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CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

1980

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UNIFORM NON-LOCAL TIME

(TERUESTlllAL TIME).

I.— JDillicultios arisiiio- iroiii the prosent mode of
reckoiiiiio- time, ns Tcli^oTaph and 8team com-
munications by land and water are extended
over the earth.

II.— Natural and conventional divisions of time.
III.— Time reckoninir by anuient and modern nations.

lY.— The importance of havin- at no distant day,
" Uniform time " all over the world.

v.— The practicability of seeming all thi^ advantages
of uniformity, while pi-eserving existing- local
customs.

C,m„unncution. on the mbject of, he following paper, may be addressed to the
Author, Ottawa, Canada.

TERRESTRIAL TIME.

A too/r, ^v SAN-nroun Fleming, C.M.G., M. Inst.C.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S.
Emjincer-in-Chi'f Canadian Pacific liailway, S;c.

The qi:esti(»n t<. wl-.ich 1 propose to direct attention is
not rnuited to any particular country or continent. It is u
question wl.icl. in .litVerent (ie;.;Tees concerns all nations. Jt
is of least in.porlance to the inhabitants of countries of limited
extent such as the Jiritish Isles and of oreatest ini])ortance
to the ix.pulalions of .j^-reat continental countries, advanced
or a<lvancin^- in civili/.ation.

Within a co!ni)arativcly recent period, the human race
lias acquired control over a power, which already lias, in u
remarkable dei'-ree, chan-cd the condition of human atfairs.
The ai)plica(ion of steam to locomotion by land and water
has o-iven an enormous stimulus to i)rog-ress throu^rhout the
worhl, and with the electric telegraph as an auxiliary, has
somewhat I'udeiy shaken customs and habits which have been
handed down to us from bygone centuries. We still ding,
however, to the system of Chronometry inherited from
a remote antiquity, notwithstanding difficulties and incon-
veniences which ai'e constantly met in every part of
the world, but which are so familiar to us that they
are not regarded, or arc silently endured.

I do not refer to the mechanism of our clocks and watches.
The art of watch making has by no means remained behind in
the general advancement. The horological instruments now

nuulo are, iiidcod, of surprisini:; itcctirjuy and hcaiily; and
siiii])ly us macdiincs, Cor ineasiiriii<>; time and dividiiii;- it into
minute portions, llicy undonl»todly aro iini-ivailel amonu'st
the |)"0(liiL'tions lliat come tVoni tlic liand of man. Tlic
ditticnities to wliicli I aliiido, ai-o fine j)i''marily to the
))rincij)lo of constiMictlon ly which our (docUs and watcdies
arc made to indicate time only accoj'dini^ to the longitude (tf
])hices on tlie eai'th's surface; and, in a less (lct!,ree, to the
fact, that M'c adhere to the custom of dividing the day into
halves of twelve hours ea(di, one set of hours lieitii:!; doscrihed
as ante meridian, the other as i)08t meridian.

To illustrate the points of dilllculty, let us first take the
case of a ti'aveller in North Amei'ica. lie lands, let us say, at
Halifax, in Nova Scota, and starts on a railway journey
throui^h the castei'n portions of Canada. His route is over
the Intercolonial and Grand Trunlc liines. He stoj)s at St.
John, (Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto. At the l)e_<jjin-
ini:; of the joui'iiey he sets his watch by Halifax time. As he
reaches eacli place in succession, he finds a considerabU' varia-
tion in the clocks b^- whicli the trains are run, and he discovers
that at no two })laces is the same time used. Between Halifax
and Toron..^ he finds tlio railways employing no less than five
ditterent standards of time. If the traveller remained at any
one of the cities referred to he would be obliged to alter his
watch in order to avoid much inconvenience, and, perhaps, not
a few disappointments and anno^-ances to himself and others.
If, liow^ever, he should not alter his watcii, he would discover
on reaciiinu' Toronto, that it was an hour and tive minutes
faster than the clocks and watches in that city.

In the United States the inconvenience Is greater. Along
the great railway lines leading from Boston, New York,
Philadelphia, and other cities on the Atlantic seaboard, to the
Avcst as far as San Faancisco. the variation of time is of no
trifling importance. The dilferencc between the time of New
York and that of San Francisco is nearly three hours and a-
half. Between these extreme pointn t}<creare many standards

IL^'*-

oi time, each city of any importance having its own. The
railway companies have to conform to this state of things,
and, as in Canada, are ohhged to adopt local standards
Hence the discrepancies in time which perplex the traveller
in moving from place to place.

On the Continent of Europe, and, indeed, wherever lines
of communication extend between points differing to any con-
siderable extent in longitude, the same difficulty is experienced.
On a journey from Paris to Vienna, or to St Petersburg, the
standard time employed by the railways changes frequently,
and the extreme difference in time between the first and last
city is nearly two hours.

Suppose we take the case of a person travelling from
London to India. He staits with Greenwich time, but he
scarcely leaves the shores of England, when he finds his watch
wrong. Paris time is used for the journey until that of
Rome becomes the standard. At Brindisi there is another
change. Up the Mediterranean ship's time is used. At
Alexandria Egyptian time is the standard. At Suez ship's
time is resumed, and continues with daily changes until India
is reached. Arriving at Bombay the traveller will tind two
standards employed, local time and railway time, the latter
being that of Madras. If he has not altered his watch since
he left England he will find it some five hours slow ; should
he continue his journey to China it will fall eight hours
behind.

In the United Kingdom the dnncjlties due to longitude are
felt in a very modified form. The greater island, embracing
England and Scotland, comparatively limited in

extent, particul ' in width. One standard of time is
therefore used. 's only in respect to the smaller island,

Ireland, that the Oi.ference in longitude calls for a diiTerence
in time ; in the whole United Kingdom, consequently, there
are practically only two standards, viz., Greenwich time and
Irish time, the difference being twenty-five minutes. No one.

I !

therefore, whose experience has been confined to the United
Kingdom, can form an adequate idea of the extent of the
inconvenience arising from the causes alluded to in regions of
the world where geographical circumstances render the use of
a multiplicity of standards necessary.

The railway system is the principal agent in the develop,
nient of the difficulties referred to, and the still further
extension of steam communications in great continental lines,
now begins to force the subject on our attention. Canada
supplies a good illustration of what is occurring. The railways
built and projected there will extend from the eastern coast of
Newfoundland on the Atlantic to the western coast of British
Columbia on the Pacific, embracing about seventy-five degrees
of longitude. Every existing Canadian city has its own time.
Innumerable settlements are now being formed throughout the
country ultimately to be traversed by railways ; and in a few
years, scores of populous towns and cities will spring up in the
now uninhabited territories between the two oceans. Kach of
these places will have its own local time ; and th«
difference between the clocks at the two extremes Ox
Canada will be fully five hours. The difficulties which will
ultimately arise from this state of things are apparent ;
they are already in some degree felt ; they are year by year
increasing, and will, at no distant day, become seriously
inconvenient. This is the case not in Canada alone, but all
the world over.

The other class of difficulties arises from the division of
the day into halves of twelve hours, each numbered from one
to twelve, from midnight to noon, and from noon to midnight
consecutively. Inconveniences resultingfrom this cause, may be
familiar to many who have had occasion to consult " Bradshaw,"
or other railway and steamboat time tables. Simply as
an illustration, the experience of a stranger during the first
few days of his sojourn in the United Kingdom, may be
taken.

ROB

A few weeks ago he (the writer) landed at Londonderry by
the Allan line of steamers from North America. Circum-
stances callinj; him to a place near Sligo, and havinj^ two days
to spare, he determined, if it could he done within that period,
to visit the locality referred to. " The Official Irish Trav^llin};
Guide" was consulted, and the several routes were carefully
studied. Persons resident in Ireland, and accustomed to travel,
were also consulted, and a route was determined on, by which
the traveller could, with apparent comfort and certainty, leave
Londonderry any morning, and return the night of the day
following. The journey was by railway to Enniskillen sixty
miles ; thence by public car to Manor Hamilton, thirty miles ;
thence by private carriage to Killennumery, eight 7nil<"^. w'licli
completed the first day's journey. Next day, it was arranged
to leave in time to drive to Bandoran, forty-two miles,
in order to catch a train, which " The Oflicial Travelling
Guide ' indicated, would leave at 5.35 p.m., and enable the
traveller to reach Londonderry at ten o'clock the same
evening. There appeared to be no doubt, about accomplishing
the journey within the time and in the precise manner
described.

The traveller set out, reached the house of his friend near
Sligo on the first day, without difficulty, and, on the second
day. started in a conveyance specially engaged to take him to
Bandoran in time for the 5.35 ";.m. train. The conveyance
actually reached Bandoran at 5.10 p.m., apparently affording
twenty minutes to spare. But the discovery was soon
made that no train would leave that evening. The station
master was appealed to for an explanation, and, comparing the
" Official Irish Travelling Guide," as it was termed, with the
time table hung up in the railway office, it was found that the
" Official Guide " should have read 5.35 a.m., instead of
5.35 p m. Thus, owing to the system of dividing the day into
two sets of hours, a most trifling typographical error made a
morning train appear to be an afternoon train, twelve hours
later than intended.

There was no help for it but to remain at Bandoran until
next day, and, as the morning train on the Bandoran branch

did not, like the supposed afternoon train, run to meet an
express train on the main line, there was no regular means by
which the traveller could reach his destination before 1.30
o'clock in the afternoon of the third day, in place of 10 o'clock,
p.m., on the second day. An actual loss was thus entailed on
him of sixteen and a-half hours, while several other persons
were subjected to needless inconvenience and disappointment.

This was the first few days' expei ice of a visitor from a
distant country to the United Kinj^dom, where untold wealth and
talent have, during many years, been expended in establishing,
developing, and perfecting the railway system !

The question need not be asked, how many or how few
similar experiences could be related ? A single case like the
one described, is quite suflicient to establish that perfection of
system has not by any means been reached, and that the
present mode of measuring time and arranging railway time
tables, leads to errors which might any day prove serious in
their consequences. Such a case as the foregoing should be
rendered an impossibility in this age, more especially in the
British Islands, where the railway system was cradled, and
where it has been nurtured and maintained for half a century.

A remedy for the evils to which attention is directed, is
clearly of importance not only to this generation, but to those
who are to succeed us. No complete solution to the problems
presented may be possible ; but a general enquiry into the sub-
ject of Chronometry may suggest some means by which
the difficulties may in some degree be met.

Time is measured in nature by the motions of the heavenly
bodies. The great natural measures are three in number ;
the year ; the (lunar) month ;* and the day. All other divisions
of time, as the civil month, the week, the hour, the minute and

* The Chinese reckon by the lunar month. With them, the age of the
nioun and the day of the month are identical.

the wccond. althouj^h lonj; in •;cncral use, are arbitrary
and conventional.

Of the three great natural divisions of time, the period
measured by the diurnal movement of the earth on its own
axis, constituted the first space of time reckoned by the human
race ; and is undoubtedly the most important to man in all
sta<;es of civilization. It invoh-es the most familiar pheno-
mena of light and darkness, and embraces the constantly
recurring periods of wakefulness and sleep, of activity and
rest.

A day is the shortest measure of time afforded by nature.
It is denoted by the revolution of the earth, and, although the
motion of the earth is perfectly uniform, indeed the only
strictly uniform motion that nature presents, we have three
kinds of natural da\s all \arying in length ; the solar,
lunar and siderial.

A solar day is the period occupied by a single revolution of
the earth on its axis in relation to the sun.

A lunar day is the interval of time occupied by ? revolu-
tion of the earth on its axis in relation to the moon.

A siderial da\' is the period required for a complete
revolution of the earth on its axis in relation to the fixed stars.

Of these three natural days, the siderial day is the only
one perfectly uniform in length. The l",nar day, on account
of the irregular and complicated motion of the moon in the
heavens, is never employed as a measure of time. The solar
day is variable in length on account of the form of the earth's
orbit around the sun, and the obliciuity of the ecliptic. Solar
time is that shown by a sun-dial.

