r^^ ^> *>, ^>\^. 0^« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Y / o %, *^ii.. A U>., Z 1.0 I.I 1.25 145 111 i2i yo lb 1^ IIIIM 1.8 U III 1.6 V] ^'i /a '^^ y -i;^ A &>- 6^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 k Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. D D D D Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet6es ou piqu^es Tight binding (may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin)/ Reliure serr6 (peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^tieure) L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains ddfauts susceptibles de nuire it la quality de la reproduction sont not6s ci-dessous. D D D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Coloured places/ Planches en couleur 0Show through/ Transparence Pages damaged/ Pages enJommagdes Th< poi of filn Th< cor or 1 api Th< filn ins Ma in ( upi bol foil □ Additional comments/ Commentaires suppldmentaires Bibliographic Notes / Notes bibliographiques D n Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque n Pagination incorrect/ Erreurs de pagination Pages missing/ Des pages manquent Maps missing/ Des cartes gdographiques manquent D Plates missing/ Des planches manquent Additional comments/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires Newspaper clippings have been tipped in following page 32. The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^> (meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de I'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon ie cas: le symbols ^•^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbole V signifie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper Inft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul cliche sont filmdes d partir de I'angle sup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m6thode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 UNIFORM NON-LOCAL TIME (TERUESTlllAL TIME). I.— JDillicultios arisiiio- iroiii the prosent mode of reckoiiiiio- time, ns Tcli^oTaph and 8team com- munications by land and water are extended over the earth. II.— Natural and conventional divisions of time. III.— Time reckoninir by anuient and modern nations. lY.— The importance of havin- at no distant day, " Uniform time " all over the world. v.— The practicability of seeming all thi^ advantages of uniformity, while pi-eserving existing- local customs. C,m„unncution. on the mbject of, he following paper, may be addressed to the Author, Ottawa, Canada. TERRESTRIAL TIME. A too/r, ^v SAN-nroun Fleming, C.M.G., M. Inst.C.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Emjincer-in-Chi'f Canadian Pacific liailway, S;c. The qi:esti(»n t<. wl-.ich 1 propose to direct attention is not rnuited to any particular country or continent. It is u question wl.icl. in .litVerent (ie;.;Tees concerns all nations. Jt is of least in.porlance to the inhabitants of countries of limited extent such as the Jiritish Isles and of oreatest ini])ortance to the ix.pulalions of .j^-reat continental countries, advanced or a; time and dividiiii;- it into minute portions, llicy undonl»todly aro iini-ivailel amonu'st the |)"0(liiL'tions lliat come tVoni tlic liand of man. Tlic ditticnities to wliicli I aliiido, ai-o fine j)i''marily to the ))rincij)lo of constiMictlon ly which our (docUs and watcdies arc made to indicate time only accoj'dini^ to the longitude (tf ])hices on tlie eai'th's surface; and, in a less (lct!,ree, to the fact, that M'c adhere to the custom of dividing the day into halves of twelve hours ea(di, one set of hours lieitii:!; doscrihed as ante meridian, the other as i)08t meridian. " To illustrate the points of dilllculty, let us first take the case of a ti'aveller in North Amei'ica. lie lands, let us say, at Halifax, in Nova Scota, and starts on a railway journey throui^h the castei'n portions of Canada. His route is over the Intercolonial and Grand Trunlc liines. He stoj)s at St. John, (Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto. At the l)e_'"i" f,i'imm: In China and some other parts of the world, no halt-days are used. The Chinese divide the day into twelve parts, each hcing equal to two hours of our tirr-^ '.hese they a^ain divide into eij;ht parts, thus suhdivid ^ !>' whole day into ninety-six equal parts. The Italians, ♦ ; Bohemians and the Poles have a division of the day ii twenty-four parts, numbered from the first to the twenty-fourth — from one o'clock to twenty-four o'clock. In Japan there are four principal points of division, — at noon, midnight, sunset and sunrise — dividing the natural da}- into four variable parts. These four parts are divided each into three equal portions, together making twelve hours. Each hour is again divided into twelve parts, thus making in all, one hundred and forty-four sub-divisions of the day. The six hours between sunrise and sunset differ in length, day by day from the six hours between sunset and sunrise. During the summer the hours of the day are much longer than those of the night, and shorter on the contrary in winter. The division of that portion of the day during which the sun is above the horizon into twelve parts, belongs to the remotest ages of antiquity. The division of the other portion, which embraces the period of darkness, into the same number of parts, was introduced at Rome in the time of the Punic 'Wars. The system of dividing the day by the rising and setting of the sun, makes the hours indefinite periods : as they continuously change with the seasons. Except at the equinoxes, the hours of the night and day can never be of equal length. Near the equator the variations are least ; they increase with every degree of latitude until the Arctic and Antarctic circles are reached, within which a maximum is attained. Even in the latitude of Rome, the length of the hours of daylight and darkness under this system have an extreme difference of 75 minutes. I 10 The clay is reckoned to bej^in in China before midnight, the first hovn- extendin<^ from ii-oop.m. to i-oo a.m. of our mode ot reckoning. The Jews, Turks, Austrians and others, with some of the ItaHans, have begun their day at sunset. The Arabians begin their day at noon, and in this respect they resemble the astronomers and navigators of modern nations. It lias been customary in Japan to adhere to the practice of the ancient Babylonians in beginning their day at sunrise. The Babylonians, Persians, Syrians, Greeks and other ancient nations, began their day at sunrise, and had divisions corresponding to morning, forenoon, mid-day, afternoon, evening and night. The ancient, like the modern, Arabians began their day at noon. The Chaldean astronomers divided the day into sixty parts ; like the modern Chinese they also had a division of the da}' into twelve hours. The ancient Egyptians (probably B.C. looo) divided the da\' equally into day and night, and again s ib-divided each half into twelve hours, numbered from i to 12 ; the night with them commenced six hours before and terminated six hours after midnight ; the day began six hours before noon and lasted twelve hours, or until six hours after noon. These are some of the customs, as gleaned from history, which have prevailed at various times in different countries with respect to the day and its sub-division. To these may be added the customs practised at sea by navigators. The shipping of different nations have had different customs, but the most common practice on shipboard, is to divide the 24 hours into six equal portions called " watches ;" and these, again, into eight equal parts known as '* bells," and numbered from one to eight. Thus the whole day is sub- divided into 48 