyme 
 Taprobana, in the which are the kyngedomes of Pedir, Biraen, Pazer, Ardagni, and Ham. This Hand and al 
 the other cauled Maluche, brynge furth great quantitie of cloues, cinamome, nuttemeggcs, maces, and all other 
 kyndes of fpyces excepte pepper, which groweth in the prouince of Calecut and the Ilande of Ceilam. All 
 thefe fortes of fpices are caryed to Malacha to bee foulde. But the greateft parte of them is caryed to Cathay 
 and China: and from thenfe to the north partes of Tartaric. This kyngdome of China, is very great: and was 
 in owlde tyme cauled Sina. Here is founde great plentie of precious (lones. The people are very fubtyle and 
 ryche. They are all appareled eyther in fylke or cloth, or veflures of other woorkemanfhippe : and are of 
 good ciuilitie. They do not gladly permitte the Portugales or other (Iraungers to trafike in theyr kyngedome: 
 whofe mode famous place vppon the fea fyde, is named Cautan, and the fea Machiam, cauled of the owL^e 
 wr)ters the fea of Sina. 
 
 C Of the landes of Laborador and Baccalaos, lyinge weft and northweft 
 from Ettglande, and beinge ^arte of the firme lande of the 
 
 IVefl Indies. 
 
 Any haue trauayled to fearch the coafl of the lande of Laborador, afwell to th[e]intente to 
 knowe howe farre or whyther it reachethe, as alfo whether there bee any paffage by fea 
 through the fame into the fea of Sur and the Ilandes of Maluca which are vnder the 
 Equinoctiall line: thinkynge that the waye thyther (hulde greatly bee fliortened by this 
 vyage. The Spanyardes as to whofe ryght the fayde Ilandes of fpices perteyne, dyd fyrd 
 feeke to fynde the fame by this way. The Portugales alfo hauynge the trade of fpices in 
 theyr handes, dyd trauayle to fynde the fame : although hetherto neyther anye fuch paffage 
 is founde or the ende of that lande. In the yeare a thoufande and fiue hundreth, Gafper Cortefreales, made 
 a vyage thyther with two carauelles : but founde not the ftreyght or paffage he fought. At his beinge there, he 
 named the Ilandes that lye in the mouth of the goulfe Quadrado, after his name Cortefreales, lyinge in the. L. 
 [fifty] degrees and more : and browght from that lande abowt three fcore men for flaues. He greatly niaruayled 
 to beholde the houge quantitie of fnowe and Ife. For the fea is there frofen excedyngly. Th[e]inhabitauntes 
 are men of good corporature, although tawny lyke the Indies, and laborious. They paynte theyr bodyes, and 
 weare brafelettes and hoopes of fyluer and copper. Theyr apparel is made of the (kynnes of marternes and 
 N4 
 
other notable thynges as touchynge the Indies. 
 
 345 
 
 lidakynge the 
 ike fertilitie is 
 •m that place, 
 great didancc 
 e to rehearfe. 
 pleafure: and 
 they compare 
 neffe of fylke. 
 IS lyue in the 
 t dwell abowt 
 F fine Iren or 
 i fiete of the 
 
 as the kyrig- 
 te kyngdome 
 is alfo cauled 
 ifinite Uandes 
 effe, Polagua, 
 e other. On 
 owlde tyme 
 Hand and al 
 and all other 
 Ceilam. All 
 ed to Cathay 
 :at: and was 
 ^ fubtyle and 
 : and are of 
 kyngedome: 
 of the owUe 
 
 ihwejl 
 
 e]intente to 
 aflage by fea 
 vnder the 
 ned by this 
 ne, dyd fyrft 
 of fpices in 
 fuch paflage 
 reales, made 
 ge there, he 
 je in the. L. 
 y tnaruayled 
 ihabitauntes 
 bodyes, and 
 irternes and 
 
 dyuers other beaftes, whiche they weare with the heare inwarde in wynter, and owtwarde in foommer. 'Ihis 
 apparell they g)'rde to theyr bodyes with gyrdels made of cotton or the fynewes of fyflhes and beaftes. They 
 eate fyfflie more then any other thynge, and efpecially falmons, althoiighe they hauc foules and fnite. They 
 make theyr houfes of timber wherof they haue great plentie : and in the fteade of tylcs, couer them with the 
 (kynnes of fyflhes and beaftes. It is fayde alfo that there are grifes in this lande : and that the bcares and 
 many other beaftes and foules are white. To this and the Ilandes abowt the fame, the Briions are accuftomed 
 to reforte : as men of nature agreable vnto them and borne vnder the fame altitude and temperature. The 
 Norwayes alfo fayled thyther with the pylot cauled lohn Scoluo : And the Englyfllie men with Scbaftian 
 Cabot. 
 
 The coafte of the lande of Baccalaos, is a greate tracte; and the greateft altitude therof, is. xlviii. [forty- 
 eight] degrees and a halfe. Sebaftian Cabot was the fyrft that browght any knowleage of this lande. For beinge 
 in Englande in the dayes of kyng Henry the feuenth, he furnyffhed twoo ftiippes at his owne charges or (as 
 fum fey) at the kynges, whome he perfuaded that a paflage might bee founde to Cathay by the north feas, and 
 that fpices myght bee brought from thenfe foner by that way, then by the vyage the Portugales vfe by the fea 
 of Sur. He went alfo to knowe what maner of landes thofe Indies were to inhabite. He had with hym three 
 hundreth men, and directed his courfe by the tracte of Iflande vppon the cape of Laborador at. Iviii. [fifty- 
 eight] degrees: aflSrmynge that in the monethe of luly there was fuch could and heapes of Ife that he durft 
 pafle no further: alfo that the dayes were very longe and in maner withowt nyght, and the nyghtes very cleare. 
 Certeyne it is, that at the. Ix. [fixty] degrees, the longeft day is of. xviii. [eighteen] houres. But confyderynge 
 the coulde an 1 the ftraungenes of the vnknowen lande, he turned his courfe from thenfe to the Weft, folowynge 
 the coaft of the lande of Baccalaos vnto the. xxxviii. [thirty-eight] degrees, from whenfe he returned to 
 Englande. To conclude, the Bry tons and Danes haue fayled to the Baccalaos : n nd laques Cartier a frenche 
 man was there twyfe with three galeons : as one in the yeare. xxxiiii. [thirty-four] and the other in the. xxxv. 
 [thirty-five] and chofe the lande to inhabite frome the. xlv. [forty-fifth] degrees to the. li. [fifty-firft] beinge as 
 good a lande as Fraunce, and al thynges therein commune to fuch as fyrft poflefle the fame. 
 
 Of thefe lands, lacobus Gaftaldus wryteth thus : The newe lande of Baccalaos, is a coulde region, whofe 
 inhabytauntes are Idolatours and praye to the foonne and moone and dyuers Idoles. They are whyte people 
 and very ruftical. For they eate flefftie and fyfftie and all other thynges rawe. Sumtymes alfo they eate mans 
 fleflhe priuilye fo that theyr Caciqui haue no knowleage therof. The apparell of both the m.cn aiid woman, is 
 made of beares fltynnes, althowgh they haue fables and marternes, not greatly eftemed bycaufe they are lyttle. 
 Sum of them go naked in foommer, and weare apparell only in wynter. The Brytons and Frenche tien are 
 accuftomed to take fyfflie in the coafte of thefe landes where is founde great plentie of Tunnyes which th[e]in- 
 habitauntes caul Baccalaos wherof the lande was fo named. Northwarde from the region of Baccalaos, is tlie 
 lande of Laborador, all full of mountaynes and great wooddes in whiche are manye beares and wylde bores. 
 Th[e]inhabitauntes are Idolatoures and warlike people, appareled as are they of Baccallaos, In all this newe 
 lande, is neyther citie or caftell : but they lyue in companies lyke heardes of beaftes. 
 
 € The difcouerynge of the lande of Floryda. 
 
 [He gouernour of the Ilande of Boriquena lohn Ponce of Leon beinge difcharged of his oflfice 
 and very ryche, furnyfftied and fente foorth two caruels to feeke the Ilandes of Boyuca in tin,- 
 which the Indians affirmed to be a fontayne or fpringe whofe water is of vertue to make owlde 
 men younge. Whyle he trauayled fyxe monethes with owtragious defyre amonge many 
 Ilandes to fynde that he fought, and coulde fynde no token of any fuch fountayne, he 
 entered into Bimini and difcouered the lande of Florida in the yeare. 1512. on Eafter day 
 which the Spanyardes caule the floryflliyng day of Pafcha, wherry they named that lande 
 Florida. And fuppof) ng that great ryches myght be browght from thenfe, he returned into Spayne and coue- 
 naunted with kynge Ferdinando as touchynge the trade: and by the interceflion of Nicolas de Quando and 
 Peter Nunez de Gufman, the kynge dyd not onely make hym gouernoure of Bemini and Florida, but alfo fente 
 furthe with hym three ftiippes fiom Siuile toward his fecond vyage in the yeare. 1515. He touched in the 
 Ilande of Guacana otherwyfe cauled Guadalupe, and fent to lande certeyne of his men with the landrefles of 
 the fliyppes : whom the Canibales lyinge in ambuflhe, aflayled with theyr inuenemed arrowes : and flaying the 
 moft parte, caryed away the women. With this euyll begynnynge, lohn Ponce departed frome henfe to 
 Boriquen and from thenfe to Florida wher he went alande with his fouldyers to efpie a place mofte commodious 
 to inhabite and plant a colonic. But the Indians commynge furth ageynft hym to defende the enterance, 
 
 345 
 
 Fyuh*. 
 
 GryfM. 
 Bcures. 
 The britons. 
 
 Sebastian Cabot 
 
 The land of 
 Baccallaos, 
 The vyage of 
 C'aliot in the dayes 
 of kyng Henry 
 the Stiuciith. 
 
 Ise in luljr. 
 
 fiaccallaos. 
 Brytons. 
 Danes, 
 lacques Cartyer. 
 
 The people of 
 Baccallaos 
 
 Fysshyng for 
 
 tunnyes, 
 
 Laborador. 
 
 tohn Ponce. 
 Water of great 
 vertue, of this 
 reade in the 
 Decades. 
 
 319 
 
 Bemmini. 
 
 Guacana. 
 
 The Canibaleii 
 
 Boriquena. 
 
w 
 
 ,f 
 
 ;<i 
 
 i / 
 
 \ 
 
 la 
 
 « I" 
 
 ) 
 
 346 
 
 The deitth of 
 lohn Poocc. 
 
 The land of 
 Floryda. 
 
 Ferdinando de 
 Sola 
 
 The valient 
 myndcsof the 
 Spanyardes. 
 The thyrde 
 attempte of the 
 cont^ujste of 
 Flurida. 
 
 Ccrteine fryers 
 attempte the 
 cunqucst onely 
 with woordcs, 
 but with euyll 
 
 SUCCCSM. 
 
 The fryers an 
 ftlaync and eaten. 
 
 A new kynde of 
 disgrading 
 
 320 
 
 Koe gAV.t names 
 to Africa, Asia, 
 and Europa. 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 The hole earthe 
 is an Ilande. 
 
 The Caspian sea. 
 Calif is a ryier. 
 N.iuigation^ from 
 the red sea to 
 East India. 
 
 Other notable thyuges as tonchynge the Indies. 
 
 aflhyled the Spanyardes fieretely and flewe and wounded many of them. At which conflicte alfo he hym felfe 
 beinge wounded with an arrowe, dyed Ihortely after in the Ilande of Cuba : and fo endynge his lyfe, confumed 
 a great parte of the rychefle he had before begotten at faynt lohannes of Bori(iuen. This lohn Ponce had 
 before fayled with Chryftopher Colon to the Ilande of Hifpaniolain the yeare. 1493. He was a gentel fouldier 
 in the warres of this Ilande, and capitayne of the prouince of Higuel for Nycolas de Ouando that conquefted 
 the fame. The region of Floryda is a poynt or cape of lande reacliynge into the fea lyke vnto a tounge: 
 beinge a famous and notorious place amonge the Indians by reafon of many Spanyard' s that haue bin flayne 
 there. But wheras by fame this Floryda was eftemed a ryche lande, many valient and noble men defyred the 
 concpiefl therof, amonge whom Ferdinando de Soto (who had before byn a capitayne in Peru and greatly 
 inrychcd by th[e]imprifonment of kynge Atahaliba) attempted a vyage thyther with a good bande of men, and 
 fpente fyue yeare in feekynge of golde mynes, fuppofynge that this lande hadde byn lyke vnto Peru. 
 
 In fine, he dyed there and was the dellruction and vndoinge of all that went with hym withowt inhabitynge 
 that lande, in the which the conqueftours had hytherto neuer good fuccelTe, forafmuclie as thefe Indians are 
 valiante archers and (Ironge and hardy men. But the valiant myndes of the Spanyardes not difcouraged by 
 thefe myfaduentures, after the death of Ferdinando Soto, many woorthy gentelmen defyred this conquert. in the 
 yeare. 1 544. amonge whom was lulyan Samano, and Peter de Ahumada beinge brotheme and men of fuffi- 
 cient abilitie for fuch an enterprife. But neyther th[e]emprour beinge then in Germanic, neyther the prince 
 Don Phylippe his fonne who gouerned all the kyngedomes of Caflile and Aragonie, neyther yet the counfayle 
 of the Indies wolde in any cafe agree to the conquefte. Neuerthelefle not vtterly contemnynge the matter 
 which they were partly perfuaded myght otherwyfe bee browght to paffe, they fent thyther fryer Luys Cancell 
 of Baluaftro with other fryers of the order of faynt Dominike who offered them felues to conuerte the nations 
 of that lande from theyr gentilitie to the fayth ofChryft and obedience to Th[e]emperoure, onely with woordes. 
 The fryer therfore goinge forwarde on his vyage at the kynges charges in the yeare. 1549. went aland with foure 
 other fryers which he tooke with hym and ccrteyne maryners withowt harnefle or weapons : vnto whom as he 
 began his preachynge, many of the Indians of the fayd Florida reforted to the fea fyde, where withowt gyuynge 
 audience to his woordes, they carved hym away with three other of his companyons and dyd eate them, 
 whereby they fuffered martyrdome for the fayth if Chryfl. The refydue that efcaped, made hafl to the fliyppe 
 and kept them felues for confeflburs as fum fay. Many that fauoure th[e]intente of the fryers, doo nowe 
 confyder that by that meanes the Indians coulde not be brought to owre frendefliippe and religion. Neuer- 
 theleffe, that if it coulde fo haue byn browght to paffe, it had byn better. There, came of late from that fliippe, 
 one that had byn the page of Ferdinando de Soto, who declared that the Indians hanged vp the Ikynnes with 
 the heades and crownes of the layd fryers in one of theyr temples. 
 
 C An opinion that Europa, Africa, and A/ia, are Ilandes : and of 
 certeyne nauigations abowt the fame. 
 
 IHe anciente wryters diuided this owre worlde into Afia, Africa, and Europa, by the ryuer 
 Tanais as Ifocrates declareth in his Panegyrico. Afterwarde they diuided Afia and Africa 
 by the turnynges and courfe of the ryuer Nilus, thowghe the fame had byn better by the 
 fea Bermeio (that is) the redde fea, which almofte trauerfeth and paffeth throwgh the lande 
 from the Ocean to the fea Mediterraneum which diuideth Fluropa and Afia. But Berofiis 
 the Caldean, fayth that Noe gaue names to Africa, Afia, and Europa: and gaue them to his 
 fonnes, Cham, Sem, and lafet : alfo that he fayled by the fea Mediterraneum ten yeres. In 
 fine we nowe conclude that the three fayde prouinces occupy ihis mydlande of the worlde. All in generall 
 fay that Afia is greater then any of the other, and in maner as bygge as they both. Albeit Herodotus in his 
 Melpomeme, fcometh them that make Europe and Afia equall : affirmynge that Europe in longitude is equal to 
 Afia and Afrike : and that it paffeth t!iem in latitude, wherin he fpeaketh not greatly owt of fquare. But to 
 fpeake more of this elfwhere, not perteynynge to the matter wee haue in hande, I fay that Homerus one o.' the 
 mod ancient wryters, fayth that the world which is diuided into Afia, Africa, and Europa, is an Ilande as 
 reherfeth Pomponius Mela in his thyrde booke. Strabo in the fyrft boke of his Geographic, fayth that the 
 earth which is inhabited, is an Ilande enuironed with the Ocean. Higinius alfo, and Solinus, confirme this 
 fentence, Althowghe Solinus doo erre in miffakinge the names of the feas, fuppofynge that the Cafpian fea was 
 parte of the Ocean, beinge rather lyke vnto the fea Mediterraneum fo named bycaufe it is in the mydlande as 
 is the Cafpian fea withowt participacion of the great Ocean. Strabo wryteth that in the tyme of Tolomeus 
 Euergetes, ene Eudoxus fayled three or foure tymes from Caliz to India : And that the guides of the redde 
 <4a 
 
other notable thynges as touchynge the Indies. 
 
 347 
 
 ) he hym felfe 
 Kfc, confumed 
 in Ponce had 
 ;entel fouldier 
 at conquefled 
 ito a tounge: 
 lue bin flayne 
 n defyred the 
 u and greatly 
 ; of men, and 
 u. 
 
 t inhabitynge 
 e Indians are 
 ifcou raged by 
 nquert, in the 
 men of fufti- 
 er the prince 
 the counfayle 
 ge the matter 
 Luys Cancell 
 ! the nations 
 vith woordes. 
 nd with foure 
 • whom as he 
 lowt gyuynge 
 'd eate them, 
 :o the fhyppe 
 s, doo nowe 
 ion, Neuer- 
 1 that fliippe, 
 (kynnes with 
 
 dof 
 
 )y the ryiier 
 
 and Africa 
 
 etter by the 
 
 ;h the lande 
 
 But Berofus 
 
 them to his 
 
 yeres. In 
 
 in generall 
 
 otus in his 
 
 is equal to 
 
 e. But to 
 
 one o:" the 
 
 Ilande as 
 
 h that the 
 
 firme this 
 
 an fea was 
 
 rdlande as 
 
 Tolomeus 
 
 the redde 
 
 fea (caulcd the goulfc of Arabie or Bermcio) prefented to the fame kynge Tolomeus, an Indian whome he 
 brought frome thenfe. Kynge luba alfo prooucd this nauigation from Caliz to India as wrytcth Solinus. 
 Whereby it appcareth that the nauigation to India by the Ocean was then wcl knowen and frc(iuented, 
 althowgh not fo much as at this prefent, the fame beinge neyther then or nowe a thynge of great diflicuitie or 
 trauayle by the coaftes of hotte regions. But to fayle from India to Caliz by the other parte of the north by a 
 clyme and regions of extreme coulde, fliulde bee doubtleffe a difficult and daungerous thynge, wherof is no 
 memory amonge the owlde autours fauynge onely of one fliyppe as Plinie and Mela doo wryte, reherfynge the 
 teftimony of Cornelius Nepos who affirmed that the kynge of Sueuia prefented to Quintus Metellus Celer 
 Lieuetenaunt of Fraunce, certeyne Indians dryuen by temped into the fea of Germanic: if the fame were not 
 of the lande of Laborador or Bacallaos, and they deceaued in theyr coloure. For fum fay that lykewyfe in the 
 dayes of the Emperoure Fredericus Barbaroffa, certeyne Indians were browght in a Canoa from the citie of 
 Lubec in Germanie. Furthermore pope Eneas Syluius wryteth that the Sarmation fea, is as certeyne as the 
 Scythian, Germanian, or Indian fea. Nowe alfo there is great knowleage and experience how the nauigations 
 and paflage may be attempted by Norwaye and other north regions vnder the fame north, and to folow that 
 coafte to the fouth fea of Sur and keepe that courfe by the tracte of Chinx Olanus Gothus the archbyffliop of 
 Upfalia and borne in Gothlande, hath wrytten muche of thefe north regions and nauigations by the north fea. 
 In the tract of this vyage by the north fea, are the Ilandes of Idande and Gruntlande, althowgh there is doubte 
 whether Gruntlande be an Ilande or parte of the firme lande. It is. xl. [forty] leaques, from Lapponia, and 
 fumwhat more frome Finmarchia a lande of Scandinauia in Europe. The people of Gruntland are (Ironge men 
 and of coomly (lature. They fayle with fmaul (hippes or barkes couered clofe aboue with lether or beaftes 
 hydes for feare of the coulde and fyfflies. Gruntlande as fum fay, is fyftie leaques from the north parte of the 
 firme lande of the Wed Indies by the lande of Laborador. But it is not yet knowen whether this land be 
 continent or adherent with Gruntlanile, or if there bee any dreyght of fea betwene them. If all bee one firme 
 lande adioynynge by any parte, then the two great partes of the world feeme to ioyne togyther abowt the north 
 pole or vnder it, or bcneth it, forafmuch as it is not pad fortie or fiftie leaques from Finmarche to Gruntland : 
 wherby it may appere that althowgh there be any fuch draight diuidynge them, yet are they neyghbours and 
 not farre in funder. Furthermore from the land of Laborador by th[e]accompt of the pilottes, is abowte foure 
 hundreth leaques to Faial, one of the Ilandes of Azores, otherwyfe cauled the Ilandes of Soria lyinge in the Wed 
 Ocean ouer ageynd Spayne. Alfo by their accompte the lande of Laborador is abowte fiue hundreth leaques 
 from Irland, and fixe hundreth from Spayne. 
 
 That the Spauyardes haue faylcd to the Antipodes (that is) fuche as go 
 
 fiete toficte ageynjl vs, and inhabite the infcrioiir hemifpheyie 
 
 or halfe globe of the earthe, contrarie to th\e'\oppinion 
 
 of the owlde writers. 
 
 the ancient philofophers of the gentiles do deny that there may be any paflage from owre 
 hemifphere or halfe compaffe of the earth to the Antipodes by reafon of the burnt line 
 (cauled Zona Torrida) and the Ocean fea lyinge in the mydde way, wherby this vyage diulde 
 be hyndered and impoffible, as Macrobius wryteth at large in his commentaries vpon the 
 dreame of Scipio. Of the Chrydyan phylofophers, Clemente wryteth that it is not poffible 
 for any man to pafle the Ocean : and other wry ters of later tyme, feeme to confirme the 
 fame. In deede I verely beleue that this way was neuer knowen to them, afwell for that 
 euer prefuppofynge the thynge to bee impoffible they neuer attempted it, as alfo that the Indians (whom we 
 caule Antipodes) haue no fliippes fufficient for fo longe and difficulte a nauigation to brynge them knowleage 
 herof, as haue the Spaniardes to pafle the Ocean vnto them : In fo much that at this prefent this vyage is by 
 dayly experience fo well knowen vnto the Spanyardes and Portugales, that they can in maner go thyther blynd- 
 fielde, contrarye to th[e]oppinion of thofe phylofophers. I wyll here omytte to fpeake of many diippes that 
 Iiaue fayled ordynaryly frome Spayne to India, and fpeake onely of the fliyppe Victoria which compafled abowt 
 the hole globe of the worlde and touched in the landes of two or three Antipodes, and in fine returned to 
 Spayne by a contrary way, wherby is declared the ignorance of the fage antiquitie. In this nauigation, they 
 founde many fecreates, amonge the which this is drange and woorthy memorie, that al fuch deade Chridians 
 as were cad into the fea, lay on theyr backes and turned theyr faces vpwarde: but the gentyles lay all groouelyn 
 
 The vynRC to 
 Initi.i by thu north 
 
 The hyMnrye of 
 Corneliuii Nepus. 
 
 Note thit. 
 
 Indi.'inK in Luhcc 
 
 The Sarmatua 
 lea. 
 
 Islnnde. 
 
 GiuntlanJe. 
 
 Lapponia. 
 
 Finmarchia. 
 
 Gruntlande. 
 
 The distance 
 from Gruntlande 
 to the lande of 
 Laborador. 
 
 321 
 
 I Narrowness) 
 ol the strcight if 
 it be. 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Sofia, or Azores. 
 From laborador 
 to ItUad. 
 
 Macrobiui. 
 Clement. 
 
 The Indians are 
 Antipodes. 
 
 The shyppe 
 Victoria. 
 
 A straunge ll inge. 
 
'■f 
 
 348 
 
 other notable thynges as touchyuge the Indies. 
 
 n 
 
 % 
 
 'r\ 
 
 Is 
 
 ShadowM 
 lowarila th« ioutK 
 
 The Sonne ry^ynce 
 on the ryght hanue. 
 
 The vy»||e of 
 Uagellaaus. 
 
 Aniipodeiw 
 
 Guinea. 
 
 The north starre. 
 
 The needle and 
 
 compassc 
 
 322 
 
 Scptentriones* are 
 the vii. slarreH. 
 that are sene hy 
 Charles wayne or 
 the great beare. 
 Argo of lason. 
 
 VlynMi. 
 
 lohn Sebastian. 
 
 The chiefest partct 
 of the fthyppe. 
 
 Magim. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 and Portugales, 
 Why the needle 
 turneth to the 
 nonb. 
 
 The Iland of 
 Tercera. 
 
 The Hand of 
 Magnete. 
 
 on theyr bellycs. They alfo perceaued the foonne and moonc to keepe a contrary courfe from that they doo 
 here, and euer to cad the (hadowcs of all thynges towardc the fouth : whiche thynge alfo was knowcn to (um 
 of the owlde wryters. For this is manifefte that the fonne ryfeth on the ryght hande to theym that lyue in the 
 thyrtie degrees on th[e]other fyde the Equinoctiall: fo that lookyngc towarde the fonne, they tume thcyr faces 
 to the north : wherby it appeareth to bee trew that they aflfirme. They confumed three yeares lackynge. xiiii. 
 [fourteen] dayes in goynge and commynge, and lofte a daye in theyr accompte, whereby they dyd eate fleflhe 
 on frydayes, and celebrated the feafte of F.after on Mundayes: fo that they ouerleaped a day (not faylynge in 
 the calender) and kept no iull rckenynge of the bifoxtile. The caufe wherof whyle fome haue fearchcd by 
 phylofophie, they haue erred more then the maryners. They fayled. x. [ten] thoufande leaques and. xiiii. 
 [fourteen] niyles by theyr accompte, albeit they (hulde haue gonne lefle, if theyr way hadde line ryght forth. 
 But as they were enforced partely of neceffitie, and partely to fynde that they fowght, they made many 
 wyndynges and turnynges. They trauerfed the Equinoctiall line fyxe tymes withowt burnynge, contrary to 
 th[e]oppinion of the owlde autours. They remayned fyue monethes in the Iland of Tidore, whofe inhabi- 
 tauntes are Antipodes to theym of Guinea, wherby it is apparente that wee maye communicate with them. And 
 althowgh they loft the fyght of the northe ftarre, yet dyd they euer dyrerte theyr courfe therby. For beinge 
 in the. xl. [forty] degrees of the fouth, they fawe the nedle of the compaffe ftande as directly towardc the north 
 as it dooth in the fea Mediterraneum : althowgh fun fay that it loofcth his force fumwhat Abowt the poynt 
 of i' .» Southe or pole Antartike, they fawe a lyttle whyte cloude and foure ftarres lyke vnto a croffe with three 
 other ioynynge therunto, which refemble owre Septentrion, and are iudged to bee the fignes or tokens of the 
 fouth exeltre of heauen. Great was the nauigation of the fleete of Salamon, but greater was this of Th[e]em- 
 prours maieftie Don Charles kynge of Spayne. The Argos of lafon whiche the antiquitie placed amonge the 
 ftarres, fayled but a lyttle way and a fliorte vyage in comparafon of the fliippe Victoria whiche owght woorthely 
 to bee kepte in the Arfenall of Siuile in perpetuall memory of fo famous an enterpryfe. The daungiours, 
 paynes, trauayles and laboures of Vlyfles were nothynge in refpecte of fuche as lohn Sebaftian fufteyned: 
 whereby in the fcu[t]chion of his armes in the ftead ■( a monftrous or inuincible beaft, he woorthely gaue the 
 woorlde with this circumfcription : PRIMVS CIRCVMDEDISTI ME. (that is) Thou art the fyrft that 
 hath compafTed me abowt 
 
 As touchynge the needle of the compatTe, I haue redile in the Portugjiles nauigations that faylynge as farre fouth as Cap. de 
 Bona Speranza, the poynt of the needle ftyll rcfpected the northe as it dyd on this fyde the Equinoctiall, fauynge that it fumwhat 
 trembeled and dcclyncd a lyttle, wherby the force fecmed fumwhat to be diminifihed, fo that they were fayne to heipe it with the 
 lode (lone. 
 
 C JVho fyyjl fonnde the needle of the compajfe, and the vfe therof. 
 
 JPeakynge much of nauigations. it myght feme a thynge vndecent to omyt to fay fumwhat of the 
 needle of the compaffe: withowt the which as all nauigations are but blynde and wanderynge 
 coniectures, ei. n fo fliulde the Indies neuer haue bynne founde but by helpe of the fame, 
 forafmuche as the ftiippes fliulde haue byn loft in the Ocean, were it not that theyr courfes 
 were directed by the needle and compafle, which owght therfore to be compted the chiefe 
 partes of the fliyppe and principall inftrumentes of faylynge. The fyrft that founde the needle 
 and the vfe therof (as Blondus and Mapheus Girardus doo wryte) was one Flauius of Malpha 
 a citie in the kyngdome of Naples, of whome the Neopolitans glory to this day : and that by good reafon, for- 
 afmuch as a citifen and neyghboures chylde of theyrs, was the fyrft fynder of fo commodious and profytable a 
 thynge, to the fecreate wherof fo many excellente wyttes as were before hym coulde not attayne, althowgh they 
 hadde both iren and the lode ftone (cauled Magnes) whiche are the materials of the needle. Next vnto 
 Flauius, the chiefe commendation is dew to the Spanyardes and Portugales by whofe daylye experience, the 
 fame is browght to further perfection, and the vfe therof better knowen : althowghe hytherto no man knoweth 
 the caufe why the iren touched with the lode ftone, turneth euer towarde the north ftarre, as playnely appeareth 
 in euery common dyall. In maner all wryters attribute this to a fecreate and hyd propertie, fum of the north, 
 and other of the mixture or naturall temperature of elementes that is betwene iren and the fayde ftone. If it 
 bee the propertie of the north or north ftarre, then (as the pylots make theyr rekenynge) neyther fliulde the 
 needle make anye chaunge or dyffer in northeftinge, (as in faylynge northeafte withowt the Ilande of Tercera 
 beinge one of the Ilandes of Azores or Soria and two hundreth leaques from Spayne towarde the Weft Eaft- 
 weft) neyther yet fliulde it lofe his office (as fayth Olanus) in paflynge from the Ilande of Magnete, that is, the 
 Iland of the lode ftone, which is vnder or neare abowte the northe pole. But howe fo euer it bee, or what fo 
 euer bee the caufe, trewth it is that the nedle turneth euer to the north although wee fayle abowt the fouth. 
 34a 
 
other notable t/iyiiges as tonc/iyiigc the Indies. 
 
 349 
 
 that they doo 
 nowen to fum 
 hat lyue in the 
 me theyr faces 
 lackynge. xiiii. 
 1yd eate fleflhe 
 lOt faylynge in 
 le fearched by 
 ues and. xiiii. 
 »e ryght forth, 
 y made many 
 ;e, contrary to 
 
 whofe inhabi- 
 h them. And 
 For beinge 
 ardc the north 
 owt the poynt 
 [)fle with three 
 
 tokens of the 
 is of Th[e]em- 
 d amonge the 
 'ght woorthely 
 e daungiours, 
 ian fuReyned: 
 hely gaue the 
 ; the fyrft that 
 
 fouth as Cap. de 
 '. that it fumwhat 
 lielpe it with the 
 
 irof. 
 
 imwhat of the 
 
 wanderynge 
 
 of the fame, 
 
 theyr courfes 
 
 ted the chiefe 
 
 de the needle 
 
 us of Malpha 
 
 >d reafon, for- 
 
 profytable a 
 
 Ithowgh they 
 
 Next vnto 
 
 perience, the 
 
 nan knoweth 
 
 ly appeareth 
 
 of the north, 
 
 Rone. If it 
 
 (hulde the 
 
 e of Tercera 
 
 e Weft Eaft- 
 
 :, that is, the 
 
 I, or what io 
 
 rt't the fouth, 
 
 r 
 
 We owght therefore to vmlorftande that the lode ftone (whiche wee falfely caule the adamant) hath heade, fiete, 
 and alfo amies as fum fay. The iren that is rubbed with the heade, neuer ceafcth to turnu dyroctiy towarde 
 the north, as is to fee in the dyals that are made to the foonne. The nibhyntje of the fiete fcruethe for the 
 fouth: as doo lykewyfc the other partes, for other ([uarters and poyntes of heaueii. 
 
 Note here that yf a piece of this ftonc, of the bygyciicflo of an cgge or a walnuttc, or iiiori; or IcITo, Ik'c broken into nianyu 
 Imaule pieces as Iiym;u as dyce or lelTc, yet euery of thofu fmaule picfcs, hath bcaJJe, foutc, and urines, as is faydc liuru liufurc. 
 
 € The Situacion and byggenes of the earth. 
 
 iT may to fume feeme a vaino thyng to fekc the fituacion and byggenes of the earth, 
 although it bee eafy to knowe, forafmuche as it is fituate in the myddcfte of the 
 worldc as the center of the fame, beinge enuironed and as it were borne vp of the fca 
 which compalTeth it abowt. Mela fayth that the pyllers that fuflcync it, are Kalle, 
 Weft, North, and South: which fayinge Dauyd confirmeth in the C. vi. [io6th] pfalme. 
 Thefe foure are the moft notable pyllers or fuftentacions that the earth hath in heaueii, 
 accordynge to the motions wherof, all vyages are ruled on the earthe, frome whenfe they 
 haue theyr original!, as engendered of the dyuers qualities of vapoures and exhalations rayfed by the fonne 
 and otherwyfe. Eratofthenes put none other fuftentacions then the north and fouth poles, and parteth the 
 earth by the courfe of the foonne : which particion Marcus Varro dooth greatly conunende as agreable to reafon. 
 The poles are firme and immouable as an exeltre abowt the which the heauen moueth and is therby fufteyiied. 
 They furthermore declar<; vnto vs vnder what parte of heauen wee bee, howe farre, and which way wee go, 
 with alfo the largenes of heauen and commenfuration of the earth. As for cxemple : the ftreyght of tiibraltar, 
 (accomptynge from Spayne) is from the north, or to fpeake more playnely from the poynte of the earthe that is 
 or may be directly vnder the north pole, abowt. liiii. [fifty-four] degrees which make. ix. hundreth and. Ixxx. 
 [980] leaques according to the common computacion of the Cofmograijhers and Aftronomers : And is from the 
 Equinoctiall line, xxxvi. [thirty-fix] degrees : which added to the other. liiii. [fifty-four] make. [lx]xxx. [ninety] 
 degrees, beinge the hole diftance from the north poynte to the Ecjuinoctiall line diuydynge the earthe by the 
 myddefte, and the quarter or fourthe parte of the hole circumference of the earth : the whiche how great it is 
 in compalTe and how many leacjues or myles it conteynethe, is eafy to perceaue accomiitynge euery degree. Ix. 
 [fixty] myles. But that yowe may the better perceaue what degrees are, I haue tliowght good to fpeake fumwhat 
 more hereof. 
 
 € IVhat degrees are. 
 
 N the owlde tyme theyr maner was to meafure the earth and the woorlde by furlongcs, pafes, 
 and fiete, as is to reade in Plinie, Strabo, and other wryters. But after that Ptolome founde 
 degrees a hundreth and fiftie yeares after the death of Chr)'ft, that maner of accompte was 
 receaued as the beft. Ptolomie diuided all the hole body and face of the land and fea into 
 three hundreth and fixtie degrees of length or longitude : and other as many degrees of bredth 
 or latitude : fo that the hole globe of the baule beinge rounde, conteyneth as much in latitude 
 as longitude. He afligned lykewyfe to euery degree three fcore myles, whiche make. xvii. 
 [feuenteen] Spanyfrtie leaques and a halfe : In fuch forte that the globe or baule of the earth meafured directly 
 by any of the foure partes of the fame, conteyneth in circuite fyxe thoufand and two hundreth leaques. This 
 computacion and meafurynge, is fo certeyne, that as it is approued of all men and founde trewe by experience, 
 fo much the more is it to bee commended and had in admiration for that th[e]inuention hereof was iudged fo 
 dyflicult by lob and the preacher, that no man had founde the meafure of limites of the fame. They name 
 thofe degrees of longitude, that they accompte from foonne to foonne by the Equinoctial! line which reacheth 
 from the Eaft to the Wefte by the myddle of the globe or baule of the earth. Thefe can not well be obferucd, 
 forafmuch as in this tract of heauen, there is no fyxt or permanent figne whereunto the pylots maye directe 
 theyr eyes or inftrumentes. For the foonne, althowghe it be a mofte cleare figne, yet doothe it dayely chaunge 
 the place of ryfynge and faulynge, and keepethe not the fame courfe the day folowynge as the Aftronomers 
 affirme. And althowgh there is no number of them that in trauaylyng ftrange landes and feas haue fpent theyr 
 gooddes and almofte theyr wyttes to fynde the degrees of longitude without errour as are found the degrees of 
 latitude and heyght, yet is there none that hytherto hath any trewe knowleage therof. The degrees of latitude 
 or altitude, are they that are accompted from the north pointe to the fouth, the commenfuration or meafuring 
 
 •H9 
 
 Ni'ie ihc (iitnrt'rl 
 tjf the loilc ktuii«, 
 
 323 
 
 The W.t 
 
 The wynilei 
 
 Tlie po1i% 
 
 The mcr»«tir>'nj?'^ 
 ihe circuiiircrL'ixjo 
 of the caith 
 
 Pttilome founde 
 ilcgrccs. 
 
 I.niiRltudc and 
 Latitude. 
 
 A degree 
 
 Degrees of 
 Longitude. 
 
 The dcRrees of 
 Longitude arc not 
 kuuwen. 
 
 The degree* of 
 Utitudft 
 
350 
 
 Other notable t/iyngcs as touchyugc the Indies. 
 
 ( "i 
 
 !n 
 
 if!' 
 
 K' 
 
 324 
 
 The north turre. 
 
 Tlie clrciiite of 
 lh« curUk 
 
 The inferior 
 himuphcri*. 
 
 IlyperborcL 
 Hypcrnocik 
 
 The eye U 
 deceaued. 
 
 A rynge. 
 A circle. 
 
 wherliy, is mod certcinc by reafon that the north ftarrc is i)ermanc[nt1 and remayneth ftyll in one place, or at 
 lead moueth al)owt the pole which is thcyr firme and fteillall figne wherby they accompte theyr degrees and 
 directe thcyr vyagos. ]{y the degrees therfore acrompted by thefe mod ccrteine fignes, is vnfaylubly meafiired 
 the hole circumference of the lande and fea, diuydynge the fame into foure eciuall partes in this maner. From 
 the north ))oynte to the K(iuinoctiall, are. lx.\.\x. [ninety] degrees : and from the Kcjuinoctiall to the foutli 
 poynt, other. lx.\.xx. [ninety.] Ageyne on the contrary fide, from the fouth jroynt to the Equinoctiall, are other. 
 Ixxxx. [ninety] degrees : and from the Iviuinoctial ageyne to the north poynte, are as many. This may we 
 coniecture by good reafon afwell of th[e]inferioure hemifphery wherof a great parte is knowcn vnto vs by the 
 nauigations of fuch as haue pafled the ftreyghets of Magellanus and the cape of Dona Speranza, althowgh we 
 haue noo fuch cleare and manifeft relation as we ought to haue of the lande vnder the fouthe pole beinge the 
 other excltree of the worlde whofe fyght we lacke. For (as Herodotus liiyth) yf there bee any lande of the 
 Hyperboreans (that is fuche as are vnder the north) ther is alfo of the hypernotios, that is fuch as are vnder 
 the fouth : which perhappes are they that lyue in tiie lande of the (Ireyghtes of Magellanus as nere vnto the 
 other pole. Hut what thefe landes are, or of what greatnes we can haue no certeyne knowleage vntyl fum man 
 flial haue compafTed abowt the lands vnder the fouth pole as did lohn Sebaftian the circumference of the Ecjui- 
 noctiall line. 
 
 Thefe lad annotacions of the Indies, haue I trandated owt of the bookes of Francifcus 
 Lopes, wrytten in the Spanyfflie toimge to Th[e]empcrours maieftie: and partly alfo owt 
 of the carde made by Sebaftian Cabot. 
 
 C A cicmonjiration of the ronndcnejfe of the Earth. 
 
 Any ignorant men thynke that the earthe is not rounde oncly by ludge- 
 
 mente of the eye which is deceaued in manye thynges not only of the 
 
 woorkes of nature, but alfo of fuche as are doonne by the flight and arte 
 
 of man. For they fay : Howe can it bee rounde forafmuche as thowgh 
 
 a man trauayle neuer fo farre eyther by land or fea, he feemeth euer to 
 
 paffe as it were by a ryght line without any fuch circuite or compaffynge, 
 
 afcendynge or difcendynge, as perteyneth to all the partes of a rounde forme. The 
 
 which obicction, as it is grofe and fimple, proceadyng of the narowneffe of the vnder- 
 
 ftandyng of fuch as can not conceaue the large circumference of the lande and fea, euen fo 
 
 may it be anfwered with this fimple demonftration. In a rynge that ferueth for the fynger 
 
 of a mans hande, the fpace of halfe an ynche or lyttle more, is halfe a cyrcle. But in a 
 
 rynge or cyrcle of bygger circumference, as in the hoope of a tubbe, halfe an ynche 
 
 appeareth in maner a ryght line, althowghe it bee not fo in deede, forafmuch as it is not 
 
 poffible for any parte of a circle to confift of a ryght line, neyther any parte of a line to 
 
 confyft of a cyrcle, fithe the partes muft needes bee conformable to the hole, confyftynge 
 
 of fuch vniforme partes as are in mathematicals. But not to wander to farre in thefe 
 
 fubtylties, the greater that yow can imagen the circle to bee, fo fhall a greater parte 
 
 therof feeme a ryght line or playne brme : As for exemple, imaginynge a circle whofe 
 
 diameter (that is meafure from fydt to fyde) confyfteth of a myle : in this circle a pole 
 
 length or more, may feeme a rygl line, as yowe may othsrwyfe multiply of the like 
 
 infinitely : wherby it flial appere that \e large circumference of the earth well confydered, 
 
 a muche greater parte of the circle th of then the eye of man conceaueth, may feeme to 
 
 bee a ryght line, and he contynually > walke vppon a playne forme forafmuch as euery 
 
 part of a circle is lyke vnto other a;> I haue fayde. This may fuffice for a fimple and 
 
 briefe demonftration and induction for fuche as are defyrous to feeke furth to knowe the 
 
 truth herof. 
 
 350 
 
other notable tliynges as toucliyiige the Indies. 
 
 351 
 
 one place, or at 
 leyr degrees and 
 lyliibly meafiirud 
 !i mancr. From 
 iail to the foutli 
 }ctiall, arc other. 
 h This may we 
 n vnto vs by the 
 za, althowgh we 
 pole bcinge the 
 ny lande of the 
 ich as are vndcr 
 IS nere vnto the 
 e vntyl fum man 
 nee of the Equi- 
 
 Df Francifcus 
 irtly alfo owt 
 
 :ly by iudgc- 
 
 : only of the 
 
 ght and arte 
 
 le as thowfifh 
 
 netli euer to 
 
 ompaffynge, 
 
 orme. The 
 
 the vnder- 
 
 fea, euen fo 
 
 r the fynger 
 
 But in a 
 
 fe an ynche 
 
 as it is not 
 
 of a line to 
 
 confyftynge 
 
 irre in thefe 
 
 reater parte 
 
 :ircle whofe 
 
 :ircle a pole 
 
 ^ of the like 
 
 confydered, 
 
 ly feeme to 
 
 ch as euery 
 
 fimple and 
 
 knowe the 
 
 C What credit owght to bee gyuen to luryters as touchy nge the woorkes 
 
 of nature, 
 
 |He mode auncient wryter Diodorus, Siculus, in the fourth booke of his Biblio- 
 theca, wryteth in this manor. If any man for the maruclous (Iraungenes and noucltic of 
 fiichc thinges as are dcfcrybed in owre bookes, wyl not pcrhappcs gyue crtdyt to owre liydoric, 
 let hym with ryght iudgcmunt confidur the difference that is bctwcne the ayerofthe Scythians 
 and the Troglodytes compared to owres, ana he fliall the eafelyer perceaue the woorkes of nature 
 and approue owre wrytynges. For owre aycr dyffcreth fo much from thcyrs, that it myght 
 feeme incredible if experience were not more ccrteyne then doubtful! roafon. In fume regions 
 the coulde is fo extreme that greate ryutrs are fo frofen, that laden cartes and armies of men pafle ouer the 
 immouable ife. Wine alfo and other moifl thynges are fo conieled that they may bee cutte with knyues, lUit 
 this is more marueylous, that th[e]extreemc partes of fuche ap|)arell as menne weare, are fo bytten with coulde 
 that they faule of. Mens eyes are alfo dymmed : the fyre gyueth not his natural bryghtneffe : anil brafen 
 veffelles and images are broken. Sumtime by reafon of thicke cloudes, thunders and lyghtnynges are ncythcr 
 feene or harde in fuch regions. ^ iny other thynges more marueylous then thefe hath nature wrought, which 
 may feeme incredible to the ignorant ; but eafy to fuch as haue experience. In the furtheft partes of Kg)pt and 
 Trogloditica, the heate of the foonne is fo extreme abowt noone, that noo man can fe hym that llanduth by hym, 
 by reafon of the thicke ayer caufed by the vapoures and exhalations rayfed by the heate. None can go withowt 
 flioos but haue theyr fiete fuddeynly biyftered and exulcerate. Such as are a thyrft, dye inimcdiatly except 
 they haue drynke at hande, the heate fo fade confumeth the moyllure of theyr bodyes. Meate put in brafen 
 veffelles, is fodde in ffiort fpace by the heate of the foonne withowt other fyre. Yet they that are borne and 
 browght vp in fuch regions, had rather wyllyngely fulleyne thefe incommodities then bee inforced to Hue nthur- 
 wyfe : fuch a loue of theyr natiue countrey hath nature gyuen to all men : cuftome of continuance from younge 
 yeares being alfo of force to ouercomme the nialicioufneffe of the ayer. Neuerthcleffe, thefe places of fuch con- 
 trary natures wherby fuche (Irange effectes are caufed, are not farre in funder or diuided by any great diftance. 
 For, from the maryfflics of Meotis or Meotides where certeyne Scythians dwell in extreme coulde, many haue 
 fayled with fh) ps of burden to Rodes in the fpace of ten dayes : and from thenfe to Alexandria in foure dayes. 
 From whenfe paffynge throwgh Egypte by the ryuer of Nilus, they haue arryued in Kthio])ia in other tenne dayes : 
 So that the nauigation from the couldell partes of the worlde to the hottefl regions, is no more then, xxiiii. 
 [twenty-four] continual! dayes. Where as therefore the varietie of the ayer is fuch in places of fo fmaule dillance, 
 it is no marueyle that the cuftomes and maners of lyuynge of the people of thofe regions, with the complexions 
 of tt syr bodyes and fuch thynges as are engendered there, do greatly dyffer from owres. 
 
 32S 
 
 Thf (liuersitie of 
 aycr in dyucrs 
 ri'^iunt. 
 
 tlxtremc coIile. 
 
 Extrcmt heate- 
 
 The force of 
 education. 
 
 Extreme heate 
 and colilc in A 
 sniulti distance. 
 
 From Scyihia 
 to Etluupui. 
 
 3St 
 
tl -I s 
 
 flM 
 
 Mr 
 
 MP 
 
353 
 
 i 
 
 [The Third English book on America, 
 
 
 Which is also 
 
 The First English Collection of Voyages, Traffics, -1- Discoveries. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Vannuccio Biringuccio, 
 
 Pyrotechnia, 
 
 First printed in 1540.] 
 
 IDIN 
 
 • D 
 
;■ ! 
 
 V ! 
 
 » ! 
 
 I > 
 
The preface. 
 
 355 
 
 H The preface to the booke of Metals. 
 
 this booke of the Indies and nauigations I haue thowght good 
 to adde the booke of metals, for three caufes efpecially me 
 mouynge : whereof the fyrft is, that it feenieth to me a tliynge 
 vndecent to reade fo much of golde and fyluer, and to knowe 
 lyttle or nothynge of the naturall generation thereof, beinge 
 neuertueleffe thynges not onely moll defyred, but alfo fuch with- 
 owt the which at this age the lyfe of man can not bee pafled ouer 
 without many aduerfities, forafmuch as pouertie is hateful! to all 
 men,and vertue nofurther efteemedthenit isfupported byryches, 
 fyth nowe that lady that reigned inSaturns dayes.is becommethe 
 flaue to hym that was then her bondeman in ""it golden worlde, 
 fo named, not for the defyre that men had to golde, but for 
 th[e]innocencie of lyuynge in thofe dayes, when Mars was of no 
 poure,and men thought itcrueltie by breakynge thebones of owre 
 mothertheearth,toopenawaytothe courte of infernal Plutofrom 
 thencetoget golde and fyluer the feedes of almifchiefesandangels 
 of fuch a god, whom the antiquitie (not without good confydera- 
 tion) paynted blynde, affirmynge alfo that of hym golde and fyluer haue receaued the propertie to blynde the 
 eyes of men. But fyth it is nowe fo that we flialbe inforced to feke ayde by that which was fumtymes a myf- 
 chefe, it refteth to vfe the matter as doo cunnynge phifitians that can mynifter poyfon in proportion with other 
 thynges in fuch forte qualyfyinge the malicioufneffe therof, that none fliall therby bee intoxicate. Forafmuch 
 therfore as golde and fyluer haue obteyned this prerogatiue that they are fuche neceflarie euyls which the lyfe 
 of man can not lacke withowt detriment, not only they but other metals alfo perhappes more neceflarie althowgh 
 not fo precious, are thynges woorthy to bee better knowen then only by name, fyth they are th[e]inflrumentes 
 of all artes, the prices of all thynges, the ornamentes of al dignities, and not the lead portion of nature, wherby 
 the contemplation of them is no lefle pleafaunte then neceflary. But forafmuch as it is not here my intent to 
 intreate much of metals, I wyll fpeake of the feconde caufe : which is, that if in trauaylyng (lrang[e] and 
 vnknowen countreys any mans chaunce (halbe to arryue in fuch regions where he may knowe by th[e]information 
 of th[e]inhabitauntes or othenvyfe, that i'uche regions are fnitefuU of riche metals, he may not bee without fum 
 iudgement to make further fearche for the fame. The thyrde caufe is, that althowgh this owre realme of Eng- 
 lande be ful of metals not to bee contemned and much rychcr then men fuppofe, yet is there fewe or none in 
 Englande that haue any greate ikyll thereof, or any thynge wrytten in owr tounge, whereby men maye bee well 
 inftructed of the generation and fyndyng of the fame : as the lyke ignorance hath byn amonge vs as touchynge 
 Cofmographie and nauigations vntyll I attempted accordinge to the portion of my talent and fimple lernynge to 
 open the fyrfl. dore to the enteraunce of this knoweleage into owre language, wherin I wolde wyflie that other 
 of greater lernynge wolde take fume peynes to accomplyfdie and bringe to further perfection that I haue rudely 
 begunne, not as an autour but a tranflatoure, leafte I bee iniurious to any man in afcrybyng to my felfe the 
 trauayles of other. And wheras as concemynge the knowleage of metals, I was once mynded to haue tranflated 
 into Englyfhe the hole woorke of Pyrotechnia wherof I fynyfflied. xxii. [twenty-two] chapitures nowe more then 
 three yeares fence, and lefte the copie therof in the handes of one of whome I coulde neuer get it ageyne 
 (omyttynge to fpeake of other ingratitudes) I was therby difcouraged to proceade any further in that woorke. 
 Neuerthelefle, fythe this hyftory of the Indies hath miniftred occafion to intreate fumwhat of metals, I haue 
 ageyne tranflated three of the fyrft chapitures of that booke, which feeme mofl neceflary to bee knowen in this 
 cafe. And hereof to haue fayde thus much in mancr of a preface it may fuftice. 
 
 MS 
 
 326 
 
I'f 
 
 : I 
 
 The minenl trcK. 
 
 i / 
 
 '■\ 
 
 The mynen doo 
 growe. 
 
 Marchasiteib 
 
 Signes of metals. 
 
 327 
 
 m 
 
 SignM and tokimii 
 uf mcuU 
 
 35^ 
 
 OF THE GENERATION OF METALLES AND 
 
 THEIR MYNES WITH THE MANER OF FYNDINGE THE SAME: 
 
 WRITTEN IN THE ITALIEN TOVNGE BY VanNVCCIVS BiRINGVCZIVS 
 IN HIS BOOKE CAVLED PvROTECHNIA. 
 
 To his louynge frende Mafter Bernardino Moncellefe, greeting. 
 
 ereas I promyfed yow to wrytte of the natures of metalles in 
 particular, I am nowe inforced to declare euery thinge in generale, 
 and efpecially of the places of their generation and their order, 
 with the forme and maner of woorkynge in the fame, and the 
 inftrumentes therto perteyninge. Yowe fliall therefore vnder- 
 ftande, that mynes of metalles are founde in the mode partes 
 of the worlde, more or leffe according to the diligence of witti 
 fearchers: and (hew them felues (landinge in the grounde in 
 maner in fuche forte as the veynes of bludde are difparfed in 
 the bodies of lyuing beafles, or like vnto the braunches of trees 
 fpredde foorth diuers wayes, VVherfor, the diligent fearchers of 
 mines, willing by a certeyne fimilitude declare howe the mynes 
 are placed in the mountaynes, haue figured a greate tree full of 
 branches planted in the myddelle of the bafe of a mountayne, 
 frome the whyche are diriued dyuers and many bouwes and 
 branches, fum greate and fum fmaule, muche like vnto verye 
 trees that are in owlde woddes. They will alfo that in growynge, 
 they euer ingrofe them felues and reache towarde the heauen, conuertynge into theyr nature the mode difpofed 
 and neare matter, vntil the toppes of theyr braunches extend to the highell parte of the mountayne, and there 
 (hewe furthe theyr felues with manifefte apperaunce, puttinge furthe in the (leade of bouwes and floures, 
 certeyne uimofites of blewe or greene coloure, or marchafites with fmaule veynes of ponderous matter, or fuche 
 other compofitions of tinctures. And when by this means they (hewe them felues vnto us, we may make firme 
 coniecture that fuche mountaynes are minerall, and that accordinge to the demonllrations they (hewe more or 
 leflfe, they are richer or porer of myne. Therefore the fearchers, according to th[e]apperaunces which they 
 fynde, take good courage vnto them: and with hope and fecuritie of profecte, apply al their poflible diligence 
 with witte and expenfes to digge or gette owte fuche thynges as the fignes and owtewarde apperaunces declare 
 vnto them. And by this maner of fyndinge of mynes, it hath often tymes chaunced that many haue byn 
 exalted to the highell degree of riches. Wheras therfore by this meanes men enter into the mountaynes with 
 the ey[e]s of confideration and right ludgemente, and fee the places where the mineralles are ingendered and 
 comprehende in maner theire (juantitie, they adapte theyr caues or foffes accordynge therevnto, wheras they 
 (hulde otherwyfe wander by chaunce, becaufe no man can by any other meanes knowe where the mines are in 
 the mountaynes, although he were of neuer fo good iudgement, and (hulde make fearche for the fame neuer fo 
 curyoufly by litle and litle. It Ihal therfore in this cafe be neceffary to folow the certificat and aperaunces of 
 fignes, and to encounter the fame as nere as may be, with cy[e]s and eares euer attentiue where they maye hope to 
 fynde any tokens of metalles, efpecially by enquyringe of fliepardes and other anciente inhabitauntes of fuch 
 regions in the which mineralls are engendered. And this I fpeake the rather for that I am perfwaded that at 
 
 3J« 
 
 ' 
 
Of the generation of metals. 
 