Although the siderial day is uniform in length, being
perfectly independent of the sun, and having no relation to
the daily return of light and darkness, it is not employed for
civil purposes. The commencement of the siderial day is

constantly changing throughout the year; at one period it
comes at midnight, at another period at high noon.

It has been found convenient, therefore, to estabhsh an
artificial day, uniform in length, designated the mean solar
day.

The mean solar day, as its name implies, is the average
length of all the natural solar days in a year, and is the time
intended to be indicated by ordinary clocks and watches.

In a year there are 366 siderial days and only 365 solar
days. A solar day, therefore, exceeds the length of . siderial
by about »«n part of a day, or nearly four minutes (three
minutes 55*9094 seconds).

The mean solar day, according as it is employed for civil
or astronomical purposes, is designated the civil day, or the
astronomical day. The former begins and ends at midnight ;
the latter commences and ends at noon. The astronomical
day is understood to commence twelve hours before the civil
day, but its date does nC: appear until its completion, twelve
hours after the corresponding civil date.

It has been stated that all shorter periods of time than a
day, are entirely conventional and arbitrary, there being
actually no smaller measure than a day denoted by nature.

The sub-division of the day into parts has prevailed from
the remotest ages ; though different nations have not agreed,
either with respect to the epoch of its commencement, the
number of the sub-divisions, or the distribution of the several
parts.

The division of the day with which we are most familiar
is that which separates the whole space of time occupied by
a diurnal revolution of the earth into two equal parts ; one
part extending from midnight to noon, the other part from
noon to midnight. Th^se half-days are sub-divided into
twelve portions or hours, and these, again into minutes and
sc'.ondo.

wimrnn^^*

BlP!^pif^i^aji^i?w<^»fB>'"i" f,i'imm:

In China and some other parts of the world, no halt-days
are used. The Chinese divide the day into twelve parts, each
hcing equal to two hours of our tirr-^ '.hese they a^ain
divide into eij;ht parts, thus suhdivid ^ !>' whole day into
ninety-six equal parts. The Italians, ♦ ; Bohemians and
the Poles have a division of the day ii twenty-four parts,
numbered from the first to the twenty-fourth — from one
o'clock to twenty-four o'clock.

In Japan there are four principal points of division, — at
noon, midnight, sunset and sunrise — dividing the natural da}-
into four variable parts. These four parts are divided each
into three equal portions, together making twelve hours.
Each hour is again divided into twelve parts, thus making in
all, one hundred and forty-four sub-divisions of the day. The
six hours between sunrise and sunset differ in length, day by
day from the six hours between sunset and sunrise. During
the summer the hours of the day are much longer than those
of the night, and shorter on the contrary in winter.

The division of that portion of the day during which the
sun is above the horizon into twelve parts, belongs to the
remotest ages of antiquity. The division of the other
portion, which embraces the period of darkness, into the
same number of parts, was introduced at Rome in the time
of the Punic 'Wars.

The system of dividing the day by the rising and setting
of the sun, makes the hours indefinite periods : as they
continuously change with the seasons. Except at the
equinoxes, the hours of the night and day can never be of
equal length. Near the equator the variations are least ;
they increase with every degree of latitude until the Arctic and
Antarctic circles are reached, within which a maximum is
attained. Even in the latitude of Rome, the length of the hours
of daylight and darkness under this system have an extreme
difference of 75 minutes.

The clay is reckoned to bej^in in China before midnight,
the first hovn- extendin<^ from ii-oop.m. to i-oo a.m. of our
mode ot reckoning. The Jews, Turks, Austrians and others,
with some of the ItaHans, have begun their day at sunset.
The Arabians begin their day at noon, and in this respect
they resemble the astronomers and navigators of modern
nations. It lias been customary in Japan to adhere to the
practice of the ancient Babylonians in beginning their day
at sunrise.

The Babylonians, Persians, Syrians, Greeks and other
ancient nations, began their day at sunrise, and had divisions
corresponding to morning, forenoon, mid-day, afternoon,
evening and night.

The ancient, like the modern, Arabians began their day at
noon.

The Chaldean astronomers divided the day into sixty parts ;
like the modern Chinese they also had a division of the da}'
into twelve hours.

The ancient Egyptians (probably B.C. looo) divided the
da\' equally into day and night, and again s ib-divided each
half into twelve hours, numbered from i to 12 ; the night
with them commenced six hours before and terminated six
hours after midnight ; the day began six hours before noon
and lasted twelve hours, or until six hours after noon.

These are some of the customs, as gleaned from history,
which have prevailed at various times in different countries
with respect to the day and its sub-division. To these may be
added the customs practised at sea by navigators. The
shipping of different nations have had different customs, but
the most common practice on shipboard, is to divide
the 24 hours into six equal portions called " watches ;"
and these, again, into eight equal parts known as '* bells," and
numbered from one to eight. Thus the whole day is sub-
divided into 48 equal parts. The period of time called a

PTl> I, — ■., "r„\

" watch " is four hours in length, the reckoning being as
follows : —

From noon to 4 p.m., the afternoon watch.

,, 4 p.m. to 8 p.m , the dog watches (from 4 to 6 being

the first dog watch, from 6 to 8
being the last dog watch).
„ 8 p.m. to midnight, the first (night) watch.
,, midnight to 4 a.m., the middle (or second niglit)

watch.
,, 4 a.m. to 8 p.m., the morning watch.
,, 8 a.m. to noon, the forenoon watch.
From what lias been set forth it would appear that man
has reckoned the day to begin at sunrise, at sunset, at noon,
at midnight, at one hour before midnight, at six hours before
midnight, and at six hours before noon, and that he has
divided it in a great variety of ways ; firstly, into two,
four, twelve, twenty-four and one hundred and forty-four
unequal parts ; secondly, into two, four, six, eight, twelve,
twenty-four, forty-eight, sixty, and into ninety-six equal parts,
without including the small subdivisions of minutes and seconds.
The common practice at present with most civil' zed nations
is to divide the day into two series of twelve hours each,
a custom which corresponds very closely with that followed
by the ancient Egyptians long before the Christian
era. Thus, while we have made extraordinary advances
in all the arts and sciences, and in their application to
every day life, we find ourselves clinging to a conventional and
inconvenient mode of computing time ; one not materially
different from that practised by the Egyptians, perhans thirty
centuries ago.

The Chinese system would, without a doubt, suit the re-
quirements of this age much better than that which
we now follow. The halving of the day is one source of
difficulty which ought not to exist, and it would be an im-
portant step to imitate the custom of computing time, which
is followed by that old oriental civilization. The adoption of
the Chinese system, by which half days would be thrown out
of use, would not, however, obviate the very serious incon-

^wRiiLi

veniences which have been referred to, resulting from differences
in longitude.

To overcome, at once, both difficulties, is the problem
which presents itself for solution.

It has been stated that a day is the shortest measure of
time which we find in nature. As a consequence, man is left
to sub-divide the day in any way best calculated to promote
his own convenience. There can be no doubt, whatever, that
all divisions, except that produced by the rising and setting
of the sun, are entirely artificial and arbitrary.

When the decimal system was adopted by the French, it
was proposed to divide the day into ten and a hundred parts :
a scheme which would probably be the best at this age of the
world had the whole system of horology to be established de
novo. In view of generally prevailing customs, however, it
will, doubtless, be felt that any attempt to introduce the decimal
division of the dav would be unwise ; that it would be futile to
propose a change which could only succeed by seriously inter-
fering with the existing system.

The progress of the world may, indeed, before long, demand
a radical change in our Chronometry ; but the present
method of computing time in the more civilized parts of the
earth, is so interwoven with human affairs, that it cannot in
the meantime be disregarded. It will be evident that the con-
sideration of any change should be entered on in the full re-
cognition of established customs. Instead of attempting to
uproot and supersede the present system, it is considered that a
new scheme to meet the requirements of the age, should rather
be engrafted on, and be in complete harmony with the old one.

In this view the following suggestions are offered : —

It is proposed to take as the unit-measure of time,
the artificial day known as the mean solar day.* This unit

* The siderial day— the only natural day uniform in length — from its
uniformity would be well suited for the standard unit of measure
required. But it is not sufficiently marked for the ordinary purposes
of life. The diurnal return of the sun in the heavens is a phenomenon
much easier observed by the generality of man than the culmination of

rn' I.

s
e

;r
n
of

to be divided into twenty-four equal parts, and these,
again, into minutes and seconds by a standard timekeeper or
chronometer, hypothetically stationed at the centre of the
earth.

It is proposed that, in relation to the whole globe, the
dial plate of the central Chronometer shall be a fixture, ^o in
Fig. I ; that each of the twenty-four divisions into which the day
is divided shall be assumed to correspond with certain known
meridians of longitude, and that the machinery of the instrument
shall be arranged and regulated so that the index or hour hand
shall point in succession to each of the twenty-four divisions
as it became noon at the corresponding meridian. In fact the
hour hand shall revolve from east to west, with precisely the
same speed as the earth on its axis, and shall therefore point
directly and constantly towards the (mean) sun, while the earth
moves round from west to east.

■ It is proposed in order properly to distinguish these, as
well as the new time indicated by the Standard Chronometer,
that the twenty-four divisions shall be known by the letters of

a star. Hence the solar day reduced to a mean is better suited for civil
purposes.

the alphabet, and that the corresponding meridians shall also
be so known.

Each of the twenty-four parts into which the day is
proposed, as above, to be divided, would be exactly equal in
length to an hour; but they ought not to be conpidereu hours
in the ordinary sense, but simply twenty-fourth parts of the
mean time occupied in the diurnal revolution of the earth.
Hours as we usually refer to them, have a distinct relation to
noon or to midnight at some particular place on the earth's
surface ; while the time indicated by the Standard Chronometer
would have no special relation to any particular locality or
longitude : it would be common and equally related to, all
places ; and the twenty-four sub-divisions of the day would
be simply portions of abstract time.

The standard time-keeper is referred to the centre of the
earth in order clearly to bring out the idea, that it is equally
related to every point on the surface of the globe. The
standard might be stationed anywhere, at Yokohama, at
Cairo, at St. Petersburg, at Greenwich or at Washington.
Indeed, the proposed system if carried into force, would
result in establishing many keepers of standard time, perhaps
in every country, the electric telegraph affording the means of
securing perfect synchronism all over the earth.

The time indicated by these nstruments, it has been
stated, would be designated by letters. In ■ der still further
to distinguish it from siderial, astronomical, civil or local
time, it is proposed, that, as it is common to the whole earth
it should be known as "common" or "terrestrial time;"
probably *' universal time " would be a designation still more
appropriate, but for the present the term " terrestrial time" will
be used.

Besides the keepers of standard time established at many
places, possibly in every civilized country, it is suggested
that every clock and watch, should, as far as practicable,
move synchronically, all indicating " terrestrial time." As
a theory, it is proposed that when the hands of any one time-

•l<

piece point to A or to G, the hands of each and every other
horological instrument in use throughout the globe, should
point to A or to G at the same moment.

It is obvious that if clocks and watches constructed on th^s:
principles and the scheme of" terrestrial time ' were in general
use, the difficulties and inconveniences which have been alluded
to and which seem inseparable from the present s\stem, would
be fully met. Every connecting steam line, indeed every
communication on the face of the earth, would be worked by the
same standard, vi/., " terrestrial time. " E^very traveller having
a good watch, would carry with him the precise time that he
would find employed everywhere. Post meridian could never
be mistaken for ante meridian. Railway and steamboat time-
tables would be smiplified, and rendered more intelligible, to
the generality of mankind than many of them are now.

Examples of time-tables placed side by side may be
presented. Table A. is an ordinary " through "' time-table from
Cork to London, e.xti acted from the published sheets of one
of the Railway Companies. Table B. shows the application of
terrestrial time to the same route.

Table A.

Table 13.

Cork

6'o a.m. Irish time.

Cork

\' . 40.

Mallow

6-55 M

Mallow

A. 35-

Limerick

II-20 „

Limerick

E. 0.

TlI'PEKAKY

12*40 p.m.