equal parts. The period of time called a PTl> I, — ■., "r„\ 11 " watch " is four hours in length, the reckoning being as follows : — From noon to 4 p.m., the afternoon watch. ,, 4 p.m. to 8 p.m , the dog watches (from 4 to 6 being the first dog watch, from 6 to 8 being the last dog watch). „ 8 p.m. to midnight, the first (night) watch. ,, midnight to 4 a.m., the middle (or second niglit) watch. ,, 4 a.m. to 8 p.m., the morning watch. ,, 8 a.m. to noon, the forenoon watch. From what lias been set forth it would appear that man has reckoned the day to begin at sunrise, at sunset, at noon, at midnight, at one hour before midnight, at six hours before midnight, and at six hours before noon, and that he has divided it in a great variety of ways ; firstly, into two, four, twelve, twenty-four and one hundred and forty-four unequal parts ; secondly, into two, four, six, eight, twelve, twenty-four, forty-eight, sixty, and into ninety-six equal parts, without including the small subdivisions of minutes and seconds. The common practice at present with most civil' zed nations is to divide the day into two series of twelve hours each, a custom which corresponds very closely with that followed by the ancient Egyptians long before the Christian era. Thus, while we have made extraordinary advances in all the arts and sciences, and in their application to every day life, we find ourselves clinging to a conventional and inconvenient mode of computing time ; one not materially different from that practised by the Egyptians, perhans thirty centuries ago. The Chinese system would, without a doubt, suit the re- quirements of this age much better than that which we now follow. The halving of the day is one source of difficulty which ought not to exist, and it would be an im- portant step to imitate the custom of computing time, which is followed by that old oriental civilization. The adoption of the Chinese system, by which half days would be thrown out of use, would not, however, obviate the very serious incon- 12 ^wRiiLi I' I veniences which have been referred to, resulting from differences in longitude. To overcome, at once, both difficulties, is the problem which presents itself for solution. It has been stated that a day is the shortest measure of time which we find in nature. As a consequence, man is left to sub-divide the day in any way best calculated to promote his own convenience. There can be no doubt, whatever, that all divisions, except that produced by the rising and setting of the sun, are entirely artificial and arbitrary. When the decimal system was adopted by the French, it was proposed to divide the day into ten and a hundred parts : a scheme which would probably be the best at this age of the world had the whole system of horology to be established de novo. In view of generally prevailing customs, however, it will, doubtless, be felt that any attempt to introduce the decimal division of the dav would be unwise ; that it would be futile to propose a change which could only succeed by seriously inter- fering with the existing system. The progress of the world may, indeed, before long, demand a radical change in our Chronometry ; but the present method of computing time in the more civilized parts of the earth, is so interwoven with human affairs, that it cannot in the meantime be disregarded. It will be evident that the con- sideration of any change should be entered on in the full re- cognition of established customs. Instead of attempting to uproot and supersede the present system, it is considered that a new scheme to meet the requirements of the age, should rather be engrafted on, and be in complete harmony with the old one. In this view the following suggestions are offered : — It is proposed to take as the unit-measure of time, the artificial day known as the mean solar day.* This unit * The siderial day— the only natural day uniform in length — from its uniformity would be well suited for the standard unit of measure required. But it is not sufficiently marked for the ordinary purposes of life. The diurnal return of the sun in the heavens is a phenomenon much easier observed by the generality of man than the culmination of rn' I. t s e ;r n of 18 to be divided into twenty-four equal parts, and these, again, into minutes and seconds by a standard timekeeper or chronometer, hypothetically stationed at the centre of the earth. It is proposed that, in relation to the whole globe, the dial plate of the central Chronometer shall be a fixture, ^o in Fig. I ; that each of the twenty-four divisions into which the day is divided shall be assumed to correspond with certain known meridians of longitude, and that the machinery of the instrument shall be arranged and regulated so that the index or hour hand shall point in succession to each of the twenty-four divisions as it became noon at the corresponding meridian. In fact the hour hand shall revolve from east to west, with precisely the same speed as the earth on its axis, and shall therefore point directly and constantly towards the (mean) sun, while the earth moves round from west to east. ■ It is proposed in order properly to distinguish these, as well as the new time indicated by the Standard Chronometer, that the twenty-four divisions shall be known by the letters of a star. Hence the solar day reduced to a mean is better suited for civil purposes. ^: u the alphabet, and that the corresponding meridians shall also be so known. Each of the twenty-four parts into which the day is proposed, as above, to be divided, would be exactly equal in length to an hour; but they ought not to be conpidereu hours in the ordinary sense, but simply twenty-fourth parts of the mean time occupied in the diurnal revolution of the earth. Hours as we usually refer to them, have a distinct relation to noon or to midnight at some particular place on the earth's surface ; while the time indicated by the Standard Chronometer would have no special relation to any particular locality or longitude : it would be common and equally related to, all places ; and the twenty-four sub-divisions of the day would be simply portions of abstract time. The standard time-keeper is referred to the centre of the earth in order clearly to bring out the idea, that it is equally related to every point on the surface of the globe. The standard might be stationed anywhere, at Yokohama, at Cairo, at St. Petersburg, at Greenwich or at Washington. Indeed, the proposed system if carried into force, would result in establishing many keepers of standard time, perhaps in every country, the electric telegraph affording the means of securing perfect synchronism all over the earth. The time indicated by these nstruments, it has been stated, would be designated by letters. In ■ der still further to distinguish it from siderial, astronomical, civil or local time, it is proposed, that, as it is common to the whole earth it should be known as "common" or "terrestrial time;" probably *' universal time " would be a designation still more appropriate, but for the present the term " terrestrial time" will be used. Besides the keepers of standard time established at many places, possibly in every civilized country, it is suggested that every clock and watch, should, as far as practicable, move synchronically, all indicating " terrestrial time." As a theory, it is proposed that when the hands of any one time- •l< 16 piece point to A or to G, the hands of each and every other horological instrument in use throughout the globe, should point to A or to G at the same moment. It is obvious that if clocks and watches constructed on th^s: principles and the scheme of" terrestrial time ' were in general use, the difficulties and inconveniences which have been alluded to and which seem inseparable from the present s\stem, would be fully met. Every connecting steam line, indeed every communication on the face of the earth, would be worked by the same standard, vi/., " terrestrial time. " E^very traveller having a good watch, would carry with him the precise time that he would find employed everywhere. Post meridian could never be mistaken for ante meridian. Railway and steamboat time- tables would be smiplified, and rendered more intelligible, to the generality of mankind than many of them are now. Examples of time-tables placed side by side may be presented. Table A. is an ordinary " through "' time-table from Cork to London, e.xti acted from the published sheets of one of the Railway Companies. Table B. shows the application of terrestrial time to the same route. Table A. Table 13. Cork 6'o a.m. Irish time. Cork \' . 