 357 
 
 AND 
 
 >AME: 
 ^NGVCZIVS 
 
 ^Z- 
 
 >f tnetalles in 
 
 ;e in generale, 
 
 id their order, 
 
 Fame, and the 
 
 jrefore vnder- 
 
 mofte partes 
 
 gence of witti 
 
 e grounde in 
 
 ; difparfed in 
 
 nches of trees 
 
 t fearchers of 
 
 ive the mynes 
 
 tree full of 
 
 mountayne, 
 
 bouwes and 
 
 vnto verye 
 
 in growynge, 
 
 lofte difpofed 
 
 le, and there 
 
 and floures, 
 
 tter, or fuche 
 
 make firme 
 
 ewe more or 
 
 which they 
 
 ble diligence 
 
 nces declare 
 
 ly haue byn 
 
 ntaynes with 
 
 indered and 
 
 wheras they 
 
 mines are in 
 
 me neuer fo 
 
 )eraunces of 
 
 laye hope to 
 
 ites of fuch 
 
 ided that at 
 
 te 
 
 the firft fight of a mountaine, by reafon of the greate barrennefle and roughnes therof, and alfo by reafon of 
 the great aboundance of waters that are engendered in the fame, a right good iudgemente fliall not fuffice to 
 coomme to certayne knoweleage that metall is contayned in fuch mountaynes, vntill the fearchers haue with 
 charges and trauail caofed miners in fundry places to difcouer the fame. And therfore I alfo beleue that one 
 man althowgh be bee neuer fo ftronge, wyttie, and farre caftinge, fliall not be able in a newe and ftraunge 
 contreye, to fearche by fmaule portions not onlye all the mountaynes of one or moo prouinces which may 
 bringe furth minerals, but fliall with muche difficultie fcarfely fufiice to fearche the fecreates of only one 
 mountayne: In fo muche that fum confyderinge the difficultie hereof, are of opinion that in this effccte, it fliuld 
 be re(iuyfite to worke by the arte of Negromancie, which 1 thynke to be a fable withowt further knoweleage. 
 But I wolde that thefe necromancers fliulde tell me why this theire arte helpeth theym no further in the 
 woorke after that they haue once founde the myne, if it be trewe that they fay. Why (I fay) doth it not helpe 
 them furthe as at the begynnynge to fynde the myne, fo confequently in the myddeft and the ende to brynge 
 the fame to further perfection, as to gette it owte, to brynge it to fufion or maltynge, and to purifie or pourge 
 it from drofle, which doubtlefle it fliulde haue poure to doo if it may bee beleaued that it can doo the other. 
 But forafmuch as fuch effectes are fo fearefuU and terrible, that they owght not or can not be practifed of al 
 men, and alfo perhappes bycaufe fuch maner of woorkynge is not knowen, I thinke it not good to be vfed : but 
 thinke rather by good reafon that this arte is fo much the more to be omytted and contemned, in howe much 
 we are accuflomed in the be^-i^ynnynge of dyggynge of mynes, efpecially to caule for the grace of god that it 
 may pleafe hym to be prefente with his ayde to owre doubtfuU and traualious woorke. Lettynge paffe therefore 
 this deuylyfflie diuife of fuch beaftly and fearefuU men, I exhorte yowe to folowe the practife by the forefayde 
 fignes minyflred vnto yowe by the benignitie of nature, bothe grounded vppon the foundation of truth and 
 approued by th[e]experience of many practicionars, not confyflynge in woordes or promyfles of thyngcs vayne 
 and incomprehenfible. With thefe fignes therfore fliall yow fearche the bankes and fides of the valleys, with 
 the clyffes and ryftes of the ftones, and the backes, toppes, or ridges of the Montaynes : Alfo the beddes, 
 chanels, and courfes of ryuers, lookynge diligently amonge theyr fandes, and the ruines of theyr fofles, amonge 
 the whiche yow fliall often tymes efpie marchafites or fmaule fparkes of mynes, or other dyuers tinctures of 
 metals, whereby yow may be certified that certeyne mynes are in fuch places, which yowe fliall exactly fynd by 
 diligent and curious fearchyng the clyffes of theyr ryftes and dry places. After thefe aduertifementes, take this 
 for a generall figne, that all fuche places and mountaynes are mineral, owt of the which many fpringes and 
 great abundaunce of crude water dooth iflhewe, hauyng with theyr clearenes a certeyne minerall taft.e, and fuch 
 as at variable feafons of the yeare chaunge theyr qualitie, beinge warme in the fprynge tyme and coulde in 
 fommer. And this thynge owght yow to beleue the more when yow fliall fee the afpecte of fuch mountaynes 
 to be rough, fliarpe, and Ciluage withowt earth or trees. Or fo that yf there bee a lyttle earth found vpon the 
 fame with a fmaule veyne of herbes or grafle yowe fliall perceaue the grenenes therof to be faynt and in maner 
 wythered and dryed. And albeit that fumtymes alfo, mines are founde in mountaynes hauynge earth and 
 frutefull trees in the toppes therof, yet are they for the mod part found in fuch wherof we haue fpoken. Of 
 thefe other, there maye fewe fignes be gyuen, except to go by lyttle and lyttle to feke the bankes of theyr fydes. 
 But amonge all thefe, the befl, and mod certeyne figne that may bee gyuen, is wheras on the fuperficiall parte 
 of the earth eyther on hyghe or belowe, the myne dooth fliewe it felfe apparente to fyght Sum there are that 
 for a good figne do greately commende the refidences which certeyne waters make wher they haue refted for a 
 time and beinge dryed vp of the heate of the fonne, do often times fliewe in certeyne partes of theyr refidencies 
 dyuers tinctures of mynerall fubftaunce. Summe other are accuflomed to take fuch waters, and in a veflell of 
 earth or glalTe or other matter, caufe them to boyle and vapoure away vntyll the dregs or refidence remayne in 
 the bottome well dryed in the likenes of a grofe earth, of the which they make an aflaye eyther by the ordi- 
 narie tryall of fyer, or after fume other maner as lyketh them bed. And by this meanes (althowgh they 
 attayne not to th[e]exacte knowleage of the truth) yet do they approche to a certeyne knowleage of the thyng 
 wherby they haue fum intelligence of what fufficiencie and goodnefle the myne is which they feeke, before they 
 be at any great charges in folo\vynge the fame: Prouydynge alway that with all diligent aduertifement the 
 places neare vnto the rootes of the confine mountaynes be curioufly fearched, with alfo the bankes and fydes 
 of the felfe fame mountayne, and all fuch fuperficiall partes therof, where any ftones are founde difcouered 
 eyther of theyr owne proper nature or by the courfe of water; prefuppofynge euer that it is in maner impoflible 
 but that yf fuche mountaynes contayne any mynes, they mufte needes fliewe furth fum floures, tinctures, or 
 colours of theyr exhalations. Yet yf it fliulde fo chaunce that they do not this, the goodnes of the mine may 
 be the caufe hereof forafmuche as eyther it is not of vaporable nature, or to be of fmaule quantitie, or els 
 perhappes bycaufe the mountayne is greate and the myne very low or fo farre with in, that it is not fufficient to 
 put furth any fignes of fumofities. The caufe alfo hereof maye bee that fum ftone lyke vnto that cauled 
 Albafano (which I thynke to be of that kynde which we caule the greete ftone) or blacke and whyte marble of 
 
 2 D 2 vn 
 
 Nf ountavnes in 
 the which metals 
 are engendered. 
 
 Ageynst seckynge 
 metals with the 
 rod which they 
 caule Virgula 
 diuina. 
 Negromancie. 
 
 The maner of 
 Marchynge for 
 myues. 
 
 A generall «gn& 
 
 Rowgh and bar 
 mountaynes. 
 
 328 
 
 The best signe. 
 
 The residence 
 of watera. 
 
 Marchasltes are 
 the tinclurca 
 of myneral 
 exhalationa. 
 

 I K > I 
 
 358 
 
 0/ the generation of metals. 
 
 . % 
 
 Metals in frutful 
 mounuyau. 
 
 ■H: 
 
 i I 
 
 Howe the signes 
 arc to bee 
 consydered. 
 
 The assay of the 
 mines. 
 
 li u 
 
 329 
 
 The richer in>Tie 
 further within the 
 montayne. 
 
 Consyderacions 
 how the caue 
 ought to bee made. 
 
 Thebodieofthe 
 myne. 
 
 Hows^s of office 
 for the myncrs. 
 
 
 Baptisinge and 
 de-*' tionofthe 
 
 The mall" 
 the cauc 
 
 '! 
 
 thycke and refyftynge nature, may be found to lye betwene and fo to floppe the palTages, that the fayde 
 fumofities may therby be hyndered to arryue to the vppermofte parte of the earth : by reafon wherof, it is 
 poflible that fuche mountaynes may brynge furth trees and herbes forafmuche as the earth therof dooth reteyne 
 his vertue and may nuryfhe theyr rootes not beinge incinerate or burnte with hotte and venemous vapours of 
 the mynes : fo that the flioures of rayne or fluds with their courfes can not cary away the earth as in fuch places 
 wher the fame is found fore dryed. And tlierfore vppon fuch mountaynes I haue feene great wooddes of 
 cheffnutte trees, beeches alfo aud okes, with well cultured and frutfull fieldes. So that to conclude, by the 
 fignes of the rowghneffe or barennefle of the mountayne, is not taken away but that other places may alfo 
 haue plentie of mines whiche ought to be fearched and folowed. But forafmuch as thefe fignes are of the 
 natures of minerals, I wyll fpeake more determinately of theym in the places where I entreate of theyr proper 
 mynes : Not intendynge here to faye muche of thefe th nges in generall, but only to induce yow to fum clear- 
 neffe of the fyrfl. lyght. And therfore that yow may gyue the more diligent aduertifment, I faye vnto yowe that 
 all the mynes which yow (hall fynde by fuch fignes, by what meanes fo euer they fliall coome to yowre handes, 
 whether they be found in flones, earthe, or fande, after that at the fyrfte fyght they haue (hewed them felues to 
 bee mynes of metals, yow owght to confyder of what ponderofitie of weyght they are : The which the greater 
 that it is, fo much the more dooth it (liewe both the perfection and goodneffe of the fubdaunce, and alfo the 
 more quantitie of the mine. And thus prefuppofyng that by the fignes or other meanes yow haue founde the 
 mine, not yet fully perceauynge of what kynde of metall it myght be, to certifie yowe hereof and alfo of what 
 quantitie it is, or howe it is accompanyed or myxt with other, or lykewyfe of what puritie it is of it felfe, or of 
 what euyll difpofition or malice it is founde to bee, it (liall herein be neceffary before yow be at any further 
 charges therwith, to proue the fame by twoo or three aflfayes or mo, as I wyll further declare in the particular 
 place of a(rayes. Beinge therfore certifyed of the myne, and of what metall it is, and alfo what quantitie it 
 conteyneth, fyndynge it by accompte to bee fo profitable as to beare the charges, I exhorte yowe bouldely to 
 gyue the fyrfte attempte to faule to mynynge, and with all polTible diligence to folowe yowr enterpryfe : alTur- 
 ynge yowre felfe, that of what fo euer mynerall matter yow fliall take alTay accordyng to the proportion of that 
 pi[e]ce which yow tooke of the vppermoft or owtmoft parte of the mine for that purpofe, yow fliall fynde that to 
 bee muche better and rycher whiche is further within the mountayne. And thus being certified by the a(ray of 
 what quantitie the thynge is that appered by the fignes, and of all other reafonable confyderations apperteynyng 
 to the worke, yow fliall with all celeritie difpofe yowr felfe to faule to dyggynge, ^ th[e]intent that yowe may 
 fl ortely eyther here enioye the frute of yowre trauell, or els where with better fucceflfe proue yowre good fortune. 
 But in th[e]attempte of this enterpryfe, yow owght princip'lv to haue refpecte to the fituation of the place 
 where yowe intend'^ to make the begynnynge of yowr caue or fofTe: Takynge good aduertifement that it be 
 commodious for the labourers that (hal worke therein : prouydynge aboue all thynges that it haue an eafye 
 enteraunce into the mountayne, with leflTe charges and in (horter tyme to arryue vnder the fignes which yowe 
 haue taken : encounterynge the fame as muche as is poffible as it were by a ryght line, fyrft with iudgemente 
 and then with workemanfliyppe, vntyll yow ftryke on the grofe malTe or bodye of the myne, breakynge in the 
 courfe of the caue al matters of hard compofitions, as quarreys and flones ouerthwartynge the fame : hauynge 
 euer refpecte to the owtwarde fignes whiche yow folowe, forecaftynge in yowre mynde how yowe may directly 
 arryue to the fame, euen as the maryners directe theyr courfe by theyr co.iipaflfe and fyght of the north (larre. 
 Alfo byfyde that place where yow haue determined to make the enteraunce and begynnynge of the caue, yow 
 mufte take choyfe of an other place, eyther on the front of the mountayne or on the fyde that it may bee neare 
 and commodious to make one or two or mo cotages for the commoditie and neceffitie of the woorkemen. One 
 of thefe muft bee appoynted for theyr dormitorie where fum may reft and fleepe whyle other woorke, and that 
 yow may the more commodioufly be prefent and alTyftaunte to theyr doynges, diligently to beholde all thynges 
 and to conforte theim in theyr laboures : alfo to difpence and beftowe theyr vyttayles as (hall bee nedefull, and 
 to referue the fame in fafe cuftodie, with dayly prouifion of al thynges apperteynynge. The other muft bee as 
 it were a fmythes forge wherin theyr worne and broken tooles muft bee renewed, and other newe made, to th[e]- 
 intent that the woorke be not hyndered for lacke of ftore of neceffarie inftrumentes. When thefe thynges are 
 thus fynyfflied, with good prouifion of vyttayles and a fuflicient number of expert myners, then in the name of 
 God and good aduenture, caufynge a prefte to blelTe the mountayne with all the flioppes, and to baptife the 
 caue, dedicatynge it (as the maner is) to the holy Trinitie or to owr Lady or to the name of fum other faynt 
 which yowe haue in deuotion, with inuocation to theym to profper yowre attemptes, yow (hall with good 
 courage and hope begynne to dygge the caue, with intente to folowe the fame withowte ceafynge as farre as 
 yowre abilitie fliall reache, or vntyll yowe haue paffed ouer the lymettes fignified by the fignes before named : 
 i akynge euer diligent heade that yowe begyn yowre caue as lowe as yow may at the foote of the mountayne, 
 ii; fuch order that yowr myners fo continue and folow the fame by a right line, that they encounter the veyne of 
 U-o myne by the (horteft and fafeft way that may bee deuifed. For it often times chaunceth, that althowgh 
 
 3S» 
 
Of the gcncnition of met ah. 
 
 359 
 
 , that the fayde 
 on wherof, it is 
 if dootli reteyne 
 10US vapours of 
 s in fuch places 
 eat wooddes of 
 include, by the 
 )laces may alfo 
 ,'nes are of the 
 )f theyr proper 
 w to fum clear- 
 vnto yowe that 
 yowre handes, 
 them felues to 
 lich the greater 
 e, and alfo the 
 uie founde the 
 d alfo of what 
 )f it felfe, or of 
 at any further 
 1 the particular 
 at quantitie it 
 ve bouldely to 
 :erpryfe: afliir- 
 portion of that 
 1 fynde that to 
 by the aflay of 
 apperteynyng 
 hat yowe may 
 good fortune, 
 of the place 
 ;nt that it be 
 laue an eafye 
 s which yowe 
 h iudgemente 
 ikynge in the 
 me: hauynge 
 may directly 
 north ftarre. 
 he caue, yow 
 lay bee neare 
 emen. One 
 rke, and that 
 e all thynges 
 nedefull, and 
 mud bee as 
 ide, to th[e]- 
 thynges are 
 the name of 
 ) baptife the 
 » other faynt 
 1 with good 
 '■ as farre as 
 ore named: 
 mountayne, 
 the veyne of 
 It althowgh 
 
 the caue haue byn wel be^imne, yet hath it not byn well folowed, for that the myners beinge withdrawcn from 
 the ryght courfe by the hope of luche braunrhes of mynes as haue appered vnto them in the waye, doo often 
 times decline from theyr attempted courfe, and from the fignes which they owght to haue folowed. And 
 byfyde other preceptes, fee that yow beare in memory to procure that in dyggynge, yow efchewe as muche as 
 yowe maye, the cuttynge of folte or brykell ftones, afwell for that it may bee daunp,erous for ruine of the caue, 
 as alfo that it feldome chaunceth that any mynes are founde in fuch (lones. But yf yow (hal chaunce fo to 
 fynde them that yow can by no meanes auoyde them, I confort yow that where fuche caufe of feare flieweth it 
 felfe, both that yow lofe not thj charges of the caue and for the better fafegarde of yowre woorkemen, it flialbe 
 neceffary that yowe vfe all poffible diligence in well vpholdynge and fortyfyinge the caue with arches of waules 
 trauerfed with (Ironge pofles of tymber after the maner of framed beanies, fufleyned with grofe and ftronge 
 pyles made of goode and flronge tymber of oke or other great trees. And in this maner owght yow to proceade 
 in dyggyng yowre myne that yow may with more fecuritie enioy the frute of yowr trauayle. But in the owlde 
 tyme they that dygged mynes (as is yet to fee in the raues lefte of them) folowed an other maner: fo that in 
 the (leade of begynnynge the caue belowe at the foote of the mountayne (as doo the later myners) they begunne 
 to dygge theyr caue in the vpper or hyglieil parte where the daye difcouered the myne, dyggynge downewarde 
 after the maner of a pytte or a well, folowynge the fame fumtyme on the one fyde, and fumtyme on the other 
 euen vnto the depth, as the veyne (hewed it felfe to theyr fyght: whereof I haue thought good to make 
 mention, for that in th[e]oppinion of many men, this way dooth feeme much better and of more fecuritie to 
 fynde that they feeke, then to dygge by the fydes : bycaufe that by this meanes they haue euer the mine before 
 theyr eyes eyther more or leffe as a line to leade them to the grolTe ma(Te. Yet who fo confydereth the thynge 
 well, fliall vnderftande that the later myners haue better conceaued the reafon of this woorke, in refpecte (as is 
 to fee) of many more commodities and fecurities which infue rather of this maner of woorkynge then of the 
 other : as the difficultie to defcende and afcende the caue, and the daungiour left it bee ft.op[)ed vp by many 
 ruines, byfyde the trauaylous labour to draw owt the mine with the rockes and fragmentes of ftones : And 
 aboue al thynges, that they flial not bee able to drawe owt the waters whiche are often tymes fo abundaunt that 
 they greatly increafe the charges and trauayles of the patrones of the mynes by reafon of the greate ayde and 
 helpe which flialbe requifite to haue in that cafe and alfo for the makynge of wheeles, troughes, pypes, and 
 pumpes, with fuch other inftrumtntes feruynge for the purpofe to drawe owt the waters. And yet with all this, 
 it often tymes chaunceth that altliough they labour hereat continually, yet flial they be inforced to forfake their 
 profitable and laudable enterpryfe So that to conclude, I faye (as yowe niaye well vnder ftand) that it is a 
 much better way and of more fecuritie to begynne the diggyng of the caue rather at the roote or fote of the 
 mountayne and to enter into the fame by litle and lytle a Hope vpwarde, then to begynne at the topi)e or the 
 higheft backe therof. And this both for the more commodious pa.i'inge furthe of the water, and alfo for the 
 eafier trauaile of the labourers. Obferuynge euer diligently the ciiaunge of the fignes whiche ajipere vnto yow 
 owtwardly, vfynge the rudder and conipalTe as do they that fayle on the fea. For hereby the myners flialbe 
 inflructcd euer to folowe the right way in the caue vntill by the conductinge of wytte and arte, they bee browght 
 to the place of the grofe mafle or bodie of the tree, whyche is the caufe, fontayne, and original from whenfe the 
 fayd tinctures, fumofites, and mineral fignes, are diriued and fente furth to the fuperficiall partes. And as con- 
 cernynge this purpofe, I thincke it good to declare vnto yow howe in the Dukedome of Aiijliia, betweene 
 I\ii\fpriic and Alia where I contynued manye yeares, I fawe a large vale enuironed with a greate number of 
 mountaynes, by the myddeft wherof a ryuer palTed through of greate aboundaunce of water : and in maner in 
 all the montaynes that are there abowt, is digged great plentie of mine, wherof the mofte parte are of copper or 
 leade, althoughe alfo in maner euery of them is founde to holde fum portion of filuer. Anionge thefe moun- 
 taynes, I fawe one in the whyche th[e]inhabitauntes of the countrey dwellyng there abowt allured by the fight 
 of many fignes, beganne to digge a caue after the maner wherof we haue fpoken : In fo muche that (as it 
 appered vnto me) from the place where they begane the caue, they had digged little lefle then two myles before 
 they fawe any fparke or fliadowe of any myne And beinge arryued with the caue in maner perpendicularly 
 vnder the fignes they folowed, they were encountered with a veyne of the harde ftone cauled Albazano, of a 
 yarde and a halfe thicke, which they palTed through with greate trauayle and longe tyme, and with the hel[)e of 
 commodious inftrumentes of iren hardened to woorke in fuche ftones. And when they had thus palTed through 
 this quarrey of ftone, they chaunced vppon a ver)'e great veyne of the myne of cojjper of fuch forte that when 
 I was there, lookinge betweene the one and the other, I fawe on euery fyde as it were a waule of the hard ftone 
 of Albazano, and therin a voyde place of fuche largenes from the one fyde to the other that more then two 
 hundreth men al at one time, had fufiiciente roome to ftande labouringe frome the hyghefte parte to the loweft, 
 hauynge non other lyght then of candells, and niakinge certeyne niarkes in euery place where they fiiw the vre 
 or myne fliewe it felfe : and thus ceafed not to woorke continually both day and nyght, courfe by courfe, a 
 thynge fuerly maruelous to be holde. Without the mouth of the caue, I fawe great abundaunce of mine partely 
 
 3S9 
 
 Caiiseii nf 
 hinderaunce. 
 
 Soft stonet. 
 
 330 
 
 The fortefiing of 
 the caue 
 
 Howe the caties 
 were iikicIc in 
 uMt: tyme. 
 
 Abundaunrfe] of 
 water in the 
 myues. 
 
 The beste maner 
 of inakingc the 
 cauc. 
 
 The change of 
 the signes. 
 The ru«.l(ler and 
 coinpasJ»e. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 Mynes of copper 
 and leade holding 
 sytuer. 
 
 A caue of two 
 mylejk, 
 
 A large caue of 
 rhe myne oi' 
 copper huldmge 
 siluer. 
 
 331 
 
 Ctndle lifiht 
 
^ 
 
 360 
 
 Of the generation of metals. 
 
 % w 
 
 ! I; 
 
 -i; 
 
 ^1\ 
 
 Hill { 
 
 A KTcatc maue 
 of pure royne. 
 
 Ahundaunce ot 
 water in the 
 mynea. 
 
 Water is the 
 
 nearest principle 
 of niincrales. 
 
 A general rule. 
 
 Great richef 
 obtayned by 
 searc hinge of 
 myae& 
 
 Nfagnanimitie 
 and pacience. 
 
 The mountaynes 
 are the matnces 
 of riches. 
 
 The grace of god 
 is receaved by 
 owrc endcuoure. 
 
 Monye begetteth 
 r>'ches. 
 
 332 
 
 N«e««arie 
 aduenisniento. 
 
 Plentye of woode. 
 
 Cotnges and 
 
 edifi[c]cs. 
 
 The situacion of 
 
 the place. 
 
 The TM of water. 
 
 mixt with the flone of the vre, and partcly chofcn and feperated. Amongc thefe pieces, there was one con- 
 fidynge of a hole mafle of pure mine of fuch biggnes and weyght, that two good horfes with a light carre coulde 
 fcarfely drawe it away. This myne was of copper as I haue fayde. But to magnifie it they cauled it fyluer, 
 bycaufe it helde fuche plentie thereof that it fumiounted the charees, whereas they had alfo the copper for 
 aduantage. Yowe (hall further vnderRond that in the mydded of the caue, there was a chanell or gutter whyche 
 gathered togyther the waters that fell into it continually on euery fyde from the ruptures or broken places and 
 clilfes. Thefe waters ranne through the chanel with fo vehemente a Areme, that I fuerly beleue that it might 
 well fuffice to dryue any greate mylle. In fo muche that in goynge in and comming owt of the caue, I remem- 
 ber that by the contynual faule and fprinkeling of the waters from aboue and beneth, I was as wet as though 
 I had pafled through a greate fhoure of rayne. Wherat I maruel the leffe when I confyder that water is the 
 fyrft and neareft principle of the whiche the fubftaunce of minerals is engendered. By reafon wherof, fuch men 
 of vnderAandynge as haue fearched the natures of thefe thynges, argue hereby and take it for a gunerall rule, 
 that all thofe mountaynes owt of the whiche fpryngeth great abundaunce of water, doo alfo abounde with myne. 
 The which thynge well confyderynge, and weyinge the greatnes hereof, I faule into this accompte with my felfe, 
 that if to the patrones of the fayde caue, the charges of the fame hadde byn a hynderaunce or greefe, eyther for 
 the length therof, or for defpayre that they (huld not haue found that they fought, they wolde furely haue for- 
 faken it. And beinge nowe comme to this harde (lone after they had fudeyned fo great charges byfyde the 
 trauayle both of mynde and body, if they (hulde then haue lefte of theyr enterpryfe, they (hulde not haue come 
 to fuch ryches whereby they haue obteyned many commodities afwell profitable for them felues r« alfo for theyr 
 lordes and princes, theyr countrey, theyr kinffolkes and famelie. Neyther yet (hulde they haue byn fo wel able 
 to helpe theyr poore neyghbours as they haue doone by the meanes of the valientnelTe of theyr conftant myndes 
 and perfiflynge in fo good and commendable an enterprife. Wherfore io conclude, yow that wyll begynne to 
 attempt any fuch thynge, muft be of good courage and much pacience to folowe that yow haue begunne, at the 
 lead vntill yow knowe by the fignes what the thynge is : hopinge euer that in goynge forwarde, the day folow- 
 ynge (as it is poflible) (hal difcouer the thynge that yowe feeke and content your defyre : Wherof yow may bee 
 the better aflfured, if yow well confyder that the moothers and matrices of mod edemed ryches, and the myntes 
 of al treafures, are the mountaynes : To the whiche (with the helpe of fortune and yowr ingenious indeuoure) 
 yow (hall open the way, not only to fynde the myne and arryue to the belly of the mountaynes where fuche 
 thynges lye hyd, but (hall alfo bee exalted by ryches to hyghe honoure and dignitie as they of whome we haue 
 made mention before : forafmuch as mod beningne and liberall nature, doothe open her lappe and promelTe 
 good fucceffe to fuche as feeke ryches by fuch honed meanes. The whiche wUy furely is muche rather to be 
 folowed, then eyther the warre full of trowbles and miferie, or the carefull trade of marchaundies with wander- 
 ynge abowt the worlde, or fuche other fadidious cares perhappes vnlawfull for a good man. And albeit (as 
 fume men vfe to fpeake) the fyndynge of mynes bee an efpecial grace of God, neuerthelelTe, forafmuch as we 
 are borne to laboure, it (halbe neceffary that we feeke the fame in fuche places where they are brought furth by 
 the woorke of nature, and by fearchynge to fynde them, and beinge founde to dygge for them, and by this 
 meanes to receaue the grace of God with applyinge owre owne diligence therto, with helpe of the difpofition of 
 fortune and naturall iudgemente. And yet (hal not this only fuffice withowt fufficiencie of money able to 
 fudeyne the charges and continue the woorke : to th[e]cnde that if yow can not fynyfflie it with yowr owne 
 expenfes, yow maye fupplye the fame by the ayde of other, eyther patrones or parteners. But let vs nowe 
 ceafe to reafon any further of thefe thinges. Prefuppofyng therfore that yow haue alredy pafTed the charges, 
 and haue not only founde the myne yow fought, but alfo haue brought furth to lyght a great quantitie therof, it 
 (hal then bee needeful (as a thyng chiefely to be confydered before yow begin to dygge) wel to ponder and 
 examen both the commodities of fuch thynges as (hall occurre, and alfo of fuch wherof yow (hall haue neede : 
 as tymber and woodde of all fortes, with water and vyttayles : of all the whiche, yow mude haue great plentie : 
 and efpecially of woodde, whereof yowe mude haue great quantitie, afwell to feme to the proportion of the myne, 
 as alfo to make coles to the vfe of meltynge, fynynge, dryinge, garboylyng, and fuch other broylynges, bylyde 
 that which mud ferae to fortilie the caue and to buyld (hoppes and cotages with fuch other edifi[c]es. Diligent 
 confideration mud lykewyfe be had to the fituacion of the place where the buyldynges (halbe erected : as that 
 the plotte therof bee commodious with abundaunce of water hauynge a ^ood faule. Alfo not onely of plentie 
 of woodde and cole nere vnto the myne, but of fuch as may ferae the tume. And of all other incoromodities, 
 yowe mude chiefely auoyde the lacke of water, as a thynge of greated importaunce and mod neceffarie in this 
 eflTecte. For by the force and weyght of the courfe herof, wheeles and dyuers other ingenious indrumentes are 
 adapted with eafe to lyfte vppe greate bellowes to make fyers of great poure, to beat with hammers of great 
 weyght, and to turne myghtie and dronge engens, by the force whereof the trauayles of men are fo much 
 furthered, that withowt fuch helpe, it were in maner impoflfible to ouercome fuche tedious trauayles or to arryue 
 to the ende of the woorke, forafmuch as the force of one wheele may lyfte more, and that more fafely then the 
 
 'ill 
 
Of the generation of metals. 
 
 361 
 
 aue, I remetn- 
 
 paynefull labour of a hundreth men. It flial therfore be necdcfull to haiie great confyilcration hereof, not only 
 to make thefe edifi[c]es or houfes of ofRce, but alfo to make them commodious for the purpofe, as for the cariage 
 of myne and cole with other neceflaries. For if any of thefe effectes (liulde be wantynge, the code, tyme and 
 trauayle, Ihulde bee cad away : forafmuch as thefe thynges doo fo much the more relieue the one the other as 
 they are ioyned togyther, and hinder the woorke not a lyttle yf any be feparate. But bycaufe thefe commodities 
 can not euer be hadde all ti,gyther, yowe owght to wey with yowr felfe which of the twoo ferueth for mo necef 
 farie vfes, as eyther to haue the cole or the mine mod commodious to the houfes, and accordinge there vnto to 
 place the houfes nere vnto the fome if the commoditie of water wyll fo permytte. Albeit, if it were poflible, it 
 fliulde be much better if al thefe neceflarie commodities were ioyned togyther, whereas otherwyfe yowe mufte 
 contente yowre felfe as occafion ferueth. 
 
 Nowe therefore to conclude, byfyde that whiche I haue declared vnto yow of the findinge of the myne and 
 the digging thereof with other confiderations, I exhorte yowe further to faule to practyfe with fum myne of your 
 owne, that yow may therby take occafion to ryfe to the degree of ryches whyche yow defire. And therfore I 
 aduertife yow that after yow haue founde the mountyane and begun to digge, yow (hal euer go for\varde with a 
 boulde mynde and doute corage, woorkyng with witte and ludgement, forafmuche as in this effecte the one 
 feruvth the other in the deede of ey[e]s to enter where they can not. Gyue no credit to that whiche many 
 ignorante folkes doo fay and beleue, affirminge that in digging for metals, they are founde rather by chaunce 
 then by arte. The which although it were trewe, yet owght we to trud more to art and practyfe then to chaunce. 
 And when yow are nowe entered into the mountayne, beare well in memory that yow haue prefently with yow 
 the tallie or ruler of the caue, wherby yowe may trauerfe the veyne of the myne when yow are coomnie to it. 
 For if yow fliulde folowe it by the courfe as it lyeth, it is polTible that yowe might folowe it a greate way not 
 pade the biggnefle of a mans finger and perhappes leffe : By reafon wherof, it might happen that yow fliuld lofe 
 it and neuer find it ageyne. The like fhuld chaunce vnto yow if after that yow haue begun to digge a caue, it 
 fliulde repent yow of the charges, and that for the bafnes therof yowe fliulde forfake it, as many haue doone who 
 bycaufe they coulde not fynde the mine at the fird droke, defpayringe that they fliulde neuer fynde it, haue 
 forfaken it as a thyng vnprofitable, thynking that they haue woonne enough in that they were not at further 
 charges with that which they accompt lofle and doniage : And thus furioufly leaue of their enterprife, not 
 regardinge that they may leaue the frute of theyr expenfcs and trauaile to an other that may folowe their 
 begynninges, and perhappes fynde the myne within the didance of a cubet, a fpanne, or a finger. We may fay 
 therfore that fuche men doo willinglye forfake their good fortune as many haue doone. He therfore that hatli 
 begune to digge a caue, let hym determine to folowe it, puttinge away th[e]edimation of the bafenes therof, and 
 not to feare the dreyghtnefle of the way, but rather to applye all his poflible diligence withowt remorfe, hopynge 
 thereby no lefle to obteyne honour and ryches, then to auoyde fliame and infamie for omyttynge fo profitable an 
 enterprife. And that yow may the more circumfpectly behaue yowr felfe in all thynges, befyde the former 
 indructions, I further aduertife yowe to fet euer frefrtie men a woorke by courfe in fuch order, that in euery fixte 
 or eyght houres (accordynge to the number of the myners) yow appoynt fuch to the oorke as haue repofed or 
 taken theyr red, that yow may by this meanes the fooner come to th[e]ende yow def/re, whereunto (after yowe 
 haue layde fo fure a fundation) I exhorte yow to runne withowt a brydle. And wheras to thefe eftectes it flialbe 
 neceflarie to haue many indrumentes adapted for the purpofe, I can none otherwyfe fpeake of them then in 
 generall, confyderynge that according to the nature of the place and the myne, it flialbe neceflary to vfe indru- 
 mentes and iren tooles of dyuers formes, as there ought to be difference in fuch wherwith yow fliall dygge in 
 mynes engendered in marble, greete done, and harde freefe done, or fuch other. For the dyggynge of fuch as 
 are found in deade and tender dones, as Alabader and marie, it is requifite to haue apte and dronge indru- 
 mentes, as great beetels, mattockes and fpades of iren, alfo great and longe crowes of iren to lyfte great 
 burdens : lykewyfe greate and fmaule picke axes fum of iren and fum of deele : furthermore greate niaules with 
 handels and withowt handels, and fuch other bothe of iren and fine deele hardened, if the hardenes of done 
 fliall fo requyre. But as for fuch as fhall ferue to dygge the mynes which are engendered in tender and fofte 
 dones, I neede make no mention of them, forafmuch as the tooles of the common forte may fufiice, and necef- 
 fitie fliall dayly furthe[r] indructe yow to diuife fuch as dial ferue for yowre purpofe. Albeit, for the mode parte, 
 they are beetels, maules, mattockes, pikes, fliouels, fpades, and fuch lyke. But as well for the fofte dones as for 
 the harde, it flialbe neceflTarye to haue great plentie of al fortes, to th[e]ende that the myners may lofe no tyme, and 
 that the woorke may go the better forwarde to the comfort of the patrones of the mine. Byfyde thefe before 
 named, it fliall alfo be requifite to haue plentie of greate baflcettes, fpades, fliouels, fleades, and handbarrowes, 
 bothe with wheeles and without wheeles : alfo fackes made of raw or vntande hydes to carye the fragmentes owt 
 of the caue. It fliall furthermore be requifite to haue greate quantitie of vnctuous liquours to maintayne fire : 
 as are the oiles of oliues, of nuttes, of line feede and hempe feede : Lykewife the roots of putrified trees, or 
 talowe of beades, or fatte and oyles of fyflhes. For withowt the lyght of fyre, it is not poflible for the labourers 
 
 3«i 
 
 coiiMilcralioafc 
 
 A false opinion 
 
 The trauersinge 
 of the veyiiu. 
 
 Continuaiince in 
 llie wurlce. 
 
 333 
 
 Fresshe men. 
 
 Instrumentei. 
 
 Fyre in the cau& 
 
> 
 
 362 
 
 Of the genera f ion of metals. 
 
 . i 
 
 \ t 
 
 :\ 
 
 The cnnueyanca 
 of vycr. 
 
 Th< excellcncie 
 ofgolUe. 
 
 The originall and 
 ■uhsuunce of 
 Bold*. 
 
 334 
 
 Mineral heale. 
 
 The temperature 
 and purenesse of 
 golde. 
 Golde is 
 incomiptible. 
 
 The bewtie of 
 golde. 
 
 Golde if 
 medicinable. 
 Golde is 
 Gonfortableb 
 
 The attractiue 
 qualitie of golde. 
 
 ir 
 
 to woorke : Nor yet can any fyre be ni.nyntajnccl in the cane except it receaue the ayer by fum refpiracle or 
 breatliyngc place by the meanes of a funell or trunke of wooddc or fuch other open inftrument wherby the ayer 
 maye be conueyed into the caue. 
 
 C Of the inyne of gohie ami the qualitie therof in particular'. 
 
 lOrafmuche as golde is a compounde mynerall which of the phylofophcrs and all men of 
 vnderftandynge, is founde to be of greatell perfection amonge all other niyxt minerals, it is 
 iudged by the vniuerfal opinion of fuch men, that for the bewtie and excellent quali.ie 
 thereof, it (hulde be of exceffiue vertue to helpe and confort men. And therfore amonge all 
 thynges that are in this worlde (excepte lyuynge creatures) it is chiefely efleemed. By 
 reafon wherof, I alfo the more to honour it, wyll fyrft fpcake of this before I entreate of any 
 other metal), and declare in particular the conception with the mod apparent (jualities therof. 
 The which although it be a metal mod knowen, defyred alfo and fought for of all kyndes of men, yet are t ere 
 not many that do care to knowe of what fubftaunce or natural mixtion it confifleth. But that yow fliuldc not be 
 one of theim that knowe it onely by name or fuperficiall app[e]arence, I certifie yow that the originall and proi)er 
 matter therof, is none other then elementall fubHaunces with ecjuall quantitie and (jualitie proportionate the one 
 with the other, mod perfectly purified by the fubtyle woorke of nature. For of thefe beinge thus ioyned togy her 
 (and of equall force) is engendered an amiable and mod perfect mixtion by the helpe of fermentacion and 
 decoction of the minerall heate, wherby is caufed fuch a permanent vnion betwene the fayde elementes, that 
 they are in maner infeperable : So that by the vertue of heauenly influence or of tyme, or by th[e]order oi n.oft 
 prudent nature, or by all thefe caufes concurrant, fuch fubftaunce is conuerted into this metalline body that we 
 caule golde. The which (as I haue fayd) by his much temperatenes, purenes, and perfect mixtion, is conden- 
 fate and made thicke, in fuch forte that the elementes therof can not bi; Viibounde or loofed, fo that it remayn ^th 
 in maner incorruptible : The caufe wherof is, that it eyther conteyneth in it no maner of fuperfluitie, or the fame 
 to be but very lytle. And hereof commeth it, that althoughe it lye many yeares in the earth or in the water, it is 
 not infected with mil or canker for that neyther of them are able to cornipte it, nor yet the fyer whofe for e 
 dooth incinerate or brynge to afflies and refolue in maner all creatures : And yet is the poure hereof fo fame 
 vnable to deftroy or corrupte this metall, that it is thereby the more purified and made better. Lykewyfe the 
 fayde perfecte vnion or mixtion, caufeth it to be a body withowt fleame, and withowt vnctuous or fat fuperfluitie : 
 which is the caufe that it euer remayneth in the natiue bryghtnes and fayrenes of coloure, in fo much that when 
 it is rubbed vppon any thynge, it leaueth not behynde it the tincture of any blacke or yelowe colour, as doo in 
 maner all other metals : Nor yet hath it any tafte or fauour that may be perceaued to the fence. Furthermore, 
 if it be eaten eyther wyllyngly or by chaunce, it is not venemous to the lyfe of man, as are fum of the oth r 
 metals : but is rather a medicine curynge dyuers difeafes. In fo much that nature hath gyuen vnto it of peculi ar 
 propertie, a vertue and priuileage to conforte the weakenes of the harte, and to gyue ioyfulnes and myrth to tlie 
 fpirites, difpofynge thereby the mynde to magnanimitie and attemptes of great enterpryfes. Which Angular 
 qualities, fum wyfe men affirme that it hath receaued by th[e]influence of the fonne, and that it is therfore of 
 fuch grace and poure to helpe men : efpecially fuch as haue many great bagges and cheftes full therof. To con- 
 clude therfore, this metall is a body tractable and bryght, of coloure lyke vnto the foonne : And hath in it 
 inwardely fuch a naturall attractiue or allurynge vertue, that beinge feene, it greatly difpofeth the myndes of men 
 to defyre it and efteme it as a thyng moft precious : although many there are whiche crye owt ageynft it and 
 accufe it as the roote and fede of moft peftiferous and monftrous couetoufneffe, and the caufe of many otl];i 
 myfcheues. But whether it bee the caufe of more good or euyll, we entende to lette pafle this difputation as a 
 thynge vnprofitable. To proceade therfore as I haue begun I fay (as before) that the woorthynelTe which is 
 founde in it, hath caufed me to intreate of it before any other metall. And this the rather for that th[e]orde of 
 this prefente worke [feejmeth fo to requyre, that I may the better defcende to the degrees of other metals, to 
 th[e]ende that in thefe owre partes of Italy, yow may haue fum inftruction of practife, whiche may redounde 
 from yow to other, whereby the myndes of all men may receaue fum lyght : beinge well affured that newe 
 informations, wilbe the feedes of other newe wittie diuifes in the vnderftandynges of fuche men as with thefe 
 keys fliall open theyr wyttes to arryue to fuche places whyther they can not els coomme or by any meanes 
 approche. And nowe therfore, byfyde that which I haue fayde vnto yowe in generall, I wyl further in particular 
 declare the nature hereof and the generation of the fame, with alfo the fignes whiche it (heweth furth, that I 
 do not om) tte any thynge. Laft of all, I wyll fliewe yowe howe it owght to bee pourged from luperfluou 
 
 j6a 
 
Ti rcfi)iracle or 
 licrby the aycr 
 
 r. 
 
 id all men of 
 niincrais, it is 
 ellunt (|iiali:ie 
 re anionge all 
 Hecmed. By 
 itreate of any 
 lalities therof. 
 yet arc t ere 
 fliulde not be 
 11 and proper 
 )nate the one 
 -ned togy hei 
 intacion and 
 jmentes, that 
 jrder oi n.oft 
 body that we 
 n, is cond en- 
 it remayn nh 
 
 or the fame 
 le water, it is 
 
 whofe for e 
 •eof fo fame 
 .ykewyfe the 
 
 fuperfluitie : 
 h that when 
 ir, as doo in 
 urthermore, 
 af the oth r 
 
 of peciili at 
 riyrth to the 
 lich Angular 
 
 therfore of 
 To CO n- 
 d hath in it 
 ides of men 
 ;yn(l it and 
 many othsi 
 itation as a 
 e which is 
 [e]orde of 
 
 metals, to 
 r redouiule 
 
 that ncwe 
 
 with thefe 
 ny meanes 
 
 particular 
 Tth, that 1 
 
 uperfluou 
 
 0/ the generation of metals. 
 
 eurthynes of the mine, after that I (hal haue expreffed the mnncr howe it is founde. But forafmnch as I haue 
 not with mine eyes feene the mountaines which conteyne the mynes of golde, or the places where this thynge 
 is put in pra( life, I wyll only (liewe yow (hauynge made diligente inquifition for the fame) what hathe byn 
 toulde me of credible perfons, or what I haue gathered in readynge of dyuers autourcs, by whom I am certified 
 for a truth that the greateft plentie of this metall, is founde in Scit/iia, in thofe prouinces which we commonly 
 caule the Kaft partes, where the foonne extendeth his chiefe force and vigour. Of thefe places India is thought 
 to be the chiefe, and efi)ccially thofe Ilandes which the fhips of Th[e]emperours maiellie and the kynge of 
 Portugale haue founde of late : as the Tlandes about J^cru and Paria with the firme lande of the fame which 
 extendeth it felues very farre on both fydes the Eciuinoctiall. In Europe alfo, golde is founde in many 
 places : as in AJlefia, and in many places in Boheme. Alfo in Hungarie, in Rhene, and in Apfa. Plinie fayth 
 that it is lykewyfe founde in Aiijlria and in Portugale : and that the Romans had from thenfe ycarely. xxiiii. 
 [twenty-four] pounds weyght And thus fpeakynge of this precious metall, I beleue certeynly, that it is and may 
 be engendered in all fuche places wherthe influence of the hcuens difpofeth the elcmentall caufes to brynge furth 
 an apte fubftaunce for this purpofe. But nowe intendynge more particularly to fpeake of the places of the con- 
 ception hereof, yowe (hall vnderflande that it is engendered in dyuers kyndes of Hones in great and rowgh 
 mountaynes, and fuche as are vtterly bare of earth, trees, gralTe, or herbes. And amonge all the (lones of this 
 myne, that is bed which is of a blewe or afurine coloure lyke vnto a faphire, and is commonly cauled Lafis 
 Lazuli. But it is not bryght and harde as is the faphire. It is alfo founde in orpemente cauled Auripigtnentum ; 
 but more often in the mynes of other metals. It is lykewyfe founde in many prouinces in the fandes of ryuers. 
 That which is founde in the mountaines lyelh in order of veynes betwene tjuarrey and quarrey ioyned with the 
 fayde Azurine llone and myxte therwith. They faye that this myne is fo much the better in howe much it is 
 the heuyer and of hyghe colour, fliewyng in it many fparkes of gold. They fay furthermore that it is engendered 
 in an other ftone lyke vnto folte marble : but it is of a deade colour. And alfo in an other whofe colour is 
 yelowe with ccrtcyne redile fpots within it. They affirme lykewyfe that it is founde in certeine blacke (lones. 
 whofe veynes fprede dyuers wayes much like the courfes of ryuers. They further declare that it is founde in a 
 certeyne bituminous earth, of coloure lyke vnto cley and very heauy, hauynge in it a great fauour of brymflone : 
 And that the golde which is founde in this, is very good, and in maner all togyther fyne, yet very harde to bee 
 gotten owte, bycaufe it confyfleth of fo fmaule fparkes lyke vnto inuifible atonies of fuch lytelneffe that they can 
 hardely bee perceaued with the eye. And herein may yow not do as in Lapis Lazuli, or other (lones, or as the 
 maner is to do with that which is found in the fands of ryuers : the which the more it is wafflied, the more it 
 fauleth to the bottome : and in meltynge with the mother of his earthines, doth incorporat it felfe therwith in a 
 brickie fubftance. But in fine, with much pacience and by one meanes or an other, or by the helpe of ((uicke- 
 fyluer, it is drawen owt. Ageyne (as I haue fayde before) it is found in the fandes of dyuers ryuers, as in Spayne 
 in the ryuer J'ago : in Tracia, in £/>ro : In Ajia, in Patolo and Ganges. In Hungarie and Boheme, it is founde 
 in Lafiefia in dyuers ryuers : And in Italie, in the fands of Tefino, Adda, and Po. But not euery where in the 
 beddes of theyr chanels, but in certeyne particular places where in certeyne cloddes the fande is difcouered in 
 the tyme of the oucrflowynge of the ryuers when the water leaueth behynde it a fine fande wherwith the fayde 
 golde is myxte in the forme of certeyne fmaule fcales, and (hynynge graynes. Then in the fommer feafon, with 
 pacience and ingenious practife, the fearchers to pourge it from the grofe earthinelTe of the myne, and wafflie it 
 diligently : preparynge for that effecte, certeyne tables made eyther of the tymber of plane trees, or elme, or 
 whyte nuttes, or fuch other woodde apte to be fawen, hauing theyr playnes made ful of hackes, and notches, with 
 the helpe of the fawe or fuch other inflrumentes of iren. Vpon thefe tables (landynge fumwhat a (lope or 
 declynynge, with a holowe (houel they cad a great quantitie of water myxt with the fayde fande, which they cad 
 fo, that the water runne downe directly alonge with the tables. And by this meanes the gold, as a matter mod 
 heuy, fauleth to the bottome of the fawne hackes, and there redynge and cleauynge fad, is fo diuided from the 
 fande. When therfore they perceaue a fufticient quantitie of golde thus remaynynge on the tables, they gather 
 it with diligence and put it in a trey or great (hallowe dyflhe of wod lyke vnto thofe which the golde finers vfe : 
 And in thefe they wafdie it more exactly ageyne and ageyne from al fylth or vnclenlyneflfe. This doone, they 
 beate or niixte (or amalgame it as they caule it) with Mercurie or quickfyluer, whiche aftenvard they feperate 
 ageyne from the fame eyther by draynyng and prefTynge it through a bagge of lether, or by dyllynge or 
 euaporatynge the quickefyluer from it in a dyllatory of glalTe and fo fynde they the golde remaynynge in the 
 bottome of the veiTell in the lykenes of (ine fande, which they brynge into a metalline body by meltynge it with 
 a lyttle borage, or fait petre or blacke fope, and fo cad it eyther in the forme of a wedge or a rodde, or other- 
 wyfe n^ lyketh them bed. And this is the exacte maner of drawynge golde owt of the fandes of riuers, which 
 many haue vfed to theyr great commoditie : And that the rather bycaufe that in folowyng this order of woorke 
 in the pourgynge and diuydynge of golde, it (hall not bee requifite as in other maner of practifes, to bee at greate 
 charges by reafon of many men which (hall be needefuU, with manye murals, fomaces, (iers, and dyuers artificers: 
 
 36j 
 
 363 
 
 Where mn«te 
 
 Jilentieuf guli'e U 
 inind. 
 Citihay, 
 335 
 
 OnUle in the 
 ll.tml*.-[s)(>fthe 
 wcitic iiuliefi. 
 Guide in Eurup*. 
 
 The infliicncfe] of 
 hc.iutjii. 
 
 Ihe innunlnynrs 
 anti fituncH in tht 
 whiche Rolde ii 
 engendered. 
 
 I.npit Lazuli. 
 
 Orpemente, 
 
 (ii>Me in other 
 melaU 
 GoKle in the 
 tandet of ryuen. 
 
 Gold in earth. 
 
 Golden duste. 
 
 Ryuers in Ihe 
 which gold it 
 founde. 
 
 The wasshinf? 
 and pourgeinge 
 of guide. 
 
 Howe enlde is 
 dcuiUed frome 
 aande. 
 
 The Spanyardes 
 
 make these 
 
 disshes with 
 
 handcls. 
 
 The drawcinge 
 
 out of golde with 
 
 quicke siluer. 
 
 336 
 
^'11 
 
 364 
 
 Of the generation of metals. 
 
 n 
 
 in 
 
 From when«c 
 |{<>l(lc ii ilrriut'tl 
 into llie uiiileft 
 of ryuen. 
 
 That Kntfte \% not 
 eiii;i'tiilt;r(-tl in the 
 Miulcft of huefk. 
 
 Thit mftter is 
 apparent in the 
 Kolde fiiundc in 
 the ryuers in the 
 Indies. 
 
 The faule of 
 waters from 
 montayncB. 
 
 337 
 
 Springes uf water 
 in mounuynes. 
 
 Vegetable golde 
 growingc owt of 
 tneeartne. 
 0/this^ rtade 
 Alexander ab 
 AUxatniro. lib* 
 4 Genialium 
 dUrum. Cap. 9. 
 
 Gnlde Tounde in 
 A tleade mans 
 heade. 
 
 wlicras in woorkyng after this forte, one man may fiifBcc with one table and one holowe flioouell, with a lyttle 
 <l'iirkt'fyhicr ami fuffic ient abunilaunce of water. Hiit Icttyng palTe to fpcake any furt*- - of thefe thyngcs: 
 pcrhappes fumme man woldc here dcmaunde from whenfe this golde is dcryucd into the fandes of the fayde 
 ryuers, and wliether it be browght thyther by the water, or engendered there. As touchynge whicli quedion, I 
 haue often tymcs deliberated with my felfe not withowt great marueyle : and efpecially of that which is founde 
 in the fanties of the ryuers of Tefino, Adda, and Po, bicaufe (wheras I haue fayde before that it is browght 
 thyther by the courfe of the water) I can not perceaue from whenfe it (huld be browght, forafmuch at there is 
 no myne of golde, or of any other metal that is knowcn, nere to any of thofe places. By reafon whorof, my 
 iudgemente is in maner confounded, feinge alfo that it is th[e]oppinion of certeyne wryters, that it is engendered 
 cuen where it is founde : The which, if it fo be, it is not trewe that it is browght thyther by the water. Ageyne, 
 if it be engendered there, it feemeth to me a dyflicult thyng to comprehend whether it be brought furthe there 
 by the vcrtue of the water or the earth, or the heauen. If furthermore any of thefe (huld be the caufe of the 
 generation hereof, it feemethe agreable to reafon that it (hulde bee both founde and engendered throughowt all 
 the beddes of fuch riucrs, and at al tymes. And if the influence of heauen be the mod prepotent caufe of 
 this effecte, then it fuemeth to me that it (huld woorke immediatly, bicaufe it can not otherwyfe obfenie 
 th[e]order whiche nature vfeth in the generation of metals : fyrd brynginge it furth to the open (hewe, in the 
 place where aboundeth the continuall iflhewe of water, which owght alfo to be of fuch force as to remoue tho 
 earthy fubftaunce thereof from place to place, and not to intermixte fuch great inequalitie of couldeneflTe and 
 moiftnes. And albeit that this compofition begimne in this order, (huld not be diflTeuered or broken by the 
 waters of the ryuers, yet it api)eareth to me that the (liowers of rayne and increafe of fluddes, (hulde be of 
 fiilhcient poure to diflempcr, brcake, and vtterly dedroy all fuch compofltions as diulde be engendered in fuch 
 I)laces, forafmuch al thynges are conccaued by red and quietnefTe after the commixtion of the fyrde elementes. 
 And therfore if this golde of the ryuers, bee there engendered where it is founde, I wolde it were declared vnto 
 me why it is engendered only in thefe places and not in other : and why in lyke maner, fyluer, copper, leade, or 
 any other metals are not alfo engendered there as well as golde, beinge matters of an eafyer compofition of 
 nature then it is, by reafon of the perfecte vnitie and concordaunce with puritie of fubdaunce and perfecte 
 concoction which is in golde aboue all other metals : whereas alfo in many places in the territories of Rome, 
 there are founde many fparkcs of the mine of iren of blacke colour amonge the fandes of certeyne fmaule ryuers : 
 And yet thefe only in certeyne particular places of the fayde riuers : wherby it appeareth that thefe alfo, (hulde 
 not bee engendered where they are founde. By all which reafons and apparent eflfectes, it feemeth mod agre- 
 able to truth that the golde which is found in fuch fandes, is rather brought thyther by the water, the .a engen- 
 dered there. And therefore to declare my mynde more playnely herein, I fuppofe that this chaunceth only in 
 great ryuers which receaue abundaunce of waters of dyuers fpringes, foffes, and other ryuers, engendered partly 
 of the meltynge of fnowe and partly of great (bowers of rayne, whiche faulyng in certeyne chanels from the 
 toppes and fydes of [the] minerall mountaynes, wallhe away parte of the earth of theyr bankes and the ouer- 
 hanginge and holowe rockes which may conteyne the fubdaunce of golde : Or otherwyfe, that in fuch places, there 
 are ordinarie mines in the hyghe mountaynes or other fuperficiall owt places, perhappes incelTable and eyther fuch 
 whyther men can not come for extreme heate or cold or other hynderaunces, or els fuch as they haue contemned 
 to fearche : And yet the fame to bee fo confumed by the force of water as we haue fayde, and by the courfe 
 therof to bee caried into the ryuers. It may alfo chaunce that fuche mynerall earthes bee farre within the 
 mountaynes neare vnto fuch ryuers : And that in the fpace of many yeares, the fprynges idlTiewynge owt of the 
 fame, may eyther bee dryed vp (whiche thyng hath byn feene) or els turne theyr courfe an other way So that 
 it is no maruayle if in fuch a multitude of yeres, the trewe originall of thefe thynges bee vnknowen euen vnto 
 them that dwell nere fuch places. But in tine, howe fo euer it bee, trewe it is that golde is founde in the fandes 
 of many riuers : And particularly (as I haue noted) in the forenamed ryuers. And if therefore I haue mar- 
 uayled at this thynge, I owght worthely to bee excufed, fcafiTiuch as where iudgement can not bee certified by 
 reafon or eflTectuall app[e]arence, there arife many doubtfill oaiectures and newe caufes of admiration. But 
 yet do I maruel much more of an other thyng the which I aiu informed to bee mod trewe by the report of 
 many credible perfons: That is, that in fum places cf liii -garie at certeyne tymes of the yeare, pure golde 
 fpryngeth owte of the earthe in the lykeneflfe of fmaule herbes, wrethed and twyned lyke fmaule dalkes of 
 hoppes, about the byggenelTe of a pack threade, and foure fyngers in length or fume a handfuU. As concern- 
 ynge which thynge, Plinie alfo in the. xxxiii. [thirty-third] boke of his naturall hydorie, wryteth the lyke to haue 
 chaunced in Dalmatia in his tyme. The which (if it bee trewe) fuerly the hufbande men of thefe fieldes (ball 
 reape heauenly and not earthly frutes, fent them of god from heauen, and browght furth of nature withowt theyr 
 trauayle or arte. A grace doubtlelTe mod efpecial, fyth that in fo great a quantitie of earth graunted to the 
 pofTelTion of men, in maner onely this is thought woorthy fo hygh a priuileage. But what fhall I fay of that 
 wherof Albertus Magnus wiyteth in his booke of minerals, afiirmynge that he hath feene golde engendered in a 
 aS4 
 
 de 
 
 am 
 
 mil 
 
 pre 
 
 Th 
 
 wit 
 
 rafl 
 
 cfl 
 
 a 
 
 otH 
 
 he 
 
 am 
 
Of the gcncmtion of metals. 
 
