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OFFICE OF THE 
 
 Ontario Good l^oads Ass'ti 
 
 OFFICERS FOR 1895 
 
 Frksidknt, Andrew I'atti.i,i.(», - \\ ood-tock. 
 
 iST ViCK., J. F. Bkam, - I'.lack (n.fk. 
 
 2ND " A. W. CAMI'BKM , - - St. 'I'lluilKis. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE : 
 
 JAMKS SlIEPHAKI), - - - (.luwn^ton. 
 
 James Bkattik, - - - ( iiinpljfllt^Mi. 
 
 A. MACUOI'GAI.I., C E., - - - lorolUn. 
 
 J. C. JUDD, .... Morton. 
 
 M.Kennedy, - - - . Ovmh Soiiml. 
 
 W. S. C"AM)'BEI.I., - - - liriintfonl, 
 
 J. H. VVooiXEV, - - - Sinicoi-. 
 
 Robert Jei.i.v, ■ - - - - IdKliv. 
 E. KiDP, .... N'.iith (l.iwi-r. 
 
 Sec'y-Tkeas., K. W. McKay, 
 
 St. riioiMiis. 
 
 Dkck.mukh. IS95. 
 
 County Roads . 
 
 At a meeting of the E\ecutive C^oiumirtee of tlic 
 Ontario Good Roads Association held in the Ciiy of 
 Guelph, on Wednesday, the 1 1th day of December, 1895, 
 the following resolution was passed : — 
 
 Moved by J. F. Beam, seconded by Allan Macdougal), 
 1st. — " That we recommend the County Roads System 
 
 as best adapted to advance road improvement in tlic 
 
 Province of Ontario." 
 
 2nd. — " Thac County Roads should form a System 
 connecting all Local Municipalities in a C^ounty." 
 
 3rd. — " That the basis of assuming County Hoa<l 
 Mileage in Local Municipalities should l)e that of equaliz- 
 ed value." 
 
 4th. — "That County Roads when assumed should be 
 maintained by general County Rate." 
 
This is the firs"'} recommendation adopted by the 
 Association and in presenting it for consideration the at- 
 tention of Municipal Officers and the pulilic generally is 
 directed to the followino- information relatins: to some of 
 the County Roads in the Province of Ontario and Systems 
 recently adopted in the United States : 
 
 COUXTV ROADS l\ C)NT.\kI(). 
 
 In addition to statute lalior :\\u\ local cxijenditurt' some ( (jiiiily Councils haw 
 assumed and maintain leading roads. In cither counties gran's are made eacii year to 
 assist local municipalities in road inipro-.eniein and in that wa\' ecjualize the road 
 expenditure. 
 
 One-third of the counties do not expend mone}- fur road inii)id\einenl>, ono-tliird 
 maintain county boundary lines, and in the remainder annual giants are made for the 
 maintenance of roads, in the county, or tlie council lias as.-umed and maintains certain 
 leading ronds. 
 
 IM.R TH. 
 
 In Perth the Huron gra\el road is in chirge of the county inspectoi-. 'Ilie nuiMiten- 
 a nee of this road is paid in the tirst place out of tlie countv funds and cha'-gt-d to the 
 adjoining munici])alities. 'I'hiv i> |iaid with tiu- county rate, not as a part of tlie rate, hut 
 paid at lue same time. 
 
 \\i;i.I.[NGl()N. 
 
 The county of Wellington in.Aintains 143 miles of gra\el road and expends S50 p^-'i' 
 mile ))er ariiium for maintenance. « 
 
 HASl!N(,.s. 
 
 The County Counc'l of Hastings ha> control of and maintains nearly 400 miles of 
 county road^ — soine of these were tir>t constructed as toll-roads and after«ard> purdiased 
 by the county. 
 
 The annual expeiuliture in this count)' for road niaintenaiice and construction is 
 from $12,000 to $15,000 per annum. The work i:, done .systematically. .\ superintendent 
 of .gravel loads Tp])oiiUei! at a salary of Sjoo, he paying his o\mi expenses, A gra\el 
 njad committc, .s appointed by the C'ounty Counci!. Two or nujre gang.-- of men are 
 engaged, the foremen of each getting extra wages, the work i> put directly in char^re of 
 the superintendent who rejiort- monthly to the c(jminittee all details as to men, wctges, 
 work, etc. The strong [loint.-- of this system of maintenance are : 
 
 1st.-- The whole work througii t'le committee is directly under tlie control of t!ie 
 cjuncil. 
 