40. Mallow 6-55 M Mallow A. 35- Limerick II-20 „ Limerick E. 0. TlI'PEKAKY 12*40 p.m. Tll'PKRAKV G. 20. Watkrkori) .•• 430 .. Watkrioki) ... L. 10. Xi:\v MiLi'OKi). 2'55 a.m. Greenwich time. New Milkok • V. 55- Swansea 5'20 „ „ Swansea Y. 20. Cardiif 6-33 .. Cardiff A. 33. EXETKR 2*io p.m. Exeter L 10. Plymouth 4-25 .. Plymouth L. 25. Gloucester ... 8*40 a.m. ,. Gloucester ... P. 40. Swindon lO'IO ,, „ Swindon R. 10. Oxford i'25 p.m. Oxford U. 25. Reading ifi3 a.m. „ Reading F. 13. London (Pad.) . i2'iop.m. London (Pad.). G. 10. rrr-r l»1 1; III . 16 Condensed time-tables of the <;reat mail and passenger route now bemg established through Canada to the Pacific, prepared in accordance with both systems, may also be presented. TABLE C.—Thc Present System. Ji li!! 1 Slower 1 Principal Stations. Local Time. than Green- wich. London 8'oo p.m. Greenwich time O'OO DlHLIN 8'oo a.m. Irish time 0'25 (fii route) ... I St noon Irish time >» W. Coast Irei.ano I'oo p.m. Irish time 1 < (at sea) ... 2nd noon Ship's time I'OO (at sea) ... 3id noon Ship's time 1-40 (at sea) 4th noon Ship's time 2'20 (at sea) 5th noon Ship's time 3'oo St. John, N'f'land g.oo a.m. Newfoundland time .. 3-30- (en route) ... 6th noon ; Newfoundland time J« St. George N'f.F 6"oo p.m. Newioundland time ... yi Shippigan lo'oo a.m. New Brunswick 4-30. (en roiiti'] ... ... 7th noon New Brunswick 1) Riv. Du Loup lo'oo p.m. Montreal time 5'oo. Quebec a*oo a.m. Montreal time )i Montreal 8 a.m. Montreal time »» ((•;/ route) ... ... 8th noon Montreal time 1) Ottawa I'oo p.m. Montreal time i» NiPPISING 8-30 p.m. Huron time 5-30. L. Superior lo'oo a.m. Superior time 6'00. (en route) ... ... gth noon Superior time T 1 Fort William ... 3-30 p.m. Superior time M Keewatin 1-30 a.m. Winnepeg time 6'30. Selkirk 6'oo a.m. Winnepeg time ') (en route) •■■ ... loth noon Winnepeg time »» Livingston 3'oo p.m. Saskatchewan time ... 7.00. Saskatchewan ... 9-30 p.m. Saskatchewan time 1 ) Battlefokd i-oo a.m. Athabasca time 7'30. Edmonton 9-30 a.m. Athabasca time i> (en route) ... ... nth noon Athabasca time 11 Montbrun 2-15 p.m. Athabasca time »» Yellow HeadP 1 7'oo p.m. Yellow Head time 8-0O. Tete Jaune Cache 8'i5 p.m. Yellow Head time )i (en route) •• ... i2th noon Yellow Head time >) Pacific Terminus . 11-30 p.m. Pacific time 830. rn'' r -^ ** 4i^ ma Bmmm S_-EfK^ Miamt t ., 17 TAI5LE D. System of Tirfcstrial Time. London P. 00. DUHMN C. 25. ist Nuun {fii rmitf) G. 25. VV. Coast Iki:i.and H.25. and h'ooii ((7 sea) II. 00. 3rd Noon {lit sea) II. 40. 4th Noo)i {at sea) I, 20. 5th Noon {at sea)... . K. 00. St. John, Newfoundland G. JO. 6th Nuon {en route) .. K. 30. St. Georgk N'i-'land ... R. 00. Shippigan I. 30. 7th Noon {i:Rion ... L. GO. cjth. Noou {en route) ..., N. 00. Imikt Wji.liam ... Q. 30. Ki;i;\VAiiN ... C. 00. Ski.kirk ... G. 3". i')tli. Noon (en route) ... 0. 00. i.niNcisroN ... R. 00. SvSKAlCIir.WAN ... X. 30. B.mtij-.kord ... 0. 30. l';;i)MO\T{)NI ... M. 00. I ith. Noon [en route) ... P. 00. Monthrun ... Q. 45. Vi:i.i,ow Mkad Pass ... W .00. TwiK Jaunk Cache ... ... X. 15. i2tli. Noo)i {en route) ... p. 30. Pacii-ic Terminus. ... ... w 30. A comparison of these tables will illustrate the extreme simplicity of Table D, the one prepared on the principle of terrestrial time. The watch of every traveller would a,i;ree with the times given opposite each station in this table, pn impossibility under the old system. It is not proposed to do away with local time. It is cont'-mplated b}' this scheme that each time-piece, clock, or v»atch should indicate terrestrial time, together with local time. The various methods by which the object may be accomplished, remain now to be considered. If the practice of dividing the day into two series of hours, each numbering from i to 12, could be wholly ignored, the nomenclature proposed for terrestrial time, might very readily be employed for local purposes. The time of day is now known by numerals, but numerals have no special advantage over letters. Habit has undoubtedly rendered the former familiar to the mind in connection with the hour of the day, but if the M 18 naming' of the 24 divisions had to he done afresh, and letters instead of numerals were adopted, there can be no doubt whatever, that the time of day could be as well expressed, and be as easily understood i)y the former as by the latter. It has been stated as part of the scheme, that each letter has a correspondin<; meridian of lonj;itude and that time-keepers are to be so adjusted as to point to the meridional letter precisely when it is noon in the particular lonj^itude. Suppose G to be the meridional letter of the British Islands. How eas)- it would be for an inhabitant .to comprehend that it was noon, when the hands of the clock pointed to G, that it was midni^^ht when they pointed to the letter on the dial platd opposite G, viz., T. Or, in speaking of any particular time of day, say four hours before mid-day, it would be just as easy to understand what time was referred to by the use of the letter C as by the use of the reman numeral VIII. It is perfectly ob\'ious that every person living in England, Ireland and Scotland, would soon become familiar with the several letters, and the precise relation which they had to the time of day. If w' oass to another part of the world, say where Fig. 2. O becomes the meridional or noon letter, as in Fig. 2, there could be no misunderstanding the meaning of the expression, " Time P. 22." It could have but one meaning viz., i hour and 22 minutes after mid-day, while the expression, *' 1.22 o'clock," has a double meaning undetermined without the addition of" ante-meridian " or '^ post ineridinn.'" % 19 To render the dial plates of time-pieces perfectly intellif^ible, in each place when used for local time, the expedient shown in Fig. 2 mi};htbe adopted. Here the noon and midnight letters are clearly distinguished, and that portion of the day which includes the hours of darkness cannot be mistaken. These or similar expedients, could be employed with the same effect in the clocks and watches used in every place on the surface of the earth. It would, however, be vain to assume that the present system could be wholly abolislied or seriously disregarded. It becomes expedient, therefore, to consider how the advantages of the scheme of terrestrial time could be secured in every day life. It is perfectly obvious that the present system cannot be overlooked ; and that, although perhaps not perpetuated, it must for some time be continued. We must therefore look for some means by which the new scheme may be employed in conjunction with the old, until perhaps at some period in the future, the latter may fall into disuse. The