 365 
 
 deadc mans headc : And that the fume bcinge foumle by chauncc in ily^'nyngc, and pcrcoaued 'ly the wcy^ht 
 and coloiire to contcyne fum nuncrall fubftaiince, was proucd by experience to holde a portion of fine golde 
 mixtc witli fmaulc fande. And in deedo his woonles feeine to found to none other feme but only that this 
 precious inetall was ennender[e]d tliere by the great (bfpofilion of tlie phu:e and llron^e inlhience of heauen : 
 The which fuerhe is a thynge hardely to be beleued. Yet confyilerynye th[e]aulorilie of fo grea'e a tlerke, 
 with the force of the fupcriour caufes and the niaruelous ])oure of nature, I had radier gyue faylh liereto then 
 raffliely to contcmne tlie iudgement of fo greate a clarke. And forafnniche as 1 haue begun to tell yow of thefe 
 cfTcctcs, I wyll not omytte to fliewe yowe of a (Iraunge thynge which chauncetl alfo in a part of llungarie, where 
 a myne of gold was fo found by cliaunce anil vnfought for, that it may neuerthclelle be an aduertifcnicnt to 
 other to fearchc diligently. So it is therefore, that a woman of the contrey beinge accullomed to reforte with 
 her bucke of clothes to waflbe them in a cerleyne fofle or dike where ranne a lytlle water, and vfynge tt) bc;ite 
 and rubbe them vpimn a Hone which feomed commodious for her purpofe, chaunced at the lengtii by her good 
 fortune to efpie on tlie ilone, a veyne of golde trauerfyng or ouertwliartinge the fame abowte tlie byggcnelVe of 
 a grofe packe direede, fliewynge fayrc and bright by reafon of her much rul)l)ynge. Wiierat marueylyiige dayly 
 more and more, at the length opened the matter to her fluniliers : who conferryngj with fiicli as hailde better 
 fliyll of the thynge, founde it in fine to bee a veyne of pure golde : And that ihi' (|uarrie of that Hone, trauerfed 
 the courfe of the water of the folle. Remouynge therfore the water, and turning the courfe thereof an other 
 waye, they beganne to dygge and folow the mine which halh now continued ceiteinc. C. [hundred] yeares fence 
 it was fyrfl found ; And hath not only greatly cnricheil that contrey, Hut alfo all Chrillendome hath had great 
 commoditie by the fame. This haue I rehearfed vnto yow the rather that yow IhuKle not bee negligent in any 
 jjoynt or omitte any fignc or token wherebye yowe may bee <ertil"ied of greale tliyiiges : not contemnynge the 
 fliadowe of any fmaule tokens : but afwel to gyue attentyue eare and eye vnto them, as to feare and forefee all 
 fuch thynges as may hynder. For (as yow may hereby well jierceaue) if credit had not fyr(l byn gyuen to the 
 woonles of the funple wooman, and the Uiynge afterwarde well folowed, perhai)pes they fliulde neylher nor euer 
 hereafter haue enioyed the frute of fo great a commoditie. Men therfore of good courage folowynge fuche 
 ryche figncs, dyd nother feare the fmauleneffe of the veyne or hardnefle of the Ilone ; prefuppofynge by good 
 reafon that goUle and fyluer can not lyghtly bee founde in fo fmaule <iuantitie, but that the fame flial be able tn 
 furmounte the charges. And this the more, in howc much the further yowe lliall enter into die (lone, as 
 chaunceth lommonly in all other mynes. Albeit, the practifed fearchers, faye that the myne of golde is not 
 founde in fuch great quantilie as are the m'ncs of other metals. Whcrin altliough perhapi'cs they fay trewly, 
 yet dooth it not t'olowe but that golde also maye be • founde in greate ipiantilie. And luerly it feenieth to me, that 
 the benignitie of nature hath graunted large (luantilies thereof to the worldc, and that much hath euer byn and 
 is founde amonge men, confyderynge in how many jilaces it is dayly gathered afwel in mountaynes as in 
 fandes of ryuers, byfyde that whiche is founde accompanied and ioyned with other metals. A further profe 
 hereof may that bee, which is confumcd and hydde by the dyuers inuentions of men ; As that whiche the 
 paynters beflowe in adournynge theyr woorkes : And goldefmylhes both in gyltynge other metals and alfo in 
 makynge dyuers woorkes of maflie golde : byfyde that which the woorker of clothe of golde antl arras tloo 
 confume : with fuch as imbrotherers and fylke woomen fpende abowt the vanities of men and womens apparell 
 and tyrcmentes. Alfo fuch as is confumcd vppon trappers and furnimentes for horfes, with gylted harneflfe and 
 fuch other fumptuoufnelfe as perteyneth to the warres and niagnifical buyldinges of noble mens houfes and 
 temples: Byfyde that alfo whiche the couctoufnelTe of men hath hydde in (Ironge waides, and burycd in the 
 grounde, inclofed in chayned cofers locked with triple keyes : And that which ferueth to the dayly vfes of men 
 and wandereth about the worlde through the handes of marchauntes. The whiche thynges well confydercd, 
 who fo thinketli that nature bringeth furth but lyttle golde, (ball perceaue that there is greate (luantitie therof in 
 the worlde, although there bee but fewe that haue fo much as may fatiftie the thirfl of theyr couetoufnelTe. And 
 to fpeake particidarly of Italic, althoughe there bee no myne of golde knowen in it, yet by the vertue and 
 diligence of good wyttes, it hath euer and at all ages byn more ryche then many other prouinces ; Notwith- 
 flandynge it hath often tymes byn Ipoyled and ouerrunne of dyuers nations, as nowe of late in owre tyme by the 
 cniell handes of the Barbarians which entered into it abowt. xl. [forty] yeares pade. But who knoweth (as hath 
 chaunced in the dayes of owre valient predicelTors) whether Godde wyll ageyne gyue vs occafion to chadife them 
 and fo to inuade theyr regions that wee maye woonne owre owne ageyne with increafe of dowble vfurie. Or if 
 he wyll not permitte this, perhappes he wyll graunte vs to fynde fum ryche myne of golde. For, confyderynge 
 and feynge that this owre region of Italie is replenyfflied with as many excellent thynges as in maner heauen 
 can gyue to any habitable place, it is not to bee thought that this benefite of golde (hulde bee wantynge, wheras 
 it bryngeth furth fuch plentie of al other mines except this of golde and tynne. And yet doo I verely beleue 
 that it is not withowt the mynes of thefe alfo, although they be not yet difcouered to the knowleage of men : 
 As I am perfuaded bothe by the golde that is founde in the fayd ryuers, and alfo by the dyuers and fundry 
 
 365 
 
 A mynp of (t'llilo 
 fuuuucbychauitce 
 
 A vnyne of gulils 
 ill a ktutic. 
 
 No «!f{nc!i to t« 
 uituttcd. 
 
 338 
 
 III like 
 
 !itic :ts are 
 metals, 
 ■riles of 
 . ,„j, ofi-olde. 
 
 Howc diners 
 wayes %i\\i\Q. w 
 cousumcU. 
 
 ^f.'l^y haue to 
 imiclic, but fewe 
 haue cnowgli. 
 Italic wasteti Iiy 
 tlic bur buna us. 
 
 'S%1*] 
 
 ^' tf 
 
 ri^'f.,:A 
 
 Commendacion 
 of lulie 
 
 
 Golde and tynne 
 Mjanc nitncral&. 
 
366 
 
 Of the generation of metals. 
 
 \ 
 
 The golde of 
 luUiu. 
 
 Golde contayned 
 in other mculs. 
 
 The mancr of 
 pourgiiige ofgolde, 
 
 339 
 
 Lapis lazuH. 
 
 Asure. 
 
 Howe golde is 
 drawen frome 
 Lapis iazuli with 
 quickesylucr. 
 
 The brjine or 
 test of Icade. 
 
 The maner of 
 
 pourgiiige golJc 
 withlcadc. 
 
 Whether syluer 
 hauc A mine by 
 liil selfe or no. 
 
 CenixiusAgricola. 
 
 A table of mineral 
 syluer. 
 
 The wnrken of 
 nature. 
 
 Mixte metales. 
 
 mcane minerals which are founde in many places and adiudgcd of the practicionars to bee certeyne cleare 
 tokens of theyr proper and natural agentes. But for that they are not found, felte, or feene, we owght not 
 therby to affirme that they are not To conclude therfore, I thinke that in owr partes of Italie, pure golde is 
 none other wayes founde (excepte that which is currant amonge the marchauntes) then after twoo fortes, wherof 
 the one is that which is founde in the fandes of ryuers : And the other, that whiche is gotten by the induRrious 
 and fubtyle art of partyng gold from new fyluer, or from giltyng fyluer, or other metals which hold gold, as there 
 are in maner but fewe which hold not fum fmaul portion therof, more or lefle according to the mixtion and 
 permanencie of theyr fubfiances, or accordynge to the qualitie and force of the pianettes which expreffe theyr 
 influence in the generation of them. And in fine, this is the golde that which is founde in owre partes of Italie. 
 Nowe therfore to retume to the matter whereof is owre chiefe intcite to intreate, hauynge before fpoken fuffici- 
 ently >->(" the generation and inuention of the myne of golde, I wyll further declare vnto yowe howe it owght to 
 be pourged from earthly fuperfluitie, and efpecially that whiche is founde lyinge in the forme of veynes, and 
 although I haue not feene the edifi[c]es and engens wherwith the myners are accufiomed to get it owt, yet wyll 
 I fliewe yow howe by other practifes I haue learned to pourge it, that yow may not bee without fum knowleage 
 yf your fortune (lialbe fo good as to fynde any in Italy. When yow haue therfore dygged owt the myne and 
 placed it in order, yow owght to confider in what kynde of (lone it is engendered. And if it bee in that which 
 is cauled ZaJ>is Lazuli, then mufle yow fo drawe owte the golde that yowe alfo faue the (lone, bycaufe perfecte 
 Afure is made therof, and fuch as the paynters caule Azurro Oltramarino, that is, Afure of beyonde the fea, 
 which they greatly efteme and bye it deare. And to do this, it is neceflaiy that yowe fyrft beate it into fine 
 ponder, and then put it in a trey or brode treene dyffhe, and wafflie it fayre and cleane with water. This 
 (lone anialgame or rubbe it well with quickefyluer vntyll it haue lycked vppe and drawne al the golde into it 
 anil left the (lone pure of it felfe. Then (Irayne the quickefyluer from the golde through a bagge of lethcr, or 
 vapour it away in a (lyllatorie of gla(re : And thus (hal yowe fynde the golde in the bottome of the veffell in 
 miner pure without quickefyluer, as I haue fayde before. And if yow haue no refpecte to faue the (lone, it 
 (hall fufiice to vfe the common experience, meltynge it in a fomace in a bayne or tede of leade. But in my 
 opinion, the bed maner to brynge it to pureneffe, is fyrd to burne the mine with a gentell fyre in an open 
 fornace, and to fufifer it to euaporate well if it bee not in fuch (lone as yowe defyre to faue. Then grynde it in 
 a niylle or beate it with pedel'es adapted with a wheele vntyll it be browght to fine pouder. And when yow 
 haue wel wafflied it and fo much waded the fuperfluous earthynetfe therof, then put it in a tede made 
 accordynge to the quantitie of the fame, and melt it therin with leade whiche yowe (hall confume partely by 
 vapoure and partely with drawynge it owt by the fyde of the tede (as is the maner) vntyll yowe come to the 
 pure golde whiche yowe fliall in fine brynge to perfecte purenelTe in vtterly confumynge the remanent of the 
 leade with vehement fire increafed by the helpe of dronge bellowes. And this is the vniuerfal maner which 
 yow may vfe not only in pourgynge the myne of golde, but alfo the mynes of all other metals. 
 
 t^ Of the myne of flitter and the qualitie therof 
 
 Here are (as I vnderdande) diuers opinions emonge the practitionars of the mynes, whether 
 fyluer haue a proper myne by it felfe or no. The reafons of fuche as writte of the natures of 
 mineralles, and th[e]autoritie of the mod, perfuade me to alTent to the a(firmatiue : Not only 
 to fee the naturall matter didincte, as is to perceaue in the mynes of golde, copper, leade and 
 other metals whiche in theyr mynes are found pure by them felues without mixtion, but alfo 
 that I vnderdand that there hath bin found likewyfe certeyne pieces afwell of this mettall of 
 filuer, as of gold and copper, browght to his lade fynelTe by th[e]only worke of nature. And 
 this dooth Georgius Aqrico/a a lerned man of Germany confirme in his booke of minerals wl-ere he writteth 
 that in Saxonie there was found in a caue a piece of mineral filuer of fuch bignes, that the duke the prince and 
 patrone of that place, caufed a chayre and fquare dyninge table after the maner of Almanye to be made therof 
 witliowte any further woorke of mans hande : Gloryinge often tymes that in this thynge he furmounted the 
 greatnelTe and magnificence of the Emperoure. But in deede (excepte copper) I haue feene no nietall taken 
 owte of the caue puic withowt his vre. Yet doo I beleeue it a thynge polTible, confyderinge the greate force and 
 poure of nature, th[e]ende of whofe woorkynge euer intendeth to bringeall thynges to perfection as farre as it is not 
 otherwyfe hyndered. Yet (as I haue fayde) of the mode parte of thofe mynes whiche I haue feene, none of 
 theym haue byn withowt mixture, not only of the earthe of their owne proper myne, but haue byn alfo myxte 
 with other metals : And efpecially this of fyluer more then any other, excepte onlye that which was digged in 
 Sc/iio, in Vicentina. And therefore not withowt fum (liadow of apparent rcafon, haue fuche doubles rifm 
 
Of tlie pmeration of metals. 
 
 367 
 
 certeyne cleare 
 , we owght not 
 , pure golde is 
 • fortes, wherof 
 the induflrious 
 
 gold, as there 
 e mixtion and 
 
 exprefle theyr 
 lartes of Italic. 
 
 fpoken fuffici- 
 we it owght to 
 )f veynes, and 
 t owt, yet wyll 
 iim knowleage 
 the myne and 
 
 in that which 
 caufe perfecte 
 Konde the fea, 
 ite it into fine 
 
 water. This 
 ; golde into it 
 e of lether, or 
 
 the veflell in 
 : the flone, it 
 ;. But in my 
 re in an open 
 n grynde it in 
 nd when yow 
 1 tefte made 
 ne partely by 
 
 come to the 
 anent of the 
 mancr which 
 
 nes, whether 
 le natures of 
 e : Not only 
 :r, leade a«d 
 ion, but alfo 
 is mettall of 
 iture. And 
 
 he writteth 
 ! prince and 
 made therof 
 fiounted the 
 iietall taken 
 te force and 
 e as it is not 
 ne, none of 
 
 alfo myxte 
 s digged in 
 }ubtcs rifm 
 
 amonge the practitionars of the mynes. And yet (as I haue fayd) I beleue that filiicr may haue and hath his 
 proper mine, forafmuche as euery fubllaunce that maye be conuerted into metall, may afwell (lande by it felfe 
 pure in his owne kynde, as eyther feperate or mixte with other, as is often times fccne in one maffe in the 
 whiche diuers metals are conteyned and engendered by nature. And by this meancs it often chaunceth that 
 he that fpeaketh of the mine of filuer, may with the fame brethe and withowt diftinction, fpeake alfo of all other 
 metales, forafmuche as there are but fewe mynes which are not mixte with other. But bycaufe the mode 
 noble and ryche metals haue obteyned the prerogatiue to be eflemed aboue other, therfore the name of the 
 myne is gyuen to them wher they are mixte with other : as the mynes which holde copper, leade, or iren, 
 (as doo the mode parte) yet if they holde alfo golde or fyluer, they are cauled gold mynes or fyluer mynes, 
 according vnto that which is founde in them to bee of mod value. But to lette palTe this matter, yowe 
 fliall further vnderftande that when fuche mynes are mixte of dyuers metals, they fliew furth fo much 
 the more diuers and variable fumofites of tinctures and marchafites, as fignes where they bee and of what 
 pureneffe : forafmuch as euery of them according to theyr natures, exalte theyr colours which they Ihewe furtlie 
 to the eye, fum in the fimilitude of afurine or blewe ftones, fum greene, fum yelowe, and fum of vndidinct 
 colours accordynge to the compofitions and mixtures of the fyrd matters of metals, which is alfo the caufe tJiat 
 they are founde more or leffe in quantitie. Nowe to fpeake more particularly of this metall of fyluer, the 
 philofophers fpeculatours of naturall thynges, faye that it is engendered of fubdaunce more watery then 
 fyerie, of complexion feminine and flegmatike in comparifon to gold : receauynge more of th[e]influence of the 
 moone then of the fon, and therfore engendered more in coulde regions nerer vnto the moone, then in hotte 
 regions vnder the foonne : confiding alfo of pure elementes, although fumwhat crude and vndygeded in refpecte 
 of the elementes of golde as may bee plainely perceaued by theyr colours, weyght, and fixation. The practi- 
 cionars affirme that it is engendered in a done lyke vnto Albazano, and alfo in an other done of a ruflTet, dcade, 
 and darke colour : And is often tymes founde in an other done lyke vnto JVeuertino or in Treuertino it felfe. 
 The myne hereof, is very ponderous, and hathe in it often tymes certeyne diynynge graynes : The wliich howe 
 much the leffe they are like to the poynte of a needle fo muche is the myne founde to bee the perfecter, 
 bycaufe this is a token of pureneffe and fixion. And when it is founde in a whyte done, or leade done, it is fo 
 muche the better, bycaufe it maye be the eafyer pourged from the done and earthyneffe. When alfo it is 
 founde lyinge as it were loofe amonge certeine fcales or cloddes of earth, they faye that it is perfecte, although 
 it haue not to the eye fuche refplendence as other are wonte to haue. They fay alfo that it is engendered in an 
 earth of darke ruffet colour : And that when it is founde in this, it is of great quantitie and perfection, and that 
 there is great plentie therof within the mountayne : This alfo to be fo much the better in howe much more it is 
 diynynge of the coloure of iren or redde. And that yowe may the better comprehend the fignes of the myne of 
 the forefayde metall, yowe diall vnderdand that euen togyther with the myne, eyther where it is fyrde founde, 
 or nere vnto the fnni^, yowe diall fee certeyne marchafites of yelowe coloure lyke vnto golde. The which, the 
 more they holde of fuche hyghe colour, fo much the more do they diewe aduft. or burnt matter and heate, as 
 thynges contrary to the nature of theyr metals. And therfore accordynge to the degrees of fuche colours, 
 yow may in maner iudge of what fatnes or leaneneffe the myne is lyke to bee. Such marchafites therfore 
 as diewe the bed fignes of the goodneffe of theyr mynes, owght in coloure to approche to whyteneffe as 
 much as may bee, and to confyd of fmaule graynes, and not in greate quantitie. And this is a generall rule of 
 all marchafites, that howe much the narower and leffe they are, the more do they (hewe the goodneffe of theyr 
 myne. This myne of fyluer is alfo often times founde in a veyne of great quantitie, and yet fo leane in 
 qualitie that it wyll not beare the charge of the dyggyng, bicaufe it is founde in a harde done lyke vnto 
 Albazano, beinge verye harde to bee dygged or broken. Sum tymes alfo, it is found in the company of 
 copper or leade : The which lykewyfe i'.' U do not furmount the value of the charges, it is not to bee 
 folowed. 0';herwhyk'3 alfo, it fo chaunceth that thefe thre metals are founde accompanyed togyther in one 
 myne : In whiche cafr it flialbe neceflarie to vfe aduertifement of arte. And prefuppofynge that yowe defyre 
 to feparate the fyluer frome the other meull, it is neceffarie that yowe increafe th: leade. But if yow paffe 
 not to faue neyther the fyluer nor the ler.de, but only the copper, it dialbe requifite to proceade with longe 
 and great fyers vn^yl the weaked matter; bee confumed. But this owght to be doone efpecially in fuch mines 
 as hold iren. Yet n* yther for this or t'.iofe, can there any general rule be gyuen, but that accordynge vnto 
 theyr qualitie and nature, fo owght they to be diuided : And this fo much the more in that they are often 
 tymes mixte with fum drye earthe, or with a quantitie of antimonie or arfenike, which are matters altogyther 
 euaporable and bumte, or of ha/de fubdaunce to bee reduced to fufion or meltynge : In fo much that the 
 artificers fumtymes beinge ouercumme of them, leaue them as thynges vnprofitable. Wherof there can ncne 
 other caufe often times be gyuen, then theyr owne ignoraunce by reafon of extraordinarie and longe fyers whiche 
 they gyue them. And therefore '.hey woorke inordinately in fuch kynd of mynes, except they accompanie them 
 in the fufion or meltynge with futh thinges as may defende them from the fyer. For wheras is furhe abun- 
 
 340 
 
 Diliurs metal:) in 
 one mas&c. 
 
 In the Indies _ 
 golde founde in 
 gi-c.itc quantitie. 
 pure aud vnmijite. 
 
 The coulours of 
 mineral f umui^itca. 
 
 The generacion 
 and qualitie of 
 siluer. 
 
 The influences 
 of the ntonc. 
 
 Stones in the ^ 
 which sylucr is 
 engendered. 
 
 The myne of 
 sylucr. 
 
 The mountayne. 
 
 Marchasites of 
 syluer. 
 
 What marchasites 
 arc the bestr 
 signes. 
 
 Sylucr mynfejs 
 iu harde stones. 
 
 Syluer with 
 copper or leade. 
 
 The deuydinfr of 
 siluer from other 
 metals. 
 
 341 
 
 Iren. 
 
 Metals mixte with 
 Aiitiinonie ur 
 Arsiiike 
 
 ffowe metals are 
 prescrucU in 
 fusion. 
 
 nEM 
 

 \ 
 
 368 
 
 Sulphur and 
 mercury c. 
 
 Grinding and 
 wasshinge of 
 myncs. 
 
 The amalgamynge 
 of mines with 
 Mercury. 
 
 Mines holdynge 
 the fourthe part 
 of siluer. 
 
 Copper holdinge 
 
 lyluer. 
 
 TTire vnces vl of 
 siluer in euery 
 hundreth of mine 
 War bctwene 
 MaximiHan 
 Th[e]emperour 
 and the Venecians. 
 
 The myn» of 
 Almanye. 
 
 The marchasite 
 mixte with the 
 myne. 
 
 342 
 
 <V 
 
 0/ the geiiemtion of met ah. 
 
 daunce eyther of burnte matter, or of fuperfluous waterynefTe, wherof the one is cauled Sulphur or brymdone, 
 and the other Mercuric or quickfyluer not fixed, or arfenike, it is neceflarie that the one burne the fyluer, and 
 the other cary it a way, fo that of the myne there refteth none other then an earthye fubdaimce infufible and 
 not able to bee molten. To faue the fayde myne therefore it flialbe requifite to vfe difcretion with much 
 pacience and conucniente meanes, fyrfte after the common maner of woorkynge to euaporate the myne (as wee 
 haue fayde) or withowt euaporation to grinde it fmaule : then to wafrtie it often, and in fine, if not by great 
 fyers, at the leafte by great baynes or teftes of leade to pourge it And to brynge this effect the more eafely to 
 paffe as much as may be, after that it is grounde yow owght to proue in the fame grindynge or in an other, 
 if it may be amalgamed with Mercuric which is the befl maner of profe, if the myne bee of a drye nature : And 
 I knowe that it hath bynne vfed of many to theyr greate profyte : And efpecially in thofe forte of mynes which 
 I fayde before to bee dygged in Vigcntina in Schio, beinge very rychc and good. Proue it therforc. For all 
 kyndes of mines do not receaue it. And of this wherof I haue fi^-Ven, I haue intelligence that there hath bynne 
 pieces founde holdynge a fourtr. part of fyluer, and fum more then halfe. And this was founde lyinge in maner 
 in the fuperficiall part, of the earth : and fum tymes in pathes and high wayes. It hath alfo bin founde vnder 
 the rootes of fuche trees as haue byn ouerthrowen by tempeftc : and this very perfecte. So that emonge all the 
 mynes whiche I haue feene in the dominions of Venice, as in Camia and in many other places, I ran not faye 
 that I haue feene any better: Although there bee many caues wherof the mod parte are of copper holdinge 
 fyluer : and emonge other, that in the mountayne of Auanzo, where I in the company of certeync 'her gentle- 
 men caufed a caue to bee digged. And bycaufe the hole charge was committed to mee, I wente by occafion 
 twyfc into high Almanye to fee the mynes of that countrey, wherby I might haue the better experience to faule 
 to practyfe at my returne. In fo much that I founde the mine which we had taken in hande to folowe, to bee 
 very good and rychc : holdynge more then three vnces and a halfe of fyluer in euery hundreth of the myne. 
 And doubtleffe we (huld haue obteyned great commoditie hereby if fortune at that tyme had not rayfcd warre 
 betwene Maximilian Th[e]emperoure and the fignorie of Venece : which was the caufe that thofe places of Frioli 
 and Carnia, coulde not be quietly inhabited : whereby we were enforced to forfake owre enterpryfe, and to rafe 
 and dellroy th[e]order which we had begUi>nc. And by reafon that the wam;s continued longc, we wen co.: 
 (Irayned to diuide owr company, where I alfo departed an other way, hauyng euer in mynde to foiowe ■• r. 
 attempted enterpryfe when better oportunitie fliuldc ferue. In the meane tyme returnyng ageine u.to, hych 
 Almanie, I made more diligent fearche to knowe the mynes then before : and went to Sbozzo, naipcf, 1\ " j- 
 fpriich, Alia, and Aroitinbcrgk : frome whenfe I wente into dyuers places of Italy. So that to conclude, 
 the mod and bed mynes whiche I haue fene to holde mod of fyluer, are thofe that arc founde m 
 Vicaitina in certeyne dones of a dark grey, or ruffet colour, as I haue fayde before. And nowe 
 for a generall aduertifement, I wyll noi omyt to tell yow, that whon yow haue attempted to 
 dygge any mynes, and haue founde the marchafite and the myne myxt togyther, yowe 
 fliall leaue of yowre woorke, bycaufe it fignifieth that the myne is neare to the fuper- 
 ficiall part ol the earth, and that it is of but lyttlc quantitie. And thus as 
 touchyng this myne of fyluer, I can fay no more fauynge that I haue not 
 yet (hewed yowe the maner of pourgynge it from earthely grofenes 
 and to brynge it to perfect metall. But bycaufe I haue detcr- 
 myned to fpcake largely hereof in the proper place of the 
 fufic or meltynge of all metals, I haue thowght 
 gC/d to fpeake no further of this matter at 
 this prefente. 
 
 
 % 
 W 
 
 I 
 
Of the generation of metals. 
 
 369 
 
 ' or brymftonc, 
 the fyluer, and 
 e infufible and 
 ion with much 
 ; myne (as wee 
 if not by great 
 more eafely to 
 or in an other, 
 e nature : And 
 f mynes which 
 fore. For all 
 ire hath bynne 
 inge in maner 
 founde vnder 
 emonge all the 
 [ ran not faye 
 pper holdinge 
 'her gentle- 
 te by occafion 
 rience to faule 
 fclowe, to bee 
 of the myne. 
 t rayfcd warre 
 laces of Frioli 
 fe, and to rafe 
 we vert- ca:- 
 fo.o.ve ..'.vrv 
 le I!. to hygh. 
 
 D conclude, 
 aunde in 
 1 nowe 
 d to 
 e 
 
 THE MANER OF WORKYNGE IN GOLDE 
 
 MYNES IN EGIPTE IN OWED TYME, AFTER THE 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF DIODORVb b CVLVS, WHO WROTTE HIS HISTORIE 
 
 cauLJ Bibliotheca, fumwhat before the dayes of th[e]emperoure 
 
 Octauianus Auguftus, and before th[e] incarnation of 
 
 Chrift abovvt. xl. [forty] yeares. 
 
 He wryteth therefore in his fourthe booke as foloweth. 
 
 E haue not thowght good to pretermit howe golde is founde, digged, and wrought amonge the 
 Egiptians. In the confines therefore of Egipte where it borthereth with Ethiopia and Arabia, 
 there are certeyne places frutefull of metalles, owt of the whiche, golde is digged with great 
 laboure and expenfes. For a blacke earthe of minerale nature, hath certeyne vaynes of mode 
 white marble exceadinge bright and fliyninge. The furueyours of this woorke, haiie alTigncd 
 them a great company ot men to woo'-ke and coyne golde. Fop the kir.ges of Egipte are 
 accuftomed to appoynte to thefe paynefull trauailes, all fuche as haue byn conr\:te for cer- 
 teyne crimes and condemned by lawes, or taken prifoners in the warres, or fuche as haue byn committed to 
 prifon through the indignation of princes who by this meanes haue bothe great vantage by theyr laboure, and 
 punyftie them fufficiently for theyr offenfes. For barbarous and (Irange fouldiers of diuers languagies, bare rule 
 ouer them and keepe them to theyr worke, in fuche forte that th[e]ufe of fpeache beinge taken from theym, they 
 can not bee corrupted by loue or intreatie. They Irawe golde owt of the hardefl earth decocte with much fyer. 
 The fofteft (lone which is broken with meane labour, is digged with inftrumentes of iren by the trauayle of many 
 thoufrinds of men. The fcrier which decemeth the veines of the myne, go[e]th before the workemcn, appoynt- 
 ing them the places where they fliall digge. The marble flone whiche he (lieweth theini, they brcake and 
 cleaue with wedgies of iren by the mere flrength of theyr bodies withowte arte. They make tiieyr fofie or caue, 
 not right furthe, but as the bright nature of the golden marble leadeth them, beinge otherwyfu darke and obfcure 
 by reafon of theyr fundry tumes and bendinges diuers wayes. The labourers caryinge lyght before theyr for[e]- 
 heades, digge great (lones owt of the myne, wliyche they let faule on the ground. From this labour they ncucr 
 refl, inforced to contynual woorke with (Irokes and contumelious woordes. Children of tli[e]age of. xii. [twelue] 
 or. xiii. [thirteen] yeares or vppewarde, are diuided into two companyes, whereof the one breake the (lones into 
 fmaule pieces, and the other cary furth that which is broken. They that are pad th[e]age of. xxx. [thirty] 
 yeares, receaue the fayd broken (lones at theyr hands and beate them in verfels of (lone with maules of iren, to 
 the quantitie of tares or fytches : which afterward they cad into many milles, whereby the laboure of two or 
 three women or owlde men to euery mylle, they are grounde as fmaule as meale. The fyithinelTe of the bodies 
 of thefe labourers, is apparent to all men. For not fo muche as their priuie members are couered with any 
 thinge : And theyr bodies byfyde fo fylthy, that no man can beholde them withowt compalTion of theyr miferie. 
 But no pitie, no rede, no remilfion is graunted them, whether they bee men or women, youiige or owlde, fycke 
 or feeble : But are all with drokes inforced to continuall labour vntyl the jwore wretches faynt and often tymes 
 dye for extreme debilitie : In fo much that many of them for feare of theyr lyfe to coomme (which they thynke 
 woorfe then the prefent payne) preferre death before lyfe. When they haue thus grounde the denes very 
 fmaule, they cad that fubdaunce vppon brode tables inclynynge fumwhat diepe or dandynge a dope, and cad 
 water thereon, derynge continually the fayde pouder of marble : by the meanes wherof tiie earth anil vre of tiie 
 myne is wafflied away, and the golde as the heauier matter remayncth on the tables. ^Vhen they haue doone 
 thus often tymes, they ouerturne the golde continually with theyr handcs and rub it with thynne fpoonges, owt 
 of the which they prelTe a fofte earth, and thus continewe vntyll the pure metall remajne lyke vnto golden fande. 
 After that this preparation is fynyfflied, other woorkenien receanynge it at theyr handes by meafure and weyght, 
 cad it into earthen pottes, puttynge thereto a certeyne portion of leade, with branne of barly, and weedes of 
 the fea cauled reites or oufe, Thefe thynges proi)ortioned accordingly, they clofe the i)ottcs diligently with 
 cley, and fo let them dand in a furneffe with fyer for the fpace of fyue continuall dayes and nyghtes. In which 
 fpace, al other thinges of contrary mixture beinge confunied, only the golde is found in the veflols, fumwliat 
 diminyfflied of the fyrd weyght. And by this labour and diligence is golde polTelTed in the furtlied parte of 
 Egypt. Wherby, euen nature her felfe teacheth vs howe laborious it is in fyndyngc, tedious in purfuinge, daun- 
 gerous in keepynge, and in vfe conditute bctwene pleafure and forowe. 
 
 GoI('. in a black 
 eart.ie. and white 
 marble 
 
 Then damned to 
 the mctales ;ui 
 nuwe to the 
 galUes. 
 
 EuuN. 
 
 2 E 
 
 3«9 
 
 The scrier of the 
 vayne. 
 
 Golden marble. 
 
 The woorke of 
 chyldren. 
 
 Mylles. 
 
 The misery of 
 the miners 
 
 TTie pourcingc of 
 the metall frome 
 the vrc. 
 
 The melting of 
 golde. 
 
 343 
 
 Alga. 
 
i:i 
 
 :;> ff 
 
 'H ' I 
 
 - I 
 
 i^ 
 
 !! 
 
 ! ■ WMMwiuBBaaiiiu^ 
 
371 
 
 [The Third English book on America, 
 
 Which is also 
 
 The First English Collection of Voyages, Traffics, & Discoveries. 
 
 €ftt Bttntft^ ct tlie nt\x}t tuorltre or \x>tst Mttin, tit. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 The first two Voyages out of 
 England into Gtiinea. 
 
 'SS3-'SS4A.D.] 
 
•*, i 
 
 \ 
 

 373 
 
 IE THE DISCRIPTION OF THE TWO VI AGES 
 
 MADE OWT OF ENGLAND INTO GVINEA IN AFFRIKE 
 
 AT THE CHARGES OF CERTEYNE MARCHAVNTES ADVENTVRERS 
 
 of the ciiie of London, in the yeare of owre Lordc. 
 
 M.D.LIIL 
 
 Hat tliefe vyages to Guinea are placed after thebooke of Metals as 
 feparate frome other vyages, the caufe hereof is, that after I had 
 delyuered the fayde booke of metalles to the handes of the 
 printers, I was defyred by certeyne my frendes to make fumme 
 mention of thefe viages,that fum memorie myght thereof remayne 
 toowrpofteritie if eyther iniquitie of tymeconfumyngeall thinges, 
 or ignorauncc creepynge in by barbaroufneffe and contempte of 
 knoweleage.fliulde hereafter bury inobliiiionfowoorthyattemptes, 
 fo much the greatlyer to bee eflemed as before neuer enterpryfed 
 by Englyfflie men, or at the leafte fo frequented as at this prefent 
 they are and may bee to the greate commoditie of owre mar- 
 chauntes, if the fame be not hyndered by th[e]ambifion of fuch 
 as for the conqueflynge of fortie or fyftie myles here and there, 
 end erectynge of certeyne fortreffes or rather blockhoufes amongc 
 na'-vJ people, thinke them felues woorthy to bee lordes of 
 ha fe the worlde,enuying that other fliulde enioy the commodities 
 which they them felues can not holy polTeffe. And although fuch 
 as haue byn at charges in the difcoucr)fige and conciueftynge of fuch landes, owght by good reaton to 
 haue certeyne priuilegies, preeminencies, and tributes for the fame, yet (to fpeake vnder correction) it may 
 feeme fumwhat rigorous and ageynft good reafon and confcience, or rather ageynfl the charitie that owglit 
 to bee anionge Chryflen men, that fuch as violentely inuade the dominions of other, fliuld not permit other 
 frendely to vfe the trade of marchandies in places r uer or feldome frequented of them, wherby theyr trade is 
 not hindered in fuch places where they them felues haue at theyr owne election appoynted the martes of theyr 
 trafike. But forafmuche as at this prefente it is not my intent to accufe or defend, approue or improue, I wil 
 ceafe to fpeake any further hereof, and proceade to the defcription of the fyrft viage as briefely and foythfully as 
 I was aduertifed of the dime by th[e]information of fuch credible pcrfons as made diligent inquifition to knowe 
 the truth hereof as much as flialbe requifite, omyttynge to fpeake of many particular thynges not greatly nccef- 
 farie to be knowen : whiche neuerthelefle with alfo th[e]exact courfe of the nauigation, fhal be mere fully 
 declared in the fecond vyage. And if herein flxuoure or frendfliyppe (hall perhappes caufe fum to thinke that 
 fum haue byn fliarpely touched, let them laye a parte fauoure and frendfliippe and gyue place to truth, that honed 
 men may receaue prayfe for well doinge, and lewde perfons reproche as the iuR (lipende of theyr euyll defertes, 
 whereby other may bee deterred to do the lyke, and vertuous men encouraged to proceade in honed attemi)tes. 
 But that thefe vyages may bee more playnely vnderdode of al men, I haue thowght good for tliis purpofe 
 before I intreate hereof, to make a breefe defcription of Affrica beinge that greate parte of the worldc, on whofe 
 Wede fyde begynneth the coad of Guinea at Cabo Vertle abowt the. xii. [twelve] degrees in latitude on this 
 fyde the Eciuinoctiall line, and two degrees in longitude from the mr .-".furynge line, fo runnynge from the north 
 to the fouth and by ead in fum places within v. iiii. and. iii. degrees and a halfe within the Equinoctiall, 
 and fo furth in maner directly ead and by north for the fpace of. xxxvi. [thirty-six] degrees or there abowt in 
 longitude from the Wed to the Ead, as fliall more playnely appere in the defcryption of the feconde vyage. 
 
 2 E 2 m 
 
 Ainbilion. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 The co.t!<t of 
 Guiiie.1. 
 
374 
 
 The vyage to Guinea. 
 
 , I 
 
 ilA 
 
 
 344 
 
 Tunnel. 
 
 Bu>tia. 
 
 Tripoli. 
 Numidia. 
 
 IlandesofTunnes. 
 Malta. 
 
 The (liscrtcs of 
 Libia. 
 
 Barbaric. 
 Mauritani.!. 
 
 The kingdoms nf 
 
 Fes and luarruck. 
 
 Trcmesin. 
 
 Oram. 
 
 Nasiviquibcr 
 
 Salla. 
 
 Azamor. 
 
 The Ilnndcs of 
 Canarie. 
 Guinea. 
 Ethiopians. 
 
 Marrocka 
 Fes. 
 
 TremesiiL 
 Guinea. 
 
 Africa the great 
 
 AITrikc the lesse. 
 
 Carthage. 
 
 Prestcr lohn. 
 
 Cape de nuona 
 
 Speranza. 
 
 The sea of sande. 
 
 Alcair. 
 
 345 
 
 From whense the 
 quceneof Saba 
 came. 
 Manicongni. 
 
 The earthly 
 Paradysc. 
 The trees of ihc 
 soonne and 
 moone. 
 
 A BREEFE DESCRIPTION OF AfFRIKE. 
 
 jN Aflrica the Icfle are thefe kyngetlomes : The kyngcdome of Tunes, and Conrtantina which is 
 at this day vnder Tunes, and alfo the region of Hugia, Tripoli, and Ezzab. This part of 
 Afrike is very baren by reafon of tlie greate defertes, as the defertes of Numidia and Itarcha, 
 Tlie principall portes of the k) ngedome of Tunes are thefe : Goletta, Bizerta, Portofarnia, 
 IJoua, antl Stora. The chiefe citifs of Tunes, are Conllantia and 13oua with dyuers other. 
 Vnder this kyngec'ome are many Ilandes, as Zerbi, Lampadola, Pantalarea, Limofo, Beit, 
 Ganielaro, and Malta where at this prefente is the greate mailer of the Rodes. Vnder the 
 fouthe of this kyngedonie, are the great defertes of Libia. Al the nations [of] this Africa the 
 less, are of the fecte of Machomet and a ruflicall people lyuynge fcattered in vyllages. The befte of this parte 
 of Afrike, is Barbaria lyinge on the coafte of the fea Mediterraneum. 
 
 Mauritania (nowe caulcd Barbaria) is diuided in two partes, as Mauritania Tingitania, and Cefarienfis. 
 Mauritania Tingitania, is nowe cauled the kyngilome of Fes and the kyngedonie of Marrocko. The principall 
 citie of Fes, is cauled FelHi : and the chiefe citie of Marrocko, is named Marrocko. Mauritania Cefarienfis is 
 at this day cauled the kyngedonie of Tremifen, with alfo the citie cauled Temifen or Trelenfin. This region 
 is full of defertes, and reacheth to the fea Mediterraneum to the citie of Oram with the ]iorte of Maffacjuiber. 
 The kyngedonie of Fes reachethe vnto the Ocean fea from the Well to the citie of Argilla : and the porte of 
 the fayde kyngedome is cauled Salla. 
 
 'i'he kyngedome of Marrocko is alfo extended aboue the Ocean fea vnto the citie of Azamor and Azafi 
 whiche are aboue the Ocean fea towarde the Weft of the fayde kyngdome. In Mauritania Tingitanea (that is 
 to fay in the two kyngedomcs of Fes and Marrocko) are in the fea, the Ilandes of Canarie cauled in owlde time 
 the fortunate Ilandes. Toward the fouth of this region, is the kyngedome of Guinea, with Senega, laiofo, 
 Gambra, and nianye other regions of the blacke Moores cauled Ethiopians or Negros, all whiche are watered 
 with the ryuer Negro cauled in owlde tyme Niger. In the fayde regions are no cities : but only certeyne lowe 
 cotages made of bouwes of trees plallered with chauke and couered with llrawe : In thefe regions are alfo very 
 great tlefertes. 
 
 The kyngedome of Marrocko hath vnder it thefe feuen kyngedomes : Hea, Bus, Guzula, the territorie of 
 Marrocko, Duchala, Hazchora, and Telde. The kyngedome of Fes hath as many : as Fes, Temefne, Azgar, 
 Elabath, Errifi, Garet, and Elcauz. The kyngedome of Tremifen hath thefe regions : Tremifen, Tenez, and 
 Elgazaet, all which are Machonietilles. But all the regions of Guinea are pure Gentyles and Idolatours withowt 
 profeffion of any religion or other knowleage of god then by the lawe of nature. 
 
 Africa the great, is one of the three partes of the worlde knowen in owlde tyme and feuered from Afia, on 
 the Eaft by the ryuer Nilus : On the \Vell, from Europe by the pillers of Hercules. The liyther part is nowe 
 cauled Barbaric, and the people Moores. The inner parte is cauled Libia anil Ethiopia. Afrike the leffe is in 
 this wyfe bounded : On the weft it hath Numidia : On the eaft Cyrenaica : On the north, the fea cauled Medi- 
 terraneum. In this countrey was the noble citie of Carthage. 
 
 In the Eaft fyde of Afrike beneth the redde fea, dwelleth the greate and myghtye Empcrour and Chryftian 
 kynge Prefter lolian, well knowen to the Portugales in theyr vyages to Calicut. His dominions reaclie very 
 farre on euery fyde : and hath vnder hym many other kynges both Chryftian and hethen that pay hyni trybute. 
 This myghty prynce is cauled Dauid Th[e]eniperour of Ethiopia. Sum wryte that the kynge of Portugale 
 fendeth hym yearely. viii. [eight] fliyppes laden with marchaundies. His kyngedome confineth with the redile 
 fea, and reacheth farre into .Vfrike towarde Egypte and Barbaric. Southwarde it contineth with the fea towarile 
 the cape de Buona Spcraiizo : and on the other fyde with the fea of fande cauled Mare de Sabione, a very 
 daungerous fea, lyinge betwene the great citie of Alcaer or Cairo in Egypte and the countrey of Ethiopia : In 
 the whiche way are many vnha[bita]ble defertes continuinge for the fpace of fyue dayes iorney. And they aftirme 
 that if the fayile Chryftian Emperour were not hyndered by thofe defertes (in the which is great lacke of vittayles 
 and efpecially of water) he wolde or nowe haue inuaded the kyngedome of Egypte and the citie of Alcayer. 
 The chiefe citie of Ethiope where this great Emperour is refydent, is cauled Amacaiz beinge a fayre citie, whofe 
 inhabitauntes are of the coloure of an olyue. There are alfo many other cities, as the citie of Saua vppon the 
 ryuer of Nilus where Th[e]emperoure is accuftomed to remayne in the foonimer feafon. There is lykewyfe 
 a great citie named Barbaregaf: And Afcon from whenfe it is fayde that the (]ueene of Saba came to 
 lerufaleni to heare the wyfdome of Salomon. This citie is but lyttle, yet very fayre and one of the chiefe 
 cities in Ethiope. In the fayde kyngdome is a prouince cauled Manicongni, whofe kynge is a Moore 
 and tributarie to Th[e]eniperour of Ethiope. In this prouince are many excedynge hyghe mountaynes vppon 
 the which is fayde to be the earthly Paradyfe : And fum fay that there are the trees of the foonne and moone 
 whereof the antiquitie maketh mention : yet that none can pafle thyther by reafon of greate defertes of a 
 hundreth dayes iorney. Alfo beyonde thefe mountaynes, is the cape of Buona Speranza, And to haue fayde 
 thus much of Afrike it may fulhce. 
 
 it ■ 
 
 I 
 \\ 
 
The fyyjl vyagc to Guinea. 
 
 375 
 
 ntina which is 
 
 'I'his part of 
 
 ia antl Uarclia. 
 
 I, Portofarnia, 
 
 ciyucrs other. 
 
 Limofo, Beit, 
 :s. Vnder the 
 this Africa the 
 
 e of this parte 
 
 k1 Cefarienfis. 
 
 The i)rincipall 
 
 I Ceforienfis is 
 
 Tiiis region 
 
 ■ MafliKjuiljcr. 
 1 the porte of 
 
 iTior and Azafi 
 itanea (that is 
 in owlde time 
 enega, laiofo, 
 le are watered 
 certeyne lowe 
 « are alfo very 
 
 le territorie of 
 niefne, Azgar, 
 n, Tenez, and 
 tours withowt 
 
 from Afia, on 
 
 ■ part is nowe 
 the leiTe is in 
 cauled Medi- 
 
 ind Chryftian 
 s reaciie very 
 hym trybutc. 
 of Portugale 
 ith the rcdde 
 ; fea towarde 
 ibioiie, a very 
 Ethiopia : In 
 
 they aftirme 
 e of vittayles 
 e of Alcayer. 
 ; citie, whofe 
 la vppon the 
 i is lykewyfe 
 ba came to 
 if the chiefe 
 is a Moore 
 lynes vppon 
 
 and moone 
 defertes of a 
 I hauc fayde 
 
 
 
 j-j-ji-m 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■' /^^^ • 
 
 
 =rrrr 
 
 :: 
 
 E THE FYRST WAGE TO GVINEA. 
 
 J\ the ycare of owre Lorde. M. D. I.III. the. xii. [twelfth] day of 
 Augiill, fayled from Porchemoiith two goodly fliyppes, the Prim- 
 rofe and the Lion, with a pynnelfe cauled the moone : beinge all 
 well furnyfllied afwell with men of the luftieft forte to the number 
 of feuen fcore, as alfo with ordinaunce and vyttayles requifite to 
 fuch a vyage : Hauynge alfo two capitayncs, tlie one a flraungcr 
 cauled Antoniades Pinteadoa Portugale, borne in a townc named 
 the porte of Portugale, a wyfe, difcrete, and fober man, who for 
 his cunnynge in faylynge beinge afwell an expert pylot as poly- 
 tyke capitayne, was fumtyme in greate fauoure with the kynge of 
 Portugale, and to whom the coaftes of IJrafile and Guinea were 
 conunytted to bee kepte from the Frenchemen to whom he was 
 a terroure on the fea in thofe partes : and was furthermore a 
 gentleman of the kinge his maflers houfe. But as fortune in 
 maner neuer fauoureth but flattereth, neuer promifeth but 
 dcceaueth, neuer rayfeth but cafleth downe ageync, and as great 
 wealth and fauour hath alwayes companions emulation and enuie, 
 he was after many aduerfites and quarels made ageynft hym, inforced to come into Englande : where in this 
 golden vyage he was euyll matched with an vnequall coompanion and vnlyke matche of mod fundry ciualities 
 and conditions with vertues few or none adourned, with vices dyuers and many fowly Qjotted, knowen of many 
 without profyte, and defyred of fewe or none for his wyckednes : wiiofe fmaule accjuayntaunce was profitable to 
 all men, and his familiar conuerfation an vniloinge, that happye was the man or woman that knewe hym not, he 
 for his goodiles and flie for her name. In fine, vnfortunate was the coompany that had owght to doo with hym: 
 in fo much that it was no maruayle that fo goodly an enterpryfe with fo noble a furniture of nKii, fliyppes, and 
 ordinaunce of all fortes, with all kynde of vyttayles and that of fo great abundaunce, had fo fmaul fuccelTe : 
 which could be none otherwyfe wher fo foule a fpotte dyd blemyfflie, ye rather deface the reft. Thus departed 
 thefe noble fliyppes vnder (iiyle on theyr vyage. But firft this capitayne Wyndam, puttyng furth of his fliyp at 
 Porchmouth, a kynfeman of one of the headde marchauntes, and fliewynge herein a niufter of the tragical partes 
 he had conceaued in his braync, and with fuch fmaule begynninges nuryfflied fo monftrous a byrth, that more 
 happy, yea and blefled was that younge man beinge lefte behyntle then if he had byn taken with them, as fum 
 doo wyfflie he had doonne the lyke by theyrs. Thus fayled they on theyr vyage vntyl they came to the Ilandes 
 of Madera where they toke in certeyne wynes for the ftore of theyr fliyppes, and payde for them as they agreed 
 of the price. At thefe Ilandes they met with a great gallon of the kynge of Portugale full of men and ordi- 
 naunce : yet fuche as coulde not haue preuayled if it had attempted to withftande or refyft owre fliyppes, for 
 the which caufe it was fet furth, not only to lette and interrupte thefe owre fliyppes of theyr purpofed vyage, 
 but all other that fliulde attempte the lyke : Yet chiefely to fruftrate owre vyage. For the kyng of Portugale 
 was finifterly informed that owre fliyppes were armed to his caftel of Mina in thefe parties, wheras nothing leffe 
 was ment. 
 
 After that owr fliyppes departed from the Ilandes of Madera forwarde on theyr vyage, began this woorthy 
 capitaine Pinteados forowe as a man tormented with the company of a terrible hydra who hythcrto flattered witli 
 hym and made hym a fayre countenance and fliewe of loue. Then dyd he take vppon hym to commaunde all 
 alone, fettynge nowght bothe by capitayne Pinteado with the refte of the marchaunte factours : fumtymes with 
 opprobrious woordes and fumtymes with threatenynges moft fliamefully abufynge them, takinge from Pinteado 
 the feruice of the boys and certeyne mariners that were alFigned hym by th[e]order and direction of the woor- 
 fliypfuU marchauntes, and leauynge hym as a common maryn.r, which is the greateft defpite and grecfe that 
 can be to a Portugale or Spanyarde to be diminyftlite theyr honoure which they efteeme aboue all rj'chefle. 
 Thus faylyng forward on theyr vyage, they came to the Ilandes of Canarie, continuynge theyr courfe from thenfe 
 vntyll they arryued at the Ilande of faynt Nicolas where they vyttayled them felues with frefftie meate of the 
 
 37S 
 
 The Prymrose 
 
 Tilt Lyon. 
 The Muuiie 
 
 Pinteado. 
 
 nm.sile. 
 Guinea. 
 
 The fl.itlco'nc of 
 
 furtuae. 
 
 The eitel 
 cnndilions of 
 WyuJain. 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Madera. 
 
 A galcon of 
 the kinj^e of 
 Portugale. 
 
 The castel of 
 Mina. 
 
 346 
 
 Howe Wynd.im 
 abused i'mtcado. 
 
 Hie Ilandes of 
 Canarie. 
 The 1lan<le of, 
 S. Nicolas. 
 
■'H 
 
 376 
 
 The fyr/l vyage to Guinea. 
 
 \ 
 
 Guinea. 
 
 The ryuer of 
 Gray lies. 
 
 TliethriatofgoUc, 
 
 The castel of 
 
 nien.1. 
 
 The (iuamil[i]c of 
 
 guide. 
 
 Benin. 
 Pepper. 
 
 Fiirie .idmittclh 
 no cuun»ay.c. 
 
 The Rossia. 
 Rotlinge hcatc. 
 Scorchingc he;itc. 
 Benin. 
 
 Francisco. 
 Nicolas Lambert. 
 The kyiig of 
 Ueniu hi^ court. 
 
 347 
 
 Reiicrcnce 
 tuwardc the kyngc 
 
 The 
 
 communication 
 bctwene the kyiige 
 of Benin and owr 
 men. 
 
 Pepper. 
 