Tll'PKRAKV

G. 20.

Watkrkori) .••

430 ..

Watkrioki) ...

L. 10.

Xi:\v MiLi'OKi).

2'55 a.m. Greenwich time.

New Milkok •

V. 55-

Swansea

5'20 „ „

Swansea

Y. 20.

Cardiif

6-33 ..

Cardiff

A. 33.

EXETKR

2*io p.m.

Exeter

L 10.

Plymouth

4-25 ..

Plymouth

L. 25.

Gloucester ...

8*40 a.m. ,.

Gloucester ...

P. 40.

Swindon

lO'IO ,, „

Swindon

R. 10.

Oxford

i'25 p.m.

Oxford

U. 25.

Reading

ifi3 a.m. „

Reading

F. 13.

London (Pad.) .

i2'iop.m.

London (Pad.).

G. 10.

rrr-r

l»1

III

Condensed time-tables of the <;reat mail and passenger

route now bemg established through Canada to the Pacific,

prepared in accordance with both systems, may also be

presented.

TABLE C.—Thc Present System.

Ji
li!!

Slower

Principal Stations.

Local Time.

than
Green-

wich.

London

8'oo p.m.

Greenwich time

O'OO

DlHLIN

8'oo a.m.

Irish time

0'25

(fii route) ...

I St noon

Irish time

>»

W. Coast Irei.ano

I'oo p.m.

Irish time

1 <

(at sea)

... 2nd noon

Ship's time

I'OO

(at sea)

... 3id noon

Ship's time

1-40

(at sea)

4th noon

Ship's time

2'20

(at sea)

5th noon

Ship's time

3'oo

St. John, N'f'land

g.oo a.m.

Newfoundland time ..

3-30-

(en route) ...

6th noon ;

Newfoundland time

J«

St. George N'f.F

6"oo p.m.

Newioundland time ...

Shippigan

lo'oo a.m.

New Brunswick

4-30.

(en roiiti'] ...

... 7th noon

New Brunswick

Riv. Du Loup

lo'oo p.m.

Montreal time

5'oo.

Quebec

a*oo a.m.

Montreal time

Montreal

8 a.m.

Montreal time

»»

((•;/ route) ...

... 8th noon

Montreal time

Ottawa

I'oo p.m.

Montreal time

i»

NiPPISING

8-30 p.m.

Huron time

5-30.

L. Superior

lo'oo a.m.

Superior time

6'00.

(en route) ...

... gth noon

Superior time

T 1

Fort William ...

3-30 p.m.

Superior time

Keewatin

1-30 a.m.

Winnepeg time

6'30.

Selkirk

6'oo a.m.

Winnepeg time

(en route) •■■

... loth noon

Winnepeg time

»»

Livingston

3'oo p.m.

Saskatchewan time ...

7.00.

Saskatchewan ...

9-30 p.m.

Saskatchewan time

1 )

Battlefokd

i-oo a.m.

Athabasca time

7'30.

Edmonton

9-30 a.m.

Athabasca time

(en route) ...

... nth noon

Athabasca time

Montbrun

2-15 p.m.

Athabasca time

»»

Yellow HeadP

1 7'oo p.m.

Yellow Head time

8-0O.

Tete Jaune Cache

8'i5 p.m.

Yellow Head time

(en route) ••

... i2th noon

Yellow Head time

Pacific Terminus

. 11-30 p.m.

Pacific time

830.

rn'' r

-^ ** 4i^ ma Bmmm

S_-EfK^ Miamt t .,

TAI5LE D.

System of Tirfcstrial Time.

London

P. 00.

DUHMN

C. 25.

ist Nuun {fii rmitf)

G. 25.

VV. Coast Iki:i.and

H.25.

and h'ooii ((7 sea)

II. 00.

3rd Noon {lit sea)

II. 40.

4th Noo)i {at sea)

I, 20.

5th Noon {at sea)... .

K. 00.

St. John, Newfoundland

G. JO.

6th Nuon {en route) ..

K. 30.

St. Georgk N'i-'land ...

R. 00.

Shippigan

I. 30.

7th Noon {<n route)

L. 30.

Riv. du Loup

W.oo.

Quebec

B. 00.

Montrkal

H. 00.

8th Noon {en route) ...

M. 00.

Ottawa

N. 00.

Continued.

XrppiHiVfi

... V.

00.

1,. Sui>i:Rion

... L.

GO.

cjth. Noou {en route)

..., N.

00.

Imikt Wji.liam

... Q.

30.

Ki;i;\VAiiN

... C.

00.

Ski.kirk

... G.

3".

i')tli. Noon (en route)

... 0.

00.

i.niNcisroN

... R.

00.

SvSKAlCIir.WAN

... X.

30.

B.mtij-.kord

... 0.

30.

l';;i)MO\T{)NI

... M.

00.

I ith. Noon [en route)

... P.

00.

Monthrun

... Q.

45.

Vi:i.i,ow Mkad Pass

... W

.00.

TwiK Jaunk Cache ...

... X.

15.

i2tli. Noo)i {en route)

... p.

30.

Pacii-ic Terminus. ...

... w

30.

A comparison of these tables will illustrate the extreme
simplicity of Table D, the one prepared on the principle of
terrestrial time. The watch of every traveller would a,i;ree
with the times given opposite each station in this table,
pn impossibility under the old system.

It is not proposed to do away with local time. It is
cont'-mplated b}' this scheme that each time-piece, clock,
or v»atch should indicate terrestrial time, together with local
time. The various methods by which the object may be
accomplished, remain now to be considered.

If the practice of dividing the day into two series of hours,
each numbering from i to 12, could be wholly ignored,
the nomenclature proposed for terrestrial time, might very
readily be employed for local purposes. The time of day is now
known by numerals, but numerals have no special advantage over
letters. Habit has undoubtedly rendered the former familiar
to the mind in connection with the hour of the day, but if the

naming' of the 24 divisions had to he done afresh, and letters
instead of numerals were adopted, there can be no doubt
whatever, that the time of day could be as well expressed, and
be as easily understood i)y the former as by the latter.

It has been stated as part of the scheme, that each letter
has a correspondin<; meridian of lonj;itude and that time-keepers
are to be so adjusted as to point to the meridional letter precisely
when it is noon in the particular lonj^itude.

Suppose G to be the meridional letter of the British Islands.
How eas)- it would be for an inhabitant .to comprehend that it
was noon, when the hands of the clock pointed to G, that it
was midni^^ht when they pointed to the letter on the dial platd
opposite G, viz., T. Or, in speaking of any particular time
of day, say four hours before mid-day, it would be just as easy
to understand what time was referred to by the use of the
letter C as by the use of the reman numeral VIII. It is
perfectly ob\'ious that every person living in England, Ireland
and Scotland, would soon become familiar with the several
letters, and the precise relation which they had to the time
of day. If w' oass to another part of the world, say where

Fig. 2.

O becomes the meridional or noon letter, as in Fig. 2, there
could be no misunderstanding the meaning of the expression,
" Time P. 22." It could have but one meaning viz., i hour and
22 minutes after mid-day, while the expression, *' 1.22
o'clock," has a double meaning undetermined without the
addition of" ante-meridian " or '^ post ineridinn.'"

To render the dial plates of time-pieces perfectly intellif^ible,
in each place when used for local time, the expedient shown in
Fig. 2 mi};htbe adopted. Here the noon and midnight letters
are clearly distinguished, and that portion of the day which
includes the hours of darkness cannot be mistaken. These
or similar expedients, could be employed with the same effect
in the clocks and watches used in every place on the surface of
the earth.

It would, however, be vain to assume that the present
system could be wholly abolislied or seriously disregarded. It
becomes expedient, therefore, to consider how the advantages
of the scheme of terrestrial time could be secured in every day
life. It is perfectly obvious that the present system cannot be
overlooked ; and that, although perhaps not perpetuated, it must
for some time be continued. We must therefore look for
some means by which the new scheme may be employed in
conjunction with the old, until perhaps at some period in
the future, the latter may fall into disuse.

The first arrangement which suggests itself, is to have two
dial plates to each time-piece, the same wheel-work moving
the hands of both, one indicating terrestrial time, the other
indicating the local time of the place. Stationary clocks might
have the dial plates side by side as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Watches, or other portable instruments, on the other hand,
might more conveniently have the dial places back to back. In

the latter case, means would be provided for adjusting the
local time dial plate to correspond A'ith any new longitude to
which the instrument might he moved. Terrestrial time on
the other dial plate would remain unaltered.

Another plan of construction may he suggested, h)' which
terrestrial and local time could be indicated on the same face
of the clock or watch as in Fig. 4. In this arrangement
it is proposed to have the Roman numerals for local time
inscribed on a movable disc, which would admit of adjustment
for any longitude without in the least disturbing the
machinery of the instrument or interfering with the index
hands.

Fig. 4.

Church and other stationary clocks, as well as watches, the
use of which \\'ould be confined to particular districts, would
have the local time disc permanently secured in the proper
position. Only in the case of persons travelling beyond any
particular local time district, would the local time disc require
to be changed. Its adjustment, under such circumstance,
would be simple ; it would only be necessary to move the
disc round until twelve o'clock noon coincided with the
meridional letter of the new locality. Suppose, for example, the
letter G represented the longitude of the new position of the
watch, twelve noon placed in conjunction with G would com-
plete the adjustment of the instrument. For every other new
position, the same operation would be repeated. Notwith-

standing every chanj^e that may be made for local time, the
machinery of Uie watch need not be touched, and the hands
would continue to indicate correct terrestrial time, The
distinction between terrestrial time and local time would always
he perfect ; the former would invariabl) be known by letters, the
latter as at present by the Roman numerals.

If thechanj^e in longitude were hut sli<;ht — niakinf^adiffcrcnce
in local time, of only a few minutes — and in any case it
became indispensihle that precise theoretical local time should
be indicated by the watch, in tliat case, a third hand for the
odd minutes, as shown h\- the dotted lined (Fig. 4) would be
required. It is, however, hereafter suj^'j^ested that for ordinary
purposes this would be quite unnecessary.

As in the diaj^rams, it is proposed to denote that portion
ot the da\' which includes the hours of darkness by a black
or dark j^round, in order tliat the night hours could never
be mistaken for the hours in the middle of the day,
which have the same numerals. It is likewise proposed to
distinguish tiie several " watches " into which the day
is divided on shipboard. The local time disc, exhibits a light
portion between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. ; this includes and represents
the forenoon and afternoon watches, noon being the dividing
point. The dark portion, extending four hours before, and
four hours after midnight, embraces the tv/o night watches ;
while the shaded portions, horn 4 p.m. to 8 p.m., and from
4 a.m. to 8 a m. represent the dog-watches and the morning
watch. This arrangement, would, perhaps prove useful, in
view of the vast and yearly increasing number of ships
that adopt, and constantl}- use, the division of the da\- into
" watche' " nnding it, as they appear to do, the most convenient
scheme of division for da: routine at sea.

Navigators are required to employ a standard time to
enable them from day to day, when on long voyages, to
compute their longitude. For this purpose it is a practice
with ships to carry the local time of the national observatory
of the country to which they respectively belong. For

example : French ships reckon their longitude by Paris
time ; British ships by Greenwich time. Terrestrial time
would serve precisely the same purpose as a standard for
geographical reckoning, and it would be some advantage to
the marine of the world to have a uniform standard established
— the common property of all nations and in common use by
land and water everywhere. It has already been said that the
telegraph provides the means of securing perfect accuracy at
all stations, however remote ; indeed, through this agency,
timekeepers may be made to beat time synchronously all over
the globe. Already the length of telegraph lines in operation
approaches 400,000 miles, and we are warranted in believing
that ultimately the means of instantaneous communication will
ramify through every habitable country and find its way to
every port of commercial importance.