first arrangement which suggests itself, is to have two dial plates to each time-piece, the same wheel-work moving the hands of both, one indicating terrestrial time, the other indicating the local time of the place. Stationary clocks might have the dial plates side by side as in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Watches, or other portable instruments, on the other hand, might more conveniently have the dial places back to back. In 20 91 the latter case, means would be provided for adjusting the local time dial plate to correspond A'ith any new longitude to which the instrument might he moved. Terrestrial time on the other dial plate would remain unaltered. Another plan of construction may he suggested, h)' which terrestrial and local time could be indicated on the same face of the clock or watch as in Fig. 4. In this arrangement it is proposed to have the Roman numerals for local time inscribed on a movable disc, which would admit of adjustment for any longitude without in the least disturbing the machinery of the instrument or interfering with the index hands. Fig. 4. Church and other stationary clocks, as well as watches, the use of which \\'ould be confined to particular districts, would have the local time disc permanently secured in the proper position. Only in the case of persons travelling beyond any particular local time district, would the local time disc require to be changed. Its adjustment, under such circumstance, would be simple ; it would only be necessary to move the disc round until twelve o'clock noon coincided with the meridional letter of the new locality. Suppose, for example, the letter G represented the longitude of the new position of the watch, twelve noon placed in conjunction with G would com- plete the adjustment of the instrument. For every other new position, the same operation would be repeated. Notwith- 91 standing every chanj^e that may be made for local time, the machinery of Uie watch need not be touched, and the hands would continue to indicate correct terrestrial time, The distinction between terrestrial time and local time would always he perfect ; the former would invariabl) be known by letters, the latter as at present by the Roman numerals. If thechanj^e in longitude were hut sli<;ht — niakinf^adiffcrcnce in local time, of only a few minutes — and in any case it became indispensihle that precise theoretical local time should be indicated by the watch, in tliat case, a third hand for the odd minutes, as shown h\- the dotted lined (Fig. 4) would be required. It is, however, hereafter suj^'j^ested that for ordinary purposes this would be quite unnecessary. As in the diaj^rams, it is proposed to denote that portion ot the da\' which includes the hours of darkness by a black or dark j^round, in order tliat the night hours could never be mistaken for the hours in the middle of the day, which have the same numerals. It is likewise proposed to distinguish tiie several " watches " into which the day is divided on shipboard. The local time disc, exhibits a light portion between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. ; this includes and represents the forenoon and afternoon watches, noon being the dividing point. The dark portion, extending four hours before, and four hours after midnight, embraces the tv/o night watches ; while the shaded portions, horn 4 p.m. to 8 p.m., and from 4 a.m. to 8 a m. represent the dog-watches and the morning watch. This arrangement, would, perhaps prove useful, in view of the vast and yearly increasing number of ships that adopt, and constantl}- use, the division of the da\- into " watche' " nnding it, as they appear to do, the most convenient scheme of division for da: routine at sea. Navigators are required to employ a standard time to enable them from day to day, when on long voyages, to compute their longitude. For this purpose it is a practice with ships to carry the local time of the national observatory of the country to which they respectively belong. For mM 22 example : French ships reckon their longitude by Paris time ; British ships by Greenwich time. Terrestrial time would serve precisely the same purpose as a standard for geographical reckoning, and it would be some advantage to the marine of the world to have a uniform standard established — the common property of all nations and in common use by land and water everywhere. It has already been said that the telegraph provides the means of securing perfect accuracy at all stations, however remote ; indeed, through this agency, timekeepers may be made to beat time synchronously all over the globe. Already the length of telegraph lines in operation approaches 400,000 miles, and we are warranted in believing that ultimately the means of instantaneous communication will ramify through every habitable country and find its way to every port of commercial importance. It may be said, that with clocks moving synchronically and indicating terrestrial time all over the globe, it would be of little advantage to attempt to maintain precise local time at every place on the earth's surface. Our clocks but rarel}' indicate true local time ; even our most perfect time- pieces are for the greater portion of the year either faster or slower than the sun. In fact correct ordinary timekeepers must necessarily at certain seasons be 15 or 16 minutes faster or slower than true solar time, yet no inconvenience whatever is found to result. It will be admitted, that the adoption of Irish time in England or English time in Ireland, would scarcely L^ felt in civil affairs. The difterence between English and Irish time as arbitrarily established, is twenty-five minutes ; but in the west of Ireland the local mean time is forty minutes behind English time (Greenwich.) Greenwich time is used throughout England and Scotland, although it is half an hour faster than correct local mean time on the west coast of the latter country.* In every country, local time is more or less arbitrarily established ; it could not be otherwise, without causing great * True Solar time is sometitnes about 45 minutes in the Western coast of Scotland, and 55 minutes in the west of Ireland, behind Greenwich time. tsm 23 confusion, as no two places, unless in the same meridian, have the same true local time. In considering the whole subject, it is felt, that if some simple rule could be agreed upon for defining local time everywhere, it would materially add to general convenience. It is suggested that each of the twenty-four lettered meri- dians, (Fig. i) should be taken as standard longitudes for establishing approximate local time, and that as a general rule all places should adopt the local time of the nearest of these meridians. This would greatly reduce the number of local time standards, and would divide the surface of the globe into twenty-four "lunes," forming distinct local time sectio;.- extending from pole to pole, within one or other, of which every place would find its position. Only in extreme cases would the difference between the true and approximate local time be as much as half an hour. In many cases there would be no difference ; and in no case could the difference be of the slightest moment in the ordinary business of civil life. Whenever exact time was required for any purpose, terrestrial time, assuming it to be in general use, would be available. In this view, if we assume one of the lettered meridians, G, to pass through Greenwich,* and terrestrial time for the moment to be G 45, then approximate local time at other places around the globe would simultaneously be as in the plates which follow. In each of the separate figures it will be noticed that the hands and the dial for terrestrial time remain constantly in the same relative position, while the moveable disc on which is inscribed the roman numerals for local time varies in each case. If each figure be examined it will be found that 12 o'clock noon is successively brought in conjunction with the letters which represent the 24 meridians, as in Fig. i. With each separate figure is given simultaneous time at a number of well known places around the globe — approximate local time of course changing with the meridian terrestrial time remaining constant. * bee Fig. G., Page 25. 