 The kynges 
 gentlenesse 
 lowardc owr men. 
 
 flcfllic of wyUlc goutes whereof is great plcntie in that llamle and in nianer of nothyng elfe. From henfe folowynpc 
 on thcyr courfe, and taryinge here and there at the deferte Ilandes in the waye, bycaufe they wdde not coome 
 to tyniely to the countrey of Guinea for the heate, and taryinge fumwhat to longe (for what can bee wel 
 mynyflred in a common wealth where inequalitie with tyrannie wyll rule alone) they came at the length to the 
 fyrll lande of tlie countrey of Guinea where they fell with the great ryuer of Sefto where they myght for theyr 
 marchaunilies haue lailen theyr fliyppe.s with the graynes of that countrey, which is a very hotte frute, and much 
 lyke vnto a fygge as it groweth on the tree. For as the fygges are full of fmaule feedes, fo is the fayde frute ful of 
 graynes which are lofe within the codde, hauynge in the myddell thereof a hole on euery fyde. This kynde of 
 fjjice is much vfed in coulde countreys, and may there be folde for great aduantage for th[e]e.\chaunge of other 
 wares. But owr men by the perfuafion or rallier inforcement of tliis tragicall capitayne, not regardynge and 
 fettyng lyght by that commoditie in comparafon to the fine gold they thrifled, fayled an hundreth leaques further 
 vntyl they came to the golden lande : where not attemptinge to come nere the caflell perteynynge to the kynge 
 of Portugale, whiche was within the ryuer of Mina, made fole of theyr ware onely on this fyde and beyonde it 
 for the golde of that countrey to the quantitie of an hundreth and fiftie poundes weyght, there beinge in cafe 
 that they myght haue difpatched al thcyr ware for golde, if the vntame brayne of \\'yndam had or could haue 
 gyuen eare to the counfayle and experience of Pinteado. For when that Wyndam not fatiffied with the golde 
 whiche he had (and more myght haue had if he had taryed abowt the Mina) commaundynge the fayde Pinteado 
 (for fo he toke vppon hym) to leade the fliyppes to Benin beinge vndcr the Ecjuinoctial line and a hundreth and 
 fiftie leaques beyonde the Mina where he loked to haue theyr fliyppes laden with pepper : And beinge coun- 
 fayled of the fayde Pinteado confyderynge the late tyme of the yere for that tyme to go no further but to make 
 fale of theyr wares fuch as they had for golde wherby they myght haue byn great gayners. But Wyndam not 
 aflentynge hereunto, fell into a fuddeyne rage, reuilynge the fayde Pinteado, caulynge hym lewe with other 
 opprobrious woordes, fayinge. This horfon lewe hath promifed to brynge vs to fuch places as are not, or as 
 he can not bring vs vnto. But if he doo not, I wyl cut of his eares and naile them to the mad. Pinteado gaue 
 the forfayde counfayle to goo no further for the fafeguard of the men and theyr lyues, which they fliulde pui in 
 daungioure if they came to late for the rolTia which is theyr wynter, not for coulde but for fmotherynge heate 
 with clofe anil cloudy ayer and (lorminge wether of fuche putrifyinge qualitie that it rotted the cotes of theyr 
 backes : Or els for coommynge to foonne for the fcorchynge heate of the fonne which caufed them to lynger in 
 the way. But of force and not of wyll, browght he the fliyppes before the ryuer of Benin : where rydynge at an 
 anker, fente theyr pinnefle vp into the ryuer fiftie or threfcore leaques, from whenfe certeyne of the marchauntcs 
 with capitayne Pinteado, Francifco a Portugale, Nicolas I^mbert gentleman, and other marchauntes were con- 
 ducted to the courte where the kyng remayned. x. [ten] leaques from the ryuer fyde : whyther when they came, 
 they were browght with a greate company to the prefence of the kynge who beinge a blacke moore (althoughe not 
 fo blacke as the reft) fat in a great houge haule longe and wyile, the walles matle of earthe withowte wyndowes, 
 the roofe of thynne boordes open in fundry places lyke vnto louers to lette in the ayer. 
 
 And here to fpeke of the great reuerence they gyue to their kynge, beinge fticli that if wee wolde gyue as 
 much to owr fauiour Chryft, we fliuld remoue from owr heades many plages which wee dayly deferue for owre 
 contenipte and inipietie. 
 
 So it is therfore, that when his noble men are in his prefence, they neuer looke hym in the face, but fyt 
 courynge, as wee vppon owre knees fo they vppon theyr buttockes with theyr elbowes vppon theyr knees and 
 theyr handes beefore theyr faces, not lookynge vppe vntyll the kynge commaunde them. And when they are 
 commynge towarde the kynge as farre as they do fee hym, do they fliewe fuch reuerence fytting on the grounde 
 with theyr faces couered as before. Lykewife when they depart from hym they turne not theyr backes towarde 
 hym, but go creepynge backewarde with lyke reuerence. 
 
 And nowe to fpeake fumwhat of the communication that was betwene the kynge and owre men, yowe (hall 
 fyrft vnderftande that he hym felfe coulde fpeake the Portugale tounge which he had lerned of a chylde. 
 Therfore after that he had commaunded owre men to ftande vp, and demaunded of them the caufe of theyr com- 
 mynge into that countrey, they anfwered by Pinteado that they were marchauntes trauaylynge into thofe parties 
 for the commodities of his countrey for exchaunge of wares which they had browght from theyr countreys, beinge 
 fuch as fliulde bee no lefle commodious for him and his people. The kynge then hauynge of owlde lyinge in 
 a certeyne (lore houfe thirtie or fortie kyntals of pepper (euery kyntall beinge an hundreth weyght) wyllynge 
 them to looke vppon the fame, and ageyne to brynge hym a fyght of fuche marchaundies as they had browght 
 with them. And thervppon fent with the capitayne and the marchauntes certeyne of his men to conducte them 
 to the waters fyde, with other to brynge the ware from the pinnelTe to the courte. Who when they were returned 
 and the wares feene, the kynge grewe to this ende with the marchauntes, to prouyde in thirtie dayes the ladynge 
 of all theyr (hyppes with pepper. And in cafe theyr marchaundies wolde not extende to the value of fo niuche 
 pepper, he promyfed to credite them to theyr nexte returne : and therevppon fente the countrey rountje abowt 
 376 
 
The fyyjl vyagc to Guinea. 
 
 377 
 
 life folowynpc 
 de not coome 
 It can bee wel 
 
 length to the 
 yght for theyr 
 ite, and much 
 do fnite ful of 
 This kynde of 
 unge of other 
 gardynge antl 
 jaques further 
 
 to the kynge 
 id beyonde it 
 )einge in cafe 
 ~>r could haue 
 ith the golde 
 yde Pinteado 
 lundreth and 
 beinge coun- 
 
 but to make 
 Wyndam not 
 fe with other 
 ire not, or as 
 inteadc gaue 
 (hulde i-'iu in 
 Jrynge heate 
 otcs of theyr 
 
 to lynger in 
 Kdynge at an 
 marchauntes 
 es were con- 
 n they came, 
 Ithoughe not 
 e wyndowes, 
 
 )lde gyue as 
 rue for owre 
 
 face, but fyt 
 r knees and 
 len they are 
 the grounde 
 kes towarde 
 
 , yowe (hall 
 f a chylde. 
 theyr com- 
 liofe parties 
 reys, beinge 
 le lyinge in 
 t) wyllynge 
 id browght 
 Jucte them 
 re returned 
 he ladynge 
 f fo muche 
 nde abowt 
 
 to gather pepper, caiifynge the fame to be browglu to the courte : So that within the fpace of. xxx. [thirty] tlays 
 they had gathered foure fcore toonne of pepper. 
 
 In the meane feafon owre men partly hauynge no rule of them felucs, but eatyng withowt meafure of the 
 frutes of the countrey, and drynkyng the wyne of the palme trees that ilrDppeth in the nyght from the cutte 
 branches of the fame, and in fuch extreeme heate runnynge continually into the wator, not vfed before to fiuli 
 fuddeyne and vehement alterations (then the which nothynge is more daungerous) were therby browgiu into 
 fwellynges and agues. In fo much th.it the later tyme of the yeare conuiiyny on, caufed them to dye funUyme.s. 
 iii. [three] and fumtynies. iiii. [four] or. v. [five] in a day. Then Wyndam perceauyng tlie tyme of the. xxx. 
 [thirty] dayes to be expyred, and his men (lying fo fad, fente to the lourte in [K)lle to capitayne Pinteadd and 
 the rert to come away anil to tary no longer. IJut Pinteado with the rell, wrote batke to hym ageyne, cerlifynge 
 hym of the greate (juantitie of pepijcr they had alredy gathered and loked ilayly for much more : Defyrynge 
 liirthermore to remember the great prayfe and name they fliuUle wynne if they came home profjieroully, and 
 what fliame of the contrary. With which anfwere Wyndam not fatiflied, and many of theyr men dyinge «layly, 
 wylled and commaunded them ageine eyther to coonune away furthwith, or els thretencil to leaue them behynde. 
 When Pinteado harde this anfwere, thynkynge to perfiuule hym with reafon, tooke his way from the court towarde 
 the fliyppes beinge conducted thyther with men by tlie kynges commaunilement. 
 
 In the meane feafon Windam all rageinge, brake vppe Pinteados Caben, broke ojien his chefles, fpoyled fuche 
 prouifyon of coulde (lilled waters and fuckettes as he hade prouided for his he.alth, and lefte hym nothynge neyther 
 of his inftnmientes to fayle by, nor yet of his ajjparell. And in the meane tyme faulinge fycke hym felfe, dyed alfo. 
 Whofe death Pinteado conmiing aborde, lamented as muche as if he had byn the dered frend he had in the worlde. 
 But certeyne of the maryners and other officers ilytl fpctte in his face, fum caulynge hym lewe, faying that he had 
 browght them thether to kylle them : And fum drawynge theyr fwordes at hym niakynge A fliewe to llcy hym. 
 Then he i)erceauinge that they wolde nedes away, defyred them to tary that he might fetch the refle of tlie mar- 
 chauntes that were lefte at the court. But they wolde not graunte his requell. Then defyred he them to gyue hym 
 the fhippe boate with as muche of an owlde fayle as myght ferue for the (lime, promifynge them therewith to bringe 
 Nicolas Lamberte and the red into England : But all was in vayne. Then wrotte he a letter to the courte to the 
 marchauntes informynge them of all the matter, and promyfynge them if god wolde lende hym life to returne with 
 al had[e] to fetche them. And thus was Pinteailo kepte a borilefluppe ageynde his wyll, thrud amonge the 
 boyes of the fliippe, not vfed like a man, nor yet like an honed boy : But glad to find fauoure at the cokes 
 hande. Then dei)arted they, leaning one of theyr fliippes behynde them, whiche they foonke for lake of men 
 to cary her. After this within fixe or feuen days faylinge, dyed alfo Pinteado for very penfiuenelTe and thowght 
 that drooke hym to the harte : A man worthy to ferue any prince and mod vilely vfed. And of feuen fcore 
 men came home to Plymmuowth fcarfely fortye, and of them many dyed. And that no man fliulde fiifpecte 
 thefe wordes which I haue liiyil in commendation of Pinteado, to be fpoken vpon fauour otherwyfe then truth, 
 I haue thought good to adile herevnto the coppie of the letters which the kyng of Portugale and the infant his 
 brother wrote vnto hym to reconcyle hym at fuche tyme as vppon the kynge his maders difpleafure (and not 
 for any other cryme or offence as may appere by the fayde letters) he was onely for pouertie inforced to coomnie 
 into Englande where he fyrd perfuaded owre marchauntes to attem[)te the fayde vyages to Guinea. But as the 
 kynge of Portugale to late repented hym that he had fo punyfflied Pinteado vppon malicious informations of fuch 
 as enuied the mans good fortune, euen fo may it hereby appere, that in fum cafes, euen Lyons them felues, may 
 eyther bee hyndered by the contempt or ayded by the helpe of the pore myfe accordynge vnto the fable of Efope. 
 
 C 77/^ coppie of Antoniancs Pinteado his letters patcntes wlicrby the kynge of Portugale 
 
 made hym knyght of his honfe after all his troubles and imprifonment, which 
 
 by wronge information made to the kynge, he hadfuflcyncd of longc tyme, 
 
 beinge at tlie lafle dcli[tcyred, his catife knowen and manifcflcd 
 
 to tlie kynge by a grey fryer the kynges confcffoure. 
 
 The kynge do gyue yow to vnderftande lordo I r: ncis Deffeofa one of my counfayle and ouer- 
 feer of my houfe, that in confideration of LJv „ od feruice which Anionic Anes Pinteado, the 
 fonne of lohn Anes, dwellynge in the towne cauled the porte, hath doone vnto me, my wyll 
 and pleafure is, to make hym knyght of my houfe, alowynge to hym in penfion feuen hundreth 
 reys monethly, and euery daye one alcayr of barly as longe as he kepeth a horfe, and to bee 
 payde accordynge to the ordinaunce of my houfe. Prouydynge alwayes that he dial receaue 
 but one mariage gyfte : And this alfo in fuch condition that the tyme which is excepted in owre 
 
 Tlie dinnnlcr and 
 '.ualiiul'uwrc luciL 
 
 The furie of 
 WynUuiil. 
 
 The ilealh of 
 Wyndam. 
 
 Pinteailo euil vsei] 
 uf the maryners. 
 
 348 
 
 The death ol 
 I'inleado. 
 
 Senen hunilrrth 
 reys are. x. s. [ten 
 shillings]. 
 Atcayr, is halfe 
 a bushcL 
 
^ 
 
 378 
 
 The fyyjl vyagc to Guinea. 
 
 340 
 
 ;\ 
 
 ordinauncc forbyddynge fuch men to mar)' for gcttyngc furh chyldron as myglit fucccadc them in this alowance, 
 which is fyxe ycarcs after the makynge of this patiiilo, flialbe fyrllc expired before he do niary. I tlierfore 
 tommaiinde yowe to caiife this to bee entered in the booke cauied the Matricola of owre houlliolde vndcr tlie 
 tytle of knyghtes. And when it is fo entered, let the clerke of the Matricola for the certentie therof, wryte on 
 the backe fydc of this Aliiala or patente, the number of the leafe wherein this owre graunt is entered. Which 
 doone, let hym returne this wrytynge vnto the fayd Antonie Ancs Pinteado for his warrant. 
 
 I Diego Henriques haue wrytten this in Almarin the xxii. [twenty-fecond] day of September, in the year- 
 of owre lorde. 1551. And this beneuolence the kynge gaue vnto Antonie Anes I'inteado the. xxv. [twer 'h] 
 day of Inly this prefent yeare. 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 Rcy. . 
 
 € The fecretarles declaration wrytten vndcr the /cynges graunt. 
 
 Owre maieftie hath vouchfafed in refpect and confyderation of the good feniice of Antonie 
 Anes Pinteado dwellynge in the porte, and foonne of lohn Anes to make hym knyght of 
 yowre houfe with ordinarie alowance of feuen hundrcth reys pcnfion byt he moncth and one 
 Alcayr of barley by the day as longe as he kecpeth a horfe : And to bee payde acconlyng 
 to the ordinaunce of yowr houfe with condition that he (hall haue but one mariage gyfto ; 
 And that not within the fpace of. vi. [fix] yeares after the makynge of thcfe letters jjatentes. 
 The fecretaries note. Entered in the booke of the Matricola. Fol. 683. 
 
 Fratici/co tie Siijitcra. 
 
 C T/ie coppie of the letter of Don Lewes thlc^infant and brother to the kynge 
 of Portngale: fent into Englande to Antonianes Pinteado. 
 
 Ntonie Anes Pinteado, I the infant brother to the kynge, haue me hartely commended vnto 
 yow. Peter Gonfalues is gone to feeke yow, defyr)'nge to brytige yowe home ageyne into 
 yowr countrey. And for that purpofe, hath with hym a fofe conduct for yow, graunted by 
 the kynge, that thereby yowe may freely and withowt all feare come home. An 'thougli 
 the wether be foule and (lormy, yet fayle not to come. For in the tyme thai aieflie 
 
 hath gyuen yow, yow maye doo many thynges to yowre contentacion and gratifyi' y"ge. 
 
 wherof I wolde bee ryght gladde : and to brynge the fame to pafle wyll doo all that lyeth in 
 me for yowre profyte. But forafmuch as Peter Gonfalues wyll make further declaration hereof vnto yow, I foy 
 no more at this prefent. Wrytten in Luxburne the. viil [eighth] day of December. Anno. M. D. LH. 
 
 ^I The Infant don Leu\e\s. 
 
 L thefe forfayd wrytynges I fawe vnder fe[a]le in the houfe of my frende Nicolas Lyefe with 
 whom Pinteado left them at his vnfortunate departynge to Guinea. But notwithftanding all 
 thefe frendly letters and fayre promyfes, Pinteado durfte not attempte to go home, neythcr 
 to keepe company with the Portugales Ws countrey men withowt the prefence of other, foraf- 
 much as he had fecreate admonition that they intended to fley hym, if tyme and place niyght 
 haue ferued theyr wycked intent 
 
 w» 
 
I 
 
 his alowance, 
 1 tlicrfore 
 Ido viidcr ilio 
 rof, wrytc on 
 red. Which 
 
 in the yiar- 
 [twcr 'h] 
 
 The fccondc vyagc to Guinea. 
 
 f^ THE SECONDE WAGE TO GVINEA. 
 
 379 
 
 Ht. 
 
 c of Anfonie 
 n knyght of 
 cth and one 
 c accordyng 
 iriage t;yftc : 
 -■rs jiatentes. 
 
 he kynge 
 
 ended vnto 
 igeyne into 
 raiinted by 
 'though 
 lieflie 
 
 lat lyeth in 
 yow, I fay 
 .LII. 
 
 Lyefe with 
 Landing all 
 le, neytiicr 
 ther, foraf- 
 ace niyght 
 
 5 in the fyrft vyage I haiie declared rather the order 
 of tlie hyftory then the courfe of the naiiij^ation, 
 whereof at that t)me I coulde haue no perfecte in- 
 formation, fo in the difcriptton of this fecondc vyas^e 
 my chiefc intent hath byn to (liew the courfe of the 
 fame accordynge to the obferuation and ordinarie 
 cuftome of the niarynen-., and a^ I receaiied it at the 
 handcs of an experte pylot beinge one of the chiefe 
 in this viage, who alfo with his ownc handes wrote 
 a briefe declaration of the faTje as he founile and 
 tryed all thynges not by coniectur»\ but by the arte 
 of faylynge and inftrumentes perteynynge to the 
 mariners facultie. Not therfore affuminge to my 
 felfe the commendations dewe to other, neyther fo 
 boulde as in anye parte to chaunge or otherwife 
 difpofe the order of this vyage fo wel obferued by arte and experience, I haue thowght 
 good to fet furth the fame in fuch forte and phrafe of fpeache as is commonly vfed amonge 
 them, and as I receaued it of the faid pylot as I haue fayde. Take it therfore as foloweth. 
 
 In the yeare of owre lorde. M. D. LI 1 1 1, the. xi. [eleucnth] day of October, wee departed the ryuer of 
 Tcmnies with tliree goodly fliyppes, th[e]onc cauled the Trinitic, a fliyppe of the burden of feuen fcore toonne : 
 'rh[e]oiher aiuled the Barthelmewe a fliyppe of the burden of. Ixxxx. [ninety tons]. The thyrde was the lohn 
 Kuangclill a fhyppe of feuen fcore toonne. With the (iiyile fliyppes and two pynnefles (wherof the one was 
 drowned in the coaft of Englande) we went forward on cwr vyage, and fteyde at Douer. xiiii. [fourteen] dayes. 
 We (leyile alfo at Rye three or foure dayes. More ouer lad of all we touched at Darthmouth. 
 
 The fyrft. day of Nouember at. ix. [nine] of tlie clocke at nyght departynge from the coaftc of Englande, 
 we fette of the ftert bearynge fouthweft all that nyght in the fea, and the nexte day all day, and the next nyght 
 after vntyll the thyrde daye of the fayde niooneth abowt noone, makynge owr way good, dyd ninne. 6o. leacjuos. 
 
 Item from. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the thyrde daye tyll. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. iiii. [fourth] day of 
 the fayde mooneth, makynge owr way good foutheaft, dyd runne euery three houres twoo leaques, which 
 amounteth to. xvi. [fixteen] leaques the hole. 
 
 Item from. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. iiii. [fourth] day to. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. v. [fifth] day, 
 runnynge fouthweft in the fea, dydde runne. xii. [twelve] leacjues. 
 
 Item runnynge from. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. v. [fifth] day vntyll. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. vi. 
 [fixth] day runnyng foutheaft, dyd runne. xviii. [eighteen] leaques. 
 
 And fo from. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the vi. [fixth] daye vntyll. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. vii. [feventh] 
 day, runnynge fouthfouthweft, dyd runne euery houre. ii. [two] leaques which amount to. xlviii. [forty-eight] 
 leaques the hole. 
 
 Item from. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. vii. [feventh] day tyl. iii. [three] of the clocke the. viii. [eighth] 
 day, fouthfouthweft, nmnyng in the fea, dyd runne. xxx. [thirty] leaques. 
 
 Item from three of the clocke the. viii. [eighth] day, vntyll. iii. of the clocke the. ix. [ninth] day, runnyng fouth- 
 fouthweft, dyd runne. xxx. [thirty] leaques. 
 
 Item from. iii. [three] of the clocke the. ix. [ninth] day tyll. iii. [three] of the clocke the. x. [tenth] day, dyd 
 fouthfouthcaft in runnynge in the fea tlie fum of. xxiiii. [twenty-four] leaques. 
 
 Alfo from. iii. [three] of the clocke the. x. [tenth] day vntyl. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the. xi. [eleventh] day, 
 
 350 
 
38o 
 
 The fccondc vyage to Guinea. 
 
 t i 
 
 i 
 
 :\ 
 
 TTie Tie of 
 
 The He ofpalmcs. 
 Tencrifl'i. 
 
 The Cuiuirics. 
 
 tlie Uc Mi I'ahucs. 
 
 Grincanaria. 
 
 Fortes Vciiiura. 
 
 ThelLuiJof 
 
 Goiucru. 
 
 351 
 
 Teoeriflai 
 Snowd. 
 
 T:e coa« of 
 It.irl>:irye. 
 Cape bUiuke. 
 
 The rywer of 
 de Orix 
 
 The crosien or 
 crosM ttuma. 
 
 Rio Grandt 
 
 dyd nin foiithfouthwcft the fum of. xii. [twelve] leaqucs, ami from. xii. [twelve] of the clockc tyll. vi. [fix] of the 
 fa)\le (lay, ilyd run. -.i ffix] leai]ues. 
 
 Runnynge fouth and by weft in the fea from. vi. [fix] of the clocke the. xi. [eleuenihl clay tyll vi. [fix] of 
 the cKuke the. xii. [twelfth] day, dyd run. xxxvi. [thirty-fix] leacjues. 
 
 From. vi. [fix] of the clocke at after none the. xii. [twelfth] daye tyll. vi. [fi.x] of the clocke the xiii. [thirteenth] 
 day at after none, dyd ninne. xiii. [thirteen] leatjucs. 
 
 Item from. vi. [fix] of the clocke the. xiii. [thirteenth] d.ay, tyl. vi. [fix] of the clocke the. xiiii. [fourteenth] day at 
 after none that we were becalmed that weecoulde lye fouthweft with a fayle. And the. xv. [fifteenth] daye in the morn- 
 yni:;e, the wynde came to the Kaft and eafte northeaft. The. xvii. [fevonteeiith] day iii the mornynge, we had fyght 
 of the lie of Madera which doth ryfe to hym that commeth in the north northi^.tft parte vpryght lande in the weft 
 part of it, and very hyglie : and to tlie fouth foiithcafte a lowe longe i.mde and a lonne poynt with a faddle tlui>-.4j,!i 
 the myddefte of it, ftandeth in the xxxii. [thirty-two] degrees : and in the wefte parte, many fpringes of water 
 runnynge downc from liie mountayne,and many whyte fyeldes lykevnto cornc fieldes.andfuni whyte houfes to the 
 foutheaft parte of it : anil the tojipe of the mountayne llieweth very ragged if yow may fe it, and in the north- 
 eaft parte there is a byght or bay as thowgh it were a harborowe. Alfo in the fayde part, there is a rocke a 
 lyttle ilirtance from the (bore : and ouer the fayde byght, yow (liall fe a great gajipe in the mountayne. 
 
 The. xix [nineteenth] day at. xii. [twelve] of the clocke, we had fyght of the lie of Palmes and Teneriffa and 
 the Canaries. The lie of I'alme ryfeth roiinde and lyeth fouthearte and north wefte, and the northweft parte is 
 loweft. In the fouth, is a rounile hyll ouer the hedde lande, and an otlier rounde hyll aboue that in the lande. 
 
 Tiiere is betwene the foutheaft parte of the He of Madera and the northweft jiarte of the lie of Palme. Ivii. 
 [fifty-feven] leaiiues. This lie of I'alme lyeth in the. xxix. [twenty-nine] degrees. And owre courfe from Maileni to 
 the lie of I'alme was fouth and fouth and by weft, fo that we had fyght of TeneriHa and of the Canaries. The 
 foutheaft parte of the He of I'alme, and the north northeaft of Tenerifla, lyeth foutheaft and northwefte. And 
 betwene them is. xx. [twenty] lea(|ucs. TencritVa and the greate Canarie canled Cirancanaria, and the weft part 
 of Fortifuentura ftandeth in. xxvii. [twenfy-feven] degrees and a halfe. Gomera is a fayre Ilande and very 
 ragged and l)eth weft fouthweft of TeneritVa. And who fo euer wyll come betwene theym twoo Ilandes, mull 
 tvT.r.c fo'utb and by eaft, and in the fouth parte of Comera, is a towne and a good rode in the fayde parte of the 
 Ilande : and it ftamleth in. xxvii. [twenty- feven] degrees and three terces. Tenerifla is a hygh lande and a greate 
 hyghe picke lyke a fi:;jer lofe. And vppon the fayde picke is fnowe tiirougiiowt all the hole yeare. And by 
 reafon of that picke, it m.iyc !>ei' knowcu aboue all otiier llande>. and there we were becalmed the. xx [twentietlij 
 day of Nouember from. vi. [fix] of the clocke in the mornynge vntyll foure of tlic clocke at after none. 
 
 C Beticene Gomera ami Capo de las Barbas. 
 
 He. xxii. [twenty-fecond] day of Nouember vnilcr the Tropike of Cancer, the foonne goeth 
 downe weft and by fouth. 
 
 Vi)on the coaft of Uarberie. xxv. [twenty-five] leaipies by north cape blanke at. iii. [three] 
 leaiiues of the niayne, there is. xv. [fifteen] fadome and good flielly grounde and fande 
 ainonge, and no ftremes, and two fmaule Ilandes ftaiulyng in the. xxii. [twenty-two] degrees 
 and a terce. 
 
 From Ciomera to '.ape de las Barbas is a hundreth leaijues and owr courfe was fouth 
 and by eaft. The fayile cape ftand<.th in. xxii. [twenty-two] and a halfe : and all that coaft is tlatle. xvi. 
 [lixteen] or. xvii. [feventeen] fadotne deepe, vii. [feven] or. viii. [eight] leaijues cf frome the ryiier de t)ro to 
 cape de las I'arbas, there vfe many Spanyardes and I'ortugales to trade for fyflliynge ilurynge the mooneth of 
 Nouember : and all that coaft is verye lowe landes. Alfo wee went from cape ile las nail)as foiithfouthwell and 
 fouthweft and by fouth : tyll we brought owre felues in. xx. [twenty] tlegrees and a halfe, rekenynge owr felues 
 m [feven] leaques of: and that was the leaft ftioles of cape llianke. 
 
 Then we went fouth vntyll we browght owre felues in. xiii. [thirteen] degrees, rekenynge owTe felues. xxv. 
 [twenty-five] leaques of. And in. xv. [fifteen] degrees, we dyde recre tiie crolliers : and we myght haue rered 
 them fooner if we had loked for theym. They are not ryghte a crofle in the moonethe of Nouember by reafon 
 the nyghtes are fliorte there. NeuerthelelTe we had the fyght of them the. xxi.\. [twenty-ninth] day of the fayde 
 mooneth at nyght. 
 
 'I'he fyrft of neccmbcrowte. xiii. [thirteen] degrees, we fette owre courfe fouth and by F,aft vntyll the fourth 
 daye of December at. xii. [twelve] of the clocke the fame day. Then we were in. ix. [nine] ik-grecs and a terce, 
 rekenynge owr felues. xxx. [thirty] le.aques of the flioles of the ryuer eaulcd Rio Cirande beingc weft foulhwefte 
 of them : The which llioles be. xxx. [thirty] ler ]ues longe. 
 380 
 
The fccomic vya^c to Guinea. 
 
 381 
 
 vi. [fix] of the 
 
 ylL vi. ffix] of 
 
 ii. [thirteenth j 
 
 tecnth] day at 
 e in the morn- 
 , we had fyjjht 
 lie in the weft 
 uKlle thii)«j,h 
 iges of water 
 houfes to the 
 in the north- 
 is a rocke a 
 yne. 
 
 Teneriffa and 
 liweft parte is 
 in the lanile. 
 )f Palme. Ivii. 
 >m Madera to 
 naries. The 
 iwelle. And 
 tlie wed part 
 lule and very 
 Ilandes, mull 
 L* i)arte of the 
 : and a yreate 
 ire. And hy 
 X [twentieth] 
 ane. 
 
 bonne gocth 
 
 at iii. [three] 
 e and fandc 
 two] degrees 
 
 fe was fouth 
 is tlatte. xvi. 
 T de Oro to 
 • moonelh of 
 )iithwe(l and 
 ;e owr fehies 
 
 fellies. XXV. 
 
 haiie rered 
 or l)y reafon 
 of the fayde 
 
 II the fourth 
 and a tene, 
 I foutliwellc 
 
 The fourth of Dceenibcr, we beganne to fette owr courfe fouthealle, we beinge in. vi. [tix] degrees and a haife. 
 
 The ninth ilay of December we fet owr courfe cr.ll foutheart. 
 
 The. xiiii. [fourteenth] day of the fayde mooneth, we fette owrc courfe eaft, we beinge in. v. [five] degrees 
 and a haife, rekenynge owre fehies. xxxvi. [thirty-fix] leaijues from the loall of C'liiinea. 
 
 The. xix. [nineteenth] day of tlie fayde mooneth, we fette owre roiirfe eall and by nortli, rekcnynge owr fehies. 
 xvii. [feventeen] leagues dillant iVom cai)e Menfurado, the fayde cape beinge eall nortlieall of vs, ami the ryuer 
 of Sefto beinge eall. 
 
 The. xxi. [twenty-firft] day of the fayde mooneth we fel wii!i cape Me[ii]riirado to the foutlioall abowt two 
 Icaques of. This cajie may be eafely knowen, by reafon the ryfynge of it is lyke a ])orpofe hedde. Alio towarde 
 the foutheafl tiiere arc three trees, wherof die callermoll tree is the hyghell, and the myddlemoll is lyke a heye 
 ftacke, and the fouthermoll lyke vnto a iebet : and vppon the mayne, are foiire or fyue hygh hylks ryfynge one 
 after an other lyke rouml hoonnnockes or hyllockcs. Ami the foulheall of the three trees, is thre trees lyke a 
 brandierwyfe : and all the coalle alonge is whytc fandc. The fayde c;ii)e llandcth within a lyttle in. vi. [fix] 
 degrees. 
 
 The. xxii. [twenty-feconil] of Peccmber, we came to the ryuer of Sello, and remayned there vntyll the. xxix. 
 [twenty-ninth] day of the fayde moneth Here we thougiit it bell to fende before vs the iiynnelVe to the ryuer of 
 I)ulcc cauled Rio Puke, that they myght ha.;e tlie begynnynge of the market before the coiiimynge of the lolin. 
 
 At the ryuer of Sello, we had a toonne of graynes. 'I'liis ryuer (landeth in. vi. [six] degrees lackynge a terce. 
 From the ryuer of Sello to Rio Dulcc, is. xxv. [twenty live] leaiiues. Rio Piilee llandedi in. v. [live] degrees 
 and a haife. The ryuer of Sello is eafy to bee knowen by reafon there is a ledge of rockes on the foiitheall 
 parte of the roile. Ami at the cnteryngc into the hauen, are fyue or fyxe trees that beare no leaues. I'his is 
 a good harborowc : but very narrowe at the enteraunce into the ryuer. There is alfo a rocke in the hauen mouth 
 right as yow enter. .And all that coa'l betwene cape de Monte and cape ile las I'almas, lyeth foulheall and by 
 call, northwell and by welle, beinge three leaiiues of the fliore. And yow Ihall haue iu fum places rockes two 
 leaipies of: and that betwene the ryuer of Sello and cape de las I'almas. 
 
 Hetwene the ryuer of Sello and the riuer Dulce. is. xxv. [twenty-live] lea<]iies. And the hygh lande that is 
 betwene them bothe, is cauled I'.ikeado, beinge. viii. [eight] ieatpies from the ryuer of Sello. And to the foulheall- 
 warde of hym, is a place cauled Shawgio and an other cauled Shyawe or Shaiio, where yow may get freflhc water. 
 Of this Shyawe, lyeth a leilge of rockes : and to the Southeallwarde, lyeth a hed lande cauled Croke. Hetwene 
 Cakeado and Croke, is. ix. [pine] or. x. [ten] leaiiues. To the Southeaflwarde of, is a harborowe cauled faynte 
 Vincent. Ryght oner ageynll faynt N'incent, is a rocke ,nder the water, two leaipies and a haife of the thore. 
 To the foutheallwarde of that rocke, yow (hall fee an llaiule aliowt three or foure leaiiues of. This Ilande is not 
 pafle a leaqiic of the lliore. 'I'o the eall foiitheall of the Ilande, is a rocke that lyeth aboue the water : and by 
 that rocke goeth in the ryuer of Uiilce, which yow Ihall knowe by the fayde ryuer anil rocke. The northwell 
 fyde of the hauen, is tiat lande : and the foiitheall fyde tlierof, is lyke an Ilande and a bare plottc without any 
 trees, and fo is it not in any other place. 
 
 In the roile, yow (hall ryde in. xiii. [thirteen] or. xiiii. [fourteen] fadomcs, good owes and fande, beinge 
 the markes of tlu rode to bring the Uanile and the northwell lande togyther. Anil here wee ankercd the lall of 
 Uecember. 
 
 The thyrde day of January, we came from the ryuer of nulcc. 
 
 Note that cai)e iie las Talmas is a fayre high land. Ihit fumine lowc places therof by the water fyde, looke 
 like r;jdie clilfe« with white (Irakes like waycs a cable length a [liece. And this is to the Mall parte of the cape. 
 I'his cape is the fouthermoll lande in all the coafl of Cuinca : And (landeth in foui', degrees and a teice. 
 
 'I'he coaft from cape tie las I'almas to cape Trepoyntes or dc tres I'untas, is fayre and cleare without rocke 
 or other daimgiour. 
 
 xxv. [twenty-five] leaqiics from cape de las I'almas, the lande is higher then in any i)lace vnlyll wt came to 
 cape Trepoyntes. And abowt. x. [ten] leaiiues before yow coinmc to cape Trepointes, the lande ryl'eth (lyll liygher 
 and hygher vntyll yow come to cape Trepoyntes. Alfo before yowe coomme to the fayde cape after other line 
 Icaipies to the northwed parte of it, there is certeyne broken grounde with twoo greate rockes : and within them 
 in the byght of a bay, is a callel cauled .Arra, ]K'rteyning to the kynge of I'ortugale. Yow (hall knowe it by the 
 fayde rockes that lye of it : For there is none fuch from cape ile las I'almas to cape Trepoyntes. This coalle 
 lyeth ealle and by north, well and by fouth. From cape de las I'almas ' , the fayde callell, is foure fcorc and. 
 XV. [fitteen] leaqiiLS. And the coalle lyeth from the fayde tallell to the Wellermoll poynte of the Trepoyntes, 
 foutheall and by fouth, northwell •.;iul by north. Alfo the Wellermoll jtoyntes of the Trepointes, is a lowc lande 
 lyingc haife a myle owt in the fea : and vppon the innernioile necke to the landewarde, is a tulle of trees, anil 
 there wc arryued the. xi. [eleventh] day of lamiary. 
 
 The. xii [twelfth] day of lanuary, wc caiuc to a townc cauled Sannna or Samna, beinge. viii. [eight] leaqiics 
 
 Cape Mrnsitmilo. 
 The riuer of Sc!>t'jk 
 
 The riiu-r of Sosto. 
 kill llukc. 
 
 O.ipe lie Monte* 
 I'.Mie lie Us 
 
 352 
 
 Tin? Iiiult of 
 I'akc.iilu, 
 SliiUto. 
 Croke. 
 
 S.tiiit Vinrcnlcft 
 li-trlHiiuuc. 
 
 The riuer l>ulcei. 
 
 Ciipe (If lat 
 I'aiin.iii, 
 
 TIiP nvist (if 
 
 <il)llllM. 
 
 K\\\*c tie 
 trc!i |>uiit.ii. 
 
 'I'he rastcit of 
 Art 4. 
 
 The (nwnr of 
 
■4 
 
 382 
 
 The feconde vyage to Guinea. 
 
 » I 
 
 \- I 
 
 \ 
 
 The plefdlge was 
 sir lohn Yurke 
 his nevie. 
 
 Cape Core^ 
 
 The castcl of mina 
 pertcyninge to 
 the kyngc of 
 Portugalc 
 
 Pcrccowe. 
 Pcrecowc grande. 
 Monte Rodondo. 
 
 353 
 
 The currants 
 
 Frome mina 
 hoinewardc 
 
 Rio du los Potus. 
 Ivcrye. 
 
 Cape de las 
 Paluuu. 
 
 Cunante& 
 
 The He de Flore. 
 
 ThelieofCorva 
 
 Where they Inst 
 the sight of the 
 northe starre. 
 Howe the 
 compasse duoth 
 varie. 
 
 The prymrusc. 
 
 from cape Trepoyntes toward eafl. northeaft. Betwene cape Trepointes and the towne of Samua, is a great ledge 
 of rockes a great way owt in the fea. Wee continued foure dayes at that towne : and the capitayne therof wolde 
 needes haue a pledge a fhore. But when tliey receaued the pledge, they kepte hym ftyl and wolde traffike no 
 more, but fliot of theyr ordinaunce at vs. They haue two or three pieces of ordinaunce and no more. 
 
 The. xvi. [fixteenth] day of the fayde mooneth, we made rekenynge to come to a place cauled cape Corea 
 where capitayne Don lohn dwelleth, whofe men interteyned vf frendly. This cape Corea is foure leaques eall- 
 warde of the caflell of Mina, otherwyfe cauled La Mina, or Cajlello de Mina, where we arriued the. xviii. 
 [eighteenth] day of the mooneth. Here we made fale of al owr cloth fauynge two or three packes. 
 
 The. xxvi. [twenty-fixth] day of the fame mooneth, we weyd anker and departed from thenfe to the Trinitie 
 which was. vii. [feven] leaques eaftwarde of vs where (he folde her wares. Then they of the Trinitie wylled vs 
 to go eaftwarde of that. viii. [eight] or. ix. [nine] leaques to fel part of their wares in a place caled Perecow, and 
 an other named Perecowe grande, beinge the eaftermoft place of both thefe, which yow dial knowe by a great 
 rounde hyl nere vnto it named Monte Rodondo lynge wellwarde from it. And by the water fyde are many 
 hyghe palme trees. From henfe dyd we fet furth homewarde the. xiii. [thirteenth] day of February and plyed 
 vi)pe alongeft tyll we came within, vii. [feven] or. viii. [eight] leaques to cape Trepointes. Abowt. viii. [eight] 
 of the clocke the. xv. [fifteenth] day at j^ter noone, we dyd call abowt to feawarde. And beware of the currantes, 
 for they wyll deceaue yow fore. 
 
 Who fo euer fliall coomme from the coaft of Mina homewarde, let hym be fuer to make his way good weft 
 vntyll he reken hym felfe as farre as cape de las Palmas where the currant fetteth alwayes to the eaftwarde. 
 And within, xx. [twenty] leaques eaftwarde of cape de las Palmas, is a ryuer cauled Rio de los Potos where yow 
 may 'laue frefflie water and balafle enowgh, and plentie of luery or Elephantes teethe. This ryuer ftandeth in 
 foure degrees and almoft two terces. 
 
 And when yow reken yowre felfe as farre fliotte as cape de las Palmas, beinge in a degree or a degree and 
 a halfe, yow may go weft or weft and by north vntyll yowe comme in three degrees : and then yowe maye go 
 wefte northweft, and northweft and by weft vntyll yow comme in fine degrees and then northweft. And in the. 
 vi. [fix] degrees, wee mette northerly wyndes and greate rooftynge of tydes. And as wee coulde iudge, the 
 currantes went lo the north northweft. Furthermore betwene cape de Monte and cape Verde, go great currantes 
 which deceaue many men. 
 
 The. xxii. [twenty-fecond] daye of Apryll, wee were in. viii. [eig it] degrees and two terces : and fo we ranne to 
 the northweft, hauynge the wynde at northeaft and eaftnortheaft, and fumtymes at eafte untyll we were at. xviii. 
 [eighteen] degrees and a terce, which was on May day. And fo from, xviii. [eighteen] and two terces, we hadde 
 the wynde at eaft and eaft northeaft, and fumtymes at eaft foutheaft : and then wee rekoned the Ilandes of cape 
 Verde eafte foutheaft of vs, wee iudgynge owre felues to be. xlviii. [forty-eight] leaques of. And in. xx. [twenty] 
 and. xxi. [twenty-one] degrees, wee had the wynde more eafterly to the fouthwarde then before. And fo we ran 
 to the northweft and northnorthweft, and fumetymes north and by weft and north vntyll wee came into. xxxi. [thirty- 
 one] degrees, where we rekened owre felues a hundreth and foure fcore leaques fouthweft and by fouth of the llande 
 de Flore or de los Flores. And there we met with the wynde at fouthfoutheaft, and fet owre courfe northeaft. 
 
 In. xxxiii. [thirty-three] degrees, we had the wynde at the fouth and fouthweft : and then we fet owr courfe 
 north northeaft, and fo we ranne to xl. [forty] degrees : and then we fet our courfe northeaft the wynde beinge 
 at the fouthweft and hauynge the He de Flore eaft of vs, and. xvii. [seventeen] leaques of. 
 
 In. xli. [forty-one] degrees, we met with the wynd at northeaft, and fo we ranne northweftwarde. Then 
 we met with the wynde at the weft northweft and at the weft within, vi. [fix] leaques runnynge towarde the 
 northweft : And then wee eaft abowt and ley northeaft vntyll we came in. xlii. [forty-two] degrees, where we 
 fettc owr courfe eaft northeaft, iudgynge the He of Coruo fouth and by weft of vs and. xxxvi. [thirty-fix] leaques 
 diftant from vs. 
 
 A rememberaunce that the. xxi. [twenty-firft] day of Maye, we communed with lohn Rafe, and he thought 
 it beft to go northeafte, and iudged hym felfe. xxv. [twenty-fiue] leaques eaftwarde to the He de Flore, and in. 
 xxxix. [thirty-nine] degrees and a halfe. 
 
 Note that in the fourth day of September [December?] vnder nine degrees, we loft the fyght of the north ftarre. 
 
 Note alfo, that in the. xlv. [forty-five] degrees the compaffe is varyed. viii. [eight] degrees to the weft. 
 
 Item, in. xl. [forty] degrees, the compaffe dyd vary. xv. [fifteen] degrees in the hole. 
 
 Item, in xxx. [thirty] degrees and a halfe, the compaflfe is varyed. v. [fiue] degrees to the weft. 
 
 Be it alfo in memorie, that two or three dayes before we came to cape Trepointes, the pynneffe went 
 alongeft the fhore thinkynge to fell fum of owr wares. And fo we came to anker three or foure leaques weft 
 and by fouth of the cape Trepoynles where we lefte the Trinitie. 
 
 Then owre pvnneffe came a boorde with all owr men. The pynneffe alfo tooke in more wares. They 
 toulde me more oucr that they wolde go to a place where the Primrofe was and had receaued much golde at 
 182 
 
The fcconde vyage to Gn'mcn. 
 
 383 
 
 a great ledge 
 therof wolde 
 le traffike no 
 ore. 
 
 1 cape Corea 
 leaques cart- 
 ed the. xviii. 
 
 » the Trinitie 
 tie wylled vs 
 'erecow, and 
 'e by a great 
 de are many 
 •y and plyed 
 viii. [eight] 
 le currantes, 
 
 y good weft 
 
 e eaftwarde. 
 
 i where yow 
 
 flandeth in 
 
 degree and 
 we maye go 
 And in the. 
 
 iudge, the 
 It currantes 
 
 we ranne to 
 :re at. xviii. 
 s, we hadde 
 des of cape 
 EX. [twenty] 
 d fo we ran 
 :xxi.[thirty- 
 thellande 
 northeaft. 
 owr courfe 
 ide bcinge 
 
 le. Then 
 )warde the 
 where we 
 x] leaques 
 
 le thought 
 e, and in. 
 
 irth ftarre. 
 weft. 
 
 leffe went 
 ques weft 
 
 s. They 
 golde at 
 
 the fyrfte vyage to thefe parties. And tolde me furthermore that it was a good place. Hut I fcarynge a brigan- 
 tine that was then vppon the coaft, dydde wey and folowe theym, and lefte the Trinitie abowte foure leaques of 
 from vs. And there we rode ageynfte that towne foure dayes : fo that Marline by his owne defyre and alTcnte 
 of fum of the commirtioners that were in the pinneffe, wente a fliore to the towne. And there lohn Beryn went 
 to trafike from vs beinge three myles of trafekynge at an other towne. The towne is cauled Samma or Samua. 
 For Samma and Sammaterra, are the names of the two fyrfte townes where wee did trafficke for gold, to the 
 northeaft of cape Trepoints : 
 
 Hetherto continueth the courfe of the vyage as it was defcribed by the fayde pylot. 
 Nowe therfore to fpeake fumwhat of the contrey and people, and of fuche thynges as are 
 browght from thenfe. 
 
 They browght from thenfe at the laft vyage, foure hundreth pounde weyght and odde of golde of. xxii. 
 [twenty-two] carrattes and one grayne in finenefle. Alfo. xxxvi. [thirty-fix] buttes of graynes : and abowt two 
 hundreth and fiftie elephantes teethe of all quantities. Of thefe, I fawe and meafured fum of ix. [nine] fpannes 
 in length as they were croked Sum of them were as bygge as a mans thygh aboue the knee : and weyed 
 abowte foure fcore and ten pounde weyght a piece. They fay that fum one hath byn fcene of a hundreth and. 
 XXV. [twenty-five] pounde weyght. Other there were which they caule the teeth of calucs of one or two or three 
 yeares, wherof fum were a foote and a halfe, fumme two foote, and fum three or more accordynge to th[c]age 
 of the bcafte. Thefe great teeth or tufkes, growe in the vpper iaw downewarde, and not in the nether iawe 
 vpwarde, wherein the paynters and arras woorkers are deceaued. At this lafte vyage was browght from Guinea 
 the headde of an elephante of fuch huge byggenefle, that only the bones or crauewe therof bcfyde the netlier 
 iawe and greate tulkes, wayed abowte two hundreth weyght, and was as muche as I coulde well lyfte from the 
 grounde. In fo muche that confiderynge alfo herewith the weyght of. ii. [two] fuch great teeth, the nether iawes with 
 the leffe teethe, the tounge, the greate hangynge eares, the bygge and longc fnowte or troonke, with all the 
 fleflhe, braynes, and (kynne, with all other parses belongynge to the hole headde, in my iudgemente it coulde 
 wey lyttle leffe then fyue hundreth weyght. Ths headde dyuers haue fene in the houfe of the woorthy mar- 
 chaunt fyr Andrewe ludde, where alfo I fawe it, and behelde it not onely with my bodely eyes, but much more 
 with the eyes of my mynde and fpirite confydered by the woorke, the cunnynge and wyfcdome of the woorke 
 mafter : withowt which confyderation, the fyght of fuch ftraunge and woonderfull thynges may rather fcume 
 curiofities then profitable contemplations. 
 
 The elephante (which fum caule an oliphant) is the biggeft of all foure footed beaftes. His foreleggcs are 
 longer then his hynder. He hath ankles in the lower parte of his hynder legges, and fyue toes on his fiete 
 vndiuided. His fnowte or troonke is fo longe and in fuch forme that it is to hym in the fteedc of a hande. 
 For he neyther eateth nor drinketh but by bryngynge his troonke to his mouth. Therwith he hclpcth vp his 
 mafter or keeper : therwith he ouerthroweth trees. Byfyde his two greate tufkes, he hath on euery fyde of his 
 mouth foure teeth wherwith he eateth and gryndeth his meate. Eyther of thefe teeth, are almoft a fpan in 
 length as they growe alonge in the iawe : and are abowte two inches in height and almoft as much in thicke- 
 neffe. The tulkes of the male are greater then of the female. His tounge is verye lyttle, and fo farre in his 
 mouth that it can not bee feene. Of all beaftes they are mofte gentyll and tractable. For by many fundry 
 ways they are taught and do vnderftand : In fo much that they learne to do due honour to a king, and are of 
 quicke fence and fliarpenes of i^yt. When the male hath once feafoned the female, he ncuer after toucheth 
 lier. The male Elephante lyueth two hundreth yeares, or at the leafte one hundreth and twcntie. The female 
 almoft as longe : but the floure of theyr age, is but. Ix. [fixty] yeares as fum wryte. Tiiey can not fuffcr wynler 
 or coulde. They loue ryuers and wyll often go into them vp to the fnowte wherwith they blowe and fnuffe, 
 and play in the water : but fwymme they canne not for the weyght of theyr bodyes. Plinie and Soline wryte 
 that they vfe none adulterie. If they happen to meete with a manne in wylderneffe beinge owt of the way, 
 gentylly they wyl go before hym and brynge hym into the playne waye. loyned in battayle, they haue no 
 fmaule refpecte vnto them that be wounded. For they brynge them that are hurt or wery into the middle of 
 the army to be defended. They are made tame by drynkynge the iufe of barley. They iiaue continuall warre 
 ageynft dragons which defyre theyr bludde bycaufe it is very coulde. And therfore the dragon lyinge awayte 
 as the Elephant paffeth by, wyndeth his tayle (beinge of exceadynge length) abowt the hynder Icggcs of the 
 elephant : and fo fteying hym, thrufteth his heade into his tronke and exhaufteth his bretli, or els byteth hym 
 in the eare wherunto he can not reach with his troonke. And when the elephant waxeth fixynt, he fauleth 
 downe on the ferpente beinge nowe full of bludde : and with the poyfe of his body breaketh hym : fo tliat his 
 owne bludde with the bludde of the elephant, runneth owt of hym mcngeied togyther : whiche beinge coulile, 
 is congelcd into that fubftaunce which the apothecaries caule Sanguis Dnuotiis, (that is) dragons blud, other- 
 
 383 
 
 The towne of 
 Snmma. 
 
 354 
 
 Golde. 
 
 Gokle fnure 
 hiindrct}i weyght 
 Graynes. 
 lucry. 
 Elephantes tcctha 
 
 The head of 
 
 an Kluph.int 
 
 Tlie 
 
 o>titcmp!:itinns 
 of gods wutkei 
 
 The dcscripilcin 
 and jintpcrtius of 
 the Elephante. 
 
 Dehate hctwenc 
 the Klcphant aiiJ 
 the druguu. 
 
 35S 
 
 SaiigHtt DnttouU 
 

 384 
 
 The fcconde vyage to Guiuca. 
 
 Cinnabarit. 
 
 Thre kyn-les of 
 elcphautca. 
 
 Workesof lucry. 
 
 Tti! people of 
 Africa. 
 
 / 
 
 Libia Inttrior. 
 
 Gelulil. 
 
 £thiope& 
 
 Nigrite. 
 
 The ryuer Nigritis 
 
 or Senega. 
 
 356 
 
 A ilrange ihynge. 
 
 ftaramantes. 
 People of Lybix 
 
 Prester lohn. 
 
 Kegnum On^imc 
 Gam bra. 
 
 yiy\\: v..;ulc:l Cinnaharis, although there be an other kynde of Cinnabaris, commonly cauled cinoper or vermilion 
 which the paynters vfe in certeyne coloures. 
 
 They are alfo of three kyndes, as of the maryfllies, the playnes, and the mountaynes, no lefle differynge in 
 condicions. Philoftratus wryteth, that as much as the elephant of Lybia in byggenefle palTeth the horfe of 
 Nyfea, fo much doth the elephantes of India excede them of Lybia. For of the elephantes of India, fum haue 
 byn feene of the heyght of. ix. [nine] cubites. The other do fo greatly feare thefe that th^iy dare not abyde the 
 fyght of them. Of the Indian elephantes, only the males haue tulkes. But of them of Ethiopia and Lybia, 
 both kyndes are tufked. They are of dyuers heyghtes, as of. xii. [twelue] xiii. [thirteen] and. xiiii. [fourteen] 
 dodrantes, euery dodrant beinge a meafure of. ix. [nine] ynches. Sum wryte that an elephant is bygger then 
 three wylde oxen or buffes. They of India are blacke or of the colour of a moufe. But they of F.thinpe or 
 Guinea, are browne. The hyde or Ikynne of them all, is very harde and withowte heare or bryilels. Theyr 
 eares are two dodrantes brode, and theyr eyes very lyttle. Owr men fawe one drynkyng at a ryutr in Guinea 
 as they fayled into the lande. 
 
 Of other properties and conditions of the elephant, as of theyr maruelous docilitie, of theyr feight and vfe 
 in the warres, of theyr generation and chaftitie, when they were fyrfte feene in the theatres and tryumphes of 
 the Romans, howe they are taken and tamed, and when they cad theyr tulkes, with th[e]ufe of the fame in 
 medicine, who fo defyreth to know, let hym rede Plinie in the. viii. [eighth] booke of his natural hyllorie. He 
 alfo wryteth in his. xii. [twelfth] booke, that in owlde tyme they made many goodly woorkes of luery or 
 elephantes teeth : as tables, treffels, poftes of houfes, rayles, latteffes for wyndowes, Images of theyr goddcs, 
 and dyuers other thynges of luery both coloured and vncoloured and intermyxte with fundry kyndes of precious 
 wooddes, as at this day are made certeyne chayres, lutes, and virginalles. 
 
 They had fuch plentie therof in owlde tyme, that (as farre as I remember) lofephus wryteth that one of 
 the gates of Hienifalem was cauled Forta Eburtica, {\ha.t is) the luery gate. The whytenefle thereof was fo 
 muche efteemed that it was thought to reprefent the naturall fayrenefle of mans Ikynne : In fo much that fuch 
 as went abowt to fet furth (or rather corrupte) naturall bewtie with colours and payntynge, were reproued by 
 this prouerbe : Ebur atramento candefacere. That is : To make luery whyte with ynke. The poettes alfo 
 defcribynge the fayre neckes of bewtifuU virgins, caule them Eburnca colla : That is : luery neckcs. 
 
 And to haue fayde thus much of elephantes and luery, it may fuffice. 
 Nowe therfore to fpeke fumwhat of the people and their nianers and maner of 
 lyuynge, with alfo an other briefe defcription of Africa. 
 
 It is to vnderftande that the people whiche nowe inhabite the regions of the coafl of Guinea and the 
 mydde partes of Affrica, as Lybia the inner, and Nubia with dyuers other great and large regions abowt the 
 fame, were in oulde tyme cauled Ethiopes and Nigrite, which we nowe caule Moores, Moorens, or Negros, a 
 people of beaftly lyuynge, without a god, lawe, religion, or common welth, and fo fcorched and vexed with the 
 heatc of the foonne, that in many places they curfe it when it rfeth. Of the regions and people abowt the 
 inner Libia (cauled Libia Interior) Gemma Phryfius wryteth thus. 
 
 Lybia Interior, is very large and defolate, in the whiche are many horrible wylderneffes and mountaynes 
 replenifflied with dyuers kyniies of wylde and monftrous beafl.es aud ferpentes. Fyrft. from Mauritania or 
 Barberie toward the fouth is Getulia, a rowgh and faluage region whofe inhabitantes are wylde and wanderynt,e 
 people. After thefe folowe the people cauled Melanogetuli and Pharufii whiche wander in the wyldemeffe 
 caryinge with them greate gourdes of water. The Etiiiopians cauled Nigrite, occupie a great parte of Aphrica, 
 and are extended to the Weft Ocean. Southwarde alfo they reache to the ryuer Nigritis whofe nature agreeth 
 with the ryuer of Nilus forafmuch as it is increafed and diminyffhed at the fame tyme, and b:yngeth furth the 
 like beaftes as the Crocodile. By reafon wherof, I thinke this to be the fame ryuer which the Portugales caule 
 Senega. For this ryuer is alfo of the fame nature. It is furthermore maruelous and very ftrange that is fayde 
 of this ryuer. And this is, that on the one fyde therof, th[e]inhabitauntes are of hyghe ftiiture and blacke : and on 
 the other fide of browne or tawny colour and lowe ftaturc, which thynge alfo owre men confirme to be trewe. 
 