 2nd. — Tile work is well done a> tiieie i- no inducenieiit to scamp it. 
 
 3rd. -It is dorie where most re<iuired at t!;e iK'st tiiuf. 
 
 4th. — The ratepayers are in touch with th(j>e performing the wnrk and ftir any man 
 to shirk hi- w ork will soon reach the superintendent. 
 
 5th. - By em])loyment of gooii men 1 ontinually at the work they become experts and 
 capable of doing more than inexperienced hands. 
 
 Tlic cost per mile of niaintenauce is about $40 annually. 
 
The haisis of assuming county roads in Hastings is that of equali/;»'d value, care al- 
 ways being taken in assuming a road that it connects with the system in the adjoining 
 numicipality. The cost of maintenance of the roads is levietl as a general rate to apply 
 on any i)art of the system as found to Ik.- retjuired. • 
 
 THIC HASTINCJS SYSTKM I WKS IKJA IKI). 
 
 Tile count\ council of I'eterboro' at its June session ap])ointei| a sjK'cial eonnniitee to 
 investigate into the system of construction and maintenance of the public roails in the 
 «;ounty of Hastings, 'i'lcis committee made a tour of tlie county, and have prepared a 
 lengthy re]xjrt gi\ing [larticulars received from the ratei)ayers and ofHcials intervieue<l, ail 
 of whon) were una-nimoits in recoiflmendiiig a system of county roads. 'I'he concluding 
 sections of the report read :— "We travelled througli the townships of Marmora. Mad(K-, 
 Hungerford, 'I'hurlow, Sidney, ."Stirling and Rawdon, a distance of alxmi ninetv miles, 
 through sections of country as varied as it is possible to find in our oun countv. We 
 made diligent iiK|uiry from public officials and jirivate individuals, and there were no 
 exception.-^ or dititerences of opinion in respect to the expenditure of the money that has 
 been expended on the roads, and in view of this and what we have seen for oiu-selves we 
 have agreed to the following |)resentment ; 
 
 " Having viewed the roads, we are thoroughly convinced that tlie system of construc- 
 tion and maintenance of roads a> adojited by the county of Hastings is good, and meets 
 with our approval, and we would reconuuend, if thought aihisnblf, tluu tlii^ svsieni be 
 adopted by the t'ounty of Peterborough. 
 
 SIMMARV OF S'lATI", LAWS. 
 
 In the I'nited States we have oamjiles o; different authorities conlrollinc the con- 
 struction and maintenance f)f hii(lu\a\>. 
 
 In California, where thetov,n>hip s_\stem is optional, the County ( niauil constructs 
 iinil maintains all roads. 
 
 In Indiana the road^ are maintained li\ the Tow r.slii|)s ; but the Countv ( uuncil may 
 assume control of particular road^ \shen .>i) authorized by vule of elector-, of niunieijialily 
 interrtted -the local numicipalities paying all ('X|H'n-,e>. 
 
 In Ma^saciu!>ett-5 we find a combined .systen. ofcountv and stale i<iad-->. 
 
 In New il,iiiip-hire the Towiish']-) Councils conti'ol and maint.iin all r> ..d>. 
 
 r. 
 
 In \ew Jersey, where it is said the greatest a Ivance luis been made in road maUing, 
 wc find the Townships in charge of the roads, while the County Council mav select certain 
 roa_ls for impnnements. at the joint ex]iense of the State, ( 'ounty and Township. 
 
 In New Nurk the ('ounty and 'I'uwnship authoriiie;, maiiuain the roads, each pro- 
 xiding for the expense of the roads under their control. Si;ituii' labor i-, abolished in all 
 local nuuiiiialities when a road is assiuued b\ the Count). 
 
 In Wisconsin all roads are controlled by the 'I'ownship authi>rilies. Statute labor is 
 abolished, although it may be performed any year if a majority of the electors by vote so 
 <le( ide. 
 