It may be said, that with clocks moving synchronically
and indicating terrestrial time all over the globe, it would be
of little advantage to attempt to maintain precise local time
at every place on the earth's surface. Our clocks but
rarel}' indicate true local time ; even our most perfect time-
pieces are for the greater portion of the year either faster
or slower than the sun. In fact correct ordinary timekeepers
must necessarily at certain seasons be 15 or 16 minutes faster or
slower than true solar time, yet no inconvenience whatever
is found to result. It will be admitted, that the adoption
of Irish time in England or English time in Ireland, would
scarcely L^ felt in civil affairs. The difterence between
English and Irish time as arbitrarily established, is twenty-five
minutes ; but in the west of Ireland the local mean time is
forty minutes behind English time (Greenwich.) Greenwich
time is used throughout England and Scotland, although it is
half an hour faster than correct local mean time on the west
coast of the latter country.*

In every country, local time is more or less arbitrarily
established ; it could not be otherwise, without causing great

* True Solar time is sometitnes about 45 minutes in the Western coast
of Scotland, and 55 minutes in the west of Ireland, behind Greenwich time.

tsm

confusion, as no two places, unless in the same meridian, have
the same true local time. In considering the whole subject, it
is felt, that if some simple rule could be agreed upon for
defining local time everywhere, it would materially add to
general convenience.

It is suggested that each of the twenty-four lettered meri-
dians, (Fig. i) should be taken as standard longitudes for
establishing approximate local time, and that as a general rule
all places should adopt the local time of the nearest of these
meridians. This would greatly reduce the number of local
time standards, and would divide the surface of the globe into
twenty-four "lunes," forming distinct local time sectio;.-
extending from pole to pole, within one or other, of which
every place would find its position. Only in extreme cases
would the difference between the true and approximate
local time be as much as half an hour. In many cases
there would be no difference ; and in no case could the difference
be of the slightest moment in the ordinary business of civil
life. Whenever exact time was required for any purpose,
terrestrial time, assuming it to be in general use, would be
available.

In this view, if we assume one of the lettered meridians, G,
to pass through Greenwich,* and terrestrial time for the
moment to be G 45, then approximate local time at other
places around the globe would simultaneously be as in the
plates which follow. In each of the separate figures it will be
noticed that the hands and the dial for terrestrial time remain
constantly in the same relative position, while the moveable
disc on which is inscribed the roman numerals for local time
varies in each case. If each figure be examined it will be
found that 12 o'clock noon is successively brought in
conjunction with the letters which represent the 24 meridians,
as in Fig. i. With each separate figure is given simultaneous
time at a number of well known places around the globe —
approximate local time of course changing with the meridian
terrestrial time remaining constant.

* bee Fig. G., Page 25.

A embracing Yenisaisk, Tomsk (Si-
beria), Tibet, Calcutta, IJay of
Bengal, Andaman Islands.
App. Local G.^^pjii. ... Ter. G. 45.

I) Gulph of Obi. Omsk (Siberia),
) Kashmir, Lahore, Bombay, Coral-
line Islands, Chagos Islands.
App. Local ^.,[^p.iii. ... T(T. (r. 43.

CNova Z
tains, (

Zembla. The L'ral Moun-

Orsk, Sea of Aral, Khiva,
Khorassan, Mauritius.

App. Local 4.43 />.;». ... 'fcr. (i.

Archangel. Nizney Novgorod,
Astrakhan, Bagdad, Arabia,
Aden, Somali, Madagascar.
App. Local ^..\-)p.iii. ... Tcr. Ci 45.

Lapland, St. Petersburg. Con-
j stantinople, Alexandria, Nubia,
L'jiji. Transvaal, Natal.
App. Local 2.43 />.;». ... Tcr. (t. 45.

.Spitzliergen, Sweden. Berlin,
Naples. Malta, Tripoli, Congo,

Cape of Good Hope.

App. Liical 1.43/'./;;. ... Tcr. G. 43.

G England, France, Spain, Algeria,
Timbucto, Ashantee, St. Helena

Island

App. Local i2.45/> "'

Ttr. (i. 45.

H Iceland, Madeira, Canary Islands,
Senefj;ambia, Sierra Leone, As-
ension Islands.

A pj) Local 11.45 ([.;//. ... Tcr. G. 45.

KWest Greenlimd, The Banks of
Newfoundland, Maranhao, East*
ern Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.
App. Local 9.45^7.;//. ... Ter, G, 45.

L Baffin's Bay,Labradore, Barbadoes,
Trinidad, British Guiana, Buenos
Ayres, The Falkland Islands.
App. Local 8.4s a.m. ... Tcr. G. 45.

1 Fast Greenland. The Azores, Cape \\ H.dson Strait, Ottawa. Wash-
Verde Islands, Fernando Island, i^-^ inston, Cuba,Ja

South Georgia Islands.
App. Local 10.45 (T.;;;.

Tcr. G. 45.

amaica, Equador,
Peru. Chili, Patagonia.
App. Local 7.45rt.MZ. ... Tcr. G. 45.

I'fi

:iM

N Hudson Hay, Lake Superior. St.
Louis, New Orleans, Yucat.an,
Guatemala. Galapagos Islands.

Apf>. Ldtii! 6^^ a.m. ... Tn. (i.

Melville Sound, Lake Athabasca,
Saskatchewan District, Colerado.
Mexico, Cape Corrienta.
App. Local 5.45 ((.///. ... l\r. (1. 45.

P Hanks Land, Great Hear Lake.
British Columbia, Oregon, Cali-
fornia, Sea Otter Islands.
App. Local 4.45 (f.;». ... Tcr. G.

'"ort (lood Hope. Sitka, Queen
Charlotte Islands, Paxavos Islands.
Cia^mbia Islands. Pitcairn Island.

... Tcr. G. 43

R Alaska, Owhyhee Sandwich Islands,
Maiden Islands. Starbuck Islands,
Society Islands, Tubuai Islands.
.\pp. I.OKt! 2.45 ((.;//. ... Tcr. G. 43.

iHehring Strait, Fox Islands, Necker
O Island, r>lmyra Island, Fanning
Island. Palmerston Island.

TWrangel Land, Aleutian Islands, "ITT Verkoansk, Nikolaevsk, Japan,

Gilbert Islands. ]""'ji Islands, W New Guinea, North Australia.

North Island New Zealand. South Australia.

A pp. Local 12.45 <r.w. ••• '^"'- ^'- 45- -^p. Loral g.^-,p.ni. ... Ttf. (1 . 45,

U Kamchatka, Marshall Islands, \ Central Siberia. Eastern China,
New Hebrides. Norfolk Island. -^^ Formosa, Philipine Islands. San-
Middle Island, New Zealand. dahvood Island, Western Australia.
App. Local u. 45 />.;;/. ... Tcr. (i. 45. App. Local >^.^^p.iii. ... 7Vr. (}. 45.

"Vf Cape Sievero, Irkoutsh. Central
1 CI

VNew Siberia, Sea of Okotsh,

Queensland, New South Wales, J- China, Cochin China, Singapore,

Victoria, Tasmania. Sumatra, Java.

App. Local 10.45/).;;/. ... Tcr. (L 45' App. Local' -j.^^p.in. ... Tcr. 0. 45.

It will perhaps be allowed that the scheme of terrestrial time,
if put into practice, would, without seriously interfering with
the existing customs, completely obviate Jl the objections
to the present system which have been set forth. It has
been shown that the use of local time may be retained very
much as now, and that it may be indicated along with
terrestrial time, by the same clocks and watches. Objections
may, however, be raised to the scheme, on account ot the
apparent neccessity of abolishing all existing clocks and
watches, and substituting new ones. This indeed would be
an insuperable objection, if it held good, but the necessity of
this course is only apparent, as it is proposed to utilize existing
timepieces simply by furnishing them with new dial-plates.
If we take a watch or clock to be used in any particular
country, it would be a simple matter to inscribe on its dial the
letters which designate terrestrial time. A still belter plan
would be to provide a new dial plate, such as Fig. 5.

Fig 5.

•^•Ht*"

'O N h "•■%i

— t, , ■

In this design it will be noticed that G is assumed to be the
meridional or noon letter of the place and the letters on a dark
ground between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. represent the hours in the
two " night watches." With such simple expedients as these it
would be perfectly practicable, without superseding existing
time-keepers, to secure in a large degree the advantages oi
the new scheme in any country comparativel}' limited in
geographically extent.

Clocks and watches now in use might thus in a very
inexpensive wa\- be so adapted as to show terrestrial in
addition to local time. It would only be necessary lu have

railway and steamboat time-tables prepared in accordance with
the new system in order to brinj^ its advantages into common
use. But this would apply only to localities or individual
countries limited in extent. Mankind, generally, throughout
the world, would not participate in the full advantages promised
by the scheme until time-keepers for common use were
constructed on new principles. A general change could only
be a gradual process ; but as there are some hundreds of
thousands of time-keepers made every year, it would be well,
in the event of the subject of this paper being deemed worthy
of attention, for the manufacturers of horological instruments
to consider the expediency of introducing such changes in
their construction as may seem to be advisable. This
suggestion applies more especially to the manufacture of
portable time-keepers, watches, chronometers, &c.

Figs. 6 arid 7, represent one of a variety of arrangements by
which terrestrial and local time may conveniently be indicated.
Fig. 6, shows the watch open witli the terrestrial time dial
Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

plate exposed

7, shows the same watch closed, ^witli

the local time numerals engraved on the face of the case ;
the latter^being pierced in order that the hands may be seen.
The local time disc is designed to be adjustable for any meridian.

.•50

In this communication attention has been directed to the
various customs that have prevailed, and which now prevail
with respect to the measurement of time ; and attention has been
drawn to the fact, that of late )'ears the telej^raph, and more
especially the application of steam to locomotion, have rendered
the ordinary practice of reckoning; time but ill suited to the
circumstances which now exist. It cannot be supposed
that these active agents in human progress have completed
their mission ; nay, we may rather assuine, that these
extraordinary powers, but recently placed under the control
of man, have but commenced their career, and that they will
still achieve greater triumphs in the work of colonization and
civilization.

On the new continent, America, these wonderful agents
have been employed to the greatest relative extent, as the sub-
joined estimate from late returns will show : —

Population.
824,548,500

309.178,300

199,921,600

85,519,800

4,748,600

Asia

luiROPE

Africa ...

N. & S. America

Australasia

* Totals

Miles of Railway.

7.643

88,748

83.655
1.752

183,248

i': •

1.423,917,800

It has been pointed out that difficulties already met in
portions of America threaten to become seriously inconvenient
as the Raihvax' system continues to be extended. On that
continent, therefore, it may be assumed that a practicable scheme
to meet the difficulties alluded to would be favourably received.
The importance of the subject is not confined to America. It
requires no great foresight to see that all quarters of the globe
are now or will eventually be interested. Australia and Africa
will before long be pierced, perhaps girdled by railways. Asia,
with more than half the population of the world, must in due
time yield to the civilizing pressure of steam and participate
in the general progress. In North and South America there
is indeed room for many times the total length of existing

* Estimate of Behm and Wagner.

iK»*Hia

railways, hut evt'ii taUiiii;' tlio iirosciil iniU'a<i-i> and ))(.i)ulali(in
as a basis, tlio propoi-tioii would i;ivi' t»» Miiropo and Asia
loiTotlior more than <>iio iiiillioii miles. Those two ^^-real
eoiilinonts have as yet only !»i;,()OU miles of railway and it
would jifohahly he laUini;' too san,i;uine a view to siij>|»o>e that
so H-reat an increase as that due to the Aniei'iean ratio would
j>|»(>e(lily h(> I'ealised. No one, however, (•ai\ «louht that the
network of railways in AVestei'n and Central Kurope will hefoii'
loni>: he greatly on lari^ed ; (hat its hrantdies will extend to Asia,
and tliat offshoots will ultiniateiy he i)rolon,ii;ed to the farthest
shores of the Chinese and ilussian Knipires. A eoni]iaratively
few years may, indeed, witness extraordinary ])ro,i;;ress made in
the direction indicated, wlien dillicnlties will nndouhtedly he
cx])ericnced such as those which I have desciihed, on a scale
^,-reater than in America.