 There are alfo other people of Lybia cauled Garamantes, whofe women are common. For they contracte 
 no matrinionie, neyther haue refpect to chaftitie. After thefe are the nations of the people cauled Pyrei, 
 Sathiodaphnite, Odrangi, Mimaces, Lynxamate, Dolopes, Agangine, Leuce Ethiopes, Xilicei Ethioiies, Calcei 
 Ethiopes, and Nubi. Thefe haue the fame fituation in Ptolomie that they nowe giue to the kyngdome of Nubia. 
 Here are certeyne Chrillians vnder the dominion of the grtate Emperoure of Ethiope cauled Prefter lohn. 
 From thefe towarde the weft, is a great nation of people cauled Aphricerones : whofe region (as farre as maye 
 bee gathered by coniecture) is the fame that is nowe cauled Regnum Orguene, confinynge vppon tlie eaft partes 
 of Guinea. From hcnfe weftwarde and fumwhat towarde the north, are the kyngedoiues of Gambra and Budomel 
 not farre from the ryuer of Senega. And from henfe towarde the inlande regions and alonge by the fea coaft, 
 
 tS4 
 
or vermilion 
 
 differynge in 
 the horfe of 
 ia, Aim haue 
 ot abyde the 
 a and Lybia, 
 li. [fourteen] 
 bygger then 
 F.lhiope or 
 lels. Theyr 
 cr in Guinea 
 
 ight and vfe 
 ryumphes of 
 the fame in 
 yftorie. He 
 
 of luery or 
 leyr goddes, 
 s of precious 
 
 that one of 
 lereofwas fo 
 icli that fuch 
 reproued ))y 
 poettes alfo 
 s. 
 
 maner of 
 
 nea and the 
 IS abowt the 
 or Negros, a 
 xed with the 
 le abowt the 
 
 mountaynes 
 lauritania or 
 
 wanderynjjC 
 
 wyldemeffe 
 : of Aphrica, 
 :ture agreeth 
 :th firth the 
 ugales caule 
 that is fayde 
 :ke : and on 
 
 be trewe. 
 ey contracte 
 luled Pyrei, 
 oi)es, Calcci 
 le of Nubia, 
 refter lohn. 
 rre as maye 
 I eafl partes 
 id Budomel 
 le fea coaft, 
 
 The feconde vyage to Gti'mea. 
 
 385 
 
 
 are the regions of Ginoia o; Guinea which wee commonly caule Gynne. On the well fide of thefe regions to- 
 warde the Ocean, is the cupe or poynt cauled Cabouerde or Caput viride (that is) the grcene cape, to the whiche 
 the Portugales fyrft directe theyr courfe when they fayle to America or the lande of Brafile. Then departynge 
 frome henfe, they tume to the ryght hande towarde the quarter of the wynde cauled Garbino which is betwene 
 the weft and the fouth. But to fpeake fumwhat more of Ethiopia. Althowgh there are many nations of people 
 fo named, yet is Ethiopia chiefely diuyded into two partes : wherof the one is cauled Ethiopia vnder Egypte, a 
 great and ryche region. To this perteyneth the Ilande of Meroe, imbrafed rounde abowte with the flremes of 
 the ryuer Nilus. In this Ilande women reygned in oulde tyme. lofephus wryteth that it was fumtyme cauled 
 Sabea : and that the queene of Saba came from thenfe to Hierufalem to heare the wyfedome of Salomon. From 
 henfe towarde the Eaft, reigneth the fayde Chrftian Emperoure Prefter John whom fum caule Papa lohannes, 
 and other fay that he is cauled Pean luan (that is) greate lohn, whofe empyre reacheth farre beyonde Nilus, 
 and is extended to the coafles of the redde fea and Indian fea. The myddle of the region is almoft in the. 66. 
 degrees of longitude, and. xii. [twelue] degrees of latitude. Abowte this region inhabite the people cauled 
 Clodii, Rifophagi, Babilonii, Axiunite, Mofyli, and Molybe. After thefe is the region cauled Trogloditica, 
 whofe inhabitauntes dwell in caues and dennes. For thefe are theyr houfes, and the flefflie of fcrpentes theyr 
 meate, as wryteth Plinie and Diodorus Siculus. They haue no fpeache, but rather a grynnynge and chatterynge. 
 There are alfo people without heades cauled Blemines, hauynge theyr eyes and mouth in theyr brcfte. Lyke- 
 wyfe Strucophagi and naked Ganphafantes. Satyrs alfo which haue nothynge of men but only (hape. More 
 ouer Oripei great hunters. Mennones alfo, and the region of Smyrnophora which bryngeth furth myrre. After 
 thefe is the region of Azania in the whiche manye elephantes are founde. A great parte of the other regions of 
 Afrike that are beyonde the Equinoctiall line, are nowe afcrybed to the kingedome of Melinde, whofe inhabi- 
 tauntes are accuftomed to traffike with the nations of Arable, and theyr kynge is ioyned in frendfliip with the 
 kyng of Portugale, and payeth tribute to Preller lohn. 
 
 The other Ethiope cauled Ethiopia Interior (that is) the inner Ethiope, is not yet knowen for the greatnefle 
 therof but only by the fea coafles. Yet is it defcribed in this maner. Fyrfte from the Equinoctiall towarde the 
 fouth, is a greate region of Ethiopians which bryngeth furth whyte elephantes, tygers, and the beafles cauled 
 Rhinocerontes. Alfo a region that bryngeth furth plentie of Cinamome, lyinge betwene the braunches of Nilus. 
 Alfo the kingdome of Habech or Habaflia, a region of Chriftien men, lying both on this fyde and beyonde 
 Nilus. Here are alfo the Ethiopians cauled Ichthiophagi (that is) fuch as lyue only by fifflie : and were fum- 
 time fubdued by the warres of great Alexander. Furthermore the Ethiopians cauled Rhapfii, and Anthropo- 
 phagi that are accuftomed to eate mans fleflhe, inhabite the regions nere vnto the mountaynes cauled Alontcs 
 Ztince, (that is) the mountaynes of the moone. Gazatia, is vnder the tropike of Capricorne. After this, folow- 
 eth the fronte of aflfrike, the cape of Buena Speranza or Caput Bona Spa, (that is) the cape of good ho|)e, by 
 the which thty pafle that fayle from Spayne to Calicut But by what names the capes and goulfes are cauled, 
 forafmuche as the fame are in euery globe and carde, it were here fuperfluous to rehearfe them. 
 
 Sum wryte that Aphrica was fo named by the Grecians bycaufe it is withowt coulde. For the Greeke 
 letter Alpha or. A, fignifyeth pryuation, voyde, or withowt : and phrice, fignifietli coulde. For in deede althowgh 
 in the fteede of wynter they haue a cloudy e and tempeftious feafon, yet is it not coulde, but rather fmoothering 
 hot with alfo hot ftioures of raine and fumwhere fuche fcorchynge wyndes, that what by one meanes and other 
 they feeme at certeyne tymes to Hue as it were in *bmaces, and in maner alredy halfe way in Purgatorie or hel. 
 Gemma Phrifius writeth that in certeyne partes of Aphrica, (as in Atlas the greater) the ayer in the night feafon 
 is feene fliyninge with many ftraunge fyers and flames ryfmge in maner as high as the moone : And that in the 
 element are fumtime harde as it were the founde of pipes, trumpettes, and droommes. Whiche noyfes may 
 perhappes be caufed by the vehemente and fundry motions of fuch fyery exhalations in the ayer, as we fe the 
 lyke in many experiences wrought by fyre, ayer, and wynd. The holownefle alfo and diuers reflexions and 
 breaking of the cloudes may be greate caufes hereof, byfyde the vehement cold of the myddle region of the 
 ayer wherby the fayd fyery exhalations afcending thether are fuddenly ftryken backe with greate force. For 
 euen common and dayly experience teacheth vs by the whyflinge of a buminge forge what noyfe fycr maketh in 
 the ayer, and much more where it ftriueth when it is inclofcd with ayer as apereth in gonns, and as the lyke is 
 fene in only ayer inclofed, as in orgen pipes and fuch other inftmmentes that go by winde. For wynde as fay 
 the philofophers is none other then ayer vehemently moued, as we fee in a payer of belowes and fuche other. 
 
 Sum of owre men of good credit that were in this laft vyage to Guinea, affirme erneftly that in the nyght 
 feafon they felt a fenfible heate to coomme from the beames of the moone. The which thynge althowghe it be 
 ftraunge and infenfible to vs that inhabite coulde regions, yet doothe it ftande with good reafon that it may fo 
 be, forafmuch as the nature of the ftarres and planets (as wryteth Plinie) confyfteth of fyre, and conleyneth in it 
 a fpirite of lyfe, whiche can not be without heate. 
 
 And that the moone gyueth heate vpon the earth, the prophete Dauyd fccmeth to confirme in his. Cxx. 
 
 Edrn. 2 F 38., 
 
 Guinea or 'ginoia. 
 
 Cap. Verde. 
 
 The Purtugales 
 ".'■iiiijatioiu lu 
 Itroiiile. 
 
 Ethiopia. 
 
 The Ilande of 
 Merue. 
 
 The queene of 
 S.iba. 
 
 Prcster lohn 
 fiiipcr'rui 01 
 Ethiiipi.!. 
 
 People of the c.ibl 
 i>ydc of Africa. 
 
 Ophiophagi 
 
 Penj.Ic without 
 hcaiics. 
 
 Myrre. 
 Aznnia. 
 KcgDum McIinde. 
 
 Ethiopia interior 
 
 Whyte elephantes 
 
 Ilajjassia. 
 
 Ichthiuphat;i 
 .Anthropoph.iiji. 
 MuntL-s Luua- 
 i tazatia. 
 
 357 
 
 ("(//. Bona S/>ei. 
 
 .\phrica witliuwt 
 
 ■ otiUlc. 
 
 riic winter uf 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Flames of fire 
 .mil iioy.st: in the 
 ayer. 
 
 riic inydilcll 
 rc;;iiin of th«; 
 .i(yjur is cotiMli. 
 
 riie strife uf 
 L-lciiiriites. 
 
 Wyntte. 
 
 The heate of 
 thu niuuDU. 
 
 The nature of 
 
 the bUlfa. 
 
■^1 
 
 V \ 
 
 '^¥ 
 
 \ 
 
 386 
 
 Spoutes or water 
 
 fauling out uf 
 the ayer. 
 
 Cataracts of 
 heaucn. 
 
 Vehement motio !■ 
 of the !>ca. 
 
 A straunge 
 lhyii);c. 
 
 The poure of 
 nature. 
 
 358 
 
 They rase their 
 skinnes. 
 
 Fine iewe'.l*. 
 A braslcL 
 
 Shackel'es. 
 
 Uingcs. 
 
 Dogs chains uf 
 
 golue. 
 
 A muske cat 
 
 Their houses 
 Their feding 
 Fleing fishes 
 
 A straunge thynft 
 
 The feconde vyage to Guinea . 
 
 [i 20th] Pfalme, where fpeakynge of fuch men as are defended from euyls by goddes protection, he fayth thus : 
 Per diem fol tion exuret te, nee lima per twetem. Ihat is to fay. In the day the foonne (hall not burne the nor 
 the moone by nyght. 
 
 They fay furthermore that in certeyne places of the fea, they fawe certeyne ftremes of water which they 
 caule fpoutes faulynge owt of tht aver into the fea : And that fum of theCe are as bygge as the greate pyllers of 
 churchi , : In fo muche that fumtymos they faule into lliyppes and put them in greate daungiour of drownynge. 
 Sum phantafie that thefe rtuilde bee the cat[a]ractes of heauen whiche were all opened at Noes fludde. But 1 
 thynke them ratlier to 1 e fuche fluxions and eruptions as Ariftotle in his boke de Mundo, faith to chaunfe in 
 the fea. For fpeakynge of fuche thynges as are feene often tymes in the fea, he wtyteth thus : Often tymes 
 alfo euen in the fea are feene euaporations of fyre, and fuche eruptions and breakyng furth of fprynges, that the 
 mouthes of ryuers are opened, whyrlepooles, and fluxions are caufed of fuch other vehement moiions not only 
 in the middeft of the fea, but alfo in creekes and (Ireyghtes. At certeyne tymes alfo, a great quaiititie of water 
 is fuddeynly lyfted vp and caryed abowt with the moone. etc. By which woordes of Aryftotle it dooth appere 
 that fuch waters maye bee lyfted vp in one place at one tyme, and fuddeynly faule downe in an other place at 
 an other tyme. Ami hereunto perhappes perteyneth it that Rycharde Chaunceler toulde me that he harde 
 Sebaflian Cabot reporte, that (as farre as I remember) eyther abowt the coafles of Brafile or Rio de Plata, his 
 fliyppe or pinnes was fuddeinly lyfted from the fea and call vpon the lande I wotte not howe farre. The which 
 thynge and fuche other lyke woonderfuU and flraunge woorkes of nature whyle I confyder and caule to remem- 
 beraunce the narownes of mans vnderllandynge and knowleage in comparyfon of her mighty poure, I can but 
 ceafe to maruayle and confefle with Plinie that nothynge is to her impoflible, the lealle parte of whofe poure is 
 not yet knowen to men. 
 
 Many thynges more owre men fawe and confydered in this vyage worthy to bee 
 noted, wherof I haue thought good to put fum in memory that the reader maye afwell 
 take pleafure in the varietie of thynges as knowleage of the hyftorye. 
 
 Amonge other thynges therefore touchynge the maners and nature of the people, this may feeme (Iraunge 
 that theyr princes and noble men vfe to pounfe and rafe theyr (kynnes with prety knottes in diuers formes as 
 it were branched damaflve, thynkynge tha" to be a decent ornament. And albeit they go in maner all naked, 
 yet are many of them and efpecially their women in maner laden with collars, braflettcs, hoopes, and chaynes 
 eyther of golde, copper, or luery. I my felfe luiuc one of theyr brafelettes of luery wayinge twoo pounde and 
 vi. [fix] ounces of Troye weyght, whiche make, xxxviii. [thirty-eight] ounces. This, one of theyr women dyd 
 weare vppon her arme. It is made of one hole piece of the byggeft parte of tlie toothe turned and fumwhat 
 earned, with a hole in the myddell wherin they put theyr handes to weare it on theyr arme. Sum haue of euery 
 arme one and as many on theyr legges, wherewith fum of theym are fo galded tiiat althoughe they are in nuiner 
 made lame therby, yet wyll they by no nicanes leaue them of. Sum weare alfo on theyr legges great fliackels 
 of bryght copper which they thynke to bee no lefle cumly. They weare alfo collars, braflets, garlandes and 
 gyrdels of certeyne blewe (lones lyke beades. Lykewyfe fum of theyr women weare on theyr bare amies cer- 
 teyne forefleeues made of the plates of beaten golde. On theyr fyngers alfo they weare rynges made of golden 
 wyres with a knotte or wrethe lyke vnto that whiche chyldren make in a rynge of a ruflhe. Amonge other 
 thinges of golde that owr men bowght of tliem for exchaunge of theyr wares, were certeyne dogges chaynes and 
 collers. 
 
 They are very ware people in theyr bargenynge, and wyl not lofe one fparke of golde of any value. They 
 vfe weyghtes and meafures, and are very circumfpecte in occupyinge the fame. They that fliall haue to do 
 with them muft. vfe them gentelly ? for they w)l not trafike or brynge in any wares if they be euyll vfed. At 
 the fyrft viage that owr men hail into thefe parties, it fo chaunfed that at theyr departure from the fyrfte place 
 where they dyd trafike, one of them eyther dole a muflce catte or tooke her a way by force, not myftruftynge 
 that that fliulde haue hyndered theyr bargenynge in an other place whyther they intended to go. But for al 
 the hafl they could make with full fayles, tiie fame of theyr myfufage fo preuented them that the people of that 
 place alfo offended therby, wold bring in no wares : In fo muche that they were iaforced eyther to reft.ore the 
 catte or pay for her at theyr price before they could trafike there. 
 
 Theyr houfes are made of foure poftes or trees, and couered with bouwes. 
 
 Theyr common feedynge is of rootes and fuch fyfllies as they take, wherof they haue great plentie. There 
 are alfo fuch flyinge fyfllies as are feene in the fea of the Wefle Indies. Owre men falted of theyr fyfflies hopyngc 
 to prouyde ftore therof. But they wolde take no falte : And mufle therefore be eaten furthwith as fum fay. 
 Howe be it, other affirme that if they be falted immediately after they be taken, they wyl lafl, vncomipted. x. 
 [ten] or. xii. [twelue] dayes. But this is more (Iraunge, that parte of fuch flefflie as they caryed with them owte 
 of Englande and putrifyed there, became fweete ageyne at theyr returne to the clime of temperate regions. 
 
 jS6 
 
The fcconde vyage to Guinea. 
 
 387 
 
 he fayth thus : 
 burne the nor 
 
 er which they 
 eate pyllers of 
 of drownynge. 
 ludde. But 1 
 to chaunfe in 
 Often tymes 
 nges, that the 
 lions not only 
 iititie of water 
 dooth appere 
 other place at 
 hat he harde 
 I de Plata, his 
 ;. The which 
 ule to remem- 
 jre, I can but 
 rhofe poure is 
 
 thy to bee 
 laye afwell 
 
 :eme (Iraunge 
 ers formes as 
 icr all naked, 
 
 and chaynes 
 ) pounde and 
 
 women dyd 
 md fumwhat 
 laue of euery 
 are in maner 
 rcat fliackcls 
 irlandes ami 
 "c amies cer- 
 de of goliU-n 
 nonge other 
 chaynes and 
 
 alue. They 
 haue to do 
 
 I'll vfed. At 
 fyrfle place 
 
 nyllruflynge 
 But for al 
 
 ople of that 
 
 ) rellore the 
 
 tie. There 
 les hopynge 
 as funi fay. 
 jrnipted. x. 
 them owte 
 gions. 
 
 They vfe alfo a (Iraunge niakynge of breade in this maner. They grjndc betwenc two (loncs with theyr 
 handes as much come as they thynke maye fuffice theyr famelie. And when they haue thus brought it to 
 floure, they put thereto a certeyne quantitie of water and make therof very thin dowgh which they flycke vppon 
 fum pod of theyr houfcs, where it is baked by the heate of the fonne : So that when the mafler of the houfe or 
 any of his famely wyll eate thereof, they take it downe and eate it 
 
 They haue very fayre whcate, the ere whereof is twoo handfulles in length and as bygge as a great bulrufflie, 
 and almofl foure ynches abowt where it is byggefl. The fleme or flrawe, femeth to be almoll as bygge as 
 the lyttle fynger of a mans hande, or lyttle lefie. The graynes of this wheate are as bygge as owr peafon : 
 rounde alfo, and verye whyte and fumwhat fliynynge lyke perles that haue lofl theyr colour. .\lmo(l all the 
 fubflaunce of theym tumeth into floure, and niaketh lyttle branne or none. I toulde in one ere twoo hundreth 
 and three fcore graynes. The ere is inclofed in thre blades longer then it felfe, and of two inches brode a 
 piece. And by this frutcfulneffe the foonne feemeth partly to rcconipence fuch grcefes and molellations as 
 they othcrwyfe receaue by the feruent heate thereof. It is doubtlefle a woorthy contemplation to confider the 
 contrary effectes of the foonne : or rather the contrary paffions of fuche thynges as receaue th[e]influence of his 
 beames eyther to theyr hurte or benefite. 
 
 Theyr drynke is eyther water or the iufe that droppeth from the cut braunches of the barren date 
 trees cauled Palmites. For eyther they hange greate gourdes at the fayde branches eucry eucnynge and 
 let them fo hange all nyght, or els they fct them on the ground vnder the trees that the droppes may 
 faule therin. They fay that this kynde of drynke is in tall much lyke vnto whey, but fumwhat fweeter 
 and more pleafaunt. They cutte the branches euery euenynge bycaufe they are fered vp in the day by 
 the heate of the foonne. They haue alfo great beanes as bygge as cheftenuttes, and verye harde with a fliell 
 in the llede of a hulke. 
 
 Many thynges more myght be fayd of the manors of the people and of the woondcrs 
 and monftrous thynges that arc engendered in Afrike. But it fliall fuffice to haue 
 fayde thus muche of fuch thynges as owre men partely fawe and pariely browght with 
 them. 
 
 And wheras before fpcakynge of the fnite of graynes, I defcryhcd the fame to haue holes by the fyde (as 
 in deede it is as it is browght hether) yet was I afterwarde informed that thofe holes were made to put (Iryngcs 
 or twygges throughe the frute therby to hange them vp to drye at the fonne. They growe not pade a foote and 
 a halfe or twoo foote frome the grownde : and are as red as bludde when they are gathered. The graynes 
 them felues, are cauled of the phyfitians, drana Paradyfi. 
 
 At theyr comminge home, the keles of theyr fliyppes were marueloudy ouergrowen with certen fliels of ii. 
 [two] ynches length and more as thycke as they coulde (lande, and of fuch byggenes that a man may put his 
 thom in the mouthes of them. 'I'hey certeynly affirme that in thefe there growelh a certeyne flymy fubflaunce 
 which at the length flypping owt of the fliel and fauling in the fea, becometh thofe foules which we cal barnacles 
 The lyke flielles haue byn feene in fliyppes returning from Iflande. But thefe llielles were not part, halfe an 
 inch in length. Of the other that came from Guinea, I fiwe the Prymrofe lyinge in the docke, and in maner 
 couered with the fayd flielles, which in my iudgeniente fliuUle greately hynder her faylynge. Tiieyr fliyppes 
 were alfo in many places eaten with the woormes cauled Bromas or Biffas whereof mention is made in the 
 Decades. Thefe creepe betwene the plankes whiclie they eate throwgh in many places. 
 
 Amonge other thynges that chaunced to them in this vyage, this is woorthy to be noted, that whereas they 
 fayled thether in feuen weekes, they coulde returne in no lelfe fpace then. xx. [twenty] weekes. The caufe 
 wherof they fay to be this : That abowt the coaft of Cabo Verde, the wynde is euer at the Eafl by reafon whereof 
 they were inforced to fayle farre owte of theyr courfe into the niayne Ocean to f) nde the wynde at the 
 well to brynge them home. There dyed of owre men at this lafl vy.ige abowt. xxiiii. [twenty-four] whereof 
 many dyed at theyr returne into the clime of the coulde regions, as betwene the Ilandes of Soria and Englande. 
 They browght with them certeyne blacke flaues, wherof fum were taule and ftronge men, and coulde well agree 
 with OWT meates and drynkes. The coulde and moyll ayer dooth fumwhat oiTende them. Yet doubtleffe men 
 that are home in hotte regions may better abyde coulde, then men that are borne in coulde regions may abyde 
 heate, forafmuch as vehement heate r ' "Mi the radicall moifture of mens bodies, as could conflreyneth and 
 preferueth the fame 
 
 This is alfo to bee confydercd as ? fecreate woorke of nature, that throughout all Afryke vnder the Equi- 
 noctiall line and neare abowt the fame on bothe fydes, the regions are extreme hotte and the people very blacke. 
 Whereas contraryly fuch regions of the V/efl Indies as are vnder the fame line, are very temperate and the 
 people neyther blacke nor with curlde and fliort wooUe on theyr heades as haue they of Afryke, but of the 
 
 167 
 
 Their bivad. 
 
 Their wheate. 
 
 359 
 
 The sooiinc. 
 
 Their drinke. 
 
 Graynet. 
 
 Shellex th.it cle.i<ie 
 to shyppcs. 
 
 n.irnactcs. 
 
 nromaib 
 
 A secreate. 
 
 The Jcath of 
 uwr men. 
 
 Could may be 
 l>cttcr abiden 
 then heate. 
 
 1 he West Indie*. 
 
-^M 
 
 fl 
 
 Is ' 
 
 388 
 
 The feconde vyage to Guinea. 
 
 coloure of an olyiie with longe and blacke heare on theyr heades : the caufe of which varietie is declared in 
 dyuers places in the Decades. 
 
 It is alfo woorthy to bee noted that fumme of them that were at this vyage toulde me. That is, 
 360 that they ouertooke the couife of the for ne, fo that they had it north from them at noone the. xiiii. [four- 
 teenth] day of Marche. 
 
 And to haue fayde thus much of thefe vyages it may fuffice. For (as I haue fayd 
 before) Wheras the parteners at whofe charges this booke is prynted, wolde longe fence 
 haue me proceaded no further, I had not thought to haue wrytten any thynge of thefe 
 vyages but that the liberalitie of mafter Toy encoraged me to attempt the fame. 
 Whiche I fpeake not to the reproche of other in whome I thynke there lacked no good 
 wyll, but that they thought the booke wolde be to chargeable. 
 
 !:\ 
 
 I 
 
i declared in 
 
 ne. That is, 
 le. xiiii. [four- 
 
 haue fayd 
 onge fence 
 ge of thefe 
 the fame. 
 :d no good 
 
 389 
 
 c THE MANER OF FYNDYNGE THE LONGITVDE OF 
 
 REGIONS BY DYVERS WAVES AFTER THE DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Gemma Phrysivs. 
 
 [Erceauynge what contention is and longe hath byn 
 not only amonge the pylottes that by trauaylynge 
 the fea haue obferued the ftarres, but alfo amonge 
 fum men that are (kylfull in mathematical! fciense, 
 wherof many affirme that the longitude (that is to 
 meane, the courfe from the Eaft to the Wefte) can 
 not be perfectely knowen, I haue thowght good for 
 the better fatiffying of fuch as defire to haue fum 
 knowleage hereof, to interprete fuch demonftrations 
 as I haue redde of the declarynge of the fame in 
 Gemma Phryfius, who as touchynge this matter 
 hath added th[e]inuentions of other, a more cer- 
 teyne way of his own diuife wherby (as he fayth) 
 he can fynde the longitude of regions although he 
 
 were dryuen owt of the way a thoufande myles into places vnto hym vtterlye vnknowen 
 
 and of vnknowen diftance. He wryteth therfore as foloweth. 
 
 When yow haue founde the place of the mone, yow ought to confyder the houre when Ihe occupyed that 
 place. Then eyther by the Ephimerides or by the tables of Alphonfus yowe owght to knowe in what houre the 
 moone entereth into the fame figne of the Zodiake in an other region or towne whofe longitude is well knowen. 
 Then reducynge the houres to. xxiiii. [twenty-four] the lefle number of houres is to be deducted out of the 
 greater number. Then the remanent of the houres and mynutes is to be brought to degrees in this maner. 
 Multiplie the hours by. xv. [fifteen] and diuide the minutes of the houres by foure : fo fliall appere the degrees 
 of the Equinoctial conteyned betwene two meridians. And if after this diuifion there remayne any minutes, 
 multiplie them alfo by. xv. [fifteen] and therby flialbe knowen the minutes of degrees. Adde this difference of 
 longitude founde to the longitude of the region knowen if the houres of that place bee more in number : or take 
 awaye from the fame longitude if they be leffe : So fliall yowe in fine gather the longitude of the place vnknowen 
 from the Ilandes of Canarie. But the fame is more eafely anu redely found geometrically by the globes by this 
 meanes. Set directly vnder the meridian, the place whofe longitude is knowen in the globe. Then directe the 
 poynte or (lyle that moueth abowt the pole, to the houre in the whiche the moone occupyeth the place affigned 
 in that region. Then tume the globe vntyll the ftyle that flieweth the houre, be coomme to the houre in the 
 whiche yowe fowght the vnknowen place of the moone. And fo fliall the degrees of the Ecjuinoctiall diflaunte 
 or diuyded fronie the moueable meridian, declare the longitude of the region which yow feeke. Neuertheleffe, 
 the more certeine way wherby the differences of longitudes may bee founde, is by fum one thynge that in one 
 moment appeareth in all regions, as by the eclypfes of the moone. For the dyuers houres beinge knowen in 
 the whiche the fayd eclypfes chaunce in dyuers regions, the longitude maye thus afwell be knowen by geometric 
 and arithmetike, as it is founde by the rule here before. But forafmuch as this doth neyther appere at al tymos 
 nor to all men, and the other way is fumwhat difficult, neyther at al tymes redy by reafon of the coniunctions 
 or the mone and furthermore alfo fumtymes vncerteyne and varying fumwhat from the truth for the dyuers 
 
 2 F 2 389 
 
 By the mone. 
 
 The Ilandes of 
 Caimric. 
 Howe to fynd 
 the lonuilude by 
 the globe 
 
 The Eclipses of 
 the mounc. 
 
11 '.'I 
 
 390 
 
 T//e tnaner of fynydngc the longitudes of regions. 
 
 361 
 
 Litle docltu 
 
 By the Aslrolabii; 
 and glubc. 
 Horoscopus or 
 the Ascendent 
 
 The latitude. 
 
 ( '.;■ 
 
 \ 
 
 afpectes and latitudes of the mone, it fo chaunceth hereby that wee haue eyther no longitudes or the fame very 
 vncerteyne of many regions, and efpecially of thofe which the Spanyardes haue of late difcouered. For no 
 certentie doubtlefle can be knowen by fuch commenfurations as are made in the wanderynge tumynges and 
 wyndynges of fuch vyages, as Ptolome affirmeth in the firll booke of his Cofmographie. I wyll therfore adde 
 herevnto fum thynge of myne owne inuention whereby by an eafy way and at all tymes the longitudes of regions 
 may bee foundc in all vyages and nauigations. 
 
 C ^ newe maner of fyndynge the Longitudes of regions. 
 
 |£e fee that in thefe owre dayes certeyne lyttle clockes are very artificially made the whiche for 
 theyr fmaule quantitie are not comberous to be caryed abowt in all vyages. Thefe often 
 tymes moue continually for the fpace. of. xxiiii [twenty-four] houres : and may with helpe 
 continewe theyr mouynge in maner perpetually. By the helpe therfore of thefe the longi* 
 tude may bee founde after this maner. Before wee enter into any vyage, wee mude fyrfte 
 forefee that the fayde clocke exactly obferue the houres of the place from whenfe we departe : 
 And ageyne that in the way it neuer ceafe. Accomplyflhynge therefore, xv. [fifteen] or. xx. 
 [twenty] myles of the vyage, if wee defyrc to knowe howe much in longitude we are dyftant frome the place of 
 owre departure, we mud tary vntyll the poynt 01 ftyle of the clocke do exactly come to the poynt oJ 
 fum houre : and at the fame moment by owr Aftrolabie or globe, owght wee to feeke the 
 houre of the place where we bee : The which yf it agree in minute with the houres 
 which the Horofcopium or afcendent dooth (hewe, then is it certeyne 
 that wee are yet vnder the fame Meridian or the fame Longi- 
 tude: and that owre courfe hath byn towarde the 
 fouth or north. But if it dyffer one hour or 
 any mynute, then are the fame 
 to bee reduced to de- 
 grees or minutes as we haue tought in the chapiture here before. 
 And fo fhall the longitude bee founde. And by this arte can 
 1 fynde the longitude of regions althowgh I were a 
 thoufand myles owt of my attempted courfe 
 and in an vnknowen didance, but 
 the latitude mull fyrfte bee 
 perfectely knowen. 
 
 iTfiXXS. 
 
 via 
 
 L„^ 
 
391 
 
 € A bryefe reherfal of the contentes of the bookcs ofthcfyrfl Decade, andfo 
 folowynge of all the other Decades, Folio, i. [/. 65.] 
 
 |N the fyrft booVe is declared howe Chridophorus 
 Colonus otherwyfe cauled Columbus, periuaded 
 Fernando and Elizabeth, prynccs of Spayne, to 
 fuorther his attempte in fearching newe and vn- 
 knowen landcs in the Weft Ocean. AKo of the. 
 vii. Ilandes of Canarie, by whom they were foundc 
 and conquered, 
 
 Howe Colonus founde the Ilandes of Ilifpaniola, 
 and Cuba ; And of the fierce people cauled Cani- 
 bales or Carilies, which are accuftomed to eate mans fleffhe. 
 
 Of the rootes cauled Ages, lucca, and the grayne Maizium, wherof the 
 people of the Ilandes make theyr brcade. 
 
 Of the golde found in the fandes of ryuers, and of the ferpentes which 
 are without hurte. Alfo of turtle doues, duckes, and popyngiayes. 
 
 Of Maftix, and Aloe, with dyuers frutes and trees vnknowen to vs : and 
 of the frutefulnes of the Hand of Ilifpaniola which the Spanyardes caule 
 Spagnuola. 
 
 Of the feconde vysige of Colonus into thefe regions, and howe he was 
 fumyfflie<I with. xvii. (hyppes and a thoufande and two hundreth fouldyers, 
 with all kynde of artiliaryc, artificers, and grayne to fowe. And of the 
 tree frome the which water droppcth continually into a trenche made by 
 mans hande. 
 
 The contmUs of the faona: hooke. Fol. 4. [/. 68.] 
 
 C Howe Colonus departynge from the Ilandes of Canarie, fayled.viii. 
 hundreth and. xx. leaques in. xxi. dayes, and came to Dominica an Uande 
 of the Canibales : And ot the fragrant fauour of fpices which proceded 
 from the Ilandes. 
 
 Of the Ilandes of Galanta or Galana and Guadalupea, and of the trees 
 which beare that kynde ot cotton whiche the Italians caule Bombafine, and 
 the Spanyardes Algadon. 
 
 Of dyuers kyndes of popingiayes: And of the Hand of Matinino or 
 Madinino, being inhabited only with women : Alfo of dyuers other frute- 
 full Ilandes : And of a conflicte which the Spanyardes had with the Cani- 
 bales. 
 
 Of certeyne Ilandes in the which are feene the mynes of metals and 
 precious ftones: and of the frutefull and peopulous Hande cauled Buri- 
 chena or Boriquen. or Infula S. ichannis. 
 
 Howe all the Admirals men whiche at his fyrft vyage he leAe in Ilif- 
 paniola, were flayne in his abfence by the rebellion of Guaccanarillus, 
 kynge of the Region of Xamr.na : and of the free kynde of lyfe which they 
 ' e that haue not the vfe of money. 
 
 j( the. vii. maydens which fwamme. iii. myles in the fea : And of the 
 maner of gatheryng of gold in the fands of riuers. 
 
 fl 77ie Contentes of the thyrde booke. Fol. 10. [/. 73.] 
 
 C A particular defcription of the Hande of Ilifpaniola, whiche Colonus 
 thynketh to be Ophir, from whenfe kynge Salomon had his great ryches 
 of golde. 
 
 Of the manielous frutefulnes of Hifpaniolo, and of the fuger canes 
 growynge there. 
 
 Of the golden regions of Cipanga or Cibaua, and of the ryucrs in whofe 
 fandes is founde great plcntie of golde. 
 
 Of certeyne graines of gold of cxccadyng great qunnlitie. 
 
 Of wylde vines of pleafaunt tafte, and of gra(Tu which in foure dayes 
 groweth as hygh as whcate. 
 
 Of the Hande of lohanna or Cuba, bcingc the cndc of the Eall and the 
 Well : And of the frutefull and peopulous Hande of lamaica. 
 
 Howe the Admirall thought that he had faylcd abowtc the lowed hcmi- 
 fphcric or halfe circle of the earth, and of a fvcreit'^ of Adrononiie 
 touchynge the fame matter. 
 
 Howe the Admirall gaue names to. vii. hundreth Ilandes, and palTcd by 
 three thoufande vnnamcd. 
 
 Of certeyne ferpentes lyke vnto Crocodiles of. viii. footc longe, wliofe 
 fleflhe is delicate to be eaten ; and of certeyne trees which hc.ire gourdes. 
 
 Of the ryuer whofe water is very hotte : and of the huntynge fyfihe 
 which taketh other fyfllics. 
 
 Of great abundaunce of Tortoyfcs as bygge as targets, and of a frutefull 
 mountayne well inhabited. 
 
 Of doggcs of deformed (hape and dum ; And of wliyte and thicke water. 
 
 Of wooddcs of date trees and pynci^aple trees, and of certeyne pco|)Ie 
 apiiareled like white friers. 
 
 Of certeyne trees whiche beare fpices, and of cranes ot exccadyngc 
 bigncs. 
 
 Of ftocke doues of more pleafaunte tafte then partriches. 
 
 An oration of a barbarous goucmoure as touchinge the immortalitie of 
 the fowle ; Alfo of the rewarde of vertue and punyfUimcnte of vice. 
 
 A fimilitudc ol the golden worlde, and of prouiflon withowte care. 
 
 Howe the admirall tell ficke by reofon of to much watcliynge : And of 
 a fedition which rofe among the Spaniardcs in the Hande of Ilifpaniola. 
 
 C Tlte Contentis of the fourth booke. Fol. 18. \p. 79.] 
 
 Howe the Kynges of the Hande of Ilifpaniola, were by the Spani-inlcs 
 myf behauoure prouoked to Rebellion : And howe the a<lmirall fcnt for 
 them. 
 
 Howe kinge Caunaboa the Lorde of the houfe of golde, that .s, of the 
 mountaynes of Cibaua, conlpired the Admirals death, and how he with 
 his familie were taken prifoners. 
 
 Of a greate (amine that chaunced in the Hand of Ilifpaniola : and howe 
 the Admiral builded certeyne fortredes. 
 
 Of a piece of rude golde waighinge. xx. vnces : and of the mync of the 
 riche metall cauled Electrum. 
 
 Ot the mountayne in the whyche is founde greate plentye of Aml)er and 
 orpemente : And of the woxldes oi" brafllc trees. 
 
 Howe th[c]inhabitauntes are put to theyre tribute : And howe the 
 nature of the Region difpofethc the mancrs of the people. 
 
 Howe the brother of kinge Caunaboa came ageynfte the Admiral with 
 an army of fiue thowfand naked men : and how he was taken and his 
 army put to flyght. 
 
 Of the frutfull vale Magona, in the fandes of whofe ryuers is founde 
 great plentie ol golde ; and of certeyne whirlcwyndes and tempelles. 
 
 Howe the Admirall fcnte foorthe his brother barthglomeus Colonus 
 with an army of men to fearch the gold mines and of the foffes wh'ch he 
 found to haue bin digged in old tymc 
 
 39« 
 
t\ 
 
 392 
 
 T/ic contenfcs of the decades. 
 
 \\\ 
 
 : / 
 
 A 
 
 « Thi Contentes o/tfie. v. hooke. Fol. aa. [/». Sa.] 
 
 Ilowe the Lieuetennunt buil(lc<I a furtrelTe in the golde mynes i And 
 prepared inftrumentcs for the poiirginge and fyninge of the golde. 
 
 Howe ccrtcyne Ihyppes lailen wiih vyitaylcs, came frome Spayne ; And 
 howe the Lieuetenaunt Tent the kyngcs which rebelled, with three huiul- 
 reth captiues into Spayne. 
 
 Howe the Licfclenaunte remoucd his habytacion : And buylded a 
 fortrcde which he cauled faynt Doniinickes towre Alfp howe he palTed 
 oucr the ryiicr Naiba, and entered into the wnoddes of brafyle trees. 
 
 Howe the great kyngc Dcuchius Anacauchoa, frcndcly entcrteyned the 
 I.icuctenaunt, and browght hym to his palla^ce, where the kyngcs wyucs 
 and concubines rcceaued him honorably with |x>m)>es and trtumphc«. 
 
 Of the fortreflcs which were erected in Hifpaniola : And howe the 
 Lieuetenaunt exacted tribute of the kyngcs whichc rebelled ageyne. 
 
 Howe the Lieuetenaunt fette vppun the ](ynges VDwarta in the nyght 
 feafon, and tookc. xiiii. of them pryfoncrs. 
 
 Howe kynge Guarioncxius, cnpitaync of the confpintcie was pardoned, 
 and howe he perfuadcd the people to obedience. 
 
 Howe kynge lieuchius Anacauchoa, fente melTingcrs to the Lieuetenaunt 
 to repayre to his pallayce where he founde xxxii. kinges redy with theyr 
 tributes : And howe the queene Anacaona eatyfed hym to eate of the 
 fcrpentcs flefflie. 
 
 Howe the fcrpentcs flcfdic is prepared to be .eaten ; Asd how delicate 
 meate theyr egges are yf they be fodden. 
 
 Howe queene Anacaona, fyftcr to kynge Beuchius Anacauchoa, entcr- 
 teyned the Liefctenaunt, and gaue hym muche houfliolde ftuffe and many 
 veffels of Hellene woodde artificially wrought and earned, 
 
 Howe kynge Anacauchoa and the qiieepe his fyfter went aboorde the 
 Liefctenaunt his Ihyppe, and howe greately they were amafed to beholde 
 the furniture therof. 
 
 Howe Roldanus Xeminus a Spaniarde, rebelled in the Lieuetenauntes 
 abfence : by whofe niyfdemeanour alfo kinge Guarioncxius was prouoked 
 to a newe confpiracie, and with hym Maipbanexius the kynge ol '.lie 
 mountaynes. 
 
 %S' 77ie contmUs o/thcfyxte boke. Foli. a8. [/. 87 ] 
 
 C The thyrde vyage of Colonus, and howe he diuerted from his accuf- 
 tomed rafe by the Ilandes of Canarie to the Ilande oi Madera for feare ol 
 certayne frenche pirates and rouers. 
 
 Of the. xiii. Ilandes which in olde tyme were cauled Hefperides, and are 
 nowe cauled the Ilandc-s ol Caput Viridc .or .Cabouerde. Alfo of the 
 Tortoyfes of the Ilande of Bonauifta, wherwith the Icaper is healed. 
 
 Howe the Admirall founde contagious ayre And extreme heate nere the 
 Equinoctial where the north pole was elcjiate onely fyue degrees : And 
 how failyng from thence weftward, he founde the ftarres placed in other 
 order, and the fea ryfynge as it were the backe ol a mountayne. 
 
 Howe the Admyrall faylynge weftwarde, and nejier palTyng owte of the 
 clyme or paraleles of Ethiope, founde a temperate PjE)gion and people of 
 goodly corporature : And what difference is betw^oe the natures of Regions 
 beyng vnder one paralele and one eleuation of the pole. 
 
 Of the Ilandes of Puta and Margarita : wd (A the Arifi .courfe or faule 
 of the Ocean from the Eall to the wefte. 
 
 Of the goulfes cauled Os Draconis : Aa4 of the conflicte betivene the 
 freihe water and the falte. 
 
 Of a fea of frcihe water : And a mountayM inhaiiited onely with monkeys 
 and marmafettes. 
 
 Ol the fayre, riche, and large region ot Paria \ And howe frendly 
 th[e]inhabitantes entreated the Admyrall and his men. Alfo of pleafaunte 
 wyne made of dyuerfe fruites : And of greate abundaunce of perles and 
 golde. 
 
 Of the regions ot Cumana, Manacapana, and Curiana, beynge regions 
 of the large prouynce of Paria : And of the fea of herbes or weedes. 
 
 A certeyn fecreate as touchynge the pole (larre and the eleuation of the 
 fame ; Alfo of the roundneffe of the earthe. 
 
 Of the mountaynes of Paria in the toppes wherof Colonus cmeflly 
 affirmeth the earthly I'aradifc to be fituate 1 And whether Paria be part 
 uf the firme land or continent of India. 
 
 C The (ontmtes of the. vii. booke. Fol. 33. [/. 90.] 
 
 C Howe Roldanus Xeminus with his confetherates, accufcd the Admi- 
 rall to the kynge i And howe he pourge<l hym fclfe and accufcd them 
 
 Howe kynge Guarioncxius rebelled agcync ; And with him kyng Maio- 
 bancxius : Alfo howe they with other kinges came agcynft the Lieuctcii- 
 aunte with an armye of. viii. thoufande naked and paynted Ciguauians. 
 Alfo twoo rare cxemples of frcndfliyppe and faythfulncs in barbarous 
 princes. 
 
 Howe Colonus the Admirall and the Lieuetenauntc hys brother, were 
 fitnt bounde into Spayn« : And newe ofiicers appuynted in theyr places. 
 
 Tlie contentes of the. viii. booke. Fol. 37. [/. 94.] 
 
 C The nauigation of Petnis Alfhonfus frome Spayne to Paria, where in 
 the region of Curiana, he had in Ihorte fpace. xv. vnccs of pcarles and 
 greate plenty of vytailes lor haukes bellees, pynnes, lokinge glalfcs, and 
 fuche other tryfellcs. 
 
 Of certeyn coniectures wherby Paria is thought to bee parte of the firme 
 lande : And ol the golden region of Cauchieta, where in the moncth of 
 Nouember the ayre is temperate and not coulde. 
 
 Howe Alphonfus had » conflicte with the Canibals ; and howe they 
 are acuHomed to inuade other contrcys. 
 
 Of greate abundaunce of falte in the region of Haraia ; and howe the 
 dead bodyes of theyr prynces are dryed, referued, and relygioufly honoured. 
 
 Howe Alphonfus at his returne to Spayne frome Curiana, brought with 
 hym threefcore and. xvi. pounde weight of pearles which he bought for 
 owre tryfells amountinge only to the value of fiue fhillyngs. 
 
 T7ie contentes of the. ix. booke, Fol. 40. [/. 96.] 
 
 C Tlie Nauigation of Vincestius Pinzonus and Aries Pinzonus, and 
 howe they faylcd beyonde the Equinoctiall lyne, lolle the fyght of the 
 northe ftarre, and found 'he flarres in other order. 
 
 Howe Vincentius pafi/nge the equinoctiall towarde the fouthe pole, 
 founde fierce and warlike people of great ftature : And of the fea of frefhe 
 water. 
 
 tlowe Vincentius directing his courfe towarde the north wcfte from the 
 equinoctiall, recouered the fyght of the northe pole, and by the regions of 
 Mariatamball, Camomorus, and Pericora, came to the fayre and ryclie 
 prouince of Pafia, and to the regyoos of Os Draconis, Cumana, Mana- 
 capana, Curiana. &c. 
 
 A coniecture that Paria (wherby is ment that mayne land now cauled 
 Americr.) Ihulde be parte o/the fyrme lande or continent of India, beyonde 
 the ryuer of Ganges and no ilande : And of the excedynge great riuer 
 Marngnonus repl«.nilt>ed with Tlandes. 
 
 Of Borioiluiiii a and Spirioflomca, the mouthes of the famous ryuer of 
 Danubius, cauleil in olde tyme Ifler: And of the commodities ol the regions 
 and Ilandes about Paria. Alfo of the woodes ol hrafile trees. 
 
 Of many trutfull Ilandes wafled and lefte dcfolate by refon of the Cani- 
 balles crueltie : And of the trees of CafTia Fiilula. Alfu of oilier trees of 
 excedyng bygnelle. 
 
 The defcription of a certayne monftruou 
 lofte two of his fhyppes by tempefles. 
 
 Howe Vincentius at his returne to S| 
 gynger, and certayne precious ftoones c 
 gations of certayne other inhabitantes of 
 
 Of the precious medicine cauled Animc 
 fuperftitions of the inhabitauntes of Hil'paii 
 
 ' caftc nd how \ iiitontius 
 
 "ime. 
 
 iit with hym cinnr 
 [i.ifes. Ami ot tb uii- 
 'wne of P(il'is. 
 
 "um. A 1.1 of the diuerfe 
 lola. / 1 of their Idolatry, 
 
 and howe they honour the ymages ol deuylles, whicht. chey caule Zemeii. 
 
 L„^ 
 
iiniH cmeftly 
 i'aria be part 
 
 90.1 
 
 fed the Ailmi- 
 
 fed llicm 
 Ti kyng Maio- 
 
 tlic Licuctcn- 
 :il Ciguniiiaii!!. 
 
 in barbarous 
 
 The content es of the decades. 
 
 393 
 
 C Vu Contentes of the. x. booke. Fol. 48. [/». 103.] 
 
 or great picntie of eolde, perles, and frankenrence found in the regioni 
 01 I'aria. And of innumerable beades in Ihape dyfferynge from owrei, 
 
 Ilowe the Spanianlei profered them felues to conquere the newe founde 
 landcs, beynge in largenefle thryfe as great as Europe bcfyde the fouthc 
 lanck.. ,"^rt:;nynge to the Portugalcs. And howe the nature of the place 
 altcrvlh the formes and qualities of thyngcs. 
 
 Uf the Ilande of Cuba, and uf the golde mynes of the Hand of Soncti 
 
 lohannis, otherwlfc caulcd llurlchcn.i, nr Itiiihcnn. Alfo nf the ryche 
 golde mynes of llifpaniula, nml uf the onlcr of wurkyngc in the fame. 
 
 Of the two chicfc guide myncn of Ilirpnniula. And of a poco uf guide 
 wcyingc thre thoufandc thre Immlrcth and tcnnc poumlc wcyght. 
 
 Iluwe the golde is fyncd and dinrybutcd : And hnwc that only in the 
 meltynge fliops of the two gi>!clcn mynes of liifpaniola, is molten ycarcly 
 abuuc three hundrcth thoufandc poumit. v. eyglit of guide. 
 
 Howe th[e]cnlcrpryfc» of llie Spanyardcs are not inferior to tli[e]acles of 
 Saturnus or Hercules : And liowe the Admyrall difcnucrcd the landc oucr 
 ageynd the well corner of Cuba and the Ilande of Cjuanaira. 
 
 brother, were 
 leyr places. 
 
 94] 
 
 aria, where in 
 )f pearlcs and 
 ;e glalTcs, and 
 
 Ic of the firme 
 the moneth of 
 
 id howe they 
 
 and howe the 
 
 ully honoured. 
 
 brought with 
 
 ie bought for 
 
 96.1 
 
 Pinzonus, and 
 : fyght of the 
 
 ! fouthe pole, 
 e fea of frelhe 
 
 vefte from the 
 the regions of 
 re and ryche 
 imana, Mana- 
 
 (1 now cauled 
 ndia, beyonde 
 ;e great riuer 
 
 nous ryuer of 
 of the regions 
 
 I of the Cani- 
 
 oilier trees of 
 
 )w \ mccntius 
 
 'm cinap'ome, 
 ol til lui- 
 
 if the diucrfe 
 heir Idolatry, 
 aule Zemes. 
 
 C The Contentes of the bookes of the fecondc Decade, 
 
 C Tlie contentes of the fyrjl booke. Fol. 51. [/. xo6.] 
 
 Q Howe after the death of Colonus the Admirall, the kynge gaue free 
 lycence to all fuche as wolde attempte any vyages : And of the nauigations 
 of Diego Nicuefa, and Alphonfus Fogcda 
 
 Of the Ilande Codego and the region of Caramairi; And of certeyne 
 fwecte apples whiche tume into woormes when they are eaten, whofe trees 
 are alfo contagious. 
 
 Howe Alfonfus Fogeda, the Lieuetenaunt of Vraba, encounterynge with 
 the barlarians h.id the ouerthrowe. And howe in this conflicte, fyftie of 
 his men v.x '< flayne with lohannes de la ColTa thcyr capytayne. 
 
 Howe Fogeda, and Nicuefa the Lieuetenaunte of Beragua, reuenged the 
 death of theyr coompanyons: And howe Fogeda came to the Ilande 
 Fortis and the region of Caribana where he was repulfed from the golde 
 mynes by the fiercenefle of the barbarians vfyng arrowes infected with 
 poyfon. 
 
 Howe Fogeda was wounded in the thygh with a venemous arrowe, and 
 his men almod confumed with famyn. 
 
 Howe a brigantine was drowned with the Aroke of a fyflhe : And of the 
 nauigation of Ancifus from Hifpaniola io Vraba. 
 
 Of the Lamentable fhyppewrackc of Ancifus : And of the date trees and 
 wylde Ix>res which he founde. 
 
 Of the frutes or apples of the trees cauled Cedcrs of Libane which b«are 
 owlde frutes and newe all the yeare. 
 
 Howe onely three of the Canibales with theyr bowes and inuenemed 
 arrowes allayled Ancifus with a hundreth of his men : In which conflicte 
 they wounded and llewe many. Alfo of theyr fwyftneffe of foote. 
 
 Of the great ryuer of Dariena ; And how Ancifus encountered with fyue 
 hundreth of th[e]inhabitauntes of the goulfe of Vraba and put them to 
 flyght. Alfo howe he founde greate plentie of wrought golde and honf- 
 holde lluffe in a thycket of reedes. 
 
 C The conteittes of the feconde booke. Fol. 58. [/. iii.] 
 
 C Howe Nicuefa lode his telowes in the darke nyght and went paft the 
 mouth of the ryuer Beragua which he fought : And howe the capitaynes 
 of the other Hiyppes confulted how to fynde hym. Alfo of the ryuer 
 Lagartos in the which great Lyfartes are founde much lyke vnto the 
 Crocodiles of Nilus. 
 
 Howe the capitaynes forfooke theyr fhyppes that the fouldyers myght 
 bee without hope of departure : And of the miferable chaunce of Petrus 
 de Vmbria and his felowes. 
 
 By what chaunce Nicuefa was founde, and of the calamities which he 
 and his coompany fufteyned. Alfo of the regioo of Gracia Pci or Cera- 
 baro, and of the ryuer of Sancti Matthet, 
 
 Howe Nicuefa caufed them to remouc thcyr h.-ibitaciop from Beragiia to 
 poynte Marmor where he byldcd a forlrcffe And howe his men by warrc 
 and famyn, were confumed from fcucn hundrcth and oddc, to fcarfcly one 
 hundreth. 
 
 Howe one Vafchus Nunnez vfurped tli[e]aHlorilic of the Licuc- 
 tcnauntelhyppe of Vraba in th[c]al)fence of Fogeda; And of the naui- 
 gation of Rodericus Colmcnaris from Hifpaniola to Vralia. 
 
 Of the ryuer Gaira defcendynge fron\ the toppe of a hygli mountaync 
 couered with fnowe : And howe KiKlerieus Colmcnaris in a conflicte 
 ageynfl the barbarians, lofle. xlvii. of his men by reafon jf theyr inuenemed 
 arrowes. 
 
 Of the force of the poyfon wherewith the barbarians infccte theyr 
 arrowes, and a remedie for the fame. Alfo howe Colmcnaris by g\mnc(lu)t 
 and kyndelynge fyers on the hyghe top^ics of the rockcs, came to the 
 Spanyardes lefte defolate in Dariena. 
 
 Q Tlu contentes of the thyrde booke. Fol. 61. [/. 114.] 
 
 C Howe Nicuefa was fought foorth to acquicte the contentions of 
 Vraba ; And howe he was ageyne reicctcd. 
 
 Howe Vafchus Nunnez inuadcd, tooke pryfimcrs, and fpoyled the kyngcs 
 borthcrynge abowt the region of Vraba ; And howe Ancifus Lieuetenaunt 
 for Fogeda was call in pryfon, and aftcrwardc fct at libcrtie. 
 
 Howe Ancifus tooke his vy.age from Vralia to Spayne to accufe Vafchus ; 
 who alfo at the fame tyme fcnt Valdiuia afwell to fpcakc in his defence, as 
 alfo to certifie the kynge of tSeyr doynges. 
 
 Howe kynge Careta vonfpired with the Spanyardes agey ... kynge 
 Foncha whom they put to flyght and fpoyled his vyil.ige. 
 
 Howe kynr;i" Comogrus frendely enterteyned the Spanyardes and brought 
 them to his pallaice where he fliewed them the dryed Carkafcs of his 
 auncellours referued and fumptuoudy apparelled : And howe the kynges 
 elder f onne gaue Vafchus and Colmcnaris fourc thoufand vnces of wrought 
 gold r.nd fiftie flaues. Alfo a wyttie oration which he made to the Spany- 
 ardes, wherein he certifyed theym ot a countrey exccadyngc ryche in 
 golde, &C. 
 
 C The contentes of the fourth booke. Fol. 66. [/». 118.] 
 
 Q Of honryble thunder and lyghtnynge in the mooneth of Nouember, 
 and of grayne which waxeth rype thryfe a yeare Alfo how digeflion is 
 ftrengthened by owtwarde coulde. 
 
 Howe Valdiuia is fent ageyne into Hifpaniola to moue the gouemour 
 and counfayle there to fende into Spayne to the kynge for a fupplie of a 
 tbovfaod fouldyers to make way to the golden mountayoes : And howe 
 
I 1 
 
 394 
 
 The contcntcs of the decades. 
 
 (I 
 
 1 1', 
 
 |:\ 
 
 I: 
 
 he caryeil with hym the kyngcs {xirtion, (tliat is) the fyftc parte of golde 
 ami uthcr thyiigcs. 
 
 llowe Vafclms imiadcd the kyngcs iiihal)ytynf;e the refiions about the 
 goulfc of Vralia, and howe ho put kym; l)al)ailia to llyt;ht, in wliofe 
 vyP-xj-e he fonnde wrought goldc anumntyngc to the wcyghl ol fcucn 
 tlioufande C'aUvIl.ins. 
 
 C)l batlcs as bygge a.-, turtle dooitcs which fumtymc byte men in the 
 nyglit in their llcepe, who '■ bylynge is alfo venomous : l)ut is liealod with 
 water of the fea or by ..luteri^alion as are alfo the woundci ol venomous 
 orrowos. 
 