24 A embracing Yenisaisk, Tomsk (Si- beria), Tibet, Calcutta, IJay of Bengal, Andaman Islands. App. Local G.^^pjii. ... Ter. G. 45. D I) Gulph of Obi. Omsk (Siberia), ) Kashmir, Lahore, Bombay, Coral- line Islands, Chagos Islands. App. Local ^.,[^p.iii. ... T(T. (r. 43. CNova Z tains, ( Zembla. The L'ral Moun- Orsk, Sea of Aral, Khiva, Khorassan, Mauritius. App. Local 4.43 />.;». ... 'fcr. (i. Archangel. Nizney Novgorod, Astrakhan, Bagdad, Arabia, Aden, Somali, Madagascar. App. Local ^..\-)p.iii. ... Tcr. Ci 45. I Lapland, St. Petersburg. Con- j stantinople, Alexandria, Nubia, L'jiji. Transvaal, Natal. App. Local 2.43 />.;». ... Tcr. (t. 45. F .Spitzliergen, Sweden. Berlin, Naples. Malta, Tripoli, Congo, Cape of Good Hope. App. Liical 1.43/'./;;. ... Tcr. G. 43. 25 G England, France, Spain, Algeria, Timbucto, Ashantee, St. Helena Island App. Local i2.45/> "' Ttr. (i. 45. H Iceland, Madeira, Canary Islands, Senefj;ambia, Sierra Leone, As- ension Islands. A pj) Local 11.45 ([.;//. ... Tcr. G. 45. KWest Greenlimd, The Banks of Newfoundland, Maranhao, East* ern Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. App. Local 9.45^7.;//. ... Ter, G, 45. L Baffin's Bay,Labradore, Barbadoes, Trinidad, British Guiana, Buenos Ayres, The Falkland Islands. App. Local 8.4s a.m. ... Tcr. G. 45. 1 Fast Greenland. The Azores, Cape \\ H.dson Strait, Ottawa. Wash- Verde Islands, Fernando Island, i^-^ inston, Cuba,Ja South Georgia Islands. App. Local 10.45 (T.;;;. Tcr. G. 45. amaica, Equador, Peru. Chili, Patagonia. App. Local 7.45rt.MZ. ... Tcr. G. 45. I'fi h :iM N Hudson Hay, Lake Superior. St. Louis, New Orleans, Yucat.an, Guatemala. Galapagos Islands. Apf>. Ldtii! 6^^ a.m. ... Tn. (i. Melville Sound, Lake Athabasca, Saskatchewan District, Colerado. Mexico, Cape Corrienta. App. Local 5.45 ((.///. ... l\r. (1. 45. P Hanks Land, Great Hear Lake. British Columbia, Oregon, Cali- fornia, Sea Otter Islands. App. Local 4.45 (f.;». ... Tcr. G. '"ort (lood Hope. Sitka, Queen Charlotte Islands, Paxavos Islands. Cia^mbia Islands. Pitcairn Island. ... Tcr. G. 43 R Alaska, Owhyhee Sandwich Islands, Maiden Islands. Starbuck Islands, Society Islands, Tubuai Islands. .\pp. I.OKt! 2.45 ((.;//. ... Tcr. G. 43. iHehring Strait, Fox Islands, Necker O Island, r>lmyra Island, Fanning Island. Palmerston Island. 27 TWrangel Land, Aleutian Islands, "ITT Verkoansk, Nikolaevsk, Japan, Gilbert Islands. ]""'ji Islands, W New Guinea, North Australia. North Island New Zealand. South Australia. A pp. Local 12.45 .;;/. ... Tcr. (i. 45. App. Local >^.^^p.iii. ... 7Vr. (}. 45. "Vf Cape Sievero, Irkoutsh. Central 1 CI VNew Siberia, Sea of Okotsh, Queensland, New South Wales, J- China, Cochin China, Singapore, Victoria, Tasmania. Sumatra, Java. App. Local 10.45/).;;/. ... Tcr. (L 45' App. Local' -j.^^p.in. ... Tcr. 0. 45. I 28 It will perhaps be allowed that the scheme of terrestrial time, if put into practice, would, without seriously interfering with the existing customs, completely obviate Jl the objections to the present system which have been set forth. It has been shown that the use of local time may be retained very much as now, and that it may be indicated along with terrestrial time, by the same clocks and watches. Objections may, however, be raised to the scheme, on account ot the apparent neccessity of abolishing all existing clocks and watches, and substituting new ones. This indeed would be an insuperable objection, if it held good, but the necessity of this course is only apparent, as it is proposed to utilize existing timepieces simply by furnishing them with new dial-plates. If we take a watch or clock to be used in any particular country, it would be a simple matter to inscribe on its dial the letters which designate terrestrial time. A still belter plan would be to provide a new dial plate, such as Fig. 5. Fig 5. •^•Ht*" 'O N h "•■%i V — t, , ■ In this design it will be noticed that G is assumed to be the meridional or noon letter of the place and the letters on a dark ground between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. represent the hours in the two " night watches." With such simple expedients as these it would be perfectly practicable, without superseding existing time-keepers, to secure in a large degree the advantages oi the new scheme in any country comparativel}' limited in geographically extent. Clocks and watches now in use might thus in a very inexpensive wa\- be so adapted as to show terrestrial in addition to local time. It would only be necessary lu have 29 railway and steamboat time-tables prepared in accordance with the new system in order to brinj^ its advantages into common use. But this would apply only to localities or individual countries limited in extent. Mankind, generally, throughout the world, would not participate in the full advantages promised by the scheme until time-keepers for common use were constructed on new principles. A general change could only be a gradual process ; but as there are some hundreds of thousands of time-keepers made every year, it would be well, in the event of the subject of this paper being deemed worthy of attention, for the manufacturers of horological instruments to consider the expediency of introducing such changes in their construction as may seem to be advisable. This suggestion applies more especially to the manufacture of portable time-keepers, watches, chronometers, &c. Figs. 6 arid 7, represent one of a variety of arrangements by which terrestrial and local time may conveniently be indicated. Fig. 6, shows the watch open witli the terrestrial time dial Fig. 6. Fig. 7. plate exposed 7, shows the same watch closed, ^witli the local time numerals engraved on the face of the case ; the latter^being pierced in order that the hands may be seen. The local time disc is designed to be adjustable for any meridian. .•50 In this communication attention has been directed to the various customs that have prevailed, and which now prevail with respect to the measurement of time ; and attention has been drawn to the fact, that of late )'ears the telej^raph, and more especially the application of steam to locomotion, have rendered the ordinary practice of reckoning; time but ill suited to the circumstances which now exist. It cannot be supposed that these active agents in human progress have completed their mission ; nay, we may rather assuine, that these extraordinary powers, but recently placed under the control of man, have but commenced their career, and that they will still achieve greater triumphs in the work of colonization and civilization. On the new continent, America, these wonderful agents have been employed to the greatest relative extent, as the sub- joined estimate from late returns will show : — Population. 824,548,500 309.178,300 199,921,600 85,519,800 4,748,600 Asia luiROPE Africa ... N. & S. America Australasia * Totals Miles of Railway. 