The subject to which attention is directed clearly concerns
all countries. It is esj)ocially important to the United States,
Brazil, Canada, indeed, to the whole of America. It is im-
portant to France, (Jermany, Austria, and to every nation in
Kuro])e. It is of peculiar interest to the ij;ii;-antic Empire of
Russia, extendini^- over nearly ISO dei-'rees of longitude and
with a total variation in local timeof alxuit twelve hours. It is
of still greater importance to the Colonial Kmpire of Great
Britain with its settlements and stations in nearly every me-
ridian around the entire globe, and with vast territories to he
occupied by civilized inhabitants, in both hemispheres.

The system of Chronometry which we have inherited, was
doubtless, well suited to the purpose for whicli it was designeil
two or three thousand years ago ; or to the requirements of
man two generations back, before the gi-eat modern civilizers,
steam and electricity began their work. Now we begin to
realize the fact, that the system is awkwai'd and inconvenient,
and in comparatively a few years, say, by the time the twen-
tieth century dawns, may we not find a radical change impera-
tively demanded by the new conditions of the human race ?

Tt is probably not too soon, therefore, to discuss the
subject. It would indeed be a vain task to attempt t(f

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abolish a ciislotii less Iioiirv with ivj^c, li's.s <ftMU'rally iiractisod,
and i'\oii iiioi'c faulty than oiir systoin of'coniputinu; time.
But the schcnic swhiiiittcd iuvohcs no ^;rt'at rundauuMital
rhani^e. I'lic anrjciii custoiii ikhmI not Ik* discontinued, h
is merely sun-^esieil that il he in)|»rov(>(l, and that such
niodilieations he inlrodu(e<l as are rtndere(l noeessary hy tin;
eonditions ol' an :^ix^' in wliieh all portions of thr hahitahio
i;lolie are hein<^ oeeu|)ied hy civilized comniunitii's, and
l)rouii"ht into constant conmuinication hy steanihoat, railway
and electric teleurapli.

Before the inli-iidiu-tinn of Railways in Mnyland, and the
same may he saiil of otlur countries, every town and villaj;'*'
kept its own time. A person trav«'llin<x in those days would
tlnd his watch vai-yini;' more and more from the local (docUs as
he proceeded liohi place to place. On the estahlishment ot
the railway system, this stale of thinirs could not he tolerated ;
any attempt to Avoi-k theni hy local time could only lead to
needless eomjilicalion and confusion. The railways demanded
a uniform lime, and in l-ln^land (Ireenwich lime was used.
This was looked uj)on as an innovation, and was for a con-
sitlerahle pei'iod vigorously op]tosed ; hut at last the advan-
tages of a uniform time l)ecame so numilesl that (Jreen'rifdi
time came irito ueneral use.

But for the employment of ( Ji-eenwich time in lOn^'land it
would he an e.xti-emely dilHcult task t<» re,ij;ulate safely the ,i;i-eai
nuniher of ti-ains whi<di daily travel. The safe workinii; of the
railways is indeed a jirohlem sulticiently <liiticult even with
(ireenwicii time, and we can scarcely conceive how much the
jjroblem would he e()m}»licaled if we were to revert to the
system of local time as it ])revailed in the days of sta^c
coaches when every town and hamlet kept its own time.

Amon<^' the several objects Avhlch the scheme of terrestrial
time has in view, not the least important is to extend to the
woi'id similai' advantages to those which have been conferred
on England by the general adoption of Greenwich time since
the commencement of the railway era.

Thursday, January 20, 1944.' THf lAENINO CITIZEN,

New World Calendar
Would Allo¥/ Greater

Precision, Efficiency

The World Calendar of 12
months arranged in equal quarters
of 91 days will permit greater pre-
cision, discipline, order and efflci-
ency in the huge task of prosf-
cuting the war because of better
and more perfect correlation of all
the various calendar units, Miss
Elisabeth Achelis, president of the
World Calendar Association said
last night.

Addressing a meeting in the Vic-
toria Memorial Museum Hall, ar-
ranged by the Ottawa Center of
the Royal Astronomical Society of
Canada, Miss Achelis said the time
to change to the new World Calen-
dar was now.

"No war is won by delaying im-
provements and no success is
achieved by clinging unwisely to
outn^ded patterns and systems,"
she added, "we have alr'.:«,dy found
that the exigencies o/. the war
have changed the clocktime to a
24-hour clock for the armed
forces, they being quick to pre-
ceive the need of eliminating the
confusion of the A.M. and P.M.
method."

Similarly in civilian life the
World Calendar would overcome
the difficulties of the manufac-
turer, the industrialist, the em-
ployer and the wage earner in cal-
culating "how many week days or
how many time-and-a-half or
double-time days are in a month."
Inconsistency In the present
calendar sabotaged valuable
energy, time, labor and money, she
said, and cited specific Instances
where such "sabotage" occurred.

Dr. T. L. Tanton, Ph.D., presi-
dent of the Ottawa Center, Royal
Astronomical Society of Canada
introduced the speaker, who was
thanked by A. J. Hills. A ques-
tion and answer period was con-
ducted by Emerson Brewer, a
director of the association.

Following is the text of tne
address delivered by Miss Achelis:

Although not a scientist, I feel
deeply privileged to talk with
you this evening on a subject
which is closely linked to
science. So I am a bit over-
whelmed, but very much
honored, that we can discuss
together a better calendar more
fitting our day and age.

The accompiisnment of as-
tronomy in the measurement of
time, the calendar, is one of
proud achievement. It de-
serves full and lasting praise.
From the beginning of science,
astronomers first with their
naked eye and later with super
telescopes have meticulously
measured the movements of the
celestial bodies and the planet
Earth, better to ascertain the
regular coming of the seasons
and the accurate length of the
year. From the earliest moon,
star and Egyptian calendars
down to the present Gregorian,
the work has been admirably
done. The calendar rests on a
sound basis. We all realize that
it is not as yet perfect. The
calendar's beginning should
really harmonize with one of the
seasonal beginnings, but this is
not of immediate importance.
The present need is to improve
the internal arrangement, bet-
ter to serve the present and
comin? generations.

Gregorian Calendar.

That the Gregorian calendar
does not meet present require-
ments is clearly proved by the
astronomers themselves. They
have substituted a more depen-
dable and stable time-system of
their own to offset the erratic
Gregorian. I refer to the Julian
Day method which eliminates
entirely the weeks, dates.

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months and years in their time
reckoning. Thus January first
of the new year, 1944, was the
2,431,091st day, and the year will
close on the 2,431,457th day.
The astronomer realizes, how-
ever, that counting by days only
would be extremely awkward for
daily life, entailing umiecessary
hardships and Inconveniences.
The method of counting by the
varying time-units as day, date,
week, month, season and year
Is too valuable to discard. But
he does demand, and just'y so,
that there is planning and order
.in the arrangement of the
calendar, which is woefully lack--
Ing now.

Order and Stability.
Tlie desire for order and sta-
bility in the calendar has also
been recognized by the indus-
trial world, and due credit
should be given it for initiating
the modern movement to mr'';t
this need. The varioUs Inter-
national Congress of Chambers
of Commerce and Industrial and
Commercial Organizations urged
an improved calendar in their
bienniel meetings in 1910, 1912
JUid 1914, and the Swiss govern-
ment in 1914 was requested to
investigate the entire field in
order that some international
action be taken. The First
World War interfered and it was
not until 1923 that the question
was placed before the League of
Nations for consideration. This
resulted in an international
conference being held in 1931.
After a week's conference on the
subject which also included a

fixed Easter date, the League of
Nations at Geneva referred the
calendar back again to the vari-
ous governments for further
study and consideration.
500 Plans Submitted.
It was in that self -same year
that your retiring president, Dr.
H. R. Kingston, devoted con-
siderable space in his annual re-
port to the reform of the calen-
dar. Of the two plans that sur-
vived the 500 submitted to the
League, were the 13 -month plan
of 28 days and four weeks to
every month, and the 12 months
of four identical quarters, each
quarter having three months of
31, 30, 30 days respectively, bet-
ter known as The World Calen-

dar. Dr. Kingston noted that
the League report indicated )
strong opposition to the 13- .
month plan and general sym-
pathy to the 12-montli arrange-
ment. Ever since that year, the
Royal Astronomical Society of
Canada has shown continued in-
terest. It has proudly placed
itself in the vanguard of the
movement, from which it has
never wavered. Such loyal con-
sistency has been most en-
couraging to all who are work-
ing for an improved calendar.

In the Society's attitude to-
ward a 12-month calendar of
equal quarters it followed the
conclusion reached by Commis-
sion 32 of the International
Astronomical Union when it de-
liberated on the subject in 1922.
he Union recommended a per-
petual 12-month equal-quarter
calendar on the 31. 30. 30 basis.
Pour years later, the Committee
for Maritime Meteorology like-
wise favored the 12 -month per-
petual equal-quarter plan. The
World Calendar thus rests • on
good scientific ground, which
has been further strengthened
by the endorsement given it by
the American Association for
the Advancement of Science and
other American scientific
groups.

Time for Change Now.

It is being said that this is
not the time to change the
calendar, when the world is in
mortal combat and turmoil.
Why should it not wait imtil
after the cessation of arms and
the post-war period? This can
best be answered by the follow-
ing:

Does a person who is ill, wait
imtil a future time to be cured?
No, he does not. When the com-
manding general of our armeW
forces discovered that the old
system of counting clocktime by
A.M. and P.M. led to confusion,
did he wait until a more pro-
pitious time to adopt the better
24-hour system? No, he did not.
When the armed forces discover
that certain types of airplanes
or instruments are outmoded
and no longer the best to wage
victorious warfare, do they wait
for the end of the war to make
improvements? No, they do not.
When a business man or manu-
facturer experiences inefficiency

and loss of production and earn-
ings because of poor manage-
ment or tools, does he wait for
a future time to improve con-
ditions? No, he does not.

When errors, loss of product
or earnings, and waste of time
and material are discovered, the
causes are remedied immediately
to bring desired results.. It Is
gross folly to do otherwise. No
war is won by delaying Improve-
ments, and no success is
achieved by clinging unwisely to
outmoded patterns and systems.
Is At Variance
And now when ideas and
ideals are directed toward great-
er world co-operation with the
purpose of building a better way
of life for all peoples, it Is
obvious that the Gregorian
calendar is at variance with
Ideas and Ideals. For, gentle-
men, the Gregorian calendar
has gathered unto Itself the
barnacles of Imperfection for
2,000 years.

You will agree with me that
no system, however Imperfect,
should be discarded until we are
convinced that the contemplated
change Is really an improve-
ment and will stand up under
scrutiny and test. The new
time-plan should be one that
best meets all requirements and
takes into consideration all con-
ditions. It should be global in
aspect because of our more
closely knitted world and should,
for the most part, fimction uni-
versally. The perpetual World
Calendar has proved itself cap-
able of meeting these tests.
Description.
In its mathematical structure
it is well -night perfect. Of 12
months arranged into equal
quarters of 91 days, each quarter
is further subdivided into
months of rhythmic 31, 30, 30
days, that total an even 13
weeks. Each quarters, begin-
ning on Sunday and ending on
Saturday, is a prototype of the
completed calendar year that
will always begin on Sunday,
January 1, and close on Satur-
day, December 30 Every calen-
dar unit — the day, date, week
and month — Is correlated per-
fectly at the end of every quar-
ter—four times a year. This
correlation among the various
time-units is one of the out-
standing advantages of The

World Calendar. It is the basic
structure of the newly well-
planned divisible 364-day year.

The 365th Day.

To complete the year, however
the necessary 365th day is
placed on an extra Saturday,
after Saturday. December 30. It
is called the Year-end Day or
New Year's Eve and is the new
World Holiday, dated December
W. This new holiday is as far-
reaching In Its benefit as was
the leap-year day introduced
into the Julian reform And
the leap-year day, the old Feb-
ruary 29, becomes another
World Holiday, placed on an-
other extra Saturday — the Leap-
year Day, June W. Thus the
calendar attains stability, re-
tains the familiar 12 months,
and maintains the accurate
length of the 365 -day year with
an occasional 366th day. Like
the iy tenets and stars that make
harmony as they revolve in their
spheres, so would the calendar
make rhythm as it revolves
within its time-units. Isn't it
logical to assume tliat when a
system is well-nigh perfect in
plan, it will be well-nigh per-
fect in practice?