 Of the Ilande of cannafiflula, nnd a townc of fyue hundrcth houfen, 
 whofe kynge Alienaniaohei was taken and liis ; rmo cuttc of in the 
 fyght. 
 
 Of trees of cxceadynge bygned'c and hcyght : And liowe kyngc Aliil>oiba 
 had his pallaice in the toppe oi a tree fronie the which he was inforced to 
 Uefcende and eiUrcate of peace. 
 
 O Tlu contcntcs of the fyfth hookc. Fol. 69. [/. 120.] 
 
 Q Howe kyngo Aliraiba flcuc a capii.iyne of the Spanyards nnd 
 caufod the kynj;es to rebcil. Alfo howe the ■ wore put to llyght ami many 
 of Ihoyr men llayno. 
 
 Of fyue kingos which attemptoil a ncwc confpiraeie with a hundreth 
 great Canoas and fine thoufand men : A".l howe theyr intent was bewrayed 
 by a woman, nnd prouentod. Alfo howe KiHlericus C'olmenaris fackoil 
 tlie vyllage of 'I'ichiri and h.ongo the kyngc therof witli foure of his chio.c 
 rulers, and cu.;:'.nauiided them to be fliotte through with arrowes. 
 
 Q The contcntcs of the Jyxtc I'ookc. Fol. 72. [/». 122.] 
 
 C Howe Vafchus with his confethcrates, fonte lohanncs Quicedns 
 nnd Colmonaris from Dariona to Hifpaniola and from thonfo to Spayne to 
 the kyng for a thoufand men to palVe oner the mountaynos to the gulden 
 regions : And what mifcrios they fulleynod in that vyage. Alfo of the 
 death of Val[di]uia, Zanuulius, and Fogeda. 
 
 Of the profi>crous vyage of Ancifus. And howe gixlde wrought miracles 
 by the fimpic fayth of a mariner. Alfo how gixl refpeclelh th[e]infancie 
 of fayth for zoles fake : And howe one religion turned into another, holdeth 
 ftyll many thingos ol the fyrllo. 
 
 Howe many of the barbarians were baplifed by reafon of the miracles : 
 And howe they rewarded the preftes by whome they wore baptifod. 
 
 Howe Ancifus fbortly after his arryuall in Spayne, rofortoil to the courle 
 nnd nLide his comjilaynt to the kinge of tli[o]infolcncio of \'archus, wlu-r- 
 uppon the kynge gaue fenlence ageynl\ hym : And howe aptc the barbar- 
 ous nations arc tu embnife the Chriilian faytli. 
 
 Q The contcntcs of the fciienth bookc. Fol. 79. [/. 126.] 
 
 C Howe Quiceilus and Colmcnaris the I'rocuratours of Dariona, were 
 honorably enterteyned at the courtc and '.>rought to the kynges prefence : 
 And howe theyr complexion was chnungoil by alteration of tlie ayer. 
 
 Howe I'olrus Ariiisa noble man, was elected gouernonr and l.iouotenaunt 
 of Dariona : And howe other of the court labouroil for the fame olTicc. 
 Alfo howe the byffliop of lUirgos f|>ake to the kynge in his behalfe. 
 
 Howe I'otrus Arias hail a tlioufande and two hundroihe fonldyers 
 oppoyntotl hym nt the kynges charges : And of the kyngos ciilbnic houfc 
 in the citic of Ciuile, cauled the houfo of the conlr.actos of India. 
 
 Howe a great numlicr of Spanyardes profertd themfelucs to go nt theyr 
 ownc charges : And of a reflraint nmile that no llraungor nivght palfe 
 without the kynges licence. Alfo howe the autour reprouoth Aloilius 
 Cadamuftus a wryter of the Portugalcs vy.nges. 
 
 Howe I'otrus Arias Ihortoly after his departure fmme Ciuile, loft .wo of 
 his (hyppcj and was dryucn backe agoyne by lenipeft : And howe boingo 
 newly furnyfllicd, hoc pafTed the Ocean with more pr()f|ieronn wyndos. 
 
 The thyrde vyage of Vincent ius I'inionus, ami howe he came tu tlie 
 
 194 
 
 regions of I'aria whore oncountcryiige with lh[c]inhabilauntrs he put them 
 fyrll to llyght : but after faulyng to entreatie of p:;ace, they gffue hym 
 groate plonlie of golde and nbundauncc of inafculinc frankenfence with 
 dyuers other princely prcfentos. 
 
 Of the groate multitude of popingiaycs which are in the region of Parin, 
 and howe th[o]iiihabilours are apparelled. Alfo of the fyue kynges that 
 maile a league of frendolhyppc with Vi.';entius. 
 
 Howe Vincentius (iiyled Eaftwartle by the Iracte of the regions of Pari* 
 vnlyll ho came to the poynte {Cap.S. Au-^uiHni\ of that longc lande which 
 the autour fuppofoth to be the groate Ilande Atlantike whcrof the owlde 
 wryters make mention. 
 
 O Tlte contcntcs of the. viii. booke. Fol. 80. [/. 129] 
 
 C A contention betwene the Caftilians and Porlugalos ,»s concernynge 
 the diuiiion of the ncwe fonnde tandos : Aiul howe the controuerfle was 
 fynyfihed by the byfliop of Rome. 
 
 Howe Don Chryftophcr the gouornoure of the Il.inde of Sancti lohannis, 
 was llayno by the C'anibales and the byflhop put to flyglit. Alfo of the 
 other byl'lhops of the Ilamlos. 
 
 Howe the C'anibales of the Hand of Sanctn Cmx, flow nnd eate a kynge 
 with cerloyne of his men boinge frondos to the Chryftians and mndo fag- 
 gottes of tlicyr bones : And how (luorclynge with owrc men, they put tbeiu 
 to filence. 
 
 C The contcntcs of the. ix. booke. Fol. Si. [/. 130.] 
 
 Q Of the maniclous Initcfulnes of the regions of Ileragua, Vrabn, nml 
 Dariona: And of the dyuors kymlos of trees and frutes. Alfo i>f the plou- 
 faunt taftc of fwynos lloflho boingo fodde with the frutes of Mirolialnno trees. 
 
 Of Lions ami Tygors ami other wylde bealles : And of a beafte of 
 ftrannge forme. 
 
 Of the ryuors of the gonlfe of Vr.iba, as the ryuer of Darienn nnd Rio 
 Grandis ; And howe the groat forpontos cauled Crocmlilos are foundo in 
 other ryiiers byfyde Nilus in Kgj'pte. .Alfo hi>we tli[o]auloiir of this booke 
 wxs font AmbalTadour to the SoUlane of Alcayr in Kgipte. 
 
 C>f the I'ortiignles nauigalions, and of the ryuer Senega foumic by them 
 to bee a cliancl of Nilus. Alfo of the multitude of byrdes and fuules beiniro 
 in the maryflhes of Dariona. 
 
 A phylofophicall difcourfe of thfoloriginall and generation of fprynges 
 and ryiu'i's : And of the breailth of the laiiilo ibuydynge the north and 
 foulh Ocean. 
 
 Of the groat ryuer Mnragnonus anil of the carlhly Paradyfe : And howe 
 fpryngos are ongoiulorod by comiercion of ayer into water. 
 
 Of the often faulo of rayne vnder the ICipiinocliall line, ami of the pores 
 of the foa opened by the South wymles. 
 
 Of the great ryuors of Tanais, Ciangos, Danubius, nnd I'.ridanus, famous 
 to the owlde wryters : And howe corloine ryuors ruiinynge thioughc the 
 caues of the earthc, breake furth into fpryngos afurrc of. 
 
 C The contctitcs of the. .v. booke. Fol. 86. [/. 134.] 
 
 C Howe the newe foumle landes difcouered by the .Spnnyanles in the 
 NVotl Ocean, nre eyght lymes bygger then Ilalie bofyde that which the 
 Portugalcs pi<fT.-lTe : And of the canles of the foa drawen uy Colonus niul 
 Aincriciis Vefpntius, 
 
 The order of moafuryn|»e the lande ; And howe a iMgtie conteyneth 
 foure mylos by foa ami but three by lamle. 
 
 The Nauigution of lohannos Dias, and of the fundiye eiruations of the 
 pole ftarre. 
 
 t>f the Ilande of lloiuca or Agnanco, nnd of the fpringe whofe water 
 being dronko, caufolh owld men to loke yioigo. 
 
 Howe Nicuofn nml his fouMicts were fo opprolToil with famin, that they 
 were dryucn to eate mangle dogges, toades, nnd do.ide men : Ami howe a 
 brotl'.c made oi a tloggcs Ikinne, was foulde fur ;-.!any pieces of golde. 
 
The cant cut cs of the decades. 
 
 395 
 
 iites he put them 
 they g?ue hyin 
 aiikciifcnce with 
 
 region of I'arin, 
 yuc kynges that 
 
 regions of Pariii 
 iige htiulo which 
 rhcruf the owlilc 
 
 € The conteutcs of the boohes of the thyrde Decade. 
 
 > 129] 
 
 .IS conccrnynge 
 coiitroucrlic was 
 
 Sancti lohnnnis, 
 ht. Alfo of llic 
 
 iml eute a kyngc 
 5 and mnilv fag- 
 11, they put thcia 
 
 A '30-1 
 
 ;ua, Vraba, anil 
 \lfo of tlie plcii- 
 lirolulnno trees. 
 I of a beallc of 
 
 >ariena ami Rio 
 cs, are fouiidc in 
 >ur of this booko 
 
 fountic by them 
 ml foulcs beince 
 
 lion of fpryngcs 
 : the north uml 
 
 lyfe : Ami howc 
 
 and of the pores 
 
 'rid.mus, famous 
 i;c throughc the 
 
 ^- 13 ll 
 
 mnyanles in the 
 (hat which the 
 oy Cotonus and 
 
 igi'.e conteyncth 
 
 ilruations of the 
 
 ige whofe wafer 
 
 fiimin, that they 
 II : And howe a 
 n of golde. 
 
 C The ccntcntn oflhtfyrjl Iwke. Fol. S8. [/. 137.] 
 
 G Of the defperute nduenlure and giMxl fortune of Vafchus : And hi<\v 
 with a hundreth fourfcorc and ten men, lie linuiglit tlial to p.ilVc for the « liiili 
 I'tlnis Arias \v;».s f.Mite with a llunir.iiide ami two liuiidiclh iVcllhc rmildyci-s. 
 
 Howe iron fernoth fur more nccelVary vies then goKI, and liowc lupcr- 
 fliiilics hyiulcr lil>crlie. 
 
 IloHc Val'chus in one eonllicte, flcwc fyxe hiindidli luibaryans wilh 
 tlicyr kynjjos : Anil howe he foundo the lioulV- of kynj; tJuaro(|ua inlictcil 
 with vnnatural lechery, commauiidyii^c (hat the kyn(;c anil I'ortic luclie as 
 he kcptc 0.1 that imrpofc, lludde be j^yiicn for a pray to liisdoyjjcs whichc 
 he vfcd to feme in the waires aycynll llufo naked people. 
 
 Of a rc(;iim of blacke Moorcs : And howc Valiluis came to the toppcs 
 of the mounlayncs, where gcviynge thankcs to j;i«l, he bclicKlc the nowe 
 foulh Ocean ncuer before fcne niir knowcn to men of owre woildc. 
 
 Howe Vafclms (iiit kynt;i" t'liiapcs to llyi;lit, and aflcr made a lcij;ue of 
 frendelli;'ppe with hym : And howe the kinj; (;auc hym. ilii. Iimulrclli 
 poundes wcyyht of w roiinlit t;oMc. 
 
 Howc kynye t-'oijuera was putic to llyuhl, who alfo bcinj;e rcceaucd to 
 frcnilclliy;ipe, gaue Vafchus fyxe humlreth and fiflie poundes wcyght of 
 wrout;ht golde. 
 
 Of the goulfe caulcd Sinus. S. Micliadis bcinge full of inhabited Ilamlcs: 
 And of the manly corage and goilly leale of Nalclms. Alfo of the rylyn{;e 
 and faulyng of the fouili fca. 
 
 Howe kynge 'lumacciis bcinge dryucn to llyght and aftcrwiude neon- 
 ciled, gaue Vafchus. vi.huiidrctli ami. xiiii. pcfos ofgoUlc, and two him- 
 tireth and forlie of tlic grcalell anil fayrell (learles : And howc the kyngc 
 caufcd his men to fylhe for pearles. 
 
 Of the llandc caulcd Margaritca Piuos : And of the abund.umce of fayre 
 mill great pcarlcs founde tlicrin, 
 
 l)f liabilalilc regions vndcr the I''i|uinocliall line : An 1 of ilic I'lirtugalcs 
 nauigalions to the AntipiHles inhabytyngc the fyue am! 'llic dcguc of the 
 foi.th pole. Alfo a declaration of Antipodes, and of tlie llancs about the 
 fouth pule. 
 
 C The cottkiiUs of the ficonde Iwke. Fol. 95. [/. 14J ] 
 
 C Of the mancr of fyflhynge for |iearles .md of the three kyndes Iherof. 
 Alfo dyucrs other t|ucllions conccrnyngc i>erles. 
 
 Of the multitude of the Ihcll fjOhes wlierin jhtIcs arc engendcnil and 
 founde in mancr in all places in the fouth fca: .Xiul of abumlaunce of 
 golde founde almolle in euery lioufe. Alfo howc iln tic'-fmie of nature is 
 in thofe coallcs : .And .if the gol.le ni) ncs of Daricna. 
 
 Howe kynge 'IVaocha gaue Vafchus. xx. iKiumli:) v. eight of wronglil 
 golde and two hundreth pcrlcs. Alfo of dercrles fidl of wylde bcallcs, and 
 howe Vafchus was Iroublisl with greate heale in the monclli of Noucndicr. 
 
 Howc a dogge 'I'ygcr was tiikcu, and his \vlicl|>es lyed in chcyncs and 
 tome In pieces : Alio howe Vafchus gaue. iiii kynges in his dogges to be 
 Ueuoured. 
 
 Of tlic vfu uf dogges in thcyr warre«, and of the fiercenelVe of the Canibales. 
 
 Howe kynge I'ommiana fauounil the Cliryrtians and gaue Vafcluj. xx. 
 pouiidc wcyglit of wrouglit (^'ulilc. .Mlo his or.itiim lo X'alclius. 
 
 .\ limdiliidtr prnuyngc grcale picniic of guide in the regions of the fouth 
 fca, and of the trau.iylcs which owldc fouldycrs arc able to fullcync. 
 
 O 77u- iVii/i-ii/ts !</ t/it- t/iyiJi- Iwl:,: Vol. 99. [/. i.|f>.] 
 
 C Ibiwc kynge I'liclilbuiM fubnivltcd liym fcllV lo Vafchus, and fcnt 
 hym ccrtcync vcll'cllcMif guide. .\llo Imw kyii;;cl'liiiiiil'uslcmchym. xxx. 
 dyl'lhcs of puic guide. 
 
 Howe ircn fcriuHi for more mvclVaty vfcs then gokl. Alfo an cxempic 
 of llic lylc ofowr fyrllc parcnlcs, 
 
 Howe kynge I'occliorrofa fubmyllcd hym fclfc, and gaue Vafchus. xv. 
 poundc wcyglit of wruuglit guide. Alio liuwc I'limauama Ihc great kynge 
 of llic guliUn ngiuns luwaiilc tlic fuulli Ua, is l.ikcn prUuiicr. I.ykcwyle 
 howe lie gaue Viilclms. xxx. puundc wcyglil uf pure and wrought goMe, 
 and his noble men. Ix. puiiiidcs wcyglil ut guide. 
 
 i>f the caiilc uf .cliciiiciit wyiulcs iicic viilu llic ICipilnocliall line, and of 
 the ciiluuic of llic earth of tlic golden mines. 
 
 (.>f llic large and IVutifull pla/iic uf /.aii.iiia, and uf ihe ryiier I'omogrus, 
 .Mi'o liuwc kyiigc I'liiiiugius bapiilcd by the iiaiiic uf (.'liailcs, gaue Val'clms. 
 XX. puniiilc wcyglil uf wtuuglil guide. 
 
 t>f the guud luiUiiic uf V.ikliiis, and howe lie was turned from Cioliatli 
 lo Klilcus, and IVum .\iilciis lo llciculc-,: .And with what facililie the 
 Spanyanlc lliall hcicaflcr oblcyie gnalc plciilic uf guide and peailcs. 
 
 Of llic .Spanyardcs cuni|nc(lcs, and licrccncllc uf llic (anilules. Alfo an 
 cxhortaciou to C'liiylUan princes to fcllc lorwarde C'liiyllcs religion. 
 
 C Tlw (outcntis of the fourth k'okf. I'ol. 10.J. [/*. 150.] 
 
 C The fourth vyagc of Culomis the Admirall fiunie ."spaync (o Hif- 
 paiiiula, and to the utiicr Ilamlcs and coallcs of the fnine lande : Alfo of 
 the lloryllliynge I lande (iuanalVa, 
 
 (.)f fcnen kyndes of d.ite trees, wylde vynes, and Myrobulanes ; Alfo of 
 byrdes and funics. 
 
 t)f people uf guudly (l.iliire which vfc lo payiil theyr biMtyes t And of the 
 fwyfle eoinl'c of the lea lioni the call to the well. Alfo of iVeflhc water in 
 the fca. 
 
 Of the large regions of I'aria, Os Piaconis, and <,^nirii|Melana ! And of 
 greate 'ruiloyl'cs and rcedes. Alfo of the foiiiv liuietull llandes eauleil 
 (Jiiatuur Tciiipuia, and. xii. llandes caulcd l.liiiunaies. 
 
 Of fwcile fail. Mils and liulfunie aycr : And uf llie region l.hiici.ri, and the 
 haucn (ariai ur Myiubalaims : Allu of eerleync ciuyle people. 
 
 ( )f liecs gruyiige in llie fc.i aflcr a lliaiinge furle, and of a ilraungc kyndc 
 of Mooiikcys which iiiuade iiien and feiglit with wylde buies. 
 
 Of the gicale guull'c uf Cciabaru rcplciiilllicd wilh many fiulcfnll llandes, 
 and of III', people wliiih wcaic clicyiics uf golde made uf uucl'.es wrought 
 lo the limililnde of dyucrs wylde bcalles and foulcs, 
 
l^ 
 
 396 
 
 T/ie contentcs of the decades. 
 
 i!:l • 
 
 Of fyuc vyllagcs whofc inhabitauntes gyue them fclucs onely to gather- 
 yngc of golile, and are paynted, vfynge to weare garlandes of Lyons and 
 Tygcrs clawcs. Alfo of feucn ryuers in all the which is founde greate 
 plentie ofgolde : And where the plentie of golde ceafeth. 
 
 Ofcerteyne people which paynt theyr Ixxlycs, and couer theyr priuie 
 members with flicllcs, hauynge alfo plates of golde hangynge at theyr nofe- 
 thrylles. 
 
 Of certeyne woormes which Iicinge engendered in the feas nere abowt 
 the Kqitinoctiall, catc holes in diyppes : And how the Admirals fliyppes 
 were deftroyde by them. 
 
 Howe the kynge of Bcragua enterteyned the Lieuetcnant and of the 
 great plentie of gold in the ryiier of Duraba and in al the regions there 
 aboute : Alfo in rootcs of trees and (lones and in n.aner in all the ryuers. 
 
 Howe the Lieuetcnaunt and his coompany wold haue erected a colonic 
 befydc the ryuer of Ucragua, and was rcpulfed by th[e]inhabitauntcs, 
 
 Howe the Admirall fet into the haiules of the barbarians of the Hand. 
 of lamaica where he lyucd miferably the fpace of tenne moonethcs : And 
 by what chaunce he was faucd and came to the H.inde of Hifpaniola. 
 
 Of holfomc rci;ions, temperate ayor, and continual fpring al the hole 
 ycare : Alfo of certeyne people which honour golde religioully durynge 
 theyr golden harueft. 
 
 (Jf the niountaynes of Beragua beinge fiftie myles in heyght and hygher 
 then the clowdcs : Alfo the difcripcion of other mountayncs and regions 
 there about, comparynge the fame to Italy, 
 
 CoKmus his opinion as toiichyngc the fuppofed continente, and ioynynge 
 of the north and fouth Ocean. Alfo of the breadth of the fayde continente 
 or firine landc. 
 
 Of the regions of Vraba and Beragua and the great ryuer Maragnonus 
 and the ryuer of Dabaiba or Sancti lohannis Alfo of certeyne maryfflies 
 and defolate wjiyes, and of dr.igons and Crocodiles engendered in the fame. 
 
 Of. XX. golden ryuers abowt Uariena and of certeyne precious ftones, 
 cfpecially a diamunde of marueilous byggenefle bought in the prouincc of 
 I'aria. 
 
 Of the heroical fades of the Spanyardcs and howe they contemne elTemi- 
 n:ile plcafures. Alfo a fimililude (^ louynge greate pluutie uf golde and 
 precious Hones. 
 
 llic contentcs of the fy/th hoohe. Fol. 113. [/. 156.] 
 
 C Tlie aaulgation of Petnis Arias from Spayne to Hifpaniola and 
 Daricna, and of the Ilandes uf Canarie. Alfo of the Ilandes of Madanino, 
 (Juadalupea, and dnlnnla. 
 
 Of the fea uf li(;rlics and mountaynes couered with fnow : Alfo of the 
 fwyftc courfe of the fea towarde the weft. 
 
 Of llie ryuer Caira, the region Caramairi, and the porte Carthago 
 and Sancta Martha : Alfo of Anicricus Vefputius and his expert cuimyngc 
 in the knowledge of the cardc, cdrnpafle and cpiadrant. 
 
 Howe the Canibales alTayled Tetrus Arias with his hole nauie, and iliot 
 of theyr vencmous arrowcs euen in the fea. Alfo of theyr houfes and 
 houdiolde ftufTe. 
 
 Howe Gonzalus Ouiedus founde a faphire bygger then a goofe egge : 
 Alfo emerotles, calciilonios, iafpers, and amlier of the mountaynes. 
 
 Ofwinides of brafile trees, plentie of golde, and marchafites of metals 
 founde in the regions of Caramairi, Gaira, and Saturma. Alfo of a ftraunge 
 kynde of marchaundies exercife<l amonge the people of Zunu. 
 
 'I'liat the region of Caramairi is lyke to an earthly I'aradife : And of 
 the fmlefuU mountaynes, and pleafaunte ganleyncs of the fame. 
 
 Of many gnoilly countreys made ilefolale by the fiercencs of the Cani- 
 lialcs, and ol dyuers kyndcs of breade m.nle of rootes. Alfo of the maner 
 of plantyiiyo (he roote of lucc.a, whofe iuile is deadely poyfon in the Hamies, 
 and without hurle in the continent or firme lan<Ie. 
 
 Of certeyne golden ryuers, hartcs, wylde bores, foules, gollampinc, 
 whyle niarlile, and holfomc .ivi.'r. Alfo of the greate lyuer Maragnonus 
 defcendyn^^e from the inountainei couered with fnowe, cauleu Serm 
 Neuatu. 
 
 N6 
 
 Howe Petrus Arias wafted certeyne Ilandes of the Canibales : And 
 howe by the Iwyfte courfe of the fea, his fliyppes were caried in one nyght 
 foitie leagues beyond th[e]t{Utnation of the befte pylottes. 
 
 C Tlu contmtts ofthefyxte booke. Fol. 1 18. [/. iCi.] 
 
 C Of fundry opinions why the fea runneth with fo fwyft a courfe from 
 the Eafte to the weft s and of the greate goulfc of the north parte of the 
 firme lande. 
 
 The vyage of Sebaftian Cabote from Englande to the frofen fea, and 
 how being repulfed with Ife in the moonethe of luly, he faylcd farre weft- 
 ivarde. 
 
 Of people apparelled with beaftes Ikynncs : And howe beares take fyflhes 
 in the fea and eate them. 
 
 Howe Sebaftian Cabote after that he had difcouered the lande of Baccal- 
 laos or Baccallearum, was cauled out of Englande into Sp.ayne, where he 
 wxs made one of th[e]afriflauncc of the counfayle of th[e]afniyres of India, 
 and of his fecond viage 
 
 Of the I lande Fort is ; And howe a great foule as bygge as a ftorkc 
 lyghted in the gouernours fliyp{)e. Alfo howe he arryued at Uariena witl; 
 the kynges n.iuie. 
 
 Howe Vafchus receaued the newe gouemour : And of habitable regions 
 vnder the Equinoctial. 
 
 Howe Petrus Aries the newe gouemour diftributed his army to conquere 
 the fouth regions ryche in golde, and to erecte newe colonies in the fame. 
 
 Of the ryche golde mynes of Dabaiba, and of th[e]expedition ageynft the 
 kynge of that region. 
 
 Of the Violent courfe of the fea from the eaft to the weft : And of the 
 dilTicultc faylynge ageynft the fame. 
 
 Of the pellit'erous and vnwholfome ayer of Sancta Maria Antigua in 
 Dariena : and howe the Spanyardes were of necelTitie iuforced to plant 
 theyr fyrA colonie and habitation there. 
 
 The caufe of the varietie of regions lyinge all vnder one degree or paral- 
 elle, and by what meanes the fonne beamcs are caufe of fement heate. 
 
 Of toades and flees engendered of drop])es of water, and ol a houfe fet 
 on fyre with lyghtnynge. 
 
 Of a dogge deuourcd of a Crocodyle [ Tixnquam taiiis e Nilo\, and of the 
 venemus bytynge of great battes. Alfo of Lions and Tygers and other 
 wylde beaftes. 
 
 Howe in thefe regions all foure footed beaftes growe to a bygger quantiiie 
 then they whiche were of the fyrfte broode. Alfo of certeyne trees of whofe 
 planckes if fliips be made, they are fafe frome the woormes cauled Broma 
 or nyn°as. 
 
 Of a tre whofe wod is prefent poyfo\i yf it lie only borne about : And of 
 an lierlie that is a prefcruatiu; ageinft the fame. 
 
 Of the ryche Ilandes of the fouth fea, and of certeyne ex{HMlitions ageynft 
 the Canibales, 
 
 a Tlu contcntes of the. vii. booke. Fol, 124, [/. 165.] 
 
 The particular defcription of the Ilande of Hifpaniola, and of the 
 ryche Ilande cauled Margaritea Diues lyinge in the South fex Alfo of 
 the greate abundaunce of bigge pcarles founde in the fame. 
 
 Howe the autoure compareth Hifpaniola to the r-arthely Paradyfe : And 
 howe it farre excelleth Italy in fertilitie and temperate ayrj. 
 
 Of the fy.'fte inhabitours of Hifpaniola and of the Ilandes of Canarie. 
 
 Howe the inhabitauntes of Hifpaniola in theyr fonges and rhymes had 
 certeyne propheflcs that appareled men flmlde coome to theyr ctmtrey and 
 b.'ynge them into feruitude : And of theyr familiaritie with fpiriles. Alfo 
 howe thofe fpirUcs haue no more appered to them fence they were 
 ba]>tifcd. 
 
 Of theyr expertencfle in fwymmyngc : And of tneyr delycate ferjwntes, 
 bynles, foulcs, and {xipingiais. 
 
anibales: And 
 d in one nyght 
 
 p. 161] 
 
 a courfe from 
 1 parte of the 
 
 rufen fea, and 
 dcd farre weft- 
 res take fyflhes 
 
 inde of naccal- 
 )rnc, where he 
 yres of India, 
 
 Ige as a ftorke 
 t Uaricna with 
 
 liitable regions 
 
 ly to conqiierc 
 i in the fame, 
 on agcynft the 
 
 I : And of the 
 
 ria Antigua in 
 )rced to plant 
 
 igree or paral- 
 :nt hcate. 
 ol a houfe fct 
 
 /(»], and of the 
 ;crs and other 
 
 gjjcr quantiiie 
 trees of whofe 
 cauled Uroma 
 
 lout : And of 
 
 itions agcynft 
 
 i, and of the 
 foa. Alfo of 
 
 radyfe : And 
 
 if Canarie. 
 
 rliyincs had 
 
 conlrcy and 
 
 )irites. Alfo 
 
 :e they were 
 
 itc fcrjicntes, 
 
 The content es of the decades. 
 
 397 
 
 
 Of the forme and fituation of Illfpaniula ncre the Kriuinocliail : And 
 howe coulde is in fum place thereof accidentall and not by the fituation of 
 the region. 
 
 Of oxen and fwyne of exceadinge bygneffe : And of eares of wheate as 
 bygge as a mans arnie in tlie braun. Alfo howe the fwyne are fcdde with 
 myrobalanes. &c. 
 
 Of plenty of golde, bmfyle, maftix, goffampyne, Electrum &c. ; And of 
 th[e]incommodities of intemperate regions. 
 
 Ofdyuers languages in the Ilande: And howe the prouynces are de- 
 uided into regions. 
 
 Howe Andreas Moralis fayled into a daungerous and darke caue within 
 the rocke of a mountayne : And of hole ryuers deuourcd of fuch caucs. 
 Alfo of the conflycte of the waters. 
 
 Of a ftandynge pole in the tope of an hygh mountayne ; And howe 
 feme and bramble buflhes growe only in coulde regyons. 
 
 tt Jlu contcntcs of the. viii. booke. Fol. 130. [/. 170.] 
 
 <t Of a greate lake or ftandyng poole of fowre and falte water, and of the 
 fea fyfflies in the fame in the myddclande of the Ilande. Alfo of deuour- 
 ynge fyflhes caulvd Tiburoni. 
 
 Of the ryuers fauling into the lakes, and of. CC. [200] fpringes in the fpace 
 of a furlonge. 
 
 A meruelous hyftory of a kynge ftryken dumme and lame by a miracle : 
 And of the Indian language. 
 
 Howe fuchc as are drowned in the lake, are ncuer cafte vp agcync : 
 And of the Ilande Guarizacca in the myddefte of the ft.-indynge lake. Alfu 
 of a lake of frefllie vater, and an other of falte and frefthe water. 
 
 Of a large pl!\yne of two hundreth myles in length : And an other of a 
 hundrethe and twentie. 
 
 Of the meruelous fyffhe or monfter of the fea, cauled Maniti or Matum, 
 fedde with mans hande : and howe (he caryeth men ouer the lake. 
 
 Of the mountaynes, vales, hyllcs, playnes, and ryuers of Ilifpaniola: 
 And howe golde is founde in all mountaines and golde and fyfllics in all 
 lyuers. 
 
 Of falte bayes, and howe the ryuers haue theyr incrcafe from the caues 
 of the mountaynes. Alfo howe thcr- is no hurtefuUe lienfte in the Ilande. 
 
 Of the pleafurcs of Hifpaniola : And of the region of Cotohi well 
 Inhabyted and fltuate in a playne in the toppes of mountaynes reachynge 
 to the clowdes, 
 
 Of moderate coulde in the mountaynes, and of feme of merucylous 
 bygnetfe. 
 
 Howe pure and maflie golde is fuunde in the region of Coloy or Cotohy : 
 And that the veyne of golde is a lyuynge tree. Alfo of the rootes, 
 braunches, and floures of the fame, and howe certeyne caues are fufteyned 
 with pyllets of golde. 
 
 What golde is broughte ycarely from Hifpaniola into Spayne : And of 
 the falte of the mountaynes, beinge as hard as ftones and cleare as cryftalL 
 Alfo fpiynges of falte, frelh and fower water. 
 
 Of certeyne wylde men lyuynge in caues and dennes without any certeyne 
 languagt : And of Iheyr mcniylous fwiftnelTe a foote. 
 
 Of pytche of the rocke and twoo kyndes of trees : And of the leafe of a 
 tree vfed in the ftecde of paiH;r. Alfo howe th[e]inhabitantcs tliinke 
 that the Chriftians can make thofe leaues fpeake and difclofe all fecreatcs. 
 
 Of a ftronge coloure made of the iufe ot i, certeyn apple : And of the 
 herbe whofe fmoke is poyfon. 
 
 The contciites of the. ix. booke. Fol. 136. [/. 175.] 
 
 Of the kyndes of fnites wherwith th[c]inhabitauntcs of Ilifpaniola lyucd 
 fyrfte, and l-.owe Ihcy came to the knowelege of lucca. Alfo howe Ceres 
 fyrft found whcatc and barley in ICfjyple. 
 
 Wl.y tl.eyr kingcs are cauled by ilyucrs names, and by what names they 
 faliitc the kyngcs cliyldrcn when they arc bdrne. 
 
 Howe they make theyr tcft.imentc<, and howe certeyne of the kynges 
 wyues and concubines are burycd with them. 
 
 Of the variable motions of the elemcntcs in Ilifpaniola: And where it 
 rayneth but lyltle, and where much. 
 
 Of the colonies and vyll.igcs that the Spanyardes haue buyldcd in 
 Ilifpaniola : and of the other Hands about the fame 
 
 Of a fprynge which runi\yng vndcr the fea from Ilifpaniola, brcakcth 
 furth in the Hand of Arethufa: Alfu of habitable regions vnilcr the liipii- 
 noctial, and of the ryche golde mynes of the Ilande of Cuba. 
 
 Of the gumme cauletl AniiHit Allium ; And of the Canibale[s]. Alfo 
 whereby it was thought that there were Ilamlcs of women. 
 
 Of hony founde in trees and rockes s And of the generation of grcatc 
 Tortoyfes and of theyr eggcs. 
 
 O The contentes of the. x. booke, Fol. 140. [/. 17S.] 
 
 C Of the expedition agcynfte the kynge of the Ilaixlo Dilcs in the fouth 
 fea : And howe after foure conflictcs, fubmyltyiige hyin folfe, he gauc our 
 men a hundreth and ten iK>unde wcyght of greate pe.irlcs. Alfo howe 
 he agreed to pay yearcly a hundreth |X>undc wcyght of pearlcs for a 
 tribute. 
 
 Howe axes and hatchctlcs are more cftccmcd then golde, or pcrlcs: 
 And of greate plcntie of hartes and cunnyes. Alfu howe the kynge of 
 Dites and his famelie were baptifcd. 
 
 Of perles of great pryce : And howe Paule the byflliop of Rome bowght 
 a ]ierle for four and fortie thoufand duc.-ides. 
 
 Dyuers opinions of the generation of perles : And of a hundreth pearlcs 
 founde in one Ihcl fyfflic. Alfo of the byrth of pearlcs. 
 
 Of the regions of the Eafte fyde of the goulfe of Vr.iba : And of the 
 originall of the Canibales. 
 
 Of certeyne circumcifcil pcoi)lc which haue the knowledge of letters and 
 vfe buokes: And what chaiinccd of the capitayncs which I'ctrus Arias 
 fente furth dyucts waycs. Alfo howe lohn Solyf.as w-is fl.-tyne of the 
 Canibales, and of theyr ficrcenclTe. 
 
 Howe luhn Pontius was repulfcd of the Canibales, and of the lewde 
 bch.iuour of lohn Aiora. 
 
 Of the variable fortune of Gonfalus Badaiocius : And howe after he 
 hadde gatheretl greate rychcs of golde, he had the ouerthrowe, and Wiis 
 f|x>yled of all. Of the golden region of Coiba Uitcs : And howe theyr 
 flaues are marked in the face. 
 
 Of the Ilandcs of the fouth fea: And of the regions frome whenfc the 
 Portugales fetche their fpiccs. 
 
 Of a ftraunge kynde of fowlynj;e : and of the trees that lieare gourdes. 
 
 Of the later opinions as tuuchynge the fwyfte courfe of the Ocean 
 towanle the wcfte : and of the continente or fume lande. Alfo of the 
 vyage from the newe landcs to Spayne. 
 
 Of the golde mynes of Uaricna : and the maner of gatherynge of golde in 
 the fame; Alfo of the dropfle of couetoufnes which is not fatiffyed with rydies. 
 
 C For the contentes of the booke of the Hands tatcly found rcade the mar gent e 
 
 notes of the fame. 
 
 ;ri(:ficsi». 
 
n 
 
 398 
 
 ,i i 
 
 [T//e End of the Original Edition?^ 
 
 
 C T H [n] INTERPRETOVRS EXCVSH. 
 
 I haue not in wrytynge byn very curious 
 To auoyde the fcornes of Rhinoceros .lofe, 
 Or the fyled iudgement of feuere AriRarchus 
 Not fearynge thereby any thynge to lofe, 
 But haue tliought it fufficient to be open and playne 
 Not lookynge for other coinnioditie or gayne. 
 
 I am not clociuent I knowe it ryght well. 
 If I be not barbarous I dcfyre no more, 
 I haue not for euery woorde alked counfell 
 Of eloquent Ehot or fyr Thomas Moore. 
 Take it therfore as I haue intended, 
 The fautes with fauour may foone be amended. 
 
 The poet Homere for all his eloquence, 
 Lacked not Zoilus to be his fo[e] : 
 Wherfore I conclude this for a trewe fentence. 
 That no man lacketh fuo bargello : 
 For as no bealle lyueth without woorme or flye, 
 So no man lacketh his priuie enemie. 
 
 Rumpatur Zoilus. 
 
 C FauUs efcaped in the pryntynge. Y.thekafe. \.. the line. "&. the backe fyde of the leafe. 
 [Thefe corrections have all been embodied in the Text.] 
 
 G {inpri)ti(rli at ilonlioii in faults CIjiirrD- 
 tmvUir nt iljr sisnr of tlje Uptilc 
 
 [In other copies.] 
 
 pnrUt at tijc j9iaite of tlje 3Stn dj) 
 laolirrtr CTo^. 
 
 Anno. Domini. M. D. LV. 
 
Abarien 
 
 Index. 
 
 Atiei 
 
 399 
 
 I n d 
 
 e X 
 
 of 
 
 Persona/ namesy and names of places, chiefly outside Europe. 
 
 .• The Contents Pages at vii.-x., 12, 45, and 391-398 have not been indexed. 
 
 Abarien island, 255 
 
 Alxlua river, 315 
 
 Abenamachic, King, 119, 120, 131 
 
 Abibeil)a, Kin);, 120, 121 
 
 Abila inountaynes, 236 
 
 Abraham, 51, 52 
 
 Abrail>a, 120, 121 
 
 Abrayine I'rouince, 22') 
 
 Aburema river, 135, 152 
 
 Acatan, 34 
 
 Acatebn, 153 
 
 Achaia, 176 
 
 Aclias town, 325 
 
 Achcmenides, 135, 154 
 
 Achilles, 5 
 
 Achor, Vale of, 50 
 
 Acta villngc, 231 
 
 Acuna, The I.icentatc, 272 
 
 /»v!ani, 229, 338, 340 
 
 Adams, Clement, xxxviii., 289 
 
 Adda river, 363, 364 
 
 Aden, 13, 24, 267, 2O9 
 
 Aden, King of, 13 
 
 Adiall)enicus, Emperor, 176 
 
 Adipson, 285 
 
 Adriane, Pope, 309 
 
 Adriatike sea, 133, 155, 31S 
 
 /Kneas Siluius, 8, 41, 50, 347 
 
 Africa, xix., xxi., xxix , 9, 13, 35, 
 52, 56, 126, 129, 139, 236, 245, 
 248, 250, 261, 262, 273, 281;, 
 295. 298. 337. 33X. 34a. 346. 
 373. 384. 38s. 387- 
 
 Africa, (julf of, 270, 374. 
 
 Afrijkcn, xxxi. 
 
 Agathyrsi, 91 
 
 Agermannia, niikedomo of, 305 
 
 Agisimba, Region of, 41 
 
 Agnaneo island, 135 
 
 Agnes, Vincentius, 105, 128, 129 
 
 Agricola, Georgius, xli., xliv,, 7, 
 366 
 
 Agrippa, Cornelius, xliv. 
 
 Agus, Antipater, 319 
 
 Ahumada, reter de, 346 
 
 Aiaguilin river, 153 
 
 Ajora, (Jonsalus, 181 
 
 AJora, Johannes, 162, 181 
 
 Alamino Antonie, 187, 18S 
 
 Alaniinus, 192, 193, 194, 195 
 
 Alba Kussin, 291 
 
 Alliertus, Magnus, 7, 9, 10, 41, 364 
 
 Alcala, 63 
 
 Alcantara, 165 
 
 Alcaraz, Antonie of, 272 
 
 Alc.iyr [Cairo], Cily of, 13, 14, 6j, 
 
 «3«. 153. 172. "86, 267, 285, 3J7, 
 
 315. 374 
 Alcazaua, Simon of, 272 
 Aliliiy, James, xix., xx. 
 Alexander, xxix., xxxiii., xliv., 5, 
 
 32, 50, 74, 129, 176, 201, 241, 
 
 248,273,274,285,310,315,325, 
 
 339. 385 
 Alexandria, City of, no, 153, 217, 
 
 267, 283, 351 
 Alexandryne, Patriarch of, xxx. 
 Alfonsus de I'onte, 157 
 Alia, 359, 368 
 Allago, xxviii. 
 Allen, Richard, xiii. 
 .Mmanior, 271, 272 
 Alin.iyne [Gtn>ianji], Empcroiir of 
 
 xxx. 
 Ahnaynes, 56, 97, 116, 292, 320, 
 
 328 
 Alonso, 341 
 Alonso, Don, 273, 341 
 Alonsus, I'etrus, 36 
 Alpha, I'oynt, 75, 76 
 Alphcus river, 134, 176 
 Alphonsus, 40, 389 
 .Vlphonsus, I'etriis, 94, 95 
 .\lvarado, I'eter, 1S7 
 .Mveriido, .Sp.itense, 192 
 Amacaiz, City of, 374 
 Amaiauna, Cave of, 99 
 .\nialthciim sea, 289 
 Amaquci, Region of, 169 
 .\niari, Lake of, 284 
 Amaxobii, 301 
 Amixtlao island, 260 
 Amlion island, 260 
 America, xi., xiii., xvili., xxi., 
 
 xxiii., XXV., xxvi., xxviii., xxx., 
 
 xxxii., xxxiv., xl., 3, 8, 32, 35, 
 
 43. 61, 205, 243, 281, 335, 343, 
 
 353. 37". 38s 
 Americus, xxi. 
 Amerigo Vespiicci, xxv., 37, 3S, 39, 
 
 '27. "34. 157.275. 277. 279 
 .Vnacaona, Queen, 85, 176 
 Anacauchoa, Ueuchius, 83, 84, 85, 
 
 86, 176 
 Anata, King, 182, 183 j 
 
 Anbon island, 344 | 
 
 Ancisus, 108, 109, no, 113, 114, 
 115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124, 
 125, 126, 137 
 
 Ancyra, 311 
 
 Andalusia, xiii., 130, 220, 225, 
 
 339 
 
 Andalusia, Noua, 130 
 
 Andreas, Moralis, 13 ^ 
 
 Andrcwe, Laivrence, xwi. 
 
 Andronicus, xlviii. 
 
 Anes, John, 377, 37S 
 
 Angleria, 43, 63, 65, iSj, 2J7, 
 
 246, 299 
 Anghiera, xxxvii. 
 Annez, Vincentius, 126, 12S, I'j, 
 
 "30 
 
 Anniuici, Region of, 169 
 
 Antci, 2S5 
 
 Anteus, 149 
 
 .Vnthiocliyen, xxxi. 
 
 ■Vnthiocus, 8 
 
 .Vnthropoph.igi, 23, 29, 41, 6I), 
 
 385. 
 Antiglia island, 38 
 Antilia islami, 66 
 Anti(|U.t, Island of, 177 
 Antonie, .Master, 2S,S 
 -•Vnlony di Mendoz.i, 287 
 Anunctus, 191 
 Apianus, 10 
 
 .Vpollo, 10, 102, 172, 295, 2_)S 
 Apnu, Region of, 322 
 Apsa, 363 
 
 .\pruliuni, Dishop of, 309 | 
 
 Aquanil, Province of, 187 
 .Aijuillaris, llieroninuis, I03, 1)3 
 .Vrabia, xxviii., xxxi., 8, 9, 13, 14, | 
 
 20, 56, 129, 153, 156, 16), iSj, I 
 
 235, 284, 285, 2S6, 309, 3S5 ; 
 
 Arabia, (Julf of, 284, 286, 33?, 347 | 
 .Vralii.i, Sea of, 309 
 Arabo, 168 
 
 Aragon, King of, xxx. 51 
 Aragonie, Canlinal of, 64, 73, 79, 
 
 82, 87, 90, 94, 96, 103, 133 
 .\ran)an.i. Region of, 16S 
 Arambec, xiv. 
 Arbolantius, 141 
 Archimedes, xlvii., xlviii. 
 Arcimboldu.i, 127 
 Ard.igni, Kirgdoni of, 3(4 
 Arethusa, 134, 176 
 Arenalis, 88 
 
 Areuado, 232 
 
 Argilla, City of, 374 
 
 .\riane, 245 
 
 Ari.-is, lleliz.ilietha Itoadill.i, 127 
 
 .\ri.as, Petrus, 61, 126, 127, 1 il, 
 
 137, 142, 156, 157, 158, If)!, 
 
 "is. 178, 179. 181, 198, I9J, 
 214 
 
 Arimathi.i, Joseph of, 56 
 
 .Vrion, 171 
 
 .Vristarchus, 398 
 
 .Vristocleon, 41 
 
 .Vristotle, xliii., xliv., 9, 10, 67, 
 
 142, 179, 27S, 293, 313, iii, 
 
 33* 340. 3S<i 
 Arkey, l..iurence, xli, 
 .Vnnenes, xxx. 
 .\rnieneten, xxxi. 
 .V.meni.i, xxvii., xxviii., xxx., xxxii , 
 
 xxxiv., 176, 311, 314, 329 
 .Vrmenicus, Emperour, 176 
 .\rmeimyten, xxxi. 
 Arnold, R., xxv., xxvi. 
 Arnheim, xxv. 
 .\rottinliergh, 368 
 .Vrra, Castle, 381 
 Arsin.i, xxix. 
 
 Arsinoe, City of, 2V \, 285 
 Artawischa river, 323 
 .Vrtawische, 323 
 .Vrtemisi.i, 49, 12S 
 .Vrucetto island, 2f>o 
 Ar/.ina Kord, xxxix. 
 Asasi, XX. 
 Ascanins, 63, 64 
 .Vs-anius Sphorcia [i.e., Sforza], 6$, 
 
 6.S, 103, 127 
 Ascham, Rog, r, xl, 
 Ascon City, 37 \ 
 Asia, the less, 7 
 Asjph, 324, 325 
 .•Vsopus, 142 
 
 Asseuedo, .\nlonie de, 27a 
 Assyry'en, xxxi, 
 Astesia, 363 
 
 Astnchan, 308, 314.323, 326, 32J 
 Astur, Oaetensei, 135 
 Asiuiia, 54, 116 
 .\syen, xsx. 
 Atahaliba, King, 340 
 Ainmca village, 153 
 Ath, xliii. 
 Alici, Region of, 169 
 
1^ -I 
 
 400 
 
 Atlantike 
 
 Index. 
 
 Catnpechium 
 
 ii I 
 
 \ 
 
 Atlantike island, 129, 337, 338, 340 
 
 Atlas mountains, 129 
 
 Atlas, the greater, 385 
 
 Attnbeira, 99 
 
 Attibuni, Region of, 169 
 
 Attibunicus river, 73, 16S, 17 1 
 
 Attila, 326 
 
 Auanzo mountains, 368 
 
 Augusta, City of, 286 
 
 Augustinus de Ceratta, 54 
 
 Augustus, Em|>crour,8, 283,306,369 
 
 Auila Alphons[o], 187, 192 
 
 Auis, 273 
 
 Auleta, King, 283 
 
 Aurea Anus, 323, 324 
 
 Aurca Chersonesus, 32, 40, 75, 247, 
 
 3"3. 344 
 Ausonio, 167 
 
 Austria, Archduke of, 2S9 
 Auxcndia, xxviii. 
 Auxerre, xliv. 
 Ay Ay islands, 69, 130 
 Ayqueroa, Kegion of, 169 
 Azamor, City of, 374 
 Azania, Region of, 3S5 
 Azafi, 374 
 Azeuedo, 274 
 Azgar, 374 
 Azion Gal>er, 7 
 Azores, Islands of, 203, 204, 219, 
 
 339. 347. 348 
 Azotus, 57 
 Azoum river, 314 
 Azuam village, 176 
 Azzuei, Region of, 169 
 
 Babbareo lake, 1 70 
 
 Kabel, Tower of, xxxii. 
 
 Itabell, 290 
 
 IJabilon, 14, 56, 57, 63, 172, 1S7, 
 
 241, 266, 284, 2S5, 297, 307, 315 
 Habilon, Soltane of, 153, 172 
 llabilonii. The, 385 
 Itabilonyon, xxxii. 
 liacanor, 265 
 Baccallaos, Land of, xix., 55, 161, 
 
 162. 195, 242. 287, 288, 299, 344, 
 
 345. 347 
 n.icchian island, 259, 260 
 ISaccia, 126 
 Kachau sea, 291 
 Itacon, Lord, xxii. 
 Itacon, Roger, xliv., xlvii., xlviii. 
 ISactria, 3ci8 _ 
 li.idaiocius, Casper, 165 
 Dad.-iiocius, (umzalus, 181, 182, 183 
 Iladaioz, 272, 273 
 Iladajos, xiii. 
 Bafrida, 291 
 
 Baguaniinaho, Kegion of, 168 
 Bahaboni, 166 
 Bahuan river, 172 
 Baian, 17 1 
 Baia Natiuitatis, 129 
 B.iim>a, 168, i6g, 170, 172, 173, 176 
 Baiohaigua, Kegion of, 169 
 Bajasetes, Ottomanus, 6, 311 
 BaLissia, Kegion of, 264 
 Ball)oa, Vaschus, 149, 162, 178, 
 
 338 
 Baleares islands, 301 
 Ballard, William, xiii. 
 Baltheum sea, 299, 312, 33 1 
 Baluastro, 346 
 Banila island, 22 
 Bandan, xxix., 260, 269 
 Banderana, xxix. 
 Bangalla, King, 21 
 ])angella, Cily of, 21 
 Baptiste, Klisiiis, 85, 99 
 Vaptiiitc, Master, xliii. 
 
 Ilarack, Soltan, 329 
 
 Ilarliai island, 256 
 
 Barlnregaf, City of, 374 
 
 llarbarossa, Emperour, 347 
 
 Harbata island, 177 
 
 Barbary, xix., xx , xxviii., xxxviii., 
 
 237. 374. 380, 384 
 narbess.1, Adoardo, 258 
 Barcha, 374 
 Itarnarde of Mesa, 130 
 llarramedabas, 87 
 Ilarrientos, 272 
 liarthema [/.«., Varlhcmd\, Ludi 
 
 vico, xlviii. 
 Itartholomeus Colonus, 31, 82, 134, 
 
 'S3. "54. 340 
 Barthus castle, 331 
 Karutti, xii. 
 Masilidcs, 4I 
 llasilius, 289, 308, 309, 311, 314, 
 
 3'6. 3«7. 3>9. 32'. 324. 328, 329 
 ILasilius, Andreas, 316 
 ILisilius, Demetrius, 316 
 llasilius, George, 316 
 liasilius, John, 316, 319 
 Masilius, Magnus, 290, 291 
 Itasilius, Symcon, 316 
 liasing, xxxix. 
 Kaskird, 293 
 It.isle, xxxvii. 
 
 Dastard, Count L. dc, xliv. 
 Ilastarne, 31 1 
 llastimento island, 235 
 Bath, Karl of, xix. 
 liaurucn, Kegion of, 169 
 llazantium, Empcrours of, 314 
 lleata|X)rt, 107, 113, 177, 213 
 Iteaton, Cardin.al, xxxviii. 
 
 Hebeid, Chan, 329 
 
 lleda island, 35 
 
 licit island, 374 
 
 llekhia, 309 
 
 lielozcria, 309 
 
 lienaia islan<l. 260 
 
 Iteneu island, 260 
 
 liengala, I'rovince of, 261, 264, 267, 
 268, 344 
 
 Ik-nin, 270. 376 
 
 licragua, Kegion of, 107, loS, III, 
 112, 113. 114, 115, 128, 130,132, 
 
 «34. 13s. «3<>. "49. ISO. «S«.'S3. 
 
 «S4. ISS. '63. i6S. 21 1, 214, 218, 
 
 2«9. 233. 234 
 Berenice, Cily of, 284 
 Beres river, 323 
 Berpes, City of. 331 
 Bcrmgocius, Vannucius, xlvi. 
 Ilerma, 344 
 
 liermeio. Sea of, 338, 339, 346, 347 
 liermuda island, 233 
 Keiosus, xlviii., 346 
 lleryn, John. 383 
 licselchel, 49 
 Ilescrmani, The, 327 
 Itesson, xlvii. 
 Iletanchor, 65, 166 
 llelis river, 127, IS7 
 Ueuchius Anacauchoa, King, 83, 84, 
 
 85, 86, 176 
 lieyrout, xii. 
 
 Ilezerra, Kranciscus, 165, 181, 183 
 liian, Sancti, Johannis gulf, 194 
 Diddle, Mr, xv. 
 Bieloiefero, 321 
 Himini, 345 
 Dinthaitel, 100 
 Bion, 41 
 Biraen, 344 
 Biringuccio Vanniccio, xxxvii, 353, 
 
 356 
 liiron. Master, xviii. 
 
 Biscaine, 274 
 
 Bisinagar, City of, 15 
 
 Bisineghc, 277 
 
 Bithynia, 290, 311 
 
 Bits,-igitsch, xxviii. 
 
 Bizantium, 307 
 
 Bizantium, Emperour of, 314 
 
 Bizerta port, 374 
 
 Ulasius, 331 
 
 Blemines, The, 385 
 
 lilesconia. City of, 289 
 
 Blondus, 348 
 
 Boadilla, Oovcrnour of, 105, 127 
 
 Iloadilla, Helisabetha, 127 
 
 Bixlenham. Roger, xviii. 
 
 lloheme. King of, xxx., 312 
 
 Bohol island, 256, 258 
 
 Uoilus, 79 
 
 Boiuca island, 135 
 
 Boium, gatti river, 109, 132 
 
 Bolgaria, 309 
 
 Bolschega mountains, 323 
 
 Bomliassa, xxviii, 
 
 Bonaucntura, 105 
 
 Bonauista island, 87, 272 
 
 Bonanum, City of, 84 
 
 Boneface, 56 
 
 Bonham, W., xxxvii. 
 
 Bononiama, King, 145 
 
 Bononic, Aristotles of, 313 
 
 Bononie, Galeatius Butrigarius of, 
 
 106, 127, 283, 285 
 Boriostomea river, 98 
 Boriquena island, 45, 345, 346 
 Boristhene river, 289, 309, 31 1, 
 
 312, 314, 316, 319 
 Bornei islands, 22, 23 
 
 Bosphorus, The, 59 
 
 Boua port, 374 
 
 Boubigc, xlv. 
 
 Bourne, Mr II. R. Fox, xvi. 
 
 Ilowyer, Sir William, xiii. 
 
 Boyuca island, 345 
 
 Braalin island, zio 
 
 Brabant, xliii. 
 
 Brasil, xv., xvi., xvii., 250, 251, 
 aS3. 273. 28s, 288, 375, 385, 
 386 
 
 Brewer, Rev. J. S., M.A., xiii. 
 
 Bridger, Mr C, xlviii. 
 
 Brocardus, xlvi. 
 
 Brooke, John, xviii. 
 
 Brj'aces, 49 
 
 Buchebuca, King, 146 
 
 Buchema island, 30 
 
 Buda, 326 
 
 Budia island, 260 
 
 Budomel, 384 
 
 Buen Abrigo Point, 273 
 
 Buena Vista, 272 
 
 Bugia, Region of, 374 
 
 Buiaici, Kegion of, 1 69 
 
 Bullen, 9 
 
 Uuona Spcranza, 261, 262, 338, 
 
 374. 38s 
 Bur island, 344 
 
 Burges, Bishop of, 126, 127, 134 
 Burgonie, Duke of, 208 
 Burichena island, 45, 70^ I04, 130^ 
 
 "59. 173. 176 
 Burleigh, Lord, xxxvii. 
 Burnci island, 258 
 Burney island, 272 
 Burrough, Stephen, xxxviii. 
 Buru island, 260 
 Buthuan island, 255, 259 
 Buthuan, King, 255 
 Butler, John, xlv. 
 Bulricarius Galeatius, 106, I27, 
 
 283, 285 
 Buts, Sir William, xviii., xix. 
 