7.643 88,748 83.655 1.752 183,248 i': • 1.423,917,800 It has been pointed out that difficulties already met in portions of America threaten to become seriously inconvenient as the Raihvax' system continues to be extended. On that continent, therefore, it may be assumed that a practicable scheme to meet the difficulties alluded to would be favourably received. The importance of the subject is not confined to America. It requires no great foresight to see that all quarters of the globe are now or will eventually be interested. Australia and Africa will before long be pierced, perhaps girdled by railways. Asia, with more than half the population of the world, must in due time yield to the civilizing pressure of steam and participate in the general progress. In North and South America there is indeed room for many times the total length of existing * Estimate of Behm and Wagner. iK»*Hia 31 railways, hut evt'ii taUiiii;' tlio iirosciil iniU'a and ))(.i)ulali(in as a basis, tlio propoi-tioii would i;ivi' t»» Miiropo and Asia loiTotlior more than <>iio iiiillioii miles. Those two ^^-real eoiilinonts have as yet only !»i;,()OU miles of railway and it would jifohahly he laUini;' too san,i;uine a view to siij>|»o>e that so H-reat an increase as that due to the Aniei'iean ratio would j>|»(>e(lily h(> I'ealised. No one, however, (•ai\ «louht that the network of railways in AVestei'n and Central Kurope will hefoii' loni>: he greatly on lari^ed ; (hat its hrantdies will extend to Asia, and tliat offshoots will ultiniateiy he i)rolon,ii;ed to the farthest shores of the Chinese and ilussian Knipires. A eoni]iaratively few years may, indeed, witness extraordinary ])ro,i;;ress made in the direction indicated, wlien dillicnlties will nndouhtedly he cx])ericnced such as those which I have desciihed, on a scale ^,-reater than in America. The subject to which attention is directed clearly concerns all countries. It is esj)ocially important to the United States, Brazil, Canada, indeed, to the whole of America. It is im- portant to France, (Jermany, Austria, and to every nation in Kuro])e. It is of peculiar interest to the ij;ii;-antic Empire of Russia, extendini^- over nearly ISO dei-'rees of longitude and with a total variation in local timeof alxuit twelve hours. It is of still greater importance to the Colonial Kmpire of Great Britain with its settlements and stations in nearly every me- ridian around the entire globe, and with vast territories to he occupied by civilized inhabitants, in both hemispheres. The system of Chronometry which we have inherited, was doubtless, well suited to the purpose for whicli it was designeil two or three thousand years ago ; or to the requirements of man two generations back, before the gi-eat modern civilizers, steam and electricity began their work. Now we begin to realize the fact, that the system is awkwai'd and inconvenient, and in comparatively a few years, say, by the time the twen- tieth century dawns, may we not find a radical change impera- tively demanded by the new conditions of the human race ? Tt is probably not too soon, therefore, to discuss the subject. It would indeed be a vain task to attempt t(f :v2 abolish a ciislotii less Iioiirv with ivj^c, li's.s (l, and that such niodilieations he inlrodu(e^ ,.; W e o; rt C .C ^ S d 0^ ^ ^ F^ p: ^ «J >> •H (a d o C/3 CO S3 Q^ O o rt > Tim ^H C5J 5i o O -5 i^ O 2 -tJ (D o 22 CJ asp's O O *-• f ^§saS O 5:j QJ O -^ O a; OS wS P ►^•r' W S. (U CD cd buoy bX) C3 w c O) (U ■& )' I'i I ;,*f* -r*.* Calendar reform has cost Miss Elisabeth Achelis of New York about $35,000 per annum for the past few years, but her enthusiasm as president of the World Calendar Association has never waned. In Ottawa to impress the need of calendar reform upon Dominion government officials whom she will visit today, and members of the Ottawa branch of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada whom she will address this evening at the National Museum, Miss Achelis last night said: "The world calendar is a pre- postwar objective, because not only does winning the war neces- sitate improved logistics, but greater efficiency, greater econ- omy and more cai'eful plarming after the war is won. Such things are, not as likely to come about while the world uses a calendar that wavers from month to month. Miss Achelis is a happy woman. She's happy to be in Ottawa, al- though disappointed that she will be unable to ste Prime Minister King today. It's her first visit here and she's impressed. Unite for Major Role. "I hope Canada and the Vnited States will unite to play a major role in selling the new World Calendar idea to the rest of the world, just like they did with day- light saving and other measures," she said. The World Calendar is designed chiefly to do away with the in- equalities of the old and next year would be the ideal time to adopt it because then the world can pass from the old to the new syst«m without A break. The idea has the backing of Sir Spencer Jones, British Astronomer Royal, and a long list of United States notables. To show how the present cal- endar "wavers," Miss Achelis pointed out that there hasn't been a calendar identical with that of 1944 since 1916 — 28 years ago. "That is indicative of how much difficulty Is encountered with the old calendar by anyone who wishes to do an adequate planning job," she said. "And we are going to need long term planning after this war." The change-over to the new calendar would cause the mini- mum of dislocation, because dates and periods are comparable. How Calendar Works. "It works something like this," Miss Achelis explained: "The modern calendar is based upon the solar year of 365 days with an extra day inserted or 'in- tercalated' every four years. "What we felt was needed was a stable, well adjusted, calendar with equal quarters — and as nearly equal months as the number 365 v.-lU permit. The nearest equal number is 364 so that is the one chosen. With 364 as the base the year is divided into four (. arters of 91 days each. The 365th day is set aside and on that day, the calendar, so to speak, takes a holi- day — and so may everyone. "This yearly holiday is an extra Saturday, called 'Year End Day' and always falls on 'December W,' the day after the 30th of Decem- ber." The new calendar is on the familiar basis of a 12 month year, there is no sharp unnatural break of habit. The first month of each quarter contains 31 days, the other two 30 days each. There is then a pattern for the quarter, 31. 30, 30, repeating itself regularly four times yearly. This gives January, April, July and October 31 days each, the other months having 30 days each. Common Sense Move. The next move of the World Calendar Association, she said, was a commonsense one, to have every year and consequently each quar- ter begin on Sunday, the first day of the week. This meant that the same date of the month would come on the same day of the week every year — a boon, if there ever was one, to business and industry. The national holidays under the new plan could be arranged to come on Monday's, thus producing desirable long week-ends. Christ- mas would fall on Monday every year. Finally, the association deals with another intercalary day to be reckoned with — Leap Year day existing in the present calendar on February 29 once every four years. This day coming once in four years, represented an approximate adjustment to take care of the extra five hours, 48 minutes and I J t HlJllViJ « I \^ H I 1 46 seconds that astronomical cal- culation shows to be in excess of the solar year over an exact 365 days. The World Calendar places Leap Year at the end of June in the middle of the year, balancing the calendar. Again, like Decem- ber W it is an extra Saturday and a world holiday called 'June W , (or the 31st). j Logical Year. "The