Within the new World Calen-
dar are the one or two new
World Holidays which, unique
in observance, are bound to
exert a unifying influence on all
nations. In its physical aspect,
the Year-end Day or New Year's
Eve World Holiday, coming be-
tween a Sabbath and a Sunday,
completes and seals every year
as to its exact number of 365
days, 52 weeks, 12 months and 4
seasons. Thus there is present
at the turn of every year no left-
over of the old; the new begins
with a clean slate, at scratch.
The calendar ledger closes with
the Year-end Day, December W,
so that the ledger of the new
year really begins with a new
leaf.

Great Unifying Day.
In its broader aspect the new
World Holiday. December W.
becomes a great unifying day for
all nations, peoples, races,
governments and creeds. During
its 24-hour-day observance,
there will radiate a spirit of
greater" solidarity, of under-
standing, of amity and of good-
will. Whereas Christmas is the
great Christian day of peace,
good-will to man, the new World

I I

I !

< I

i I

Holiday may become, as its
name implies, the all-inclusive
World Day of universal brother-
hood and unity, without inter-
ference with existing feast days.
It may well be a step in the ful-
filment of the Biblical prophecy
of the "tree of life that beareth
12 manner of fruits and yieldeth
her fruit every month, and the
leaves are for the healing of the
nations." The World Holidays
in their cumulative observance
truly symbolize the healing
leaves of nations.

Advantages.

Now let us contemplate for a
few moments the direct advan-
tages the new World Calendar
will have on the war and home
activities.

We have found that the exigen-
cies of the war have already
changed the clocktime to the 24-
hour clock for the armed forces.
The armed forces were quick to
perceive the need of eliminating
the confusion of the A.M. and
P.M. method. In like manner,
The World Calendar will permit
greater precision, discipline, or-
der and efficiency in ■ the huge
task of prosecuting the war,
because of the better and more
perfect correlation of all the
various calendar units. We all
know With what meticulou.s are
war plans are blueprinted and
carried out.

In one year the United States
alone produced for the Allied
armies 85 thousand planes, 60
thousand artillery weapons, 34
thousand tanks and almost 7
million small arms. These
mountains of supplies piled up in
North Africa, the Near East,
India and Australia. And when
the invasion of Europe is opened,
the Army Service Forces will
have the colossal task of supply-
ing every item the invasion
needs from tanks to safety pins.
And closely following is the
Dominion of Canada which has
now become the fourth largest
producer of munitions among
the United Nations.

Important Function.

Entrusted with the responsi-
bility of arming, feeding, cloth-
ing, fueling, ' -*dporting and
healing the Army, and burying
its dead, is the important func-
; tion of the Army Service Forces.

It Is tKis perfect and all-e- i-
bracing planning, which corre-
lates these various functions,
tlmt the Military calls logistics.
This service in the United States
is under the direct supervision
of Lieutenant-General Somer-
vell, who has said: "Good logis-
tics alone cannot win a war.

Bad logistics alone can lose."

Therefore, what the general
has said of logistics applies to
the loose and slipshod methods
of the Gregorian calendar. It
has no plan, the various time-
units are in constant disagree-
ment, and it is certainly "bad
logistics." Our present calendar
is costly and wasteful. It no
longer efficiently serves the de-
mands of war nor the needs of
the .civilians at home.
Advantages to Civilians.
While conditions on the home
front are obviously different,
they, too, would be greatly aided
by an improved time-plan.
Consider the difficulty of the
manufactui-er, the industrialist,
the employer and also the wage
earner in figuring out how many
week-days or how many time-
and-a-half or double-time days
are in a month Here the Gre-
gorian calendar plays havoc with
the best laid plans. Some
months have four Saturdays
and Sundays, thus less time-
and-a-half and double-time
wages are paid, whereas in
months having five Saturdays
and Sundays extra time-and-a-
half or double-time must be
paid. When quarter-years vary
in their lengths of days such as
90, 91, 92, 92 (this year bping a
leap year, 91, 91, 92, 92) addi-
tional inconvenience is encoun-
tered. All this inconsistency
sabotages valuable exiergy, time,
labor jind money.

Examples of Sabotage.

I should like to point ou\, cer-
tain specific examples of the
sabotage that besets almost
every type of business. In 1942,
Christmas came on a Friday.
Newspaper publishers and their
circulation-managers were at
their wits end. The publisher
did not know how many columns
of news and advertising to
anticipate for the Saturday after

Christmas, because he did not
know how many stores were
going to open on Saturday and
how many were going to stay
closed. The circulation-manager
was equally as frantic, because
he did not know how many
papers he would be able to sell,
since he had no idea whether
people would go to business,
stay at home and rest, or go
away for a three day weekend.
In consequence of all this, one
New York newspaper, with a
circulation that exceeds one mil-
lion, discovered not only that
Uieir advertising lineage was off
65 per cent, but that they had
overprinted 80 thousand papers.
These were returned as useless
waste. Had the perpetual
World Calendar been in exist-
ence, with its regular order and
agreeing days and dates, past
records comparable from year
to year would have better indi-
cated the number of columns to
print, the number of papers to
publish.

With the constant wavering of
the Gregorian calendar, October
in 1942 had five Saturdays; and
in the previous year, October
had four Saturdays. There was
thus a 25 per cent adjustment in
Saturday's figures alone. In
1943, in the United States, a
further adjustm-^'nt had to be
made in that month because the
Columbus holiday, October 12th,
which was celebrated on Mon-
days the two previous years, was
celebrated on a Tuesday. And
we all know a Monday holiday
means a long weekend for many
prospective store buyers.

Here is a more detailed
example: the case of a well
known electric utility company
that produced 220 milhon kilo-
watt hours in January, 1936, as
compared with 258 niiiuon in
January, 1937. This shows an
increase of 17 per cent, but we
discovered that January, 1936,'
had an extra Saturday and
Sunday on which the day's out-
put is naturally less than on
weekdays — 30 per cent less on
Saturday and 75 per cent less
on Sunday. Making allowance
for this extra weekend, the rate
of increase became 21.5 per cent
instead of 17.3 ner cent.

On Openins: Schools.

For education, the general
custom to open schools in the
United States is on the Tuesday
after Labor Day. With Labor
Day fluctuating from Septem-
ber 1 to September 8, the irregu-
larity of the opening dates for
.schools, ,year after year, is most
inconvenient. Under the New
York state laws, I don't know
A^'hat the laws are in Canada, a
school year must include one
hundred and ninety teaching
days to participate in the state
school funds. The 190 teaching
days cause difficulty when, for
example, the school year opens
on different dates each year.
The first half of the year ending
on January 25 contains 91 school
days, whereas the second half
ending on June 21 contains 95
school days. These so-called
half-years, or semesters, are far
from equal and even, their in-
ternal arrangements are quite
dissimilar. It is readily seen
what a nightmade the Gregorian
calendar is and how it causes
all kinds of difficulties for the
faculties and students in ar-
ranging schedules apd vacations.

Wandering holidays add to
the, general confusion and un-
certainty. Families are all too
often separated at the vacation
periods because these are ob-
served differently In grammar
and high schools, colleges and
universities. And farmers who
depend upon the help their sons
and daughters c^fh give them
during vacations are at a loss
to calculate these, because they
change from year to year. With
the perpetual World Calendar
the regular schedule of holidays
on agreeing days and dates will
do much to smooth the way for
educational, social, commercial
and welfare activities. ,

Question is Raised.

The question arises, with the
mention of holidays, as to how
the one or two new World Holi-
days will be treated throughout
the world. It is natural to sup-
pose that the various nations
will place these new holidays in
the same category as their other
Holidays and maintain them on

the same economic status. Each
country is free to decide this
question according to its ac-
cepted custom and legal require-
ment.

That the defects of the present
calendar are recogn.zed as seri-
ous detriments are clearly seen
in the notable endorsements
given the World Calendar by the
three groups of Chambers of
Commerce in England— the Lon-
don, British and Empire — and by
other Chambers in the United
States such as the New York
State, the Chicago Association
of Commerce, the Pittsburgh, St.
Louis and Galveston Chambers.
In the labor world, the Labor
Conference of American States
in Chile, 1936, approved it and
in the same year the Interna-
tional Labor Office also recog-
nised that "the present calendar
is very unsatisfactory from eco-
nomic, social and religious
standpoints and that recent
studies. Investigations and re-
ports have shown that the-e is
a marked trend in favor of
revision." It thus recommended
that the League of Nations study
the whole question. In the edu-
cational field, the United States
National Education Association
and the World Federation of
Education Associations also
favored "a .world calendar.

To ;d the last quarter of the
19th century .when travel on
Canadian, United States and
inter-European railroads was
more general, some kind of uni-
formity in clocktime became in-
creasingly urgent to avoid end-
less confusion and misunder- v
standing. I refer to Standard
Time.

Credit to Canadian.

To a Canadian, Sanford Flem-
ing, has generally been given
credit for the idea in 1878 that
a series of 24 time belts, each of
15 degrees, should circle our
globe. However logical and
practical, it did not win favor
until in 1883, the railways in
Canada and the American Rail-
way Association took the initia-
tive in adopting the new Stand-
art Time. A conference held in
Washington a year later brought
the rest of the civilized countries
into the fold, and it became in-

ternational in use. The world
was now more closely co-ordin-
ated by the regular 24 time zones
that brought order and stability
to the clodk throughout the
world. It was instrumental in
making the remarkably efficient
and smooth performance of
radio, easier.

There are others, however,
who have contributed toward
the principle of Standard Time
— notably in the United States,
Charles Ferdinand Dowd. In
1872, he published a system that
is identical with the Standard
Time meridians in use today.
Newspapers in the United States
in 1883, carried interesting ac-
counts of the history of Stand-
ard Time and laid great empha-
sis on the work done by Mr.
Dowd ever since 1869.

Gentlemen, there is usually
more than one person to whom
credit is due. In this instance,
Canada and America are justly
proud to give credit to two of
their citizens for having pro-
vided mankind with the supe-
rior Standard Time system.

To Another Canadian.

And this naturally leads me to
give credit to another Canadian
(by adoption), Moses B. Cots-
worth. He contributed greatly
in awakening the interest and
showing the need for an im-
proved calendai'. His work was
most valuable. Although his
particular 13-month calendar
plan has been discarded, a.s not
being the best, every calendar
reformer gladly pays tribute to
him. He and his associates did
the hard spade work which pre-
pared the ground for the supe-
rior, more balanced and equal-
ized calendar of 12 months and
equal quarters — the World
Calendar.

Today with ijf^c present war.
international 'communication
and transportation by airplanes
are expedited and increased
everywhere, forming the world
into one large organized body.
No place on the globe is more
than 6 air hours away. The
uniformity of the calendar, as
ordered and stabilized as Stand- |
ard Time, becomes imperative. [
A perpetual new calendar, every
year the same, and eventually <

f in use throughout the world, is
the natural complement to

I Standard Time.

Is it too much to hope that, in
following the example of adopt-
ing Standard Time, Canada and
the United States will again
join in taking the initiative by
adopting another time-measure
— the World Calendar?

Opposition.

No improvement, however
good, has been accepted without
some opposition, and changing
the Gregorian Calendar is no
exception. Certainly the scien-
tific group has suffered much
persecution and opposition in its
many achievements. We need
only to recall Ptolemy and
Tycho Brahe, Copernicus and
Galileo, and of more recent date.
Bell and Edison, Pasteur and
Madame Curie, who though de-
rided and hindered in their sin-
cere efforts to benefit mankind,
yet eventually achieved their
goal.
; Probably the greatest opposi-
tion to the World Calendar
comes from certain religious
orthodox groups. Their objec-
tions to the World Calendar
arise from the fact tllfet they see
in the extra World Holidays an
eight-day week, which violates
their tradition of "the unbroken
continuity of the seven-day
week since time immemorial."
This alleged concept is not jus-
tified by historical lact. For it
is known that in the ancient
Israel calendars there have been
three different calendars em-
ployed at different times and
that the revisions of the calen-
dar were "in all likelihood, of a
thoroughgoing nature."