 Butts, Thomas, xviii., xix. 
 Byzantium, xi. 
 
 Caliedus, Johannes, 1 30, 1 57 
 
 Cabot, Loaisa, 274 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, xiii., xv., xix., 
 xxxviii., xxxix, xl., xlvi., xlvii., 
 6, It,, 61, 161, 162, 195, 272, 
 274. 283, 288, 289, 299, 335. 
 343. 345. 348, 350. 386 
 
 Cabouerde [/.«., Ca/ie-VtrJe], 74, 
 87. 97. 129, 134, 272, 277, 38s 
 
 Cacacubana, Region of, 169 
 
 Cacausu, City of, 24 
 
 Cacedus, John, 198 
 
 Caccicus, 72, 89, 128, 223 
 
 Caccicus Caunaboa,'72, 79, 80, 81, 
 
 Cacique Chiman, 225 
 
 Cadamustus, Aloisius, 127, 270, 280 
 
 Cades, 86 
 
 Cadissen, 329 
 
 Cadona, Duke of, 173 
 
 Caghaian island, 258 
 
 Canaymi, Region of, 169 
 
 Cahini island, 168 
 
 Cahonas island, 166, 172 
 
 Caiabi, I'rovince of, |68, 172, 173, 
 
 176 
 Caiacoa, Province of, 168, 173 
 Caiguam mountain, 171 
 Caigui, City of, 26, 171 
 Cainabo, I'rovince of, i68, 169, 170 
 Cailon island, 344 
 Caiouana, Valley of, 170 
 Cairo, 374 
 Cairus, 307 
 Caizcimu, I'rovince of, 168, 169, 
 
 >70. «73 
 
 Cakeado, 381 
 
 Calaghan island, 255, 356, 259 
 
 Calantan, 260 
 
 Calaucra, Barnardino de, 108 
 
 Cales, 86, 87, 93, 94, 57, 181 
 
 Calese island, 286 
 
 Calicium, 38 
 
 Calicut, 7, 8, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 2o, 
 21, 24, 32, 39, 256, 261, 26,5, 
 264, 265, 266, 267, 2t>8, 269, 344, 
 
 374. 38s 
 Calicut, King of, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21 
 Calidonia, 143, 177 
 Caliz, 346, 347 
 Callienten, xxix. 
 Calliguta, 59 
 Calpe mountains, 236 
 Cals, 68, 73 
 
 Caluacam, Region of, 188, 189 
 Calunezfcho, Kegion of, 322 
 Calzadilla, 341 
 Camaie, Kegion of, 169 
 Canibaia, 8, 13, 14, 20, 261, 367, 
 
 269 
 Cambaia, King of, 40 
 Camlialu [i.e., Petin\, City of, 24, 
 
 25, 287, 307, 326 
 Cambie, 259 
 
 Camemorus, Region of, 183 
 Camen mountains, 323 
 Camen Bolschoi mountains, 322, 
 
 323 
 Camenckh, 322 
 Cameni, 323 
 
 Camenipoias mountains, 323 
 Camigna, Don Christopher of, 133 
 Camomorus, Region of, 98, 132 
 Camoteia island, 166 
 Campaa, Region of, 260 
 CampUll, Dr M. F. A. G., xxv., 
 
 xxvi. 
 Campechium, Province of, 1S7, 188 
 
JO. «S7 
 
 i., XV., xix., 
 xlvi., xlvii., 
 2. «9S. a?*! 
 9. 299. 335. 
 386 
 ><!-yirJe], 74, 
 
 2. 277. 38s 
 f, 169 
 
 223 
 
 2, 79, 80, 81, 
 
 127, 270, 2S0 
 
 169 
 
 172 
 
 68, 172. '73. 
 
 168, 173 
 
 ri 
 
 168, 169, 170 
 
 70 
 
 >f, 168, 169, 
 
 256, 259 
 
 de, 108 
 57, 181 
 
 17, 18, 19, 20, 
 56, 261, 26.5, 
 2(>8, 269, 344, 
 
 17, 18, 19, 21 
 
 188, 189 
 3f, 322 
 
 59 
 
 20, 261, 267, 
 
 I, City of, 24, 
 
 )f, 183 
 
 3 
 
 luntains, 322, 
 
 ns, 323 
 
 UptllT of, I 30 
 jf, 98, 132 
 
 160 
 
 A. G., XXV., 
 :c of, 187, 188 
 
 Campegius 
 
 Index. 
 
 Corus 
 
 401 
 
 Campogiiis, C.irdin.tl, 310 
 
 Campion, (i.-ispur, xvii., xviii. 
 
 Camul, Province of, 27 
 
 Cinalmcoa, Region of, 169, 172 
 
 Cnn-nda, 287 
 
 Canary islands, xiii., xxviii., 28, 
 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 65, 66, 
 68, 87, 97, 150, 157, 166, 177, 
 181, 199, 210, 24s, 250, 277, 
 339. 374. 3,75. 380, 389 
 
 Cananor, xxviii. 
 
 Cananor, King of, 15 
 
 Cancell, Luys, 346 
 
 Canchietans, The, 95 
 
 Canchietes, Region of, 36, 95 
 
 Cane, 271 
 
 Canghu island, 256 
 
 Canglii, City of, 24 
 
 Canibals, Islamls of the, 30, 66, 68, 
 78, 160, 162, 177, 180 
 
 Cannalistula island, 1 19 
 
 Cano, 272 
 
 Canonor, Kingdom of, 14, 15, 20, 
 
 261, 268 
 Canthan, City of, 260 
 Cape lilanke, 380 
 
 Cape Uona Speranza, 129, 279, 2S5, 
 
 286, 348, 350 
 Cape Breton, xiv., xviii. 
 Cape Cattigara, 253 
 Cape Corea, 382 
 Cape dc It.-K, xiv. 
 Cape de Huona .Speranzo, 374 
 C"pv .;.; Monte, 381 
 Cape de las Talmas, 381, 382 
 Cape de tres I'untas, 381 
 Cape de Sper, xiv. 
 Cape Trepoyntes, 381, 382, 383 
 Cape of Good Hope, 129, 385 
 Capelan, City of, 21, 344 
 Caplia, 324 
 Caphi island, 260 
 Capira, Region of, 234 
 Capling, William, xii. 
 Capo Desiderato, 252 
 Capo Verde Islands, 32, 35, 36, 65, 
 
 74, 87, 129, 203, 204, 250, 261, 
 
 262, 272, 273, 274, 277, 280, 
 
 338. 373. 382. 38s. 387 
 Capromis, 86, ys, 92 
 Capucar, 265 
 
 Caput BoniV .Sperantioc, 129, 385 
 Caput Sancti Augustini, 129, 134, 
 
 181, 183 
 Caput Veride islands, 32, 35, 36, 
 
 74. 87, 129, 38s 
 Caracar.icoles, 100 
 Caramairi, Region of, 106, 107, 
 
 109, 134, 144, 157, 158, 159, 
 
 ■60, 162 
 Caramatexius, King, 171 
 Carandra, (lulf of, 285 
 Car.niHcira islanil, 177 
 Carcham, Province of, 26 
 Cardano, (lirolanio, xxxviii., 158, 
 
 161,207, 217. 250. 294, 307 
 Carcnas, 191, 
 Carcta, 108, 115, 116, 117, 121, 
 
 137, 164, 182 
 Caria, King of, 49, 128 
 Caria, (Jueen of, 49, 128 
 Cariai, Region of, 151, 152, 156 
 Caribana, 107, 1 19, 180, 183 
 Carilxlis, 304 
 Caribes islands, 68 
 Cirles, Captain, xlviii, 
 Carnica, 314, 368 
 Cnromoram, 2$ 
 Carter, Master, xviii. 
 Carthage, 176, 340, 374 
 Carthage, Ilanniball of, 139 
 
 Carthagena, 134, 157, 160, 214, 
 
 215, 226 
 Carthaginis Porlus, \oft 
 Carthago, 106, 107, lo8, 109, 113, 
 
 •34. '57. «62, 165 
 Cartier, ^aques, 287, 345 
 Carucueriii, 69, 157, 159 
 Casa Francisus, xlvii. 
 Casan,King of, 326, 328 
 Caspia, 8, 169, 170, 173 
 Caspian sea, 170, 287, 291, 308, 
 
 309. 3". 3«4. 32'. 326, 329. 
 
 346 
 Ciissam, City of, 291,311, 314,319. 
 
 325, 326, 327, 328, 329 
 Cassima river, 323 
 Cassius mountain, 285 
 Castagliime, llnltassar, 9 
 Castaneda, 272 
 Castella, Aurea, 130 
 Castella de Mina. 382 
 Castella Vetus, 68 
 Castile, King of, xxx., 37, 201, 203, 
 
 340 
 Castile, Queen of, 201 
 Castile, Isaln-l of, 273, 274, 341 
 C.istilo, Kerdinando of, 51, 52, 65, 
 
 73, 127, 131, 201, 208, 209, 211, 
 
 229, 236, 273, 341, 342, 343, 
 
 ,345 
 
 C astlen, Edward, xli. 
 
 C.islor, 250 
 
 Castoreum sea, 303 
 
 Castromow, 331 
 
 Catalonia, 173 
 
 Catarapa, 237 
 
 Catena Mundi mountains, 286, 324 
 
 C.ithay [»>., China\, xiii., xxxviii., 
 xxxix., xl., xli., 8, 22, 24, 25, 26, 
 59, 98, 261, 2S3, 284, 285, 286, 
 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 
 
 293. 294. 308. 3>o, 3'2. 3"3. 
 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 
 
 328, 329, 330. 331. 333. 339. 
 
 344. 345. 363 
 Cathay Cham (/.<•., Kliaz'\cS, xxi., 
 
 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 60, 286, 287, 
 
 289. 322, 324. 326, 329, 330 
 Cathay, Emperour of. 25, 60 
 Ciitighan island, 256 
 Catherine, Queen, 51, 71, 274 
 Catherine, Saint, 84 
 Cato, 122 
 Cattigara, 262 
 Cattigara, Cape, 253 
 Caucisus mountains, 18 
 Cauchicta, 95, 98 
 Caunaboa, Cacicus, 72, 79, 80, 81, 
 
 85 
 ( aunan.a, 99 
 Cauno.i, Region of, 169 
 Cauta. 99 
 
 Caulan, City of, 344 
 Caya river, 272, 273, 274 
 Caya bridge, 273, 274 
 Cayrus [*>., Cairo\, City of, 14, 186 
 Cazacubuna mountains, 172 
 Cazibaxagua, 99 
 
 Cecil, Sir W., xxii., xxxviii,, xliii. 
 Ce<lcn, xxx. 
 Ceilam island. 344 
 Celaruri island, 260 
 Celer, Quintus Metellus, 347 
 Cenmccus, King, 110, 119, 121, 
 
 122, 198 
 Cemolml, 196 
 Cenalo island, 255. 
 Cencgales, 155 
 Central America, xl. 
 Cenlurione, I'aulo, 287, 308, 309, 
 
 310 
 
 2 G 
 
 Cerabaro, Region of, 112, 135,152, 
 
 '54. '55. 'S6, 163, 182 
 Ceratia [/.<•., Zaiatlc\ Augustinus 
 
 de, 54 
 Cerda, 341 
 Ceres, 175 
 Cernigonia, 309 
 Cesar, 59, 305 
 Cesariensis, 374 
 Chalxjt, C, xiv. 
 Chacouam island, 260 
 Chagre river, 234, 235 
 Cham, 346 
 
 Chamailaba, Prince, 129 
 Chan Cublai, 330 
 Charles V., xiii., xiv. 
 Charles, King, 63 
 Charles IX., xiv., xlvii. 
 Charylxlis, 163, 330 
 Chaucer, xxxvii. 
 Chaunceler, Uichard, xvii., xxxviii., 
 
 xxxix., xl., 59, 2S5, 2S9, 326, 
 
 333. 386 
 Chedsey, l)r, xxxix. 
 Cheke, Sir John, xliii., xliv. 
 C'heregatus, Francis, 191, 309 
 Chethai lake, 287 
 Cheru, King, 182 
 Chi.icones, King, 128 
 Chiapes, King, 139, 140, 141, 142, 
 
 143. '45. 178 
 Chiauacch.i, Prince, 129 
 Chiman, Cacique, 225 
 China, 20, 260, 261, 267, 269, 272, 
 
 339. 344. 347 
 China, Gulf of, 260 
 Chionsus, King, 146 
 Chiouia mountain, 319 
 Chirara, 152 
 Chippit island, 258 
 Chitaza, 152 
 Chorogoski Nosz, 322 
 Chrisoslomus, 290, 291 
 Christiernus, 304, 309 
 Christophori Sancti, 105 
 Cianiba, 1 30, 150 
 Ciliana, Region of, 73, 74, 79, So, 
 
 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 105, 168, 171. 
 
 172 
 Cicero, Marcus Tullus, xliv., 49, 
 
 132, 283, 284 
 Ciclopes, 154 
 Cicylian, King, xxx. 
 C!iguaios, 86, 91 
 C iguana, 91 
 
 Cilapulapu, Prince, 285 
 Cilicia, 7, 8 
 
 Cimbrica Chersonesiis, 311, 314 
 l.'imbulon, King, 258 
 Cinchital, 27 
 Cingaixjrla, 260 
 Cingulus Mumli mountain, 324 
 Ciniana, Region of, 36 
 Cipanga, Region of, 73, 80, 81, 82, 
 
 •67. 253. 339. 340, 343 
 Citrachan, 308, 314 
 Ciuola, 287 
 Claudius, 54 
 Clement VI., Pope, 308, 309, 
 
 347 
 Cleodii, The, 385 
 Cleopatra, 141, 142. 166, 283. 315 
 Cleopatriila, City of, 284 
 Clesma river, 314 
 Cloelia, 71 
 
 Cochin, King of, xxix. 
 Cochinus, 183 
 Cockcram, Martin, xvii. 
 Cmlego islami, 106, 215 
 C 'i Cathay island, 343 
 Coiba Dites, 182 
 
 Coib.1, Gulf of, 108, 115, 116, \b\, 
 
 1 82 
 
 Coiba, King of, loS. 115, 116, 117, 
 
 121, 137, 164, 1S2 
 Colchis, Region of, 51, 135, 262, 
 
 310 
 Cole, Master, xix. 
 Colon, xxix. 
 Coligny, Aibniral, xiv. 
 Coll.io, City of. 343 
 Collocutea, Region of, 183 
 Colluacana island, 1S9, 191, 195, 
 
 196 
 Colmenaris, Rodcricus, 113, I14, 
 
 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 
 
 . '57. '83 
 
 Colmogora, Region of, 291. 293. 312 
 Colniogor, City of, 286, 322. 
 Colmuni, City of, 2<jo 
 Cologna, 291 
 
 CoUmia Agrippina, City of, 2S9 
 I'oluni, xxix 
 
 Cidumlius (or Colonus), Hartholo. 
 
 mens, 31,82, 134. 153, 154. 340 
 
 Columbus (or Colonus), Christo- 
 
 phorus, 2S, 29, 35, 38, 41, (.5.66, 
 
 67. 69. 79, So, 87, 94, 96, 98, <)9, 
 
 103, 105, 106, loS, III, 112, 113, 
 
 IIS, "8. 127, 12S. 129, 132, 134, 
 
 '35. '5°. '5'. '53. '54. '55. '57. 
 
 '63. 177. 184, 191, 192, 202,209, 
 
 236, 272, 2S8, 337, 339, 340, 341, 
 
 342, 346 
 
 Columbus (or Colonus), Diegus, 
 
 115, 118, 122, 127, 177, 184, 240 
 
 Columbus (or Colonus), Fernando, 
 
 272 
 Column.!, 313 
 
 Coniniend.itor, King, 123, 124, 125 
 Comi, 187 
 
 Comogra, 116, 162, 179 
 Comogrus, King, 116, 117, 118, 
 120, 122, 137, 146, 147, 14S, 162 
 (.'omnuMlus, I'jiiperour, 2S4 
 Comoiayxa, 172 
 Conipostele, 100 
 Conception, Tower of, 80, 82, 84, 
 
 86, 92, 93, 105, 130 
 Comic, Prince de, xliv., xiv. 
 Condiuia, 310 
 Conigangui, 26 
 Connidalia, City of, 260 
 Conslantina, 374 
 (onstantine, 290, 316 
 Constantinople, Hisliop of, xxxi. 
 Const.antinople, l''.niperour of, 316 
 Constantinople, I'atriarclie of, xxx., 
 
 290, 291 
 Conte Kiinondo, 270 
 Cooper, xxxvii. 
 Coperdalia, 305 
 Copio, 2S4 
 Coquera, King, 1.^0 
 Coiala, 271 
 I'oralcs, 180 
 
 (orduli.a, 162, 181, 186, 192 
 Corea, 3S2 
 (_'orelia, 292, 321 
 Corichotuni, 102 
 Corimucol, 20 
 Corinthus, City of. So, 100] 
 CA.ro island, 215 
 Coron.ido, 287 
 Coronati, 238 
 
 Cortes, xiii., xl., xiv., xlvi., 274 
 t.'ortesrcales, Gaspor, 344 
 Cortesreales islands, 344 
 Cortesius Fernando, 191, 192, 195, 
 
 198, r!38, 342 
 Corsali, Andreas de, 275. 279 
 Corns, 382 
 

 402 
 
 Corytho 
 
 Index. 
 
 Frobisher 
 
 ' 1 
 
 A 
 
 Corytho, 166 
 
 Cossn, Johannes Tie la, 126, 134, 
 
 Cossa, 107 
 
 Cossin river, 323 
 
 Cossum, 329 
 
 Colani, 26 
 
 Cotochus. King, 146. 
 
 Cotohi, 172, 173 
 
 Cotoy, 169 
 
 Cozumelln island, 40, 187, 18S, 189, 
 
 191, 192, 193 
 Cozumellaus, King, 188 
 Cracouio, 314 
 Crayford, 7 
 Creta, 166, 172, 316 
 Cretcnscs, xlviii., 172 
 Cresus, 42, 146 
 Crol<e, 381 
 Crystenlc, xxxiv. 
 C'uadalchilier, 210. 
 Cuba island, 6, 31, 40, 66, 73, 74, 
 75. 76. 77. 79. 90, 104. 105, 123, 
 125, 128, 130, 150, 154, 161, 163, 
 167, 173. «76. 177. i^t. <86, 188, 
 189, 190, igi, 192, 193, 195, "JS, 
 2IO, 231, 233, 239, 241, 262, 299, 
 338, 344. 346 
 Cul>a, Governour of, 191 
 
 Culiagua island, 213, 214 
 
 Cubana, 169 
 
 Cuhigar river, 153 
 
 Cuchibachoa, Kcgicm of, f,8, 108, 
 113. 128. 134 
 
 Cuella de Segovia, xv. 
 
 Cueua, 219, 237 
 
 Cugiiibacoa, 165 
 
 Cuijureo, 340 
 
 Cuhalxi, 168, 169 
 
 Cuiriza, 146 
 
 Culchas, 141 
 
 Culata point, 1 19, 121, 122 
 
 Cumana, 89, vJ4, 96, 98, 128, 156, 
 165, 213, 214 
 
 Cupoton King. 187 
 
 Curiana, 89, 94, 95, 96, 98, 128 
 
 Cursius Quintus, 241 
 
 Curtana, 36, 95 
 
 Cuti river, 226 
 
 Cuzilict island, 23 
 
 Cybaho, 169 
 
 Cyrenaua, 374 
 
 Cyrrha, 100 
 
 Czar Kythaiski, 324 
 
 Czilma river, 322 
 
 Czircho river, 322 
 
 Czrireniissa, 293 
 
 Datmiba, King, 119, 121, 122, 
 
 Dabaiba river, 1 32, 155, 183, 199 
 
 Uabiague, 169 
 
 Dacicus, 176 
 
 Dahatxjn, 169 
 
 iJahalxinici, Region of, 169 
 
 Dahal 168 
 
 iJaiagii" mountains, 173 
 
 Uaiguani mountains, 171 
 
 Dalekarlc river, 305 
 
 iJalion, 41 
 
 Dalmacycn King, xxx, 
 
 iMImatia, 290, 364 
 
 Damascus, 56, 311 
 
 Damian, 310 
 
 Damianus a Goes, 51, 58 
 
 Damiala, City of, 284 
 
 1 Janadim river, 323 
 
 Danowe river, 131 
 
 Danaus, xlviii. 
 
 Danco port, 284 
 
 l)ardanus, 166 
 
 Dariena, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 
 121, 123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 134, 
 «3S. <36. 137. M3. '45. 148, 149. 
 'S6, 157. "S**. '62, 163. 164, 165, 
 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 
 186, 192, 198, 199, 207, 218,220, 
 226, 236, 238, 262 
 
 Daricn river, 110, 132, 191 
 
 Dnrins, Kin);, 59, 284 
 
 Darnassuri, 20 
 
 Darthmouth, 379 
 
 naiilwny, Oliver, xviii. 
 
 Dauid, xivii., 51, 349, 385 
 
 Dauid, Master, 330 
 
 Dausian, 344 
 
 Davis, xlvi. 
 
 Deran, 264 
 
 Dechan, 14 
 
 Deilalus, 55 
 
 neerfeorth, Cornelius, xxxviii, 
 
 De las I'vtlas island, 54 
 
 De la Sal island, 272 
 
 Dc la Klore islnml, 382 
 
 Delagartos river, 132 
 
 Delapucnte, Kranciscus, 1S3 
 
 Deli mountains, 268 
 
 Dc los Azores, 203, 204, 339 
 
 Delphis, 296, 298 
 
 Demahus river, 168 
 
 Dcmetriowe, City of, 321 
 
 Demetrius, 59, 292, 308, 309, 310, 
 
 3". 313. 32s. 329. 33" 
 Demogorgon, xlvi., 161 
 Dcnham, Henry, xiii 
 Denmark, King of, xxx., 299, 304, 
 
 308. 309. 3'?. 33' I 332 
 Deplford, xxxviii, 
 Desborch, John of, xxv., xxvi. 
 Desiderata island, 177, 210 
 Desideratus, I'ortus, 1S8, 
 Destam island, 192 
 Desseosa, Francis, 377 
 Deza, 130 
 
 Diaguo, Region of, 169 
 Diaz, Johannas, 105, 135, 165 
 Didacus, 75, 77, 78, 79 
 Dido, 166 
 
 Diego, Ilenriques, 378 
 Diego, Nicucsa, ic6, 107, 108, 109, 
 III, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 126, 
 128,135,137,145,150,151,153,156 
 Dieguan sea, 266 
 Diegus Marques, 157 
 Diegus Mendez, 154 
 Diegus Ordassus, 192 
 Diegus Valasquen, 186 
 Dikilappones, Region of, 331 
 
 Diodorus, xlviii., 351 
 Diixlorus Siiiiliis, 55, 369 
 
 Dites, 165, 178, 183 
 
 Dium, City of, 13 
 
 Doesborch or Doesburg, xxv. 
 
 Doesburgh, Jan Van, xxv., xxvi. 
 
 Dolateranus, 10 
 
 Dominica island, 30, 68, 70, 105, 
 130, 150, 157, 163, 174, 210 
 
 Dominikes, Tower, .Scynt, 82, 84 
 
 Domitian, 284 
 
 Don Alonso, 341 
 
 Don Euri(|ue, 341 
 
 Don, John Captain, 382 
 
 Don, John, of Austria, xil, 
 
 Don Lewes, 378 
 
 Don I.uys, 34 1 
 
 Don I'ascval dc Gayangos, xiv. 
 
 Don rhylippe, 346 
 
 Donco, 324, 325 
 
 Donctz Scwerski, 325 
 
 Doria, Juanette, xvii, 
 
 Doriii, I'edro, xvii. 
 
 Dorpe, Kocland van der, xxv., xxvi. 
 
 Douer, 379 
 
 Dragonis, Os, 88, 95 96, 98, 108 
 
 Dranus river, 318 
 
 Drauer, Master, xviii. 
 
 Dromon, Achillis, 310 
 
 Dront, 331 
 
 Dryades, 83, 101 
 
 Duas Arliores, 176 
 
 Dubna River, 321 
 
 Duchala, 374 
 
 Dudley, John, xxxix. 
 
 Duna River, 312 
 
 Dunenburg, 312 
 
 Duraba, 135, 153 
 
 Duran, Thomas, 272 
 
 Durriba, 153 
 
 Dyonisius, King, xliv. 
 
 East India, xii., 8, 9, 32, 79, 103, 
 '33. 234. 235. 247. 262, 279, 283, 
 , 285, 339, 344 
 KasI Indian .Sea, 8 
 Kaste Sea, 8, 9, 24, 161 
 Kbro river, 363 
 Ebetere, 153 
 Kccampi island, 186 
 K<lel river, 292, 314 
 Kden, Alban, xlviii. 
 Eden, Rijhard, xii., xiii., xiv., xv,, 
 XX., xxii,, xxxvii,, xxxviii., xxxix., 
 xl., xii., xiii., xliii., xliv., xiv., 
 xlvi., xlvii., xlviii., I, 3, 6, 7, 13, 
 43. 49. 270 
 Edward VI.,xii.,xix., xxxviii, 1,333 
 Egypt, xi., XXX., xlviii., 8, 41, 51, 
 75, no, 131, 132, 141, 153, 155, 
 172, '75. '93. 217, 283, 284, 293, 
 296. 307. 308. 3'5. 35'. 369. 374 
 Egypt, Kmg of, 284 
 Egypt, I'yramides of, 49 
 Egyjjt, Soltane of, 311, 369 
 Egyptian sea, 199 
 Elalath, 374 
 Ell)cs, 272 
 Elcauz, 374 
 i"'der, John, xxxix. 
 }• ,giiz,ict, Region of, 374 
 Klias, xlvii. 
 Elide, City of, 176 
 liliot, 398 
 
 Eliot, liugh, xvi., xxi. 
 Eliot, Master, xiv. 
 Elis, City of, 134 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, xii., xvii., xl., 
 xliv., xiv., xlvi., 65, 201, 209,288, 
 342 
 Elzaba, 8 
 Emanuel, King, xxiii., xxvi., xxvii., 
 
 37. 39. 40 
 Embigitr, 153 
 Eneas, 135, 166 
 England, King of, xxx., xxxvi. 
 Engronlandc, Region of, 312, 324, 
 
 332 
 Eningia, 298, 306 
 Ephesyn, xxxi, 
 Epileguanila, 102 
 Erancan(|ui, 344 
 Erasmus, 57, 58 
 Eratosthenes, 41, 349 
 Eridanus, 133 
 Errifi, 374 
 
 Erythra, King, xlviii. 
 Esaros, 49 
 
 Eson, Colchis of, 135 
 Esope, 377 
 Esquegua, 23c 234 
 Estremadura, 274 
 Ethiopia, xxx., 8, 13, 14, 39,41, 51, 
 
 88, 132, 139, 169, 175, 248, 250, 
 
 284. 339. 35'. 369, 374. 384. 38S 
 
 Ethiopia, King of, 374 
 
 Euangelista island, 77 
 
 Euile island, 260 
 
 Eudoxus, 286, 346 
 
 Eue, 229, 338 
 
 Euergetes, Tomoleus, 346 
 
 Eugenius, Pope, 290 
 
 Euphrates river, 41, 51, 308 
 
 Eurique, Don, 341 
 
 Euripus sea, 304 
 
 Euscbius, xlviii. 
 
 Euxinus sea, 155, 292, 29S, 310, 
 
 3'4 
 Exer, 266 
 Ezzab, 374 
 
 Fal)cr, Jacobus, 246 
 
 Faber, John, 289 
 
 Facies, Combusta King, 135 
 
 Faial island, 347 
 
 Faro, Strait of, 208 
 
 Fartalio, xlvi. 
 
 Faulx>urg, xiv. 
 
 Feminie the Great, xxxiii, 
 
 Ferilinando Cortese, 238, 342 
 
 Ferdinan<lo de .Soto, 346 
 
 Fernanilina islands, 186, 187, I90, 
 
 191, 195 
 Fernando de Vega, 96 
 Fernandes Francicus, 186, 187, 192 
 Fernandus, Gonzalus, 50, 158, 160, 
 
 184, 185, 207, 208, 241 
 Fernelius, Johannes, xlvii. 
 Ferrari.-!, xlvi. 
 
 Ferrca island, 65, 66, 68, 157, 181 
 Ferricres, Francois <le, xliv. 
 Ferrieres, Jean de, xliv. 
 Ferrum island, 41 
 
 Ees, 374 
 
 Fessa, City of, 374 
 
 Feti, 180 
 
 Ficiniis, Marcilius, xiii., 338 
 
 Fin, Jean de la, xiv. 
 ■i''inland, 229, 306, 312, 319 
 
 I'inlappia, 330 
 
 Finmarchi.-i, 8, 347 
 
 Fiorauanti, Leonardo, xlviii. 
 
 Fladimer, City of, 289 
 
 Fhiuius, 348 
 
 Flaunders, Earl of, 208 
 
 Fletcher, John, xix. 
 
 Florida, 32, 55, 191, 288, 342, 345, 
 346 
 
 Floures [i.e., Fhrts} island, 214 
 
 Flumen Amazonum, 160 
 
 Flumen, S. Johannis, 155 
 
 Fogeda, Alphonsus, 106, 107, 108, 
 
 109, "o 113, 114. 115. '23. 
 
 126, 128, 134, 145, 165, 180, 183 
 
 Fonscca, Johannes, 126 
 
 Forrest, George, xvii. 
 
 Forlis island, 107, 108, 109, 134, 162 
 
 Fortisuenturo, xx., 65, 157, 380 
 
 Fortunate islands, 28, 37, 40, 166, 
 
 374 
 Forum Julii, 318 
 Foxe, John, xxxix. 
 Fracia laucea island, 41 
 France, King of, xxx., xxxii., xxxvL 
 France, Lieutenaunt of, 347 
 Francis, St., 130 
 Francisco, 376 
 Francisco dc Siquero, 378 
 Francisco, Lopez de Gomara, xxxviii 
 
 27'. 337 
 Frcderike, King, 73, 102, 103 
 Fretum llerculeum sea, 161 
 Fretum trium fratrum, 9 
 Friseland, 303 
 Friole, 368 
 Frobisher, Sir Martin, xiii. 
 
Fronowo 
 
 Index. 
 
 Ipsicratea 
 
 403 
 
 Fronowo, 312 
 Krycr, Kvrdinamlo, 341 
 Kui;ui, 26 
 Fuluia, 122 
 
 Furatado, Cnptnin, 121 
 Futeraca, iSo 
 
 Cades islands, 28, 30, 34, 65, 68, 73, 
 
 75.94.97. «5o. 181.316 
 Gaira rivir, 113, 132, 157, 158, 159 
 Clalana island, 68, 157 
 Galanta island, 68, 157, 177, 210 
 Galcatius, l)utri(;arius, 106, 127,285 
 Golian island, 260 
 Galitia, 10, 96, 31 1 
 Gamlira, 280, 374, 384 
 (iamclaro island, 374 
 Ganges river, 9, 32, 75, 98, 133, 155, 
 
 363 
 
 Gangcticus, Guirof, 39 
 
 Ganphasantvs, 3S5 
 
 (■arcia Ntinnio, 272 
 
 (iardincr, ISishop, xl., xlv. 
 
 CJarel, 374 
 
 Garsia de Padilla, 130 
 
 Gasper, Corlcsrcnlcs, 344 
 
 Gastaldtis, jacobus, 291, 345 
 
 Gates, Sir T., xxxix. 
 
 Gaza, 57 
 
 Gazalia, 385 
 
 Ge<lion, 51 
 
 Gclders, I jnd of, xxvi. 
 
 Geniinus Tliumas, xxxvii., xxxviii., 
 
 xl. 
 Gemma rhr)sius 55, 384. 385. 3^9 
 Geneen, xxviii. 
 Genua, t'ily of, 28, 65, 155, 206, 
 
 310, 340 
 Genoa, xvii., xxx, 
 Georginnes, xxx., xxxi. 
 Germanicus, Kmperour, 176 
 <jer[r]ard, Sir William, xix., xl., xli. 
 Oesnerus, 326 
 Getulia, 384 
 
 Giaua island, 23, 260, 269, 286 
 (jiauntes island, 38 
 
 Gibeth island, 34 
 
 Gilnlterro, 233, 236, 262 
 
 Gilolo island, 259, 272, 344 
 
 Gilona island, 34 
 
 Gincra island, 41 
 
 (lines Navarro, xv. 
 
 Gioghi islanil, 260 
 
 Giouan Dulsaraz, 250 
 
 Girardus Maphcus, 348 
 
 Giunti, I.. A., xiv. 
 
 Goa, City of, 40, 261 
 
 Godfrey, Jolm, xvii. 
 
 Golden Ca.stile, 211, 214, 2l8, 219, 
 233, 236 
 
 Golella, Port, 374 
 
 Goliath, xlvii., 149 
 
 Gomera, Francisco Lopez de, xxxvii. 
 xxxix., 271, 335, 337, 342, 350 
 
 Gomera island, xiii., 65, 66, 157, 
 210, 380 
 
 Gomes, Stcuen, 242, 272 
 
 (ionsalues, I'eter, 378 
 
 (lonson, Kiohanl, xvii. 
 
 (ionsun, William, xvii. 
 
 Gonzales, Don I'ero, 341 
 
 Gonzalo Fernandez ile C)vie<Io y Val- 
 des, xiv., XV., 158, 205, 241, 242 
 
 Gonzalus Hadaiocius, 181, 182, 183 
 
 Gurecius, Leonhardus, xxxix. 
 
 Gorgixles, Mcducias island, 97 
 
 Gorgnnas island, 338 
 
 Gorualanus, 72 
 
 Gothia, 298, 306 
 
 Guthicus, Kmiicrour, 176 
 
 Gothland, 9, 286, 295, 299, 306, 347 
 
 Gothland, liishop of, 302 
 
 Gothus Olaniis, 347 
 
 Graesse, xliii, 
 
 Grafton, xii. 
 
 Grafton, Kichard, xiii. 
 
 Granada, 36, 52, 63, 67, 73, 103, 
 
 no, 133, 191, 201, 202, 273, 274, 
 
 340, 341. 
 Grancanaria islands \the Ciinaries], 
 
 41. 65, 157, 210, 380 
 (irandis river, 131, 132, 199 
 Gr.ilia Dei, 112, 182 
 t.rity, Kichard, xvii. 
 Great John, 3S5 
 Great Khan, xv. 
 Great .Sophie, 326 
 Grecia, 54, 56, 155, 262, 296, 302, 
 
 319 
 dreenland, 299 
 (iregorie, 112 
 Ciregorye 1., 56 
 Gresiham, John, xiii. 
 Gresham, William, xii. 
 Grelziuni, 318 
 Gri.salva, John, 187, 188, 189, 190, 
 
 192, 194 
 Gronland, 209, 300, 303 
 Grosapha, King of, 40 
 Groueland, 8 
 (irounzwyk, xxxii. 
 Grulics, Al.ister, xiv. 
 Grustina, Castle of, 323 
 (irustintzi, 323 
 (Jrutland, 245, 300, 347 
 (iuacana island, 345 
 (iuacarapita, 99 
 Guaccaa lake, 170 
 Guaccaiarima, 168, 169, 173, 176 
 Giiaccanarillus, King, 66, 70, 71,72, 
 168 
 
 Guailalupea island, 68, 69, 157, 159, 
 177, l8i, 210, 345 
 
 (juadalqueuir river, 127, 157, 210, 
 220, 238, 250 
 
 Guadi.ina river, 273 
 
 (.iuahabb.'i, 169 
 
 Guahague, Kegiim of, 169 
 
 Guai.igua, Kegion of, 168 
 
 Guamaonocnii, 99 
 
 (iuamaretus. King, 102 
 
 Guanabba island, 85 
 
 Guanahaini island, 75 
 
 ( iuanahattabenerhina, 176 
 
 Guanama, Region of, 168 
 
 Guanapan island, 190 
 
 Guanassa island, 105, 150, 163 
 
 Guangiian islaml, 190 
 
 Guaniba, Region of, 170 
 
 GuaninicalH) river, 170 
 
 Guannalio, Kigion of, 170 
 
 Guariagua, Region of, 173 
 
 Guaricco, Region of, 169 
 
 Guarionexius, King, 79, 80, 82, 84, 
 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 102, 168, 
 
 '7' 
 
 Guarionexius, Vale of, 171 
 
 (iuarizacca island, 170 
 
 Guaturo, 216, 226 
 
 Guaturo, King, 226 
 
 Guaun-ilio, Lake, 17 1 
 
 Guinea, xii., xvi., xix., xxviii., xxxix. 
 xl., 250, 270, 273, 297, 348, 371, 
 373. 374. 375. 376. 377, 378, 379, 
 380, 381, 382, 383, 384. 385. 3«'>. 
 3«7. 388 
 
 Guise, Duke of, xliii., xiv. 
 
 (iunson, William, xii. 
 
 Guserath, 266 
 
 Gutschyn, King of, xxix. 
 
 Guzerat, Gulf of, 14 
 
 Guzman, Lnri>|ue of, 341 
 
 (!uzman, Peter Nunez de, 345 
 Guzula, 374 
 
 llalncoa, 169 
 
 llabacucke, 57 
 
 Ilabissia, Region of, 385 
 
 1 labech. Region of, 385 
 
 llafnia, City of, 331 
 
 I I.'igueigalx)n sea, 170 
 
 ll.-iiba river, 168 
 
 Ilaina, 223 
 
 llailhd, 24, 60 
 
 Haiti isl.ind, 166, 167, 16S, 338 
 
 llakliiyt, Kichard, xii., xiii., xiv., 
 
 XV., xvi., xvii., xviii., xix., xx,, 
 
 xxxviii., xl., xlviii, 
 Ilalirarn.nssea, 1 28 
 Halle, R., xii., xiii. 
 Ilani, Kingilom of, 344 
 Ilnmadriades, 74, 101 
 Hamburg, 300 
 Hannibal, 139 
 Hanon, 338 
 I laraia. Region of, 96 
 H.irdie, Master, xviii. 
 Ilarsol, City of, 300 
 Hathnlhiei, 171 
 Hawkins, Sir John, xvi., xvii., 
 
 xlviii. 
 Hawkins, William, xvi., xvii. 
 Ilaylmy island, 159 
 Ilazchora, 374 
 Hazlilt, W. C, xxvi. 
 Hazoa, Region of, 168 
 Hazua mountains, 169, 176 
 He.i, Kingdom of, 374 
 Heben, 284 
 
 Hebrewes, Captain of the, 316 
 Helga mounlam, 300 
 Helis.ibeth, 73, 127, 129, 167 
 Hclisabeth a lioadilla, 127 
 Helise\is 149 
 
 Hellespont us sea, xlviii., 59, 155 
 Hely, John, xii. 
 Henricpie, I)on, 273 
 Henriipies, Diego, 378 
 Henry, King, 127, 162, 340, 345 
 Henry IV., xxxix. 
 Henry V., xxxix. 
 Henry VH , xxi., 2S8 
 Henry VHI., xii., xiii , xiv., xvi , 
 xvii., xviii., xix., XX., xxi., xxxvii., 
 xlv., 6 
 Henry, King of France, xlvii. 
 Herbert, W., xx.wii., .\xxix. 
 Ilercinin, 313 
 Hercules, 50, 105, 138, 149, 156, 
 
 236, 285 
 Hercules Pillars, 86, 135, 236, 316, 
 
 374 
 Hercyiua, 310 
 
 Herodotus, 248, 339, 346, 350 
 Ileroum, City of, 2S4 
 llesicxl, xxxviii., xli, 
 Hcsperides island.s, 32, 74, 87, 97, 
 
 •67, 338 
 lleua river, 319 
 Hibusscm islaml, 255 
 Hiebra, 135, 153, 154 
 llieron, King, xlvii. 
 Hieronimus Ai|uillaris, 192, 193 
 llieroninuis C.inlanus, 307 
 Hieronimus Fncaslur, 2S5 
 Hierusaleni, 7, S, 49, 51, 56, 57, 82, 
 
 100, 384, 3S5 
 Hierusaleni, King of, 82, 208 
 Hierusaleni, Temple of, xlvii, 
 Higinius, 346 
 Higuei, 16S 
 Higiiel, 346 
 Ilircania .Sylu.-t, 292 
 
 Hirranian sea, 169, 170, 287, 291, 
 
 308, 310, 314 
 Hispana isl.ind, 6, 28, 29, 30, 31, 
 
 35. 36. 40 
 
 Hispaniola island, xv., 6, 35, 40, 
 45, 54, 66, 67, 68, (X), 70, 73, 74. 
 75, 78. 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 
 90, 96. 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 
 106, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115. 116, 
 118, 119, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 
 128, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140, 
 144, 145, 149, 150. '$i' '54. ".50, 
 lt>{, 164, 165, li>6, 1(17, 172, 173, 
 176, 177, 17.S, 184, 186, 191, 192, 
 • 93. 199. 209, 210, 215, 219, 22.S, 
 23". 233. 235. 238, 239, 241, 202, 
 299. 346 
 
 llojedus, 72, 79, 81 
 
 Holstrocke, William, xvii. 
 
 Holtrop, Mr, xxv. 
 
 Holy Nose, 330 
 
 Hcmicr, 5, 41, 346, 398 
 
 llonorucco, 169 
 
 Hor.nce, 58 
 
 Hore, M.aster, xviii. 
 
 Ilossuen island, 304 
 
 Hoz.ima, 168, 1 70 
 
 lluban island, 344 
 
 Hungary, King of, 208, 31J 
 
 Huhabo, 168, 169, 172 
 
 lluinaghan island, 255 
 
 lluitsarch, 299 
 
 llumos point, 273 
 
 Humphrey, L.nurence, xl. 
 
 Hyperliorean s,a, 28S 
 
 Hyperboreos mountains, xli., 293, 
 
 i'h 314. 324 
 Hyperbories, 142, 155, 350 
 Hyram, 49 
 
 Iberia, 53, 54 
 
 Icthiophagi, 301, 385 
 
 Ida mountains, 172 
 
 Iguamu, 171 
 
 Igu.-inama, 173 
 
 Illirium, 306 
 
 Ilmer i.ake, 319 
 
 Inacus, Jopez .Mcndocius, 103 
 
 India, xxi., xxix., xxx., xwii,, 9, 
 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, IS, 19, 24, 25, 
 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 40, 50, 52, «>5, 
 67. 75. 79. 90. 'A >o3. "20, 127, 
 155, iSo, 198, 203, 204, 209, 216, 
 219, 227, 233, 239, 261, 263, 264, 
 260, 269, 272, 283, 284, 2.S5, 2S0, 
 2S7, 2.S.S, 308, 30.;, 313, 329, 339, 
 
 34". 347. M'i- 384 
 India, (iovernour of, 274 
 India major, xxi., xxviii., xxxi., 
 
 xxxii., 2(>i 
 India minor, xxi. 
 Indian .sea, 9, 39, 308, 3.t7, 385 
 Indies, 52, '53, 54, 102, 213, 220, 
 
 221, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 
 
 232, 235, 238, 246, 271, 272, 273, 
 
 274. 337. 338, 340. 34«. 345. 34»i 
 
 350. 355 
 Indus river, 13. 308, 309 
 Infortunatu islands, 28, 33, 37, 41, 
 
 ! 253 
 
 I InniK'ieiitus, Pope, xxxi. 
 Inspruck, 359, 3(18 
 Insula crusi>, 30, tig 
 Insula, S. Johannis, 70 
 Insuhe Lationuni, 254 
 InsiiI.e verides, 39 
 Insulas Sani'ti Itarnanli, 162 
 Inuagana island, 34 
 lonicum sea, 191 
 Lmium, 163 
 Ipsicr.itea, 128 
 
M 
 
 404 
 
 Irtische 
 
 Index. 
 
 Margarita 
 
 -, 11 
 
 • I 
 
 111 
 
 Irtische river, 32J 
 
 Irus, 42 
 
 Isabella, City of, 74, 79, 80, 83, 84, 
 
 85. 86 
 Isaliflla island, 7J, 167 
 Isabella, Laily, 341 
 Isaias, 52, 56, 57 
 IsmacI the Suphi, 311 
 Isiicrates, 346 
 Isfxlorus, liishop, 290 
 1so|m;s, 53 
 Israeli, 51, 52, 56 
 Israeli, Kirifj uf, xxxiv, 
 Isseria, 309 
 Ister river, 9S, 131 
 l^toma Cei.rtjiii.s, 330, 331 
 Ity island, 3S 
 
 Jnccha, 168 
 acchi, l<e(;i<)n of, 169 
 Jache river, 168 
 Jacheni river, 73 
 JaciKa river, 108 
 Jacoli, XXX. 
 Jacob!, Sancli, 97 
 Jacobus (laslaldus, 345 
 Jafet. 346 
 
 Jagohaiiicho, Region of, lOj 
 Jaia, 100, 163 
 Jaick river, 326, 329 
 
 Jainagua, Lake, 170 
 aioso, Kefjion of, 374 
 Jamaica i>lan(l, 31, 7S, T&, 150, 154, 
 
 1 77.. "93. «'o. 24" 
 Jamai/i, Region of, 1O9 
 James, St., Island of, 97 
 James, St. , Tower of, 84 
 James the elder, 10 
 Jamgoma, Region of, 260 
 J.anu.a, 155 
 Janus, 155 
 Japhet, ISS 
 J.a(|ues t'artier, 345 
 Jaroslavia, 309 
 
 Jaroslaw, Castle of, 324 
 ason, 51, 262 
 Jaus.1 river, 313 
 ava island, 23, 269, 344 
 Jaxartes river, 311 
 Jean dc Ferriercs, xliv. 
 Jemplia, 305 
 
 'enkcnson, .\ntlioiiy, xviii. 
 enkynson, .Master, xliii. 
 enuen, x\x. 
 
 Jericho, I'riests of, xlvii. 
 from, Castle of, 323 
 Jerusalem, xxi., xx\i., 7, 8, 49. 51, 
 
 56-7, 82, too, 166. 374, 384-s 
 Jerusalem, I'atriarche of, xxxv. 
 Job, II, 349 
 Joga, 14 
 
 Johan, Duke, 2S9, 203 
 Johanna island, 2S, 29, 60, 70, 74, 
 
 75. 104, 241 
 Johanno, C'ursius, 106 
 Johannes, Diaz, 105 
 John, King, 65, 129, 273, 274 
 Jcilin, Lake of, 325 
 John of 1 )csl)or()Ugh, xxv., xxxvi. 
 John, I'oiK-, xxiii., xxvi., xxvii., 
 
 x\x., xxxii., xxxvi. 
 John, tJiKcn, 273 
 John the Kvangolist, 10 
 Jonas, xxv., 33S 
 Joppa. iSi 
 
 Joseph of .\rimalhea, 56 
 Josepluis, xlviii , S, 384, 385 
 Josuah 316 
 Jouanalioina, Ino 
 Jouli It, I'nuicoise, xlv. 
 Joviu-, I'aulu.s, 292, 331 
 
 Joy, Master, xviii. 
 
 Juan, 183 
 
 Juanaga, Region of, 334 
 
 Juba, King, 347 
 
 Jucatana island \i.f.,lh,- ftninsula 0/ 
 
 >«<viAi/i], 40, 186, 188, 189, 191, 
 
 192, 19.1, 338 
 Tilda, Princes of, 56 
 Jiiddc, .Sir Andrew, 3S3 
 Judea, 7, 18, S7 
 
 Jug river, 286, 312, 322 
 uga river, 393, 313 
 Jugaria, 323, 336 
 J»KKe, John, xlvi. 
 Juggc, Richard, xxxix., xlvi., 398 
 Jugoria, 309 
 Junarici, 326 
 Juhgary, The, 336 
 Juhra, 293, 322, 326 
 Julius, Tope, 309 
 Jidyan Saniano, 346 
 Junna river, 73, 16S, 173 
 Jurn, 116 
 Jureche, 152 
 Jurham, 292 
 Jwanowosero, Lake of, 325 
 
 Kaienska Semla, Region of, 330 
 
 Kama, Region of, 326 
 
 Kaman river, 325, 329 
 
 Katharine, (,)ucen, 65 
 
 Kele river, xxxvii. 
 
 Kerry, John, xix. 
 
 Khan, Great, xv. 
 
 Kingsley, Rev. Canon, xvi. 
 
 Kitai, Lake, 323 
 
 Kitaisko, Kike, 323 
 
 Kit hay, I^ake, 324 
 
 Kohl, Mr J. G., xv. 
 
 Kulitio river, 322 
 
 Kurbski, Simeon Pheodorowice, 324 
 
 Kyui, 30 
 
 La Dcsse.ida island, 210 
 
 Ut Ferte, xlv. 
 
 La Mina, 382 
 
 La Spagnuola, 210 
 
 Labra,1or, xiii., xv., 2S7, 344, 345, 
 
 347 
 
 I-achroma river, 331 
 
 Lacossa, Johannes <le, 107 
 
 L.actantius, 10, II, 142 
 
 Lacus, Albns, 291 
 
 Lacus, Cronicus, 289 
 
 Ladoga, Lake, 319 
 
 Lagartos river, II I 
 J Lagoma island, 260 
 i Laletania, 173 
 
 I.anias, 155 
 
 Lambert, Francis, xviii., xix. 
 
 I^anibcrt, Nicolas, 376, 377 
 
 Lamer, xlv. 
 
 Lani])aloila island, 374 
 
 Ijincelolus island, 65, 157 
 
 Lancerota, xx. 
 
 Landinus, 279 
 
 Landman, Uau'd, xix. 
 
 I.anganas, 304 
 
 Lantchidol sea, 261 
 
 Laon, xliv. 
 
 l«ap|)onia. Region of, 8, 29I, 299, 
 301, 302, 305, 347 
 
 Lares, 176 
 
 I-isiesia, 363 
 
 I.alerane, 309 
 
 Lalium, 66, 166, 167 
 
 Lathyro King, 286 
 
 Laurence, xlvii., xlviii. 
 
 Lazaro, .\rchipelago di San, 251 
 
 Lazarus, King, 187, 188 
 
 wcch. King of the I'ulons, 318 
 
 Ledismn, Johannes, 144 
 
 Lcdyl river, 291 
 
 I.cgum, 201 
 
 Legion, King of, 203 
 
 Leigh, Doctor, xvi. 
 
 Lcmurcs, 85 
 
 Leo, Iti^hop of Rome, 64, 106, 137, 
 
 287. 308. 309 
 Lcocharcs, 49 
 Leon, 342 
 
 lA'on, John Ponce of, 345, 346 
 lA:onhardus Gorecius, xxxix. 
 Lepanto, xii. 
 Lepin Castle, 333 
 Lesbos, 69 
 Levantc, The, xii., xiii., xvii., xviii., 
 
 xix., 333 
 Leviathan sea, 50 
 Lewes, Don, 378 
 Lilane, no 
 Liberns, Sigismundus, 298, 312, 
 
 3'8 
 Libia, 8, 54, 56, 70, 81, 166, 177, 
 
 374. 384 
 Libicum, 163 
 Libra, xiii. 
 [.igurian sea, 397 
 Lima, 338 
 
 Limonares island, 151 
 Limoso island, 374 
 Lincoln, Riy'op of, xl., xlv. 
 Lisbon, City of, 16, 39, 267, 277, 
 
 279. 341 
 Lithunia, Duke of, 318 
 Lituania, Realmc of, 386, 391, 292, 
 
 311, 314, 318, 326 
 Liuie, 132 
 Liuonia, 287, 291, 306, 308, 311, 
 
 3'2, 3'9. .33« 
 Lock, Sir William, xiii. 
 Locke, Michael, xix. 
 Lodge, Thom.as, xl. 
 Lodovikc, 73, 79, 83, 90, 94, 96, 
 
 103, 133 
 Longon, 260 
 Lop, City of, 26 
 Lopes, Diego, 272, 273 
 Lopez Francisco, 388, 335, 342, 
 
 350 
 Lordo, 287 
 Losoth island, 304 
 Louat river, 319 
 \jman island, 260 
 Lucane, 310 
 
 Luconiorya mountains, 323, 324 
 LiidovicoHarthenia(i.e., P'arl/iiiiia'], 
 
 xlviii. 
 Luft, Hans, xxv. 
 Lugo, Alphonsus, 66 
 Luigo, 252 
 Lumatola island, 260 
 Lumbardie, 306, 340 
 Lupus Sosa, 199 
 Lusheburne [i.e., Lishoii], xxvii., 
 
 xxviii., xxix., 377, 309 
 Luther, xxvi. 
 I.uttrel, Sir John, xix. 
 Luxanus, 74 
 I.uysofS. Angell, 341 
 Liiys, Cancell, 346 
 l.uys, Don, 341 
 Luzlu, 371 
 Lybien, xxxi. 
 Lyese Nicolas, 378 
 Lyuon sea, 314 
 
 M.icc.izina, Region of, 169 
 Macchian island, 259, 260 
 Macedonia, xxxiii , 14 
 Machiam sea, 344 
 Machinncch, King, too 
 
 Machmetgirei, King, 338 
 
 Machochael, 99 
 
 Macorix, Region of, 168 
 
 Macrobius, 41, 398, 347 
 
 .Madagascar, 7, 33, 385, 386 
 
 Madanino, 69, 157 
 
 .Madera islands, 35, 40, 41, 87, 360, 
 
 270. 339. 340. .375. 380. 
 Magellanus Ferdinanilo [i.e., /«'■• 
 
 nam Jt AAhvUimhs], 9, 32, a, 
 
 34. 35. 243. 249. 250, 353, 35."*, 
 
 72. 274 , „ 
 
 Ma^'-'Hanus, .Straits of, 8, 33, 35, 
 
 I6l, 183, 252, 285, 350 
 Magna Canaria, 157 
 Magna fors island, 41 
 Magnete island, 348 
 Magnus, Albcrtus, 7, 9, 10, 41, 
 
 304 
 NLigona, 81 
 Magua, Region of, 169 
 M.tguacochios, 167 
 .Maguana, Region of, 169, 171, 172, 
 
 176 
 Mahaitin mountain, 169 
 Mahumet, 14, 23, 25, 27, 40, 57, 
 
 326, 374 
 Maia, Region of, 150, 163 
 NLaiaguariti, Region uf, 169 
 Maiain, 187 
 Maiob.an<'Yius, King, 86, 91, 92, 
 
 93 . 
 
 Maiohca, 270 
 
 Malabar, 263, 266, 267, 268, 269 
 Mahcca, 21, 32, 34, 40, 75, 347. 
 355, 356, 260, 261, 267, 269, 
 
 271. 274. 3«3. 344 
 Male.!, 155, 304 
 Maligny, Seigneur dc, xliv. 
 Mallua island, 260 ' 
 Malpha, Flauius of, 348 
 Mambrone, xxx. 
 .Manabaho, Region of, 169 
 •Manabaxao, Region of, 169 
 .Manacapana, Region of, 89, 94, 
 
 96, 98, 128 
 Man.iche, Sibill, xx. 
 Manati, L.ake, 171 
 Mandeuell, 329 
 Mangalor, 265 
 Mangdando, City of, 259 
 Mangi, 35, 26 
 Maniciutixiiis, King, 83 
 Manicheu.s, 10 
 Manicongo, 270, 374 
 Manilius, NLircus, xliv. 
 .Mans, xliv. 
 