year 1945 is the most logical year to put the new calen- dar into effect because in both the present and the new world calen- dars, December 30, 1944, falls on a Saturday. If the following day is designated as an extra Saturday (the first world holiday) civiliza- tion would then be ready to initiate the new year and the new time pattern with Sunday, Janu- ary 1, 1945. "Truly then, we should and can have, a new calender for a new world," Miss Achelis said, "In- dustry, labor, the government, law, retailing, agriculture, finance, sciences education, home, religion, and all world peoples, should ad- vance under the new simplified system." "There is no effort to change the basic units of the day, week, month or year, as used in the present calendar. It is merely an improved, scientific budgeting of the time units to which the world is accustomed. It is the civilized, logical grown-up calendar of a progressive new world." "If it is adopted we shall have, for the first time in human his- tory, a calendar that correlates all the different time units, day, week and month — all three coming together at the end of every I quarter." ii II lliU l«J ■T»JIV I On Streamlining I'he Cal A new book, "The Calendar lor Everybody:' by Eliaahclii AcUelts, st fonn the adimntaycs 0/ the World Calendar. It us more than six thousHnd years since the first calendar based on the solar year was invented. This wa.s the Egyptian sun calendar, which came into being about 4236 B.C. It was an epochal achievement, and it brought some sort of order out of chaos. Then came the Julian calendar in 45 B.C., so called after Julius Caesar. Thi.s one really got down to business, and it is still the basis of the style and nomenclature of the present calendar. Ne.vt, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582. He reorganized the Julian calendar. Be- cause of religious differences it was nearly two hundred years before .some countries accepted the Gregorian calendar. But it is the Gregorian calendar that Ls in use today. What will be the noxt calendar to be adopted? Unquestionably, it will be the World Calendar, and if ws are logical it will be introduced in 1945, when the change can be conveniently made But men are not logical and are slow to move in such matters, so it may happen that the opportimity will be mi.ssed. The next convenient year would be 1950, but to wait until then would be an imjustifiable delay. • * * In this book, Elisabeth Achelis tells in simple and attractive language the many advantages of the World Calendar. She is the foimder of the World Calendar A.ssocia- tion, which ha.s been in existence since 1930. Since then she has worked imceasingly and travelled far for calendar reform, done much to checkmate the inferior 13-month calendar, and today has the satisfaction of being able to say that the adoption of the World Calendar is a foregone conclusion. Why should we adopt a new calendar? Because it is time we modernized our civil calendar and brought it into tune with the times. The present one is full of drawback.s and eccentricities. The World Calendar will give us the most perfect time measurement yet devised. The outstanding virtue of the World Calendar is that It will make every year the same. The quarters are of equal length. Each quarter begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday, and contains 3 months, 13 weeks, 91 days. Every year begins on Sunday, January 1, with the World Calendar, and every year is comparable to every other year. What is of the utmost importance, as Miss Achelis points out, is that days and dates always agree. This means that significant dates become significant days. For example Pearl Harbor (to take a recent significant date) was attacked on a Sunday. The Japanese deliberately chose that day for special rea- sons. Had the World Calendar been in use in 1941, the annlve- ary of Pearl Harbor wouH always fall on a Sunday instead of wandering all over tiTe week as now. This year, for example, the anniversary falls on Thursday, * • • The 365th day necessary to complete the year and the 366th day in leap years, hithei-to> called supplementary days, are known in the World new World Holidays. 1 the much-needed stut year Is like every othe; gins, as stated, on Sun year also closes witl: December W, a World extra Saturday. The ; is the new Leap-Ycai year, thereby keepini and equalizing the ha' another World Holi Juno W. In this sir calendar luiit fits i quarter, bringing co-o known. A fixed Easter ha: times in the past, wandering festival. 1 March 24: in 1943 month's difference. April 9. which is "ju World Calendar woul as Easter each year, a method of having it f; after the first full m alter the spring equir But Easter is a f the religious life of m stabilize it rests main authorities. If the ch to a stable Easter, it arguments for reform World Calendar can fixed Easter, since it : as Miss Achelis says, on a fixed Eafiter wo earth and good will \ fulfillment." In civil life, the r would bring many in but one phase of civi —the World Calenda task substantially. ' begin always on the , would materially sir statistics. The recor( income taxes, interns and interest paid or easily computed. An emment department ate quarterly financi vantage of the Woi-1 equalized quarterly c The same considerat other branch of mod Miss Achelis feels of the new calendar, tribute towards maku Ing life more beautlf, lowmen happier." / one begins to catch tl one's-self. ("The Calendar Elisabeth Achelis; I 141 pages; $1.50.) (Miss Achelis will Calendar" at the Nat nesday nifiht of this : auspices of the Ottau uomical Society of The lecture is free to r Origin By MOJ LEAP-DAY is put Into oi dar every fourth year.l the calendar in accord vt solar year, which is 5 hour^ minutes longer than thj year's 365 days. This n(| hours' excess can only be ' as the calendar 5 366th day| ' Leap-year. Julius Caesar inserted in the Julian calendar whi established by his reform ml He got Leap-day knowled? Egypt. How did the Egyptians about Leap-day? We km the Egyptians were the firs to discover the exact lengti year, and consequently the i inserting the Leap-day. , But it is only withm the i that we have re-discoven they did it. The writer h privileged to brmg this kn to light, after world-wide r The evidences he has accui during visits to Egypt, Syri^ CO, Peru, China, etc., indica the Egyptians discovered the of the year and the need of : day by measuring the shortei ly shadows of the great pyi The great pyramid was tl perfect of the series of p; which were purposely desii keep agricultural operations the seasons, develop ast navigation, etc. Its erecti minated experiments made Egyptian astronomer-pnes measured sun-shadows at n the passage of stars at n in order to fix the recuri the Egyptian seasons. Euilt For Accuracy , The slope of the pyran I built to the angle of ne ' degrees, so that its apex wi the n»on shadow on ite base-line, where it could and accurately measured, their dates equivalent to to 29th of February, 1 priests measured the she ceding shadow at noon. w^^^^ ■lll^»lli^M«^M« INMi«l«|l Origin Of Leap-Day By MOSES B. COTSWORTII. • I P-DAY Is put into our calen- ar every fourth year, to keep alendar in accord with the t^ear, which is 5 hours and 48 BS longer than the usual 365 days. This nearly 6- excess can only be included calendar 3 366th day in each ^ear. as Caesar Inserted Leap-day ! Julian calendar which was shed by his reform in 46 B.C. it Leap-day knowledge from did the Egyptians find out Leap-day? We know that syptians were the first people :over the exact length of the md consequently the need for ng the Leap-day. it is only within the