Years of Conjecture.

Between the Biblical creation
of the World and the days of
Moses are untold years of con-
jecture and unproved theory.
Even after the days of Moses it
is generally conceded that the
method of time-keeping was
changed and altered. Later
even, when the Christians
changed the ancient Sabbath to
Sunday for their day of wor-
ship, in commemoration of the
first day of the week when the
Lord rose from the dead, Chris-
tians all over the world at that
moment of change expeiienced

an eight-day week — the Interval
between the Sabbath of old and
the Sunday, the new day of ob-
servance. We can not accept
such an arbitrary attitude that
enslaves man to the past but
rather seek open-mindedness
and response to normal progress
and development.

Here I am reminded of the
story of Lot's wife, a sad com-
mentary of all those who, look-
ing backward, stand still. The
most notable historical example
of oppo.^ition to change Is, per-
haps, that of the fiery zealot,
Saul of Tarsus, who, waging
incessant war against a new
religion, became blinded by his
z6al. Notwithstanding this,
when light and wisdom came to
him, he became Its foremost
leader. So may we hope for
the World Calendar with its one
or two World Holidays, that
those who come to oppose will
remain to approve.

The real fallacy of orthodox
objection is that it does not
recognize the World Calendar as
a civil calendar. In revising the
calendar it is not the Intention
to interfere with religious feast
days and ritual. The Vatican In
1912 recognized this in a state-
ment, and I quote:

"The Holy See declared that
it made no objection but invited
the civil powers to enter into
an accord on the reform of the
civil calendar, after which it
would willingly grant its col-
laboration in so far as the mat-
the affected religious feasts."

Among some of the religious
endorsers for the World Calen-
dar are the Protestant Episcopal
Church and the Methodist
Council of Bishops in the
United States; the Universal
Christian Council for Life and
Work at Geneva, of which the
Federal Council of Churches of
Christ in America is a member.
The former Archbishop of Can-
terbury, in a debate on the
calendar before the House of
Lords, 1936, declared: "I have
found it Impossible to resist the
plea for reform. _ _ _ I think It
would be a real misfortune if
this matter were allowed to
drift." And the Vatican has
stated there exists no insur-
mountable obstacle to calendar
reform.

Adoption.

The question of adoption now
becomes all important. The
opportune moment to put any
new calendar into operation is
at that particular time when the
day, date, month and year coin-
cide in both the old and the new
calendars. By that simple
method the transitional year of
confusion (when the Julian year
became operative), and the
dropping of 10 days (when the
Gregorian calendar became ef-
fective), will be avoided.

Allow me to refer you to our
good friend, H. W. Bearce, chief
of the Division of Weights and
Measures, National Bureau of
Standards. United States De-
partment of Commerce. He has
compiled the suitable dates as
follows:

Begfin Year on Sunday.

By transposing Sunday, De-
cember's!, of this year 1944, to
the extra Saturday, Year-End
Day or New Year's Eve, Decem-
ber W, the World Calendar will
begin the new year on Sunday,
January 1, 1945. In Mr.
Bearce's opinion there is an-
other good date, Sunday, July 1,
1945, identical in both the
Gregorian and World Calendars.
The transition on that day, date,
month and year, too, would be
extremely simple.

To rtiake the calendar change
in the mid-year, on the first day
of its second half-year, has the
additional advantage for the
United States government in
that it would coincide with the
beginn;iig of the fiscal year.
The first real change after the
adoption would be felt at the
end of August when there would
no longer be a 31st of August,
and at the end of the year when
the first Year-End Day, or New
Year's Eve, the extra Saturday,
December W, replaces the old
December 31. The year 1946
would then begin on Sunday,
January 1, and on the same day
and date every year thereafter.

Other similar dates available,
although not as advantageous,
are Friday, March 1, 1946, and
Wednesday, May 1, of the same
year. Obviously to make the
calendar change on a weekday
has certain disadvantages that

are absent in the other two dates
mentioned. Then will follow the
lean years, 1947, 1948, 1949,
when no beginning of a month
coincides with that of the
World Calendar. The next pos-
sibility would be Sunday, Janu-
ary, 1, 1950. '■

In the ta.ce of ail the advan-
tages which I have stated and
all the hardships we shall have
to endure, I believe the delay
has no justification and would
prove lamentable. Apathy and
indifference have no place in
better planning for our modern
world.

As the scientists of the old
and the new age have ever
stood in the foreground of new
truths and progress, so may you
today uphold their standard by
apprnving and endorsing the
perpetual World Calendar.

Plan Is Ready.

In the ardent desire and wish
to organize and bring the world
j to saner, healthier and more
I wholesome conditions, your
! group can do no better than to
sponsor the World Calendar— a
plan that is ready at hand, that
has been endorsed by 14 nations
~ (Afghanistan, Brazil, Chile,
China, Esthonia, Greece, Hun-
gary, Mexico, Norway, Panama,
Peru, Spain, Turkey and Uru-
guay)— and many international
and national organizations.

For the Royal Astronomical
Society of Canada to study ahd
endorse the World Calendar
would in all probability lead to
similar action by the Royal
Astronomical Society of London,
of which the Royal Astronomer,
Sir Spencer-Jones, has so splen-
didly given his approval. And
in my own country, the Ameri-
can Astronomical Society and
notably the National Academy of
Sciences in Washingtor will cer-
tainly wish to take action.

We stand on the threshold of
changes in all ways of life
among which belongs unques-
tionably the World Calendar.
For Time to be really a healer,
and we certainly have need of
it in these catastrophic days,
Time itself must be healed
through its instrument thr;
cale dar, and aid in greater
woi'ld co-operation, orde;, bal-
ance, stability and above all-
unity.

World Calendar Reform
Pre-Postwar Objective,
Noted Visitor Declares

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Calendar reform has cost Miss
Elisabeth Achelis of New York
about $35,000 per annum for the
past few years, but her enthusiasm

as president of the World Calendar
Association has never waned.

In Ottawa to impress the need
of calendar reform upon Dominion
government officials whom she will
visit today, and members of the
Ottawa branch of the Royal
Astronomical Society of Canada
whom she will address this evening
at the National Museum, Miss
Achelis last night said:

"The world calendar is a pre-
postwar objective, because not
only does winning the war neces-
sitate improved logistics, but
greater efficiency, greater econ-
omy and more cai'eful plarming
after the war is won. Such things
are, not as likely to come about
while the world uses a calendar
that wavers from month to
month.

Miss Achelis is a happy woman.
She's happy to be in Ottawa, al-
though disappointed that she will
be unable to ste Prime Minister
King today. It's her first visit
here and she's impressed.
Unite for Major Role.

"I hope Canada and the Vnited
States will unite to play a major
role in selling the new World
Calendar idea to the rest of the
world, just like they did with day-
light saving and other measures,"
she said.

The World Calendar is designed
chiefly to do away with the in-
equalities of the old and next year
would be the ideal time to adopt
it because then the world can pass
from the old to the new syst«m
without A break. The idea has
the backing of Sir Spencer Jones,
British Astronomer Royal, and a
long list of United States notables.

To show how the present cal-
endar "wavers," Miss Achelis
pointed out that there hasn't been
a calendar identical with that of
1944 since 1916 — 28 years ago.

"That is indicative of how much
difficulty Is encountered with the
old calendar by anyone who wishes
to do an adequate planning job,"
she said. "And we are going to
need long term planning after this
war."

The change-over to the new
calendar would cause the mini-
mum of dislocation, because dates
and periods are comparable.
How Calendar Works.

"It works something like this,"
Miss Achelis explained:

"The modern calendar is based
upon the solar year of 365 days
with an extra day inserted or 'in-
tercalated' every four years.

"What we felt was needed was a
stable, well adjusted, calendar with
equal quarters — and as nearly
equal months as the number 365
v.-lU permit. The nearest equal
number is 364 so that is the one
chosen. With 364 as the base the
year is divided into four (. arters
of 91 days each. The 365th day
is set aside and on that day, the
calendar, so to speak, takes a holi-
day — and so may everyone.

"This yearly holiday is an extra
Saturday, called 'Year End Day'
and always falls on 'December W,'
the day after the 30th of Decem-
ber."

The new calendar is on the
familiar basis of a 12 month year,
there is no sharp unnatural break
of habit. The first month of each
quarter contains 31 days, the other
two 30 days each. There is then
a pattern for the quarter, 31. 30,
30, repeating itself regularly four
times yearly. This gives January,
April, July and October 31 days
each, the other months having 30
days each.

Common Sense Move.

The next move of the World
Calendar Association, she said, was
a commonsense one, to have every
year and consequently each quar-
ter begin on Sunday, the first day
of the week. This meant that the
same date of the month would
come on the same day of the week
every year — a boon, if there ever
was one, to business and industry.

The national holidays under the
new plan could be arranged to
come on Monday's, thus producing
desirable long week-ends. Christ-
mas would fall on Monday every
year.

Finally, the association deals
with another intercalary day to be
reckoned with — Leap Year day
existing in the present calendar on
February 29 once every four years.
This day coming once in four
years, represented an approximate
adjustment to take care of the
extra five hours, 48 minutes and I

J t

HlJllViJ «

I \^

46 seconds that astronomical cal-
culation shows to be in excess of
the solar year over an exact 365
days. The World Calendar places
Leap Year at the end of June in
the middle of the year, balancing
the calendar. Again, like Decem-
ber W it is an extra Saturday and
a world holiday called 'June W ,
(or the 31st). j

Logical Year.

"The year 1945 is the most
logical year to put the new calen-
dar into effect because in both the
present and the new world calen-
dars, December 30, 1944, falls on
a Saturday. If the following day
is designated as an extra Saturday
(the first world holiday) civiliza-
tion would then be ready to
initiate the new year and the new
time pattern with Sunday, Janu-
ary 1, 1945.

"Truly then, we should and can
have, a new calender for a new
world," Miss Achelis said, "In-
dustry, labor, the government, law,
retailing, agriculture, finance,
sciences education, home, religion,
and all world peoples, should ad-
vance under the new simplified
system."

"There is no effort to change
the basic units of the day, week,
month or year, as used in the
present calendar. It is merely an
improved, scientific budgeting of
the time units to which the world
is accustomed. It is the civilized,
logical grown-up calendar of a
progressive new world."

"If it is adopted we shall have,
for the first time in human his-
tory, a calendar that correlates
all the different time units, day,
week and month — all three coming
together at the end of every
I quarter."

II lliU

l«J

■T»JIV

On Streamlining I'he Cal

A new book, "The Calendar lor Everybody:' by Eliaahclii AcUelts, st
fonn the adimntaycs 0/ the World Calendar.

It us more than six thousHnd years since
the first calendar based on the solar year
was invented. This wa.s the Egyptian sun
calendar, which came into being about
4236 B.C. It was an epochal achievement,
and it brought some sort of order out of
chaos.

Then came the Julian calendar in 45
B.C., so called after Julius Caesar. Thi.s one
really got down to business, and it is still the
basis of the style and nomenclature of the
present calendar. Ne.vt, Pope Gregory XIII
introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582.
He reorganized the Julian calendar. Be-
cause of religious differences it was nearly
two hundred years before .some countries
accepted the Gregorian calendar. But it is
the Gregorian calendar that Ls in use today.

What will be the noxt calendar to be
adopted? Unquestionably, it will be the
World Calendar, and if ws are logical it will
be introduced in 1945, when the change can
be conveniently made But men are not
logical and are slow to move in such matters,
so it may happen that the opportimity will
be mi.ssed. The next convenient year would
be 1950, but to wait until then would be an

imjustifiable delay.