 In all states the tendency is to alK)li>h statute labor and divide the roads between 
 Cou'.ity and Township authorities. 
 
 THI-: OXIAKIO LAW. 
 
 The Municipal .\ct. Section 532, authorizes Cciunly Councils to assume njad^ with 
 the consent of the Council of the local numicipality in which the' road is .-ituated and 
 Section 533 authorize> the maintenance of Township or Count) boundarv lines. Section 
 534 provides— That when a Count)- (,'ounci! assum.'s b) by-law an. road within a Town- 
 .shi|) as a County road, they shall, with as little delay as reasonably may be, cause th.e 
 road to hv planked, gravelled or nr.icadamixed. 
 
V. 
 
 In a County System, roads maintained by paid labor come In immediate coii'iviris. n 
 witli those niainlaiiied by Statute Labor. Where th • liasis of assuininp Count) Kcnl 
 ni.*i.^c' is that of equalized value, all Municipalities benefit alike, and contribute tli'ir 
 pio|XT proportion of the expense. 'I'he roads are under the constant supervi>;i.n of ,i 
 < ounty ( oininissioniT who brings to bear his exiierience m securing uniformit\ uf lud 
 coiistiuctioii and ellieiont maintenance thorou^hout. 
 
 Statute Labor ... - 
 
 In Ontario we tind Townships in which statute Ial)or is jjerfornied and others wIhil' 
 coinniut.i'ion is compulsory at from 35 cents |)er day upwards, ar.d in some sections ihe 
 system has been entirely abolished. 
 
 In about littv [xr cent, of the Townships statute labor is performed and ni,i\ In- 
 commut(.:<l at the r,uc of $1 per day ; forty per cent, have reduced the rate to 75 cent- per 
 da_\ , and in others the rate v.nies, being in some instances as low as 35 cents per d.v. 
 
 A number of the Tounships have adopted a system whereby statute labor m.u b'- 
 c<jnimule(l before a date tixed by by-law at a lower rate than afterwards. This is done 
 to encourage tin- ]),i\nient of commutation money to pathmasters before statute lab ir 
 begins. In other Townshijis the rale is reduced if conunutation money is jiaid to the 
 |)alhmasti'is at any time liefoie iie makes his returns to the clerk. 
 
 In tile Township of Saraw.d< tlie statute labor of two wards is commuted at 70 cents 
 ])er (lav, the beiiet'its are so aiipareiil in the extra amoimt or work performed, and the 
 stvle ami manner of road consiruetion triat the difference between commutation statute 
 labor and tlie old s\stem will not be.n- any comparison whatever. The conclusion there is 
 that the old s\stem of staluii' labor ha^ served its usefulness, and that better rt,'s\ilts could 
 be obtained at .1 commutanon of 25 cents per day. 
 
 In the Tovinship ot South drimsln , the commutation system has been in force in the 
 uiiineorpoialed \'ilia!;e of Smitlnille for some time. 'The authorities recommend tin- 
 coimuut.Uion of all .■rtatute labor, especially in unincorporated viVages. 
 
 In the Tow nsiiip of Niagara one-iiali' the latule labor is conunuted at 50 ceiu- per 
 da\. 
 
 In the 'Tow iishi)! of l'>,irtor, >iatue l.iborhas been nbolishe I and the r.ite of e(j!i;i''.u- 
 tatioii varii.-s from 33 cents to ^o cents ]X'r day according to outlay. 
 
 In the ■'' wnship of Maiden statute lal)or las been entirely abolished. Connnut.-,- 
 tion was first .idopted, pathmasters were done away with and commutation money raised 'n 
 each of the four w.'.rds of the 'Townshij) and expended by the Ce'uncil. Under this 
 svstem 50 cents a day went further than one day statute labor. The next step was to do 
 away with conmmtation, and at present ail road repairs are paid for out of the general 
 rate. 
 
 The Ontario (jood Roads .\ssociation trusts that the issuing of the foregoing informa- 
 tion in the form of ,i bulletin will l)e of value to Municipal Councils and ratepayers 
 throughout the conritry with v.iiom road improvement is a feature of vital interest.