last year we have re-discovered how lid it. The writer has been ged to bring this knowledge it, after world-wide research vidences he has accumulated visits to Egypt, Syria, Mexi- ru, China, etc., indicate that yptians discovered the length year and the need of a Leap- measuring the shortest year- iows of the great pyramid, great pyramid was the most of the series of pyramids, were purposely designed to ricultural operations true to ;asons, develop astronomy, ion, etc. Its erection cul- d experiments made by the in astronomer-priests who ed sun-shadows at noon and ssage of stars at midnight, iv to fix the recurrence of i^ptian seasons. Euilt For Accuracy. slope of the pyramid was 3 the angle of nearly 52- , so that its apex would cast on shadow on its meridian le, where it could be easily curately measured. During ates equivalent to our 27th 1 of February, the high measured the shortest re- shadow at noon, by laying MOSES B. COTSWORTH their sacred rod on the meridian floor, like the native calendar makers of Borneo now do. The measuring rod used by the great pyramid priests was not less than 4-feet long, because the sha- dow's length on February 28th was 4 feet shorter than it was on Feb. 27th. They found that the short- est shadow's length in every year could be measured on that white 4-foot rod, and that during each of the three successive years the shadow lengthened yearly one foot more, and that 365 days were count- ed between each of those 3 years. Next they made the important discovery that at the end of 4 years their day-count amounted to 366 days instead of 365, and that the noon shadow leaped back to less than its length 4 years befoifc. Therefore if the Leap-year's short- est shadow at noon measured 1-2 a foot, that for the first of 3 years was 1 1-2 feet long; the second 2 1-2 feet; the third 3 1-2 feet, but in the fourth year the 365 day's length was 4 1-2 feet and reached beyond the 4 foot rod. Then next day was Leap-day when that 366tn day counted in as its shadow leap- ed back 4 feet, to less than hall a foot in length. That was visible evidence of the need to then insert Leap-day. If the pyramid's pointed apex had not since been destroyed, together with the casing-stones which orig- inally formed the perfect shadow slope, that evidence would now be completely visible on February 29th The reality of that phenomenon is nevertheless borne out by photo- graphs of the shadow changes 1 had taken last February and which I am having taken this year on Leap-day and March 1st. That was the ancient Egyptian Leap-day. because Augustus Caesar moved tlic Roman Feb. 29th to make his Aug- ust 31.st. Cuts Off the Shadow. The great pyramid's slope of 52 degrees now yearly cuts off the shadow on March 1st when the sun peeps over its apex, 484 feel high, and shines down the slope without making any noon-shadow until October 14th, when the noon- shadow reappears because the lower sun is then behind the apex. Those dates, March 1 and October 14, were not so numbered in the ancient Egyptian calendar, but are the dates in our calendar to which the dates in the old Egyptian calendar correspond. It is significant that in the pre- sent Coptic calendar of Egypt, the 14th of October is recorded as the date when "The general cultivation of lands begin." No less impressive is the fact that March 1 is denoted as their first day of spring, when trees and shrubs show their first budding signs. These two season-finding dates were of the greatest importance in Egypt. It was only, after many trials in building pyramids that their de- signers at the great pyramid fixed its slope at 52 degrees, as the basis of what later proved to be their successful experiments in finding the true length of the year, by use of the Leap-year measuring of the pyramid's shortest shadow. By that means was provided their double checks on their Sun-god's yearly progress through his seasons, which enabled them to direct in ad- vance the agricultural and other af- fairs of all Egyptians throughout each year, to establish permanent prosperity for thoir rulers and people. Those early astronomers not only kept that most valuable calendar knowledge secret from other na- tions, but from all outside the priesthood, by never insertmg Leap-day in their public calendars. That kept a mighty weapon in priesthood hands, until Julius Caesp.r conquered Egypt and wrung from Sosigenes, the Egyptian as- tronomer, their vital secret that the Leap-day insertion was only marte In the controlling calendar used by the priests on the 10th, 20th and 30th days of each month, to de- clare to the people \^»iiat agricuftur- al and so forth operations must be done during the next ten days. By Order of Caesar. Julius Caesar's adopted rule in- variably inserted a Leap-day in every 4 years. That was too much because nature's year is only .24 of a day longer than 365 days,— noi .25 of a day longer. That fractional difference caused an excess of 10 Leap-days to be inserted before Pope Gregory's reform of the cal- endar in 1582. Pope Gregory estab- lished his rule whereby three Leap- days are omitted during every 400 years. The reason why we insert Leap- day as February 29th is, that the pyramid's shadow by its 366 day count indicated Leap-day. News of that fact enabled the Roman king I Numa, in 713 B.C., to end future j years on February 29th. I ' Again, when Julius Caesar le- formed the Roman calendar in|46 B.C., he for the same pyramid rea- son ended his Julian calendar on February 29th. Thus the young ladies who hall Leap-year as an open season for capturing husbands, may give thanks to the priests of ancient Egypt for discovering that we can- not have a true calendar without inserting the Leap-day, which con- fers on them the right to exercise their privilege throughout each 4th year. New Incorporations The following new incorporations are included in the list in the cur- rent issue of the Canada Gazatte: Silveradium Mines Syndicate, Limited, 1,500 shares, n.p.v., To- ronto, Ont.; Mackey Signal Co., Limited, $30,000, Ottawa, Ont.; the Fulton Co. of Canada Limited, 5,000 shares, n.p.v., Toronto, Ont.; Ster- ling Automotive Products Limited, 40,000 shares, n.p.v., Niagara Palls, Ont.; Shell Petroleum of Canada, Limited, 500 shares, n.p.v., Tororto, Ont. V II rt ) r t ihe ihe ho Ml si-o lis > Vre •bt Mt »y >t Id 'lO r. •••s ts s, o- ih jd I id at ti. )ir Jt ito I- id It bf ''e fd. ■te ■y. Id le bt Id Ji •vjv r ) THE OTTA It r I t \he ^He ko Ml lis i>y > •bt Mt *y >t Id r. '■•S Ids Its, jih ftd at ifi. ilr it ito |." r's fed lit of I'e fd. y. id le bt id it «iy> v/A Av '«y49t •■•*«! TEN MILLION DOLLARS WORTH OF JEWELS displayed by model Mara Byron at a preview of a United Hospital Fund art project in New York. On her forehead is the Hope diamond, 44 Va carats. Pear-shaped diamond earrings are 30 carats each. Necklaces, from top to bottom, are Earl of Dudley emeralds, the Spanish Inquisition period emerald and diamond necklace and, attached to a diamond necklace, the 100-carat Star of the East diamond. Flanking the latter are two pear-shaped largest per- fectly matched twin diamonds in the world totalling 100 carats. Below the Star of the East is the 26-carat Jonker diamond. On right arm is the largest sapphire in the world, 337 carats. On third finger of right hand is marquise ring, over 40 carats. On left arm is 100-carat diamond bracelet made of diamonds from Gary estate. On third finger left hand is the 60-carat Mabel Boll ring and on small finger the 35-carat McLean ring. Jean Richard Gets I 'Petticoat rever' F C P sa th P« M A cc ar A ti( le. ga Pi- h£ In in to er h. ,tl- w r( IV n t) n A b a c 1) 1\ c d s P s ii P V