• * *

In this book, Elisabeth Achelis tells in
simple and attractive language the many
advantages of the World Calendar. She is
the foimder of the World Calendar A.ssocia-
tion, which ha.s been in existence since 1930.
Since then she has worked imceasingly and
travelled far for calendar reform, done much
to checkmate the inferior 13-month
calendar, and today has the satisfaction of
being able to say that the adoption of the
World Calendar is a foregone conclusion.

Why should we adopt a new calendar?
Because it is time we modernized our civil
calendar and brought it into tune with the
times. The present one is full of drawback.s
and eccentricities. The World Calendar will
give us the most perfect time measurement
yet devised.

The outstanding virtue of the World
Calendar is that It will make every year the
same. The quarters are of equal length.
Each quarter begins on Sunday and ends on
Saturday, and contains 3 months, 13 weeks,
91 days.

Every year begins on Sunday, January 1,
with the World Calendar, and every year is
comparable to every other year. What is of
the utmost importance, as Miss Achelis
points out, is that days and dates always
agree. This means that significant dates
become significant days. For example Pearl
Harbor (to take a recent significant date)
was attacked on a Sunday. The Japanese
deliberately chose that day for special rea-
sons. Had the World Calendar been in use
in 1941, the annlve- ary of Pearl Harbor
wouH always fall on a Sunday instead of
wandering all over tiTe week as now. This
year, for example, the anniversary falls on

Thursday,

* • •

The 365th day necessary to complete the
year and the 366th day in leap years,
hithei-to> called supplementary days, are

known in the World
new World Holidays. 1
the much-needed stut
year Is like every othe;
gins, as stated, on Sun
year also closes witl:
December W, a World
extra Saturday. The ;
is the new Leap-Ycai
year, thereby keepini
and equalizing the ha'
another World Holi
Juno W. In this sir
calendar luiit fits i
quarter, bringing co-o
known.

A fixed Easter ha:
times in the past,
wandering festival. 1
March 24: in 1943
month's difference.
April 9. which is "ju
World Calendar woul
as Easter each year, a
method of having it f;
after the first full m
alter the spring equir

But Easter is a f
the religious life of m
stabilize it rests main
authorities. If the ch
to a stable Easter, it
arguments for reform
World Calendar can
fixed Easter, since it :
as Miss Achelis says,
on a fixed Eafiter wo
earth and good will \
fulfillment."

In civil life, the r
would bring many in
but one phase of civi
—the World Calenda
task substantially. '
begin always on the ,
would materially sir
statistics. The recor(
income taxes, interns
and interest paid or
easily computed. An
emment department
ate quarterly financi
vantage of the Woi-1
equalized quarterly c
The same considerat
other branch of mod

Miss Achelis feels
of the new calendar,
tribute towards maku
Ing life more beautlf,
lowmen happier." /
one begins to catch tl
one's-self.

("The Calendar
Elisabeth Achelis; I
141 pages; $1.50.)

(Miss Achelis will
Calendar" at the Nat
nesday nifiht of this :
auspices of the Ottau
uomical Society of
The lecture is free to

Origin

By MOJ

LEAP-DAY is put Into oi
dar every fourth year.l
the calendar in accord vt
solar year, which is 5 hour^
minutes longer than thj
year's 365 days. This n(|
hours' excess can only be
' as the calendar 5 366th day|
' Leap-year.

Julius Caesar inserted
in the Julian calendar whi
established by his reform ml
He got Leap-day knowled?
Egypt.

How did the Egyptians
about Leap-day? We km
the Egyptians were the firs
to discover the exact lengti
year, and consequently the i
inserting the Leap-day.
, But it is only withm the i
that we have re-discoven
they did it. The writer h
privileged to brmg this kn
to light, after world-wide r
The evidences he has accui
during visits to Egypt, Syri^
CO, Peru, China, etc., indica
the Egyptians discovered the
of the year and the need of :
day by measuring the shortei
ly shadows of the great pyi
The great pyramid was tl
perfect of the series of p;
which were purposely desii
keep agricultural operations
the seasons, develop ast
navigation, etc. Its erecti
minated experiments made
Egyptian astronomer-pnes
measured sun-shadows at n
the passage of stars at n
in order to fix the recuri
the Egyptian seasons.

Euilt For Accuracy
, The slope of the pyran
I built to the angle of ne
' degrees, so that its apex wi
the n»on shadow on ite
base-line, where it could
and accurately measured,
their dates equivalent to
to 29th of February, 1
priests measured the she
ceding shadow at noon.

w^^^^

■lll^»lli^M«^M«

INMi«l«|l

Origin Of Leap-Day

By MOSES B. COTSWORTII.

• I

P-DAY Is put into our calen-

ar every fourth year, to keep

alendar in accord with the

t^ear, which is 5 hours and 48

BS longer than the usual

365 days. This nearly 6-

excess can only be included

calendar 3 366th day in each

^ear.

as Caesar Inserted Leap-day
! Julian calendar which was
shed by his reform in 46 B.C.
it Leap-day knowledge from

did the Egyptians find out
Leap-day? We know that
syptians were the first people
:over the exact length of the
md consequently the need for
ng the Leap-day.
it is only within the last year
we have re-discovered how
lid it. The writer has been
ged to bring this knowledge
it, after world-wide research
vidences he has accumulated
visits to Egypt, Syria, Mexi-
ru, China, etc., indicate that
yptians discovered the length
year and the need of a Leap-
measuring the shortest year-
iows of the great pyramid,
great pyramid was the most

of the series of pyramids,
were purposely designed to
ricultural operations true to
;asons, develop astronomy,
ion, etc. Its erection cul-
d experiments made by the
in astronomer-priests who
ed sun-shadows at noon and
ssage of stars at midnight,
iv to fix the recurrence of
i^ptian seasons.
Euilt For Accuracy.
slope of the pyramid was
3 the angle of nearly 52-
, so that its apex would cast
on shadow on its meridian
le, where it could be easily
curately measured. During
ates equivalent to our 27th
1 of February, the high

measured the shortest re-
shadow at noon, by laying

MOSES B. COTSWORTH

their sacred rod on the meridian
floor, like the native calendar
makers of Borneo now do.

The measuring rod used by the
great pyramid priests was not less
than 4-feet long, because the sha-
dow's length on February 28th was
4 feet shorter than it was on Feb.
27th. They found that the short-
est shadow's length in every year
could be measured on that white
4-foot rod, and that during each
of the three successive years the
shadow lengthened yearly one foot
more, and that 365 days were count-
ed between each of those 3 years.

Next they made the important
discovery that at the end of 4 years
their day-count amounted to 366
days instead of 365, and that the
noon shadow leaped back to less
than its length 4 years befoifc.
Therefore if the Leap-year's short-
est shadow at noon measured 1-2
a foot, that for the first of 3 years
was 1 1-2 feet long; the second
2 1-2 feet; the third 3 1-2 feet, but
in the fourth year the 365 day's

length was 4 1-2 feet and reached
beyond the 4 foot rod. Then next
day was Leap-day when that 366tn
day counted in as its shadow leap-
ed back 4 feet, to less than hall a
foot in length. That was visible
evidence of the need to then insert
Leap-day.

If the pyramid's pointed apex had
not since been destroyed, together
with the casing-stones which orig-
inally formed the perfect shadow
slope, that evidence would now be
completely visible on February 29th
The reality of that phenomenon is
nevertheless borne out by photo-
graphs of the shadow changes 1
had taken last February and which
I am having taken this year on
Leap-day and March 1st. That
was the ancient Egyptian Leap-day.
because Augustus Caesar moved tlic
Roman Feb. 29th to make his Aug-
ust 31.st.

Cuts Off the Shadow.

The great pyramid's slope of 52
degrees now yearly cuts off the
shadow on March 1st when the
sun peeps over its apex, 484 feel
high, and shines down the slope
without making any noon-shadow
until October 14th, when the noon-
shadow reappears because the lower
sun is then behind the apex. Those
dates, March 1 and October 14, were
not so numbered in the ancient
Egyptian calendar, but are the
dates in our calendar to which the
dates in the old Egyptian calendar
correspond.

It is significant that in the pre-
sent Coptic calendar of Egypt, the
14th of October is recorded as the
date when "The general cultivation
of lands begin." No less impressive
is the fact that March 1 is denoted
as their first day of spring, when
trees and shrubs show their first
budding signs.

These two season-finding dates
were of the greatest importance in
Egypt. It was only, after many trials
in building pyramids that their de-
signers at the great pyramid fixed
its slope at 52 degrees, as the basis
of what later proved to be their
successful experiments in finding
the true length of the year, by use
of the Leap-year measuring of the
pyramid's shortest shadow.

By that means was provided their
double checks on their Sun-god's
yearly progress through his seasons,
which enabled them to direct in ad-
vance the agricultural and other af-
fairs of all Egyptians throughout
each year, to establish permanent
prosperity for thoir rulers and
people.

Those early astronomers not only

kept that most valuable calendar
knowledge secret from other na-
tions, but from all outside the
priesthood, by never insertmg
Leap-day in their public calendars.
That kept a mighty weapon in
priesthood hands, until Julius
Caesp.r conquered Egypt and wrung
from Sosigenes, the Egyptian as-
tronomer, their vital secret that the
Leap-day insertion was only marte
In the controlling calendar used by
the priests on the 10th, 20th and
30th days of each month, to de-
clare to the people \^»iiat agricuftur-
al and so forth operations must be
done during the next ten days.
By Order of Caesar.

Julius Caesar's adopted rule in-
variably inserted a Leap-day in
every 4 years. That was too much
because nature's year is only .24 of
a day longer than 365 days,— noi
.25 of a day longer. That fractional
difference caused an excess of 10
Leap-days to be inserted before
Pope Gregory's reform of the cal-
endar in 1582. Pope Gregory estab-
lished his rule whereby three Leap-
days are omitted during every 400
years.

The reason why we insert Leap-
day as February 29th is, that the
pyramid's shadow by its 366 day
count indicated Leap-day. News of
that fact enabled the Roman king I
Numa, in 713 B.C., to end future j
years on February 29th. I '

Again, when Julius Caesar le-
formed the Roman calendar in|46
B.C., he for the same pyramid rea-
son ended his Julian calendar on
February 29th.

Thus the young ladies who hall
Leap-year as an open season for
capturing husbands, may give
thanks to the priests of ancient
Egypt for discovering that we can-
not have a true calendar without
inserting the Leap-day, which con-
fers on them the right to exercise
their privilege throughout each 4th
year.

New Incorporations

The following new incorporations
are included in the list in the cur-
rent issue of the Canada Gazatte:

Silveradium Mines Syndicate,
Limited, 1,500 shares, n.p.v., To-
ronto, Ont.; Mackey Signal Co.,
Limited, $30,000, Ottawa, Ont.; the
Fulton Co. of Canada Limited, 5,000
shares, n.p.v., Toronto, Ont.; Ster-
ling Automotive Products Limited,
40,000 shares, n.p.v., Niagara Palls,
Ont.; Shell Petroleum of Canada,
Limited, 500 shares, n.p.v., Tororto,
Ont.

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TEN MILLION DOLLARS WORTH OF JEWELS displayed
by model Mara Byron at a preview of a United Hospital Fund art
project in New York. On her forehead is the Hope diamond,
44 Va carats. Pear-shaped diamond earrings are 30 carats each.
Necklaces, from top to bottom, are Earl of Dudley emeralds, the
Spanish Inquisition period emerald and diamond necklace and,
attached to a diamond necklace, the 100-carat Star of the East
diamond. Flanking the latter are two pear-shaped largest per-
fectly matched twin diamonds in the world totalling 100 carats.
Below the Star of the East is the 26-carat Jonker diamond. On
right arm is the largest sapphire in the world, 337 carats. On third
finger of right hand is marquise ring, over 40 carats. On left arm
is 100-carat diamond bracelet made of diamonds from Gary
estate. On third finger left hand is the 60-carat Mabel Boll ring
and on small finger the 35-carat McLean ring.

Jean Richard Gets I 'Petticoat rever'

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