 Mansus, .Mfonsus, 130 
 .Manuel, Petro, 372 
 Mar.agnonum river, 98, 133, 134, 
 
 15s, lOo 
 Marburg, xxv. 
 Marcha'.intes island, 339 
 .Marchena, 340, 341 
 Marcilius Ficinus, 33S 
 Marco da Niza. 2S7 
 Marcus Antonius, 315 
 Marcus, Lmperout , 284 
 Marcus Paulus, 55, 286 
 Marcus Paulus Venetus, 35, 37, 
 
 326, 330, 339, 340 
 Marc island, 35, 259, 260 
 Mare Congelatum, 8 
 Mare de Sabione, 374 
 .Mare del S\\i[i.e.,//ie/'ati/!c Oicait], 
 
 54, 211, 214, 223, 225," 230, 333, 
 
 234. 235, 352, 263, 338, 344, 
 
 345. 347 
 Mare Pacillcum, 252, 353 
 .Margarita island, 54, 88, 96, 141, 
 
 165, 178, 214, 233 
 
Margarita 
 
 Index, 
 
 Oxford 
 
 405 
 
 Mart;!\rila, I'cter, 79 
 Mnrhitaiiibiil, Koyior. of, 98, 
 
 Maricn, Rcfjion of, 169, 17a 
 Mnr>-, V'irgin, xxvi., 69, 124, 193, 
 
 198 
 Mnrmarica, 8 
 M armor, 112, 114, 135 
 Manilm, ico 
 Marocco, xix., xx. 
 Mnrc|iics, Dicyiis, 157 
 Marris, 122 
 Marrocko, 374 
 Marrok, 161 
 Marlabani, 268 
 Martinc, 383 
 
 Martinus Gratias islaml, 343 
 Martire, I'ietro, or Martyr, Pclcr, 
 
 xiii., xxxvii., 43, 61, 63, 64, 65, 
 
 102, 186, 207, 241, 246, 299 
 Mary, (jiivcn, xii , xxxviii., xxxix., 
 
 xlv., I. 
 Mary of Nemcgcn, xxvi. 
 Massana islaml, 34 
 Massaciiiilvr iM)rt, 374 
 Mathnn island, 258 
 Mathicn islaml, 3J 
 Mathininu island, 100 
 Matinino island, 30, 69, 157, 166, 
 
 210 
 Matritis, 123, 184 
 Matlhkur, 303 
 Mniiicarao, 169 
 Maurcvcrt, xlv. 
 Mauritania, 8, 374, 384 
 Mauritania Ccsariunsis, 374 
 Mauritania Tingitania, 374 
 Mausolus, King, 49, 128 
 Maximilian, Km|H:rour, 290, 308, 
 
 309, 312, 368 
 Mecca, 166, 267 
 Mo<lecis, Cathurinc dc, xlv. 
 Media, 314 
 
 Medina Cell, Duke of, 341 
 Medina ijidonia, Duke of, 250, 
 
 34« 
 Medina dc Campo, xxxix., 232 
 Mellon, xxxi. 
 
 Meerscli, 1'. C. van dcr, xxv. 
 Megha, xxviii. 
 Mela, Tomixinius, 346, 347 
 Melaqua, City nl, xxix,, 21 
 Melcha island, 39 
 Molclioir, 71, 72 
 Meier, Lake, 305 
 Melinila, xxviii., 132, 385 
 Mclo, Frances de, 273 
 Mclu/a, 20 
 Memi, City of, 241 
 Memphis, City of, 307, 315 
 Mendala, 344 
 Mendez, Dicgus, 154 
 Mcndocius, Imjicus Jopcz, 103 
 Mcndoza, Anthony di, 2S7 
 Mendoza, Cardinall I'eru Gonzales 
 
 of, 34 « 
 Mcndxza, Luigo of, 252 
 Mcndoza, Mentia of, 214 
 Mennones, 385 
 Mense, 56 
 
 Mensur.ado, Cajic, 381 
 Meotis, 15s, 292, 298, 306, 311, 
 
 3'4. 325. 326. 35« 
 Mercado, l.odouicus, 165, 182 
 Mercedis, Saynte Mary of, 77 
 Mcrickc, William, xli. 
 Meroe island, 8, 385 
 Meroa;, 41 
 
 Mesa, Harnarde of, 1 30 
 Messana islaml, xvii., 256 
 Mcssana, King of, 256, 257, 258 
 
 Mcsopotania, 297 
 
 .Met.i Incognita, xiii. 
 
 Metelhis Cclcr, 9 
 
 Methymna Campi, City of, 68, 70, 
 
 72,80 
 Methyi ■ ''/uke of, 96 
 Mexico, , iceroy of, 287 
 Mexico, City of, xiii., 55, 61, 387, 
 
 a88. 33S. 34a 
 Mezen river, 322 
 Mezentium, 66 
 Michael I'assamontc, 213 
 Midnall, Thoma.H, xiii. 
 Mien, 24, 261 
 Milan, City of, 63, 67, I03, 131, 
 
 141 
 Milenoes, 65 
 Mina, 339, 37S, 382 
 Mina, Castle of, 382 
 Mina river, 376 
 Mincra, xlviii, 
 Minos, xlviii. 
 Mioformo, City of, 284 
 Mirolial.inus, Kegiun of, 151 
 .Mitaini, 167 
 .Mithridates, 128, 129 
 Moguer, 341 
 Moguncc, ilishop of, 56 
 .Molucca islands, 8, 9, 20, (2, 33, 
 34. 35. 54. 183, 234, i5, 247, 
 249, 256, 258, 259, 260, 271, 272, 
 273, 274, 286, 287, 344 
 ^tolyl)e, 385 
 Momsahith, xxviii. 
 Moncellese, Master Bernardino, 356 
 Monoch island, 22 
 Mons Crucis, 300 
 Mons Farratus island, 30 
 Mons Serratus islaml, 69, 177 
 Monte Rodondo, 382 
 Montegio Francis, 187, 190, 191, 
 
 192, 195 
 Montes Luna, 41, 132, 217, 385 
 Montes Niuales, 157, 160 
 Monyuye, 240 
 Moore, Sir Thomas, 398 
 Morales, Andreas, 134, 156, 165, 
 
 167, 169, 184, 185 
 Morales, Giisper, 178, 179, 214 
 Morajites, Chrislnphorus, 1S6 
 Morauia, Regicm of, 326 
 Morca, The, 316 
 Moren, xxxi. 
 Morgan, Sylviinus, xlvi. 
 Morliy, I'rofessor IL, xxxviii. 
 Moronites, xxx., xxxi. 
 Morrorahes, xxx., xxxi. 
 Mos, l^ke, 304 
 
 Moscow, 187, 286, 289, 290. 291, 
 29*. 293. 308, 3'2, 3<3. 3"4. 3' 7. 
 321 
 Moscovia, xxxix., 285, 286, 287, 
 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294. 298, 
 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 
 3'S. 3>6. 3'8, 3'9. 320. 321, 322, 
 323. 324. 325. 326, 327. 328. 329. 
 330. 331. 332 
 Moscovia, Andreas of, 316 
 .Moscovia, (icorge of, 316 
 Moscovia, Helena of, 289 
 Moscovia, John of, 289, 316, 319, 
 
 321, 324, 32s. 326 
 Moscovia, .Sophia of, 326 
 Moscovia, .Simeon of, 316 
 Moscovia, Demetrius Ambassadour 
 
 of, 292, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 
 316, 325, 329, 331 
 Moscovia, Dukes of, 283, 286, 287, 
 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 314. 3«8. 
 
 322. 323. 324. 325. 326, 328, 329. 
 330. 33". 332 
 
 Moscovites, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 
 
 306, 309. 3'o. 3««. 3'2, 3'3. 3>5. 
 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 
 324. 325. 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 
 332 
 Moses, XXI., xIvM., II, 49, 50, 51, 
 
 57. I'O 
 Mosyli, The, 385 
 Motka, CajK', 331 
 Mouy, Count de, xlv. 
 Moxica, Mich.ael of, 65 
 Moxus river, 313, 314 
 MozEtmbique, 361 
 Muera, 318 
 
 Muller, Mr Frederick, xxv., xxvi. 
 Multoxuman, King, 195 
 Mumu, 112 
 Miinster, Sebastian, 3, 13, 42, 249, 
 
 291, 293 
 Murcien, 176 
 Muscostrom sea, 304 
 Muthil islaml, 34 
 Mutir island, 259, 260 
 .Mysians, xlviii., 318 
 
 Xacldwyck, Jan van, xxvi. 
 
 N.igai, 329 
 
 Nagaria, xxix. 
 
 Naiba, 83 
 
 Naiba river, 73, 83, 1O8, 172 
 
 Nans.ao, Earl of, 214 
 
 Naples, King of, xxx. 
 
 N.-trmaria, xxix. 
 
 Narsinga, 14, 15, 20, 263, 2^14, 265 
 
 Narsinga, King of, 14, 40, 264 
 
 Nativitatis, Itaia, 129 
 
 Nauaryen, King of, xxx., xlviii. 
 
 Nauchin, City of, 260 
 
 Navarre, King of, xxx., xlviii. 
 
 Nebriss,!, 135, 165 
 
 Neglina river, 313 
 
 Negro river, 374 
 
 Nehemiah, 56 
 
 Neibaymao, Region of, 169 
 
 Neil).iymas mountain, 169 
 
 Ncmea, 143 
 
 Nemroth, 53, 290 
 
 Neper river, 314 
 
 Ne|K)S, Cornelius, 9, 286, 347 
 
 Neptunus, xlviii., 55, 163, 165, 176 
 
 Nereiades, 74, loi, 127, 165, 176 
 
 Nern, 41 
 
 Nerui, 340 
 
 Nestorius, xxx., 27 
 
 New Andal i^ia, 130 
 
 New FrauiKo, 287, 288 
 
 New Imlia, ',, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, iS, 
 
 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 
 
 28, 29,30, 31, 32, li, 34.35.36. 
 
 37. 38. 39. 40, 41 
 New Sp.ayne, 236, 23S, 24 1 , 2S7, 342 
 New World, 68, 127, 137, 156, 174, 
 
 245, 247, 272. 273. 337. ii'^< 11% 
 
 342 
 Newfoundland, xiii.,xiv,, xv., xviii. 
 
 xxi. 
 Nicar.igua, 33S 
 Nicene, 290 
 Nicolai, 322 
 Nicuesa, Diego, 106, 107, 108, 109, 
 
 1 2, 113, 114, MS, 116, 126, 
 
 128, 13s, 137, 145, 150. «5>. '53. 
 
 156 
 Nidrosia, 299, 303 
 Nidrosia, Archbishop of, 299 
 Nignus, 94, 126 
 Nigritis, 132, 384 
 Nile river, 8, 41, 1 10, 1 1 1, 131, 132, 
 
 ^il< "55. "69. «7S. «93. 199. 217. 
 283, 284, 285, 293, 309, 31 1, 312, 
 
 339. 346, 35 «. 374. 384. 385 
 
 Nimaca, 169 
 
 Ni/aus, 169 
 
 Noah, xlviii., 51, 155, 340, 34''., 3SO 
 
 NiH-i'U.inior isl.ind, 2i>u 
 
 N..g.iis, 311, 329 
 
 X.imoii Dei, 113. 234, 235 
 
 NV.duegia, 331 
 
 Niiricum, 314 
 
 Noithuinlierland, Duke of, xxxviii., 
 
 xxxix., 5 
 Norliwiden, 330 
 N jruinbcg.i, xiv. 
 Norway, (iiivcinnuis of, ^^^i 
 Norway, King of, 331 
 .N'orwcgi.i, King nl, xxx. 
 .Nova C.intilia, 343 
 Nova Ilispaiiia, 55, 213, 23S, 241, 
 
 287. 342 
 Novogiadia[i.e., .\','rvi''v/l, Cilvnf, 
 
 289, 2<jo, 291, jix), 3 1 J, 313, 314. 
 
 318, 319. 3-!l. 3-!<', 3JS 3-'y. 3iu 
 Nova Sciiti.i, XV. 
 Nubia, 384 
 Nuceria, I'auUis Jouius, lii^lnip uf, 
 
 308, 312, 331 
 Nuiuidia, 374 
 .Nunne/, .Miilinnsiis, 123 
 Nuniie/ lie t;u-.rnaii, IVlcr, 345 
 Nycolas, S.iynl, 75, 78 
 Nys.a, 100 
 Nysea, 3S4 
 
 O ['.c, ()///-vi'] |x>inl, 75, 76 
 
 Olnloria, 2S7, 310, ^1^ 
 
 Obca, Castle of, 323 
 
 Obi river, xli., 2S7, 322, 323, 333 
 
 Ubiow.i. 323. 
 
 Occoa river, 170, 292 
 
 Ocha river, 292, 30S, 313, 314, 319, 
 
 324. 325 
 
 Oclielaya, 2S7 
 Ucho Lupus, 186 
 Odia, 260 
 
 Odoardo liarbessa, 25S 
 Ogni Samli .Marigalanle i>,l.iii.l, 210 
 Olanus, G.ithus, 300, 347, 34S 
 Ol.inus, Lupis, III, 112 
 Olha. 319 
 Oluuuium. 314 
 Dioan, ISS, 191 
 Oolial), 49 
 Done, 305 
 
 OpI.ir, 7. 51, 60, 73, 82, 33S. ^.^^ 
 Uplaiiilia. 305 
 t)rani, C ily of, 374 
 Urdassus, Die^us, 192 
 Oripei, The. 5S5 
 t)rnui/. island, 13, 20, 261, 2O6 
 Oro river, 3S0 
 Drsa, 316 
 
 Oryenlen, xxx., xxxi. 
 C'.r /)ra^viiis, Slraits of, SS, 95, 96, 
 9S, 108, 128, 132, 134, 151, |;S 
 
 iSo 
 
 O.siricli, Henry, xix. 
 
 Ostrobolhni.a, 305, 306 
 
 Osep, Gregorevilch Napea, xl. 
 
 Otho, 9 
 
 Otifer, 2S9, 290 
 
 Otogeria. Cily of, 291 
 i OtiKpie i.slanil, 233 
 
 Otto llruniielsiu.s, xllii. 
 i Ottomanus, Hajaseles, 60, jn 
 
 Gltoseria, City of, 314. 
 
 Otwer, City of, 314 
 
 Ouandus, King. 190 
 
 Ouandus, Nicol:-.,,, 165 
 
 Ouetenses, .\.,iiir, 135 
 
 Ouiedus, Gon/alus Fernandus 50, 
 1 58, 160. 184, 1S5, 207, 20S, 241' 
 
 Oxford, Earl of, xxxvii. 
 
■^ 
 
 406 
 
 Oxus 
 
 Imkx. 
 
 Rome 
 
 .. I 
 
 ■1 
 
 •|:\ 
 
 Oxim river, J08 
 Uzamn, 340 
 
 rncrn, Kinj;, 143, 144, 14s, 146, 
 
 raililla, Carsia dc, Ijo 
 I'ailtis, 1)1 
 I'nlian, 260 
 I'aloacate, 26) 
 rnlcolDKiis, Siipliia, 316 
 I'aluolcijjiis. 'riiiiiuas, 3irt 
 I'niil/ki, l.iiiKii'iiaimli-, {2S 
 Taliiia i^lanil, 41, 66, 157, 177, 3,'io 
 I'aliiiaria, Ki'j;icin of, iSi) 
 I'alinas, t'apc ilu las, jSi, 3S2 
 I'aliiKi. Sir 'I'., xxxix. 
 
 !'•''"-. 'X>, 97. 99. J4« 
 
 ran, 166 
 
 I'anaina, City of, 314, 223, 233, 
 
 2J4. 235. JJS 
 I'aiulii, City of, 26 
 I'anes, loi 
 I'anmmif, 133, 155, 390, 306, 310, 
 
 „3I4 
 
 PniiDnnmc, King, 1S2 
 
 I'anlalaria islaml, 374 
 
 I'aiuici), 241 
 
 I'apa, Joliaiincs, 385 
 
 I'ai'iii, t'ily .if, 324 
 
 I'apiiiDWjjiirncI, e iiy iif, 324 
 
 I'araccUtis, xlvi. 
 
 I'araiii.' river, 343 
 
 I'aiia, 36, 38, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 
 <;8, 99, 103, 105, 113, 12S, 129, 
 130, 132, 135, 151, 156, 165, 1 78, 
 iSo, 181, 1S4, 338, 363 
 
 I'aiia, (Jiilf (if, 130 
 
 I'ariciira, 9S, 132 
 
 I'ari/a, 183 
 
 l'ar(i|iaiiiMis niniinlain, 30S 
 
 I'mtliiiicipia, (Jiiteii, 103 
 
 I'arlliia, 284 
 
 I'aitliiciis, I'.iiipiruiir, 176 
 
 I'aruaiiii, 7 
 
 I'aruus, (ifdrniiis, 326 
 
 rassamnnlf, MyL-ln.!, 213, 240 
 
 I'alani, 2O0 
 
 I'ala^diii. 352 
 
 I'alalo river, 363 
 
 rauilcighim i>laii I, 25S 
 
 I'aiil, SI. SS 
 
 l'aiilu>, 179, 309 
 
 l'aulii>, Juvius, Oo, 287, 3u8, 312 
 
 I'a/fr, 344 
 
 I'oan, Jdlin, 385 
 
 I'tccrra, Ki.j;ion (if, 315 
 
 IV'dirnales nmuiitains, 219 
 
 I'cdir, 344 
 
 I'l'ilrarias da Villa, 229 
 
 I'cdro I)(iria, wii. 
 
 I'cgu, 20, 21, 261, 263, 264, 344 
 
 I'uiin, 26 
 
 I'dlcgriiic do Maricoiirl, xliii. 
 
 IVIdponeso, 134, 316, 319 
 
 IVIiisii) rivfr, 2S4, 285 
 
 relusius, 285 
 
 rengiiin island, xvili. 
 
 IVralfiinso (jf Mclo, 272 
 
 IVraria, K,, 65 
 
 I'crcaslavia, t'ily of, 291, 331 
 
 I'trocow, 382 
 
 I'erez, J.ilin, 340, 341 
 
 rcrillus, 49 
 
 I'L'ri(pn.'lc, King, 1S2 
 
 rcrni, 293 
 
 IVrmia, 286, 309, 325, 326 
 
 I'erniska, 2(J3 
 
 I'cr.sia, xxviii., 15, 26, 267,309,314 
 
 I'crsia, (iulf of, 82, 308 
 
 I'crsia, King of, 2S4, 31 1, 319, 326 
 
 IV-riiidcs, 75 
 
 Pert, Sir Tliomn^, \\\\., 6 
 
 rerii, xiii., xxxix., 6, 54, 130, 285, 
 
 J.l«. .14.?. .Mfi. .1'iJ 
 I'lHcora Kivcr, 286 
 IVlir, 125 
 IVtil, K., xxxviii. 
 I'c'triis .Mplionsiis, 94, 96 
 I'c'Inis.Xrias, 126, 127, 142,214,229 
 I'l'llislcgii, xl. 
 I'ttzora kivcr, 322, 323, 324, 330, 
 
 3J2 
 
 Pli.ii'lim, 73 
 
 Pilaris KiviT, 262, 310 
 
 Plu'niccn, xxxi. 
 
 Phidias, 74 
 
 Pliil.idi'Ipliiis, King, 2S4, 285 
 
 Philip, King, xvii., xxxviii,, xxxix., 
 
 xlv., 52. 
 Pliilislinrs, xlvii., 51 
 Philo, xliv. 
 Phildslraliis, 384 
 Phiiniria, xi. 
 Phrysiiis, Crninia, 3S4 
 Phylippc. Ilic .Aposilc, 57 
 Picht't, John, xvii. 
 PifilnionI, xliv. 
 Pii'niga, 312, 322 
 Pioscoya Kivi'r, 323 
 Pif/a Kiv(.T, 322 
 Pigafclla, Anlnnio, 243, 346, 247, 
 
 249, 2SS, 258 
 Pignoni'm, 153 
 Pinnigl, 300 
 Pinsifado, Antoniados, 375, 376, 
 
 .377 
 Pinsicado, Antonio Ancs, 37S 
 Pinstrado, John Ancs, 377, 378 
 Pinligiianiis, Chiaconiis, 129 
 Pinzon, Martin Alonso, 341 
 Pin/onus, Aries, (j6, 9S 
 Pin/nniis, \'iiiccntiiis .Xnncz, 36, 96, 
 
 98, 105, i2fi, 128, 129, 130 
 Pircho, City of, 305 
 Pisa, John Riidrlgiicz of, 272 
 Pins .Scciindiis, 8, 9, 41 
 Pizarro, Krancisco, xiii., 108, 110 
 Placciilia, 340 
 Plata river, 338, 343 
 Plato, xl., xiii., xliii., xliv., 10, 337 
 
 33S, 340 
 Plaipcr, 36S 
 
 Plcscoiiia, 291, 309, 312, 314 
 Pliny, xliii,, xKiii,, 8, 9, 10, 14, ifi, 
 
 18, 41, S3. 67, 7s. 120, 133, 14.', 
 
 152, 171;, 17(1, 20.8,221,225,227, 
 
 231, 236, 245, 248, 278, 284. 2Ss, 
 
 286, 289, 292, 294, 297, 298, 306, 
 
 3'o. 3'.';, .340, 342, 347. 349. ifth 
 
 SfH, S^h 384. 385. 3«6 
 Pliininicr, Thomas, xvii. 
 Pluto, xlvi., 140, 355 
 Po river, 133, 314, 363, 364 
 Pocchorrosa, King, 147, 148, 162, 
 
 163. 178 
 I'occhorosa, Region of, 162, 163 
 Pogosa, 323 
 Poiixs.sa river, 323 
 Pol.igiia island, 344 
 Polcn, King of, xxx,, 318 
 Politianus, Angclus, xliv., xlvli,, 
 
 xlviii. 
 Polo island, 256 
 Polomus Chiacomus, 129 
 Polonic, 314. 318, 326 
 Polonic, King, 286, 290, 318, 319 
 Polonie, kussiis of, 318 
 Polonic, .Sjgisnuinde of, 309, 319 
 Pololzko, 312 
 Polyhius, 41 
 
 PomiH.niiis .Mela, 346, 347, 349 
 Ponce, John, 165, 181, 3.»S, 346 
 
 Ponchn, King, 115, llA, I3l, 137, 
 
 13". ".J9. 14". 149. 178 
 Ponciun j h-nnes, 165, 181, 345, 
 
 . ■'''' 
 
 t onet, John, xxxvii, 
 
 •'onte, AlfunxiK dc, 157 
 
 Pontike sen, 131, 262, 2ifo 
 
 Pontns, 297, 308, 318 
 
 Porcenn, 71 
 
 Pome, King of, 34 
 
 Pornc island, 22, 34, 358 
 
 Porte |oppa, 181 
 
 Portolarnia, 374 
 
 I'orlo Kigo, XV. 
 
 Porlucarcriiis Alsons, 191, 192, 195 
 
 Portugal, Aloiizo of, 273, 341 
 
 Portugal, Kmanuel of, 16, 37, 39, 
 
 40 
 
 Portugal, Uonriipic of, 273 
 
 Portugal, Johan of, \2% 271, 273, 
 
 274 
 
 I'ortugal, I.ewcs of, 37S 
 
 Portugal, Kings of, xvi., xxlii., xxv., 
 xxvi , xxvii,, xxix., xxx,, 13, 40, 
 41, 54, 74, l.'o. 256, 261, 267, 
 270, 271, 273, 274, 340, 341, 3(13, 
 374. 375. 376, 377. 378, 381.382. 
 38s 
 
 Porlus netlus, 112, 13S, 153, 177 
 
 Portus Cnlhaginis, 106 
 
 Portus |)esi(leratii.s, 188 
 
 Portus I'lalio. 176 
 
 Portus Kegalis, 71, 105, 176 
 
 Potanchaiuis, King, |8<J, 194 
 
 Pol,a.ssa, 323 
 
 Potiwio, 330 
 
 Pothorst, 300 
 
 '•otto, C'hi.iconus, 129 
 i Potzchcricma river, 323 
 ; Powell, Willi.am, xxxix,, 43 
 
 Poyas Scninoi inountains, 322, 323 
 j Poynings, .Sir Adrian, xlv. 
 j Pozon island, 256 
 I Prnga, City of, 291 
 i Pralo, AUiertusde, xiv. 
 ! Preciosus, Johanni.s, 51 
 I Piorop, 32's 
 
 Prcslir, John, xxi., xxxii,, xxxiil., 
 I XXXV., 51.339, 374, 384, 385 
 I I'roclus, 3j8 
 
 Promctheu.s, ■;7 
 
 Pro|K'rtius, 285 
 
 Prussia, Master of, 30.S. 319 
 
 Psnmmiticus. King, 284 
 
 PtoIonuMis. 8, 41. 2IO, 236, 262, 
 I 284, 285, 289, 308, 313, 349, 384, 
 I .3«JO 
 
 Pulaoan island. 258 
 
 Pulis.ichnites river, 25 
 
 Purchas. Samuel, xii., xiv. 
 
 Purcn, 152 
 
 I'ustoofero, 322, 323 
 
 Puta, 88 
 
 Pyconyc river, xxxiil. 
 
 Pyuo, II., XV, 
 
 Pynson, Richard, xxv. 
 
 Pyrinei mountain, 53 
 
 Pythagoras, xlvii., 215 
 
 Pythis, 49 
 
 Quadrado Gulf, 344 
 
 (,)uando, Nicokisde, 345, 346 
 
 (.hiareha, 153 
 
 <>uarequa. King, 138, 178 
 
 Qiiarcqua, Region of, 138, 139, 338 
 
 (,)uat(nir Tcmpora i.sland, 151 
 
 Quanhtema, 338 
 
 Quaxaca, 342 
 
 (,)uen(|uinasu. City of, 24, 25 
 
 Queracpiiera island, 69, 157, 159 
 
 Quicvdus, John, 123, 126 
 
 Quicuri Krgiun of, 151 
 (.)uinsai, 2(1, js, 307 
 (Juioln, xxviii. 
 (^hiintanilin, 341 
 (Juinlilian, xlviii, 
 <Juiri(|uetnna, 150, 151 
 (,>uitilla island, 190 
 (.tuito, 338 
 (juiziiucia island, 166, 167 
 
 Knhida, 340, 341 
 Ragusn, City of, 330 
 K.ija, Cnlauar, King, 358 
 Raja, Capitaync, 130 
 Ka^n Colnmliu, King, 355 
 Kajn IIunial)U(m, King, 257 
 R.tja .Snnton, King, 360 
 K.aja Singu, Prince, 355 
 Raja Sirip.ada, King, 258 
 Raja Sultan Mnnzor, 359 
 Ramonus, 99 
 
 Ramusio, J. 't,, xiv., xv., xxx\iii 
 Rase, John, 383 
 Rnsiall, John, xx. 
 Rastall, Master, xviii,, xix. 
 R.i.stall SarieanI, xviii. 
 RatclilT, xxxviii. 
 Ravenna, 314 
 l<azaui.a, 309 
 
 Red sea, xxix,, xlviii., 7, 13, 51 
 143, iSo, 284, 28s, i},^, 346, 374 
 
 Regio Kaccaicarum, 33, 55 
 
 Kegnum Orguene, 384 
 
 Re.san, City of, 290 
 
 Reyre, Region of, 168 
 
 Rezan, 324 
 
 Rezense, 392, 309 
 
 Kha river, 291, 292, 313, 329 
 
 Rhapsii, 385 
 
 Rhenc river, 56, 314, 363 
 
 Rhodes, xii. 
 
 Riliera, liiKtor, 272 
 
 Richard I., King, xxvi, 
 
 Richard 11., King, xxxix. 
 
 Rico I'orlo, XV, 
 
 Ridley, Master, xviii, 
 
 Riga river, 287, 308, 312, 314 
 
 Rio Dulce river, 3S1 
 
 Rio (irande river, 380 
 
 Rio de Chicora river, xv. 
 
 Rio de los Perdidos river, 151, 156 
 
 Kio de la Plata river, xxxix., 54, 
 
 388, 338, 343, 386 
 Rio dc los Polos river, 3S3 
 Riphca, 155 
 
 Kipheos mountains, 393, 324 
 Risophagi, The, 385 
 Riuo Nigro, 120, 121 
 Riuum Nigrum, 191 
 Rivero Diego, 273 
 Rohliyn Hood, 53 
 Rocumdulfe, Karl of, xlvii. 
 Kodanum, 314 
 Kodericus Colmcnaris, 113, 114, 
 
 115, 116, \\% 120, 122, 123 
 Kode.s, 351 
 
 Rodes, CJrand Master of the, 374 
 Rodrigo, 341 
 Rixlriguez, John, 273 
 Rogers, John, xxxix. 
 Roldanus, Ximcnus, 86, 87, 90 
 Rome, Adrian, I 'ope of, 309 
 R<mic, Pope Alexander VI, of, 37, 
 
 74, 139, 301, 273, 274, 315 
 Rome, Pope Clement Vll,, 308, 
 
 309. 347 
 Rome, Cloelia of, 71 
 Rome, Consul of, xliv. 
 Rome, Kniperour of, xxxii. 
 Kume, Uregory, Uisliup of, 56 
 
Rome 
 
 Index. 
 
 Taquenazabo 
 
 407 
 
 07 
 
 8 
 
 55 
 257 
 
 8 
 , xxx\iii 
 
 7. 13, S< 
 J. 346, 374 
 
 3*9 
 
 '. 314 
 
 r, 151, 155 
 xxxix. , 54, 
 
 82 
 324 
 
 "3. "4. 
 2. 123 
 
 Ihc, 374 
 
 87.90 
 
 309 
 
 VI. of. 37. 
 
 .315 
 VII., 308, 
 
 II. 
 
 Uomc, Julius of, 309 
 
 Kumc, I.vo X, of, 64, 106, 109, I .' •, 
 113, 114, 123, 12s, 126, 127, 130, 
 «3«. "33. 134. 135. 13'i. "37. 
 •45. "40. 150. 154. 'S6. "57. I5'>. 
 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 17a, 172, 
 174, 175, 178, 181, 184, 185, 287, 
 .308, 309 
 
 Kiime, I'aul III. of, 51, 58, 179 
 
 Kiimu, I'ius II. >if, 8, 9, 41 
 
 KoHciiiin, City of, 290, 291, 309 
 
 Kosolanos, 289 
 
 Kostuwe, 331 
 
 Rotunda, Snnctn \faria, 69 
 
 Kubicho river, 322 
 
 i!uiz, liarth.iliimc, 272 
 
 Kuii, I'tlcr, 272, 274 
 
 Kumnie, James, xvii. 
 
 Russia, itasilius of, 280, 290, 308, 
 
 309. 3"". 3'4. S"* 3'7. 3'9. 32'. 
 324. 328, 329 
 
 Russia, Kmpcrour if, 290 
 Kusiius, Town uf, 318 
 Rut, Julin, xiv., XV,, xvi. 
 Rulhvns ; Cunstantiiic, Captain of 
 
 llio, 316 
 Ruthens, Czar of the, 319 
 
 Salm, 8, 38s 
 
 .Salia, (^Ufcn of, 8, 374, 385 
 
 Saljca, 129, 38s 
 
 Sachion, City of, 27 
 
 Sacrificios; hocritice. Island of, 189, 
 
 192 
 Safalc, xxviii,, 36 
 St Amiirosc, 10, 315 
 St Andrew, 390, 319 
 St Angell, Luys uf, 341 
 St Antonie islands, 272, 273 
 Si Aubin, Sieurde, xliv. 
 St Augustine, 10, 142, 165, 218, 238, 
 
 31S. 3«8. 338 
 St Augustine, Cape of, 129, 15;, 165, 
 
 181, 183, 218, 250, 273, 338 
 St lienedict, 306 
 St Uernardi islands, 161 
 St Catharine, Castle of, 84 
 St Christopher, (iuld mine of, 105 
 St Christoval, Island of, 210 
 St Clare \tttctrical fire on nias/s], 
 
 25' 
 
 St Cosmus, 310 
 
 St Cruz islands 30, 130, 159, l88 
 
 St Cyrillus, 315 
 
 St Uumingo, xv., 4j, 82, 84, 130, 
 
 154, 168, 169. 170, 176, 209, 210, 
 
 213. 240, 338, 346 
 St I)unstan's parish, xlviil. 
 St Krancis, 130, 176, 198, 240, 341 
 St (Jeorgc, xxxi., 39, 323 
 St Germain, Town of, xlv. 
 St Germain, Day of, xv, 
 St Gregory, 315 
 St Helen [eUiliical file tn masts], 
 
 251 
 St Ilericus, 305 
 St James, xxviii., 10, 186 
 St James island, xxviii., 97, 186, 
 
 261, 262 
 St James, Castle of, 36, 84 
 St Jerome, 195, 338 
 St John, Gull of, 194 
 St John, Port, 192 
 St John's island, xv., 45, 104, 130, 
 
 >SS. "59. "73. "76, 210, 213, 
 
 241 
 St Johns harlx)ur, xiii,, xiv., xv., 
 
 192 
 St John of Jerusalem, Knights of, 
 
 xii. 
 St Julian, Tort, 352 
 
 St Ijizaro, Arrhei>clago dl, 354 
 
 Si Lazarus, 187 
 
 St Ijiiirencc \i.t., Ata<la);ascar], Is- 
 land of, 285 
 
 St lA'ger, xlv. 
 
 St Luca, or l.ucar. dc Harramcda, 
 157, 210, 263 
 
 St I.iicas (iiiild at Antwcfi , xxv. 
 
 St Maria Antigua, Islnml of, 30, 
 69, no, 134, 163, 198, 30;, 318, 
 
 226, 230, 236, 2.)V 
 
 St .Mar'a Kolund, island of, 30, 69 
 
 St Maria <le (.rati.i. Island of, 238 
 
 St Murin.-i, 190 
 
 St Martha, 156, 157 
 
 St Martiiuis, Idand of, 30, 69 
 
 St Marye <if Mercodis, 77, 240 
 
 St Matthei, Region uf, 112, 132, 
 
 "35 
 
 St. Mich.icis Gulf, 54, 140, 162, 
 
 165, 182, 183, 214 
 .St Nicolas [lUilriiit/Jln- on iiiiis/s], 
 
 250 
 St Nicolas island, 375, 376 
 St Niculas, Tort of, 75, 78 
 St I'aul, 7. I ". 55. 5*i. 204, 293 
 St I'eter, 130, 203, 204, 250, 290 
 St Romayne, Tower of, 226 
 St Sergius, 291 
 St Sophia, 314 
 St Steven, 148 
 St Thomas, xxix, xxx., xxxiv.-vi,, 
 
 74. 79. 80, 250 
 St Thomas, Islanil of, 250, 270 
 St Thomas Tower, 31, 74, 79, 80 
 St Vincent, Cape, 250 
 St Vincent, Ilarliourof, 381 
 SaLiye, Dr Sancho, 272 
 Saleno, Monsieur de, xlvii. 
 Salla, I'ortj 374 
 
 Salsburg, Cardinal of, 24, 247, 248 
 Salvaterra, 17O 
 Samano, Julyan, 346 
 Samarcamlia, 311 
 Samson, xlvii, 
 Samma, Town of, 381, 3S3 
 .Saminaterra, Town of, 3S3 
 Samogeds, The, 323 
 Samotor, 30 
 Samotra [i.e., Siima/ra], 7, 21, 22, 
 
 33, 344 
 Samua, Town of, 381, 3S3 
 ,Sananton isKind, 272 
 Sancta Cruce, xiii,, xx., 30, 40, 130, 
 
 188 
 Sancta Fee, 341 
 .Sanders, lilnise, xli. 
 Sanguenai, 2g7 
 San Juan island, xv. 
 Saragossa, xxxviii.-ix., 247 
 ,Sardini.i, 56 
 Sanlunica, 284 
 Sardus. 163 
 Sarniatia, 170, 284, 391, 295, 29.S, 
 
 308, 311, 314, 326.347 
 Sarmatians, 155, 301, 31U 
 .Saturma, Region of, 157, 158, 160, 
 
 "63 
 Saunders, I,aurence, xxxix, 
 Sava, City of, 374 
 Savoy, The Master of the, xliii. 
 Sawolhenses, The, 337, 329 
 Saxogrammaticus, 300 
 Saxony, Duke of, 366 
 .Slwzzo, 368 
 Scandia, 298 
 Scandinavia, 298, 347 
 .Scarense, llishop of, 311 
 Sch.irutziclv. City of, 329 
 Scharaitz, 329 
 Schat river, 335 
 
 299. 
 
 207, 
 
 Schavn, 3S1 
 
 .Schicliin.iinai, 329 
 
 Scliidiiik, 329 
 
 Schio, 366," 31.S 
 
 .Sclionilaiiia, Rejjiun of, 2i)S 
 
 Schondfiunanliia, Kugimi, 298 
 
 Sclavdiiia, 2c>o, 306 
 
 Sclavunt, 290, 300, 315, 318, 319 
 
 Scolus, John, 345 
 
 Sriiinliria Isliiiiils, 106, 107 
 
 Sconilia, Ri'gion of, 29J, 298, 
 
 302, 305, 313 
 Sn.pa, 51 
 Scoria, King, 1S3 
 Scutum Caleha i^laml, 135 
 Scwer-iki, 335 
 Srylhi.i, 155, 389, 391, 292, _ .,. 
 
 306, 310, 312, 313, 316, 347. 31,3 
 Sea, Ailiniral of the gical OcL-aii, 29. 
 
 35. 67, 79. 94 
 Sebastian, Julin, 271, 272 
 Segovia, 126, 127 
 >eina, I'apii'aiisis dc, 137 
 Silani Islam', 34 
 Sticucus .VicaiKii, S, ul 
 Sclle, xiv. 
 
 Silymus, I'rince, 311 
 Scm, 346 
 
 Scinnoi I'oyas mountains, 324 
 Seneca, 48, 67, 337, 339 
 Senega river, 280 
 i Senegal river, 132, 374. 3^4 
 .Seipieryrn, Uieogo Lopez of, 272, 
 
 273 
 Serrannus, Johannes, 34, 157, 160 
 Serena, 274 
 Seres, (>7 
 Sir|xinowtzl, 323 
 
 Sena Ncvata nunintains, loS, ifio 
 Serranus, Johannes, 34. 157, 160,258 
 Serrationa |.S;'(Vv,j /,iu«t'j, 39, 250 
 Sesostris, 2S4 
 .Sesoslris, King, 2S4 
 Sesponow o.T.tie, 323 
 Susi river, 321 
 SeMau island, 193 
 .Sesto river, xvi,, 376, 3S1 
 Setebos, 252 
 
 Selte Citta, Kingdom, 287 
 Seville, xiv,, xvi., xl,, 50, 62, 210, 
 
 246, 350, 262, 2SS, 338, 342, 345, 
 
 348 
 Sforza Ascanius, O5, 68, 103, 127 
 Shava, 381 
 .Shawgro, 381 
 Shyawe, 381 
 
 Sian, Zacaliedera King of, 260 
 .Sianfu, City of, 26 
 Sillier, rrouince of, 326, 329 
 Sibut river, 323 
 Sibylla Erylhyiea, 135 
 Siccensis, Nicolaus, 309 
 Sico island, 260 
 Siech, Isinael, 266 
 I Sigismundus l.iberius, 298, 312, 318 
 Siguera, Kraneiscu de, 37S 
 Silidi island, 34 
 Silver of Rever, 2S8, 343 
 Silvias I'andonus, 133 
 .Siuionides, 41 
 
 Sina, Kindgoni of, 32, 313, 344 
 Siiuiin renlitorum, roiiit, 155 
 Sinus Arabicus, 13 
 Sinus Kinnonicus, 306 
 Sinus M.ignus, 248 
 Sinus I'ersicus, 20, 32, 41, 82 
 .Smith, Sir T,, xxxvii,, xlii,, xlv. 
 Siuolense, 290, 291 
 Smvrnophora, 385 
 Soborovius. (Jeorge, 316 
 Sufa, Lupus, 199 
 
 ,SolinHs Julius, !(,, 56, 33.8, 346, ny, 
 
 Solii island, 34 
 Solowki isl.uicl, 321 
 Solysius, Jolianin-, 181 
 Soraclii villa^jc, I So 
 Soria islands, 347, 34S, 3.S7 
 Sossa river, 323 
 Solo, |-'eribn.iiiilo de, 346 
 Sp.iibeford, 'llioinas, xiii, 
 Sp.i.ngiaii, 39 
 Spagiiuola island, I0<), 2IO 
 S|Min, llniperur • 'b.iilis \',, 32, 47, 
 63, 20S14, 21(1, 223,225,22 1. 2''», 
 
 233-f'. ■2.1''. ■24". 24II-8, 255, 2S7, 
 259, 27 1 -4, 27.S, 2S7, 343, 3(S, 
 
 35". 363 
 Sp.iiii, Kiiipenir I'liillip, 54, 59. 
 
 346 
 Sp.irtaiia, 176 
 ,Sp.itLiise ,\lverado, 192 
 Spiranlia castle, 84 
 ,Spiriosioinia, 98 
 Spire isl.mds. 235, 247, 271, 273, 
 
 274. 280, 3.t4 
 Spiiios.i, ( ;,is|nr, 183 
 SlaimioisLlie, Kcnion of, 322 
 Sliveii, liysshop, 293, 325 
 Sloiiluni, 143 
 Slora, 374 
 Siiabo, 10, 56, 283, 284, 3S5, 389, 
 
 296, ioS, 340, 349 
 Slr.iva, 308 
 Slieize, 322 
 St rub island, 324 
 Suucophagi, 3N5 
 Si/ucliogora riMi. 323 
 Subulli, King ol, 34 
 Succana river, 280, 312, 322, 331 
 Sucli.ina rivir, 322 
 Suiluir, I'rovlnce, 27 
 Suetia, 299, 301, 3046, 311, 312, 
 
 3''.». 3io, 3J1 
 Sucvia, King of, 9, 28O, 301, 3 16, 
 
 3"S, 347 
 Suez, 13, 2S4, 2S5 
 Sulaclio i.slanil, 2I1O 
 Sumatra, 7, 12, 20, 21, 22, 32, 2o|, 
 
 207, 272-4, 344 
 Sumatra, Kin^s of, 22 
 .Sunib': .slaiid, 253 
 .Suii ..ii^^ros, 155 
 Sur,. river, 314 
 Suicimu river, 314 
 Siis, 374 
 
 Sussex., I'^arl of, xxxix. 
 Sustali, 2IJO 
 .Sutton, Lilwanl, 42 
 
 Taboga island, 233 
 Tabor, King, 182 
 
 Tiicaieipii .NIargarila island, 56, 233 
 
 Tacliola, 344 
 
 Tacliola, I ity of, 344 
 Taclinin ryvur, 323 
 Tadinsu, Cily of, 24 
 Tagliinia island, 259 
 Taia, Region of, 150 
 
 Tainsu, Kingdom of, 25 
 
 laismer, John, xliii. -vi, 
 
 Talvera, Ferdinand of, 341 
 Tainburlane, 311 
 Tanagura, xxix. 
 Tanais, 133, 155, 291-3, 297, 30^, 
 
 310, 3'".3i4,3"J. 321,324. 3-:5. 
 
 327. 346 
 Tangut, Region of, 12, 26, 27 
 Tapia, I'ranciseo de, xv. 
 Tapobana [Ciy/o/i], 12, 21, 22, 32, 
 
 41, 143. iSo, 261, 2S6, 344 
 Taipienazalx), Region of, 169, 
 
y 
 
 ^^ 
 
 408 
 
 Taracuni 
 
 Imicx. 
 
 Zulan 
 
 Tarnciirii, King, 182 
 'rarnriM|iii, 214, 23J 
 Tarcliiinlnn, Kiiij;, 66 
 Tarenalc islaml, 259, 260 
 Tarnasscric, 12, 20, 21, 22 
 Tartary, 12, 24, 26, 39, 286, 287, 
 
 2S9, 290, 292, 306, 344, 3S7 
 Taitary, iMaclimctgirci, Kiiij; of, 
 
 328 
 Taiirisium, City of, 311, 314 
 Tartars, 286, 287, 289, 290 2, 301, 
 
 310-14, 316, J19, 320, 3249, 
 
 3J2 
 Taiiira, Johannes ilc, 157 
 'I'aiiira, Simon <lo, 272 
 TaxMiarus, Kin^;, 193 
 Tiaiiclia, King, 143, 146 
 Tol.le, 374 
 Tcniosnc, 374 
 Tcnadu island, 344 
 'IVnililla, I'oimt of, 103 
 'I'cnorirt'e inlands, 41, 66, 157, 250, 
 
 280 
 'IVncrissa, xiii., 41, 380 
 Tcni'luni island, 2O0 
 T.jnoz, 374 
 
 'lenixlclan. City of, 57, 287, 342 
 Tcniulos, 273 
 'rci|iiinas 215 
 Tcrasv<|iii island, 214 
 'I'erccira, 344, 348 
 Terra llaccalearinn, 242. 2S7 
 Terra Itritontini, 287, 288 
 Terra ile l.aborador, 287 
 Terra Viridls, 299 
 Terra Florida, 32, 55, 57 
 Terra de I'apaijalli, 253 
 Tesino river, 363, 364 
 1'harnnt island, 35 
 Themiscuthlii, 311 
 'I'heoilori island, 35 
 Tlieodosia, Colony of, 311 
 TUeoplirasHis, 8, 338, 340 
 Thi>nias, |., xix. 
 ■rt> ^ne, iv., xiii,, xiv., xxi. 
 'I home, K., xvi, 
 Tlionis, Mr, xxvi, 
 Ttiyle, \m\A of, yx\, 337 
 Tulksliind sea, 304 
 '1 llu. Kinj;, 149, 151 
 Ticliin villaije, l?2 
 Tii-olion islaixl, 256 
 Tiilnre islands, 239, 260, 262, 272-4, 
 
 .MS 
 'I leira fronif, xv. 
 I ii;he. xl.i, 
 
 Timor inland, J(hi, 261, 269 
 TinHiii, ( ity of. 24 
 Timotus rivrr, 172 
 Tiiusi •.ill.ij;e, li>7 
 Tison, TlioMi.is, xiii. 
 Toilus Sanclos island.-, 177 
 Tolstickh, j22 
 T..r.,, 273 
 
 Tolono^o, Kinj;. 1S2 
 Toiilas, Kinj;, 313 
 Toy, K., xii., xxx\ii.. xxxix., 388, 
 
 3'J« 
 Tran.sylvanus, Maximilian, 247, 249, 
 
 262 
 Trelensin, ( ily of, 374 
 Treniisin, 374 
 'Ire|<ojcnlcii Cttjic, 381-3 
 
 rri|wili, 374 
 
 Trolhelta river, 304, 3C6 
 
 Trutham village, 304 
 
 Tuckc, Master, xviii. 
 
 Tiickfield, Master, xviii. 
 
 Tulln, City of. 324 
 
 Tumaccus, Klnu if, 140-2, 178 
 
 Tumaccus, Region of, 14'^ 
 
 Tumanania, King of, 1 17, 147, 
 
 148, 162, 163 
 Tumanania, Region of, 162, 163 
 Tiimen, Castle of, 323, 324, 326 
 Tumenski, King uf Tuinen, 334 
 Tunium, King, 66 
 T;:rn', King, I :>; 
 Tnruf) villagt, 183 
 Tuver, City 01, 314 
 Tyrmi, 166 
 
 LMall, Nich'il.a.s, xxxviii. 
 
 lldoria, 310 
 
 UlialMi, 170, 173 
 
 I'Ina, 292 
 
 I'lysses, 135, 348 
 
 Cndiria, I'etrus de. III, 113 
 
 Unefride, 56 
 
 Ungerien, King of, xxx. 
 
 I'niteil States, xv, 
 
 I'ppa river, 325 
 
 Cpsala, Archliishop of, 300, 347 
 
 Upsoliensis, 295 
 
 Ural>a, 107, 108, 109, 1 10, III, 113, 
 114, 118, 119, 123, 128, 130, 131, 
 132, 134, 143, 150, 155, 162, 163, 
 180, 192, 198, 199, 218, 229 
 
 Uraclia, 230, 234 
 
 I'rse, M. de, xliv. 
 
 I'schatio, I'et.-r Knes, 324 
 
 Ussa river, 322 
 
 L'sting, City of, 286, 312, 322, 325 
 
 L'stiiiga, Town of, 293, 312 
 
 I'styug, 312 
 
 Ultirsor Mr, xxvi, 
 
 Vadianiis, 56 
 
 N'agoniona, 99, too 
 
 \'aniis river, 318 
 
 N'aldes, (ion/alo I'ernandcz tie 
 
 Ovicdn, xxxvii. 
 Valdiuia, 115, it6, 118, 1 19, 122, 
 
 123. "92. '93 
 Valenlia, 199 
 Vallacum, 314 
 
 Naihidoleto, xiv., 125, 127, 133, 274 
 Wdk'ius, 165, iSi, 183 
 N'anmiecio, lliringuccio, xxxvii,, xlvl, 
 
 3.S3. 356 
 \arro, .Marcus, 349 
 \ a.scho Nuniiiv de llallKia,6l, 1 13, 
 
 1:4, 115, 119, 121), 121, 122, 125, 
 
 13'. '37. '3S. '39. "40. '4'. 'li. 
 I4,i, 144, 145, 140, 147, 14S, 149. 
 155, 15(>, l()2, 165, 178, 198, 199, 
 
 Vasilivirli. John Duke of, 326 
 \ as<|iies. Captain Kiancciico, ;!87 
 \'assy, xliii. 
 N'aslral, 304 
 
 \';ilicaiie. The, Itxi, 309 
 \ ecchindoro, 287 
 N'ega, Fernando de, 96 
 Vehsijuen, OiegUb, 18O, 187, 190, 
 '95 
 
 Valnsquen, John, 192 
 Vend'ime, hrnncois dc, xliv. 
 Vcnetiis, Marcus I'aulus, 25, 27, 
 
 326, 330, 339, 340 
 Vera, I'etrus de, 65 
 Vernzzano, xv. 
 Vcre, Edward, xxxvii. 
 Vesallus, A., xxxvii. 
 Vespasian, Em|)erour, ;.;r>8. 343 
 Vespucci, Amerigo, xxv., 37, 38, 39, 
 
 «*7. «34. "57. «58, 375. 377 
 Vespucius, Juhaiines, 127, 157 
 Vetcha, 309 
 Viatra, City of, 391 
 Viblxi, 153 
 Vicenza, 347 
 Victoria, Town of, 194 
 VidnmedeChartres, xliv., xiv., xlvi. 
 
 xlviii. 
 Vigentina, 368 
 Vilna, City of, 314 
 Villanoua, 176 
 Villa Ricca, 196 
 
 Villegas, Peter Ruiz of, 272, 274 
 Vincentina river, 366, 388 
 Vincenlius,36,96,98, 105, 126, 128, 
 
 139, 130 
 Vincentius, Agne.s, 105, 138, 129 
 Vincentius, Annez, 126, 128, 129, 
 
 '30 
 Vincenza, City of, 346 
 Virgil, II, 50,91, 13s, 279,398 
 Visba, City of, 306 
 Vischora river, 325 
 Visco, Uishoj' uf, 341 
 Vitry, xiv. 
 \'itzechda river, 325 
 Volaterane, 389, 390 
 Vo'ga river, 391, 292, 393, 308, 
 
 3". 3". 313. 3"4. 3'5. 3»'. 
 
 325, 326, 32,s, 329, 331 
 Volham river, 293 
 Volochcia river, 286 
 VoliHlemaria, City of 391, 309, 
 
 3"4 
 
 Volotchia, .'.og 
 
 Volut, Ciiy of, 290 
 
 Vrida river, 135, 153 
 
 Vua river, 323 
 
 Viiaga river, 323 
 
 Vuarectzkoai sea, 319 
 
 Vuareivkote Morie sea, 313 
 
 Vuialhka, 336, 328 
 
 Vuilna, 31.1 
 
 Vuinlandia, 319 
 
 Vuitepsko, 312 
 
 Vuol.K;hdii, 312, 322, 325, 326, 
 
 331 
 
 VuoliK-on river, 319 
 Viiolodimaria, 319 
 Vuul')k, Lake, 319 
 
 Wade, Annigil, xviii. 
 
 Wadf, William, xviii, 
 
 Warangtr fiord, 299 
 
 Wanlhus, Castle of, 299, 302, 301, 
 
 304. 305. n^ 
 
 Wardoc, 299 
 Wariloehuus, 299 
 Warwick, Farl of, xxxviii, 
 Wat.'on, Thomas xl., xiv. 
 Weyszarch mountain, 300 
 Whalley, Richard, xliv. 
 
 Whnlly, Thomas, xliv. 
 Whilcome, Roger, xii. 
 White Russia, 301, 302, 311 
 Wickcs, Master, xviii. 
 Willes, Richard, xii., xlviii. 
 Williamson, John, xvii. 
 Willoughby, Sir Hugh, xxxviii., 
 
 xxxix., 59, 333, 334 
 Winchester, Uishop of, xxxvii., xl., 
 
 xiv. 
 Winter, Sir W., xlvi., xlviii. 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, xiv. 
 Wright, Master, xviii. 
 Wroth, Sir Thomas, xix. 
 Wyndam, Captain, xix., xxxviii., 
 
 37S. 376. 377 
 Wynterton Ness, xii. 
 
 Xaccoei river, 170 
 Xngua, Region of, 168 
 Xaguaguara, Region of, 153 
 Xamana, Region of, 70, 169, 170 
 Xaragua, Region uf, 83, 84, 85, .S(i, 
 
 169, 176 
 Xericium, City of, 65 
 .\erses, 59 
 
 Ximcnus Rnld. nus, S6, 87, 90 
 Xuarcz, I'etrus, 130 
 
 Vagtiana, Region of, 169 
 
 Vaguino, Region of, 170 
 
 Viamiroa river, 176 
 
 \ niizui Ililiahaino mountain, 169 
 
 Vorkc, .Sir John, xix., 382 
 
 Yucatan, 61, 338 
 
 Vucatus, 238 
 
 /acal)edera, 360 
 
 /.-igathei, 31 1 
 
 /.ahundaderos, 1 55 
 
 Zainal island, 254, 260, 
 
 Xamara island, 32 
 
 /amatra, 274 
 
 Xamotra isLind, 273 
 
 /ainuilius 1 15, lib, 122, 126 
 
 /arziliar islaml, 23 
 
 Zanzibar, King ol, 33 
 
 Xarate, Augustin de, xx::ix. 
 
 /asia, XX. 
 
 Zauana, Region of, 148, 169, 173, 
 
 176, 212 
 /avion island, 20 
 /eliedus, 10 
 
 /eilam island, 264, 265, 266, 267 
 /eilon islan<l, 256 
 /elande islan.l, 214 
 Ze.iete, .Manpusse of, 214 
 /enu. Region ol, 138 
 /erbi island, 374 
 /ercma, iJo 
 Ziglerus, 294, 293, 299 
 Zoiirolia river, 135 
 Zobraba, 153 
 Zohor.in river, 153 
 Zolo inland, 259 
 Zolot islaml, 2(X} 
 Zorobua island, 2(10 
 Zubul island, 256, 237, 25S, 272 
 / ubut. King of, J5I), 237 
 Zula, I'rince, 258 
 Zulan island, 234 
 
 '*'^>^ 
 
 PiiuleJ Ity TiinibuU ^ S/turs, £i/iiitiHix/i. 
 
s, xliv, 
 
 er, xii. 
 
 pi, 302, 311 
 
 , xviii. 
 
 , xii,, xlviii. 
 
 in, xvii. 
 
 ir Hugh, xxxvlii., 
 
 13. 334 .. , 
 
 ilii>|) of, xxxvii., xl., 
 
 , xlvi., xlviii. 
 
 al, xiv. 
 
 , xviii. 
 
 >nias, xix. 
 
 Iain, xix., xxxviii., 
 
 i, xii, 
 
 70 
 
 of, 16S 
 
 .'gion <>r, I S3 
 
 n of, 70, 169, 170 
 
 •11 uf, S3, S4, .S5, .S(i, 
 
 of, 6s 
 
 mis, 80, S7, 90 
 130 
 
 -in of, 169 
 m of, 170 
 176 
 
 iiio inimntain, 169 
 11, xix., 382 
 
 54. 260. 
 32 
 
 
 273 
 116, 122 
 
 126 
 
 . 23 
 
 ol, 23 
 n lie, xx:; 
 
 IX, 
 
 1 (.r, 14S, 169, 173, 
 
 !0 
 
 264, 26s, 266, 267 
 214 
 
 NSC of, 214 
 
 '4 
 
 195, 299 
 
 •35 
 
 "53 
 
 o 
 
 , 260 
 
 56, 257, 258, 27a 
 
 , 250, 257 
 
 5S 
 
 54